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BULLETIN

ESSEX INSTITUTE,

VOLUME XI.

1879.

SALEM, MASS.

PRINTED AT THE SALEM PRESS.

1880.

/'

1425139

CONTENTS.

Page.
A Catalogue of the Fishes of Essex County, including the Fauna

of Massachusetts Bay and the contiguous deep waters ; by G.

Brown Goode and T. H. Bean, . 1

Regular Meeting, Monday, January 6, 1879, .... 39
Ornithological Explorations of the Lesser Antilles ; by Frederick

A. Ober, 39

A List of the Birds of the Hudson Highlands, with annotations ;

by Edgar A. Mearns (continued), 43

The Solar Eclipse of 1878; a lecture before the Institute, by

Winslow Upton, 53

Notes on the native and extensively introduced woody Plants of

Essex County, Massachusetts ; by John Robinson, ... 72

Meeting, Tuesday, January 21, 1879, 107

Meeting, Monday, February 3, 1879, 107

Meeting, Friday, February 28, 1879 107

A Paper upon the Old Merchants of Salem; by Nath'l Silsbee,

Notice of, 107

The Enharmonic Key-board of Prof. Henry Ward Poole ; by Theo-
dore M. Osborne, 109

Meeting, Monday, April 7, 1879, 123

Meeting, Thursday, April 24, 1879, 123

Meeting, Monday, May 5, 1879, 123

Annual Meeting, Monday, May 19, 1819, . . . . . 124

Retrospect of the Year, 124; members, 124; meetings, 126; lectures and
concerts, 127; excursions, 129; museum, 129; horticultural exhibition,
130; landing of John Endicott, 131; publications, 131; library, 132;
financial. 140; election of officers, 142.

Meeting, Monday, June 1, 1879, 143

Field Meeting at South Peabody, Friday, June 20, 1879, . . 143

Remarks by the President, Rev. George F. Wright of Andover, James
H. Emerton, Rev. C. C. Carpenter, and others.

Field Meeting at Andover, Friday, June 27, 1879, . . ,145

The excursion, 145. Remarks of Rev. George F. Wright, Prof. W. H.
Miles; a chapter of the forthcoming history of Andover, by Miss
Sarali L. Bailey, read by Rev. F. H. Johnson, 140. Remarks by Mr.
Goldsmith of Andover, J. H. Emerton, Rev. Selah Merrill, Rev. E. S.
Atwood and G. W. W. Dove.

(Hi)

iv CONTENTS.

Regular Meeting, Monday, July 7, 1879, 149

Memoir of Mr. James Upton, by Rev. R. C. Mills, read. Notice of, 149.
Remarks by Dr. G. A. Perkins and Mr. James Kimball, 150.

Field Meeting, Thursday, July 31, 1879, at Danvers, . . .150

Excursion, 150. Remarks by the President, 151; Andrew Nichols, 152;
Dr. Calvin S. May. Rev. L. M. Livermore, J. H. Emerton, Dr. George
A. Perkins, Rev. W. E. C. Wright, and Rev. F. Israel.

A List of the Birds of the Hudson Highlands, with annotations ;

hy Edgar A. Mearns (continued), 154

Catalogue of books published by Essex Institute, . . . 168

Field Meeting at Ray View, Gloucester, Wednesday, August 27,

1879, 173

Excursion, 173; Cape Ann Granite Co., 175; remarks of Col. French,
177: Dr. Thomas Conant, 178; James Davis, 178; James H. Emerton,
17!); Charles D. Drake, 179; A. Hyatt, 179; N. A. Horton and others,
180.

Meeting, Monday, September 15r 1879, 181

James Samuelson, lecture on Darwinism, notice of, 181.
Meeting, Thursday, September 18, 1879, 182

James Samuelson, lecture on the Classification of Animals, notice of,
182.

Meeting, Monday, October 6, 1879, 184

Meeting, Monday, October 20, 1879, 184

William H. Tappan, lecture on Gold and Silver Mines and Mining,
notice of, 184.

Meeting, Monday, November 3, 1879, 185

Meeting, Monday, November 17, 1879 185

James II. Emerton, lecture on the Animals at the Bottom of Salem
Harbor, notice of, 185.

Meeting, Monday, December 1, 1879, 187

Meeting, Monday, December 15, 1879, 187

W. S. Nevins, lecture, An Account of a Visit to Pompeii, notice of, 187.

A List of the Birds of the Hudson Highlands, with annotations;

by Edgar A. Mearns (continued), ► 189

BULLETIN

IBSSIEIX INSTITUTE.

Vol. 11. Salem, Jan., Feb., Mar., 1879. Nos. 1, 2, 3.

A Catalogue of the Fishes of Essex County, Massachu-
setts, including the fauna of Massachusetts Bay and
the contiguous deep waters.

By G. Brown Goode and Tarleton H. Bean.

PREFATORY NOTE.

The following catalogue has been prepared at the request of the
officers of the Essex Institute as an aid to the arrangement and study
of the Institute collection1 of local species. It is believed to be com-
plete to the date of publication, and, through the courtesy of Prof.
Baird, includes the latest additions made to the fauna by the U. S.
Fish Commission in its explorations from the summer stations at
Gloucester (1878), Salem and Halifax (1877), Portland (1873), and
Eastport (1872).

The field is by no means an untrodden one, having been well trav-
ersed during the half-century past by Wheatland, Storer, Agassiz, and
Putnam. The improved methods of deep sea research and the zeal
of the Gloucester fishermen have, however, been instrumental in add-
ing many new species to the list. Too much cannot be said in com-
mendation of the captains and crews of the off-shore fishing fleet, who
have taken an active part in the scientific exploration of the fishing
banks, and who have brought in during the past eight months several
thousand natural history specimens in alcohol, besides making impor-

xThe scientific collections of the Essex Institute are deposited in the museum
of the Peabody Academy of Science.

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN. XI I

tant physical observations, and recording many valuable observations
on the methods employed in the fisheries.

The latest list of the fishes of Massachusetts Bay is the one in
Storer's "History of the Fishes of Massachusetts," published in 1867.
In that work 134 species were enumerated, with a nominal list of 21
others in an appendix : of the 155 species mentioned, only 111 are
marine or brackish-water species known to occur north of Cape Cod ;
99 of these are recognized as valid species in this catalogue, and it is
but justice to Dr. Storer's accurate workmanship to say that only two
or three of those rejected are among the 131 which were described
and illustrated by him in the body of his book, viz. : Murcenoides ingens,
Murcenoides macrocephalus and Petromyzon nigricans. Several of his
species have, however, been identified with well known European
forms ; and the laws of priority have made necessary changes in the
nomenclature of several others.

We enumerate below 183 species, of which 163 inhabit salt or brack-
ish water, 20 fresh water. Of the marine species, 104 have actually
been recorded from Essex County, Massachusetts, or from localities
within ten miles of its shores, the aggregate for Essex County, includ-
ing the fresh water species, being 124 : the number of marine species
from within the limits of Massachusetts Bay, that is, inside of a line
from Cape Cod to Cape Ann, is 133; while 29 are from the deeper off-
shore waters in the vicinity of Georges, Le Have, Browns and Sable
Island Banks. Out of the number recorded from Massachusetts Bay,
83 may be regarded as resident, or regularly to be expected ; 46 others
are known only as stragglers, and for knowledge of most of these
science is indebted to the vigilant outlook kept by Capt. N. E. Atwood
from his station on the tip end of Cape Cod. At the end of the paper
are given tabular lists showing the faunal relations of the species
which are enumerated in the catalogue.
Smithsonian Institution, March 1, 1879.

CATALOG-UE.

Class PISCES.

Sub- class Teleostei.

Order PEDICULATI.

Family LOPHIIDJE.

1. Lophius piscatorius Linn. Goose-fish. Lophius america-
nus Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass., 1867, p. 101, pi. xviii, fig. 2. A common
resident of the deep waters, often coming to the shores. The museum

3

of the Essex Institute has a specimen, about four inches in length,
taken on the banks of Newfoundland, in 1856, by L. J. Johnson. This
is probably the most northern recorded occurrence of the species in
the western Atlantic, except an unconfirmed statement by Pennant of
its appearance in Hudson's Bay.

Order PLECTOGNATHI,
Sub-order GYMNODONTES.
Family ORTHAGORISCID^E.

2. Mola rotunda Guv. Sun-fish. Orthagoriscus mola Storer,
Hist. Fish. Mass., 1867, p. 226, pi. xxxiv, fig. 2. Frequently seen on
warm summer days, floating on its side at the surface. An individual,
four feet in length, was taken off Gloucester, July 31, 1860. The
Essex Institute has a specimen, stuffed, taken in Salem harbor in the
summer of 1863.

Family TETRODONTID^.

3. Cirrisomus turgidus {Mitch.) Jordan & Gilbert. Swell-
fish. Tetrodon turgidus Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass., 1867, p. 223, pi.
xxxiii, fig. 5. The museum of the Essex Institute has a specimen
from Salem harbor, probably that recorded by Wheatland (Jour. Essex
Co. Nat. Hist. Soc, 1852, p. 124) as having been taken in 1848. The
species has also been found at Provincetown by Capt. N. E. Atwood.

Sub-order SCLEBODEBMA.
Family BALISTIDJE.

4. Balistes capriscus Linn. Dusky File-fish. Balistes fuli-
ginosus DeKay, Zool. N. Y. Fish., 1842, p. 339, pi. lvii, fig. 188. This
species has several times been taken at Newport, R. I., and Wood's
Hole, Mass. In the Colonial Museum at Halifax is a specimen said to
have been taken on the coast of Nova Scotia. The species should be
looked for in Massachusetts Bay.

5. Alutera Schoepfii (Walb.) Goode & Bean. Orange File-
fish. Monacanthus aurantiacus Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass., 1867, p.
9, pi. xxxiv, fig. 3. Ceratacanthus aurantiacus Gill. Alutera cuspi-
cauda DeKay. Aluteres cuspicauda Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass., 1867, p.
233, pi. xxxv, fig. 2. Seldom seen north of Cape Cod. A single indi-
vidual was taken at Forest River Lead Works, Salem, Aug. 9, 1845,
and is now in the museum of the Essex Institute. A. cuspicauda is
the young of this species.

6. Monacanthus setifer Bennett. Bennett's File-fish. Mona-
canthus massachusettensis Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass., 1867, p. 231, pi.
xxiv, fig. 4. Monacanthus signifer Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass., 1867, p.
232, pi. xxxv, fig. 1. Occasionally seen in summer in protected bays.
Storer records specimens from Hingham, Lynn, Nahant, and Boston.

Order LOPHOBRANCHII,

Sub-order S YNGNA Till.

Family HIPPOCAMPID^.

7. Hippocampus antique-rum Leach. Sea Horse. ? Hippo-
campus hudsonius Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass., 1867, p. 222, pi. xxxiii, fig.
4. Hippocampus antiquorum Goode, Bull. U. S. National Museum, i,
p. 45, 1878. A single individual was obtained on George's Banks in
1873, by a Portland mackerel schooner. This, or some nearly allied
species, has been seen in Massachusetts Bay.

Family SYNGNATHID^.

8. Siphonostoma Peckianum {Storer) Gill. Syngnathus Pecki-
anus Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass., 1867, p. 218 (in part). Siphonostoma
Peckiana Gill, MSS. A specimen was taken in South Mill Pond,
Salem, in 1855 (Essex Institute collection).

9. Siphonostoma fuscum (Storer) Jordan & Gilbert. Syngna-
thus Peckianus Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass., 1867, p. 218 (in part), pi.
xxxiii, fig. 3. Specimens were seined by the U. S. Fish Commission,
near Beverly bridge, August, 18J7.

Order HEMIBK AN CHII.

Family CENTRISCID^l.

10. Centriscus scolopax Linn. Snipe Fish. Centriscus scolo-
pax Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass., 1867, p. 279. A single individual of this
European species was taken at Provincetown, in 1857, by Capt. N. E.
Atwood.

Family FISTULARIID^.

11. Fistularia serrata Cuv. Tobacco-pipe Fish. Fistularia
serrata Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass., 1867, p. 140, pi. xxv, fig. 1. A speci-
men of this species, taken at Rockport, Mass., Sept., 1865, is in the
collection of the Essex Institute.

Family GASTEROSTEID^.

12. Gasterosteus aculeatus Linn. Two-spined Stickle-back.
Gasterosteus biaculeatus Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass., 1867, p. 40, pi. viii,
figs. 2, 3; Putnam, Proc. Essex Institute, i, 1855, p. 148. A resident
species associated with those which follow.

13. Gasterosteus aculeatus, sub-species, trachurus. Gaste-
rosteus Wheatlandi Putnam, Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1867, p. 4; and in
Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass., 1867, p. 278. Specimens of this form taken
at Nahant, April 15, 1859, by R. H. Wheatland, M. D., are distinguished
by (1) absence of scales on the posterior part of the body, there being
six or eight on the anterior part, in front of the second dorsal spine ;
(2) the uncarinated tail; (3) its small size; and (4) its "short and
deep" appearance. None of these characters are of specific value in
this genus, the range of individual variation in form and squamation
being very wide.

14. Gasterosteus pungitius Linn. Many-spined Stickleback.
Gasterosteus DeKayi Putnam, Proc. Essex Inst., i, 1855, p. 148; Storer,
Hist. Fish. Mass., 1867, p. 43, pi. viii, fig. 5. Pygosteus occidentalis
Brevoort, in Gill's Catalogue of the Fishes of the Eastern Coast of
North America, 1861, p. 16. A resident species, associated with the
preceding and following species, but less abundant. The Essex
Institute Museum has specimens two and a half inches long from
Salem Mill Pond collected by F. W. Putnam.

15. Apeltes quadracus (Mitchill) Brevoort. Four-spined Stic-
kleback. Gasterosteus quadracus Putnam, Proc. Essex Inst., 1855, p.
148; Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass., 1867, p. 41, pi. viii, fig. 4. A resident
species frequenting grassy bays and brackish water near the mouths
of streams. Many specimens from Salem and vicinity in the museum
of the Essex Institute.

Order TE LEO C EPH ALL

Sub-order HETEBOSOMATA.
Family SOLEID^.

16. Solea vulgaris Linn. English Sole. Solea vulgaris Giin-
ther, Catalogue of the Fishes in the British Museum, iv, 1862, p. 463.
Two individuals of this species were set free in Massachusetts Bay
in 1877, by the U. S. Commissioner of Fisheries.

17. Achirus lineatus Cuv. American Sole. Achirus mollis
Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass., 1867, p. 206, pi. xxxii, fig. 1. Storer records
the capture of two specimens of this species in 1847, in Charles River,
near Boston, and of a single specimen in 1850, at Nahant, which

appears to be its northern limit. Captain Atwood found it abundant
at Provincetown, in 1856.

Family PLEURONECTID^.

18. Pleuronectes glaber (Storer) Gill. Smooth Flounder,
Fool-fish, Christmas Fish. Platessa glabra Storer, Hist. Fish.
Mass., 1867, p. 199, pi. xxxi, fig. 1. Euchalarodus Putnami Gill, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1864; Putnam, in Storer's Hist. Fish. Mass.,
1867, p. 279. Specimens from Salem Harbor, Nov. 15, 1872, are in the
Museum of the Peabody Acad, of Science, as well as several others
collected by Mr. Walker, between 1868 and 1874. The Fish Commis-
sion obtained young specimens of about two and a half inches, at
Beverly bridge, in August, 1877. Others in the collection of the
Essex Institute were taken in Salem Harbor, Nov. 15, 1872, measuring
from three to four inches. The species appears in Salem Harbor in
abundance in late December and early January, coming up into
shallow water to spawn. Dr. Bean has demonstrated the fact, that
Euchalarodus Putnami Gill, is the male of this species. In every par-
ticular except in dentition this species exactly corresponds with Pleu-
ronecter passer and P. flesus of Europe.

19. Pseudopleurjonectes americanus (Walb.) Gill. Flat-
fish. Platessa plana Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass., 1867, p. 195, pi. xxx,
fig. 2. A very common resident species, occurring in winter and
summer on muddy bottoms in shoal water.

20. Limanda ferruginea (Storer) Goode & Bean. Rusty Floun-
der. Platessa ferruginea Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass., 1867, p. 198, pi.
xxx, fig. 4. Platessa rostrata H. R. Storer, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist,
v, 1, 1857, p. 268, pi. viii, fig. 2. A common resident species inhab-
iting the deep waters of the bay in summer, and approaching the
shores in winter. H, R. Storer's species from Labrador is not
distinct from this.

21. Glyptocephalus cynoglossus (Linn.) Gill. Craig Floun-
der. Glyptocephalus cynoglossus Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phil.,
1873, p. 361. Glyptocephalus acadianus Gill, 1. c. A common resident
species inhabiting the deepest part of the bay, but never discovered
until 1877, when the U. S. Fish Commission found them in great
abundance off Salem.

22. Lophopsetta maculata (Mitch.) Gill. Spotted Sand
Floundkr. Pleuronectes maculatus Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass., 1867,
p. 204, pi. xxxi, fig. 4. The Essex Institute museum has a specimen
from Salem Harbor, by S. L. Walker, in July, 1870, and several spec-
imens were obtained by the U. S. Fish Commission in 1878, in Glouces-
ter Harbor, and at Milk Island. Storer knew it only from Province-

town, where it was observed by Capt. Atwood and himself. The
species ranges north to Bucksport, Me.

23. Hippoglossoides platessoides (Fabricius) Gill. Sand
Dab, Arctic Flounder. Platessa dentatus Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass.,
1867, p. 197, pi. xxx, fig. 3. Hippoglossoides limandoides Goode &
Bean, Am. Journ. Sci. and Arts, xvii, 1876, p. 39. A common species
in the deep waters of the bay, approaching the shores in winter.

24. Pseudorhombus dentatus (Linnceus) Gunther. Common
Flounder. Platessa oblonga Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass., 1867, p. 201,
pi. xxxi, fig. 2. Storer states that this species occurs as far up the
Cape as Wellfleet.

25. Pseudorhombus oblongus (Mitchill) Gunther. Four-
spotted Flounder. Platessa quadrocellata Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass.,
1867, p. 203, pi. xxxi, fig. 3. A single individual was taken at the
mouth of Salem Harbor, by the U. S. Fish Commission.

26. Hippoglossus vulgaris Fleming. Halibut. Hippoglossus
vulgaris Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass., 1867, p. 192, pi. xxx, fig. 1. Once
very abundant in Massachusetts Bay, but now found chiefly at a depth
of 100-250 fathoms in the slopes of the outer banks where they are
sought by about thirty Gloucester fishing schooners. Individuals are
occasionally taken near the shore. In 1875, one weighing about 200
pounds was caught by a dory fisherman off Half-way Rock, Salem
Harbor, and one still larger in Gloucester Harbor in August, 1878.

27. Platysomatichthys hippoglossoides (Walb.) Goode &
Bean. Turbot. Beinhardtius hippoglossoides Gill, Cat. Fish. E. Coast,
N. America, 1861, p. 50; name of genus only. Platysomatichthys pin-
guis Bleeker, Verslagen en Mededelinger der Koninklijke Akademie
van Wetenschappen, Amsterdam, xiii, 1862, p. 426. Hippoglossus grcen-
landicus Gunther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., iv, 1862, p. 404. An arctic
species, frequently brought in by the halibut schooners. Its range
extends as far south as the gully between Le Have & Brown's Banks
and George's Banks.

Sub-order JUGULABES.
Family MACRURID^.

28. Macrurus Fabricii Sundeval. "Grenadier," "Rat-tail."
Macrurus rupestris Gunther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., iv, 1862, p. 390.
An arctic deep-sea species which ranges as far south as George's
Banks and is caught in great quantities on the trawl lines of the fisher-
men.

29. Macrurus Bairdii Goode & Bean. Baird's Grenadier.
Macrurus Bairdii Goode & Bean, Amer. Jour. Sci. and Arts, xiv, 1877,
pp. 471-473. A deep-sea species found in the deep waters of Massa-

chusetts Bay and the Gulf of Maine ; discovered by the U. S. Fish
Commission in 1877.

Family GADID^.

30. Gadus morrh.ua Linnaeus. Cod-fish. Morrhua americanus
Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass., 1867, p. 165, pi. xxvii, fig. 4. Very abun-
dant in the deeper waters off the coast of New England, and coming
up the shoals and near the shores to spawn from November, about
Cape Ann, to Februrary, on George's Banks.

31. Pollachius carbonarius {Linn.) Bon. Pollock. Merlan-
gus purpureas Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass., 1867, p. 180, pi. xxvii, fig. 3.
An extremely abundant resident species which, but for foolish preju-
dice, would constitute an important food resource.

32. Microgadus tomcodus (Walb.) Gill. Tom-cod, Frost-
fish. Morrhua pruinosa Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass., 1867, p. 179, pi.
xxvii, fig. 5. A resident species, entering brackish water; common
about the wharves and bridges in summer, and taken with nets and
hooks in winter in company with the smelt.

33. Melanogrammus seglefinus (Linn.) Gill. Haddock. Mor-
rhua ceglefinus Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass., 1867, p. 177, pi. xxviii, fig. 1.
A common resident species.

34. Phycis tenuis (Mitch.) DeKay. Hake. Phycis americanus
Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass., 1867, p. 187, pi. xxix, fig. 3. A common
resident species.

35. Phycis chuss {Walb.) Gill. Phycis filamentosus Storer, Hist.
Fish. Mass., 1867, p. 189, pi. xxix, fig. 4. Less abundant than the
preceding, from which it it distinguished only by the greater size of
its scales.

36. Phycis Chesteri Goode & Bean. Long-finned Hake. Phy-
cis Chesteri Goode & Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, p. 256. A
graceful species discovered in 1878, by the U. S. Fish Commission in
the deep waters of the bay; only a few specimens have been seen.

37. Phycis regius (Walb.) Jord. & Gilb. Spotted Hake. Phycis
regalis Gunther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., iv, 1862, p. 354. Urophycis regius
Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila. This species has been observed at
Halifax, N. S., and from southern New England. It may therefore
claim a place in the fauna of Massachusetts Bay.

38. Haloporphyrus viola Goode & Bean. Blue Hake. Halo-
porphyrus viola Goode & Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, p. 257.
A species inhabiting the outer slopes of the off-shore banks, at a
depth of 200 fathoms or more, and frequently taken by the fishermen
on their trawl lines.

39. Onos (Rhinonemus) cimbrius (Linn.) Goode & Bean,

Gadus cimbrius Linn., Syst. Nat. Onos cimbrius Goode & Bean, Proc.
U. S. National Mus., 1878, p. 348. Motella caudacuta Storer, Hist.
Fish. Mass., 1867, p. 183, pi. xxix, fig. 1. A resident of the deep
waters of the bay where it occurs in considerable abundance. The
young fish swim at the surface and have been wrongfully identified
with the Mackerel Midge, Ciliata argentata, which is, at best, a doubt-
ful species, and perhaps the young of a species of Onos.

40. Brosmius brosme {Midler) White. Cusk. Brosmius fla-
vescens Storer (not Lesueur), Hist. Fish. Mass., 1867, p. 190, pi. xxix,
fig. 2. Brosmius brosme Gunther, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., iv, 1862,
p. 369. Brosmius flavescens of Lesuer was apparently founded upon a
deformed specimen. A common resident of the inshore fishing
grounds, where it occurs in great abundance, lurking among the
stones, but is soon caught up by the fishermen after the discovery of
a new bank.

Family MERLUCIIDJE.

41. Merlucius bilinearis {Mitch.) Gill. Whiting. Silver
Hake. Merlucius albidus Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass., 1867, p. 185, pi.
xxviii, fig. 2. A frequent visitor to the shores, probably a resident of
the middle depths. Young were frequently trawled in deep water by
the U. S. Fish Commission. This species may easily be distinguished
from M. vulgaris of Europe by the greater number of rays in the first
dorsal (X-XI in M. vulgaris, XII-XIII in M. bilinearis), and by the
larger size of the scales (L. lat. about 150 in M. vulgaris, 100-110 in
M. bilinearis).

Family LYCODIM}.

42. Lycodes Verrillii Goode & Bean. Verrill's Lycodes. Lyco-
des Verrillii Goode & Bean, Amer. Jour. Sci. and Arts, xvi, 1877, p. 474.
A common resident of the deep water of the bay, first discovered in
1877, by the U. S. Fish Commission, in the Gulf of Maine, attains the
length of seven inches or more.

43. Lycodes Vahlii Beinhardt. Vahl's Lycodes. Lycodes
Vahlii Gunther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., iv, 1862, p. 319. This species
hitherto known only from Greenland, was taken by Capt. Z. Hawkins
and the crew of the schooner "Gwendolen," of Gloucester, at a depth
of 300 to 400 fathoms, in Lat. 42° 43' N, and between Long. 62° 20',
and 63° 20' W.

44. Lycodes paxillus Goode & Bean. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ii,
1879. A single specimen was obtained by Captain Collins in the gully
between Le Have and Sable Island Banks.

45. Zoarces anguillaris {Beck.) Storer. Mutton-fish. Zoarces

10

anguillaris Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass., 1867, p. 97, pi. xvii, fig. 4. A
common resident of deep water, frequently approaching the shore.
In the young a large black blotch, almost equal in diameter to the eye,
is found on the anterior part of the dorsal fin. This disappears with
age, sometimes before, sometimes after the fish has attained the
length of nine inches. No traces of this can be seen on the young of
the European Z. viviparus, so far as observed by us.

Sub-order ACANTHOPTEBI.
Family CRYPTACANTHIDJ3.

46. Cryptacaxithodes maculatus Storer. Wry-mouth. Cryp-
tacanthodes maculatus Storer, Report, 1839, p. 28, Hist. Fish. Mass.,
1867, p. 34, pi. viii, fig. 6. Cryptacanthodes inornatus Gill. Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci., Phila., 1863, p. 332. (Albino variety.) The following speci-
mens of this unusual species are known to us : (1) seven mentioned
in Storer's work, one from Nahant, one from Dorchester, one from
Provincetown, one from a beach in Nova Scotia, and three from Mas-
sachusetts Bay ; (2) one collected at Provincetown in 1867, by Captain
Atwood, and preserved by the Boston Society of Natural History;
(3) seven collected by the U. S. Fish Commission on the coast of
Massachusetts. Several specimens of this species have been taken
on the shores of Essex County, and of the four known individuals of
the albino form, described by Gill as C. inornatus, one was obtained
at Marblehead and one at Swampscott.

Family STICH^ID^.

47. Eumesogrammus subbifurcatus (Storer) Gill. Pholis
subbifurcatus Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass., 1867, p. 92. Storer records
the capture of a specimen at Nahant, in 1838. It has been taken by
the U. S. Fish Commission at Grand Manan and Halifax, and by Prof.
Verrill off Anticosti.

48. Eumesogrammus unimaculatus (Bernhardt) Goode &
Bean. Stichceus unimaculatus Giinther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., iii, 1861
p. 283. A single specimen from the vicinity of Anticosti was sent to
the National Museum for identification by Mr. Whiteaves.

49. Leptoblennius serpentinus (Storer) Gill. Eel-blenny.
Blennius serpentinus Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass., 1867, p. 91, pi. xvii, fig.
1. (Represents the dorsal as divided, which was accidental.) A com-
mon resident of the deep waters of the bay; a favorite food of the
Cod and Halibut.

60. Leptoclinus aculeatus (Beinh.) Gill. Stichceus aculeatus
Guuther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., iii, 1861, p. 282. The U. S. Fish Com-

11

mission obtained several specimens of this arctic species, previously
known only from Greenland, in Massachusetts Bay, at depths of forty
to ninety fathoms.

Family XIPHIDIONTID^l.

51. Mursenoides gunnellus {Linn.) Goode & Bean. Eock-eel.
Gunnellus mucronatus Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass., 1867, p. 94, pi. xvii,
fig. 2. Common among the rocks near the line of the tide. The Es-
sex Institute has several specimens, the largest six inches long, from
Naugus Head, July, 1862. M. ingens H. E. Storer, and M. macroceph-
alus Girard, are not distinct from this species.

Family ANAEEHICHADIM1.

52. Anarrhichas lupus Linnceus. Wolf-fish, Cat-fish. Anar-
rhichas vomerinus Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass., 1867, p. 99, pi. xviii, fig.
1. Frequent in the deep waters and approaching the shore, particularly
in winter.

53. Anarrhichas minor Olafsen. Spotted Cat-fish, Leopard-
fish. Anarrhichas minor Streenstrup, Vidensk. Meddel. Naturh. Fo-
ren. Kjobenhavn, 1876. This well marked species occurs both along
the shores and in the deep water. The Fish Commission has speci-
mens from off the mouth of Gloucester Harbor and from Eastport,
Maine.

54. Anarrhichas latifrons Streenstrup & Hallg. Blue Cat-
fish. Anarrhichas latifrons Streenstrup, op. cit. Lycichthys latifrons
Gill, in Baird's Annual Eecord of Science and Industry for 1876. A
resident of the deep waters in 200 to 400 fathoms on the off-shore
banks. Many specimens have been received from the halibut schoon-
ers.

Family BATEACHIIXaE.

55. Batrachus tau Linnceus. Toad-fish. Batrachus tau Storer,
Hist. Fish. Mass., 1867, p. 105, pi. xix, figs. 1 and 2. In the collec-
tion of the Boston Society of Natural History is a specimen, No. 494,
labelled "Massachusetts Bay." The Fish Commission has collected
no specimens north of Cape Cod.

Family CYCLOPTEEIDiE.

56. Cyclopterus lumpus Linnceus. Lump-fish. Lumpus anglo-
rum Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass., 1867, p. 208, pi. xxxii, fig. 2. Frequently
taken in winter ; the young are often seen swimming at the surface
in summer. A northern fish.

12

57. Eumicrotremus spinosus (Fabricius) Gill. Spiny Lump-
fish. Lumpus spinosus Storer, Syn. Fish. N. A., 1846, p. 230. Cy-
clopterus spinosus Gtinther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., iii, 1861, p. 157. Dis-
covered by the U. S. Fish Commission in the deep water of Massa-
chusetts Bay. Previously known only from Greenland.

Family LIPARIDID^.

58. Liparis vulgaris Fleming. Striped Lump-sucker. Liparis
vulgaris Gunther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., iii, 1861, p. 169; Putnam,
Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 1874, p. 335. A resident of rocky bot-
toms among the roots of the kelp (Laminaria saccharina). Mr. J. H.
Sears was the first to discover this species in the vicinity of Salem,
or indeed in New England, collecting several specimens among the
kelp near Baker's Island, in six feet of water.

59. Liparis Montagui Donovan. Dark Lump-sucker. Liparis
Sp. allied to L. arctica Putnam, in Storer's Hist. Fish. Mass., 1867, p.
280. Liparis Montagui Putnam, Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 1874,
p. 335. With the preceding species, but less frequent. Putnam, in
his papers quoted above, refers to specimens collected by Mr. Alexan-
der and himself at Salem and Nahant.

60. Liparis raimla Goode & Bean. Proc. U. S. National Mus., ii,
1879. A single specimen was trawled by the U. S. Fish Commission
off Chebucto Head, N. S., at a depth of fifty-two fathoms.

Family TRIGLID^.

61. Prionotus evolans {Linn.) Gill. Striped Sea-robin. Prio-
notus lineatus Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass., 1867, p. 16, pi. v, fig. 4. This
species is included with a query in a notice of several fishes of rare
occurrence, by Dr. Henry Wheatland, in the Journal of the Essex Co.
Natural History Society, 1852, p. 124. Its occurrence north of Cape
Cod is still unconfirmed.

62. Prionotus carolinus {Linn.) Cuv. & Val. Web-fingered
Sea-robin. Prionotus palmipes Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass., 1867, p. 18,
pi. v, fig. 1. Storer records the capture of this species at Green
Island and Phillips' Point, Lynn. Specimens from Salem are in the
museum of the Essex Institute. We have examined the supposed
type of P. pilatus Storer, in the museum of the Boston Society of
Natural History. It appears to be identical with P. punctatus, but
the origin of the specimen is somewhat doubtful.

Family AGONID^.

63. Aspidophoroides monopterygius Blocli., Storer. Green-

13

lander. Aspidophoroides monoptenjgius Putnam, Proc. Essex Inst.,
i, 1855, p. 148; Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass., 18G7, p. 32, pi. viii, fig. 1.
An arctic species, occurring in great abundance in the deeper parts of
the bay, and even as far south as Watch Hill, R. I. Storer had speci-
mens from the stomachs of haddock, taken in Massachusetts Bay.

Family COTTIDiE.

64. Cottus octodecimspinosus Mitchill. Sculpin, Toad-fish.
Acanthocottus virginianus Putnam, Proc. Essex Inst., i, 1855, p. 148;
Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass., 1867, p. 28, pi. iv, fig. 2. A common resi-
dent species.

65. Cottus scorpius Linn. Norway Sculpin. Cottus scorpius
Gunther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., ii, p. 158. In an unpublished memoir
Dr. Bean has demonstrated the occurrence of this species in Maine.

66. Cottus scorpius L. subsp. grcanlandicus. "Daddy Scul-
pin," "Grubby," Greenland Sculpin. Acanthocottus variabilis Put-
nam, Proc. Essex Inst., i, 1855, p. 148; Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass., 1867,
p. 26, pi. iv, fig. 1. A very common resident of the bays, particularly
in winter.

67. Cottus seneus (Mitchill) Cuv. & Val. Pigmy Sculpin,
"Grubby." Cottus ceneus Mitchill, Trans. Lit. and Phil. Soc, N. Y.,
1815, p. 381 ; DeKay, Zool. N. Y., Fishes, 1842, p. 52. (Not figure.) A
common resident of shallow water. The Essex Institute has a speci-
men collected at Gloucester, May, 1859, by G. H. Price, labelled " C.
Groznlandicus young," also from Salem, 1859, collected by Caleb Cooke.

68. Uranidea gracilis (Heckel) Gill. River Bull-head. Cot-
tus gracilis Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass., 1867, p. 24, pi. iv, fig. 3. This
species occurs in the streams of eastern New England, and doubtless
in Essex County, though we have no record of its capture within its
limits.

69. Centridermichthys uncinatus (Beinh.) Gunther. Hook-
eared Sculpin. Centridermichthys uncinatus Gunther, Cat. Fish.
Brit. Mus., ii, 1860, p. 172. A species very abundant in the deepest
parts of the bay.

70. Triglops Pingelii Beinh. Mailed Sculpin. Triglops Pin-
gelii Gunther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., ii, 1860, p. 173. Triglops pleuro-
stictus Cope. Occasionally taken in company with the preceding. An
arctic species.

Family HEMITRIPTERIDJE.

71. Hemitripterus americanus (Gmel.) Storer. Sea-raven.
Hemitripterus acadianus Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass., 1867, p. 35, pi. vii,
fig. 4. Putnam, Proc. Essex Inst., i, 1855, p. 148. Common in deep

14

water approaching the shores. Putnam records it from deep water in
Salem Harbor.

Family SCORP^ENID^.

72. Sebastes marinus (Linnaeus) Lutken. Red-fish, "Snapper."
Sebastes norvegicus Putnam, Proc. Essex, Inst., i, 1855, p. 148; Storer,
Hist. Fish. Mass., 1867, p. 38, pi. vii, fig. 1. Common in summer in
the deeper parts of the bay, where it appears to breed. Approaches
the shore in winter. Putnam records it from Salem Harbor. Certain
Scandinavian naturalists recognize two North Atlantic species in this
genus, S. marinus (or norvegicus) and 8. viviparus. Those which have
come to our notice correspond most nearly with the former. The lat-
ter appears to be a dwarf form inhabiting some of the fiords of Nor-
way, and is considered by Collett and others to be a geographical race.

Family LABRID^.

73. Tautoga onitis (Linnaeus) Gunther. Tautog. Tautoga
americana Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass., 1867, p. 110, pi. xx, fig. 2. Abun-
dant in many localities, near rocky ledges and points.

74. Tautogolabrus adspersus (Walb.) Gill. Cunner, Perch.
Ctenolabrus ceruleus Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass., 1867, p. 108, pi. xx, fig.
1. Common everywhere in shallow water and in harbors. Called
" Nipper" at Salem.

Family XIPHIID^.

75. Xiphias gladius Linnaeus. Sword-fish. Xiphias gladius
Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass., 1867, p. 71, pi. xiii, fig. 2. Abundant along
the coast in summer, occasionally coming near the shores.

Family TRICHIURID^.

76. Trichiurus lepturus Linn. Scabbard Fish. Trichiurus
lepturus Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass., 1867, p. 69, pi. xii, fig. 1. Storer
records the capture of this species at Wellfleet, in the summer of
1845. A specimen labelled "Salem Harbor," is in the museum of the
Essex Institute. We are unable to learn the date of its capture.

Family SCOMBRID^3.

77. Scomber scombrus Linn. Mackerel. Scomber vernalis
Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass., 1867, p. 54, pi. xi, fig. 2; Putnam, Proc.
Essex Inst., 1856, i, p. 201. Visit the coast of New England yearly
in enormous schools, appearing in Massachusetts Bay in May, where,

15

after spawning, they remain until October or November. Stragglers
are occasionally taken in the winter.

78. Scomber DeKayi Storer. Chub-mackerel, "Thimble-eye."
Scomber DeKayi Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass., 1867, p. 52, pi. xi, fig. 1.
This species was once very abundant, especially from 1814 to 1825,
but appears now to have become extinct in our waters. Specimens
are much desired by naturalists. It is probably identical with one
of the European species, perhaps S. pneumatophorus.

79. Sardapelamys (Linn.) Cuv. Bonito. Pelamys sarda Storer,
Hist. Fish. Mass., 1867, p. 63, pi. xi, fig. 5. A summer visitor about
Cape Cod, appearing in great schools in company with the Blue-fish.

80. Orcynus thynnus (Linn.) Goode. Horse Mackerel.
Thynnus secundidorsalis Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass., 1867, p. 65, pi. xii,
fig. 4. The Horse Mackerel, barracouta, or albicore is of late years a
common summer visitor. In 1878 Capt. Henry Webb killed thirty-
seven monsters of this species at his weir on Milk Island. A specimen,
now preserved in the Essex Institute, was stranded on the flats of
North River, Salem, Aug. 23, 1846. Its length was nine feet, six
inches. Another specimen, weighing 775 pounds, stranded on the
beach at Beverly, July 29, 1877.

81. Orcynus alliteratus (Baf.) Gill. Little Tunny. Thynnus
thunnina Giinther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., ii, 1860, p. 364. This species
has lately made its appearance on our coast in summer. We are not
aware that any have yet been taken in Massachusetts Bay, but they
are certain to be found at no distant period.

82. Orcynus pelamys (Linn.) Poey. Oceanic Bonito. Thynnus
pelamys Giinther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., ii, 1860, p. 364. Orcynus
pelamys Goode & Bean, Proc. U. S. National Museum, 1878, p. 24.
A single individual of this European species was obtained at Province-
town in 1860, by Mr. J. H. Blake, and many have since been found to
visit the Vineyard Sound.

83. Orcynus alatunga (Linn.) Gill. Long-finned Tunny.
Thynnus alalonga Giinther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., ii, 1860. p. 366.
A specimen was obtained by Capt. William Thompson, of the schooner
"Magic," of Gloucester, in the summer of 1878, on Banquereau, on a
trawl, at a depth of 300 fathoms.

84. Orcynus argentivittatus (Cuv. & Val.) Goode. Frosted
Bonito. Thynnus argentivittatus Giinther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., ii, p.
366. Three or four specimens of a large Orcynus, received from the
New England coast, are provisionally referred to this species.

85. Cybium maculatum Cuv. Spanish Mackerel. Cybium
maculatum Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass., 1867, p. 68, pi. xiii, fig. 1.
Storer records the capture of an individual of this species at Lynn,
July 24, 1841, and states that specimens were obtained at Province-

16

town in August, 1817, and by Captain Atwood, at Monhegan Island in
Maine.

Family CARANGID^.

86. Carangus hippos (Linn.) Gill. Crevalle. Caranx defen-
sor DeKay, Zool. of N. Y. Fishes, 1835, p. 120, pi. xxiv, fig. 72.
Wheatland, Journ. Essex Co. Nat. Hist. Soc, 1852, p. 124. A spec-
imen about eighteen inches in length was taken at Lynn Beach by
Joseph True and its stuffed skin is preserved by the Essex Institute.
This is the only instance of its occurrence north of Cape Cod.

87. Paratractus pisquetus (Cuv. and Veil.) Gill. Jack, Yellow
Crevalle. ? Caranx chrysos Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass., 1867, p. 75, pi.
xiv, fig. 3. This species, cited by Storer, 1. c, as C. chrysos, is, un-
doubtedly, P. pisquetus, judging from the forty-eight plates in the lat-
eral line. He had seen a single individual from one of the bridges
between Boston and Charlestown. Capt: Atwood found Storer's C. r
chrysos occasionally at Provincetown. A single individual was taken
in a net off Gloucester, Sept. 18, 1878.

88. Argyriosus vomer (Linn.) Cuv. & Val. Dollar-fish. Ar-
gyriosus unimaculatus Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass., 1867, p. 78, pi. xiv,
fig. 2. The Peabody Academy has specimens collected by A. F. Gray
at Danvers, Aug. 26, 1876, and in North River, Salem, 1876, by J. W.
Kingsley. The Fish Commission obtained several specimens from
Magnolia and Gloucester, in 1878, and the species has since been
obtained at Halifax, N. S., by Mr. J. Matthew Jones.

89. Seriola zonata (Mitchill) Cuv. and Val. Banded Rudder-
fish. Seriola zonata Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass., 1867, p. 79, pi. xv, fig.
5. Ilalatractus zonatus Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1862, p.
442. Storer records two specimens taken in the harbor of Wellfleet,
one in August, 1844, and one in November, 1849. Capt. Atwood, in
1856, records its occasional occurrence at Provincetown. In the
museum of the Essex Institute are two specimens, one from Beverly,
taken by Samuel Porter, May 16, 1866; another from North River,
Salem, taken by S. F. Goldthwaite.

Family STROMATEID^.

90. Palinurichthys perciformis (Mitch.) Gill. Rudder-fish.
Palinurus perciformis Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass., 1867, p. 74, pi. xiii,
fig. 3. The Rudder-fish may usually be found in summer under float-
ing spars at sea. The Essex Institute has a specimen from Salem,
Aug. 6, is.').").

91. Poronotus triacanthus (reck) Gill. Butter-fish. Bhom-
bus triacanthus Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass., 1857, pi. xv, fig. 4. This

17

species is not unusual in summer, occurring even as far north as
Halifax, N. S. Specimens from Annapolis, N. S., and from Salem
Harbor, are in the Essex Institute collection. At Provincetown,
according to Capt. Atwood, it is very common, and is known as the
" Sheepshead." Storer had it from Boston.

Family ZENID^E.

92. Zenopsis ocellatus (Storer) Gill. Dory. Zeus ocellatus
Storer, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vi, 1858, p. 385; Putnam in Storer,
Hist. Fish. Mass., 1867, p. 279. Zenopsis ocellatus Gill., Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci., Phila., vi, p. 888. A single individual was obtained at
Provincetown, by Capt. N. E. Atwood, which is preserved in the col-
lection of the Boston Society of Natural History — the only specimen
of the species. For 92a see p. 31.

Family SCL^NID^.

93. Cynoscion regalis (Block.) Gill. Squeteague, Weak-fish.
Otolithus regalis Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass., 1857, p. 44, pi. ix, fig. 1.
This species rarely passes to the north of Cape Cod, but, in 1878, three
individuals were taken in the weir at Milk Island, Cape Ann.

94. Pogonias cromis (Linn.) Cuvier. Drum. Pogonias chromis
Giinther, Cat. Fishes E. Coast, N. A., ii, 1860, p. 270. One or two
individuals of this southern species have been observed at Province-
town.

95. Menticirrus nebulosus (Mitch.) Gill. King-fish. Umbrina
nebulosa Putnam, Proc. Essex Inst., i, 1856, p. 201 ; Storer, Hist. Fish.
Mass., 1867, p. 46, pi. ix, fig. 4. Storer records four specimens, one
from a lobster pot at Boston Lighthouse, taken previous to 1833 ; one
from Lynn, 1840 ; and two from Provincetown, July, 1846 and Nov.,
1847, in mackerel nets. The Salem Collection includes two specimens :
one, eight inches long, taken off Marblehead Light, Oct. 15, 1872, by
J. P. Haskell ; another, six and one-half inches long, taken at Spite
Bridge, Danvers, Oct. 28, 1874. No others are recorded from north
of Cape Cod.

Family SPARIDiE.

96. Stenotonms argyrops (Linn.) Gill. Scuppaug, Scup.
Pagrus argyrops Putnam, Proc. Essex Inst., i, 1856, p. 201; Storer,
Hist. Fish. Mass., 1867, p. 49, pi. x, fig. 3. This species, formerly,
rarely passed the boundary of Cape Cod; in 1878, however, thirty-
seven were taken at the Milk Island, Weirs, and they appear to be in-
creasing in abundance.

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN. XI 2

18

This species does not appear to be indigenous north of Cape Cod.
Storer gives the following account of its introduction: "Mr. James
Newcomb, fishmonger, in the Boston market, informs me that, in the
year 1831 or 1832, a smack-load of Scapaugs arrived in Boston Harbor.
A portion of them were purchased by subscription among the fishermen
in the market, and thrown into the harbor. The next season two
specimens were caught from our wharves; in the summer of 1835,
one individual was taken at Nahant, and was considered a very strange
fish, no specimen having been known to have been seen there before ;
in 1836, still another was captured at Nahant. As no specimen had
ever been taken so far north before, and as the few taken would lead
to the inference that those which had been transplanted from Buzzard's
Bay had not bred in the cold waters of this portion of Massachusetts
Bay, we are led to believe that the individuals taken immediately
around Boston, were of the number originally brought from the south.
In the year 1834 or 1835, Capt. Wm. Downes, of Holmes' Hole, car-
ried a smack-load of this species from Vineyard Sound and threw
them overboard in Plymouth Harbor." Op. cit., p. 51. Storer, writ-
ing in 1867, says, that "within a few years small numbers have ap-
peared north of Cape Cod and are yearly captured at Wellfleet and
Sandwich."

Judging from the rare occurrence of the species thus introduced,
it can hardly be considered to have become naturalized; the few
which have been taken were doubtless summer stragglers. In the
Boston Society's Museum is a specimen taken at Swampscott, June
29, 18G0, by J. Phillips. In the Salem Museum is another taken in
Salem harbor, July 23, 1860, by C. A. Putnam. Scup become abun-
dant on the south side of Cape Cod, from the fifth to the twelfth of
May, which would allow ample time for the appearance of a part of
the school off the eastern coast of Massachusetts, as early as the dates
recorded.

