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BULLETIN

ESSEX INSTITUTE,

VOLUME IX.

1877.

SALEM, MASS.
PRINTED AT THE SALEM PRESS

1878.

£r ■'

1425138

CONTENTS.

Regular Meeting, Monday, January 1, 1877, . . . . 1

On the Commemorations of the Centennial Year; especially the Cen-
tennial International Exhibition. Remarks by the President, 1;
Hon. George B. Loring, 3; Rev. E. S. Atvvood, 12; Rev. E. C.
Bolles, 15.

Tuesday, January 9, 1877, 19

Lecture by Major J. W. Powell, On the North American Indians, 19.

Monday, January 15, 1877, 19

Lecture by Major J. W. Powell, On the Caiions of the Colorado, 19.

Monday, January 29, 1877, 20

Lecture by Prof. Henry Carmichael, On Flame, 20.
Regular Meeting, Monday, February 5, 1877, .... 21

Meeting, Monday, February 12, 1877, 21

Lecture by Prof. A. G. Bell, On the Telephone, 21.

Regular Meeting, Monday, February 19, 1877, .... 28

A Communication, by Mr. John McNeil, of Winchester, On Artificial
Fish Breeding, 28; Mr. F. W. Putnam, Observations on the Lam-
prey Eel, 29; Resolutions in reference to Prof. Bell's lecture on tel-
ephone, 30.

Notes upon the Birds observed in Southern Illinois, between

July 17, and September 4, 1875, by E. W. Nelson, . . 32

Regular Meeting, Monday, March 5, 1877, ..... 67

Mr. James H. Emerton, Communication on Cobwebs, 67; Mr. F. W.
Putnam, On a Piece of Mexican Sculpture f »« nd near Acapulco, 69.

Regular Meeting, Monday, March 19, 1877, . . . . 71

Mr. John Robinson's Lecture on the Fertilization of Flowers by Wind
and by Insects, 71; Announcement of the death of Mr. E. Bicknell
at Lynn, 72.

Notes on the Hirudinei observed in Michigan, by A. Sager, • . 73

Regular Meeting, Monday, April 2, 1877, 76

Resolutions on Mr. E. Bicknell, 76; Mr. F. W. Putnam, Remarks on
the Development of the Ceramic Art and Ornamentation among the
American Nations, 77.

Regular Meeting, Monday, April 16, 1877, 77

Dr. A. S. Packard, Remarks on Grasshoppers' Egsrs taken from Prai-
rie Soil in Iowa; Lecture by Mr. J. S. Kingsley, On Crustacea, 78.

Regular Meeting, Monday, May 7, 1877, 79

Lecture by Rev. H, W, Foote, of Boston, On the Church and State
under Andras, 79.

(iii)

IV CONTENTS.

Annual Meeting, Monday, May 21, 1877, 79

Retrospect of the year: Members, 80; Meetings, 81; Lectures and
Concerts, 82; Centennial Exhibition, 83; Art Department, 84; Mu-
seum, 84; Horticultural, 85; Library, 87; Publications, 94; Financial,
94; Officers elected, 90.

Adjournment of Annual Meeting, Monday, May 28, 1877, . . 97

Regular Meeting, Monday, June 4, 1877, 97

Additions to the Ferns of Essex County, by Mr. John Robinson, 98

Field Meeting at Boxford, Tuesday, June 26, 1877, ... 99
Ramble, 99; remarks by Mr. W. P. Upham, 99; Rev. E. C. Bolles, 100;
Ancil Dorman, 100; Mr. James H. Emerton, 101 ; Dr. G. A. Perkins,
101; Mr. John Robinson, 101 ; Rev. S. D. Gammell, 102; and others.

An Examination of Types of some recently described Crustacea,

by Dr. T. Hale Streets and Mr. J. S. Kingsley, . . .103

Field Meeting at Lanesville, Wednesday, July 18, 1877, . . 109
Remarks by the President, Messrs. James H. Emerton, Charles H.
Sargent, Granville P. Putnam, D. B. Hagar, Rev. Fielder Israel and
Prof. Edward Hitchcock.

Contributions to the Myology of Tachyglossa hystrix, Echidna

hystrix (Auct.), by J. W. Fewkes, Ph.D., .... Ill

Regular Meeting, Monday, August 6, 1877, .... 138

Communications from Messrs. G. D. Phippen, and Robert R. Endi-
cott, 138.

Field Meeting at Asbury Grove, Hamilton, Wednesday, August

8, 1877, 139

Remarks by the President, 139; Mr. James H. Emerton, 140; Mr. J.
P. Magee, 140; Prof. George H. Dixon, 141 ; Mr. George D. Phippen,
141; Rev. E. C. Bolles, 142; Hon. Allen W. Dodge, 142; Mr. James
F. Almy, 143.

Regular Meeting, Monday, August 20, 1877, .... 144

Field Meeting at Marblehead Neck, Wednesday, August 22, 1877, 144

Ramble, 144; Remarks by the President, 145; Mr. James H. Emerton,
11.'); Prof. George H. Dixon, 148; Rev. A. B. Hervey. 149; Hon.
James ,1. II. Gregory. Rev. Joseph Banvard, Hon. W. D. Northcnd,
and others.

Excursion to the White Mountains, Monday, September 10, 1877, 151
The Journey, 151; Visit to !SIt. Washington and other objects of inter-
est, 153; Meeting at the Crawford House. 154; Remarks of the Presi-
dent. 151: Extracts from the Old Records ot Pennycook ami Rum-
lord, 1>8: Remarks of Prof. Charles H, Hitchcock. 163; Poem by
Rev. Charles T. Brooks, 16(5; Remarks of Dr. G. A. Perkins, 170;
Visit to the Profile House, 177; Return, 178.

Regular Meeting, Monday, October 1, 1877, .... 179

Report of the Committee on the commemoration of the 250th anniver-
sary of the landing of Gov. Endicott at Salem, 180; the invitation to
Hon. William C. Endicott to deliver the address on the occasion, 180.

Regular Meeting, Monday, October 15, 1877, .... 180

Regular Meeting, Monday, December 3, 1877, .... 181

Resolutions on the death of Mr. John C. Eee, 181.
Meeting. Monday, December 31, 1877, 183

Prof, lv S. Morse, Account of his recent visit to Japan, 183,

BULLETIN

OF THB

ESSEX IITSTITTJTE

Vol. 9. Salem, Jan., Feb., Mar., 1877. Nos. 1, 2, 3.

Eegulak Meeting, Monday, January 1, 1877.

Meeting this evening at 7.30 o'clock. The President
in the chair. Records read.

The President stated that the occurrence of this meet-
ing on the evening of the first day of the year, suggested
the propriety of omitting the customary duties, and of
devoting the time to the consideration of the results, and
the influence on the cause of education and social culture,
of the leading commemorations of the centennial year
now closed. The principal and all absorbing event was
the Centennial International Exhibition at Philadelphia,
which was opened on Wednesday, the tenth of May, and
closed on Friday, the tenth of November, the President
of the United States, members of his Cabinet, and other
distinguished individuals being present on both of these
occasions.

The interest that has been given to this exhibition by
the Institute claims a passing notice.

The early part of the last year, and the closing of the
one preceding, were marked by an earnest effort of the

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN. IX 1

ladies of Salem to raise a fund to this end. Recourse
was had to several available means. The most prominent
was the Exhibition of Antique Relics in these rooms, in
December, 1875, which was opened for several days and
excited great attention. The display of articles was large,
and the arrangement in good taste, illustrating the furni-
ture, household utensils, and costumes of the several
epochs in our history ; also portraits and miniatures of
several of those who in their day and generation acted
well their part in the great drama of life. This was a
financial success. Later in the season, after a lapse of a
few months, a series of photographs, specially taken for
this purpose, with letter-press accompaniment, "An Ex-
hibit of Salem," its houses, industries, public buildings,
and other noteworthy views and objects, were arranged
in a portfolio, and contributed to the Massachusetts Edu-
cational Department in the Main Building, where it elic-
ited many commendations. The expense was defrayed
by the Ladies' Centennial Committee of Salem.

About the same time the Institute, aided by several
friends, contributed a series of articles, including por-
traits, dresses, old papers, documents, and photographs
illustrating the period of settlement of Salem, to be
placed in the Historical Department of the Exhibition,
which was arranged in rooms in the Philadelphia Academy
of Fine Arts.

At the close of the exhibition, through the kindness of
our associate, Hon. J. Leonard Hammond, one of the
Chinese Commissioners, the Institute received a large and
valuable collection of Chinese drugs, specimens of paper,
cloth, tools, and other material illustrative of Chinese life.
Also many photographs, catalogues, and other papers
from the officials connected with the other commissions.

Four excursions were arranged to Philadelphia ; thereby

some 250 persons, members and friends of the Institute,
were enabled to visit the exhibition under very favorable
conditions.

The President alluded to the coincidence that this cen-
tennial year was also the 250th anniversary of the settle-
ment of Salem by Roger Conant and his companions, an
event well worthy of our notice, and concluded by an-
nouncing that he should call upon Hon. G. B. Loring,
the Massachusetts Commissioner, and Rev. Messrs. E. S.
Atwood and E. C. Bolles, to address the meeting upon
topics suggested by the occasion.

REMARKS OF THE HON. GEORGE B. LORING.

Mr. President: — The scope of the work assigned
me since I reached this hall is somewhat startling. I did
not anticipate being called upon to open the discourse of
the evening, and I certainly had no expectation of being
asked to give an extended and elaborate account of the
proceedings of the Commission in whose hands the work
of conducting the Centennial International Exhibition at
Philadelphia in 1876 was placed, and in whose delibera-
tions I took part from 1872 to the close of the great
event, as the representative of the Commonwealth of
Massachusetts. The details of that work would be by no
means interesting to an audience like this, and on an oc-
casion when we have met for congratulation and rejoicing
rather than for investigation or instruction. It was as a
striking representation of the progress of the American
people during the last century that the Exhibition was
full of interest and importance, and not merely as an ex-
ample of careful and successful detail in managing such
an enterprise ; and it is for such significance and meaning
as this that it is entitled to the admiration of the world,
and to the special attention of an institution like that

which you represent. The highly creditable part per-
formed there by the Essex Institute, exhibiting as it did
the most interesting collection of historical matter pre-
pared for that occasion, has connected it intimately with
this first centennial celebration of the birth of the Amer-
ican nationality, and renders it peculiarly appropriate that
the meaning of the celebration should be carefully con-
sidered in this place and at this time.

The universal desire of the American people to cele-
brate in a suitable manner the declaration of their national
existence was a natural and proper impulse. However
interesting may be the ordinary current of life to the
careful observer, it is to the striking and startling events
that we owe the great attraction of human history, and it
is upon them that we depend for the inspiring force which
makes man's career in the past attractive, and in the pres-
ent and future strong and vital and effective. The his-
tory which we love, and from which we draw our lessons,
is the record of the startling and surprising events which
lie along man's pathway in the world. It is indeed the
surprises which we love, and it is by the surprises that
we make our great strides towards accomplishment and
perfection. Man prides himself on his deliberate wis-
dom, and on his power of accomplishing a great end by
calm purpose and by high design. But his great deeds
are too often unpremeditated, his great thoughts too often
unexpected, his great achievements too often unprepared,
for him to boast of his power, or to forget that to an un-
expected accident he often owes more than to carefully
organized intention. To the surprising and brilliant re-
sults of great conflicts, unforeseen and unthought of, to
the sharp turns in diplomacy, to the sudden establishment
and growth of national existence, we owe the charms of
national and popular record. To the unexpected burst of

sunlight upon a difficult problem in science we owe some
of the most remarkable inventions. The great discov-
eries have astonished even the discoverers themselves.
Newton, upon whose mind the law of gravitation was
suddenly impressed by the most trivial accident; Morton,
whose discovery of anaesthesia, for which he and he alone
is entitled to the gratitude of man in all coming time,
could have told a delighted and startled world how even
to themselves the rising of the great curtain when the
mysteries were revealed, was an event full of surprising
joy. The marked incidents in science, in history, in art,
in every day life, are the surprises which attract and charm
us, and the startling steps which man takes in his advance-
ment. The world is full of people, — the history of the
world is full of striking events ; but while the steady cur-
rent of commonplace flows calmly on, the great surprises
attract, and develop, and form, and create, and instruct.
The ordinary course of national life has its lesson and its
accomplishment; but it is out of an unusual and unex-
pected uprising that the world receives its greatest im-
pulse. The nation whose career is anticipated and steady
from step to step may be useful and powerful ; it is the
nation whose birth is a significant surprise, and whose
course is full of new vigor and new experiment, which
fills the heart of man with hope and promise, and his
mind with progressive thought and design.

We have been told by one of our acutest thinkers that
the American nationalty is a phenomenon, an unexplained
curiosity ; to my view sir, it is a surprise, entitled to the
same high rank in the history of civil endeavor, that is
accorded to great discoveries in the records of science.
In its colonial settlement and organization, in the process
by which it secured its foothold on this continent, in its
preliminary endeavor, in its birth and in its growth and

experience, the American national ty is an unparalleled
and unrivalled surprise, and as such holds its place in
history, not as an eccentric phenomenon, not as a doubt-
ful curiosity. Its settlement was by no means imposing.
A few bands of unsuccessful adventurers, a chartered
land-company, a feeble and flying body of dissenters,
compose the fundamental elements of our national birth
to the casual observer. The planting of the great uni-
versal principle of our republic was unobserved, its exist-
ence was almost unknown and unheeded for a century.
The passage of the May Flower to these shores was an
event of so little importance at the period of its occur-
rence that it hardly received the notice equivalent in our
day to a paragraph in a weekly newspaper. Jamestown
furnished but small attractions as an event to the thought-
ful men of its times. He would have been looked upon
as wild and visionary, who had congratulated John Carver
and John Smith, and John Winthrop? and John Endicott
that they were laying the foundations of a great over-
shadowing empire whose majesty should be upheld by
the might and dignity of a free and educated people.
The century however which followed this simple and ob-
scure work, witnessed the most remarkable growth of all
the fundamental and preliminary work of national estab-
lishment and development which the world has ever wit-
nessed. In these rapidly rolling hundred years the scat-
tered and struggling people of the American colonies,
accomplished what had before been done only in almost
as many centuries. The long period of preliminary life
during which England was toiling on to a position worthy
of national recognition — a period whose beginning is lost
to us in darkness and gloom— was as familiar to our fath-
ers as their own contemporaneous history. They knew
that during a hundred generations of men, the nations of

antiquity struggled to emerge from darkness into light —
and often struggled in vain. The weary and gloomy way
travelled by France and Spain and Italy, before they had
risen high enough in arts or arms or culture or power to
entitle them to national recognition, they did not forget.
And directed as they were by the best principles of gov-
ernment laid down in the past, strong in that remote iso-
lation which protected them against all foreign interfer-
ence, feeling the weight of responsibility which rested
upon them as the founders of a new empire on whose
success depended their own welfare and almost their own
existence, they advanced with a vigor unknown before in
the business of laying the foundations of the great social
and civil temple which they and their children were des-
tined to erect. In a century and a half the great prepar-
atory work was accomplished. Our foothold as a nation
was established on this continent. Our position was con-
firmed. We had a record of war of which the most mar-
tial people might be proud. We had thought out great
problems of state ; had solved to our satisfaction some of
the most difficult questions of theology ; had surrounded
ourselves with the comforts and luxuries of life ; had de-
veloped a civilization as high as any known on earth ; and
had perfected a social and civil organization whose health
and strength arrested the attention of the thoughtful as a
surprise, and are as superior to the eccentric and unusual
operation of a phenomenon or a curiosity, as the grand
march of the stars in their courses, is more majestic than
the erratic career of a meteor flashing across a midnight
sky.

Brought then as we were through this amazing period
of vigorous infancy, we proclaimed to the astonished
world that the life of a nation had begun, and so pro-
claimed it, that the declaration marks a period of time as

8

distinctly and unequivocally as does the rising of the sun
or the going down of the same. To the United States,
the American Republic, is it given of all nations to so
date the hour of its birth as to celebrate its Centennial
Anniversary. To us alone belongs that one initial event
in history, so important, so accepted, so recognized, as to
fix the time when a nation was born, and mark the hour
when all the career of greatness began. Can this be said
of any other? The significance and promise of the Dec-
laration of our Independence, crowned with the accom-
plishment of the first century of national life, constitute
a chapter in history which entitles us to the admiration of
the world, and gives entire propriety to an international
jubilee on our own soil. Summon before you the other
nations of the earth, and where in all their annals will
you find an event like this ? Shall England be called on
to celebrate the invasion of William the Conqueror, or
the beheading of Charles I, or the restoration, as events
out of which her very existence sprang? Shall France
be expected to fix her International Exhibition upon the
centennial year of the great revolution, or upon the pro-
mulgation of the Code Napoleon, or upon the return of
the Bourbon, as the date of her national power and glory?
The event is ours and ours alone ; and we may never
grow weary of contemplating that "brilliant and happy
moment," when full armed the American people sprang
into existence, and gave promise of what a hundred years
might bring forth. I call this a surprise in history. It
was a surprise to those who witnessed the event, it is a
surprise to us who contemplate it. Not readily has its
full significance been understood even by ourselves. By
long-continued and persistent endeavor alone, have our
minds been brought to a thorough understanding of the
true intent and meaning of an international interchange

of thought and experience, and accomplishment, illustrat-
ing what has been done and said on our soil during the
last hundred years. To our people, to Congress, to those
who rule over us, the event appeared only as a holiday
sport. To us who look back upon it, it stands out as the
world's rejoicing over the progress of a free people in all
those mental and material accomplishments, which consti-
tute so much of national greatness. And I doubt not we
shall date from it another century of progress and devel-
opment, in which all our hopes, as sons of our colonial
and revolutionary sires, will be more than fulfilled.

I cannot discharge my duty at this time with any degree
of satisfaction to myself, or with any measure of justice
to the event which has called us together, without allusion
to the vital and inspiring force which gave unwonted
strength to our infancy and vigor to our growth into man-
hood. Our very existence as a nation was the outgrowth
of most earnest purpose, and most lofty thought and con-
viction. We turn back to this with gratitude and pride.
Our fathers brought with them all the fundamental prin-
ciples upon which they could build the structure of soci-
ety,— a church upon freedom of conscience, a state upon
the sacredness of individual rights, — and they proceeded
to build wisely and well. Their theories were the matured
thought of centuries. "Nothing came from Europe but
a free people," says Bancroft. They came with the doc-
trine of suffrage and self-government thoroughly infused
into their minds. They took their rulers from the ranks ;
and they who elected John Carver as the first governor of
their colony, stand out conspicuous as those who taught
the people how to govern themselves. They had been
taught to believe the truths laid down in Magna Charta,
and they read in its immortal lines, that a free people
were entitled to a representative government, and that

10

"the regal authority could not suspend the execution of
laws, except by the consent of Parliament." They had
learned that great law of the State, which, in 1640,
Pym laid down when he spoke for the privileges belong-
ing to the high court of Parliament, and which Lord
Kenyon still later announced, when he claimed that the
Houses of Parliament protected the liberties of England.
It was doctrines like these, which were brought to these
shores not by the ignorant and adventurous, but by
the wisest and most thoughtful scholars of that age,
by the graduates of Oxford and Cambridge, by those
who brought from the banks of the Cam and the Iris
that free and independent culture which for more than
two centuries has made the banks of the Charles as
sacred in the New World as those classic rivers are in
the Old. The principles of free government, which
the Englishman had proclaimed for generations, against
the overshadowing power of the throne, and which had
served in his native land as the vital force of a revo-
lution, found here a genial soil, and became at once,
in the entire absence of all civil organization, the strong-
est and most useful system in the land. Not then as
theorists, not as investigators, not as mere inquirers,
but as the custodians of a mature and well organized
system, did the colonists commence and carry on their
work. They were the heirs of careful culture, powerful
intellects, and firm and defiant will. They had been
taught in the best schools of industry and enterprise.
They were good merchants, good mechanics, good farmers,
good manufacturers, in a homely fashion. They were
thoughtful theologians, and laid down the plan of salva-
tion with as much definiteness and method as they fixed
the boundary lines of their possessions and planted their
sacred land-marks. They were neither crude nor inex-

11

perienced. Let no man suppose that they entered blindly
upon their work. They advanced to their duties with
perfect understanding, and with a well-defined purpose
and strong determination. For a century and a half they
gathered all knowledge together, which might guide them
in their labors. And when the business of organizing a
new government came upon them they found their minds
fully enlightened for the great occasion. It is not surpris-
ing that at the end of the first century of their national
existence, a people thus prepared in the beginning should
have exhibited a degree of maturity in all the affairs of
life which filled the minds of older nations with astonish-
ment. It is not surprising that in all material endeavor
such a people should excel. It is not surprising that the
product of American ingenuity and skill should have
arrested the attraction of the world, at the International
Exhibition, and that in arts, in literature, in machinery,
in manufactures, in the general management of the Ex-
hibition itself, the American people should have proved a
powerful rival in the great world-wide competition. The
appeal here is constantly to the wisdom of the people —
to that wise instinct which education and responsibility
for many generations, have made a ruling characteristic
in the American mind, and which has thus far been equal
to all necessities, and has guided us through every trial
which has hitherto shut down with threatening danger
upon the republic.

In this Great Exhibition, Massachusetts, I am happy to
say, performed her part well. She stood foremost in the
products of her industry and skill. Her educational sys-
tem was admired by the careful observer and scholar.
Her historical exhibit, thanks to this institute, was entirely
worthy of her radiant record. Her building, erected by
the liberality of her citizens, and designed by me as the

12

Massachusetts Commissioner for the accommodation and
entertainment of the people of our state, was the admired
resort of multitudes from all quarters of the Union. To
myself, as I am sure it is to you, the record of our Com-
monwealth on this centennial occasion, is a source of pride,
and satisfaction. I trust the new era upon which she has
now entered, will be still more radiant than the past, and
that she may advance in moral excellence, in intellectual
culture, in material prosperity, until the desires of the
fathers are all fulfilled, and the law of national life laid
down by them shall be supreme among the nations of the
earth.

Rev. Mr. Atwood then addressed the meeting :

I am reminded that there are elsewhere than in history
surprises, changes from high to low, from low to high.
We were notified that we were to have a double subject,
the outcome of the Centennial year, and the Centennial
Exhibition. We have had plenty of fireworks, and I do
not know how much will come out of it. The foreigners
must have got the impression that we have not abated in
our self esteem. If we are so great as a people no one
knows it so well as ourselves. One of the ablest of the
modern English thinkers said to me there was nothing
that startled him so much as the journalism of our coun-
try, and among other things the newspaper accounts of
the great Exhibition at Philadelphia. It would have been
a vast exhibition anywhere. I saw that at Sydenham, that
at New York, and that at Paris ; but all together were
not so great in space as this. It was indeed a surprise in
consideration of the newness of our country.

I have heard some people, since its close, argue that it
was a very foolish undertaking, that it was too expen-
sive, etc. I believe one newspaper (in Rutland?) com-

13

plained that it had been a great damage to their town, so
many people had gone from there to see it ; that fifty
thousand dollars were spent by their people outside of the
town. I need not take the trouble to argue the folly of
such a proposition. The simple contact with the people
of foreign countries was a great benefit to us. The Ex-
hibition was an industrial school for the whole people.
A party of men or women who could go through those
buildings without having their minds instructed would be
an anomaly and a wonder.

What interested me most was the effect which this ex-
hibition was to have upon the standing of our country in
the estimation of the world. Our calicoes, for instance,
are preferred over those of England. We already have
begun to reap practical results in the effect upon our ex-
ports. Some of you have doubtless seen that speech of
the most noted of the Swiss watchmakers. He found a
case of Waltham watches at Philadelphia and borrowed
one of an inferior grade. Upon examination of it he
declares to the Swiss people that there is not in Switzer-
land a manufactory that could produce such a watch. I
have been informed by one firm that their exhibit at Phil-
adelphia has been of untold value to them in their busi-
ness.

We had there also the evidence of the progress of art-
culture in America. Of the visitors, nine out of ten have
preferred devoting their time to the Art Gallery. When
the French artists made up their exhibit to send here,
they collected nothing but second and third-rate art pic-
tures. It so happened that in coming over some of these
pictures became somewhat mouldy. It was reported in
Paris that our people, when the pictures arrived, were so
in despair with envy that they bespattered them with mud.

As an instance of the natural taste and judgment of

14

our people it may be mentioned that the best pictures at-
tracted the most attention. The "Railway Station" was
found out at once, and admired, although the spectators
did not know that the painter was a master artist.

Another thing to be considered is the increased value
that will be put upon brain labor. The great industrial
interests have hitherto been favored, and have been the
source of wealth. Science has not had so much opportu-
nity, as witness the difficulties that even Agassiz had to
contend with. The highest processes, the refinements of
the ceramic art, are more valued. There is more appre-
ciation of the worth of the intellect as a power in society.

The contrast there exhibited between the results of free
labor and of slave labor was remarkable. Where were
the Gulf States in the Exhibition ? The only things to
be seen there from the Southern States were the work of
the freedmen. Mexico, Brazil, entirely overshadowed
the South.

The results of missionary labors were evidenced in
many things. In the Chinese Department were books
published directly or indirectly through that influence.
Religious thought has borne its fruit.

The outcome of all this must be a wonderful impulse
to immigration of the best characters. English and
French skilled workmen, seeing what America is doing,
what are the prices for labor and the opportunities for
employment, must be more than ever induced to come
here. This of itself will pay for all.

Finally, the good behavior of the visitors at the Exhi-
bition, and the order and propriety of conduct of all in
attendance, were worthy of the highest commendation.

15

Eev. Mr. Bolles, being called upon, spoke as follows :

I feel both pleasure and regret on rising to say the last
word to-night. The gentlemen who have already spoken
have had, as they deserved, our close attention; but in
one way and another they have so covered the field of
discourse assigned to me that my own remarks seem su-
perfluous. I may also express the thought that the list of
topics should not have ended here. It would have been
pleasant and profitable to us to hear Prof. Hagar on the
educational, or Prof. Morse on the scientific, results of
the Centennial Exhibition.

The addresses to which we have listened have done no
injustice to the part of the United States itself in the
honors of the Exhibition. But perhaps even the great
American people will be modest enough to confess that it
had something to learn there from less inventive and rapid
foreigners. It should especially have had such a feeling
toward the Art-displays of other nations. You have heard
that France and Germany were discourteous enough to
send us, as to an ignorant and uncritical land, only their
second-rate works of art. But England did not scamp
her work in the Art-Building ; nor did China and Japan
neglect to do their best. To England in particular we owe
a debt of gratitude. Beside our century of accomplish-
ment in practical science and invention, she placed her
last hundred years of art. She asked, "What have my
painters done from 1776 to 1876? Who have they been,
and where can I find characteristic canvases of each?"
And she generously placed on view at Philadelphia, what
was the illustrated history of this century of her growth
in Art. It must have been in a spirit of genuine enthu-
siasm and friendship that the Queen and the noble owners
of these paintings were willing to expose them to the

16

dangers of the voyage, that we might see, in even a more
complete collection than can be found in any one gallery
in Great Britain, the record of what England has been
doing in Art since we left the old leading strings of her
rule. There were paintings there which travellers remem-
ber to be cherished beyond price as examples of their
peculiar style in the country to which they belong. And
one could learn at Philadelphia those things concerning
British Art, which would require much studying and jour-
neying over sea to understand as well.

Nor can we easily discharge our obligation to China
and Japan. What marvellous things they showed us in
porcelain and bronze ! Macaulay, in the third volume of
his History, sneers at the fancy for Chinese ware which
Queen Mary introduced at Hampton Court, as a "frivolous
and inelegant fashion." But Miss Martineau, in her later
History, shows that this love of Oriental art did not then
have more than a limited range or existence, since she
alludes to the Chinese productions to be seen in the early
part of this century, in the homes of our Salem merchants,
as one of the things talked about by those who were ear-
nest for the free opening of the Eastern seas for trade.
They wanted Oriental objects, Art-objects among the
rest, more common ; and Philadelphia showed us how
vast were the resources of those nations so recently joined
to the western world by the bands of commerce. I un-
derstood that the most ancient and precious things iii the
Chinese Court were to return to China, as they were the
property of wealthy connoisseurs, and worth more at home
than here ; but the readiness with which the rest, even the
most expensive, were sold, illustrated the increasing Art-
culture of our own people. It is neither frivolous nor
inelegant to admire those works ; and after the passion of
the day has thrown off a few of its bubbles, we may look

17

for a steady and intelligent demand for the rich colors
and exquisite materials which the far East sends us.

It is well known that the most popular exhibits at Phil-
adelphia were those in Art, and that the most constantly
crowded building was Memorial Hall. The throng of
sight seers was of course largely made up of those to
whom the meaning of a picture or statue was as a Greek
letter, and many were the odd speeches and queer mis-
takes which were noted among them. One spectator in-
terpreted the enormous and unpleasant picture of "Riz-
pah" to be the "Goddess of Liberty scaring away the
American Eagle from the vanquished South." Another
stopped in the Russian Court before a line work in re-
pousse silver, which represented figures in violent action.
"R-e-p-o-s-e," she slowly read it; "there don't seem to
be much repose about that!" A man and his wife were
examining the malacliites in the same section. "They
are beautiful, Charles, these amalekiles, are they not?"
"No, my dear," he answered, proud of his superior knowl-
edge, "not amalekites, but dmalgamites!" Still the peo-
ple saw and enjoyed all these things ; and unless they
are more obtuse than the last century seems to have made
them, they must have gained a vast amount of instruction
from their visit.

Our household art, in particular, must be very much
advanced as one result of the Exhibition. It is not so
very long ago that England, which had so much to teach
us in this department at Philadelphia, was herself a
scholar to the older art of the continent. In the brief
lull of the war with the first Napoleon there was a great
rush of English visitors to France ; and when hostilities
suddenly recommenced, it is said that twelve thousand of
them were caught and kept in Paris. They brought back
new tastes and refinements ; and English Art from that

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN. IX 2

18

day made a striking advance. But Art in Great Britain
owes most perhaps to Prince Albert. It has been the
fashion to decry him as only the imported husband of a
queen. But he brought to England a delicate and grace-
ful culture and a generous patronage of Art, which did
much to give a beautiful drapery to the rugged English
life, just as the ivy makes her old gray walls more pictu-
resque. We should not forget that he was the originator
of the Great Exhibition of 1851 in Hyde Park, where his
Memorial now stands ; and in consequence he may be
considered in close relation to all the International Expo-
sitions which have followed ; in some sense, indeed, the
cause and suggestion of ours in 1876. The original
Crystal Palace still remains, the attraction of holiday
visitors to Sydenham ; and in the London International
of 1874, more than four thousand pictures were on the
walls. And one result of this culture of Art has been
to make the English home more beautiful. The exhibits
of Minton's tiles, Daniell's porcelains, Elkington's elec-
trotypes, Doulton & Watts' ceramics, showed us this ;
while the buildings of the English Commissioners, with
their simple but effective decorations, were a pleasure and
surprise to all who were fortunate enough to gain admit-
tance. Long before the close of the Exhibition, Doul-
ton & Watts' entire display of fire-place and wall orna-
ments was sold ; and each one will become a missionary
of Art in some corner of our land. No one could have
failed to see how the strong home instinct of the English
race entwined itself with new art in the production of
those charming fireplaces which were such attractive cen-
ters for admiration at our Exhibition. They were copied
many times in prints and photographs; and many were
the remarks made about the beauty which a genuine New
England wood fire Avould have in them, a grace which in

19

Old England they could seldom know. Now the English
did not imitate all this slavishly from other nations; they
made an art for themselves and their own homes. Once
on the road to apply art principles they found their inspi-
ration and their models in the scenery and life of their
own land.

I believe that this Exhibition will give exactly the
needed impulse and direction to American Art. We
ought to realize our privilege — to incorporate with the
vigorous and successful life of our republic the refining
and helpful influences which Art culture can give. But
we must have education for this. We must see and know
what others have done, and then transmute foreign Art
into that which shall be characteristic of America. Then
over the centuries to come will bend this serene sky of
Art, in which more than one shining star shall bear our
national name.

Tuesday, January 9, 1877.
Major J. W. Powell, the U. S. Geologist in charge
of the Exploration and Survey of the Colorado Region,
gave an interesting lecture on the North American In-
dians, with whom he has an extensive acquaintance and
of whose philosophy and myths he has made an especial
study. He alluded to their ideas of creation, their Gods,
their religion, their mythology and their tales, interspers-
ing his remarks with many impressive incidents and In-
dian stories-.

Monday, January 15, 1877.
Major J. W. Powell gave this evening the second

20

lecture in the Institute course. The subject was "The
Canons of the Colorado." The lecturer spoke of his ex-
ploring expedition in that wild, uninhabitable region of
the Rocky Mountains, undertaken at the request of the
Government, and briefly described the natural features
and scenery of the country, which are grand rather than
beautiful. The valley of the Rio Colorado is a vast natu-
ral bed of rock, mostly bare of vegetation, a mile in thick-
ness, and covering as large a surface as the whole of New
England and the Middle States combined. He concluded
the lecture in narrating the adventures of his party in
their perilous but romantic voyage down the river. This
was accomplished through great hardships and without
any fatal accident, though they had many narrow escapes
with their lives, and three of his men who deserted in the
face of great clanger were captured and killed by the In-
'dians. The lecture was profusely illustrated with views
of the scenery on the Colorado, including its principal
canons and cataracts, by the calcium light.

Monday, January 29, 1877.
Prof. Henry Carmichael, of Bowcloin College, fa-
vored the Institute with an instructive lecture on "Flame,"
which was fully illustrated by experiments that were sin-
gularly successful, though he was removed from the spec-
ial facilities of the laboratory. The more prominent of
these were the placing of phosphorus and gunpowder in
the interior of the flame, the musical and sensitive flame,
the effect of various chemicals upon the color of a flame,
and the monochromatic flame, which gave to everything
a ghastly and cadaverous appearance.

21

Regular Meeting, Monday, February 5,1877.

Meeting this evening. The President in the chair.
Records read.

P. P. Bielby and George A. Purbeck, both of Salem,
were elected resident members.

J. W. Powell of Washington, D. C, G. W. Levette
of Indianapolis, Ind., and Benjamin J. Lang of Boston,
were elected corresponding members.

Monday Evening, February 15, 1877.
lecture on the telephone.

The evening was devoted to a lecture on the telephone
by Prof. Alexander Graham Bell, being one of the.
Institute course of lectures. The meeting was held at
the Lyceum Hall for the purpose of more easy connection
with telegraphic lines. It was the first public exhibition
of the telephone invented by Prof. Bell, and the experi-
ments were eminently successful, and were greeted with
enthusiastic applause by an audience which completely
filled the hall. A wire of the Atlantic and Pacific Tele-
graph Co. was placed at the disposal of Prof. Bell, and
was connected with the Lyceum Hall in Salem, and with
the office in Exeter Place, Boston, where were present
Mr. Thomas A. Watson of Salem, the Professor's assis-
tant, and Messrs. B. Briclden, the electrician, Prof. E.
B. Warman, and A. B. Fletcher of the "Boston Globe."

The President, Dr. Wheatland, introduced Prof. Bell,
who opened his lecture with an allusion to the pleasure it
gave him to exhibit the Telephone for the first time
before a public audience, here at Salem; not only on

22

account of its being the place of his residence and where
he had conducted his experiments for some years, but
because it was here that the science of Telephony had its
rise. The first attempt to produce musical sounds by
electric currents was by Prof. C. G. Page,1 a Salem man,
who discovered, in 1837, that whenever a magnet was
affected by an intermittent current a sound Avas trans-
mitted. This led observers in all parts of the world to
take up the subject. The discovery was also made by
Prof. Page that whenever a current is passed through a
coil a sound is emitted by the iron surrounded b}^ the coil.
It had been imagined that a molecule of iron had changed
its place. Prof. Page reasoned in this way : — if we can
make this sound rapidly we shall have a musical note ;
and this can be done by making and breaking the circuit.
These suggestions excited a great deal of attention abroad.
Keis constructed a telephone by which a musical note
was produced, by making and breaking circuit?, in an iron
core surrounded by a coil. By singing into a transmit-
ting instrument a membrane is made to vibrate, thereby
producing the musical sound by intermittent contact with
the vibrating medium. Reis' telephone has never been
brought into practical use. It is a very beautiful instru-
ment theoretically, but it gives merely the pitch and
nothing more.

1 Charles Grafton Page, son of Capt. Jere. L. & Lucy D. (Lang) Page, born in
Salem, Mass., Jan. 25, 1812, prepared for college in the Grammar School, Salem,
under the charge of Theodore Eames, entered Harvard College in 1828, graduating
in 1832, studied medicine with Dr. A. L. Peirson of Salem, and the Harvard Medi-
cal School, receiving the degree of M. D. in 1836. In 1838 he went to Virginia and
practised his profession two years. In 1840 he was called to a position in the U. S.
Patent Office and was one of the Examiners from that time until his death, which
occurred at Washington on Tuesday, May 5, 1808.

In early youth he developed a taste for the study of electricity and the kindred
sciences, ami continued through life a diligent and successful student in these
fields of observation and enquiry. He was a frequent contributor to "Silliman's
Journal of Science," and was the author of several treatises on the subject of elec-
trical science and discovery. In 183D-40 he was Professor of Chemistry in Colum-
bia College, D. C

23

I have followed out the experiments of Page and of
Reis. All investigators have followed the idea of Page.
I found that his theory of the cause of the sound was a
mistake. An empty coil will produce the same effect.
When you pass a current of electricity intermittently
through an empty coil musical notes are emitted. When
passed through a lead pencil a very pleasing note was
emitted through the plumbago ; also through an iron
wire, and curious results are caused by induced electric-
ity through the fore arm.

In the course of experiments by a number of persons
joining hands with Ruhmkorff's coil a sound from the
clasped hands was produced. Whenever the current
through the persons joining hands was made or broken,
a sound was produced. A piece of paper placed between
the hands produced a still more curious effect.

These are effects produced directly by the currents of
electricity. Still more interesting effects are produced
by placing an iron coil near the magnet ; by placing it
nearer and nearer, the sound is louder and louder. This
happens from every piece of iron placed near the magnet,
and the effect is still greater when it is expanded into a
thin membrane.

I hope I shall be able to exhibit some of these effects
to-night. This, however, is the first attempt to do this
before an audience, and it is possible the experiments
may not succeed so well as I desire. The first thing is
the production of a musical note in the way I have first
described by intermittent currents. My friend, Mr.
Thomas A. Watson, is at this moment creating an inter-
mittent current in Boston. [Loud and distinct sounds,
followed by an audible message, are heard.]

I believe I am the first person who has adopted the
practice of using a metal diaphragm in the telephone.

24

Also I have discovered that a telegraphic message may be
sent by means of using musical notes. Some of these
discoveries which I have described were made simultane-
ously by three persons : Ward of Chicago, Lecourt, and
myself.

All the entanglements of sound come through the air.
We perceive all the varying tones, etc., without difficulty.
Prof. Whcatstone and afterwards Prof. Henry demon-
strated the fact that a solid substance, for instance a wooden
rod or bar, would conduct an infinite number of vibrations
simultaneously. Pianos on the opposite sides of a street
may thus be made to answer to each other. The same
effect may be produced in a wire also by the use of the
battery. You can send as many musical notes as you
please along a wire by using the means I have described.

I shall ask Mr. Watson to send two sounds at once.
[One sound heard.] The notes are not simultaneous.
The trouble is Mr. Watson is repeating the Hrst experi-
ment, through my mistake in sending the wrong signal.

[An intermittent current was then sent from Boston
by Mr. Thomas A. Watson, Professor Bell's associate.
This caused a noise from the telephone very similar to
that of a horn. The Morse telegraph alphabet was then
sent by musical sounds, and could be heard throughout
the hall. The audience burst into loud applause at this
experiment. A telephonic organ was then put into oper-
ation in Boston. "Should Auld Acquaintance be Forgot,"
"America," and "Yankee Doodle" were readily heard
through the hall and heartily recognized. At this point
Prof. Bell then explained how he learned to transmit the
tones of the human voice, and paid a grateful tribute to
Mr. Watson. Prof. Bell asked Mr. Watson for a song,
and "Auld Lang Sync" came from the mouthpiece of the
instrument almost before his words were ended. Mr.

25

Watson was then asked to make a speech to the audience.
He expressed himself as having more confidence eighteen
miles away than if he were present. His speech was as
follows : "Ladies and gentlemen : it gives me great pleas-
ure to be able to address you this evening, although I am
in Boston and you in Salem." This could be heard thirty-
five feet distant; that is, all over the hall, and brought
down the house with applause. A system of questioning
was then carried on and Mr. Watson was asked if he
heard the applause. The answer was, "I was not listen-
ing. Try again." The applause was given and its
receipt at once acknowledged in Boston.]

A number of musical notes can be sent simultaneously
on the same circuit, which gives a great advantage. We
did not get exactly the same effects as when the musical
notes are heard in the air. The cause is not far to see ;
for in the intermittent current the vibrations are not in
the exact ratio of the vibrations of the air.

Other experimenters have been trying, with myself,
to bring to practical effect the principle of multiple elec-
tricity. I discovered that when a great number of in-
termittent currents were being transmitted one breaks
while the other makes, so that there was really no break
at all. There are six kinds of electrical current. [This
subject was then further illustrated by the lecturer upon
the blackboard ; the different forms of the electrical wave ;
and the differences between positive and negative elec-
tricity; "direct" and "reversed" "intermittent, pulsatory
and undulatory currents" were shown; and how the
sound of musical notes may be produced by such currents
together.]

The idea occurred to me of a new kind altogether, and
that the current might be made to vary exactly as the air
varies. [This idea was then further explained and ill us-

26

trated by drawings on the board.] I used a common
battery and instead of breaking the current I used a con-
stant current, and a vibrating membrane. I found that
by placing a membrane before the magnet and speaking
before it, the sound was transmitted.

It was my good fortune to meet with another person
interested in similar studies, Mr. Watson of Salem. It
is chiefly due to his assistance that the invention is pro-
ceeding to a successful issue.

[The lecturer then explained the construction of the
magneto-electric telephone on the blackboard.]

Though the sounds are at present feeble and heard with
difficulty at a distance, I hope in the future to be able to
have them more audible. Soft articulation is more intel-
ligible than loud. A whisper is perfectly audible.

Messages have been transmitted through this instru-
ment between Boston and Conway, a distance of 143
miles. I have passed the messages through the human
body and through water, which has a million times more
resisting power than a wire. The result of these experi-
ments seemed to demonstrate that the resistance retard-
ing the magneto-electric current was vastly less than the
resistance to the galvanic current, and encouraged me to
believe that it will, in time, be possible to converse across
the Atlantic by means of international telephony. These
experiments we are now conducting are made over a dis-
tance of twenty miles ; and there is no battery, only a
wire.

[Coughing and singing were then heard, and a variety of
questions Avas then asked from the Salem end and among
them: "What news from the Electoral Commission?" fol-
lowed by the distinct answer of "I don't know of any."
But the news came fleeting along that the engineers of
the Boston and Maine Railroad had struck. General

27

Cogswell then asked if trains were running ; the answer
was clear and distinct that they were not at 5.30 o'clock.
Prof. Bell introduced the Rev. E. C. Bolles, who said :
"I shake hands with you cordially in imagination twenty
miles away." The Rev. E. S. Atwood asked, "Docs it
rain?" "It does not in Boston," was Mr. Watson's an-
swer. Prof. Gage, the electrician, then spoke through
the telephone, endeavoring to have his voice recognized.
This could not be done, as Mr. Watson was not familiar
with the voice. Mr. Shuje Isawa was recognized, Mr.
Watson being perfectly familiar with his tones. One of
the assistants in Boston then said that "Hold the Fort"
would be sung in Boston, and the tune which followed
w7as readily recognized.] Prof. Bell closed his lecture
by briefly stating the practical uses to which he was confi-
dent the telephone could be applied. Private dwellings
may be connected with a central office, and messages
transmitted by the voice. Merchants can conveniently
transact their business by its aid. Hearty applause was
afforded the lecturer as he finished, and people flocked
about the stage in large numbers to more closely examine
the wonderful instrument that had placed them in audible
communication with people nearly twenty miles away.

The lecture and experiments were an unqualified suc-
cess. Vice President Goodell of the Institute offered an
order, which was adopted, to draft a series of resolutions
to express the satisfaction of the Institute and audience
for the instructive and interesting entertainment offered
by Prof. Bell. A vote of thanks was also extended to
Mr. Watson and sent to him by telephone. A vote of
thanks was passed to the Atlantic and Pacific Telegraph
Company for their kindness in allowing the use of their
wires for these experiments. A vote of thanks was also
tendered to Miss Molloy, operator of the Atlantic and

28

Pacific Telegraph Company at Salem, for her assistance
during the evening. The telephone was then taken apart
and explained to a few ladies and gentlemen, to their
great wonder and satisfaction. A report of the meeting
was transmitted to the "Boston Globe" by the telephone
in the presence of about twenty, who have thus been
witnesses to a feat never before attempted — that is, the
sending of a newspaper dispatch over the space of eigh-
teen miles by the human voice, and all this wonder being
accomplished in a time not much longer than would be
consumed in an ordinary conversation between two people
in the same room.

The President appointed Rev. E. S. Atwood, Rev. E.
C. Bolles, A. C. Goodell, Jr., D. B. Hagar, and Wm. D.
Northend, as the committee to draft and report a series
of resolutions as above.

Monday, February 19, 1877.

Regular meeting this evening. The President in
the chair. Records read. Donations and correspon-
dence announced.

Caroline Baldwin, of Salem, was elected a resident
member.

Mr. John McNeil, of Winchester, formerly of Hillsbo-
rough, N. H., who has great interest in the restocking
of the rivers and ponds of New England with fish, gave
a familiar and instructive talk on artificial fish breeding
and collateral topics. The people of Salem, who have
an abundance of various excellent sea fishes at their very
doors, do not, perhaps, appreciate the importance of the
inland fisheries and the present efforts to restock with the

29

finny tribes the depleted rivers and ponds of the country,
as do the residents of the interior, but they cannot help
feeling an interest in the subject when presented as it was
on this evening.

Mr. McNeil stated that a quarter of a century ago,
two-thirds of the food, — beef, mutton, pork, etc., — con-
sumed in New England was produced in New England ;
now, the production has fallen to about one-third of the
consumption. The fisheries have been nearly destroyed
on the great rivers by the erection of factories and other
causes, and the ponds have been in a large measure
depopulated of their fishes; hence the necessity of re-
stocking by artificial means, and the efforts of the Legis-
latures of the various States to encourage this purpose.

Mr. McNeil presented many interesting facts in relation
to artificial fish-breeding, explained the process of spawn-
ing, hatching, transportation and restocking, and spoke
most positively of the assurances of success resulting
from the plans now in progress. He described the habits
of fishes and spoke particularly of the lamprey eel, the
alewives, the shad and the salmon, the four varieties of
the most importance for the rivers ; explained the fish-
w7ays on the Merrimac and Connecticut, and gave an
account of the success that had already been achieved on
those rivers and of the hopeful promises for the future.
In conclusion he stated that he should be glad to answer
any inquiries that the audience might suggest, and several
questions were asked and satisfactorily answered.

He had started from home with some esfsfs of the salmon,
but they had hatched on the way and the young fishes were
exhibited.

Mr. F. W. Putnam added some observations in regard
to the lamprey eel, illustrating his remaiks on the black-

30

board, and concluded by offering a vote of thanks to Mr.
McNeil, in behalf of the Institute, for his interesting and
instructive lecture, which was unanimously adopted.

A. C. Goodell, Jr., Esq., in behalf of the Committee
appointed on the previous Monday evening, reported the
following resolutions in reference. to Prof. Bell and the
telephone, viz. : —

Resolved, That we tender our cordial thanks to Professor Alexan-
der Graham Bell, and to his associate, Mr. Thomas Augustus Watson
of Salem, for the wonderful and profoundly interesting experiments
so successfully performed by them at Lyceum Hall on the evening of
the 12th instant; and to the Atlantic and Pacific Telegraph Company,
who generously permitted the use of their wires between Salem and
Boston; and to Miss Anastasia L. Molloy, who operated the telegraph

Resolved, That the experiments we have witnessed satisfactorily
demonstrate the feasibility of ' conveying articulate sounds by means
of magneto-electricity; and we find that this method possesses advan-
tages over the ordinary electric telegraph in the following particulars :

First, in the simplicity and cheapness of the mechanism employed.

Second, in dispensing entirely with batterries.

Third, in avoiding the necessity of employing skilled operators.

Fourth, in the apparently great motive force of the magneto-electric
current employed, and (according to the evidence exhibited by Prof.
Bell) in the fact that resistauce is, by this means, so far overcome or
avoided as to encourage the belief that, practically, no difficulty may
be expected, from that source, in the longest circuits.

Fifth, in the rapidity of communication by the telephone, and in the
ease with which it insures accuracy by admitting of instantaneous
vocal repetition from either end of a telephonic line.

Resolved, That the discovery that the vibrations of a conducting
membrane or plate set in motion by the human voice can be so deli-
cately and forcibly communicated to a corresponding membrane at the
opposite end of an electric circuit, as to produce articulate sounds of
exactly the same timbre, quality, pitch and relative strength, appears
to us one of the most marvellous discoveries of the age; and the prac-
tical embodiment of this discovery, in the telephone, constitutes a
most curious and remarkable invention; and we deem it especially
noteworthy that these were not accidental, but the result of profound
study of the science of acoustics, and a consequent inference that
currents of electricity might be made to vary in intensity in the exact
ratio that air varies in density when affected by sound.

Resolved, That we deem it a signal honor to have been privileged

31

to witness the first public operation of this wonderful instrument, at
a meeting, a report of the proceedings of which was sent abroad as
the first public message by the telephone.

Resolved, That we are gratified to learn that these experiments
are to be repeated in Salem; and to them, as at once instructive and
astonishing, we invite the attention of the public.

Resolved, That these resolutions be communicated to Prof. Bell
and to Mr. Watson by the Secretary ; and offered to the press.

The committee who reported these resolutions consisted
of Rev. E. S. Atwood, Rev. E. C. Bolles, A. C. Goodell,
Jr., D. B. Hagar, and Wm. D. Northend.

Before putting the question President Wheatland, after
alluding to Prof. Bell's recognition of our late townsman,
Dr. Page, as the discoverer of the transmission of sound
by the electric current, related some very interesting
reminiscences of his school and college classmate, Dr.
Page, and of those other Salem gentlemen, the late Jona-
than Webb, Thomas Cole and Francis Peabody, who had
many years ago distinguished themselves by their investi-
gations and experiments in relation to electricity and elec-
tro magnetism.

The resolutions were then unanimously adopted.

Mr. F. W. Putnam presented a communication enti-
tled "Notes upon the Birds observed in Southern Illinois,
between July 17 and September 4, 1875, by E. W. Nel-

32

NOTES UPON BIRDS OBSERVED IN SOUTHERN ILLINOIS,
BETWEEN JULY 17 AND SEPTEMBER 4, 1S75.

Br E. W. Nelson.

The following observations were made during a collecting trip
through the southern portion of the state at a season when but few
species other than the summer residents were to be found. One of
the main objects of the trip was to learn as far as possible what spe-
cies were to be found in the southern extreme of the state during
summer. For this purpose two main points were chosen. Mt. Car-
mel on the Wabash, and Cairo at the junction of the Ohio and Missis-
sippi. From each of these places short trips were made into the
elevated country away from the rivers, the results of which will be
given in a supplementary list after each of the main lists.

Mt. Carmel and Vicinity.

The observations at this place extend over the entire time of our
sojourn in Southern Illinois, as my companion, Mr. F. T. Jencks, — to
whom I am indebted for many of the Mt. Carmel notes, — remained
here during my trip to Cairo and vicinity.

At this place our collecting was mainly confined to the heavily
wooded bottom-lands along the Wabash and White Rivers, with short
excursions to the slightly hilly and well wooded country back of the
town. This we found would scarcely repay us for our trouble, and
our attention was turned to the rich fauna of the bottoms. Here in
dense thickets about ponds and lagoons and especially in the under-
growth in portions of a cypress swamp on the White River, a few
miles above the town, we found our most attractive field.

In such places Protonotarfa citrea, Helminthophaga pinus, Dendroeca
I'cvrulea, Oporornis formosus and Myiodioctes mitratus with other inter-
esting species were more or less numerous.

From Mt. Carmel an excursion was made to Fox Prairie about
thirty-five miles to the north-west. The observations there will be
given in an additional list.

As my friend Mr. Ridgway has discussed the faunal and floral rela-
tions of the Wabash Valley1 I would refer the reader to this excellent
paper, and proceed to the results of our field work.

iProc. B. S. N. H., Vol. XVI, Feb. 18, 1874, pp. 304.

33

Family TURDID.ZE.
Genus Turdus Linn.

1. T. mustelirms Gmel. Wood Tintusn. Abundant in the bot-
toms and common in portions of the more elevated woodlands.

2. T. migratorius Linn. Robin. Apparently not common. A
few were seen about the town.

Genus Harporhynchus Cab.

3. H. rufus Caban. Brown Thrush. Not common. A few
observed along the roadsides.

Genus Galeoscoptes Caban.

4. G. earolinensis Caban. Cat Bird. Common. Usually found
about the farms west of the town.

Family SAXICOLID-E!.
Genus Sialia Sw.

5. S. sialis Raid. Blue Bird. Abundant, especially about the
trees and fences on the wide flat between the town and the river.

Family SYLVIID^I.

Genus Polioptila Scl.

6. P. cserulea Sclat. Blue-gray Gnatcatcher. Very common.
Found in the tops of the tall oaks in the bottoms with Dendrceca cceru-
lea. Half-fledged young were taken the last of July.

Family PAEID.ZE.
Genus Lophophanes Kaup.

7. L bicolor Bonap. Tufted Titmouse. Very numerous every-
where in the woods, although more abundant in the bottoms.

Genus Parus Linn.

8. P. earolinensis Aud. Carolina Titmouse. Less abundant
than the preceding and more confined to the damp bottom-lands.

Genus Sitta Linn.

9. S. earolinensis Lath. White-bellied Nuthatch. Found
rather commonly throughout the woods.

3

34

Family TROGLODYTIDJ3.
Genus Thryothorus Vieill.

10. T. ludovicianus Bonap. Carolina Wren. Common every-
where in open woods and about brush-piles or logs in clearings. The
males sang through July and until well into August. Mr. Ridgway
has since informed me that this species sings throughout the year.

A double nest of this species was given me by Mr. John Ridgway of
Mt. Carmel, which was obtained by him in the bottoms. The two
nests were of about equal size and composed principally of moss and
grass. The contiguous sides were slightly united. Both nests were
constructed the same season and when found one side contained half
fledged young.

11. T. bewicki Bonap. Bewick's Wren. Not very numerous.
A few were observed about the yards in town, and a few specimens
were obtained along a ruinous hedge fence by the roadside near Fox
Prairie.

Family SYLVICOLIDJa.
Genus Mniotilta Vieill.

12. M, varia Vieill. Black and White Creeper. Common
throughout the bottoms, and in damp woods on the uplands.

Genus Protonotaria Bd.

13. P. citrea Baird. Prothonotary Warbler. Common in
the button-bushes bordering the lagoons in the bottom-lands. Usu-
ally found in small parties of from five to six individuals contain-
ing the parents with their young. The middle of July the latter
were in many cases but just able to follow the old birds. The sudden
inundation of the bottoms the last of July drove all the bush-frequent-
ing birds away, and the water not falling until the middle of August
they did not return. I did not hear a note from these birds, and were
it not for their bright color they would be very difficult to collect.

Genus Helmitherus Baf.

14. H. vermivorus Bonap. Worm-eating Warbler. Not com-
mon. Found in localities similar to those frequented by the preced-
ing.

Genus Helminthophaga Cab.

15. H. pinus Baird. Blue-winged Yellow Warbler. Rather
common in the most densely wooded portions of the bottoms. We
found it more numerous about the borders of the cypress swamp than

1425138

35

elsewhere. It was usually found upon the lower branches of tall trees
or the tops of saplings searching the twigs on the tips of the branches,
its movements strongly suggesting a titmouse as it hung head down
or searched the under side of a branch for insects. A faint "cheep"
was the only note heard.

Genus Parula Bon.

16. P. americana Bonap. Blue Yellow-backed Warbler. Not
common. A few breed.

Genus Dendroeca Gray.

17. D. sestiva Baird. Yellow Warbler. Common in the cul-
tivated portions, principally away from the bottoms.

18. D. maculosa Bd. Black and Yellow Warbler. The only
one seen was a migrant taken in the bottoms August 30. (Jencks.)

19. D. cssrulea Bd. Cerulean Warbler. The most abundant
species of the Sylvicolidce. Found everywhere in small parties, but
much more numerous in the bottoms.

20. D. dominica var. albilora Baird. Western Yellow-
throated Warbler. First noted August 30, when they were found
to be abundant in a group of elm trees on the river bank near town.
During the succeeding three days they were plentiful and thirty-six
specimens were taken and many more seen. After September 2nd not
a specimen was to be found, though diligent search was made. While
here they showed great preference for the elm trees before mentioned,
none being found elsewhere. They uttered the faint "cheep" com-
mon to most warblers, and one was heard delivering a low song from
the top of a tall elm. The notes were so low that even when stand-
ing under the same tree the song could only be distinguished by care-
fully listening.

The movements of these birds while in the trees were rather slow
and quite nuthatch-like. Among the specimens taken were some
having the loral line almost immaculate white and others with a bright
yellow line in front of the eye. (Jencks.)

Genus Siurus Sw.

21. S. auricapillus Swains. Golden-crowned Thrush. Abun-
dant in heavy woods.

22. S. motacilla Bonap. Large-billed Water Thrush. Not
uncommon, but so shy that they were very difficult to obtain, always
flitting from tree to tree well in advance, and uttering a sharp metallic
note.

Genus Opotornis Bd.
23* O. formosus Wils. Kentucky Warbler. Abundant in the

36

bottoms and occasionally straying into the more elevated wood-lands.
Its habits closely resemble those of tiiurus auricapillus. A young
bird barely able to follow its parents was taken the last of July in the
cypress swamp.

Genus Geothlypis Gab.

24. G. trichas Caban. Maryland Yellow-throat. Common
in suitable places about fields.

Genus Icteria Vieill.

25. I. virens Baird. Yellow-breasted Chat. Very common
in dense brier patches in the bottoms, but owing to their skulking
habits were very diflicult to obtain. Several young* unable to fly were
obtained July 19th.

Genus Myiodioctes Aud.

26. M. mitratus Aud. Hooded Warbler. Common through-
out the heavily timbered bottoms but most abundant in the dense
under-growth about the border of the cypress swamp. Frequently
found in small bushes close to the ground, though generally keeping
in the taller bushes or small trees.

27. M. canadensis Aud. Canada Flycatcher. Two specimens
were obtained in the bottoms the first of September. (Jencks.)

Genus Setophaga Sw.

28. S. ruticilla Sw. Red-start. Very common in the bottoms.

Family HIRUNDINID^.
Genus Progne Bote.

29. P. snbis Baird. Purple Martin. Abundant along the river
near town until about August 25th, when they disappeared.

Genus Petrochilidon Cab.

30. P. lunifrons Bd. Cliff Swallow. Very common.

Genus Hirundo Linn.

31. H. horreomm Barton. Barn Swallow. Abundant until
about August 28th.

32. H. bicolor Vieill. White-bellied Swallow. A few strag-
glers were seen the last of July.

Genus Stelgidopteryx Bd.

33. S. serripennis Bd. Rough-winged Swallow. Common
along the river.

37

Genus Cotyle Boie.
34. C. riparia Boie. Bank Swallow. Abundant with the pre-
ceding, both species disappearing about the middle of August.

Family VIREONIDJS.
Genus Vireo Vieill.

35. V. olivaceus Bonap. Red-eyed Vireo. Abundant every-
where in the woods.

36. V. gilvus Cassin. Warbling Vireo. First seen August
27th ; after this date they became common in the bottoms. (Jencks.)

37. V. flavifrons Bd. Yellow-throated Vireo. Rather com-
mon in the bottoms, frequenting the tops of the tallest trees.

38. V. noveboracensis Bonap. White-eyed Vireo. Common
in swampy thickets.

Family LAWIID^EJ.
Genus Collurio Vigors.

39. C. ludovicianus var. ludovicianus. Logger-head Shrike.
Not common during our stay, but said to be numerous during the
breeding season.

Family TANAGRID^I.
Genus Pyranga Vieill.

40. P. rubra Vieill. Scarlet Tanager. Abundant everywhere
in the bottoms and in every stage of plumage from olive-green to
bright scarlet.

41. P. sestiva Vieill. Summer Red Bird. Rare in the bottoms,
but not uncommon about the borders of woods on the uplands. More
retiring than the preceding, and in consequence likely to be over-
looked, at this season at least.

Family PRIWGILLID-S1.
Genus Chrysomitris Boie.

42. C. tristis Bon. Gold Finch. Common about the farms and
roadsides.

Genus PooBcetes Bd.

43. P. gramineus Bd. Grass Finch. Rather uncommon, fre-
quenting the fields near town.

38

Genus Coturniculus Bonap.
r 44. C. passerimis Bonap. Yellow-winged Sparrow. Rare in
the vicinity of Mt. Carmel. A single specimen was taken in a grain
field.

Genus Chondestes Sw.

45. C. grammaca Bonap. Lark Finch. Not uncommon along
roadsides.

Genus Spizella Bonap.

46. S. pusilla Bonap. Field Sparrow. Abundant in fields and
along roadsides.

47. S. socialis Bonap. Chipping Sparrow. Abundant in all
suitable places.

Genus Peucsea Aud.

48. P. aestivalis Cab. Bachman's Finch. Rather common. Those
obtained were found about the fences or brush piles in half cleared
fields. They were shy and quite difficult to secure from their habit of
diving into the nearest shelter when alarmed, or skulking, wren-like,
along the fences, dodging from rail to rail. One was observed sing-
ing from a fence stake, but seeing the intruder it stopped abruptly
and darted into a patch of weeds.

Genus Euspiza Bonap.

49. E. americana Bonap. Black-throated Bunting. Quite
common about the borders of cornfields and along hedges.

Genus Cyanospiza Bd.

50. C. cyanea Bd. Indigo Bird. Exceedingly common every-
where except in the densely wooded bottoms. Several could often be

Genus Cardinalis Bonap.
51. C. virginianus Bonap. Cardinal Grosbeak. Very com-
mon everywhere ; more numerous than I observed it anywhere else.
Its clear whistle was heard from the top of tall trees in the gloomiest
portions of the bottoms, as well as from the border of the woods
near the farm houses.

Genus Pipilo Vieill.
52* P. erythrophthalmus Vieill. Towhee Finch. Not uncom-
mon about partly cleared fields.

39

Family ICTERIDJE.
Genus Molothrus Sw.

53. M. ater Gray. Cow Bunting. Several large flocks were ob-
served the last of July, but none were seen singly, nor after the first
of August were any to be found.

Genus Agelseus Vieill.

54. A. phoeniceus Vieill. Red-winged Blackbird. Not com-
mon.

Genus Sturnella Vieill.

55. S. magna Sw. Meadow Lark. Abundant about fields. About
the last of July they united into large flocks.

Genus Ieterus Auct.
58. I. spurius Bon. Orchard Oriole. Common during July
and the first of August.

57. I. baltimore Baud. Baltimore Oriole. Not common. A
pair, with young, the only specimens observed, were seen the 2nd of
August.

Genus Quiscahis Vieill.

58. Q. pupureus Bartr. var. seneus Bidg. Purple Grakle.
Very abundant. Gathered into immense flocks, in the more open por-
tions of the bottoms, the last of July.

Family CORVIDiE.
Genus Corvus Linn.

59. C. americanus Aud. Crow. Very plentiful in large flocks.
Not so shy as is usually the case with this species.

Genus Cyarmra Sw.

60. C. cristata Sw. Blue Jay. Very common everywhere.

Family TYRANNID.S2.
Genus Tyrannus Cuv.

61. T. carolinensis Bd. King Bird. Common about farms.

Genus Myiarchus Cab.

62. M. crinitus Cab. Great-crested Flycatcher. Very abun-

40

dant everywhere in the woods and common about the trees on the
flat between the river and the town. About the first of September
they left for the south.

Genus Sayornis Bon.

63. S. fuscus Bd. Bridge Pewee. Common about the out-
skirts of the town and along the river, on the flat.

Genus Contopus Cab.

64. C. virens Cab. Wood Pewee. Abundant everywhere in
woods.

Genus Empidonax Cab.

65. E. pusillus var. trailli Bd. Traill's Flycatcher. Found
in the bottoms, but in smaller numbers than the following.

66. E. acadicus Bd. Acadian Flycatcher. Usually found in
the gloomiest portions of the bottoms, where it was common.

Family ALCEDINID^J.
Genus Ceryle Boie.

67. C. alcyon Boie. Kingfisher. Very common about the ponds
in the bottoms and along the rivers.

Family CAPRIMULGID^S.
Genus Chordiles Sw.

68. C. popetue Bd. Night Hawk. Not observed until about
September first, when it became abundant. (Jencks.)

Family CYPSELID^S.
Genus Chsetura Steph.

69. C. pelagica Bd. Chimney Swift. Exceedingly abundant.
About dusk they would pour forth from their hiding places by hun-
dreds and come swooping and darting over the town in such count-
less numbers that the air seemed filled with them in every direction.

Family TROCHILID-2E.
Genus Troehilus Linn.

70. T. colubris Linn. Ruby-throated Humming Bird. Plen-
tiful about the bottoms. Fully developed eggs were taken from the
females the last of July.

41

Family CTJCULIDJE.
Genus Coccyzus Vieill.

71. C. americanus Bonap. Yellow-billed Cuckoo. Common.

Family PICIDJE.
Genus Picus Linn.

72. P. villosus Linn. Hairy Woodpecker. Common.

73. P. pubescens Linn. Downy Woodpecker. Abundant. Found
in the woods everywhere with the preceding.

Genus Hylotomus Bd.

74. H. pileatiis Bd. Pileated Woodpecker. Rare. Said to
have been formerly common.

Genus Centurus Sw.

75. C. carolinus Bonap. Red-bellied Woodpecker. Very abun-
dant everywhere in the bottoms. Much less frequent in the more
elevated timber.

Genus Melanerpes Sw.

76. M. erythrocephalus Sw. Red-headed Woodpecker. Very
abundant about the borders of clearings and in open woods.

Genus Colaptes Sw.

77. C. auratus Sw. Goldex-winged Woodpecker. Rather com-
mon.

Family STRIGIDA
Genus Syrnium Sav.

78. S. nebulosum Gray. Barred Owl. Common. Although
their notes were heard nightly, the species was rarely seen.

Genus Scops Sav.

79. S. asio Bon. Screech Owl. A single specimen observed
the first of September. (Jencks.) Their notes were occasionally
heard in early evening. Fully 90 per cent, of these birds in this local-
ity are of the rufous phase. (Ridgway.)

Genus Bubo Bum.

80. B. virginianus Bonap. Horned Owl. Not common.

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN. IX 3*

42

Family FALCONID^S.
Genus Faleo Auct.

81. F. sparverius Linn. Sparrow Hawk. Common. More
numerous about clearings in the bottoms than elsewhere.

Genus Nauclerus Vig.

82. N. forncatus Bidg. Swallow-tailed Hawk. Eare. Said
to be common some years. A single specimen was observed over the
river July 20th.

, Genus Ictinia Vieill.

83. I. mississippiensis Gray. Mississippi Kite. Rare. Two
specimens were observed about a clearing in the bottoms. I am in-
formed by Mr. Ridgway that two of these birds were observed by
him September 25th, 1876, sailing in company with turkey buzzards
near the town.

Genus Buteo Cuv.

84. B. lineatus Jard. Red-shouldered Hawk. Common in
the bottoms, about the borders of clearings. Generally two adults
with their young were found together.

85. B. borealis Vieill. Red-tailed Hawk. Much less common
than the preceding. Generally observed soaring over the farms back
of town.

Genus Haliaetus Sav.

86. H. leucocephalus Sav. Bald Eagle. One specimen ob-
served near the river September 4th. (Jencks.)

Family CATHARTTDJE.
Genus Rhinogryprms Bidg.
87. R. aura Bidg. Turkey Buzzard. Very common. Two
pairs of unfledged young were found the last of July. The first pair
were standing on a large fallen tree, beside which they had probably
been hatched. The others were found standing in the entrance to a
large and deep cavity in the side of a leaning sycamore. Upon being
approached they scrambled back to the extremity of the hole. When
they were drawn forth one commenced to disgorge the contents of its
crop, while the other made ineffectual attempts to use its bill, and
when released ran off into the undergrowth.

43

Family COLUMBIDJE.
Genus Zensedura Bonap.

88. Z. carolinensis Bonap. Carolina Dove. Very abundant
everywhere except in the densely wooded portions of the bottoms.

Family MELEAGRIBJE.
Genus Meleagris Linn.

89. M. gallopavo Linn. Wild Turkey. Very common in the
bottoms.

Family TETRAONIDJE.
Genus Bonasa Steph.

90. B. umbellus Steph. Ruffed Grouse. Not common. A few
were observed in the bottoms. Mr. Ridgway informs me that all the
ruffed grouse from this locality possess rufous tails.

Family PERDICIDJS.
Genus Ortyx Steph.

91. O. virginianus var. virginianus Bonap. Quail. Very nu-
merous on the uplands and remarkably tame. This form is also found
in the clearings in the bottoms to some extent, but it is far less
numerous than the following. A nest containing fourteen eggs was
found in the border of the woods near town August 2nd, and Mr.
Ridgway informs me that he has taken the eggs of this species as
late as the 24th of September, and that the young are frequently
hatched so late that they are killed by the cold weather before they
become fully feathered.

91a. O. virginianus var. floridanus Coues. Florida Quail.
The prevailing form in the bottoms, where the typical virginianus is
comparatively rare. The specimens obtained are typical of the vari-
ety, some having even larger bills than any Florida examples seen,
while the other proportions are equally small, and the colors fully as
dark. A remarkable characteristic of this form in southern Illinois is
its arboreal habits. The males were repeatedly found uttering their
song from the tops of tall trees in densely wooded portions of the
bottoms, and when a flock became scattered its members would
almost invariably take to the trees, and soon their call notes would
resound through the forest. Mr. Ridgway's observations regarding
the habits of this form in the vicinity of Mt. Carmel coincide with
mine and in his collection also are extremes of the var. floridanus.

44

Unfortunately no specimens of quail were preserved from the Mis-
sissippi bottoms, so that whether this form is represented there or
not is undecided.

Family CHARADRIID^l.
Genus Charadrius Linn. ,

92. C. pluvialis var. virginicus Bore. Golden Plover. A few
were seen the first of September. (Jencks.)

Genus JEgialitis Boie.

93. M. vociferus Cass. Killdeer Plover. Kare during July;
became abundant about the middle of August.

94. M. melodus Cass. Piping Plover. A specimen observed
the last of August. (Jencks.)

Family SCOLOPACnxaE.
Genus Philohela Gray.

95. P. minor Gray. Woodcock. Abundant in a piece of boggy
ground near town the last of July ; none seen there later.

Genus Ereunetes lllig.

96. E. pusillus Cass. Semi-palmated Sandpiper. A large flock
observed August 20th. (Jencks.)

Genus Totanus Bech.

97. T. flavipes Gmel. Yellow Legs. Specimens seen the first
of September. (Jencks.)

98. T. solitarius Wils. Solitary Sandpiper. Not uncommon
about secluded pools during our stay.

Genus Tringoides Bonap.

99. T. macularms Gray. Spotted Sandpiper. Abundant along
the rivers. They would frequently alight upon floating logs and feast
upon insects, larvae, etc., that had taken refuge upon the exposed side
as the current carried them swiftly down stream.

Genus Limosa Briss.

100. L. fedoa Ord. Marbled Godwit. A single specimen seen
the first of September. (Jencks.)

45

Family AKDEIDJE,
Genus Ardea Linn.

101. A. herodias Linn. Great Blue Heron. Abundant. Breeds
in the cypress swamp. In a "rookery" visited by us the nests
were placed in the tops of tall sycamores, one tree containing nine
nests. Although it was the last of July and the young were able to
fly, they still kept in the nests and were fed by the old birds. When
driven from the nests by the reports of our guns as some of them
were shot, they would fly to some adjacent tree and when we were
quiet would return. One old bird made her way to the tree, and
alighting beside her nest in full view commenced feeding her young.
A charge of No. 9 shot with which she was saluted caused her to turn
her head sidewise and gaze down at us with a most ludicrous air of
amazement, and then she proceeded with her task, and not until she
had filled every gaping mouth did she condescend to seek safety in
flight.

102. A. egretta Gmel. White Heron. Became common in por-
tions of the bottoms about the last of July.

103. A. candidissima Jacquin. Snowy Heron. Found with the
preceding, but less numerous.

104. A. virescens Linn. Green Heron. Common in the bot-
toms. Became very abundant after the first of August.

Genus Ardetta Gray.

105. A. exilis Gray. Least Bittern. One specimen seen the
last of July.

Genus Botaurus Steph.

106. B. lentiginosus Steph. Bittern. A single specimen ob-
served September 4th. (Jencks.)

Family RALLIDiE.
Genus Rallus Bech.

107. R. elegans And. King Rail. A specimen shot July 7th,
was in the collection of Prof. Stein of Mt. Carmel.

Family ANATIDJE.
Genus Aix Boie.
108. A. sponsa Boie. Wood Duck. Abundant about the lagoons
in the bottoms.

46

Family GRACULID^.
Genus Graeulus Linn.

109. G. dilophus var. floridanus And. Florida Cormorant.
A single specimen observed the last of August. (Jencks.)

Family LARID^.
Genus Sterna Linn.

110. S. regia Garrib. Royal Tern. A large tern supposed to be
this species was seen over the river the last of August. (Jencks.)

111. S. antillarum Coues. Least Tern. One specimen obtained
and others observed the last of August. (Jencks.)

112. S. flssipes Linn. Short-tailed Tern. Became common
along the river about the first of September. (Jencks.)

Family PODICIPID^l.
Genus Podilymbus Less.

113. P. podiceps Lawr. Carolina Grebe. Not common. A
pair with half grown young were found in a pond in the bottoms.
The female and two young were obtained.

In addition to the above, Mr. Ridgway furnishes the following list
of species which he has ascertained to breed at Mt. Carmel : —

1. Mimus polyglottus. Common some seasons.

2. Telmatodytes palustris. Common.

3. Cistothorus stellaris. Common?

4. Dendrceca pinus. Rare. Found in bottoms, among deciduous
trees !

5. Collnrio ludovicianus excubitoroides. Common?

6. Passerculus sandwichensis savanna. Rare?

7. Guiraca ccerulea. Rare?

8. Eremophila alpestris. Rare.

9. Coccijzus erytJiropthalmus. Rare. [Nest of this species and one
of C. americanus found on adjoining trees in an orchard.]

10. Ajitrostomus vociferus. Abundant.

11. Antrostomus carolinensis. Rare?

12. Ectopistes migratoria. Perhaps not now breeding there.

13. ffisus cooperi. Rare ?

14. JSfisns fuscus. Rare ?

15. Pandion haliaetus carolinensis. Rare?
1G. Elanus leucurus. One p.air.

47

17. Ballus virginianus. Rare ?

18. Porzana Carolina. Common.

19. Porzana noveboracensis. Rare?

20. Porzana jamaicensis. Rare?

21. Gallinula galeata. Rare.

22. Fulica americana. Rare.

23. Nijctiardea grisea ncevia. Rare?

24. JSfy ether o dias violaceus. Common?

25. yln«s boschas. Rare.

26. Frismatura rubida. Rare.

27. Lophodytes cucullatus. Rare.

Besides the species named above, the following have been observed
during the breeding season, though they have not been definitely
ascertained to nest in the neighborhood : —

1. Helminthophaga chrysoptera. [Breeds in Richland Co.]

2. Dendroeca pennsylvanica. [Breeds in Richland Co.]

3. Gyanospiza ciris. One specimen, a female, June, 1871.

4. Gatharistes atratus. Rare.

5. Himantopus nigricollis. Rare.

6. Becurvirostra americana. Rare.

7. Tantalus loculator. Common, some seasons.

8. Falcinellus igneus. Rare.

9. Florida ccerulea. Rare.

10. Gallinula martinica. Rare.

11. Chrcecocephalus atricilla. Rare.

12. Pelecanus erythrorhynchus. Rare.

13. Plotus anhinga. Rare.

Two species, Campephilus principalis and Gonurus carolinensis, the
former once rarely found, and the latter so abundant thirty or forty
years ago as to be at times a nuisance, have both apparently entirely
disappeared.

Fox Prairie, Bichland County.

From Mt. Carmel a short trip was made to Fox Prairie, about thirty-
five miles northwest of the town. We found the prairie to be partly
wild and of a slightly rolling character, crossed by a small stream bor-
dered by banks usually covered with bushes or trees. About the out-
skirts of the prairie were more or less extended pieces of woodland.