Mr. Hinckley, Pres. of Phila., Wilm. & Bait. R. R., informs us that
in the winter of 1833 he found a dead scuppaug on the Cohasset shore ;
this was its first occurrence in that locality, and none of the fishermen
knew it.

In 1856, Capt. Atwood recorded the Scup as very rare at Province-
town.

Family CENTRARCHUXE.

97. Lepiopomus auritus (Linn.) Eaf. Red-tailed Bream.
Fomotis appendix Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass., 1867, p. 14, pi. iii, fig. 4.
This species occurs in Wenham pond and other bodies of fresh water
in Essex County.

98. Eupomotis aureus (Walb.) Gill & Jordan. "Pumpkin

19

Seed." Pond-fish. Pomotis vulgaris Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass., 1867,
p. 12, pi. iii, fig. 1. This species abounds in the fresh water ponds.

99. Enneacanthus obesus (Baird) Gill. Spotted Sun-fish.
Enneacanthus obesus Jordan, Man. Vertebrates, N. America, 1877, p.
245. We notice in the collection of the Essex Institute several speci-
mens of this little species from Wenham lake, Danvers and Beverly.

100. Micropterus pallidas (Baf.) Gill & Jordan. Black Bass.
Huro nigricans DeKay, Zool. of New York Fishes, p. 15, pi. lxix.
The Black Bass has been introduced from northern New York into
numerous ponds throughout the thickly settled portions of New Eng-
land. The allied species, Micropterus achigan, the Small-mouthed
Black Bass, has also been placed in the waters of Massachusetts, and
is probably found in Essex County.

Family SERRANID^.

101. Centropristris atrarius {Linn.) Bon. Black Sea-bass.
Centropristes varius Putnam, Proc. Essex Inst., 1855, p. 144; Storer,
Hist. Fish. Mass., 1867, p. 10, pi. ii, fig. 4. Four individuals are re-
corded from north of Cape Cod; one from Nahant, July 1, 1846, Sto-
rer; one from Salem harbor, May 22, 1855, Putnam; one from Bev-
erly bar, June 20, 1860; and one from Salem, 1866, Wheatland; the
latter two in the museum of the Essex Institute.

Family PERCID^.

102. Perca fluviatilis L. Pond Perch. Perca flavescens Storer,
Hist. Fish. Mass., 1867, p. 4, pi. ii, fig. 1. Abundant everywhere in
ponds and streams.

*

Family ETHEOSTOMATID^.

103. Boloeosoma Olmstedi {Storer) Ag. Storer's Darter.
Etheostoma Olmstedi Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass., 1867, p. 30, pi. iv, fig. 1.
Probably occurs in the small streams of the country.

104. Boleichthys fusiformis (Girard) Jordan. Red-sided
Darter. Boleichthys fusiformis Jordan, Manual Vertebrates, N. A.,
1876, p. 228. This species was described from Charles river. The
Essex Institute has specimens from a small brook of Melrose pond,
collected May 12, 1860 ; from Wenham lake and Newhall's crossing.

Family LABRACID^.

105. Roccus lineatus (Schn.) Gill. Striped Bass. Labrax lin~
eatus Putnam, Proc. Essex Inst., i, 1855, p. 144. Storer, Hist. Fish.

20

Mass., 18G7, p. 6, pi. i, fig. 4. This species is a common resident, pen-
etrating far up the larger rivers.

106. Morone americana (Gmel.) Gill. White Perch. Labrax
rufus Putnam, Proc. Essex lust., i, 1855, p. 144 ; Storer, Hist. Fish.
Mass., 1867, p. 9, pi. i, fig. 1. Common in brackish water, at the
mouths of rivers, and in ponds to which the sea has access, sometimes
becoming land-locked.

The Essex Insitute has specimens from Floating Bridge pond, Sa-
lem, and from Flax pond, Lynn.

Family POMATOMIME.

107. Pomatomus saltatrix (Linn.) Gill. Blue-fish. Temno-
don saltator Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass., 1867, p. 81, pi. xv, fig. 1. The
Blue-fish is an abundant summer resident, appearing in May or June,
and departing in October. For a full account of their periods of ab-
sence from the coast, and abundance, see Professor Baird's essay on
the subject, in his first report as Commissioner of Fisheries.

Family PRIACANTHID^.

108. Pseudopriacanthus altus Gill. Big Eye. Priacanthus
altus Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1863, p. 332 ; Putnam in Storer's
Hist. Fish. Mass., 1867, p. 278. A specimen of this species was taken
at Marblehead beach, Sept. 3, 1859, by Miss Mary Nichols, of Salem,
and is preserved in the museum of the Essex Institute.

Family AMMODYTID^E.

109. Ammodytes americanus DeKay. Sand-eel^Lant. Am-
modytes americanus Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass., 1867, p. 216, pl.xxxiii,
fig. 2. A common species, especially abundant about Cape Cod, bur-
rowing in the sand shoals. A favorite food of the cod and other pre-
daceous species.

110. Ammodytes dubius BMt. This species is inserted on the
authority of Dr. Giiuther, who identified with it specimens from Bos-
ton, Mass.

Family ECHENEIDJ3.

111. Echeneis naucrateoides (Zuiew.) Gill. White-tailed
Remora, "Sucker." Echeneis albicauda Wheatland, Proc. Essex Co.
Nat. Hist. Soc, 1852, p. 124; Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass., 1867, p. 210,
pi. xxxii, fig. 3. Wheatland refers to a specimen taken at Collius' cove,
Aug., 1850. Another was taken at the mouth of the Merrimac river,
June, 1870, Putnam.

21

112. Remoropsis brachyptera (Lowe) Gill. Sword-fish
Sucker. Echeneis quatuordecemlaminatus Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass.,
1867, p. 212, pi. xxxii, fig. 4. A parasite of the sword-fish (Xiphias
gladius) and not unfrequently accompanying that species into Massa-
chusetts Bay. We have seen specimens from Newfoundland.

113. Remora jacobsea Lowe (Gill). A specimen labelled "Eche-
neis remora," taken in Salem harbor, is in the museum of the Essex
Institute. It should be examined carefully before this species is per-
manently placed on the Massachusetts Bay list, though it is quite pos-
sible that an individual may have found its way to Salem, clinging to
the bottom of some vessel from a southern port.

Family ATHERINID^.

114. Chirostoma notatum (Mitch.) Gill. Silversides, Sand-
smelt. Atherina notata Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass., 1867, p. 87, pi. xvi,
fig. 1. Abundant in summer, in large schools in the shallow bays,
where they breed freely.

Family MUGILID^E.

115. Mugil brasiliensis Agassiz. Striped Mullet. Mugil line-
atus Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass., 1867, p. 39, pi. xvi, fig. 4. Storer re-
cords the capture of a single individual at Provincetown in November,
1851.

Sub-order SYNENTOGNATHI.
Family BELONIDJE.

116. Belone longirostris (Mitch.) Gill. Belone truncata Sto-
rer, Hist. Fish. Mass., 1867, p. 136, pi. xxiv, fig. 3. Occasionally as-
cending rivers far above tide water.

Family SCOMBRESOCID^.

117. Scombresox saurus (Walb.) Flem. " Bill-fish," Skip-
jack. Scomberesox storeri Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass., 1867, p. 137, pi.
xxiv, fig. 4. Schools of this remarkable species are occasionally seen
in the autumn. The Essex Institute has specimens collected in Mas-
sachusetts Bay, Oct., 1855, by C. F. Robbins, and J. Chad wick. Capt.
Hurlbert has seen them as far north as Monhegan Island, Maine.
Putnam has recorded the occurrence of Hemirhamphus sp. in Danvers
Mill Pond.

Sub-order HAPLOMI.
Family CYPEINODONTID^.

118. Hydrargyra majalis (Walb.) Val. Banded Mummichog,
"Bass Fry," "Yellow Tail." Hydrargyra Jlavula Storer, Hist. Fish.

22

Mass., 1867, p. 131, pi. xxiii, fig. 5, male; fig. 6, female. Common in
brackish water. The Essex Institute has specimens one-fourth to
one-third of an inch in length, collected in South Mill Pond, June 19,
1859, by R. H. Wheatland.

119. Fundulus pisculentus (Mitch.) Cuv. & Val. Minnow,
Mummichog, "Cobbler." Fundulus pisculentus Storer, Hist. Fish.
Mass., 1867, p. 128, pi. xxiii, fig. 3, male; fig. 4, female. Common
everywhere in brackish water.

120. Fundulus nigrofasciatus (Les.) Cuv. & Val. Fundulus
nigrofasciatus Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass., 1867, p. 129, pi. xxiii, fig. 1.
Storer records this species from fresh ponds, Cambridge. It has not
been studied by us.

121. Fundulus multifasciatus (Les.) Cuv.& Val. Barred Min-
now. Fundulus multifasciatus Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass., 1867, p.
130, pi. xxiii, fig. 2. Storer speaks of having specimens from Con-
cord and Lowell. A specimen from Wenham lake in the museum of
the Essex Institute agrees with his description. The species has not
been studied by us.

0 |

Family ES0CIDJ3.

122. Esox reticulatus Les. Pickerel, "Federation Pike."
Esox reticulatus Stoker, Hist. Fish. Mass., 1867, p. 133, pi. xxiv, fig. 2.
Common everywhere in ponds and large streams.

123. Esox americanus Gmelin. Brook Pickerel. Esox orna-
tus Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass., 1867, p. 135, pi. xxiv, fig. 2. Not un-
common in the brooks and ponds. The Essex Institute has specimens
from Wenham lake.

Sub-order ISOSPONDYLI.
Family CHAULIODONTID^.

124. Chauliodus Sloanei Schneider. Chauliodus. Chauliodus
Sloanei Giinther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., p. 392. A specimen of this spe-
cies was taken from the stomach of a cod-fish on George's banks by
a Gloucester fisherman and presented to the Essex Institute, June 3,
1874, by Procter Brothers, of Gloucester.

Family SCOPELLLXE.

125. Scopelus gemmifer Goode & Bean. Scopelus gemmifer
Goode & Bean, MS.

126. Scopelus speculiger Goode & Bean. Scopelus speculiger
Goode & Bean, MS. Specimens of the two undescribed species named
above were brought in by several vessels of the Gloucester halibut
fleet.

23

127. Scopelus Humboldtii. Dr. Storer mentions eight speci-
mens identified by him with this species, one from Nahant and nine
from Provincetown.

Family STOMIATID^E.

128. Echiostoma barbatum Lowe. A single individual of this
species was received recently from one of the Gloucester fleet. It
differs somewhat from Dr. Giinther's, but agrees with Lowe's descrip-
tion. E. barbatum has been recorded only from Madeira.

129. Malacosteus niger Ayres. Malacosteus niger Ayres, Bost.
Jour. Nat. Hist., 1849, p. 53; Giinther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., v., 1864,
p. 428. A single specimen eight and one-half inches long is known.
This was the type of Dr. Ayres' description; it was picked up at sea
in lat. 42 degrees N., and long. 50 degrees W.

Family MICROSTOMIDJE.

130. Argentina syrtensium Goode & Bean. Western Argen-
tine. Argentina syrtensium Goode & Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., i,
1878, p. 261. A single individual was taken from the stomach of a hali-
but on LeHave bank, in September, 1878.

131. Osmerus mordax {Mitch.') Gill. Smelt. Osmerus virides-
cens Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass., 1867, p. 149, pi. xxiv, fig. 4. Abundant
in the fall and winter, entering brackish water for the purpose of
spawning. This species is well separated from 0. eperlanus by its
smaller scales. Mallotus villosus has not been recorded south of Hali-
fax, N. S.

Family SALMONID^E.

132. Salmo salar Linn. Salmon. Salmo salar Storer, Hist.
1867, p. 142, pi. xxv, fig. 2. At one time abundant in the rivers of
Massachusetts and now being restored artificially. Enters the rivers
in midsummer and spawns in November. Salmo salar subsp. sebago,
the Land-locked Salmon, has been extensively introduced into the
waters of the State.

133. Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill) Gill & Jordan. Speckled
Trout. Salmo fontinalis Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass., 1867, p. 144, pi.
xxv, fig. 3. A resident of the brooks, some individuals entering the
sea in summer. ,

Family ALEPIDOSAURID^.

134. Alepidosaurus ferox Lowe. Lancet-mouth. Alepido-
saurus ferox Giinther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., v, 1864, p. 421. Many

24

specimens are taken by the cod and halibut schooners on George's
and other fishing banks at the depth of 80 to 400 fathoms.

Family ALEPOCEPHALID^E.

135. Alepocephalus Bairdii Goode & Bean. Proc. U. S. National
Museum, ii, 1879. Baird's Alepocephalus. A single specimen about
two feet loug was taken by one of the Gloucester fishing vessels on
the off-shore banks. Other genera of this family have recently been
described from the abyssal faunae of the mid-Atlantic and Pacific.
The genus Alepocephalus has heretofore been known only from the
Mediterranean.

Family CLUPEID^.

136. Clupea harengus Linnceus. Herring. Clupea elongata
Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass., 1867, p. 152, pi. xxvi, fig. 1. The herring
schools make their appearance in October and November. They
spawn near the shores in November and December and on George's
banks later in the winter.

137. Alosa sapidissima {Wilson) Storer. Shad. Alosa prces-
tabilis Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass., 1867, p. 154, pi. xxvi, fig. 2. Shad
enter the rivers in May in large schools for the purpose of spawning.
They are often taken at sea in the fall. The Essex Institute has a
specimen from Salem harbor.

138. Pomolobus vernalis (Mitch.) Goode & Bean. Alewife.
Alosa tyrannus Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass., p. 156, pi. xxvi, fig. 3. Po-
molobus pseudoharengus Gill (in part). The ale wives enter the rivers
with the shad in spring. They frequent the coasts in large schools in
summer, and some of them perhaps spawn at sea.

139. Pomolobus aestivalis (Mitch.) Goode & Bean. Blue Back,
Kyack. Alosa cyanonoton Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass., p. 161, pi. xxvii,
fig. 1. Pomolobus pseudoharengus Gill (in part). This species, which
much resembles the preceding, from which it may be distinguished by
its smaller eyes, lower fins, and black lining of the abdominal cavity,
does not make its appearance until late spring and early summer.

140. Pomolobus mediocris (Mitch.) Gill. Hickory Shad.
Alosa lineata Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass., 1867, p. 162, pi. xxvii, fig. 2.
Capt. Atwood and Dr. Storer speak of this fish as abundant at Prov-
incetown, and it doubtless occurs at the Essex County side of the bay.
It is easily distinguished from the common alewife by its projecting
under jaw.

141. Brevoortia tyrannus (Latrobe) Goode. Menhaden, Pogy.
Alosa menhaden Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass., 1867, p. 158, pi. xxvi, fig. 4.
A common summer visitor, appearing in enormous schools in May and

25

departing in October and early November. Immense quantities are
seined for the oil and guano factories on the coast of Maine and at
Provincetown. The Essex Institute has specimens of young, three
and one-half inches long, taken at Spite bridge, Danvers, Oct. 28,
1874, interesting from the fact that few young of this species have
been observed north of Cape Cod.

Family ENGRAULIDID^l.

142. Engraulis vittatus (Mitchill) Baird & Girard. Anchovy.
Engraulis vittatus Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass., 1867, p. 163, pi. xxvii, fig.
3. Storer records the capture of a single specimen at Provincetown,
in November, 1852.

Sub-order EVENTOGNATHI.
Family CATOSTOMID^.

143. Catostomus teres {Mitch.) Les. Sucker. Catostomus
bostoniensis Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass., 1867, p. 124, pi. xxii, fig. 3.
Very common in all fresh waters of Massachusetts.

144. Erimyzon sucetta (Les.) Jordan. Chub-sucker. Ca-
tostomus gibbosus Storer, Hist. Fish. 1367, p. 124, pi. xxii, fig. 4. Com-
mon in fresh water; the Essex Institute has specimens from Miles
river, Wenham.

Family CYPRINID^l.

145. Carassius auratus (Linn.) Bleeker. Gold-fish. Cypri-
nus auratus Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass., 1867, p. 115, pi. xxi, fig. 1.
This species was introduced many years ago from China. Storer,
writing in 1867, remarked "It thrives in quite a number of ponds in
the neighborhood of Boston, connected with country seats, bearing
well the rigors of our winter, and breeding freely." The Essex Insti-
tute has specimens from a pond in Salem.

146. Luxilus cornutus (Mitch.) Jordan. Red-fin. Hypsolepis
cornutus Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass., 1867, p. 118, pi. xxi, fig. 3. Com-
mon in streams ; the Essex Institute has specimens from Wenham
lake, and from the Merrimac river at Andover.

147. Wotemigonus chrysoleucus (Mitch.) Jordan. Shiner.
Leucosomus americanus Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass., 1867, p. 117, pi. xxi,
fig. 2. Very common in ponds throughout New, England. The Es-
sex Institute has specimens from Wenham lake.

148. Semotilus bullaris (Baf.) Jordan. Roach, "Dace."
Chilonemus pulchellus Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass., 1867, p. 120, pi. xxii,

26

fig. 2. Not uncommon in fresh water. The Essex Institute has speci-
mens from Wenham lake.

149. Rhinichthys atronasus (Mitch.) Ag. Black-nosed Dace.
Argyreus atronasus Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass., 1867, p. 122, pi. xxi, fig.
4. Common in brooklets everywhere in Massachusetts. The Essex
Institute has specimens from Groveland.

Order NEMATO GN ATHI.
Family SILUKID^.

150. Amiurus catus (Linn.) Gill. "Bull- head," Horned Pout.
Pimelodus atrarius Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass., 1867, p. 118, pi. xx, fig.
3. Common in quiet ponds everywhere.

Order APODES.
Family CONGRID^.

151. Conger vulgaris Cuv. Conger Eel. Conger eels and
their curious transparent young — "phantom fish" — are occasionally
seen. The museum of the Essex Institute has a specimen of the lar-
val form of the so-called Leptocephalus, collected at Nahant beach,
July 22, 1858, by Caleb Cooke.

Family ANGUILLID^.

152. Anguilla vulgaris Turton. Eel. Anguilla bostoniensis
Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass., 1867, p. 214, pi. xxxiii, fig. 1. Eels are
common in both fresh and salt water. They are supposed to descend
to the sea in the fall for the purpose of spawning.

Family NEMICHTHYID^.

153. Nemichthys scolopaceus Bichardson. Snipe-eel. Ne-
michtJiys scolopaceus Giiuther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., viii, 1870, p. 21.
Two specimens of this remarkable eel-like fish have been obtained
from the stomachs of fishes on George's banks.

Family SYNAPHOBRANCHIDJE.

154. Synaphobranchus pinnatus (Gronow) Gunther. Twin-
gilled Eel. Synaphobranchus pinnatus Giinther, Cat. Fish. Brit.
Mus., viii, 1870, p. 23. A common resident of the deep waters of the
off-shore banks in 200 to 300 fathoms, where individuals are often
taken on the fishermen's trawl-lines.

27

Family SACCOPHARYNGID^.

155. Saccopharynx flagellum Mitchill. Gulper. Saccopha-
rynx flagellum Giinther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Museum, viii, 1870, p. 22. A
deep-sea fish. Mitchill's specimen was taken in latitude 52 degrees
N. ; long. 30 degrees W.

Family SIMENCHELYID^.

156. Simenchelys parasiticus Gill. MS. Pug-nosed Eel.
Several specimens of an unclescribed eel-like fish were obtained on
the halibut trawls, on the off-shore banks. This strange form has
much of the physiognomy of a Carapus (Gymnotns), and has a short,
blunt snout, but is a true Apodal and has an eel-like tail. The bran-
chial apertures are short longitudinal slits on each side of the throat
below the pectorals, which are well developed; the dorsal commences
about a head's length behind the pectorals ; the anal considerably in
advance of the second half of the total length. The skin has scales
like those of Anguilla, linear, scattered, and disposed at right angles
to each other. The head is very short ; the premaxillaries and maxil-
laries of each side consolidated into a single piece and separated from
that of the opposite side by the ethmoid, and provided with lamelli-
form posterior margin and an expanded antero-terminal process ;
mandible very deep ; teeth blunt, uniserial ; the operculum sabre-
shaped. The type appears to belong to the suborder of Enchely-
cephali. The single species {Simenchelys parasiticus) is dark brown
colored in life, and individuals have been found burrowing into the
flesh of the halibut.

Sub- class Gakoidea.
Super-order Cliondrostei.

Order GLANIOSTOMI.
Family ACIPENSERID^l.

157. Acipenser oxyrhynclms Mitchill. Sharp-nosed Stur-
geon. Acipenser oxyrhynchus Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass., 1867, p. 237,
pi. xxxv, fig. 4. Ascending rivers and not unusual along the shores.
The Essex Institute has a stufled specimen from the Merrimac, at
Lawrence, collected by C. K. Stevens.

158. Acipenser brevirostris Lesueur. Blunt-nosed Sturgeon.
Acipenser brevirostrum DeKay, Zool. of N. Y., 1842, p. 345. This short-
nosed form of the coast sturgeon is represented in the museum of the
Essex Institute by a stuffed skin obtained at Rockport, by J. N. Martin.

28

Sub-class EiiAS^EOBHAnrcHii:.

Super-order Holocepliali.

Order HOLOCEPHALI.

Family CHIM^RID^.

159. Chimsera plumbea Gill. Brown Chimera. Chimoera
phimbea Gill, Bull. Phil. Soc, Washington, 1877. Very common in the
deep water on the outer edges of banks north of George's Banks, and
often brought in by the Gloucester halibut schooners.

Super-order Plagiostomi.

Order RAIiE.

Sub-order SABCUBA.

Family TORPEDINID^E.

160. Torpedo occidentalis Stover. Cramp-fish. Torpedo
occidentalis Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass., 1867, pi. 271, pi. xxxix, fig. 5.
This species is rarely taken north of Cape Cod. Three or four indi-
viduals have been seen in summer on the south side of Cape Ann. One
was taken near Lanesville, in 1878.

Family RAIAID^J.

161. Raia granulata Gill. MS. A remarkable species with
back and ventral surface covered with minute sharp granular ossifica-
tions obtained by Capt. Joseph W. Collins on Le Have Bank. A spe-
cies of the same type as B. Icevis, and having 30-31 teeth on each side;
the back granulated and slate-colored; the ventrals distinguished by
reticulate markings, and the claspers slender and scarcely expanded.

162. Raia erinacea Mitchill. Clear-nosed Skate. Baia dia-
phanes Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass., 1367, p. 264, pi. 39, fig, 1. Abundant
in the waters of Massachusetts bay at a depth in summer of twenty-
five or thirty fathoms.

163. Raia radiata Donovan. Not uncommon in company with
the preceding.

164. Raia eglanteria Lacepede. Occasionally captured in com-
pany with the preceding; a more southern species.

165. Baia lsevis Mitchill. Barn-door Skate. Baia Icevis Storer,
Hist. Fish. Mass., 1867, p. 266, pi. xxxix, fig. 2. Frequently taken in
deep water.

29

166. Raia ocellata Mitchill. Spotted Skate. Two or three
individuals were collected by the U. S. Fish Commission in 1878.
This species is very abundant in shallow water at Portland, Me.

Family TRYGONID^E.

167. Trygon centmra {Mitch.) Gill. Stingaree. Pastinaca has-
tata Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass., 1867, p. 268, pi. xxxiv, fig. 3. This
species has not been observed north of Cape Cod, but we are in-
formed by Capt. R. H. Hurlbert, of Gloucester, an accurate observer,
that they are sometimes taken on the George's Banks.

Order SQUALL
Family LAMNIME.

168. Lamna cornubica (Gmel.) Flem. Porbeagle, Mackerel
Shark. Lamna cornubica Gunther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., viii, 1870,
p. 389. A young individual, agreeing with the description of this
species by European authors, was taken off Gloucester, in Oct., 1878.

169. Carcharodon Atwoodi (Storer) Gill. Man-eater Shark.
Carcharias Atwoodi Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass., 1867, p. 246, pi. xxxvi,
fig. 4. The type of this species was obtained at Provincetown. One
or two instances of its capture in Massachusetts Bay are on record.

Family CETORHINID^.

170. Cetorhinus maximus (Linn.) Blainv. Bone Shark,
Gurry Shark. Selachus maximus Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass., 1867, p.
253, pi. xxxvii, fig. 3. This gigantic shark is sometimes encountered
by the Gloucester fishermen. Prof. Verrill has recorded2 the occur-
rence in the summer of 1870, at Eastport, Me., of three specimens
twenty-five to thirty feet in length, and one previously taken in 1868,
which measured thirty-five feet. Mitchill writing in 1814, spoke of its
occasional occurrence at Provincetown. Storer mentions a specimen
measuring thirty feet and three inches, harpooned in Provincetown
Harbor, in 1839.

Family ODONTASPIDID^.

171. Eugomphodus littoralis (Mitchill) Gill. Sand Shark.
Carcharias griseus Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass., 1867, p. 241, pi. xxxvi,
fig. 1. Capt. Atwood records this species as very abundant at Prov-
incetown, in 1856, and it doubtless is found in other parts of the bay.

2 Bulletin Essex Institute, III, p. 6.

30

Family ALOPECIID^.

172. Alopias vulpes {Linn.) Bon. Swingle-tail, Thrasher
Shark. Carcharias vulpes Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass., 1867, p. 245, pi.
xxxvi, fig. 3. Several "Swingle-tails," have been taken within the
past ten years, between Boston and Gloucester.

Family SPHYRNIDJE.

173. Sphyrna zygaena (Linn.) Mull. & Henle. Hammer-head
Shark. Zygaena malleus Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass., 1867, p. 262, pi.
xxxviii, fig. 3. According to Captain Atwood, the hammer-head is
"seldom seen" at Provincetown.

174. Eulamia obscura (Le Sueur). Dusky Shark. A "blue
shark" is recognized by the fishermen of Massachusetts Bay, which
is probably either this species or E. Milberti.

Family GALEORHINIDiE.

175. "Prionodon lamia" Putnam. Bull. Essex Inst., vi, 1874,
p. 72. This species was provisionally identified by Prof. Putnam
from a tooth obtained on St. Peter's Bank belonging to a fish esti-
mated to have been at least thirteen feet in length.

176. Mustelus canis (Mitch.) DeKay. Smooth Dog-fish. Mus-
telus canis Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass., 1867, p. 251, pi. xxxvii, figs. 2, 2a.
This species is not unusual about Provincetown in summer, and is
occasionally taken in other parts of the bay. The Essex Institute
has young specimens taken off the Central wharf, Salem, in 1856.

Family SPINACID^.

177. Squalus acanthias Linn. Dog-fish. Acanthias ameri-
ca?ius Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass., 1867, p. 256, pi. xxxviii, fig. 1, la.
Common everywhere in summer, coming up on the fishing grounds in
immense schools and very annoying to fishermen.

178. Centroscyllium Fabricii {Rein.) Mull. & Henle. Green-
land Dog-fish. Centroscyllium fabricii, Gunther, Cat. Fish. Brit.
Mus., viii, 1870, p. 425. Common on the off-shore banks in company
with Centroscymnus.

179. Centroscymnus coelolepis Bocage & Capello. Black
Dog-fish. Centrophorus ccelolepis Gunther, Catalogue Fish. Brit.
Mus., viii, 1870, p. 423. This species is abundant on the off-shore
banks, at the depth of 200 fathoms and more. It is ovoviviparous
like Squalus.

31

Family ECHINORHINIDiE.

180. Echinorhinus spinosus (Omel.) Blainville. Spinous
Shark. Echinorhinus spinosus Giinther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., viii,
1870, p. 428. A single specimen of this species, the first seen in Amer-
ica, drifted ashore at Provincetown in December, 1878.

Family SCYMNLLXE.

181. Somniosus microcephalus (Bloch.) GUI. Sleeper Shark.
Scymnus brevipinna Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass., 1867, p. 259, pi. xxxviii,
fig. 2. Scymnus brevipinna was described by Lesueur in 1818 from a
stuffed specimen he saw at Marblehead. Storer mentions a specimen
he saw at Marblehead. Storer mentions a specimen taken off Port-
land, Me., in 1846, and one at Nahant, as well as three at Province-
town, in 1848-9.

Class MlBIIPOBRAirCHII.

Order HYPEEOARTIA.
Family PETROMYZONTIDJE.

182. Petromyzoxi marinus Linn. Lamprey Eel. Petromyzon
americanus Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass., 1867, p. 275, pi. xxxviii, fig. 4.
Occasionally seen, especially in the rivers. The Essex Institute has
a specimen found clinging to a pollock in Salem market, May 25, 1858,
and also young individuals from Beverly.

Order HYPE ROT RE T A.

Family MYXINID^.

183. Myxine glutinosa Linn. Hag, Slime-fish. Myxine gluti-
nosa Giinther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., viii, p. 510. Occasionally taken
in deep water clinging to dead fish. The Fish Commission obtained
specimens in the trawl, at 175 fathoms, forty-two miles east of Cape
Ann. It was also dredged by Packard and Cooke in the "Bache," in
1873.

ADDENDUM.

02a. Lampris guttata Bebz. Mr. J. Matthew Jones informs us
of the capture of this European species near Sable Island, N. S.

32

FAIHSTAL TABLES.

The following species are known to occur in Massachusetts Bay as
permanent residents or regular visitants. Those which are found
near the shores and on the ordinary fishing grounds, sixty-nine in
number, are mentioned in ordinary type ; those which occur in the
deeper parts of the Bay and are not ordinarily seen, eighteen in num-
ber, are in italics; while in the same list are included the stragglers,
of which only a few specimens have been taken and whose occurrence
must be regarded as accidental. Of these there are forty-six species
in all, and they are enclosed in brackets.

1. Lophius piscatorius. 33.

2. Mola rotunda. 34.

3. [Cirrisomus turgidus.] 35.

4. [Balistes capriscus.] 36.

5. [Alutera Schoepfii.] 37.

6. [Monacanthus setifer.] 39.

7. [Hippocampus antiquorum.] 40.

8. Siphonostoma Peckianum. 41.

9. Siphonostoma fuscum. 42.

10. [Centriscus scolopax.] 45.

11. [Fistularia serrata.] 46.

12. Gasterosteus aculeatus. 47.

13. [Gasterosteus trachurus.]

14. Gasterosteus pungitius. 49.

15. Apeltes quadracus. 50.

17. [Achirus liueatus.] 51.

18. Pleuronectes glaber. 52.

19. Pseudopleuronectes ameri- 53.

canus. 55.

20. Limanda ferruginea. 56.

21. Glyptocephalus cynoglossus. 57.
22.* Lophopsetta maculata. 58.

23. Hippoglossoides platessoides. 59.

24. [Pseudorhombus dentatus.] 61.

25. [Pseudorhombus oblongus.] 62.

26. Hippoglossus vulgaris. 63.

29. Macrurus Bairdii. 64.

30. Gadus morrhua. 66.

31. Pollachius carbonarius. 67.

32. Microgadus tomcodus. 69.

Melanogrammus aeglefinus.

Phycis tenuis.

Phycis chuss.

Phycis CJiesteri.

[Phycis regius.]

Onos (Bhinonemus) cimbrius.

Brosmius brosme.

Merlucius vulgaris.

Lycodes Verrillii.

Zoarces anguillaris.

Cryptacanthodes maculatus.

[Eumesogrammus subbifurca-

tus.]
Leptoblennius serpentinus.
Lepboclinus aculeatus.
Mursenoides gunnellus.
Anarrhichas lupus.
Anarrhichas minor.
[Batrachus tau.]
Cyclopterus lumpus.
Eumicrotremus spinosus.
Liparis vulgaris.
Liparis Montagui.
[Prionotus evolans.]
[Prionotuf carolinus.]
Aspidophoroides monopterygius.
Cottus octodecemspinosus.
Cottus scorpius groenlandicus.
Cottus seneus.
Centridermichthys uncinatus.

33

70.

Triglops Pingelii.

118.

71.

Hemitripterus americanus.

119.

72.

Sebastes marinus.

127.

73.

Tautoga americana.

131.

74.

Tautogolabrus aclspersus.

132.

75.

Xiphias gladius.

133.

76.

[Trichiurus lepturus.]

136.

77.

Scomber scombrus.

137.

78.

[Scomber DeKayi.]

138.

79.

Sarcla pelamys.

139.

80.

Orcynus thynnus.

140.

82.

[Orcynus pelamys.]

141.

85.

[Cybium maculatum.]

142.

86.

[Carangns hippos.]

151.

87.

[Paratractus pisquetus.]

152.

88.

[Argyriosus vomer.]

152.

89.

[Seriola zonata.]

157.

90.

Palinurichthys perciformis.

158.

91.

Poronotus triacauthus.

160.

92.

[Zenopsis ocellatus.]

162.

93.

[Cynoscion regalis.]

163.

94.

[Pogonias chromis.]

164.

95.

[Menticirrus nebulosus.]

165.

96.

[Stenotomus argyrops.]

166.

101.

[Centropristis atrarius.]

168.

105.

Koccus liueatus.

169.

106.

Morone americana.

170.

107.

Pomatomus saltatrix.

171.

108.

[Pseuclopriacanthus altus.]

172.

109.

Ammoclytes americanus.

173.

110.

[Ammodytes dubius.]

174.

111.

[Echeneis naucrateoicles.]

176.

112.

Kemoropsis brachyptera.

177.

113.

Remora jacobaea.

180.

114.

Chirostoma notatum.

181.

115.

[Mugil brasiliensis.]

182.

116.

Belone longirostris.

183.

117.

Scomberesox scutellatus.

Hydrargyra majalis.
Fundulus pisculentus.
[Scopelus Ilumboldtii?]
Osmerus mordax.
Salmo salar.
Salvelinus fontinalis.
Clupea harengus.
Alosa sapiclissima.
Pomolobus vernalis.
Pomolobus aestivalis.
Pomolobus mediocris.
Brevoortia tyrannus.
[Engraulis vittatus.]
Conger vulgaris.
Anguilla bostoniensis.
Anguilla vulgaris.
Acipenser oxyrhynchus.
Acipenser brevirostris.
[Torpedo occidentalis.]
Raia eriuacea.
Raia radiata.
[Raia eglanteria.]
Baia Icevis.
Raia ocellata.
[Lamna cornubica.]
[Carcharoclon Atwoodi.]
[Cetorbinus maximus.]
[Eugomphodus littoralis.]
Alopias vulpes.
[Sphyrna zygaena.]
[Eulamia obscura.]
Mustelus canis.
Squalus americanus.
[Echinorhinus spinosus.]
[Somniosus microcephalus.]
Petromyzon marinus.
Myxine glutinosa.

ESSEX INST. BULL.

34

The following list includes the species known to occur in the fresh
and brackish water of Essex County, thirty-seven in number, seven-
teen of which, having already been mentioned as inhabitants of the
sea, are printed in italics.

14. Gasterosteus pungitius. 123.

15. Apeltes quadracus. 132.
32. Microgadus tomcodus. 132a
G8. Uraniclea gracilis. 133.

97. Lepiopomus auritus. 137.

98. Eupomotis aureus. 138.

99. Enneacanthus obesus. 139.
100. Micropterus pallidus. 141.
100a. Micropterus achigan? 143.

102. Perca fluviatilis. 144.

103. Boleosoma Olmstecli. 145.

104. Boleichthys fusiformis. 146.

105. Boccus lineatus. 147.

106. Morone americana. 148.
116. Bel one longirostris. 149.

118. Hydrargyra majalis. 150.

119. Fundulus pisculentus. 152.

120. Fundulus nigrofasciatus. 157.

121. Fundulus multifasciatus. 158.

122. Esox reticulatus.

Esox americanus.
Salmo salar.
Salmo salar sebago.
Salvelimis fontinalis.
Alosa sapidissima.
Bomolobus vernalis.
Pomolobns cestivalis?
Brevoortia tyrannus.
Catostomus teres.
Erimyzon sucetta.
Carassius auratus,
Luxilus cornutus.
Notemigonus chrysoleucus.
Semotilus bullaris.
Rhinichthys atronasus.
Amiurus catus.
Anguilla vulgaris.
Acipenser oxyrhynchus.
Acipenser brevirostris.

The following list of names, fifty-seven in number, represeuts the
fauna of the off-shore banks. Twenty-eight species, the names of
which are given in italics, have already been referred to as occurring
in Massachusetts Bay. Hippocampus anliquorum was obtained at the
surface. Trygon centrum is a southern straggler to the shoals of
George's Banks. The remaining twenty-seven species are found only
at sea, at depths of 80 to 400 or 500 fathoms, and in water colder than
38° F. Twenty-nine of the species included in this list have been
added to the fauna of New England and Nova Scotia within two years
by the labors of the U. S. Fish Commission.

1. Lophius piscatorius. 27.

2. Mola rotunda.

7. Hippocampus antiquorum. 28.

21. Glyptoccphalus cynoglossus. 29.

23. Hippoglossoides platessoides. 30.

26. Htppoglossus vulgaris. 31.

Platysomatichthys hippoglos-
soides.
Macrurus Fabricii.
Macrurus Bairdii.
Gadus morrhua.
Bollachius carbonarius.

1425139

35

34. Phycis chuss. 124.

38. Haloporpliyrus viola. 125.

40. Brosmius brosme. 126.

41. Merlucius bilinearis. 127.

42. Lycodes Verrillii. 128.

43. Lycodes Vahlii. 129.

44. Lycodes paxillus. 130.

52. Anarrhichas lupus. 134.

53. Anarrhichas minor. 135.

54. Anarrhichas latifrons. 136.
60. Liparis ranula. 153.

69. Centridermichthys uncinatus. 154.

70. Triglops Pingelii. 155.
72. Sebastes marinus. 156.

75. Xiphias gladius. 159.

76. Scomber scombrus. 161.

83. Orcynus alatunga. 165.

84. Orcynus argentivittatus. 167.
90. Palinurichthys perciformis. 175.
92a. Lampris guttata. 177.

109. Ammodytes americanus. 178.

112. Bemoropsis brachyptera. 179.

117. Scombresox saurus. 181.

Chauliodus Sloanei.
Scopelus gemmifer.
Scopelus speculiger.
Scopelus Humboldtii?
Echiostoma barbatum.
Malacosteus niger.
Argentina syrtensium.
Alepidosaurus ferox.
Alepocephalus Bairdii.
Clupea harengus.
Nemichthys scolopaceus.
Synaphobranchus pinnatus.
Saccopharynx flagellum.
Simenchelys parasiticus.
Chimsera plumbea.
Raia granulata.
Baia Icevis.

Trygon centrura. (Georges.)
Prionodon lamia.
Squalus acanthias.
Centroscylliura Fabricii.
Centroscymnus ccelolepis.
Somniosus microcephalus.

36

HNTDEX.

Note. — The references in this index are to the current numbers of
the species. The synonyms, as well as the accepted names, are
indexed, and there can be no trouble in making out the names em-
ployed by Storer and other early writers on the fishes of New Eng-
land.

Acanthias americanus, 178.
Acanthocottus variabilis, G6.
Acanthocottus virginianus, 64.
Achirus lineatus, 17.
Achirus mollis, 17.
Acipenser brevirostris, 158.
Acipenser brevirostrnm, 158.
Acipenser oxyrhynchus, 157.
Alepidosaurus ferox, 134.
Alepocephalus Baivdii, 135.
Alopias vulpes, 172.
Alosa cyanonoton, 139.
Alosa lineata. 140.
Alosa menhaden, 141.
Alosa praestabilis, 137.
Alosa sapidissima, 137.
Alosa tyrannus, 138.
Alutera cuspicauda, 5.
Alutera Schcepfii, 5.
Aluteres cuspicauda, 5.
Amiurus catus, 150.
Ammodytes americamis, 109.
Ammodytes dubius, 110.
Anarrhichas latifrons, 54.
Anarrhichas lupus, 52.
Anarrhichas minor, 53.
Anarrhichas vomerinus, 52.
Anguilla vulgaris, 152.
Apeltes quadracus, 15.
Argentina syrtensium, 130.
Argyreus atronasus, 149.
Argyriosus unimaculatus, 88.
Argyriosus vomer, 88.
Aspidophoroides monopterygius, 63.
Atherina notata, 114.

Balistcs capriscus, 4.
Batrachus tan, 55.
Belone longirostris, 116.
Bel one truncata, 116.
Blennius serpentinus, 49.
Boleiehthys fusiformis, 104.
Boleosoma Olmetedi, 103.
Brevoortia tyrannus, 141.
Brevoortia menhaden, 111.
Brosmius brosme, 40.
Brosmius flavescens, 40.

Carangus chrysos, 87.
Carangus defensor, 86.
Carangus hippos, 86. ,
Carangus pisquetus, 87.
Carcharias vulpes, 172.
Carcharodon Atwoodi, 169.
Carassius auratus, 145.
Catostomus bostoniensis, 143.
Catostomus Commersonii, 143.
Catostomus gibbosus, 144.

Catostomus teres, 143.
Centridermichthys uncinatus, 69.
Centriscus scolopax, 10.
Centrophorus coelolepis, 179.
Centropristris atrarius, 101.
Centropristris varius, 101.
Centroscyllium Fabricii, 178.
Centroscymnus coelolepis, 179.
Ceratacanthus aurantiacus, 5.
Cetorhinus maximus, 170.
Chauliodus Sloanei, 124.
Cirrisomus turgidus, 3.
Chilonemus pulchellus, 148.
Chimsera plumbea, 159.
Chirostoma notatum, 114.
Ciliata argentata, 39.
Clupea elongata, 136.
Clupea harengus, 136.
Conger vulgaris, 151.
Cottus seneus, 67.
Cottus gracilis, 68.
Cottus grcenlandicus, 66.
Cottus octodecemspinosus, 64.
Cottus scorpius, 65.
Cottus scorpius grcenlandicus, 66.
Cryptacanthodes inornatus, 46.
Cryptacanthodes maculatus, 46.
Cy'bium maculatum, 85.
Cyclopterus lumpus, 56.
Cyclopterus spinosus, 57.
Cynoscion regalis, 93.
Cyprinus auratus, 145.
Ctenolabrus ceruleus, 74.

Echeneis albicauda, 111.
Echeneis naucrateoides. 111.
Echeneis quatuordecemlaminatus, 112.
Echeneis remora, 113.
Echinorhinus spinosus, ISO.
Echiostoma barbatum, 128.
Engraulis vittatus, 142.
Enneacanthus obesus, 99.
Erimyzon sucetta, 144.
Esox'americanus, 123.
Esex reticularis, 122.
Etheostoma Olmstedi, 103.
Euchalarodus Putnami, 18.
Eugomphodus littoralis, 171.
Eulamia obscura, 174.
Eulamia Milberti, 174.
Eumesogrammus subbifurcatus, 47.
Eumesogrammus unimaculatus, 48.
Eumicrotremus spinosus, 57.
Eupomotis aureus, 98.

Fistularia serrata, 11.
Fundulus nigrofasciatus, 120.
Fuudulus pisculenlus, 119.

37

Gadus cimbrius, 39.
Gadus morrhua, 30.
Gasterosteus aculeatus, 12.
Gasterosteus aculeatus trachurus, 13.
Gasterosteus biaculeatus, 12.
Gasterosteus DeKayi, 14.
Gasterosteus pnngitius, 14.
Gasterosteus quadracus, 15.
Gasterosteus Wheatlandi, 13.
Glyptocephalus aeadianus, 21.
Glyptocephalus cynoglossus, 21.
Gunnellus mueronatus, 51.

Halatractus zonatus, 89.
Haloporphyrus viola, 38.
Hemirhampbus, sp., 117.
Hemitripterus aeadianus, 71.
Hemitripterus americanus, 71.
Hippocampus antiquorum, 7.
Hippocampus budsonius, 7.
Hippoglossoides limandoides, 20.
Hippoglossoides platessoides, 21.
Hippoglossus groenlandicus, 27.
Hippoglossus vulgaris, 27.
Huro nigricans, 100.
Hydrargyra flavula, 118.
Hydrargyra majalis, 118.
Hypsolepis cornutus, 116.

Labrax lineatns, 105.
Labi-ax rufus, 106.
Lamoa cornubica, 168.
Lampris guttata, 92a (p. 31).
Lepiopomus auritus, 97.
Leptoblennius serpentinus, 49.
Leptoclinus aculeatus, 50.
Leucosomus americanus, 147.
Li man da ferruginea, 20.
Liparis arctica, 59.
Liparis Montagui, 59.
Liparis ranula, 60.
Liparis vulgaris, 58.
Lophius americanus, 1..
Lophius piscatorius, 1.
Lophopsetta mnculata, 25.
Lumpus anglorum, 56.
Lumpus spinosus, 57.
Luxilus cornutus, 146.
Lyoichthys latifrons, 54.
Lycodes paxillus, 44.
Lycodes Vablii, 43.
Lycodes Verrillii, 42.

Macrurus Bairdii, 29.
Macrurus Fabricii, 28.
Macrurus rupestris, 28.
Malacostens niger, 129.
Mallotus villosus, 131.
Melanogrammus seglefinus, 33.
Menticirrus nebulosus, 95.
Merlangus purpnreus, 31.
Merlucius albidus, 41.
Merlucius bilinearis, 41.
Merlucius vulgaris, 11.
Microgadus tomcodus, 32.
Micropterus pallidus, 100.
Mola rotunda, 2.
Monacanthus aurantiacus, 5.
Monacanthus massachusettensis, 6.
Monacanthus setifer, 6.
Monacanthus signifer, 6.
Morone americana, 106.

Morrbua reglefinus, 33.
Morrhua americanus, 30.
Morrbua pruinosa, 32.
Motella caudacnta, 89.
Mugil brasiliensis, 115.
Mugil lineatus, 115.
Muraenoides gunnellus, 51.
Muraenoides ingens, 51.
Muraenoides macrocephalus, 51.
Mustelus canis, 176.
Myxine glutiuosa, 183.

Nemichthys scolopaceus, 153.
Notemigonus cbrysoleucus, 147.

Onos cimbrius, 39.
Orcynus alatunga, 83.
Orcynus alliteratus, 81.
Orcynus argentivittatus, 84.
Orcynus pelamys, 82.
Orcynus thynnus, 80.
Ortbagoriscus mola, 2.
Osmerus eperlanus, 131.
Osmerus morclax, 130.
Osmerus viridescens, 131.
Otolithus regalis, 93.

Pagrus argyrops, 96.

Palinurichthys perciformis, 90.

Palinurus perciformis, 90.

Paratractus pisquetus, 87.

Pastinaca hastata, 167.

Pelamys sarda, 79.

Perca flavescens, 102.

Perca fluviatilis, 102.

Petromyzon americanus, 182.

Petromyzon marinus, 1S2.

Pogonias chromis, 94.

Pholis subbifurcatus, 47.

Phycis americanus, 34.

Phycis Chesteri, 36.

Pbycis chuss, 35.

Phycis filamentosus, 35.

Phycis regalis, 37.

Phycis regius, 37.

Phycis tenuis, 34.

Pimelodus atrarius, 150.

Platessa dentata, 21.

Platessa ferruginea, 20.

Platessa glabra, 18.

Platessa oblonga, 22.

Platessa plana, 19.

Platessa quadrocellata, 25.

Platessa rostrata, 20.

Platysomalichthys hippoglossoides, 27.

Platysomatichthys pinguis, 27.

Pleuronectes flesus, 18.

Pleuronectes glaber, 18.

Pleuronectes maculatus, 25.

Pleuronectes passer, 18.

Pollachius carbonarius, 31.

Pomatomus saltatrix, 107.

Pomolobus aestivalis, 139.

Pomolobus mediocris, 140.

Pomolobus pseudoharengus, 138-139.

Pomolobus tyrannus, 138.

Pomolobus vernalis, 138.

Pomotis appendix, 97.

Pomotis vulgaris, 98.

Poronotus triacanthus, 91.

Priacanthus altus, 108.

Prionodon lamia, 175.

38

Prionotus carolinus, 61.
Prionotus evolans, 61.
Prionotus lineatus, 61.
Prionotus palmipes, 62.
Prionotus pilatus, 62.
Pseudopleuronectes americanus, 19.
Peeudopriaoanthus altus, 108.
Pseudorhombus dentatus, 22.
Pseudorhombua oblongus, 23.
Pygosteus occidentalis, 14.

Raia cglantcria, 164.
Raia erinacea, 162.
Raia granulata, 161.
Raia laevis, 165.
Raia ocellata, 166.
Raia radiata, 163.
Reinhardtius hippoglossoides, 27.
Remora jaoobaea, 113.
Remoropsis brachyptera, 112.
Rhinichthys atronasus, 149.
Rhinonemus cimbrius, 39.
Rhombus triacanthus, 91.
Roccus lineatus, 105.

Saccopharynx flagellum, 155.
Salmo fontinalis, 133.
Salmo salar, 132.
Salmo salar sebago, 132.
Salvelinus fontinalis, 133.
Sarda pelamys, 79.
Scomber DiKayi, 78.
Seomberesox scutellatus, 117.
Scomberesox Storeri, 117.
Scomber pneumatophorus, 78.
Scomber scombrus, 77.
Scomber vernalis, 77.
Scombresox saurus, 117.
Scopelus gemmifer, 125.
Scopelus Ilumboldtii, 127.
Scopelus speculiger, 126.
Scymnus brevipinna, 181.
Sebastes marinus, 72.
Sebastes norvegicus, 72.
Sebastes viviparus, 72.

Selachns maximns, 170.
Semotilus bullaris, 148.
Seriola zonata, 89.
Simenchelys parasiticus, 156.
Siphonostoma fuscum, 9.
Siphonostoma Peckianum, 8.
Solea vulgaris, 16.
Somniosus microcephalus, 181.
Spliyrna zyga3na, 173.
Squalus acanthias, 177.
Squalus americanus, 177.
Squalus vulgaris, 177.
Stenotomus argyrops, 96.
Stephanolepis setifer, 6.
Stichasns aculeatus, 50.
Sticha3iis unimaculatus, 48.
Synaphobranchus pinnatus, 154.
Syngnathus Peckianus, 8 and 9.

Tautoga americana, 73.
Tautoga onitis, 73.
Tautogolabrus adspersus, 74.
Temnodon saltator, 107.
Tetrodon turgidus, 3.
Thynnus alalonga, 83.
Thynnus argentivittatus, 84.
Thynnus pelamys, 82.
Thynnus secundidorsalis, 80.
Thynnus thunnina, 81.
Torpedo occidentalis, 160.
Triglops Pingelii, 70.
Triglops pleurostictus, 70.
Trygon centrura, 167.

Umbrina nebulosa, 95.
Urinidea gracilis, 68.
Urophycis regius, 37.

Xiphias gladius, 75.

Zenopsis ocellatus, 92.
Zeus ocellatus, 92.
Zoarces anguillaris, 45.
Zoarces viviparus, 45.
Zygasna malleus, 173.

39

Kegular Meeting, Monday, Jan. 6, 1879.

Meeting this evening. In the absence of the Presi-
dent, Dr. George A. Perkins was requested to preside.
The records of last meeting were read by the Secretary.
Donations and correspondence announced.

Mr. Frederick A. Ober, of Beverly, occupied the
evening with a paper on his ornithological explorations in
the Lesser Antilles. He gave a most interesting account
of his work on the Islands, and as a result of his explo-
rations discovered eighteen new variations and species of
birds. His remarks were illustrated with twenty-three
photographic views, thrown on the screen by the kind-
ness of Mr. J. W. Moulton.

The following is an abstract of the paper : —

Ornithological Explorations of the Lesser Antilles.

By Frederick A. Ober.

Leaving New York in December, 1876, I proceeded
to Martinique in the centre of the chain of the Lesser
Antilles; thence to Dominica, in lat. 15° north, to com-
mence my investigations into the fauna of the Caribbee
islands. The undertaking was under the auspices of the
Smithsonian Institution, and for the purpose of filling a
gap in the ornithological data of the West Indies.

Dominica, like all the islands, with few exceptions, of
the chain, is of volcanic origin and very mountainous.
It contains the highest mountain south of Jamaica (in the
Antilles), "Morne Diablotin" being above 5,000 feet in
height. As in the other islands, also, there are three

40

different zones of vegetation and of animal life ; that of
the coast, that of the higher hills and midway the moun-
tains, and that of the mountain-tops. In the middle
zone, situated (at a rough estimate) between 1500 and
2500 feet altitude occur the greatest variety of forms,
both in vegetable and animal life. There the famous
high woods, containing trees of the greatest magnitude,
and tree ferns and tropical plants of every description,
give hiding place to many birds not found along the
coasts. Indeed, the coast fauna is very meagre, owing
to the scarcity of trees and the cultivation of the sugar
estates. Ascertaining that my best collecting ground
would, probably, be in that region, I repaired to a moun-
tain valley some 1500 feet above sea level, and took up
my residence with some families of mixed blood (Carib
and Creole) for above a month. Here I was very suc-
cessful, discovering seven species and varieties not here-
tofore known to science. This was only accomplished by
secluding myself in the mountains and in forests away
from the general routes of travel.

Thence I went over the mountains to the portion of the
island inhabited by the Caribs, of whom but a remnant
exist of all the many thousands found by Columbus in
his voyages.

I secured many photographs, a good vocabulary and
many notes regarding their early history and present con-
dition. The difference in speech between the men and
women, in the ancient tongue, is very noticeable. The
language spoken by them, now, is a perverted French ;
the patois or provincial, that form of speech used by the
ignorant. Here I procured the imperial parrot (Chry-
solis augustd), but not many other birds of note. The
specimens of this bird which I sent the National Musuem
were the first seen in America.

41

In Antigua, two degrees north of Dominica, I found
but few birds, but secured an owl which has since been
declared a new species. In Barbuda, thirty miles north
of Antigua, I found excellent shooting at deer, wild
guinea fowls, doves, white-headed pigeons, etc., but no
new or rare birds. Antigua and Barbuda differ from the
other islands of the group in being wholly, or in part, of
coral formation.

In St. Vincent, in lat. 13° north, I discovered, among
others, the famous "Sonffriere Bird," which had been an
object of interest to English naturalists for many years ;
since named, by Mr. Lawrence, the Myiadestes sibilans.
To procure this, I. was obliged to camp in a cave for
nearly a week.

With the few Caribs residing in St. Vincent, who live
isolated from the whites, in the northern part of the
island, I remained a few weeks. Here, I obtained many
specimens of ancient implements and photographed some
curiously-incised rocks, supposed to have been used as
sacrificial stones by the Caribs. A carved wooden tor-
toise, which I found in a cave, exhibits excellent work-
manship, and may prove interesting.

In St. Vincent, I procured seven (7) new species, the
most interesting, perhaps, of any obtained.

In Grenada, in lat. 12 north, I discovered three (3)
new species. This island is the last of the chain, being
less than one hundred miles from Trinidad and seventy
miles from Tobago, the fauna of which latter islands is
essentially tropical, and different from that of the Antil-
lean chain. Grenada contains the last of the armadillos,
which once inhabited all these islands, and monkeys.

Tobago, which I investigated later, yielded many inter-
esting species ; but, not forming one of the group known
as the Antilles, it does not come within the limits of this
paper.

42

The time, occupied in the investigation was nearly two
years. The results, ornithologically, were (I am assured
by the officers of the Smithsonian Institution) of the
greatest value, as I had sent to the museum hundreds of
birds never before seen in the country and eighteen (18)
new species and varieties.

The following is a list of the new birds, as described
by Mr. Lawrence, the types of which are in our National
Museum : —

From Dominica.

Thryothorus rufescens.

Denclrceca plumbea.

Myiarchus Oberi.

Vireosylvia calidris (var. Dominicana).

Strix flararaea (var. nigrescens).

Chaetura Domiuicana.

Blacicus brunueicapillus.

From St. Vincent.
Turdus nigrirostris.
Myiadestes sibilans.
Thryothorus musicus.
Certhiola atrata.
Certhiola sacchariua.
Leucopeza Bishopi.
Calliste versicolor.

From Grenada.
Turdus caribboeus.
Thryothorus Grenadeusis.
Quiscalus lamiuosus.

From Antigua.
Speotyto amaura.

Catalogues of each island have heen prepared by Mr.
Lawrence from my notes, and are in course of publica-
tion.

At the close of the evening, on motion of Mr. Caleb
Cooke, a vote of thanks was unanimously passed to Mr.
Ober for the paper read.

A List of the Birds of the Hudson Highlands, with
Annotations.

By Edgar A. Mearns,

[Continued from Vol. X, page 179.]

Family, SITTID-2E.

Ghmelin. White-bellied Nuthatch.
Perhaps a resident species, though not found breeding just in this
neighborhood. Farther up the Hudson, at Catskill, they breed abun-
dantly. Their occurrence is somewhat irregular, like that of the
Brown Creeper and the Cedar Bird; but they are usually common
except during the breeding season, when they, seemingly, all with-
draw for a short time. It is a remarkable fact, that not a single
White-bellied Nuthatch was seen here, by any one, to my knowledge,
between August, 1872, and the following July. Mr. Erwin I. Shores
mentions a similar incident in the case of the Common Bluebird.1
He states that he "could not find it in 1872, "2 about Suffield, Conn.
Mr. W. C. Osborn discovered a nest of this Nuthatch, near Catskill,
N. Y., the entrance to which was through an aperture in a weather-
board, in the house of Mr. Frederic E. Church, the celebrated artist.
The Nuthatch is an eminently useful and industrious bird. He de-
votes his entire existence to the occupation of scrambling about upon
the tree-trunks, grubbing out insects from their hiding places under
the bark. At this commendable, but somewhat prosaic, employment
he spends his days ; and when night comes, he betakes himself to a
hole in some tree, where, weary with his day's toil, he sleeps the sleep
of the just till day-break; nor is our pretty friend addicted to the dis-
agreeable practice of early rising. He depends not upon craftiness
for his daily sustenance, but gets it by the sweat of his brow; there-
fore he indulges in a morning nap after the sun is up, and the noctur-
nal worm is permitted to crawl safely into its den. Doubtless this
interesting bird should command our highest respect, and our deepest
gratitude; for his life is one of tireless industry and great usefulness.
Nor, indeed, should we question the personal motives which impel
him to the accomplishment of such important and valuable results.

1 C. Hart Merriam, A Review of the Birds of Conn., p, 8, 1877.
2 Mr. Shores informs me that the date here given is incorrect; should read 1873

(43)

44

Though the Nuthatch does not possess the gift of song, still he is
well and favorably known to most persons who live in the country —
whose lines have fallen in pleasant places. He is found wherever
there are forests, and comes into our orchards and about our dwell-
ings. Moving steadily in any direction upon the tree-trunks and
branches, he searches the interstices of the bark, tapping hard upon
suspected spots with his bill. At frequent intervals he utters his
peculiar cry, a sort of nasal honk honk. When moving downward, he
always advances head first, and never in the opposite position, as the
Woodpeckers do. Sometimes his diet is slightly varied. He never
refuses raw meat; and when in Lewis County, N. Y., during the latter
part of December, 1877, I found him eating the beech-nuts, in com-
pany with the Reel-headed Woodpeckers, and with evident enjoyment.
The stomachs of the specimens shot were found distended by those
nuts.

Sometimes, during storms, in winter, the trees become so thickly
coated with ice, that the Woodpeckers and creeping birds', since na-
ture has neglected to supply them with adjustable ice-spurs suitable
for such emergencies, are unable to climb upon the icy trees, and,
consequently, are obliged to desist from their usual avocations, and
betake themselves to other situations in quest of food. On such occa-
sions the Nuthatches seem to be particularly distressed, flying about
uttering loud cries, and alighting freely upon the roofs of buildings.
Both this species and the Red-bellied Nuthatch have a loud, coarse
rattle as the mating season approaches, which is seldom heard at
other times.

Dimensions. — Average measurements of eight specimens : length,
G-07; stretch, 11-03; wing, 3*48; tail, 1-92; culmen, -76; gape, -90;
tarsus, -70.

13. Sitta canadensis, Linne. Red-bellied Nuthatch. The
movements of this species are extremely uncertain ; but it may be set
down as an irregular winter resident, and an occasional visitant at
other seasons, except during the period of its nidification. Generally
abundant during its autumnal migration. At times it is gregarious ;
and this is especially the case in the fall.

Late in summer the Reel -bellied Nuthatches arrive in large flocks,
some seasons, while in others they are not seen at all, or only occa-
sional individuals. These migrating flocks appear late in August, and
a few are sometimes observed by the first of that mouth. They
remain with us for a period varying from a few days to several weeks.
In 1874, they were very numerous from August 25 to September 23.
They search the tree trunks for their insect prey, in large, straggling
bands, uttering a note somewhat resembling the cry of the other
species (S. carolinensis) ; but it is pitched much higher, and varied

45
i

by-low, lisping, wiry notes, which are only audible at a short distance.
They are partial to the groves of red cedar, but are frequently found,
in flocks, in the deciduous woods; there they are generally attended
by numbers of small flycatching birds, chiefly of the genera Vireo and
Empidonax, which follow, apparently for the purpose of capturing the
insects which are roused from the bark. They are of irregular occur-
rence throughout winter. Were very abundant in March, 1874, when
large flocks were seen amongst the pine trees, along the Hudson,
chasing each other through the forest with loud, rattling cries, and
rollicking together in a most joyous and wncreeper-like manner.

Dimensions. — Average measurements of nine specimens : length,
±■62; stretch, 8-22; wing, 2-66; tail, 2-58.

Family, CERTHIID^E.

14. Certhia familiaris, Linne. Brown Creeper. An abundant,
but somewhat irregular winter resident, and indeed is found com-
monly throughout the year, except during the nestling period, during
which none have been observed, though it remains till late in May.
The Creeper is partial, in winter, to the evergreens, as indeed are
most of our small wintering birds. It possesses, besides the usual
prolonged, wheezy note of which the species is by no means chary,
a variety of feeble, chirping utterances, resembling those of the
Golden-crested Kinglet. The Creeper is usually a tame bird, paying
less heed to its admirers than to the capture of insects that infest the
bark of trees ; that being the main purpose of its life. With that
object in view, it alights at the base of a tree and begins to ascend in
a spiral; in this manner it advances till the trunk and principal
branches have been explored, when, having reached the top, it spreads
its wings and with a pretty, sweeping movement, attaches itself to the
extreme base of another tree, when the same performance is repeated.
Thus the Creeper has many ups and downs in its life, though, on the
whole, its is a monotonous career of labor ; but in spite of this the
bird is interesting, and its habits have a certain fascination. Its
sombre colors serve an excellent purpose for concealment, matching
so well those of the trees upon which it lives as to make it very
inconspicuous.

Its long, slender, curved bill seems ill adapted as a means of musi-
cal expression; and indeed I never suspected it of possessing such
attributes, until I one clay discovered that it was the author of a very
pleasant song. This happened on April 1, 1878, when I heard a sweet
warble, moderately loud, that puzzled me as to its authorship, until I
at length saw the bird singing, quite close to me, as it clung to the
side of a tree. Like the Nuthatches and Titmice, it is fond of raw

46

meat, and may be attracted to houses by suspending a scrap of pork
from the balcony

Dimensions.— Average measurements of eighteen specimens : length,
5-G6; stretch, 7-98; wing, 2-56; tail, 2-65; culmen, -63; tarsus, *53.

Family, TROGLODYTXDJE.

15. Troglodytes domesticus, Bartram. House Wren. A sum-
mer resident; abundant. Like the Bluebirds, they like to build in the
fruit cans that I have placed in appropriate places for their use. As
many as twelve pairs have nestled upon the place at once. Nothing
could present a greater contrast than the habits of these birds during
the breeding season and afterwards. Having successfully completed
the business of rearing several broods of young, they lose, simulta-
neously, their delicious song and the pert, saucy familiarity which
characterizes their actions during their stay in close proximity to
man ; retiring with their families to the remotest wastes, they spend
the residue of the season amongst the broken rocks, covered thickly
with bushes and matted vines, seldom appearing in view, but con-
stantly announcing their whereabouts by a sharply enunciated, seem-
ingly discontented or anxious chirp.

These Wrens arrive from the South late in April (28, 1873 ; May 7,
1874; 6, 1875; April 29, 1876; May 9, 1877; April 30, 1878; 29, 1879),
and remain till the middle of October (16th, 1876).

Dimensions. — Average measurements of seven specimens : length,
5-00; stretch, 6'61 ; wing, 1-97; tail, 1-71; bill from nostril, -36; tar-
sus, -66.

16. Anorthiira troglodytes, var. hyemalis, (Wilson). Win-
ter Wren. A winter resident; very abundant during its autumnal
migration ; generally quite common all wiuter, but somewhat irregu-
lar; arrives the first of October (4, 1874; September 29, 1876; exceed-
ingly abundant October 8), and departs the last of April (27, 1874; 30,
1875; May 1, 1876). Mr. E. P. Bicknell informs me that he has ob-
served it, as far south as Riverdale, on May 4, 1877.

These active, sprightly little birds are fond of searching amongst
broken rocks, brush-heaps, and rubbish generally; but it is their
greatest delight to run about under ice, after the water has settled
away; creeping into every nook and crevice in search of food, they
sometimes remain out of sight for many minutes together. They are
often found on the marshes, amongst the cat-tails, and frequenting
the piles of debris that the tides have floated upon their edges; here,
skulking out of sight, but close to the observer, and always emitting
a sharp chirp, they would exhaust the patience of the mildest collector
extant, who would shoot one for his cabinet.

47

Dimensions. — Average measurements of seven specimens : length,
4-OG; stretch,. 6-15: wing, 1-89; tail, 1-24; bill from nostril, 35; tar-
sus, -73.

17. Telmatodytes palustris (Bartram). Long-billed Marsh
Wren. A common summer resident; breeds in the marshes border-
ing the Hudson. Arrives about the middle of May (21, 1875 ; 18, 1876 ;
21, 1877; 4, 1878), and .remains till October (1, 1874; September 28,
1876; 23, 1878). This species has the habit of singing at night, when
the moon is bright. Its eggs, six to eight in number, are deposited
about the first of June. They are of a deep mahogany color ; some-
times a light colored egg is found in the same clutch. The nest is
spherical, with a round orifice for entrance at the side. It is attached
to the reeds of the salt marshes, and is constructed partly of these
same flags ("cat-tail," Typha latifolia, Linn.), and partly of the marsh
grasses ; the interior lined with the down of the flag. The eggs are
kept covered till the full complement has been laid; possibly as a pro-
tection against snakes. They breed at least twice in a season, occu-
pying a fresh nest each time. I examined several nests, on Consook
Island, which contained fresh eggs, as late as July 20, 1878. These
were probably third broods. The House Wrens left our piazza with
their third brood August 15.

The Marsh Wrens live in colonies, and are as attractive, merry little
birds as you could wish to see ; scolding hard when their retreats are
invaded, but singing a joyous, happy refrain the moment you pass on.
Even when scolding most irately, you may hear them, between times,
trying to swallow the gurgling notes that seem to well forth sponta-
neously and against their wills. There are few sounds so cheerful
and pleasant to hear as the jingling melody produced by a colony of
Marsh Wrens left in quiet ( ?) possession of their oozy territory, after
such a disturbance.

Dimensions. — Average measurements of seven specimens : length,
5*20; stretch, 6-52; wing, 1-95; tail, 1-68; bill from nostril, -42; tar-
sus, -81.

Family, ALANDID.EJ.

18. Eremophila alpestris, (Forster). Horned Lark. Mr. Jas.
S. Buchanan, of Newburgh, informs me that this species often occurs
about Cornwall and Newburgh. None of the other collectors have
met with it in the Highlands, as most of the region is unsuited to its
wants.

Family, MOTACILLIDJS.

19. Anthus ludovicianus, {Gmelin). American Pipit; Tit-
lark. Occasionally seen during its migrations. Messrs. William K.

48

Lute, and Thos. W. Wilson, found large flocks on the salt meadows
connecting Constitution Island with the east shore, in October, 1875.
I saw a large flock, at Fort Miller, Washington County, N. Y., on
November 9, 1876.

Dimensions. — Length, 6*38; stretch, 10-25; wing, 3-50; tail, 2-69;
culmen, -47; tarsus, -81.

Family, SYLVICOLIDJE.

20. Mniotilta varia, (Linne). Black and White Creeping War-
bler. A common summer resident ; breeds ; particularly numerous
during the spring migrations. Arrives the first of May (8, 1873; 4,
1874; April 30, 1875; May 3, 1876; April 30, 1877; 26, 1878; 26, 1879),
and remains till October (14th, 1876).

The Black and White Creepers are interesting little birds, that
spend the greater part of their time in creeping upon the trunks and
branches of trees, somewhat after the fashion of the Brown Creeper.
When first arrived, in spring, they sing a feeble refrain; but, a little
later, when the full tide of migration has set in from the South, the
Creepers may be seen perched upon the highest tree-tops, singing a
very sweet little ditty, almost exactly like the song of the Redstart
(Setophaga ruticilla). After this matin performance they drop clown
upon the tree-trunks, and creep about them in spirals in search of
insects, uttering a low, inward note ; hopping out to the extremity of
a branch, they will amuse themselves with flying out in short curves
after insects. They sometimes inhabit swampy thickets, doubtless
attracted thither by the abundance of insects ; their presence there
may be detected by the utterance of certain harsh, screeching notes
that are peculiar to itself.

Their nest is placed upon the ground ; generally sheltered by a pro-
jecting rock, or stump. A pair once nestled close to ray house. The
nest, built upon a bed of leaves, sheltered by a jutting rock, was
composed of strips of grape-vine bark, stems of plants, and grasses,
loosely felted. The parents were very gentle, and seemed to appre-
hend from my frequent visits no greater misfortune than a temporary
separation from their little ones. The young were five in number. I
watched them developing until their parents taught them, first, to
climb upon a neighboring grape-vine, and afterwards to attempt short
flights from branch to branch; soon they were strong enough to leave
their natal spot, and rambled through the woods together, — a happy,
rollicking, unbroken little family.

Dimensions. — Average measurements of sixteen specimens : length,
5-30; stretch, 8-54; wing, 2-73; tail, 2-02; bill from nostril, -37; gape,
•60; tarsus, '67; middle toe, -50; its claw, '18.

49

21. Parula americana, (Linne). Blue Yellow-backed War-
bler. Exceedingly numerous during migrations ; a few breed. I
have never discovered its nest, but am indebted to Mr. W. C. Osborn
for a very young bird, shot near his residence, on the opposite bank
of the Hudson, in Putnam county, where its nest was previously dis-
covered, as recorded by DeKay in the Zoology of New York, Part II,
p. 97. Giraucl also observes : 3 "I am informed that its nest has been
found at the Catskill Mountains."

It arrives- early in May (12, 1874; 12, 1875; 5, 1876; 11, 1877; April
27, 1878; May 8, 1879), remaining till October (8, 1874; 8, 1876). I
have heard quite a varied and pleasing song from this little bird; but
succeeded by a rapid succession of harsh, filing notes.

Dimensions. — Average measurements of seventeen specimens :
length, 4-73; stretch, 7-54 ; wing, 2-40; tail, 1-76; bill from nostril,
•32; gape, -54; tarsus, -68; middle toe, -40; its claw, -16.

22. Helmitherus vermivorus, (Gmelin). Worm-eating War-
bler. A rather common summer resident; breeds. Arrives about
the middle of May (15, 1875; 9, 1876; 11, 1878; 8, 1879), and remains
through the summer.

There is a singularity about every attitude and movement of this
bird, that at once attracts attention. Chiefly seen upon the ground,
scratching amongst the leaves, and uttering a sharp chirp at intervals,
it suddenly surprises you by flying high up among the branches in
pursuit of a moth ; then it alights upon a branch, and makes quite a
successful attempt at a song; later, you may see it climbing upon the
body of a tree, apparently as much at home as a Nuthatch would be ;
it even pauses occasionally to utter a few feeble notes of a song. It
is sometimes found in the open woods, on its first arrival from the
South ; but later, when it has settled to its summer quarters, it is
seldom seen outside of its favorite swampy thickets, where it breeds
and passes the summer. Wet places, grown up to huckleberries, —
just such spots as delight the Woodcock — are its usual resorts. Its
note is sharp and metallic; and the bird is shy and difficult to capture.

Dimensions. — Average measurements of ten specimens: length,
5-51; stretch, 8-75; wing, 2-78; tail, 2-05; bill from nostril, *39; gape,
•64; tarsus, *70; middle toe, *50; its claw, *18.

23. Helminthophaga pinus, {Linne). Blue-winged Yellow
Warbler. A summer resident; breeds. I found a nest, built in a
tussock of grass, on Constitution Island, in the Hudson River. I saw
another set of eggs, taken in a similar situation and said to be those
of a "yellow bird" which agree very well with the eggs in my collec-
tion; but they maybe those of the Nashville Warbler (H. ruficapilla) .

3 Birds of Long Island, p. 60, 1844.
ESSEX INST. BULL. XI 4

50

It arrives about the middle of May (12, 1875; 17, 1877), and spends
the summer. John Burroughs mentions4 the occurrence of this spe-
cies at Highland Falls, and Giraud observes:5 "the present species
has been shot during summer on the Catskill Mountains, and it is not
improbable that it breeds there; it has been shot in Rockland County,
and other parts of the State of New York, but seems to be nowhere
abundant." At Riverdale, on the Hudson, Mr. E. P. Bicknell says 6 it
is " common during the summer, and regularly breeding." Dr. A. K.
Fisher has taken its eggs at Sing Sing, N. Y. It thus appears that
the species is a summer resident along the Hudson, as far as Catskill.
Dimensions. — Measurements of male: length, 4-85, stretch, 7*30;
wing, 2-46; tail, 190; bill from nostril, '351; tarsus, -66. Female:
length, 4-80; stretch, 7-24; wing, 2-25; tail, 1-77; bill from nostril,
•35; gape, -55; tarsus, -68; middle toe, '38; its claw, '15.

24. Helminthophaga chrysoptera, (Linne). Blue Golden-
winged Warbler. A summer resident. Arrives from the South
early in May (12, 1875; 10, 1878; 15, 1879). This species is a regular
spring migrant; and doubtless passes considerably farther to the
northward. The insect-like notes of this bird, once heard, are not
apt to be forgotten ; both it, and the preceding, are usually found in
swampy thickets.

Dimensions. — Average measurements of five specimens : length,
5-10; stretch, 8-05; wing, 2*46; tail, 1-94; bill from nostril, -34; gape,
•57; tarsus, -70; middle toe, -42; its claw, *16.

25. Helminthophaga ruflcap ilia, {Wilson). Nashville War-
bler. A very common spring and fall migrant, and rare summer resi-
dent. Arrives early in May (11, 1874; 11, 1875; 6, 1876; 13, 1877;
10, 1878; 8, 1879), departing late in September (21, 1874; 20, 1875; 16,
1876). In spring it is very abundant in fruit orchards, flitting among
the blossoms ; but in autumn, when it is abundant from the first to the
twentieth of September, it is usually seen skipping about in the tree
tops ; in summer it retreats to swampy wildernesses, there to breed.
I have not discovered its nest; but Dr. Clinton L. Bagg has taken its
eggs at Poughkeepsie, on the Hudson.

Dimensions.— Average measurements of sixteen specimens: length,
4-77; stretch, 7-45; wing, 2-33; tail, 1-81; bill from nostril, *28 ; gape,
•48; tarsus, -67.

26. Helminthophaga celata, (Say). Orange-crowned War-
bler. A rare migrant. "On May 13, 1875, I shot a beautiful male of
this rare species, as it was skipping among the apple blossoms, close

* Wake-Robin, p. 22, 1871.

e Birds of Long Island, p. 67, 1844.

•Bull. Nutt. Oru. Club, Vol. Ill, p. 130, 1878.

51

to my house, in company with a little band of Warblers which may
have belonged to the same species."7 Mr. E. P. Bicknell observes:8
"A female was taken [at Riverdale, on the Hudson] on October 9,
1876, and a second specimen seen on the 29th of the same month.
The former bird was shot while gleaning among the withering blos-
soms of a patch of golden-rods (Solidago), while the latter was hop-
ping about in a clump of leafless briers and shrubbery quite unsuspi-
ciously, allowing an approach of a few feet."

Dimensions.— Measurements of No. 667 $, Highland Falls, N. Y.,
May 13, 1875, E. A. M. : length, 469; stretch, 7-25; wing, 2-22; tail,
1-85; bill from nostril, '30; tarsus, *69.

27. Helminthophaga peregrina, (Wilson). Tennessee War-
bler. A rather rare migrant; sometimes abundant in autumn. In
spring a few are seen, generally in company with H. rujicapilla, dis-
porting themselves among the fruit blossoms. In autumn they are
sometimes found abundantly, along the river banks, in the willow
trees. I found large flocks in the willow swamps, on Iona Island,
and on Consook Island, in September, 1876.

Dimensions. — Average measurements of four specimens : length,
5-00; stretch, 7-68; wing, 2-63; tail, 1*69; bill from nostril, -32; tar-
sus, *65.

28. Dendroeca sestiva, (Boddcert). Yellow Warbler ; Summer
Yellowbird. A summer resident; not very abundant; breeds. Ar-
rives early in May (12, 1875; 12, 1876; 17, 1877; 9, 1878), and remains
till autumn (September 3, 1874).

Dimensions. — Average measurements of seven specimens : length,
5*10; stretch, 7-78; wing, 2-40; tail, 1-89; bill from nostril, -33; tar-
sus, -74.

29. Dendroeca virens, (Gmeliri). Black-throated Green War-
bler. A summer resident ; very abundant during its migrations ; a
few remain and breed. Arrives early in May (16, 1874; 11, 1875; 1,
1876; 12, 1877; 9, 1878; 7, 1879), and departs late in October (21,
1874; 28, 1876). It is found everywhere, in all kinds of woods; but
it is especially numerous in hemlocks growing among deciduous
trees. It is seen, in large companies, clinging to the tips of the
branches, exhibiting a fluttering of wings and incessant activity. Its
attitudes and notes remind one of the Titmice ; but it possesses a very
pleasant song, besides. Not rare in summer.

Dimensions. — Average measurements of twenty-six specimens :
length, 5-10; stretch, 7-72; wing, 2-46; tail, 1-99; bill from nostril,
•25; gape, -55; tarsus, 68; middle toe, '40; its claw, *16.

i Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, Vol, III, p. 46, 1878.
8 Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, Vol. IV, p. 61, 1879.

52

30. Dendrceca cserulescens, (Linne). Black-throated Blue
Warbler. An exceedingly common spring and fall migrant; not seen
in summer. Arrives early in May, and remains till late in the month
(May 7 to 22, 1875; 9 to 23, 1876; 12 to 18, 1877; 4 to 18, 1878; 7,
1879); in autumn it appears early in September (11, 1876; 24, 1877;
23, 1878), and departs in October (5, 1874; 17, 1876). The males
arrive from the South before the females. The latter do not make
their appearance in considerable numbers for several days after. This
beautiful species possesses the flycatching habits of the Blackburnian
Warbler (D. blackburnice) , flying in short curves after insects, often
alighting upon the sides of trees, and equally at home upon the
ground or in the highest tree-top.

On the 15th of October, 1876, we were visited by a heavy fall of
snow, which, at that early season, must have been as unwelcome to
the birds as it was unexpected by ourselves. The apple trees, loaded
with their beautiful fruit and dark green leaves, were bent low down
under a weight of snow, while the foliage on the mountains, still
glowing in all the beautiful tints of autumn, blended its gorgeous
hues with the burdening snow flakes. Several of our summer War-
blers were still present; and, among them, this species and the Black-
throated Green; both of these came close about the house, and
endeavored to enter at the windows : a common habit with the
Yellow-rump (Z>. coronata).

Dimensions.— Average measurements of twenty-eight specimens:
length, 5-28; stretch, 7-96; wing, 2-52; tail, 2-06; bill from nostril,
•29;- gape, -55; tarsus, *74; middle toe, '45; its claw, *17.

[TO BE CONTINUED.]

CHRONOLOGICAL
HISTORY OF PLANTS.

LITTLE, BROWN & COMPANY

PUBLISH THIS DAY:

CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

Man's Record of his own existence, as illustrated through
their names, uses, and companionship. By Charles
Pickeking, M. 1)., author of "Races of Man."

This work, to the preparation of which the last sixteen years of
Dr. Pickering's life were devoted, forms the last of his contributions
to Natural Science.

1200 pages. 4to. Cloth, $15.00; half mor., 18.00.

BULLETIN

OF THE

esses: UsTSTITUTE.

Vol. 11. Salem, Apr., May, June, 1879. Nos. 4, 5, 6.

The Solar Eclipse of 1878; a lecture before the Institute.

By Winslow Upton,

Assistant at Harvard College Observatory.

Ladies and Gentlemen: — A well known astronomer,
who devotes much of his time to studying the appear-
ance of the sun, recently remarked that in his opinion the
sun was the most important subject for scientific study.
Its position as the centre and controlling power of so
many celestial bodies places it at the centre also of astro-
nomical science, while its intimate connection with life
upon the earth renders especially important any knowl-
edge that we may acquire of its physical constitution.
The great interest taken in this study during the last
twenty years has added much to our knowledge, and it is
a singular fact that this advance has been largely due to
observations made during eclipses of the sun, when that
body has been wholly concealed from view. Thus, the
spectroscopic discoveries made in the eclipse of 1868 and
immediately after, greatly modified the prevailing theo-
ries of its constitution. The mere passage of the moon

ESSEX INST. BULL. XI 5 (53)

54

between the earth and the sun not only produces a scene
of gorgeous beauty, but also enables us to study the im-
mediate vicinity of the sun unhindered by the glare of
sunlight. To take advantage of this, expeditions are
organized and carefully equipped to make the desired
observations. The questions naturally arise, what are
the objects of these observations, how are they made,
and what are the results obtained. These we shall en-
deavor to consider, especially as illustrated by the Total
Eclipse of last summer.

We can show by the map the path of the eclipse.
Beginning in Siberia it crossed Behring's Straits, and
proceeded through Alaska and British America to the
United States, which it crossed in a southeasterly direc-
tion from Washington Territory to Texas. The moon's
shadow finally left the. earth in the ocean. It will be seen
that the path was not through a populous country, being
almost directly over the extent of the Rocky Mountains.
Denver is the only large town in the path. But as the
country traversed is so lofty, the observations were made
under peculiarly favorable atmospheric conditions. No
observations were made north of the United States as
far as known. Within the United States it was considered
neither safe nor expedient to send parties north of the
Union Pacific R. R., but the surveying party of Prof.
Hay den, which was near the Yellowstone Park, made
observations there. At the stations of the U. P. R. R.
within the line of totality were several well equipped par-
ties ; in Colorado there were a great many. Three of the
highest peaks of the Rocky Mountains had parties on their
summits. In Texas several parties were located.

The width of the path was about 116 miles; the dura-
tion of totality less than three minutes. In an eclipse,
the width of the shadow and the duration of the total

55

phase depend upon the relative size of the sun and moon.
The duration of totality is simply the time occupied by
the moon in passing over the excess of its own apparent
diameter over that of the sun. As the sun and moon
have nearly the same apparent diameter, the total phase
can never occupy but a few minutes ; in the most favor-
able case, when the sun is farthest away and the moon
nearest to the earth, the duration of totality is less than
eight minutes. The greatest width of the shadow is 160
miles.

The establishing of a temporary observatory for observ-
ing an eclipse is a work of much labor. Of course, if a
person wishes simply to examine the general appearance
of the spectacle with a portable telescope, it will not take
him long to get ready. But if an extensive series of
observations has been planned, the preparations will be
of corresponding extent. The instruments will include
telescopes of various kinds, some of which must be
mounted with great firmness ; others, such as meridian
instruments, in a particular position to be determined by
observations of the stars. If spectroscopes are to be
used, they must be properly adjusted. If photographic
work is attempted, the preparations become still more
complicated, for to secure the best results the instrument
must move by clock work to correspond with the motion
of the sun. It requires, too, a great deal of ingenuity
to utilize the rough means at the disposal of a scientific
party in the field. The man who can make boards, spikes
and dirt answer the purpose of stone and mortar, or who
can fit instruments together without either tools or mate-
rials for his work, is a valuable member of the party.
The best equipped party near Denver, that of Prof.
Young of Princeton, made an astronomical camp for
their observations, and their instruments shared the rough

56

luxuries of camp life. A magnificent telescope, which
at home would be securely mounted on a pier of masonry
and shielded by a revolving dome, was here perched upon
a wooden framework which was sunk several feet into
the around and filled with sand to secure <rreater steadi-
ncss. It was, however, the proud possessor of a house
which could be rolled over it for its protection, while its
less fortunate companions were summarily taken off their
mountings and carried to a place of shelter when the
daily thunder storms were seen approaching. The party
sent out by the U. S. government in charge of Prof.
Stone of the Cincinnati Observatory, to which I wTas
attached, located upon a ranch on the plains east of Den-
ver. We were fortunate in finding a cattle shed, which
we transformed into a temporary observatory. In this
lonely spot, for the nearest village consisted of a railroad
shed and a dug-out, we were obliged to adapt ourselves to
a variety of situations. We were masons, carpenters,
architects. We were surveyors, electricians, chronome-
ter repairers. On the clay of the eclipse, seated upon
empty boxes with recording implements and spare eye-
pieces on a neighboring plank, we made our observations
as comfortably as one could wish.

The observations connected with an eclipse begin seve-
ral days before the expected event. For besides the
adjusting of instruments and practice in using them, it
is necessary to determine the geographical position of
the observing station and the errors of the time-pieces
used. For one use of eclipses is to correct the places
of the moon oiven in the lunar tables. It is a mistake to
suppose, as many do, that the motions of the heavenly
bodies are so well determined that an eclipse can be pre-
dicted with absolute certainty for a century in advance.
As Prof. Ncwcomb has remarked, "it is an extraordinary

57

intellectual feat that the path of an eclipse can be marked
out at all before the event is to occur." A slight error in
the position of the moon would cause a large difference
in the path of the shadow on the earth. "In point of
fact, the time of the late eclipse as predicted was nearly
half a minute in error, while the actual path of the shadow
was some ten miles from the predicted one." In order to
obtain the errors of the eclipse calculations, it is custom-
ary for the observers to note the time when the moon
first notches the limb of the sun, the duration of totality
and the time of last contact. When these are collected
together from the different stations of observation, they
are used to correct the lunar tables. That this may be
done, the errors of the chronometers used and the lati-
tude and longitude of each station must be known. Ob-
servations for time and latitude are usually made with
a sextant as is done at sea, or still better by a portable
transit instrument such as surveying parties or watch-
makers use. If a place whose latitude and longitude are
known is near by, the position of the observing station
may be referred to it by the methods used in surveying.
If there is telegraphic connection with a place whose
position is known, clock signals may be sent from one to
the other, and the difference in time which is the same as
difference in longitude be easily determined. At all the
eclipse stations connected with the Western Union tele-
graph lines, the clock signals from Washington were
received on several clays, which was of great advantage.
Some of the observers made extensive observations
during the partial phase, by measuring the angle which
the line joining the cusps makes with the apparent path
of the sun from east to west, which can also be used for
correcting the moon's place. A series of photographs is
sometimes taken for the same purpose. As it takes about

58

an hour for the moon to advance over the sun till it com-
pletely conceals it, — time which is of little use for other
purposes, — there is an excellent opportunity for such
observations. This is one use of eclipses. Formerly it
was considered the only scientific way to observe the
phenomenon. Dr. Bo wd itch, who observed the eclipse
of 1806 in Salem, devotes his report entirely to the cor-
rections to the moon's place determined by his own and
others' observations. He simply mentions the fact that
a luminous appearance surrounded the moon, as had
been noted in previous eclipses.

But this "luminous appearance" is now the most inter-
esting object of an eclipse, and the invention of new in-
struments unknown to the great mathematician makes it
possible to study it with success. The special features
of the total phase of an eclipse, I need not remind you,
are the corona or halo of light surrounding the eclipsed
sun and the solar prominences which seem to be clinging
to the limb of the moon. Upon the blackboard is a rep-
resentation of the corona as it appeared in a telescope of
5J inches aperture. The northern and southern portions
were separated into distinct beams of light, curving on
each side from the north and south line ; the eastern and
western portions were radiated in structure, but not
divided into distinct beams. There was one beam on the
western portion which seemed to cross the radiated struc-
ture curving towards the south. The. star 8 Coronas
shone brightly through the corona.

The solar prominences were not conspicuous in this
eclipse. In the eclipses of 1860 and 1870 they were
very abundant. In 1860 the largest one was found to be
nearly 100,000 miles high or one-ninth of the sun's diam-
eter. In that eclipse, it was proved that they .belonged
to the sun and not to the moon, as the latter passed over

59

them in its advance. Tn the eclipse of 1868, the spectro-
scope showed that the solar prominences are immense
masses of gaseous matter at a high temperature thrown
up from the sun, hydrogen being the leading component.
A few days .after the eclipse, two different observers suc-
ceeded in obtaining their spectra in full sunlight, and now
not only can their spectra be obtained on a clear day, but
the prominences themselves are made visible.

[A spectroscope was here exhibited and its construc-
tion explained.]

Solid bodies, if sufficiently heated, give a continuous
spectrum, that is a band of light with colors varying from
red on one end to violet on the other. Gases give not
continuous spectra, but bright lines peculiar to each gas,
whose positions for many substances have been carefully
mapped for reference. The sun gives a continuous spec-
trum crossed by dark lines, several thousand of which
have been observed. It was discovered long ago that
some of the dark lines corresponded in position with the
bright lines of certain gases, which led to the conjecture
that there was some connection between them. But in
1859, the famous Kirchoff found that by passing the light
from incandescent lime, which gives a continuous spec-
trum, though the sodium flame, which gives a bright
yellow line, he obtained the continuous spectrum with a
dark line in place of the bright one. He also found that
by using the solar spectrum combined with that of the
sodium flame, a conspicuous dark line in the yellow of
the solar spectrum could be made bright or dark by vary-
ing the intensity of the sunlight. He thus established
the fact that the dark lines in the sun indicate the pres-
ence of gaseous substances surrounding a glowing body
probably solid ; at least it gives a continuous spectrum
like a heated solid. He soon found that the bright lines

60

of the gas of iron, over 400 in number, had their coun-
terpart in dark solar lines, and from that time the pres-
ence of various other substances in a gaseous state has
been detected. The method of using the spectroscope is
simply- to examine the spectrum of any substance and
compare it with known spectra.

The truth of the theory that the syun is a vast globe
probably solid at an immense heat, surrounded by a gas-
eous layer, has received wonderful confirmation in recent
eclipses. If the dark lines in the solar spectrum are
merely the bright lines of certain gaseous substances
made dark by the presence of the glowing body behind
them, it must follow that just before totality, when the
moon has wholly concealed the body of the sun but not
the gaseous layer, the dark lines should become bright.
The reversal of the lines, looked for without success in
1869, was seen in 1870 by Prof. Young, who thus de-
scribes the phenomenon : —

"Very soon as the crescent grew narrower, .
the dark lines of the spectrum and the spectrum itself
faded away ; until all at once, as suddenly as a bursting
rocket shoots out its stars, the whole field of view was
filled with bright lines more numerous than one could
count. The phenomenon was so sudden, so unexpected,
and so wonderfully beautiful as to force an involuntary
exclamation. Gently and yet very rapidly they faded
away, until within about two seconds, as nearly as I can
estimate, they had vanished." This phenomenon has
been seen by many observers in recent eclipses.

As the solar prominences can now be examined upon
any clear day, they receive less attention during eclipses
than the corona, which in the present state of science is
only visible at such times. The coronas of different
eclipses are so dissimilar in appearance, and the results

61

of different observations are so discordant, that the phe-
nomenon is still a great mystery. Accordingly at the last
eclipse it was studied in every way that human ingenuity
could devise. Some observers simply examined it with
the naked eye, estimating its shape, structure, and extent.
Some used telescopes of varying size for the same pur-
pose. Others confined their attention to particular por-
tions only. The resources of the physical laboratory
were brought into full use. Its lkdrt was examined with
spectroscopes and polariscopes. Mr. Edison invented a
special instrument called a tasimeter to measure its heat ;
it was successful in showing the presence of heat, but
being adjusted too delicately, since the inventor did not
know how much heat to expect, the index was thrown
beyond the limits of the measuring scale, so that the
amount of heat was not determined. The best photo-
graphic skill was also employed, and the corona which
was first photographed in 1869 was again successfully
photographed, the times of exposure varying from two to
one hundred and sixty seconds. The camera was also
used in combination with the spectroscope and polari-
scope, and Dr. Draper succeeded in photographing the
spectrum of the corona, which had never been done
before.