The most striking difference between the avian-fauna of this local-
ity and the vicinity of Mt. Carmel, as would be expected, was in the
absence of most of the species found in the densely wooded bottoms
and the presence of the prairie frequenting species. In the woods

48

about the prairie the species found were about the same as those
observed in the elevated woods at Mt. Carmel.
The following woodland species were found : —

1. Turdus mustelinus Gm. Common.

2. T. migratorius L. Rare.

3. Galeoscoptes carolinensis Gray. Not common.

4. Harporhynchus rufus Cab. Not common.

5. Polioptila ccerulea Sclat. Common.

6. Loplwphanes bicolor Bonap. Common.

7. Mniotilta varia Vieill. Not common.

8. Helmilherus vermivorus Bon. One specimen.

9. Siurus auricapillus Sw. Common.

10. Oporomis formosus Bd. Rather common.

11. Setophaga ruticilla Sw. Abundant.

12. Pyranga cestiva Vieill. Common.

13. Vireo olivaceus Vieill. Abundant.

14. V. flavifrons Vieill. Not common.

15. Cardinalis virginianus Bonap. Common.

16. Cyanurus cristatus Sw. Common.

17. Myiarchus crinitus Cab. Common.

18. Gontopus virens Cab. Common.

19. Coccyzus americanus Bon. Not common.

20. Picus villosus L. Rather common.

21. P. pubescens L. Common.

22. Hylotomus pileatus Bd. Rather common.

23. Centurus carolinus Bon. Common.

24. Melanerpes erythrocephalus Sw. Not common.

25. Colaptes auratus Sw. Not common.

26. JSyrnium nebulosum Gray. Common.

27. /Scops asio Bon. Not common.

28. Nisus cooperi. One specimen.

29. Meleagris gallopavo L. Common.

The species found upon the prairie and about its outskirts were as
follows : —

1. Geothlypis trichas Cab. In the bushes along edge of fields or
woods.

2. Vireo belli Aud. Rather common in the dense patches of bushes
on the prairie. The males would appear on the top of a tall bush and
utter a queer song entirely peculiar, but so shy were they that at the
first alarm they would disappear. Although repeated efforts were
made to obtain specimens during the week we were there, only two
were shot.

49

3. Collurio ludoviciccnus Bel. Loggerhead Shrike. Rather com-
mon about the outskirts of the prairie.

4. Chrysomitris tristis Bon. Common.

5. Pooecetes gramineus Bd. Rather common.

6. Ammodromus passerinus Gray. Common on the prairie, but
less numerous than in similar situations in the northern portion of
the state.

7. A. henslowi Gray. Very common, much more numerous than
in the northern portions of the state.

8. Chondestes grammaca Bonap. Not very common. Most numer-
ous along roadsides.

9. Spizella pusilla Bon. Abundant about the borders of the prairie.

10. Peuccea aestivalis Cab. This species was rather common in a
half-cleared field between Mt. Carmel and the prairie.

11. Euspiza americana Bon. Not very common.

12. Cyanospiza cyanea Bd. About the borders of the prairie.

13. Pipilo erythroplithahnus Vieill. A nest containing three eggs
situated in a bush about three feet from the ground was taken on the
border of the prairie.

14. Eremophila alpestris var. leucolcema Cs. Common upon the
prairie.

15. Molothrus pecoris Sw. A few seen about the farms.

16. Sturnella magna Sw. Rather common.

17. Corvus corax var. carnivorus Bartr. A raven -was killed in a
field on one side of the prairie the week before we were there.

18. Tyrannus carolinensis Bd. About the border of the prairie.

19. Empidonax pusillus var. trailli Bd. Quite numerous along the
sides of a shallow ravine intersecting the prairie.

20. Trochilus colubris L. Common about the borders of the prairie.

21. Nauclerus forficatus Ridgw. Five specimens were observed
passing over the prairie one of the first clays of our stay ; after this
only one or two single specimens were seen, although in years previ-
ous to this my friend Mr. Ridgway has found these birds abundant
here at this season.

22. Ictinia mississippiensis Gray. Only a few specimens were ob-
served. They were usually found circling over a herd of cattle which
caused grasshoppers and other large insects to rise, thus giving the
kites a good opportunity to procure their food with little labor.

23. Buteo borealis Vieill. A few specimens were observed soaring
over the prairie.

24. Buteo swainsoni Bonap. During our first clay upon the prairie
a pair of the Svvainson's hawks were secured, and the following day
a boy guided us to a tree on the outskirts of the prairie, where he
stated the birds we had killed had raised young that season. This we

50

found to be true, as two young of the year were obtained from the
very tree, and in which could be seen the remains of a poorly con-
structed nest.

25. Bhinogryphus aura Eidgw. Abundant.

26. Zencedura carolinensis Bonap. Very common. A nest contain-
ing two fresh eggs was found on a knoll on the prairie. The wheel of
our wagon nearly ran 'over the female as we were driving by.

27. Cupidonia cupido Bd. Not very numerous.

28. Ortyx virginianus Bonap. Not as numerous as in the bottoms
near Mt. Carmel.

29. JEJgialitis vociferus Cass. Common.

30. Totanus solitarius Wils. A few specimens were seen about small
ponds of water on the prairie.

31. Actiturus bartramius Bonap. Very numerous on the prairie.

32. Tringoides. macularius Gray. Several observed about the small
ponds.

33. Ardea herodias Linn. Two specimens kept about the prairie
ponds.

34. Ardea egretta Gmel. One specimen observed with the preceding.

35. Ardea virescens Linn. A few specimens observed.

At this locality, Mr. Biclgway observed in June, 1871, Mimus poly-
glottus (not rare), Vireo gilvus (common), Helminthophaga chrysoptera
(rare), Dendroeca pennsylvanica (rare), Geothlypis Philadelphia (rare),
Passerculus savanna (rare), Buteo lineatus, Falco sparverius, and Nisus
fuscus ; while in August, of the same year, a specimen of Asturina
plagiata Licht. was seen.

Cairo and Vicinity.

The observations in this vicinity extended from August 17th to 31st.
A portion of the time was passed either at Cairo or six miles above at
Mound City, but an excursion to Anna, Union County, was made
between the 19th and 26th, the results of which will be given in a
supplementary list.

The country near Cairo, along the Illinois side of the Ohio to the
mouth of the Cache River and several miles up the Mississippi, with
the included country, is very low and, near the rivers, interspersed
with swampy lagoons and marshy openings in the woods. These
form favorite haunts for herons and other water birds, while the heavy
woods of the bottom lands, which at this place are situated back from
the river, are frequented by nearly the same species as occur in the
bottoms at Mt. Carmel. Above the point where the Cache flows into
the Ohio, as well as on the opposite shore in Kentucky and across the
Mississippi into Missouri, the woods end abruptly on the river banks.

51

In the immediate vicinity of Cairo the country is open and treeless,
but about a mile back from town a growth of bushes commences
which extends back to the heavy forests of the bottoms. It is in this
bushy belt that many of the lagoons are situated. Opposite Mound
City, six miles above Cairo, is a large cypress swamp and cane brake.
As the bottoms had been flooded a short time before my visit, the
small woodland species were present in much smaller numbers than
would otherwise have been the case, while to this cause may be partly
accredited the immense numbers of herons I found there.

Family TUKDIDiE.
Genus Turdus Linn.

1. T. mustelinus Gm. Wood Thrush. Common in the higher
portions of the bottoms.

2. T. migratorius Linn. Eobin. A few were observed near
Mound City.

Genus Mimus Bote.

3. M. polyglottus Boie. Mocking Bird. Eare. Only observed
at Mound City. A specimen of Collurio ludovicianus was pointed out
as one of these birds by one of the inhabitants who could not be con-
vinced to the contrary.

Genus Galeoscoptes Cab.

4. G. carolinensis Cab. Cat Bird. Not common. A few were
seen near Mound City.

Family SAXICOLID^I.
Genus Sialia Sw.

5. S. sialis Bd. Blue Bird. Common near Mound City.

Family SYLVIIDJE.
Genus Polioptila JScl.

6. P. cserulea Sclat. Blue-gray Gnatcatcher. Abundant in
the elevated portions of the bottoms.

Family PARID^I.
Genus Lophophanes Kaup.

7. L. bicolor Bonap. Tufted Titmouse. Everywhere common
in the woods.

52

Genus Parus Linn.

8. P. carolinensis Aud. Carolina Titmouse. Not uncommon
in the bottoms about the borders of ponds and lagoons.

Genus Sitta Linn.

9. S. carolinensis Gm. White-bellied Nuthatch. Not so
numerous as at Mt. Carmel.

Family TROGLODYTIDJS.
Genus Thryothoms Vieill.

10. T. ludoviciamis Bonap. Carolina Wren. Not common.
A single pair were observed near Mound City.

Family SYLVICOLID^S.
Genus Mniotilta Vieill.

11. M. varia Vieill. Black and White Creeper. Common
throughout the woods.

Genus Protonotaria Bd.

12. P. citrea Bd. Prothonotary Warbler. Very uncommon,
probably owing to the late high water. Only a few were observed
about the borders of lagoons in dense bushes.

Genus Dendrceca Gray.

13. D. sestiva Bd. Yellow Warbler. Not common. A few
observed in bushes along roadsides near Mound City.

14. D. eserulea Bd. Cerulean Warbler. Numerous in low
woods back of Mound City and in Cache River bottoms.

Genus Siurus Sw.

15. S. anricapillus Sw. Golden-crowned Thrush. Common
in the bottoms.

16. S. motacilla Coues. Large-billed Water Thrush. Not
common ; found in low situations near Mound City and in the Ken-
tucky and Missouri bottoms.

Genus Oporornis Bd.

17. O. formosus Bd. Kentucky Warbler. Common in heavily
timbered bottoms on both sides of the rivers.

53

Genus Geothlypis Cab.

18. G. trichas Cab. Maryland Yellow-throat. Not common.
A few were seen in the weeds along the railroad track near Cairo.

Genus Setophaga Sw.

19. S. ruticilla Sw. Eed-start. Abundant in low woods near
Mound City and in the Missouri bottoms.

Family HIRUNDINIDJE.
Genus Progne Boie.

20. P. subis Bd. Purple Martin. During the first half of my
visit but few martins were to be seen, but the last of August they
appeared in immense numbers about the towns and over the rivers.

Genus Petrochelidon Bd.

21. P. lunifrons Bd. Cliff Swallow. Abundant with the pre-
ceding.

Genus Hirundo Linn.

22. H. horreorum Barton. Barn Swallow. This and the two
preceding species, in company with the chimney swifts, towards the
last of August would appear over the rivers in immense numbers
about an hour before sunset and until dark would circle and dart back
and forth over the smooth surface of the water in pursuit of their
prey.

Genus Stelgidopteryx Bd.

23. S. serripennis Bd. Rough-winged Swallow. Rather com-
mon along the river banks, usually found perching in groups at mid-
day on dead branches overhanging the river.

Genus Cotyle Boie.

24. C. riparia Boie. Bank Swallow. Very abundant.

Family VIREONIDJE.
Genus Vireo Vieill.

25. V. olivaceus Vieill. Red-eyed Vireo. Abundant through-
out the bottoms.

26. V. flavifrons Vieill. Yellow-throated Vireo. Rather com-
mon near Mound City and in the Kentucky and Missouri bottoms.

54

27. V. noveboracensis Bonap. White-eyed Vireo. Abundant
in swampy thickets near the river in Missouri and not uncommon
near Mound City.

Family LANIIDJE.
Genus Collurio Vig.

28. C. ludovicianus Bd. Loggerhead Shrike. A few pairs
observed near Mound City.

Family TANAGRIDiE.
Genus Pyranga Vieill.

29. P. rubra Vieill. Scarlet Tanager. Very few observed.
Only seen near Mound City.

30. P. sestiva Vieill. Summer Red Bird. Like the preceding,
not common.

Family FRINGILLIDJB.
Genus Chrysomitris Boie.

31. C. tristis Bon. Goldfinch. A few observed near Mound City.

Genus Spizella Bonap.

32. S. pusilla Bonap. Field Sparrow. Common along roadsides
and on the outskirts of the towns.

33. S. socialis Bonap. Chipping Sparrow. Rather common with
the preceding.

Genus Cyanospiza Bd.

34. C. cyanea Bd. Indigo Bird. A few were observed near
Mound City.

Genus Cardinalis Bonap.

35. C. virginianus Bonap. Cardinal Grosbeak. Not common.
A few were observed about clearings in the bottoms.

Genus Pipilo Vieill.

36. P. erythrophthalmus Vieill. Towhee. Not common. A
few specimens observed near Mound City.

55

Family ICTERID.2E.
Genus Molothrus Sw.

37. M. pecoris Sw. Cow Bunting. A few were observed along
the levee near Mound City.

Genus Icterus Auct.

38. I. baltimore Baud,. Baltimore Oriole. A single pair were
seen in an old orchard in Kentucky, opposite Mound City.

Genus Quiscalus Vieill.

39. Q. pupureus Bartr. var. seneus Bidg. Purple Grakle. A

few specimens were seen along the Ohio levee.

Family CORVTDJE.
Genus Corvus Linn.

40. C. americamis And. Crow. Only observed near Cairo,
where they were not common. They were usually found in company
with turkey buzzards along the river banks.

Genus Cyanurus Sw:

41. C. cristatus Sw. Blue Jay. Common everywhere in woods.

Family TYRAHETIDJE.
Genus Tyrannus Guv.

42. T. car olinensis Bd. King Bird. But few observed; found
along the levees and the borders of the woods near Mound City.

Genus Myiarclms Cab.

43. M. crinitus Cab. Great-crested Flycatcher. Abundant
in the bottoms.

Genus Sayornis Bonap.

44. S. fuscus Bd. Bridge Pewee. Common along the levee
near Mound City.

Genus Contopus Cab.

45. C. virens Cab. Wood Pewee. Abundant in the woods near
Mound City.

56

Genus Empidonax Cab.

46. E. pusillus var. trailli Bd. Traill's Flycatcher. A few
observed near Mound City.

47. E. acadicus Bd. Small Green-crested Flycatcher. More
plentiful than the preceding. Found in the bottoms.

Family ALCEDINID^.
Genus Ceryle Boie.

48. C. alcyon Boie. Kingfisher. Common along the rivers.

Family CYPSELID^J.
Genus Chsetura Steph.

49. C. pelagica Bd. Chimney Swift. Very abundant. I ob-
tained a nest of this species from an immense hollow sycamore stub
in the Missouri bottoms opposite Cairo. It was about ten feet from
the ground and attached to the interior of the cavity in the usual
manner.

Family TROCHILID^J.
Genus Tro chillis Linn.

50. T. colubris Linn. Kuby-throated Humming Bird. A few
observed near Mound City.

Family CUCULIDiE.
Genus Coccyzus Vieill.

51. C. americanus Bonap. Yellow-billed Cuckoo. A single
specimen observed on a timbered island in the Ohio.

Family PICIDJE.
Genus Pious Linn.

52. P. villosns Linn. Hairy Woodpecker. Not common.

53. P. pubescens Linn. Downy Woodpecker. More numer-
ous than the preceding. Found throughout the woods.

Genus Hylotomus Bd.

54. H. pileatus Bd. Pileated Woodpecker. Not uncommon in
the bottoms. Frequently observed flying across the Ohio and Missis-
sippi.

57

Genus Centrums Sw.
55. C. carolinus Bonap. Red-bellied Woodpecker.
in the bottoms.

Common

Genus Melanerpes Sw.
56. M. erythrocephalus Sw. Red-headed Woodpecker. Com-
mon in clearings in the bottoms.

Genus Colaptes Sw.
57. C. auratus Sw. Yellow-shafted Flicker.
observed near Mound City.

Two specimens

Family FALCONIDJE.
Genus Falco Auct.
58. F. sparverius Linn. Sparrow Hawk. Common everywhere
about clearings and the borders of woods.

Genus Nauclerus Vig.

59. N. forflcatus Bidg. Swallow-tailed Kite. Numerous in
the immediate vicinity of Cairo, where I was informed it had been
abundant the week previous to my arrival.

At the junction of the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers is a long point
bearing a growth of cottonwoods. The river was so high during my
visit that the land was submerged, thus causing a great many grass-
hoppers to take refuge in the tree tops. This aflbrded the kites a fine
opportunity for capturing their prey, of which they were not long in
taking advantage. The kites would first appear about ten o'clock and
in a small flock would proceed to work in the following manner : The
trees were situated in an oblong patch and the kites would hunt
around the border, making a complete circuit. They kept but a few
feet above the tree-tops and when a grasshopper was observed, by a
turn of the long tail and a sweep of the wings, the bird would dart
towards its prey until within reach, when with a sudden upward turn
it would reach forth its feet and, grasping the insect, proceed with
outstretched wings to feed upon the remains of its victim while pass-
ing slowly along with its companions. As each grasshopper was cap-
tured the bird's abdomen and tail would brush against the leaves with
a loud " swish ; " inconsequence the feathers upon the abdomen and
under tail coverts were badly worn and discolored.

Their hunting usually continued until about one o'clock, p.m., when
they would leave to return at the usual time the next morning.

ESSEX INSTi BULLETIN. IX 4

58

Genus Ictinia Vieill.

60. I. mississippiensis Gray. Mississippi Kite. Abundant.
This species would appear at the same time in the morning as the
preceding, but would remain until late in the afternoon. Instead of
choosing the same hunting ground as the swallow-tail, this bird kept
about the open, marshy piece of land between Cairo and the woods
and about the border of the latter. They were also more numerous
than the other species ; nearly fifty were counted at one time, all cir-
cling about over the marshy land just outside the town.

Their power of sight is truly wonderful. I saw them repeatedly
dart with unerring aim upon some luckless grasshopper, from an ele-
vation of at least one hundred yards.

No less remarkable is their power of flight, in force and rapidity far
excelling that of the preceding. Near Mound City they were common
about the border of the woods and here their power of flight was
exhibited to a better advantage. I repeatedly saw them dart down
from a great height with such velocity that it would seem an impossi-
bility for them to escape being dashed to pieces on the ground, but
instead, when within a few feet of the earth, they would suddenly
spread their wings and the reaction would lift them with almost equal
rapidity to about one-half their former elevation. They were so shy
that it was impossible to get within gunshot of them.

Genus Buteo Cuv.

61. B. lineatus Jard. Red-shouldered Hawk. Common every-
where about clearings containing dead trees or on the borders of
woods.

62. B. borealis Vieill. Bed-tailed Hawk. Only two or three
specimens observed.

Family CATHABTIDJE.
Genus Bhinogryplms Bidg.
63. B. aura Bidg. Turkey Buzzard. Very numerous and much
more familiar than at Mt. Carniel.

Family COLUMBIDJE.
Genus Zenaedura Bonap.
64. Z. carolinensis Bonap. Carolina Dove. Not common,
few were seen along the railroad tracks and the levees.

59

Family MELEAGRIDJE.
Genus Meleagris Linn.

65. M. gallopavo Linn. Wild Turkey. Abundant in the wilder
portions of the bottoms, especially in Kentucky and Missouri.

Family PEKDICIDJE.
Genus Ortyx Steph.

66. O. virginiaxms Bonap. Quail. But few were seen, although
they were reported to be common.

Family CHARADEIIDJE.
Genus JSgialitis Boie.

67. -33. vociferus Cass. Killdeer. Not common. A few were
observed on sandbars along the Ohio.

Family ELSJMATOPODIDiE.
Genus Strepsilas Illig.

68. S. interpres III. Turnstone. A single specimen, in winter
plumage, was observed August 30th, on a sandbar near Mound City.

Family SCOLOPACIDiE.
Genus Tringoides Bonap.

69. T. macularius Gray. Spotted Sandpiper. Common along
the rivers.

Family CICONIIDJE.
Genus Tantalus Linn.

70. T. loculator Linn. Wood Ibis. Very common about Mound
City. A large flock containing about fifty individuals frequented a
sandbar at the mouth of a creek near Mound City. They would com-
mence fishing early in the morning and by seven or eight o'clock
would be comfortably gorged, when they would gather in small groups
on the sandbar and stand dozing in the sun until about noon or after,
when some of the number would rise high overhead and soar about
with motionless wings in company with the buzzards. When stand-
ing upon the sandbar I found them not easily approached, but becom-
ing alarmed they would fly back a short distance and alight in dead

60

trees, when I did not have much difficulty in procuring several speci-
mens. Those killed early in the morning were so gorged that when
they fell the fish would protrude from their bills, and they presented
a most filthy appearance. One specimen, which was brought down
with a broken wing, fought viciously, making a spirited but ineffectual
charge when approached. These birds are known to many of the
inhabitants as "Black-winged Pelicans." I was informed that they
made their appearance in large numbers every year about the first of
August, and remained until the last of September.

Family AEDEIDJS.
Genus Ardea Linn.

71. A. herodias Linn. Gkeat Blue Heron. Common about the
lagoons.

72. A. egretta Gm. White Heron. Very numerous about
streams and lagoons.

73. A. cserulea Linn. Little Blue Heron. Exceedingly abun-
dant everywhere through the bottoms along streams and about lagoons
and ponds. Not a pool was visited in the bottoms that did not have
from one to a dozen of these birds about it, and along the Cache River
they were found by hundreds, and they were equally abundant about
all the larger bodies of water. During the day the various species
of herons were generally distributed through the bottoms, but towards
evening they commenced passing toward a common roosting place,
which was in a large opening in the Mississippi bottoms about six
miles from Cairo, known as the "deadening." At first, about an hour
before sunset, a few straggling parties would be seen passing over and
just before sunset they were flying in full force, often a dozen or more
flocks, numbering from two or three to fifty or more individuals, could
be seen at once. Often one of the larger species would start alone
and be joined by small parties of the little blue and snowy herons
until quite a company was formed.

74. A. candidissima Jacquin. Snowy Heron. Far less numer-
ous than the preceding. Found in the same locations.

75. A. rufa Bodd. Reddish Egret. This species was quite com-
mon about the borders of lagoons and open marshy situations. They
were exceedingly shy and rather solitary, being generally found away
from the other species and when startled from a feeding place, instead
of going off in company with the others, they usually took another
direction.

76. A. virescens Linn. Green Heron. Numerous along the
Cache and about lagoons.

61

Family ANATIDJE,
Genus Aix Boie.

77. A. sponsa Boie. Wood Duck. Common about ponds in the
bottoms.

Family PLOTIDJE.
Genus Plofrus Linn.

78. P. anhinga Linn. Snake Bird. Not common. A few were
observed perching on dead sycamores over a lagoon near Cairo.

Family LARIDJB.
Genus Sterna Linn.

79. S. antillarum Caues. Least Tern. Not uncommon in small
flocks along the rivers.

Vicinity of Anna, Union County.

My visit to this locality extended from August 19th to 26th. In the
immediate vicinity of Anna the country is . hilly and well wooded.
About eight miles west the surface changes abruptly to the flat Mis-
sissippi bottoms. The bottoms here were somewhat different from
any hitherto visited. The ponds were considerably larger and shel-
tered several species not before noted during the summer.

The species found on the wooded hills about Anna were as follows :

1. Turdus mustelinus. Common.

2. Galeoscoptes carolinensis. Not very common.

3. HarporJiynchus rufus. Not very common.

4. Sialia sialis. Not common.

5. Polioptila ccerulea. Common.

6. Lophophanes bicolor. Abundant.

7. Sitta carolinensis. Common.

8. Mniotilta varia. Common.

9. Dendrceca cestiva. Not common.

10. fliurus auricapillus. Common.

11. Geothlypis tricJias. Not common.

12. Setophaga ruticilla. Common.

13. Progne subis. Not common.

14. Petrochelidon lunifrons. Common.

15. Hirundo horreorum. Common.

16. Vireo olivaceus. Abundant.

17. Vireo flavifrons. Rather common.

62

18. Collurio ludovicianus. Rare.

19. Pyranga rubra. Not common.

20. Chrysomitris tristis. Common.

21. Spizella pusilla. Common.

22. Spizella socialis. Not common.

23. Melospiza melodia. Two or three seen.

24. Euspiza americana. Not common.

25. Cyanospiza cyanea. Not common.

26. Cardinalis virginianus. Not common.

27. Pipilo erythrophthalmus. Rather common.

28. 3Iolothrus pecoris. Common.

29. Icterus baltimore. Several pairs seen.

30. Quiscalus purpureus. Common.

31. Corvus americanus. Not common.

32. Cyanurus cristatus. Common.

33. Tyrannus carolinensis. Rather common.

34. Myiarchus crinitus. Rather common.

35. Sayornis fuscus. Not common.

36. Contopus virens. Common.

37. Chordiles popetue. Migrating August 24.

38. Chcetura pelagica. Few seen.

39. Trochilus colubris. Not common.

40. Picus villosus. Not common.

41. Picus pubescens. Common.

42. Hylotomus pileatus. Abundant.

43. Centurus carolinus. Numerous.

44. Melaneipes erythrocephalus. Not common.

45. Colaptes auratus. Not common.

46. Falco sparverius. Not common.

47. Ictinia mississippiensis. One specimen seen.

48. Buteo borealis. Not uncommon.

49. Bhinogryphus aura. Not common.

50. Zencedura carolinensis. Abundant.

51. Ortyx virginianus. Very common.

During a day passed in the Mississippi bottoms about ten miles
west of Anna, the following species were noted :

1. Turdus mustelinus. Abundant.

2. Galeoscoptes carolinensis. Not common.

3. Polioptila cairulea. Numerous.

4. Lophophanes bicolor. Very common.

5. Parus carolinensis. Common.

6. Thryothorus ludovicianus. Not common.

63

7. Mniotilta varia. Numerous.

8. Protonotaria citrea. Common.

9. Dendrozca ccerulea. Common.

10. Siurus auricapillus. Very common.

11. Siurus motacilla. Common.

12. Oporornis formosus. Not common.

13. Geothlypis trichas. One or two seen.

14. Icteria virens. One specimen seen.

15. Setophaga ruticilla. Very numerous.

16. Cotyle riparia. Abundant.

17. Stelgidopteryx serripennis. Common.

18. Vireo olivaceus. Abundant.

19. Vireo flavifrons. Common.

20. Vireo noveboracensis. Common.

21. Pyranga rubra. Not common.

22. Pyranga cestiva. Not common.

23. Cyanospiza cyanea. Numerous.

24. Cardinalis virginianus. Not common.

25. Pipilo erythrophthalmus. Not common.

26. Agelceus phoeniceus. Several seen.

27. Icterus baltimore. Not common.

28. Quiscalus purpureus. Abundant.

29. Corvus americanus. Not common.

30. Cyanurus cristatus. Common.

31. Tyrannus carolinensis. Common.

32. Myiarchus crinitus. Abundant.

33. Contopus virens. Common.

34. Empidonax acadicus. Common.

35. Ceryle alcyen. Rather common.

36. Chcetura pelagica. Not common.

37. Trochilus colubris. Common.

38. Coccyzus americanus. Common.
39. . Picus villosus. Rather common.

40. Picus pubescens. Numerous.

41. Hylotomus pileatus. Common.

42. Centurus carolinensis. Numerous.

43. Melanerpes erythrocephalus. Not common.

44. Syrnium nebulosum. One seen.

45. Buteo lineatus. Not common.

46. Bhinogryphus aura. Common.

47. Zencedura carolinensis. Abundant.

48. Meleagris gallopavo. Said to be common;
49 Ortyx virginianus. Common.

50. JEgialitis vociferus. Common.

64

61. Tringoides macularius. Numerous.

52. Tantalus loculator.

53. Ardea herodias. Common.

54. Ardea egretta. Not common.

55. Ardea candidissima. Not common.

56. Ardea virescens. Common.

57. Botaurus lentiginosus. One seen.

58. Gallinula galeata. Several pairs with full-grown young were
seen in a large pond.

59. JBranta canadensis. A number were observed, and I was in-
formed by a farmer that they nested about the ponds every year.

60. Anas discors. A few observed.

61. Aix sponsa. Very abundant in the ponds.

62. Mergus cucullatus. Several pairs with full-grown young were
found in a pond and one specimen obtained.

63. Sterna fissipes. Several were seen about the ponds.

A COMPLETE LIST OF THE BIRDS OBSERVED IN SOUTHERN ILLINOIS,
BETWEEN JULY 19TH AND SEPTEMBER 4TH, 1876.

Hirundo bicolor.
Cotyle riparia.
Stelgidopteryx serripennis.
Vireo olivaceus.

" gilvus.

1 ' flavifrons.

" noveboracensis.

" belli.
Collurio ludovicianus.
Pyranga rubra.
" (estiva.
Chrysomitris tristis.
Poozcetes gramineus.
Ammodromus passerinus.

" henslowi.

Chondestes grammaca.
Spizella pusilla.

" socialis.
Melospiza melodia.
Peucaia aestivalis.
Euspiza americana.
Cyanospiza cyanea.
Cardinalis virginianus.
Pipilo erythrophthalmus.
Eremophila var. leucolcema.
Dolichonyx oryzivorus.
Molothrus pecoris.
Agelceus phoeniceus.
Sturnella magna.
Icterus baltimore.

" spurius.

purpureus.

1.

Turdus mustelinus.

33.

2.

" migratorius.

34.

3.

Galeoscoptes carolinensis.

35.

4.

3fimus polyglottus.

36.

5.

Harporhynchus rufus.

37.

6.

Sialia sialis.

38.

7.

Polioptila ccerulea.

39.

8.

Lophophanes bicolor.

40.

9.

Parus carolinensis.

41.

10.

Sitta carolinensis.

42.

11.

Thryothorus ludovicianus.

43.

12.

" bewicki.

44.

13.

Mniotilta varia.

45.

14.

Protonotaria citrea.

46.

15.

Ilelmitherus vermivorus.

47.

16.

Helminthophaga pinus.

48.

17.

Panda americana.

49.

18.

Dendrozca azstiva.

50.

19.

" maculosa.

51.

20.

** ccerulea.

52.

21.

" var. albilora.

53.

22.

Siurus auricapillus.

54.

23.

" motacilla.

55.

24.

Oporornis formosus.

56.

25.

Geothlypis trichas.

57.

26.

Icteria virens.

58.

27.

Myiodioctes mitratus.

59.

28.

" canadensis.

60.

29.

Setophaga ruticilla.

61.

30.

Progne subis.

62.

31.

Petrochelidon lunifrons.

63.

32.

Hirundo horreorum.

64.

65

65.

Corvus corax.

100.

Cupidonia cupido.

66.

" americanus.

101.

Ortyx vinjinianns.

67.

Cyanurus cristatus.

102.

Charadrius viryinicus.

68.

Tyrannus carolinensis.

103.

JEgialitis vociferus.

69.

Myiarchus crinitus.

104.

" mrtodus.

70.

Sayornis fuscus.

105.

Strepsilas interpres.

71.

Contopus virens.

106.

Philohela minor.

72.

Empidonax var. traillL

107.

Ereunetes pusillus.

73.

" acadicus.

108.

Totanus flavipes. m

74.

Ceryle alcyon.

109.

" solitarius.

75.

Chordiles pnpetue.

110.

Tringoides maadarius.

76.

Chcetura pelagica.

111.

Actiturus bartramius.

77.

Trochilus colubris.

112.

Limosa fedoa.

78.

Coccyzus americanus.

113.

Tantalus loculator.

79.

Picus villosus.

114.

Ardea herodias.

80.

" pubescens.

115.

" egretta.

81.

Hylotomus pileatus.

116.

11 candidissima.

82.

Centurus carolinus.

117.

" ccerulea.

83.

Melanerpes erythrocephalus.

118.

11 rufa.

84.

Colaptes auratus.

119.

" virescens.

85.

Symium nebulosum.

120.

Ardrtta exilis.

86.

Scops asio.

121.

Botaurus lentiginosus.

87.

Bubo virginianus.

122.

Ballus elegans.

88.

Falco sparverius.

123.

Gallinula galcata.

89.

Nauclerus forflcatus.

124.

Branta canadensis.

90.

Ictinia mississippiensis.

125.

Anas discors.

91.

Msus cooperi.

126.

Aix sponsa.

92.

Buteo lineatus.

127.

Mergns cucullatus.

93.

" borealis.

128.

Graculus var. floridanus

94.

" swainsoni.

129.

Plotus anhinga.

95.

Haliaetus leucocephalus.

130.

Sterna regia f

96.

Bhinogryphus aura.

181.

" a.ntillarum.

97.

Zencedura carolinensis.

132.

" fissipes.

98.

Meleagris gallopavo.

133.

Podilymbus podiceps.

99.

Bonasa umbellus.

BULLETIN

OF THE

ZESSIEIX INSTITUTE

Vol. 9. Salem, Apr., May, June, 1877. Nos. 4, 5, 6.

Regular Meeting, Monday, March 5, 1877.
Meeting this evening. The President in the chair.
Records read.

Mr. James H. Emerton gave a very interesting com-
munication on cobwebs. He mentioned that :

The only kinds of web made by all spiders are the egg
cocoons, which in their simplest form consist of two sau-
cer-shaped pieces fastened together at the edges. These
are not made of a single thread like those of caterpillars,
but of a great number of very fine threads drawn out at
once, so that the cocoon cannot be unwound.

Like the cocoons are the bags which many spiders
make to protect themselves during the winter or while
moulting or laying eggs. A bag of this kind is made by
the water spider, Argyronata, under water, attached to
plants. The air which remains among the hairs and spin-
nerets when the spider comes down from above the surface
collects in this bag, and finally fills it, so that the spider
lives as in a diving bell.

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN. IX 5 (67)

68

Almost all spiders have the habit of lining their holes
with silk. Some Lycosidoe dig holes a foot deep in sand,
lining them with threads and fastening round the rim a
ring of sticks and rubbish to prevent caving in. The
trap door spiders go a step farther and make a door of
web and earth fastened to the tube by a hinge at one side.

The simplest form of web for catching insects is an
extension of the margin of a tube into a flat sheet made
of strong threads crossed by others finer and more numer-
ous. Of this kind are the webs of Agalena which cover
grass fields and become visible when wet with dew. Of
this kind also are the large webs of Tegenaria in cellars,
where they are often a foot in width and remain for years.

Another kind of flat web is made by Linyphia. Here
a thin sheet of web is held in place by threads from above
and below and the spicier stands underneath, holding on
by its claws. X. marginata makes its web in the shape
of a dome and stands under the highest part. The webs
of Theridion consist of irregular threads without the flat
sheet, but with a more closely woven portion as a little
tent under which the spider shelters itself.

The most complicated cobwebs of all are those which
consist of threads regularly arranged, part of which are
adhesive. Among these we must place the webs of Dic-
tyna and Amamobius, the adhesive threads of which are
curled by a comb on the hind legs and attached to other
threads previously spun. Allied to these is the web of
Hyptiotes which consists of four radiating lines crossed
by several independent adhesive threads. From this we
pass to the web of Ulojborus, the adhesive thread of which
is made in the same way, but arranged in a spiral on
threads radiating like the spokes of a wheel and at first
held in place by a spiral of simple thread, which is taken
out as it is replaced by the adhesive one.

69

The webs of the Epeiridss differ from these last only in
the structure of the adhesive thread, which has when spun
a viscid coating which soon collects in drops along the
thread. These webs are not always complete circles,
many species making a number of looped threads ex-
tending only part way round, and some, as Nepldla plu-
mipes, always leaving a segment of the web without
adhesive threads.

Vice President F. W. Putnam called the attention
of the Institute to a very interesting relic which had re-
cently been received by the Peabody Museum of Archae-
ology and Ethnology at Cambridge, and of which he
exhibited a plaster cast. This important piece of Mexi-
can sculpture was found about twenty years ago, in a
cave near Acapulco, by Dr. Sharp, and given by him to
Commodore Parker, now in command at the Charlestown
Navy Yard. Within a few weeks Commodore ■ Parker
had presented it to the Peabody Museum. It is carved
from a hard rock, dolerite, and has had two coats of
paint, the internal of which is red and the external black,
so that the natural surface of the stone is seen only on
such parts as have been exposed and greatly rubbed, as is
the case with the posterior surface.

The image now represents the head and neck of a man
broken off just above the shoulders. That it was broken
is shown by the uneven fracture and slight chippings from
some of the projecting points, as if this interesting work
of. probably ancient Mexican art had been roughly han-
dled either at the time of finding, of which, unfortunately,
a record cannot be secured, or at an earlier period.

The great interest in the relic will be seen, at once, to
centre in the peculiar manner in which this human head
is dressed with the skin of the puma, or "American lion,"
and the remarkable resemblance which it has to the head

70

of the Hercules found by Cesnola at Cyprus and believed
to be an Assyrian representation of the god. In each the
animal's head has been drawn over the human head in
such a manner as to represent the upper jaw of the lion
resting on the forehead of the human head. The mere
fact that an ancient Mexican god, or distinguished person,
should be represented with a head-dress of the skin of the
puma, or of any other animal, would in itself be of little
moment, as it is well known that the skins of animals have
been and still are used by several American peoples in
this way ; but there is in this Mexican relic an additional
resemblance to the Assyrian specimen in the long, four-
sided pendant hanging from the top of the head down to
the shoulder just behind the left ear. What this pendant
represents is difficult to say, and in the Assyrian Hercules
there is one on the right side of the head also. This
coincidence, added to the general resemblance in the man-
ner in which the animal's head is drawn over the human,
is certainly interesting, and seems to indicate the possi-
bility of the origin of the idea involved and expressed
one from the other, while at the same time the distinc-
tively Mexican features are as well preserved in the one,
as the Assyrian in the other, showing that while the idea
may possibly have had a common origin, or have been in
some way transmitted, the work of the Mexican was not a
copy in very recent times. This singular coincidence is,
possibly, of some importance when taken in connection
with several other resemblances between old and new
world productions, and the many little things which, from
time to time, have been observed as indicating resem-
blances between the ancient nations of America with those
of Egypt and Assyria, and with the oft recurring mention
of the white man in the old myths of the new world.

From what I have said I beg not to be misunderstood
as conveying the impression that I think there are facts

71

sufficient to establish a connection of the more advanced
nations of America with the early civilizations of the old
world, either by migration or direct or indirect inter-
course, but that I simply wish to call your attention to
some of the resemblances between these old peoples,
which may be merely the necessary coincidences of simi-
lar periods of development of man in all places, at par-
ticular periods of the growth of nations.

Mr. James Kimball presented, in behalf of Mr. John
Conway of Marblehead, several old papers written during
the period of the Revolution. Adjourned.

Regular Meeting, Monday, March 19, 1877.

Meeting this evening at 7.30 o'clock. The President
in the chair. Records read.

Mrs. J. F. Machado, of Salem, was elected a resident
member.

Mr. John Robinson gave a lecture on the fertilization
of flowers by the wind and by insects.

He commenced his remarks by alluding to Sprengle,
Muller, Darwin and Lubbock, and said he should confine
his lecture to what these and other botanists and investi-
gators had observed and written upon the subject.

The lecture was divided as follows : —

Definition of close, self, tand cross-fertilization, and
hybridization ; close-fertilization considered ; how close-
fertilization is prevented in many plants ; fertilization by
wind ; fertilization by insects ; observations by different
persons, particularly Mr. Darwin, on the effects of close
and cross-fertilization.

Summary — That self-fertilization in many iilants is

72

possible, and in a feiv Jcnoion cases is the usual mode of
reproducing the species.

That cross-fertilization is the prevailing means by which
species are reproduced, and is almost absolutely necessary
once in a while, to reinvigorate the species, and to keep
down vagaries.

Mr. Kobinson's remarks were illustrated by diagrams
and blackboard sketches. A mammoth model of a pink,
taken to pieces, exhibiting the various parts of the flower
magnified to great size, served well to make the subject
easily understood.

Mr. Kobinson alluded to the kindness of Prof. Goodale
of Cambridge on this and other occasions, and closed by
saying the enormous reproduction of plants by seed con-
tinually going on, with the comparatively few examples
of self-fertilized plants, and the overwhelming number of
cross-fertilized species which have thus far been observed,
proves beyond a doubt the great extent to which cross-
fertilization predominates.

This renders the aid of the wind and of insects imper-
ative ; for without their agency only a small portion of
our vegetation would produce healthy and abundant fruit.

Rev. E. C. Bolles presented specimens of the new
fr cray onty pe " from crayon drawings on paper, by the
photo-electrotype process invented by W. H. Murnler.

Rev. Mr. Bolles announced the death of our associate
member, Mr. E. Bicknell, who died at Lynn this morning,
one of our most promising microscopists, and a very skil-
ful preparator of microscopic specimens. On his motion
a committee was appointed, consisting of Messrs. E. C.
Bolles, G. A. Perkins and T. L. Perkins, to prepare a
series of resolutions and to report at the next meeting.

73

NOTES ON THE HIRUDINEI OBSERVED IN MICHIGAN.
By A. SAGER.l

But two of the genera of this family have hitherto
been observed in this vicinity, viz. : Nephelis and Clep-
sine ; the former representing the subfamily with red
blood, and the latter comprising all those that possess
blood either transparent or having a slight yellow tint.

The following species of the genus Clepsine have been
observed, most, if not all, of which appear to be nonde-
script, viz. :

Clepsine marmorata s. n. sp. ? Body above straw-
colored, marbled with brown, a mesial longitudinal band
of the former extending the whole length of the body,
with seven abrupt dilatations of unequal size and form,
the first distinctly triangular ; the margins on the dorsal
surface marked with short transverse brownish bars on
every third segment ; numerous warty tubercles on the
dorsum, somewhat in five longitudinal series. Ventral
surface marked with twelve longitudinal green stripes,
the margins with short transverse green bars on every
third segment ; margin of the posterior sucker also marked
with fourteen or fifteen bars. Eyes two. Length at rest
1J inches, width 6 lines. Found on the Emysaurus, of
Dum., and also Emys marginata.

Clepsine sex-puncto-lineata n. sp. Length from 6 to
8 lines ; width from 3 to 4 lines. Color above olive
brown, with the surface marked with six rows of yellow
or white dots covering elevated points or tubercles, the
outer rows being marginal. Beneath flesh-colored, mi-
nutely dotted with brownish or greenish points ; generally

1 Published first in the Peninsula Journal of Medicine and the Collateral Sci-
ences in July, 1856.

74

a central clear stripe and two lateral dark ones ; corre-
sponding dark lines on the dorsum passing through or
connecting a series of yellow spots. Eyes six. Ova
yellow, enclosed in transparent membranous ovisacs, of
which five or six were collected together, but not coher-
ing, nor adhering to the ventral surface, but deposited on
dead leaves and covered by the body of the leech. Num-
ber of ova in each ovisac varying from eight to fifty.
Found May 3d, and probably deposited a few days pre-
vious.

Clepsine minima n. sp. Body flesh-colored, translu-
cent ; above delicately lined with black or dark green
points. Beneath minutely and irregularly dotted with
points that, under the microscope, present the usual radi-
ated appearance of pigment cells. Length 6 lines, width
li lines. Eyes two. Eggs in several ovisacs attached
to the venter and carried about by the leech ; color pale
red. Body of leech contracted so as to enclose the ovi-
sacs.

Of the genus Nephelis but one clearly defined species
was observed. This we believe to be the Hirudo lateralis
of Say ; of which a marked variety having numerous
fawn-colored blotches on the dorsal surface, and also
nearly a uniform fawn color beneath, was observed.

The ova of both genera, but especially of the Clepsine,
afford to the embryologist a fine opportunity for studying
the segmentation of the yolk, the gradual histogenic trans-
formations, and the final development of organs, the sev-
eral stages of the process occupying three or four weeks.

Not only as a process of animal building by the various
stages of histogenetic and morphological transformation
is the embryology of these animals peculiarly interesting,
but it furnishes also an opportunity of studying the com-
pleted structure, in consequence of the transparency of

75

the tissues at early periods, obviating to some extent the
necessity of the more difficult anatomical investigations.

In the newly completed organism of the Nephelis the
character and course of the circulation can be distinctly
traced, the wave-like contractions of the vessels being
indicated by their colored blood ; in the lateral vessels
proceeding from behind forward on one side and down-
ward on the opposite. I have not been able to discover
the irregular movements described by some writers, now
advancing and again retreating in the same vessel, at
different times.

In the embryo of the Olepsine sex-puncto-lineata the
histogenic transformation distinctly occurs at first in the
superficial strata of cells, which as they change become
translucent, while the interior is still composed of the
minute yellow cells of the original yolk. At an early
period also the number of segments of the body is but
twenty-one or twenty-two, corresponding with the num-
ber of pairs of ganglia that at a little later period can be
rendered visible by moderate compression. The earliest
traces of the lateral cceca of the stomach appear when the
yolk substance is reduced to an elongated central mass,
as short yellow tubercles produced apparently by the
constriction of the rudimentary stomach ; they then elon-
gate and gradually acquire the branching character of
maturity. The embryo is born before the completion of
the alimentary canal and without an oral orifice, but the
posterior sucker is already fully developed for attachment
to the body of the parent. It remains in that position
until, through a more complete development, it becomes
capable of an independent existence. In short the entire
process of development which has been minutely traced
by Grube, Weber, v. Kathke, Leuckart and others admits
of more facile examination than the embryology of the

76

fresh-water gasteropod molluscs, and therefore to be pre-
ferred for early studies.

According to Dujardin and Owen sexual contact occurs
in the warm season, especially in August, the ova being
deposited in from fifteen to thirty or forty days afterwards.
In Michigan the ova are deposited by both genera about
the first of May and as before stated are incubated in three
or four weeks. Are there not, then, at least two broods

in one season

Regular Meeting, Monday, April 2, 1877.
Meeting this evening at 7.30 o'clock. The President
in the chair. Records of last meeting read.

Rev. E. C. Bolles, from a committee appointed at a
previous meeting, reported the following resolutions: —

Whereas : Mr. Edwin Bicknell, for many years associated with the
Essex Institute, has recently been removed by death from his labors
in the cause of science ; and it thereby becomes the appropriate duty
of that body to place on record its appreciation of the skill and char-
acter of its lamented member ; it is therefore

Resolved, That the Essex Institute has long recognized with pleas-
ure, the merited distinction which Mr. Bicknell has attained by his
profound acquaintance with the theory and practice of the micro-
scope, and his unrivalled skill in the manipulation of that instrument,
as well as in the preparation of specimens for its use; — a distinction
which was as widely spread as the employment of the microscope
itself, and which will always place his name among the most success-
ful laborers in microscopic investigation.

Mesolved, That his valuable services have been known and honored,
not only in the Essex Institute, but also in other eminent societies of
Natural History ; while it was his peculiar worth which gave him a
place with the first scientific teacher of our country, at the Cambridge
Museum of Comparative Zoology and the Anderson School of Natural
History at Penikese.

Resolved, That his unexpected decease must be regarded as a great
misfortune to the practical science of our day ; and that sorrow at the
close of a life in the full course of such usefulness must extend beyond
the immediate circle of specialists in Microscopy to all who are occu-
pied in studying the forms of Natural History or investigating their
development.

77

Resolved, That a copy of these resolutions be entered upon the Rec-
ords of the Essex Institute at Salem, Mass., and that they be also
transmitted to Mrs. Clara B. Walker of Lynn, the only surviving rela-
tive of Mr. Bicknell.

Prof. E. S. Morse and Rev. Mr. Bolles spoke of the
late Mr. Bicknell and of his untiring devotion to sci-
ence, and the resolutions were unanimously adopted.

Vice President F. W. Putnam offered remarks on
" The Development of the Ceramic Art and Ornamentation
among the American Nations."

By means of blackboard drawings, specimens of pot-
tery, and numerous photographs, Mr. Putnam illustrated
the several lines of development of pottery and its orna-
mentation, from the earliest times to a comparatively
modern period in North, Central .and South America.
Several early styles of ornamentation, showing similarity
of design, were traced through corresponding periods of
different nations, not only of America but of other parts
of the world as well. He also particularly showed how
the development of the "key" or "fret," which is a com-
mon pattern of ornamentation in the later period of bar-
barism in Central and South America, was evidently a
development of the earlier "coil" pattern of South Amer-
ica, and not, as has been generally stated, an early form
of the "curved" and "wave" pattern. He showed how
much easier it was to make the coil pattern in several of
its forms than the straight lines of the fret, and exhibited
specimens to prove that his statement was true to the
fact.

He also called attention to the interesting fact of the
owl being often copied on South American and Missis-
sippi valley pottery, as it was on that of the Old World,
especially on old pottery from Etruria, and from the ex-
cavations at Hissarlik, as shown in the work of Schlie-

78

man. These similarities gave rise to a most suggestive
discussion. Some of the specimens (belonging to the
Peabody Museum, in Cambridge) shown by the lecturer
were very curious and valuable. The various questions
proposed by Prof. Morse, Rev. Mr. Bolles and others,
which were promptly answered by the lecturer, gave a
very pleasant variety to the evening, and were very in-
structive.

Regular Meeting, Monday, April 16, 1877.
Meeting this evening. The President in the chair.
Records read. Correspondence and donations to the
Library and to the Museum were announced.

There were also exhibited collections of grasshopper
eggs, taken from prairie soil in Plymouth Co., Iowa, three
hundred miles west of Dubuque, received from Gen.
Horace Poole of Dubuque, who thought that some of the
members of the Institute would desire to observe the
development of these insects, now that the matter has
become of such importance as to enlist the attention of
the National Government, which has just appointed a sci-
entific commission to investigate the grasshopper pest.
The President called on Prof. A. S. Packard, recently
appointed a member of this commission, who briefly de-
scribed the hatching of the eggs, and spoke of the habits
and the great size of the swarms as they fly through the
air. He also replied to several questions which were pro-
posed.

The remainder of the evening was occupied by Mr. J.
S. Kingsley in a lecture on the Crustacea, illustrated by
blackboard drawings.

Miss Ella Farman was elected a member.

79

Regular Meeting, Monday, May 7, 1877.
Meeting this evening. The President in the chair.
Kecords read. Correspondence and donations announced.

Kev. Henry W. Foote, of Boston, gave a very inter-
esting and valuable historical lecture, descriptive of the
church and state under Sir Edmund Andros. He first
described the chief town in the colony, Boston, in those
early days half a century after the first settlement of
Massachusetts, and pictured the every day life and some
characteristic manners and customs of the people. He
then spoke of the influence and power of the clergy, drew
vivid pictures of the five Boston ministers who took a
prominent part in the proceedings of the period, viz. :
James Allen and Joshua Moody of the First Church,
Increase and Cotton Mather of the Second, and the Rev.
Samuel Willard of the South Church ; also of Sir Ed-
mund Andros and others of the court party, as well as
of Judge Sewall, who was spoken of as the Pepys of
New England, and whose diary is soon to be published
by the Massachusetts Historical Society ; and closed with
a description of the arrest and imprisonment of Andros,
188 years ago on the 18th of April, and imagined one of
the old Puritans coming back to find the face of every-
thing changed.

Annual Meeting, Monday, May 21, 1877.
Meeting this evening at 7.30 o'clock. The President
in the chair. Records read. The annual reports of the
Secretary, Treasurer, Curators and Standing Committees

80
were read and accepted, and from them the accompany-

RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR

has been compiled, presenting the work of the Institute,
in the various departments, since the last annual meeting.

Members. — Changes occur in the list of our associates
by the addition of new names and the withdrawal of some
by resignation, removal from the county or vicinity, or by
death. Nine resident members have died, and we have
received information that two of our correspondents have
passed away in a serene and happy old age.

James A. Smith, of Salem, son of William and Lydia
(Norwood) Smith, carpenter, died May 15, 1876, aged
58. Admitted a member March 11, 1858.

Simeon Flint, of Salem, son of Benjamin and Eunice
(Stowell) Flint of North Keading, mason, died July 12,
1876, aged 59. Admitted a member April 4, 1855.

Joseph Osgood, of Peabody, son of Joseph and Mary
(Beckford) Osgood of Salem, physician, died Sept. 30,
1876, aged 71. Admitted a member Jan. 29, 1851.

John Fiske Allen, of Salem, son of Edward and Ann
(Fiske) Allen, merchant, died Oct. 18, 1876, aged 69.
Admitted a member 1834.

John G. Felt, of Salem, son of Nathaniel and Hannah
(Reeves) Felt, painter, died Nov. 14, 1876, aged 70.
Admitted a member Feb. 15, 1854.

Joseph II. 31. Bertram, of Salem, son of Joseph and
Clara (Macintire) Millet, merchant, died Feb. 3, 1877,
aged 41. Admitted a member, July 6, 1864.

William Maloon, of Salem, son of William and Abi-
gail (Allen) Maloon, tanner, died March 13, 1877, aged
64. Admitted a member Jan. 10, 1855.

81

Fdwin Bicknell, microscopist, died at Lynn, Mar. 19,
1877, aged 47. Admitted a member Nov. 5, 18 66.

Fphraim Fmmerton, of Salem, son of Jeremiah and
Elizabeth (Newhall) Emmerton, merchant, died March
22, 1877, aged 85. Admitted a member 1834.

Thomas Spencer, died at Bransby, England, Sept. 4,
1876, aged nearly 84 years. A resident of Salem from
1820 to 1839.

Neliemiah Cleaveland, son of Nehemiah Cleaveland of
Topsfield, died at Saugatuck, Conn., April 17, 1877,
aged 80.

Short biographical notices of the above will be pre-
pared for the Historical Collections.

Meetings. — During the summer, two Field Meetings
were held. First, at Beachmont, on the line of the Bos-
ton, Eevere Beach & Lynn Railroad, July 22, which was
attended by about one hundred persons. Messrs. E. S.
Morse of Salem, George Dixon of North Carolina, F. W.
Putnam of Salem, George A. Otis of Washington, D.C.,
and D. M. Balch of Salem, addressed the meeting. Sec-
ond, at Manchester, August 10, 1876, about one hundred
and thirty present. This meeting proved to be of more
than usual interest. The following gentlemen took part
in the afternoon session : the President, F. W. Putnam,
John Robinson, E. S. Morse, Rev. George Gleason of
Manchester, Rev. James F. Clarke, R. H. Dana, jr., and
Rev. C. Bartol of Boston.

Regidar Meetings, twenty-five, usually on the first and
third Monday evenings of each month. The following
communications received and lectures delivered may be
specified : — J. A. Allen, "List of Birds collected by Mr.
Charles Linden near Santarem, Brazil;" E. W. Nelson,
"Birds of North Eastern Illinois;" William P. Upham,

82

"History of Stenography, with a proposal for a new sys-
tem of Phonetic Short-hand Writing;" John McNeil,
"On Artificial Fish-breeding and Collateral Topics;" E.
W. Nelson, "Notes upon Birds observed in Southern Illi-
nois between July 17 and Sept. 4, 1875;" A. Sager,
"Notes on the Hirudinei observed in Michigan ; " F. W.
Putnam, "On the Development of the Ceramic Art and
Ornamentation among the American Nations ;" J. H. Em-
erton, "On Cobwebs;" F. W. Putnam, "Remarks on a
specimen of Mexican Sculpture found in a Cave near Aca-
pulco;" J. S. Kingsley, "On the Crustacea;" H. W.
Foote, a lecture descriptive "of the Church and State un-
der Andros ;" F. W. Putnam, "Remarks on a Number of
Gold Images, principally from graves near Bogota, New
Grenada ; " John Robinson, "On the fertilization of Flow-
ers by Wind and by Insects."

Lectures and Concerts. — A course of seven lectures
under the direction of the Lecture Committee were as fol-
lows : 1st, on Tuesday, Dec. 5, 1876, by Charles Wyllys
Elliott, "How the Pilgrims lived at Plymouth," illustrated
by lantern pictures. 2d, on Monday, Dec. 11, 1876, by
C. Pfoundes, "On Japan and the Japanese." 3d, on Tues-
day, Jan. 9, 1877, by Major J. W. Powell, the U. S.
Geologist in charge of the Exploration and Survey of
the Colorado Region, "On the North American Indians."
4th, on Monday, Jan. 15, 1877, by Major Powell on "The
Canons of Colorado." 5th, on Monday, Jan. 29, by Prof.
Henry Carmichael of Bowdoin College, "On Flame."
6th, on Monday, Feb. 12, 1877, by Prof. Alexander Gra-
ham Bell "On the Telephone." 7th, on Monday, Feb. 26,
1877, by S. G. W. Benjamin, "The Theory and Practice
of Art."

Under the personal direction of the curator of Music,

83

seven concerts have been given. 1st, on Monday, Nov.
27, 1876, by the Mendelssohn Quintette Club. 2d, on
Monday, Dec. 18, 1876, the Crecilia Quartette of Boston.
3d, Monday, Jan. 8, 1877, by Mr. B. J. Lang and Miss
Grace Sampson and Mrs. C. H. Goss. 4th, Monday, Jan.
22, 1877, by Miss Clara L. Emilio, Messrs. George W.
Sumner, August Fries, and Wulf Fries. 5th, Monday,
Mch. 12, 1877, by Miss Ita Welsh and others. 6th,
Wednesday, Mch. 21, 1877, by Mr. H. G. Tucker and
others. 7th, Wednesday, Mch. 28, 1877, by Miss Lilian
Bailey and Messrs. Wulf Fries and Arthur W. Foote.

The lectures proved exceedingly instructive and com-
pared favorably with the courses of previous years. The
concerts were a very creditable series of musical enter-
tainments of a high order of merit.

Centennial Exhibition. — By a vote of the directors,
and in response to an invitation from a committee of the
Historical Department of the Centennial Exhibition, an
historical exhibit of the settlement of Salem was made in
June last in Philadelphia, six portraits and many other
articles of historical interest were sent. In the commis-
sioners' report of the Historical Exhibit, the Institute is
credited with having made one of the best and most care-
fully arranged collections in the Exhibition. The col-
lection remained in Philadelphia, at the urgent request of
the gentlemen interested, until March, when it was safely
returned to Salem.

Four excursions to the Centennial Exhibition were made
under the auspices of the Institute, during the months of
June, September and October, and over two hundred of
our citizens, including many members and friends of the
Society were enabled to visit the Exhibition under favor-
able conditions, and at a comparatively small expense.

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN. LX 6

84

These excursions were under the personal direction of the
Secretary and the Rev. E. S. Atwood, who took the
entire charge of the last one and rendered efficient aid in
carrying out the arrangements.

A pleasant gathering of members and their families was
held at the rooms on the evening of the first of January.
Short addresses were made by Messrs. Loring, Atwood
and Bolles, on the general effect of this international
exposition on the scientific and educational interests of
the country. After the speaking an hour was pleasantly
spent in social intercourse.

Art Department. — A large number of instructive and
very valuable books in the various branches of art have
been deposited in the rooms. Many of these volumes are
rare and finely illustrated with engravings, etchings, water
colors, etc. This department is receiving increased atten-
tion, and the books now on the shelves must prove of great
value to the lovers of art and students who are privileged
to consult them.

Museum. — Many valuable specimens in Natural His-
tory, including those in Ethnology and Archaeology, have
been given during the year, and are on deposit with the
trustees of the Peabody Academy of Science, in accordance
with previous arrangements. These have been reported
at our meetings, and have been duly acknowledged to sev-
eral donors. The following may be specified : Eoyal M.
Shute, Mrs. Anstiss T. Bowditch, Mrs. T. Hunt, J. L.
Hammond, Miss Caroline Follansbee, Alfred Peabody,
W. R. Cloutman, Miss Ann Smith, Alfred S. Peabody of
Cape Town. In addition to these several interesting
specimens of an historical character have been arranged
in the rooms, and contribute very much of interest and

85

value to the antiquarian and historical portion of the Mu-
seum. The following donors may be specified : J. F.
Wood, Geo. A. Perkins, W. R. Cloutman, Mrs. G. W.
Estes, T. F. Hunt, Mrs. Lewis Titcomb, W. J. Foster,
W. P. Upham, James Kimball, David Pingree, M. A.
Stickney, S. G. Henderson, Daniel C. Bowditch, Miss
Martha Whipple, Mrs. N. D. Cole, Miss Kate Johnson,
John J. Deunis of Beverly, Miss Mary Ellen Briggs, Miss
E. Wheatland, F. Lamson, Miss Rebecca Wallis, James
A. Chamberlain, Miss Martha G. Wheatland, S. B. Ives,
C. C. Perkins, and Miss Harriet King. To the collection
of the fine and industrial arts many contributions have
been received, some of exceeding value from the complete-
ness of the series, especially that from J. L. Hammond
and Edward L. Wilson of Philadelphia, the former of the
textile manufactures of China, the latter some 700 un-
mounted Photographs of the Centennial Exhibition. E.
C. Bolles, J. W. & J. S. Moulton, James C. Stimpson, J.
J. Latting of New York, George Perkins, J. H. Emerton,
Thomas A. Taylor, Mrs. J. P. Cook, J. P. Peabody, and
John Robinson were also contributors.

The Eastern anteroom, in which many of the above col-
lections are arranged, has been thoroughly renovated, the
walls neatly tinted, the portraits and historical pictures
have been cleaned and hung, the cabinets rearranged and
the various specimens labelled. The room is now in good
order.

Hoeticultukal. — The annual exhibition opened on
Tuesday evening, Sept. 12, 1876, and continued to the
Friday evening following. The display was much better
than had been anticipated, considering the season. The
vegetables from the Plummer School Farm and from Ba-
ker's Island were worthy of particular mention. The hot

86

house plants from Mrs. C. Hoffman, the ferns from Mr.
John Robinson, the gladioli from Mr. C. A. Putnam, the
floral exhibit from A. H. Dunlap of Nashua, and many
others, attracted great admiration.

The contributors were as follows : — Apples, Charles A.
Ropes, C. H. Buxton, Charles M. Richardson, George
Chambers, Mrs. E. H. Valentine, James P. Cook, Caleb
Foote, Andrew E. Elliott, Miss Belle Leavitt, John G.
Waters, and Aaron Nourse. Pears, James P. Cook, Miss
E. P. Richardson, W. H. Dennett of Beverly, George
Bowker, Aaron Nourse, Andrew E. Elliott, T. P. Sy-
moncls, Charles A. Ropes, Joseph A. Goldthwaite, Charles
M. Richardson, Caleb Foote, Miss Martha G. Wheatland,
David Roberts, George Chambers, C. H. Buxton, Dorcas
Nourse, Mrs. W. F. Gardner, Mrs. Walter Leavitt, and
Miss Belle Leavitt. Peaches, George Bowker, C. M.
Richardson, Miss Lizzie Goldthwaite, and Mrs. John Bar-
low. Grapes, T. P. Symonds, Miss E. P. Richardson,
George Russell, Joseph A. Goldthwaite, Andrew E. Elli-
ott, Charles B. Fowler, J. Fiske Allen, Thorpe Fisher,
Jos. T. Fuller, A. Nourse, George A. Perkins, Mrs. Wal-
ter Leavitt, George Bowker and Miss Belle Leavitt.
Plums, Mrs. Wm. G. Kilham. Vegetables, J. H. Sears
of Dan vers, C. A. Johnson of Plummer Farm School, T.
G. Gilbert of Baker's Island, and W. H. Dennett of Bev-
erly. Pot Plants, Mrs. Charles Hoffman, John Robin-
son, and George F. Sheldon. Flowers, A. H. Dunlap &
Son of Nashua, N. H., Mrs. L. P. Weston of Danvers,
Charles A. Putnam, Miss Martha Horton, Mrs. W. F.
Gardner, Miss Bessie Saffor.d, Miss Lizzie Sanborn, Miss
A. W. Kimball, John Robinson, Mrs. Charles Osgood,
Miss Mary A. Ropes, and John Webster. Miscellaneous,
Mrs. W. F. Gardner, Orrin Weston, Miss Anna Frye,
Miss Dorcas Nourse, Mrs. C. Osgood, and George Russell.

87

Library. — During the year the following additions have
been received : —

By Donation.

Folios, 30 Pamphlets and Serials, . . 10,995

Quartos, 46 Almanacs, 15

Octavos 379

Duodecimos, 229 Total, 11,010

Sexdecimos, 21 Total of bound volumes, . 705

Total of bound volumes, . . 705 Total of Donations, . . . 11,715

By Exchange.

Quartos 3 Pamphlets and Serials, . . 1,371

Octavos, 87 Total of bound volumes, . 97

Duodecimos, 7

— Total of Exchanges, . . . 1.46S

Total of bound volumes, . . 97 Total of Donations, . . . 11,715

By Purchase 18

Total of Additions 13,201

Of the total number of pamphlets and serials, 7,930
were pamphlets, and 4,436 were serials.

The donations to the Library for the year have been re-
ceived from 129 individuals and fourteen societies and de-
partments of the General and State Governments. The
exchanges from 113 societies and incorporate institutions,
of which sixty-six are foreign ; also from editors and
publishers.

The library has been carefully examined and found in
good order and condition. The work of preparing the
material for a catalogue is being carried on by the Assis-
tant Librarian. A printed catalogue would be a very great
convenience and is very much needed, but would require
a greater expense than can at present be afforded.

Donations or exchanges have been received from the
following : —

Vols. Pam.

Abbot, F. E., Boston, Mass., 3

Agassiz, A. E. R., Cambridge, Mass., .... 14

Allen, S. M., Boston, Mass., 1

88

Vols.
American Association Advancement of Science, . . 1

Anagnos, M., Boston, Mass.,

Andover (Mass.) Theological Seminary,

Appalachian Mountain Club,

Atkinson, Miss L. D.,

Atwood, Rev. E. S.,

Augsburg Naturhistorischer Verein, .... 1

Baker, C. H., Annapolis, Md.,

Baltimore, Peabody Institute,

Batavia, Societe des Arts et des Sciences, ....

Belfast Naturalist Field Club,

Bemis, Luke, West Chester, Pa,, 1

Berlin, Gesellschaft Naturforschende, .... 1

Berlin, Verein zur Beforderung des Gartenbaues, . . 1
Berlin, Zeitschrift fur die gesammten Naturwissenschaften,

Bern, Naturforschende Gesellschaft,

Berwickshire Naturalist Club,

Boardman, S. L., Augusta, Me., 3

Bolles, Rev. E. C, 9

Bologna, Reale Accademia delle Scienze, .... 1
Bonn, Naturhistorischer Verein der preussischen Rhein-

lande unci Westphalens,

Boston, American Academy Arts and Science,

Boston Athenseum, 1

Boston, City of, 13

Boston, Congregational Library Association,

Boston Public Library,

Boston Society of Natural History,

Boynton, N., Estate of, 6

Braunschweig Archiv der Anthropologic, ....

Brazil Centennial Commission, 3

Bremen, Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereine,

Briggs, Daniel C, 1

Briggs, Miss M. E.> 4

Bristol Naturalist Society,

Brooks, Henry M., . « 6

Brooks, W. G., Boston, Mass.,

Brown, A., Boston, Mass.,

Briinn, Naturforschender Verein, 1

Bruxelles, Academie Royale des Sciences, des Lettres et

des Beaux- Arts de Belgique, .... 5

Bruxelles, Societe Entomologique,

Bruxelles, Societe Malacologique,

Pam.

1
1
2
6
52

1

2
7
2

2
2
1

82

63
4

15
2
1

89

Vols.

Buffalo Historical Society, 13

Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, ....

Buffalo Young Men's Association, 2

Caen, Academie Royale des Sciences, Arts et Belles-Lettres, 1
Cambridge, Museum of Comparative Zoology, .

Canada Geological Survey, 1

Canadian Institute,

Cassino, S. E., . 1

Chamberlain, J. A., . . 2

Chaney, Rev. G. L., Boston, Mass., ....

Chemnitz, Naturwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft,

Cherbourg, Societe Nationale Sciences Naturelles, . 1

Childs, E. V., Newton, Mass., 1

Cloutman, W. R., 1

Colby University, Waterville, Me.,

Cole, Mrs. N. D.,

Connecticut Academy Arts and Sciences, ....

Crosby, Mrs. M. K., 22

Currier, John J., Newburyport, Mass., ....
Cutter, A. E., Charlestown, Mass., ....

Dale, T. Nelson, Jr.,

Danzig, Naturforschende Gesellschaft, ....
Davenport, Iowa, Academy Natural Science, ... 1

Dawson, C. C, New York,

Dresden, Naturwissenschaftliche Gesellschaft "Isis,"

Durrie, Dan'l S., Madison, Wis., 2

Emdem, Naturforschende Gesellschaft, .... 1
Emilo, L. F., San Francisco, Cal., . . Newspapers.

Emmerton, James A.,

Erlangen, Physikalisch-medicinische Societat, . . 1

Falmouth, Eng., Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society,

Farley, E. W.,

Fitch, O. H., Ashtabula, 0., . . Newspapers.

Follansbee, Miss C. L., 12

Foote, Caleb, Newspapers, 1

Foster, William H.,

Frankfurt, Zoologische Gesellschaft,

Georgia Historical Society, ...... 3

Geneve, Institut National Genevois, 1

Geneve, Societe de Physique et d'Histoire Naturelle,
Goodell, A. C, Jr., ... . . ...

Goss, E. H., Melrose,

Gottingen, Konigliche Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften, . 1

Pam.

2

4

23
2
2

382]

250

1
1
1

168
5

1

139

2

90

Vols.
Gravenhague, Entomological Society, ....

Green, S. A., Boston, Mass., 13

Hale, R. S.,

Hamburg, Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein, ... 2

Hart, C. F., Philadelphia, Penn.,

Hartranft, John F., Philadelphia, Penn., .... 1

Harvard College,

Haskell, Geo., Ipswich, Mass.,

Hay ward, Rev. S., Gilsum, N. H.,

Hewes, Rev. J. T., Fitchburg, Mass., .... 1

Hunt, Mrs. T., 3

Hunt, T. F., . . 93

India Geological Survey,

Indiana Geological Survey,

Ives, H. P., 1

Ives, S. B., 27

Jameson, P. H.,

Jenison, 0. A., Lansing, Mich.,

Johnson, Rev. Sam'l, . 14

Johnson, Thos. H., 3

Kansas Historical Society,

Kimball, James, Newspapers, x,

Kingsley, J. S., Newspapers,

Kjobenhavn, Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, . 3
Konigsberg, Konigliche Physikalisch-Oekonomische Gesell-

schaft,

Lander, Miss E. B., 8

Lausanne, Societe Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles,

Lawrence, Abbott, Boston, 1

Lee, John C, Newspapers.

Leeds Philosophical and Literary Society, ... 1

Le Mans, Societe dAgriculture, Sciences et Arts de la

Sarthe, 1

Lincoln, F. H., Boston,

Liverpool, Literary and Philosophical Society, . . 1

London, Royal Society,

Lyon, Societe d'Agriculture, d'Historie Naturelle et des

Arts utiles, . . 2

Lyon, Societe LinnSenne, 2

Mack, Miss E. C, 6

Mack, William, ........ 39

Madrid, Observatorio, 8

Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, . . 5

Pam

2

170

1

1

15

2
2

1
2
1
91
9
1

78

2

12

83

91

Vols. Para.

Mannheim, Verein fur Naturkunde,

Manning, R. C, . . . . Newspapers, xc, 7

Manning, Robert,

Marburg, Gessellschaft zur Beforderung der Gesammten

Naturwissenschaften,

Massachusetts Historical Society, 2

Massachusetts Horticultural Society,

Maryland Historical Society,

Mecklenburg Vereins der Ereunde, 1

Merritt, Mrs. L. F., Newspapers.

Miller, Misses, 138

Mills, Rev. R. C,

Minnesota Historical Society, 1

Morse, Edward S.,

Munchen, Koniglich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissen-

schaften, ........

Munsell, Joel, Albany, N. Y., 3

Nelson, H., Georgetown, Mass., . . Newspapers.

Neuchatel, Societe des Sciences Naturelles,

New England Historic-Genealogical Society, .

Newhall, Thomas A., Germantown, Penn., ... 6

New Haven Historical Society, . . . . . 1

New Jersey Historical Society,

New York, American Geographical Society, .

New York Chamber of Commerce, 1

New York Genealogical Biographical Society,

New York Mercantile Library, . a . .-*•••. . 1

Norris, Chas. H.,

Northey, Wm.,

Nourse, Miss D. C, 5

O'Donnell, John,

Ohio Historical and Philosophical Society,

Oliver, S. C, . . 3

Orange, N. Y., New England Society, ....

Osgood, Chas. S., 3

Ourt, A. J., Harrisburg, Penn., 1

Packard, A. S., Jr., .

Packard, P. W.,

Palfray, C. W., Newspapers, 1

Paris, Institut Historique,

Paris, Journal de Conchyliologie,

Paris, Societe d' Acclimation, 1

Paris, Societe" d' Anthropologic, . . ...
Peabody, Alfred, . . . '

4

20

2

1
3

196
9
3

25

40

1
1

3
1
1

40

1

2

36
1

1
59

6
4

3
1

92

Vols.

Peabody, Peabody Institute,

Pennsylvania Historical Society, ..... 1

Perkins, A. C, Exeter, N. H.,

Perkins, A. T., Boston, Mass., .....

Perkins, Geo.,

Perkins, Geo. A., 2

Perkins, Samuel C, Philadelphia, Penn., ....
Perley, M. V. B., Springfield, Mass., .... 1

Perry, Rev. W. S., Geneva, N. Y.,

Philadelphia Academy Natural Science, ....

Philadelphia, American Philosophical Society, .

Philadelphia Carpenter's Company, .... 1

Philadelphia Zoological Society,

Phippen, Geo.'D., 24

Pool, W., Wenham,

Portuguese Centennial Commission, ....
Putnam, Rev. A. P., Brooklyn, N. Y.,

Putnam, Mrs. E. A., and F. W., 62

Putnam, H. W., 8

Quincy, Edmund, Quincy, 1

Regensburg, Konigliche Bayerische botanische Gesellschaft, 1

Rhode Island Historical Society, 2

Robinson, John,

Sacken, C. R. O., Newport, R. I.,

Salem, City of, 1

Salem, Ladies' Centennial Committee, .... 5

Salem Young Men's Christian Association, Newspapers.

Saltonstall, L., Boston, Mass.,

Sanborn, Geo., 5

Scudder, Samuel H., Cambridge, . . . .

Sewall, Rev. C. C, Medfield, Mass.,

Skinner, Mrs. R., 1

Smith, G. W., 1

Smith, Mrs. S., Pembroke, Mass., 1

Smithsonian Institution, 5

Smucker, Isaac, Newark, Ohio, 1

Spofford, A. R., Washington, D.C., 1

St. Gallen, St. Gallische Gesellschaft, ....

Stickney, M. A., 1

St. Louis Academy Science,

Stockholm, Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademien, . 3

Stone, B. W., 2

Stone, Rev. E. M., Providence, R. I.,

Story, Augustus, 48

93

Vols. Pam.

Story, Miss E. A., 1

St. Petersburg, Imperat Akademya Nauk, .... 13

Tasmania Royal Society, 1

Tenney, Mrs. H. A., Lansing, Mich., 1

Thompson, C. P., Gloucester, 13

Trowbridge, Thos. R., New Haven, Conn., ... 1

Tucker, Jona., 6

Upham, Wm. P., . 1

Upsal, Kongliga Vetenskaps-Societeten, ... 2

U. S. Bureau of Education, 11 88

U. S. Bureau of Statistics, 12

U. S. Dept. of Interior, 38 2

U. S. Dept. of State, 5 1

U. S. Engineer Dept., ..3

U. S. Navy Dept., 3

U. S. Patent Office, 36

U. S. Treasury Dept., '. 1

Vermont Historical Society, 2

Very, Miss L. L. A., 1

Victoria Centennial Commission, ..... 3 5

Waterbury, Conn., Bronson Library, .... 2

Waters, E. Stanley, . 65

Waters, Joseph Linton, 6

Watson, Miss C. A., 1

Welsh, Wm. L., ....'.... 2 15

Wheatland, Miss M. G., 20

Wheatland, Stephen G., 22 48

White, Rev. W. O., Keene, N. H., 1

Wien, K. K. Zoologische botanische Gesellschaft, . 1

Williams, Henry L., 80

Williams, James, Columbus, O., 1

Willson, Rev. E. B., 1

Winthrop, Robert C, Boston, Mass., .... 3

Wisconsin Academy of Science, Arts and Letters, . . 1

Wisconsin Historical Society, 1

Wisconsin Natural History Society, 1

Woodbridge, W. E., . . 1

Woods, Mrs. K. T., 1

Worcester, American Antiquarian Society, ... 2

Worcester Free Institute, 1

Worcester Society of Antiquity, 1

Wurzburg, Physikalisch-medicinische Gesellschaft, . . 4

Zurich, Naturforschende Gesellschaft, .... 1

94

The following have been received from editors or pub-
lishers : —

American Journal of Education.
American Journal of Science.
American Naturalist.
Beetle and Wedge.
Boston Globe.
Bradford New Era.
Dexter Smith's Paper.
European Mail.
Forest and Stream.
Gardener's Monthly.
Hardwicke's Science Gossip.
Haverhill Gazette.
Ipswich Chronicle.
Lawrence American.
Lynn City Item.

Lynn Reporter.

Lynn Transcript.

Nation.

Nature.

Peabody Press.

Peabody Reporter.

Quaritch's Catalogue.

Sailors' Magazine and Seamen's

Friend.
Salem Gazette.
Salem Observer.
Salem Post.
Salem Register.
Turner's Public Spirit.
Vox Humana.

Publications have been issued as heretofore, — the
Bulletin, vol. 8, and the Historical Collections, vol.
xiii, Nos. 3 and 4. The exchange list, with few excep-
tions, continues the same as last year. A new price list
of the Publications has been printed and distributed to
the prominent libraries, historical societies, colleges, and
also to booksellers throughout the country. The By-
Laws, adopted at the close of the preceding year, have
been printed in a convenient form for reference and the
use of members.

Financial. — The Treasurer's Keport shows an increase
in the annual income, yet additional means are requisite to
perform the various duties, which are reasonably expected,

in a fitting manner.

DEBITS.

General Account.