The polariscope enables us to determine at least par-
tially whether the corona shines with its own or with
reflected light. The explanation of the phenomenon of
polarization is briefly this : We can imagine that through
a beam of light coming directly to the eye, planes are
passed in every direction, the beam of light being the
common axis for all the planes. If however the light
does not come directly to the eye, but is reflected from
some surface, it is no longer possible to pass planes in
every direction through the reflected beam ; for the vibra-

62

tions arc now confined to one plane, that passing through
the source of light, the reflecting surface and the eye.
This is termed the plane of polarization, though the vi-
brations themselves are at right angles to this plane.
While the eye cannot of itself detect this change in the
light, there are certain substances which make it appa-
rent. Thus the Nicol prism, which consists of two prisms
of Iceland spar cemented together by Canada balsam, will
allow light to pass through it in one plane only. If now
it is true that the vibrations in a reflected beam of light
are confined to one plane, when this plane coincides with
the plane in the Nicol prism in which* light can pass,
light should be seen ; but if the prism is turned so that
its plane does not coincide with the plane of polarization,
darkness should be the result. .And this is found to be
the case, or would be if the polarization were complete.
There are more delicate instruments than the Nicol prism,
e. g., the Savart polariscope which will show polarization
if it exists in only four or five per cent, in the light exam-
ined. Polarization is not found in direct light, but is
found in reflected light. The light of the moon is polar-
ized ; the light of the sky is polarized by reflection from
the atmosphere, the plane of polarization passing through
the sun, the part of the sky examined and the eye.
Polarization may also be caused by the light passing
through certain crystals, as the Nicol prism, which we
have just stated will confine the vibrations to one plane.
In this case, the plane of polarization passes through the
polarizing crystal and beyond, to the source of the light.
In examining the corona with the polariscope, the obser-
vation consists in rotating the instrument and if polariza-
tion is found, noting the position of the plane of polari-
zation. If the plane passes through the sun, the part of
the corona examined and the eye, it indicates reflected

63

sunlight in the corona ; if it passes beyond the sun but
not through it, it shows that the polarization is caused by
light passing through the corona, which must, then, con-
tain substances capable of producing the phenomenon,
unless polarization can be produced in other ways than
those now known. Most of the polariscopic observations
of the corona show reflected light.

Besides these that have been mentioned there are other
minor subjects of study in an. eclipse, such as the changes
in temperature, the changes in the color of the sky and
earth, the shadow as it sweeps over the earth with a veloc-
ity of half a mile each second, the effect of darkness upon
living creatures — and we must not forget the search for
new planets near the sun, which, as we shall see later,
will render the eclipse of 1878 especially memorable.

The clay of the eclipse was favorable at all the observ-
ing stations. To those in Colorado the clear weather
was a glad surprise, for there had been no day for two
weeks in which the eclipse could have been successfully
observed. The preliminary observations and adjustments
had in consequence been but partially made. The ob-
servers on the summit of Pike's Peak were obliged to
abandon some of their plans, as there was not time to
adjust the instruments. At our station, we worked in
the early morning hours till daylight and to a late hour
in the evening following the eclipse to complete the aux-
iliary observations. As the day advanced the final prep-
arations were completed, and in the early afternoon,' a
few moments before the predicted time, the expectant
observers took their appointed stations. No one would
have imagined that a wonderful event was at hand. No
trace of the moon could be seen. The face of Nature
bore its accustomed aspect. But almost upon the ex-
pected moment, a little notch upon the sun's western limb

64

announced the approach of the moon. The eclipse had
begun. Rapidly advancing, the moon seemed to hold the
sun with iron grasp and to consume its light, the weaker
victorious over the stronger. The effect upon the earth,
scarcely perceptible till the sun was half hidden, from
that time grew rapidly more apparent. Darkness seemed
approaching, heralded not by the soothing twilight of the
restful night but by a cheerless gloom. A sense of awe
filled the soul. Men, with countenances changed to an
ashen hue, spoke in whispers. The crescent of light
became smaller and smaller, and soon the swift shadow
was seen sweeping over the lofty mountains. The thin
crescent faded away, and the dark moon was seen sur-
rounded by a crown of unequalled glory, to whose beauty
the stars bore silent witness. It lingered for awhile —
and was gone. For a sudden burst of light marked the
returning day. It seemed as if the Creator had once
more spoken the words "Let there be light," for there
was light. The rapid shadow sped away in its flight.
The moon hastened to undo the work it had so recently
wrought. The sun regained its power, the stronger vic-
torious over the weaker. Nature once more assumed her
wonted aspect. The eclipse was over.

[The remainder of the lecture was illustrated by a
series of lantern views projected upon the screen by Mr.
Leonard Waldo of Cambridge. First were given views
of the recent eclipse as it appeared to the naked eye and
as seen through telescopes by different observers.]

It is singular that the corona should appear so differ-
ently to different observers, even if they are at the same
station and view it under similar conditions. But since
this is an evident fact, it is natural to suppose that a more
accurate representation of the corona may be obtained by
photography. But there are several difficulties to be

65

encountered. One is in the proper time to expose the
plate. When a photographer is taking a picture of a
room he exposes his plate several minutes ; if he is pho-
tographing a landscape scene in bright sunlight, a few
seconds he finds to be sufficient. For the sun, the short-
est exposure possible is required. The best photograph
of the sun yet obtained was made with an exposure of
W&tf of a second. In an eclipse, since the brightness is
much greater close to the sun than farther away from it,
a short exposure of a second or two will give the solar
prominences but no corona, while a long exposure will
represent more of the corona but the inner portions will
be overexposed and therefore lose their details. This is
illustrated by two views, one of the eclipse of 1860, in
which the plate was exposed two seconds, and which shows
the prominences only, and the other Dr. Draper's photo-
graph of the last eclipse made with an exposure of 160
seconds. It was hoped by so long an exposure that the
coronal streamers might be photographed, which has
never yet been clone. Indeed, from their absence on the
photographs it has been argued that they are unreal. The
picture does not show them, but it exhibits in the extreme
portions traces of a radiated structure.

Another reason why reliance cannot be placed upon
photographs alone is that all rays of light are not chemi-
cally active. It was shown very graphically by Prof.
Osbun a few evenings ago that the actinic rays — those
that are chemically active in developing the picture — are
confined to the blue and violet and ultra-violet portions
of the spectrum, the last named not being visible to the
eye. Red and yellow rays affect the eye but not the sen-
sitized plate. Hence a photograph does not give a per-
fect representation, since it may omit peculiarities which
the eye discerns or add others invisible to the eye. (A

66

person sitting for a photograph shows unconscious knowl-
edge of this fact, since he always expects the portrait to
omit defects which belong of course to the red end of the
spectrum and to bring out actinic beauties which no mor-
tal eye can see.) It requires also much skill to photo-
graph the corona. This was successfully accomplished
for the first time in 1869, the photograph then obtained
comparing well with the more recent ones. It is custom-
ary to obtain a series of photographs with different times
of exposure, each of which will bear witness to a portion
of the corona. [Illustrated by a photograph taken in
Prof. Young's party, and by Mr. Whipple's photograph
of the corona in the 1869 eclipse.]

It is interesting to compare the varied appearances of
the corona in different eclipses. In the recent eclipse it
was more elongated than usual, or at least the coronal
streamers were on this occasion noticed to extend further
from the sun than previously. The general outline was
also quite irregular, though in this respect it was not
unlike many others.

[A series of views was here shown representing the
corona as seen in nine of the total eclipses that have been
observed during this century.]

While the corona is still a very mysterious appearance,
yet the result of observations made in past years has
tended to establish the truth of certain theories with
regard to it. It belongs to the sun, and not to the moon.
It is not caused by our own atmosphere, as some have
thought, considering it to be a mere optical illusion. It is
undoubtedly true that its appearance is much modified by
local influences, but from the summit of Pike's Peak,
where the disturbing effects of the atmosphere were less
than at other stations, it was seen in greater extent than
elsewhere. Its presence surrounding the sun, when the

67

moon is absent, may be inferred from the fact that when
either of the planets Venus or Mercury is about to cross
the sun, it can be seen before touching the disk — a dark
body on the coronal background. In eclipses also, a few
minutes before or after the total phase, the whole outline
of the moon can be seen. It is impossible to believe
that the moon could have an atmosphere of sufficient size
and density to cause the phenomena witnessed in the
corona, and yet this atmosphere not be apparent in many
other ways.

The examination of the corona by instrumental means
strengthens the belief in its solar origin, at least in the
solar origin of the portions nearest the sun. The obser-
vations with the polariscope in different eclipses have been
quite conflicting. In some, no traces of polarization
could be found, in others they were very marked, while
the direction of the plane of polarization varied. A dis-
cussion made previous to the last eclipse by an English
astronomer showed that the greater part of the observa-
tions might be harmonized on the supposition that the
corona contained reflected sunlight, which might be caused
by meteoric or other matter in the vicinity of the sun.
The observations made last summer for the most part con-
firm this opinion. But there are certain observations in
several of the eclipses which indicate that part of its light
comes through certain substances and not by reflection,
since the plane of polarization did not pass through the
sun but tangent to it. This discordance in the polaris-
copic observations has not yet been explained.

Let us examine the testimony of the spectroscope.

[Upon the screen were shown the spectrum of the
sun, the solar spectrum together with that of iron show-
ing the coincidences of sixty-five of the bright lines in
the spectrum of iron with dark lines in the solar spec-

68

I

trum, and the spectra of the sun, chromosphere, solar

prominences and corona as seen in the eclipse of 1869.]
The spectrum of the chromosphere, the gaseous layer
in which the solar prominences originate, contained the
four hydrogen lines with several others not determined.
In the spectrum of the prominences were found, besides
these, four others, three of which were also found in the
corona ; of these two were rather faint, and have not
generally been seen. The third, which is called the
"1474" line, from its position on the standard scale, is
considered the characteristic line of the coronal spectrum ;
it indicates the presence of an unknown gaseous substance
which is also found in the sun, and probably thrown up
from it into the corona. In the corona have also been
seen the continuous spectrum, which would indicate in-
candescent solid or liquid matter, and the spectrum of
sunlight with its dark lines, which would agree with the
polariscope in indicating reflected sunlight.

Upon the testimony of the spectroscope, then, the
corona is of a very complex nature, for it shines with its
own light, shines with reflected sunlight, and contains an
unknown gaseous substance found also in the sun. But
the corona does not exhibit the same spectra in different
eclipses. In the last eclipse the change was especially
marked. The 1474 line was very faint — some observers
failed entirely to see it — while the continuous spectrum
was the marked feature, the dark solar lines being also
seen. This noticeable change in the spectrum, particu-
larly the unusual faintness of the 1474 line, points to a
connection between the sun and the corona which is one
of the most important results of the recent observations.
The sun has been for some time past in a state of unusual
quiescence ; the spots and prominences are few, the chro-
mosphere low. That at this time the corona should show

69

the least trace of the solar "1474 matter" it has ever
exhibited since the spectroscope discovered its presence,
is a proof that it, too, follows the periodicity characteris-
tic of the sun. In a few years the sun spots will again
become numerous, for their period is known ; if the
corona should then, as is confidently expected, exhibit
the characteristics so marked in 1869 and 1870, when the
sun was in great activity, the proof will be still more
complete.

It is remarkable that while the 1878 corona contained
less of the solar matter than formerly, it was more ex-
tended and exhibited more plainly the evidences of re-
flected light. The advocates of the view that it is mainly
caused by reflection from meteoric substances in the vicin-
ity of the sun find in this circumstance an argument for
their theory ; and some who before have believed that the
inner corona was solar and the outer atmospheric in ori-
gin have changed to the meteoric theory. The sketch
made by Prof. Abbe on the slope of Pike's Peak shows
in a very striking way the extent of the corona as seen
in high altitudes without telescopic aid. The observer
has advanced the theory that the long bands of light are
the grand meteor streams which the earth meets in August
and November, the tapering of the bands being due to
perspective. No other person, as far as known (for but
few of the reports of the last eclipse have yet been pub-
lished) has been so definite in designating the position of
the meteoric bodies reflecting the coronal light, but the
belief that this is the explanation of at least that portion
of the corona farthest removed from the sun has been
strengthened by the recent observations.

It has been customary for some observers to spend the
time of totality in the search for new planets near the
sun. To facilitate the work, a chart of stars is made

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN. XI 6

70

beforehand and the observer hunts systematically for ob-
jects not on the map. In the last eclipse several distin-
guished astronomers engaged in this work, two of whom
report success for the first time in the history of eclipse
observations. Each of them found two objects not on
the chart, which therefore cannot be stars, for no stars
except those on the chart exist in that part of the sky
as bright as the new objects are described to be. The
positions given by the two observers, Prof. Watson and
Mr. Swift, unfortunately do not agree, and consequently
there were four new objects seen, unless one of the ob-
servers in the hurry of the moment made a mistake in
his record. This is a point which no one can settle.
The new objects cannot be asteroids, for they are so
bright that they would have been discovered long ago if
that were the case. It has been suggested that they may
be comets, but the discoverers are positive in their de-
scriptions and would not be likely to be deceived, since
they are experienced observers. It is generally conceded
that one or more new planets moving about the sun within
the orbit of Mercury has been discovered, and the search
for new planets will receive much attention in future
eclipses.

[The concluding illustration represented the progress
of an eclipse, the sun being gradually concealed by the
advancing moon, and the corona bursting forth at the
moment of totality.]

We may sum up briefly the scientific results of the last
eclipse, as far as they can now be given.

1. The discovery of one or more intra-Mercurial
planets.1

1 Since the above was written, a valuable discussion of the subject of the exist-
ence of Intra-Mercurial planets has been published by Dr. Peters of Hamilton Col-
lege, New York. It presents in a masterly way the negative side of the question,
showing that the supposed observations of such bodies that have been made dur-

71

2. The proof that the corona follows the same law of
periodicity which affects the sun.

3. An advance in instrumental means of studying
eclipses, shown by the invention of the tasimeter, and
the successful photographing of the coronal spectrum.

4. The accumulation of more facts, which will have
their value in combining the observations of different
eclipses.

We may feel sure that future observations will throw
more light upon the unsolved problems suggested by the
phenomena of an eclipse. The sole object of these ob-
servations is to add to our knowledge of this wonderful
universe, — a universe which in its grandest or in its
humblest appearances speaks its Creator's praise.

ing this century are unreliable, while the great mass of testimony is opposed to
their existence. The objects seen by Prof. Watson in the last eclipse are explained
to be certain known stars which would coincide with the observed positions if Ave
admit an error in the observations — an error which is claimed to be within the lim-
its of accuracy possible under the conditions of observation. This criticism,
which is sustained by good arguments, coupled with the mass of negative evi-
dence, places the subject once more in a doubtful position. But it is certain that
the interest excited by the supposed discoveries will make the search for new
planets a prominent part of future eclipse observations.

Notes on the Native and extensively introduced Woody
Plants of Essex County, Massachusetts.1

By John Robinson.

The following notes on the woody plants of Essex County have
been collected for the purpose of giving what is known of the trees
and shrubs which are natives of the soil, and those which have been
extensively introduced. It is not possible to bring together here all
the information which might be collected, but it is certain that suffi-
cient will be found to show thoroughly the nature of the species,
their hardiness, and the size they attain within our county's limits.
The principal facts are taken from the extensive notes made by Mr.
John H. Sears of Danvers, and the observations made since by Mr.
Sears and the present writer while botanizing in various parts of the
county. Besides, the work of the older botanists has been examined,
and references will be found to Dr. Chas. Pickering, William Oakes,
Rev. J. L. Russell, S. P. Fowler, and others. The writer desires to
express his thanks to the many 'persons who, more or less interested
in the subject, in various parts of the county, have so uniformly shown
their kindness by adding much valuable information, which has been
incorporated in the notes. Almost every species referred to in these
pages is represented in the Essex County Botanical Collection in the
Museum of the Peabody Academy of Science, at Salem, where besides
the dried specimens of leaves, flowers, and fruit of the plants, there
is also a very complete collection of the wood arranged to show its
transverse and vertical section, and the bark of each species. This
collection is the result of a systematic attempt to illustrate the woody
plants of Essex County, and was gathered chiefly by Mr. Sears.
Should it chance that any one reading these pages can add any infor-
mation to that already collected, the writer would esteem it a great
favor that it should be communicated to him.

1 Names of species in this type : Tilia Americana, L., indicate plants which are
natives of Essex County; in this type: Magnolia acuminata, L., plants which are
natives of North America, usually within the scope of Gray's Botany, {i.e., east of
the Mississippi and north of Virginia), and introduced into Essex County; in this
type: Bbrbebis vulgaris L., plants which are from foreign countries, usually
natives of Europe, introduced into Essex County.

(72)

73

EANUNCULACEiE.

(CROWFOOT Family.)

Clematis Virginiana, L. (Common Virgin's Bower.) A very-
pretty climber, seldom forming stems of much size. It is quite abun-
dant near Salem, and is frequently met with in cultivation, where it
makes with its flowers in August, and later with its feathery fruit, a
very attractive trellis plant. Many other species of this beautiful
genus are found in our gardens. The C. [Atragane] verticillaris, D. C,
which grows near Mt. Wachuset, is probably not a native of this
county.

MAGNOLIACEiE.

(MAGNOLIA Family.)

Magnolia glauca, L. (Small Magnolia. Sweet Bay.) This
beautiful plant, so far north of its central habitat, has given the name
to the summer resort near which the magnolia swamp is situated in
Gloucester, and the original locality is so widely known that the
plants are fast being removed (often very carelessly) for cultivation.
The young buds are so quickly taken off by the venders of the flowers
that it is almost impossible to find a perfect specimen. Fortunately,
however, there are one or two other swamps in which the M. glauca
grows, not so easy of access, extending towards the town of Essex,
where this rare plant is likely to remain undisturbed for a while
longer. It is not known by whom it was first detected here, but it
probably has been familiar to the residents of the vicinity for a cen-
tury.2

Magnolia acuminata, L. (Cucumber Tree.) Frequent in culti-
vation, easily enduring the winters except in very exposed places.
One tree of this species upon the estate of Gen. Loring in Beverly
almost rivals more southern specimens by its fine growth.

M. macrophylla, M. umbrella, and M. conspicua ( Yulan of the Chi-
nese), are occasionally met with in cultivation, requiring some protec-
tion during winter when planted in exposed places.

Liriodendron tulipifera, L. (Tulip Tree.) A native of southern
New England and westward. A tree commonly cultivated, but

2 Dr. Henry Wheatland kindly furnishes the following note : —
"Rev. Manasseh Cutler, LL.D., of Hamilton, was the pei'son who first brought
to public notice the magnolia locality in Gloucester and Manchester; or at least
tradition says so. In a notice of a field meeting of the Institute at Manchester in
1856, Rev. J. L. Russell says, 'It was a source of no ordinary pleasure to be able
to stand on the most northern limit of this fine and ornamental tree, probably near
the very spot where its fragrant blossoms attracted the notice of the Rev. Dr.
Manasseh Cutler many years since.' Proc. E. I., Vol. II, p. 34."

74

here never reaching the magnificent proportions to which it grows
in the west. It is a clean and handsome shade tree.

BERBEEIDACEiE.
(BARBERRY Family.)

Berberis vulgaris, L. (Common Barberry.) Few persons fa-
miliar with the barberry know that it has been introduced from Europe,
yet such is the case, and aside from the eastern portion of the New
England states it is a comparatively rare shrub. The fruit is much
used when preserved as a dinner sauce, and the plants if properly
pruned form a very beautiful hedge.

Dr. William Mack, of Salem, who has given much attention to the
introduction of shrubs and trees in this vicinity, and who has experi-
mented to a considerable extent with our American species, considers
the barberry to be one of the best of hedge plants. He has found
those raised from seeds to succeed the best; they should when two
years old be planted out in a double row, the plants being one foot
apart, those of one row coming opposite the spaces of the other.
After a few year's growth the pruning should be commenced. The
hedge thus treated by Dr. Mack became in ten years a solid mass six
feet high and three or four feet wide. When growing in hedges the
barberry seldom produces fruit.

CISTACE.ZE.

(ROCK-ROSE Family.)

Helianthemum Canadense, Michx. (Frost-weed.) A little
plant flowering in August and September, resembling somewhat the
small Evening Primrose.

Hudsonia tomentosa, Mitt. (Hudsonia.) A curious little plant
growing in sandy places, resembling in appearance a Heath. Abun-
dant at Ipswich, Plum Island, and Nahant.

Lechea tenuifolia, L. thymifolia, Pursh., L. major, Michx.,
and L. minor, Lam., are homely weeds growing in sand or poor soil.

The plants of this family have somewhat woody stems.

MALVACEiE.
(MALLOW Family.)

Althaea officinalis, L., is found on salt marshes, and is reported at
Salisbury by Mrs. Downs.

Hibiscus moscheutos, L., was found at Swampscott fifty years
ago by the late Dr. Chas. Pickering, the place where it then grew is
now occupied by summer boarding-houses.

75

Hibiscus Syriacus, L. (Common Althaea.) Always cultivated.
It is sometimes found to spread by seeds almost as though it were
wild.

TILIACEJE.

(LINDEN Family.)
Tilia Americana, L. (American Linden. Basswood.) A fine
shade tree scattered through the county, seldom more than a few
trees being seen together. It is subject to the attacks of insects, the
leaves by mid-summer often being quite unsightly, owing to their
almost skeletonized appearance. Mr. J. H. Sears, of Danvers, to
whom the writer will frequently have occasion to refer in these notes,
gives the following measurements of a Basswood which, in 1867, grew
in Danvers, beside a never-failing spring.

Circumference 12 feet 3 inches at 1 foot from ground
« 10 «< 6 « « 5 feet « «

Height 50 feet.

Another before the farm house of Mr. Nathaniel Boardman was

in 1875,

Circumference 12 feet 10 inches at 1 foot from ground.

« 9 it 0 « "5 feet " "

Height 45 feet.

The wood is chiefly used in carriage and cabinet work.

Tilia Europ^ea. (European Linden.) Much used as a street
shade tree, represented in the county by some very fine specimens.
The leaves are smaller than those of the American Linden, and the
time of flowering somewhat earlier.

Six European Lindens in Beverly, in 1876, measured as follows,

commencing with one opposite the southeast corner of number 82

Cabot St.

No. 1. Circumference 9 feet 8 inches at 1 foot from ground.
0 it- 9 (i

No. 2. " 9 "

« 8 "

No. 3. " 9 "

" 8 «

No. 4. " 10 "

" 9 "

No. 5. " 11 "

" 9 "

No. 6. " 10 "

" 8 "
Height about 70 feet.

RUTACEiE.

(RUE Family.)
Zanthoxylum Americanum, Mill. (Northern Prickly Ash. Tooth-

9

"

" 6 feet

K («

8

"

" 1 foot

<« «

11

<<

" 6 feet

l< (1

1

%t

" 1 foot

U (C

6

a

" 6 feet

" "

61

u

" 1 foot

<l l(

0

a

" 6 feet

U K

6k

"

" 1 foot

" "

5

a

" 6 feet

l< «

9i

«<

" 1 foot

n a

8

a

" 6 feet

a it

76

ache Tree.) This plant, although a northern shrub, does not, it is
probable, grow naturally within the county limits. There are in
Boxford, Danvers, and Georgetown several localities for Prickly Ash.
Mrs. W. S. Horner kindly furnishes the following information : "The
Prickly Ash was brought from Topsfield in 1835 and planted in several
places in this vicinity, by Mr. Andrew Horner, who held its medicinal
properties in much esteem. The plant is growing in several places
here as a shrub from six to twelve feet high, perhaps under better
conditions it might grow larger." It would be interesting to know
when and by whom it was introduced into Topsfield.

AlLANTHUS GLANDULOSUS. (TREE OF HEAVEN. CHINESE SUMACH.)

A native of China, introduced into this country in 1784, at Philadel-
phia. This very handsome tree was extensively planted as a shade
tree in our cities, but the offensive odor of the staminate flowers
made it unpopular, and it was found that the pollen and fallen flowers
injured the water collected from the roofs of houses near which the
trees were planted.

This tree is well adapted for planting in sandy soil, as for instance
that of Plum Island. The Russian government use it on the steppes,
where it has been remarkably successful. The wood is handsome,
excellent for furniture, somewhat resembling oak. This tree is very
easy of propagation, for, besides being raised from seeds, every bit of
root when cut in pieces will form a bud. For a shade tree this
suckering is objectionable. A very full account of the Ailanthus will
be found in the Twenty-fifth Annual Report of the Secretary of the
Board of Agriculture of Mass., by Prof. C. S. Sargent, from which
this brief account is taken.

ANACARDIACE JE.

(CASHEW Family.)

Rhus typhina, L. (Staghorn Sumach.) Quite common in
various parts of the county. A tree in the garden of Mr. Joe} Kim-
ball in Beverly, measured in 1878, 25 feet in height, with a diameter
of 10 inches.

Rhus glabra, L. (Smooth Sumach.) Abundant, particularly in
Wenham, Ipswich, and Hamilton.

Rhus copallina, L. (Dwarf Sumach.) In similar localities to
the last.

Rhus venenata, D C. (Poison Sumach.) Poison Dogwood is
an unfortunate name to give to this plant, although it is the one by
which it is most generally known. The Dogwoods all have large
panicles of white flowers and are harmless to handle, while the poison
Sumach has inconspicuous flowers.

77

The Poison Sumach grows to considerable size in the county; one
tree in Hamilton has a head some 15 feet in diameter, with a trunk
branching near the ground into several divisions.

Khus Toxicodendron, L. (Poison Ivy.) This very common
poisonous plant will be found at one time in the form of a very deli-
cate vine, and at another a stout, coarse-leaved shrub supporting
itself against a wall or tree. One form has been called R. radicans,
but the intermediate forms so connect it with the first that it
has been considered only a variety of strong growth. These two
last species of Rhus are the only plants poisonous to the touch grow-
ing in the county. Neither have attractive flowers or fruit. It is
only the showy leaves of R. venenata in autumn that would ever lead a
person to handle the plant through any attraction of its own Con-
sidering the abundance of these species, and the frequency with which,
they must be touched, even roughly handled by many persons, par-
ticularly by children, it is a wonder that their poisonous effects are
not more often seen.

If any one suspects that either of these plants have come in contact
with the person, let the part so touched be washed with a strong,
coarse soap. If the eruption makes its appearance, apply water, as
hot as can be borne, to the affected part ; this will benumb the little
nerves which are irritated and dull the pain. If a disagreeable
swelling is caused by being poisoned, seek the advice of the best
neighboring regular physician. Some persons may handle these
plants with impunity, others are so sensitive that their near presence
to the plant without contact with their person is sufficient to cause a
swelling of the face. Many other plants are charged with beiug the
cause of poisonings. It is probable that all such charges are erro-
neous, and that unconsciously one of the two poisonous sumachs have
been handled or brushed against. In collecting other plants the wide-
spreading roots of one of them may have been met with. This has
proved to be the explanation of several cases of mysterious plant
poisoning.

Rhus Cotinus (Smoke Tree.) is very common in cultivation.

VITACEJE.

(VINE Family.)

Vitis Lalbrusca, L. (Northern Fox Grape.) Very common.
Fruit ripening during the latter part of August or first of September.
A white fruited variety with paler green leaves has been found in
Danvers by Mr. Sears. This species, "Improved by cultivation has
given rise to the Isabella, Catawba, Concord, and other varieties."
Gray.

78

Vitis aestivalis, Michx. (Summer Grape.) Not so common as
as last. Found on Cape Ann, as is also

Vitis cordifolia, Michx. (Winter or Frost Grape), which
has been found in Essex.

Ampelopsis quinquefolia, Michx. (Virginian Creeper.) This
beautiful climber in our northern latitude takes the place of the Eng-
lish Ivy (Hedera helix) as a wall plant. It is very abundant wild,
and much in use in cultivation.

The beautiful, closely clinging Ampelopsis Vetchii is now being
introduced as a wall climber with great success near Boston, where it
proves perfectly hardy.

EHAMNACE51.
(BUCKTHORN Family.)

Eiiamnus catharticus, L. (Common Buckthorn.) This has
always been extensively used for hedges, and where plants have been
allowed to grow up singly, the seeds produced are widely distributed,
and small plants are abundant.

Ceanothus Americamis, L. (New Jersey Tea.) A low shrub
with very pretty white flowers in July. Common in Beverly, George-
town, etc. "The leaves were used for tea during the American
Revolution, and the manufacture has been recently revived in Penn-
sylvania." Gray.

CELASTRACEJE.
(STAFF TREE Family.)

Celastrus scandens, L. (Roxbury Waxwork. Climbing
Bitter-sweet.) Common in Salem, Beverly, Middleton, etc. This
species is an excellent one for arches or trellis work when a plant
that will bear pruning is desired. The scarlet fruit remains in the
open pod after the leaves have fallen, often through the entire winter.

Euonymus atropurpureus Jacq. (Burning Bush. Spindle Tree.)
A native of New York state. Often cultivated here.

SAPINDACE53.

(SOAPBERRY Family.)

2Esculus Hippocastanum, L. (House-chestnut.) This valuable
and extensively planted shade tree was introduced from Europe during
the last century. "It is a native of Asia, and was carried to France
in 1G15 from Constantinople. The fruit is in Germany boiled and used
to fatten cattle and fowls. The name horse-chestnut is derived from
the fact that in Turkey and Germany it is employed in veterinary

79

medicine." Emerson. A tree in the writer's garden, fifty years old,
measured, Sept., 1878,

Circumference 8 feet 1 inch, 1 foot from ground.

" 6 " 10 niches, 6 feet " "

Height about 60 feet.

The Red Horse-chestnut and perhaps one or two others are met
with in cultivation.

Acer Pennsylvanicum, L. (Striped Maple.) In some towns
this shrub or tree is called Moose-wood, a name applied to Dirca
palustris and also to Viburnam lantanoides in other places. This is a
good illustration of the danger of using the common names of plants
when accuracy is desired, and the importance of a botanical name
which is accepted everywhere for a species. The Striped Maple is
often met with in Essex Woods, Rockport, Swampscott, Andover,
Georgetown, etc. The trunk occasionally reaches a diameter of six
inches, in specimens planted out, one of which may be seen in Har-
mony Grove Cemetery in Salem, another on the grounds of G. A.
Tapley, Esq., Danvers. The leaves sometimes are found to measure
8 by 10 inches.

Acer spicatum, Lam. (Mountain Maple.) Although at the White
Mountains, and elsewhere, this species is found in company with the
Striped Maple, yet it has not been authentically reported within our
county limits. It is rarely seen even in cultivation, under which
treatment it makes a very pretty shrub.

Acer saccharimim, Wang. (Sugar Maple. Rock Maple.)
Nearly all of the old and large specimens of this tree have been
destroyed, so that the native growth is chiefly suckers from the old
stumps. Trees of this species are occasionally seen with a trunk
eighteen inches in diameter. Planted out, the Sugar Maple is a most
beautiful shade tree, although rather dense for city streets. Little
or no sugar is made from the maple in this county, both on account
of the scarcity of large trees and the unfavorable conditions of the
climate.

The variety nigrum (A. nigrum, 31ich.) is seen now and then in
cultivation where it becomes a fine tree.

Acer dasycarpum, Ehrhart. (White Maple. Silver Maple.)
This tree, common in cultivation, grows naturally along the Ipswich
River and elsewhere in the northwestern part of the county, where
many fine specimens are found. One tree in Topsfield measured by
Mr. Sears and the writer, May, 1875, was eight feet in circumference
four feet from the ground. Many others of similar size are to be met
with.

Acer rubrum, L. (Red Maple. Swamp Maple.) This species

80

is very abundant in nearly all parts of the county. The leaves vary
greatly in size and shape, and the fruit varies in size, position of the
keys as regards each other, and their color. In Gray's Manual this
maple is spoken of as "a small tree," which is evidently an accidental
mistake, as it often grows to great size. Two trees growing in
"Bliud-HoleSwamp," Danvers, in 1865, measured by Mr. Sears, were,

(1) Circumference 8 feet 6 inches at 1 foot from ground.

« 7 " 5 " " 6 feet " "

90 " high, 24 feet to first limb.

(2) " 8 " 0 inches at 2£ feet from ground.
" 7 " 5 " " 6 " " "

Height 50 ft., spread of branches 50 ft. in diameter.

In Ipswich, near the homestead of Mrs. Warner, on the bank of the

river, is a remarkably fine old Red Maple, which measured, in 1875, as

follows : —

Circumference 13 feet 9 inches at 1 foot from ground.
« 14 u 2 " "5 feet « "

Just above, the trunk divides into sixteen limbs ; the height is
about 55 feet, and the spreading branches make their greatest diameter
74 feet.

Mrs. Horner sends the measurements of a Eed Maple lately felled
near Gage's ferry, Bradford, 1876.

Circumference 26 feet at 4 feet from the ground, one branch circum-
ference 12£ feet. Mrs. Horner states that there are several other
large Red Maples left in this region.

Acer Pseudo- Platanus (Sycamore Maple), Acer platanoides
(Austrian Maple.) European trees which are frequent in cultivation,
where they often rival the native species in the strength and rapidity
of their growth.

Negundo aceroides, Moench. (Ash-leaved Maple. Box-Elder.)
This is the Acer negundo, L., a northern plant extending into Penn-
sylvania. It is cultivated in this vicinity, and it has occasionally been
found escaped. A variegated leaved form is also found in cultivation.

LEGUMINOSJE.

(PULSE Family.)

Genista tinctoria, L. (Woad-Waxen, Dyer's Weed.) Intro-
duced early from Europe, this plant has become most thoroughly
established in the county. The masses of its gorgeous yellow flowers
in July, make the otherwise barren hills in the vicinity of Salem a
magnificent sight. At one point in the Salem Great Pastures scarcely
anything but this plant can be seen for miles around. A near relative
of this plant, Cytisus scoparius (Scotch Broom), runs wild in Virginia.

81

Bobinia pseudacacia, L. (Common Locust.) The Locust is a
native of Pennsylvania and westward. It lias so long been cultivated
in this vicinity that it has in many places the appearance of being a
native of the county.

Owing to the attacks of borers,- the Locust trees planted singly
along walls or scattered through a field are liable to be broken by
high winds, and consequently the tree is less frequently met with than
formerly. According to Emerson the pests which attack the various
species of Robinia are less troublesome among trees planted in groves.
Hon. Benj. Perley Poore, at Newbury, has succeeded with the Locust
cultivated in this manner admirably, and it is to be regretted that the
planting of so valuable a tree should be discontinued.

Mr. Sears states that the fallen leaves are considered as more of an
improvement to the land than those of any other tree, a fact corrobo-
rated by Mr. Poore's experience. Mr. Sears gives the measurements
of several Locusts as follows. One on the Gardner farm near Salem
being 12 feet in circumference. Three trees on the Peclrick estate,
Danvers, measured respectively, 6, 7, and 8 feet in circumference, and
were from 50 to 80 feet high.

Bobinia viscosa, Vent. (Clammy Locust.) A smaller tree than
the last, with the inodorous flowers in shorter and more compact
clusters. A native of Virginia, and it is frequent in cultivation,
spreading extensively by suckers.

Bobinia hispida, L. (Rose Acacia.) Also from Virginia. It is
occasionally found as a garden plant, where it is a small shrub.

Wistaria frutescens, D C, from West Virginia, etc., is occasionally
cultivated.

Sophora Japonica, of Japan, is hardy in the county, and is now
and then cultivated.

' Cladrastis tinctoria, Raf. (Yellow Wood), the Virgilia lutea,
Michx. f., from Kentucky, is also hardy, but requires a sheltered place.

Cercis Canadensis, L. (Red-bud), of New York State, is a quite
hardy and handsome shrub or tree in cultivation.

Gleditschia triacanthos, L. (Three-thorned Acacia. Honey-
Locust.) This tree, very common in the vicinity of Salem, is a
handsome, rapidly growing shade tree, yet, if persistently pruned
when small, it will form an admirable hedge. Trees of this species
are not uncommon from 18 inches to 2 feet in diameter, and from 50
to 60 feet high. This species is a native of Pennsylvania.

EOSACEJE.
(ROSE Eamily.)
Prunus Americana, Marshall. (Wild Yellow, or Red Plum.)
Specimens of the flowers of this tree, collected by William Oakes in

82

the county, are in the herbarium of the Peabocly Academy of Science.
It is a small, thorny tree.

Primus maritima, Wang. (Beach Plum.) This shrub is very
abundant at Plum Island, and also along the stone walls at the road-
side for some distance into the interior of the county. It is said that
the farmers going to the island for "thatch" (Spartina stricta), collect
plums and eating them on their way home, throw the stones by the
wall, thus establishing the species in the interior towns.

Prunus spinosa, L. (Sloe. Black Thorn.) Reported as intro-
duced in one or two instances.

Prunus pumila, L. (Dwarf Cherry.) Reported from Andover,
by Mrs. A. S. Downs and Rev. H. P. Nichols. It was also collected
at Lynn, by Dr. Chas. Pickering, about 1823.

Prunus Pennsylvanica, L. (Wild Red Cherry.) This is a
very small tree, quite common in the county.

Prunus Virginiana, L. (Choke Cherry.) A tall shrub, very
common in all parts.

Prunus serotina, Ehrhart. (Wild Black Cherry.) The late Dr.
Chas. Pickering did not consider this tree to be a native of Essex
County, but that it was introduced at an early date by the colonists.
The Black Cherry is now very abundant along walls, in fields, and
by streams. The trees of this species attain considerable size; one
in Boxford measured by Mr. Sears, in 1875, was,

Circumference 10 feet at 2^ feet from ground.

" 8 " "6 " " "

Height about 60 feet.

Another, measured in 1879, was 8 feet in circumference 4 feet from
the ground. The wood of this tree is very valuable, and it is unfortu-
nate that the tree should meet with so much abuse on acconnt of its
being the favorite of the caterpillars.

P. (Amygdalus) nana (Flowering Almond), P. (A.) Persica
(Peach), P. armeniaca (Apricot), and P. domestica (Garden
Cherry), are all common in cultivation, mostly having been intro-
duced at an early date.

Spima opulifolia, L. (Nine-Bark.) Probably not a native of
the county, although common in cultivation. Mr. C. E. Faxon has
found this species undoubtedly indigenous at Blue Hill, Milton, Mass.

Spiraea salicifolia, L. (Meadow Sweet), forms quite a stem at
times, as does

Spirsea tomentosa, L. (Hardhack.) Both are very common.
Other foreign shrubby species are met with in cultivation.

Potentilla fruticosa, L. (Shrubby Cinque-foil.) In Ipswich
this remarkable Potentilla is quite common, and it is found in a few

83

other places Rockport, Mr. Frank Lufkin; Georgetown, Mrs. Horner.
The stems are sometimes half an inch in diameter, the plants often
being three or four feet high.

Rubus odoratus, L. (Purple Flowering Raspberry.) Many
persons suppose that because this plant is so common in old gardens
that it is not a native shrub, yet it was known to Higginson, who
mentions it as growing near Salem, in a locality without doubt still in
existence. This species is not uncommon in various parts of the
county.

Rubus triflorus, Bichardson. (Dwarf Raspberry.) Danvers,
probably in other localities. It is a vine of little consequence, without
prickles. The stems are of annual growth.

Rubus strigosus, Michx. (Wild Red Raspberry.) Very com-
mon. The fruit much marketed.

Rubus occidentalis, L. (Thimbleberry.) Not so common as
last, the fruit less esteemed.

Rubus villosus, Ait. (High Blackberry.) Very abundant, the
fruit much in demand. This species varies much. A small form with
berries of a poorer quality is found in Danvers, and other forms
almost connect it, as Gray states, with

Rubus Canadensis, L. (Low Blackberry, Dewberry), which
is quite common in all parts, with a delicious berry preferable to that
of E. villosus.

Rubus hispidus, L. (Running Swamp-Blackberry.) Although
this does not always grow in swamps, yet it is sometimes found there.
The fruit is of no value, and the vines are very troublesome to pedes-
trians.

Rosa Carolina, L. (Swamp Rose.) Very common in Beverly,
Gloucester, etc.

Rosa lucida, Ehrhart. (Common Wild Rose.) This varies
much in the color of the flowers. Very common in all parts.

Rosa rubiginosa, L. (Sweet Brier.) Escaped from old gardens
and become thoroughly naturalized. It is difficult to distinguish this
species from

Rosa micrantha, Smith. (Small Sweet Brier), which is now
and then found.

Rosa cinnamomea (Cinnamon Rose). Common in old gardens,
and sometimes found escaped. Many foreign roses are of course
hardy in gardens. Those of the Hybrid-perpetual varieties require
protection during winter.

Crataegus Oxycantha, L. (English Hawthorne.) Some fine
trees of this species, accordiug to Tracy, are found in Saugus, where
they have made themselves quite at home. This tree is often met
with in cultivation.

84

Crataegus coccinea, L. (Scarlet-fruited Thorn.) Quite
common in Ipswich, Topsfield, etc. Mr. Sears mentions one in
Danvers, with a trunk 17 inches in circumference and 18 feet high.

Crataegus tomentosa, L. (Black or Pear Thorn.) In simi-
lar localities to last. It varies much.

Pyrus Malus, L. (Apple.) Introduced very early from Europe.
Oftentimes the apple is found in the woods and fields, long distances
from farms, where seedlings have chanced to spring up. The fruit of
these sometimes is of a very pleasant flavor. Old trees are often seen
7 to 10 feet in circumference.

Pyrus communis, L. (Pear.) Among the earliest fruits intro-
duced by the colonists was the Pear. Mr. Robert Manning in an
article entitled "Notes on Ancient Pear Trees," in the Proceedings of
the American Pomological Society, 1875, states, that the celebrated
"Endicott Pear Tree" was thought to have been planted in 1630,
having been brought from England in the Arabella, or some other
vessel, in June of that year. Gov. Endicott's farm was granted in
1632, so that the trees imported may have been first placed in the
Governor's Salem garden. The "Endicott Pear Tree" is now not
much more than sucker growth from the original tree.

The Orange Pear Tree in the garden of Capt. Chas. H. Allen, on
Hardy St., Salem, is in much better condition. It is supposed to have
been planted about 1640. In 1875 it was 9 feet 5 inches in circumfer-
ence at the smallest part between the roots and the branches, and in
1862 bore thirteen and a half bushels of pears. Other old pear trees
are to be found, but not so venerable as these.

Pyrus arbutifolia, L. (Choke-berry.) Common throughout
the county.

Pyrus Americana, D C. (American Mountain-Ash.) It is
probable that this species was once to be found indigenous in the
county, where it is now seen in cultivation with the

Pyrus aucuparia, Gcstn. (European Mountain Ash.) The
fruit of these trees being eagerly sought by birds, the seeds are
widely distributed, and the young trees are found almost anywhere.
The European Mountain-Ash seldom forms a handsome tree, the
foliage is sparse, and the smaller limbs are easily broken by the weight
of the heavy fruit. It is very common in cultivation.

Amelanchier Canadensis, Torr. & Gray. (Shad-blossom.
June-berry.) This very interesting shrub is quite common in moist
land in all parts of the county.

Var. Botryapium (Pyrus Botryapium, Willd.), is the larger
growing form, with smooth leaves and longer petals. A tree of this
variety in Danvers, Mr. Sears measured in 1875, was 8 feet in cir-
cumference below the seven branches into which the trunk soon

85

divided. Three of these branches were 18 inches in circumference,
the tree was 28 feet high. In May, the whole is a magnificent mass
of white flowers.

Var. oblongifolia is smaller, with shorter petals, and leaves
downy beneath.

The fruit of the Amelanchier is ripe the last of June or early in
July. It is sweet and excellent, and if it were not that birds appre-
ciate this fact as well as man, it might be a valuable market berry.
It is now often seen on sale among the blueberries in the first of the
season.

The wood of this tree has a speckled appearance, and is very pretty.
Darlington says that the fruit may be improved by long cultivation,
and Emerson considers it an experiment well worth trying, to. ascer-
tain how far it might be improved.

Cydonia vulgaris (Common Quince), and Cydonia Japonica
(Japan Quince, Byrus Japonica), are extensively cultivated, the
latter for ornament, the former for the fruit.

CALYCANTHACEiE.

(CALYCANTHUS Family.)

Calycanthus floridus, L. (Carolina Allspice.) A native of
Virginia southward, with very fragrant, strawberry-scented flowers.
It is often cultivated.

SAXIPEAGACEU.
(SAXIFRAGE Family.)

Ribes hirtellum, Michx. (Wild Gooseberry.) Quite common.

Ribes floridum, L. (Wild Black Currant.) Not so common
as the last. (Ipswich, Oakes in herb. P. A. S.)

Ribes rubrum, L. (Red Currant.) Cultivated everywhere.
Although our American plant is " seemingly not distinct from the
garden Red Currant of Europe" Gray. It is probable that all the
specimens found growing wild in this region have originated from
garden plants, as the localities for the truly native specimens are much
farther north.

Ribes Grossularia (Garden Gooseberry.) Much cultivated,
as is the

Ribes nigrum (Garden Black Currant.) It is probable that
these European species have been transported by birds or other
agencies to distant localities, as they are often found escaped.

Eibes aareim, Pursh. (Missouri Currant.) Much cultivated for
its early spicy, fragrant yellow flowers.

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN. XI 7

86

Philadelphia grandiflorus (Large-Flowered Mock-Orange),
from Virginia, and

Philadelphia coronarius (Common Mock-orange), from
Japan, are frequent in old gardens. They are improperly called
" Syriuga," the botanical name for the Lilac.

HAMAMELACEiE.

(WITCH-HAZEL Family.)

Hamamelis Virginica, L. (Witch-hazel.) Very common in
most parts of the county, often growing 25 feet high, with a trunk
4-G inches in diameter.

LYTHEACEJI.
(LOOSESTRIFE Family.) g

Nessea verticillata, H. B. K. (Swamp Loosestrife.) Common
aloug the borders of streams and ponds. It sometimes has a stem
the size of the fore finger, and is interesting botanically on account
of the spongy bark which is found on all the stems which dip into the
water, a feature possessed in common with other plants inhabiting
similar situations.

CACFACEiE.
(CACTUS Family.)

Opuntia vulgaris, Mill. (Prickly Pear.) This plant grows
naturally from Nantucket southward. Mr. Hugh Wilson found plants
of it at Kernwood, Salem (probably escaped), some years ago, and on
the land of Mr. Graves in North Reading, on a sandy bank of the
Ipswich River, just beyond the Micldleton line, is a fine patch of this
plant which has increased rapidly from plants placed there many
years since.

CORIfACEA

(DOGWOOD Family.)

Cornus florida, L. (Flowering Dogwood.) This is in the
flowering season a very beautiful and conspicuous tree. It grows
from 10-20 feet high, with a trunk some 3-5 inches in diameter. It is
found abundant in parts of Wenham Swamp, where it was noticed by
Dr. Chas. Pickering in 1824, and also in Essex, Boxford, etc. These
are about the most northerly localities for this species.

Cornus circinata, Uller. (Round-leaved Cornel.) "Lynn,
Saugus, Swampscott," Tracy. "Audover," Mrs. Downs, fiev. S. P.
Nichols. Boxford, Beverly, etc. A low tree, or tall shrub.

87

Cornus sericea, L. (Silky Cornel.) " Wenham Swamp, 1824,"
Dr. Charles Pickering. Georgetown, etc. A shrub.

Cornus stolonifera, Michx. (Red-osier Dogwood.) George-
town, 3Irs. Homer, and various other parts of the county. A tall
shrub.

Cornus paniculata, Viler. Byfield and Danvers, J. II. Sears,
Wenham, etc. A tall shrub.

Cornus alternifolia, L. This is the most tree like of our native
species, often of quite striking form, growing 20 feet high, with a
trunk 6 inches in diameter. These are the true Dogwoods, having
handsome, cymose flowers, and must not be confounded with the
wrongly called "Poison Dogwood," which is not a Dogwood at all,
but a Sumach, with unattractive green flowers. The little "Bunch-
berry " (Cornus Canadensis) is also very abundant in our woods.

Wyssa multiflora, Wang. (Tupelo.) An irregular tree, with a
beautiful shining green foliage, turning a deep red in autumn. Com-
mon in various parts of the county, and often growing 50-60 feet high.
One curious tree in Danvers, measured by Mr. Sears, was 6 feet in
circumference near the ground, dividing at about 13 feet above into
three branches, two of which grew erect to the height of some 70 feet,
the third pushing out at a right angle, the end nearly touching the
ground.

CAPRIFOLIACE^S.

(HONEYSUCKLE Family.)

Symphoricarpus racemosus, Michx. (Snowberry.) A native of
Vermont and Pennsylvania. Common in cultivation, and often escap-
ing from old gardens.

Lonicera senipervirens, Ait. Ipswich, Mrs. M. W. Kimball,
Topsfleld, J. H. Sears, Salem Great Pastures, G. D. TMppen, Marble-
head, Bev. J. L. Bussell. This seems to be a native plant.

Lonicera grata, Ait., from New York state, is also cultivated.

Lonicera ciliata, Muhl. A pretty little shrub, flowering in May.
Not rare in our woods.

Diervilla trifida, Mcench. A low bush of somewhat variable
habit. Common along roadsides.

Sambucus Canadensis, L. (Common Elder.) Very abundant
in most towns, often reaching considerable size.

Sambucus pubens, Michx. (Red-berried Elder.) This also
grows quite large. It is found at Essex, Rockport, Andover, " Salem,
1840," J. L. Bussell. Rather scarce here, it being a more northern
plant.

Triosteum perfoliatum, and Linnsea borealis, but hardly
coming under the head "shrubby," are both found in the county.

88

Viburnum Lentago, (Sheep-berry.) Found in most parts
of the county.

Viburnum nudum, L. Essex, Danvers, etc.

Viburnum dentatum, L. Wenham, Beverly, Essex, George-
town, etc. Common.

Viburnum acerifolium, L. Smaller than the preceding, and
less common. In the older woods.

Viburnum Opulus, L. (Cranberry Tree.) This shrub, al-
though very abundant to the north, is quite rare in the county, except
in a cultivated state, where, in the ordinary form or in the changed
condition, under the name of "Snowball Tree," it is common. The
only native locality yet noticed, is that in the deep Wenham Swamp,
where there are several large plants.

Virburnum lantanoides, Michx. (Hobble-bush.) The flowers
of this species much resemble those of the last, except perhaps that
they are larger. The shrub is more straggling, however, and it is
more abundant, growing in nearly all the old deep woods of the
county, from Rockport to the Merrimac River.

RTTBIACEJE.

(MADDER Family.)

Cephalanthus occidentals, L. (Button-bush.) A dense,
irregular shrub. Common in all wet places, and often having a very
stout central trunk.

COMPOSITE.

Iva frutescens, L. (Marsh Elder.) Common near the salt
marshes. It often has a stem half an inch or more in diameter.

EEICACEH.
(HEATH Family.)

Gaylussacia dumosa, T. & G. Var. hirtella. Gloucester
Mrs. Kettel. Rare.

Gaylussacia frondosa, T. & G. (Dangleberry.) "Lynn,''
Tracy, Gloucester (Magnolia Swamp). Scarce.

Gaylussacia resinosa, T. & G. (Common Huckleberry.) It
is common everywhere, and has the best fruit of any of this familyi

Vaccinium Oxycoccus, L. (Small Cranberry.) Although
this species has been often reported as being found within the county,
yet the writer has not seen authentic specimens.

Vaccinium macrocarpon, Ait. (Large Cranberry.) Common
in low ground throughout. Particularly fine in the hollows of Plumb
Island.

89

Vaccinium Vitis-Idgea, L. (Cowberry.) First noticed by
Oakes & Osgood, at Danvers, about 1820, where is the only locality
yet found in the state. Fortunately the place is not generally known,
and this rare plant is not likely to be exterminated at present.

Vaccinium Pennsylvanicum, Lam. (Dwarf Blueberry.)
The commonest and earliest of this genus.

Vaccinium vacillans, Solander. Smaller than the last. Quite
common on dry hills.

Vaccinium corymbosum, L. (Swamp or High Blueberry.)
Very abundant in all low lands. It is a variable plant, often growing
to considerable size, with a trunk 2 inches in diameter.

Chiogenes hispidula, T. & G. (Creeping Snowberry.)
Georgetown, Mrs. Homer, Essex Woods, etc. Scarce.

Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi, Spreng. (Bearberry.) Danvers,
Peabody, Gloucester, etc. A variety having red flowers is found in
Boxford by Mrs. Horner.

Epigsea repens, L. (May Flower. Trailing Arbutus.) Glou-
cester, Topsfleld, Boxford, " Salisbury," J. G. Whittier, Lawrence,
Miss Cabot. Scarce. In localities once yielding abundance of flowers
it is fast being exterminated by over-zealous collectors.

Gaultheria procumbens, L. (Checkerberry.) Very common
everywhere.

Leucothoe racemosa, Gray. Dr. Chas. Pickering remembered
having collected this plant somewhere in the county, about 1824, but
it was very scarce.

Cassandra calyculata, Don. Common around the borders of
ponds.

Andromeda polifolia, L. This beautiful little plant is very
scarce, the localities in Wenham and Danvers being the only ones
well known.

Andromeda ligustrina, Muhl. A shrub of considerable size,
resembling a High Blueberry. Common along roadsides and in the
woods.

Clethra alnifolia, L. Very abundant. When in flower a most
fragrant plant.

Calluna vulgaris, Salisb. (Common Heath.) The well-known
locality at Tewksbury is quite near Essex County, but it has been
since found in Andover. It hardly seems possible that this can be
other than an introduced plant.

Kalmia latifolia, L. (Mountain Laurel.) Abundant from
Gloucester northwestward, and along the Merrimac River. The
flowers vary much in color, from white to deep pink. A variety
having double flowers was collected in Gloucester, by Mr. G. D.
Phippen.

90

Kalmia angustifolia, L. (Lambkill, Sheep Laurel.) Common
in pastures. '

Kalmia glauca, Ait. Mr. S. P. Fowler states that he found this
species at Wenham, growing with the Andromeda polifolia; and Dr.
Chas. Pickering collected it, he thought in Gloucester, about 1845,
but it has not been seen of late.

Azalea viscosa, L. (Swamp Pink.) Common in wet places.
Var. glauca, with the under sides of the leaves white ; grows near
Wenham Pond.

Azalea nudinora, L. (Purple Azalea.) Keported from one or
two localities, but not represented in the Essex County collection at
the Peabody Academy of Science.

Rhodora Canadensis, L. This beautiful plant is to be found in
nearly every part of the county, sometimes growing six feet high.

Ledum latifolium. Ait. Dr. Chas. Pickering collected this
species in the county, about 1824.

[Moneses uniflora, four species of Pyrola, and the two species
of Chirnaphila, are found in the county.]

AQUIFOLIACEJI.
(HOLLY Family.)

Ilex opaca, Ait. (American Holly.) This plant, so abundant
on Cape Cod, is found on Cape Ann in one locality where there are a
few trees in an out-of-the-way place, whether introduced by man or
by other means, it is not known. Specimens have been communicated
from this locality, by Mr. Frank Lufkin, of Pigeon Cove.

Ilex verticillata, Gray. (Black Alder.) The beautiful scarlet
berries of this species make it very attractive in the fall, along road-
sides, where it is common.

Ilex laevigata, Gray. This resembles the last, but is not so
abundant.

Ilex glabra, Gray. (Inkberry.) The fruit of this species is
black. It is found in the Wenham and Magnolia swamps.

Nemopanth.es Canadensis, D C. (Mountain Holly.) Found
in various moist localities throughout the county, forming at times a
tree of considerable size.

BIGNONIACEiE.
(BIGNONIA Family.)

Temma radtcans, and the Catalpa bignonioides, natives westward,
are always found in cultivation in the older towns.

91

SOLANACE51.
(NIGHTSHADE Family.)

Solanum Dulcamara, L. (Bitter-sweet), and better known here
as nightshade, often forms quite a shrub. The plant is not poison-
ous to handle, as many persons suppose, but the fruit may be poison-
ous to eat.

Lycium vulgare, Dunal. (Matrimony Vine.) Much cultivated
in old gardens, and often found escaped along walls.

OLEACEJB.
(OLIVE Family.)

Syringa vulgaris, L. (Lilac), always found in old gardens, now
and then escapes, and is seen in quite out-of-the-way places.

Ligustrum vulgare, L. (Privet. Prim.) Thoroughly natural-
ized in Danvers, Beverly, etc., sometimes growing 20 feet high.

Chionanthus Virginica, L. (Fringe Tree.) A native of Pennsyl-
vania. It is often seen in cultivation.

Fraxinus Americana, L. (White Ash.) This valuable tree is
abundant in all parts of the county, but rather as a roadside tree than
in groves of any extent. Old trees attain great size. Mr. Sears
gives the measurements of several, among which one in Danvers was
in 1864, 12 feet in circumference, 65 feet high, with a spread of
branches 60 feet in diameter. Five others in Danvers were from 7 to
9 feet in circumference three feet from the ground, and from 60 to 75
feet high.

Two noble specimens of this species were felled on Essex street,
Salem, a few years since, leaving stumps over three feet in diameter,
and sound to the heart.

The largest specimen noticed, measured by Mr. C. Cooke and the
writer, in 1876, on Cabot St., Beverly, was,

Circumference 11 feet 6 inches, 1 foot from ground.

" 8 " 7| " 6 feet «« "

Height about 80 feet.

Fraxinus pubescens, Lam. (Red Ash.) Frequently seen in
various parts of the county, but seldom attaining great size.

Fraxinus samfoucifolia, Lam. (Black Ash.) Growing in low
lands, mostly with other trees, where they often reach a height of 60
feet, with a diameter of 12 to 18 inches at the but.

LAURACEJEJ.

(LAUREL Family.)
Sassafras officinale, Nees. The Sassafras is by no means a

92

common tree in Essex County, yet there are several fine specimens to
be found, and young trees are frequently met with. Mr. Sears noticed
one tree in Beverly 5 feet 4 inches in circumference three feet from
the ground, with a height of about 50 to 60 feet, and another in
Dan vers was 5 feet 6 inches at one foot from the ground, and about
60 feet high.

The largest specimen, however, yet noticed in the county, is the old
tree fast going to decay, at Manchester, in a field quite near the town,
which, in 1875, measured,

Circumference8 feet 10 inches, 2 feet from the ground.

6 " 10 " 6 « " " "

Height about 40 feet.

Lindera Benzoin, Meisner. (Spice-bush.) A shrub of consid-
erable size, frequently found in damp woods.

THYMELEACE51.
(MEZEREUM Family.)

Daphne Mezereum was found, evidently escaped, perhaps from
seeds carried by birds, in Ipswich, by Dr. Palmer, in 1870, and later
in Salem, by Henry Patch. The same thing occurred at Portland,
where Dr. Wm. Wood found the plant in quite a remote situation.

Dirca palustris is probably not a native of the county, but common
farther northward. It is occasionally met with in cultivation.

FRTICACEJE.
(NETTLE Family.)

Ulnrus fulva, Michx. (Slippery Elm.) Georgetown (Mrs.
Horner), Wenham, Boxford. This tree is comparatively rare in the
county, but still is found growing to considerable size, seldom, how-
ever, over a foot in diameter, or over 35 feet high.

Ulmus Americana, L. (White Elm.) Although the Connecticut
Valley is the region where this species arrives at its greatest perfec-
tion, yet Essex County can boast of many magnificent specimens of
this noble Elm, which, planted as a shade tree, in proper situations,
has no equal. It is greatly to be regretted that the largest of these
trees seem to be dying out, and few are likely to replace them in the
next generation.

In form, the county Elms vary as in other localities, in regard to
shape, having the "Oak," "Vase," and intermediate forms. Mr.
Sears gives the measurements of several, among which one in Lynn is,

Circumference 11 feet 4 inches, 1 foot from ground.
" 10 " 5 feet " "

93

Five very erect limbs rise to the height of perhaps 80 feet where
they spread suddenly forming a flat top with a pendant border. The
Elm before the residence of Mr. John Hale, in Boxford, planted in the
year 1745, measured in 1860, was,

Circumference 19 feet, 1 foot from the ground.

" 13 " 5 feet " " "

Diameter of the spread of the branches, 100 feet.

In 1865 the tree known as the Zadoc Wilkins Elm, in Danvers,

measured,

Circumference 16 feet 6 inches, 1 foot from ground.
« 12 « 6 " 4 feet " "

« 10 ii 8 « 6 << it ii

Spread, diameter 68 feet. Height 80 feet.

The same tree in 1875, measured,

Circumference 17 feet 0 inches, 1 foot from ground.

" 13 « 3 " 4 feet "

" 11 " 4 " 5 '< " "
Spread and height about the same.

The fine Elm in Peabody, on the old Endicott estate, measured by
the writer in 1875 (May), was,

Circumference 20 feet 1 inch, 2 feet from ground.

" 17 " 2 inches 6 " " "

where the trunk was the least size.

At 15 feet from the ground the trunk divided into sixteen branches,
which were quite erect, forming a fine head 80 or 90 feet high.

The Woodbury Elms at North Beverly, were in 1875 respectively, 12
feet 10 inches and 14 feet 8 inches at 6 feet above the ground. Another
old tree at the corner of Cabot and Balch Sts., felled in 1878, measured
in 1875, 16 feet 4 inches at 6 feet. Mr. TV. P. Upham kindly furnishes
the following notes on the Boxford Elms. The Hubbard Elm in
Boxford, undoubtedly the largest in the county, measured in 1858,
was 16 feet 8k inches in circumference at 6 feet from the ground. The
same tree measured in 1877, was 17 feet 10£ inches at the same place.

The Hale Elm, previously mentioned, also in Boxford, measured in
1877, was 12 feet 8 inches at 6 feet from the ground, and is without
exception the most graceful tree to be found in the county. The
diameter of its spread is 107 feet 6 inches. Many of the branches
drop to within a few feet of the ground.

Ulmus campestris. (European Elm), and perhaps others are now
and then met with under cultivation.

Celtis occidentalis, L. (Nettle Tree, Hackberry.) Fine
specimens of the flowers, leaves, and fruit of this tree are in the
herbarium of the Peabody Academy of Science, collected in Ipswich,

94

by the late Mr. Wm. Oakes. Mr. S. P. Fowler states that a tree some
10 inches in diameter formerly stood in Topsfleld. The only localities
we now know for this rare tree are at the summit of one of the dunes
at Plumb Island, where there are several trees apparently some forty
years old, yet scarcely fifteen feet high, most of them being much
smaller, with a diameter of three inches at the but ; and the fine speci-
mens between Salem and Lynn. Among the trees in the last named
locality, one specimen is

Circumference 4 feet 1 inch, at 1 foot from the ground.

" 3 " 3 inches, at 3 feet from the ground.

Height, 20 feet.

Two others are nearly as large.

Moitus Alba, M. rubra, and M. nigra, are to be found cultivated,
some of them occasionally reaching large size.

PLATAKACEU.

(PLANE TREE Family.)

Platanus occidentalism L. (Buttonw^ood.) It is difficult to say
whether this tree is a true native of the county or not, but, judging
from the situation of some old trees, it seems very probable that it
may be. There are few trees of this species which now have other
than a rough and straggling appearance, as they seldom recover from
the effect of a severe season before another shock returns them to
their former forlorn condition. The trees in cultivation often are
found of great size, varying from 10 to 18 feet in circumference, and
often 75 feet high.

JUGLANDACE^l.

(WALNUT Family.)
Juglans cinerea, L. (Butternut.) This is a tree of rapid
growth, but short lived. It is abundant in Danvers, Topsfleld, and
the towns in that region. When growing with other trees it often
reaches a height of 60 feet, but alone, as it is usually seen, it rarely
exceeds 40 feet. Trees rather more than twenty years old are often
4. feet in circumference 6 inches from the ground. Several specimens
measured by Mr. Sears in Topsfleld were 8 and 9 feet in circumference,
while an old tree felled in Danvers measured, in 1873, where it was

cut off,

Circumference 12 feet G inches

" 10 « 5 " 4 feet above.

This tree was, however, unsound. The fruit of the Butternut when
properly dried has a most excellent flavor.

Juglans nigra, L. (Black Walnut.) A native farther west, but
probably introduced here, although Mr. J. C. Peabody, of Newbury-

95

port, has communicated specimens of the nuts from trees growing in
his neighborhood which he is confident are natives.

The fine old tree felled on the Treadwell Estate, Salem, in 1877, was
10 feet 4 inches in circumference at 1 foot from the ground, and about
70 feet high. The tree was about 74 years old. A section from the
but of this tree is in the collection of the Academy at Salem.

Juglans regia, L. (English Walnut.) This tree is cultivated
to a limited extent in Salem, and, according to Tracy it was planted
by the early settlers at Saugus, where it now grows wild.

Carya alba, Mitt. (Shag-bark Hickory.) A stately tree, com-
mon in most parts of the county. The finest specimens, however, we
have noticed, being along the Merrimac Valley. Mr. Sears, in 1873,
measured several trees on the land of Mr. Augustus Fowler, of
Danvers, that had been growing for forty-nine years, they averaged,

Circumference 4 feet 6 inches, 1 foot from ground.

" 2 " 2 " 6 feet " «

height about 50 feet.

Eour others twenty-eight years old in 1875, averaged 3 feet in cir-
cumference at 1 foot from the ground. Several trees measured by
Mr. Sears and the writer, in Topsfield, were 7 and 8 feet in circum-
ference and from 60 to 70 feet high. One at Boxford was,

Circumference 8 feet 4 inches, 1 foot from ground.

6 " 3 " 4| feet " «
Spread 53 feet in diameter.
Height about 80 feet.

A fine specimen of this tree on the neck of land between the Mer-
rimac and Shawsheen rivers, measured by Mr. N. Ropes and the
writer in 1875, was,

Circumference 8 feet 9 inches, 1 foot from ground.

" 6 " 9| " 6 feet " "

Height about 75 feet.

Many fine trees of this species are to be found in pastures spared
for the shade which they afford to cattle. The fruit is the best and
sweetest Hickory of the markets.

Carya tomentosa, Nutt. (White-heart Hickory.) This is
a comparatively rare tree, the least abundant of the genus. Danvers
(J. H. Sears).

Carya porcina, Nutt. (Pig-nut Hickory.) The large trees of
this species are fast being felled, although many are yet to be found
of considerable size. The tree is abundant in all parts of the county.

Carya amara, Nutt. (Bitter-nut Hickory.) Often found 2
feet or even more in diameter, and in Boxford and Topsfield, where
the tree is very abundant, there is found considerable variation in the
foliage of different specimens. The hickories are among the cleanest

96

of all our trees, and are certainly valuable, as they flourish luxuriantly
in our climate.

CTTPTJKIFERJS.

(OAK Family.)

Quercus alba, L. . (White Oak.) The demand for ship timber
has caused most of the large trees of this species to be felled, and it
can only be said that the trees of younger growth are abundant.

A large healthy tree growing in a damp pasture in the rear of the
Pingree Estate, in Topsfield, measured by Mr. Sears and the writer in

1875, was,

Circumference 19 feet 7 inches, 1 foot from the ground.
« 16 " 3 " 3 feet «' " "

" 12 " 11 " 5 " " " "

The spread averaged about 75 feet in diameter. Two trees on the
Burley Farm, Danvers, measured by Mr. Sears, were,

(1) Circumference 19 feet 0 inches, ground measure.

" 13 " 6 " at 6 feet above.

Height 70 feet. Spread 80 feet.

(2) Circumference 17 feet 10 inches at ground.

" 12 " 0 " at 5 feet above.

Height 80 feet. Spread 80 feet.

Five large White Oaks on land belonging to the late Francis Curtis,
of Boxford, were measured in 1875 by Mr. Sears and the writer.
Taking the most easterly tree as number one, passing towards the
west, and counting the one higher on the hillside to the north as
number five, they measured as follows,

(1) Circumference 11 feet 10 inches, 1 foot from ground.

10 " 1 inch 6 feet " "
Spread G5 feet. Height 60 feet.

(2) Circumference 12 feet 6 inches, 1 foot from ground.

" 11 " 2 " 6 feet " "

(Tree partly dead.)

(3) Circumference 14 feet 4 inches, 1 foot from ground.

" 11 " 1 inch 5 feet " "

Spread 80 feet. Height 65 feet.

(4) Circumference 13 feet 0 inches, 1 foot from ground.

" 11 " 4 " 5 feet " "

u 10 « u u 7 « « a

Height 60 feet. Spread 60 feet.

(5) Circumference 15 feet 3 inches, 1 foot from ground.

10 " 11 " 5 feet "
Height (top gone) 50 feet. Spread 85 feet.

In Danvers, on a lot from which the wood was cut in 1828, is a
White Oak, which in 1860 measured 3 feet 1 inch at the ground. The
same tree in 18G7, was 3 feet 7 inches, and in 1875, 4 feet 2 inches and
30 feet high.

97

In company with Mr. fm. Merrill and Mr. W. P. Conant, two trees
of this species growing upon moist, loamy soil at West Newbury, on
land of Mr. Sawyer, measured,

(1) Circumference 15 feet 10 inches, 2 feet from ground.

" 11 "9 "6 " " "

Spread 84 feet.

(2) Circumference 1G feet 1 inch, 2^ " " "

'• . 11 " 8 inches, 6 " " "

Quercus bicolor,, Willd. (Swamp White Oak.) Abundant on
wet land in all parts of the county.

Emerson mentions one on the land of Mr. Jaquith, of Newbury,
which in 1839 measured 12 feet 1 inch in circumference at 4 feet from
the ground. One measured by Mr. Merrill and the writer on the
Sawyer place, was 11 feet 7 inches at 3 feet from the ground, and one
in Wenham Swamp near the Ipswich River, measured in 1876, was 8
feet 4 inches at 6 feet from the ground. The leaves of this species
vary much in shape, cutting, and regarding the tomentum on the
underside. Dr. Chas Pickering informed the writer that the frame of
the old Pickering mansion in Salem, was hewn from Swamp White
Oaks, which then (1650) grew in the vicinity.

Quercus Prinus, L. (Chestnut Oak.) This species is rare in
the county, only yet having been reported in Georgetown, Mrs.
Homer, and Boxford. It is probable all the trees yet noticed should
be referred to the variety acuminata, Michx. (Q. Castanea, Muhl.)
There are some quite interesting forms of this species growing in the
county, which require more careful observation in their various stages
of growth. The largest tree yet noticed was but 5 inches in diameter
4 feet from the ground.

Quercus prmoides, Willd. (Chinquapin Oak.) Common in
Topsfielcl, Boxford, etc., but not seen in the southern or eastern parts
of the county. This species is never more than a tall shrub.

Quercus ilicifolia, Wang. (Bear Oak. Scrub Oak.) Common
on poor soil, iri Lynnfield, Danvers, Topsfielcl, and that neighbor-
hood, and to be found in many other parts of the county. Although
this is rarely more than a shrub it sometimes takes the tree form,
growing 20 feet high, with a trunk 4 inches in diameter. The fruit
varies considerably in appearance, suggesting the idea of hybrids.
The late Dr. Bobbins describes a hybrid between this species and the
Black Oak, which he found at Northbridge, Mass. The leaves also
vary much in shape and cutting.

Quercus coecinea, Wang. (Scarlet Oak.) Abundant, but
rarely growing to the size of the Yellow-barked or Black Oak.

Var. tinctoria (Q. tinctoria, Bartram), which is found sometimes 3
feet in diameter and 70 feet high. Q. coccinea has the most beautiful

leaves as regards cutting, of any of our Oaks. In the last edition of
Emerson's "Trees of Massachusetts," it is impossible to distinguish
two plates, one of which is marked Q. coccinea, the other Q. rubra. It
is undoubtedly an accidental mistake.

Quercus rubra, L. (Red Oak.) This species is common
throughout the county, ofteu growing to great size. It is easily
distinguished from the other Oaks by the large acorns. A Red Oak
in Manchester measured, in 1875 by Mr. 'N. Ropes and the writer,

was,

Circumference 11 feet l\\ inches, 1 foot from the ground.
u 9 " 7 « 6 feet " " "

One at Swampscott was 11 feet 9 inches at 1 foot from the ground.

On the Sawyer place, previously referred to, in 1877 Mr. Wm.
Merrill and the writer measured one huge Red Oak which had been
felled. At the place where it was cut it was,

Circumference 23 feet 10 inches

" 16 " 4 " 2 feet above.

" 11 " 4 " 5 " "

" 12 " 10 " 13 " "

Another still flourishing, was,

Circumference 15 feet 2 inches, 2 feet from ground.
" 12 "4 " 5 " " "

The Pin-Oak (Q. Palustris) has not yet been noticed, but still ought
to be found.

Castanea vesea, L. (Chestnut.) The Chestnut is found from
Lynn to the Merrimac Valley, but, except under cultivation, is rarely
seen in the eastern portion of the county. Undoubtedly the finest
trees are those of the Burley woods in Danvers, some of which must
be upwards of one hundred years old. Among these Mr. Sears
measured two which were,

(1) Circumference 11 feet 0 inches at the ground.

" 8 " 0 " " 5 feet above.

Height 90 feet.

(2) Circumference 10 feet 7 inches at the ground.

" 6 *' 7 " " G feet above.

" 6 •' 5 " " 15 " "

Height 85 feet.

The Chestnut is one of the easiest trees to cultivate among our
native species, and of very rapid growth under favorable circum-
stances. Hon. Benj. Perley Poore has, at "Indian Hill," his summer
residence, a line row of Chestnuts which he planted in 1848. Sept.,
1877, he politely gave the writer an opportunity to measure them, as

99

well as other trees which he has from time to time planted for experi-
mental purposes. Five of the trees measured as follows,

(1) Circumference 7 feet 4 inches, 2 feet from ground.
5 « 7 " 6 " "

(2)

"

6

" 9

"

2 '

tt

5

" 5

"

6 ■

(3)

n

7

" 5

(i

2 '

"

5

" 7

ii

6 '

(4)

k

5
5

« 10
" 1

.<

2 «

(5)

<(

7

" 1

"

2 «

«

5

" 6

'«

6 '

The average height of the trees was perhaps 40 feet.

Fagus ferruginea, Ait. (Beech.) This tree is not very common
throughout the county, but here and there forms quite large groves,
noticeable in the Chebacco Pond region at Hamilton, where are several
such. In the vicinity of Danvers, the Beech seldom is found more than
15 or 20 inches in diameter, but in Andover and along the Merrimac,
much larger trees are often seen. Two such near the Shawsheen
River at Sutton's Mills are over 8 feet in circumference.

Corylus Americana, Walt. (Wild Hazel-nut.) Abundant
along roadsides, forming a shrub 5 or 6 feet high. The nuts are
seldom seen in the market, although very good.

Corylus rostrata. Ait. (Beaked Hazel-nut.) Not so common
as the last species, but resembling it closely. It is found at Wenham,
Topsfield, Danvers, Gloucester, etc.

Ostrya Virginica, Willd. (Hop-Hornbeam.) Common in va-
rious parts of the county, but rarely growing in groves. The tree
somewhat resembles the Elm, and seldom reaches a diameter of more
than 1 foot. Mr. Sears found three in Wenham, of which two were
4£ feet in circumference at 5 feet from the ground, and the third was
9 feet at 5 feet, and 10 feet at 7 feet above the ground, where it
branches.

Carpinus Americana, Micks.. (American Hornbeam. Blue
Beech.) Not so common as the last, but found from Danvers to the
Merrimac Valley. The bark resembles that of the Beech, and the
wood has a very close grain. This tree is seldom found over 6 inches
in diameter.

MYRACACEiS.
(SWEET GALE Family.)

Myrica Gale, L. (Sweet Gale.) A low shrub with fragrant
leaves, common along streams and around ponds.

Myrica cerifera, L. (Bayberry.) Equally common, but found
upon hillsides in pasture land rather than in wet places.

100

Comptonia asplenifolia, Ait. (Sweet Fern.) A low shrub
common in all parts.

BETULACEiE.
(BIRCH Family.)

Betula lenta, L. (Sweet or Black Birch.) A tree growing to
considerable size, and found in many parts of the county abundantly.
Tracey speaks of it as being rare in Lynn.

Betula lutea, 31ichx. f. (Yellow Birch.) Also a common tree
and occasionally reaching greater size than the last. Mr. Sears
measured several fine specimens of this species in the Essex woods,
which were more than 8 feet in circumference, and over 60 feet high.

Betula alba, var. populifolia, Spach. (American White Birch.)
This tree rarely attains great size. One on Winter St., Salem, being
5 feet in circumference 3 feet from the ground, is the largest noticed.
The White Birch frequently springs up in great numbers after a hill-
side has been cleared of other trees, and also along roadsides, where
the young trees are exceedingly graceful.

Betula papyracea, Ait. (Paper or Canoe Birch.) There are
a few fine specimens of this species on the northwest shore of Wen-
ham Pond, a few in Salem pastures, and others scattered through the
southern and eastern portions of the county, but only through Box-
ford and the Valley of the Merrimac are they frequently met with.
Mr. Sears measured a fine tree in Danvers, which was,

Circumference 8 feet 0 inches at the ground.
" 5 " 6 " " 6 feet above.

Height about 55 feet.

Betula nigra, L. (Red or River Bmcn.) The only localities
for this Birch seem to be in the northwestern part of the county.
Emerson speaks of it as growing " along the Spicket River and in the
neighboring swamps of Methuen." It also abounds at the junction of
the Shawsheen and Merrimac rivers, where the trees overhang the
water. Many are 12 to 18 inches in diameter.

Betula pumila, L. (Low Birch.) Reported at North Anclover
(Proc. Essex Inst., Vol. II, p. 402) ; also at Rockport. No specimens
have been preserved, and the fact of its being an Essex County
plant is doubted.

Alnus incana, Willd. (Speckled Alder.) Common in low land,
forming in some cases almost a tree. A group of them stood on a
swampy piece of land in North Beverly a few years since, many speci-
mens of which were 25 feet high, with a diameter of 5 inches at the
butt.

Alnus serrulata, Ait. (Common Alder.) Abundant as a shrub
in all low grounds.

101

SALICACEiE.
(WILLOW Family.)

Salix Candida, Willd, (Hoary Willow.) This species, which
so far has only been observed in a bog at Boxford, was first detected
by the writer, Aug., 1875. The plants are abundant (both sexes),
extending over a mile of land. This is probably the first New
England locality noticed.

Salix tristis, Ait. (Dwarf Gray Willow.) Lynnfield, Middle-
ton, Ipswich (Oakes), etc. Mr. Oakes also found the var. micro-
phylla at Ipswich.

Salix humilis, Marshall. (Prairie Willow.) Quite common in
dry places. Nearly all the species of low-growing willows occasion-
ally are found to have cones at the terminations of some of their
branches. These are the result of a sting by a fly, which causes the
twig to become aborted and the leaves to appear only as scales,
forming a persistent cone, which, by those persons unacquainted with
the fact, is supposed to be a natural production of the plant.

Salix discolor, Muhl. (Glaucus or Pussy Willow), (includ-
ing also S. eriocephala, Michx.) This is one of the earliest flowering
willows, and is very common in all places. The largest specimen of
this species met with is in a yard In West Peabody, near the New-
bury port turnpike. The tree is about 30 feet high, and 5 feet in
circumference near the ground.

Salix sericea, Marshall. (Silky Willow), (including S. grisea,
Willd.) Along streams, Topsfield, etc. Not very common. A shrub
6 to 10 feet high.

Salix petiolaris, Smith. Topsfield, J. H. Sears, Andover, Middle-
ton, etc. Not uncommon.

Salix purpurea, L. (Purple Willow.) Introduced at Salem,
Newburyport, Lynn, and other places. A shrub or low tree.

Salix viminalis, L. (Basket Osier.) Also introduced at Danvers
and Salem, besides other places.

Salix cordata, Muhl. (Heart-leaved Willow.) Quite common
in low lands.

Salix livida, Muhl., var. oecidentalis. (Golden Willow.)
Common on dry land. A low shrub.

Salix lucida, Muhl. (Shining Willow.) Along streams and by
ponds. This grows to be a large shrub.

Salix nigra, Marshall., var. falcata. (Black Willow.) Che-
bacco Pond, Topsfield along the Ipswich River, etc. This forms a
tree 25 feet high, and from 4 to 6 inches in diameter at the but.

Salix fragilis, L. (Brittle Willow.) This includes several
varieties, and so closely resembles the White Willow that it is

ESSEX INST. BULLTIN. XI 8

102

difficult to determine specimens. It is, as the next, an introduced
species, but growing in a few places only in the county.

Salix alba, L. (White Willow.) This is by far the most abun-
dant of the introduced Willows, as it is also the largest. It has
been so extensively propagated by cuttings, that for miles one may
search and find among hundreds of trees, only the male form. They
are cut frequently, and are of exceedingly rapid growth. Three trees
on the land of Mr. Aug. Fowler, of Danvers, measured by Mr. Sears,
were as follows,

(1) Circumference 18 feet 10 inches, 1 foot from ground.

" 13 " 3 " 6 feet " "

Spread 90 feet. Height 35 feet.

(2) Circumference 15 feet 0 inches, 1 foot from ground.

" 12 " 10 " 6 feet "

(3) " 14 " 3 " lfoot " "
" 15 " 3 " 4 feet " "

« 16 u 10 « 6 » u «

A tree in Wenham by the saw-mill of Mr. John Dodge, planted in
1786, was measured in 1873, as follows,

Circumference 18 feet 10 inches, 1 foot from ground.
" 17 " 3 " 5 feet "

When growing naturally this species forms a fine tree, a noticeable
specimen being the one on the Salem and Boston turnpike, near the
Swampscott road.

Salix Babylonica, Tourn. (Weeping Willow.) Extensively
planted as an ornamental tree. Only the fertile plant has been in-
troduced, as it is stated the male plant is not so drooping, hence less
graceful.

Salix myrtilloid.es, L. A very small shrub, growing in bogs at
Danvers, J. II. Sears, Boxford, Hamilton, Essex, Topsfield. Oakes.
Rather rare.

Emerson does not mention this or the first species in his "Trees and
Shrubs of Massachusetts," and in the second edition omits S. viminalis
and S. purpurea.

Populus tremuloides, Michx. (American Aspen.) Very
abundant in Wenham, Hamilton, Topsfield, Danvers, Lynnfield, etc.,
but somewhat less so in the other parts of the county. It seldom
attains any great size.

Populus grandidentata, Michx. (Large-toothed Aspen.) In
similar situations to the last, but of larger growth. The largest tree
of this species noticed here, is on one of the islands in Wenham
Swamp, which measured by Mr. Sears and the writer, in 1875, was,
Circumference 7 feet 10 inches at the ground.
" 5 " at 5 feet above.

• Height about 70 feet.

103

Populus balsamij era, L., var. candicans. (Balm of Gilead.) Not
a native of the county, but very extensively introduced. It is a tree
of rapid growth. A fine specimen at the foot of Daniels St., Salem,
planted about the year 1790, measured in 1875, was 13 feet in circum-
ference 4 feet from the ground. Another beside it was nearly as
large. Their height was about 70 feet.

Populus dilatata, Ait. (Lombardy Poplar.) Introduced early
as an ornamental tree along old roads, where the ruins of many are
now to be seen.

Populus alba, L. (Silver-leaved Poplar.) Also introduced as
an ornamental and shade tree. There are many to be found in the
cities and old towns, 10 or 12 feet in circumference.

CONIFERS.

(PINE Family.)

Pinus rigida, Mill. (Pitch Pine.) One of our commonest
forest trees, growing in all parts of the county. Very few trees are
to be found of large size, and as a general thing they are of slow
growth. Mr. Sears measured several trees of this species in Beverly,
which were 6 feet in circumference at the ground, one being,

Circumference 6 feet 10 inches, 2 feet from ground.

" 6 " at 5 feet above.

Height 80 feet.

Pinus resinosa, Ait. (Red Pine.) On the land of Mr. John
Dwinnell, of Boxford, is undoubtedly the finest grove of Red Pines
to be seen in this part of the state. There are perhaps eighty trees,
most of them nearly 90 feet high, the largest 7 feet in circumference.
They are on the southern slope of a hill which borders on a swamp,
and as the forests around them have been cut away it is to be feared
that this little grove will be injured by exposure to the severe winds.
In the vicinity are to be found a few small trees, seedlings from the
older ones in the grove. Only a very few Red Pines are reported in
any other part of the county. Georgetown, Mrs. Horner, West New-
bury, Wm. Merrill. Two trees at Peabody, Mr. Brown, one tree at
Andover, Prof. Goldsmith.

Pinus Strobus, L. (White Pine.) The White Pine may be
considered as the forest tree of Essex County, so greatly does it
predominate over other species.

Mr. Sears was informed by old residents of Boxford, that eighty years
ago the woods of that town consisted chiefly of Hickories and Oaks,
where now the Pine is the only tree. From the statements of various
persons it would appear that the pines in the region of Beverly were
now growing at a faster rate than those near Danvers and Topsfield,
owing perhaps to the exhaustion of the proper elements in the soil of

104

the last named places. On land in Georgetown known as " the ridges,"
are some of the largest pines now remaining in perfection.
One measured by Mr. Sears in 1860, was,

Circumference 14 feet 6 inches, 1 foot from ground.
" 14 "0 " 6 feet " "

The first limb branched at 40 feet from the ground. The top of the
tree had been broken off. In the same region Mr. Sears measured
seven trees, which averaged 12 feet in circumference at 2 feet from
the ground. In 1850 there were growing in "Blind Hole," Danvers,
many White Pines over 8 feet in circumference, and in 1858, one, siuce
felled, measured above the root,

Circumference 16 feet 3 inches.

" 15 " 7 " 4 feet above.

The first limb was at 30 feet from the ground, the tree being nearly
120 feet high. The "Preston Pine" at Danvers, is 10 feet 4 inches at
2 feet from the ground, and seeming not much less at 40 feet above.
It is about 90 feet high.

A grove of pines at Hamilton, measured by Mr. James Bartlett and
the writer in 1875, averaged 6 feet in circumference at 5 feet above
the ground.

A huge tree with a double top, in Boxford, measured by Mr. Sears
and the writer, in 1875, was 13 feet in circumference at the ground, 11
feet 6 inches at 6 feet above. Height about 80 feet. Spread from east
to west 88 feet.

Pinus Sylvestris (Scotch Pine) and Pinus Austriaca (Austrian
Pine) are extensively planted as ornamental trees. The former has
been noticed to spread from seeds, to a limited extent, in Danvers.

Abies nigra, Poir. (Black Spruce.) This is a rather scarce
tree in most parts of the county, but in the region of Essex, Hamilton,
and Ipswich, it is more abundant. In "Pine Swamp," are some
hundreds of these trees, many of which are nearly 4 feet in circum-
ference 2 feet from the ground. The largest Black Spruce is an old
tree over 8 feet in circumference, on high land in Hamilton, where it
evidently has been allowed to remain as a boundary tree.

Abies alba, Miclix. (White Spruce), only appears as a cultivated
tree.

Abies Canadensis, Michx. (Hemlock-Spruce.) This most
graceful evergreen is quite abundant in many parts of the county. In
Wenham Swamp are several trees over 8 feet in circumference, and a
large tree in Boxford, with its lower branches nearly touching the
ground, measured by Mr. Sears and the writer in 1876, was,

Circumference 11 feet 9 inches at the ground.
" 8 «• 9 «« " 3 feet above.

a 8 a 8 u u6 « i<

Height about 70 feet.

105

Abies excelsa (Norway Spruce), is very extensively cultivated,
and occasionally Abies balsamea (Balsam Fir), is used as an
ornamental tree, but the latter does not flourish well planted singly.

Larix Americana, Michx. (American Larch. Hackmatack.)
The Larch was formerly much more abundant than now, and the
present generation of trees of this species seem to be quite unhealthy.
In Pine and Wenham Swamps and the regions adjoining are still
many trees, but few of them, however, exceed 1 foot in diameter, or
a height of 40 feet. Mr. Sears measured, in 1850, several trees in
Wenham Swamp, which were 8 feet 6 inches in circumference, and
about 70 feet high. Dr. Charles Pickering remembered a tree of this
species standing in the town swamp at Wenham in 1823, which was
about 4 feet in diameter.

Larix Europ.ea. (European Larch), grows much better than
the American tree when planted out. The " Larch Row " in Wenham,
planted by Timothy Pickering about 1802, being the centre from which
has been distributed the numerous trees of this species to be seen 'in
Wenham and the adjoining towns. Several of the old Pickering
Larches, measured in 1876, averaged 6 feet in circumference 5 feet
from the ground.

Thuja occidentalis, L. (American Arbor Vit^e.) Common in
Maine and New Hampshire, where it is called White Cedar. It is
seen here only as a cultivated tree, in which condition it is abundant.

Cupressus thyoid.es, L. (White Cedar.) Abundant in swamps
in many parts of the county, where it is often met with growing to
great size. One old tree in Manchester measured in 1875, was,

Circumference 8 feet 8 inches, 2 feet from ground.
7 «' 7 " 7 " "

Mr. Sears measured four trees in Boxford, which were respectively,
10 feet 2 inches, 10 feet 3 inches, 11 feet, and 12 feet 5 inches, at 5 feet
from the ground. Their height was about 60 feet.

Juniperus communis, L. (Common Juniper.) A much de-
tested low evergreen, forming circular patches in pastures, often 30
to 50 feet in diameter. Mr. C. M. Tracy speaks of one in Lynn
which he judged to be 200 feet across.

Juniperus Virginiana, L. (Red Cedar.) Common on dry
hills. On Manchester shore close to the salt water, grows an old Red
Cedar, which, measured by Mr. Nath. Ropes and the writer in 1875,

was,

Circumference 7 feet 7 inches at the ground.
" 7 " 5 " " 6 feet above.

Height 12 to 14 feet. Spread 17 feet 8 inches.
Ground to branches 9 feet.

This curious tree is said to have been estimated by Prof. Agassiz as

10G

a thousand years old. It is the subject of a fine painting by J. G.
Enneking. Other trees on the Beverly shore are quite large. One
measured by Mr. C. Cooke and the writer, was 7 feet 1 inch at 2 feet
from the ground. As a general thing the trees of this species are
rarely over 1 foot in diameter, and 30 feet high.

Taxus baceata, L., var. Canadensis. (American Yew. Ground
Hemlock.) This pretty, low evergreen is found in the deep, damp
woods at Manchester, Rockport, Essex, Georgetown, and other
places. The English Yew is rarely cultivated. Salem, Mr. C. M.
Bichardson, as an ornamental tree.

Many other Conifers are met with in cultivation, but none are
sufficiently common to require their mention in this enumeration of
county plants. Perhaps an exception should be made in the case of,

Taxodium distichum, Richard. (Bald Cypress.) This tree is quite
hardy in the county. A specimen on the Derby Estate in Salem,
measuring in 1877,

Circumference 10 feet 11 inches at ground.
8 « 9 « «

Height 40 feet.
There is another, not so large, in a garden on Broad St., Salem.

SMILACEJE.

(SMILAX Family.)

Smilax rotundifolia, L. (Common Greenbrier.) Among the
monocotyledons, this seems almost the only one to mention as a
woody plant. It is common in all parts of the county, where its
prickly stem is too well known to need farther notice here.

GRAMINEA
(GRASS Family.)

Phragmites communis, Trin. (Reed.) It would hardly be
right to omit this plant from our list, for, although not producing a
wood which lasts beyond one season, yet the annual stem of the Reed
is quite as large as many of the steins produced by exogenous peren-
nials here noticed. This grass grows in Topsfield, and was probably
introduced by early settlers for the sake of the stems, which were
used in carpet and other looms, which were then common.

The Phragmites is a most elegant plant, growing often 10 feet high,
with a handsome panicle of flowers.

107

Tuesday, January 21, 1879.

Meeting this day at noon. The President in the
chair.

Bev. Albinus Finney Frost, of Salem, elected a resi-
dent member. *

Monday, February 3, 1879.
Kegular Meeting this evening.

Mr. Theodore M. Osborne, of Peabody, read an in-
teresting and instructive paper "On Perfect Harmony in
Music, and the Enharmonic Keyboard of Prof. Henry
Ward Poole," including a sketch of the History of the
Musical Scale, and illustrating the subject by diagrams
and also by voices and piano.

Abstract of the paper will be printed in the next num-
ber of the Bulletin.

Friday, February 28, 1879.

Meeting this evening. Henry L. Williams, Esq.,
in the chair.

Hon. Nathaniel Silsbee read an exceedingly interest-
ing paper, upon the Old Merchants of Salem, and their
ancient voyages to "the farthest point ef the rich east."
His paper was made up largely of extracts from the
autobiography of his father, the late U. S. Senator
Silsbee, interwoven with incidents and anecdotes in the
reader's own experience, and replete with valuable lessons
and precepts for the young men of the rising generation
to consider and copy. The author of the autobiography
(Hon. Nathaniel Silsbee) began his nautical education as

108

a clerk with Nathaniel Bo wd itch and Richard Cleveland.
He passed twenty years of his life in the councils of the
State and Nation, ten of which were in the U. S. Congress.
Born in Salem, January 14, 1773, he was educated under
the charge of Rev. Dr. Manasseh Cutler, — died at Salem,
14 July, 1850. The hall was filled with a large audience,
whose interest the speaker held from the beginning to
the end of his communication.

Monday, March, 3, 1879.

Meeting this evening, aiid the Rev. De Witt S. Clarke
and Mr. H. Bissell both of Salem were elected resident
members.

Monday, March 17, 1879.

At the meeting this evening, Mr. J. H. Emerton, of
Salem, gave an account of the artificial hatching of cod
fish, and, by drawings on the black board, explained the
various apparatus used for this purpose, by the U. S.
Fish Commission at their station in Gloucester the past
summer.