$350 00

Athenaeum, for Rent and Librarian, ....

Salaries, $745.00; Coal, $140.00; Gas, $51.96, . . . . 936 96

Lectures, $87.87; Publications, $1,134.20, 1,222 07

95

Express and Postage, $81.46; Insurance, $40.00; Binding, $22.00, 143 46
Excursions, $4,902.38; Sundries, $144.85; Stationery, 25.G8, . 5,072 91

Secretary, 1875 to 1877, 1,690 00

$9,415 40

Balance in hands of Treasurer, 7 85

Historical.
Books .*,... 52 00

Ditmore Fund.
Deposited in Five Cents Savings Bank, .... $1,00000

Note receivable, 1,100 00

Paid F. S. Perkins, . . 128 64

2,228 64

$11,703 89

CREDITS.

General Account.

Dividends Webster Bank, . $20 00

Assessments, $1,112.00; Publications, $430.05, .... 1,54205

Sundries, $1.00; Life Memberships, $60.00 6100

Athenaeum, proportion of coal and janitor, . . . 158 44

Excursions, $5,540.65; Lectures and Concerts, $319.63, . . 5,860 28

Subscriptions for Secretary's Salary, 1,225 00

$8,866 77

By Balance, 65 85

Historical.
Dividends Naumkeag Bank, 16 00

Natural History and Horticulture.

Dividends P. S. & P. R. R., $12 00

Dividends Lowell Bleachery, . 32 00

Horticultural Exhibition, 32 63

$76 63

Davis Fund.

Coupons Burlington and Missouri R. R., . . . . . 140 00
Coupons Dixon, Peoria and Hannibal R. R., . . . . 240 00

380 00

Ditmore Fund.

Coupons Chicago City Bonds, 70 00

Executor of Miss Ditmore's Estate, 2,096 76

Interest received, .......... 131 88

2,298 64

$11,703 89

96

The routine work of the Institute has prospered favor-
ably, and considerable amount has been done in preparing
a large quantity of printed matter relating to the Centen-
nial Exhibition for binding. The Ladies' Centennial
Commission of Salem, by a generous money contribution,
has enabled the society to purchase and place in the li-
brary, for reference, many valuable books, pamphlets,
photographs, maps, catalogues, etc.

The following officers were then elected, until others
shall be chosen in their stead : —

PRESIDENT :

HENRY WHEATLAND.

Vice-Presidents :

Adner C. Goodell, Jr. William Sutton.

Frederick W. Putnam. , Daniel B. Hagar.

Secretary : Treasurer :

George M. Whipple. Henry M. Brooks.

Auditor : Librarian :

Richard C. Manning. William P. Upham.

CURATORS :
History— James Kimball.
Manuscripts— W. P. Upham.
Archozology—Y. W. Putnam.
Numismatics— M. A. Sticknet.
Geology— Alpheus S. Packard, Jr.

Botany— GEORGE D. PHIPPEN.
Zoology— Edward S. Morse.
Horticulture— Caltzk COOKE.
Painting cj- Sculpture— T. F. HUNT.
Technology— EDWIN C. Bolles.

Music— Arthur W. Foote.

COMMITTEES:

Finance .-

John C. Lee. James Upton. James O. Safford. H. M. Brooks.

Library .•

Chas. W. Palfray. Joseph G. Waters. Henry F. King.

George F. Flint. w.m neilson.

97

Publications .•

Abner C. Goodell, Jr. Edward S. Atwood.

Edwin C. Bolles. James Kimball. T. F. Hunt.

Lectures ••
William D. Northend. A. H. Johnson. F. W. Putnam. A. L. Huntington.

Meld Meetings:
Geo. Cogswell, Bradford. Lewis N. Tappan, Manchester.

George D. Phippen, Salem. Fkancis H. Johnson, Andover.

George Perkins, Salem. R. S. Spofford, Newburyport.

E. N. Walton, Salem. N. A. Horton, Salem.

Francis H. Appleton, Peabody.

Messrs. Fielder Israel and Joshua Phippen, jr., both
of Salem, were elected resident members. The President
read a letter from Rev. R. M. Chipman of Lisbon, Conn.,
suggesting the propriety of a celebration in Sept., 1878,
the 250th anniversary of the landing of Gov. Endicott.
Referred to the President and Messrs. Kimball and Upham.

Monday, May 28, 1877.
An adjournment of the annual meeting was held this
evening. The President in the chair. The unfinished
business was considered and acted upon.

The Secretary read a letter from Mrs. Anna C. Warren
of Boston, donating to the Institute an oil painting of
Daniel Webster. Mr. Hunt mentioned that he had seen
the painting, which was a fine copy, by Miss Jane Stuart,
from the original. The thanks of the Institute were ten-
dered to Mrs. Warren for her liberal donation.

Regular Meeting, Monday, June 4, 1877.
Meeting this evening. The President in the chair.
Records read. Correspondence and donations announced.

98

Messrs. George E. Merrill, James A. Emmerton and
Charles H. Flint, of Salem, and H. B. Craine, of Ames-
bury, were elected members.

The President mentioned that Mr. James Kimball had
found among the papers in the Court House a map of
Merrimack River from Haverhill to the source, drawn by
John Gardner, supposed to be original. A paper for the
Historical Collections, giving a full account of the
same with accompanying documents is in preparation.

ADDITIONS TO THE FERNS OF ESSEX CO., MASS.
(Bulletin, March, 1875, and Addenda, Oct., 1875.)

NEW LOCALITIES.

Woodwardia angustifolia Sm. Magnolia Swamp, June, 1877.
J. H. Sears and J. Robinson.

Phegopteris hexagonoptera F6e. Chebacco woods, Aug., 1876.
J. H. S. and J. R.

Ophioglossum vulgatum L. Boxford, 1876-7. J. R.

Lycopodium inundatum L. Plum Island, and near Coffin's Beach,
Gloucester (very fine).

species new to list.

Botrychium lanceolatum Angs. Near Georgetown, Aug. 11, 1876.
Mrs. Horner.

Aspidium cristatum var. Clintonianum Eaton. Danvers, June,
1877. J. R. and J. H. S.

CORRECTION.

For Isoctes echinospora var. Braunii read the same species var.

MURICATA.

We have now in the herbarium of the Peabody Acad-
emy of Science the completed collection of Ferns, Equi-
aetums and Lycopods of the County.

John Robinson.

Salem, June 30, 1877.

BULLETIN

OF THE

esses: ie"stittjte.

Vol. 9. Salem, July, Aug., Sept., 1877. Nos. 7, 8, 9.

Field Meeting at Boxford, Tuesday, June 26, 1877.

The members and their friends assembled at the chapel
of the village church in Boxford about 10.30, a. m., and
after a cordial welcome from a committee of the citizens,
dispersed in groups for the ramble in search of plants, in-
sects and other objects of interest. A gentle rain at noon
interfered with the collecting of specimens, yet several
were obtained.

The afternoon session was called to order at 2 o'clock,
the Secretary reading the records of the last meeting, and
the President opening the proceedings with a general state-
ment of the objects of the Institute, particularly that fea-
ture of the institution which treasures facts and papers
pertaining to the civil or natural history of the county.

Mr. William P. Upham, of Salem, gave some account
of the old elm tree on the James M. Hubbard place in
North Andover close to the Boxford line, which measured
this day, six feet from the ground, 18 feet 10J inches in
circumference, having increased since 1858 [at that time

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN. IX 7 (99)

100

measured by him], fourteen inches. The ordinary esti-
mate of the age of a tree of this kind is about an inch of
circumference for a year, and upon this basis, this elm
must be over 200 years of age. Mr. Upham also spoke
of the elm tree at Mrs. Isaac Hale's in Boxford, which six
feet up measured in circumference 12 feet 8 inches, and
the spread 107 feet 6 inches in diameter, and is probably
not surpassed in general beauty and symmetry by any in
the county. He also alluded to other trees and exhibited
drawings of several.

Some further remarks upon large trees were made by
Mr. John Robinson, Rev. William S. Coggin and others.

Rev. E. C. Bolles, of Salem, had made no collections,
and was consequently not prepared to offer anything in
his own particular department of scientific investigation.
He, however, had. something to say growing out of the
thought that often in the most limited things in nature are
revealed the wonders of a world, and about specialty in
science with particular reference to enforcing the idea
that there is not a person in any of these towns who is
not capable of contributing something to the world's store
of knowledge.

Ancill Dorman, Esq., one of the selectmen, on being
called upon to say something pertaining to the history of
the town, said the original settlement dated back as far as
1650. In 1680 there were twenty or thirty families. It
was incorporated in \685, the land being previously a part
of Rowley, the early settlers coming from Topsfield and a
part from Ipswich. At the time of the Revolution there
were about 1000 inhabitants, and this is about the present
population. The church in this parish was founded in
1702 ; and that in the west parish in 1736.

101

Mr. James H. Emerton, of Salem, spoke of the man-
ner in which the cocoons of spiders are made, and de-
scribed the methods followed by Ejpeira strix and Alius
mystaceus. The first makes a ball of loose wrinkled silk,
lays its eggs in it and covers the whole thickly with strong
threads. The Attus makes first a large silken ba£ in
which it lives for some time. Finally it discharges the
eggs against the upper surface of the bag, where they
adhere and are immediately covered by fine silk. Mr.
Emerton showed a cocoon of Epeira caudata found on a
berry bush in the pine woods ; also several female Lycosa
carrying their cocoons fastened to their spinnerets.

Dr. George A. Perkins, of Salem, described the sun-
dew (drosera), and spoke of several other plants of the
same habits.

Mr. John Robinson, of Salem, followed with a more
detailed account of these plants, including the pitcher
plant, with habits similar to those of the drosera. The
peculiarity of this class of plants which received particular
attention were those trap-like appliances by which they
catch and hold insects which die, decay, and serve as a
fertilizer to nourish the plant. Mr. Robinson described a
number of plants that had been collected by Mrs. Horner
of Georgetown.

Mr. John Robinson, in reply to a question which was
proposed on the subject of planting pine trees, explained
the structure of the pine cone, the position of the seed
therein, time and manner of sowing, alluding briefly to
the diminution of our forests. On this latter subject a
discussion followed, Mrs. C. H. Dall and Mrs. Mary S.
Blake of Boston and the Rev. Messrs. Israel and Bo lies
of Salem and others taking part.

102

Kev. Sereno D. Gammell, of Boxford, in this con-
nection, called attention to the consideration that pines
when arrived at maturity ought to be cut. There are citi-
zens here in Boxford who have tilled land where there
are trees now growing. There are more trees in Boxford
than there were some years ago ; and with us the evil of
cutting down trees carries its own remedy. There are
not so many acres of large timber, but more of wood
growth.

After some additional remarks, Mr. N. A. Horton, of
Salem, spoke of the spirit of hospitality which character-
ized the Boxford people, and offered a resolve "that the
cordial thanks of the Essex Institute be tendered to Rev.
Mr. S. D. Gammell and wife, to Rev. William S. Coggin,
to Miss Coggin and to other citizens of the town of Box-
ford, for many kind attentions received this day ; and
also to the proprietors of the congregational church, for
the use of the church and chapel."

This resolution was unanimously adopted and the meet-
ing adjourned.

Regular Meeting, Monday, July 2, 1877.
Meeting this evening. The President in the chair.
Mr. John Robinson was elected Secretary pro tern. Rec-
ords read.

Isaac J. Osbun, of Salem, was elected a resident mem-
ber.

AN EXAMINATION OF TYPES OF SOME RECENTLY
DESCRIBED CRUSTACEA.

By T. Hale Streets, M. D., and J. S. Kingslet.

The Peabody Academy of Science having received
from Mr. W. N. Lockington, of San Francisco, some of
the types of the Crustacea described by him in the "Pro-
ceedings of the California Academy of Sciences," we have
thought it best to place on record the results of our study
of the specimens, especially since many of his new genera
and species would be, without his labels, impossible to
identify. We have only "Author's extras," and so can-
not quote the volume and page of his descriptions.

Microphrys platysoma A. M. Echv. Milnia platysoma Stimpson, Annals
N. Y. Lyceum Nat. Hist., vii, p. 180. Pisoides? celatus Locking-
ton, Proc. Cal. Acad., July 17, 1876.

Of this species we have two specimens. The two spines
on the branchial region are close together.

Microphrys depressa Streets & Kingsley. Fisheria depressa Lockington,
1. c, July 17, 1876.

This species diners from M. platysoma in having the
digits excavate at the extremity, in being more granulated,
in having the laminiform process on the branchial region
somewhat imbricated. There is a spine between and be-
low the processes on the branchial and hepatic regions and
three spinous tubercles beneath the hepatic process, on the
infero-lateral portion. The posterior margin of the cara-
pax has a row of bead-like tubercles as in M. platysoma.
The laminiform processes on the propodal joints of the

(103)

104

ambulatory feet are as in M. platysoma. Mr. Lockington
was apparently led to separate this from his Pisoides? cela-
tus by working with the s}rnopsis of genera given in Dana's
Crustacea of the U. S. Exploring Expedition where the
Maiidse are divided into two groups according as the digits
are acuminate or excavate. Mr. Lockington's generic
description would totally mislead one in this instance, but
his specific is tolerably good. In the specimen sent (a
male), however, the chelipecls are not "enormously long,''
but are fully as short proportionally as in Microjphrys
bicornuta of Florida.

Thoe sulcata Stm., Ann. Lye, vii, 177. Platypes edentata Lockington,
1. c, March 20, 1876; id., July 17, 1876.

The specimens sent are plainly Thoe sulcata. Contrary
to the generic diagnosis given by Mr. Lockington, the
rostrum is bifid and the preorbital is prominent.

Othonia Picteti de Saussure, Revue et Magazin de Zoologie, 1853, II, v,
357, pi. XIII, f. 2 ; Stimpson, Journal Boston Society Nat. Hist.,
vi, p. 455. Micippa ovata Lockington, 1. c, July 17, 1876.

The specimens sent agree exactly with Saussure's de-
scription and figure, and certainly do not belong to the
genus Micipjpa.

Mithraculus areolatusf S. & K. Mithrax areolatus Lockington, 1. c,
July 17, 1876.

This is plainly a Mithraculus, but whether it be new or
not we cannot say, as we have not Bell's description of
M. denticulatus at hand. It is not M. coronatus Stm. nor
Mithrax armatus Saussure.

Inachodes Hemphilli Lockington, 1. c, Feb. 7; id., July 17, 1876.

The specimens sent are very near I. Icevis, but differ
from Stimpson's description in having a spiniform tubercle
on the gastric region ; the dactyli are flattened and curved

105

but not enough to call falciform ; the rostrum is regularly
tapering. The proportions of the carapax are also differ-
ent, the length being to the breadth as three to two. The
modification of the diagnosis of the genus proposed by
Mr. Lockington cannot be allowed, as the postocular is
present though small.

Inachodes breviroslrum Lockington, 1. c, July 17, 1876.

A single dry specimen of this apparently good species
was received.

Epialtus minimus Lockington, 1. c, July 17, 1876.

This apparently new form differs greatly from the other
species of the genus with which we are acquainted.

Anaptychus comutus Stm., Ann. Lye, vii, 184, pi. II, f. 1. Ala spinosa
Lockington, 1. c, July 17, 1876.

The specimens in no way differ from the description and

figure quoted above.

Atergatis rotundatus Stm., Ann. Lye, vii, p. 202. Atergatis cristatissimo
Lockington, 1. c, March 20, 1876; id., Sept. 4, 1876.

One specimen received.

Xanthodius Sternberghii Stm., Ann. Lye, vii, p. 52. Actceodes mexica-
nus Lockington, 1. c, May 20 and Sept. 4, 1876.

The two specimens sent agree with Stimpson's descrip-
tion and with specimens in the Museum of the Academy
from Panama. Mr. Lockington had the paper of Stimp-
son's quoted above.

Xanthodes Taylori Stm., Ann. Lye, vii, p. 208, pi. V, f. 3. Xantlio
spini-taberculatus Lockington, 1. e, Feb. 7 and Sept. 4, 1876.

The single specimen agrees perfectly with Stimpson's

description and figure.

Panopeus purpureas Lockington, 1. e, Sept. 4, 1876.

Is very near P. validus Smith, but the front is not as

106

prominent and less sinuate than in specimens in the Pea-
body Academy identified by Prof. Smith. There is also a
crest on the upper portion of the propodus while in P.
validus this crest is obsolete. The ambulatory feet are
also less hairy and more nearly cylindrical.

Panopeus affinis Streets & Kingsley. Panopeus transversus? Locking-
ton, 1. c, Sept. 4, 1876 (non Stimpson)

Is very near P. transversus Stm. and P. crenatus Edw.
& Lucas, but has the rostrum more nearly rectangular than
in either, and as prominent as in the latter. The front is
bilobed, the lobes being slightly arcuate, truncate, not
sinuate. A sulcus on the rostrum near the orbits. Orbits
with two obsolete fissures above. The notch between front
and orbits as in transversus. The surface of the carapax
is uneven near the antero-lateral teeth, being crossed by
grooves running inward from the emarginations between
the teeth. There is also, as in P. crenatus, slight indica-
tions of a separation of the angle of the orbit from the
second normal tooth. The sub-hepatic regions are granu-
late as in P. transversus. The spine on the inner margin
of the carpus occupies a median position instead of being
near the distal extremity as in both species with which
this has been compared.

Chlorodius Fisheri Lockington, 1. c, Sept. 4, 1876.

This species is probably new, but as the specimens are
somewhat mutilated we cannot positively say. It differs
considerably from Stimpson's short diagnosis of (7. occi-
dentalis.

Pilumnus lunatus Edw. et Lucas, D'Orbigny, Voy. dans l'Amer. Meri-
dionale, Crust., 20, pi. IX, f. 2; Stimpson, Ann. Lye, vii, 216.
Heteractcea pilosus Lockington, 1, c, Sept. 4, 1876.

The single specimen we have agrees with the short de-

107

scription given by Stimpson, but we have not had access
to the work of Edwards & Lucas.

Filumnus spino-Mrsutus Streets & Kingsley. Acanthus spino-hirsutus
Lockington, 1. c, Feb. 7 and Sept. 4, 1876.

This species is plainly a Pilumnus and contrary to the

description given by Mr. Lockington of his proposed "new

genus" the pre-labial ridge is quite plain.

Callinectes bellicosus Ordway, Jour. Boston Soc'y Nat. Hist., vii, p. 577.
Lupa bellicosa (Sloat MS.) Stm., Ann. Lye, vii, 57; Lockington,
1. c., Sept. 4, 1876.

The specimen sent, a male, agrees well with the various
descriptions quoted above.

Achelous panamensis? Stimpson, Annals Lye, x, 112. Amphitrite pau-
cispinis Lockington, 1. c, Sept. 4, 1876.

The specimen sent agrees well with Stimpson's descrip-
tion, except in having no spine on the meros joint of pos-
terior feet. There is in this form a spine on the upper
margin of the propodus of the first pair, as in Achelous '
Gibbesii, two-thirds the distance from the base to the
articulation of the dactylus. Stimpson makes no men-
tion of such spine. The proportions of length to breadth
are closely similar. Stimpson gives it as* 1 : 1*87. In
this case it is 1 : 1*82.

Pinnixa longipes Streets & Kingsley. Tubicola longipes Lockington,
1. c, Apr. 17, 1876.

This is a Pinnixa, but differs from the only species (P.
faba Stm.) hitherto described from the Pacific coast in the
greater breadth of the carapax. Mr. Lockington speaks
of this as the only case known of a crustacean being com-
mensal with an annelid, but Stimpson (Annals N. Y.
Lyceum, vii, 68 and 236) reports similar habits of Pin-
nixa chcetojpterana and P. cylindrica.

108

Crangon nigricauda Stin., Proc. Cal. Acad., i, 89; Jour. Bost. Soc, vi,
496. Crangon vulgaris Owen, Zool. Beecliey's Voyage, p. 87;
Dana, U. S. Ex. Ex. Crust., i, 536. Crangon nigromaculata
Lockington, 1. c., Feb. 7, 1876.

Nothing but a color variety of C nigricauda.

In addition we have received types of the four following
species, but reserve them for further study : Mithraculus
triangulatus, Xantho novem-dentatus, Xanthodes? angus-
tus, and Xanthodes leucomanus.

In the five papers by Mr. Lockington, quoted above, he
describes fifty-eight supposed new species and institutes
eight new genera. His Libinia setosa is a valid species
and has since been redescribed in "Bulletin No. 7" of the
National Museum by Dr. Streets as L. semizonale. Mr.
Lockington's name, however, will hold. Idotea pulchra
Lockington, is, we are informed by the describer, I. bi-
cuspida Owen. Idotea marmorata Packard (Memoirs
of the Boston Society, Vol. i, p. 296, pi. viii, f. 6) also
appears to be the same.

Concerning the other species described by Mr. Lock-
ington, we have nothing to say. Only by a study of his
types can one be sure of what species he had before him.
His work, as will be seen by our review of the few of
his types that have come under examination, has been
extremely careless and untrustworth}7. With so little
access to the literature of the subject, he should not have
attempted systematic work.

109

Field Meeting at Lanesville, Wednesday,
July 18, 1877.

The second field meeting the present season was held
at Lanesville, a precinct in Gloucester, this day. The
place of gathering was at the Congregational Church,
which was placed at the disposal of the Institute for the
day.

The afternoon session was commenced at 2 p. m. The
Peesident in the chair. Records of preceding meeting
read.

The President remarked briefly on the former meet-
ings held in Gloucester, and of the interest manifested in
the objects of the Society by the people of the place,
speaking particularly of the late Rev. S. Barden, the min-
ister of Rockport, and an indefatigable student of the
mineralogy and geo-logy of this section of the county.

Mr. James H. Emerton, who during the forenoon had,
with the party under his direction, found many specimens
of marine animals, and had arranged them on the tables,
explained the structure and habits of several of the spe-
cies, illustrating his remarks by blackboard drawings.
He also showed by the microscope, after the adjournment
of the meeting, the eggs of the Monk fish (Lophius) , and
the worms (Spirorbis) which make the spiral shells on sea
weed.

Mr. Charles H. Sargent, of Gloucester, exhibited sev-
eral specimens of minerals which he had found while
making a survey near by. He gave the localities where
found and other information.

Rev. Fielder Israel, of Salem, and Rev. Byron G.
Russell, of Rockport, spoke briefly in regard to the ob-

110

jects of these meetings and the benefits accruing therefrom.
Mr. Russell expressed the hope that the Institute would
hold another meeting in Rockport at an early day ; he said
that the people would extend a cordial welcome.

Mr. Granville P. Putnam, of Boston, a summer resi-
dent at the Cape, mentioned some of the minerals he had
found in his rambles. He also spoke of the algae of the
Cape, and was followed by Mr. John Robinson, who
continued the subject of the marine plants, alluding par-
ticularly to the fructification and growth of the common
algse.

Prof. Edward Hitchcock, of Amherst, explained some
of the Indian relics which were brought in for examina-
tion, and made some interesting remarks upon the habits
of the aborigines.

Mr. D. B. Hagar, of Salem, said that one .of the chief
objects of an Essex Institute field meeting was to awaken
a local interest in natural history, and that wherever such
a meeting was held, the people of the place ought to get
new ideas, and that any man or woman, boy or girl,
might, by giving attention to the subject, be the means of
starting a Natural History Society. Mr. Hagar spoke in
complimentary terms of the hospitality of the Lanesville
people who had furnished such ample refreshments, and
offered the following vote :

Voted, That the very cordial thanks of the Essex Insti-
tute are hereby tendered to Mr. George Barker, Rev. Mr.
Toulman, Mr. Lane and other gentlemen of the place,
and to the ladies who had arranged so nicely the dinner
of the day ; also to the proprietors of the Congregational
Church for the use of the church and chapel for the vari-
ous exercises of the day.

The vote was unanimously adopted.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MYOLOGY OF TACHYGLOSSA
HYSTRIX, ECHIDNA HYSTRIX (Auct.).

By J. W. FEWKE8, Ph.D.

I have enjoyed the opportunity of dissecting a single
specimen of that rare and highly interesting mammal,
Tachyglossa hystrix. The specimen was given to me
by the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cambridge.
Especial attention has ' been paid in this dissection to the
myology of the head and neck, as it is my impression that
the descriptions of the muscles of these parts by others
are more or less unsatisfactory. I add a more detailed ac-
count than has yet appeared of the more important deeper
layers of that complex cutaneous muscle, the Panniculus
carnosus. A description of these muscles is all the more
interesting, considering that they plaj- such an important
part in the movements of the fore-leg.

To this is added a new interpretation of certain muscles
of the fore and hind limbs, and a description of muscles
of the tail, and digits of the fore and hind legs, which
appear to have been thus far unnoticed.

MUSCLES OF THE HEAD.

The descriptions which we have of the muscles of the
head of this abnormal animal are very meagre and few
in number. The work of Duvernoy, "De la langue con-
sidered, comme organe de prehension, &c." (Mem. de la
Societe d'Hist. Nat. de Strasbourg, 1830), seems to be
the first attempt to figure and describe the muscles of the

(ill)

112

head and tongue of this animal. This author gives three
figures of the tongue, and the lingual muscles, but does
not make mention of other important muscles of the
head, as those of the jaw, the Masseter, the Pterygoid,
Temporal and the Digastric.

From the similarity in function of the tongue, in the
Ant Eater and Tachyglossa, it would be a cause of won-
der if the myology of the head of the Ant Eater by
Owen did not prove of the greatest value. Although the
difference in systematic position between these two animals
is great, the muscles of the tongue, at least, are in many
respects quite alike.

In the valuable paper on the Myology of the Echidna
Hystrix by St. George Mivart (Trans. Linn. Soc, 1866),
the muscles of the head and neck were only in part de-
scribed. The specimen, from which the dissection was
made, had its head destroyed in a trap, and on this ac-
count he failed to make out the myology of these parts.

From the character of the mouth and face of Tachy-
glossa, we should expect that the muscles of these parts
of the head would be wanting or very slightly developed.
I have been unable to discover any trace of the different
facial muscles, Orbicularis Oris, Depressor Angulis Oris,
Z3Tgomaticus Major and Minor. In the tough skin, which
covers most of the bill, in advance of the orbital foramen,
there are muscular fibers, which may represent these, and
other facial muscles. To determine their homologies,
however, would be a very difficult task.

The muscles of the jaw are the Temporalis, the Masse-
ter, Pterygoideus Externus, and Pterygoideus Interims.
To these may be added a Digastricus, which, like the
same muscle in many other forms, passes directly from
its origin to its insertion, without passing under the slip
at the hyoid bone.

113

M. Temporalis.

This is small and fan-shaped, and arises from the whole
inner surface of the posterior part of the orbital foramen.
It is inserted into the coronoid process of the lower max-
illary bone. The front margin of this muscle may be seen
through the orbital foramen, just back of the eye. The
insertion at that part of the' jaw, which corresponds to the
coronoid process, is directly above that of the most super-
ficial slip of the Myloglossus. The length of the muscle
is about 10 . Its function is similar to that of the Tem-
poralis in human anatomy.

M. Masseter.

The Masseter is a small muscle of almost quadrangular
shape, with a muscular origin and insertion. Its anterior
margin is slightly shorter than its posterior, which lies
directly under the curved tube of the ear (meatus audi-
torius ex tenuis) and the distal portion of the Sterno-
mastoideus. The muscle arises from what corresponds
to the lower edge of a zygomatic process. This origin
begins about half an inch in advance of the anterior edge
of the orbital foramen, and extends directly backward
for about an inch. It is inserted into a curved line cor-
responding with a sigmoid notch, extending from the.
coronoid process to the angle of the jaw. The length of
the insertion is about the same as the length of the ori-
gin.

There are two Pterygoid muscles, which are well
marked, corresponding with the Pterygoideus Externus
and Pterygoideus Interims.

M. Pterygoideus Externus.
The Pterygoideus Externus is a larger muscle than

114

those of the head, which has been already mentioned.
When the Temporalis is removed, the Pterygoideus Ex-
ternus at its upper part is plainly to be seen through the
orbital foramen. This is brought about by the fact that
the muscle extends forward, from its insertion to its ori-
gin, under the Temporalis.

The Pterygoideus Externus arises from a riclge on the
orbital foramen, just posterior to the orbit of the eye,
and beneath the Temporalis. It is inserted into the ante-
rior part of that portion of the condyle, where a little
projection is formed for that purpose, and also the whole
internal surface of the condyle of the jaw. This latter
part of the insertion is muscular, while the former is ten-
dinous. The origin throughout is by muscular fibers.

M. Pterygoideus Internus.

The Pterygoideus Internus is of a quadrate form, and
shorter than the Pterygoideus Externus. It has both
origin and insertion by muscular fibers. It arises in
advance of the origin of the Pterygoideus Externus, from
the walls of the skull. It is inserted into the inner side
of the lower maxillary bone, opposite the insertion of the
Masseter, extending from the angle of the jaw, to the
point directly under the coronoid process.

M. Digastricus.

The homologue of the Digastricus is very wTell shown
on a superficial dissection. It arises from the temporal
bone, directly in front of the opening of the meatus audi-
torius externus, on the under side of the skull. Its ori-
gin is by muscular fibres. From its origin it extends to
its insertion on the posterior aspect of the angle of the
jaw, posterior to the ridge, upon which the Masseter finds

115

/

its insertion. The action of the muscle is to draw the
lower jaw backward, and perhaps to open the mouth by
the short lever, whose length is the interval between its
insertion and the glenoid fossa. There is considerable
doubt whether this muscle can be the homolojme of the
Digastricus.

The muscles of the tongue are very complicated, and
of great size. This fact is directly connected with the
varied movements which the tongue has, together with
the probable motion of a peculiar structure at its base.
The posterior part of the tongue is armed with rows of
teeth-like bodies, which also appear on the roof of the
mouth above. Their function may be to clear the tongue
of the insects which adhere to it, or in a measure to
bruise the food before it passes into the ossophagus.

M. Sterno-glossus Superior,

The two Sterno-glossi are the most abnormal of all the
muscles of Tachyglossa. When the neck of the animal
is opened from the side, there appears a round muscle of
about the size of a pipe-stem, which is easily confounded
with the oesophagus. This round muscle is composed of
the Sterno-glossus Superior and Inferior united together.
The Sterno-glossus Superior arises on the under side of
the Sternum, and its fibres are continued into the tongue,
forming, with its fellow, the interior of that organ. Be-
fore it is prolonged into the tongue it is crossed by layers
of flat muscles, which extend over it, in front of the pos-
terior portion of the tongue. There is no tendinous part
to this muscle. Its width is uniform and about 5mm. Its
length from the origin to the base of the tongue is 70mm.
The action of the muscle is to draw back the long tongue.
The muscular fibres, binding it down at the base of the

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN. IX 8

116

tongue, change the action in a way which will be ex-
plained further on.

M. Sterno-glossus Inferior.

This muscle acts together with the Sterno-glossus Supe-
rior. They both also unite to form the round muscle
mentioned above. It arises with the Sterno-glossus Su-
perior, from the under side of the sternum, and is inserted
into the base of the posterior part of the tongue. It is
very small, with numerous slips of insertion. A slip from
the muscle, or a small one bound up with it and the
Sterno-glossus Superior, becomes a separate muscle, pass-
ing from the larynx to the tongue, and may be known as
a Laryngoglossus.

M. Myloglossus.

The Myloglossus is a very complicated muscle and may
conveniently be divided into two parts. The first and
most superficial part is very thin and arises from the raphe
in the middle line, midway between the rami of the lower
jaw.

The origin from the raphe is of course connected with
the deeper parts of the Myloglossus. The superficial por-
tion is inserted into the lower maxillary bone, just below
the Coronoid process, by means of a small tendon. This
part of the muscle is fan shaped. A second part of the
Myloglossus is much larger, and more important than the
one already mentioned. It arises from a common raphe,
with its fellow of the opposite side, along the mid-line of
the throat, together with an M. Annulus Inferior. It is
inserted upon the under side of the skull, in a line extend-
ing from the anterior portion of a styloid region, to a point
under the angle of the jaw. The length of the attachment
to the skull is 20mm. In addition to these two parts of the

117

Myloglossus there is posterior to them all, a musele quite
distinct, which may be a portion of the Myloglossus. I
have, however, described it as an M. Stylo-glossus.

The function of the Myloglossus muscle is to combine
with the annular muscle, yet to be mentioned, in pressing
the posterior part of the tongue, against the roof of the
mouth. The Myloglossus is mentioned by Duvernoy as a
Mylohyoid.

M. Stylo-glossus.

Intimately connected with the M. Myloglossus, more es-
pecially with its deeper and larger portion, is a Stylo-
glossus. It forms a distinct muscle from the preceding.
It arises from the stylo-hyal cartilage at its upper and prox-
imal end ; and forms with its fellow of the opposite side, a
loop extending to its insertion, in a median raphe behind
the Myloglossus, and, superficial to it.

Near its origin it is tendinous. It broadens and flattens
as it nears its insertion. Its origin is just back of the ear
tube (meatus auditorius externus) above the origin of the
Stylo-hyoideus. The length is about 35mm. The function
of this muscle is, in part to press the posterior portion of
the tongue against the roof of the mouth. In that it acts
with the Myloglossus ; it may also serve to draw the whole
dental portion of the tongue backward, combining its func-
tion with that of the Sterno-glossus. It is then an oppo-
nent of the Genio-glossi Postici, and the Genio-glossi.

M. Anmilus Inferior.

The Myloglossus and Styloglossus act as circular mus-
cles of the throat. Just below the Myloglossus we find a
second circular muscle, the Annulus Inferior. This is a
broad, thin muscle arising from the raphe, in connection
with the more superficially placed muscles, and embracing

118

the Stern o-glossus. It is inserted by a strong attachment,
forming the back of the tongue. In front of the hyoid
bone, the muscle has a loose, membranous portion, which
in advance of the stylo-hyal forms a part of the back of the
mouth. The object of this muscle, is to press the base of
the tongue against the roof of the mouth.

It also may, by binding against the Sterno-glossus, form
a firm attachment for the Sterno-glossus, on the posterior
part of the tongue. The Sterno-glossus may then act to
draw this part of the tongue backward. When the base
of the tongue is brought against the roof of the mouth,
the Genio-glossi and the Sterno-glossi act in different di-
rections, drawing the tongue back and forth.

M. Annulus Intimus.

A second circular muscle below the Annulus Inferior
binds down the Sterno-glossus to the Pharyngo-glossus.
It appears to be simply a continuation and enlargement of
the proper circular muscles of the tongue. It has an ori-
gin from the lateral aspect of the back of the tongue, and
also from the base and median, ventral line. It forms a
loop, through which the Sterno-glossus acts, firmly bind-
ing it in place.

Three pair of muscles serve to draw that portion of the
base of the tongue, which is armed with teeth, forward.
They belong to the same layer as the Genio-glossi, and the
lower seems to be continued into them. Of these three
muscles one is inserted into the outer side of the base of
the tongue, above the Annulus Intimus. Two also are sit-
uated on the inner side of the origin of the same muscle.

To these muscles, I give the names M. Genio-glossus,
Posticus Externus, and M. Genio-glossus Posticus Inter-
ims.

Below the last mentioned muscle, there is a continuation

119

of the Genio-glossus, inserted on the inner side of the
Sterno-glossus, above the Annulus Intimus.

M. Genio-glossus Posticus Externus.
This is a small muscle without tendons, and has an ori-
gin a little in advance of a line drawn from the anterior
border of one orbital foramen, to the other. It originates
from the Genio-glossus, and in part from the inner edge of
the lower jaw, with the M. Genio-glossus Posticus Inter-
nus. It is inserted into the outer side of the base of the
tongue, at its posterior margin, and just above the outer
part of the Annulus Intimus.

M. Genio-glossus Posticus Internus.

This muscle is thinner than the Genio-glossus Posticus
Externus. It arises from the same place, but is inserted
upon the inner side of the Sterno-glossus in a medial
position, just above the Annulus Internus at its inner
origin. It lies superficially to the Genio-glossus. Both
the Genio-glossi Postici blend so intimately at their ori-
gins, that they may both be simply a part of the true
Genio-glossus.

M. Rectus Capitis Posticus Major.

This is a very small muscle, which arises from the
anterior extremity of the spinous process of the axis,
and is inserted into that position of the skull, which cor-
responds to the inferior curved line of the human occi-
put. The insertion is more or less tendinous. The
muscle does not broaden as it nears its insertion, but its
width throughout is about the same. It lies in a groove
between the Rectus Capitis Posticus Minor, and the Obli-
quus Superior.

120

M. Rectus Capitis Posticus Minor.

This muscle is much larger and broader than the Kectus'
Capitis Posticus Major. As in the human subject, it lies
in the triangle between the Eectus Capitis Posticus Major,
and the midline of the neck. It is a broad flat muscle,
with origin and insertion muscular. It has a curved origin
from the posterior rim of the atlas, and is inserted into the
occiput in a curved ridge, just back of, and below the in-
sertion of the Splenius. It is relatively much larger,
when compared with the Rectus Capitis Posticus Major,
than it is in man.

The Rectus Capitis Posticus Major is very small and, ex-
cept from its apparent homology to this muscle, does not
merit the name which has been applied to it.

M. Obliquus Capitis Inferior.

This muscle is large and of irregular trapezoidal form.
It has a muscular origin from the side of the spine of the
axis, throughout its entire length, and also from the spine
of the third cervical vertebra. Its insertion is also mus-
cular into the lateral process, along its whole length, and
opposite the origin of the Obliquus Superior.

M. Obliquus Capitis Superior.
This muscle is smaller than the M. Obliquus Inferior.
It has a muscular origin from the transverse process of the
atlas, and is inserted just behind and above the opening of
the Meatus Auditorius Externus into the skull. This in-
sertion is just above that of the M. Rectus Capitis Anti-
cus Minor. Mivart says, "The Rectus Capitis Posticus
Major and Minor, as well as the Obliquus Capitis Supe-
rior and Inferior are all normal, but the Obliquus Supe-

121

rior is large, thick and strong," If I am not mistaken,
the Superior and Inferior Obliquus are not normal, and
the Superior Oblique, I should not designate as large,
thick and strong.

MUSCLES OF THE NECK.
M. Sterno-Mastoideus.

The Sterno-mastoideus is a long muscle of uniform size,
nowhere of any great width. It arises, with its fellow,
on the midline of the outer surface of the manubrium. It
is inserted by a flat tendon, into the side of the skull,
in what may correspond to a mastoidal region. Its
length is about four inches, and its width about one half
an inch.

Owen says that in the Ornithorhynchus it is a double
muscle on both sides, one portion being superficial to an-
other, deeper seated part.

Each portion arises separately from the episterum and
is separately inserted into the mastoic region.

In Tachyglossa I find no such condition nor does Mi-
vart make mention of it in the specimen which he dissected.

M. Sterno-hyoideus.

I think that the M. Sterno-hyoideus and M. Sterno-
thyroideus may have been confounded by Mivart with the
M. Sterno-glossus, which is one of the most marked mus-
cles of the neck, and intimately connected with these two.
Such a mistake would be a very natural one, if the inser-
tions were destroyed, as they must have been in the spec-
imen, which he dissected. He says the Sterno-hyoid is
continued up, under the larynx, and appears to be contin-
ued on, into the Hypoglossus as in Ornithorhynchus. I

122

am also inclined to doubt such a condition, and it seems
highly probable to me that the Hypogiossus is in reality
a muscle, which I describe as M. Myloglossus, not follow-
ing in that respect, Duvernoy, who calls it a Mylohyoid.

M. Stylohyoideus.
A Stylohyoideus muscle is largely developed. It arises
just behind the base of the tube of the meatus auditorius
externus, by means of a tendon, and spreads out forming
a flat muscle on the median line of the neck. Along the
median line there is a slight groove and raphe. In its
anterior portion, the muscle is simply joined, with its
fellow of the opposite side. Farther back it is joined to
the hyoid bone itself.

M. Stylothyroideus.

The Stylothyroideus is a small, delicate muscle, which
arises from the stylohyal bone and runs down back of
and parallel with the stylohyal and epihyal, and is in-
serted into the thyrohyal on its posterior and upper bor-
der. This insertion is tendinous. The origin from the
stylohyal is muscular. The length of the muscle is 171

'mm

M. Hyothyroideus.

A broad flat hyothyroid muscle, of quadrangular shape
arises from the posterior edge of the thyrohyal and the
epihyal, and is inserted into the thyrohyal along the pro-
jection extending obliquely from the process, above the
insertion of the Stylothyroid muscle. It is from 8-10mm.
long, and 6mm. broad.

M. Genio-hyoideus.
The Genio-hyoid is well marked and answers the de-

123

•

scription given by Duvernoy. It is seen upon turning
back the Mylohyoicleus or Myloglossus, and the Annul us
Inferior. It runs along above the Genio-glossus and is
inserted into the hyoid bone.

M. Genio-glossus.
The Genio-glossus proper, or, as it might be known in
comparison with the Genio-glossus Posticus, the Genio-
glossus Anticus, has an extensive origin along the inner
edge of the ramus of the lower jaw, from the Genio-glossus
Posticus to within a short distance of the symphysis of
the jaw. The muscular anterior part of the origin ends
at a point 35mm. distance from the tip of the snout. The
muscle also has a firm attachment to the thick membrane
which forms the floor of the mouth, and is attached firmly
to a large muscle that lies underneath it and in the inter-
val between the tongue and the lower maxillary bone,
from a little in advance of the condyle, to the end of the
jaw. The Genio-glossus is inserted into the median raphe
of the' posterior part of the tongue, below the broad in-
sertion of the Genio-glossus Posticus Interns. The gen-
eral shape of the Genio-glossus is that of a very obtuse
angled triangle, whose larger angle is at a point of its
insertion into the inner side of the lower maxillae, under
the origin of what I have named a Genio-glossus Posticus
Interus, about 10mm. in advance of the coronoid process
of the lower jaw.

Mm. Splenius Capitis et Splenius Colli (?).

The muscle which I identify as a Splenius Capitis is in

two parts, one superficial to the other, but so distinct are

they, that we might call them Splenius Capitis Inferior

and Superior. The most superficial arises from the lat-

124

eral parts of the fourth to the seventh cervical vertebrae,
and in part by fibres from the first dorsal vertebrae. An-
other origin is tendinous from the midline of the neck
upon muscular fibres of the other side, and not from the
processes of the cervical vertebrae. This portion com-
bines with the other origin and is inserted by a broad
aponeurosis on the occiput on a line above the insertion of
the Trachelo Mastoid, extending forward obliquely to the
middle line of the top of the skull. The fibrous insertion
gets shorter and shorter, and on the medial line of the
head it becomes muscular.

M. Splenius Capitus Inferior (?).

Just below the preceding we find another large, flat
muscle which may be a part of the Splenius Capitis, or a
new muscle, Splenius Capitis Inferior.

It arises from the median dorsal process of the axis,
and is inserted directly below by a muscular and some-
what tendinous insertion into the occiput, from the median
line to the neighborhood of the insertion of the Trachelo-
mastoid, and a little behind it. Both muscles are large,
thin and well marked.

M. Laryngoglossus Superior.

The Laryngo-glossus Superior forms the back part of
the muscular mass just in advance of the hyoid bone
(base hyal, epi hyal) and also of the larynx. It extends
from the back of the base of the tongue to the larynx.
Its origin is intimately blended with that of the Laryngo-
glossus Inferior. The length of the muscle is about 20mm.

Laryngo-glossus Inferior.
This muscle lies inside of the Laryngo-glossus Supe-

125

rior and just posterior to the Sterno-glossus Superior;
it is very easily seen when the neck is opened from the
ventral side. A thin superficial muscular layer covers
more or less of the inner part of the head between the
rami of the lower jaw and the front of the insertion of the
Sterno hyoid. It is inserted on the inner side of the lower
jaw below the insertion of the Temporal and in advance
of the Masseter.

DEEPER MUSCLES OF THE PANNICULUS CARNOSUS.

The whole back and sides of the animal are covered
with a thick cutaneous muscular mass, in which are em-
bedded the spines. This is known as the Panniculus
Carnosus. Its fibres are inserted into the bases of the
spines, and by this means the spines, are elevated or de-
pressed. The Panniculus is firmly united with the skin,
and is thickest upon the sides of the body. As it ap-
proaches the head and extremities the Panniculus becomes
much thinner, and the direction of the muscular fibres
more uniform. The Panniculus is firmly attached to the
head and ulna. Passing from the inner surface of the
Panniculus Carnosus to different parts of the fore-leg and
neck, we find certain deeper portions of the muscle, which
I have deemed worthy of a description, and name.

M. Dermo Dorsi Cervicalis.
The Dermo Dorsi Cervicalis is a long thin muscle,
forming, with its fellow of the opposite side, an irregular
ellipse upon the back. Its breadth is not uniform ; its
posterior and anterior ends are broader than the middle
portion. The muscle arises from the eighth, ninth and
tenth vertebrae and ribs, and from the Aponeurosis of the
posterior trapezius. The origin of the fibres nearest the

126

midline^of the back, is about 20mm. from a median line,
and is by a slip which is joined to the eleventh rib.

The muscle is inserted into the Panniculus Carnosus of
the neck, spreading into a fan-shaped portion and also
united with its fellow of the opposite side.

Fibres of this insertion run down on the sides of the
neck. The width of the Dermo Dorsi Cervicalis is about
20mra. Its length is 150mm.

This Dermo Dorsi Cervicalis is probably homologous
with those concentric fasciculi of muscles, which Owen
mentions in Erinaceus, and have the same function, only
more limited in nature.

M. Dermo Plexor Antebrachii.

The muscle which Mivart identifies as the posterior part
of the Latissimus Dorsi, I consider as simply one of those
deeper layers of the skin muscle.

I do this, because, although its origin is the same, or
nearly the same as that of the Latissimus of man, its in-
sertion is very different. Moreover at its upper edge it
is slightly separated from the anterior part of the Latissi-
mus, by the Dermo Dorsi Cervicalis already mentioned.
This muscle is of a triangular shape and quite long. It
arises by digitations from the eighth to the thirteenth rib,
and is inserted along the Antibrachium, where it unites
with the Flexor Carpi Ulnaris. The function of this
muscle is to help flex the fore-leg, and is thus an opponent
of certain other cutaneous muscles to be described. These
muscles which act as flexors of the fore-leg, are neces-
sarily large, considering the fossorial habits of Tachy-
glossa.

M. Dermo Brachialis Anterior.
This acts with the Dermo Flexor Antebrachii as a flexor

127

of the leg. It is quite conspicuous on a superficial dissec-
tion, at its dermal end, lying above the insertion of the
Dermo Flexor Antebrachii.

The muscle is fanshaped and has the wider part at its
dermal origin. It is inserted into the greater tuberosity
of the humerus above the insertion of the Pectoralis
Major. The width of this muscle is 15mra.

M. Dermo Brachialis Posterior.

This muscle is smaller than the former, and arises lower
down, on the under side of the Panniculus Caruosus. It
has the same insertion as the Dermo Brachialis Anterior.
The width of this muscle is about 10mm. The insertions
of both these muscles are tendinous. Their function may
be the same as that of the Latissimus Dorsi, or perhaps
they may help in the flexion of the fore-leg.

In addition to these two larger dermal muscles, which I
have called Dermo Brachialis Anterior and Posterior,
there are others situated very near them well marked, and
two in number, with an origin from the Panniculus Car-
nosus and an insertion, with the common insertion of the
Panniculus Carnosus, into the fore-leg. These lie just
below and behind the Dermo Brachialis Posterior.

The extensors of the fore-leg, opponents of the Dermo
Flexor Antebrachii, are Dermo Extensor Brachialis Inti-
mus, Inferior, and Superior. These three muscles lie one
above the other. They arise from the sides of the neck,
along the inner surface of the Panniculus Carnosus, and
extending downward, are inserted along the ulna, the
bones of the wrist and the Panniculus which covers them.
These muscles are all of about the same size, 10mm. wide
and 100mm. long. The lowest is the longest ; its fan-
shaped insertion into the Panniculus, extends under the
Dermo Dorsi Cervicalis, and much higher than the others

128

in the neck, even to the median line. The deepest of the
dermal exteusors of the fore-leg, is the Dermo Extensor
Brachialis Intiinus.

Above it, having a common insertion into the fore-arm
and an origin below the Dermo Extensor Brachialis Inti-
mus, about 15mm. distance, are muscular fibres distinct
from the former. They form a flat muscle of about the
same width as, and shorter than the Dermo Extensor
Brachialis Intimus. It may be called the Dermo Extensor
Brachialis Inferior. Above this there is a third extensor,
shorter and broader than the others. Its origin extends
up under that of the Dermo Extensor Brachialis Inferior,
and it has a common insertion with the last mentioned
muscle, and may be known as the M. Dermo Extensor
Brachialis Superior. It is the most superficial of all the
layers of the skin muscles which act as extensors of the
fore-limb. Above it, however, the direction of the mus-
cular fibres of the Panniculus is the same as that of the
muscles already described.

M. Dermo Cervicis Triangularis.
This muscle is of a broad, thin, triangular shape, and
connected at its insertion with the Dermo Extensor Brach-
ialis. It arises from the midline of the back, above the
anterior part of the Trapezius, and joins its fellow of the
opposite side. Its connection over the neck is by means
of a thin aponeurosis. It is inserted along with the other
dermal muscles of the fore-limb, into the front edge of
the ulna. The longitudinal muscle of the Panniculus,
which covers the fore-arm, has the same insertion. From
it a well marked slip can be separated having an insertion
into the Panniculus, alongside another muscle which ex-
tends over the external tube of the ear. Its position is
such that it is easily confounded with the muscles of the

129

ear. All the deeper muscles of the Panniculus Carnosus
are quite large, and easily to be seen when the great su-
perficial covering of the animal is removed. On the hind-
leg there is a muscle, which, from its similarity to the M.
Dermo Flexor Antebrachii, both in its origin and inser-
tion, I have considered as a skin muscle. It is described
by Mivart as a M. Gluteus Maximus. I have called it
the Dermo Flexor Cruris.

M. Dermo Flexor Cruris.

This is quite a large, broad, and elongated muscle, which
arises from the aponeurosis, connected with the sacral and
last coccygeal vertebras. Its posterior margin is uni-
ted with the under surface of the Panniculus Carnosus.
The muscle passes downward, narrows and thickens, and
ends in a broad, flat tendon, which is inserted into the
lower part of the posterior surface of the tibia, on the
peroneal aspect, and also into the anterior portion of the
same, where it blends more or less with the Tibialis An-
ticus, and other muscles of the leg.

The similarity of this insertion to that of the Dermo
Flexor Antebrachii into the ulna, is very marked. In a
part of the origin, too, it resembles the cutaneous muscle
of the fore-leg, since both arise from the Panniculus ; the
one wholly, the other in part. The muscle which Mivart
calls the Gluteus Medius, I think may be better known
as the Gluteus Maximus. He even indicates that this
muscle, the Gluteus Medius, may be a part of the muscle
which he calls the Gluteus Maximus, and which I consider
a cutaneous muscle and name the Dermo Flexor Cruris.
It certainly has many resemblances to the Gluteus Maxi-
mus, and if I am right in my interpretation of the muscle
which lies partly above it, the Dermo Flexor Cruris, is
the homologue of the Gluteus Maximus. If, as Mivart

130

suggests, that is the case, the muscle described by him as
a Gluteus Minimus is in reality a Gluteus Medius and
Minimus combined. I think there is every evidence that
such is the case.

My dissection of the manus of Tachyglossa differs con-
siderably from that which Mivart describes and figures.
In the first place, he states, that of the five smaller ten-
dons, formed by a division of the great tendon of the
Flexor Communis Digitorum, all, with the exception of
that to the thumb, are bound down by a ligament.

In the specimen which I dissected, the tendon of the
pollex passed under a ligament, similar to that of the
other digits. The Abductor Pollicis, which Mivart de-
scribes as " Some muscular fibres " which " arise from the
Trapezius, and are inserted into the radial side of the
Pollex," was in my specimen a well developed muscle.

M. Flexor Br e vis Pollicis.

A well developed muscle of uniform size, represents
in function a Flexor Brevis Pollicis. It arises from the
combined flexor of the wrist (Flexor Communis Digit-
orum), on the radial side of the flexor tendon of the
pollex. It separates from this tendon, passes parallel
with it, and is inserted into the radial side of the pollex,
proximally placed to the insertion of the tendon of the
pollex, which comes from the Flexor Communis Digitorum.
Its origin from the tendon of the Flexor Communis Dig-
itorum, recalls to mind the origin of the same muscle in
human anatomy, from the annular ligament.

M. Flexor Brevis Digitorum.
The Flexor Brevis Digitorum is represented by a small
muscle below the plantar fascia. It arises from a bone

131

which corresponds wholly or in purl to an os calcis, and
divides into four parts. The first of these divisions of
the Flexor Brevis Digitorum is inserted on the hallux
side of the distal end of the metatarsal of the index lin-
ger. The second is inserted on the hallux side of the
distal part of the metatarsal hone of the second finger,
and the third and fourth slips are inserted on both sides
of the distal extremity of the metatarsal hone of the third
finger. A small slip also goes to the little finger, and is
inserted on the hallux side.

M. Flexor Brevis Minimi Digiti and Abductor
Minimi Digiti.

A comparatively large mass of muscular fibres which,
perhaps, represents these muscles, arises from the tarsal
bone of the tibial side of the leg and is inserted into the
peroneal side of the digit of the little finger.

Mm. Lumbricales.

Mivart found only four Lumbricales in the manus : one
pair arising between the flexor tendons of the index and
middle digits, and going to the contiguous surfaces of those
digits ; another pair arising between the flexor tendons of
the middle and fourth digits, and passing to the contiguous
surface of those digits. In addition to these four there
were in my specimen, two more arising from the under
side of the common tendon, between the flexors of the
fourth and fifth digits, and inserted into the contiguous
sides of those digits. These three pair of Lumbricales
can best be found, by cutting the common flexor tendon
at the wrist, about an inch from the division into five ten-
dons, and turning the divided tendon backward over the
dibits.

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN. IX 9

132

By carefully dissecting out the Lumbricales, they may
be found, each pair with an origin on the under side at
the point of bifurcation of the tendons, to the appropriate
digits. Their size is uniform.

Mm. Interossei.
The results of my dissection of these muscles differ
from those obtained by Mivart. Two small muscles arise
from the thick tendon of the Flexor Carpi Radialis, and
pass to each side of the distal phalanx of the pollex. They
are inserted by small tendons ; one on the radial and the
other on the opposite side of the phalanx. Two muscles
very much resembling these, but larger, arise from the
base of the metacarpal bone of the index, and are inserted
in a similar maimer to the former, into the distal phalanx of
the index. These insertions are also by small tendons on
the radial, and opposite surface of the index. Another
pair, differing from the preceding, by being more widely
separated, and not at all connected at the base, as in the
•case of those of the index and pollex, arise from below the
os magnum, and have an insertion into the distal phalanx
of the third digit. A small interosseous muscle arises
on the radial side of a strong tendon, passing obliquely
across the palmer region of the mauus. It is inserted
into the radial surface of the distal phalanx, of the fourth
digit. The oblique tendon, near which, this interosseous
muscle lies, is a continuation of the Flexor Carpi Ulnaris.

Mivart mentions another interosseous muscle of the
fourth digit which I have been unable to make out. As
it lies directly under the pair of Lumbricales, which he
missed in his dissection, or at lea>t has not described, I
suggest that he mistook a Lumbriealis, tor an Interosseous
musele. Situated superficially to the great tendon of the

133

Flexor Communis Digitorum, there is a small bundle of
muscular fibres, not mentioned by Mivart, which I am in-
clined to look upon as an anomaly. It arises from the
surface of the common tendon, a short distance before its
division, and passes downward between the tendons of the
index and middle digits where its insertion is lost in con-
nective tissue and could not be made out by me.

M. Teres Minor.

Mirait says this muscle appears to be wanting, unless
represented by a portion of the Deltoid. I find it well
represented in a short thick muscle, which arises from the
outer surface of the scapula, just at its base and above the
glenoid cavity. This origin is by muscular fibres. It is
inserted into the whole surface of the humerus', between
the insertion of the Teres Major, the ridge running down
from the lesser tuberosity of the humerus, and the head
of the humerus itself.

M. Levator Cloacae.

A small, thin muscle passes from the under side of the
cloaca, to the transverse processes of the coccyx. It
arises just back of the ischium and above the origin of
the Ischio Coccygeus, and passes downward and joins its
fellow of the opposite side, just behind the base of the
clitoris. Its function appears to be to raise the cloaca,
which is about an inch in diameter and runs parallel with
the caudal vertebrae, and beneath them.

M. Ischio Coccygeus Anterior.
Just in advance of the Ischio Coccygeus, we find a well
marked muscle, more or less tendinous at its insertion, aud
muscular at its origin.

134

It arises from the transverse processes of the coccyx just
in advance of the Ischio Coccygeus, and is inserted on the
upper edge of the pelvis, on the posterior upper edge of
the base of the circular ridge, which encloses and forms
the acetabulum.

The Rectus Capitis Articus Major, and the Rectus Capi-
tis Articus Minor, the Scalenus, the Complex and the an-
terior part of the Trapezius have all been correctly
described by Mivart. The same is true also of the Tra-
chelo-mastoid.

Constrictors of the oesophagus are well developed.
Two of these are well marked.

M. Constrictor Superior.

This constrictor is the largest of all. It is a broad, flat
muscle, which arises from the whole length of the hyal
bones above the thyrohyal. The muscle is inserted into a
median raphe along the front of the neck. Intimately
connected with this Constrictor Superior is a flat muscle,
which from its position and character, I have identified as
a Stylo-pharyngeal. It arises by a broad origin above
the Superior Constrictor, i. e., between this muscle and
the neck, and is inserted into the median raphe blending
with the same constrictor. The Superior Constrictor may
thus be regarded as representing both the Superior and
Inferior of Anthropotomy. Another constrictor of the
oesophageal region arises from the thyroid cartilage, just
above a Crico thyoid, and is inserted into the median
tendinous raphe of the back of the oesophagus. It is
smaller than the Superior which has been already men-
tioned.

Still lower down, below this constrictor, we have a
small muscle which arises from the same tendinous raphe
of the oesophagus, and extends downward under the pos-

135

terior lateral projections of the thyroid cartilage, and is
inserted into the cricoid cartilage. This muscle is proba-
bly a portion of the lower constrictor, with a very differ-
ent insertion.

MUSCLES OF THE EAR.

The external Meatus of the ear is a long tube composed
of numerous rings resembling very much the rings of the
tracheae. It ends in large flat cartilaginous plate or
pinna. The pinna is moved by cutaneous muscles. One
of the best marked of the cutaneous muscles of the ear
arises from the inner surface of the Panniculus, under the
Dermo Extensor Brachial is, and extending forward, passes
under the flat pinna of the ear. It then becomes fan
shaped and is inserted on the inner surface of the Pannic-
ulus of the neck. Another flat, deeper layer of this
muscle, with the same function passes over the pinna in a
manner similar to that in which the former passes over the
meatus auditorius externus. The function of both, seems
to be to close the ear. The one by pressing the pinna flat
upon the skin and the other by approximating the inner
walls of the tube of the ear. In addition to these mus-
cles, we have a set whose function is to move the ear.
They have an origin from the Panniculus and are inserted
on the projection of the lower part of the upper surface
of the pinna.

M. Attollens Aurem.
A very small muscle has for its function the elevation
of the ear. It has an insertion into the projection at the
lower part of the external surface of the pinna. It is of
triangular shape. Its origin is from the Panniculus Car-
nosus, where it interdigitates with fibres of the Panniculus
Carnosus which there have a longitudinal direction.

136

M. Depressor Aurem.

A Depressor Aurem is much more developed than the
Attolleus Aurem. It arises from the Panni cuius aud ex-
tends upward to an insertion with the Attollens Aurem
on the pinna.

MUSCLES OF THE EYE.

The muscles of the eyes of the specimen which I dis-
sected were in a very poor condition. I was able, how-
ever, to distinguish two recti muscles and one oblique,
which was possibly an internal oblique. This last was of
much greater size and breadth than the others. Their
origins and insertions were normal, differing but little from
those of ordinary mammals.

137

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

Plate I.

Fio. 1. View of the superficial muscles of the head and neck.

«, Sterno-glossus. 6, CEsophagus. c. Trachea, d, Sternum, e, Styloglossus. /,
Myloglossus. g, Styiopharyngeus. h, Stylohyal. i. Superficial portion of the My-
loglossus. ^Temporalis. 7c. Gemo-glossus posticus. I, (?) m, Sterno mastoi-
deus. n, Ear tube, o, Masseter. p, Annulus inferior, q, Sublingual gland, r.
Aorta, s, Gemo-glossus posticus Externus. t, Genioglossus posticus internus.
w, v. Genio glossus. w. Thyrohyal. a?, Pharynx, y, Pterygoideus Externus.

Fig. 2. Palmar surface of the manus with the common flexor tendon cut and
held back over the toes.

a, Adductor pollicis. bbb, Lumbricales. c, Tendon of the Flexor communis digi-
torum. oooo, Interossei.

Fig. 3. Pterygoideus Externus.

a, Coronoid process, b. Line of insertion of the Masseter. c, Angle of the jaw.
d. Condyle, e, Pterygoideus Externus.

Fig. 4. Muscles ol the eye.

«a, Recti, b, Longus palpebrarum, c, Obliquus internus. d, Levator palpebra-
rum.

Plate II.

Fig. 1. Dermal muscles of the foreleg.

a. Dermo dorso cervicalis. ft, Derrno Extensor brachialis inferior, c, Dermo
Extensor brachialis intimus. d, Dermo Extensor brachialis superior, e, Dermo
brachialis posterior. /, Dermo-brachialis anterior, g. Dermo flexor antebiachii.
h, Trapezius, i, Panniculus carnosus. j, (Joraco-braehialis. k, Posterior portion
of trapezius. ,

Fig. 2. Deeper muscles of the neck and head.

«, Annulus intimus. 6, Myloglos.-us. c, Stylo-pharyngeus. d, Sterno mastoi-
deus. c, Pharynx. /, Stylohyal cartilage, g, Digastricus. h. Masseter. i, Super-
ficial portion of myloglossus. j, k, Genio glossi postici. p, Annulus inferior.

Fig. 3. Flexor muscles of the foreleg.

a, Flexor brevis pollicis. b, Dermo flexor antebrachii. c, Flexor carpi ulnaris.
d, Coraco-brachialis. e, Biceps. /, Flexor communis digitorum. q, Latisshnua
dorsi. h, Anconeus ( ?).

138

Regular Meeting, Monday, August 6, 1877.
Meeting this evening. In the absence of the Presi-
dent, Mr. James Kimball was requested to take the
chair. Records read.

The following communications were presented by the
Secretary and ordered to be put upon record :

Salem, June 19, 1877.
G. M. Whipple, Secretary of the Essex Institute.
Dear Sir :

Please make the following record in proper place in your manuscript
Journal.

That yesterday, Monday, 18th June, 1877, I planted in three small
coves of the Ipswich lliver, at Hamilton, twenty-four seeds of the
Nelumbium luteum, the great water lily of our southern waters.

The seeds were sent to me by our former townsman, and patron of
the Institute, John C. Holmes, Esq., of Detroit, and planted at his
suggestion. The seeds were soaked in water five or six weeks, then
filed on one or more sides, then imbedded in moist turf and dropped
in deep and still water. They were lively seed, for three others of the
lot had been proved by sprouting.

George D. Piiippen.

Mt. Washington, July 18, 1877.
Dear Sir:

I send you by this afternoon's mail a copy of "Burts among the
Clouds," being the second copy sold. 1 was a moment late to secure
the first, which goes to Detroit, Michigan, and the third copy to S.
Legier prez Vevay, Switzerland. It is a novelty in its way, being the
first paper printed on the summit of Mt. Washington, and I trust you
will find a place for it in the Essex Institute, and oblige,

Yours respectfully,

ROBERT R. ENDICOTT,

of Beverly, Mass.

Voted, That the thanks of the Society be given to Mr.
Endicott for his kindness, and the Secretary was in-
structed to inform Mr. Endicott of the vote.

139

Field Meeting at Asbury Grove, Hamilton,
Wednesday, August 8, 1877.

The third field meeting the present season was held,
this day, in this very pleasant grove, a place dedicated
by the Methodist denomination, a few years since, for
their yearly out-door meetings. Some spent the forenoon
in roaming over these grounds and noticing the improve-
ments in progress, the beautifying of the cottages, the
erection of new ones, and the construction of avenues
and paths. There are now nearly 27f> cottages built here,
and about 350, including the wooden frames which are
covered with canvas at the time of occupancy. Many
persons, owning or hiring cottages, .occupy them during
the season, particularly during the heated months of eluly
and August. There is one week of camp-meeting, usu-
ally in August, and religious services on Sundays, which
are well attended.

Others visited the botanical places in the woods and
meadows adjacent, and collected many interesting speci-
mens.

The afternoon session was called to order at 2.45
o'clock at the preacher's stand. The President in the
chair. The records of preceding meeting read.

The President referred to the fact that it was eleven
years since the Institute held a meeting in this place, and
on this occasion our associate member, James F. Ahny,
gave an interesting history of the Association, the owners
of this grove, and paid a fitting tribute to the memory of
Francis Asbury, who came to this country in 1771, the
first Bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church ordained
in America, and a zealous missionary for forty-five years
until his death, which occurred in Spottsylvania, Va.,

. 140

Mar. 31, 1816. A more suitable name could not be se-
lected to designate this place. He also called attention
to the desirableness of making a complete collection of
printed matter pertaining to Essex county and invited
co-operation in this direction.

Mr. James H. Emerton, of Salem, being first called
upon, said that he had found in the woods between the
railroad and the grove two spiders of peculiar structure
and habits, Cr/llopodia cavala, whose web is described by
Prof. Wilder in the Proc. Am. Assoc, for the Adv. Sci. for
1873, and Argyvodes trir/orium, which usually lives among
the outer threads of the webs of larger spielers, several
individuals occupying the same web without interfering
with each other or with the owner. These spiders do,
however, sometimes live by themselves, and one was
found in a web apparently of her own make, between
two maple leaves. The spider held herself partly hidden
under the upper leaf and below hung her two cocoons of
eggs. These spiders resemble in color and size the scales
which drop from the pine buds and hang in the webs and
are easily mistaken for them.

Several residents at the grove called attention to great
numbers of insects going up the trunks of the trees.
These were the young of a species of Psocus. They live
on mould and other microscopic plants and wander over
the trees after them in flocks of several hundred individ-
uals. Some persons believed they had been stung by
them, but this is improbable, as the insects have no stings
and their jaws are short and not adapted for piercing the
skin.

Mr. J. P. Magee, Secretary of Asbury Grove Associ-
ation, who was next called upon, spoke of camp meet-

141

ings, which he said originated by two brothers Magee,
one a Presbyterian, the other a Methodist, in 1799, nnd
which have become one of the Institutions of Methodism.
The first permanent arrangement of these meetings in
New England was at Eastham on Cape Cod, where a
meeting was held in 1828. After this time to 1836 three
others were held. This year the ground and grove con-
taining ten acres was purchased by an association formed
for that purpose, and an act of Incorporation was obtained
from the Massachusetts Legislature in 1838. It is called
Millennium Grove, and is a most beautiful and attractive
spot, and exceedingly well located and adapted for the
purpose.

Another was established in 1835 at Martha's Vineyard.
It still continues and has grown to be a great city of cot-
tages. This Asbury Grove corporation was established in
1859 ; the first meeting was held in August of that year
and these meetings have since been continued annually
in the month of August. Dining this month there will
be no less than two hundred of these gatherings in the
different parts of this country ; they will be in the interest
not only of religion but of temperance and science.

Prof. George H. Dixon, of Hampton, Va., alluded to
the introduced plants from Europe that had been acclima-
tized here, some of which seem to thrive better in these
places of their adoption. He presented a collection of
the land and lluviatile shells of England, and made some
interesting remarks in relation to the habits and character-
istics of several of the species. He spoke of the different
strata of shell deposits with the view of showing the im-
portance of a knowledge of the mollusca to the geologist.

Mr. George D. Phippen, of Salem, said that it gave

142

him pleasure to come here once more to visit these woods
where he had derived so much pleasure in the past. He
exhibited and described numerous plants that had been
collected during the day ; among them may be enumer-
ated the Clethra, the Viburnums and Cornel, several va-
rieties of the Orchis, Mikamia and several species of the
composite, and others. The introduced plants seem to
multiply more numerously than the native, and give the
agriculturists the most trouble as weeds.

Rev. E. C. Bolles, of Salem, said that if Prof. E. S.
Morse was here he could have his old enthusiasm aroused
at the sight. of this collection of shells. He described
several of the specimens, and added a few words con-
cerning the transportation of shells, plants, etc., from other
lands, and of his own collection of shells of the English
coast. On the American coast he had found specimens
belonging to the same species as the land snails of Eng-
land, with certain variations showing that they have become
Americanized. The part of the country in which Mr.
Dixon happens to be at the present time is particularly
barren of both land and fluviatile shells, but more will be
found on the coast of Maine. In this world, life swarms
about us at every point, and from this fact he drew reflec-
tions upon the revelations of life and order, and said that
these scientific camp-meetings are intended to diffuse in-
formation of nature, just as the religious camp-meetings
are intended to spread a knowledge of that Creator from
whom religion and all these natural wonders spring.

Hon. Allen W. Dodge, of Hamilton, gave some facts
concerning Rev. Dr. M. Cutler, and of his predecessor,
Rev. Mr. Wigglesworth, both of whom had long pastor-
ates in this town. Dr. Cutler was a remarkable man, not

143

only in scientific attainments, but political foresight. lie
was the pioneer in the settlement of Ohio ; his influence
was conspicuous in the passnge of the ordinance of 1787
which made the northwest Territory free forever ; and he
has conferred great distinction upon the town of Hamilton.
He spoke of natural historical pursuits as giving a better
idea of the wonders of the Creator.

Mr. James F. Almy, of Salem, made enquiries regard-
ing the peculiar formation of the land here, resembling
the dungeons (so-called) of South Salem, which are gen-
erally associated with the glacial period. He said that
there were several of these curious hollows between the
village and this place. He had something to say about
the literature of the Methodists ; and gave statistics of its
"Book Concern," which begun in 1789, and has become
the largest publishing house in America; its seminaries of
learning, numbering in 1874, twenty-seven universities
and colleges, sixty-nine seminaries and academies, also
five theological schools, one of which is in Germany and
one in India ; and its periodicals, consisting of one quar-
terly, five monthly and thirteen weekly publications. He
spoke of the wide influence which has been exerted by
the ablest expounders of the faith. With Mr. Magee he
extended a hearty welcome to this society.

Dr. George A. Perkins, of Salem, moved the follow-
ing vote of thanks, which was unanimously adopted :

Voted, That the hearty thanks of the Essex Institute be
given to the As bury Grove Camp Meeting Association
for their cordial reception this day, and to the ladies who
have so kindly assisted in rendering the visit so pleasant
and agreeable.

144

Regular Meeting, Monday, August 20, 1877.

Meeting this evening, the President in the chair.
Records rend. Correspondence and donations announced.

Dr. J. W. Goodell and Mr. E. L. Sargent, both of
Lynn, and Mr. George C. Peirce, of Peabody, were
elected resident members.

Field Meeting at Marbleiiead Neck, Wednesday,
August 22, 1S77.

The field meeting this day was very largely attended
by members and friends. It is almost twenty years since
the Institute held a meeting in this locality, and during
this interval many changes have taken place, the most
important of which is the building of a very fine road
around this beautiful peninsula and the laying out of
the grounds for sea-side residences, several having been
erected.

Mr. J. J. II. Ghegory took some of the party to visit
the most interesting of the historic localities of the town.
Undoubtedly every one of the party had heard more or
less of Marblchead, her hills, streets and ancient build-
ings, but very few had probably before realized the ex-
tent of the town's resources in that direction. The fol-
lowing may be specified : the place where "Find" Ireson
lived, his true character and mode of life; where Moll
Pitcher was born ; the beach upon which the British sol-
diers landed from the Frolic when coming to Salem to be
repulsed at the North Bridge ; where lived Vice President
Gerry, Gen. Glover, Col. Lee, and a host ot other celeb-
rities ; where the first house in town stood, and the beauty

145

4

of the location ; whore may be found the comparatively
well preserved dwelling given away as a marriage present
from a fond father to his daughter in ItibG. Many cour-
tesies were also rendered by Mr. William D. Northend
and Mrs. E. D. Kimball, who are spending the summer
at this cool and pleasant retreat. At the close of the
rambles lunch was spread in an unoccupied cottage owned
by Thomas Ryan, Esq.

The afternoon session was held in a small hall, recently
erected by the liberality of the summer residents and
friends, at 2.45 o'clock. After the reading of the records
of the preceding meeting, the President opened the dis-
cussion with allusions to the manner of studying the
marine fauna and the various systems of classification
based either upon anatomical structure* geological peri-
ods or geographical distributions. He spoke of his own
experience in collecting specimens some thirty or forty
years since, by an examination of the stomachs of fishes,
or by the hand dredge from a dory or sail boat, and con-
trasted the same with the present method, by which, with
the use of a donkey engine in a government steamer, ex-
tensive collections can be obtained and a vast amount of
information elicited.

Mr. James H. Emerton, of Salem, being called upon,
said that during the last month some interesting dredg-
ings have been made in this neighborhood for Prof.
Spencer F. Baird, United States Commissioner of Fish-
eries. In the year 1871 Prof. Baird was appointed
by Congress to collect information in regard to the sup-
ply of fish in the United States waters, to ascertain
the causes on which the fish supply depends, and to see
what can be done to increase its value and prevent its
waste. Several state governments had already begun the

146

improvement of river fisheries which had been almost
destroyed by dams and over fishing, and one of the prin-
cipal duties of the U. S. Commissioner has been to aid
in this work by experiments in breeding and transporting
young fishes, and the introduction of new and prom-
ising kinds. In regard to the sea fisheries there exists
among interested persons the greatest variety of opinions.
Some consider them as practically inexhaustible, while
others are equally sure the enlarged market and improved
methods of fishing are slowly reducing the supply on the
best fishing grounds. In order to collect what is known
on the subject, printed lists of questions are sent to fisher-
men and other persons along the coast and the answers to
these are classified and recorded, and the most useful pub-
lished in the commissioner's reports. Every summer Prof.
Baird and several other naturalists visit some town on the
coast, and make direct observations on the fishes and other
marine animals. As complete a collection as possible is
made of the fishes in the neighborhood. The stomachs of
fishes are examined to learn on what they feed and a gen-
eral collection made of all the marine animals and plants.
The shallower waters are explored between tides, and the
deeper by sounding and dredging. For the latter pur-
poses a government steamer is usually placed at the ser-
vice of the Commissioner for a month or two.

The dredging is superintended by Prof. Verrill of Yale
College, and all the animals collected, except the fishes,
are sent to him at New Haven for further study. The first
season was spent at Wood's Hole, and the results are pub-
lished in the Second Report of the Fish Commissioner.
The following seasons were spent at Eastport and Port-
land on the coast of Maine, and at Noauk, Connecticut.
This year it was decided to explore the fisheries of Mas-
sachusetts Bay, and for this purpose Prof. Baird, Prof.

147

Verrill and Messrs. Goode and Bean of the Washington
Museum spent part of July and August at Salem. One
of the old stores on Derby wharf was used for the shore
work, and a steamer was sent by the Navy department to
carry on the dredging. The time was too short to spend
much of it on the shallow water animals, and every day,
when the weather allowed, the steamer was used for
dredging in the deeper water ten to twenty miles from
shore in depths of forty to one hundred fathoms. The
instrument usually employed is a dredge consisting of an
oblong frame of iron about two feet wide, behind which
drags a net protected by canvas. After ascertaining the
depth and temperature of the water and character of the
bottom by sounding, the dredge is lowered and the vessel
allowed to drift with the current, drawing the dredge
slowly over the bottom and scraping up whatever it
meets. After sufficient time, the dredge is hauled in by
the help of a steam windlass, and the contents tipped into
a sieve hung over the ship's side ; the larger animals are
picked out and the dirt is washed by a stream of water
until the finest part passes through the sieve and leaves
the shells and larger objects in sight. The contents of
the sieve are then carefully picked over and the animals
either put into vessels of clear water, to be carried ashore
living, or into alcohol. On smooth bottoms a larger kind
of dredge, called a trawl, is used. This consists of a
net fifteen or twenty feet wide at the mouth, the upper
half of which is attached to a beam supported at the ends
by runners, while the lower half is weighed down so as
to drag on the bottom. The net has, along the sides,
pockets in which fishes trying to escape find themselves
entangled. In the trawl not only the bottom fishes, but
all the animals that are not buried in the mud, are brought
up. Sometimes a stone weighing several hundred pounds

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN. IX 10

148

gets into the net and needs all the strength of the engine
and crew to get it on board, but it usually has quantities
of small animals attached to it that pay for the trouble.
On muddy bottoms a dredge is sometimes used with a
rake attached in front of the mouth, the rake stirs up the
mud, and the worms and mollusks are washed out of it
into the net. On a rocky bottom even, where it is too
rough for the dredge, a tangle is used. This consists of
bunches of untwisted rope fastened to chains, by which
they are drawn over the bottom, sweeping up the rough
echinoderms and Crustacea as with a mop. The animals
hold on to the hemp and are so brought to the surface.