Mr. Raymond L. Newcomb, of Salem, read a paper on
Halibut fishing on the Banks of Newfoundland. The
method of fishing, making of trawls, kinds of bait used,
the perils of the fishermen, and other matters pertaining
to the subject were fully explained and discussed.

^HeS

^«

\v

BU L L E T I N

OF THE

ESSEX USTSTITTJTE

Vol. 11. Salem, July, Aug., Sept., 1879. Nos. 7, 8, 9.

The Enharmonic Key-board of Prof. Henry Ward Toole.

By Theodore M. Osborne.

It has long been the great problem of musical theorists
to devise a keyed instrument which shall be capable of
modulations into different keys, and at the same time be
justly intoned for both major and minor intervals in each
key, without being too complicated for the actual perfor-
mance of ordinary music. The keyboard to be described
in this paper is offered as one of the solutions of that
problem. Before entering upon the details of its con-
struction, it is necessary briefly to review the modern
physical theory of harmony.

The principle of simple ratios, as it has been called,
which has proved to be the key of theoretical harmony,
was known in its application to the ancients, who deter-
mined the relative lengths of the parts of a stretched
string sounding the different tones of the scale. But the
explanation and the development of this principle could
not possibly be made before the discovery of the wave

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN. XI 9 (109)

110

theory of sound. When once that theory has been ac-
cepted, it needs nothing more than inspection of diagrams
to see that the waves produced by the sound-vibrations of
two simple musical tones interfere less and reinforce each
other more exactly in proportion to the simplicity of the
ratio between their respective number of vibrations in a
given time ; and the investigation, partly physical and
partly physiological, of the relations of the more complex
musical tones and their effect upon the ear and the mind
leads to the same general result, that the only case in
which two tones can be simultaneously heard by the ear
without mutual disturbance is when the vibration-numbers
of those tones bear to each other certain very simple
ratios. By the vibration number of a tone is meant the
number of vibrations in a unit of time necessary to pro-
duce that tone.

The simplest ratios are of course those expressed by
the smallest numbers. The simplest ratios from 1 to 2
are, therefore, in their order,

1 0 3455.76787989 afn
■*■> «» 2 5 3 5 3 5 4 5 4 5 5 5 5' 5 5 6 5 "5 5 T> 7' elt'

These ratios do not include all possible, nor even all
actual relations ; but they embrace all the so-called con-
sonant intervals and several of the so-called dissonant
intervals. An attempt has been made to show that these
intervals are pleasing exactly in proportion to the small-
ness of the numbers expressing the ratios. This theory
has not been maintained, probably because of the working
of some physiological principles together with the physi-
cal.

The relation 2 : 1 is the ratio between the vibration-
number of any tone and that of its octave ; and the
problem of temperament is practically confined to the
limits of an octave, because the key-board of any octave

Ill

in an instrument must be precisely similar in arrangement
to that of every other octave of the same instrument.

In a paper read before the Essex Institute on the even-
ing of the 3d of February last, a brief history of the
development of the modern scale was given, which it is
not necessary to repeat here, as the facts in relation- to it
are to be found in the works of Helmholtz, Sedley Tay-
lor, and other writers on sound. It is enough to say here
that the ordinary scale of harmony, the diatonic major
scale, is now recognized as containing a series of tones
whose vibration-numbers bear the following ratios to that
of the lowest, beginning with the lowest itself:

It is to be remarked that a scale is merely a systemati-
cally arranged group of related tones, and there is no one
scale which includes all related tones in common use.
The diatonic major scale includes most of the simple
relations of tones, and is therefore the most common in
use. An analysis of this scale will show the simplicity
of its composition.

In all harmony, some one tone is selected as a basis, to
which all the other tones of the harmony are related.
But when this tone, which is called the key-note, has
been selected, there are in reality used as the base or
foundation of harmonies made up from tones related to
that key-note, three tones ; the key-note itself, one whose
vibration number is J- that of the key-note, and one to
which the key-note itself bears the relation f , and which
is therefore % of the key-note in its vibration number.
The interval indicated by the ratio f is called a fifth, be-
cause it is fifth in order in the diatonic scale. In every
key, then, there are used as the foundation of harmonies
belonging to that key, the fifth above, which is called the
dominant, the fifth below, called the subdominant, and

112

the key-note or tonic. Octaves of these tones are re-
garded in harmony as identical.

Every tone of the diatonic scale is related very simply
to one of the three fundamental tones of its key, and is
commonly sounded together with that fundamental tone.
Remembering that the dominant is represented by f or its
octave, and the subdominant by § or its octave, the scale
may be thus analyzed :

1 = tonic.

f = f dominant.
i = | tonic.
| z= subdominant.
f = dominant.
| == J subdominant.
-L5- = J dominant.

2 = tonic.

The interval indicated by the ratio f is called a third,
and it appears that the diatonic major scale is wholly
made up of thirds and fifths. Prof. Poole has suggested
that those tones of the scale deduced from fifths be indi-
cated by Roman capital letters, and those deduced from
thirds by Roman lower case letters. That is, the diato-
nic major scale may be written, in the key of C, for
instance :

CDeFGabC

1 I i # I t ¥- 2

Without carrying the development of the scale farther
at this point, it is time to answer the question, What u
the difficulty in constructing a key-board by which the
simple diatonic scale may be justly intoned? Briefly put,
the difficulty is this.

From the principle of related fundamental tones already
referred to springs that of modulation, or the chang<

113

from one key-note to another. The natural interval of
modulation is always a fifth. Now the fifth, the third,
and the octave are incommensurable. To quote from
Mr. Ellis' translation of Helmholtz's work : "It is impos-
sible to form octaves by just 5ths or just 3ds or of both
combined, or to form just 3ds by just 5ths, because it is
impossible by multiplying any one of the numbers J or
| by two, or either by itself or one by the other any
number of times, to produce the same result as by multi-
plying any other of those numbers by itself any number
of times."

Whenever, therefore, by successive modulations through
fifths and transpositions through octaves we arrive at a
key-note called by the same name as one of the tones of
the diatonic scale deduced from thirds, it will not have
the same number of vibrations as that tone. In other
words, E, A, and B, the key-notes, are not identical with
e, a, and b, the tones of the diatonic scale in C. The
proportional difference between any key-note and the
corresponding third denoted by the same letter is con-
stant, depending upon what may be called the incommen-
surable element between f , f , and 2. Suppose the vibra-
tion number of C to be 1, the vibration number of E,
deduced by fifths and octaves, is

f X f X i X f X I X i - f i ;

the vibration number of e == f = ff .

Since A bears the same relation to F which E bears to
C, and a is the third of F,

A = t£ a, and similarly

B = U b,
and in general the vibration number of any key-note is
greater than that of the third denoted by the correspond-
ing lower case letter by ^ of the latter. This difference
is called the comma of Pythagoras.

114

Another complexity resulting from modulation is the
introduction of new tones. Modulating into the key of
G, the diatonic scale in that key is

G A b C D e f# G
f « ¥- 2 | 4 ft f
i f I I i ft -¥- 2

Here f# is a tone new to the diatonic scale in C. By
successive modulations of fifths upward a key-note Fit
may be obtained, a comma greater than f#. Every suc-
cessive modulation, then, necessitates an addition to the
scale.

Another new series of tones is demanded by the nature
of the relation between the three allied fundamental tones
in any key. The dominant is so called because whenever
chords are sounded based upon it, the ear demands a
return to the tonic harmony ; its sounding, as it were,
commands the tonic to be sounded. Hence those tones
in the dominant chord which most distinctly convey this
impression of return to the tonic are most important,
being most characteristic of the dominant harmony. It
was long ago asserted theoretically and has since been
confirmed by experiment that a tone whose vibration num-
ber bears a ratio of J to that of the dominant is a most
important element of the dominant harmony. For in-
stance, a tone so related to G, the dominant of C, when
brought within the octave, would have a vibration number
§£ of the tonic, which does not correspond with any tone
of the diatonic scale. Prof. Poole has suggested that
tones in this series should be designated by Gothic capi-
tals. The interval is called the prime seventh, or domi-
nant seventh, and the prime seventh of G would be F.

So far only the major mode of the diatonic scale has
been referred to. There is another mode of using the
tones of a scale to make harmonies, called the minor

115

mode, because the third, sixth, and seventh are smaller
intervals than in the ordinary mode of the scale, the
major.

For convenience, an arbitrary number of vibrations may
be assumed for the tonic, and the other tones of the dia-
tonic scale calculated accordingly. 48 is a convenient
number for this purpose. The scale in C may be thus
represented :

CDeFGabC
48 54 60 64 72 80 90 96

Suppose the scale to begin with the a below C :
abCDeFGa
40 45 48 54 60 64 72 80
These vibration numbers show the following ratios to
the first :

1 t f ft f t f 2,
which are all simple except that belonging to D. If d
the major third be used in this scale instead of D the
key-note, there results a scale :

abCdeFGa

■ 1 9 6 4 3 8 9 O

X "ff ¥ 3 2 "5 "5 «

This is the pure minor scale, differing from the major
scale in the ratios of the third, sixth, and seventh. The
minor scales commonly taught are combinations of major
and minor intervals, especially by substituting the major
for the minor seventh.

So far, no new tones are needed for harmonies in the
minor mode, as a complete key-board for major harmo-
nies supposes both thirds and key-notes in each letter.
But the same principle of related chords applies to the
minor mode as to the major ; if a is the tonic, e is the
dominant and d the subdominant.

Prof. Poole's method of notation shows very clearly

116

the differences between the major and minor modes. It
will be seen at a glance that in the major mode the tonic,
second, fourth, and fifth are key-notes, the third, sixth,
and seventh thirds. In the minor mode of the same scale
the tonic, second, fourth, and fifth are thirds, the third,
sixth, and seventh key-notes. Moreover, in the major
mode, the tonic, dominant and subdominant are all key-
notes ; in the minor mode they are all thirds.

To return to the related harmonies of the minor mode,
there is this peculiarity in the dominant harmony, that
the third is not the minor, but the major, third. To play
an instrument correctly in the minor mode, then, there
must be a series of major thirds to thirds, which does not
belong in the simple diatonic scale of harmony. For in-
stance, in the scale of which a is the tonic, there must be
a tone g% which js the major third of e, the dominant of
a, and has the ratio V5- to a, with a vibration number 75
when that of a is 40. This g% might be regarded as the
major seventh employed in the ordinary minor scale.
Since every tone of the diatonic major scale deduced from
thirds is in turn the dominant minor, there must be an
additional tone for every tone of the diatonic scale de-
duced from thirds. This series Prof. Poole proposes to
designate by an Italic lower case letter.

Digitals representing these four series of tones are
essential to a complete key-board justly intoned. The
word "digital" is used instead of the common word
"key," as less liable to confusion with other terms. To
be sure, the possible refinements of harmony do not stop
here. In the dominant minor harmony, for instance, the
prime seventh with the ratio \ might be used instead of
the minor seventh with the ratio § ; or it might be conve-
nient to have a series of minor thirds from key-notes,
for use in sudden changes from major to minor chords ;

Key of
A - •

1

(Ma

/;

J\.

T\ - -

D

D

«#

h

C - --

L*

tf*

e

G

Bb

c . .

\;

c

^

a

1

i

c

TT1-

t

F

v£>

!

JL

Method of placing Digitals on heyhoard.

The HBUOTHKPnnraMGCo. 220 Devonshire 3t Eostoh

1

EL

^ixiiiir. Hvrau^lx the jTiTfJJX^K^M lint 1-2, kty ct C

C13

i_.^

ENHARMONIC KEYBOARD ONE OCTAVE.

TheHelioiyvlPfjhtingCo 220 T-bvon shire St Boston

117

or there might be a series of prime elevenths or thir-
teenths, the latter of which are sometimes heard in unac-
companied part-songs ; but such possible refinements may
for the present be very well dispensed with. If a key-
board can be devised which shall contain these four prin-
cipal series in perfect intonation, the problem will be
practically settled. These series, to recapitulate, are as
follows :

1. Key-notes, deduced from perfect fifths, denoted by
a Roman capital, or in musical notation by a note of a
red color, as suggested by Prof. Poole. On the key-
board, a white digital may be used.

2. Major thirds from key-notes, denoted by a Roman
lower case letter, or by a note of a yellow color, or a
black digital.

3. Prime sevenths from key-notes, denoted by a Gothic
capital, or by a note or digital of a blue color.

4. Major thirds from the tones of series 2, denoted by
an Italic lower case letter, or by a note or digital of an
orange color.

The distinctive colors, red, yellow, blue, and orange,
were selected by Prof. Poole on account of an analogy
between the relative number of vibrations producing those
colors, and the relative number of vibrations producing
the third, the fifth, etc. Black and white were adopted
for the digitals because of the convenience of ebony and
ivory as materials. The use of the colored notation in
writing chords exhibits in a very curious and remarkable
way the most important principles of harmony; but to
the discussion of this very interesting subject the present
paper cannot be extended. In order to have all these
four series complete in all the keys from C^ to F^, there
are required sixty-two notes to the octave. The only
method of bringing this great number of digitals within

118

the width determined upon for an octave, about six and
one-half inches, and at the same time making them suffi-
ciently large for practical use, is by extending the key-
board in two directions. The method by which Prof.
Poole has done this is as follows :

All modulations of key are made by progressing from
front to back of the key-board as the modulations are
upward, and from back to front for the reverse. All
scales in the same key progress from left to right upward,
as in the ordinary pianoforte.

The accompanying diagram (No. 1), giving the method
of placing the digitals for the scale in the key of C, will
explain the matter.

Dotted lines represent the horizontal lines of scales in
the keys of Ej,, B^, F, C, G, D, and A.

There are in each octave of the diatonic major scale in
any key :

(1.) Four key-notes, each related to four keys, in-
cluding its own. Thus C is the second of B^, the fifth
of F, the fourth of G, and the first or tonic of its own
scale. It should therefore be found in the lines of those
four keys. Similarly D is related to C, G, D, and A; F
to Eb, Bb, F, and C ; G to F, C, G, and D. These four
key-notes, then, take the positions given them on the
diagram.

(2.) Three major thirds from key-notes, each related
to three keys. Thus b is the third of G, the sixth of D,
and the seventh of C. Similarly, e is related to C, G,
and F ; a to B^, F, and C. These three thirds, therefore,
take the positions given them on the diagram.

(3.) One prime seventh related to one key-note and
to be found only in the line of that key-note.

(4.) Three tones of series 4, each bearing the ratio |-
to a tone of series 2. Since for every tone of series 2

119

there is another of the same series bearing to it the
ratio §■, each tone of series 4 will bear to some tone of
series 2 the ratio |f, and will therefore serve as a leading
note in melody to the latter tone of series 2 ; and it is
more convenient to consider each tone of series 4 as con-
nected with that tone of series 2 to which it bears the
ratio |f. For instance, g% is the major third of e ; it is
also the leading note of a, and is considered as connected
with a.

Each digital of the fourth series is therefore placed
immediately before that of the second series to which it
has the relation |f. As the lower third of the length of
each digital of the second series is immediately preceded
by a prime seventh, it saves space to extend the digitals
of the fourth series only to two-thirds of the length of
those of the second series. The digitals of the fourth
series, then, are disposed as in the diagram.

The relative width of the various digitals is to some
degree a matter of convenience, but that adopted by Prof.
Poole has some practical advantages which will appear
when we consider the completed key-board.

There are in the horizontal line of any key ten digitals ;
four of series 1, three of series 2, one of series 3, and
two of series 4. The octave is divided into twenty-four
spaces, and of these, three are given to each key-note and
two to each of the other digitals. It has been found most
convenient to elevate the digitals of the second and third
series half an inch above those of the first, and to elevate
those of the fourth series one-fourth of an inch above
those of the first. All the digitals of each series are in
the same plane, but the whole key-board is inclined
slightly upward towards the back. Accompanying are
a plan and section of an octave of the full key-board.
This diagram gives all keys perfect from C^ to F#. Blue

120

is represented by horizontal hatching, orange by a dotted
surface, black and white by their own colors.

The symmetrical arrangement of this key-board is per-
ceptible at a glance. Among the most important charac-
teristics of its arrangement are the following :

All the digitals in any key in either the major or minor
mode are to be found in the same horizontal line, drawn
through the second quarter, downward, of the key-note,
except the fourth of the minor mode, which is only one
space below such a line.

The digitals in any key are arranged precisely the same
as in every other key, so that the fingering is the same
for all keys.

In modulation in the regular progression by fifths, the
horizontal line of the new key is always only one space
up or down.

All four of the notes of the different series represented
by different forms of the same letter, as e, e, E, and E,
are in the same vertical line.

In this key-board, there need ,be no temperament or
approximation, but provision is made for just intonation
in every key used. If, however, it should be thought
desirable, for the sake of economizing space or expense,
to reduce the number of strings or resonators, a consid-
erable saving may be made by an almost inappreciable
temperament, which the construction of the key-board
renders very easy.

Suppose that C makes 256 vibrations in a second ; a
number not exactly corresponding with the normal pitch,
but convenient because a better multiple. Then tuning
downward by fifths seven times,

Cb = 479Mtf .

Tuning upward, Gr = 384 and b = 480.

Cb is therefore less than b by J^ff of a vibration in

121

480, or by less than TV of a comma. If this error be
imagined to be divided up into eight equal parts in tuning
the successive fifths the amount of temperament in one
fifth would be about yV of a comma. This is far within
the limits within which vibrations are said to draw into
harmony. As a matter of practical tuning it is not to be
taken into account at all. The best tuner would be as
likely to come out with his C\> a little sharp of b as a little
flat. This equalization is very useful because it gives the
tuner a check by which to test the correctness of his key-
notes both up and down. For if Cj, = b, then by similar
reasoning, Db = c#, E|> = d#, F = e#, Ff> ==-- e, G|> =
f#, A.\y = g#, B\y = a# ; which gives a test for the key-
notes C[>, D^, etc., and also saves the strings or resonators
for b, c#, etc., as they may be made to sound the same
strings or resonators as C[>, D[>> etc.

Again, since Df> = c#, and c = if Dj,, and h# = H c#,
then c = b#, d = ex, e^ = d#, f = e#, g =fx, a = gx,
a^ = g#, b\y = a# ; thus saving extra sound producers
for eight tones of series 4 in every octave.

By this practically inappreciable temperament the num-
ber of sound producers is reduced to forty-six in the
octave.

The method of tuning the key-board is first to tune the
key-notes by fifths ; then a major third from each key-
note, and a major third from each of the last-named series.
The prime sevenths, though not familiar to most tuners,
are very easily tuned, especially when the third is sounded
with its tonic.

There have been other key-boards invented with the
same purpose as Prof. Poole's, and it is proper to say a
few words in regard to his labors in the cause of just
intonation.

In an article published in the "American Journal of

122

Science and Arts," Yol. 9, in 1850, Prof. Poole enounced
fA theory of perfect intonation in music, with a descrip-
tion of an organ made to obtain this result which had just
then been completed.' The organ was provided with
pedals and mechanism by which the larger number of
pipes necessary for perfect tuning could be played by the
common key-board.

In that article it was maintained that 'the prime seventh
with the ratio 4 : 7 was harmonious, admissible, and used
in music,' although this so far as he had seen was asserted
for the first time. The Jahrbuch of Liebig and Kopp, in
a discriminating review of Prof. Poole's article, specified
this declaration.

In the same journal for July, 1867, Prof. Poole pub-
lished an article on "Perfect Harmony in Music," contain-
ing a description of a new " Enharmonic key-board,"
which was substantially the same as that of which a
drawing is given in this paper, though some improve-
ments and simplifications have since been made in its
details.

In the same journal for May, 1878, an article by Prof.
Poole appeared on "Just intonation in music."

The necessity of just intonation for instruction in har-
mony and vocalization is now fully recognized, and it is
to be hoped that those interested in the progress of musi-
cal science will interest themselves in the manufacture
and introduction of these perfected instruments.

123

Monday, April 7, 1879.
Meeting this evening. The President in the chair.
Records read. Donations and correspondence announced.

Mr. John Robinson presented in the name of Mrs.
Samuel Johnson, President of the Salem Female Employ-
ment Society (lately dissolved), the records, work and
account books of the Society.

Mr. Robinson read a paper prepared by Mrs. Johnson,
giving a historical sketch of said society, its formation,
its objects and its work, and what it has accomplished.

The paper was referred to the committee on publica-
tions, and a vote of thanks was passed to Mrs. Johnson
for the papers, records and account books of the Society
and the written statement of its doings.

The time of the arrival and the habits of some of the
early spring birds were discussed by Messrs. William G.
Barton, Fielder Israel, John Robinson, Caleb Cooke .and
others.

Thursday, April 24, 1879.
At a meeting of the Institute this afternoon, adjourned
from Monday, the 21st inst., Messrs. T. F. Hunt, Fielder
Israel and Daniel B. Hagar were appointed on the com-
mittee to report a list of candidates for the various offi-
cers and committees to be elected at the annual meeting.

Monday, May 5, 1879.
At the meeting this evening Mrs. Daniel C. Maiming
was elected a resident member.

124

Monday, May 19, 1879.

Annual Meeting this evening. The President in
the chair. Eecords read. The annual reports of the
Secretary, Treasurer, Librarian, Curators and Standing
Committees were read and accepted, and from them the
accompanying

RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR

has been compiled, presenting the work of the Institute,
in the various departments, since the last annual meeting.

Members. — Changes occur in the list of associates by
the addition of new names, and the withdrawel of some
by resignation, removal from the county or vicinity, or by
death. Twelve resident members have died, and we have
received information that five of our correspondents have
passed away in a serene old age.

Gurdon Saltonstall, son of Henry and Georgiana C.
(Silsbee) Saltonstall, formerly of Salem, born Aug. 15,
1856 ; died at Pau, France, May 21, 1878.

Daniel F. Staten, the well known gas-fitter and plumber
of Salem, died at his residence in Beverly Aug. 3, 1878,
aged 41 years, 6 months, and 24 days.

Joseph Gilbert Waters, son of Capt. Joseph and Mrs.
Mary (Dean) Waters of Salem, where he was born July
5, 1796 ; a Judge of the Salem Police Court for nearly
forty years ; died July 12, 1878.

George Perkins, son of Aaron and Susan (Ward well)
Perkins, for many years book-keeper in Mercantile Na-
tional Bank of Salem, died Dec. 9, 1878, aged 40 years,
4 months, and 28 days.

William B. Parker, son of William B. and Abigail

125

(Watson) Parker, merchant of Salem, died Dec. 24,
1878, aged 77 years, 9 months and 7 days.

Adelaide Martha (Edmands) Putnam, daughter of
William Murray and Martha Adams (Tapley) Edmands
of Charlestown, died in Cambridge March 10, 1879, aged
40 years.

David Roberts, son of Samuel and Martha (Stone)
Roberts, born in Hamilton April 5, 1804, lawyer in Salem
and ex-mayor of the city; died March 19, 1879.

James Hill, for the past twenty-five years town clerk
of Beverly, died March 24, 1879, aged 62 years.

Ejphraim Brown, son of Ephraim and Rachel (BufFum)
Brown, Register of Deeds for Essex many years, died
March 30, 1879, aged 59 years, 8 months and 16 days.

James Upton, merchant of Salem, son of Robert and
Lucy (Doyle) Upton, died March 30, 1879, aged 66 years.

Andrew J. Thompson, son of Levi B. and Mehitable
(Brown) Thompson, physician in Salem, born at Guilford,
N. H., July 23, 1833 ; died April 26, 1879.

Henry J. Cross, City Treasurer of Salem, son of Par-
ker and Mary R. (Clark) Cross, born in Marblehead,
died May 15, 1879, aged 55 years, 10 months.

Joseph Henry, Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution,
Washington City, and for over half a century one of the
foremost men of Science in the United States ; born at
Albany, Dec. 17, 1797 ; d. at Washington, May 13, 1878.

John Wing ate Thornton, a member of the Suffolk Bar,
and an historical writer of wide reputation, died at Oak
Hill, Me., June 6, 1878; son of James B. and Elizabeth
(Gookin) Thornton; born at Saco, Me., Aug. 12, 1818.

Richard Manning Hodges, son of Gamaliel and Sarah
(Williams) Hodges; born at Salem, Aug. 5, 1794; min-
ister of Bridgewater, 1821-33 ; removed to Cambridge,
1834, where he resided until his death, Aug. 10, 1878.

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN. XI 10

126

Nehemiah Adams, son of Nehemiah Adams of Salem,
born at Salem, Feb. 19, 1806 ; for forty-four years pastor
of the Union Church, Boston ; died Oct. 6, 1878.

E. B. Beadle, a prominent Presbyterian pastor and
scientist in Philadelphia; died Jan. 19, 1879.

Meetings. — During the summer four Field Meetings
have been held within the limits of this comity. First,
at the Centennial Grove, Essex, on June 24th, 1878.
Messrs. J. H. Emerton, J. H. Huntington, John Robin-
son, C. C. Beaman, and E. S. Parker took part in the
exercises of the occasion. Second, at Juniper Point,
Salem, on July 10th. The morning was spent along the
Salem and Beverly shores and in visiting the zoological
laboratory of Mr. Emerton, and at the afternoon session
the President and Mr. G. D. Phippen spoke of the his-
torical associations of the place, and Messrs. J. H. Emer-
ton and J. S. Kingsley of some of the forms of the lower
orders of marine animal life. Third, at West Newbury.
The party took the cars of the E. R. R. to Newburyport,
thence by carriages to the' place of meeting. During the
ride a pleasant call was made at the hospitable mansion of
Major B. Perley Poore, where an opportunity was afforded
to examine his very extensive and fine collection of an-
tique relics and other memorials of the olden times. At
the afternoon session Mr. Haydn Brown of West Newbury
gave an interesting sketch of the introduction of the man-
ufacture of combs in that town, and Messrs. James Par-
ton, J. H. Emerton, Luther Dame, Michael A. Dougherty,
and Horace Brown were the speakers. Fourth, at Ips-
wich, October 4th. Plum Island was visited during the
morning, and at the afternoon session the President and
Messrs. I. J. Osbun, Charles Derby, and others were the
speakers.

127

Regular Meetings, twenty-five, usually on the first and
third Monday evenings of each month. The following
communications received and lectures delivered may be
specified: — "Notes on Pacific Coast Crustacea," by W.
N. Lockington ; "List of the Birds of the Hudson High-
lands, with annotations," by Edgar A. Mearns ; "An Ac-
count of the Flora of the Sandwich Islands," by Charles
Derby; "Remarks on the Subject of Heredity," by Al-
pheus Hyatt ; "A Catalogue of the Fishes of Essex
County, Massachusetts, including the Fauna of Massa-
chusetts Bay," by G. Brown Goode and Tarleton H.
Bean ; "Ornithological Explorations of the Lesser An-
tilles," by Frederick A. Ober ; "Notes on the native and
extensively introduced woody plants of Essex County,
Mass.," by John Robinson; "The artificial hatching of
Cod Fish," by J. H. Emerton ; "Halibut fishing on the
banks of Newfoundland," by Raymond L. Newcomb ;
"On Perfect Harmony in Music," by Theodore M. Os-
borne ; "On the old merchants of Salem," by N. Silsbee.

Lectures and Concerts. — A course of eight lectures
under the direction of the Lecture Committee were as
follows : 1st, Monday, Oct. 28, by Samuel Johnson of
North Andover, "On Florence." 2d, Monday, Nov. 11,
1878, by S. G. W. Benjamin of New York, "Sculpture."
3d, Monday, Dec. 9, by G. L. Vose of Bowdoin College,
"The Light-house System of the United States." 4th,
Monday, Dec. 23, by W. R. Ware of Boston, "Architec-
ture." 5th, Monday, Jan. 27, by Winslow Upton of
Salem, "The Solar Eclipse of 1878." 6th, Monday, Feb.
17, by J. W. Symonds of Portland, Me., "Nathaniel
Hawthorne;" 7th, Monday, March 10, by I. J. Osbun of
Salem, "The Electric Light." 8th, Monday, March- 24,
by W. W. Thomas of Portland, "A Ramble in Norway."

128

A course of free scientific lectures (eight in number)
during the months of January and February, usually on
Tuesday afternoons : two "On Plant Life," by Mr. John
Robinson of Salem ; two "On the Simplest Animals," by
Mr. James H. Emerton of Salem ; two "On the Human
Body," by Charles S. Minot of Boston ; two "On Heat,"
by N. D. C. Hodges of Salem. These lectures were free
to those persons who made personal application for tic-
kets, and were delivered under the auspices of the Insti-
tute and Peabody Academy of Science.

The following, in addition to the lectures above men-
tioned, have been delivered in the rooms of the Institute :
Tuesday afternoon and evening, May 22, lectures by Rev.
E. C. Bolles of this city, "On the Phonograph," and an
exhibition of the same ; Monday, May 27, lecture by Capt.
E. A. Pitman, jr., of Marblehead, "On the Marshall Isl-
ands ;" Friday, Oct. 25, first of a series of eight lectures
by Luigi Monti, continued on successive Friday evenings,
"On the principal men who contributed to the Indepen-
dence of Italy;" Friday, Dec. 13, lecture by Luigi
Monti, "On German and Italian Music;" Wednesday,
Feb. 12, Lecture by Rev. W. C. Wood "On Socrates;"
Friday, Feb. 14, illustrated lecture, "New York to Ven-
ice," by Gen. M. Y. Agramonti;" Wednesday, Feb. 19,
lecture by Rev. W. Q. Wood, "Joan of Arc;" Friday,
Feb. 21, and the five following Fridays, Shakspeare read-
ings, by George Riddle; Wednesday, Feb. 26, lecture by
Rev. W. C. Wood, "The North American Indians;"
Wednesday, March 19, lecture by A. Young, "The Comic
and Tragic Aspects of Life ;" Friday, April 4, miscella-
neous readings by George Riddle.

Under the personal direction of the Secretary five con-
certs have been given, with much credit to the society as
musical performances. 1st, Monday, Nov. 25, by Mrs.

129

Julia H. West and others ; 2d, Monday, Dec. 30, Cecilia
Quartette, Miss Abbie Whinery, Mrs. J. W. Weston,
Mrs. H. E. Sawyer, Mrs. Jennie Noyes, J. W. Preston,
pianist. 3d, Monday, Jan. 13, by B. J. Lang, Wulf
Fries, and C. N. Allen. 4th, Monday, Jan. 27, by Salem
Schubert Club. 5th, Monday, Feb. 10, by William S.
Fenollosa, Miss Clara Emilio, Mrs. C. H. Fowler, and
others.

Excursions. — Three very pleasant excursions, under
the direction of the Secretary, have been made during the
past season. 1st, to Newport, R. I., visited the Redwood
Library, the Torpedo station at Goat Island, and other
objects of interest in this old historic town, now a well
known sea-side resort. 2d, Monday, July 22, to Mon-
treal and Quebec via Plymouth, N. H., and Lake Mem-
phremagog ; returned the following Saturday. 3d, Tues-
day, Sept. 3, to the White Mountains, via Concord,
Centre Harbor, and Plymouth, thence by stage up the
valley of the Pemigevvasset to the Profile House, thence
to the Fabyan, where a meeting was held. Prof. J. H.
Huntington, who had spent a winter on Mount Washing-
ton connected with the U. S. Signal Station, gave a
graphic description of the duties of this service, and Mr.
George D. Phippen spoke of the flora of the mountains.
Returned on Saturday by way of Conway, Portsmouth,
and Newbury port.

Museum. — The specimens of Natural History, includ-
ing those in Ethnology and Archaeology, which have been
given during the year, are on deposit with the trustees of
the Peabody Academy of Science, in accordance with
previous arrangements. These have been reported at
our meetings, and have been duly acknowledged. The

130

following may be specified : from J. L. Story, Eben
Stanwood, and Alburn Andrews of Essex, Prof. J. H.
Huntington, Dr. S. A. Green of Boston, Miss Caroline
Follansbee, Henry Wheatland, George D. Putnam, Miss
Caroline R. Derby, F. Hubon, W. F. Nichols, E. S.
Atwood, Miss Ravel. In addition to the above several
interesting specimens of an historical character have been
arranged in the rooms, received from the estate of Wm,
Wallis, Miss I. G. Whipple, C. T. Brooks of Newport,
R. I., T. F. Hunt, Mrs. M. G. Farmer of Newport, A.
G. Browne, W. Savory, F. Israel, W. H. Richardson,
James Kimball, G. E. Wiggin of Peabody, Moses S.
Prime, George B. Foster, J. Henry Stickney of Balti-
more, John T. Clark of Boston, E. P. Spencer, G. B.
Loring, Salem Mercantile National Bank, Miss Sarah
Swan, James A. Emmerton, N. A. Horton, William
Fabens of Marblehead, Henry M. Batchelder, David Pul-
sifer of Boston, John Robinson, Henry M. Brooks, Miss
M. E. Briggs, Charles T. Perkins, Several portraits
have been added to the series : one of Daniel Webster
by Mrs. Anna C. Warren of Boston, one of Mrs. Lois
Orne by Mrs. Susan B. Cabot, one of A. L. Forestier by
Miss Ellen G. Derby of Boston, one of Alfred Poore by
himself, portraits of Mr. and Mrs. Timothy Fitch, painted
by Copley, and of Mr. and Mrs. E. H. Derby, painted by
Charles Osgood, from Miss Caroline R. Derby.

Horticultural Exhibition, at the rooms of the In-
stitute, the past autumn, opened on Tuesday evening,
Sept. 10, and closed on the following Friday. There was
a fine display of fruit, flowers, pot plants and some vege-
tables. Mr. John Robinson exhibited a good collection
of ferns and succulent plants, including many rare and
interesting varieties ; Mr. G. W. Creesy many pot plants,

131

showing the different varieties of coleus ; Mr. J. W.
Manning, of the Reading nurseries, fine specimens of
hardy pines, junipers, arbor vita?, etc. ; Messrs. A. H.
Dunlap and Son, seed dealers in Nashua, N. H., an ele-
gant display of annuals ; Charles A. Putnam, a stand of
very fine seedling gladiolus. There was also a fine show
of flowers and bouquets from other persons.

The display of fruit was very good. Mr. Charles A.
Ropes of Salem had the largest collection, showing sixty-
eight varieties ; Hon. Haydn Brown of West Newbury a
fine show of apples ; G. D. Walton of Peabody, C. M.
Richardson, Joseph A. Goldthwaite, George Baker, Wil-
liam Mack, and others were contributors.

This exhibition was under the supervision of Mr. H.
W. Putnam, the curator of the department.

Landing of John Endicott. — The Fifth Half-century
of the Landing of John Endicott was commemorated on
the 18th day of last September. The commemorative
exercises have been printed in full in the Historical
Collections of the Institute. The oration by Hon. W.
C. Endicott, poems by Rev. C. T. Brooks and W. W.
Story, all born in Salem and educated in her schools.
Gov. A. H. Rice, Hon. R. C. Winthrop, Hon. Marshall
P. Wilder, Dean Stanley, and other distinguished men
were the guests of the society and took part in the post
prandial exercises of the clay.

Publications have been issued as heretofore, — the
Bulletin, vol. 10, and the Historical Collections,
vol. xv, have been published and distributed. The ex-
change list with few exceptions continues the same as last
year.

132

Library. — The additions to the Library for the year
May, 1878 — May, 1879, have been as follows :— .

By Donation.

Folios, 6

Quartos, 25

Octavos, 313

Duodecimos 83

Sexdecimos, 21

Total of bound volumes, 448

Pamphlets and Serials 2,488

Total of Donations, 2,936

By Exchange.

Quartos, 5

Octavos, 89

Duodecimos, 3

Total of bound volumes, 97

Pamphlets and Serials, 1,237

Total of Exchanges 1,334

By Purchase.

Octavos, 6

Duodecimos, . 2

Sexdecimos, 13

Total of Purchases, 21

Total of Donations, 2,936-

Total of Exchanges, 1,334

Total by Purchase 21

Total of Additions 4,291

Of the total number of pamphlets and serials, 1,664
were pamphlets, and 2,061 were serials.

The donations to the Library for the year have been
received from one hundred and thirty-nine individuals
and twenty-two societies and departments of the General
and State Governments.

The exchanges from three individuals, one hundred and
thirty-one societies and incorporate institutions, of which
seventy-seven are foreign ; also from editors and pub-
lishers.

133
Donations or exchanges have been received from the

following : —

Vols. Pam.

Ainsworth, Mrs. C. C, . 30

Allen, Miss Marian, , . 26

Alnwick, Eng. Berwickshire Naturalists' Club, ... 1

American Association Advancement of Science, . . 1
Amsterdam, Koninklijk Zoologisch Genootschap, "Natura

Artis Magistra," 1

Anagnos, M., Boston, Mass., ...... 1

Andrews, Mrs. Ruth, 2

Arms, George A., Greenfield, Mass., .... 1

Atwood, Rev. E. S., 1

Baldwin, Miss Caroline, 2

Baltimore, Maryland Historical Society, .... 2

Baltimore, Md., Peabody Institute, 1

Bamberg, Naturforschende Gesellschaft, .... 1

Bancroft, C. F. P., Andover, Mass., . 7

Barton, J. W., 17

Barton, William G., 8

Batavia, Natuurkundige in Nederlandsch India, ... 1

Bemis, Luke, West Chester, Penn., ..... 68

Berlin, Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde, . . 1

Berlin, Zeitschrift fiir die gesammten Naturwissenschaften, 1

Bern, Naturforschende Gesellschaft, 1

Boardman, Samuel L., Augusta, Me., .... 96

Bolles, Rev. E. C, Newspapers, 7 107

Bologna, Reale Academia delle Scienze, .... 1
Boothby, Josiah, London, Eng., . . . . . .1

Bordeaux, Societe Linneenne, 5

Boston, Amateur Scientific Society, 9

Boston, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, . . 2

Boston, Athenaeum Library, . 1

Boston, City of, 3

Boston, Appalachian Mountain Club, 1

Boston, Massachusetts General Hospital, ... 1

Boston, Massachusetts Historical Society, .... 3

Boston, Massachusetts Horticultural Society, . . 4

Boston, Massachusetts Medical Society, .... 1

Boston, New England Historic and Genealogical Society, 5

Boston, Overseers of the Poor, 1

Boston, Public Library, 8

Boston, Society of Natural History, . ... . . 18

134

Vols. Pam.

Braunschweig, Archiv der Anthropologic, .... 2

Bremen, Naturwissenschaftlichen Verein, ... 3

Brinley, Francis, Newport, R. I., 1

Brock, K. A., Richmond, Va., . . . Newspapers. 6

Brown, Horace, 2

Bruxelles, Societe Beige de Microscopie, ... 11

Bruxelles, Societe Entomologique, 6

Buenos Aires, Sociedad Cientifica Argentina, ... 5
Burch and Curtis, Canandaigua, N. Y., . . . .3

Caen, Academie Royale des Sciences, Arts, et Belles-Lettres 1

Cambridge, Harvard College Library, .1

Cambridge, Museum of Comparative Zoology, ..27

Cambridge, Nuttall Ornithological Club, .... 4

Canada Geological Survey, 1

Carpenter, Rev. C. C, South Peabody, Mass., ... 3

Chemnitz, Naturwissenschaftliche Gesellschaft, . . 1

Cherbourg, Societe Imperiale des Sciences Naturelles, . 1

Chicago Historical Society, 19 102

Chicago, University of, 1

Cincinnati, Society of Natural History, .... 3

Cobb, Charles H., Baltimore, Md., 2

Cogswell, William, 1 1

Colby University, Waterville, Me., 1

Cole, Miss Caroline J., 1

Cole, Mrs. N. D., Newspapers. 11 47

Contoocook, New Hampshire Antiquarian Society, . . 6

Cooke, Caleb, 1 1

Corey, D. P., Maiden, Mass., 1

Cram, George W., 3

Crosby, Mrs. M. K., . . 34

Crosse et Fischer,

Currier, W. H. B., Salisbury, Mass., .... 1

Curwen, James B., . 23

Cutter, A., Charlestown, Mass., 1

Danzig, Naturforschende Gesellschaft, .... 1

Darmstadt, Verein fur Erdkunde, ...... 1

De Costa, B. F., New York, N. Y., 1

Derby, Charles, 1 22

Dresden, Afrikanischen Gesellschaft, ..... 3

Dresden, Naturwissenschaftliche Gesellschaft "Isis," . 2

Dresden, Verein fiir Erdkunde, 2

Dublin, Royal Irish Academy, 2 22

Emdem, Naturforschende Gesellschaft, .... 1

135

Emery, Samuel,

Emmerton, James A., Newspapers

ISrlangen, Physikalisch-medicinisehe Societiit,
Falmouth, Eng., Royal Cornwall Polytechuic Society,
Farmer, Mrs. M. G., Newport, R. I.,

Fielden, Frank A.,

Fiske, Mrs. J. H., Newspapers

Florence, Instituto di Studi Superiori,

Fogg, Miss Ellen M.,

Folger, W. C, Nantucket, Mass., ....

Folsom, C. F., Boston, Mass.,

Foote, Caleb,

Vols.

1

Foote and Horton, Newspapers

Foster, W. E., Providence, R. I., ....

Frankfurt, Zoologische Gesellschaft, ....

Freiburg, Naturforschende Gesellschaft,
Frothingham, Isaac H., Brooklyn, N. Y.,

Galloupe, Isaac F., Lynn, Mass.,

Gates, Beman, Marietta, Ohio,

Geneve, Societe de Physique et d'Histoire Naturelle, .
Giessen, Oberhessische Gesellschaft fiir Natur und Heil

kunde,

Goodell, A. C., Jr., .

Gottingen, Konigliche Gesellschaft cler Wissenschaften,

Gray, Horace, Boston, Mass.,

Green, S. A., Boston, Mass.,

Hamburg, Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein,

Hannover, Naturhistorische Gesellschaft, ...

Harlem, Bureau Scientifique Central Neerlandais,

Hart, Charles H., Philadelphia, Penn., ....

Hartranft, John, Harrisburg, Penn.,

Hassom, John T., Boston, Mass.,

Higbee, Charles H.,

Hill, B. D., Peabody, Mass.,

Hill, W. M.,

Hitchcock, Edward, Amherst, Mass.,
Hodges, Mrs. John,
Hodges, N. D. C,
Hoffman, Mrs. Eliza A.,
Hoffman, W. J., Washington, D. C,
Holmes, John C, Detroit, Mich.,
Houghton, J. C, Lynn, Mass., .
Howell, E., Liverpool, Eng.,

36

1

Pam.

1G
1
1
2

1
123

7

10

2
1
2
1
2

1

101

1

124

2

2

1

10

139

19

136

Vols. Pam.

Howgate, H. W., Washington, D. C, 2

Hunt, T. F., 21 43

Illinois State Board of Agriculture, .... 11

India Geological Survey, 6

Israel, Kev. Fielder, 13 693

Jenison, O. A., Lansing, Mich., . . . . . .11

Jewett & Co., Boston, Mass., 1

Kidder, Frederic, Boston, Mass., ...... 1

Kimball, Edward P., Ipswich, Mass., .... 1

Kimball, James, Newspapers, 53 14

Kingsley, J. S., 1

Kjobenhavn, Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, . 3

Kjobenhavn, Societe Royale des Antiquaires du Nord, . 2
Konigsberg, Konigliche Physikalisch-Okonomische Gesell-

schaft, 3

Knox, John Jay, Washington, D. C, 1

Lansing, Michigan Agricultural College Library, . . 1

Lapham, W. P., Augusta, Me., 1

Lausanne, Societe Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles, . 2

Lee, Francis H., 1 11

Lee, Henry, Boston, Mass., 1

Leeds, Philosophical and Literary Society, ... 1

Leiden, Academia Lugduno-Batava, .... 1
Le Mans, Societe d'Agriculture, Sciences et Arts de la

Sarthe, 4

Lisbonne, Academia Real das Sciencias, .... 28

Liverpool, Literary and Philosophical Society, ... 2

Long Island Historical Society, 1

Loring, George B., 1

Lyon, Acaclemie Imperiale des Sciences, Belles-Lettres et

Arts, 2

Lyon, Societe d'Agriculture, d'Histoire Naturelle et des

Arts Utiles, 1

Mack, Miss Esther C, 4

Mack, William, ....... Newspapers, 5 71

Madison, Wisconsin State Historical Society, ... 1

Manning, Francis H., Boston, Mass., .... 8

Manning, Richard C, Newspapers.

Manning, Robert, . . . . . Newspapers, 10

Marsh, O. C, New Haven, Conn., 2

Marshall, John W., Rockport, Mass , 1

May, C. S., Danvers, Mass., 1

Mexico, Museo Nacional, 4

137

Vols. Pam.

Milwaukie, Wis. Academy of Science, Arts and Letters, . 1

Milwaukie, Wisconsin Naturhistorischen Verein, . 1

Minneapolis, Minnesota Historical Society, ... 1

Missouri, State University Library, .... 3 18

Montpelier, Vermont Historical Society, .... 1 1

Morse, E. S., 1

Miiuchen, Koniglich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissen-

schaften, G

Napoli, Accademia delle Scienze Fisiche e Matematiche, . 4

Nashville, Tenn., Fisk University, 1

Neubrandenburg, Verein cler Freuude der Naturgeschichte, 1

Nevins, Winfield S., . 2 1G

Newark, New Jersey Historical Society, .... 2

New Haven, Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1

New Haven, Yale College Library, 3

New York Academy of Science, 4

New York American Geographical Society, ... 2 3

New York Genealogical and Biographical Society, . 4

New York Historical Society, 2

New York Mercantile Library Association, ... 1

■ New York Microscopical Society, 1

Nichols, The Misses, 9 2

Norfolk, John R., 4

Nourse, Miss Dorcas C, 2 3

Nurnberg, Naturhistorische Gesellschaft, .... 1

Oliver, Henry K., 7

Oneida, Historical Society, 3

Orange, N. J., N. E. Society, 1

Osgood, Charles S., ........ . 1

Otis, George A., Boston, Mass., 8 7

Palfray, Charles W., ....... 85

Paris, Institut Historique, 5

Paris, Societe cl'Acclimatation, 18

Paris, Society d'Anthropologie, 3

Peabody, Mass., Peabody Institute, 1

Peirce, H. B., Boston, Mass., 6

Pennypacker, S. W., Philadelphia, 1

Perkins, A. C, Exeter, N. H., 3

Perkins,. Henry, Philadelphia, 1 19

Perley, Jonathan, 2

Pickering, Miss Mary O., 29

Philadelphia, American Philosophical Society, . . 2

Philadelphia, Library Company, 2

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Historical Society, . . 4

138

Vols. Pam.
Ponsonby & Murphy, Dublin, Ireland, . . . . . 2

Pool, Wellington, Wenham, Mass., 2

Poole, W. F., Chicago, 111., 6

Poore, Alfred, 2

Princeton, N. J., E. M. Museum of Geology and Archaeology, 1

Proutty, Phineas, Geneva, N. Y., 1

Providence, R. I., Nicholson File Co., . 1

Providence, -Rhode Island Historical Society, . . 14

Pulsifer, R. M., Boston, Mass., 1

Putnam, Rev. A. P., Brooklyn, N. Y., 1

Putnam, F. W., 11

Putnam, H. W., ........ 6 20

Quebec, Literary and Historical Society, .... 1 7

Quint, Rev. A. H., New Bedford, Mass., .... 1

Rantoul, R. S., 5

Regensburg, Zoologisch-Mineralogischer Verein, . . 1

Reid, M. C, Hudson, Ohio, 1

Riga, Naturforschender Verein, 2

Robinson, John, 1

Ropes, Miss S. P., Cincinnati, Ohio, .... 2

Ropes, Rev. W. L., Andover, Mass., 1

Salem, City of, 1

Salem, Essex Agricultural Society, 1

Salem, Ladies' Centennial Committee, .... 6

Salem, Mercantile Bank, 4

San Francisco, California Academy of Science, . . 1

San Francisco, Mercantile Library Association, .