By these various methods, in the course of a fortnight,
over three hundred species of animals were obtained,
among them several rare fishes and many other animals
of entirely new species. A complete list of these is
promised by Prof. Verrill for the Society's Bulletin,
and we shall then have as complete a knowledge of the
deep-water fauna of our bay as before of the waters north
and south of it.

Prof. George H. Dixon, of Hampton, Va., described
some of the plants that had been collected, including the
Melilotus, which the English cattle are very fond of, though
the cattle here leave it intact. The Crataegus' belong-
ing to the same family as the English Hawthorn was ex-
hibited, also several species of grasses. The Golden Rod
was held up as an object of admiration, there being in
England but one of the forty varieties that are known.
He then read a piece ot poetry which he had picked up
that morning, giving an interesting description of the
manner in which salmon go up the river to spawn. In
England there is a veiw heavy tine for the taking of salmon
during the spawning period ; and he was glad to see an

149

effort for similar legislation in this country. He spoke of
the evidence of glacial action to be seen all around here,
and also of the history of our race, involving the origin
of the human species. He had no doubt, that when the
Mosaic chronology was better understood, it would be found
that revelation and science agree, notwithstanding the
evidence of man's existence goes back to so remote a pe-
riod as to frighten the theologians, who fear damage to the
Mosaic record.

Rev. A. B. Hervey, of Troy, N. Y., spoke of the ma-
rine flora of this vicinity. We have three kinds of rock-
weed here, and Marblehead is set down as having the
distinction of possessing one kind not found anywhere else,
though he had never succeeded in finding it. Mr. Hervey
had brought with him some pressed specimens, exhibiting
the striking beauty of their formation and expressing sur-
prise that so few people make collections in this depart-
ment of our flora. Some of the most beautiful of these
are parasitic varieties. He also exhibited the tools with
which he made his collections, with the view of aiding the
efforts of others in the same direction. He described the
process of pressing, substantially as follows : Float out
each specimen by itself in salt water, in a wide dish, like
a washbowl. Put the paper under the plant in the water,
arrange the plant on the paper and carefully draw it out.
Lay the paper with the plant upon it on drying paper and
spread over it a piece of white muslin. Then spread over
this a layer of drying paper, then more plants, and then
more cloth, drying paper, etc. Put all under a board, and
weight it with forty or fifty pounds of stone or other heavy
substances. The next day, change the cloths and drying
paper, and in one day more the plants will be dry and
ready to go into the herbarium or the album for permanent
preservation.

150

Mr. James J. H. Gregory, of Marblehead, exhibited
geological specimens collected on the beach, to illustrate
the geology of Marblehead. There are here many varie-
ties of porphyry rocks, the greenstone rocks, and the sie-
nite. He described the chasms along the shore, or the
trap dykes. We have here the old Indian quarry, from
which the aborigines constructed their implements. In
proof of this he described the appearance of the rock,
which had obviously been chipped and not so left by any
natural action. He spoke of the value of these rocks for
building purposes, and of the former agricultural produc-
tiveness of this neck, rendered so by the use of sea manure,
the soil being naturally as poor as any in Marblehead.

Rev. Joseph Banvard, of Neponset, followed with
congratulations of the day, the place, and the presence of
ladies. Without professing to be a scientist, he gave ex-
pression to his love of nature and of the pleasure he had
derived from gathering, thirty or forty years ago, when
settled in the ministry in Salem, the little knowledge he
possessed upon these subjects. Even a little knowledge
of these things is good and pleasant.

After some pleasant and humorous remarks from Mr.
William D. Northend, of Salem, Mr. D. B. Hagar, of
the State Normal School, introduced the following resolu-
tion, which was unanimously adopted :

Resolved, That the hearty thanks of the Institute are
hereby presented to the proprietors of the hall, for the
free use of the same on the present occasion. To Thomas
Ryan, Esq., for the free use of the cottage, and to all per-
sons who have in any way contributed to the pleasure and
usefulness of this meeting ; and especially are thanks ten-
dered to Mrs. Edward D. Kimball, Messrs. W. D. North-
end, and J. J. H. Gregory, for their generous efforts in
behalf of this gathering of the Institute.

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BULLETIN

OF THE

ZESSDEIX I1TSTITTJTB.

Vol. 9. Salem, Oct., Nov., Dec, 1877. Nos. 10, 11, 12.

Excursion to the White Mountains,
Monday, Sept. 10, 1877.

After the numerous preliminary announcements of
this excursion, the Institute party, numbering more than
one hundred members and friends, left Salem this morn-
ing at ten minutes past seven by the Salem & Lowell
Railroad, and arrived at the Fabyan House at a quarter
before five on the afternoon of the same day, under the
auspices of the Boston, Concord, Montreal & White
Mountains Railroad, a continuous and unbroken line,
without change of cars, though made up of four or five
distinct roads, the seat of management being at Ply-
mouth. On this occasion the party was accompanied by
Mr. I. A. Whitcomb, the travelling agent of the line,
who was unremitting in his attentions, cheerfully respond-
ing to all enquiries, and volunteering a good deal of infor-
mation as to localities and scenery.

Though this is not the shortest and quickest route to
the mountains, it is no disparagement to any to say that

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN. . IX 11 (151)

152

there is no other which combines so many natural attrac-
tions. From Lowell up through Nashua, Hooksett, into
and beyond Concord, the ride is along the banks of the
beautiful Merrimac, which Whittier has immortalized in
verse, and which finds its outlet into the ocean at New-
bury port, through the northern part of the county of
Essex. Very soon after, the region grows a few shades
more hilly, and attractive scenery is developed between
Northfield and Tilton ; thence to the western border of
Lake Winnipiseogee, passing and stopping at Laconia,
Lake Village, Weirs, and Meredith, a region whence
came a considerable number of thrifty and energetic New
Hampshire people who have settled in Salem within a
score of years past. The party dined at the Pemigewas-
sett House at Plymouth. Advancing northward, the hills
grow bolder, but the soil appears indifferent till the valley
of the Connecticut is reached at Haverhill, where the ride
along the banks as far as Woodside presents a more luxu-
rious aspect of soil and vegetation. Thence ten miles to
Littleton, where the stages connect with the Franconia
Mountains. Wing Road is a few miles farther on, and at
this point the course sharply diverges from the north
to an eastwardly direction over the Mount Washington
Branch Road, which runs along the valley of the Am-
monoosuc through scraggly woods relieved by frequent
clearings. The clear tracts are extremely picturesque,
and from the hotels dotted among them very fine views
of the mountains may be obtained.

In the immediate vicinity of Fabyan's, where the night
was passed, are a grave stone and monument to the
memory of Ethan Allen Crawford, who built and main-
tained the first house at the White Mountains. He died
June 22, 1846, at the age of fifty-two. He was born,
therefore, eighty-three years ago, and within that time

153

great changes have been witnessed in the travel of this
region.

Tuesday, Sept. 11. — The main portion of the party
left this morning for the Crawford House, four or five
miles distant, and spent the day among its many attrac-
tions. This is one of the loveliest and most homelike
spots in the mountains. A large number rode to the
Willey House,1 and other places of interest were visited.

Some of the party ascended Mount Washington in the
forenoon, going to the Crawford House in the afternoon.
There was formerly a stage ride of a few miles from the
Fabyan House to the mountain railway station at the base.
Within a year or two, however, the inevitable railway
train, with its puffing locomotive, has penetrated the
woods, aud it now follows the Ainonoosuck along its
winding way and in the direction of its source, the grade
at the last part of the distance being so very steep as
to render friction propulsion something to marvel at.
Among the curiosities at the summit is a daily paper,
well printed and full of mountain gossip. An edition of
from 400 to 1000 copies has been regularly issued and
sold. Every one visiting this region buys a copy to send
home. The temperature was very mild and comfortable

1 Among the present Institute party, was Mr. S. P. Richardson, of Salem, ac-
companied by his brother-in-law, Mr. Bowker. It was a matter of more than ordi-
nary interest to Mr. Richardson, as he visited the Willey House, that his father,
Rev. Phineas Richardson, in the year 1826, while settled at Lower Gilmanton,
N. H., went through this section on horseback, with saddle-bags, in the interest of
the Baptist denomination, and under the auspices of the New Hampshire Baptist
Convention, as a preacher in destitute places. He stopped with the Willey family
just two weeks before they were destroyed by the avalanche, and read with them
out of the same Bible that is still pi-eserved in the house. Every reader, we pre-
sume, knows- that the Willey family, and two persons in Capt. Willey's employ,
were destroyed by a slide while trying to escape from their house, which proved
to be the only place of safety. There were other slides in the mountains at the
same time. They occurred during one of the most terrible storms that ever swept
through this region — one, probably, that has never since been equalled.

154

and the view good, though there was the common haze
lurking in the distance.

In the evening the Institute held a meeting in the
drawing-room of the Crawford's, commencing at eight
o'clock. The usual preliminary business of the Institute
meetings having been suspended, the President said :

The Essex Institute seldom holds a meeting beyond the
limits of Essex County. It is a local institution, and its
objects are the collecting and preserving materials that
will elucidate the natural and civil history of the county
of Essex, and also the promotion of the arts, literature
and science, by its meetings, lectures, publications, exhi-
bitions, etc.

On several different occasions, it has deviated from the
usual course and held meetings elsewhere. In August,
1867, at Kittery, Me., to visit, among other places of
interest, the mansion once owned and occupied by Sir
William Pcpperell — a wealthy and enterprising merchant
of the middle of the last century, who aided by his means
and individual services in the raising of an expedition for
the taking of Louisburg. This enterprise was crowned
with success, and he was rewarded with a Baronetcy from
George II. He was the first person born in New England
who received this honorable distinction. Portsmouth and
its surroundings, Kittery and Newcastle, are rich in asso-
ciations connected with the Colonial and Provincial peri-
ods of our history. In 1870, a visit was made to Ply-
mouth, Mass., where was noticed the rock on which the
forefathers landed, and the interesting historical relics in
Pilgrim Hall. In 1875 a pilgrimage was made to Con-
cord, Mass., where life was first sacrificed in an open
resistance to British arms, — the opening drama in the
Revolution ; and also wThere we could stand beside the

155

grave of Hawthorne, that brilliant star in the field of let-
ters, born and for many years resident in Salem, and died
near by, at Plymouth, N. H., in May, 1864.

The northern boundary of the colony of the Massachu^
setts Bay, as defined in the charter of 1628, is three
miles north of the northernmost part of the Merrimack
river. The General Court, on the 31st of May, 1652,
appointed Capt. Symon Willard and Capt. Edward John-
son a committee to ascertain this point. On the 1st of
August, 1652, Messrs. John Sherman and Jonathan Ince
were selected as the surveyors, who, with two Indian
guides, explored the river as far as the Great Fork. By
the advice of the Indians, they took the eastern branch,
and soon reached the Great Lake ; and here, near the
Weirs, they placed upon a large flat rock the following
inscription, which was discovered some time since, and
may now be seen : —

This is not the most northern point. The western
branch, which is the Pemigewasset river, takes its rise
from the southern slope of the White Hills, and the most

156

northern of the sources of the numerous rivulets that form
so many of the beautiful cascades and waterfalls is the
true limit ; and three miles due north would not be far
from our place of meeting.

The several grants made by the General Court of Mas-
sachusetts, north of Haverhill, were considered as belong-
ing to Essex County.

The claims of New Hampshire, on a patent by Capt.
John Mason, in 1629, under the common seal of the
Council of Plymouth, which conveyed the land from the
middle of the Merrimack River and thence northward
along the coast to the Piscataqua River, and up the same
to the farthest head thereof, and through the Merrimack
to the farthest head thereof, — were in conflict with the
grant of Massachusetts, and caused a long controversy as
to jurisdiction, not affecting, however, individual rights.

Owing to the unsettled state of affairs, the two Prov-
inces were united from 1641 to 1680, and even afterwards
the same person would be frequently Governor of both
Provinces ; so that for many years no serious difficulties
arose. But afterwards it was deemed best to have the
northern line defined. In 1737 commissioners were ap-
pointed, and it was decided that the northern boundary
of the Massachusetts line should be a line three miles
from the mouth of the river at Newburyport, thence par-
allel with the river as far as the Pawtucket Falls, thence
west to the New York line. In 1740 His Majesty, by
the concurrence of the Council, adjudged and ordered this
boundary.

On this occasion it is meet that we should pay a tribute
of respect to the memory of William Oakes, the most
distinguished botanist in New England in his time, and
one of the founders of the Natural History Society, and
for many years a Vice President. A native of Danvers, a

157

graduate of Harvard in the class of 1820, admitted to the
Essex bar ill January, 1824 ; then removed to Ipswich to
practise the profession, from which, after some two years,
he retired, not finding the duties congenial to his feelings,
and devoted his time entirely to the study of natural
history, more especially to botany, which had been fos-
tered and developed during his collegiate life by Professor
Peck, the Massachusetts Professor of Natural History in
Harvard. Not long afterwards he confined his attention
almost solely to the New England flora, seldom, if ever,
herborizing beyond the limits. There is scarcely a New
England plant which he has not collected with his own
hands, and prepared an abundance of surpassingly excel-
lent specimens.

As early as the year 1830, he, in company with his

friend Dr. C. Pickering, had already explored these moun-

ains, and had projected a flora of New England. The

ppearance of Dr. Beck's book, in 1833, caused him to

abandon this scheme, which he afterwards resumed with

increasing ardor, and upon a more elaborate scale. To

his end he had collected much.

In the autumn of 1842 he was solicited to prepare a
atalogue of alpine plants, to be appended to the final
eport of Geology of New Hampshire. Although he
ad frequently visited and examined this flora, he again
went to the mountains. The subject grew upon his hands,
the geology, mineralogy, and zoology alike claimed
is attention. He employed artists to make drawings
ot only of the plants, etc., but of the views and scenery,
of rare faithfulness and accuracy. He published, in 1848,
a volume which may be considered as the introductory
part of the work, entitled, "Scenery of the White Moun-
tains, with sixteen plates, from the drawings of Isaac
Sprague ; by William Oakes." Boston : Little & Brown,

158

1848. Small folio, 16 1-2 by 12 inches. Soon after the
last proof sheet of this work had been sent to the printer,
he suddenly died, on the 31st of July, 1848. He was a
man of great generosity, and never hoarded his immense
collections, distributing freely to those who would appre-
ciate them. Professor Edward Tuckerman has given the
name of Oakes to a highly interesting evergreen, detected
some thirty years since in several localities along our
eastern coast (Oakesia Conradi), which is figured in the
memoirs of the American Academy.

Although he had collected much, he had clone little
towards a final elaboration of the results of his observa-
tions, which is attributed to a fastidious taste, and an over
anxious desire to satisfy the ever increasing demands of
science, and to realize his own high standard of perfec-
tion. He published a catalogue of plants of Vermont
appended to Thompson's History of Vermont, and some
articles in magazines.

OLD RECORDS OF PENNYCOOK AND RTJMFORD.

Since the adjournment of the meeting, the following
extracts from the first volume of the records of Concord,
N. H., have been copied and are here inserted as confirm-
ing that portion of the above remarks which relates to
the old New Hampshire towns. The General Court of
Massachusetts passed March 4, 1733-4, an act for erect-
ing a new town within the county of Essex, called Penny-
cook, by the name of Rumford. In 1765 this name was
changed to Concord, and is now the flourishing capital of
New Hampshire.

Pennycook, January ye 9, 1732. — The Inhabitants of
the Plantation of Pennycook are hereby notified to assem-
ble and convene at the meeting-house in Pennycook on
the eleventh day of this instant January at nine c*f the

159

clock in the Forenoon, then and there to choose a town
clerk, selectmen and constables and all other ordinary
town officers, which officers when chosen are to stand to
the anniversary meeting in March next. — Benja. Rolfe2
by orders of the General Court. — A True Copy examined
by Benja. Rolfe, Town Clerk.

Essex, ss. Pennycook, January 11, 1732. — By vir-
tue of the Order from the General Court have notified
the Inhabitants of the Plantation of Pennycook of the
within mentioned meeting by setting up the within notifi-
cation at the meeting house in Pennycook. Benja.
Rolfe. A True copy examined by Benja. Rolfe, Town
Clerk.

January 11, 1732-3. — Voted, That one hundred and
ten pounds be raised for the support of Rev. Mr. Timothy
Walker.3

Pennycook, March 6, 1732-3. — Voted, That there
should be twenty shillings paid for the encouragement of
killing of wolves, for the year ensuing, within the Town-
ship.

Voted, That there should be six pence paid for the en-
couragement of killing of Rattlesnakes within this Town-
ship, for the year ensuing, provided that the destroyers
of such snakes shall bring in a black joynt of the tail or
with the tail to the selectmen or any of them. A penny

2 Benjamin Rolfe, who is referred to in the old New Hampshire records, was a
son of Henry Rolfe, Esq., of Newbury, who was one of the original proprietors
of Pennycook. He was born in 1710, graduate of Harvard in 1727, chosen one of
the proprietors and grantees of Pennycook in 1731, and continued in the office
during the several changes of Rumford and Concord, till 1770. He held every im-
portant office in the gift of his fellow citizens, and had acquired a large property.
At the age of sixty he married Sarah, daughter of Rev. Timothy Walker, some
thirty years his junior. He died Dec. 21, 1771. His widow, Sarah, married in 1773,
Benjamin Thompson, afterwards distinguished as Count Rumford.

3 Rev. Timothy Walker, the son of Deacon Samuel Walker of Woburn, Mass.,
was born July 27, 1705, graduated at Harvard College in 1725, invited to settle at
Pennycook, Oct. 14, 1730. He married, Nov. 12, 1730, Sarah Burbeen, daughter of
James Burbeen, of Woburn. She Avas born June 17, 1701, and died Feb. 19, 1778.
He was a revered, faithful and devoted minister to his people, served the town
as a wise counsellor on many important occasions, and was justly entitled to the
appellation of "the father of the town." He died Sept. 1, 1782, aged 77.

160

voted for the encouragement of the killing of Black Birds
within this Township, for the year ensuing, the head
being brought to the selectmen or any of them and burnt.

March 9, 1735.— Voted, That Henry Rolfe, Esq., be
chosen and desired to assist and joyn with others, that
are or may be chosen for to use proper means for to get
the county of Essex divided into two counties.

November 7, 1739. — Agreed and voted, That Benja.
Rolfe, Esq., be chosen to petition the General Court in
the name and behalf of the Inhabitants of the town of
Rumford, in order to get a country road laid out and
made from the town of Rumford to the town of Chester
in New Hampshire.

At a legal meeting of the Freeholders and other Inhabi-
tants of the town of Rumford on the eleventh day of
June, 1740. The Selectmen regulating said meeting,
Benjamin Rolfe, Esq., was elected and deputed to serve
for and represent them in the Great and General Court
or assembly now convened and held and kept his majes-
ties service at the Court House in Boston.

After the choice of Representative, Capt. Ebenezer
Eastman4 was chosen Moderator of this present meeting.

Voted, That Benjamin Rolfe, Esq., be hereby desired
and impowered in the name and behalf of the Inhabitants
of the town of Rumford to prefer a petition to his Maj-
esty, that they may be quieted in their possessions and
remain under the jurisdiction of the Massachusetts Bay,
or for any other thing that may be thought proper and
convenient.

Voted, That Benjamin Rolfe, Esq., be hereby desired
and impowered in the name and behalf of the Inhabitants

4 Capt. Ebenezer Eastman, son of Philip of Haverhill, and grandson of Rogers,
the first of the name, who settled in Salisbury, Mass., in 1640, was born Jan. 10,
1(589, married Sarah Peaslee, of Haverhill, March 4, 1710, a daughter of Col. Xath'l
Peaslee. He became an early settler in Concord, where he died July 2S, 174S, aged
59. The part he took in the first settlement of the town, the services rendered and
the offices of trust and honor which he held wdl cause his name to be held in grate-
ful remembrance. He went to Cape Breton, March, 1745, in command of a com-
pany and was present at the reduction and surrender of Louisburg, June 16 of
that year.

161

of the town of Rumforcl, to prefer a petition to the Gen-
eral Court, that they would use their interest with his
majesty, that said Inhabitants may be quieted in their
possessions and remain under the jurisdiction of the
Massachusetts Bay or for any other thing that they may
thought proper or convenient.

At a meeting of the Inhabitants and Freeholders of the
town of Rumford, being legally warned and assembled
the twenty-sixth day of September, 1740.

Capt. Ebenezer Eastman was chosen Moderator of this
present meeting.

This Town being informed that by the determination
of his Majesty in council, respecting the controverted
bounds between the province of Massachusetts Bay and
New Hampshire, they are excluded from the Province of
the Massachusetts Bay to which they always supposed
themselves to belong, therefore unanimously voted, That
a Petition be preferred, to the King's most excellent Maj-
esty, setting forth our distressed estate and praying we
may be annexed to the said Massachusetts Province.

Voted, That Thomas Hutchinson, Esq., be impowered
to present the said Petition to his Majesty and to appear
and fully to act for and in behalf of this town respecting
the subject matter of said Petition, according to his best
discretion.

Voted,, That Benjamin Rolfe, Esq., Town Clerk, be
desired and impowered in the name and behalf of this
Town to sign the said Petition.

Voted, That Benjamin Rolfe, Esq., be desired and im-
powered to nominate or make choice of a suitable person
to present the said petition to his Majesty and to appear
and fully to act for and in behalf of this Town, respecting
the subject matter of said Petition according to his best
discretion. In case Thomas Hutchinson, Esq., shall re-
fuse the said service or otherwise be prevented doing the
same. — [Page 78 and 79 of Records.

Notice is here given to the Freeholders and other In-
habitants of the Town of Rumford that have an estate or
freehold in land within this Province or Territory, of

162

forty shillings per annum at the least, or other estate to
the value of fifty pounds sterling to assemble at the meet-
ing house in said Rumford, on Monday, the twenty-ninth
day of June current at five of the clock in the afternoon
then and there to elect and depute a person (being a
Freeholder and resident in said town) to serve for and
represent them in a Great and General Court or assembly
appointe to be convened held and kept for his majesty's
service at the court house in Boston, upon Wednesday
the eighth day of July next ensuing the date hereof.
Also to grant such sum or sums of money as shall be
thought best to enable Thomas Hutchinson, Esq., further
to prosecute the affair of our being annexed to Massachu-
setts Bay, also to choose a surveyor of highways instead
of Joseph Hall who refuses to serve in said office. Dated
at Rumford aforesaid the 23d day of June 1741.
Joseph Hall,

Constable of Rumford.

By virtue of a warrant from the selectmen of Rumford.

— Page 85.

At a legal meeting of Rumford, 11 Dec. 1744. Voted

— That Benjamin Rolfe, Esq., be hereby desired and im-
powered in the name and behalf of said Inhabitants to
prefer a petition to his excellency our Captain General,
or to the General assembly of this Province for such a
number of soldiers which may be sufficient with a Divine
Blessing to defend us against all attempts which may be
made against us by our enemies.

Voted — That Benjamin Rolfe, Esq., be hereby desired
and impowered in the name and behalf of said inhabi-
tants to prefer a petition to his excellency our Governor
or to the General assembly of this Province that may be
impowered to make choice of some suitable person to
serve for and represent them in every session of the Gen-
eral assembly from time to time within this Province.

Voted — That Benjamin Rolfe, Esq., be hereby desired
and impowered in the name and behalf of said Inhabi-
tants to represent to his excellency the Governor and
General Court of the Province of the Massachusetts Bay

1G3

the deplorable circumstances we are in upon the account
of our being exposed to imminent danger both from
French and Indian Enemies and to request of them of
such aids as to their great wisdom may seem fit meet and
which may be sufficient to enable us with a Divine Bless-
ing vigorously to repell all attempts of our said enemies.
— Pages 98 and 99.

Dr. Wheatland concluded his remarks by introducing
Prof. Charles H. Hitchcock, saying, — "Having thus
briefly alluded to the observations of a diligent explorer
of these mountains some forty or fifty years since, we
now introduce one who is engaged in a somewhat similar
occupation as the present accomplished head of the State
Geological Survey of New Hampshire."

Alluding to Dr. Wheatland's reference to the Essex
County naturalist, Prof. Hitchcock said that William
Oakes was one of the early explorers of these mountains,
and did his work in a very thorough and satisfactory way,
his preserved specimens of pressed plants being the best
prepared of any he had seen.

Prof. Hitchcock then spoke of the mountains in their
relation to other parts of the country, comparing the
White Mountains of New Hampshire with the Alps and
Jura Mountains of Europe. The Alps are a chain of
mountains running east and west through the south of
France, a part of Switzerland, and across to the Black
>ea — terminating with the Balkans (where the Russians
and Turks are now fighting), which are really a continua-
tion of the same range. He described the formation of
the summits of these mountains and their varied heights,
they being also of the same material as our White Moun-
tains— gneiss and granite, chiefly. He also in a very
plain way described and illustrated the commonly ac-
cepted theory of the formation of mountains, which is by

164

lateral pressure caused by contraction of the crust of the
earth — this side pressure upon the original flat surface
pressing the surface upwards as a sheet of paper laid flat
upon a table would bulge upward from the centre on
being closed in from the opposite edges.

According to the manner and degree of pressure, the
appearance of the mountains and their summits is varied ;
and in reference to the Alps he spoke of their obtusely
pointed summits arranged en echelon. The same lateral
force that led to this form, also led to fracture in the
rocks ; and so, by inversions, what seem to be the newer
rocks are really the oldest. The Jura range of mountains
is not more than 3000 or 4000 feet in height, and often
as uniform and straight as a railway embankment. They
are composed of sedimentary substances, as sand and
gravel, and are full of graceful curves — the folds being
steepest on the side next to the Alps. From this it will
be seen that the Alpine mountains are different from the
Jura Mountains ; and these represent two systems, with
the Switzerland valley formed between.

Now we have these two systems of mountains in east-
ern America. One extends from Newfoundland to Ala-
bama, and the other from the Catskills in New York to
Alabama. Between them is a great valley beginning
with the Champlain, then the Hudson, Kittatinny, Shen-
andoah, Great Valle}^ of Virginia and East Tennessee. In
referring to the general shape of the continent, he said
the elevated portions are next to the oceans, while the
interior parts are depressed. He then described the Al-
pine features of the eastern mountains, — first, the New-
foundland district with mountains rising 2000 feet ; next,
the middle division like that in the midst of what we now
are, rising to 6291 feet; and, third, the mountains of
North Carolina, exceeding 7000 feet in height. In the

165

course of his explanations, he said if the land should
sink 200 feet, the middle section would become an island.

Coming to examine the structure of the mountains, we
find the characteristics of the Alpine and Jura mountains
well represented, and the material very much the same.
From the Catskills, away to Alabama, on the western side
of the great valley he had spoken of, were the graceful
curves and that appearance as of steep embankments.
The highest of our Jurassic mountains is over 4000 feet.
The eastern range is composed of crystalline schists, with
inverted strata.

Prof. Hitchcock spoke of the relations of this moun-
tain mass to the water of the ocean. Probably ages ago
these Atlantic mountains approached the Alps in altitude
more nearly than now — the sea having, within these
ages, encroached upon the land.

Our Jura mountains are properly called Appalachian ;
and our Alpine portion we can call the Atlantic system —
a name suggested forty years ago for that region, by
Featherstonehaugh, the geologist.

Dr. Wheatland alluded to his first visit to these
mountains forty-five years since. At that time a stage
coach in one direction every other day, — returning on
the intermediate days, — with a few small wayside inns at
intervals of some three or four miles, proved a sufficient
accommodation for the summer travel. He stopped at
Tom Crawford's, a few rods on the other side of the road
near the entrance of the Notch. The foundation of that
house is now visible. The winter travel was very large —
the farmers from northern New Hampshire and Vermont
coming in lanre numbers together in their sleighs with
produce to barter in cities on the seaboard.

Eighteen years after he again visited these mountains.

166

The tide of travel hitherwarcl had so increased that the
stages ran quite full from point to point at least once or
twice each day, and the Glen House in the Pinkham
Notch ; the Crawford House through the gateway of the
Crawford or White Mountain Notch ; and the Profile
House in that sequestered nook in the Franconia Notch, —
were all in full blast, having acquired a wide reputation.
These lovely spots in the mountains maintain the same
appearance that they did then, though the hotels have all
been greatly enlarged and the railway has badly mutilated
the gateway at the Crawford. The nearest railroad con-
nections at that time, however, were at Gorham, Me., on
the Grand Trunk road, and Plymouth and Littleton on the
present Boston, Concord and Montreal. Connections with
the Crawford House and North Conway were only by
stage, as is now the case at the Glen and Profile. The
nearest approach to easy connection with the summit of
Mount Washington, was a projected carriage road on the
Glen side — at that time completed for about a mile and
a half.

The President then introduced Rev. Charles T.
Brooks, of Newport, R. I., as one of a party of three
Salem people, two of whom are now living and present
at the meeting, who visited these mountains in 1834, on
a pedestrian expedition. Mr. Brooks then read the fol-
lowing poem : —

A Mountain Amble on Pegasus, with considerable Pre-amble. Done for,
and dedicated to, the Essex Institute, of Salem, 3Iass. Head at
Crawford's While Mountain House, September 11,' 1877.

The learned body gathered here to-day
Will not be greatly startled if I say
Frequent experiment has proved the rule,'
That when a stone is dropped into a pool,

167

The agitation of the surface takes

The form of circular, concentric wakes,

Say, rhythmic wrinkles, rippling on and on,

Till, by and by, the expansive force is gone,

Fainter and fainter grow the rings, and then

The last gives up the ghost— and stillness reigns again.

So was it, when, one day, your summons fell

On the still bosom of my mental well,

To perch in your commodious travelling cage,

The song-bird of a mountain pilgrimage ;

The watery rhymes forthwith began to run —

But courage! — "What in time has once begun

(To us may Heaven a good deliverance send!),

In time (so science shows) will surely have an end. —

The rifle ball revolves awhile, they say,
Ere from the gun it speeds its fatal way.
And I remember well — one frosty morning —
The tinkling engine bell had given its warning; —
The locomotive wheels slid round and round
Some moments, yet had gained no inch of ground.

Does not the sun himself take time to rise,
While a precursive glow lights up the skies?
And Ocean's gradual deepening floods begin
With shoals in which a child may wade and swim.
This means that Nature makes no sudden leaps,
And Art, in this, faithful to Nature keeps.

The wary general, when he sits him down,
Prepared with patience to besiege a town,
With slow approach his parallels draws in,
Till Prudence says : now let the assault begin !

Shakspere exclaims, Shall then this wooden O

(Meaning the play-house called the Globe, you know)

Contain within its small circumference

The crowded camps of England and of France,

And fields with terrible helmets bristling o'er

That did affright the air at Agincourt?

But did he not a greater wonder know —

The mighty mystery of that bony O —

That more contracted space that can contain

Within the walls that fence the human brain

The very globe of earth itself and all

That doth inhabit this terraqueous ball?

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN. IX 12

168

Friends, I have mountains on the brain — and you
With patient sympathy must help me through.

A famed Dutch tumbler of antiquity

(Old Diedrich says) once made a bet that he

Would jump over a mountain — so, one clay,

He started on the run three miles away,

To get a purchase by this mighty race ;

But when at length he reached the mountain's base,

He sat, to gain his breath, upon a rock,

And o'er the mountain then, at leisure, he could walk.

Scarce less presumptuous to myself I seem

Than that rash wight, before my mountainous theme.

Like him, I pause an instant here, and then

Gird up my loins and journey on again. —

(Friends, these remarks are nothing but the Proem;

Mistake them not, I pray you, for the Poem.

In Eastern lands the temple, as you know,

Is, sometimes, shorter than the portico.

The patient hearer hence some hope may win :

Pre-ambling then no more, we now begin :)

In good old times, ere yet Romance's land

Wns gridironed by rails on every hand ;

Or black, fuliginous clouds obscured the blue

And half the landscape's beauties hid from view;

Or pipe of lark or eagle's pibroch scream

Were scared or drowned by shrieks of prisoned steam

When Nature's quiet voice could yet be heard

In peaceful song of bee and brook and bird,

Inviting man to the unvexed recesses

Of her majestic sylvan wildernesses ; —

Then (as old Chaucer says) by easy stages

Did "longen folk to gon on pilgrimages."

In coach or carryall or "one horse shay"

They jogged along the quiet country way;

Or, better still, on horseback rode at ease

With forehead bared to woo the morning breeze.

So rode that pleasant troop whose forms repass

Forevermore in Fancy's magic glass,

Drawn by the spell of his exhilaraut lay

(The morning-glory of Old England's day;,

Who dipped his brush in the enchanting hues

169

That play and sparkle on the morning-dews; —

True sons of merry England, hieing forth

Along those pleasant lanes o'er Kentish earth,—

Knight, Miller, Franklin, Sumner, Palmer, Clark,

Good fellows all and each as gay as lark, —

Each mounted on his palfrey, mare or nag,

Good cheer behind in bottle and in bag,

And better cheer in story and in song, —

As thus in festal mood they jogged along,

Was it not meet these wights, so blithe and merry,

Should canter leisurely to Canterbury?

Loitering along the road, perchance, at times

(As strenuously slow as these, my rhymes).

For these blithe pilgrim-folk, I apprehend,

Were not in haste to reach their journey's end.

Though to a stately shrine their steps were bound,

Yet all the way was over pleasant ground ;

The holy martyr's tomb they went to seek,

That oft had holpen them when sore and weak ;

Yet was there not a healing in the trees

That lined the road, and in the balmy breeze?

Had Nature's living breath and human tones

Less power to work a charm than dead men's bones ?

But wherefore then do these my wayward rhymes

Wander to far off lands and distant times ?

One reason may have been — I am not sure —

That whilom I, in a White Mountain tour,

From Alton Bay passed down toward Londonderry

And made a pilgrimage to Canterbury,

With two good fellows scores of years ago —

But that was not my only reason — no :

This was my thought — how, in these hasteful days,

We miss the healing touch of Nature's ways.

With what a gentle grace her guiding hand

Would lead us up through Beauty's magic land,

Up through the Majesty of solemn woods

To the Sublime of mountain solitudes.

By beautiful gradations she prepares

Both soul and sense to climb her heavenward stairs.

Alas ! we reach, in these degenerate days,

Her glorious shrines in too ignoble ways !

With snort of iron steed we wheel along,

The steam-pipe's fitful screech our only song ;

170

Old forest-pines, alarmed such sight to see,
Are startled from their staid propriety.
And far behind us, as we speed away,
Lo, how the ;' green-robed Senators" Chassez !
Birch-groves in whirling waltz go spinning round,
The grazing cattle in wild antics bound ;
And the deep thickets, as our train sweeps by,
Send forth a scornful hiss or mournful sigh.
Will not one day the good old times come back,
And grass again o'ergrow the iron track?
Oh would but for one day some power restore
The aspect this enchanting region wore,
When, forty years ago, companions three, —
A small, select, congenial company, —
From sultry Naumkeag came on foot to take
Their fill of Nature's charms in wild Waumbeck.
Again those sweet and winding ways I tread,
Where Saco rippled o'er his pebbly bed,
Or, lost from view awhile, anon was seen,
Twinkling like silver down some dark ravine.
Up through the valley's windings, day by day,
In pleasant chat we sauntered on our way;
(Haley, our spaniel, zig-zagging the while
A lively chase of leagues to every mile).

The morn and evening walk — the noon-day rest —

Day's parting salutation in the west —

"The breezy call of incense breathing morn" —

The locusts' hum — the rustle of the corn —

The swinging sign-board of the wayside Inn,

('Tis pleasant to remember such have been !) —

The weekly clothes' wash in the mountain brook,

Beneath the bridge in some sequestered nook —

"The muttering thunder and the pattering rain —

The hurried fording of the stream to gain

Yon hospitable hut, and shelter there,

Till the bright sun broke through the balmy air —

Then, as we take our onward way once more,

Earth's billows closing in behind, before,

The spectacle from some commanding height

Of such enchantment breaking on the sight,

That we too felt as if the first were we

"That ever burst into that silent sea"

Of mountain pines— these memories throng again

Upon the soul— a visionary train.

171

The mountains' great embrace enfolds me round,

As when I entered first that holy ground.

Have I not seen the genius of the place,

Old Abel, patriarch of that giant-race?

I see that grisly, grim old face once more,

I hear his welcome at the old inn-door!

That beetling brow — those stern and steady blinks —

Had scared full many a catamount and lynx.

I saw him and could well believe that he

Had shaken down like apples from a tree

The cubs, abandoned bv the old she-bear,

That in their fright had sought a refuge there.

To one who gazed on that old wrinkled face, —

Where many a mountain-storm had left its trace,

And age his crow's-foot tracks — seemed it not fit

That this old Jotun of the hills should sit

There, like a warder, at the mountain-door

That leads to yon weird valley, grim and hoar,

Whose blasted sides and rock-strewn bed had been

The scene of many a giant-battle din,

When, frighted by the elemental wrath,

Bewildered Saco fled his wonted path,

E'en as from that lone house, the inmates fled,

Which else had saved them in that night of dread,

Spared as it was, sole witness of the vale

To tell the passer by the tragic tale. —

Gone5 that memorial of a frightful fate —

And gone that sentry at the mountain-gate.

Gone all those giants of the elder days,

Gone are the good old times and slow old ways,

When step by step the musing pilgrim wound

His quiet way up through the holy ground,

Found tongues in trees, songs in the running brooks,

And wisdom's whispers in the wayside nooks ;

Not, as to-day, by a steam-tempest hurled

Into the bosom of the mountain-world;

At morn he sees the breakers with their white

And gnashing teeth leap up the rocks — at night,

Far inland hears, hundreds of miles from shore,

The giant mountain-pine-woods' sea-like roar.

8Not literally, but virtually, as it stands no longer in its sublime and affecting
solitude.

172

How shall a man in these new-fangled days,

Go back to the pedestrian's homely ways?

Where is the five-mile Inn to greet his sight

With promise of a home at noon and night?

The Inns are out to-day — their day is o'er —

That institution can return no more.

Poll back the tide of time — and haply, then,

You may get back the old Inn-life again.

Where railroads come the inns must disappear;

No man can stop to taste their homely cheer.

The old time-colored house whose aged frame

Leaned fondly to the earth from which it came, —

That oldest settler that might seem to be

Coeval with the soil and scenery —

Is gone ; the pilgrim will behold no more

The old stone fire-place and the sanded floor —

Will hear no more the well-sweep's cheerful creak —

No more the faded sign-board's rusty squeak —

Nor "cloy the hungry edge of appetite"

With berries, milk and brown bread morn and night, —

Tis gone with the old times and the old men,

And could it, in this rushing age, again

In its old place and ancient form appear,

Its wayside welcome who could stay to hear?

No, I do not forget what Solomon says

To him who asks, Why were the former days

Better than these — O grumbler ! he replies,

Wilt thou the ways of Providence despise?

Pur-blind laudator acti temporis !

Rise to a better, broader view than this !

All things are moving towards a blessed goal,

Descried afar by them of generous soul.

The rumble of the steam-car seems to say :

Make in the desert for the Lord a way ! 6

Bring down that which is high — exalt the low —

He to all flesh His wondrous works will show.

Well, since accept we must both speed and steam,
Enough to live old times an hour in dream.
Be thankful for the Present and the Past,
Nor vainly sigh for that which could not last ;

8 This thought is borrowed from a strikiug and sublime sonnet of Jones Very's.

173

Each blissful yesterday still lives to-day,
"A thing of beauty is a joy for aye."

And so, through all the rush and whirl of years,
The tranquil picture ever reappears —
Through Breton woods in August afternoons,
The crags are hung with raspberry festoons —
The Ammonoosuck, as we stroll along,
A fourth companion, murmurs sweetest song —
In evening's glow far over Bethlehem's plain
Looks a farewell that glorious mountain train.

O what a chain of loveliest landscapes lie
Visioned in memory's calm unfading sky !
Forevermore through her mysterious glass
Franconia's green and graceful arches pass;
Far through, the mountain walls on either side,
A soft, aerial apparition glide.
That strange stone face, so weird and yet serene,
Looks off into the sky with mystic mien ;
Deep in the woods, hid from intrusive eyes,
The Silver Lake in virgin beauty lies,
A liquid mirror, set in frame of green,
O'er which the softly sighing birches lean.
And there, in beauty, the Great Spirit smiles
On the bright lake of the three hundred isles.
But above all these charms I feel the thrill
Of that mute mountain-salutation still ;
And standing at their feet once more would fain
Lift to the ancient hills a grateful strain.

Alps of New England ! I salute once more
Your august foreheads, as in clays of yore :
Once more with youthful ecstacy I stand
Beneath your spell, within this wonder-land :
Once more with child- like awe I rest my eyes
Where your bare brows salute the upper skies ;
Once more with child-like love and joy I greet
The murmuring streams that cling around your feet.
My heart bounds up to meet the cascade's leap
From crag to crag adown the dizzy steep :
Up to the mountain-top I lift my eye,
Where, like a silver thread, it hangs on high,
Anon, a shining snake, I see it glide,
Sinuous and swift o'er the green mountain's side ;

174

Down the rock-cavern roar — to plunge unseen

With muffled thunder through the dark ravine.

The murmuring music of a thousand rills

That gush unseen among these winding hills,

Fills all the region with a spirit's voice,

That makes the reverent listener's heart rejoice.

"Ye hills, near neighbors of the stars!" I, too,

"With these a filial homage pay to you !

As these, in clouds, back from the ocean come,

And fondly cling around their mountain home,

So to your wooded heights and gushing springs

My heart a child's warm benediction brings,

And owns a blessing in the balmy breeze

That still breathes on me from your ancient trees.

0, brother giants of an elder world,

Whose mighty fragments round your feet are hurled,

With foreheads scathed by lightning and by blast,

With clouds for mantles round your shoulders cast;

Mute witnesses of immemorial time,

Ye look upon us from your heights sublime;

Shoulder to shoulder, evermore ye stand,

Kings, priests, and benefactors of the land !

Old friends ! as I return at this late clay,

My filial tribute at your feet to lay,

Though many a change has come and much is gone,

To memory's world forever more withdrawn,

Though the great world, with all its whirl and din,

On these, your holy haunts, comes thronging in;

Though this our driving, levelling age invades

All sylvan solitudes and sacred shades,

Though fire and axe have marred the virgin woods,

Shattered the rocks, and cramped and choked the floods

(And though the peddler's paint-pot dare affront

The nymphs of wood and stream with ""Sozodont !"),

Though often Echo's self, affrighted grown,

Has held her breath, or from man's presence flown.

Yet oh, how much remains and will remain,

Which hand of ruthless man can ne'er profane.

Old battle scars on many a tall cliff's face

Still show as lines of majesty and grace.

Untamed, the winds through mountain hollows sweep —

Untamed, the cataract makes its mountain leap ;

And though unawed by your dread heights sublime,

175

Above the clouds man's daring engines climb,
Up to those hills his soul must lift its eyes,
The eternal hills wherefrom life's rivers rise.
Above him still sounds the loud voice of God,
When peal on peal the thunder rolls abroad ;
And still the voice of God breathes soft below,
Where silver-lipped, melodious brooklets flow.
The glorious outline of yon mountain range
Shall bless men's eyes till the great final change.

And oh, that beauteous vision seen last night!

Snatched all too soon from our enchanted sight!

That rosy mantle o'er the mountains flung,

In evening's glow for one short moment hung, —

Was that transparent veil of amethyst

Woven of sunset hues and mountain mist,

A fleeting show for man's illusion given?

Was it a thing of earth, or air, or heaven?

Upon the mountain's cheek a spirit flush,

That held our spirits in a reverent hush?

The farewell of the mountains to the sun,

As in the West he sank — his day's-race run?

I know not — but it was a spirit's power

That touched our hearts in that transcendent hour !

O listen, man, and hear the psalmist sing,
Still as of old : The mountain heights shall bring
Peace to the people ! Come then ye who bear
With troubled hearts life's daily load of care,
Plere in the grandeur of the hills baptize
Your jaded souls, and as ye lift your eyes,
Your hearts shall be uplifted, ye shall lay
Your burden down and bear a song away.

0 mountains ! is it your echoes that prolong
My endlessly reverberating song?

But now my harp must cease the strain to pour,
Though in my heart the hymn can cease no more.
Hail and farewell! though mine is not the wit
To read the runes upon your rock leaves writ, —
The runic rhymes ye whisper to the heart,
These I may haply, dimly guess in part,
Though the heart's joy the tongue in vain would tell-
Thrice blest, I cry once more : Hail and Farewell!

Thus to the mountains having said adieu,

1 owe, good friends, one final word to you.

176

Mountains are more magnanimous than we,

And suffer all inflictions patiently.

But you are human, and I feel to you

A few explanatory words are clue.

If then my song seems longer than was fit,

Think, that I had not time to shorten it;

And if the wagon of my rambling rhymes

Have seemed a little rickety at times,

My sole apology for this is found

In the unevenness of mountain ground.

But if my work infirm and clumsy seem,

Then say, too poor a bard essayed too rich a theme.

Dr. George A. Perkins was next introduced. He
said it was his happy lot to be a companion, in this early
mountain experience, of his friend who had spoken and
given the poetry of this journey. On the occasion re-
ferred to, they started with their packs on their backs,
went to Boston, and there took a steamer to Portland,
sleeping, as he well remembered, on the dining table, he
and his companion having their arms around each others'
necks to keep from rolling off. Arriving at Portland,
they came on foot through Gorham, Standish, Pry burg
and Conway, and up through the Notch, passing over the
range of mountains between the notch and the top of
Mount Washington, up the mountains and back. Their
guide told them he had met a bear the day before, in the
road between the Notch and where the Fabyan house now
stands — the animal, fortunately, having been in a peace-
able frame of mind, and allowing him to pass unmolested.
As an illustration of the changed condition of things
between that day and the present, he said the bill at the
tavern in Conway where the three had partaken of sup-
per, lodging and breakfast, was only one dollar for the
three. He remembered stopping one night at the house
of a woman in the Franconia Notch, who, without keep-
ing a tavern, often put up travellers over night. In

177

addition to the lodging, the meals consisted simply of
bread, milk, and raspberries. On being asked the price,
the woman, with an apologetic air, said she did not wish
to .be hard, but, considering that the berries were an
extra, not included in her usual fare, she hoped it would
not be considered unreasonable if she charged them eight
cents each instead of her customary price of six and a
quarter cents.

On leaving the Franconia Mountains, the party came
down through the Pemigewasset valley, through Ply-
mouth, sailing across Lake Winnipiseogee to Alton Bay,
then through Gilmanton to the Shaker Village of Canter-
bury. At the Shaker Village they met with a warm re-
ception at the "Office." An aged woman met them at the
door, saying she had been looking for them all day, with
the greeting, "Come in, the Lord has sent you ; I knew
you were coming, for the cock got upon the door-step
this morning and crowed three times." This was on a
Saturday evening ; they remained over Sunday and Mon-
day, and on Tuesday morning started for home by the
most direct road through Concord, Londonderry, Meth-
uen, etc., walking forty miles on one day. The whole
journey, with the exception of the steam-boating, was
performed on foot, and occupied nineteen days in July
and August of 1834.

The meeting then adjourned to listen to some excellent
music from several members of the party.

Thursday, Sept. 13. — Yesterday morning at about
nine, the party left tlfe Crawford for the Profile House,
retracing their former course by rail, some leaving the
cars at Bethlehem and others going on to Littleton.
From both places stage connections were made. Among
the elevations of interest were the Agassiz Mountain,

178

with the house upon it, and the White and Franconia
Mountain ranges.

No visitor to the mountains needs to be informed of
the bewitching character of the location of the Profile
House in the Franconia Notch. While similar in its gen-
eral character to that of the Crawford, it is more closely
hedged in under the shadow of perpendicular mountains
and frowning cliffs. The cannon maintains its outlines
on the summit of Cannon Mountain, and though genera-
tions of men come and go, the "Old Man of the Moun-
tain" still keeps looking off down the valley as if to
watch the march of applied science as it works its way
into these regions in the form of railways, and the prog-
ress of speculative science in its efforts to unfold the
mysteries which are hidden among the rocks and the
mountains. The attractions about here were abundantly
improved by the party, most of whom rode to the Flume ;
visited the lake at the base of the Old Man's mountain ;
and tested, with their own lungs and ears, the prime
quality of the echo at Echo Lake.

This morning full two-thirds of the party started for
home, a few remaining over till Friday. The larger part
of those who came away went back to Littleton in the
stage, and at that point took the Boston, Concord and
Montreal road for home, by way of Lowell. A fortunate
few, however, took the stage ride of thirty miles through
the Pemigewasset valley to Plymouth. The ride abounded
in scenes of magnificence and loveliness. The wind 1112:
road through the Franconia Notch is shaded by the dense
woods through which it passes, and at many points in its
delightful curves, could be caught, by looking up and
back, views of the steep rocky cliff where the Profile
hangs, but the identity of the Old Man's face was lost in
the surrounding crags. All through the valley are lovely

179

intervales, through which the river glides gracefully on
its course towards the Merrimack, into which it flows.
The mountains rise in stately grandeur upon either side,
and, from time to time, on looking back, the traveller
is greeted with views of surpassing magnificence. The
finest of these views of the Franconia Mountains is to be
seen at a high point in that section of the road which is
in the town of Lincoln. This is the view which Stan-
King considered the finest, and, in this opinion, the ordi-
nary observer would readily concur.

Regular Meeting, Monday, October 1, 1877.

Meeting this evening. The President in the chair.
Records read. Donations and correspondence announced.

Dr. A. J. Thompson, of Salem, was elected a resident
member.

The President stated that an invitation had been re-
ceived from Newport, R. I., to visit that city. After
some remarks, it was voted to accept the invitation, and
the Secretary was requested to make the necessary ar-
rangements.

The President — in behalf of a committee appointed
at the annual meeting in May to consider the propriety of
commemorating the two hundred and fiftieth anniversary
of the landing of Governor Endicott at Salem, which will
occur in September of next year — reported favorably to
a suitable notice of the event, and that the Hon. William
C. Endicott, of Salem, be invited to deliver the address,
and to request the cooperation of the City Government

180

and the citizens generally. After a discussion of the sub-
ject, on motion of Hon. William D. Northend, it was

Voted, That it is expedient for the Institute to take the
initiative in the matter of the celebration, and that the
Hon. William C. Endicott be invited to deliver an oration
on the occasion. Also that the committee to whom was
referred the subject of the said celebration, at the meeting
of May 21, be authorized to make further arrangements.

Voted, That the cordial thanks of the Institute are
hereby tendered to Prof. Charles H. Hitchcock, for his
interesting remarks made at the Crawford House, Sept.
11, on the "Geology of the White Mountain Ranges," and
to the Rev. Charles T. Brooks, of Newport, R. I., for the
original poem read by him at the same place and time,
and that copies of each be requested for publication.

Regular Meeting, Monday, October 15, 1877.

Meeting this evening. The President in the chair.
Records read. Correspondence and donations announced.

Messrs. Arthur L. Goodrich and W. S. Nevins, of
Salem, and Mrs. S. Towne, of Beverly, were elected
resident members.

On motion of Mr. W. P. Upham :

Voted, That the thanks of the Essex Institute be ten-
dered to the Rev. C. T. Brooks, Col. T. W. Higginson
and Mr. James E. Manran, of Newport; to Capt. K. R.
Breeze and other officers of the Naval Station at Goat
Island ; to Moses G. Farmer and his assistants ; and to
the officers and members of the Redwood Library, for
their courtesies and civilities extended during the recent
visit to Newport.

181

Eegular Meeting, Monday, December 3, 1877.

Meeting this evening. The President in the chair.
Records read. Correspondence and donations announced.

Mr. E. B. George, of Groveland, was elected a resident
member.

The President spoke of the death of Mr. John C.
Lee, for many years a member and an officer of the In-
stitute, remarking upon the assistance given in its early
history, and of the zeal and interest he had always shown
in its objects, especially in the department of horticulture.

Eev. E. B. Willson followed and spoke of Mr. Lee
as a parishioner as well as a neighbor, and of his very
pleasant acquaintance in both relations. Mr. Willson
also alluded to his fondness for nature, particularly of his
love of trees, and said that his reading in the latter years
was very extensive.

On motion of Mr. C. Cooke :

Voted, That a committee of three be appointed to pre-
pare suitable resolutions of respect to the memory of Mr.
Lee, the same to be entered upon the records, and a copy
sent to the family of the deceased by the secretary.

Eev. E. B. Willson and Messrs. H. M. Brooks and G.
M. Whipple were appointed. This committee was author-
ized to prepare a memoir of Mr. Lee, for the publications
of the Institute, if the same should be deemed desirable.

Resolutions on the death of Mr. Lee :

The undersigned, appointed a committee of the Essex
Institute to prepare resolutions expressive of the sorrow
with which the Institute has received the intelligence of

182

the death of John C. Lee, Esq., and of the respect in
which his memory is held, offer the following resolutions
to be entered upon the records of the Institute.

Resolved, That the Essex Institute has heard the an-
nouncement of the death of John C. Lee with unaffected
sorrow : —

That by this event it loses one of its honored founders ;
a faithful officer bearing important trusts ; a true and con-
stant friend, who has rendered it valuable and continuous
service through the whole period of its existence : —

That by his many liberal gifts, by repeatedly procuring
liberal contributions from others, and by affording it the
benefit of his experience and judgment in the care and
management of its funds, he met its pressing need in
more than one exigency with a timely and substantial
support, placing it deeply in his debt : —

That by the interest he took in its proceedings, the
time and gifts he contributed to its collections and horti-
cultural exhibitions, especially in its earlier and forming
years, he stimulated a public interest in its objects and
its prosperity : —

That, holding in grateful remembrance his gratuitous
labors in its behalf, and his large and varied benefactions
as a generous and steadfast promoter of its peculiar aims,
the Essex Institute at the same time, in common with the
whole community, pays honor to his upright character,
his strong understanding, his public spirit, his ever ready
cooperation in whatever was to be done for the general
good of society.

Resolved, That wTe offer our sincere sympathy to his
family in their great bereavement.

E. B. Willson,
Henry M. Brooks,
George M. Whipple.

183

Meeting, Monday, December 31, 1877.

Meeting this evening. The President in the chair.
Records read. Correspondence and donations announced.

Mr. E. W. Jacobs, of Peabody, was elected a resident
member.

The President called upon Prof. E. S. Morse, who
gave, in a familiar manner, a brief account of his recent
visit to Japan. He left for Japan on the 19th of last
May, and returned on Friday, the 30th of November.
The main object of this visit was to study the Brachio-
pods, which are found plentifully in Japanese waters. In
addition thereto he noticed many of the inside views of
Japanese life, from that of the peasant, in the little fishing
town, to the highest educated people in the empire. On
arrival at Tokio, formerly Yeddo, he was urged to become
a professor in the university, and a most liberal offer was ac-
cepted. The Government gave extended aid in establish-
ing a zoological station at the mouth of the Bay of Yeddo,
and excellent work was done in dredging. Six weeks
were thus spent, two Japanese assistants engaging in the
researches. He found ample materials and his studies in
this direction had been most interesting. He also made
careful observations of the Lingula and exhibited some
living specimens which he had brought from Japan.

He spoke of the shell-heaps which he examined, and
said that the discoveries there will attract attention. He
found one or two parts of a human jaw, a few stone im-
plements, and a large quantity of pottery. Some fine
photographs of the specimens found were exhibited.

He presented to the cabinet some one hundred and
thirty or more specimens of the paper of Japan, includ-

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN. IX 13

184

ing the common kinds used in every day life, also the fine
grades of fancy paper, wall paper, writing and note paper,
etc. He concluded his remarks with brief allusions to
the character of the people, their dress and habits of life ;
also of the numerous beautiful temples and shrines that
are scattered throughout the country, many of them in
wild places remote from the cities and towns. Photo-
graphs of several of these buildings were exhibited.

A vote of thanks was then passed to Prof. Morse for
his interesting and instructive remarks.

B U L L E T IN

OF THE

ESSEX INSTITUTE,

VOLUME X.

1878.

SALEM, MASS.

PRINTED AT THE SALEM PRESS.

1879.

CONTENTS.

Page.

Regular Meeting, Monday, January 7, 1878, 1

Dr. George A. Perkins, Remarks on Liberia, 1.— A List of the Birds of
Massachusetts with Annotations, by J. A. Allen, 3.

Regular Meeting, Monday, January 21, 1878, .... 38

Prof. E. S. Morse, Lecture upon Japan, 38.
Regular Meeting, Monday, February 4, 1878, .... 38

Remarks on the subject of commemorating the 250th anniversary of the
Landing of John Endicott, 38.— Rev. G. D. Wildes, on Gen. Abbott's
military journal, 39.

Regular Meeting, Monday, February 25, 1878, .... 40

Mr. D. Waldo's Lecture on "Telling the Time," 40.— J. S. Kingsley's
" List of the North American Crustacea," 53.

Regular Meeting, Monday, March 18, 1878, 72

F. W. Putnam's Archaeological Explorations in Tennessee, 72.

Regular Meeting, Monday, April 1, 1878, 85

Notice of the death of Francis Putnam, 85. — Rev. E. C. Bolles, on Salis-
bury and a Day at Stonehenge, 86.

Regular Meeting, Monday, April 15, 1878, 8Q

G. D. Phippen, Impressions on the Flora of Texas, 86.

Annual Meeting, Monday, May 20, 1878, 93

Retrospect of the year: members, 94; meetings, 96; lectures and con-
certs, 97; art department and museum, 98; library, 99; financial, 107;
horticultural, 109; publications, 109; excursions, 109; resolutions on
the death of Francis Putnam, 111; officers elected, 112.

Regular Meeting, Monday, June 3, 1878, 113

Field Meetiugat Centennial Grove, Essex, Monday, June 24, 1878, 113

J. H. Emerton, Remarks on Arachnida, 114.— S. B. Buttrick, List of
Plants Collected, 114. — John Robinson's paper on the Life of a Pine
Tree, 115.

Field Meeting at Juniper Point, Salem Neck, Wednesday, July

10, 1878, 125

Visit to the Zoological Laboratory of Messrs. Emerton and Minot, 126.
The proposed celebration of Endicott's Landing noticed, 127. — G. D.
Phippen, Notes on the History of the Neck, 127.— J. H. Emerton, on
the Development of the Common Starfish, 128.— J. S. Kingsley, on the
Anatomy and Development of the Tunicates, 129.

Regular Meeting, Monday, July 15, 1878, 130

Notice of the death of Hon. J. G. Waters, 130.

Regular Meeting, Monday, August 5, 1878, 131

Field Meeting at West Newbury, Thursday, August 8, 1878, . 131

Visit to the residence of Ben Perley Poore, 132. — Notice of the Poore
Family, 133.— Remarks of Haydn Brown, 135; James Parton, 135;
J. H. Emerton, 136; George Dixon, 13G.

(iii)

IV

CONTENTS.

Regular Meeting, Monday, September 2, 1878, ....

Resolutions on the death of J. G. "Waters, 144. — J. Robinson, Additional
Notes on the Pine, 145.

White Mountain Field Meeting, September, 1878,

Prof. J. H. Huntington, on the Signal Service on Mt. Washington, 146.
G. D. Phippen, on the Flora of the Mountain Region, 150.

The 250th Anniversary of the Landing of John Endicott at Salem,

Wednesday, September 18, 1878, ....

Field Meeting at Ipswich, Friday, October 4, 1878,

Prof. 1. J. Osbun, on Some of the Chemical Products of the Sea, 153.—
Charles Derby, Remarks on the Sandwich Islands, 156.

Regular Meeting, Monday, October 7, 1878,

Regular Meeting, Monday, October 21, 1878,

Notice of bequests of Miss Caroline Derby, 157.
Regular Meeting, Monday, November 4, 1878,
Regular Meeting, Monday, November 18, 1878,

Notes on the Pacific Coast Crustacea, by Wm. N. Lockington, 159.
Regular Meeting, Monday, December 2, 1878,

Charles Derby, Remarks on the Palms of Sandwich Islands, 180.
Regular Meeting, Monday, December 16, 1878,

Prof. Alpheus Hyatt, on Heredity, 181.

143

145

151
152

157
157

157

158

180
181

BULLETIN

OF THE

ESSEX INSTITUTE.

Vol. 10. Salem, Jan., Feb., Mar., 1878. Nos. 1, 2, 3.

Monday, January 7, 1878.
A regular meeting was held this evening. The
President in the chair. Records of last meeting read.
Correspondence and donations announced.

Mr. J. W. Thyng, of Salem, was elected a member.

Dr. George A. Perkins, of Salem, made some remarks
on Liberia, particularly of the region about Cape Palmas,
where he had resided for nine years prior to 1848, con-
nected with the Episcopal Missionary Station at that place.

After defining its geographical position he spoke of the
peculiarity of that part of the western coast of Africa
in having no harbors, — ships being obliged to anchor
in the open roadstead, and all goods are landed either
through the surf or in rivers which are entered over bars
of sand at their mouths.

The country, though flat, was beautified by extensive
forests of high trees, tangled with immense vines ; the tall
plumelike palms form a striking feature in the landscape,
are very abundant and give the name to Cape Palmas.

Dr. Perkins gave an extended list of the productions
of the country, which included those that are common to

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN. X 1

tropical climes, coffee, cotton, and sugar being specially
noticed,- — remarking that, in a region where scarcely any
clothing is required, and very little is to be expended for
houses, if colonists from the United States did not thrive,
the trouble was to be traced to the habits of the colonists,
who desired to live by trading rather than by work ; a bet-
ter class of men, he was confident, would grow rich there.

The natives of that coast go by the name of Krumen
among Europeans, the young men acting as sailors on
board ships while on their voyages to this coast. Their
conical huts, which were in many cases large and comfort-
able, and kept in good order, were grouped into towns or
villages, each surrounded by a strong fence. The people
were well formed, straight and muscular, wearing little
clothing.

The religious ideas of the people take the form of Feti-
chism, with its accompaniments of witchcraft, devil wor-
ship, etc. Farming is the chief occupation of both sexes.
Rice and cassada are extensively cultivated, and, with the
fruit of the oil palm and fish, constitute their entire food.
The men, when not engaged on the farms, build or exca-
vate canoes, some of large dimensions ; these are made
from the cotton wood tree, which is abundant in their
forests ; others are of smaller size, for fishing. The trade
upon the coast is altogether barter. The wealth of the
natives consists in cows (which they exchange for wives,
three cows and a few smaller articles being the price of a
wife), sheep, goats, cloth, iron, brass rods (to be made
into ornaments), powder and guns. The women are fond
of beads, looking-glasses and other trinkets. Both sexes
wash quite often, and paint themselves with white clay
and often bright colors. Many curious customs were
alluded to as common anions: this interesting tribe of Afri-
cans.

A List of the Birds of Massachusetts, with Annotations,

By J. A. Allen.

During the last ten years not less than thirty-four spe-
cies have been added to the avian fauna of Massachusetts.
A few included in the earlier lists are now currently
recognized as merely nominal, and a few others prove to
have been inserted on erroneous identifications, or on
unsatisfactory evidence. In view of the many additions
and other changes made since the publication of the
last general catalogue of the birds of the state, a new
list seems desirable. In the present attempt to supply
such a list I have endeavored to distinguish rigidly be-
tween such species as have been either actually taken,
or observed under circumstances that render an erroneous
identification almost impossible, from those of merely
probable occurrence. I have hence separated the species
below enumerated into several categories, namely: (1)
species authenticated as birds of the state; (2) species
of probable occurrence; (3) extirpated species; (4)
species introduced, or probably introduced, by man's
agency ; (5) hypothetical and doubtful species.

The thoroughly authenticated species number three
hundred and sixteen, besides several additional varieties.
Of these about one hundred and thirty-five are known to
breed within the limits of the state ; some of them, how-
ever, somewhat sparingly aud irregularly, or only in the
more elevated portions of Berkshire County. About
seventy fall into the class of accidental or extremely rare

(3)

visitors, and hence form, numerically, so far as individ-
uals are concerned, no very important part of our fauna.
The recorded instances of their capture, however, prob-
ably by no means fairly indicate the frequency of their
occurrence.

The species indicated as of probable occurrence number
twenty-four. One-fourth of these have already been taken
on the very borders of the state (Suffield, Conn.), so
that it seems almost finical to exclude them from the list
of those known to occur in Massachusetts. Several
others are southern species that have been taken in New
Hampshire and Maine, to reach which points they in all
probability passed through Massachusetts. The remain-
der are largely pelagic, and since they are of no interest
or value to the sportsman, and are rarely accessible to the
collector, the fact that we have no positive record of their
capture within the state scarcely outweighs the strong
probability of their occurrence here, as indicated by their
known general range and habits. Hence at least seven-
eighths of the species placed in the list of those probably
occurring may certainly be considered as fairly entitled
to be ranked as birds of the state. Adding to these
four that have become extirpated raises the total number
of species for the state to about three hundred and forty.

Several other species more or less commonly recognized
as birds of the state I have considered as having no, or
only very slight, claims to be so considered. Two of
these (Myiodioctes minutus and Empidonax pygmmus)
I regard as hypothetical ; another ( Tliawnatias linncei) ,
as of doubtful record as taken in the state ; another
{Passer domesticus) is a well known introduced species,
and two or three others may have escaped from cages.

The ornithology of the eastern portion of the state
may now be regarded as pretty thoroughly known ; that

of the central portion, though less well known, can
scarcely differ much from that of the eastern. The
region west of the Connecticut valley still offers an inter-
esting field for investigation. Owing to the elevated,
mountainous character of a considerable part of this area
many species must regularly breed there that do not com-
monly pass the summer in the more easterly portions of
the state. This, in fact, is known to be the case with a
few, and is inferred for others. What is needed now to
complete our knowledge of the ornithology of Massachu-
setts are exhaustive lists of the birds of at least two
localities in Berkshire County, — one near its northern
boundary and the other near its southern. It is to be
hoped that not many years will pass before these desid-
erata will be supplied.

Within the last ten years three new species have been
described from specimens first taken in Massachusetts.
While it is hardly probable that others yet remain to be
discovered, quite a number of stragglers from the far
West and South, and possibly from the Old World, will
doubtless yet be added to the already long list of acci-
dental visitors.1

At the risk of extending these preliminary remarks
somewhat unduly I append a brief historical summary of
the literature of the subject under consideration. The

1 In this connection it may be interesting to note, as an indication of how rap-
idly our knowledge of the distribution of our birds is increasing, that of twenty-
nine species withdrawn scarcely two years since from the list of New England
birds, by one of our most eminent authorities, because he could find no satisfac-
tory evidence that they had ever been taken in New England, over one-third have
since been reinstated in consequence of their actual capture within these pre-
scribed limits having been made known within this short period. Out of fourteen
''challenged " land birds (Passeres and Waders) nine have already been placed on
the record as actually taken, in some instances at several different localities, and
in numbers ranging from three to five and even eight individuals. I mention this
not in the spirit of criticism, but simply as an interesting fact, for I agree with the
author in question that their previous record as birds actually taken in New
England was, in nearly every instance, open to serious doubt.

first formal list of the birds of the state was prepared by
Dr. Ebenezer Emmons, and published in 1833 in Prof.
Hitchcock's "Report on the Geology, Mineralogy, Botany,
and Zoology of Massachusetts" (pp. 545-551). This
contained one hundred and sixty species, all but two of
which were valid. Excluding tke two synonyms, all but
one (Rhynchops nigra) have since been confirmed as
inhabitants of the state. The list was only very spar-
ingly annotated, but symbols were employed to indicate
whether the species were rare or common, resident or
migratory, or whether known to breed in the state. This
list, so far as it goes, is remarkably free from errors.

The same year (1833) Mr. Thomas Nuttall published
a paper (written, it appears, in 1831) in the "Memoirs of
the American Academy of Arts and Sciences" (2d Ser.,
I, pp. 91-106), entitled "Remarks and Inquiries concern-
ing the Birds of Massachusetts," in which he added six
valid, and three nominal, species to those mentioned by
Dr. Emmons.

Four years later (in 1837) Dr. T. M. Brewer contrib-
uted to the "Boston Journal of Natural History" (I, pp.
435-439) a paper having the title "Some Additions to
the Catalogue of the Birds of Massachusetts in Prof.
Hitchcock's Report, etc." These additions comprised
nominally forty-five species, about one-third of which
were given on the authority of Audubon and Nuttall, and
a number of others were included inferentially or on evi-
dence of a somewhat traditional character. Three had
been given (under other names) by Dr. Emmons, and
two still lack confirmation as birds of the state. Only
thirty-four were thus added to the number previously
recorded by Nuttall and Emmons, raising the number
at this time known to inhabit the state to one hundred
and ninety-seven.

I

In 1839 appeared Rev. W. B. O. Peabody's "Report
on the Ornithology of Massachusetts" (Rep. on Fishes,
Reptiles and Birds of Mass., pp. 259-404), in which
were enumerated two hundred and eighty-four species as
occurring or probably occurring in the state. Of these,
twenty prove to have been wrongly included (more than
this number were given inferentially), and thirteen others
are synonyms, leaving only two hundred and fifty-one
valid and properly included species.

The next enumeration is that of Mr. F. W. Putnam's
"Catalogue of the Birds of Essex County" (Proc. Essex
Institute, I, pp. 201-231), published in 1856, in which
two hundred and forty-five species are given as found in
Essex County, while the Appendix adds forty-eight others
as found in the state, making two hundred and ninety-
three in all. The Essex County list includes but a single
nominal species and only four that have not been con-
firmed by subsequent capture, or that can be considered
as in the least degree open to doubt, while only two can
be regarded as beyond question erroneously included.
The supplemental list is compiled mainly from Peabody,
Nuttall, and Audubon, and contains a dozen or more spe-
cies that are either merely nominal, or that still lack con-
firmation as birds of Massachusetts, leaving about two
hundred and seventy-five as the number of satisfactorily
authenticated species.

In 1864 Mr. E. A. Samuels published his "Descriptive
Catalogue of the Birds of Massachusetts" (Agric. of Mass.,
Sec'y's Rep. for 1863, App., pp. xvii-xxix), numbering
two hundred and sixty-nine species. Of these, three are
now regarded as nominal, and five or six others have not
been confirmed as occurring in the state, although given
by Peabody and some other previous authors. Deducting
these leaves about two hundred and sixty, or eighteen less

8

than were correctly included in Mr. Putnam's list eight
years earlier.

Almost simultaneously with the appearance of Mr.
Samuel's list appeared my "Catalogue of the Birds found
at Springfield, Mass., with Notes on their Migrations,
Habits, etc. ; together with a List of those Birds found
in the State not yet observed at Springfield" (Proc. Essex
Institute, IV, July, 1864, pp. 48-98). In this paper I
gave one hundred and ninety-five as found at Springfield,
and two hundred and ninety-seven2 as inhabitants of the
state. The Springfield list included one species (Empi-
donax acadicus) given erroneously, but which has since
been taken within the area covered by the list, and some
others have since been added. In the supplemental list
three species were given that I now regard as synonyms,
and some eight or ten others were included on the author-
ity of Nuttall, Peabody, Audubon, Cabot, Bryant, and
Brewer, of which there is no recent record of their cap-
ture, but which (with perhaps two, or possibly three,
exceptions) are very likely to occur. Excluding, how-
ever, all these there still remain two hundred and eighty-
two thoroughly authenticated as birds of the state. Of
fifteen others mentioned as likely to occur, over one-half
have since been added.

In 1868 was published a "Catalogue of the Birds of
New England," by Dr. Elliott Coues, in which nearly all
the species previously attributed to Massachusetts were
included. The Great Auk (Alcct impennis) was here for
the first time recognized as a former inhabitant of Massa-
chusetts, and the Barn Owl (Slrix pratincola) and the
Varied Thrush (Turdus ncevius) were added in the Ap-
pendix from notes furnished by the present writer.

2 Squartarola helvetica was accidentally omitted from the Springfield list, though
given in the classified list at the end of the paper; hence in my " summary " (p. 97)
"290" should stand 297.

During the winter of 1869-70 I published additional
"Notes on some of the Rarer Birds of Massachusetts"
(Amer. Nat., Ill, Dec., 1869, Jan. and Feb., 1870), in
which ninety-two species were formally referred to, and
eight for the first time recorded as captured or observed
within the state (exclusive of one included by error of
identification, and four others perhaps not properly to be
regarded as indigenous or naturally occurring species).
Several species given in my previous list were now with-
drawn. The number of species then stood nominally at
three hundred and five, but in reality (or as judged by
the standard I have adopted for my present list) two hun-
dred and ninety-five.

Later in the same year appeared Mr. Maynard's excel-
lent "Catalogue of the Birds of Eastern Massachusetts''
(Naturalist's Guide, 1870, pp. 81-167), comprising nomi-
nally two hundred and ninety-nine species, but adding no
new ones. Applying the same rules of exclusion that
have been used in respect to the other before-mentioned
lists the number becomes reduced to about two hundred
and .eighty-nine. Five or six were withdrawn as birds of
Eastern Massachusetts, but otherwise the list includes all
of the at that time authenticated indigenous birds of the
state except four, known at that elate as occurring only in
the western part of the state.

Since 1870 about twenty-five species have been added,
mainly through the investigations of Messrs. Brewster,
Purdie, Deane, and Maynard, including three first de-
scribed from birds taken within the state. No new
separate enumeration of the birds of Massachusetts has,
however, been since made, but in 1875 Dr. T. M.
Brewer published a new "Catalogue of the Birds of New
England" (Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XVII, July,
1875, pp. 436-454), in which, of course, those of Massar

10

chusetts were included, embracing nearly all the additions
made between the years 1870 and 1875, but generally
without giving the date of capture or place of record.
Of this list of three hundred and thirty-six species twelve
are cither explicitly or inferentially given as not found in
Massachusetts ; fourteen others are regarded in the fol-
lowing list as either purely nominal or as merely varietal
forms of other species also occurring here ; one is an
introduced species, and another (" Thaumatias linncei") I
regard as improperly included ; leaving three hundred and
eight that may be regarded as birds of Massachusetts,
though not of course always necessarily so implied by the
phraseology of the list.

The following tabulated summary shows at a glance the
number of species attributed to the state at different
times since 1833, together with the number authentically
recorded, the number still unconfirmed, and the number
of merely nominal ones : —

HISTORICAL SUMMARY.

r Fully Number

not legitimately authenticated, added.

Whole

Syno-

Unconfin

number.

nyms.

not legiti
inclutl

1833,

Emmons,

160

2

1

1837,

Brewer,4

205

5

3

1839,

Peabody,

284

13

20

1856,

Putnam,

293

7

11

1864,

Samuels,

269

3

5

1864,

Allen,

297

3

12

1870,

Allen,

305

2

8

1870,

Maynard,

303

3

11

1875,

Brewer,5

322

3

11

1878,

Allen,

340

—

24

157

—

197

40

251

54

275

24

261

—

282

7

295

13

289

—

308

13

3167

8

3 Embracing, among others, varietal forms here regarded as improperly ac-
corded full specific rank.

4 Inferentially, through additions to Dr. Emmons's list.
6 Inferentially determined.

6 Given as probably occurring, but not as yet fully confirmed.
7 Plus four extirpated = 320.

11

I. Species of Authentic Occurrence within the State.

["Note.— The asterisk (*) at the left of a name indicates that the species is known
to breed within the state. For the sake of brevity, the annotations are restricted
to simply indication of season of occurrence and relative abundance, except in
the case of the extremely rare or accidental visitors, respecting which the record
of captures is brought down from 1864 to January, 1878. Only the original notice,
however, is cited. My former catalogue gives the record of rare captures down to
1864 (see also Coues's ''Catalogue of the Birds of New England" in Proceedings
Essex Institute, vi, pp. 253-314, for the early record), so that my former paper, and
the present, form together a full record in this respect.]

*1. Turdus migratorius Linn. Robin. Abundant summer resi-
dent; a few remain during winter at favorable localities.

2. Turdus nsevius Gmel. Varied Thrush. Accidental. As yet
the only authentic record of its occurrence is its capture at Ipswich,
in December, 1864 {Allen, Proc. Essex Inst., V, 1868, 312; Amer. Nat.,
Ill, Jan., 1870, 572; see farther, on its supposed earlier occurrence in
Massachusetts, Proc. Essex Inst., IV, 1864, 82).

*3. Turdus mustelinus Gmel. Wood Thrush. Common sum-
mer resident except in the higher portions of Berkshire County.

*4. Turdus pallasi Cab. Hermit Thrush. Spring and fall mi-
grant, except in the mountainous portions of the state west of the
Connecticut valley, where it is a common summer resident ; occasion-
ally breeds in other parts of the state.

5. Turdus swainsoni Cab. (= T. swainsoni et alicioe auct.)
Olive-backed Thrush. Common spring and autumn migrant ; prob-
ably breeds in portions of Berkshire County.

*6. Turdus fuscescens Steph. Veery ; Wilson's Thrush. Com-
mon summer resident.

*7. Mimus polyglottus Bote. Mocking Bird. Rare summer
visitant, occasionally breeding, particularly in the Connecticut Valley.

*8. Mimus carolinensis Gray, Cat Bird. Abundant summer
resident.

*9. Harporhynchus rufus Cab. Brown Thrush. Abundant
summer resident.
*10. Sialia sialis Hold, Bluebird. Abundant summer resident.

11. Hegulus calendula Licht. Ruby-crowned Kinglet. Abun-
dant spring and summer visitant.

12. Regulus satrap a Licht. Golden-crested Kinglet. Chiefly
a winter visitant, occurring in variable abundance in different years,
but usually more or less common. Perhaps breeds in portions of
Berkshire County, as it has been reported to do in the Catskills
(Trippe, Am. Nat., VI, 47).

13. Polioptila cserulea Scl. Blue-gray Gnat-catcher. Acci-

12

dental. One instance (Chatham, Nov. 18, 1877, Deane, tfull. Nutt.
Orn. Club, III, Jan., 1878, 45). Several recent instances of its capture
near Providence, R. I. (Purdie, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, II, Jan., 1877,
20; Merriam, Rev. Bds. Conn., 1877, 8.)

♦14. Parus atricapillus Linn. Chickadee. Common resident.
15. Parus hudsonicus Forst. Hudsonian Chickadee. Acci-
dental. (Concord, Oct. 30, 1870, Brewster, Am. Nat., VI, 306. Also
given as a bird of the state by Peabody, Rep. Orn. Mass., 402.)

*16. Sitta carolinensis Gmel. White-bellied Nuthatch. Rather
common resident.

17. Sitta canadensis Linn. Red-bellied Nuthatch. Winter
visitant. Not generally common. The doubtfully supposed instance
of its breeding on the ground in Roxbury (May, 1877, recorded in Am.
Nat., XI, 565), proves to have been a mistake, the eggs taken proving
not to be those of that species.

*18. Certhia faniiliaris Linn. Brown Creeper. Resident, but
most numerous in spring, autumn and winter.

*19. Troglodytes aedon Vieill. House Wren. Rather common
summer resident.

20. Troglodytes parvulus var. hyemalis Coues. Winter
Wren. Winter visitant; not common. Perhaps breeds in the higher
mountainous portions of Berkshire County. (T. Martin Trippe gives
it as breeding in the Catskills, Am. Nat., VI, 47.)

*21. Cistothorus stellaris Cab. Short-billed Marsh Wren.
Locally common.

*22. Cistothorus palustris Bawd. Long-billed Marsh Wren.
Common, like the preceding, at favorable localities.

The Carolina Wren (Thryotlwrus ludovicianus Bon.) has been re-
ported as occurring in Roxbury, in the summer of 1876, but no speci-
mens were taken (31inot, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, I, Sept., 1876, 76;
Land Birds and Game Birds of New England, 1877, 74).

23. Eremophila alpestris Boie. Shore Lark; Horned Lark.
Winter visitant, chiefly along the coast, where it is generally common
and sometimes abundant.

24. Anthus ludovicianus Licht. Titlark; Brown Lark. Spring
and autumn visitant, in small flocks.

*25. Mniotilta varia Vieill. Black-and-white Creeper. Com-
mon summer resident.

*26. Parula amerieana Bon. Blue-yellow-backed Warbler.
Rather common summer resident.

*27. Helminthophaga ruficapilla Baird. Nashville Warbler.
Common summer visitant.

28. Helminthophaga celata Baird. Orange-crowned War-
bler. Rare or accidental. Only three instances of its capture thus

13

fur on record. (Springfield, May 15, 1863, Allen, Proc. Essex Inst.,
IV, 1864, 60; Lynn, Jan. 1, 1875, Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.,
XVII, 439; Concord, Oct. 2, 1876, Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, I,
Nov., 1876, 94. The only other New England records are Hollis,
N. II., May 16, 1876, Fox, Forest and Stream, VI, 354; Isles of Shoals,
Murdoch, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, III, Apr., 1878, — .)

29. Helmintliopliaga peregrina Cab. Tennessee Warbler.
Rare.

*30. Helminthophaga chrysoptera Baird. Golden-winged
Warbler. Summer resident. Not generally common.

31. Helminthophaga leucobronchialis Brewster. White-
throated Warbler. Bare. One instance of its capture in the state
thus far on record. Taken at Newtonville, May 18, 1870. (Brewster,
Amer. Sportsman, V, 33, Oct. 17, 1874 ; Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, I, 1876, 1.
Original type of the species.) Three other specimens have thus far
been recorded. (Trotter, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, II, 1877, 79 ; III, 1878,
79; Connecticut, Brewster, ibid, III, Apr., 1878, — .)

*32. Dendroeca sestiva Baird. Yellow Warbler; Summer Yel-
low Bird. Abundant summer resident.

*33. Dendroeca virens Baird. Black-throated Green Warbler.
Common summer resident.

*34. Dendroeca cserulescens Baird. Black-throated Blue
Warbler. Spring and fall migrant. Has been observed in summer
in different portions of the state, and has been found nesting in Con-
necticut (two instances, June, 1874, Jones, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, I,
1876, 11). Also reported breeding in the Catskills (Trippe, Am. Nat.,
VI, 47).

35. Dendroeca coronata Gray. Yellow-rumped Warbler;
Myrtle Bird. Abundant spring and autumn migrant. A few known
to winter on Cape Cod. May breed in portions of Berkshire County.

36. Dendroeca auduboni Baird. Audubon's Warbler. Acci-
dental. (Cambridge, Mass., Nov. 15, 1876, Frazar, Bull. Nutt. Orn.
Club, II, 1877, 27.)

*37. Dendroeca blackburnise Baird. Blackburnian Warbler.
Common spring and autumn visitant, some remaining through the
summer.

38. Dendroeca striata Baird. Black-poll Warbler. Abun-
dant spring and autumn migrant.

39. Dendroeca castanea Baird. Bay-breasted Warbler: Com-
mon spring and autumn migrant, varying greatly in abundance in dif-
ferent years.

*40. Dendroeca pennsylvanica Baird. Chestnut-sided War-
bler. Common summer resident.
41. Dendroeca maculosa Baird. Black-and-yellow Warbler.

14

Common spring and autumn migrant. Has been observed a few times
in summer, and may breed in the higher parts of Berkshire County.
42. Dendrceca tigrina Baird. Cape May Warbler. Rather
rare spring and autumn migrant.

*43. Dendrceca discolor Baird. Prairie Warbler. Common
summer resident near the sea-board ; less common in the interior.

44. Dendrceca palmarum Baird. Yellow Red-poll Warbler.
Abundant spring and autumn migrant; a few have been observed at
favorable localities in winter.

*45 Dendrceca pimis Baird. Pine Warbler. Common sum-
mer resident.

*46. Siurus auricapillus Swain. Golden-crowned Wagtail;
"Oven-bird." Abundant summer resident.

47. Siurus nsevius Coues (S. noveboracensis auct.). Water
Wagtail; "Water Thrush." Rather common spring and autumn
migrant.

48. Siurus motacilla Bon. Large-billed Water Wagtail.
Rare or accidental. One record of its capture (Mount Tom, April 28,
1869, Allen, Am. Nat., Ill, 557). Was found breeding near Norwich,
Conn., by Mr. Ernest Ingersoll, in June, 1873 (Am. Nat., VIII, 238).
(The nest and eggs found by Mr. Ingersoll are in Mus. Comp. Zodl.,
Cambridge.) Mr. Merriam gives it as "not rare in Southern Con-
necticut, where it breeds regularly, and probably in considerable num-
bers" (Rev. Birds Conn., 1877, 20).

49. Oporornis agilis Baird. Connecticut Warbler. Gener-
ally a rare spring and autumn migrant; sometimes abundant in au-
tumn in the vicinity of Cambridge. Probably more common in other
parts of the state in autumn than is generally supposed.

*50. Geothlypis trichas Cab. Maryland Yellow-throat. Abun-
dant summer resident.

51. Geothlypis Philadelphia Baird. Mourning Warbler.
Rare spring and autumn migrant.

*52. Icteria virens Baird. Yellow-breasted Chat. Rare sum-
mer resident. Several records of its nesting in the eastern part of the
state.

53. Myiodioctes pusillus Bon. Green Black-capped War-
bler. Rather rare spring and autumn migrant.

54. Myiodioctes canadensis Aud. Canadian Warbler. Com-
mon spring and autumn migrant. Occasionally seen in summer, and
probably breeds sparingly in Berkshire County.

*55. Setophaga ruticilla Swain. Redstart. Rather common
summer resident.

♦56. Pyranga rubra Vieill. Scarlet Tanager. Common sum-
mer resident.

15

57. Pyranga sestiva Vieill. Summer Rediurd. Accidental sum-
mer visitor. Several instances of its capture are on record. Mr. N.
Vickary informs me that a specimen (hitherto unrecorded) was taken
in Swampscot in June, 1866.

*58. Hirundo horreorum Barton. Barn Swallow. Common
summer resident.

*59. Tachycineta bicolor Cab. White-bellied Swallow. Com-
mon summer resident.

*60. Petrochelidon lunifrons Cab. Eave Swallow; Cliff
Swallow.* Common summer resident.

*61. Cotylo riparia Boie. Bank Swallow. Common summer
resident.

♦62. Progne purpurea Boie. Purple Martin. Common sum-
mer resident.

63. Ampelis garrulus Linn. Bohemian Waxwing. Acciden-
tal in winter. To the few previous records of its capture I here add
another, a female, taken by Mr. N. Vickary at Lynn, Feb. 18, 1877.

*64. Ampelis cedrorum Baird. Cedar Bird ; Cherry Bird.
Common summer resident ; frequently seen in winter in roving- flocks,
and at localities where it finds food.

*65. Vireo olivaceus Vieill. Red-eyed Vireo. Abundant sum-
mer resident. ,
66. Vireo philadelphicus Cass. Philadelphia Vireo. Very
rare. Only one instance of its capture thus far recorded. (Cambridge,
Sept., 7, 1875, Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, I, 1876, 19. For a record
of its occurrence in New England prior to Sept., 1876, see Deane, Bull.
Nutt. Orn. Club, I, 74; see further, Fox, ibid, II, 78.)

*67. Vireo gilvus Bon. Warbling Vireo. Common summer
resident.

*68. Vireo flavifrons Vieill. Yellow-throated Vireo. Rather
common summer resident.

*69. Vireo solitarius Vieill. Solitary Vireo; Blue-headed
Vireo. Common spring and autumn migrant; a few pass the summer
here and breed.

*70. Vireo noveboracensis Bon. White-eyed Vireo. More
or less common summer resident at certain localites.

71. Collurio borealis Baird. Butcher Bird ; Great Northern
Shrike. Rather common winter visitant.

72. Collurio ludovicianus Baird (C. htdovicianus et excubito-
roides auct.). Logger-head Shrike. Accidental. Several recent
records of its occurrence. West Newton, Oct. 21, 1872 (Purdie, Am.
Nat., VII, 1873, 115; first authentic record for the state); Newton-
ville, 1874 {Maynard, Am. Sports., V, 313, Feb. 13, 1875). A specimen
(now first recorded) was also taken in Lynn, Nov., 1877, by Mr. N.
Vickary.

16

73. Pinicola eniicleator Vieill. Pine Grosbeak. Irregular
winter visitant, occurring sometimes in abundance, but generally not
common.

*74. Carpodaeus purpureus Gray. Purple Finch. Rather
common summer resident; a few probably remain at some localities
during winter. ,

75. Loxia leucoptera Gmel. White-winged Crossbill. Irreg-
ular winter visitant.

76. Loxia curvirostra var. americana Cov.es. Common Cross-
bill. Irregular winter visitor, but a much more frequent. and abun-
dant visitor than the preceding species. A few often occur in summer.

77. iEgiothus linaria Gab. Red-poll Linnet. An irregular
but often abundant winter visitor.

78. Linota flavirostris var. brewsteri Cones. Brewster's Lin-
net. Rare or accidental. One specimen taken in Cambridge by Mr.
W. Brewster (Ridgioay, Am. Nat., VI, 433; see also Baircl, Brewer and
Bidgway, Hist. Birds N. Amer., I, 1874, 501).

*79. Chrysomitris pinus Bon. Pine Finch. Chiefly spring
and autumn migrant; occasionally remains through the winter, and
has been known to occur in summer. Marked as breeding by Dr.
Emmons.

*80. Chrysomitris tristis Bon. Yellow-bird; Goldfinch.
Common throughout the year, but of gregarious and nomadic habits
in winter.

81. Plectrophanes nivalis Meyer. Snow Bunting. Regular
and rather common winter visitant.

82. Plectrophanes lapponicus Selby. Lapland Longspur.
Winter visitant, mainly near the coast; not common.

83. Plectrophanes ornatus Towns. Chestnut-collared Bunt-
ing. Accidental. (Magnolia, near Gloucester, taken by Mr. C. W.
Townsend, July 28, 1876, Brewer, Bull. Nutt. Om. Club, II, 1877, 78.)

84. Passerculus princeps Maynard. Ipswich Sparrow. Rare
winter visitant, occurring chiefly near the coast. Has been met with
from Prince Edward's Island and New Hampshire to Long Island.

*85. Passerculus savanna Bon. Savanna Sparrow. Abun-
dant summer resident along the coast; much less common in the in-
terior.

*86. Pocecetes gramineus Baircl. Grass Finch; Bay-winged
Sparrow. Abundant summer resident.

*87. Coturniculus passerinus Bon. Yellow-winged Sparrow.
Common and even abundant summer resident at favorable localities,
especially in the Connecticut Valley and near the sea coast.

*88. Coturniculus henslowi Bon. Henslow's Bunting. Rare
summer resident.

17

*89. Ammodromus caudacutus Swain. Sharp-tailed Finch.
More or less common in the salt marshes along the coast, especially
in those of Charles River.

90. Ammodromus maritimus Swain. Ska-side Finch. Rare
or accidental in the salt marshes along the coast. Only one recent
record of its capture in the state. (Nahant, Aug., 1877, taken by Mr.
G. O. Welch, Brewery Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, III, Jan., 1878, 48.) Mr.
Merriam gives it as a common summer resident in the salt and brack-
ish water marshes of Connecticut (Rev. Bds. Conn., 38).

91. Melospiza lincolni Baird. Lincoln's Finch. Known only
as a rare or casual visitor in spring. Mr. E. I. Shores considers it as
not rare at Suffield, Conn., where he believes a few pairs breed (see
Merriam's Rev. Bds. Conn., p. 38).

*92. Melospiza palustris Baird. Swamp Sparrow. A not very
common summer resident, of rather local distribution.

*93. Melospiza melodia Baird. Song Sparrow. Abundant
summer resident; a few sometimes remain in winter in sheltered
localities.

*94. Junco hyemalis Scl. Snow Bird. Mainly a spring and
autumn visitant; a few are sometimes observed in winter. Breeds
abundantly in the more elevated parts of Berkshire County.

95. Junco oregonus Scl. Oregon Snow Bird. Accidental.
(Watertown, March 25, 1874, Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, I, 1876,
19.)

96. Spizella monticola Baird. Tree Sparrow. Common win-
ter visitant.

*97. Spizella socialis Bon. Chipping Sparrow. Abundant sum-
mer resident.

*98, Spizella pusilla Bon. Field Sparrow. Common summer
resident.

99. Spizella pallida var. breweri Cows. Clay-colored Spar-
row. Accidental. (Watertown, Dec. 15, 1873, Brewster, Am. Nat.,
VIII, 366.)

*100. Zonotrichia albicollis Bon. White-throated Sparrow.
Abundant spring and autumn migrant. Marked as breeding by Dr.
Emmons.

101. Zonotrichia leucophrys Swain. White-crowned Spar-
row. Rather rare spring and autumn migrant.

102. Chondestes grammaca Bon. Lark Finch. Accidental.
Two instances only of its occurrence recorded. (Gloucester, about
1845, Putnam, Proc. Essex Inst., I, 1856, 224; Newtonville, Nov. 25,
1877, Purdie, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, III, Jan., 1878, 4-t.)

103. Passerella iliaca Swain. Fox-colored Sparrow. Abun<-
dant spring and autumn migrant..

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN. X £

18

104. Calamospiza bicolor Bon. Lark Bunting. Accidental.
One instance of its capture. (Lynn, Dec. 5, 1877, taken by Mr. N.
Vickary. Allen, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, III, Jan., 1878, 48.)

*105. Euspizaamericanalton. Black-throated Bunting. Very
rare summer resident.

*108. Goniaphea ludoviciana Bowdich. Rose-breasted Gros-
beak. Common summer resident.

*107. Cyanospiza cyanea Baird. Indigo Bird. Common sum-
mer resident.

108. Cardinalis virginiana Bon. Cardinal; Redbird. Acci-
dental. Very few instances of its occurrence recorded. (Its most
northern record is Halifax, N. S., January 31, 1871. Jones, Am. Nat.,
V, 170.)

*109. Pipilo erythrophthalrrms Vieill. Ciiewink; Towheb
Bunting. Abundant summer resident.

*11Q. Dolichonyx oryzivorus Swain. Bobolink; "Skunk
Blackbird." Abundant summer resident.

"111. Molothrus ater Gray. Cowbird. Common summer resi-
dent.

*112. Agelseus phceniceus Vieill. Red-winged Blackbird.
Common summer resident.

113. Xanthocephalus icterocephalus Baird. Yellow-headed
Blackbird. Accidental. Two instances of its capture, the second
here for the first time recorded. First identified from the wings, tail,
and foot of a specimen shot by Mr. Frank Sawyer in Watertown, Oct.
15, 1869. {Allen, Am. Nat., Ill, 1870, C3G.) Mr. N. Vickary, of Lynn,
informs me that two specimens were shot at Eastham, Sept. 10, 1877,
by Mr. Loud, of Salem, one of which is preserved.

*114. Sturnella magna Swain. Meadow Lark. Common sum-
mer resident; a few sometimes remain in winter.

*115. Icterus spurms Bon. Orchard Oriole. Rare summer
resident. More common in the Connecticut Valley than elsewhere in
the state.

*116. Icterus baltimore Daud. Baltimore Oriole. Abundant
summer resident.

117. Scolecophagus ferrugineus Swain. Rusty Grackle.
Rather common spring and autumn visitant.

*118. Quiscalus purpureas Licht. Purple Grackle. Common
summer resident.

119. Corvus corax Linn. Raven. Very rare. Very few re-
corded instances of its capture within the state. (A recent record is
Williamstown [187G?]. Tenney, Am. Nat., XI, 243.)

*120. Corvus americanus And. Common Crow. Common resi-
dent.

19

♦121. Cyamirus cristatus Swain. Blue Jay. Common th rough-
out the year.

*122. Tyrannus carolinensis Baird. Kingbird. Common sum-
mer resident.

123. Tyrannus dominicensis Bich. Gray Kingbird. Acci-
dental. Taken in Lynn early in October, 18G9. {Allen, Am. Nat., Ill,
Feb., 1870, 645.)

*124. Myiarchus crinitus Cab. Great crested Flycatcher..
Rare summer resident.

*125. Sayornis fuscus Baird. Piicebe; Bridge Pewee. Com-
mon summer resident.

*126. Contopus borealis Baird. Olive-sided Pewee. Rather
uncommon summer resident.

*127. Contopus virens Cab. Wood Pewee. Common summer
resident.

*128. Empidonax minimus Baird. Least Pewee. Coramoa
summer resident.

*129. Empidonax trailli Baird. Traill's Flycatcher. Chiefly
a spring and autumn visitant; not common. A few remain in summer
and breed.

130. Empidonax flaviventris -Bai'rd. Yellow-bellied Pewee.
Not uncommon in spring and fall.

*131. Antrostomus vociferus Bon. Whip-poor-will. Com-
mon summer resident.

*132. Chordiles virginianus Bon. Night Hawk. Abundant
summer resident.

*133. Chs3tura pelasgia Steph. Chimney Swift. Abundant
summer resident.

*134. Trochilus colubris Linn. Ruby- throated Humming-bird.
Common summer resident.

*135. Ceryle alcyon Boie. Belted Kingfisher. Common sum-
mer resident. Occasionally met with in winter.

*136. Coccygus erythrophthalmus i?o?t. Black-billed Cuckoo.
Common summer resident.

*137. Coecygus americanus Bon. Yellow-billed Cuckoo.
Rather frequent summer resident. Somewhat irregularly dispersed,
and very variable in respect to numbers in different years.

*138. • Hylotomus pileatus Baird. Pileated Woodpecker.
Nearly or quite extirpated from most parts of the state, but still more
or less frequent in Berkshire County, and of occasional occurrence in
other well wooded portions of the state.

*139. Pieus villosus Linn. Hairy Woodpecker. A not common
resident. More numerous in winter than in summer, when it is gen-
erally rare.

20

♦140. Picus pubescens Linn. Downy Woodpecker. Rather
common resident.

141. Picoides arcticus Gray. Black-backed Woodpecker. Very-
rare winter visitant. A recent record of its capture in "Middlesex
County, fall of 1871." (Purdie, Am. Nat., VII, 1873, 693.)

142. Picoides americanus JBrehm. (P. hirsutus of most Massa-
chusetts lists.) Banded-backed Woodpecker. Very rare or acci-
dental winter visitant. Very few instances are on record of the cap-
ture of either species of this genus in the state. P. arcticus has been
more frequently recorded than P. americanus. (See Allen, Am. Nat.,
Ill, 572.)

*143. Sphyrapicus varius Baird. Yellow-bellied Woodpecker.
Not very uncommon in spring and fall, and a few probably breed, more
especially in Berkshire County. (Marked as breeding by Dr. Em-
mons.)

144. Centurus carolinus Bon. Red bellied Woodpecker.
Accidental. Not to my knowledge yet taken in the state, but ob-
served by me at Springfield, May 13, 1863, under circumstances that
would render a mistaken identification almost impossible (Proc. Essex
Inst., IV, 53). It has since been taken by Mr. Shores within a few
miles of this locality (at Suffield, Conn., Merriam, Rev. Birds of Conn.,
1877, 65).

*145. Melanerpes erythrocephalus Sicain. Red-headed Wood-
pecker. Rare summer resident, occasionally breeding. Most fre-
quently observed in fall, usually in immature plumage.

146. Colaptes auratus Swain. Golden-winged Woodpecker.
Abundant summer resident. Occasionally seen in winter.

147. Strix flammea Linn. Barn Owl. Very rare or accidental.
Only two specimens as yet known to have been taken in the state, —
ane at Springfield, May, 1868 (Allen, Proc. Essex Inst., VI, 1868,
312) ; the other at Lynn, in 1865 (Allen, Am. Nat., Ill, Feb., 1870, 646).

♦148. Bubo virginianus Bon. Great Horned Owl. A not un-
common resident.

*149. Scops asio Bon. Mottled Owl. Common, resident.

*150. Otus vulgaris Flem. Long -eared Owl. Not common,
resident.

♦151. Brachyotus palustris Bon. Short-eared Owl. Rather
common resident.

152. Syrnium cinereuni And. Great Gray Owl. Accidental
or very rare winter visitant. I have no record of its capture in the
state since 1866 (Salem, Nov. 10, 1866, Allen, Am. Nat., Ill, Jan.,
1870, 570).

*153. Syrnium nebulosum Gray. Barred Owl. Rather com-
mon resident.

21

♦154. Nyctale acadica Bon. Saw-wiiet Owl; Acadian Owl.
Rather common and probably resident. (See Deane, Bull. Nutt. Orn.
Club, II, 84.)

155. Nyctale tengmalmi Bon. (V. richardsoni auct.) Tung-
malm's Owl. Rare winter visitor. Recent records of its occurrence
arc: Lynn, 18G3 {Allen, Am. Nat., Ill, Feb., 1870, 616)-, Cambridge,
Dec, 18C5 (Maynard, Nat. Guide, 1870, 133).

156. Nyctea scandiaca Newt. Snowy Owl. A more or less
regular winter visitant. Very abundant during the winter of 187G-77.
(See Deane, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, II, 9, 1877.)

157. Surnia ulula Bon. Hawk Owl. Very rare winter visitor
in most parts of the state ; probably of rather frequent occurrence in
the more elevated parts of Berkshire County. (For the record of its
occurrence see Am. Nat., IJI, Dec, 1869, 569.)

158. Speotyto eunicularia var. hypogsea Cones. Burrowing
Owl. Accidental. Newburyport, May 4, 1875 (Deane, "Rod and
Gun," VI, 97, May 15, 1875).

*159. Circus cyaneus var. hudsonius Schl. Marsh Hawk.
Common summer resident.

160. Wauclerus furcatus Vig. Swallow-tailed Hawk. Acci-
dental. One record of its occurrence (to me a satisfactory one), but
none of its capture (Whately, about 1868, Allen, Am. Nat., Ill, Feb.,
1870, 645). Mr. Merriam gives it as "a rare straggler from the
South," and cites two instances of its occurrence in that state (Rev.
Birds Conn., 1877, 76).

*161. Accipiter fuscus Bon. Sharp-shinned Hawk. Rather
common summer resident.

*162. Accipiter cooperi Bon. Cooper's Hawk. Common sum-

ler resident; of occasional occurrence in winter.

163. Astur atricapillus Bon. Goshawk. Rather frequent win-
ter visitant. Has been seen in summer, and perhaps occasionally
breeds.

164. Falco gyrfalco Linn. Gyrfalcon. Of rare or accidental
occurrence in winter.

164a. Falco gyrfalco var. labradora Bidg. Black Gyrfalcon.
Accidental. Breed's Island, October, 1876. (Cory, Bull. Nutt. Orn.
Club, II, Jan., 1877, 27.)

*165. Falco communis Linn. Duck Hawk. Rare resident;
more common in winter than in summer and along the coast than in
the interior.

166. Falco columbarius Linn. Pigeon Hawk. Rather rare,
occurring chiefly in spring, fall, and winter.

*167. Falco sparverius Linn. Sparrow Hawk. More or less
common resident; most numerous in spring and fall.

22

*168. Buteo borealis Vicill. Red-tailed Buzzard. A rather
common resident.

*169. Buteo lineatus Jard. Red-shouldered Buzzard. Com-
mon resident.

170. Buteo swainsoni Bon. Swainson's Buzzard. Accidental.
Two instances of its capture thus far on record. (Salem, winter of
1871-72, Mus. Peabody Academy; Wayland, Sept. 12, 187G, Brewster,
Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, III, Jan., 1878, 39 )

*171. Buteo pennsylvanicus Bon. Broad-winged Buzzard.
Rather rare summer resident.

172. Arehibuteo lagopus Gray. Rougii-legged Buzzard.
Rather common winter visitant, but of somewhat local distribution.

*173. Pandion haliaetus Sav. Fish Hawk. Occasional summer
visitant. Formerly bred in the state, but probably nests here very
rarely, if at all, now.

174. Aquila chrysaetus Linn. Golden Eagle. Very rare win-
ter visitant. Recent records of its capture are : Munson, Nov., 1864;
Deerfield, Dec. 14, 1865; Westfield, three specimens, 1866 {Allen, Am.
Nat., Ill, Dec, 1869). I have now to add Fairhaven, Nov. 21, 1873,
shot by Mr. Nelson H. Stephens. The specimen was sent in the flesh
by Captain Charles Bryant to the Museum of Comparative Zoology,
where it is now preserved.

*175. Haliaetus leucocephalus Sav. White-headed Eagle;
Bald Eagle. Rare resident.

176. Rhinogryphus aura Bidg. Turkey Vulture; "Turkey
Buzzard." Accidental. Two instances of its capture recorded, but
none since 1S64.

177. Catharista atratus Grarj. Black Vulture. Accidental.
Quite a number of instances of its capture are on record. Recent
ones are Hudson, 1868, where several specimens were seen (Allen,
Nat., Ill, Feb., 1870, 646). A recent record also for Maine is Calais,
1869 (Boardman, Am. Nat., Ill, 498).

*178. Ectopistes migratorius Swain. Wild Pigeon. Irregular
summer resident, not generally common.

*179. Zensedura carolinensis Bon. Carolina Dove ;" Mourn-
ing Dove." Common summer resident.

180. Tetrao canadensis Linn. Spruce Partridge; Canada
Grouse. Accidental. Only two recorded instances of its capture,
which are Gloucester, 1851; Roxbury, about 1865 (Allen, Am. Nat.,
Ill, Feb., 1870, 636).

*181. Cupidonia cupido Baird. Pinnated Grouse; Prairie
Hen. Formerly common in portions of the state, but long since ex-
tirpated from all portions except Martha's Vineyard, where a few are
said to still exist.

23

*182. Bonasa umbellus Steph. Ruffed Grouse; "Partridge."
Common resident.

*183. Ortyx virginiamis Bon. Quail; Bob-white. More or
less common resident in most parts of the state.

184. Squartarola helvetica Cuv. Black-bellied Plover.
Generally more or less common during the spring and fall.

185. Charadrius virginicus Borck. Golden Plover. Com-
mon spring and autumn migrant.

*188. JEgialites vocifera. Cass. Killdeer Plover. A not com-
mon summer resident.

187. iEgialites semipalmata Cab. Semipalmated Plover;
"Ring- neck." Abundant spring and autumn visitant.

*188. iEgialites meloda Cab. Piping Plover; "Ring-neck."
Common summer resident along the coast.

189. Hseniatopus palliatus Temm. Oyster-catcher. Acci-
dental in summer.

190. Strepsilas interpres III. Turnstone. Rather common
spring and autumn visitant.

191. Himantopus nigricollis Vieill. Black-necked Stilt.
Accidental. Mr. Muynard gives it, on the authority of "gunners and
others," as "occasionally seen along the sandy beaches" (Nat. Guide?
1870, 143). Mr. Boardman saw, some years since, two specimens in
a Boston market, which he was assured were taken in this state {Allen,
Am. Nat.. Ill, Feb., 1870, G38).

192. Steganopus wilsoni Coues. Wilson's Piialarope. Acci-
dental. No recent record of its capture.

193. Lobipes hyperboreus Cuv. Northern Piialarope. Known
only as a rare spring and autumn migrant.

194. Phalaropus fulicarius Bon. Red Phalarope. Not com-
mon spring and autumn migrant.

*195. Philohela minor Gray. American Woodcock. Common
summer resident.

*196. Gallinago wilsoni Bon. Wilson's Snipe. Common dur-
ing migrations and a rather rare summer resident. A few pass the
winter at favorable localities.

197. Macrorhamphus griseus Leach. {31. griseus et scolopaceus
auct.) Red-breasted Snipe. Rather common spring and autumn
migrant.

198. Micropalama himantopus Baird. Stilt Sandpiper. Rare,
occurring chiefly during the autumnal migration. Several recent in-
stances of its capture within the state.

199. Ereunetes pusillus Cass. Semipalmated Sandpiper.
Abundant during its migrations; a few sometimes met with in sum-
mer.

24

200. Tringa minutilla Vieill. Least Sandpiper. Abundant
during its migrations.

201. Tringa bairdi Coues. Baird's Sandpiper. Accidental.
Taken by Mr. H. W. Henshaw on Long Island, Boston Harbor, Aug.

27, 1870 {Brewster, Am. Nat., VI, May, 1872, 306).

202. Tringa fuscicollis Vieill. (T. bonapartei et schinzi auct.)
White-rumped Sandpiper. Common spring and fall migrant.

203. Tringa maculata Vieill. Pectoral Sandpiper. Common
during its migrations.

204. Tringa maritima BrUnn. Purple Sandpiper. Rather
rare spring and autumn visitant; a few sometimes remain in winter.

205. Tringa alpina var. americana Cass. American Dunlin.
Abundant spring and autumn visitant ; a few sometimes remain in
summer.

206. Tringa subarquata Guld. Curlew Sandpiper. Rare or
accidental in spring and fall. According to Dr. Brewer, there was no
authenticated instance of its occurrence in New England on record
prior to 1875, when he announced the capture of a specimen "recently
taken" in Ipswich (Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XVII, Nov., 1875,
446). Mr. E. A. Samuels, however, refers to its having been shot on
Cape Ann in 1865 (Orn. and 061. New Eng., 1868, 447). Mr. Brewster
has since recorded its capture in East Boston, early in May, 1866
(Bull. Nutt.Orn. Club, July, 1876, 51).

207. Tringa canutus Linn. Knot; Red-breasted Sandpiper.
Common spring and autumn visitant.

208. Calidris arenaria III. Sanderling. Abundant spring
and autumn migrant; stragglers sometimes remain in summer.

209. Limosa fedoa Ord. Great Marbled Godwit. Rare spring
and autumn visitant.

210. Limosa hudsonica Svminson. Hudsonian Godwit. Rare
during its migrations.

*211. Tetanus semipalmatus Gmel. Willet. Rare summer
resident, sometimes breeding.

212. Totanus melanoleucus Gmel. Greater Yellow-legs;
Greater Telltale. Common spring and autumn migrant, and a
few linger in summer.

213. Totanus flavipes Gmel. Lesser Yellow-legs. Common
spring and autumn visitant; rare in summer.

214. Totanus solitarius Wils. Solitary Sandpiper. Common
in spring and fall; stragglers sometimes remain in summer.

*215. Tringoides macularius Gray. Spotted Sandpiper. Com-
mon summer resident.

216. Philomachus pugnax Gray. Ruff. Accidental. The only
record of its occurrence appears to be "Newbury port marshes, May

28, 1871" (Brewster, Am. Nat., VI, May, 1872, 306).

25

*217. Actiturus bartramius Bon. Upland Plover. Common
summer resident.

218. Tryngites rufescens Cab. Buff-breasted Sandpiper.
Rather uncommon spring and autumn visitant.

219. Numenius longirostris Wils. Long-billed Curlew. A
not very common spring and autumn visitant.

220. Numenius hudsonicus Lath. Hudsonian Curlew. Rare
spring and fall migrant.

221. Numenius borealis Lath. Esquimaux Curlew. Rather
common spring and autumn migrant.

222. Falcinellus igneus Gray. (Ibis ordi auct.) Glossy Ibis.
Accidental. Several records of its occurrence, but only one recent
(Nantucket, Sept., 1869, 'Allen, Am. Nat., Ill, Feb., 1870, G37).

*223. Ardea herodias Linn. Great Blue Heron. A not com-
mon summer resident.

224. Ardea egretta Gm. Great White Egret. Accidental.
Several comparatively recent instances of its capture have been re-
corded. (Hudson, Ashland, and Lynn, Allen, Am. Nat., Ill, Feb.,
1870, G37; Westford, 1873, Purdie, Am. Nat., VII, 693.)

225. Ardea candidissima Jacq. Little White Egret. Acci-
dental. There are fewer recorded instances of the occurrence of this
species than the preceding, and none recent.

226. Ardea cserulea Linn. Little Blue Heron. Accidental.
No recent record of its occurrence.

*227. Ardea virescens Linn. Green Heron. Common summer
resident.

*228. Nyetiardea grisea var. nsevia Allen. Night Heron.
Common summer resident. Stragglers have been observed at Cam-
bridge in winter.

229. Nyctiardea violacea Swain. Yellow-crowned Night
Heron. Accidental. One record (Lynn, Oct., 1862, Allen, Am. Nat.,
Ill, Feb., 1870, 637).

"230. Botaurus minor Bon. Bittern. Common summer resi-
dent.

*231. Ardetta exilis Gray. Least Bittern. Not generally com-
mon, but rather frequent at some localities.

232. Rallus longirostris Bodd. Clapper Rail; Salt-water
Marsh Hen. Accidental. One instance (Boston Harbor, May 4,
1875, Purdie, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, II, Jan., 1877, 22). Has been re-
peatedly taken in Connecticut (Merriam, Rev. Birds Conn., 1877, 115).

233. Rallus elegans Aud. King Rail ; Fresh-water Hen. Ac-
cidental. One instance (Nahant, Nov. 21, 1875, Purdie, Bull. Nutt.
Orn. Club, II, Jan., 1877, 22). A rare summer resident in Southern
Connecticut (Merriam, Rev. Birds Conn., 115).

26

♦234. Rallus virginianus Linn. Virginia Rail. Common sum-
mer resident.

*235. Porzana Carolina Vicill. Carolina Rail; Sora. Com-
mon summer resident.

*236. Porzana noveboracensis Cass. Yellow Rail. Very rare
summer visitant.

237. Porzana jamaicensis Cass. Black Rail. Very rare, per-
haps accidental, summer visitant. One instance only of its capture in
Massachusetts recorded (Clark's Isl., Plymouth Harbor, Aug., 18G9,
Purdie, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, II, Jan., 1877. 22). As yet only two
records of its capture in Connecticut (see Merriam, Rev. Birds Conn.,
1877, 119).

*238. Gallinula galeata Bon. Florida Gallinule. Rare sum-
mer visitant, doubtless occasionally breeding (see Allen, Am. Nat.,
Ill, Feb., 1870, G39). Given by Merriam as a "rather common sum-
mer resident" of Connecticut (Rev. Birds Conn., 19).

239. Porphyrio martinica Temm. Purple Gallinule. Acci-
dental. A recent record of its occurrence is Rockport, Apr. 12, 1875
{Whitman, Am. Nat., IX, Oct., 1875, G74). More easterly recent rec-
ords are Calais, Me., Boardman, Am. Nat., Ill, 498; Halifax, January
30, 1870, Jones, Am. Nat., IV, 253).

*240. Fulica americana Gmel. Coot. Rare summer resident;
more numerous in fall and spring.

241. Cygmis americanus Sharpl. Whistling Swan. Given by
Dr. Brewer as "rare, migratory," in Massachusetts (Proc. Bost. Soc.
Nat. Hist., XVII, 1875, 447), but I can point to no recent record of
its actual capture. In early times (first half of the seventeenth cen-
tury and later) this species (and probably also the Trumpeter Swan,
C. buccinator) was common (see Bull. Nutt. Oru. Club, I, Sept., 1876,
58). According to Mr. Merriam, swans presumed to be C. americanus
have recently been taken in Connecticut (Rev. Birds Conn., 1S77, 120).

242. Anser hyperboreus Pall. Snow Goose. Rare winter
visitant.

243. Anser albifrons var. gambeli Coues. White- fronted
Goose. Rare spring and fall migrant. Some years since I found
specimens in the Boston markets I had reason to believe were killed
in the state. Dr. Brewer says it was more common thirty and forty
years ago than now, as was the case with many of our other ducks
and geese (Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, II, Apr., 1877, 4(5).

244. Branta bermela Scoj). Brant Goose; Black Brant. Not
uncommon spring and autumn migrant.

244a. Branta bernicla "var. nigricans" Coues. With the pre-
ceding.

245. Branta canadensis Gray. Canada Goose. Common spring
and autumn visitant ; probably formerly a summer resident.

27

245a. Branta canadensis " var. hutchinsi " Cours. IIutciiins'
Goosk. Less common than var. canadensis. Formerly more abun-
dant than at present {Brewer, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, II, Apr., 1877,
46).

246. Anas boschas Linn. Mallard. Rare in spring and fall.
♦247. Anas obscura Gmel. Black Duck. Abundant winter resi-
dent and rare in summer; doubtless formerly regularly resident the
whole year.

248. Dafila acuta Jenyns. Pin-tail Duck. Rare winter visi-
tant.

249. Chaulelasmus streperus Gray. Gadwall; Gray Duck.
Rather rare spring- and autumn visitant.

250. Mareca americana Steplu Baldpate; American Widg-
eon. Spring and autumn visitant.

251. Querquedula discors Steph. Blue-winged Teal. Rather
common spring and autumn migrant ; formerly doubtless a summer
resident.

252. Querquedula carolinensis Steph. Green-winged Teal.
Common spring and autumn migrant.

253. Spatula clypeata Bote. Shoveller. Rare spring and
autumn visitant. It was formerly, judging from its present breeding
range in the interior, a frequent summer resident.

*254. Aix sponsa Boie. Wood Duck; Summer Duck. Common
summer resident.

255. Fuligula marila Steph. Greater Blackhead; Scaur Duck.
Not common spring and autumn visitant, some remaining in winter.

255a. Fuligula marila var. affinis Allen. Lesser Blackhead.
Not common in spring and fall.

256. Fuligula collaris Bon. Ring-necked Duck. Rare spring
and autumn migrant.

257. Fuligula ferina var. americana Cones. Redhead ; Poch-
ard. Rare spring and autumn migrant.

258. Fuligula vallisneria Steph, Canvass-back. Very rare
spring and autumn visitant.

259. Bucephala clangula Gray. Golden-eyed Duck; Whis-
tler. Common winter resident.

260. Bucephala islandica Baird. Barrow's Golden-eye.
Rare winter visitant. Only recently added to the fauna of the state
on record of its actual capture {Brewster, Am. Nat., VI, May, 1872,
306).

261. Bucephala albeola Baird. Buffle-head; Butter-ball.
Common winter visitant.

262. Harelda glaeialis Leach. Long-tailed Duck; Old Wife;
Old Squaw. Common winter visitant.

263. Histrionicus torquatus Bon. Harlequin Duck. Rare

28

winter visitant. Formerly, like most of the clucks, more common
than now (Brewer, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, II, Apr., 1877, 4G).

264. Camptolsemus labradorius Gray. Labrador Duck. For-
merly a rare winter visitant; probably now nearly extinct.

265. Somateria mollis sima Leach. Eider Duck. Common
spring and autumn visitant, some remaining in winter.

266. Somateria spectabilis Leach. King Eider. Bare winter
visitant.

267. GSdemia americana Swain. Scoter. Abundant in spring
and fall and common in winter.

268. GEidemia fusca Swain. Velvet Scoter; White-winged
Coot. Common winter visitant.

269. CEdemia perspicillata Fleming. Surf Duck. Common
winter visitant.

270. Erismatura rubida Bon. Ruddy Duck. Bather common
winter visitant, but most numerous in fall and spring.

271. Mergus merganser Linn. Goosander; Merganser. Com-
mon winter visitant, but most numerous in fall and spring.

272. Mergus serrator Linn. Red-breasted Merganser. Abun-
dant in spring and fall, many remaining in winter.

273. Mergus cucullatus Linn. Hooded Merganser. Rather
common spring and autumn visitant, many remaining in winter, and
perhaps in summer.

274. Sula bassana Linn. Gannet; Solan Goose. Common
winter visitant.

275. Pelecanus trachyrhynchus Lath. White Pklican. Now
accidental; formerly common (Allen, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, I, Sept.,
187G, GO). The only recent correct record of its capture appears to be
North Scituate, Oct. G, 1876 (Purdie, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, II, Jan.,
1877, 22). The specimens reported by me (Am. Nat., Ill, Feb., 1870,
640) as taken at Ipswich and Nantucket were found later to be P.
fuscns. (See remarks under P. fiiscus.)

276. Pelecanus fuscus Linn. Brown Pelican. Accidental.
Ipswich (Maynard, Nat. Guide, 1870, 149; erroneously noticed by me
under the head of the preceding species in Am. Nat., Ill, 640). Nan-
tucket (Allen, Am. Nat., Ill, Feb., 1870, 640, but wrongly given as P.
erythrorhynchus) . Corrected in a note added to last page of author's
extras, in which it is stated that "from information just received there
is every reason for believing that this flock" of White Pelicans, men-
tioned on page 40 (of extras) as having visited Nantucket Island,
"were Brown Pelicans."

277. Graculus carbo Gray. Common Cormorant. Common
winter resident.

278. Graculus dilophus Gray. Double-crested Cormorant.
Not uncommon in winter.

29

279. Stercorarius pomatorhinus Vieill. Pomarine Jaeger;

Pomarine Skua. A not common winter visitant.

280. Stercorarius parasiticus Coues. (S. crepidatus Saund.)
Richardson's Skua; Parasitic Jaeger. Along the coast in winter;
not common.

281. Stercorarius buffoni Cones. (S. parasiticus Saund.) Buf-
fon's Skua. Rare on the coast in winter.

282. Larus glaucus Brunn. Glaucous Gull. Rare winter
visitant.

283. Larus leucopterus Fabr. White- winged Gull. Rare
winter visitant.

284. Larus marinus Linn. Great Black-backed Gull. Com-
mon winter visitant.

285. Larus argentatus Linn. Herring Gull. Abundant win-
ter visitant ; a few remain along the coast in summer* where formerly
they probably bred.

286. Larus delawarensis Ord. Ring-billed Gull. Rather
uncommon on the coast in winter.

287. Larus tridactylus Linn. Kittiwake Gull. Common win-
ter visitant.

*288. Larus atricilla Linn. Laughing Gull. Formerly a not
Uncommon summer visitant ; now nearly extirpated from our coast.

289. Larus Philadelphia Ord. Bonaparte's Gull. Common
winter visitant, but more numerous in fall aucl spring.

290. Xema sabinei Bon. Forked-tailed Gull. Accidental.
The only record is Boston Harbor, Sept. 27, 1874 (Brewster, Am.
Sportsman, V, 1875, 370).

291. Sterna anglic a Mont. ( S. aranea auct.) Gull-billed Tern.
Accidental. A recent record is Ipswich, Sept., 1871 (Brewster, Am.
Nat, YI, May, 1872, 306).

292. Sterna caspia Pallas. Caspian Tern. Rare or accidental
in winter.

293. Sterna regia Gamb. Royal Tern. Accidental. Two speci-
mens taken by Messrs. Maynard and Brewster on Nantucket Island,
July 1, 1874 (Am. Sports., V, 249, Jan. 16, 1875).

294. Sterna cantiaca Gmel. (S. acuflavida auct.) Sandwich
Tern. Accidental. One record only, Chatham, August, 1865 (Allen,
Amer. Nat., Ill, Feb., 1870, 614).

*295. Sterna hirundo Linn. Common Tern. Abundant summer
resident along the coast.

296. Sterna forsteri Nutt. (S. havelli auct.) Forster's Tern.
Rare or accidental. Ipswich, Sept., 1870 (Brewster, Am. Nat., VI,
May, 1872, 306; coast, "two or three" specimens, 1873, Purdie, Am.
Nat., VII, 693),

30

*297. Sterna macmra Nord. Arctic Tern. Abundant summer
resident along the coast.

The form described as Sterna portlandica by Mr. Ridgway (Amer.
Nat., VI 1 1, 1871, 433), and since referred to S. macrura by Brewster
(Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., XI, 1875, 201) and Saunders (Proc. Zool.
Soc, Lond., 1876, 650) has been taken on Muskeget Island {Brewster,
Am. Sports., V, 249, Jan. 16, 1875).

*298. Sterna dougalli Mont. (S. paradisea auct.) Roseate
Tern. Common along the coast in summer.

*299. Sterna superciliaris var. antillarum Coues. Least Tern.
Common along the coast in summer.

300. Sterna fuliginosa Gmel. Sooty Tern. Accidental. Two
recent records of its capture in Massachusetts, — Lawrence, Oct. 29,
187G (Deane, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, II, Jan., 1877, 27) ; Williamstown,
Sept., 187G (Tenney, Am. Nat., XI, 1877, 243). Also several times
taken recently in Connecticut and Rhode Island, — Saybrook, Conn.,
gummier of 1876 (Purdie, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, II, Jan., 1877, 22;
see also Alerriam, Rev. Birds Conn., 1877, 134). From these records
it appears that six specimens were taken in Connecticut, one in Rhode
Island, and two in Massachusetts, during 1876, mostly iu September.

301. Hydrochelidon lariformis Cones. Short-tailed Tern;
Black Tern. Accidental, or very rare. Ipswich, taken by Mr. C. J.
Mayuard {Allen, Am. Nat., Ill, Feb., 1870, 644).

302. Cymoehorea leucorrhoa Coues. Leach's Petrel. Com-
mon winter visitant along the coast.

303. Oeeanites oceanica Coues. Wilson's Petrel. Common
off the coast.

304. Puffinus major Fabr. Greater Shearwater. Common
off the coast, especially in winter.

305. Puffinus fuliginosus Strict. Sooty Shearwater. More
or less common off the coast, especially in winter.

*308. Colyrnbus torquatus Brunn. Loon; Great Northern
Diver. More or less frequent resident.

307. Colyrnbus septentrionalis Linn. Red-throated Diver.
Common winter visitant along the coast; rare in the interior; most
numerous in autumn and spring.

308. Podiceps cornutus Gmel. Horned Grebe. Chiefly a
winter visitant, but not common ; a few remain in summer.

309. Podiceps griseigena var. holbolli Coues. Red-necked
Grebe. Chiefly a winter visitant; not common. Sometimes met
with iu summer.

*310. Podilymbus podiceps Lawr. Pied-billed Grebe. Rather
rare resident; more common in spring and fall than at other seasons.
311. Utamania torda Leach. Razor-billed Auk. Not uncom-
mon wiuter visitant along the coast.

31

312. Fratercula arctica Stcph. Arctic Puffin; Sea Parrot.
Not uncommon winter visitant.

313. Mergulus alle Vieill. Dovekib; Sea Dove. Irregular and

generally rare winter visitant along the coast; occasionally common.

314. Uria grylle Brunn. Black Guillemot. Bather common
winter visitant.

315. Lomvia troile Brandt. (L. troile et ringvia auct.) Common
Guillemot; Murhe. Common winter visitant.

316. Lomvia arra Cones. {Cataractcs lomvia Bryant.) Thick-
billed Guillemot. Common winter visitant along the coast.

2. Extirpated Species.

1. Meleagris gallopavo var. occidentalis Allen. Wild Tur-
key. Well known to have been a common species in southern New
England for a long time subsequent to the first settlement of this part
of the country (see Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, I, Sept., 1876, 55), but long
since ceased to exist here in a wild slate. Considered as nearly ex-
tinct by Emmons in 1833, but said by Hitchcock to be at that time
"frequently met with on Mount Ilolyoke" (Rep. on Geol. Mass., etc.,
1833, 549).

2. Grus canadensis Temm. Sandhill Crane; Brown Crane.
Unquestionably more or less abundant two hundred years ago (see
Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, I, Sept., 1870, 58), but there is no recent record
of its occurrence.

3. Grus americanus Ord. Whooping Crane; White Crane.
This species was given by Emmons in 1833 as a rare but regular visi-
tant, but there is no later record of its occurrence. It unquestionably
occurred here at the time of the first settlement of the country, in
common with the preceding species.

4. Alca impennis Linn. Great Auk. The former existence of
this species in Massachusetts is attested by the occurrence of its
bones in the Indian shell heaps of the coast, particularly at Ipswich,
and there are also unquestionable allusions to its presence on Cape
Cod at the time the coast was explored by Gosuold in 1G02 (see Bull.
Nutt. Orn. Club, I, Sept., 187G, 59).

Other species that" are virtually extirpated, although retained in the
preceding list, are the Prairie Hen (Ciipidonia cupido), supposed to be
now restricted to Martha's Vineyard, where only a few, if indeed any,
representatives of this formerly rather common species still exist (see
antea, p. 22): the Whistling Swan (Cygnns americanus); now only a
rare straggler, and probably also the Trumpeter Swan {Cygnus bucci-
nator). To these may probably be added the Labrador or Pied Duck
(Camptolcemus labradorius), respecting which see Rowley, Orn. Miscel.,
pt. VI, pp. 205-223, 1877 ; also Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, III, Apr., 1878.

32

3. Species of probable occurrence.

Of the following list of twenty-four species, the greater part have
been included in various former lists of the birds of Massachusetts,
but generally on inferential or hearsay evidence, or by erroneous iden-
tifications. Six have actually been taken within the last three or four
years by Mr. E. I. Shores, within a few miles of the southern boun-
dary of the state (near my old collecting ground at Springfield).
Others, from their known general range, must evidently occur at rare
intervals', and I confidently expect that within the next ten years at
least seven-eighths, and probably nine-tenths, of them will be added
to the list of those included from having been actually taken within
the state. At least one-half of them have already been obtained in
adjoining states at points not far from the Massachusetts line.

1. Saxicola cenantha Beck. Stonechat. Has been taken in
Labrador, at Quebec, Canada, and on Long Island, and is of frequent
occurrence in the Bermudas.

2. Lophophanes bicolor Bon. Crested Titmouse. Northern
New Jersey; Long Island; New London, Conn, (one instance, Mer-
riam, Rev. Birds Conn., 1877, 9) ; New Haven, Conn. (Linsley) ; New
Hampshire.

3. Protonotaria citrea Baird. Prothonotary Warbler. Of
accidental occurrence in eastern Maine and New Brunswick (Brewer,
Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XVII, 439, on the authority of Mr. Board-
man), and being a southern species may be looked for as of casual
occurrence in Massachusetts.

4. Helmitherus vermivorus Bon. Worm-eating Warbler.
Has been taken in Suffielcl, Conn., on the southern boundary of Mas-
sachusetts, and is a rather common summer resident in portions of
Southern Connecticut (Purdie, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, II, Jan., 1877,
21; Am. Nat., VII, 1873, G92).

5. Helmintliophaga pinus Baird. Blue-winged Yellow War-
bler. "A summer resident in southern Connecticut and in the Con-
necticut Valley," where it breeds (Merriam, Rev. Birds Conn., 14).

6. Dendroeca cserulea Baird. Cerulean Warbler. Has been
taken as far north as Suffielcl, Conn., on the southern boundary of the
state (Burdie, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, II, 1877, 22).

7. Oporornis forniosa Baird. Kentucky Warbler. Was taken
by Mr. E. I. Shores in Suffield, Conn., Aug. 16, 187G, — the only record
for New England (3Icrriam, Rev. Birds Conn., 1S77, 22).

8. Myiodioctes mitrata Aud. Hooded Warbler. Rare sum-
mer resident in southern Connecticut (Jlerriam). Has been taken in
Suffield, Conn., by Mr. E. I. Shores, July 8, lSlo(Purdie, Bull. Nutt.
Orn. Club, II, 1877, 21).

33

9. Stelgidopteryx serripennis Baird. Rough-winged Swal-
low. Taken at Suffield, Conn., by Mr. E. I. Shores, June 6, 1874
(Purdie, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, II, Jan , 1877, 21), its only New England
record. It has been found, however, breeding at West Point, New
York (Mearns, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, III, Apr., 1878, — ), and will
doubtless soon be added to the fauna of Massachusetts.

10. Goniaphea cserulea Gray. Blue Grosbeak. This southern
species having been taken at Grand Meuan and Calais, Maine {Board-
man, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., IX, 1862, 127) is surely to be added,
sooner or later, to the list of Massachusetts birds. Its occurrence is
d priori far more probable than that of many species that have been
found here.

11. Perisoreus canadensis Bon. Canada Jay. This species
occurs doubtless in Berkshire County as an occasional winter visitor.

12. Tyrannus verticalis Say. Arkansas Flycatcher. This
species has been taken at Elliot, Maine {Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat.
Hist., X, 1865, 96; Purdie, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, I, Sept., 1876, 73),
and is as likely to occur in this state as many western and southern
species that have already been taken here.

13. Corvus ossifragus Wils. Fish Crow. Probably rare or acci-
dental. Although there is as yet no record of its capture within the
state, Mr. W. Brewster, who is familiar with the species, observed a
single individual in Cambridge, March 16, 1875 {Brewster, Bull. Nutt.
Orn. Club, I, 19). Its recent capture at West Point, N. Y., and on
Long Island, tends to confirm its reported occurrence in Connecticut
by Linsley (Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, XLIV, 1843, 260) and render it
almost certain that stragglers will soon be taken here. It is so easily
confounded with the Common Crow, even when in hand, by ordinary
observers, that it may for this reason have been heretofore overlooked.

14. Empidonax acadieus Baird. Acadian Flycatcher. Not
known to have been taken in the state, but it has been obtained by
Mr. E. I. Shores in Suffield, Conn., within ten miles of my old collect-
ing ground at Springfield, Mr. Shores's specimen having been identi-
fied as E. acadieus by no less an authority than Mr. Robert Riclgway
{Merriam, Rev. Birds Conn., 1877, 58). This places the species beyond
question in the list of New England birds (see Brewer, Proc. Bost.
Soc. Nat. Hist., XVII, 1875, 452). I recorded this bird in 1864 as
occurring at Springfield (Proc. Essex Inst., IV, 54), but have since
become convinced that I mistook for it E. trailli.

15. JSgialites wilsonia Cass. Wilson's Plover. Its reported
occurrence in the state rest on not wholly satisfactory authority (see
Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XVII, 1875, 452). There appears
to be no recent well-authenticated instance of its occurrence north of

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN.

34

16. Scolopax rusticola Linn, European Woodcock. The oc-
casional capture of this European species on the Atlantic coast, from
Maine to Virginia (Loudon County, Nov., 1873, Cones, Am. Nat., X,
372), seems to render it probable that it will eventually be taken in
this state.

17. Recnrvirostra americana Gmel. Avoset. As this species
has been taken in one instance at Point Lepreaux, New Brunswick
(not Calais, Me., as generally supposed; see Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc.
Nat. Hist., XVII, 1875, 452), and near Saybrook, Conn. (Merriam, Rev.
Birds Conn., 1877, 103), it may be fairly looked for as an accidental
visitor.

18. Cygnus buccinator Bich. Trumpeter Swan. Recently re-
ported by Mr. Merriam (Rev. Birds Conn., 1870, 120) as probably oc-
curring in the vicinity of East Windsor Hill, Conn, (within fifteen
miles of the Massachusetts line). In all probability it was common
here two hundred years ago and may still be looked for as a straggler.

19. Anser cserulescens Pallas. Blue Goose. May be an acci-
dental visitor, but according to Dr. Brewer (Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat.
Hist., XVII, 1875, 452) there is no record of its actual occurrence in
New England.

20. Branta leucopsis Boie. Barnacle Goose. As this acci-
dental visitor has been taken in southern Labrador, Maine, on Long
Island, and in North Carolina, and more than the "eight escaped
birds" have been accounted for, it seems reasonable to include this
species among those of probable occurrence in Massachusetts. On
the occurrence of this species on the Atlantic coast of North America
see Baird (Am. Nat., II, March, 1868, 39), Brewer (Proc. Bost. Soc.
Nat. Hist., XVII, 1875, 452), Lawrence (Am. Nat., V, March, 1870, 10),
and Lawrence and Deane (Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, II, Jan., 1877, 18). I
understand specimens have recently been taken near Portland, Maine.
It has been repeatedly attributed to Massachusetts, but probably on
insufficient evidence. (See Allen, Proc. Essex lust., IV, 1864, 88;
Coues, Proc. Essex Inst., VI, 1868, 298.)

21. Mareca penelope Bon. European Widgeon. This species
likewise lacks confirmation as a bird of Massachusetts, or even of New
England, although it has been taken on Long Island, and at various
points in North America. It is of course to be looked for here.

22. Querquedula crecca Steph. European Teal. The speci-
men recorded by Dr. Bryant (Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., V, 1855, 195)
as taken in this state Dr. Brewer says was actually takeu in North
Carolina. and not in Massachusetts (Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, II, Apr.,
1877, 46). This leaves the species without even a New England rec-
ord, but it has so often been taken on the North American coast (at
various points from Labrador to North Carolina) as a straggler from
.the Old World, that its occurrence here is to be expected.

35

23. Procellaria pelagica Linn. Stormy Petrel. Usually given
as occurring off the coast, but Dr. Brewer doubts its right to a place
among New England birds, since he has not been able to learn that a
specimen has been taken (Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XVII, 1877,
453).

24. Puffinus anglorum Temm. Mank's Shearwater. Com-
monly given as more or less frequent off the coast in winter, but
Dr. Brewer (Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XVII, 1875, 453) claims that
it has never been taken, and that it is not even a North American
bird.

The Crested Grebe {Podiceps cristatus) has been commonly given
as a rare winter visitant. Dr. Brewer says it has been improperly
included as a bird of New England and that "its right to be regarded
even as North American is also questioned" (Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat.
Hist., XVII, 1875, 453). He has since shown that all the references
to its capture in North America (Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, III, Apr.,
1878, 52) are erroneous, as is now very generally conceded. •

4. Hypothetical and doubtful Species.

1. Myiodioctes minutus Baird. Small-headed Flycatcher.
Dr. Brewer retains this species as a bird of Massachusetts on the
ground that Nuttall " states that Mr. Charles Pickering obtained a
specimen of this bird many years ago, near Salem, Mass., and that he
[Nuttall] had himself also seen it in the same State, at the approach
of winter." Dr. Brewer further refers to a specimen "supposed to
be of this species," and so identified by Mr. Audubon, that he once
obtained in Roxbury, but admits that, as Audubon afterwards made no
mention of it, the presumption is that he was mistaken as to the iden-
tity of the specimen. No specimen of this supposed species is extant,
and it is only known from the descriptions and figures given long
since by Wilson and Audubon. According to the latter the*original
locality was Kentucky. I agree with Dr. Coues that the species is one
hardly entitled to recognition, and I prefer to discard it, for the pres-
ent, as a bird of Massachusetts. (See Baird, Brewer and Ridgway's
Hist. North Am. Birds, I, 1874, 316.)

2. Empidonax pygmseus Minot.9 "Pygmy Flycatcher." Only
"caught sight of" "in some shrubbery" "near Boston" by our young
author, who "watched it for about three minutes," and then proceeded
to describe it as a new species I No characters are given, by which it
can be distinguished from any of the species of Empidonax, and those
are half conjectural. The presumption of adding a "new species" on

9 Land Birds and Game Birds of New England, 1877, 290.

36

such a basis, in a group of birds so difficult of discrimination as to
often puzzle experts with the specimens actually in hand, is certainly
open to censure.

3. Thaumatias linnsei Bon. (Agyrtria maculata et linncei auct.)
Linsmeus's Emerald. Supposed to have been taken in Massachusetts,
and included in several lists. The probabilities seem to me to be
strongly against the straggling of any South American Humming Bird
to this state, and the history of this specimen leaves room for doubt
respecting its actual capture here. It was first recorded by myself
(Am. Nat., Ill, Feb., 1870, 645), but with much hesitation. The cir-
cumstances of its supposed capture here have since been more fully
investigated, and I now prefer not to recognize it as entitled to a
record as a bird of Massachusetts.

5. Introduced undomesticated Species, or probably introduced either
intentionally or accidentally.

1. Passer domesticus Linn. House Sparrow. Abundant near
the larger towns and rapidly increasing, although the first importa-
tion was made scarcely ten years ago.

2. Carduelis elegans Steph. European Goldfinch. Repeat-
edly taken or observed in a wild state, under circumstances that seem
to render it probable that the individuals were not escaped cage-birds.
Whether or not introduced originally by man's agency I consider seri-
ously open to question.

3. Serinus meridionalis Brehm. Serin Finch. Thus far only
one record is known to me of its capture, — Springfield, Nov., about
1865 (Allen, Am. Nat., Ill, Jan., 1870, 635). Perhaps an escaped
cage-bird, but the probabilities seem to me to be against this theory.

4. Coturnix communis Gray. European Quail. About one
hundred of these birds were imported by Mr. Warren Hapgood in the
spring of 1877, and distributed to various parts of the State. Only a
few pairs are known to have raised young, and the result of the ex-
periment is at present doubtful. The capture of a "young-cock bird"
at Essex, Nov. 1, 1877, is recorded in "Forest and Stream" of Dec. 6,
1877 (p. 345). This importation consisted of two hundred and fifty
birds, sixty-one of which died on the passage, leaving one hundred
and eighty-nine for distribution on their arrival in Massachusetts
about June 10. The same vessel brought a consignment of two hun-
dred birds of this species to Judge Martin G. Evarts of Rutland, Vt.,
all but three of which are said to have reached Rutland alive. They
were turned out June 9, and 11, 1877, and are reported to have bred
plentifully. They disappeared from the neighborhood of Rutland
about September 1, and have since been reported as seen (aside from

37

"bogus" reports of their flying out to sea) at various localities in the
Southern States, the last authentic account up to the present writing
representing several bevies as seen near Savannah, Ga., as late as
December 10. (For a history of the introduction and migration of
this species see "Forest and Stream" of issues of June 28, Aug. 2,
Aug. 9, Aug. 23, Sept. 6, Nov. 15, Nov. 29, Dec. 6, and Dec. 27, 1877.)

5. Lagopus albus Aud. Willow Ptarmigan. The specimen
taken in Manchester, in May, 1859, Dr. Coues conjectures was brought
alive from Labrador or Newfoundland, and escaped (Proc. Essex
lust., V. 1868, 259).

6. Cupidonia cupido Baird. Pinnated Grouse. A few have
been introduced at different times into Barnstable County, but none of
them or their descendants are certainly known to still exist there.

Dr. Brewer informs me that several European Black-cap Warblers
(Sylvia atricapilla) were at one time turned loose in Mount Auburn
Cemetery, but are known to have all soon after died.

General Summary.

Fully authenticated as birds of the State 10 316

Extirpated 4

Given as of probable occurrence 24

Considered as fairly entitled to recognition as Massachusetts birds 340

Known as breeding within the State (about) 135

Extremely rare or accidental visitors 90

Introduced 6

North American species added since 1867. 35

Addendum.

57bis. Pyranga ludoviciana Bon. Louisiana Tanager. Since
this paper went to press a specimen of this western species has been
taken alive in Salem, and its occurrence recorded by Dr. Brewer
("Forest and Stream," X, 95, March 14, 1878). It was captured Jan.
20, 1878, during the severest snow storm of the season, and being, in
winter, a bird of Mexico, is presumed to have been involuntarily car-
ried northward by the storm. It was an "adult female, and, though
ravenous for food, was not in wasted condition."

"Excluding " varieties " of other species represented.

38

Monday, January 21, 1878.

Meeting this evening at 7.30 o'clock. The President
in the chair.

Miss Mary Saunders, of Salem, was elected a resident
member.

Prof. E. S. Morse gave an interesting lecture upon
Japan. It was a familiar talk on topics suggested by his
recent sojourn in that country, with an especial reference
to the artistic ways of the people, the manner in which
they utilized the most common objects, like bamboo and
piue, in their ornamental work ; and the wonderful taste
exhibited by the commonest venders in the display of
their wares. Samples of their work in straw, fungus,
and other material, were shown. He spoke also of the
richer works in bronze, and the art feeling displayed in
the most unexpected ways by combining the most exqui-
sitely wrought work in pearl, ivory, and silver, in combi-
nation with worm-eaten wood as a background. Their
gardens, paths, gateways and fence posts, and interior of
dwellings were also illustrated.

Monday, February 4, 1878.

Meeting this evening at 7.30 o'clock. The President
in the chair. Records read. Donations and correspon-
dence announced.

The subject of commemorating the 250th anniversary
of the landing of Governor Endicott at Salem was intro-
duced. Remarks in relation thereto were made, and on

39

motion of Mr. W. D. Northencl, Vice-President A. C.
Goodell was added to the committee previously appointed.

Rev. George D. Wildes, of New York, who, during
his rectorship of Grace Church in this city, was an active
member of the Institute, being present, by invitation from
the chair made some interesting remarks, informally ex-
pressing his pleasure at being present, once more, at one
of these meetings, after an absence of eleven years ; his
interest in the proposed celebration, and giving an account
of a recent visit to York Harbor, Maine, of which he men-
tioned some facts pertaining to its history. He brought
to the meeting the military journal of Gen. Abbott of
1779, reading some extracts from the same. It is now
owned by Mr. Frank Chase of Salem. Mr. Wildes also
alluded to his present place of residence, which is replete
with historic lore, noting especially some of the places
around which cluster many of the most important incidents
of the revolutionary period.

Hon. William D. Northend mentioned several inci-
dents in the lives of some of the distinguished men who
have originated in the town of Newbury, which were sug-
gested by the remarks of the previous speaker.

On motion of Mr. W. P. Upham :

Voted, That the sincere thanks of the Institute be ten-
dered to Rev. Mr. Wildes for his interesting remarks this

40

Monday, Feb. 25, 1878.

Mr. Leonakd Waldo, of the Cambridge Observatory,
gave an instructive illustrated lecture on

Telling the Time,

The occasion of our gathering here this evening is, I
believe, a unique one in the annals of New England ; but
if the kind words which Charles Kingsley has spoken of
the people, of Salem are true, and if that strong interest
in all that pertains to seamen and ships is still alive, I
feel that our evening will be spent profitably and pleas-
antly together.

The time-balls dropped from their masts at Deal, at
Cape Town, and from the magnificent heads of Sydney
harbor, are perhaps familiar to more than one member of
the time-honored East India Marine Society who may be
with us this evening ; and it will be to him not an unin-
structive thought, that in those distant British colonies
there exists this thoughtful attention to the needs of every
ship, domestic or foreign, which enters their ports.

He will reflect, doubtless, that until within a few weeks
this kindness has not been reciprocated in one American
seaport. And he will be gratified to know that the
Western Union Telegraph Company now display at five
minutes of twelve, a ball at the top of a mast placed on
the highest pinnacle of their Broadway building in New
York ; and that precisely noon, as indicated from the
U. S. Naval Observatory, Washington, it falls from its
conspicuous position. Hearing this, your natural New
England pride suggests the query of the Cambridge poet,

"Wall, neighbor, tell us wut's turned up thet's new?
You're younger'n I be,— nigher Boston tu :
An' down to Boston, ef you take their showin',
Wut they don't know ain't hardly wuth the knowin',

41

I think I may assure you that not many weeks will elapse
until Boston will offer this same advantage to the ships
within her harbor.

I have mentioned the time-ball first, because it has
secured for itself a wide recognition as the simplest way
of announcing an arbitrary instant of time. But like the
newspaper dropped at the door, or the water which flows
upon turning the faucet, the simple result attained in the
dropping of a time-ball is the out-growth of the most
refined principles of mechanism, and is the product of
skilful assiduity on the part of the astronomer. It is our
province now to ask these questions, "Where do we get
and how do we keep our time?" These questions come
with force at the moments when we stand looking alter-
nately at the face of our watch, and the rear platform of
a departing train ; or when the Gold Stock Exchange
closes one minute before we thought it would ; or when
some majestic steamer wrecks in a fog on our coast
because her chronometers are at fault.

We all know that whatever may be the merits of our
sun in other respects he is not a very accurate marker of
the length of a day. Thus February 10th, he is fifteen
minutes slow of any respectable clock, and then he catches
up until the middle of May, when he is four minutes fast.
July 25th, again, he is six minutes slow, and November
2nd, he crosses the meridian sixteen minutes before
twelve. From time immemorial, however, the sun has
marked the beginning of the day's labor, and in order to
overcome the difficulties in measuring the length of a day,
caused by the sun's irregularity, astronomers imagine that
there exists in the heavens a fictitious sun, which moves
uniformly along the Equator of the heavens. Four times
in the course of a year the fictitious sun and the real sun
indicate the same clock time. I shall point out to you

42

later some difficulties in the way of exactly determining
our time from the sun. But while he is seldom used in
the Observatory for such a purpose, an exact knowledge
of his motion, and some exact way of measuring his posi-
tion, is of the utmost importance to the navigators; and
I suppose it is to them we owe the wide-spread opinion
that from observations of the sun, all astronomers deter-
mine the time.

Brilliant even through a haze, easily observed even
when the ship's deck is rolling, the navigator readily
brings the reflected sun and the horizon in contact with
the telescope of his sextant. From his tables, with an
approximate knowledge of his latitude, he will tell you at
just what time the sun will reach a certain altitude, and
this will afford him a means of detecting the error of his
chronometer on local time.

But we are chiefly to concern ourselves to-night with
the instruments used in fixed observatories for determin-
ing time. You are aware that the stars are located on
the celestial sphere by a system of coordinates, closely
resembling our terrestrial ones of latitude and longitude ;
only when applied to the heavens these terms are changed
to the more technical ones of Declination and Right Ascen-
sion. Now Declinations the astronomer measures with
carefully graduated circles, but in measuring Right Ascen-
sions the astronomer fixes his instrument in one plane,
and notes by his clock, how long after one star passes this
plane, another follows it. But he must be able to meas-
ure this interval of time with a degree of accuracy which
corresponds to the accuracy reached with the graduated
circle. Hence the Observatory continues to be the recog-
nized critic of the performance of time-pieces, for nowhere
else in the arts or sciences is the exact measurement of
considerable intervals of time of such vital importance.

43

Tho instrument almost universally used in determining
the time is the Astronomical Transit Instrument. Through
the courtesy of the Director of Harvard College Obser-
vatory, we have before us to-night, a very beautiful speci-
men of this instrument, built by M. Herbst of Poulkova.
You notice that it has but one motion, simply around this
axis which points east and west, and makes a right angle
with the telescope tube. Now as I take hold of the tele-
scope, you see the telescope only moves from the north
to the south, that is, in the meridian. If we suppose this
axis to be perfectly horizontal, — and this delicate level
which hangs from it will tell us if it is not so, — I think
you will readily see that the astronomer has only to point
the instrument so that it will have the same altitude as a
star approaching the meridian, in order to have that star
visible in the telescope as it crosses it. Now if we imag-
ine the star to be exactly in the centre of the field of
view of the telescope to-night, and if we do not move the
telescope, to-morrow night at about this time, the same
star will re-appear, and the interval between its two suc-
cessive appearances is one sidereal day.

Unfortunately for our purpose Nature has not provided
a visible meridian line, and accordingly the astronomer
contrives a visible substitute. We have on the screen a
circle of light, which fairly represents the circle of light
you would see by placing your eye to the telescope. You
will understand that it will take several minutes for the
star to cross this circle of light, or what is the same thing,
the field of view of the telescope. To tell when the star
is in the middle of this field there is inserted in the tele-
scope a fine spider's web, which divides the field of view
into two parts, and which represents to the astronomer,
as nearly as practicable, the meridian line on the heavens.

Practically instead of one line there are a number of

44

lines parallel to each other, so that the astronomer may
be able to tell more exactly than he could by noting the
transit over one line, exactly when the star crosses his
approximate meridian. I say approximate meridian, be-
cause this middle line only marks the meridian within
certain limits which are set by the principle which under-
lies all practical astronomy, that after human art is ex-
hausted in rendering an instrument as perfect as possible,
there are still measurable deviations from perfection itself.
In the case of our transit we are unable to have it perfect
in a single point ; we cannot put the middle line of this
group exactly in the centre of the true telescopic field of
view. We cannot make this axis about which the tele-
scope turns, perfectly horizontal, we cannot bring the
telescope so that it shall move exactly in the meridian,
and even if we could accomplish either of these three
things, we should hardly have time to announce it, before
that unseen motion which is constantly going on among
the molecules of every body in the visible universe, would
have disturbed it to an extent appreciable by the applica-
tion of some refined method of investigation.

In order to measure our day, therefore, we must assure
ourselves of the amount of change our instrument has
undergone in that interval. This is accomplished by the
observation of a number of stars distributed over the
northern and southern heavens. We can compute from
the discrepancies among such a series of stars the correc-
tion We should apply .to each one of them, to get the same
result we should have obtained in our measure of the
day's length, if we had used a perfect instrument moving
precisely in the meridian. Let us briefly consider the
principles we should adopt to free our observation of a
star of the errors springing from the three sources I have
mentioned. First, we can determine how much that

45

middle line is away from the true centre of the telescope,
by observing some pretty slow moving star near the pole
as it crosses the first two wires of the group, we will say.
Now we know the distance which these two wires are
from this middle one, and we can therefore determine the
time at which the star would cross the middle wire. We
left our star slowly moving, and after it had passed the
second wire, now suppose that we skilfully and rapidly
lift our instrument out of its bearings and replace it with
its horizontal axis end for end, and point the telescope
upon the same star which has not yet crossed these last
two wires. Now if you reflect a moment you will see
that these are the same two wires across which we have
first observed the star's transit, only they are now on the
other side of the field of view, and if we now compute at
what time the star crossed the middle wire from these last
two transits we shall find that it differs from the time
derived from the first two transits by twice the amount
the middle line is from the true centre. Second, we can
determine how nearly level this horizontal axis is by
means of this very delicate spirit-level, which you see
rests only on the axis itself. And third, we can determine
how much our instrument (due allowance being made for
the two preceding sources of error) still deviates from the
meridian, by combining star transits taken near the pole
and the equator. It is the habit of astronomers to con-
sider a series of stars observed in this manner as consti-
tuting one time determination. And if our clock shows
by its face that the sidereal day just measured has ended
ten minutes too soon, then we say that our clock is ten
minutes slow.

I think now you will understand me when I say that
the first objection the astronomer has to observing the
sun for time, is, that it is difficult to get enough stars in

•46

the daytime to determine the position of the instrument,
and another objection is found in the greater uncertainty
attending the transit of the sun's limbs, which I think we
can see on the screen.

We have here a beautiful photograph taken from the
sun directly, and for which we are indebted to the skill
of Lewis M. Rutherford, Esq. You will notice that the
rounded limb of the sun cannot be so nicely bisected as
can the image of this star which follows afterwards.

Let us now examine the method of noting the transit of
a star across a wire. If I take this chronometer or that
clock, I can count the beats as I sit with my eye to the
telescope ; and as the star crosses each wire I can note the
second and the fraction of a second, and a skilful observer
will only on rare occasions estimate this fraction a fifth of
a second in error. It is better, however, to lessen the
errors which depend upon the personality of the observer,
such as his observing too fast or two slow, and to econo-
mize the time of writing down the observations, to record
them automatically by means of the chronograph, an in-
strument first used in this connection by an American
astronomer. We have a small one before us, and you see
it consists of a metallic cylinder around which a sheet of
paper is coiled, which is revolved uniformly by clock
work. A glass fountain pen rests upon the surface of the
paper, and as the cylinder revolves the pen draws a line
upon it. Now if you conceive that this cylinder be slowly
moved along at the same time that it revolves, you will
understand that the pen never marks over the same part
of the paper. Now suppose that this cylinder rotates just
once in sixty seconds, and suppose that I cause this clock
by means of an electric circuit to slightly move the pen at
the beginning of each second ; this will cause a slight
notch in the line, which registers upon the paper the

47

beginning of each second, and if we omit the slight notch
which would be made by the fifty-ninth second we can
thus register the beginning of each minute. This tele-
graph key which I hold in my hand is in the same electric
circuit with the clock and chronograph, and as this star is
passing over the screen I can register its transits upon the
chronograph by simply causing the pen to make a notch
in the line by breaking the electric circuit. We have put
a telegraphic sounder in the same circuit, so that I think
you will be able to hear the beats of the clock quite to the
other end of the hall. There comes our star, and as it
crosses each wire your will hear the familiar telegraph
tick which tells us that we have made the slight notch on
the chronograph which records the star's transit. Now
suppose that this slight notch we afterwards find occurs
six-tenths of the way between the thirtieth and thirty-first
second. Then we know that the star's transit occurred at
thirty-one seconds and six-tenths of a second of a particu-
lar minute. After an evening's observation the sheet is
removed from the cylinder, labelled, and filed away with
the records of the Observatory.