Savannah, Georgia Historical Society, .... 1

Secomb, D. F., Concord, N. H., 1

S'Gravenhage, Nederlandsche Eutomologische Vereeniging,

Smith, Charles C, Boston, Mass.,

Smith, Miss Susan A., Pembroke, Mass.,
Spofibrd, A. R., Washington, D. C,

Steiger, E., New York, N. Y., 1

St. Gallen, St. Gallische Gessellschaft, ....

Stilson, Arthur C, Ottumwa, Iowa, ....

Stone, Benj. W., . 1

Stone, Miss Mary H ,

Story, Miss E. A.,

St. Petcrsbourg, Academie Imperiale des Sciences,

St. Petersburg, Imperial Botanical Garden,

St. Petersbourg, Societe Entomologique de Russie, . 1

Sutton, W., 6

Sydney, Royal Society of New South Wales, ... 2

139

Vols. Pam.

Tasmania, Government of, 1

Tasmania, Royal Society, 1

Taunton Public Library, 2

Taunton, Somersetshire Archaeological and Natural History

Society, 1

Taylor Bros., 5

Thayer, Oliver, 1

Thornton, George, Boston, Mass., 11

Topeka, Kansas Academy of Science, 1

Topeka, Kansas Historical Society, 19 13

Toronto, Canadian Institute, 1

Troy Orphan Asylum, 1

Tucker, Jonathan, Estate of the late, 19

Upham, Wm. P., 76

Urbano, O., Central Ohio Scientific Association, . . 1

U. S. Bureau of Education, 1 1

U. S. Dept. of Interior, ....... 54 1

U. S. Engineer Dept., 2

U. S. Naval Observatory, 6 1

U. S. Patent Office, 60

U. S. Treasury Dept., 1

Virginia, Fish and Game Protective Association, . . 1

Walcott, Chas. H., Concord, Mass., 1

Walter, Joseph R., Wilmington, Del., . Newspapers, 1

Ward, Miss Julia, South Hadley, 1

Ware, Tileston & Co., Boston, Mass., .... 8

Washington, Smithsonian Institution, 4

Waters, Henry F., 94

Waters, J. Linton, 106

Wetenschappen, Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten, 4

Wien, K. K. Zoologisch-botanische Gesellschaft, . . 1

Wien, Yerein zur Verbreitung Naturwissenschaftlicher

Kenntnisse, ......... 1

Wiesbaden, Verein fur Naturkunde, .... 2

Wilder, M. P., Dorchester, Mass.," 1

Williams, James, Columbus, Ohio, 1

Willson, Rev. E. B., ....... . 59

Wilmington, Delaware Historical Society, ... 1

Winthrop, Robert C, Boston, Mass., 1 2

Worcester, American Antiquarian Society, ... 2

Worcester, Society of Antiquity, 1

Wurzburg, Physikalisch-medicinische Gesellschaft, . 2

Zurich, Naturforschende Gesellschaft, .... 8

140

The following have been received from editors or pub-
lishers : —

American Bookseller.

American Journal of Science and

Arts.
American Naturalist.
Beverly, N. J., Banner.
Boston Herald.
Canadian Naturalist.
Cape Ann Bulletin.
Dexter Smith's Paper.
European Mail.
Forest and Stream.
Francis' Catalogue.
Gardener's Monthly.
Gurney's Weekly.
Hardwicke's Science Gossip.
Historical Magazine.
Lawrence American.
Lynn Reporter.

Nation.

Naturalists' Leisure Hour and

Monthly Bulletin.
Nature.

Our Dumb Animals.
Peabody Press.
Peabody Reporter.
Quariteh's Catalogue.
Sailor's Magazine and Seamen's

Friend.
Salem Gazette.
Salem Observer.
Salem Post.
Salem Register.
The Librarian.
Turner's Public Spirit.
Vox Humana.
Zoologischer Anzeiger.

Financial. — The Treasurer's Report exhibits a state-
ment of the receipts and expenditures during the past
year.

DEBITS.

General Account.
Salaries, $1,855.68; Coal, $105.00; Gas, $94.41, .... $2,05509
Lectures and Concerts, $639.86; Publications, $1,328.58, . 1,968 44
Express and Postage, $47.93; Insurance, $40.00, ... 87 93

Excursions and Field Meetings, $5,404.42; Stationery, $21.95, 5,486 37
Endicott Celebration, $1,034.00; Sundries, $126.69, . . . 1,160 69

$10,758 52

Balance in bauds of Treasurer, 254 76

Historical.
Books, $9.28; Binding, $75-00,. 84 28

Natural History and Horticulture.
Exbibition 22 41

Ditmore Fund.
F. J. Perkins, 93 22

$11,213 IS

141

CREDITS.

By Balance of 1878 accounts,

General Account.

Dividends Webster Bank,

Assessments, $1,031.00; Publications, $617.64,
Sundries, $336.93; Life Membership, $30.00,
Excursions, etc., $5,926.08; Lectures and Concerts, $793.79,
Subscriptions on Endicott Celebration, $1,034.00,
Refunded Bank Tax, $9.71 ; Salem Savings Bank, $522.61,

Ladies' Fair Fund.

Coupons City of Chicago Bonds,

Historical.

Dividends Naumkeag National Bank,
Dividends Michigan Central R. R.,

Natural History and Horticulture.

Dividends P. S. & P. R. R.,

Exhibition,

Davis Fund.
Coupons Chicago, Burlington and Missouri R. R., .
Coupon Dixon & Peoria R. R.,

Ditmore Fund.

Coupons Old Colony R. R., 7s,
Coupons Old Colony R. R., 6s,
Interest Five Cents Savings Bank,

Derby Fund.

Rent of Land,

$146 98

$30 00

. 1,648 64

366 93

. 6,719 87

. 1,034 00

532 32

10,331 76

70 00

16 00

20 00

36 00

12 00

36 45

48 45

140 00

240 00

380 00

70 00

60 00

40 00

170 00
30 00

$11,213 19

Mr. John Bobinson exhibited two fine specimens of the
flowers of the Phyllo-cactus crenatus and gave an account
of this and several allied species.

The committee on nominations reported the following
list of officers for the year ensuing.

Voted, To proceed to the choice of officers and a nomi-
nating committee was appointed to receive, assort, and
count the votes.

The following were elected

ESSEX INST. BULL.

XI

11

142

PRESIDENT :

HENRY WHEATLAND.

VICE-PRESIDENTS :
Abner C. Goodell, Jr., William Sutton,

Frederick W. Putnam, Daniel B. Hagar.

SECRETARY:
George M. Whipple.

TREASURER :
George D. Phippen.

AUDITOR:
Eichard C. Manning.

LIBRARIAN:
William P. Upham.

History— James Kimball.
Manuscripts— William P. Upham.
Archceology— Frederick W. Putnam.
Numismatics— Matthew A. Sticknet.
Geology— Isaac J. Osbun.

CURATORS :

Botany— GEORGE D. Phippen.
Zoology— Edward S. Morse.
Horticulture— Henry W. Putnam.
Music— Joshua Phippen, Jr.
Painting cf Sculpture— T. F. Hunt.

Jas. Kimball.

Technology— Edwin C. Bolles.

COMMITTEES :

Finance:

The President, Chairman ex off.

Jas. O. Safford. Henry M. Brooks.

The Treasurer, ex off.

Geo. R. Emmerton,

Library •.

Charles W. Palfray. George F. Flint. Henry F. King.

William Neilson. James A. Emmerton.

The Librarian, ex off.

Publication .•

Edward S. Atwood. Abner C. Goodell, Jr. Edwin C. Bolles.

James Kimball. T. F. Hunt.

Lecture •.

William D. Northend. Frederick W. Putnam. Amos H. Johnson.

Arthur L. Huntington. Fielder Israel.

Field Meeting-.
The Secretary, Chairman ex off.
George A. Perkins, Salem. George D. Phippen, Salem.

George Cogswell, Bradford. Lewis N. Tappan, Manchester.

Francis H. Appleton, Peabody. James H. Emerton, Salem.

Nathaniel A. Horton, Salem. Eben N. Walton, Salem.

143

Monday, June 6, 1879.

Regular Meeting this evening. The President in
the chair. Records read. Donations and correspondence
announced.

The President referred to two valuable donations to
the library since the last meeting. "The Whitney Gene-
alogy" in three very handsome quarto volumes, and the
"Chronological History of Plants," by Charles Pickering,
both being works of more than ordinary interest, elegantly
printed, and of great value as works of reference. The
Whitney Genealogy is a fiue specimen of book making
as regards typography and binding. Five hundred were
printed in quarto form and ten in folio, all for presenta-
tion. Mr. S. Whitney Phoenix, of New York city, is the
compiler of the work, and donor.

Voted, That the thanks of the Institute be tendered to
the donors of the above named works.

Friday, June 20, 1879.

The first Field Meeting this day at Ship Rock, South
Peabody. The place for the rendezvous at Rockville
chapel, under the charge of Rev. C. C. Carpenter.

In the forenoon, one party under the guidance of Mr.
James H. Emerton visited Bartholomew's Pond, another
party under the direction of Mr. John Brown, 2nd, went
to Ship Rock, the stone quarries, and the adjacent points
of interest. Lunch was served in the chapel at 1.30 p. m.,
and at 3 p. m. the afternoon session was held, the Presi-
dent in the chair. Records of preceding meeting read.

144

In opening the meeting the President spoke of former
meetings held in this place, of Ship Rock, of the geologi-
cal features of the vicinity, of the various persons, who,
in times past had devoted much time to the study of the
natural history of Peabody, alluded to the plan suggested
by Mr. Wilson Flagg, of appropriating a tract of land
about Bartholomew's Pond for a public park, the charac-
teristic features of the place being admirably adapted for
this purpose, contiguous to the cities of Salem and Lynn
and the town of Peabody.

Rev. George F. Wright, of Andover, said that he had
been always interested in the famous boulder, Ship Rock,
and had been with the party who had visited it this day.
He gave a very clear and interesting statement of the
geological character of the region, and explained the
action of ice and water during the glacial period, showing
why Ship Rock had probably lodged in its present posi-
tion, and stating other theories in regard to the ice
period.

Mr. James H. Emerton spoke of the flowers and
plants that had been gathered during the morning's
ramble, and the subject was continued by Dr. George
A. Perkins, of Salem.

Rev. C. C. Carpenter, of South Peabody, remarked
on the historical and genealogical character of this neigh-
borhood, speaking of the old families, the old houses, and
the peculiarities of the people. Mr. Carpenter brought
to the meeting some very interesting books and historical
documents for the inspection of those present. Among
them was a large quarto volume in Latin, entitled "Trac-
tatus Morales de virtutibus," by William, Archbishop of

145

Lyons (1272), and printed in Cologne, 1479. The book
is in black-letter, illuminated in red throughout, by hand.

Mr. Samuel Brown, of Rockville, gave some account
of the quarry business of the town and spoke of some of
the old families alluded to by the previous speaker.

Rev. Messrs. Israel and Hosmer, of Salem, remarked
briefly on the pleasure and profit they had derived from
the day, and of the good influence of such meetings.

On motion of Rev. F. Israel : —

Resolved, That the cordial thanks of the Essex Institute
are tendered to Rev. C. C. Carpenter, Mr. John Brown,
2nd, and other gentlemen of South Peabody, for the use
of Rockville chapel, and for their kind attentions and
civilities, thereby adding much to the pleasure and interest
of this meeting. Also to the officers of the Eastern
Railroad for courtesies received.

Friday, June 27, 1879.

The second Field Meeting of the season was held this
day at Andover. The weather was fine, the party num-
bered over eighty, and left Salem by special train over
the Eastern Railroad at 8.30 a. m., arriving at 10. The
place of meeting was the Free Congregational Church,
where the party was met by Rev. G. F. Wright and Rev.
F. H. Johnson, and other persons interested in the meet-
ing. A large portion of the. party, under the direction
of Mr. Wright, visited Indian Ridge. This moraine has
been made an especial study by Mr. Wright, who has
published several papers on the moraines of the county,

146

which are of much value to the student of geology, and the
morning with him was most interesting. Prospect Hill,
Sunset Rock, the Shausheen River, were also visited.
The library room (Brechen Hall) and the flax mills were
open to the visitors, and the fine collection of antiquities
belonging to Rev. Selah Merrill, were seen by several of
the party, the owner explaining the various specimens.
Lunch at 1.30, and the afternoon session in the church
at 3 p. m. President in the chair. Records read.

The President referred to former field meetings held
in Andover and spoke of the objects of the Institute,
especially to the forming of a collection of books and
pamphlets of every description relating to the county, as
written by natives and residents of the county.

Rev. George F. Wright gave a full account of the
Indian Ridge which had been visited during the morning.
Mr. W. also referred to the ice period, and described the
surface geologv of the region about Andover.

Prof. William H. Niles, continuing the subject, gave
an account of observations made by himself among the
glaciers of the Alps. He fully endorsed the theory
advanced by Mr. Wright in regard to the Incian Ridge,
and spoke in the highest terms of Mr. Wright's published
paper on the ridge and the geology of the vicinity, illus-
trating his remarks by drawings on the blackboard.

Rev. Francis H. Johnson, of Andover, placed on the
table for exhibition, a very curions old powder-horn
loaned for this occasion. Mr. Johnson read a statement
regarding the horn which was given to one of the early
Andover families by some Acadians who lived in the

147

town years ago. He also read a chapter from the forth-
coming history of Andover by Miss Sarah L. Bailey, upon
the early manufacture of gunpowder in Andover, and
added to it a few valuable remarks of his own. It
appears that the slow progress of Washington in the
siege of Boston, a hundred years ago, was largely owing
to a lack of powder ; some being brought with ox teams
from as far as Ticonderoga. The General Court of Mass.
urged Judge Phillips (who was a member, and was also
at the same time engaged in founding Phillips' Academy)
to undertake the business of manufacturing powder for
the army. They agreed to furnish him with sulphur and
saltpetre, and he was to deliver powder at eight pence
per pound. Mr. Phillips hastened home and set his
neighbors to work erecting a building for the purpose, on
the site (it is supposed) of the Marland Mills. Miss
Bailey presents conclusive evidence that powder was
manufactured at Andover, for use in the Eevolutionary
war, sometime before the Stoughton powder mill was
available. In a short time more than a thousand pounds
per week were turned out. But it appears also that some
of the powder was not good. This is shown in a caustic
letter of Gen. Washington, and from. the action of the
General Court in returning that of poor quality for
remanufacture, and in seuding a French expert to impart
knowledge upon the subject to the Andover manufac-
turers.

Another interesting point brought out in Miss Bailey's
accurate, racy, and painstaking history is, that when Mr.
Chandler, the foreman of the powder mills was drafted
for service in the army besieging Boston, Mr. Phillips
successfully petitioned to have his help exempted from
military service, on the ground that their places could not
well be supplied, and that their occupation was already

148

one of extreme hazard, and of imperative necessity to
the public service. The mill was blown up once with a
loss of three lives. The state bore half the expense of
rebuilding, and promised to do the same again in case of
further accident.

Mr. Johnson read another short sketch, concerning the
Acadian refugees (from whose history Longfellow drew
the incidents of Evangeline), thirteen of whom were for
some time in Andover under the care of Mr. Stephen
Abbot's grandfather. The interesting powder-horn in
his possession was afterwards sent to them as a memento
of his kindness.

Mr. Goldsmith, of Andover, principal of the Punchard
High School, described the various flowers found during
the morning, and spoke of the general objects of the
meeting. He proposed that a portion of Indian Ridge be
reserved forever as a Public Park, and that the trees and
natural growth be carefully preserved and guarded against
the woodman's axe.

Mr. J. H. Emekton, of Salem, described several
insects brought to the table.

Rev. Selah Merrill, of Andover, spoke of his unique
collection of antiques brought by him from Syria, and
gave an account of the slab of cuneiform inscriptions in
the Theological Library.

Mr. G. W. W. Dove, of Andover, gave an account of
the flax mills under his charge, and described the process
of cultivating and the manufacture of flax and a brief
historical sketch of the introduction of the manufacture
in Andover.

149

Rev. E. S. Atwood, of Salem, spoke of the interest
he felt in the work of the clay, and said that the objects
of the Institute were such as should commend the society
to every person in the county. He referred to the curious
and interesting specimens that he had examined in Mr.
Merrill's house and advised all to visit the collection.

On motion of Mr. Atwood : —

Resolved, That the heart}- thanks of the Essex Institute
are hereby presented to Rev. Messrs. Wright and John-
son, and to Messrs. Dove, Goldsmith, and Prof. W. H.
Niles and others, for their arduous and successful efforts
in making and carrying out the arrangements for the
Andover Meeting.

Monday, July 7, 1879.

Regular Meeting of the Society this evening. The
President in the chair. Records read. Correspondence
and donations announced.

C. A. Lawrence, of Beverly, and Rebecca Archer, of
Salem, were elected members.

The President referred to the late James Upton,
Esq., for many years an officer of the Institute, and one
who largely promoted its objects and its usefulness. He
introduced Rev. R. C. Mills, D. D., a life-long friend and
the pastor of the church that Mr. Upton attended, who
read an appropriate memoir of the deceased, briefly
sketching the genealogy of the family and speaking of
his life and works ; his connection with the Institute as a
member and officer; his devotion to the church, of which
he was a consistent member ; his eminent business quali-

150

ties daring a long and busy term of years as a merchant
of Salem.

Dr. George A. Perkins spoke of his intimate rela-
tions with Mr. Upton, and heartily endorsed the remarks
of Mr. Mills. He moved that the communication be
referred to the publication committee, with a request that
the same be printed in the Historical Collections of
the Institute.

Mr. James Kimball read a paper on the "Early Man-
ufacture of Glass in Salem," claiming, in contradiction to
certain published statements, that Essex County, and in
part Salem, established the first glass factory and manu-
factured the first glass in New England. Referred to the
Committee on Publications.

Thursday, July 31, 1879.

Third Field Meeting, the present season, near the
asylum station, Danvers. The members from Salem left
at 9.25, a. m., from the E. R. R. station, and were joined
at the grounds by many others, who came in private car-
riages from various places. On arrival all repaired to
Oak grove and deposited the baskets. Through the
courtesy of Dr. Calvin S. May, the superintendent, the
party visited many of the principal rooms of the asylum ;
afterwards, separating into small groups, went in pursuit
of their respective specialities.

On the 25th of April, 1873, an act to establish a Hos-
pital for the Insane in the northeastern part of the com-
monwealth was approved. A commission Avas appointed,
who selected as a site this hill and the adjoining lands

151

known as Hathorne or Prospect Hill, belonging to Fran-
cis Dodge and others, containing 197-28 acres. Before
grading the elevation was 257 feet above mean high tide,
being the highest land in the vicinity. The land was
purchased b}' the commonwealth and grading was com-
menced May 4, 1874. May 17, 1877, an act authorizing
the appointment of Trustees for the State Lunatic Hos-
pital, Danvers, was approved, and on the 25th of the fol-
lowing October the property was transferred to them by
the commissioners.

The noon collation was spread in the grove. The after-
noon session, was held at 3, p. m., in Hathorne Hall, Asy-
lum Building. The President in the chair. Records
read, correspondence and donations announced.

The President, in his opening remarks, referred to
this place as historic ground ; many distinguished names
being associated with the history of this vicinity. The
name of this hall is suggestive of the fact that a large
tract of land, including this elevation, was granted to
Major William Hathorne at the beginning of the Colonial
government, and was retained in his possession many
years. He came over in the Arabella with Winthrop and
settled in Salem in 1636 or the year following, having
had tendered to him grants of land if he would remove
hither. He was a very prominent man in the colony,
holding important positions, commissioner, speaker of
the House of Representatives, counsel in cases before the
courts, judge on the bench, soldier commanding important
and difficult expeditions, and in many other cases. He
died in 1681. This name appears to have been as promi-
nent in the civil history of that early period as it has been
in the elegant literature of the present, by the writings

152

of a lineal descendant, in the sixth generation — Nathaniel
Hawthorne.

Mr. Andkew Nichols, of Danvers, was then called
upon, who gave an extended notice of the ownership of
this property, from the first grant to Major Hathorne,
interspersed with some pleasing historical allusions, aud
said that the hill had passed through the hands of ten dif-
ferent owners. It remained in the Hathorne family for
twenty-five years, in the Rea family for eighty years, in
the Prince family for forty-four years, in the Dodge fam-
ily for thirty-four years, leaving but fifty-four years for
the other owners out of 237 years of ownership.

Dr. Calvin S. May, the Superintendent of the Hospi-
tal, gave a description of the building, the method of
heating and ventilation, spoke of the patients under his
charge and the usual plan of the Institution, its manage-
ment and its objects. The building was opened for the
reception of patients May 13, 1878 ; 806 patients have
been received since the opening, and at the present time
there are 512 inmates for treatment.

Rev. L. M. Livermore, of Danvers, spoke of the
pleasure he had received in attending this meeting and
alluded very pleasantly to the various plants collected
during the forenoon ramble.

Mr. James H. Emerton gave a graphic description of
the pitcher plant (Sarracenia purpurea), and the sun
dew (Drosera rotundifolia) , which were placed upon the
table.

Dr. George A. Perkins gave an account of a recent
visit to the coal region of Pennsylvania, and exhibited

153

some fine specimens of fossil ferns and wood which he
had collected.

Kev. W. E. C. Weight, of Dan vers, spoke of the
interest in the objects of the meeting, and in his remarks
on the geology of this region referred to the ice period
and the glacial marks perceptible on the hills of Danvers
and vicinity.

Kev. Fielder Israel, of Salem, said that he had been
impressed during the progress of the meeting by the
thought that the Essex Institute was holding an educa-
tional and a scientific meeting within the walls of an asy-
lum, and that quite a number of the inmates were present
and appeared to be interested in listening to the proceed-
ings. In closing his remarks he offered the following
resolution, which was unanimously adopted : —

Resolved, That the cordial thanks of the Essex Insti-
tute are hereby tendered to Mr. Andrew Nichols, to Dr.
Calvin S. May, to Charles P. Preston, and other citizens
of Danvers for the kind welcome given to the Institute,
and the generous provision made for the accommodation
of the meeting.

A List of the Birds of the Hudson Highlands, with
Annotations.

By Edgar A. Mearns.

[Continued from page 52.]

31. Dendrceca coerulea, {Wilson). Ccerulean Warbler. A
rare migrant. "I secured a flue male of this beautiful species, near
my residence, May 17, 1875." l Mr. H. G. Fowler records 2 a female
taken in central New York, May 27, 1876. 3

32. Dendrceca coronata, (Linne). Yellow- rumped Warbler.
An excessively abundant spring and fall migrant, and occasional win-
ter resident. Arrives near the middle of April (17, 1876), remaining
till late in May (28, 1874 ; 23, 1875 ; 23, 1876 ; 20, 1877) ; in autumn it
arrives late in September (28, 1875; 23, 1876), remaining till the first
of December, or later, according to the severity of the weather.
Throughout the winter of 1877-78 it remained in considerable num-
bers in the Highlands. It seemed quite contented so long as the
ground was bare ; but after a snow-storm flew restlessly about, seek-
ing with great avidity any bare spot of ground. It was often ob-
served flying about in orchards ; but inhabited chiefly bushy places,
and cedar groves near the Hudson. Its food consisted mainly of
cedar berries. Its spring moult takes place about the first of April.

I give the following extract from my journal :

"April 25, 1878. While hunting in the rain, the clouds suddenly
shone out bright — a purely April phenomenon — and then the birds
began to sing. Even the Yellow-rumps produced a very pleasant
warble, which, taken up by one after another of the flock by which I
was surrounded, produced a very pleasing medley of music."

Dimensions. — Average measurements of twenty-four specimens:

1 Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, Vol. Ill, p. 46, 1878.

2 Complete List Birds Cayuga, Seneca, and Wayne counties, Daily Advertiser,
Auburn, N. Y., Aug. 14, 1877.

3As this article is going through the press, I have received, through the kindness
of Mr. S. F. Rathburn, his "Revised List of Birds of Central New York," where I
find, in addition, the following: "Not an uncommon summer resident. Observed
rarely previous to 1876. Arrives about the second week in May. Taken by Mr. E.
R. Richardson, jr., of Auburn, N. Y., May 8th, 1878. Departs in September."

(151)

155

length, 5-65; stretch, 9-01; wing, 285; tail, 2-25; bill from nostril,
•29; gape, -51; tarsus, *71.

33. Dendrceca blackburnise, (Gmelin). Blackburnian War-
bler. Very common during migrations; not .seen in summer. Ar-
rives from the South before the middle of May (10, 1875 ; 9, 1876; 15,
1877; 7, 1878; 14, 1879), and, like the Bay-breasted and Black-poll
(Z>. D. castanea and striata), passes rapidly through before the first of
June; seen as late as May 28 (1876). In autumn it appears in Sep-
tember (20, 1875), and passes southward before the middle of October.
It favors us, in the spring, with a very sweet song; is found in all
kinds of woods, but, like D. virens, is partial to the hemlocks. It is
seen actively searching for insects among the branches, sometimes
following them to the ground, where it often spends considerable
time. It is gentle and unsuspicious ; when it flies towards the obser-
ver, thus exposing the glowing orange-red color of its breast, it
resembles a moving ball of fire.

Dimensions. — Average measurements of thirty-one specimens :
length, 5 25; stretch, 8*12; wing, 2-71; tail, 1-96; bill from nostril,
•31; gape, -55; tarsus, -72; middle toe, -39; its claw, -17.

34. Dendrceca striata, (Forster). Black-poll Warbler. Com-
mon during spring and fall migrations. Arrives about the middle of
May (20, 1874; 23, 1876; 19, 1877; 9, 1878; 14, 1879), remaining till
about the first of June (May 29, 1874; 28, 1876; 28, 1S77) ; in the fall
it reaches us early in September (10, 1874; 9, 1876), remaining till
late in October (16, 1874; 14, 1876).

Dimensions. — Average measurements of eighteen specimens : length,
5-56; stretch, 8*90; wing, 2-92; tail, 2*05; bill from nostril, -30; gape,
•55; tarsus, -75; middle toe*, *45 ; its claw, -17.

35. Dendrceca castanea, (Wilson). Bay-breasted Warbler.
A regular and abundant spring and fall migrant. It passes rapidly
through, between the middle and last of May (19 to 29, 1874 ; 16 to 28,
1876; 18 to 26, 1877; 22, 1878; 14, 1879); returning in autumn it
passes us during the last half of September and the first days of Octo-
ber (September 19, 1875; October 3, 1876). The autumnal plumaged
birds are generally indistinguishable from the preceding {D. striata),
when seen in the tree-tops ; but I have never seen any specimens that
were doubtful upon careful examination. The darker legs of this
species may, I think, be taken as diagnostic, and they are otherwise
distinguished by the colors of the throat, sides of the breast, and
under tail-coverts. Its habits are very similar to those of the Black-
poll. It is usually seen in the tree-tops, wiiere its movements are
rather heavy, and slow. It seems to be especially fond of bathing in
the brooks. Both sexes possess a very sprightly song.

Dimensions.— Average measurements of twenty-four specimens :

156

length, 5-63; stretch, 8-94; wing, 2-95; tail, 2-12; bill from nostril,
•30; tarsus, -72.

36. DendroBcapennsylvanica, (Linne). Chestnut- sided War-
bler. A summer resident; breeds abundantly. Arrives early in May
(11, 1874; 12, 1875; 9, 1876; 15, 1877; 3, 1878; 7, 1879), and departs
late in September (30, 1876).

The Chestnut-sided Warbler is the only species of its genus that
breeds abundantly with us. Its nest is placed in the fork of a low
bush; and its eggs, four in number, are deposited about the last of
May, or early in June. I have found the female sitting as early as
May 26th (1877). It possesses a song of considerable power and
sweetness ; utters a sharp Isip while gleaning among the branches.
The young birds follow the parents, and usually frequent damp thick-
ets. They are quite gentle, coming close up to the observer, and
uttering a low squealing note, as if demanding food. The parent sits
very closely upon its nest; if disturbed, it refuses to remove farther
than a few feet, there remaining quite silent, except a soft, pleading
note, occasionally repeated.

Dimensions. — Average measurements of sixteen specimens : length,
5-14; stretch, 7-80; wing, 2-45; tail, 2-00; bill from nostril, -29; gape,
•52; tarsus, -72; middle toe, -38; its claw, -17.

37. Dendroeca maculosa, (Gmelin). Black- and- yellow War-
bler. A common spring and fall migrant. Arrives the second week
in May (15, 1874; 11, 1875; 16, 1876; 14, 1877; 8, 1878; 8,1879), re-
maining till late in the month (May 22, 1875 ; 28, 1876 ; 25, 1878) ; in
autumn it arrives in September (11, 1876; 6, 1879), and departs in
October (5, 1876). This beautiful species is partial to the hemlock-
trees, where it feeds in company with the Black-throated Green War-
bler; but it is found in all kinds of woods. It frequently descends to
the ground ; sometimes inhabits low bushes.

Dimensions. — Average measurements of nineteen specimens : length,
5-12; stretch, 7-67; wing, 2-30; tail, 2-00; bill from nostril, -30; gape,
•53 ; tarsus, -74 ; middle toe, -38 ; its claw, *17.

38. Dendroeca tigrina, (Gmeliri). Cape May Warbler. A
rather rare migrant. Mr. Wm. K. Lente took a male, at Cold Spring)
on the Hudson, May 20, 1875. Mr. Wm. C. Osborn took a female, at
Garrisons, on the Hudson, May 15, 1876. Mr. Chas. Simpson found it
abundant at Peekskill, during the spring of 1877, when he procured a
number of adult specimens. In this locality, the Cape May Warbler
is seldom seen in spring. A fine male was shot, by Mr. Wm. C. Os-
born, near his residence, on the opposite side of the Hudson, on May
14, 1878 ; but in autumn it is generally seen in September, on its way
to the South. I have observed it from September 8th (1876) to the
20th (1875). It is seen in the tree-tops, where its movements appeared

157

to me to be very slow and deliberate ; and it is generally mute, though
on one occasion my attention was attracted to a bird that produced
a remarkable jingling noise in a cedar-tree, and proved, on being shot,
to be a young male of the present species.

Dimensions. — Measurements of No. 1,275 $ , Consook Island, Hud-
son River, September 8, 1876: length, 5-20; stretch, 8-31; wing, 2-69;
tail, 2 00-, bill from nostril, -30; tarsus, -75.

39. Dendroeca discolor, (Vieillot). Prairie Warbler. A rare
summer resident; breeds. I found a nest of this small Warbler, on
June 23, 1877. One day, returning from a long tramp, I discovered
the nest as I neared home, but not until after I had shot both of the
parents; then, too late, I regretted the act, for I was shown their
beautiful nest, placed on the low limb of an apple tree beside a cow
stable, close to the road-side. The young were full-fledged, and flew
away when the nest was approached. The person who showed me
the nest seemed grieved at the death of the old birds ; remarking that
his family had been greatly entertained by the sprightly manners and
sweet song of the little birds, which had delighted them since the
commencement of summer; and he left the place with a kind wish
that the young orphans might thrive, which he afterwards told me he
believed was the case. I brought the nest away, together with the
old birds ; the first and only ones I have ever seen. The nest was an
elegant and somewhat bulky structure ; felted of cows' hair, strips of
bark, and feathers.

Dimensions. — Measurements of No. 1,479 $, June 23, 1877, Highland
Falls, N. Y. : length, 4-88; stretch, 7-15; wing, 2-19; tail, 1-95; bill
from nostril, "28; gape, -50; tarsus, -67; middle toe, -38; its claw, -15.

40. Dendroeca palmarum, (Gmelin). Yellow Red-poll War-
bler. A common spring and autumn migrant. Arrives about the
middle of April, remaining till the second week in May (April 14 to
25, 1874; 30 to May 8, 1875; 14 to May 8, 1876; 16 to May 5, 1877; 20
to April 27, 1878 ; 11, 1879). In autumn I have found it from Septem-
ber 20 (1879) to October 24 (1876). It arrives, in company with D.
pinus, long before the other Warblers, excepting only D. coronata.
Both species are eminently terrestrial in their habits, and are first
seen hopping upon lawns and grassy banks, accompanying the various
sorts of Sparrows ; later, they are found inhabiting damp, bushy places,
beside ponds and streams. The Red-poll's tail executes a perpetual
lateral vibratory movement, which is as characteristic as is the tilting
motion of the Siuri ; this motion is often accompanied by a feeble chip,
the only note I have heard it utter.

. Dimensions. — Average measurements of nineteen specimens : length,
5*43; stretch, 8*38; wing, 2-61; tail, 2-10; bill from nostril, -31; gape,
•56 ; tarsus, -77 ; middle toe and claw, -67.

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN. XI 12

158

41. Dendrceca pinus, (Wilson). Pine-creeping Warbler. A

rather rare migrant; not seen during- the breeding* season. Arrives
about the middle of April (May 3, 1875; April 11, 1876; 16, 1877; 15,
1878). Usually appears upon the lawns about the middle of April,
associating with D. palmarum, and seems, in its habits, quite as ter-
restrial. It is then (according to my observations) quite mute ; does
not vibrate its tail like the Yellow Red-poll; but, like that species, its
movements are very graceful. Later in the spring it appears in the
woods, among the branches, where its movements are slow and delib-
erate ; but, on one occasion, I saw a male darting with considerable
celerity, in the top of a birch-tree. I have only seen it in summer on
a single occasion, late in August.

Dimensions.— Average measurements of four specimens : length,
5-52; stretch, 8-91; wing, 2-81; tail, 2-25; bill from nostril, -33; tar-
sus, -70.

42. Siurus auricapillus, (Linne). Golden-crowned Accentor ;
Oven Bird! A common summer resident; breeds abundantly. Ar-
rives early in May (8, 1874; 10, 1875; 5, 1876; 7, 1877; April 26, 1878;
May 3, 1879), remaining till October (16, 1874; 16, 1876). Its eggs
are laid the last of May or early in June. I found a nest containing
five eggs on May 30, 1877. Its habit of building a covered nest, and
of hovering high above the trees, just before night-fall, and pouring
out its delightful song as it descends through the air, serve to attract
more general attention and recognition than most of our shy and soli-
tary species do. During the day it utters a loud chant ; always monot-
onous, and sometimes positively disagreeable to the weary listener.

Dimensions. — Average measurements of fourteen specimens : length,
6-17; stretch, 9-63; wing, 3-00; tail, 2-15; bill from nostril, -35; gape,
.61 ; tarsus, -91.

43. Siurus naevius, (Boddaert). Aquatic Accentor; Water
Wagtatl. A somewhat common spring and fall migrant. Arrives
later than S. motacilla (May 5, 1876; 15, 1877; April 26, 1878), remain-
ing till about the first of June (May 29, 1877; 24, 1878). Seen in
autumn from August 31st to September 16th (1876). The present
species ranges much farther to the North than S. motacilla, and rarely,
if ever, breeds in this latitude. Still there may be exceptional cases,
as there are collectors lower down the Hudson, who assert that they
have discovered its nest. Indeed Dr. Coues states4 that he has him-
self found it, at Washington, D. C, spending the summer, "under cir-
cumstances that leave no doubt of its breeding."

The "Small-billed Water Thrush," as this species is familiarly
known, is found skulking among the weeds and debris, found on the

*Bds. Colo. Val., Vol. I, p. 304, 187S.

159

muddy margins of ponds, ditches, and the river, while the Large-
billed Accentor (S. motacilla) is seldom seen in such situations, but
evinces a decided preference for clear mountain streams, with pebbly
bottoms; neither is it ordinarily seen skulking under cover. The
note of the Aquatic Accentor is a metallic chick, resembling the com-
mon note of the larger species ; but it is rather disposed to silence
during its brief stay with us. I have never heard its song, which is
said to be remarkably fine. This species shares the habit of tilting
its body as it moves about, practiced by the two other species of its
genus.

Dimensions. — Average measurements of eight specimens : length,
6-04; stretch, 9-52; wing, 2-99; tail, 2-11; bill from nostril, -40; gape,
•67; tarsus, *84; middle toe, -55; its claw, -14.

44. Siurus motacilla, (Vieilloi). Large-billed Accentor. A
common summer resident; breeds. Arrives in April (15, 1874; 30,
1875; 20, 1876; 23, 1877; 19, 1878; 26, 1879); departs early in autumn.

The Large-billed Water Thrush is a charmingly interesting friend
of the out-of-doors-naturalist. It is very abundant with us from the
time of its arrival, early in April, until late in summer. It sometimes
appears here before the winter's snows are past, but even under such
conditions it seems to be quite contented, and is in full song. Its
Song is quite unique ; being loud, clear, and unsurpassingly sweet.
Frequenting, as it does, the darkly shaded forest streams, that abound
in water-falls and cascades, rushing over broken masses of rock, and
mossy fallen logs that collect and detain the debris ; seen in such cool
and delightful situations, its song becomes associated in one's mind
.with its surroundings and accessories. Indeed, its notes cannot be
dissociated from the sound of gurgling, rushing waters, and those
sights and sensations which impress one so agreeably when in the
woods. Even a casual allusion to this little bird recalls, to the mind
of the collector, a bright picture of clear mountain streams, with their
falls and eddies, their dams of rocks and fallen tree-trunks, their level
stretches flowing over bright, pebbly bottoms, with mossy banks and
rocky ferneries, and their darting minnows and dace ; for only in such
wild localities is the Water Wagtail at home. There you will see it
sitting upon the stones, close beside the foaming water, expressing its
pleasure at its surroundings by constantly repeating, in a complacent
tone, its single chick. It runs about (never hopping) over the stones
and moss, gleaning along the sandy margin of the stream. Occasion-
ally you may see it alight upon the witch-hazel, or alder bushes, that
border the water, running dexterously along their branches. It always
accompanies every employment with a Sandpiper-like, tilting motiou
of its body. Now it starts off in pursuit of one of its fellows. They
fly through the forest with astonishing velocity, uttering a sharp

160

twittering note, that sounds like the noise produced by striking two
pebbles rapidly together. As they emerge higher up the stream, the
chase is relinquished for the time, and you are surprised as they fly
past to hear the clear notes of its song uttered as distinctly in mid-air
as when perched ; then the chase is renewed, but as they fly back
again, one of the birds rises high up in the air above its pursuer, and
then flutters slowly downward, pouring out its sweet song as it de-
scends, mingling its cadence with the sound of the brook — the whole
effect in perfect harmony with the spirit of the place. These perfor-
mances take place oftenest early in the morning, about sunrise. At
that time its song is loudest and sweetest. The performer is usually
stationed upon some lofty tree-top.

The Louisiana Water Thrush builds its nest upon the ground, usu-
ally in a bank at the side of a stream. It is placed upon a bed of
leaves, and is always protected by a projecting bank, rock or root.
There the eggs are deposited quite early in the season, and when,
by due process of incubation, they have been metamorphosed into
little birds, the first sound that greets the young ears of the nestlings
is the voice of the brook, their first sight that of dancing, sparkling
waters, whose murmur drowns the rustle in the tree-tops. What
wonder that when, reared by its gentle parents' fostering care, it
reaches maturity, it should still cling to the memories and association^
so early ingrafted, never caring to wander far from the music of its
native waters.

We had no reliable account of the nidification of the Large-billed
Accentor until Mr. Ernest Ingersoll gave a description of a nest with
four fresh eggs, taken in June, 1873, at Franklin Station, New London
County, Conn., and fully identified by the capture of the female par-
ent.5 The nest "was rather loosely and carelessly constructed of fine
grass and some little dead fibrous moss ; but beneath, a few, and about
the outside, particularly in front, many dead leaves were put, as a
sort of breastwork to decrease the size of the entrance and more
thoroughly conceal the sitting bird. It was underneath the edge of a
perpendicular bank eight or ten feet from the water." The eggs,
"lustrous white, were more or less profusely spotted all over with
dots and specks, and some obscure zigzaggings, of two tints of red-
dish-brown, with numerous faint points and touches of lilac and very
pale underlying red." Dr. Coues gives ("Birds of the Northwest,"
p. 73, 1874) the following notice: "The Large-billed Water Thrush
has been found breeding on the Wachita River, where the nest and
eggs were secured by Mr. J. H. Clark, and at Kiowa Agency, where
Dr. Palmer also procured them. The one of these two nests in the

6 See American Naturalist, Vol. VIII, p. 238.

161

best condition was built upon a layer of leaves, apparently upon the
ground, composed otherwise entirely of rootlets and fine grasses.
The other contained five eggs ; they are more globular than any of
those of S. noveboracensis I have seen, but not otherwise different;
and other sets would probably not be distinguishable. The roundest
one of them measures only 069 by 0-59."

These nests remained unique until Mr. William Brewster "had the
good fortune to secure two fully identified nests of this species in
Knox County, Indiana," in the spring of 1878. 6 "The first, taken with
the female parent May 6, contained six eggs, which had been incu-
bated a few days. The locality was the edge of a lonely forest pool
in the depths of a cypress swamp near White River. A large tree
had fallen into the shallow water, and the earth adhering to the roots
formed a nearly vertical but somewhat irregular wall about six feet in
height and ten or twelve in breadth. Near the upper edge of this, in
a cavity among the finer roots, was placed the nest, which, but for the
situation and the peculiar character of its composition, would have
been exceedingly conspicuous. The nest, which is before me, is
exceedingly large and bulky, measuring externally 3-50 inches in
diameter, by 8 inches in length, and 3-50 inches in depth. Its outer
wall, a solid mass of soggy dead leaves plastered tightly together by
the mud adhering to their surfaces, rises in the form of a rounded
parapet, the outer edge of which was nicely graduated to conform to
the edge of the earthy bank in which it was placed. In one corner
of this mass, and well back, is the nest proper, a neatly rounded,
cup-shaped hollow, measuring 2-50 inches in diameter by 2-50 inches
in depth. This inner nest is composed of small twigs and green
mosses, with a lining of dry grasses and a few hairs of squirrels or
other mammals arranged circularly. The eggs found in this nest are
of a rounded-oval shape and possess a high polish. Their ground-
color is white with a fleshy tint. About the greater ends are numer-
ous large but exceedingly regular blotches of dark umber with fainter
sub-markings of pale lavender, while over the remainder of their
surface are thickly sprinkled dottings of reddish-brown. But slight
variation of marking occurs, and that mainly with regard to the
relative size of the- blothes upon the greater ends. They measure, re-
spectively, -75 X -63, -78 X -64, '75 X "63, -76 X "62, -76 X '62, -75 X -61."

Mr. Brewster then gives a pleasant description of the second nest,
taken May 8, on the opposite side of the same pond, in a precisely
similar situation, where his previous experience enabled him to find
it directly. In shape it was nearly square, "measuring externally

6 See Bulletin of the Nuttall Ornithological Club, Vol. Ill, No. 3, pp. 133 to 135,
July, 1878.

162

6*50 inches in diameter by 3-54 inches in depth. The inner nest
measures 2-73 inches in diameter by 2-50 inches in depth, and is lined
with dry grasses, leaf-stems, and a few white hairs. The eggs were
four in number and perfectly fresh. They agree closely in shape with
those of the first set, and have an equally high polish, but are some-
what more heavily and handsomely marked. The color is creamy-
white with heavy blotches of umber-brown generally distributed, but
occurring most thickly at the greater ends ; fine dottings of lighter
brown, and a few spots of pale lavender, fill in the intermediate
spaces. They measure, respectively, *71 X -60, -71 X '60, '72 X '60,
•72 X '61. In each of these two sets the eggs show unusually little
variation inter se." On May 12, a third nest was found by Mr.
Robert Ridgway, on the shore of an isolated little woodland pond,
which contained five young birds, well feathered and nearly able to
fly. The site, in this instance, was at the foot of a huge stump, the
nest being placed in a cavity in the rotten wood. Still another nest
was found by Mr. Brewster, April 29, under the bank of White River,
among the earth' and roots, and well sheltered by the projection of
the bank above. The female was sitting upon the empty nest, and
was shot as she flew from it.

In "The Oologist" (Vol. IV, No. 2, pp. 10, 11, April, 1878), Mr.
Adolphe B. Cover*t describes its nest and eggs as follows: "On the
7th of June I found the nest to contain five eggs, and shot the parent
bird, which proved to be the Large-billed species. The nest was
built on the ground, at the base of a large black ash, partially under
and against a large root, which formed an arch over half of the nest.
It was composed of a layer of dead leaves, moss, fine roots, and dried
grasses, compactly and rather smoothly finished, and lined with fine
grass and some cows' hair. The eggs were five in number, white (of
a roseate tinge before blown), thickly spotted with small reddish-
brown spots; they measure about -78 by -59 inch." I am unable so
much as to guess where this nest was discovered, since the author
neglects to give any locality.

As the above comprises all that is at present known concerning the
nidification of this bird,7 it will not seem out of place to give, in this
connection, the results of my own observations on the nestling of
this Accentor at Highland Falls, where, as stated at the commence-
ment, it is a common summer resident. I remember quite well the
first nest that I discovered — a number of years ago. As I was return-
ing home through the woods one evening, I stopped to drink, hunter
fashion, from a cold spring that bursts from the side of a ravine, close

7 Besides the above, I am informed that a notice of its breeding appeared in
Forest and Stream, sometime during the past year.