Having obtained the error of our time-piece to within
a twentieth of a single second, the next question is, How
shall we keep the time-piece so that it will have the same
error to-morrow night, that it has to-night; or failing in
this, how shall we preserve the same relation between the
errors on consecutive nights? In other words, how shall
we know that the time-piece gains or loses regularly?
This leads us to speak of the clocks and watches which
keep the time from day to day. You all know that the
test of the performance of any time-piece is found in
noting the regularity with which it gains or loses. Thus
a clock which gained ten seconds a day might be a very
much better one than another which gained and lost alter-

48

nately ten seconds a day. Though at the end of a week
the better clock would be a minute more in error than the
second one. The point I wish to illustrate is that with an
accurate time-piece we can always predict what its error
will be, for some days in advance. While with a poor
time-piece we can form no idea from the determination of
its error on two nights, what it will be on a third one.
Now it is to the elimination of the sources of error in
clocks and watches that the attention of the artisan is
directed ; and the practical form which successive im-
provements take is in more perfectly protecting our time-
pieces from the effects of temperature changes, and from
those resulting from variations of friction in the move-
ment. In the clock we endeavor to guard against the
effects of temperature on the pendulum, by.uniting two
metals in such a way that one expands upwards while the
other expands downwards, and they are so adjusted that
the centre of the pendulum stays very nearly in the same
position. Now, although the clock is the most perfect
time-piece we have, yet it is still liable to the theoretical
objection that its pendulum swings in a circular instead of
a cycloidal arc. You will be interested to know, that the
finest clocks for astronomers' uses are so sensitive to ex-
ternal influences that if the barometer were to change an
inch in height, it would cause a variation in the clock's
rate of about a quarter of a second per day, and I might
mention that in some large observatories the standard
clock is kept in a cellar vault to avoid changes of temper-
ature and in an hermetically sealed glass case, from which
the air has been partially exhausted. At the Harvard
Observatory the clock which distributes the signals to
Boston and alon^ the lines of the railroads and conse-
quently to Salem as well, is placed in the cellar inside of
a thick walled room which has a floor of sheet lead, its

49

walls filled with dry sand and its door joints packed with
felt. Here is the record of the performance of a sister
clock by the same makers in the Liverpool Observatory.
After making the correction for barometric pressure the
average of the daily rates in 1876 for the month of March
was six one-hundredths of a second ; for April, five hun-
dredths ; for May, seven hundredths ; for June, eight
hundredths ; for July, eight hundredths.

Before showing how these clocks are used for distribu-
ting public time, let us consider for a moment the perfor-
mance of watches and chronometers. I suppose that six
men out of seven consider the subject of the performance
of watches their specialty. At least it has been my for-
tune to meet a number of gentlemen with costly watches
which ran so well that they were superior to the finest
astronomical clocks. This somewhat surprising result
was obtained by accepting their sincere testimony that in
six weeks their watches actually had not varied a second.
And one gentleman informed me, with some evident em-
barrassment, that he had detected an error of some twenty
seconds in the time received from the Observatory which
he had heretofore supposed to be very exact.

We are here reminded of Charles Dudley Warner's
words: "We constantly compare our watches, and are
anxious that they should not gain or lose a second. A
person feels his own importance increased if he owns an
accurate watch. There is nothing that a man resents more
than the disparagement of his watch. (It occurs to me,
by the way, that the superior attractiveness of women,
that quality of repose and rest which the world finds in
them, springs from the same amiable laisser aller that
suffers their watches never to be correct. When the day
comes that women's watches keep time there will be no
peace in this world.) When two men meet, one of the

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN. 4

50

most frequent interchanges of courtesies is to compare
watches ; certainly if the question of time is raised, as it
is sure to be shortly among a knot of men with us, every
one pulls out his watch, and comparison is made. We are
in fact, the slaves of time, and of fixed times. We think
it a great loss and misfortune to be without correct time ;
and if we are away from the town-clock and the noon-
gun, in some country place, we importune the city stran-
ger, who appears to have a good watch, for the time ; or
we lie in wait for the magnificent conductor of the railway
express, who always has the air of getting the promptest
time from headquarters."

Let us examine the parts of a watch as we have them
upon the screen. [Here a watch-movement in full motion
was projected upon the screen and Mr. Waldo explained
the various parts.] We are indebted to the Mechanical
Superintendent of the Waltham Watch Factory for this
very interesting exhibition of a watch in motion, pro-
jected against the screen. The chronometer, either ma-
rine or pocket, is superior to any other form of watch
made, if we consider only its performance when it is kept
in one position ; but it is inferior to almost any other well
made form of watch if it is constantly exposed to the jar
of the person in walking or running. The precision at-
tained in the very finest of pocket chronometers is sur-
prising ; thus, the mean daily variation in the rates of the
two best chronometers exhibited by the American Watch
Co. at the Philadelphia Centennial Exposition were twelve
and fourteen one-hundredth^ of a second, respectively.
Quoting from a recent report of the Neuchatel Observa-
tory on the annual competition of Swiss chronometers
for prizes awarded yearly by the Observatory, the two-
best pocket chronometers had an average daily variation
in their rates of thirteen and seventeen one-hundredths of

51

a second respectively. These rates would not discredit
an astronomical clock. We have now considered the
methods of determining exact time, some of the precau-
tions necessary to keep it, and our last division of the
subject will be how to distribute it without sensible error.
We have been talking in describing star transits, of
Sidereal or Star Time, and since the stars rise four min-
utes earlier every day, the sidereal day is four minutes
shorter than our common day. Now it is common or
mean time which we want to distribute, so first we must
convert the sidereal time into mean time. We have here
a mean-time clock loaned through the courtesy of Messrs.
E. Howard & Co. Within this clock is an arrangement
for breaking the electric circuit each alternate second
except the fifty-eighth. We have also here a chronometer
provided with a similar break circuit arrangement, and
we shall cause both of these time-pieces to register their
beats upon this telegraphic sounder. Now the sidereal
clock beating faster than the mean-time clock very soon
catches up with it, and for a few seconds they beat so
closely together that we can compare them to within one

>ne-hundredth of a second. And now we are able by a
short calculation, and knowing the error of the sidereal
clock, to exactly determine the error of the mean-time
clock, which latter error we can reduce to nothing by
altering the clock. Thus we have a mean-time clock set
perfectly to mean time, and by means of an electric cir-
cuit ready to automatically distribute its beats over as
long a circuit as we choose.

We have about the hall a miniature telegraph line with
telegraphic instruments at two or three points, which if
you please we will imagine to be Boston, Springfield; and
New York. We have only to switch the clock into this

circuit, with some precaution to avoid the strong battery

52

power used, and you hear immediately the beats of the
clock registering themselves at each station. In order to
distinguish the beginning of the minute the fifty-eighth
second is omitted. In addition to this omission in the
Harvard Observatory system, the clock omits twenty-six
seconds immediately preceding of each five minutes. For
a single signal it is customary to resort to the time ball,
or to the time gun, both of which require considerable
mechanism which shall act automatically from the clock.
I think we can illustrate the first of these methods by
means of the simple ball you see suspended before you.
It should be electrically released the instant the second
hand of the clock reaches the beginning of the minute.
In regard to the gun, the Astronomer Royal for Scotland
observes, "You would do well, if you can, to pull the
trigger of a time-gun, for there are no means under
Heaven equal to a gun, for speaking to human nature and
obliging it to attend."

We have extemporized also a gun in an adjoining yard,
which in the cause of science the clock should discharge
at the instant of the commencement of the next minute.
We have left untouched great divisions in the art of
measuring and disseminating time, but a regard for the
subject of my lecture reminds me I must close. Much
of the pleasure in the experiments of the evening is
owing to the generous help of Mr. R. W. Willson, of
the Department of Physics, and Mr. Winslow Upton, of
the Observatory of Harvard University. Are we not
reminded, in our efforts to measure an hour, that, "Time
is the measure of all things, but is itself immeasurable,
and the grand discloser of all things, but is itself undis-
closed?"

BULLETIN

OP THE

esses: iitstittjte.

Vol. 10. Salem, Apr., Mat, June, 1878. Nos. 4, 5, 6.

LIST OF THE

NORTH AMERICAN CRUSTACEA

Belonging to the Suborder Caridea.

By J. S. KlNGSLEY.

The following list is intended to embrace all the de-
scribed species of shrimps which have been found in the
waters of North America, from the Arctic regions to the
Isthmus of Panama, with their principal synonyms and
geographical range.

Sub-order CARIDEA.

Family CEAFGONID51.

Subfamily Crangoninse.

Genus CRANGON Fabricius.

1. Crangon vulgaris Fabricius, Suppl. Ent. Syst., 1798, p. 410.
Edwards, Hist. Nat. des Crustaces, 1837, ii, p. 341. Gould, Inverte-

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN. X 5 (53)

54

brata of Mass., 1841, p. 331. Gibbes, Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci.,
1851, iii, p. 195. Smith, Rep. U. S. Fish Comm., 1871-2, p. 551, pi.
Ill, f. 10. Kingsley, Proc. Phil. Acad., 1878, p. 89. Crangon septem-
spinosus Say, Jour. Phila. Acad., 1818, i, p. 246. Dekay, N. Y. Fauna,
Crustacea, 1844, p. 25, pi. viii, f. 24.

North Carolina to Labrador and Europe.

2. Crangon alaskensis Lockington, Proc. Cal. Acad., 1876.
Alaska.

Having only extras of Mr. Lockington's papers (the
volume containing them not being yet issued), I am not
able to quote the pages on which his descriptions occur.

3. Crangon nigricauda Stimpson, Proc. Cal. Acad., 1855, i, p.
89; Jour. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1857, vi, p. 496, pi. XXII, f. 6; Proc.
Phila. Acad., 1860, p. 25. Streets and Kingsley, Bulletin Essex Inst.,
1877, ix, p. 108. Crangon vulgaris Owen, Beechey's Voyage, 1839, p.
87. Dana, U. S. Expl. Ex. Crust., 1852, p. 536. Crangon nigromacu-
lata Lockington, Proc. Cal. Acad., 1876, p. — . Steiracrangon nigri-
cauda Kinahan, Proc. Roy. Irish Acad., 1868, p. 68.

California to Washington Territory.

(I am inclined to consider the three species above as

the same, but need larger series to decide.)

4. Crangon franeiscorum Stimpson, Proc. Cal. Acad., 1855, i,
p. 89; Jour. B. S. N. H., 1857, vi, p. 495, pi. XXII, f. 5; Proc. Phila.
Acad., 1860, p. 25.

California to Washington Territory.

5. Crangon nrnnitus Dana, U. S. Expl. Ex. Crust., 1852, p. 536,
pi. XXXIII, f. 5. Stimpson, Jour. B. S. N. H., 1857, vi, p. 497. Chera-
philus munitus Kinahan, Proc. Roy. Irish Acad., 1868, p. 68.

Washington Territory.

6. Crangon boreas Fabricius, Suppl. Ent. Syst., 1798, p. 410.
Edwards, Hist. Nat. des Crust., 1837, ii, p. 342. Kroyer, Naturhisto-
risk Tidsskrift, 1842-3, iv, p. 218, pi. IV, f. 1-14. Dekay, N. Y. Fauna,
Crustacea, 1844, p. 26. Stimpson, Invert. Gd. Menan, 1853, p. 58;
Proc. Phila. Acad., 1860, p. 25. Cancer boreas Phipps, Voyage, North
Pole, 1774, p. 190, pi. XII, f. i. Astacus boreas Olivier, Eacyc.
Methodique, v, p. 346. Cancer homaroides O. Fabricius, Fauna Gron-

55

landica, 1780, p. 241. Cheraphilus boreas Kinalian, Proc. Roy. Irish
Acad., 18G8, viii, p. G8.

Massachusetts Bay, Labrador, Arctic Seas, Bchrings
Straits.

The Genus CherapJiilus, as limited by Kinalian, is not
co-extensive with the Ponlophilus of Leach and Sars, and
has not a single character common to all the species to
separate it from Crangon as restricted by him. Neither
does the fact that Dr. Leach abandoned his genus Ponto-
jphilus and the subsequent use of that name by Risso and
Brandt for certain Pandali affect the case in the least, as
regards the proposed name, which has been adopted by
Miers (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1877, IV, xix, p. 133).
I accept the genus Pontojphilus as limited by Sars (For-
handl. Vidensk. Selsk. i Christiania, 1861, p. 183).

Genus SABINEA Owen.

7. Sabinea septemcarinata Owen, Appendix Ross 2nd Voyage,
1835, p. 82. Kroyer, N. H. Tidsskr., 1842-3, iv, p. 244, pi. IV, f. 34-40.
Stimpson, Proc. Phila. Acad., 1860, p. 26. Smith, Trans. Conn. Acad.,
1874, iii, p. 28. Crangon septemcarinatus Sabine, Appendix No. X to
Parry's 1st Voyage, 1826, p. 58, pi. II, f. 11-13; Edw. Hist. Nat. Crust.,
1837, ii, p. 343.

Massachusetts Bay, Arctic Seas, Siberia.

Genus NECTOCRANGON Brandt. (Argis Kroyer).

8. Nectocrangon lar Brandt, in Midclendorff's Siberische Reise,
1852, p. 115. Stimpson, Proc. Phila. Acad., 1860, p. 25; Annals N. Y.
Lye, 1871, x, p. 125. Crangon lar Owen, Beechey's Voyage, 1839, p.
88, pi. XXVIII, f. 1. Argis lar Kroyer, Nat. Hist. Tidsskr., 1842-3, iv,
p. 255, pi. V, f. 45-62.

Arctic Seas, Newfoundland, Behrings Straits.

Genus PARACRANGON Dana'.

9. Paracrangon echinatus Dana, U. S. Expl. Ex. Crust., 1852,
p. 538, pi. XXXIII, f. 6. Stimpson, Jour. B. S. N. H., 1857, vi, p. 497.

Puget Sound.

56

Subfamily Lysmatinse.
Genus HIPPOLYSMATA Stimpson.

10. Hippolysmata californica Stimpson, Proc. Chicago Acad.,
I, 48 (teste Strip.) ; Ann. N. Y. Lye, 1871, x, p. 123.

California.

11. Hippolysmata wurdemanni Stimpson, Annals N. Y. Lye,
1871, x, p. 124. Hippolyte wurdemanni Gibbes, Proc. Am. Assoc. Adv.
Science, 1851, iii, p*. 197.

Florida.

12. Hippolysmata intermedia Kingsley, Proc. Phila. Acad.,
1878, p. 90.

Florida.

13. Hippolysmata cubensis Kingsley, Proc. Phila. Acad., 1878,
p. 89. Hippolyte cubensis E. von Martens, Wiegmann's Archiv fur
Naturgeschichte, 1872, p. 136, pi. V, f. 14.

Cuba.

Genus TOZEUMA Stimpson.

14. Tozeuma carolinensis Kingsley, Proc. Phila. Acad., 1878, p.
90.

North Carolina.

Genus RHYNCHOCYCLUS Stimpson.

15. Rhynchoeyclus parvulus Stimpson, Annals N. Y. Lye,
1871, p. 124.

Texas.

Genus LATREUTES Stimpson.

16. Latreutes ensifercis Stimpson, Proc. Phila. Acad., 1860, p.
27. Hippolyte ensiferus Edwards, Hist. Nat. des Crustaces, 1837, ii,
p. 374.

On Gulf weed, Atlantic.

Family ATYID51.
Subfamily Atyinse.
Genus ATYA Leach.
17. Atya scabra Leach, Trans. Linn. Soe, Xr, p. 345 (teste

57

Edw.). Edwards, Hist. Nat. des Crust., 1837, ii, p. 348, pi. XXIV, f.
15-19. Newport. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1847, xix, p. 159. Stimp-
son, Jour. B. S. N. II., 1857, vi, p. 498. Atya mexicana Wiegmann,
Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte, 183G, i, p. 145.

Fresh water, western Mexico.

18. Atya punctata Kingsley, Proc. Phila. Acad., 1878, p. 91.

Hayti.

19. Atya occidentalis Newport, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1847,
xix, p. 159. Kingsley, Proc. Phila. Acad., 1878, p. 92.

West Indies.

20. Atya rivalis Smith, 3rd Report Peab. Acad. Sci., 1871, p. 94.
. West coast Nicaragua.

21. Atya tenella Smith, 3rd Rep. P. A. S., 1871, p. 94.
West coast Nicaragua.

Genus EVATYA Smith.

22. Evatya crassa Smith, 3rd Rep. P. A. S., 1871, p. 95.
West coast Nicaragua.

Genus ATYOIDA Bandall.

23. Atyoida mexicana Stimpson, Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 1859,
xxvii, p. 446. Caradina mexicana Saussure, Crust. Antilles et Mex.,
1858, p. 45, pi. IV, f. 26.

Mexico.

Family P ALUMONID M .

Subfamily Alpheinse.

Genus ALPHEUS Fabricius, Kingsley.

24. Alpheus minus Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1818, i, 245.
Edwards, Hist. Nat. des Crust., 1837, ii, 356. Kingsley, Bulletin U. S.
Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories, 1878, Vol. iv,
No. 1, p. 190. Alpheus formosus Gibbes, 1. c, 196.

North Carolina, Bermudas, West Indies, Florida, Bay
of Panama.

58

25. Alpheus panamensis Kingsley, 1. c, p. 192.
West coast Central America and Panama.

26. Alpheus sulcatus Kingsley, 1. c, p. 193.
Panama, Peru.

27. Alpheus floridanus Kingsley, 1. c, p. 193.
.Florida.

28. Alpheus heterochelis Say, 1. c, 1818, i, p. 243. Edwards,
op. cit., 1837, ii, p. 356. Kingsley, 1. c, p. 194. Alpheus armillatus
Edw., op. cit., p. 354. Alpheus lutarius Saussure, Crust. Antilles et
Mex., 1858, p. 45, pi. Ill, f. 24. Halopsyche lutaria Sauss. Revue Zoo-
logique, 1857, 100.

No. Carolina, Florida, W. Indies, Aspinwall, Brazil,
Panama.

29. Alpheus normanni Kingsley, Proc. Phila. Acad., 1878, p.
93. Alpheus affinis Kingsley (non Guise) Bulletin U. S. Geol. Survey,
1878, p. 195.

Panama.

30. Alpheus transversodactylus Kingsley, 1. c, p. 196.
California, Bermudas.

31. Alpheus parvimanus Kingsley, 1. c, 195.
Panama.

32. Alpheus cylindricus Kingsley, 1. c, 196.
Panama.

33. Alpheus clamator Lockington, Proc. Cal. Acad., 1876.
Kingsley, 1. c, 197.

California.

34. Alpheus longidactylus Kingsley, 1. c, 198. Betceus lon-
gidactylus Lockington, 1. c, 1876.

California.

35. Alpheus harfordi Kingsley, 1. c, 198. Betceus equimanus

59

Lockington (non Dana), Proc. Cal. Acad., 187G. Alpheus equalis Kings-
ley, 1. c, p. 199 (teste Lockinglon in letter).

California.

36. Alpheus equidactylus LocJdngton, 1. c., 187G.
California.

37. Alpheus bellimanus LocJdngton, 1. c, 1876.
California.

38. Alpheus bispinosus Streets, Proc. Phila. Acad., 1872, p.
242 (= ?A. heterochelis).

Isthmus of Panama.

Genus CARIDION Goes (Dorypliorus Norman, non Cuv.).

39. Caridion gordoni Goes, Crustacea decapoda podophth.
marina Suecias (Acad. Sci. Suec, 1863), p. 10. Smith, Trans. Conn.
Acad., 1874, iii, p. 28. f Hippolyte gordoni Sp. Bate, Nat. Hist. Rev.,
v, p. 52. Dorypliorus gordoni Norman, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., Ill,
viii, p. 276.

Northern Atlantic.

Genus HIPPOLYTE Leach (restrict.).

40. Hippolyte pusiola Kroyer, Monograph Fremstilliug Hippo-
lyte, etc., 1842, p. 319, pi. II, f. 69-73. Stimpson, Ann. N. Y. Lyceum,
1871, x, 127. Smith, Rep. U. S. Fish Comm., 1871-2, p. 550.

Europe, Greenland, south to Vineyard Sound.

41. Hippolyte fabricii Kroyer, Nat. Hist. Tidsskrift, iii, p. 571 ;
Monograph, 1842, p. 277, pi. I, f. 12-20. Stimpson, Ann. N. Y. Lye,
1871, x, p. 126.

Massachusetts Bay northward to Europe.

42. Hippolyte suckleyi Stimpson, Proc. Phila. Acad., 1864, p.
154.

Puget Sound.

43. Hippolyte gaimardii Edw., Hist. Nat. des Crust., 1837, ii,
p. 378. Kroyer, N. H. Tidsskr., 1840-41, iii, p. 572; Monograph, 1842,
p. 282, pi. I, f. 21-29. Goes, Crust. Podophth. Suec, 1863, p. 8.

60.

Stimpson, Ann. N. Y. Lye , 1871, x, p. 126. Hippolyte gibba Kr., N. H.
Tidsskr., 1840-41, iii, p. 572; Monograph, 1842, p. 288, pi. I, f. 30-37.
Stimpson, Proc. Phil. Acad., 18G0, p. 35; 1863, p. 139. Hippohjte bel-
cheri Bell, in Belcher, last of the Arctic Voyages, 1855, ii, p. 402, pi.
34, f. 1.

Arctic Seas south to Massachusetts Bay.

44. Hippolyte incerta Buchholz, Zweite deutsche Nordpolar-
fahrt, 1874, p. 272.

Greenland.

45. Hippolyte prionota Stimpson, Proc. Phila. Acad., 1864, p.
153.

Puget Sound.

46. Hippolyte spina White, List Crustacea in British Museum,
p. 76. Stimpson, Proc. Phila. Acad., 1860, p. 34; Ann. N. Y. Lye,
1871, x, p. 126. Cancer spinus Sowerby, Brit. Miscellany, 1806, p. 47,
pi. XXIII. Alpheus spinus Leach, Edinburgh Encyclopedia, 1813-14,
vii, p. 431. Hippolyte sowerbei Leach, Malacos. Podophth. Britt.,
1815-17, pi. XXXIX. Eclw., Crustaces, 1837, ii, p. 380. Kroyer, Mon-
ograph, 1842, p. 298, pi. II, f. 45-54. Dekay, N. Y. Fauna, Crustacea,
1842, p. 27.

Massachusetts Bay to Arctic Seas and Europe.

47. Hippolyte macilenta Kroyer, Nat. Hist. Tidsskrift, 1840-41,
iii, p. 574 ; Monograph, 1842, p. 305, pi. II, f. 55-56.

Greenland.

48. Hippolyte vibrans Stimpson, Annals N. Y. Lye, 1871, x,
p. 125.

Massachusetts Bay.

49. Hippolyte phippsii Kroyer, N. H. Tidsskr., 1840-41, iii, p.
575 ; Monograph, 1842, p. 314, pi. Ill, f. 64-68. Stimpson, Proc. Phila.
Acad., 1863, p. 139.

Arctic.

50. Hippolyte turgida Kroyer, N. H. Tidsskr., 1840-41, iii, p.
575 ; Monograph, p. 308, pi. II, f. 57-58, pi. Ill, f. 59-63. Stimpson,
Proc. Phila. Acad., 1860, p. 34; 1863, p. 139.

Arctic.

61

51. Hippolyte stylus Stimpson, Proc. riiila. Acad., 1864,.p. 54.
Puget Sound.

52. Hippolyte polaris Owen, Appendix, Ross 2nd Voy., 1835,
p. 85. Edw., Hist. Nat. Crust., 1837, ii, p. 37G. Kroyer, Monograph,
1842, p. 324, pi. Ill, f. 78-81 ; pi. IV, f. 82. Stimpson, Proc. Phila.
Acad., 18G0, p. 33; 18G3, p. 139. Cancer squilla var. p. Fabr., Fauna
Gronlandica, 1780, p. 239. Alpheus polaris Sabine, Parry's Voyage,
1821, p. 238, pi. II, f. 5-8.

Arctic.

53. Hippolyte borealis Owen, App. Ross 2nd Voy., 1835, p. 84,
pi. B, f. 3. Edw., Hist. Nat. des Crust., 1837, ii, p. 372. Kroyer,
Monograph, 1842, p. 330, pi. Ill, f. 74-77. Stimpson, Proc. Phila.
Acad., 1860, p. 33; 1863, p. 139.

Greenland, Behrings Straits.

(Goes and Buchholz are inclined to believe this the

same as the preceding.)

54. Hippolyte taylori Stimpson, Jour. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.,
1857, vi, p. 500.

California.

55. Hippolyte brevirostris Dana, U. S. Expl. Ex. Crust., 1851,
p. 556, pi. XXXVI, f. 5. Stimpson, Proc. Cal. Acad., i, 1856, p. 89;
Jour. Bost. Soc, 1857, vi, p. 500; Proc. Phila. Acad., 1860, p. 33.

Pacific coast, U. S.

«

56. Hippolyte gronlandica Miers, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.,
1877, IV, xx, p. 62. Astacus gr'onlandicus J. C. Eabricius, Entomo
Systemat., 1775, p. 416 (teste Miers). Cancer aculeatus O. Eabricius,
Eauna gronlandica, 1780, p. 289. Alpheus aculeatus Sabine, Parry's 1st
Voy., 1821, p. 237, pi. II, f. 9-10. Hippolyte aculeata Owen, App. Ross
2nd Voy., 1835, p. 83. Edw., H. N. Crust., 1837, ii, p. 380. Kroyer,
Monograph, 1842, p. 334, pi. IV, f. 83-98; pi. V, f. 99-104. Gould,
Invertebrata of Mass., 1841, p. 332. Dekay, op. cit., 1843, p. 27, pi.
IX, f. 31. Stimpson, Invertebrata of Grand Menan, 1853, p. 58 ; Proc.
Phila. Acad., 1860, p. 33; 1863, p. 139. Hippolyte armata Owen,
Beechey's Voy., 1839, p. 88, pi. XXXVII, f. 2 ($). Hippolyte comuta
Owen, Beechey's Voyage, 1839, p. 89, pi. XXXVIII, f. 2 (<£).

Northern Seas.

. 62

57. Hippolyte cristata Stimpson, Proc. Phila. Acad., 1860, p.
33.

California.

58. Hippolyte microceros Kroyer, Nat. Hist. Tidsskrift, 1840-
41, p. 578; Monograph, 1842, p. 341, pi. V, f. 105-9.

Greenland.

59. Hippolyte palpator Owen, Beechey's Voy., 1839, p. 89, pi.
XXVIII, f. 3. Stimpson, Proc. Cal. Acad., 1856, i, p. 89; Jour. Bost.
Soc. Nat. Hist., 1857, vi, p. 499.

California.

60. Hippolyte picta Stimpson, Ann. N. Y. Lye, 1871, x, p. 125.
California.

61. Hippolyte sitchensis Brandt, in Middendorff's Siberische
Eeise, 1851, p. 116. Stimpson, Jour. Bost. Soc, 1857, vi, p. 499.

Pacific coast.

62. Hippolyte layi Owen, Beechey's Voyage, 1839, p. 90, pi.
XXVII, f. 3. Stimpson, Jour. Bost. Soc, 1857, vi, p. 499.

California.

63. Hippolyte panschii Buchholz, Zweite Deutsche Nordpolar-
fahrt, 1871, p. 277, pi. I, f. 1.

Greenland.

64. Hippolyte lamellicornis Dana, U. S. Expl. Ex. Crust.,
1851, p. 567, pi. XXXVI, f. 6. Stimpson, Jour. Bost. Soc, 1857, vi,
p. 498.

Puget Sound.

65. Hippolyte afiinis Owen, Beechey's Voyage, 1839, p. 90, pi.
XXVII, f. 4. Stimpson, Jour. Bost. Soc, 1857, vi, p. 498.

California.

66. Hippolyte gracilis Stimpson, Proc Phila. Acad., 1864, p.
155.

Puget Sound.

67. Hippolyte esquimaltiana Spence Bate, Proc. Zool. Soc,
London, 1864, p. 666.

Vancouver Island.

63

68. PHippolyte hemphilli Lockington, 1. c, 187G.
California.

Genus VIRBIUS Stimpson.

69. Virbius acuminatus Stimpson, Proc. Phila. Acad., 18G0, p.
35. Hippolyte acuminata Dana, U. S. Expl. Ex. Crust., 1851, p. 562,
pi. XXXVI, f. 1.

Gulf weed, Atlantic.

70. Virbius pleurae anthus Stimpson, Annals N. Y. Lye. Nat.
Hist., 1871, x, p. 127.

New Jersey, Virginia.

71. Virbius zostericola Smith, Rep. U. S. Fish Comm., 1871-2.
p. 550, pi. Ill, f. 11.

Vineyard Sound.

Subfamily Pandalinse.
Genus PANDALUS Leach.

72. Pandalus annulicornis Leach, British Malacostraca, f. 40,
Edw., Hist. Nat. des Crust., 1837, ii, p. 384. Dekay, op. cit., 1842, p.
28, pi. VII, f. 18. Smith, U. S. Eish Commission, 1872-3, p. 550, pi.
II, f. 6.

Europe, Greenland, south to Vineyard Sound.

73. Pandalus borealis Kroyer, Nat. Hist. Tidssk., 1841-2, ii, p.
254. Brandt, Siberische Reise, 1851, p. 122. Stimpson, Jour. Bost.
Soc. Nat. Hist., 1857, vi, p. 501; Annals N. Y. Lyceum, 1871, x, p. 128.

Greenland, Alaska, Massachusetts Bay.

74. Pandalus franeiscorum Kingsley, Proc. Phila. Acad., 1878,
p. 94.

San Francisco.

75. Pandalus pubescentulus Dana, U. S. Expl. Ex. Crust.,
1851, p. 568, pi. XXXVI, f. 8. Stimpson, Jour. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.,
1857, vi, p. 501.

Washington Territory.

76. Pandalus gurneyi Stimpson, Annals N. Y. Lye, 1871, x, p.
128.

Monterey, Cal.

64

77. Pandalus platyceros Brandt, op. cit., 1851, p. 123. Stirnp-
son, Jour. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1857, vi, p. 502.

Alaska.

78. Pandalus hypsinotus Brandt, op. cit., 1851, p. 125. Stimp-
son, Jour. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1857, vi, p. 502.

Alaska.

79. Pandalus danse Stirnpson, Proc. Bost. Soc, 1857, vi, p. 89 ;
Jour. Bost. Soc, 1857, vi, p. 502, pi. XXI, f. 6 and 7.

Puget Sound.

80. ? Pandalus lsevigatus Stirnpson, Invertebrata of Grand Me-
nan, 1853, p. 58.

Grand Menan.

(Prof. S. I. Smith thinks this a large specimen of P.
annulicornis Leach, with color notes derived from some
species of Hippolyte. Dr. Stirnpson ignored it in his
later papers.)

Subfamily Thorinse.

I propose this division for the reception of the genus
Thor. It is characterized by having the carpus of the
second pair of thoracic feet annulate and smaller than the
first, and by the absence of a mandibular palpus.

Genus THOR Kingsley.1

81. Thor floridanus Kingsley, Proc. PMla. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1878,
p. 95.

Florida.

Subfamily Pontoninse.

I would propose this subfamily to embrace the gen-
era Pontonia Latr., Coralliocaris Stirnpson (= Oedipus
Dana), Harjpilius Dana, Euryrliynclius Miers, Anchistia

1 Proceedings Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, 1878, p. 94.

65

Dana, Palcemonetes Heller, Urocaris Stimpson, and Typ-
ton Costa ; genera which have the second pair of thoracic
feet larger than the first, the carpus never annulate and
the mandible without a palpus.

Genus PONTONIA. Latreille.

82. Pontonia domestica Gibbes, Proc. Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci.,
1851, iii, p. 196. Kingsley, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, 1878,
p. 95.

South Carolina, Florida.

83. Pontonia margarita Smith, American Naturalist, 1869, iii,
p. 245.

Panama.

Genus ANCHISTIA Dana.

84. Anchistia americana Kingsley, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sciences,
Philadelphia, 1878, p. 96.

Florida.

Genus UROCARIS Stimpson.

85. Urocaris longicaudata Stimpson, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.,
Philadelphia, 1860, p.- 39.

Carolina.

Genus PAL^MONETES Heller.

86. Palaemonetes vulgaris Stimpson, Annals N. Y. Lyceum,
1871, x, p. 129. Smith, U. S. Fish Comm., 1871-2, p. 550, pi. II, f. 9.
Talozmon vulgaris Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, 1818, i, p.
248.

Massachusetts Bay to Florida.

87. Palsemonetes carolinus Stimpson, Annals. N. Y. Lyceum,
1871, x, p. 129.

New Jersey to South Carolina.

88. Palsemonetes paludosa Kingsley, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.,
Philadelphia, 1878, p. 97. Hippolyte paludosa Gibbes, Proc. A. A. A.
S., 1851, iii, p. 197. Palcemonetes exilipes Stimpson, Ann. N. Y. Lye,
1871, x, p. 130. Smith, Rep. U. S. Fish Comm., 1872-3, p. 641, pi. I,
f. 1.

Q6

Fresh water, Florida, South Carolina, Lake Erie, Lake
Michigan.

Subfamily Palsemoninse.
(Including the genera Leander Desmarest, Palcemon
(pars Fabr.) Stimpson, Hymenocera Latreille, and Cry-
phiops Dana ; which have the second pair of thoracic feet
larger than the first, the carpus never annulate, and the
mandible with a palpus.)

Genus LEANDER Desmorest.

89. Leander tenuicornis Smith (in letter), Palcemon tenuicor-
nis Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, 1818, i, p. 249. Palcemon
natalor Edwards, Hist. Nat. des Crust., 1837, ii, p. 393. Goodsir, Ann.
and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1845, II, xv, p. 74, pi. VII, f. 3. Dana, U. S.
Expl. Ex. Crust., 1852, i, p. 5S8, pi. XXXVIII, f. 11. Palcemon tenui-
rostris Edw., op. cit., p. 395. Leander erraticus Desmarest, Annales
Entomolog. Soc. de France, 1849, vii, p. 87. Leander natator Stimpson,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, p. 40.

Gulf weed, Atlantic.

90. Leander pandaliformis Stimpson, Annals N. Y. Lye, 1871,
X, p. 130.

West Indies.

91. Leander gracilis Smith, 2nd and 3rd Report Peab. Acad.
Sci., 1871, p. 97.

West coast Nicaragua.

Genus PAL2EMON Fabricius, Stimpson.

Ill the Proceedings of the Zoological Society of Lon-
don, 1868, p. 363, Mr. C. Spence Bate proposed a new
genus (Macrobrachiiim) for certain Palcemons, in which
the second pair of thoracic feet are enormously developed,
but here, as in most cases where comparative measure-
ments are made the basis of division, the various forms
intergrade so that the separation cannot be made. Mr.

67

Bate also says that his forms are from fresh water, but
species in which the same development may be observed
(P. spinimanus, grandimanus, jamaicensis, forceps, etc.,
etc.) are far from being uncommon in salt water.

92. Palsemon forceps Echo., Hist. Nat. cles Crust., 1837, ii, p.
397. Saussure, Crust. Mex. et Ant., 1858, p. 51. Smith, Trans. Conn.
Acacl., 1869, p. 24. Talczmon dasydactylus Streets, Proc. Phila. Acad.,
1871, p. 225, pi. II, f. 3.

Gulf of Mexico, West Indies, Brazil.

93. Palsemon consobrinus Saussure, 1. c, p. 53.
Gulf of Mexico.

94. Palsemon mexicamis Saussure, 1. c, p. 52, pi. IV, f. 27.
Coast of Mexico.

95. Palsemon sexdentatus Streets, Proc. Phila. Acad., 1871, p.
226, pi. II, f. 4.

Isthmus of Tehuantepec.

I am inclined to believe this to be (as suggested by Dr.

Streets) a variety of the preceding species.

96. Palsemon tenellus Smith, Second and Third Reports' of the
Peabody Academy of Science, 1871, p. 98.

West coast of Nicaragua.

97. Palsemon ohionis Smith, Rep. U. S. Fish Comm., 1872-3,
p. 640. Forbes, Bulletin No. 1 Illinois Museum of Natural History,
1876, p. 5.

Ohio and Mississippi Kivers.

98. Palsemon spinimamis Edw., Hist. Nat. des Crust., 1837, ii,
p. 399.

West Indies, Brazil.

99. Palsemon faustimis Saussure, 1. c, 1858, p. 53, pi. IV, f. 30,
Hayti.

I am unable, without specimens, to separate this from

68

P. spinimanus. Edwards' description agrees well with
that of Saussure and also with his figure.

100. Palsemon jamaicensis Olivier, Encyclopedie Methodique,
t. viii (teste Edw.). Edw., Hist. Nat, des Crust., 1837, ii, p. 398.
Saussure, 1. c, p. 49. Smith, Trans. Conn. Acad., 1869, ii, p. 23; 2nd
and 3rd Report Peab. Acad. Sci., 1871, p. 97.

West Indies, Gulf of Mexico, Brazil, west coast of

Nicaragua. (There is a specimen in the Museum of the

Peabody Academy at Salem, Mass., brought by the late

Prof. Orton from the junction of the Napo and Maranon

rivers.)

101. Palsemon azteeus Saussure, 1. c, 1858, p. 50, pi. IV, f. 29.
Vera Cruz, Mexico.

(Is this distinct from the last?)

102. Palsemon braehydactylus Wiegmann, Archiv fur Natur-
geschichte, 1836, II, i, p. 148. Macrobrachium americanum Spence
Bate, Proc. Zool. Soc, London, 1868, p. 363, pi. XXX.

Fresh water of Mexico and Central America.

103. Palsemon fluvialis Streets, 1. c, 1871, p. 227, pi. II, f. 5.
Isthmus of Tehuantepec.

104. Palsemon montezumse Saussure, 1. c, p. 51, pi. IV, f. 28.
Vera Cruz, Mexico.

105. Palsemon heterocheirus Weigmann, 1. c, 1836, p. 149.
Fresh water of western Mexico.

Subfamily Oplophorinse.

Genus OPLOPHORUS 31. Edwards.

(including Xiphocaris von Martens.)

106. Oplophorus elongata Mngsley. Hippolyte elongata Guerin,
in Ramen de Sagra's Historia fisica, politica, y natural de la isla de
Caba, 1856, p. xx, pi. II, f. 16 (teste Martens). Oplophorus americanus
Saussure, 1. c, 1858, p. 56, pi. IV, f. 31, pi. V, f. 32. Xiphocaris elon-

69

gata von Martens, Wiegmanu's Archiv fiir Naturgeschichtc, 1872, p.
140.

West Indies.

Family PASIPHiEID J!.
Genus PASIPH^IA Savigny.

107. Pasiphsea tarda Kroyer, Naturhistorisk Tidsskr., 1844-45,
II, i, p. 453.

Arctic.

108. Pasipheea glaeialis Buchholz, Zweife Deutsche Nordpolar-
fanrt, 1874, p. 279, pi. I, f. 2.

70° north latitude.

Family PE]STE*EDJ3.
Genus SICYONIA M. Edw'.

109. Sicyonia brevirostris Stimpson, Ann. N. Y. Lye., 1871, x,
p. 132. Sicyonia cristata Suussure (non De Haan), 1. c., 1858, p. 55,
pi. Ill, f. 25.

Florida, Cuba.

110. Sicyonia dorsalis Kingsley, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Pliila.,
1878, p. 97.

Florida;

111. Sicyonia laevigata Stimpson, Ann. N. Y. Lye, 1871, x, p. 131.
South Carolina.

Genus PENEUS Latreille.

112. Peneus setiferus Edw., Hist. Nat. des Crust., 1837, ii, p.
414. Stimpson, Ann. N. Y. Lye, 1871, x, 133. Cancer setiferus Linne
(teste Edw.). Peneus fluvialis Say, 1. c, 1818, i. p. 236.

Virginia to Texas and Brazil.

113. Peneus braziliensis Latreille, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., t.
xxv., p. 154 (teste Edw.). Edw., Hist. Nat. des Crust., 1837, ii, p. 414.
Gibbes, Proc. A. A. A. S., 1851, iii, p. 198. Stimpson, Ann. N. Y. Lye,
1871, x, p. 132.

New York to Brazil.

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN. X 6

70

114. Peneus brevirostris Kingsley, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila.,
1878, p. 98.

West coast of Nicaragua.

115. Peneus pubescens Stimpson, Annals N. Y. Lye, 1871, x,
p. 133.

St. Thomas.

116. Peneus stylirostris Stimpson, Annals N. Y. Lye, 1871, x,
p. 134.

Panama.

117. Peneus constrictus Stimpson, Annals N. Y. Lye, 1871, x,
p. 135.

Carolinas.

118. Peneus oecidentalis Streets, Proc. Phila. Acad., 1871, p.
243.

Isthmus of Panama.

Family SEEGESTIDJ!,
Genus SERGE STES Edwards.

119. Sergestes arctica Kroyer, Monographisk Fremstilling af
Kraebsdyrslaegten Sergestes, 1856, p. 240, pi. Ill, f. 7, pi. v, f. 16.

Greenland.

INDEX.

Alpheus aculeatus, 56.
affinis, 29.
armillatus, 28.
bellimanus, 37.
bispinosus, 38.
clamator, 33.
cylindricus, 32.
equalis, 35.
equidactylus, 36.
floridanus, 27.
formosus, 24.
harfordi, 35.
heterochelis, 28.
lutarius, 28.
longidactylus, 34.
minus, 24.

Alpheus normanni, 29.
pananiensis, 25.
parvimanus, 31.
polavis, 52.
sulcatus, 26.-
trausversodactylus, 30.
Anchistia amerieana, 84.
Argis lar, 8.
Astacus boreas, 6.

gronlandicus, 56.
Atya mexicana, 17.
oecidentalis, 19.
punctata. 18.
rival is, 20.
scabra, 17.
tenella, 21.

71

Atyoida mexicana, 23.

Hippolyte wurdemanni, 11.

BetSBiis equimanus, 35.

Laireui.es ensiferus, i<;.

longidactylus, 34.

Leander erraticus, 89.

Cancer aculeatus, 56.

gracdis,91.

boreas, (5.

natator. 89.

bomaroides, 6.

pandaliformis, 90.

setii'erus, 112.

tenuicornis, 89.

spinns, 46.

Macrobracluum americanum, 102

squilla var. 0., 46.

Nectoci'angon lar. 8.

Caradina mexicana, 23.

Oplopborus amerlcanus. 106.

Caridion gordoni, 39.

elongata, 106.

Cberaphilus boreas, (5.

Palamion aztecus. 101.

mnnitus. 5.

braehydactylus, 102.

Crangon alaskensis, 2.

consobrinus, 9:5.

boreas, 6.

dasydactylus, 92.

franciscorum, 4.

faustinus, 99.

lar, 8.

fluvial is, 103.

munitus, 5.

forceps. 92.

nigricauda, 3.

heterocheirus, 105.

nigromaculata, 3.

jamaicensis, 100.

septemcarinata, 7.

mexicanus. 94.

septemspinosa, 1.

montezuma?, 104.

vulgaris Fabr., 1.

natator. 89.

vulgaris Owen, 3.

obionis, 97.

Poryphorus gordoni, 39.

sexdentatus, 95*

Evarya crassa, 22.

spinimanus, 98.

Halopsycbe lutuaria, 28.

tenellus, 96.

Hippolysniata californica, 10.

tenuicornis, 89.

cubensis. 13.

tenuirostris, 89.

intermedia, 12.

vulgaris. 86.

wui'demanni, 11.

Palsemonetes carolinensis, 87.

Hippolyte aculeata, 56.

exilipes, 88.

acuminata, 69.

paludosa, 88.

afflnis. 65.

vulgaris, 86.

armata. 56.

Pandalus annulicornis, 72.

belcheri, 43.

borealis, 73.

borealis. 53.

dana?, 79.

brevirostris, 55.

franciscorum, 74.

cornuta, 56.

Kurneyi, 76.

cristata, 57.

bypsinotus, 78.

cubensis, 13.

laevigatus, 80.

elongata, 106.

platyceros, 77.

ensiferus, 16.

pubeseentulus, 75..

esquimaltiana, 67.

Paracrangon ecbinatus, 9.

fabricii, 41.

Pasiphsea glacialis, 108.

gaimardii, 43.

tarda, 107.

gibba, 43.

Peneus braziliensis, 113.

gordoni, 39.

brevirostris, 114.

gracilis, 66.

constrictus, 117.

gronlandica, 56.

fluvialis, 112.

hemphilli, 68.

occidentalis. 118.

incerta, 44.

pubescens, 115.

lamellicornis, 64.

setiferus, 112.

layi. 62.

stylirostris, 116.

macilenta. 47.

Pontonia domestiea, 82.

niicroceros, 58.

margarita, 83.

palpator, 59.

Rbynchocyclus parvuhis, 15..

paludosa, 88.

Sabinea septemcarinata, 7.

pauschii, 63.

Seigestes arctica, 119.

phippsii, 49.

Sicyonia brevirostris, 109.

picta, 60.

cristata, 109.

polaris, 52.

dorsalis, 110.

prionota, 45.

laevigata. 111.

pnsiola, 40.

Steiracrangon ni«rieauda, 3.

sitcbensis, 61.

Tlior floridanus, 81.

sowerbei, 46.

Tozeuma carolinensis,. 14..

spina, 46.

Urocans longieaudata? 85.

stylus. 51.

Virbius acuminatus, 69.

suekleyi, 42.

pleuracantbus, 70.

taylori, 54.

zostericola, 71.

turgida, 50.

Xiphocaris elongata, 106.

vibrans, 48.

72

Regular Meeting, Monday, March 18, 1878.

Meeting this evening at 7.30 o'clock. The President
in the chair. Records and correspondence read and dona-
tions announced.

The evening was occupied by Vice President F. \V.
Putnam, who gave an account of his recent

ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS IN TENNESSEE.

After a review of what is known of the remains of the
prehistoric nations of the southwestern portions of the
United States, Mr. Putnam gave a special account of
his own work in the vicinity of Nashville, where he had
enjoyed special opportunities for field work for a month
after the adjournment of the meeting of the American
Association for the Advancement of Science in September
last.

The first excavations were made near the site of Fort
Zollicofifer, a few miles out from Nashville. Here were
found many of the ancient stone graves which occur by
thousands in various parts of the state, the large ceme-
teries bearing witness of a numerous people who formerly
inhabited that beautiful country.

These stone graves are sometimes isolated, but gener-
ally they occur close together and covering large tracts,
oftentimes of several acres in extent. Each grave is
made by placing slabs of stone, a few inches thick, on
edge, forming the four sides of the grave. The bottom
of the grave was then lined with stones, and after the
body, and various articles deposited witn it, had been
placed in this stone box, or cist, the wdiole was covered
over by large slabs of stone. Sometimes only one piece
of stone was used for a cover, but generally three or four.
These graves were of all sizes, from those not much over

73

a foot square to those about seven feet in length by two
feet in width. Occasionally still wider graves were found,
and these always contained two bodies ; in one case three
bodies had been placed in one large grave. Some of the
small graves were found to contain the bones of adult
persons, but out of natural connection and in such posi-
tions as to show that they had been buried after the flesh
had decayed. The majority of the small graves wrere
those of children of various ages.

The bones were found in all stages of advanced decay,
and it was only by using the greatest care that any could
be preserved. About sixty perfect and nearly perfect
skulls were obtained, and numerous other bones were
secured, though to attain these results many hundred
graves were opened in several localities. Often a grave
would be uncovered and found to contain a jar or two, or
perhaps a few stone implements, etc., with hardly a ves-
tige of the human bones, so perfectly had all that once
formed the human body returned to its natural elements.

In a grave at Fort ZollicofFer a very interesting orna-
ment of copper was found, and in three other instances
afterwards, at other localities, copper ornaments were
obtained'.

At Miss Bowlin's farm, about six miles from Nashville,
a very interesting series of mounds were explored. These
mounds were about five or six feet high by about one hun-
dred to two hundred feet in diameter, and were found to
be made entirely of such stone graves as have been de-
scribed. The graves were of all sizes, and irregularly
arranged in from three to five tiers, each mound thus
containing several hundred graves. From these grave
mounds many very interesting articles were obtained,
such as vessels of clay of various shapes and sizes, seve-
ral of which were ornamented, but the majority were plain

74

forms of water jars, pots with handles, bowls and dishes,
which evidently contained food when placed in the graves.
Besides these articles of pottery, several pipes made of
the same material were found, and numerous stone imple-

'^ZsZ

Fig. l.

merits, shell beads, bone awls, and other useful and orna-
mental articles used and worn by the departed people
were obtained.

In order to illustrate the character of the pottery found

75

in the stone graves in Tennessee a few cuts, borrowed
from the Peabody Museum of Cambridge, are here in-

serted. In Mr. Putnam's Report, as Curator of the Pea-
body Museum, many other forms of pottery and various

76

other articles will be illustrated. The vessels here figured
were all taken from the graves within the enclosure at
Lebanon, and are represented of one-half their actual
diameter (or one-quarter size). Figures 1, 2, 3, repre-
sent three vessels found in the grave of a child ; figure 4
one found in another child's grave, and figures 5, 6, 7, 8,
9, several of the forms obtained from the graves of adults.
This pottery is well made and composed of clay mixed with

Fig. 3.

pounded shells. All the articles are black except the
water jar represented by figure 1, which is of a light'yel-
low color, and when first taken out showed circular lines
of dark paint which, as the pigment had not been burnt
in, scaled oft" in drying the jar and can now only be faintly
traced.

Another class of prehistoric remains in Tennessee con-
sists of the large earth mounds, two of which Mr. Put-
nam opened at considerable expense and labor.

One of these, on the old Love estate, several miles

77

from Nashville, was conical in shape, about twenty-three
feet high and one hundred and fifty feet in diameter.
Trenches and tunnels were cut through this mound in

Fig. 4.

several directions and its structure ascertained. This
mound did not contain any burial chamber and seemed to

78

have been erected for some other purpose than as a monu-
ment over a distinguished person. The sections made
showed that this immense pile of earth had been brought
in small quantities, probably from within a few hundred

Fig. 5.

yards of the mound where artificial depressions could be
traced. The outline of each little basket load of dirt
could be traced, and showed how arduous had been the

79

labor bestowed upon this earth structure, the particular
object of which was undoubtedly of importance to the
people who made it, though now it can only be conjectured
what that may have been.

After excavating in numerous localities about Nashville
with very successful results, Mr. Putnam visited Green-
wood Seminary, near Lebanon, Tenn. Here, by the kind

/■Fi/f

Fig.

attention of Mrs. N. Lawrence Lindsley and other mem-
bers of her family, he was enabled to make his most im-
portant and instructive researches. At this place, on the
old Lindsley estate, there exists a very perfect earth-work
formed by a wall and trench surrounding an area of nearly
twelve acres.

At one place, near Spring creek, there are two cause-

80

ways over the trench, and about one hundred and fifty
feet in front of the causeway are five low mounds upon
which, under the covering of sod, evidence of ancient
fires were found. Inside the trench and embankment,
near the western side, is a large mound, about fifteen feet
high, with a flat top which is about seventy by ninety
feet in extent. In all directions, from the large mound
to the embankment, are numerous low circular mounds,
averaging about forty feet in diameter. The central por-

Fig. 7.

tions of these mounds are depressed, indicating the sites
of the houses of the people who lived inside of the earth-
work.

The large mound was opened by cutting a trench five
feet wide on the eastern side, and gradually widening it
to fourteen feet, which width wTas retained well beyond
the centre. This trench was carried to a depth of eigh-
teen feet, or four feet below the original surface upon
which the mound was erected. At the original surface
evidence of an extensive fire was noticed. Among the
charcoal and ashes were numerous fragments of bones of
animals. A few feet above this ash bed a piece of cedar

I

about three feet long was found, as if the remains of a
stake or post. Seven feet above this ash bed another fire
had been made, evidently extending over the top of the
mound when at that height. This upper bed of ashes
contained burnt corn cobs, burnt animal bones and charred
fragments of matting. From this level to the surface
nothing of importance was noted, the mound having prob-
ably been completed after the extensive fire in the centre.
Thorough examinations of many of the smaller mound's
were made, and it was found that in most of them burials
had taken place just on the outer edge of the inner de-

FlG. 8.

pression, in such a manner as to show that these burials
were made within the house. In every case it was found
that only children had been thus buried. Over many of
these graves fires had been made, and the refuse matter
in the raised circles consisted of bones of deer, birds and
other animals used as food, fragments of pottery and va-
rious domestic implements^ just such as would naturally
be gathered about a house. In the children's graves were
found many articles of potteiy, shell and bone, beads,
pearls, etc. The discovery of several shells peculiar to
the Gulf coast, indicates that the inhabitants of this an-

82

cient village either came from the coast or, what is

more probable, had relations with a coast people.

On the southeast-
ern side of the great
mound a low mound
was dug away and
found to contain
about sixty graves,
of youths and adults.
In one of these, how-
ever, a child was bur-
ied with a grown per-
son, and in another
grave two bodies had
been placed. This
mound had the graves
about the edge only,
in two rows and three
deep. These graves
were sometimes care-
ful 1 y m a d e wit h
stones, but others
were only indicated
by side stones, and
one of the bodies had
been placed in the
ground without any
stones about it. These
graves proved very
rich in articles buried
with the dead, and
furnished interesting

articles of pottery, pipes, stone implements, ornaments

of shells, copper ornaments, etc.

83

Among the pipes found was one cut in stone (Fig. 10),
of a very interesting and unique design, representing a
man holding a cooking pot in his hands before him, which
forms the bowl of the pipe, while the opening for the stem

Fig. 10.

was in his back. In this carving the hair is represented
as coiled above and behind the head.

From a grave of a child under the floor of one of the
houses three valuable and curious articles of pottery were
obtained. One was a very fine water jar (Fig. 1), repre-
senting a bear standing on its four legs, with the charac-
teristic head of the animal very well reproduced and the
body ornamented by circular colored lines. Another was
a dish (Fig. 2) ornamented with a duck's head, and the
third was a very pretty bowl (Fig. 3) with deeply scal-
loped edges.

84

From his researches in Tennessee Mr. Putnam was led
to the following conclusions : —

First. The people who buried their dead in the singu-
lar stone graves of Tennessee, were intimately connected
with, or were of the same nation as,' those whose dead
were buried in the mounds and cemeteries in Illinois,
Missouri, and Arkansas, and who made the pottery of
which such a large amount has been taken from the burial
places in those states. This is shown by the similarity
of the crania, by the identity in material, patterns, and
finish of the pottery, and by the shell carvings, etc.

Second. This nation, known as the Stone Grave people
in Tennessee, and the Mound Builders in Missouri, were
advanced in the primitive arts, and probably cultivated
the land to some extent. Of all the people of America,
east of the region of the Pueblo nations of New Mexico,
they were the farthest advanced in the ceramic art, and
were good workers in and carvers of stone and shell.
Judging by their earth-works, they were not so powerful
a people as the Mound Builders of the Ohio valley.
Judged by their works in pottery, their carvings in shell
and their chipped implements of stone, they were as far
advanced as their neighbors on the Ohio, while their carv-
ings in stone were hardly equal to the sculptures found in
the Ohio mounds. They did not burn their dead, as was
undoubtedly the custom to a great extent among the Ohio
Mound Builders. They were workers in copper which
they must have obtained by trade or by long excursions.
They also had shells from the Gulf or southeastern coast,
and used them very extensively in the manufacture of
beads and ornaments. They also understood the method
of perforating pearls, of which six were found in the
grave of a child. To their children they were evidently
attached, as exemplified by the care with which they were

85

buried within the house, and the value of the articles
placed in the graves with them.

Third. The Stone Grave people of Tennessee, judg-
ing by the entire absence of articles of European make
in the hundreds of graves that have been opened, never
came in contact with the white man, and probably were
driven out or absorbed by other and more warlike, or
larger tribes of their own great race, before his advent
on this continent.

Regular Meeting, Monday, April 1, 1878.
Meeting this evening at 7. 30 p. m. Vice-President
D. B. Hagar in the chair. Records read, and correspon-
dence and donations announced.

Messrs. H. H. Edes, of Charlestown and John H.
Langmaid, of Salem, were elected resident members.

Mr. John Robinson referred to the recent decease of
Mr. Francis Putnam, an original member of the Institute
and for many years an officer. Mr. Robinson said that
the Institute was largely indebted to Mr. Putnam for his
liberal contributions of flowers at the Horticultural exhi-
bitions, covering a period of more than forty years. He
was always one of the largest contributors, and at the
exhibition in 1844 he placed more than four hundred
varieties of the Rose in the stands. He was the third
person in Salem who successfully raised the Night Bloom-
ing Cereus, and during the past ten or fifteen years has
been interested in the improvement of the Gladiolus and
the Amaryllis, and at a recent exhibition of the Massachu-
setts Horticultural .Society he was awarded the silver
medal, for new and valuable varieties of the latter flower.

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN. X 7

Mr. Eobinson moved that the chair should appoint a
committee to prepare resolutions of respect to the memory
of the deceased. Messrs. Robinson, Wheatland, and
Bolles were appointed on said committee.

The paper of the evening was read by Rev. E. C.
Bolles, "On Salisbury and a Day at Stonehenge." It
was extremely interesting and instructive. Diagrams and
photographs were exhibited.

Regular Meeting, Monday, April 15, 1878.
Vice President Prof. D. B. Hagar in the chair.

George D. Phippen, Curator of Botany, occupied the
hour with a graphic description of his "Impressions of
the Flora of Texas," he having been one of the party of
members of the American Association for the Advance-
ment of Science who, after the session at Nashville,
Tenn., last fall, participated in the Texas excursion. A
full account of the party, route and incidents was given
in successive numbers of the "Salem Register" during
the past winter.

Mr. Phippen alluded to remarkable trees and plants
met with on the route before reaching Texas, such as
large trees of the Crape Myrtle at Norfolk, Va., Magno-
lia grandiflora at Nashville, Nelumbeum luteum, the great
water lily of the southern rivers, etc.

He spoke also of the vegetable productions of the
south, as corn, cotton, sugar cane, tobacco and sweet
potatoes, some of which were seen in the bottom-lands
covering fields of great extent.

The vegetation of Texas, as influenced b}^ the changing
geological features of the country traversed, was described,

87

as noticed in the higher lands, the rolling prairie, the tim-
ber belts and the immense tracts of level prairie.

The country for the most part is well watered and the
timber ridges, which are frequent, are covered with noble
pecan trees and other walnuts, also oaks, ashes, elms,
cottonwoods, sycamores and mulberry trees.

The undergrowth was generally light, and through
arching alcoves the sun-light glistened from the polished
leaves, producing an exhiliarating effect upon the mind ;
while other woods, heavily draped and shrouded with
hanging masses of the Tillandsia or Spanish moss, pro-
duced feelings of an opposite nature.

The monotony of the grassy prairies was relieved and
varied by a copious sprinkling of the yellow starry blos-
soms of Helianthus, Leptopoda and Helenium ; or blotched
and spotted with white masses of Euphorbia, Eupatorium,
and the prickly Argemone. Many plants hitherto seen
only in cultivation' were traced to their native wilds, such
as Argemone, Gaura, Salvia, Eupatorium, Bignonia, etc.
This was remarkably manifest when the party alighted
from the sleeping car at Fort Worth, on a brilliant Sab-
bath morning after a thunder storm of the previous night,
where they saw the coal-black soil at their feet covered
with Verbenas, Salvias, Eryngiums, Argemones, Gauras,
Solanums, Asclepias and Cassia. Here it was that they
first met with a strange little Amariliad, since ascertained
to be Cooper ia Drummondii.

At Austin, the capital of the state, a drive was taken
to Mt. Bonnel where were found novel specimens of trees
and shrubs ; Sophora speciosa, with its hard pods of red,
bean-like seeds, Diospyros Texana, the wild persimmon,
Prosopsis gland ulosa, the mesquite tree ; woods and cop-
pices of the latter are known as Chapparel, of which we
heard so much during the Mexican War. The increas-

88

ing growth of the mesquite tree is said to have a marked
and beneficial influence upon the climate of the country,
inducing more frequent rains and a more nutritious growth
of grass under its partial shade.

One of the most common ornamental trees of the cities
and towns of Texas is the Pride of India, or the China
Umbrella tree, Melia Azederach, a tree of exquisite sym-
metry and appropriate name. The Sapindus marginatus,
a native of the surrounding forests called wild china tree,
somewhat resembles the former and is often cultivated in
close proximity with it.

In the neighborhood of San Antonio the vegetable pro-
ductions were more peculiar and strange ; among them
were noticed large clumps of Opuntia leomanchica, a
prickly pear, four to six feet in height, the branches of
which consist of leaves as large as dining plates, piled one
upon the other edge to edge. Hedges were grown of
it, which have the advantage of rising higher and more
thorny year by year. At the San Pedro springs, just out
of the city were seen plants of a decidedly tropical aspect ;
covering the surface of the water, and floating upon it,
hiding under the shade of trees or skirting the sunburnt
rocks with unfamiliar forms.

One of the most common plants of the country was the
Texas flax, so called, not a flax at all, but a weed of
the Composite order, viz. : Amphiachyris Drummondii
and Gutierresia Texana, scarcely distinguished from each
other, together bear that common name. Another very
common plant might be mentioned, as it is sometimes in-
differently cultivated in our gardens, Euphorbia mar-
ginata, seen of all sizes, but often growing to magnificent
proportions, and with its striped envelopes waving in the
wind, is an object of considerable beauty.

At Galveston, on the Gulf, hedges were made of the

89

Tamarix gallica, called there saltwater cedar, which helped
to prevent encroachments of the sea. Oleander trees of
great size bordered the streets, and in the gardens there
were noticed orange, lemon, fig and banana trees.

As a substantial proof that the trip to Texas was not
altogether in vain in a botanical sense, Mr. Phippen said
he had the pleasure of presenting to the Herbarium of the
Institute in the name of Lester F. Ward, Esq., the chief
botanist of the party, the collection of plants in the folios
upon the table. These specimens have been carefully
elaborated and labelled by Mr. Ward, and they are the
result chiefly of his indefatigable exertions, as he was
ever on the alert and scarcely did the train momentarily
pause at a station or elsewhere upon the road from any
cause whatever that sundry plants did not find lodgment
in his ample portfolios.

The collection consists of about 370 different species,
92 of which are not found in Mann's Catalogue. About
one-fourth of the species were collected before touching
the soil of Texas, ten or fifteen in Virginia, near Norfolk,
about thirty in the vicinity of Nashville, forty or fifty at
Lookout Mountain in Tennessee, a few on the border of
Mississippi and in Arkansas.

Three-fourths at least of the species were collected on
Texan soil, and represent only the fall plants. The flow-
ers of spring and early summer are undoubtedly far more
numerous and beautiful. Inspection of the collection will
show that one-fourth of these are Composites, about fifty
sedges and grasses, many Legumiads and Etiphorbiads.
The Labiates, Onagrads, Verbeniads and Solonales are
well represented. Among the Apetalous orders are many
of the trees of the woods. The Rose, Pink, and Ranun-
culus tribes have scarce a representative.

The following list is nearly perfect. Those marked

90

with a (*) star are not mentioned in Mann's Catalogue,
and are not found growing east of the Mississippi.

A full report upon the plants collected and of the
botanical department of the excursion may be expected
from Mr. Ward hereafter to appear in some form as a
collateral to the Nashville meeting of the "American
Association for the Advancement of Science."

Clematis reticulata, Walt.
Magnolia grandiflora, L.
Cocculus Carolinus, DC.
Nelumbium luteum, Willd.
Argemone Mexicana, L.
Nasturtium sessiliflorum, Nutt.
Arabis hespericlokles, Gray.
Cleome pungens, Willd.
Ascyrum Crux-Andrese, L.

" stans, Michx.
Hypericum angulosum, Michx.
" aureum, Bartram.

* Tamarix Gallica, L.
Silene stellata, Ait.1
Anychia dichotoma, Michx.
Paronychia dichotoma. Nutt.

* " setacea, Gray.
Sesuvium Portulacastrum, L.

*Talinum parviflorum, Nutt.

Malvastrum angustum, Gray.
*Malvaviscus Drummondii, T. & G.
*Gossypium herbaceum, L.

Zanthoxylum Carolinianum, Lam.
*Rhus copallina, L.

yar. lanceolata, Gray.
*Vitis candicans, Eng.
" vulpina, L.
" indivisa, Willd.
" bipinnata, Torr. & Gray.

Frangula Caroliniana, Gray.
♦Colubrina Texensis, Gray.

Sapindus marginatus, Willd.

Cardiospermum Halicacabum

Polygala lutea, L.
*Psoralea linearifolia, T. & G.
*Eysenhardtia amorphoides,

B. K.
*Petalostemon multiflorum, Nutt.

Amorpha fruticosa, L.

Indigofera leptosepala, Nutt.
♦Daubentonia longifolia, DC.

Glottidium Floridanum, DC.

Stylosanthes elatior, Swartz.

Desmodium laevigatuin, DC.

L.

II.

Desmodium paniculatum, DC.

" pauciflorum, DC.

" sessilifolium, T. &G.

" strictum,DC.

" viridiflorum, Beck.

Lespedeza procumbens, Michx.

" repens, Torr. & Gray.

" violacea, Pers.

" Stuvei, Nutt.

" striata, Hook. & Arn.1

" hirta, Ell 1
Phaseolus diversifolius, Pers.1

" helvolus, L.
Centrosema Virginianum, Benth.
*Sophora speciosa, Benth.
*Cercis occidentalis, Torr.
Cassia occidentalis, L.
** obtusifolia, L.

* " Roemeriana, Scheele.
" Chamsecrista, L.

" nictitans, L.1
*Parkrasonia acauleata, L.
*Prosopis glaudulosa, Torr.
♦Acacia Farnesiana, Willd.

Gleclitschia triacanthos, L.

Mimosa strigillosa, Torr. & Gray.

Neptunia lutea, Benth.
*Prunus rivularis, Scheele.

Gillenia stipulacea, Nutt.
*Rosa foliolosa, Nutt.

Crataegus arborescens, Ell.

Hydrangea radiata, Walt.

Piiiladelphus hirsutus, Nutt.

Heuchera villosa, Michx.

Seclum pulchellum, Michx.
" Nevii, Gray.
*Gaura longiflora, Spach.
♦Stenosiphon virgatus, Spach.

QEuothera sinuata, L.

* " Drummondii, Hook.
Jussiasa repens, L.

*Lagcrstraimia Indica, L.
Ammannia lafflfolia, L.
*Opuntia leomanchica, Eng.

91

* Papaya vulgaris, DC.
Passiflora incarnata, L.1
Bryonia Boykinii, Torr. & Gray.
Hyclrocotyle interrupta, Muhl.
Eryngium yuccaefolium, Michx.

* " Leavenworthii, T. & G.
Thaspium trifoliatum, Gray.

♦Cornus Druinmondii, C. A. Meyer.

Symphoricarpus vulgaris, Michx.

Viburnum prunifolium, L. var.

Spermacoce glabra, Michx.

Diodia Virginica, L.
* Gardenia florida., L.

Houstonia purpurea L.

Vernonia fasciculata, Michx., var.
altissima, Torr. & Gray.

Vernonia angnstifolia, Michx.

* " Lindheimeri, Eng. &Gr.
Elephantopus tomentosus, L.
Liatris elegans, Willd.

" scariosa, Willd.

* " mucronata, DC.
Kuhnia eupatorioides, L.
Eupatorium album, L.

" altissimum, L.

" aromaticum, L.1

" incarnatum, L.

" parviflorum, Ell.

" serotinum, Michx.

Aster cordifolius, L.
" divaricatus, Nutt.
" lsevis L.
" paluclosus, Ait.
" patens, Ait.
Erigeron strigosum, Muhl.

* " scaposum, DC.
♦Aphanostephus Arkansanus, Gray.

Diplopappus cornifolius, Pari.1
Boltonia diffusa, L'Her.
*Amphiachyris dracunculoides,

DC.
♦Gutierrezia Texana, T. & G.
Brachychseta cordata, T. & G.
Solidago gigantea, Ait.

" lanceolata, L.

" nemoralis, Ait.

" odora, Ait.

" petiolaris, Ait.

" Eadula, Nutt.

" rigida, L.

" rupestris, Raf.

" serotina, Ait.

" speciosa, Nutt.

" tortifolia, Ell.

" ulmifolia, Muhl.1

♦Solidago leptocephala, T. & G.

* " speciosa, Nutt., var.

angusta, Gray.
♦Grindelia squarrosa, Dunal.
*Aplopappus phyllocephalus, DC.
Isopappus divaricatus, T. & G.
Heterotheca scabra, DC.
Chrysopsis graminifolia, Nutt.
" Mariana, Nutt.1

* " pilosa, Nutt.
Pluchea bifrons, DC.

foetid a, DC.
" camphorata, DC.
Silphium compositum, Michx.
Berlandiera tomentosa, var.

dealbata, T. & G.
*Melampodium cinereum, DC.
Parthenium Hysterophorus, L.
Iva frutescens, L.
" ciliata, Willd.
" microcephala, Nutt.
Ambrosia bidentata, Michx.
" psilostachya, DC.
Xanthium strumarium, L.,

var. echinatum, Gray.
Borrichia frutescens, DC.
Rudbeckia triloba, L.

" nitida, Nutt.

Lepachys pinnata, Torr. & Gray.

* " columnaris, Gray.
var. pulcherrima, Don.

Helianthus angustifolius, L.
" doronicoides, Lam.

" microcephalus, T. & G.
" occidentalis, Riddell,

var. plantaginifolius, T. & G.
♦Helianthus Maximiliani, Schrad.

* " lenticularis, Dougl.
Coreopsis aristosa, Michx.

" senifolia, Michx.
, var. stellata, T. & G.
♦Thelesperma subsimplicifolium,

Gray.
♦Thelesperma fllifolium, Gray.
Spilanthes Nuttallii, T. & G.
♦Ximenesia enceloides, Cav.
Verbesina Virginica, L.
Gaillardia lanceolata, Michx*

* " pulchella, Foug.
♦Palafoxia callosa, T. & G.

Helenium tenuifolium, Nutt.

" microcephalism, DC.
Leptopoda brachypoda, T. & G.
Artemisia vulgaris, L.
Gnaphalium polycephalum, Michx.

92

♦Centaurea Americana, Nutt.
Hieracium Gronovii, L.
" venosum, L.
Lobelia cardinalis, L.

" puberula, Michx.
Campanula clivaricata, Michx, var.
Epigsea repens, L.
Oxydendrum arboreum, DC.
Clethra aluifolia, L.
Ilex decidua, Walt.
*Diospyros Texana, Scheele.
Bumelia lanuginosa, Pers.
Statice Limonium, L.

var. Caroliniana, Gr.
Samolus Valerandi, L.

var. Americanus, Gray.
Martynia proboscidea, Glox.
*Penstemon Cobsea, Nutt. ?
Conobea multiflda, Benth.
Herpestis Monniera, H. B. K.
" nigrescens, Benth.
Gerardia purpurea, L.
" aspera, Dougl.
" quercifolia Pursh.
" grandiflora, Benth, var.
Euellia ciliosus, Nees.
" strepens, Nees.

* " tuberosa, L.
Dicliptera brachiata, Spreng.
Verbena officinalis, L.

" bracteosa, Michx.
" Aubletia, L.

* " lucasana, Walp.
Lippia nodinora, Michx.
Callicarpa Americana, L.
Trichostema clichotomum, L.
Isanthus cseruleus, Michx.

*Pycnanthemum albescens, T. & G.
*Hecleoma Drummondii, Benth.
" pulegioides, Pers.1

Salvia azurea, Lam.
♦Scutellaria Drummondii, Benth.

Heliotropium Europceum, L.

Heliotropium Curassavicum, L.
" tenellum, Torr.

Heliophytum Indicum, DC.

Onosmodium molle, Michx.
*Hydrolea ovata, Nutt.

Phlox glaberrima, L.

Gilia coronopifolia, Pers.

Ipomcea commutata, R. & S.

Cuscuta inflexa, Engelm.
*Solanum Texanum, DC.

* " Elaeagnifoliura, Cav.

* M Lindheimerianum, Sch.

* " rostratum, Dunal.

Physalis angulata, L.

" Pennsylvanica, L.
var. lanceolata, Gray.

Nicandra physaloides, Gsertn.

Lycium Carolinanum, Michx.

Sabbatia calycosa, Pursh.
*Eustoma Russelliairum, Don.

Polypremum procumbens, L.

Spigelia Marilandica, L.
*Nerium Oleander, L.
*Asclepias longicornu, Benth.
*Asclepiodora viridis, Gray.

Enslenia albida, Nutt.

Gonolobus lsevis, Michx.

* " biflorus, Nutt.
Fraxinus Americana, L.
Forestiera ligustrina, Poir.

" acuminata, Poir.
Asarum arifolium, Michx.
*Mirabilis jalapa, L.
*Oxybaphus hirsutus, Sweet.
*Rivina laevis, L.
Atriplex arenaria, Nutt.
Salicornia mucronata, Big.,

var. suffrutescens, Watson.
Amarantus albus, L.
Montelia tamariscina, Gray.
Iresine celosioides, L.
*Alternanthera lanuginosa, Torr.
Polygonum aviculare, L.

" Penusylvanicum, L.

" setaceum, Baldwin.

" tenue, Michx.

Eriogonum lougifolium, Nutt.
Persea Carolinensis, Nees.
Euphorbia corollata, L.1
" clentata, Michx.

" glyptosperma,Engelm.
. " marginata, Pursh.
" serpens, H. B. K.

* " zygophylloides, Boiss.

* " prostrata, Ait.
Stillingia slyvatica, L.,

var. linaricefolia, J. Mull.
Acalypha Virginica, L.

var. gracilens, Gray.
Acalypha Caroliniana, Walt.
Tragia urticsefolia, Michx.
Croton maritimus, Walt.

* " muricatus, Nutt.
" glandulosus, L.

" capitatus, Michx.

" monanthogynus, Michx.
*Argyrothamnia humilis, J. Mull.
*Phyllanthus polygonoides, Spg.
Batis maritima, L.

93

Ulmus alata, Michx.

* " crassifolia, Nutt.
*Celtis pallida, Torr.

Parietaria Pennsylvania, Muhl.
Juglans nigra, L.
Carya tomentosa, Nutt.
Quercus aquatica, Catesby.

" macrocarpa, Michx.

11 palustris, Du Roi.

" Prinus, L.
var. acuminata, Michx.
Castanea pumila, Michx.
Populus monilifera, Ait.

" angulata, Ait.
Pinus Taeda, L<
Taxodiura distichura, Richard.
Juniperus Virginiana, L.

* " occidentalis, Hook.,
var. conjungens, Eng.

Lemna minor, L.
Spiranthes simplex, Gray.
♦Cooperia Drummondii, Herb.
Agave Virginica, L.
Tillandsia recurvata, Pursh.

" usneoides, L.
Sisyrinchium Bermudiana, L.
Smilax tamnoides, L.

" Pseudo- China, L.
Allium striatum, Jacq.
♦Yucca rupicola, Scheele.
Commelyna Virginica, L.
Cyperus diandrus, Torr.
" filiculmis, Vahl.
" inflexus, Muhl.
" microdontus, Torr.
" rotundus, L., var. Hydra,

Gray.
" strigosus, L.

* " litos, Schult.
Kyllingia pumila, Michx.

[ Fimbristylis capillaris, Gray.
Ilhynchospora inexpausa, Vahl.
Carex verrucosa, Ell.
Vilfa aspera, Beauv.

" vaginaeflora, Torr.

" Virginica, Beauv.
Sporobolus Indicus, Brown.
Muhlenbergia capillaris, Kunth.
Aristida purpurascens, Poir.

* " purpurea, Nutt.
. Spartina gracilis, Hook.
*Buchloe dactyloides, Eng.

Bouteloua hirsuta, Lagasca.

" curtipendula, Gray.
Gymnopogon racemosus, Beauv.
♦Chloris verticillata, Nutt.
Cynodon Dactijlon, Pers.
Leptochloa mucronata, Kunth.
Trjcuspis ambigua, Chapm.

* " albescens, Munro.
Brizopyrum spicatum, Hook.
Eragrostis Frankii, Meyer.

" Purshii, Schrad.

* " pilifera, Scheele.

* " inter rupta, Nutt.

* « capitata, Nutt.

* " oxylepis, Torr.
Paspalum lseve, Michx.
Panicum obtusum, H. B. K.

*Panicum Crus-galli, L.
Cenchrus tribuloides, L.
Andropogon-furcatus, Muhl.

".t scoparius, Michx.

" argenteus, Ell.

Sorghum nutans, Gray.

* Sorghum vulgare, L.
Monanthochloe* littoralis, Engelm.
Pellaea atropurpurea, Link.
Woodsia obtusa, Torrey.

1 Twelve of the Lookout Mt. plants, not reviewed by Mr. "Ward.

Annual Meeting, Monday, May 20, 1878.

Meeting this evening at 7.30. The President in
the chair. Kecords read. The annual reports of the
Secretary, Treasurer, Librarian, Curators and Standing

94
Committees were read and accepted, and from them the

RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR

has been compiled, presenting the work of the Institute,
in the various departments, since the last annual meeting.

Members. — Changes occur in the list of our associates
by the addition of new names and the withdrawal of some
by resignation, removal from the county or vicinity, or by
death. Nineteen resident members have died, and we
have received information that two of our correspondents
have passed away in a serene old age.

Jonathan Tucker, for many years one of the assessors
of Salem, son of Andrew and Martha (Mansfield) Tucker,
born at Salem, Feb. 1, 1799, died July 31, 1877.

Benjamin A. West, a merchant of Salem, son of George
and Deborah (Ayers) West, died at Pleasantville, N. Y.,
Aug. 3, 1877, aged 57 years, 4 months and 5 days.

Jairus Ware Perry, a lawyer of Salem, son of Joshua
and Ursula (Whight) Perry, born at Raymond, Me., died
at Salem, Aug. 27, 1877, aged 55 years, 8 months and 9
days.

William Graves, of Newburyport, sea captain and mer-
chant, died Sept. 1, 1877, aged 6Q.

Thomas Pinnock, of Salem, slater, born in England,
son of Thomas and Sarah (Nenth) Pinnock, died at Salem,
Oct. 21, 1877, aged 60.

Joshua Cleaves, in early life, clerk, son of Nathaniel
and Teresa (Gott) Cleaves, born in Salem, died at Boston,
Sept. 21, 1877, aged 68. His parents were natives of
Beverly.

Fenton Watson, of Salem, saddler, born in Danvers,

95

Feb. 12, 1802, son of Nathaniel and Mary (Symonds)
Watson, died at Salem, Nov. 1, 1877.

John Clarke Lee, of Salem, banker, son of Nathaniel
C. and Mary Ann (Cabot) Lee, born at Boston, April 9,

1804, died at Salem, Nov. 19, 1877.

William Wallis, of Salem, trader and clerk, born Mar.

5, 1801, son of Moses and Hannah (Appleton) Wallis,
died Nov. 8, 1877.

Temple Hardy, of Salem, sash and blind maker, born
March 9, 1815, son of Temple and Sally (Chappie)
Hardy, died Nov. 25, 1877.

John Mangan, of Salem, contractor, born in Ireland,
1832, son of John and Mary (Keefe) Mangan, died Dec.

6, 1877.

Jonathan C. Perkins, counsellor at law, Salem, born
at Essex, Nov. 29, 1809, son of Ezra and Mary (Peabody)
Perkins, died Dec. 12, 1877.

James Gedney King, Salem, civil engineer, born Aug.,
1852, son of James B. and Mary. Jane (Fabens) King,
died Jan. 9, 1878.

Manuel Fenollosa, of Salem, music teacher, born at
Malaga, Spain, Dec. 24, 1822 ; son of Manuel and Isabel
(Del Pino) Fenollosa, died Jan. 13, 1878.

William Kimball, Salem, hatter, born in Ipswich, Dec.
1, 1795, son of Thomas and Nancy (Gage) Kimball, died
Jan. 19, 1878.

Thomas Picket, of Beverly, born at Beverly, Sept. 9,

1805, son of Thomas and Annis (Preston) Picket, died
March 23, 1878.

Francis Putnam, of Salem, florist, born at Salem, Jan.,
1808, son of Ebenezer and Anna (Fiske) Putnam, died
March 26, 1878.

Allen Washington Podge, of Hamilton, Treasurer of
Essex County, born at Newburyport, April, 1804, died
at Hamilton, May 17, 1878.

96

Samuel Day, of Salem, born at Ipswich, March 30,
1798, died at Salem, Sunday, May 19, 1878.

Jared Potter Kirtland, M. D., son of Turhand and
Mary (Potter) Kirtland, born at Wallingford, Conn.,
Nov. 10, 1793, died at his residence in East Kochfort
(near Cleveland), Ohio, Dec. 10, 1877; a distinguished
naturalist.

Charles Pickering, M. D., son of Timothy and Lurena
(Cole) Pickering, born at Starucca, Wayne Co., Penn.,
Nov. 10, 1805, died at Boston, Sunday, March 17, 1878.

Meetings. — During the summer, four Field Meetings
were held. First, at Boxford, June 26, where the objects
of the meeting were discussed by the President, Messrs.
W. P. Upham, E. C. Bolles, John Robinson, W. S.
Coggin, Ancil Dorman, J. H. Emerton, G. A. Perkins,

F. Israel, Mrs. C. H. Dall and Mrs. Mary S. Blake.
Second, at Lanesville, Wednesday, July 18, Messrs.
James H. Emerton, Charles H. Sargent, F. Israel, Byron

G. Russell, Granville P. Putnam, E. Hitchcock and D. P.
Hagar made remarks. Third, Wednesday, Aug. 8, at
Asbury Grove, Hamilton. The speakers were James H.
Emerton, J. P. Magee, George H. Dixon, G. D. Phip-
pen, E. C. Bolles, A. W. Dodge, J. F. Almy, George A.
Perkins. Fourth, at Marblehead Neck. J. H. Emerton,
G. H. Dixon, A. B. Hervey, J. J. H. Gregory, Joseph
Banvarcl, William D. Northend took part in the exer-
cises of the meeting.

Regular Meetings, twenty-one, usually on the first and
third Monday evenings of each month. The following
communications received and lectures delivered may be
specified: — "An examination of Types of some recently
described Crustacea," by T. Hale Streets and E. S.
Kingsley ; "Additions to the Ferns of Essex County," by

97

John Robinson; "On the Exploration of the Merrimack
River, in 1638, by order of the General Court of Massa-
chusetts, with a plan of the same," by James Kimball ;
"Contributions to the Myology of Tachyglossa Hystrix,
Echidna Hystrix Auct" by J. W. Fewkes ; "An Account
of a recent visit to Japan," by E. S. Morse; "Remarks
on Liberia, particularly of the region about Cape Palmas,"
by George A. Perkins ; "A List of the Birds of Massa-
chusetts, with Annotations," by J. A. Allen ; "ArchaBO-
logical Explorations in Tennessee," by F. W. Putnam ;
"On Salisbury and a day at Stonehenge," by E. C. Bolles ;
"On the Flora of Texas," by George D. Phippen.

Lectures and Concerts. — A course of seven lectures
under the direction of the Lecture Committee were as
follows: 1st, Monday, Oct. 29, 1877, W. F. Bick, on
"India." 2d, Monday, Nov. 19, 1877, C. C. Carpenter,
on "The Moon." 3d, Monday, Dec. 17, 1877, Charles S.
Minot, on "The Scientific problem of Human Life."
4th, Monday, Jan. 21, 1878, Edward S. Morse, on
"Japan." 5th, Monday, Feb.' 25, 1878, Leonard Waldo,
"Mean Time." 6th, Monday, March 11, 1878, Henry
Carmichael, on "Waves," 7th, Monday, March 25, 1878,
Isaac S. Osbun, on "Faraday and his works."
. Under the personal direction of the curator on Music,
five concerts have been given with much credit to the
society as musical performances. 1st, Monday Nov. 18,
1877, Miss Lilian Bayley and the Schubert Quartette.
2d, Monday, Nov. 28, 1877, Wm. H. Sherwood and Miss
Fanny Kellogg. 3d, Dec. 10, 1877, Miss Ita Welsh,
Mrs. G. A. Adams, Mr. William F. Winch, D. C. C.
Bullard. 4th, Monday, -Jan. 14, 1878, Mrs. John Wes-
ton, Mr. Wulf Fries, Mr. H. G. Tucker, Mr. J. Phip-
pen, jr. 5th, Monday, Jan. 28, 1878, Mrs. E. Kemble,

98

Mrs. George Upton, Mr. C. N. Allen, Mr. G. W. Sum-
ner.

In the Art Department an increased interest is notice-
able. Valuable and instructive volumes relating to the
various branches of art are being deposited in the library
by the kindness of the curator of Painting and Sculpture,
and the books are constantly referred to and consulted by
those interested in this direction.

Museum. — The specimens in Natural History, including
those in Ethnology and Archaeology, which have been
given during the year, are on deposit with the trustees of
the Peabody Academy of Science, in accordance with
previous arrangements. These have been reported at our
meetings, and have been duly acknowledged to the several
donors. The following may be specified : George H.
Allen, C. H. Stocker, George D. Glover, James M.
Caller, Miss H. K. Bayley, Alfred S. Peabody. In ad-
dition to the above, several interesting specimens of an
historical character have been arranged in the rooms. The
following are contributors : John L. Robinson of Lynn,
Mary E. Briggs, James Emerton, K. E. Nourse, Henry
Bridges, W. P. Upham, H. G. King, William B. Parker,
Charles S. Bufifum, George Perkins, George A. Perkins,
Mrs. J. E. A. Todd, F. W. Lee of Beverly, Mrs. N. D.
Cole, F. H. Lee, estate of Jonathan Tucker, John Rob-
inson, Richard C. Manning, William G. Barton, Raymond
L. Newcomb, Mrs. Anna Warren of Boston. The ordi-
nary routine work has steadily progressed. A room is
being prepared in the basement for the arrangement of
some of the larger specimens of" historical relics, and for
the deposit of duplicates, many of which are becoming
valuable.

99

Librahy. — The additions to the Library during the
year now closed have been as follows :

By Donation.

Folios, 51

Quartos, 34

Octavos 763 Pamphlets and Serials, . . 3,872

Duodecimos 139 Bound volumes, 1,027

Sexdecimos, 40

Total of Donations, . . . 4,899

Total of bound volumes, . . 1,027

By Exchange.

Quartos, 3 Pamphlets and Serials, . . 2,096

Octavos, 107 Bound volumes, 113

Duodecimos, 3

Total of Exchanges, . . . 2,209

Total of hound volumes, . . . 113

By Purchase.

Quartos, 1 Pamphlets, 61

Octavos, 66 Bound volumes, ...... 72

Duodecimos, .4

— Total of Purchases, .... 133
Total of bound volumes, . . . ' . 72

Total of Donations, 4,899

" of Exchanges, 2,209

" by Purchase 133

Total of Additions, 7,241

Of the total number of pamphlets and serials, 4,411
were pamphlets, and 1,618 were serials.

The donations to the Library for the year have been
received from one hundred and forty-nine individuals and
thirty-three societies and departments of the General and
State Governments. The exchanges from one hundred
and thirteen societies and incorporate institutions, of
which sixty-seven are foreign ; also from editors and
publishers.

100

Donations or exchanges have been received from
following : —

Vols.

Allen, Miss M., 22

Allen, Miss Mary P., 1

American Association Advancement of Science, . . 1

American Gynecological Society, 1

American Unitarian Association, 1

Amherst (Mass.) College,

Amsterdam, Koninklijk Zoologisch Genootschap "Natura

Artis Magistra,"

Andover (Mass.) Memorial Hall Library, .... 1
Andover (Mass.) Theological Seminary,

Appalachian Mountain Club,

Argentine Republic Commission, 1

Augsburg, Natur historischer Verein, ....

Baltimore, Peabody Institute,

Bamberg, Natur forschende Gesellschaft, ... 1

Bancroft, C. F. P.,

Barton, W. G.,

Beaman, Rev, C. C,

Bell, Mrs., Lowell, Mass.,

Bergen Museum, ,

Berlin, Deutschen geologischen Gesellschaft,

Berlin, Gesammten Naturwissenschaften, ... 2

Berlin, Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde, . . . 1

Berlin, Verein zur Beforderung des Gartenbauer,

Bern, Naturforschende Gesellschaft, ....

Berwickshire Naturalist Club, 1

Boardman, S. L., Augusta, Me., . . Newspapers, 3

Bolles, E. C, 15

Boon, E. P., New York, N. Y.,

Bordeaux, Societe Linneenne,

Boston, American Academy Arts and Science, .

Boston, City of, 6

Boston, City Hospital, 1

Boston, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, .

Boston, Public Library, 3

Boston Society of Natural History, ....

Braunschweig, Archiv cler Anthropologic,
Bremen, Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereioe,

Bristol Naturalists' Society,

Britten, E. H., 1

the

Pam.

12
1

5
122
180

3

1

2

678

13

2

1
2

101

Brooks, C. T.,« Newport, R. I.,

Brooks, II. M.,

Brown, Horace, ......

Browne, A. G.,

Brunn, Naturforschender Verein,
Bruxelles Socicle Entomologique,
Bruxelles Societe Malacologique,
Buffalo Young Men's Association,
Bunker Hill Monument Association, .
Caldwell, S. L., . .

California, University of, ... .

Cambridge, Museum of Comparative Zoology,

Canada, Geological Survey, .

Canadian Institute, ......

Carpenter, C. C, South Peabody, Mass., . Programmes,
Chamberlain, Jas. A., .... Progammes,

Chandler, G. L.,

Chandler, H. P.,

Chase, C. H., .........

Cherbourg, Societe Rationale Sciences Naturelles,
Chicago Historical Society, ......

Chicago Academy of Science,

Chilcls, G. W •

Christiania, Kdnigl. Norwegischen Universitat,

Cleveland, N., Estate of,

Cleveland, O., Western Reserve and Northern Ohio His-
torical Society,

Colby University, Waterville, Me.,

Cole, Miss C. J.,

Cole, Mrs. N. D., Newspapers,

Conklin, W. A.,

Conrad, D., Newspapers,

Cooke, C,

Cowley, C, .

Crosby, Mrs. M. K., . ' . . . Newspapers,

Croswell, Gov.,

Cutter, F. E., Newburyport, Mass., ....

Danzig, Naturforschende Gesellschaft, ....
Darmstadt, Verein fur Erclkunde, .....

Davenport Iowa Academy of Natural Science,

David, F., • . Newspapers,

Delaware Historical Society,

Derby, Miss C. R., .

Vols.

4

1

12

1

29

Pain.

3

2

1G

22

1

1

1

1

10

53

SI
2

6

1

4-
1
1
1

14

ESSEX INST. BULL.

102

Devereux, Geo. H.,

Dorchester, Mass., First Parish,

Drake, E. L., .

Dresden, Naturwissenschaftliche Gesellschaft "Isis,"
Dresden, Verein fiir Erdkunde, .

Ebell Society,

Eddy, Miss H.,

Emdem, Naturforschende Gesellschaft,

Bmmerton, Mrs. E., >

Mrs. Joseph Osgood, 5

Emmerton, J. A., ..... Programmes,

Erfurt, Konigl Akademie Gemeinniitziger Wissenchaften,

Erlangen, Physikalisch-medicinische Societiit,

Falmouth, Eng., Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society,

Eelton, Cyrus,

Eiske, Mrs. J. H., Newspapers,

Flanders, G. T., Lowell, Mass.,

Folger, W. C, Nantucket, Mass., ....

Foote, Caleb, Newspapers,

Frankfurt, Senckenbergische Naturforschende Gesells

chaft,

Frankfurt, Zoologische Gesellschaft,
Freiburg, Naturforschende Gesellschaft,
Frothingham, J. H., Brooklyn, N. Y.,

Gate, B.,

Geneve, Institut National,

Geneve, Societe cle Physique et d' Histoire Naturelle

Giflbrd, Mrs. P. B., . . . . Newspapers,

Glasgow, Natural History Society, ....

Goodell, A. C, Jr., .... Newspapers

Goodhue, Win., >

Tolman, Mr., 5

Gray, A. F., Danversport, Mass

Green, S. A., Boston, Mass.,

Hagar, D. B.,

Hale

Vols.
4
1

J. L.

Hamburg, Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein,

Harrison, G. L., Philadelphia, Penn.,

Hart, C. II., Philadelphia, Penn.,

Hartranft, John F.

Hill, Benj. D., Peabody, Mass..

Hilton, William,

Hitchcock, E., Amherst,

Hodges, Miss M. O.,

Gl
29

20

40
10

Pam.

1

1

4

1
1

1

1G5

27
1
1
1
1

159
7
1

1

9

1

13

1

100

24
144

1
1

1

147

1

103

Holmes, J. C, Detroit, Mich.,

Howe, Memorial Committee,

Hoyt, Hiram, . .

Hugo, L., Paris, France, ....

Hull, Hugh M.,

Hunt, Mrs. Thomas, •

Hunt, T. F.,

Illinois State Board of Agriculture,

India Geological Survey,

Iowa State Historical Society, • .

Jelly, W. H.,

Jenison, 0. A., Lansing, Mieh.,

Johnson, C. B.,

Kansas Academy of Science,

Kato, H.,

Kimball, James, Newspapers

Kingsley, J. S.,

Kjobenhavn, Botanisk Ticlsskrift, ....
Kjobenhavn, Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab,
Kjobenhavn Societe Royale des Antiquaries du Norcl,
Lathrop, Mrs. L. M., Hamilton, Mass.,

Lee, John C, Newspapers

Leeds, Philosophical and Literary Society,

Le Mans, Societe d'Agriculture, Sciences et Arts de

Sarthe,

London, Royal Society,

Long Island Historical Society,

Loring, Geo. B., Photographs

Lupton, N. T., Nashville, Tenn.,

Luxembourg, Societe des Sciences Naturelles du Grand

Duche,

Lynn, City of,

Lynn, Public Library,

Mack, Miss E. C„

Mack, William,

Maine Genealogical and Biographical Society,
Manning, Francis H., Boston, Mass., ....
Manning, Richard C, , .... Newspapers

Manning, Robert, Newspapers,

Marburg, Gesellschaft zur Beforderung der Gesammten

Naturwissenchaften, ......

Marsh, Prof. O. C, New Haven, Conn.,
Maryland Historical Society,
Massachusetts General Hospital, >.

Vols.

1

1

28

50
29

la

Pam

1
1

23

1
13

1

1

123

1
21
79
1
3
3

2

2
9
1
209
3

253
50

3
3
1

1

104

Newspaper,

der Wissen-

Massachnsetts Historical Society,
Massachusetts Horticultural Society,
Massachusetts State Board of Health,
Mecklenburg, Vereins der Freunde,
Merritt, Mrs. L. F., .
Mexico Museo Nacional,
Minnesota Historical Society,
Mount Holyoke Female Seminary,
Miinchen, Koniglich Bayerischen Akademie

schaften,

Needham, Daniel,

Neuchatel Societe des Sciences Naturelles,

Nevins, A. H.,

Nevins, W. S., . . ' . . . Newspapers,

New England Historic-Genealogical Society,
New England Society of Orange, ....

New Hampshire Historical Society, ....

New Haven, Yale College,

New Jersey Historical Society, ....

New York American Geographical Society,
New York Chamber of Commerce, ....
New York Genealogical and Biographical Society,

New York State Library,

New South Wales Royal Society, ....

Nichols, J. H., Newspapers

Nichols, Miss Mary,

Nichols, The Misses. ....

Nichols, Miss Sally,

Nourse, C. C, Des Moines, Iowa,
Nuttall Ornithological Club,

Oliver, Henry K.,

Packard, A.-S., Jr., ....

Page, Miss A., Dan vers, Mass.,

Palfray, C. W.,

Palmer, Edward,

Paris, Journal de Conchyliogie,
Paris Societe d' Acclimation,
Paris Societe d'AutJiropologie,
Peele, Miss E. R., . .

Pennsylvania Historical Society,
Perkins, A. C, Exeter, N. II., .

Perkins, Geo. A.,

Perry, W. S., Davenport, Iowa,
Philadelphia, American Philosophical Society

Vols. Pam.
4

30

11

5

1
291
4
2
2

2

1

1

50

61

1
3

25

1

330

59

6

2

23

4

5

422
7
3

105

Philadelphia Library Company,
Philadelphia Zoological Society,
Pierce, II. B., ...

Pool, Wellington, Wenham, Mass.,
Poole, W. P., Chicago, 111.,

Poor, Alfred,

Poore, Benj. P., ....

Pope, Miss Lyclia, ....
Portland Institute, ....

Portuguese Centennial Commission,
Price, John, Manchester, Mass.,
Putnam, Rev. A. P., Brooklyn, N. Y.,

Putnam, P. W.,

Putnam, H. W.,

Quint, Kev. A. H., New Bedford,' Mass.,

Randolph, Mass., Turner Pree Library,

Eantoul, R. S.,

Reading, Penn., Society of Natural Sciences,
Regensburg, Konigiiche Bayerische botanische Gesellschaft,

Roberts, David, .

Robeson, Geo. M.,

Robinson, John,

Ropes, Miss,

Salem, City of, ........

San Diego, Cal., Society,

San Francisco, Cal., Mercantile Library Association,

'S Gravenhague, Nederlauclsche Entomologische Veree-

nigirig,

Smith, C. C, .

Smith, N. A., •

Smithsonian Institution, .

Somersetshire Archaeological and Natural History Society,

Sotheran, Henry, .

Spofford, A. R., Washington, D. C,

Stickney, M. A.,

St. Gallen, St. Gallische Gesellschaft, .

St. Louis Academy Science, ......

St. Peterburg, Impetat Akademya Nauk, .
Stockholm, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences,
Stone, E. M., Providence, R. I., .

Stoute, Miss M. H., .... Newspapers,

Stout, AB,

Tasmania, Government of, ......

Tasmania, Royal Society,

Vols.

Pam.

3

19

2

5

2

4

2

2

1

38

28

3

47

43

23

2

40

7

12

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

16

1

2

8G

1

1

11

6

2

C2

22

106

Vols. Pam.

Tennessee, State of, 62 41

Thompson, C. P., 11

Thompson, J. W., 1

Tokio, Japan, University of, 2 5

Tucker, Jona., Estate of, 102 75

Tyler, W., 3

Unknown, 1

Upham, Wm. P., 4

Upsal, Kongliga Vetenskaps-Societcten, ... 1

U. S. Bureau of Education, ...... 3

U. S. Dept. of Interior, 116 20

U. S. Dept. of Engineers, 7

U. S Dept, of State, 11

U. S. Naval Observatory, 1

U. S. Patent Office, 49

U. S. Treasury Dept. 2

Van Name, A., New Haven, Conn., 3 6

Venezuela, Gaceta Cientiflca, 5

Vermont State Librajy, 10 2

Vermont, University of, ...... . l

Vilas, C. H., Chicago, Ills., ...... 1

Walker, Abbot, 38

Walton, E. N., 1

Ware, Darwin E., Boston, Mass., 1

Waters, E. S., 1

Waters, H. F. ..*... Newspapers,

Waters, J. L., 35

Watson, Miss C. A., . . 1

Webber, C. H., ^

Zl

Nevins, W. S

Welsh, W. L., . ' 3 S

Wheatland, Miss E., . 1

Wheatland, Miss M. G., 3 45

Whipple, Geo. M., 48 51

Whipple, Miss I. G., . . . . . . . . 1 2

Whitmore, W. EL, Boston, Mass., . l

Wien, K. K. Zoologische botanische Gesellschaft, . . 1

Wilder, M. P., Dorchester, Mass., .... 2

Williams College, 10

Williams, James, 1

Wilson, Miss L. W., .... Newspapers,

Winchester Home Corporation, ..... 1

Winthrop, R. C, Boston, 1

Wisconsin State Historical Societ}', .... 26 46

107

Vols. J * ii 1 1 1 _

Wisconsin, Naturhistorichen Vereins, .... 1

Worcester American Antiquarian Society, ... 3

Worcester Society of Antiquity, 1

Wtirzburg, Physikalisch-medicinische Gesellschaft, . 3

Yeomans, W. II., 4 ^:>

The following have been received from editors or pub-
lishers : —

American Bookseller.
American Journal of Education.
American Journal of Science.
American Naturalist.
Beetle and Wedge.
Boston Globe.
Boston Herald.
Dexter Smith's Paper.
European Mail.
Forest and Stream.
Francis's Catalogue.
Gardener's Monthly.
Gurney's Weekly.
Hardwicke's Science Gossip.
Ipswich Chronicle.
Lawrence American.

Lynn City Item.

Lynn Semi-Weekly Reporter.

Nation.

Nature.

Our Dumb Animals.

Peabody Press.

Peabody Reporter.

Quaritch's Catalogue.

Sailors' Magazine and Seamen's

Friend.
Salem Gazette.
Salem Observer.
Salem Post.
Salem Register.
Turner's Public Spirit.
Vox Humana.

Financial. — The Treasurer's Report exhibits a state-
ment of the receipts and expenditures during the past
year.

DEBITS.

General Account.
Athenaeum, for Rent and Librarian, .

Salaries, $1,466.32; Coal, $115.00; Gas, $43.77, .
Lectures and Conceits, $756.32; Publications, $884.05, .
Express and Postage, 77.69; Insurance, 40.00; Printing, 35.71,
Excursions, $2,606.42; Sundries, $11)0.71 ; Stationery, $20.00,
Alterations and repairs of cases, ......

Historical.

Books, $8.30; Binding, $62.78,

Natural History and Horticulture.

Paid for binding,

$350 00

1,625 09

1,620 37

153 40

2,817 13
358 83

$6,924

71 08

50 00

108

Ditmore Fund.
Paid F. S. Perkins, 127 00

Ladies' Fair Fund.
Old Colony Railroad Bond, 1,046 17

Ladies' Centennial Committee.
Books and Binding, 138 83

Balance in hands of Treasurer, 146 98

8,501 88

CREDITS.
By Balance of 1877 Account, 7 85

General Account,

Dividends Webster Bank, 10 00

Assessments, $1,011.00; Publications, $338.28, . . . 1,349 28

Sundries (Piano), 255.60; Life Membership, 30.00, . . . 285 60

Athenaeum proportion of coal and janitor, .... 142 45

Excursions, $2,924.55; Lectures and Concerts, $1,206.76, . 4,131 31

Subscription, $140.00; Refunded Bank Tax, $10.91, . . 150 91

Salem Savings Bunk, 332 37

' 6,401 72

Historical.
Dividends Naumkeag Bank, 16 00

Natural History and Horticulture.
Dividends Portland, Saco & Portsmouth Railroad, . 12 00

Dividends Lowell Bleachery, 24 00

38 00

Davis Fund.

Coupons Burlington & Missouri R. R., 140 00

Coupons Dixon & Peoria ll.B.., 240 00

380 00

Ditmore Fund.

Coupons Chicago City Bonds, 70 00

Interest on notes, 127 00

197 00

Ladies' Fair Fund.

From Salem Savings Bauk, 1,046 49

Old Colony R. R., . . 30 00

1,076 49

Ladies' Centennial Fund.
Cash received, 389 62

8,504 88
[ To be continued.]

BULLETIN

OF THE

ESSEX: INSTITUTE.

Vol. 10. Salem, July, Aug., Sept., 1878. Nos. 7, 8, 9.

Annual Meeting, Monday, May 20, 1878.

{Continued from last number .]

Horticultural. — -The annual exhibition opened on
Wednesday evening, Sept. 19, 1877, and continued to
the Friday evening following. The display was more
than ordinarily creditable ; and, considering that the pres-
ent is not a great fruit year, it is better than there was
reason to expect.

The following is a list of contributors : — Fruit, Charles
A. Ropes, George D. Glover, A. D. Scott, Mrs. E. Em-
merton, Miss Marion C. Allen, M. P. Locke, Mrs. A. Ed-
wards, James P. Cook, Miss Belle Leavitt, J. P. Chan-
dler, T. N. Coveil, Jos. A. Goldthwaite, N. A. Horton,
Miss S. O. Russell, Mrs. George West, H. M. Barker,
Mrs. John Barlow, Volney C. Stowe, H. Andrews, W.#
H. Dennett, Mrs. W. F. Gardner, Jose Margati, Stephen
Thayer, F. Symonds, T. Fisher, Mrs. G. E. Bailey, J.
W. Goldthwaite, T. Ashby, George Russell, Edwin Very,
Mrs. J. F. Read, S. B. Osborne, E. Goss, Miss E. P.
Richardson, David Pingree, Mrs. J. O. Safford, C. M.

ESSEX INST. BULL. X 9 (109)

110

Richardson, Ezra Cleaves, George Pettengill, Mary K.
Robinson, Mrs. F. S. Peck, Moses S. Prime, Dr. Lamb,
M. P. Locke, Dorcas C. Nourse, F. Symonds, D. S. Os-
borne, W. H. Maloon, 8. Day, Reuben Floyd, George
F. Brown, Henry V. Buxton, Mrs. William Maloon..
Vegetables, L. W. Goldthwaite, Wm. Mack, Robert
Manning, H. Andrews, Plummer Farm School, E. C.
Larrabee, Silas M. Locke, George D. Glover. Potted
Plants, John Robinson, Harmony Grove Green Houses,
Mrs. Charles F. Williams. Flowers, from A. H. Dunlap
& Son, of Nashua, N. H., Charles A. Putnam, Francis
Putnam, Mrs. W. F. Gardner, Mary T. Ropes, George
D. Glover, F. Lamson, Mrs. L. P. Weston, Belle Leavitt,
Lottie F. Chase, Mrs. George B. Prince, Mrs. E. Emmer-
ton, Mrs. T. N. Covell, William H. Whipple, Miss Brooks,
Miss Clark, Mrs. James B. Nichols, Mrs. J. O. Safford,
Mrs. John Webster, Dorcas C. Nourse, Mrs. demons,
Rebecca B. Manning, Edward Osgood, C. A. Buxton,
Mrs. N. A. Horton, George Russell, Mary Saunders, E.
Carlton, John Robinson, F. Warner, L. V. Sj'monds.

Publications have been issued as heretofore, — the
Bulletin, vol. 9, and the Historical Collections, vol.
xiv. The exchange list, with few exceptions, continues
the same as last year.

Excursions. — Three have been made during the year,
one to the Hoosac Tunnel and Saratoga Springs, one to
the White Mountains, and the third to Newport, R. I.
"At the mountains an interesting and largely attended
meeting was held in the parlors of the Crawford House,
where an original poem was read by the Rjv. Charles T.
Brooks. Prof. Charles H. Hitchcock spoke at length on
the "Geology of the Mountain Region," and Dr. H.

Ill

Wheatland and Dr. G. A. Perkins gave their personal
experience of travel on the White Mountain routes in the
years 1832 and 1834. These excursions were all enjoy-
able and successful socially.

The coming year will probably be an active one in the
annals of the Institute. It is proposed to celebrate in an
appropriate manner the 250th anniversary of the landing
of Gov. John Endicott at Salem. The anniversary occurs
on Wednesday, Sept. 18, 1878, and an efficient committee
has already been chosen and are making arrangements for
a celebration which, it is hoped, may be worthy of the
occasion commemorated.

Mr. John Robinson reported the following resolutions
on the death of Mr. Francis Putnam :

Whereas, The members of the Essex Institute have
learned with profound regret of the decease of Francis
Putnam, a valued member from its organization, and for
many years one of its most active and faithful officers ;
and, desiring to place upon record its appreciation of his
character, do hereby submit the following resolutions : —

Resolved, That the Institute has long recognized with
pleasure the merited distinction which Mr. Putnam had
attained by his acquiantance with and skill in the cultiva-
tion of rare and choice flowers; a distinction which is
widely spread, and will always enroll his name among the
most successful laborers in floriculture.

Resolved, That the Institute remembers with cordial
appreciation his large and generous contributions, for a
period of more than forty years, to its Horticultural Ex-
hibitions, tending, thereby, largely to foster and elevate"
the refining taste of horticulture in this country.

Resolved, That his decease must be regarded as a great
loss to horticulture, and will serve to remind the Institute
of the gradual disappearance from its roll of membership,
the names of those early pioneers who initiated the move-

112

ment that has been so productive of good results in the
promotion of horticultural science.

Resolved, That a copy of these resolutions be placed
on the records, and also that a copy be sent to the family
of the deceased.

The resolutions were unauimously adopted.

Voted, To proceed to the election of officers for the
year ensuing and until others shall be chosen in their
stead. Messrs. Robinson and Cooke were requested to
receive, assort, and count the votes.

The following were elected : —

PRESIDENT :

HENRY WHEATLAND.

VICE-PRESIDENTS :

Abner C. Goodell, Jr. William Sutton. Frederick W. Putnam.
Daniel B. Hagar.

SECRETARY: TREASURER:

George M. Whipple. Henry M. Brooks.

AUDITOR: LIBRARIAN:

Richard C. Manning. William P. Upham.

CURATORS:

History— James Kimball.
Manuscripts— William P. Upham.
Archceology— Frederick W. Putnam.
Numismatics— Matthew A. Stickney.
Geology— Alpheus S. Packard, Jr.

Botany— GEORGE D. PHIPPEN.
Zoology— Edward S. Morse.
Horticulture— Henry W. Putnam.
Music— Arthur W. Foote.
Painting cf Sculpture- -T. F. Hunt,

Technology— Edwin C. Bolles.

COMMITTEES :

Finance .•

James Upton. James O. Safford. James Kimball. Henry M. Brooks.

Library :

Chas. W. Palfray. Joseph G. Waters. Henry F. King.

George F. Flint. Wm. Neilson.

113

Publication .•
Abner C. Goodell, Jr. Edward S. Atwood. Edwin C. Bolles

James Kimball. T. F. Hunt.

Lecture .•
William D. northend. Amos II. Johnson. Frederick W. Putnam.

Arthur L. Huntington. Fielder Israel.

Field Meeting:

George A. Perkins, Salem.
George Cogswell, Bradford.
George D. Phippen, Salem.
George Perkins, Salem.
Eben N. Walton, Salem.

Francis H. Appleton, Peabody.
Lewis N. Tappan, Manchester.
Francis H. Johnson, Andover.
Richard S. Spofford, Newburyport.
Nathaniel A. Horton, Salem.

On motion of W. D. Northend, the committee on the
celebration of the landing of Gov. Endicott was author-
ized to enlarge its number, appoint sub-committees, and
arrange plans for carrying out the celebration in the most
appropriate manner.

Monday, June 3, 1878.

At a regular meeting this evening Mr. W. W. North-
end was duly elected a member.

Field Meeting at Centennial Grove, Essex,
Monday, June 24, 1878.

Field meeting this day at the Centennial Grove, on
the shore of Chebacco pond, Essex. The main party left
Salem at 8.10, a. m., and spent the forenoon in search of
various specimens of interest. Mr. S. B. Buttrick con-
ducted the botanic party, Mr. J. H. Emerton those in-
terested in insect life, and Prof. Huntington those in
mineralogy and geology.

114

At 3, p. M., the afternoon session was held in a pavilion
on the grounds. The President in the chair. Records
read. Donations and correspondence announced.

The President in his introductory remarks alluded
briefly to four sons of the town of Essex who had lived
in Salem, and had been conspicuous members of the bar
of this county, viz. : Joseph Perkins, Rufus Choate, Jona-
than C. Perkins, and the present Judge of Probate, G. F.
Choate.

Mr. James H. Emerton submitted his report and in
answer to questions of several members Mr. Emerton ex-
plained the differences between the spiders and their near-
est allies.

The Arachnida consist of three orders, of which the
spiders form one, distinguished by the division of their
bodies into two distinct regions, by their poison jaws,
and by their spinning habits. Another order includes
the daddy-long-legs, the scorpions, and a few other small
families, most of which have hard-jointed skins like Crus-
tacea. The third order consists of the mites and their
allies, mostly small parasitic animals passing through a
metamorphosis after hatching before they get the full
number of limbs. To this last order belong the common
red spider on plants and the red water spider.

Mr. S. B. Buttrick presented a list of plants collected
during the day :

Krigia virginica.

Lysimachia quadrifolia.

Azalea viscosa.

Sisymbrium anceps.

Potentilla argentata.
Cistus canadensis.

Pyrola rotundifolia.

Mitchella repens.

Viola blanda.

Marcbantia polymorpha.

Drosera angusti folia.

Cornus canadensis.

Viburnum dentata.

Pogonia

115

Prof. J. II. Huntington exhibited some specimens of
minerals which he had collected and spoke of the geologi-
cal features pf the vicinity.

Rev. C. C. Beaman, formerly of Salem, spoke of the
pleasure he had enjoyed at being present at this meeting,
and warmly commended the work of the Institute.

Mr. John Robinson read a paper on the

The Life of a Pine Tree.

At the field meeting at Boxford, during the summer of
1877, one of the residents of that town, present ;it the
meeting held for discussion in the afternoon, asked this
question : "Can you tell me where the seeds of the Pine
trees are, and how to plant them in order to produce young
trees ?" I had not thought until then of bringing up before
a field meeting anything which seemed so simple as this ;
but, upon reflection, it seemed to me that perhaps some-
thing might be proposed upon the subject, which would
be of sufficient interest to present at a field meeting, and
I have, therefore, prepared the following sketch of the
life of a pine tree.

Suppose we commence by examining the seed, which
will be found enclosed among the scales of the cone.1

The seeds are in pairs, each seed being provided with a
membraneous wing, which renders it more easily blown
to great distances by the wind, as the seed falls to the
ground. In the seed will be found, if the magnifying
glass is used, a little embryo showing several rudimentary
leaves, ami a radicle to produce the root. The seeds of
pines germinate readily, and the little trees are found
abundantly in the vicinity of pine groves.

1 As presented at the meeting, the paper was illustrated by several diagrams
specimens of wood, cones, flowers, etc.

116

The roots of the pine do not reach deeply into the
ground, even with large trees, but they spread very much,
as can be seen by examining the upturned roots of some
tree prostrated by a gale.

The trunk of the tree increases by the annual deposit
of a layer of wood outside those of previous years ; when
pines are growing thickly together, the lower branches of
the trees die, and, falling off, the succeeding layers of
wood and bark cover the places smoothly where they once
projected, leaving the earlier portion of the branch in the
centre of the tree as a knot. A cone was shown at one
of the meetings a year or two since, which was imbedded
in this same manner, and was found in splitting a piece of
pine wood.2

The leaves of the pine are produced in little tufts, as if
we were to pull through our hand a stem of some plant,
allowing the leaves to remain between our fingers in a
bunch. Each fascicle of White pine has five leaves, of
Red pine, two, of Pitch pine, three.

The flowers are of two sorts, male and female, produced
on different parts of the same tree, or upon different trees ;
the male, or staminate flowers, are on the young shoots,
and consist of masses of pollen sacks clustered together,
which, when ripe, burst open, allowing the pollen to escape
in great quantities.3

2 At the close of the meeting held for discussions, at which this paper was pre-
sented, in answer to the question: " Why is Michigan pine stock clearer than that
of home production ?"

Mr. John Proctor, of "Essex, a gentleman of experience in judging lumber,
said: "The clear stock conies from the large pines; it is cut from the lower trunk,
from the outside towards the centre of the tree, before the knots, which are always
to be found at the heart of every tree, are reached. The knotty boards are sold as
second quality stock, which often comes from the same tree as the clear."

3 I find in Emerson's Trees and Shrubs of Mass., 1846, the following: —

" Tlie yellow pollen, which is very abundant, and being as l.ght and fine as dust,
has been carried by the wind fioin a forest of pines, and spread upon the ground
at a great distance. This affords a probable explanation of the stories which have

117

The female or pistillate flowers resemble very small
cones, and are usually upon the higher branches of the
tree. When in condition to be fertilized, they are erect,
and the scales are open to receive the pollen grains which
may be wafted to them by the wind. The pollen acts
directly upon the ovules, of which there are two in each
scale of the young cones. When fertilized, the scales
close, and the cone becomes pendant instead of erect.
With our pines, the cones grow to considerable size by the
end of the first season, increasing their size and perfecting
at the close of the second season, when the seeds may be
collected. By the spring following, the seeds will fall
from the cones.

The seeds of the pine may remain in, or on the ground
for a long time, without injury, protected by the dampness
and coolness of fallen leaves. But if the old trees are
cut away, admitting the light and heat of the sun, these
latent seeds will soon germinate, and in a few years a
healthy new growth of pines will be the result, provided
nature is left to herself, and the too often wickedly reck-
less hand of man does not iuterfere.

The pines are to us in New England the most valuable
forest trees, and the ones, best adapted to our soils and
climate, but there are at present but few of those grand old
trees which our forefathers walked beneath when Essex
county was first settledi I have, in company with Mr.
J. H. Sears, of Danvers, visited and measured several of
the largest White pines in Boxford, Andover and Middle-
ton, where, undoubtedly, are situated the largest trees of
this species now left standing in the county. Several

been told, and which have been regarded with superstition or incredulity, of
showers of sulphur." Lambert describing the common Scotch fir, says: "The
pollen is sometimes in spring carried away by the wind in such quantities as to
alarm the ignorant of the notion of its raining brimstone."— Lambert's Genus
Pinus, London, 1828-37.

118

trees measured were from 10 to 12 feet in circumference,
3 feet from the ground, and one with a very irregularly
shaped head measured 13 J feet at just above the ground,
and 12 feet in circumference as high as we could place the
tape. Few trees here exceed a height of 100 feet. Many
persons here present may remember the exhibit mude at
the Centennial Exhibition by the Canadian lumber dealers,
where one huge section of a White pine was shown 8 feet
6 inches in diameter, or 25% feet in circumference. Few
such trees exist now.

Emerson speaks in "Trees and Shrubs of Mass.," of a
White pine tree in the eastern part of New York state,
which was 240 feet high ; and one in Lancaster, N. H.
was found, which measured 264 feet in height.

A mast was made in N. H. fifty years ago, 90 feet long,
which had a diameter of 36 inches at the base and 24 at
the summit, a difference so slight, as not to be perceptible
to a person standing at the smaller end, looking towards
the larger.4

The pines belong to a large family of plants called by
botanists the Coniferre, or Cone-bearers, referring to the
peculiar fruit borne by most of the trees of this order.

The Coniferse are found to have made their first appear-
ance upon the earth at about the same time as the terns,
during the Devonian, or age of fishes. At that time, and
during the succeeding periods, there were many huge
plants, called Lepidodendron, and Sigillaria, which had
trunks as large, and as high as many pines. These were
the ancestors of our club mosses, ,which only now grow
to a foot high.

4 The Pitch pine does not reach the size of the White pine, and with us there
are few very large trees.

The Red pine in Essex county is now and then seen, 18 inches in diameter and
perhaps 70 feet high.

119

These fossil plants bore many resemblances to the
pines that then grew, and also to the ferns ; and even now,
were I to point out all the curious and wonderful processes
that the little ovule and pollen grains go through, before
the seed is perfected, you would see at once that all the
resemblances are not lost yet, between the pines, ferns
and club mosses as they are now found. Even the out-
ward appearance of one of our Lycopodiums, or club
mosses, is so much like a pine tree, that one of its com-
mon names is "Ground Pine." Bnt in the old geologic
time, before the different members of the vegetable king-
dom had grown so far away from each other, so to speak,
these resemblances between the Conifers and Cryptogams
were much stronger than we find them now.

The nearest relations to the Pines we have in Essex
county, are the Spruce and Larch; but all the members
of the family Coniferse have so many striking character-
istics in common, that any of our native species would
at once be recognized as belonging to that family.

They are as follows : —

Pinus rigida, Pitch Pine.

Finns resinosa, Red Pine.

Finns Strubus, White Pine.

Abi<js nigra, Black Spruce.

Abies Canadensis, Hemlock Spruce.

Larix Americana, Larch, or Hackmatack.

Cupressus thyoides, White Cedar.

Juniperus communis, .... Common Juniper.

Jnniperus Virginiana, .... Red Cedar.

Taxus baccata, var. Canadensis, American Yew,

or Ground Hemlock.

These are all the Conifers we have growing naturally
within the limits of Essex county. Beside these there
are quite common in cultivation (and rarely some of them
are found to have sprung up from scattered seeds), the
following : Scotch Pine, Austrian Pine, Norway Spruce,

120

White Spruce, Arbor-vitse, European Larch, Southern
Cypress and English Yew.

A few other species of the Coni ferae are occasionally
met with in cultivation.

The Ginkgo tree, a native of Japan, is often seen in
gardens, but owing to its peculiar fan-shaped leaves
would not, until the fruit and wood were examined, be
supposed to belong to the Conifers.

The products of the pines are among the most valuable
gifts to man ; they even produce food. The seed of the
"stone pine" (P. pinea), and of a pine growing in Cali-
fornia, are so large that they may be eaten very much as
peanuts are, the meat being about the same size as that
of a single meat of the peanut. It is in the wood, bow-
ever, that the chief value of our pines is to be found. It
is needless to mention the innumerable uses to which the
White and Red pine wood is adapted. Its durability,
lightness, and strength, to say nothing of its sweetness,
a quality not possessed by every wood, render it of value
to every trade, and to every man.

The wood of Conifers is not like that of the deciduous
forest trees, it possesses but one sort of cell in its con-
struction, while the Oak or Maple have in their wood
various sorts of cell structures. The wood structure of a
Pine is made up of long cells tapering to each end, and
having upon the outside certain clots, or marks. These
cells are about J of an inch long, and may be seen by
examining with a microscope very thin shavings of the
wood.

The strength of the wood of our pines is given .by
Laslett as follows : —

Pieces of Red, White, and Pitch pines were taken,
of the same dimensions, and tested in three ways, as
follows :

121

I. Weight required to break the wood crossways.
II. Weight required to tear the wood asunder lengthways.
III. Weight required to crush the wood.

The pieces for experiments I and II, were 2 inches X 2
inches X 30 inches. For experiment III, were cubes 2
inches on each side. The average of six trials in each of
the ways brought out these results : —

Red.

White.

Pitch.

I.

653 lbs.

626 lbs.

1049 lbs.

II.

10,822 "

8,108 "

18,606 "

III.

8h tons.

lh tons.

ll£ tons.

The White pine and Pitch pine are the most abundant
in Essex county. The Keel pine is found only in very
limited quantities at Boxford, Georgetown, and the towns
in that vicinity. Yet w7e should be interested in the use-
fulness of this latter species, when considering trees for
cultivation.

The Pitch pine as seen by Laslett's experiments has the
strongest wood, but for carpenters' work the White pine
is every way the best.

The Pitch pine being used in joists and scantlings,
chiefly in ship building, and on account of its property of
withstanding alternations of wet and dry, it is a particu-
larly good wood for ship pumps, and for water- wheels.

Laslett says, "the wood of the Red pine is not apt to
shrink, split, or warp ; it stands well, and is a valuable
wood for all kinds of construction, and in the domestic
arts there need be no limit to its application." Some of
the largest and straightest trees are used for masts and
spars.5

The Hesin, and the various other substances which are

Of the beauty and iisefulness of the wood of the White pine, it is quite un
lecessary to speak here, the greatest difficulty would he encountered in endeavor-
lg to find what it could not be used for.

122

derived from the Vesin of the pines, stand only second in
value to the wood, as useful products.

"From the great amount of resin conta'ned in the wood
of the pine, the wood is very combustible, and remarkable
for its durability. In the wood of most pines the resin
does not seem to be deposited during the life of that part.
Old trunks are often found consisting almost entirely of
heart wood, soft, and of a reddish colour, almost free
from resin throughout. Where a branch, is broken off,
the remaining portion becomes charged with resin, forming
what is called a pilch knot, extending sometimes to the
heart. The same thing takes place through the whole
heart of the tree, when full of juices its life is suddenly
destroyed. It is commonly supposed that the heart- wood
of a trunk of Pitch pine, increases in weight after it has
fallen to the ground." Emerson,

Turpentine spirits is the product of distillation of the
crude turpentine, over a gentle lire.

Pitch is produced by burning, in a copper vessel, the
residuum of the turpentine.

Tar is produced by half burning it in a covered vessel.

Lamp-black is made by burning the above refuse in a
furnace leading to a chamber, in which the "soot" is de-
posited as a powder, from whence it is collected.

Venetian Turpentine is made from the European Larch.

Linnaeus states, "that the Laplanders, for want of
cereals, use the inner layer of the bark of the Scotch pine,
to make into cakes, which are very palatable."

Finally, Amber and Petroleum oil, are but the products
of the fossil pines of the Carboniferous Age.

"The soil natural to pines is that formed originally by
the crumbling, or disintegration, of the granitic rocks.

These, in the forms of gneiss, mica slate and granite,
are the prevailing rock of Massachusetts, large portions

123

of which are overspread by the diluvium of sand, formed
from them." Emerson.

To produce pine forests, or groves, artificially, it is
only necessary to procure a sufficient quantity of the seeds,
and sow them broadcast among the bushes of various sorts
which grow in pasture-land. If the seeds are to be
planted in open fields they should be covered but slightly,
with a light soil, but on 710 account should they be buried.

The pines are not apt to nourish when used as orna-
mental trees, if planted singly, as they do not have that
protection which is necessary to their healthy growth, and
which, when standing thickly in forests, they afford each
other.

The Pitch pine grows luxuriantly when planted along
the coast, and is invaluable, in many places, to hold to-
gether the shifting sands of our county's shores ; while
it has been shown, by early authors that in Europe, the
planting of forest's has proved the most profitable way of
utilizing barren lands. It is a matter of great surprise
that the people of this country should be so slow to follow
the foreign example. It is but recently that the subject
of tree planting has come to the notice of the people in*
general. As far as I can learn, the only persons who have
ever attempted systematic experiments in aboriculture, in
Essex county, are Richard Fay, Esq., at Lynn, and Hon.
Benjamin Perley Poore, at Newbury. Neither of these
gentlemen, however, have attempted planting large tracts.
But Mr. Poore's trees are illustrations of what may be
done by very many of our land proprietors, having ren-
dered their owner both satisfaction and profit.

Essex county is noted for its barren hills, and Huckle-
berry pastures. Near us are examples of land, where, if

6 For further information upon tree planting, see Emerson, "Trees and Shrubs
of Massachusetts."

124

four cows can be pastured to the acre, the owner is fortu-
nate. Planted with pines, these lands would be a valuable
inheritance to the third generation, and the second genera-
tion would have received a handsome amount from the
"thinnings," as it is termed, and which it would be neces-
sary to make in fifteen or twenty years.

Is it not that our people take too little heed of the
morrow? Is it not that the few dollars expended in
planting is begrudged to the next generation? Our in-
stitutions are in some respects to blame for the spirit of
present selfishness with which our people grow up. We
cannot, in a country where all are free and equal, enact
laws which shall be as strict as those of European mon-
archies ; we cannot, where the land is cut up into small
lots, and owned by persons in many cases dependent on
its products, enact laws which shall take from them what
they rightfully hold. But the state can remit taxes on
land upon which trees may be planted ; they can offer
inducements to owners, great and small, to plant the
sterile land. And greatest and best of all, the people can
be educated to that knowledge of nature, and the balance
she requires between the trees and the open land, until
our people shall, of their own accord, keep that balance
true.

The work of the department of aboriculture of the
Bussey Institution, under the directorship of Mr. Charles
S. Sargent, who has himself published' many valuable
treatises on this subject, is already beginning to be appre-
ciated. The leading newspapers of the State often devote
their editorial columns to notices of this institution and
its work ; but this is not enough, the local newspapers
should do more. These reach the country firesides where
they are carefully read and their contents discussed.

These papers can, and ought, to devote many columns

125

a year to this subject, and point out one after another, the
important functions performed by forests in regard to the
health, wealth and proper development of the country.
It should be introduced into our common schools as a
study ; and when this is done, in the half of a generation
the young men and women of the land will be prepared
to understand the justice and wisdom of state enactments
which now almost all would consider hardships. To edu-
cated intelligence, rather than by force of law, should we
look to see the Pine tree respected and valued, as one of
the most precious gifts vouchsafed to the people of Essex
county.

Discussion followed, participated in by Mr. E. G. Par-
ker of Groveland, Mr. Robinson and Rev. Messrs. Is-
rael and Bolles of Salem.

Mr. J. L. Story of Essex contributed to the museum
two Indian arrowheads, and Mr. Eben Stanwood, also of
Essex, and Mr., Andrews, of the same place, several
specimens of minerals and insects.

The following resolution was unanimously passed :

Resolved, That the cordial thanks of the Essex Institute
be and are hereby tendered to the proprietors of the Cen-
tennial grove for the use of this grove, and to the citizens
of Essex for their aid so generously and so pleasantly
tendered and also to the directors of the Eastern railroad
for favors received.

Field Meeting, Wednesday, July 10, 1878.
The second field meeting, the present season, was held
at Juniper Point, Salem Neck, this day.

ESSEX INST. BULL. X 10

126

The forenoon was agreeably spent in rambling about
the Neck, examining the specimens at the Marine Zoolog-
ical Laboratory, and in dredging, for which purpose the
fine yacht "Curlew" was kindly placed at the disposition
of the party by its owner, Mr. Henry W. Peabody. The
dredging was under the direction of Mr. James H. Emer-
ton and confined its field of operations to the waters be-
tween the laboratory and Beverly Light. Three hauls
were made and a large number of specimens were ob-
tained, including sea anemonies, echinoderms, crusta-
ceans, etc. These, with other specimens in the aquaria
at the laboratory, formed the basis of some remarks which
Mr. Emerton afterwards made, illustrating many of the
varied forms and habits of marine life.

The Zoological Laboratory was opened on the first of
June by Messrs. James H. Emerton, of Salem, and C. S.
Minot, of Boston, for the purpose of affording facilities
to persons engaged in special studies who may desire to
make collections and research in the several departments
of marine zoology and botany, and not as a school for
instruction, although students will be received upon such
terms as may be agreed upon. For this purpose the
building is admirably situated in close proximity to the
sea, easily accessible to the city by street cars, and pro-
vided with furniture, microscopes and other instruments,
a small library, aquaria, boats and collecting apparatus.

The usual collation was spread at 1.30 p. m., in Juniper
Hall. The afternoon session was called to order in the
hall at 3 p. m., by the President, Records read, corre-
spondence and donations announced.

The President in his opening remarks alluded to the
prominence which the Neck held during the early his-

127

tory of Salem. He also spoke of the coming of Roger
Conant in 1626, and the foundation for the claim which
Salem has to that year, as being the date of its first settle-
ment rather than 1628, the date of Endicott's advent.
The original settlement was in 1626, and that date is now
placed upon the city seal. Conant came under an inden-
ture, bearing the signature of Lord Sheffield, from Coun-
cil of Plymouth, Devon, England, a company chartered
with the right to form settlements between the fortieth
and the fiftieth parallels of latitude. Conant settled orig-
inally in Cape Ann in 1624, and came from there to
Salem in 1626. Endicott's coming in 1628 brought the
first permanent organized government, and Conant sur-
rendered all authority and power to him upon his arrival.
The Institute will celebrate the 250th anniversary of En-
dicott's landing in September next, when Hon. W. C.
Endicott, a lineal descendant, is to deliver the address.
The establishment of the first church at Salem by Francis
Higginson, in 1629, will be appropriately commemorated
by the First Church and society next year.

Mr. George D. Phippen followed in the same histori-
cal vein. Speaking of Gosnold's first view of the Neck
and Salem Harbor in 1602, the coming of Smith in 1614,
and the landing of Lady Arbella Johnson and Winthrop
on Beverly shore, June 10, 1630, when they mentioned
the beautiful aspect of the country and Naumkeag, and
also of picking strawberries, gooseberries and sweet single
roses in the fields. Mr. Phippen then proceeded to speak
of the ancient fortifications. The first fort erected was
the Darby fort on Naugus Head. The second was placed
upon the higher ground on Sewall street, then called
Arbor place, and after the erection of this latter fort, five
leather cannon were brought from England and mounted

128

upon it for use against the Indians, metal ordnance being
too heavy and cumbersome for the purpose. Heavy can-
non were introduced into Salem as early as 1667. In
1699 the new fort on the heights of the Neck, the present
site of Fort Lee, was commenced, and there has always
been an earth-work at that place since that time. There
were at other times block houses on the Neck, two being
placed upon the upper end. The embrasure and outlines
of an old earthwork at Hospital Point are still visible.
At one time during the revolutionary period there was a
considerable settlement on the Neck, known as Water-
town. Mention is made, in the early annals, of a fishing
village here, and a street called Fish street, which was
quite prominent at one time. There is also a tradition of
an old "Blue Anchor" tavern as being located on the
Neck. Mr. Phippen suggested the erection of guide
boards for the convenience of strangers in ascertaining
the location of interesting historical points, so numerous
in Salem and its vicinity.

Dr. George A. Perkins spoke of a battery formerly
situated where Mr. H. W. Peabody's house now stands.
An iron ball dug from this locality was presented by Mr.
Peabody to the Institute.

After explaining briefly the methods of collecting and
observing marine animals, Mr. Emerton described the
development of the common starfish, the young of which
were at that time found daily in the surface nets. The
eggs of the starfish are laid on the bottom, where they
soon grow into worm-like animals without any sign of
radiation about them. They swim at the surface of the
sea, especially on calm evenings, till they become quarter
of an inch in length, with long processes from their sides,

129

along which run lines of cilia, by which the animals move
slowly in the water. On the sides of the intestine is
developed a system of water tubes that extends through
the whole body and opens by a pore on the back. The
first appearance of the star-form are five buds on each of
the large water tubes running parallel with the intestine.
Around these buds grow the five arms of which the star-
fish is made up. At first they are in a line along the in-
testine, afterwards the line bends around and the ends
unite, so that the arms arrange themselves in a star.
Before this takes place the whole of the old larva is
absorbed into the new starfish. The pore on the back of
the larva becomes the bright colored porous spot on the
starfish, and the water system connected with it spreads
through the whole body, carrying water to the suckers by
which the starfish crawls.

Mr. J. S. Kingsley spoke of the anatomy and devel-
opment of the tunicates, and described their tadpole-like
larvae, which have a dorsal cord similar to that of verte-
brates, on account of which they are supposed by many
naturalists to be related to the latter animals.

A vote of thanks was passed to Henry W. Peabody,
Mr. and Mrs. Wm. F. Ashton, Mrs. Walworth, Mrs. J.
H. Webb, Mrs. Hitchings and other residents in Salem
for numerous civilities.

The members then adjourned to the Marine Laboratory
and spent a short time in the examination of the speci-
mens in its museum.

130

Regular Meeting, Monday, July 15, 1878.
Meeting this evening. The President in the chair.
Records read. Donations and correspondence announced.

Mrs. George M. Whipple was elected a resident mem-
ber.

Prof. F. V. Hayden, of Washington, D. C, and Dr.
W. J. Hoffman, of Washington, D. C, were elected cor-
responding members.

The President alluded to the recent decease of Hon.
Joseph G. Waters, for twenty-one years the recording
secretary of the Essex Historical Society, one of the pred-
ecessors of the Institute, and spoke of his great interest
in the literary and scientific institutions of this county,
his versatile and extensive knowledge of general literature
and history, his genial disposition, and his personal worth
as a citizen and a scholar.

Judge Waters died at his residence, Pleasant street,
Salem, on the 12th instant. He was the son of Capt.
Joseph and Mrs. Mary (Dean) Waters of Salem, where
he was born July 5, 1796. He graduated at Harvard
College in the class of 1816 and studied law with Hon.
John Pickering, the well known scholar and lexicographer
(Harvard, 1796). He afterwards went to Mississippi,
where he resided in the practice of his profession for
several years, holding at the same time the office of mag-
istrate, and then returned to Salem. He was a member
of the Common Council of Salem in 1836 and 1837, a
State Senator in 1835, and a Judge of the Police Court
for nearly forty years, until 1875, when he resigned. At
one time he conducted the editorial department of the
"Salem Observer," always taking much interest in his-
torical studies and literary pursuits. In addition to his

131

duties as recording secretary of the Essex Historical
Society, he has, since its union with the Essex Institute,
been one of the curators or a member of some of the
standing committees. He was also, since 1864, on the
Board of Trustees of the Salem Athenaeum and for seve-
ral years the chairman of the library committee. He
married Eliza Greenleaf, daughter of Capt. Penn Towns-
end, of Salem, who survives him.

On motion of R. C. Manning, the President and
Messrs. James Kimball and G. A. Perkins were chosen
a committee to prepare resolutions on the decease of
Judge Waters, to be presented at a future meeting.

Regular Meeting, Monday, August 5, 1878.
Meeting this evening. The President in the chair.
Records read.

Mr. W. A. Stearns, of Salem, was elected a resident
member.

Miss Caroline Follansbee presented specimens of
ribbon agate, sulphate of copper, drusy quartz, lead and
silver ore, and other minerals, which were described by
Dr. G. A. Perkins.

Field Meeting at West Newbury, Thursday,
August 8, 1878.

The third field meeting of the present season was held
this day, at West Newbury.

The members of the Institute residing in Salem and
its vicinity left the Eastern railroad station at 8.45, a. m.,

132

for Newburyport, where they were met by several mem-
bers from that city, who accompanied them on the excur-
sion ; carriages being in readiness to convey the party to
the place of meeting. The day was all that could be
desired : bright, cool, and sunny.

After a ride of some five or six miles over one of the
best roads in the county, the party arrived at the pleasant
country seat of Major Ben. Perley Poore, where they
were cordially received by that gentleman and his family,
who extended to them the hospitalities of the place. An
hour was passed in examining the valuable and extensive
collections at this place, which excited much interest and
admiration, especially the Indian implements, and the
continental suite of rooms furnished in the style of the
Ee volution. There were many curious old relics which
represent several generations of the Poore family : mili-
tary weapons, old pictures and portraits, household uten-
sils, nice old glass and crockery ware, mirrors, candle-
sticks, and a great variety of things quaint and queer.

The guests were then invited to the dining room, where
a fine lunch had been prepared. They then visited the
room where Major Poore's valuable historical and literary
collections are arranged, and after making a tour of the
grounds, inspecting the barns, the famous white cattle,
the well arranged gardens and walks, and last, but not
least, the noble growth of forest trees, every one planted
by Major Poore or his father, once more embarked for
West Newbury, bidding an adieu to the kind host and
his accomplished family.

We cannot leave without feelings akin to veneration for
this old mansion, which has during successive generations
been continued in this family. Portions of the old build-
ing remain, though additions and alterations have been
made from time to time, so that it now presents a some-
what baronial aspect. Here resides the genial proprietor

133

when released from his arduous duties at Washington,
surrounded by many interesting memorials that cannot
fail to recall vivid recollections of those who lived during
the colonial and provincial and revolutionary periods of
our history ; and entertaining with liberal hospitality a
host of friends who delight to call upon him in this pleas-
ant rural retreat.

Samuel Poore, his earliest ancestor in this country,
came from England with the family of Richard Dummer,
in 1638, at eighteen years of age. At the same time
came with them an Alice Poore, aged twenty years, who
married George Little, of Newbury, and amongst whose
descendants have lived many persons of note and enter-
prise. Also Daniel Poore, aged fourteen years, who set-
tled in Andover, Mass., and from whom descended Enoch
Poore, a Brigadier General in the Revolutionary Army,
born in Andover, Mass., 1738, and died near Hackensack,
N. J., Sept. 8, 1780; Rev. Daniel Poore, D. D., born in
Danvers, June 27, 1789, graduate of Dartmouth College,
1811, and Andover Theological Seminary, 1814, ordained
as missionary, June 21, 1815, and sailed for Ceylon on
the 23rd of the following October ; he was a man of emi-
nent piety and learning and spent his life among these peo-
ple in arduous and faithful labors ; he died at Jaffna, Cey-
lon, Feb. 3, 1855 ; and John Alfred Poore, the father of
the railroad system in Maine, born at Andover, Me., Jan.
8, 1808, died at Portland, Sept. 5, 1871, and his brother,
Henry V. Poor, editor of the "American Railroad Jour-
nal," author of "History of Railroads and Canals in the
United States," and other works relating to this and col-
lateral subjects.

The three above named who came with the Dummer
family are supposed to have been brothers and sister of
John Poore, their elder, who also settled in Newbury and

134

died Nov. 23, 1684, aged sixty-nine, from whom was
descended John Poore, a graduate of Harvard in the class
of 1775, who established a Female Academy at Philadel-
phia and died in 1829 ; and Charles H. Poore, a rear-
admiral in the U. S. Navy, born in Cambridge, June 9,
1808, retired from service June 9, 1870.

Major Poore descends through Samuel2, who married
Rachel Bailey ; Samuel3, who married Hannah Morse ; and
Benjamin4, who married Judith Noyes, a descendant of
Deacon Nicholas Noyes (a brother of Rev. James Noyes,
the first minister of Newbury). Benjamin and Judith,
we learn, occupied this extensive tract of land which the
family have .named the Indian Hill farm, and their young-
est son and only child who married was Daniel Noyes
Poor, born July 16, 1758, graduated Harvard College
1777, physician in Newbury, where he died July 23,
1837 ; married Lydia Merrill, and among their children
was the father of our host, Benjamin Poore.

Major Poore is thus connected with many of the early
families in the northern part of the county, and as his
mother was a Dodge, he is consequently a kin to a large
number in the southern section.

The church at West Newbury was reached in good sea-
son, after a pleasant drive through the woods, and by the
extensive nurseries of Mr. T. C. Thurlow. Hon. Haydn
Brown, of West Newbury, and Horace Brown, Esq., of
Salem, members of the Institute, here met the party, and
after a visit to the comb factory of Brown & Noyes, where
the very interesting processes in the manufacture were
closely examined, some of the party visited the residence
of Hon. Mr. Brown, where they were pleasantly enter-
tained. Among other curiosities was showed a monstrous
pair of ox horns lately sent from Cape Town, South
Africa. These horns had a stretch of over two yards

135

from tip to tip as they grew from the animal's head.
They measured forty-seven inches in length and twelve
and one-half inches in circumference.

Lunch was served in the church chapel, Mr. and Mrs.
Brown and others being lavish in their hospitality and
generpus attention.

At 2.45, p. M., the afternoon session was held. The
Pkesident in the chair. Kecords of last meeting read.
Donations and correspondence announced, after which
Horace Brown, Esq., welcomed the society to West
Newbury, being fittingly responded to by the President,
who spoke of the previous field day at West Newbury,
referred to the various educational associations of the
vicinity, and explained the objects and work of the In-
stitute.

Hon. Haydn Brown gave an interesting and instructive
account of the comb factory of which he is one of the pro-
prietors ; exhibited the original kit of tools used by Mr.
Enoch Noyes, the first manufacturer in Newbury, in 1774 ;
and described the various modifications in machinery from
the simple forms at that early period to the improved and
complicated constructions of the present time.

James Parton, Esq., of Newbury port, said that in
visiting the comb factory in the morning he had recalled
a memorandum of John Quincy Adams. After making a
visit to a factory in St. Petersburg, wrote Mr. Adams,
"I must go visit a factory every week in order to learn
humility." The speaker thought that all his hearers had
learned a lesson in humility that day. Mr. Brown had
spoken of the progress of mechanical invention within the
last quarter of a century, but this progress of invention

136

is applied to every branch of human intelligence. Mr.
Parton considered the New England habit of picnics a
public blessing and made some remarks on the advantage
of such field days as the Essex Institute is in the habit of
holding, saying, that it made people good-natured and
amiable to be brought together in a sensible out-door
ramble. There is too much ill temper in the country.
An Irish orator in Boston, a few evenings since, had flung
about some opprobrious epithets in a very reckless man-
ner, but it was not alone Kearney and the frantic idiots
that are guilty. In a late number of the "North Ameri-
can Review," Francis Parkman has an article and indulges
in gross abuse of those who don't think as he does. He
says: "they bray." Wendell Phillips also indulges in a
great deal of abuse. One reason is because these gentle-
men do not go to picnics and become acquainted with
each other. Mr. Parton thought speech making a new
species of torture. In speaking of this subject to a young
lady, a day or two since, she had found him a book enti-
tled "The Speech Maker's own Book to assist those called
upon to make a few remarks on public occasions or to
propose a sentiment." From this book Mr. Parton read
a number of selections, one of which he thought would
apply to Dennis Kearney : "Here's to the man who never
lets his tongue cut his own throat." Mr. Parton closed
by expressing his great satisfaction at being able to be
present at this meeting.

Mr. James H. Emerton described several insects that
had been presented at the meeting, and replied to several
questions that were proposed in reference to the same.

Prof. George Dixon, of Hampton Normal and Agri-
cultural Institute, Hampton, Va., formerly of England,

137

expressed the great pleasure it gave him in joining the
members of the Essex Institute in their third held meet-
ing this year, particularly in so delightful a locality. If
there is an interesting spot, your worthy chairman, Dr.
Wheatland, is sure to find it and pitch his tent there : a
place where the botanist, entomologist, geologist, and
even the archaeologist may find something interesting.
Some may be inclined to think there is little of antiquity
to be found in America. I think differently. We are
no doubt treacling upon ground once occupied by a pre-
historic race.

Since last year I have had the pleasure of seeing a
little of the Indian character. About three years ago the
United States troops, in a skirmish in the Indian Terri-
tory, took over sixty prisoners, whom they sent down, in
irons, under the charge of Captain Pratt, to St. Augus-
tine, Florida, to be confined in an old fort there. There
were among them Cheyennes, Kiowas, and Arapahoes.
They soon became perfectly docile, and one by one the
Captain had their manacles removed. He took away their
blankets, dressed them in cast-off soldiers' garments ; and
in order that they might be more like white men they
were willing to have their hair cut short, and their ear and
nose ornaments removed.

St. Augustine, as you are no doubt all aware, is a fa-
vorite winter resort for invalids. The visitors, at first
through curiosity, often went down to the fort to see the
Indians, who amused their lady friends by singing their
war songs and performing their war dances. One of
these ladies undertook to give the Indians lessons in
English ; others soon joined her, and in a short time many
of the Indians could read simple sentences and write a
little. They were also taught to sing some of Moody and
Sankey's hymns , instead of their war songs. At the end

138

of three years the term of their imprisonment expired
and they were to be sent back to their tribes. Twenty-
two of the young men expressed a wish to be further
educated before their return. Funds to cover the cost
for three years were soon raised, partly from those who
had been personally acquainted with them at St. Augus-
tine, and partly from benevolent individuals at a dis-
tance. General Armstrong, superintendent of the Hamp-
ton Normal and Agricultural Institute, for training col-
ored teachers for the South, was willing to take sixteen
of them into his establishment. Arrangements were
made for the remaining six to go to other schools in
the North. Captain Pratt, wishing the older Indians
to see the place where their young men were to be left
to be educated, availed himself of an opportunity of
bringing them all North by a steamer that was return-
ing to Norfolk, and landed them at the school wharf.
They seemed pleased with the place, bade their young
men farewell, and, after visiting Washington, were set
at liberty in the Indian Territory. Accounts of these
returned prisoners have been very encouraging. They
have mostly joined themselves to the missionaries, having
charge of the schools on the reservations, persuading their
people to give up their nomadic life, and settle down to
the cultivation of the soil, and have their children edu-
cated. Those left at Hampton are very exemplary in
their conduct, remarkably neat and cleanly in their per-
son, and are making good progress in their education.
They are extremely affectionate ; when Captain Pratt left
them to take the old folk home, they all embraced him in
tears, and were greatly delighted on his return. I have
often thought, on viewing their manly forms, and inter-
esting countenances, of the exclamation, I think of St.
Augustine, when he beheld the British youths captives in

139

Rome: "Non Angli sed angeli, si Christian!" (Not Eng-
lish but angels, if Christians). Although we have fallen
far short of becoming angels, yet through the civilization
and enlightenment of our ancestors by the gospel mes-
sage, which the Romans brought us, Christianity has
spread to the utmost bounds of the earth, and the Eng-
lish language bids fair to become universal. Captain
Pratt's great success with these Indian prisoners has led
to the idea of establishing an Institution similar to Hamp-
ton, for training both young men and women Indians for
teachers among their tribes. They would carry back a
good report of the white man, and of his wish to be kind
to them and do them good. God in his Providence has
made the Indians the wards of this nation, and a grave
responsibility rests upon the American people. It is
very important that the most humane means should be
devised for gaining their confidence, and bringing them
into obedience, without using force of arms, which only
drives them into rebellion, and if persisted in can only
end in their extermination. One of the Indian students
at Hampton has just received a letter from his tribe.
Although all pictures, yet it conveyed to him the painful
information of the death of both of his parents. They
make these pictures very rapidly. I have with me a fan
painted by one of them for his teacher. You will see
how very much the figures resemble Egyptian hieroglyph-
ics. By the sale of painted fans and polished sea beans,
they raise a little pocket money.

I think the language of the Indian must be very inter-
esting ; every word seems to be accompanied by a sign or
motion of the hand. When they use the word "truth"
they place the finger horizontally on the lips and press
their hand to their heart. When they repeat the word
lie, they put two fingers on their mouth, pointing in dif-

140

ferent directions, and make a motion with their hand of
casting it from them, expressive of disdain. Their Indian
names are very peculiar. I will give you a few of them
with their translation : — -

Ma-ah-chis, Soaring Eagle.

Cow-way-haw-nif, Little Chief.
• We-ho-no-cas, White Man.

Tich-ke-mat-se, Squint Eyes.

Nock-ko-ist, Bear's Heart.

Nar-cu-bo-ist, White Bear.
I fear I shall tire you with my account of the Indians.
At our meeting last year at Marblehead Neck, mention
was made of the discovery of the satellites of Mars, and
of oxygen in the sun by Dr. Draper. This year we have
to record the invention of the telephone, microphone,
phonograph and tasimeter. No one can yet tell the won-
ders these instruments will open out when applied, not
only to scientific, but to practical uses. The telescope
opened out to us objects almost at the utmost bounds of
the universe. The microscope brought to view animals
so minute that myriads could exist in a drop of water.
Then came the spectroscope, which enabled us to discover
the composition of luminous bodies both near and distant,
showing us that the sun, moon, planets, fixed stars,
comets and nebulae, are all composed of metals and gases
similar to those found on our earth. Instead of sending
messages by signs, the telephone will enable us to send
them by word of mouth. With the microphone we shall
be able to hear sounds never before audible. We shall
be able to hear the rising of the sap, the uniting of parti-
cles by chemical affinity, and atoms arranging themselves
by polarizations into crystals. If at the creation "the
morning stars sang together," may we not be able to
catch their music, if they still continue their song? Then

141

there is the phonograph, by which the vibrations of the
voice may be recorded and utterances preserved from
generation to generation. What shall we say of the
tasimeter, which measures the temperature of the most
distant bodies whether they are luminous or not?

Don't you think the prophet Daniel foresaw our day,
when he said, "many shall run to and fro and knowledge
shall increase"? It has been thought that Isaiah had a
glimpse of the locomotive, in his vision of the brethren
being brought out of all nations, "upon horses and in
chariots, and in litters, and upon mules, and upon swift
beasts." He found no animal for comparison when in his
vision he saw the train dashing along, so called the loco-
motive "the swift beast."

If we should be spared to meet another year, we may
have still greater discoveries to record. But I must not
forget my flowers. A lady has just handed me two speci-
mens : Clethra alnifolia, siveet pepper bush, and Rubus
odoratus, sweet scented bramble* These are well worthy
of cultivation for their sweet perfume and beautiful flow-
ers. Among those I have collected myself on the banks
of the Merrimac, and those laid on the table, I find wor-
thy of notice : Platanthera psycodes, purple fringed or-
chis; Teucrium Canadense, germander ; Lysimachia stricta,
loosestrife; Mimulus alatus, winged monkey flower ; Lobe-
lia inflata, Indian tobacco, I also found an English emi-
grant which I was not aware had found its way over,
Campanula rotundifolia, harebell. This flower is found on
the English and Scotch moors, growing among the heather.
It has, like many more, bettered its condition by change
of country ; in its native place it is only a few inches
long ; some of the specimens I have collected to-day mea-
sure fully three feet. At one of your meetings last year
I named other emigrants : Genista tinctoria, woad waxen;

ESSEX INST. BULL. X 11

142

Urtica dioica, Roman nettle ; Triticum repens, couch grass.
These and many others seem to follow in the wake of
civilization. The Urtica dioica followed the Romans from
Italy ; and being found where they had their encamp-
ments, it is known as the Roman nettle. It is not diffi-
cult to divine how it got over. Perhaps among the hay
used by the Pilgrim fathers in packing their utensils on
board the Mayflower it was secreted. From a single
plant the downy seed would be wafted and spread rapidly.
I saw it to-day growing on a rubbish heap. Although
some of these plants are perfect pests to the farmer, yet
they may sometimes be found to possess qualities which
may make them valuable, even worthy of cultivation.
The whole plant of Genista tinctoria, ivoad waxen, root,
stem, leaf and flower, dyes yellow. Mixed with Isatis
tinctoria, woad, which has also found its way over, it dyes
green, while the woad itself, like indigo, dyes blue. With
these two plants the ancient British tatooed their bodies.
The Triticum repens, couch grass, makes a paper very
superior to that made from the straw of any other grass,
and would be used extensively if it could be got in quan-
tity. Even Urtica dioica, the Roman nettle, has been
found lately to contain a fibre in its tissues, stronger and
more abundant than that got from the Cannabis sativa,
hemp, and may come to be extensively used in the manu-
facture of ropes. In riding along this morning I was
admiring the Salix alba, white willow. A gentleman sit-
ting by me said "it is a useless wood." I did not contra-
dict him, but I remembered the wonderful antiseptic
properties of the salicylic acid got from the willow, which
is likely to make this wood of great value. This acid is
perfectly wholesome, without either taste or smell. A
merchant in Hamburgh has found that fish impregnated
with it will keep perfectly fresh for twenty days.

143

A young gentleman has placed on the table three spe-
cies of fresh water shells found in the Merrimac river.
They are Physa heterostropha, Litnnaea elodes, and Pla-
norbis lentus. I ask pardon for encroaching so long on
the valuable time of this meeting.

Capt. Luther Dame, of Newburyport, and Rev. Mr.
Dorrity, of West Newbury, spoke briefly, expressing
their interest in the work of the Institute.

Rev. Fielder Israel, of Salem, offered the following
vote, which was unanimously adopted : —

Voted, That the thanks of the Essex Institute be of-
fered to Hon. Haydn Brown of West Newbury, to Hor-
ace Brown of Salem, and to the ladies and gentlemen of
West Newbury, for the numerous courtesies extended to
the members of the Institute this day ; to the proprietors
of the Second Congregational Society for the use of their
church and vestry ; also to Major Ben. Perley Poore for
his elegant reception at Indian Hill Farm.

The meeting adjourned at 4.10, p. m. The route to
Newburyport was by the famous river road and the chain
bridge. The road winds for miles along the shores of the
Merrimac river. This ride was one of the features of
the day, and was thoroughly enjoyed by all. The party
took the 8.25, p. m., train for Salem.

Regular Meeting, Monday, September 2, 1878.
Meeting this evening. The President in the chair.
Records read. Correspondence and donations announced.

The President offerred the following resolutions on

144

the death of Hon. Joseph G. Waters, which were unan-
imously adopted :

Whereas, The members of the Essex Institute have
learned with deep regret the decease of Hon. Joseph G.
Waters, a valued member from its organization in 1848,
and for many years previous a member of the Essex His-
torical Society, and desiring to place upon record their
appreciation of his character, do hereby submit the fol-
lowing resolutions :

Resolved, That the Institute has Ions: recognized with
pleasure the merited respect which Mr. Waters had al-
ways received from his fellow citizens, not only for his
professional acquirements, but for his versatile and exten-
sive knowledge of general literature and history ; a dis-
tinction which will keep his memory long in the minds of
the people.

Resolved, That the Institute remembers with cordial
appreciation the eminent services which he had performed
for a period of twenty-one years as the recording secre-
tary of the Essex Historical Society, and since the incor-
poration of that Society with the Institute, that of one of
the curators and a member of several of the standing com-
mittees.

Resolved, That his decease must be regarded as a loss
to the historical department of the Institute, and reminds
us of the disappearance from our roll of membership of
those who were instrumental in directing public attention
to the collecting and preserving the memorials of our
early history.

Resolved, That a copy of these resolutions be placed on
the records of the Institute, and also that a coj)y be sent
to the family of the deceased.

Additional Notes on the Pine.
By John Eobinson.

Before the regular publication of the Bulletin a
number of extras of the above paper were sent out.

The very kind reception which it has met and the
interest manifested, both by the press and private indi-
viduals, make it seem of importance to add a few notes
and corrections suggested by gentlemen more familiar
with the practical side of arboriculture than the present
writer.

As suggested by Mr. J. J. H. Gregory and others, it
would be better in referring to the number of cows pas-
tured per acre on certain poor land in the county, to say
one cow to four acres, in order to more forcibly represent
the average condition of things.

Mr. Jos. S. Fay of Wood's Holl, who has given many
years' attention to the cultivation of forest trees, suggests
that the statement regarding the roots of the pine, al-
though applicable to the White pine, is not so in the cases
of the Red or Pitch pines. These, he says,

"Have tap roots or large single roots extending deeply with a few-
lateral, but not superficial roots."

Again, regarding the quotation from Emerson where he

says :

"The soil natural to most pines is that formed by the crumbling of
granitic rocks,"

Mr. Fay writes :

"I think this is far from correct. The soil of Cape Cod is drift*
very sandy, and yet its forests are largely of pine. The White pine
certainly grows largest in good bottom land or loamy soil."

Mr. Fay is also of opinion that when sowing the pine

seeds in pastures, the bushes should be mowed down to

prevent the young plants from being smothered ; a much

better thing to do would be to collect young seedlings for

this purpose. These could be raised in prepared land, or

purchased. He says :

" Small seedlings would do well if planted with a spade among
bushes, because their heads would come to the air, and soon get above
their neighbors."

(145)

146

The following interesting paragraph is taken from an
essay on Forestry read by Mr. Fay last spring, before the
Society of Arts at the Institute of Technology, an ab-
stract of which appeared in the "Boston Journal" at that
time. This essay ought to be published in full in pam-
phlet form.

" I have been told that within a few days there was sold at auction
in North Easton the wood, chiefly pine, standing on an acre and a
half of land for the sum of $225.00, which is $150.00 per acre. A
man present at the sale, who formerly owned the place, said that it
was just twenty-five years since he and his two boys in one half-day
dug up the trees in an adjoining field, where they were scattered
about, and set them out. They were about a foot high. Nothing was
ever clone to them afterwards. At the time they were planted the
land was considered as worth fifteen dollars, or ten dollars per acre.
The same farmer planted three and one-half acres about thirty-five
years ago, which in the opinion of experienced lumbermen will cut
150 or 160 cords of wood per acre, and is worth $300.00 to $350.00
per acre on the stump."

Mr. Chas. S. Sargent has kindly furnished some infor-
mation regarding the time of ripening of the seeds of the
pines, which is not found in the botanies. He says :

"In the White and Ked pines the scales open in New England in
the middle of September, and of course the seed, or most of it, will
fall at once. With the White pine the cones generally drop the same
autumn that they ripen, but the Pitch pine retains its cones for years,
the manual being wrong in that particular. I do not know exactly at
what time the Pitch pine sheds its seeds, but very likely the cones
remain unopened until spring. I sent to North Conway for Red pine
seeds, and the man found them dropping from the cones by the 10th
of September."

Mr. Sargent also writes :

"You say 'But the State can remit taxes,' etc. I wish you had said,
this State has remitted taxes on land planted under certain conditions,
by an act which I drafted last winter, and which has passed both
houses and become a law without opposition."

The importance of these corrections and suggestions
will at once be seen upon reading the above note, and I
take this opportunity to acknowledge the kindness on the
part of those who so promptly sent them, for I feel it
adds much of real value to a paper, which, incomplete as
it was, has met with a surprisingly warm reception. I
trust it may call attention to a subject soon to be of vital
importance among us, and stimulate, among those who
happen to see it, a desire to obtain and read fuller and
more valuable essays and books upon the subject.

Peabody Academy of Science, November 7, 1878.

BULLETIN

ESSEX INSTITUTE

Vol. 10. Salem, Oct., Nov., Dec, 1878. Nos. 10, 11, 12.

White Mountain Field Meeting, September, 1878.

Members of the Essex Institute, with their friends,
numbering about one hundred and twenty-five, left Salem
on Tuesday morning, September 3, for their third annual
excursion among the White Hills of New Hampshire,
and to hold a meeting on Thursday evening at Fabyan's,
the base of Mt. Washington. The route, thither, varied
somewhat from that of either of the two previous excur-
sions ; passing through Lowell, Nashua, Manchester, Con-
cord, to the Weirs, where the steamer "Lady of the Lake"
was awaiting the arrival, to take the party over the placid
waters of the Lake and among the numerous islands to
Centre Harbor, when dinner was served at the Senter
House. In the afternoon re-embarked on board the
steamer and returned to Weirs, and thence proceeded by
rail to Plymouth, where the night was passed at the Pem-
igewasset House. The next morning, Wednesday, by
stages, went to the Profile House through the Pemigewas-
set valley, stopping at the Flume House to view the vari-
ous objects of interest in that locality. The scenery of

ESSEX INST. BULL. X 12 (145)

146

this valley is beautiful, with high mountains and dark
ravines ; the road, winding through the woods, then up
some steep hills, opens out on lovely landscapes.

Left the Profile House on Thursday, after dinner, and
by stage and rail arrived at Fabyan's at 6 p. m.

During the evening in the large parlor, a meeting was
held. The President in the chair. Records of the pre-
ceding meeting by the Secretary were read.

The President, after a few brief allusions to some of
the objects of the Institution, and to the meeting held at
Crawford's in September, 1877, called upon Prof. J. H.
Huntington, formerly connected with the Signal Service
on Mt. Washington.

The speaker began by saying that, when a college stu-
dent he visited the mountains, but his first ascent of Mt.
Washington gave him anything but a favorable impression
of the place as a winter residence.

The attempt to ascend the mountain through Tucker-
man's Ravine ; the swollen stream that compelled them
to plunge into alders and scrub, and climb to the plateau
south ; the clouds in the ravine filled with rainbows of the
most brilliant hues ; the cold, fierce winds that swept the
clouds and driven mist across the plateau ; the wander-
ings, if perchance a path could be found ; reaching the
top of the mountain in a driving storm, with the temper-
ature at 38° F. just as night closed around the summit:
all these were so many vivid pictures in the mind.

In 1869, when employed in the geological survey of
N. H., the speaker made the first really serious attempt,
to occupy some high mountain summit in winter as a me-
teorological station.

147

It may naturally be asked why a geologist is especially
interested in meteorology. Climate has been the great
factor in all geological time. To get anything like a clear
conception of the evolution of the earth, one must have
some idea of the climatic conditions during the different
periods of its developement. It seemed most desirable
to occupy Mount Washington, but circumstances were such
that Mount Moosilauke had to be taken instead. Almost
every condition was unfavorable, but we gained experi-
ence that enabled me the following autumn to make such
preparation on Mount Washington, that the expedition to
that mountain was most successful. It was not, however,
without the united effort of many individuals that it was
a complete success. It was under obligations to very
many people, but especially to Dr. J. E. Hilgard, who
was largely instrumental in interesting the Signal Service
in the expedition, so that they not only furnished three
miles of insulated wire, but also sent a sergeant, who
acted as telegraph operator and observer. This led to the
place being made a permanent station of the Service.

It was a generally expressed opinion that no one could
live upon the mountain during the winter, and it was with
some misgivings that the speaker ascended the mountain
on the 12th of Nov., 1870, for the winter, and stayed
alone until the rest of the party1 came ; but what he sup-
posed would be a stay of a few days, was lengthened into
weeks.

xMr. A. F. Clough came Nov. 30, and remained five weeks; came again in
April, also in May.

Mr. Howard A.Kimball came Nov. 30; remained five weeks; came again in
May.

Sergt. Theodore Smith came Dec. 4, and remained until May.

Prof. C. H. Hitchcock came Dec. 21, for a day, and again for a few days, in
April.

Mr. S. A. Nelson came Dec. 21, and remained until the following summer.

148

Of the observations, those in regard to temperature
are of more general interest.

Mean temperature, Jan., Mt. Washington, 6° F.
" " " Lunenburg, Vt., 16°

" " July, Mt. Washington, 43°

" " " Lunenburg, Vt., 68°

" annual temperature, Mt. Washington, 25°
" " " Lunenburg, Vt., 41°

The lowest monthly mean temperature recorded, 1*3°,
was reported by Sergt. Hearne, March, 1872. The mean
for Boston the same month was 26°.

In any given cold period, the minimum temperature
occurs on Mt. Washington twelve or twenty-four hours
before it does in the valleys immediately adjacent. This
fact, first shown during our occupation of the mountain,
is one of practical importance. Although the cold wave
generally comes on the tide of high barometer from the
west, sometimes it does not reach the surface of the earth
until it gets comparatively near the coast ; then if there
is no station on some high mountain, the extreme cold
comes suddenly, without the least warning.

At no time, during our stay on the mountain, did we
suffer from cold. When exposed, in extreme weather,
one freezes so quickly that he does not feel the ordinary
sensation of cold.

The precipitation in winter is chiefly in form of frost-
work, and snow-ice ; hence, for at least five months the
amount has to be estimated, but during the other seven
months, it can be measured with tolerable accuracy. In
the Reports of the Chief Signal Officer, one year it is
given as 82-96 in., another year, 47 in.

Before the station was established on Mt. Washington,
very few had even heard ot the great velocity of winds

149

at high altitudes. In the Report of the C. S. O. for 1874,
it is stated that, Mar. 23rd, the wind had a velocity of 130
miles an hour, and continued near that enormous force for
twenty-four hours. In the Monthly Weather Review for
Jan., 1878, it says that remarkable wind-velocities were
measured at Thatchers Island, of 70 miles an hour; at
Cape Lookout, of 120; and at Mount Washington, of
186. Great velocities, at high altitudes, when storm areas
extend over a large extent of country, are not so remark-
able as that there should be great velocities in the upper
currents of the air, when it is calm below. On the 4th
of May, 1872, when there was a special series of obser-
vations being taken, there was a wind of 96 miles an
hour on the summit, while at the base of the mountain,
only 3667 ft. below the summit, there was a perfect calm.
At the time, there was a heavy snow storm at the base,
with nimbus clouds on the mountain. There have been
many narrow escapes, when there were high winds accom-
panied by low temperature. The speaker once made the
ascent of the mountain, and on reaching the summit, the
wind was 70 miles per hour, and the temperature — 17°.
From Lizzie Bourne monument, to the summit, was a
continuous struggle with wind and cold ; with the wind
to see which was the stronger ; with the cold, to escape
the sleep of death.

The Signal Service took the station, May 12th, 1871,
and the following officers have since been in charge.

Sergt. Theodore Smith, from May 12th, to May 25th,
1871, when he was relieved.

Sergt. M. L. Hearne, from May 25th, 1871, to April
3rd, 1872.

Sergt. A. R. Thornett took charge of station until May
17th, when Sergt. Hearne was reassigned, but not being
strong enough to endure the exposure, he was perma-
nently relieved by Sergt. Thornett.

150

In May, 1872, a special series of observations were
made on the summit, and at the base. Sergt. Thornett
had charge of the station on the summit, and Sergt. The-
odore Smith, the station at the base of the mountain.

In June, 1873, special observations were made at the
base, elevation, 2,898 ft. ; at station 3(Waumbeck Junc-
tion), elevation, 4,058 ft. ; station 2, elevation, 5,553 ft. ;
summit, elevation, 6,285 ft. During May of the same
year, there were special observations at the base and sum-
mit. All these observations were made under the general
supervision of Sergt. Thornett.

Sergt. Thornett was relieved June 1st, 1874, and was
succeeded by Sergt. Wm. Line, who had been his Senior
Assistant since Sept. 17th, 1872.

Sergt. Line was relieved June 30th, 1877, and was
succeeded by Sergt. O. S. M. Cone, who remained until
the winter of 1877, when he was relieved by Private W.
D. Murphy.

Private Murphy was relieved Aug., 1878, and was suc-
ceeded by Sergt. W. S. Jewell, who now has charge of
the station.

After remarks from Mr. George D. Phippen, of
Salem, on the Flora of the mountain region, and of the
cultivation of those gems of the vegetable kingdom which
are beginning to be better known under the general name
of "Alpine Plants," the meeting adjourned. It was a
pleasant meeting, and an appropriate close to this event-
ful day.

On Friday morning, the party ascended Mt. Washing-
ton ; on Saturday morning, left for Crawfords, spent the
forenoon in visiting some of the places of note in that
vicinity, and in the afternoon, took the cars for Salem, by
the Eastern Railroad, arriving at 8.47 p. m.

151

Regular Meeting, Monday, September 16, 1878.

Meeting this evening. The President in the chair.
Records read. Donations and correspondence announced.

Daniel Mansfield Shepard was elected a resident mem-
ber.

The 250th Anniversary of the Landing of
John Endicott, Wednesday, September 18th, 1878.

The 250th anniversary of the landing of John Endicott
at Salem, was commemorated this day, under the auspices
of the Essex Institute. The day was one of the love-
liest of the season. There was no parade, and no pro-
cession. At eleven o'clock in the forenoon, the exer-
cises were commenced in the Mechanic Hall ; consisting
of organ voluntary by Mr. B. J. Lang ; reading of the
Scriptures, and Prayer, by Rev. Robert C. Mills ; original
Hymn by Rev. Jones Very ; poem by Rev. Charles T.
Brooks ; original ode by Rev. S. P. Hill ; oration by
Hon. Wm. C. Endicott; hymn "The breaking waves
dashed high," Mrs. Hemans, rendered by Mrs. J. H.
West ; poem by Wm. W. Story, read by Prof. J. W.
Churchill ; one hundredth Psalm, sung by chorus and
audience ; benediction.

After the literary exercises, the invited guests and sub-
scribers proceeded to Hamilton Hall, where an elegant
lunch, provided by Mr. E. P. Cassell, was served. The
floral decorations, consisted of elaborate centre pieces of
choice cut flowers, from the green-houses of Mr. H. W.
Putnam. The menu was an elegant piece of typography,
and bore a fine line engraving of the old Governor. The

152

President presided. Rev. E. C. Bolles officiated as
Toastmaster, and the divine blessing was invoked by
Rev. Dr. Mills.

The President opened the after-dinner exercises, fol-
lowed by Rev. E. C. Bolles, Toastmaster, Gov. A. H.
Rice, Mayor H. K. Oliver, Hon. Robert C. Winthrop,
Hon. Marshall P. Wilder, Rev. Dean Stanley, Hon. Wm.
C. Endicott, Hon. Leverett Saltonstall, Prof. Benjamin
Peirce, Hon. Geo. B. Loring, Rev. Fielder Israel, Joseph
H. Choate, Esq., Benjamin H. Silsbee, Esq., Rev. Edward
S. At wood (omitted in the delivery, on account of the
lateness of the hour). A lull account is printed in the
"Historical Collections" of the Institute, vol. XV.

Field Meeting at Ipswich, Friday, October 4, 1878.

This morning, a party consisting of some one hundred,
members and friends of the Institute, assembled at the
station of the Eastern Railroad in Salem, to take the train
for Ipswich, and after a ride of some twenty minutes ar-
rived at the place of destination. Messrs. Palmer, Kim-
ball and other Ipswich friends were there, awaiting to
conduct the party to the wharf, for an excursion in the
Steamer "Carlotta," down the river to Plum Island, and
the adjacent coast.

The sail on the river was very pleasant, the scenery
diversified ; passing by at first cultivated fields with scat-
tered farm houses and buildings ; afterwards rough and
somewhat uneven land, and principally used for pas-
turage.

After tarrying some two hours in examining the pecu-
liarities of the place, and the various points of interest,

,

153

returned to Ipswich, and found in the Seminary Hall
where the baskets had been deposited, well spread tables
for the midday lunch.

At 3 p. m. the afternoon session was held in the Man-
ning school building. The President in the chair. Rec-
ords read. The President in his opening remarks,
spoke of some of the distinguished men in the various
professions and callings who had, in the past, originated
in old Ipswich, and had made their mark in the places of
their adoption ; of the previous meetings held in this town
and the vicinity, and of the objects and work of the In-
stitute. He said that at these meetings, subjects of his-
toric interest, or the finding of specimens of Natural
History, and suggestions arising thereupon, are introduced
for discussion ; at this time it is proposed to vary the
programme, and to speak of some of the chemical pro-
ducts of the sea ; salt water and what it contains, and
he called upon Prof. Isaac J. Osbun of the State Normal
School, Salem, to respond.

Prof. Osbun, having placed upon the table several
agents and reagents, also some apparatus to illustrate his
remarks, said : —

No one can have failed to see in his rambles along the
sea shore during the earlier part of the day, tiny, shining
crystals covering the rocks where the sea water has been
thrown up by the wind and dried away by the sun. Exa-
mine these crystals with the microscope, and they will be
found to be wonderfully symmetrical in form, quite as
much so as the plants and shells and other objects which
you have collected to-day from the organic world of life.
The powTer of crystalization is not a whit less wonderful,
nor is its action in any respect better understood than the
action of the mysterious forces exhibited by living beings.

154

The power of dissolving substances is a property com-
mon to all liquids. And what a curious property it is !
Into this tall glass of water I pour a teaspoonful of salt,
and it suddenly disappears as though it were totally anni-
hilated. The water does not seem to have been changed
in the least. And yet, we need not ask where this salt
is, for, when I pour a few drops of water from the tall
glass into this hot porcelain dish, pure water is driven off
in the form of steam, and we find the salt beautifully
crystalized around the edge of the dish.

If I were to evaporate one gallon of ordinary sea water
to dryness, I should obtain about one-quarter of a pound
of salt. This does not seem a great amount, but a barrel
of ocean water will yield nine pounds of salt. If the
ocean were but three feet deep and were then dried up,
it would leave a layer of salt at the bottom one inch deep,
while if it were three miles deep it would leave, if evap-
orated, a layer of salt 280 feet thick.

It has been estimated that the entire ocean contains
three millions of cubic miles of salt. This would make
a cube about 140 miles in each of its dimensions. It
would just about cover the two states of New Hampshire
and Vermont and would be about 150 miles high.

The question naturally arises, whence comes this great
amount of salt? But when we see rivers of water flow-
ing through regions of country filled with salt mines, it is
easily answered. Some of these salt beds are very large.
A single body of salt in Poland is 1200 miles long,
twenty miles wide and one-fourth of a mile thick.

What is salt? The chemist will answer in this way.
Pour upon some black oxide of manganese, a substance
often used for making oxygen, some strong hydrochloric
acid. A dense green gas will be given off, which has a
very disagreeable and penetrating odor like chloride of
lime, or bleaching powder. Because of its green color,

155

it is called chlorine, from the Greek word mean i 112: ffrcen.
Now this gas is one of the constituents of common salt.
You will see it issuing from the vessel where the acid and
black oxide of manganese were mixed. If I dip a clean
platinum wire into this solution of common salt and then
thrust it into this blue flame of the spirit lamp, the flame
is at once colored a deep orange. You see at once that
common salt must be the substance used to produce the
yellow color in fireworks. In the neighborhood of the
ocean the air becomes filled with fine particles of salt,
which it deposits abundantly on all objects it comes near ;
on the leaves of trees, on the grass, on our houses and on
our garments. As you see, I have but to brush my coat
sleeve and the flame of the spirit lamp is colored a deep
yellow. From this bottle, which is nearly filled with
naphtha, I take a piece of dark gray substance which is
soft as putty, and which, when cut, shows a bright metal-
lic surface, which looks like freshly cut lead. I throw a
piece of it upon water and you see it kindles and is
quickly burned up. I find that this water, which was
pure before, is now a weak solution of soda lye, such as
is used for cleansing and for making hard soap. I dip
the platinum wire into this solution and then thrust it
into the flame, and you see again the orange colored light.
A very minute portion of this substance when put into a
flame can be seen by the help of the spectroscope. One
fifty millionth of a grain is easily detected by means of
this most delicate instrument. This substance is called
sodium. It is the other constituent of common salt.
These two elements, chlorine and sodium, give salt the
name chloride of sodium. We thus see that common salt
is a compound of a green gas with a bright glistening
metal.

But there are many other substances in sea water. A

156

long time ago sponges applied to a goitered neck were
found to be a somewhat efficient cure. Later, the ashes
only of the sponges were used, and* finally, an element
obtained from these ashes, which was called iodine, from
the beautiful violet color of its vapor. We are all more
or less familiar with this substance in the form of tincture
of iodine, which is a solution of iodine in alcohol, and
also with the iodide of potassium, a very potent medicine.
Iodine is now obtained from the ashes of sea-weeds which
have absorbed it from the sea water, and have stored it
away in- their tissue. Besides common salt and sodium
compounds, we find in sea water chlorides of potassium,
calcium, magnesium ; also the sulphates and carbonates
of these metals, together with some of the bromides. All
these salts make the water of the ocean heavier than com-
mon spring or fresh water, and hence its greater buoyant
effect upon ships and all swimming bodies.

Sea water contains considerable gold in solution, and
when we find that the ocean is estimated to contain about
two million tons of silver, the question arises, could it
not in some chemical way be profitably worked as a mine
for the precious metals.

Mr. Charles Derby, formerly of Salem, and for many
years a resident of the Sandwich Islands, was present by
invitation, and being called upon by the President, gave
an interesting sketch of this group of islands ; described
the growth of the cocoa-nut, and other plants found grow-
ing luxuriantly in that locality.

The train for Salem being due, the meeting adjourned,
after having unanimously adopted the following resolu-
tions, proposed by Mr. Whipple : —

Resolved, That the cordial thanks of the Essex Institute

157

are tendered to Dr. Charles H. Palmer, E. P. Kimball,
Esq., and other gentlemen of Ipswich, for favors received ;
to Mrs. Palmer, Miss Treadwell, and other ladies of Ips-
wich for the refreshing lunch so tastefully served ; to the
gentlemen in charge of Seminary Hall, and the Manning
school building, for the use of their rooms, and to Mr.
Batchelder, who kindly furnished his barge for the mem-
bers of the Institute.

Regular Meeting, Monday, Oct. 7, 1878.

President in the chair. Records read.
Mrs. G. G. Newhall of Salem, and Mr. J. H. Lefavour
of Beverly, were elected resident members.

Regular Meeting, Monday, Oct. 21, 1878.

Meeting this evening. The President in the chair.
Records read. Donations and correspondence announced.

Rev. W. H. Meredith, and Mr. Charles H. Goss, both
of Salem, were elected resident members.

The President spoke of some bequests to the Institute,
by the will of the late Miss Caroline R. Derby of Salem,
consisting of two half length portraits by Copley, of Mr.
and Mrs. Timothy Fitch ; and two portraits by C. Osgood,
of Mr. and Mrs. E. Hersey Derby, the grandparents and
parents of the testatrix ; also a collection of shells, some
engravings, and a small lot of land on Derby street in
Salem.

The pictures by Copley were painted between 1760 and
1767. They are in a good state of preservation and of
life size. Timothy Fitch, a distinguished merchant of
Boston, is represented seated by a table ; the costume

158

is a gold-laced coat and waist-coat, with a white wig and
silk stockings. The companion picture, the wife of the
above, is represented as sitting holding her work near a
small table ; the dress is a purplish pink satin with blue
lining; behind is heavy green drapery. She was Eunice
Browne, daughter of Col. Benjamin and Eunice (Turner)
Browne of Salem; b. 13 Sept., 1731; m., 1st, 3 Sept.,
1751, Capt. Ichabod Plaisted, jr., of Salem, who died
2 Jan., 1755, aged 34; m., 2dly, in 1760, Timothy Fitch
of Boston. She died 27 June, 1799. This family of
Browne was distinguished for wealth, liberality, and cul-
ture, and resided in Salem during the entire colonial and
provincial periods of the history of Massachusetts.

After the transaction of some business matters, the
meeting adjourned.

Regular Meeting, Monday, Nov. 4, 1878.

Meeting this evening. Records read. Donations and
correspondence announced.

Rev. C. C. Carpenter of Peabody, and Mr. B. F. Cum-
mings of Salt Lake City, Utah, were elected members.

Regular Meeting, Monday, Nov. 18, 1878.

Meeting this evening. President in the chair. Rec-
ords read.

Mr. E. Frank Balch of Salem, was elected a member.

The following paper was presented by Mr. J. S. Kings-
ley : "Notes on the Pacific Coast Crustacea," by Wm, N.
Lockington.

Referred to the publication committee.

NOTES ON
PACIFIC COAST CRUSTACEA.

By W. N. Lockington.

Crangon nigricauda Stimpson.

The identity of this species with the C. vulgaris of the Atlantic is
suspected. Owen, and after him Dana, mentions it as C. vulgaris, and
Kingsley, in his "List of the North American Caridea" (Bull. Essex
Inst., Vol. 10, Nos. 4, 5, 6, p. 54), says of C. nigricauda, C. vulgaris, and
C. alaskensis Lock. (Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 1876, p. 34), "I am inclined
to consider the three species above as the same, but need larger series
to decide."

In an unpublished MSS., written previous to the publication of the
above list, I find the following notes : " C. alaskensis does not appear,
on further examination, to be distinct. Minute black spots, like those
scattered over the body and hands in the specimens described under
this name, are also abundant in fresh specimens of C. nigricauda from
San Francisco Bay, and sometimes persist in alcohol."

This species, therefore, is known to range along the Pacific coast
from Alaska to San Diego, from which last locality were obtained
specimens which, from the persistence in a dried state of a single
black spot on each side of the tail, were described by me as C. nigro-
maculata (Proc. Cal. Acad., loc. cit.).

Crangon munitus Dana, U. S. Ex. Exp. Crust., p. 536, pi. xxxiii,
fig. 5.

A well-armed form obtained in Magdalena Bay, Lower Cal., by W.
J. Fisher, and having, besides the infra-orbital, antennal, and hepatic
spines, four spines upon the upper surface of the carapax, one on
each side of the centre line, and two spines in the centre line, the
posterior one placed far black, must, I believe, be referred to this spe-
cies, which is thus proved to have a very considerable range, since
Dana obtained it in Puget Sound. The rostrum is broader than usual
in the genus, and the last abdominal segment is exceedingly com-
pressed, the abdomen tapering rapidly at the fifth segment.

(159)

160

Hippolyte taylori Stimpson, Jour. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vi, p. 500
ext. p. GO), 1857.

Three or four specimens from Magdalena Bay (Fisher) evidently
belong to this species, having the peculiar rostrum with the second
and third spines almost above the terminal one. The stout first pair
of feet, and the second pair reaching to the tips of the maxillipeds, as
described by Stimpson. Length of largest specimen l^ inches.

Hippolyte palpator Owen, Zoology of the Voyage of the Blossom
(Capt. Beechey) Crustacea, p. 89, pi. xxviii, f. 3, 1839. Stimpson,
Proc. Cal. Acad., I, p. 89, (1856). Ibid, Jour. Bost. Soc, VI, p.
499(1857).

H. brevirostris of Dana (U. S. Expl. Ex. Crust., I, p. 566, pi. xxxvi
f. 5; is not improbably a variety of this species (vid Stimpson, 1. c,
p. 500). A single specimen from the bay of San Francisco in the
Museum of the California Academy has but one tooth on the under
side of the rostrum near the extremity, which is bifid and furnished
with six teeth above. The maxillipeds are very long, about half as
long as the entire body, and are spinulose internally at their tips.
The basal joint of antennula? has a spine, longer than the rostrum, at
its base. The next joint has a smaller lateral spine and there is a
sharp spine on the last joint of the peduncle, immediately over the
centre of the third flagellum. The telson has two rows of fine, short,
sharp spines, and two larger spines on the posterior margin. The
penultimate abdominal segment has two teeth on each side of the
posterior margin and the epimera of the two preceding segments are
prolonged backward into a spine.

The chief difference between this and Owen's description of H. pal-
pator is in the number of rostral teeth, but as these are variable in
this genus I hesitate to describe it as new, preferring to refer it to
one of the above forms.

Several specimens from Magdalena Bay agree with H. palpator in
the length of external maxillipeds, but have the rostrum with four
teeth above. H. palpator was found at Monterey by Capt. Beechey,
in the straits of l)e Fuca by the Exploring Expedition, and in San
Francisco Bay (Stimpson).

Hippolyte hemphillii, described by myself (Proc. Cal. Acad , vii, p.
35 (1876) from an imperfect dried specimen, is probably only a vari-
ety of the above species with an extremely short rostrum. This
variety has been found at Magdalena Bay and San Diego. The ros-
trum is equal in length to the eyes ; the terminal tooth is simple, the
next smaller and considerably behind the terminal one.

161

Hippolyte layi Owen, 1. c, p. 90, p. xxvii, f. 3.

Owen's description of this species is very brief and the rostrum only
is figured. Two examples in the collection of the California Academy
from the west coast of Alaska, north of Behring's Straits, agree so
nearly with H. layi in the form of rostrum that I believe them iden-
tical. According to Owen the rostrum has ten spines above and four
below, besides the terminal tooth. The specimens above referred to
have, as in Owen's figure, a long lamellate ensiform rostrum, below
well in front of the eyes are five nearly equal teeth, directed forwards,
rostral tip long and sharp ; above with seven unequally spaced teeth,
the three posterior ones near together and on the carapax. Eostrum
as long as or longer than the carapax, and has a thickened midrib
from which the spines project as lamellae of varying width. Antennal
spine prominent. One specimen has a prominent spine upon the ab-
domen at the bend of its central segment. External maxillipeds
comparatively short, and hidden entirely beneath the antennal scales.
Basal joint of antennulse spinose. Total length If inches.

Palsemon longipes. Nov. sp.

Rostrum longer than antennal scale, reflexed towards extremity,
armed with eight teeth above, and six below, without including the
slender bifid terminal tooth. First teeth on upper margin, small, sit-
uated on the carapax, and separated from the following six, which are
close together, eighth tooth nearer the tip than to the seventh tooth.
Six lower teeth nearly equidistant, the first (beginning at the rear)
immediately beneath the sixth of the upper series, the sixth beneath
the eighth upper tooth. A spine on each side of the carapax, imme-
diately above the antennal scale, and a second spine farther back and
slightly below the first. Peduncle of antennulse shorter than the an-
tennal scale, basal joint armed with a strong spine externally, two
external flagella united for some distance, the inner of the two very
short, the outer very long, exceeding in length the internal flagella.

Antennal scale longer than peduncle of autennulae, flagellum as long
as the body from tip of rostrum to tail.

External maxillipeds, when extended, reaching somewhat beyond
the antennal peduncle, slender, setose, especially on the terminal joint.

Eirst pair of limbs slender, cylindrical, meros half as long again as
ischium, carpus longer than meros, and three times as long as the ma-
nus ; fingers blue, closely fitting, nearly as long as palmer portion of
manus.

Second pair of legs exceedingly long and slender (in the male), is-
chium comparatively short and very slender; meros more than twice
as long as ischium, and stouter; carpus exceeding the meros by two

ESSEX INST. BULL. X 13

162

thirds; propodus slightly longer than carpus; fingers parallel, slightly
deflected from the line of the palm, without teeth, their inner and outer
surfaces densely pubescent.

Manus of the second pair minutely spinulose to the base, of the fin-
gers ; carpus and meros spinulose, the spinules larger on the under
surface, where they form distinct longitudinal rows.

Posterior legs smooth, cylindrical, sparsely pubescent.

Terminal segment of abdomen with seven spinules, three at the tip
the central one fixed, the lateral ones articulated, and two pairs situ-
ated farther forward, the anterior pair at about the middle of the
length of the segment.

Three or four specimens were taken in Mulege River, on the West
coast of the Gulf of California, by W. I. Fisher.

This species closely resembles P. dasydactylus Streets (Proc. Phil.
Acad., 1871, 225) which is quoted by Kingsley, in his List of North
American Cariclea (Bull. Essex Inst., Vol. X, Nos. 4, 5, 6) as a syno-
nym of P. forceps M. Edward. The principal differences traceable are
in the proportions of the joints of the first pair of legs, the manus in
the present species being shorter than in P. dasydactylus, in the greater
length of the articulations of the second pair in this species, as com-
pared with their thickness ; and in the spines of the terminal abdomi-
nal segment, which are only five in Dr. Streets' species.

The differences are so small, and the resemblances so great, as to
suggest the possibility of actual near relationship ; and it is not im-
probable that in this form we meet with the descendants of such of
the Atlantic P. forceps as penetrated into the Pacific when the oceans
were connected at what is now the Isthmus of Panama.

The female resembles the male, except in the second pair of limbs,
which are much smaller, smooth, shorter, and more slender, and have
the proportions of the joints reversed, the manus shorter than the
carpus, and the latter shorter than the meros.

The specimens were obtained in August, and the females were
loaded with ova.

The teeth on the upper side of the rostrum vary somewhat, the tip,
which is blunt in one specimen, is bifid in another, and one of the
males has only eight teeth on the upper edge.

Followine; are the dimensions of a male and female : —

Total length,

Length of carapax, including rostrum,
" " flagellum of antennae,
" " outer flagellum of antennulae,
" " first pair of legs,

$

?

105 raillims.

82 millims.

51 "

37 «

110

95 "

90 "

it

39

25 "

163

$

?

ngth of second pair of legs,

107 millims.

39 millims

" " third pair of legs, .

55

"

— "

" u manus of first pair,

00

(i

10

" " carpus "

^ 55

"

13 "

" " meros "

35

«

10

Notwithstanding the great difference in the proportions of the
joints of the second pair of limbs in the males and females, I think
there is no doubt they belong to the same species, since they were
taken on the same occasion, and in other respects resemble each other
closely.

In every point except those mentioned above, my specimens agree
with Streets' description and figure, yet they are from the western
shore of the Gulf of California, while his specimens were from Coat-
zoalios River, Isthmus of Tehuantepec, and the species has always
been known as an Atlantic one. Yet the differences are so small as to
be, in my opinion, only varietal, and a parallel case occurs in the
genus Alpheus, where A. heterochelis and A. minus are common to both
the Atlantic and Pacific shores.

Pontonia margarita S. L Smith, Am. Naturalist, 1809, vol. Ill,
p. 245, foot note.

This species, originally described from individuals collected at Pan-
ama, was taken in considerable numbers at Port Escendido, Mulege
Bay and Gulf of California, by W. I. Fisher, in August, 1870, at which
date the females were with spawu.

The color after a month in spirits, was a light rose tint, with occa-
sionally some dark markings upon the hands.

The specimens agree in every respect with Smith's description, and
inhabited the same shell, viz., Margaritophora fimbriata.

Pontonia pinnas nov. sp.

Body slightly depressed ; carapax smooth, rostrum elongate-trian-
gular, deflected, the tip lying between the base of the antenuulse ;
antennal spine prominent.

Peduncles of eyes short, broad ovate, cornea much narrower than
the peduncle.

Peduncle of antennulas exceeding the rostrum by the length of its
distal joint, flagella not longer than the two last joints of the peduncle
subequal, the outer stouter than the inner.

Antennal scale broad, as long as antennular peduncle, anteunal fla-
gellum extending backwards to about the middle of the carapax.

164

First pair of limbs slender, carpus and meros sub-equal, propodus
about two thirds the length of carpus, dactyli about equal to palmar
portion.

Second pair greatly developed, equal to the body in the female, and
exceeding it in the male; propodus stout, dactyli one half as long as
the palmar portion, pollex with two large obtuse teeth on its inner
border, and a slightly hooked point, clactylus slender, with a large
sharp-pointed, triangular, compressed tooth in the middle of its length,
closely fitting between the teeth of the pollex.

Dactyli of hinder four pairs bi-unguiculate.

Three last segments of pleon compressed, a spine on each side of
the posterior border of the penultimate segment.

Total length of a well-grown specimen from tip of rostrum to end
of abdomen, about 31 millims; length of manus of adult male, 17
millims ; ditto of a well-grown female 13 millims.

The females are similar to the males, but the manus of the second
pair is somewhat shorter.

Several specimens were taken from the interior of the shell of the
common Pinna, of the Gulf of California; localities: Angelas Bay,
Mulege Bay, San Jose Island. They were collected in the months of
July and August, at which date the females were loaded with eggs.

From P. margarita S. I. Smith, this species may readily be distin-
guished by the much greater development of the manus of the second
pair. From M. Edwards' description of P. tyrrhena (Hist. Nat. des
Crust., Vol. II, p. 3G1), which inhabits the Pinna of the Mediterra-
nean, this species differs in lacking the tooth upon the rostrum.

Sicyonia penicillata n. s.

Rostrum deep, shorter than peduncles of eyes, with four spines
above, one forming the tip, the next immediately above and slightly
posterior to it, the third midway between the second and fourth,
which is upon the carapax. Carina of rostrum extending backwards
the whole length of the carapax; developing a strong spine, directed
forwards, just anterior to the centre of the carapax, and a stronger
similar spine near its posterior border.

Central carina higher behind the former of these spines, curving
upwards to the posterior spine, then downwards till it disappears on
the posterior border of the carapax.

Spines of rostrum preceded by a few hairs, the central spine of car-
apax by quite a mane of hairs, and the posterior spine with a similar
mane.

A spine on the exterior orbital margin, and a second posterior to it,
on the hepatic region.

165

First segment of pleon with a triangular spine, behind which a low
central carina is continued to the extremity of the sixth segment of
the pleon, rising into a spine on the posterior margin of the lifth and
sixth segments. •

Opthalmic peduncle shorter than the basal joint of antennuloe, cor-
nea large, broader than the peduncle, its width about equal to the
length of the visible portion of the latter.

Basal joint of antennular peduncle broad, armed with two sharp
lateral spines, one behind the other, in a line with the lateral spines of
the carapax ; flagella of antennulas scarcely as long as the two distal
joints of the peduncle, the joints much shorter than broad.

Spine of antennal scale extending slightly beyond the antennular
peduncle, the squamose portion broad, not longer than the spinose
portion.

Peduncle of antennae slightly shorter than that of antennular, its
terminal joint setose on its internal margin, flagellum much shorter
than the body, its articulations broader than long, especially the prox-
imal portion, where they are depressed and margined with seta inter-
nally and externally.

Outer maxillepeds extending beyond antennal peduncle, the propo-
dus margined internally with long seta?.

Meros, carpus and propodus of first pair of legs equal in length, all
the joints of second pair longer, but the carpus longer than the meros ;
in the third pair, which extends beyond the outer maxillipeds when
straightened, all the joints are longer than in the second pair, and
the slender carpus almost twice the length of the propodus.

Propodi of three first pairs similar, that of the third pair somewhat
longest, fingers parallel, equal to the palmer portion in the first and
second pairs, but shorter in the third.

Fifth pair longer than the fourth, dactyli laminate.

A spine at the tip of the outer caudal appendage externally.

Length of a large specimen, 3£"

Length of carapax, 0-35"

Length of outer antennas, 1-85"

Dredged from a depth of 14 fathoms, in Bolinas Bay, Lower Cali-
fornia ; also obtained in Angeles Bay, Gulf of California. (W. J.
Fisher.)

Color after two weeks exposure to alcohol, bright red ; with a dark
red-brown ocellated spot on each side of the carapax. Antennas blu-
ish.

A longer exposure to alcohol has bleached the body, but the anten-
nas still show traces of blue, and the spots on the carapax, though
obsolete in one specimen, remain dark and conspicuous in another.

This form resembles S. carinata Dana (U. S. Ex. Exp. Crust., I, p.
602), but the rostrum is more prominent.

A LIST OF THE
BIRDS OF THE HUDSON HIGHLANDS,

WITH ANNOTATIONS.

By Edgar A. Mearns.

About six years ago, in 1872, I first formed the plan of working up
the ornithology of this region as thoroughly as possible. Since that
time I have been constantly at work in the field at all seasons of the
year, except during the summer months, when other business has
almost wrholly interrupted my ornithological work. This is to be
regretted, for, otherwise, I might have observed the breeding-habits
of a greater number of our rarer summer residents ; and probably
should have secured some of the southern forms that occasionally
wander northward, during the hot months of summer.

My residence is, for such a purpose, very happily located at High-
land Falls, New York; affording, from its position, an excellent point
for ornithological observation. It is "situated on the right [west]
bank of the Hudson River, fifty-one miles above New York City, in
the midst of a range of the Alleghany Mountains known as the High-
lands. Latitude, 41° 23' north; longitude, 3° 3' east."1

The surface of the country is exceedingly varied, abounding in high
mountains with enormous perpendicular cliffs, while large streams
flow in the valleys. Lakes, ponds, and brooks are very numerous,
affording, as they do, favorite resorts for both migrating and station-
ary birds. The numerous islands of the Hudson afford choice resting
places for migrating flocks of small birds, which prefer to follow, on
their long and fatiguing vernal and autumnal journeyings, the course
of the river. The whole region is wild, and sparsely inhabited. '

I have prosecuted my researches, on foot, in the three adjacent
counties, bordering the Hudson on either side — Orange, Rockland,
and Ulster, on the west; and Dutchess, Putnam, and Westchester, on

!The situation, as above quoted, is from "Circular No. 8, Surgeon General's
Office," and refers to the West Point Military Academy, a mile north of Highland
Falls.

(166)

167

the east side. But most of my investigations and collections have
been made along the river-banks, near my residence, or, as the title
expresses it, in the "Highlands,"— a section of the river-valley ex-
tending north from Kicld's Point, or Caldwell's Landing, for a distance
of twenty miles.

The mountain slopes are thickly wooded in most places, but in the
rocky soil the deciduous trees seldom grow to a very large size. The
river slopes are, for the most part, thickly clothed with coniferous
trees, affording food and shelter for the winter residents. The follow-
ing list of Coniferce belongs to our flora : —

Pinus rigida, Miller. Pitch Pine.

Pinits strobus, Linne. White Pine.

Abies canadensis, Michx. Hemlock.

Thuja occidentalism Linne. American Arbor Vitas.

Juniperus communis, LinnS. Common Juniper.

Juniperus virginiana, Linne. Red Cedar.

Taxus baccata var. canadensis. American Yew; Ground Hemlock.

The Hudson River constitutes a natural channel, through which the
tide of semi-annual migration always pours with more than ordinary
vigor; and it also affords an avenue of approach for the numerous
aquatic species that visit us during the migrations, or remain here
during the summer. Hence many of the marine species visit us dur-
ing their migrations.

Zoologists are familiar with the fact, that rivers are very important
factors in limiting or extending different faunas. It is known that a
given avi-fauna may be prolonged by them in streaks. This is a
demonstrable fact, and is equally applicable to other classes of ani-
mals, and even to the flora. Of the mammals, the common Opossum
(Didelphys virginiana) may be cited as illustrating this influence. This
species finds its northernmost extension along the west bank of the
Hudson. It also illustrates the restrictionary effect of rivers. The
Hudson interposes a barrier to the progress of the species eastward,
and, accordingly, it has rarely — never to my knowledge — been ob-
served on the east bank of the river, though it is not uncommon upon
the opposite side ; occurring at least as far up as Newburgh. Among
the plants, I shall cite but a single species, the common persimmon
(Diospyros virginiana), which has also crept up the Hudson to a con-
siderable distance from the general northern boundary of its habitat.
DeKay wrote the following, in confirmation of the above-mentioned
facts, as long ago as 1844: "On the other hand, the Hudson River
appears to form a natural geographical limit to the extension of some
species, at least in any considerable numbers. Thus, the Opossum of
the South rarely, if ever, outstrips this boundary ; among the reptiles,

168

the Chain Snake and Brown Swift, and the Buzzard and many other
species among the birds."2 C. Hart Merriam, in his "Review of the
Birds of Connecticut," 3 has clearly brought out the fact, previously
alluded to by Mr. H. A. Purdy,4 that the avi-fauna of Connecticut, ex-
hibits a marked Carolinian tinge along its southern border. Merriam
adds, furthermore, that this tinge is especially well-marked about the
mouth, and "runs up the valley of the Connecticut River, extending
completely through the State, and even into Massachusetts." The
valley of the Connecticut exhibits, in this respect, precisely similar
conditions to those presented by the Hudson River Valley.

Prof. J. A. Allen wrote,5 in 1871, "On the Atlantic coast this fauna
[Carolinian] includes Long Island and a small portion of Southeastern
New York." He also enumerated thirty-two species as being in a
general way "limited in their northern range" by this fauna, adding
that a few of them occur also "as stragglers in the Alleghanian
Fauna." Mr. Eugene P. Bicknell has recently published an excellent
paper, in the "Bulletin of the Nuttall Ornithological Club" (Vol. Ill,
No. 3, July, 1878), entitled "Evidences of the Carolinian Fauna in the
Lower Hudson Valley. Principally from observations taken at River-
dale, N. Y." In this article, the author entirely confirms Mr. Allen's
views concerning the Carolinian Fauna in Southeastern New York;
proving that the lower Hudson, about Riverdale (near New York
City), is furnished with a considerable number of species, many of
them quite common summer residents, which belong strictly to that
division of fauna, known to ornithologists as the Carolinian. Mr.
Bicknell remarks : —

"The boundaries of faunal areas are usually of an extremely irregu-
lar nature, and in their territorial relations contiguous faunas often
present a series of mutual interpenetrations, the apparent invasion of
one province of an adjoining district of course being coincident with
an opposite extension or penetration of the invaded territory. Thus
from near the northeastern boundary of the Carolinian Fauna two
main branches emanate, — one striking up into the valley of the Hud-
son ; the other extending along the Connecticut coast and into the
Connecticut valley, through which reaching the Massachusetts border.
The relations between these two tributaries at their junction with the
main body of the fauna to which they belong, or their consolidation
before reaching that point, is at present but very superficially under-
stood ; but from what knowledge we have in the matter it would

2 Zoology of New York, Part I, Mammalia, Preface, p. 10, 1844.

3 Transactions of the Connecticut Academy, Vol. IV, pp. 1 to 150, 1877.
*Am. Nat., Vol. VII, No. 11, p. 693, Nov., 1873.

b Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Vol. II, pp. 393, 394, April, 1871.

169

appear that their interception occurred somewhere near the mouth of
the Hudson, thus including New York city and vicinity in the angle
formed by their divergence. The northern limit of the Hudson River
branch is as yet undetermined."

Then follows an enumeration of the species, belonging to this cate-
gory, which Mr. Bicknell has discovered in the neighborhood of River-
dale, which are as follows : Mimus polyglottus (Mocking Bird) ; Lopho-
phanes bicolor (Tufted Titmouse) ; Thryothorus ludovicianus (Carolina
Wren); Helmitherus vermivorus (Worm-eating Warbler); Hclmitho-
phaga pinus (Blue- winged Yellow Warbler) ; Helmithophaga chrysop-
tera (Golden-winged Warbler) ; Oporomis formosus (Kentucky War-
bler) ; Myiodioctes mitratus (Hooded Warbler) ; Stelgidopteryx serri-
pennis (Rough-winged Swallow) ; Cardinalis virginianus (Cardinal
Red-bird) ; Corvus ossifragus (Fish Crow, seen, but not captured) ;
Empidonax acadicus (Acadian Flycatcher) ; and Strix flammea (Barn
Owl, seen, in New York city, by Mr. H. B. Bailey).

That this Carolinian tinge extends for a considerable distance up
the Hudson, not only to the Highlands, but through, and a little
beyond, I shall be able to show in the following list. Unquestionably,
we owe to the Hudson River the possession, as abundant summer resi-
dents, of such species as Helmitherus vermivorus, Helminthophaga
pinus, Siurus motacilla, Icteria virens, and several other species, which
accession gives to our avi-fauna its Carolinian tinge; it belonging,
otherwise, to the division of country known as the Alleghanian Fauna.

To map out the exact dividing lines of the different faunal areas, is
one of the most important and attractive branches of zoological re-
search ; while the labor of determining the precise range of habitat
for each species, is, indeed, an arduous task, and one that, from its
importance, must claim a large share of the attention of our ornithol-
ogists for many years to come.

The present list of our birds is intended to embrace only those spe-
cies which have actually been captured within the described limits ; or
those which have been seen under circumstances which admit of not
the slightest doubt of the accuracy of the observations. To this enu-
meration is appended a separate list of the species whose occurrence
is probable — especially such as have been observed in contiguous dis-
tricts.

It seems unnecessary to discuss, at any great length, the problem
of the extinction of a number of species that were formerly abundant;
but are not now to be found at all within our limits. I will, therefore,
simply mention that several species have only disappeared within the
past few years, while others have long since passed away. Among
the former, were two of our most prized game birds, the Wild Turkey
(Meleagris gallopavo), and the Pinnated Grouse or Prairie Chicken

170

(Cupidonia cupido), both of which were given by DeKay, in 1844, as
still occurring in New York. Of the Wild Turkey he wrote : 6 they
"as I am well informed, are now only found in the counties of Sulli-
van, Rockland, Orange,1 Alleghany and Cattaraugus." Of the Prairie
Chicken :8 "A few are still said to linger about Orange county in this
State." Among the latter class may be mentioned the Great White
Pelican (Pelecanus trachyrhynchus), which was formerly numerous on
the Hudson, and other rivers and lakes in this State.

I take this means of expressing my warm gratitude to all who have
assisted in this work. To the following gentlemen my thanks are
especially due : Mr. Eugene P. Bicknell, of Riverdale ; Mr. C. II.
Simpson, of Peekskill; Dr. A. K. Fisher, of Sing Sing; Mr. Peter
de Nottbeck, of Fishkill Landing; Mr. Josh Ward, of Cornwall, for
many valuable specimens and much information concerning our aqua-
tic birds; and to Prof. J. A. Allen and Dr. C. Hart Merriam for their
kind assistance in various ways. To Mr. Wm. Church Osborn, of
Garrisons, I am particularly indebted for much valuable material ; and
for the use of the MSS. notes of his brother, my late lamented frierfd
and fellow laborer in this field, Frederic S. Osborn.

It has been thought worth while to introduce, in condensed form,
the results of extensive tables of measurements of more than 1,900
specimens, that I have collected in the Highlands. The average di-
mensions of each species will be given, and any remarkable variations
noted.

A. List of all the species known to occur in the Hudson Highlands ;
giving the times of occurrence and their relative abundance, with notes on
the habits.

Family, TURDID^l.

1. Turdus migratorius, Linne. Robin. An abundant summer,
and less common, winter resident; breeds abundantly.

The Robins usually place their nests on trees, but this is by no
means the situation always chosen. I have noticed them in various
other locations. One was placed on the top of a stump, at an eleva-
tion of fifteen feet ; another on a stump chopped close to the ground.
About civilization, the nests are often placed on the rail-fences. Beams
in barns and dilapidated out-buildings often furnish them with shel-
tered and comfortable places, wherein to establish house-keeping; so
comfortable, in fact, that they are loath to leave them, and so return
every spring to their old quarters. In some instances the identical

e Zoology of New York, Part II, p. 200, 18A4.

7 Italics my own. 8 Same work, p. 206.

171

site of the last summer's nest is selected for the new one, but, as their
economy and habits of cleanliness do not permit them to occupy the
same nest a second season, the old one is thrown down, and a new
one built in its place. This, however, is often impossible, for the
Robins, though less artistic architects than some other birds, build
such substantial nests, that their masonry is capable of withstanding
the winds and storms of several seasons, after the builders are through
with them; hence it is sometimes impossible for the birds to make
much impression on the hardened walls, and, in such cases, if no
equally pleasant situation is at hand, a second nest is constructed on
top of the first, making a two-storied residence. It sometimes hap-
pens that a third structure is deposited above that, on the succeeding
season, though I have known of but one such instance. I once saw a
nest that was built on a brace, or ornamental support, of the building
at which toll is collected, on the American side of the Niagara suspen-
sion bridge, in a much frequented situation ; attracting not a little
attention from the numerous visitors. If courteously received, Robins
will become quite familiar and friendly. On more than one occasion?
I have known them to build upon a piece of timber, just above the
door of a dwelling, beneath the porch, where, in one instance, a num-
ber of noisy children were frequently playing beneath. Lieut. Willis
Wittich, of Fort Klamath, Oregon, writes me that the Robins there
build their nests on the prairies, on the ground, or, if in the timber,
low down. I have seen an approach to these habits in our eastern
bird. I was shown (by my friend, Mr. Wm. Church Osborn, to whom
I am indebted for many valuable observations noted further on) a nest
built on the ground, in a hollow in the side of a sloping bank by the
roadside. I discovered another nest that was placed in a tangled
thicket of matted wines and bushes, quite close to the ground.

All of the nesting sites mentioned above are unusual, and only go
to show how great an amount of variation is observable in the habits
of any species, when a sufficient number of individuals is examined;
of course these minor differences in traits or habits are greatly en-
hanced if our observations be made to extend over widely differing
areas of the bird's habitat.

Robins commence laying early in May. Five nests were found, con-
taining five, three, four, one, and four eggs, respectively, on May 11th,
1872; in 1873, the first nest seen contained a single egg on May 6th;
on May 4th, 1874, the first nest was discovered, containing four eggs.
In warm, early seasons, the birds begin to nest at an earlier period
than usual; thus, during the remarkably advanced spring of 1878, I
observed that a pair of Robins were engaged in constructing a nest as
early as the 15th of April, and, on the 27th of the same month, a nest
was found, containing the full complement (four) of eggs.

172

Among the Robin's worst enemies may be ranked the Red Squirrels
(Sciurus hudsonius), for, though their young are subject to the attacks
of Crows, Jays, and particularly to the ravages of the Black Snake
(Bascanion constrictor), yet none of these enemies inflict as much
injury as the Squirrels, because, not only do they seek out and devour
the eggs, but the young are also eaten ; and their numbers are in great
excess. But the Robins are very brave in defending their progeny,
and endless are the battles that take place between them and the
Squirrels. One of these tragedies took place right in front of my
house, on the 6th of June, 1873. Within my recollection no year has
elapsed but that a pair of robins nested in a certain evergreen (Abies
excelsa), close to my residence. On the morning in question, a Red
Squirrel came a considerable distance out of the woods, ascended to
this nest, and would have destroyed all the young ones, had not the
parent returned just at the critical moment. The enraged bird dashed
furiously at the marauder, assaulting it in such a manner as to dash it
to the ground, where the struggle was renewed, and kept up, till the
Squirrel reached the trunk of a maple-tree, and quickly disappeared
among the branches, when the Robin returned, triumphant, to resume
the care of her little ones, all but one of which were safe.

In early spring they feed largely upon earth worms, and may be seen
standing erect upon the lawn, listening intently for their prey. On
the government reservation, at West Point, they are abundant. Often
during drills, they drop down upon the% velvety grass of the parade
ground, where, from their erect posture and bright colored breasts,
they are exactly in keeping with the military aspect of their surround-
ings.

They are rather scarce winter residents throughout the Hudson Val-
ley ; occurring at least as far north as the northern limit of the red
cedar (Juniperus virginiana), perhaps much farther. In the Highlands,
sizable flocks generally remain all winter amongst the cedars, in shel-
tered localities, near the Hudson River. Their abundance does not
seem to depend upon the severity of the winter, for they are quite as
numerous in cold, as in warm, seasons. Very few were seen during
the winter of 1877-78, which was the mildest I have ever experienced.
The wintering birds affect only certain favorite spots, where they sub-
sist mainly upon the berries of the sumach (Rhus typhina) and red
cedar. I have seen quite a number of partial albinos. When domes-
ticated, they are especially subject to variations in color. A Scotch
cobbler, in Highland Falls, had a very old Robin, which in old age
became nearly white. My gardener's child has had one for several
years; before its last moult its colors were very dark and peculiar,
but since its moult it has become partially white.

Dimensions. — Average measurements of nine specimens: length,

173

10-03; stretch of wings, 15-95; wing, 4 96; tail, 3-87; bill (culmen),
•84; from anterior margin of nostril, -53; tarsus, 1/26. The winter
residents give larger measurements than the summer residents. A
very fine male, shot March 3rd, 1875, measured as follows : length,
10-49; stretch, 16-32; wing, 5-31; tail, 4-12. Another remarkably fine
male, shot April 30th, 1878, measures: length, 10-10; stretch, 1G-25;
wing, -5; tail, 3-05. These specimens represent the extremes of both
seasons.

2. Turdus mustelinus, Gmelin. Wood Thrush. A common
summer resident; breeds abundantly. Arrives about May 10th (May
13, 1874; 10, 1875; 8, 1876; 7, 1877; April 30, 1878).

The Wood Thrush is our best songster. We have no other bird
whose song can be compared with its. It is sometimes found in gar-
dens, about residences, and again, it is found in the deepest solitudes
of the forest, its manners differing proportionately to its different
habitations; but in general it is gentle and unsuspicious if not dis-
turbed. It commences to lay quite soon after its arrival. A nest was
found containing three eggs on May 17th, 1873, and on May 11th, 1878,
several nearly completed nests were examined, besides one containing
an egg. It stays until the last of September (September 25, 1874;
Octobers, 1875; September 20, 1876; 30, 1878).

Dimensions. — Average measurements of six specimens : length, 8-29;
stretch, 13-70; wing, 4-44; tail, 2-92.

3. Turdus pallasi, Cabanis. Hermit Thrush. Very abundant
through the migrations. A few sometimes winter. Arrives from the
South about the 1st of April (March 26, 1872; April 8, 1873; 14, 1874;
2, 1875; 21, 1876 [not seen again till May 2] ; 22, 1877; 15, 1878). It
remains here until sometime in May (April 30, 1875; May 3, 1876; 12,
1877; April 26, 1878). Returning, in autumn, it arrives from the
North early in October -(15, 1876; 7, 1877), remaining till about the
1st of November (9, 1874; October 28 [or later], 1876).

The Hermit Thrushes remained here throughout the severe winter
of 1874-75, when birds of the Canadian Fauna, such as the Pine Gros-
beak (Pinicola enucleator), the two Crossbills (Loxia curvirostra, var.
americana, and L. leucoptera), and the Lesser Redpolls (JEgiothus
linaria) were very numerous. They inhabited the cedar groves, near
the river, in. company with the Purple Finch (Carpodacus purpurens).
They were always quite silent, except for the utterance of an occa-
sional low chuck; this note, in autumn, is sometimes so loudly re-
peated as to remind one of the Blackbird's. A few of these winter-
ing birds were seen as late as March 20th, and the regular migrants
appeared April 2nd. They have been observed in winter at several
places lower down the Hudson.9 Except the Robins, they are the

9 See article in Bulletin of the Nuttall Club, Vol. IV, p. 34, January, 1879.

174

hardiest of their family, but the following extract from ray note book
will show that, by a premature migration northward, they are some-
times exposed to sudden inclemency of weather, and suffer severely : —

"April 28th, 1874. Last night we had a heavy fall of snow and sleet.
The Hermit Thrushes, Blackbirds, etc., have become so reduced by
hunger and cold, that they come quite freely into the house and stable.
A number of species were captured in the kitchen and barn, as fol-
lows : Tardus pallasi, Spizella socialis, 8. monticola, Junco hyemalis,
Melospiza melodia, and Agelceus phcenicens."

Though not a timid bird, the Hermit Thrush generally selects soli-
tary abodes. If these are invaded by man, its actions betoken more
of curiosity, than alarm. Late in October, 1877, while walking from
here to New York city, in company with my friend, Mr. I. F. Lock-
wood, we were induced by a sudden deluge of rain to seek shelter
beneath some hemlocks, near Tarrytown ; there we were highly enter-
tained by the quaint manners of a Hermit, that had chosen that dimly
lighted spot for its residence, and that seemed by no means pleased to
make our acquaintance; showing its resentment at our ill-mannered
intrusion upon its privacy by repeating, in a complaining tone, its
single "chuck" ; occasionally alighting close beside us, it would give
a sharp, almost spiteful emphasis to its utterance; then it would fly
away, and return again hopping on the ground, occasionally stop-
ping short, cocking its head sidewise, and ogling us with such a ludi-
crous expression, that we were induced in a measure to forget our
disagreeable situation, and indulged in a hearty laugh.

Dimensions. — Average measurements of fourteen specimens : length,
7-17; stretch, 11-45; wing, 3-56; tail, 2-74.

4. Turdus swainsoni, Cabanis. Swainson's Thrush. Very
common during the migrations. It is met with in May (May 11 to 31,
1875; 9 to 28, 1876; 15, 1877; 10 to 27, 18«F8), and in the fall from
September 12th to October 19th (1876).

In spring they are very abundant in the woods and orchards, utter-
ing a note that sounds like the bursting of an air bubble on rising to
the surface of a fluid. In autumn they are found in deep woodlands,
feeding, in company with many other birds, on the berries of the sour
gum (Nyssa multiflora) and dog- wood (Cornus florida).

Dimensions. — Average measurements of thirteen specimens: length,
7-17; stretch, 12-11; wing, 3-93; tail, 2-76; bill (culmen), -50; gape,
•79; tarsus, 1*17; middle toe, -62; its claw, "22.

4a. Turdus swainsoni, var. alicise (Baird). Gray-cheeked
Thursh. Abundant with T. swainsoni during the migrations. It
appears to arrive later, both in spring and fall, than that species.
Found during the latter half of May, and from September 23rd (1878)
to October 19th (1876).

The only note I have heard from this species, in spring, is a peculiar

175

bubble-bursting sound, like that produced by the Olive-backed Thrush ;
but in the fall they utter a low note resembling the common cry of the
Brown Creeper. In autumn, they are found inhabiting the thickest
woods, where they feed upon the berries of the sour gum, or "pep-
peridge" (JVyssa multiflora), dogwood (Comus floridd), and the frost
grape ( Vitis cordifolia) ; but they are especially fond of the ripe ber-
ries of the common pokeweed or pigeon-berry (Phytolacca decandra),
upon which they soon grow very fat, as do the Robins. They are
very shy, and, when frightened, fly a long distance before alighting,
when they remain perfectly quiet for some time, rarely taking another
flight; for this reason they are very hard to discover, so that a woods
may sometimes abound with them, when none are visible to an ordi-
nary observer. When perched, they assume a very erect posture, and
present an appearance of alert wariness corresponding to their wild
habits.

They are generally quite readily distinguishable from T. svoainsoni,
though by exactly what characters it is hard to explain, when the
markings are not distinguishable.

Dimensions. — Average measurements of fourteen specimens : length,
7-58; stretch, 12-70; wing, 4-09; tail, 2-96; bill (culmen), -55; gape,
•82; tarsus, 1-25; middle toe, -68; its claw, -25.

5. Turdus fuscescens, Stephens. Tawny Thrush; Wilson's
Thrush. A rather scarce summer resident; breeds. Arrives early
(May 5, 1876; 15, 1877; 8, 1878).

Wilson's Thrush is only common here during the spring migrations.
It is occasionally seen during the breeding season, but not abundantly.
A pair has nested for several successive seasons, on Constitution
Island, close to the house of the Misses Warner, where they are very
welcome guests. Miss Warner described its song to me as one of
surpassing sweetness.

On their first arrival from the South they are very shy, staying in
the thickest under-growth in the deep woods ; but soon they come
flocking familiarly about the house, and for a time the blossoming
orchards are filled with them. After several weeks, however, they
nearly all move further north, a few, only, remaining to breed, remov-
ing to the darkest solitudes of the woods, in single pairs. Then I
have found them shy, and their nests I have failed to discover. Lower
down the Hudson, this species is more abundant in summer, and
breeds very commonly.

Dimensions. — Average measurements of five specimens: length,
7-52; stretch, 11-95; wing, 3-84; tail, 2-87; bill (culmen), -53; gape,
•85; tarsus, 1-17; middle toe, -68; its claw, '22.

6. Mimus carolinensis, (Linne). Cat-bird. A very common
summer resident; breeds. Arrives early in May (May 4, 1872; 10,

176

1874; 9, 1875; 8, 1876; 11, 1877; April 27, 1878), departing late in
October (October 16, 1874).

Immediately after their arrival, they are heard singing in thickets,
and soon they commence nesting. I found them with eggs — one nest
containing two and another four eggs — as early as May 15th, 1878.
Like the rest of the family, they are fond of most kinds of berries, of
which their food mainly consists, in autumn. Their nests are usually
placed in bushy thickets, and are loosely built of sticks and whatever
soft lining material is available. I have seen a handsomely embroid-
ered handkerchief, and a lady's escaped "frizzes," thus turned to
account by them. But their eggs are of a deep emerald-green, uni-
form in color, the most beautiful that we have.

Dimensions. — Average measurements of four specimens: length,
8-94; stretch, 1159; wing, 3-54; tail, 3-65; bill from nostril, -48; tar-
sus, 1-10.

7. Harporhynchus rufus, (Linne). Brown Thrasher. An
abundant summer resident; breeds. Arrives the first of May (April
26, 1872; May 8, 1873; 5, 1874; April 30, 1875; 30,1876; May 1, 1877;
April 27, 1878), departing in October (October 8, 1876; 9, 1878).

Its presence is first announced, iu spring, by its loud, sweet song,
forcibly reminding one that spring has really come, for spring can
scarcely be said to have begun till the trees commence to unfold their
blossoms; and it is followed in a few days by the sweetest notes we
ever hear — those of the Wood Thrush.

The Brown Thrashers seem to be mated immediately after their
arrival from the South, and they soon begin to build their nests. So
joyous are they at this season, that their song is heard all day long.
Even when engaged in the matter-of-fact occupations and -duties that
pertain to setting up housekeeping, when bustling and scratching
amongst the leaves and rubbish, for the materials for their nests, they
are observed to pause, at intervals, to sing. But they are best heard
in the early morning, at daybreak; then the males mount to the top-
most bough of some tree, surrounded by the brushwood that they
inhabit, and, with tail dropped and wings slightly drooping, they give
expression, in their song, to an ecstasy of joyous emotion ; the strain
is taken up and repeated by the different performers, and comes to
the listener from various directions and distances, mingled with the
notes of the other woodland songsters, and harmonizing with the
various signts and perfumes, all of which unite to produce that happy
combination — a country May morning.

The nest is usually placed on the ground, in some spot that is well
adapted for concealment ; but sometimes a low bush or clump of matted
vines is selected instead, or, rarely, it is placed in a tree, at a consid-
I found their nest containing the full complement of

177

eggs May 24th, 1873, and another May 25th, 1878, that contained five
young birds.

Dimensions. — Average measurements of five specimens: length,
11-42; stretch, 12-79; wing, 4-00; tail, 5-03; culmen, -96; gape, 1-31;
tarsus, 1*81.

Family, SAXICOLIDJE.

8. Sialia sialis, {Linne). Common Bluebird. A resident spe-
cies; abundant in summer. The migrants arrive early in February,
when they are in full song, and depart by the first of December. I
have found Bluebirds here throughout the coldest winters, as that of
1874-75, and they are generally quite numerous in milder ones. They
then feed on berries, and what insects they can find. They are nearly
silent in severe weather, only uttering a low, soft note, inaudible at
a little distance ; and as they leave their perches, when frightened, a
queer little chirrup of alarm ; but when the weather is warm they
become quite frolicsome, and chase one another, uttering a sharp,
rapid twittering, that reminds one of the Kingfisher's rattle.

They breed abundantly, and several times during the season, build-
ing their nests in holes in trees, and in the houses prepared for them ;
they always occupy the two pound tomato cans that I have placed for
their use about the premises, but from which, however, they are
sometimes ejected by those quarrelsome little free booters — the House
Wrens. The eggs of their first brood are deposited very early. A
nest found April 16, 1872, contained eggs, and again, one was found
April 28th, 1873, which contained four eggs. They were building
April 18th, 1877, and the young left the nest May 29th. young were
found, about a week old, April 22nd, 1878, and they were incubating
the second brood May 22nd. A note in my journal reads as follows :
"A pair has constructed its nest in the limb of an old cherry tree, in
a hole excavated by a Downy Woodpecker {Pious pubescens), last win-
ter ; its orifice is so small that it is with great difficulty that the bird
enters. I saw the male bird feeding the mother at the entrance to
their house."

Dimensions. — Average measurements of twelve specimens : length,
7*01; stretch, 12-53; wing, 3-93; tail, 2-58; culmen, *47 ; gape, 75;
tarsus, 75.

Family, SYLVIID-EJ.

9. Regulus calendula, {Linne). Kuby-crowned Kinglet.
Abundant during the migrations. Arrives about the middle of April
(April 23, 1873; 7, 1874; 15, 1875; 17, 1876; 13, 1877; 15, 1878), de-
parting about the middle of May (May 9, 1874; 18, 1875; 12, 1876; 8,

ESSEX INST. BULL. X 14

178

1877). On its return in autumn, it is with us from September 22nd
(1874) to November 2nd (1874).

In the spring, the Ruby- crowned Kinglet is one of our earliest sing-
ing migrants. It is found in great numbers in the evergreen groves,
and in bushy places besides the lakes and streams. Its song is one
of the sweetest, and much louder than would be supposed, coming
from such a little bird.

Dimensions. — Average measurements of eleven specimens : length,
4-41; stretch, 7*01; wing, 2-24; tail, 1-73; culmen, -29; tarsus, -67.

10. Regulus satrapa, Licht. Golden-crested Kinglet. An
abundant winter resident. Is present here from the first of October
(October 3, 1876; September 28, 1878) till May (May 4, 1875; 7, 1877).

The Golden-crested Kinglet has a feeble, but quite pretty song, in
the spring, and in winter it makes a jingling noise, as it rustles about
among the evergreens, in company with the Chickadees (Parus atri-
capillus), Nuthatches (S. S. canadensis and carolinensis) , and Brown
Creepers (Certhia familiaris) ; it also has a note resembling the com-
mon one of the Brown Creeper.

In th.e fall this delicate species and the preceding are associated
together. They then are seen in great numbers, frequenting the
edges of ponds and streams, running about over the mud and weeds,
in search of food. They throng the river flats, at low tide, searching
amongst the sea-weecls for minute molluscous animals, upon which
they feed with great avidity. I can recall no prettier sight, at the
present moment, than that presented by these great flocks of ruby,
and golden-crested little birds, as they hop about upon the seaweed,
by the riverside, in the month of October. A Kinglet that I wounded
in the woods and brought home, was very tame ; it was perfectly gentle
from the first, showed no signs of fear, and ate bread, soaked in milk,
almost immediately. On being allowed the range of the room, it at
once commenced the destruction of the insects that infested our
house plants.

Dimensions. — Average measurements of fourteen specimens : length,
4-07; stretch, 6-75; wing, 2-14; tail, 1-75.

Family, PARED JE.

11. Parus atricapillus, Linne. Black-capped Chickadee. A
common, resident species ; breeds. They are gregarious, affecting all
kinds of woods, but, in winter, are generally found in the evergreens.
Large flocks are seen rustling among the reeds of the salt marshes,
in spring. I have sometimes seen straggling flocks of Chickadees
flying across an open space in the forest, uttering their rare cry of
phebe high in the air as they passed overhead. This curiously whis-
tled note sometimes breaks the winter stillness of the woods ; and
its authorship has been a puzzle to many persons.

179

They nest in holes in trees. Their eggs, six or eight in number, are
deposited early in May. They generally select solitary places for
nesting, and are particularly attached to the stunted oak-trees that
grow on the mountain tops, and ledges, near the river. On May 11th,
1876, I found a pair of Chickadees that were building their nest in a
hole, in a tree that stood in a swamp. The birds were collecting ma-
terials for its construction. They gathered a sort of cottony fuzz
that grew upon the stems of some tall ferns ; alighting at the bases of
these plants, they ascended, gleaning, to the very tops, which often
bent down under their weight until they touched the water, when they
flew to another plant. In this way they gleaned among the ferns
until they had accumulated bundles of this substance in their bills, as
large as hickory nuts, before depositing it in the tree. Both male and
female were working at once. Their timidity often leads them to
build their nests in the middle of a stream or morass. Of man, how-
ever, they have little fear. Being very fond of flesh, a strip of meat
fastened to the porch, 'is quite sufficient an attraction to bring numbers
of them about the house. I have been amused to see them taking
liberties with the salted mackerels that the farmers hang out of doors
to make them sweet. They are hardy, vivacious little birds, often
coming about the dwellings, where their sprightly manners and cheery
notes make them familiar to all. They have quite a variety of notes,
and among them a very singular love note that I first heard April 30th,
1878. I saw two of them feeding in a pine-tree, by the river, that at-
tracted my attention by a singular shivering note that was quite new
to me. They were caressing one another, and, at the moment of utter-
ance, were passing food from one bill to another. On search, I dis-
covered their nest, which was placed in a decayed branch of an oak-
tree, on the edge of a cliff. I sometimes see Chickadees in New York
city. I recollect one morning, walking up Broadway, I heard the
characteristic tshe-de-jay, tshe-de-jay, close at hand. I looked about
me, but could see nothing of the bird, and began to wonder whether
my own thoughts had not translated me from the bustling street into
the country woods ; but, as I paused, I heard it again, this time its
unmistakable 'tshe, daigh ddigh daigh; looking overhead, I saw my
friend, Parus, perched upon a telegraph wire, critically examining the
numerous strands, that formed a network over the street; occasion-
ally desisting from this important employment, he would take a cool
survey of the scene below ; the prospect in the street evidently pleased
him, and the color and bustle had an exhilirating effect on his spirits,
so that he would burst forth into a voluble expression of his approval
of the goings-on in the great thoroughfare, and it was this that at
first attracted my attention.

Dimensions. — Average measurements of thirteen specimens : length,
5-27; stretch, 8-02; wing, 2-53; tail, 2*43; culmen, -37; tarsus, -60.

180

Monday, December 2, 1878.

Meeting this evening at 7.30 p. m. The President
in the chair. Records of preceding meeting read. Do-
nations and correspondence announced.

Mr. Charles Derby gave an account of the flora of
the Sandwich Islands, alluding more especially to the
palms. Of these he specified the Cocos nucifera, Areca
catechu, Caryota urens, Caryota sobolifera, Arenga sac-
charifera, Arenga obtusifolia, Pritchardii martii, Pritchar-
dii gaudichaudii, Livistonia australis, Livistonia subglo-
bosa, Sago vitiensis, etc., mentioning some of the uses in
the economy of life that the inhabitants of these islands
derive from this source.

Mr. Derby said that the royal palm was introduced
some forty years since into the Islands by Rev. D. Jucld,
the missionary. He brought the seed from Havana.
This palm grows to the height of some one hundred and
seventy-five feet and is a strikingly beautiful tree.

There are many fine specimens on the Island of the
rattan {Calamus rotang) that grows rapidly, a single
plant often running some seven hundred feet in length.

This subject was discussed by Dr. George A. Per-
kins, who spoke of the palms growing at Cape Palmas
on the western coast of Africa, and by Mr. C. Cooke of
those on the eastern coast of Africa, Zanzibar, both of
these gentlemen having resided several years in these
respective localities, and having devoted much attention
to the study of natural history.

181

Monday, December 16, 1878.

Meeting this evening at 7.30 o'clock. Dr. Amos II.
Johnson in the chair. Records of preceding meeting
read.

Prof. Alpheus Hyatt occupied the evening with re-
marks on the subject of "Heredity ," which is now attract-
ing the attention of the scientific public. He presented
a circular which had been prepared under the direction of
the Massachusetts State Board of Health, inviting the
cooperation of medical, historical, genealogical, archae-
ological, ethnological, and natural history societies and
persons in the investigation of this subject : and request-
ing a reply to the series of questions therein specified and
to return the same to the secretary of the Board.

Mr. Hyatt was listened to with marked attention. His
remarks were illustrated by diagrams and the use of the
blackboard. Mr. Hyatt has been appointed by the Board
to assist in examining the returns and to deduce there-
from such results that will advance the cause of scientific
enquiry.

WHW