163

to a large brook. I was about to drink, when a bird flew right in my
face, startling me greatly ; but soon I heard the accustomed chick,
uttered in a loud, complaining tone, and then I saw the bird tilting
up and down upon a stone in the middle of the brook. The nest was
placed at the side of the spring just above the water, occupying the
cavity whence a round stone had been dislodged. It contained four
eggs ; having embryos considerably advanced. The nest was loosely
constructed of strips of bark, grasses, stems of plants, and leaves.
A nest was also found in this same spot on a succeeding season, from
which Ave fresh eggs were taken. The eggs of the first set are before
me, and are as described by Mr. Brewster, except that the markings
are aggregated at the larger ends ; the darkest arranged in a circle
near that extremity. This nest was found May 31. In 1877, I found
as many as six young Water Thrushes in a nest that was built in a
pile of debris that was lodged in some bushes that grew on a little
island in the midst of a large stream. This nest was very artfully
concealed, and I had searched for it unsuccessfully ever since the
middle of May. The parents always seemed greatly distressed when-
ever I approached the nest, and always tried to lead me away from it.
I should not have discovered it had not the young ones betrayed its
presence by their chirping. They left the nest about June 10. On
May 7, 1878, I shot a female containing an egg of full size in her
oviduct. On the 15th, after a long search and several previous
failures, I found a newly finished nest. So carefully was it concealed,
that I looked directly into it before making its discovery. By the
21st five eggs were laid, but neither of the parents would approach it.
On the 22nd six eggs had been deposited, and I nearly succeeded in
capturing the sitting bird ; but it slipped away just as I was going to
put my hand over it, and ran down the bed of the brook to the large
stream, where it remained silent till nearly approached, when it flew
into a tree opposite, where it bowed and chipped in a low tone till
shot. The nest was placed under the bank of a smaller stream, tribu-
tary to a large brook. Its position was such, that only accident, or
the most careful search, could discover it. The projecting branches
of a laurel-bush still further aided its concealment. The nest presents
the following dimensions: internal diameter, 2-95 inches; internal
depth, 1-25 inches. The six eggs measure, respectively, -75X-62;
•79X-65; -77X-64; -75 X "63 ; -75X63; -74X62. This nest and
the others resemble so closely, in composition, those already de-
scribed by Mr. Brewster, that a detailed description is unnecessary;
their form and materials differ slightly, according to situation. On
May 23, 1878, I took five slightly incubated eggs from a nest that was
placed under some brush and roots, in the bank of a small stream
that flows into the Buttermilk Falls brook. One of these eggs is in

164

the hands of Mr. Ernest Ingersoll for illustration of his work on the
"Nests and Eggs of American Birds," his original set having been
placed where it was not available for the purpose. The remaining
four measure, respectively, -79 X -65; -80 X '65; -80 X '64; -80 X -65.
The nest presents an internal diameter of 2-70 inches; internal depth,
1-40 inches. In this set the eggs are as described, by Mr. Brewster,
but the markings form a distinct circle about the larger end. In the
preceding set the markings are more uniformly distributed, but are
most distinct at the great end. May 27, 1879, another nest was found,
which contained five young birds nearly full-fledged. Visiting it a
few days later, I found, the old birds present, but the young had left
the nest, but, though not seen, were still in the neighborhood, as was
plainly indicated by the actions of the parents, which manifested the
utmost concern at my presence ; fluttering, and dragging themselves
over the leaves with wings extended in a seemingly helpless fashion,
they endeavored to lead me away from the spot. This nest was built
far under the jutting margin of the stream ; also tributary to a larger
one. It was only discovered by my having actually placed my hand
upon the young birds while exploring in search of the nest.

Of the six nests above enumerated, three were found under the
projecting margins of small brooks, near their anastomoses with
larger streams, two at the side of a spring close to a large brook,
and one on an island in the middle of a large stream. It would seem,
from the circumstance that the Water Thrush usually builds away
from the large stream, that its sagacity leads it to select for its
nesting site a position less liable to endanger the lives of its progeny
by subsequent accidents of storm and flood. The Accentor sometimes
builds very early. I am confident that the eggs taken by myself do
not represent the earliest period of its nestling, since I have shot
specimens containing full-sized ova in their oviducts as early as
May 1st.

Dimensions. — Average measurements of twenty-two specimens:
length, 6-28; stretch, 10-45; wing, 3-23; tail, 214; bill from nostril,
•39; gape, -70; tarsus, -91; middle toe, -58; its claw, -17.

45. Geothlypis trichas, (Linne). Maryland Yellow-throat.
A common summer resident; breeds. Arrives early in May (11, 1874;
10, 1875 ; 8, 1876 ; 8, 1877 ; 4, 1878 ; 8, 1879), and remains till the middle
of October.

The Yellow-throat deposits its eggs late in May. I found two
nests, each containing four eggs, as early as May 24, 1878. The nest
is generally placed among thick bushes — frequently in a small cedar
— , or suspended in a tussock of rank grass ; in form it is deep, and
purse-shaped. One found in a wet meadow, was built over a little
stream, or watercourse, being suspended to the interlaced grasses

165

which were brought from either side of the ditch and fastened
together. Could this artifice have been resorted to as a means of
protection against the attacks of predatory animals ? The nest was
deep, and more compactly felted than is common. Its nest is very
commonly suspended to the rushes of the marshes that border the
Hudson.

The Maryland Yellow-throat delights to inhabit wet meadows and
swampy thickets, in which it moves restlessly about, uttering a sharp
chick, and numerous chattering notes. In spring, after the pairing
season, the various mated couples ramble through the thickets and
rank grass, constantly reminding their partners of their whereabouts
by a sharp, clicking call-note. Its song is loud and sweet. You may
often see it upon a rail-fence singing, in very much the same attitude
as that assumed by the Song Sparrow (Melospiza melodia) ; at other
times it chooses for a rostrum the highest tree-top. Just before
night-fall it may be seen flying up in the air, singing as it goes, writh-
ing its body as does the Yellow-breasted Chat (Icteria virens) ; then it
suddenly drops to the ground.

Dimensions — Average measurements of eighteen specimens : length,
5*33; stretch, 7-20; wing, 2*17; tail, 2-05; bill from nostril, -31; gape,
•58 ; tarsus, -80 ; middle toe, -50 ; its claw, -20.

46. Geothlypis Philadelphia, (Wilson). Mourning Ground
Warbler. A rare migrant. Arrives about the middle of May (13,
1878), departing before June (May 26, 1876). Prof. James M. De
Garmo showed me a specimen taken at Rhinebeck on the Hudson. It
has also been taken by the collectors lower down the river, and Mr.
George N. Lawrence includes it in his list of the birds of the vicinity
of New York.8 Mr. George Welch met with these birds in the Adi-
rondacks, in June, 1870, where they seemed rather abundant, and
were evidently breeding. Mr. John Burroughs found its nest at the
head-waters of the Delaware River, at Roxbury, Delaware County,
N. Y. ; has frequently observed this Warbler in that section. "About
the head of the Neversink and Esopus, in the northern part of Ulster
County, New York, they are the prevailing Warbler, and their song
may be heard all day long." Dr. C. Hart Merriam some years since
described its nestling, as observed at Locust Grove, Lewis County,
N. Y., in the "American Naturalist"; he further adds :9 "Large num-
bers of them breed regularly, in suitable localities, in Lewis and Her-
kimer Counties, in northern New York."

Dimensions. — Measurements of No. 1,000, $ ad., May 26, 1876, High-
land Falls, N. Y., E. A. M. : length, 5-63 ; stretch, 8-13 ; wing, 2'56 ; tail,

sAnn. Lye. Nat. Hist., Vol. VIII, p. 283, April,
9 Trans. Conn. Acad., Vol. VI, p. 23, 1877.

166

2-13; culmen, -39; bill from nostril, -32; gape, '57; tarsus, -78 ; middle
toe, -53 ; its claw, -18.

47. Icteria virens, (Linne.) Yellow-breasted Chat. A com-
mon summer resident, breeding plentifully. Arrives before the middle
of May (24, 1873; 12, 1874; 1, 1875 [Frederic S. Osborn], 9 [Mearns] ;
3, 1876; 7, 1877; 7, 1878; 7, 1879), and spends the summer.

The Yellow-breasted Chat is sure to attract attention by the singu-
larity of its habits and voice. Several pairs of Chats always nestle
in some bushy fields in the neighborhood of my house, where they
keep up an incessant clatter during the early part of the season. I
have sometimes heard it at intervals during the night. It is quite
shy, and by a judicious use of its remarkable ventriloquial powers can
generally manage to keep out of harm's way. Among other equally
ridiculous performances, it has the habit of flying up in the air, with
its legs dangling, then allowing itself to drop nearly to the ground.
Its eggs, four in number — sometimes five — are deposited about the
first of June (found two nests June 1st and 3rd, 1873, each contain-
ing four eggs), in a nest built in a thicket. Mr. Peter de Nottbeck
showed me specimens shot as far up the Hudson as Fishkill Landing,
where he has also procured specimens of the Hooded Warbler (Myio-
dioctes mitratus) and Worm-eating Warbler (Helmitherus vermivorus).

Dimensions. — Average measurements of nine specimens : length,
7-44; stretch, 9-98; wing, 3*00; tail, 3-07; bill from nostril, -41 ; gape,
•78; tarsus, 1-02; middle toe, -64; its claw, -24.

48. Myiodioctes mitratus, (Gmeliri). Hooded Warbler. A
very common summer resident ; breeds abundantly. Arrives before
the middle of May (11, 1875; 8, 1876; 15, 1877; 4, 1878; 12, 1879);
remains till about the middle of September (5 and 8, 1874).

The Hooded Warbler is one of our most abundant summer War-
blers. It is a very attractive species, both on account of its brilliant
plumage and its delicious song. It is found in solitary woodlands,
where it may be easily traced by its loud notes, which continue
throughout the summer. It builds its nest in the crotch of some low
bush, very often that of a laurel (Kalmia) ; it is a neat, well-felted
structure, which bears some resemblance to that of the Indigo Bird
(Cyanospiza cyanea). Its eggs (first brood) are laid about the last of
May (26, 1877). Four is the usual complement, although five are
occasionally deposited. Owing to its situation, the nest is not easily
discovered, unless by watching the parents during its construction;
nevertheless I have taken no less than three, each containing four
fresh eggs, during a single walk. Its eggs are white (possessing a
beautiful glow of pink before their contents are extracted), with more
or less heavy spotting of red, chiefly about their larger ends. Some-
times sets are found which are nearly immaculate, while others are

167

quite heavily marked about the greater end with purplish-red. Four
sets of eggs, taken here, have an average of -71 X -53 of an inch :
extremes, -67 X -52, and -74 X '55. The common note of the Hooded
Warbler is a sharp, metallic chick; it possesses, besides, a song of
remarkable beauty.

Recent investigations are disclosing the fact that this beautiful
species has a more extensive range in this State, and to the eastward,
than was formerly supposed. Giraud says :10 "With us [on Long Isl-
and], the Hooded Flycatching Warbler is not abundant. . . . . It is
generally met with in low situations ; feeds on winged insects ; and
its note is loud, lively and agreeable." De Kay observes:11 "This
well marked but rare species in this State, was shot in Westchester
county, about the middle of May." Mr. George N. Lawrence states : 12
"This beautiful species is not abundant [in the vicinity of New York],
but several times in the month of July I have observed it in swampy
situations, on the top of the Palisades, in the vicinity of Fort Lee,
where it was breeding." Mr. Eugene P. Bicknell finds it breeding
commonly, at Riverdale, on the Hudson.13 Dr. A. K. Fisher mentions
seeing a specimen at Sing Sing, on the Hudson, as late as September
19, 1878, though I think this was the only occasion on which he has
found it there, although the Kentucky Warbler (Oporornis formosus)
breeds plentifully. Mr. John Burroughs informs me that he does not '
find it at Esopus, on the Hudson ; but Mr. Peter de Nottbeck has
taken it in the Fishkill Mountains and vicinity. In his recent "Re-
vised List of Birds of Central New York," p. 14, April, 1879, Mr.
Frank R. Rathbun gives this species as "common in dense forests
with a heavy undergrowth. Sixty-six specimens of this species taken
during the months of July, August, and September 1878. Nest found
July 25, 1878, containing three young and one egg. Northern Cayuga
and North Eastern Wayne Counties, N. Y." Messrs. Rathbun and F.
S. Wright further remark (Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, Vol. IV, No. 2, p.
117, April, 1879) that they "observed this Warbler [same locality] as
late as September 20, when a few cold breezes from the lake [Ontario]
drove them southward." Dr. C. Hart Merriam observes:14 "On the
9th of September last (1878), at Lowville, an adult male of this species
Was killed by a cat and brought, while still warm, to Mr. Romeyn B.
Hough, who now has the specimen. So far north of its known range
it can hardly be considered more than a straggler." In speaking of
this species in connection with several others, Mr. H. A. Purdie

10Bds. Long Island, p. 48, 1844.

11 Zoology of New York, Part II, p. 107, 1844.

"Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist., Vol. VIII, pp. 284, 285, April, 1866.

13 See Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, Vol. Ill, No. 3, p. 130, July, 1878.

"Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, Vol. IV, No. 1, p. 7, January, 1879.

168

remarks:15 they "are not rare at Saybrook, Conn., but breed there
regularly in more or less numbers, and probably occur all along the
Sound shore west of the mouth of the Connecticut River." Mr.
Erwin I. Shores shot a male of this species, at Suffield, Conn., near
the Massachusetts border, but in the Connecticut Valley, July 8, 1875,
as recorded by Mr. Purdie, in the Nuttall Bulletin, Vol. II, No. 1, p.
21, January, 1877.

Dimensions. — Average measurements of thirty-nine specimens:
length, 5-67; stretch, 8-25; wing, 2-58; tail, 2-30; bill from nostril,
•31; gape, -58; tarsus, *77; middle toe, -44; its claw, '19.

[To be continued.]

Catalogue of Books published by the Essex Institute.

Journal of the Essex County Natural History Society. ] vol.

8vo. 1836-1852. pp. 135, $0 50

Proceedings and Communications. 6 vols. 8 vo. 1848-1868.

The series, — In numbers, . . . . . . 18 00

Bound in cloth, 24 00

[These volumes contain a large number of descriptions and figures
of new species, especially of Corals, Insects, and Polyzoa; and many
valuable papers on Natural History. The first three volumes also
contain many important Historical papers. In addition to the papers
on special subjects the volumes contain the proceedings of the meet-
ings of the Institute, additions to the library and museum, and many
important verbal communications made at the meetings, etc.]

Bulletin. 10 vols. 8vo. 1869-1878, 10 00

Subscription per annum, 1 50

The Bulletin, issued quarterly, a continuation of the '■'■Proceed-
ings of the Essex Institute" contains an account of the Regular and
Field Meetings of the Society, and papers of scientific value.

The volume for 1879 contains : The Fishes of Essex County, by G.
B. Goode and T. H. Bean, of the U. S. Fish Commission ; A paper
on the Solar Eclipse of 1878, by Mr. Winslow Upton, of the Harvard
Observatory ; The Trees and Shrubs of Essex County, by Mr. John
Robinson ; and other valuable and interesting articles.

"Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, Vol. I, No. 3, p. 73, September, 1876.

169

Historical Collections. First series, vols. 1-8, small 4to. ; second
series, 8vo., vols. 9-15, $15 00

Historical Collections, issued quarterly, at three dollars a year,
containing papers of Historical, Genealogical, and Biographical in-
terest, will be found valuable to students in these departments, and
also to persons interested in local history.

In the fifteen volumes already published will be found, among other
articles, memoirs of the following persons : Daniel A. White, George
A. Ward, Daniel P. King, Francis Peabody, Asahel Huntington, John
Lewis Russell, Benjamin F. Browne, John C. Lee : Genealogies of the
Gould's, Chipman's, Browne's, Pope's, Fiske's, Ropes', Hutchinson's,
Beckett's, Higginson's, and others : Papers on the early commerce of
Salem, Salem Witchcraft, various Anniversary Addresses, the Siege
of Boston, Town Records of Salem, etc.

The Weal-Reaf. Published for Institute Fair in 1860. Small

4to. pp. 56, $0 30

To-Day. Published for the Institute and Oratorio Fair in 1870.

pp. 38, 50

Allen, J. A. Foray of a Colony of Formica Sanguinea upon

a Colony of Black Ants. 1868,* 10

Allen, J. A. List of Birds near Santarem Brazils, . . 10

Allen, J. A. Birds of Massachusetts, 25

Allen, J. F. Victoria Regia, or the Great Water Lily of

America. Royal folio, six colored plates, 1854, . . . 10 00
Allen, S. M. Ancient and Modern theories of Light, Heat,

and Color,* 10

Baird and Ridgway. New forms of American Birds, . . 10

Balch, D. M. On the Sodalite at Salem. 1864,* ... 10

Balch, D. M. Analysis of Grapes. 1865,* .... 10

Briggs, G. W. Memoir of D. A. White. Pamphlet, 8vo. 1864,* 30

Carpenter, P. Generic affinities of New England Chitons, . 05

Chipman, R. M. The Chipman Lineage, particularly as in

Essex County, Mass. pp. 59. Salem, 1872,* ... 50

Cole, T. List of Infusorial Objects, found in the neighbor-
hood of Salem, Mass. pp. 18. 1853,* .... 60
Coues, Elliott. List of the Birds of New England, with

critical notes. Pamphlet, 8vo. 1868,* ..... 75

Coues, Elliott. Myology of the Ornithorhynchus.*
Dall, W. H. Notes on an examination of four species of

Chitons,* 05

Derby, Perley. Hutchinson Family. 1 vol. 8vo. 1870,* 2 00
Eagleston, J. H. Early California Voyages,* ... 10

Endicott, C. M. Account of Leslie's Retreat. Pamphlet, 8vo.

1856 * 25

170

Endicott, C. M. Account of the Piracy of the Ship Friendship

of Salem, in 1831. Pamphlet, 8vo. 1858,* .
Endicott, C. M. History of Salem and Danvers Aqueduct.

pp. 16. I860,*

Endicott, W. C. Address at the Commemoration of the Land-
ing of Endicott, Sept., 1878,

English High School, Salem, Catalogue, Reunion, etc.,

6 plates. 1857,

Essex Institute. Historical notice of, with the Constitution,

By-Laws, and lists of the Officers and Members. Pamphlet,

8vo. 1866,*

Fewkes, J. W. On the Myology of Tachyglossa hystrix,*
First Church in Salem, 1634. pp. 29 1 cut, .
Fitts, J. A. History of Thomas' Farmers' Almanac,* .
Fowler, S. P. Account of the Life, Character, etc., of Rev

Samuel Parris, and of his connection with the Witchcraft

Delusion of 1692. Pamphlet, 8vo. 1857,*
Gill, T. Prodrome of a Monograph of the Pinnipedes (seals)

1866,* .

Gill, T. Primary subdivisions of the Cetaceans,*
Goode & Bean. A List of the Fishes of Essex County, Mass.,;
Goodell, A. C, Jr. Centennial Address, Oct. 5, 1874,*
Gould, B. A. Ancestry of Zaccheus Gould of Topsfielcl,*
Harris, T. W. Remarks on Scarabaeus Goliatus, and other

African Beetles allied to it,*

Herrick, Harrold. Birds of Grand Menan. pp. 16,*
Hyatt, A. Observations on Fresh-water Polyzoa. pp. 103

9 plates, and 25 cuts, 8vo. 1868,*

Kimball's Journey to the West in 1817. Pamphlet, 8vo.,*
Kimball, James. Destruction of Tea in Boston Harbor,*
Kimball, James. Journal of Rev. Daniel Shute,*
Kimball, James. Exploration of Merrimac River, with a map

1638,*

Kimball, James. Orderly Book of Crafts' Regiment of Artil

lery, June, 1777, to Dec, 1778,* ....

Lockington, Wm. M. Notes on Pacific Coast Crustacea,*
Lord, Otis P. Memoir of Asahel Huntington,*
Mann, Horace. Flora of the Hawaiian Islands,*
McIlwhaith, T. List of Birds of Hamilton, Canada West

Pamphlet, 8vo. 1868,*

Mearns, Edgar A. Birds of Hudson Highlands,* part

(( it a (( a a a *. it

Nelson, E. W. Birds of Southern Illinois,* .
Nelson, E. W. Birds of Northeastern Illinois,*
Norton, C. Description of Mexican Ants,

25
35

10
20

15

25
25

30
30

1 00

10
15

2 50
15
30
15

35

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10
25
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15
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25

171

Old Houses of Salem, Mass. Four Heliotypes,

Ordway. An Invention for preserving trees from the ravages

of the Canker Worm,*

Packard, A. S., Jr. Salt Water Insects,*
Peabody, Alfred. Early California Voyages,*
Perkins, A. T. Notice of the Perkins' Arms in England,*
Perkins, G. A. Record of the Perkins of Ipswich. 1872,*
Perkins, G. A. The name of Perkins as found on the Essex

County Records,*

Plummer Hall, dedication of. Pamphlet, 8vo. 1857,
Preble, George Henry. The First Cruise of the United

States' Frigate Essex. Pamphlet, 8vo.,*
Putnam's and Packard's Notes on Humble Bees, etc. Wild

Bees of New England, their Parasites, etc., with a plate

•Pamphlet, 8vo. 1865,*

Ridgway, R. Birds of Colorado,*

Ridgway, R. Notes on the Bird Fauna of the Salt Lake

Valley,*

Robinson, John. Ferns of Essex County,*
Robinson, John. Addenda to Ferns of Essex County,*
Robinson, John. The Pine, its Life and Importance in Essex

County,* . . .

Robinson, John. The Trees and Shrubs of Essex County

Cloth,
Salem, Mass. Commemorative Exercises at the Fifth Half-
Century of the Landing of Endicott.* Paper,

Cloth,

Half Turkey, .
Salem, Town Records of. 1634 to 1659. 8vo. 1868,*
Shurtleff, C. A. Report on the Army Worm. 1862,*
Sketch of the Founders of Salem and the First Chnrch,*
Spaulding, S. J. Memoir of Henry Coit Perkins, of Newbury

port. 1873,*

Story, W. W. Ode on the Fifth Half-Century on the Landing

of Endicott,*

Streeter, G. L. Account of the Newspapers and othe]

Periodicals published in Salem. Pamphlet, 8vo. 1856,*
Trippe, T. M. Birds of Minnesota,* ....

True, N. T. Geographical Names of the Algonian Language,'
Upham, C. W. Memoir of Francis Peabody. Pamphlet, 8vo

1869,*

Upham, C. W. Memoir of D. P. King. Pamphlet, 8vo. 1869,'
Upham, W. P. Memoir of Gen. John Glover, of Marblehead

Pamphlet, 8vo. 1863,*

Upham, W. P. Papers relating to the Rev. Samuel Skelton,*

15

05
15
25
20
15

15

30

1 00

75

15

10
10
05

15
35

60

00
50
25
00
10
15

25

50

15
25

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30

00
10

172

Upham, W. P. Letters during the occupation of Boston by

the British. 1775-6,* 50

Upton, Winslow. Lecture on the Eclipse of 1878, . . 15
Verrill, A. E. Catalogue of Birds found at Norway, Maine, 20
Weinland, D. F. Egg Tooth of Snakes and Lizards. Pam-
phlet, 8vo. with a plate, 1857,* 15

Wheatland, H. Notice of the Pope Family. Pamphlet, 8vo.

1867,* 25

White, D. A. Covenant of the First Church. Pamphlet, 8vo.

1856,* 10

White, D. A. New England Congregationalism. 1 vol. 8vo.

1861, 1 00

Wilder, B. G. Eesearches and Experiments on Spider's silk.

1866. Cuts,* 50

Willson, E. B. Memoir Rev. J. L. Russell,* . . . 15

Willson, E. B. Memorial of J. C. Lee,* .... 25

Wood, Horatio C. Phalangese of United States. 1868. Cuts

of most of the species,* 1 50

Wright, Geo. F. Indian Ridge and its Continuations,* . 10

The Art Department of the Institute has issued a series of over one
hundred photographs, showing the principal places and objects of
historical interest in and near Salem, Public Buildings, Streets, Old
Houses, Churches, Documents relating to the Witchcraft Trials, etc.

These views are cabinet size. Price 30 cents each, or $3.00 per
dozen. A full list of views will be furnished on application.

Salem, Historical Sketch of, by Charles S. Osgood and Henry M.
Batchelder. An octavo volume of about three hundred pages, with
heliotype illustrations, among which are portraits of Salem merchants,
and prominent men. The book is largely devoted to the early com-
merce of Salem. It is printed on heavy tinted paper, and handsomely
bound in cloth. Price $3.00.

Any book or pamphlet on this list sent postpaid on receipt of price.
A discount to Booksellers, Historical Societies, and Libraries.

Address GEORGE M. WHIPPLE, Secretary,

Salem, Mass.
Salem, September 1, 1879.

* Extra copies from the Proceedings and Historical Collections and Bulletin.

BULLETIN

OF THE

ESSEX IITSTITT7TB.

Vol. 11. Salem, Oct., Nov., Dec, 1879. Nos. 10, 11, 12.

Wednesday, Aug. 27, 1879. A Day with Col. French.

The Field Meeting, this day, was held at "Rock Lawn,"
the name given to the fine estate of Col. Jonas H. French
at Bay View, Gloucester. From one hundred and eighty
to two hundred persons went down in the train from
Salem, and at the meeting there were about five hundred
present, the Cape Ann Scientific and Literary Associa-
tion uniting with the members of the Institute and their
friends from Salem and its neighborhood. The passages,
going and returning, both on the cars and by stage
and barge from the depot in Gloucester to Bay View,
were not devoid of interest ; the waves rolled in before
the east wind, and it was interesting to watch the line of
white foam, in the distance, as the sea rolled over hidden
breakers along the shore ; the old houses to be seen, here
and there, along the Annisquam road, were indicative
of an old and interesting settlement, which, though des-
titute of the appliances of affluence, were nevertheless
marked by all the comfort and contentment which an old
fashioned fishing community is capable of producing.
Here and there, women were noticed attending to their
garden patches, weeding their flowers, gathering apples,

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN. XI 13 (173)

174

and, in at least one case, attaching to a long pole, what
might pass as the "old oaken bucket" that was to draw
water from the well near by. Rocks are plentifully scat-
tered all over the cape, and the huge boulders and pro-
jecting ledges indicated a section prolific in sienitic granite.

Col. French's estate is spacious and elegant. He threw
open his house to the visitors, his extensive lawns were
at their disposal, and his hospitality was unbounded.
Col. French's house and that of Gen. Butler are in one
lawn enclosure. Both houses are built of stone, but Col.
French has obviously made far the greater outlay in im-
provements upon his estate, and appears to be permanently
identified by association, residence, and business with this
part of the city upon Cape Ann.

A visit was made to the stone-works and granite quar-
ries, and Col. French and those holding responsible posi-
tions at the works were attentive in showing the visitors
the many interesting things that are to be seen. In the
sheds along the road and upon the pier built with the
debris of the quarries, the finishing and ornamenting of
the stone are carried on, by the usual process of the stone
cutters, with mallet and chisel. The work now in pro-
gress is for the Boston Post Office extension. The quarry,
from which the granite (or sienite, more properly) is
taken, is about half of a mile from the road, and the party
were conveyed thither on the open platform cars used
in transporting the stone, the same being pushed over
the ascending grade by the locomotive employed at the
works. The company comprised three train loads. Here
in the quarries the process of drilling was going on by
large numbers of men, and in one place was noticed the
tireless and rapid working of the Ingersol steam drill,
boring with great rapidity into the solid rock. The stone
was lifted from the quarries by large derricks operated by

175

a stationary steam engine. Some of the party descended
the steep and precipitous stairs almost to the bottom of
the quarry to inspect the rift made in the solid ledge by
the great blast recently made under the supervision of the
foreman, J. Henry Jones, by which a mass of rock weigh-
ing by actual computation 40,000 tons had been rent
asunder and lifted from its solid foundation. This was
accomplished by the drilling of twenty holes, each eight
feet in depth, and the use of 425 pounds of powder. The
fissure made is two hundred feet in length and eighty-five
wide at the widest part, and enabled Mr. Jones to get a
bottom to the solid mass from which to work upon.

Two blasts by the electric process were made while the
company were present, each moving a huge rock and sep-
arating it from the ledge without any destructive crash or
fall. Upon the wharf and at points near the road and
about the quarries, are piles of block paving stones, used
extensively in the cities, and in some places in the neigh-
borhood for mortar-wall foundations, for which it seems
to be well adapted.

The company, that operates these quarries, is the Cape
Ann Granite Company. It owns a large tract of land,
extending back from the water across Washington street
and up the hill about one mile, covering an area of 175
or 200 acres. The present proprietors purchased the land
in 1869, and began work in April of the same year. The
company employs from 300 to 600 men according to the
state of business. It owns several tenement houses, which
are rented to the workmen having families, and a large
boarding house, where those without families are boarded.
A store, post office and telegraph office are managed by
the company. The extended pier, from which vessels are
loaded, was made of refuse granite. A railway was laid
in 1870 from the end of this wharf up the hill, and has

176

branches extending to all the quarries. A large locomo-
tive and a train of flat cars do the transporting.

The largest single piece of granite ever quarried here
was the base of the Scott monument at Washington, cut
in 1873. It was 28 feet 2 inches in length, 18 feet 5 in-
ches in width, 3 feet 2f inches in thickness, and contained
1659 cubit feet. The weight before finishing was 150 J
tons; after finishing, 119 tons. The granite for the Post
Office and Sub-Treasury in Boston was all quarried here.
Bay View granite was also used in the construction, among
other buildings, of the Patent Office and the Scott monu-
ment at Washington, the Dan vers Insane Asylum, the
Military Academy at West Point and the New York and
Brooklyn bridge.

Upon returning to Rock Lawn, the party proceeded,
under the escort of the Gloucester Cornet Band, to Davis
Neck, where under a pavilion were well spread tables
furnished by our host, beautifully decorated with pot
plants, flowers and ferns. The baskets brought by the
ladies seemed to be an unnecessary appendage. After
partaking of the refreshments, the tent was prepared for
the afternoon session. Davis Neck is a point of land pro-
jecting from the estate, and is connected with the main
land by a hard sand beach, which is covered by water at
high tide, and is "navigable" for teams and foot passengers
at other times. The point therefore possesses the duplex
character of an island and a peninsula according to the
state of the tide. Both from this point, and the more
elevated ground on which the residence stands, a fine view
of the northern shore may be had, including the hills
of Ipswich and Rowley, the mouths of the rivers bearing
their names, Plum Island, the low and long lines of sandy
beach beyond, stretching away very dimly in the distance,
and the broad and capacious intervening bay. There is a

177

life-saving-station on this Point, and the house was opened
for the inspection of the visitors. It contains bunks and
bedding in the attic, and stove and cooking utensils for
the accommodation of the men stationed there. In the
main part is the long life-boat provided with oars attached
to the boat by cordage. There are coils of rope, and a
mortar with a ball and other appliances for the throwing
of lines to shipwrecked people needing succor. During
the winter seven or eight men are stationed here, but at
this time there was only one. During the five years
since the station has been established, nine or ten persons
have been rescued from wrecks.

The afternoon session was called to order at 3 p. m.
The Pkesident in the chair. The records of the preceding
meeting were read by the Secretary. The President
in his introductory remarks alluded to the eleven field
meetings1 previously held in the different precincts of old
Gloucester, and spoke of the pleasure he felt in holding
this meeting jointly with the Cape Ann Scientific and
Literary Association. After remarking upon the gener-
ous hospitality of Col. French, he introduced him to the
audience.

•

Col. French, in a very pleasant manner, welcomed the
members of the two societies to "Rock Lawn," and was

1 The time when and the place where these meetings were held : —

1. Monday, July 16, 1860. West Gloucester, under an apple tree in front of a
farmer's house, near Richardson Hall.

2. Friday, July 12, 1861. Kettle Cove, in the woods near by.

3. Thursday, August 7, 1862. Johnson's Hall, Rockport.

4. Friday, August 7, 1863. Universalist Church, Rockport.

5. Wednesday, August 10, 1864. Town Hall, Gloucester.

6. Friday, September 14, 1866. Independent Christian Church, Gloucester.

7. Thursday, August 26, 1869. Pavilion Grounds, Pigeon Cove.

8. Thursday, June 29, 1871. Baptist Church, East Gloucester.

9. Thursday, August 8, 1872. Universalist Church, Annisquam.

10. Thursday, August 6, 1874. Town Hall, Rockport.

11. Wednesday, July 18, 1877. Congregation alist Church, Lanesville.

178

pleased to have so many of them present, and while
admitting that he was no scientist, he expressed his readi-
ness always to aid them, fully recognizing the worthy
objects of their respective organizations. Regarding the
quarries visited, he humorously remarked, the most that
he could do was to explain how the stone was taken out,
and to say that "it was for sale at very low prices." He
paid, however, an incidental tribute to science, saying
that he found they could get the stone out more economi-
cally by bringing to bear upon the process the best
knowledge and the best machinery.

Dr. Thomas Conant, President of the Cape Ann Sci-
entific and Literary Association, followed in some remarks
in an humorous strain, concerning the natural habits of
the clam. He made reference to several Indian relics,
which were exhibited to the audience, and gave a brief
history of the society, which was formed five years ago
this autumn, has one hundred and sixty to one hundred
and seventy members, averages thirty at its regular meet-
ings and from fifty to one hundred at its field meetings.
An interest in scientific subjects was stimulated at the
meetings ; also by classes which meet weekly. A mu-
seum has been commenced with some excellent specimens,
some of which were presented by the United States Fish
Commission. He thanked the host for the bountiful man-
ner in which he had brought together the two societies,
one the oldest and the other perhaps the youngest in the
county, to discuss scientific subjects.

James Davis, Judge of the Gloucester Police Court,
spoke of the rocks and ledges and how much they added
to the material prosperity of the place. He endorsed the
objects of the meeting and paid a deserved compliment
to the host on this occasion.

179

Mr. James H. Emerton said that he had found very
few specimens in his special line of investigation, a large
portion of the time having been spent among the quarries.
He spoke of the work of the sister society of the Cape
as most commendable, and hoped that the fishermen would
be requested to collect specimens during their various
fishing trips for the cabinets of the society.

Charles D. Drake, Chief Justice of the Court of
Claims at Washington, made a speech that was Avell sea-
soned with humor, expressing admiration for the spirit of
this institution in collecting the varied specimens, but
saying that he knew nothing about science. Alluding to
his friend, Hon. Wm. S. Messervy of Salem, who sat
near, he recalled the time when, forty-five years ago, they
began life together in St. Louis, and when they made
whig speeches there at a later period. He was impressed
with the attendance of so large and intelligent a gathering,
and had been surprised to notice so many people listening
attentively to the various speakers of the afternoon. After
drawing a comparison between this and similar gatherings
at the west, he closed by saying that, in his judgment, the
people of the New England States were the most intelli-
gent, most favored, and most happy of any on the face of
the earth.

Prof. A. Hyatt, of the Boston Society of Natural His-
tory,'spoke of the work of that Society, of the Essex In-
stitute, of the Cape Ann Society and similar associations,
as most worthy to be pursued, and that the future results
for good could not be fully realized by those persons now
engaged therein ; he said, he thought it not inappropriate
to call attention to the fact that societies are liable to lose
sight of the object that lies before them — these organiza-

180

tions being the key-note of the new movement in education.
We can do all we set out to do, if we keep the object held
up to view ; for, by constantly living up to the ideal, every
obstacle clears before our pathway.

Dr. Addison Davis of Gloucester spoke briefly. Mr.
Charles H. Sargent of Lanesville exhibited and re-
marked about an Indian stone pestle and other relics.
Hon. Wm. S. Messervy of Salem alluded briefly to
Judge Drake, and among other things said, that forty
years ago it took him four months to go from Salem to
Santa Fe in New Mexico, while now the distance could
be accomplished in about a week.

N. A. Horton of the Salem Gazette being called upon,
gave a brief resume of the doings and objects of the
Essex Institute, and in conclusion said : Many years ago
enterprising men from Salem sailed over this broad ocean,
and brought home wealth from distant lands. They used
this wealth in educatiug their children, and thus gave to
Salem no inconsiderable degree of culture. A taste for
knowledge and for Natural History grew out of this, and,
from small beginnings, this Essex Institute was formed.
Beyond the circumstances of its early formation, it is not
a purely local Salem Society, but an Essex County Insti-
tution, seeking to preserve for the benefit of the people
all the facts pertaining to the civil and natural history of
the county, and to promote the diffusion of knowledge
among the people. That is the object of the field meet-
ings. Of the many that have been held, it has, perhaps,
never been the fortune of the Society to receive such
hospitality as has been shown to-day by the proprieter of
this place. He offered a vote of thanks to Col. French
for these attentions, and also to those employed in differ-

181

ent positions by the Cape Ann Granite Company (Messrs.
Henry C. Bennett, George W. Quinn and Scott Webber) ,
as well as to the Gloucester Society for the courtesies
which had caused the day to pass so pleasantly. The
resolution was adopted and the meeting adjourned. After
the exercises at the tent, many of the party adjourned
to the house, where there was some fine singing and
piano playing by Miss Ita Welsh of Boston, Miss Cham-
berlain, daughter of warden Chamberlain of Concord and
Mr. Wm. Teel of Cambridge.

Eegular Meeting, Monday, September 15, 1879.

Meeting this evening at 7.30 o'clock. The President
in the chair. Records read. Donations and correspon-
dence announced.

Sidney Perley of Boxford was duly elected a member.

Mr. James Samuelson of Liverpool, England, occu-
pied the hour with an instructive lecture on

, - Darwinism,

He began by referring to the changes, which have
taken place, in the method of teaching natural science
during the last fifty years, and in speaking of the exten-
sion of nature-study, he drew the attention of his hearers
to the admirable arrangements for imparting such instruc-
tion in our common schools, some of which he has visited.
After touching upon the direct influences of natural study
on astronomy, geography and physics, he treated of the
beginning of life in the globe and the doctrine of spon-
taneous generation, which he said is abandoned by the

182

leading men of science. He then went on to speak of
the present aspect of animated nature, and of the various
theories which have been broached to account for the pro-
duction of new species, referring more particularly to
those of Lamarck, the author of the "Vestiges of Crea-
tion," and those of Darwin and Wallace. His observations
on the theory, or as he called it the "hypothesis" of nat-
ural selection, were illustrated by some very beautiful
examples of foreign and indigenous animals, such as birds,
insects, etc., and he was aided in this portion of his ad-
dress by some beautiful objects from the museum. After
explaining the various phenomena which accompany the
survival of the fittest forms of life, Mr. Samuelson dealt
very freely with the theological aspect of the question,
noticing the views of atheists, agnostics and reconciliators.
He then reviewed briefly the conceptions of the Deity in
relation to nature which have been formed from the ear-
liest ages, and read extracts from the works of Darvviu
and Wallace, to show that they believe implicitly in the
supervision and directing agency of an allwise Provi-
dence. Kingsley, too, was quoted by him, to show that
the anthropomorphic views of the Deity are fading away,
and the lecturer concluded with a warm recommendation
to his hearers to study nature conscientiously and ear-
nestly, as calculated to impart higher and nobler views of
the divine nature.

Thursday, September 18, 1879.

Mr. Samuelson gave his second lecture this evening.
The subject : —

The Classification of Animals.

After briefly recapitulating the chief points in the the-
ory of natural selection, he proceeded to show that the

183

standard of classification is "species," and then explained,
with the aid of the blackboard, how new species are sup-
posed to be produced. Aids to classification next occupied
his attention, and some of the chief facts of palaeontology
and embryology were referred to, in order to show that
no system can be complete without the study of those
branches of natural history. He then showed typical
examples of the great subdivision of the animal kingdom,
some of the specimens being from the museum ; and by
means of numerous diagrams he pointed out the various
features of the animal kingdom which play a part in clas-
sification, exhibiting the "archetypes" of the vertebrates
and invertebrates. Mr. Samuelson finally drew a com-
parison between the changes that have taken place in the
natural world, in history, and in society, and showed that
the whole plan and execution of the phenomena of the
universe are clearly under the guidance of one Perfect
Intelligence.

At the close of the lecture, Rev. E.G. Bolles spoke
of the pleasure he had derived from the interesting and
instructive lectures, and submitted the following : —

Resolved, That the hearty thanks of the Essex Institute
are tendered to James Samuelson of Liverpool, England,
for the two very instructive lectures delivered by him
before this Society on this and the preceding Monday

Mr. D. B. Hagar in seconding the resolution, spoke of
the lecture given before the scholars of the State Normal
School, who derived much information on an important
topic. The resolution was then unanimously adopted.

Mr. Samuelson gracefully responded, hoping that he
should at some future time have the pleasure of revisiting
this city.

184

Monday, October 6, 1879.

Regular Meeting this evening at 7.30 o'clock. Pres-
ident in the chair. Records read.

James Devereux Waters was elected a member.

Monday, October 20, 1879.

Regular Meeting this evening. President in the
chair. Records read. Donations and correspondence
announced.

Mr. William H. Tappan of Manchester read an inter-
esting paper on

Gold and Silver Mines and Mining.
He spoke of the early discoveries of gold in various coun-
tries, described and compared the various mining processes
adopted at different periods. The principal part of the
paper was devoted to the mines and mining of California,
describing the habits of those who were pioneers in the
early period of the gold excitement, the manner then
adopted in procuring the precious metal, and tracing the
gradual changes that have from time to time been adopted,
not only in the mode of living, habits, etc., of the miners,
but in the new and improved processes of working the
mines and in smelting the ore.

At the adjournment of the meeting held on Tuesday,
October 21, at noon, Mr. Theodore M. Osborn of Peabody
was elected a member ; and Mr. James Samuelson of
Liverpool, England, a corresponding member.

_

185

Monday, November 3, 1879.

Regular Meeting this evening at 7.30 p. m. Ad-
journed to the following day at 4 p. m.

Horace C. Burnham, Willard H. Brown, Ellen Buffing-
ton Kehew, all of Salem, were elected members.

Monday, November 17, 1879.

Regular Meeting this evening at 7.30 o'clock. The
President in the chair. Records read. Donations and
correspondence announced.

Mary H. Plummer of Salem was elected a member.

Mr. J. H. Emerton read a very interesting paper on
The Animals of the Bottom of Salem Harbor.

He showed a map of the neighborhood of Salem from
Swampscott to Manchester, and explained the character
of the shores and of the bottom in different parts of the
harbor, and then described some of the most common
animals living at various depths, beginning with those
between tides. Here are found many species which
prefer to be exposed to the air part of the time. The
barnacles swim about when they are young, and attach
themselves to everything up to high water mark. The
common clams live buried in mud, which is uucovered at
every tide. Several snails, although they crawl about
freely, live out of water part of the time, among stones
between tides. The mussels cover the posts of wharves
and bridges almost up to high tide, and cover the entire
bottom in some places, as Beverly bar.

186

Just below low water live a great variety of animals,
among them the common crabs and lobsters, the sea-
anemones and many species of hydroids which cover the
stones like sea-weeds. On muddy bottoms the eel-grass
shelters a lar^e number of animals. The bottom of the
harbor down to a depth of four or five fathoms is soft
mud, like that found in coves and docks, becoming grad-
ually cleaner as the depth increases. In this mud live
several species of worms and mollusks. To get at them
the mud is put in a sieve and water poured on, until the
finer part is washed through and the animals left on the
sieve. On this shallow bottom, where there are shells or
stones enough to hold it, grows the laminaria or devil's
apron, and among its roots live the long-armed star fishes
and several other shallow water animals. Beyond the
mud a large part of the harbor is rocky, with here and
there small stones and gravel. The common animals here
are the sea-eggs (Echini), chitons, several species of
shrimp, the thick-armed sea-anemone and the red Lopho-
thuria. Beyond the islands a softer bottom is found in
the channels, and here live Terebratulina, several species
of sponges and star fishes not found in shallower water.
This bottom becomes hardened in some places into irregu-
lar lumps, filled with the tubes of worms and other
animals.

The apparatus used for dredging the past summer was
exhibited and explained. The specimens were most of
them too small to be shown at the meeting, but all are
arranged at the museum, where they can be seen by
visitors.

187

Monday, December 1, 1879.

Meeting this evening adjourned to the following day,
Tuesday, at noon.

Moses W. Putnam of Danvers was elected a member.

Monday, December 15, 1879.

Regular Meeting this evening. The President in
the chair. Records read. Donations and correspondence
announced.

Ellen Osborne Proctor of Peabody was elected a mem-
ber.

Winfield S. Nevins occupied the evening in giving
An Account of a Visit to Pompeii.

The speaker, in opening, referred briefly to the natural
beauties of the vicinity of Vesuvius and Pompeii ; also
to the Museo Borbonico in Naples, where are stored so
many of the relics of ruined Pompeii and Herculaneum.
The journey to the former city was described and then
the ruins themselves. The city was spoken of as being
somewhat larger than the settled portion of Salem, less
than one-half of which has yet been unearthed ; with
narrow streets, low houses, the ceilings fallen in, and the
upper stories gone. The Forum, Temple of Jupiter and
other monuments of Pompeian glory were described.
The widest streets of the city are scarcely twenty feet in
width, and some but two and a half yards from wall to
wall. They are paved with polygonal blocks of lava, in
which time and traffic have made but little impression.

188

Among the numerous points of interest none was more
remarkable than the bakery, where not long ago the ex-
cavators discovered in an oven eighty-one loaves of bread,
whole and hard though somewhat blackened. Bill boards
were used extensively in ancient Pompeii, not only to
announce amusements but to proclaim candidates for office,
advertise 'lost goods and the like. The Pompeian dwell-
ings were next described and some of the customs of the
people. Art, the speaker thought, never attained a high
standard in the city, though there were very many art
works of one kind and another. The ruins of the two the-
atres and the amphitheatre were described, and the account
of Pompeii closed with a description of an imaginary fune-
ral conducted after the custom of those days. Mt. Vesu-
vius was then sketched together with some of the more
important of the numerous eruptions which have occurred
during the Christian era. The eruption of a. d. 79 was
probably the most destructive. It is not believed that a
particle of lava flowed from the volcano at this time, but
that Pompeii was buried with hot ashes and scoriae, and
Herculaneum with substantially the same material though
it was often mixed with vapor forming a soft running mud
which eventually hardened. The eruption of 1631 was
also very destructive, many thousand lives being lost.
During this eruption a stone weighing twenty-five tons
was thrown five miles. The eruption of 1794 was also
very destructive. Two days after the lava from this
eruption reached the ocean, the water one hundred yards
from shore was so hot that boats could not float in it, be-
cause the pitch in their seams would melt at once. The
temperature of lava often exceeds 2000° F. Mr. Nevins
closed with an account of the experience of himself and
two friends in ascending the cone of Vesuvius to the cra-
ter, during a stormy day in the spring of 1878.

A List of the Birds of the Hudson Highlands, with
Annotations.

By Edgar A. Mearns.

[Continued from page 168 ]

49. Myiodioctes canadensis, {Linne). Canadian Flycatching
Warbler. Very common during its migrations. Arrives about the
middle of May (16, 1876; 18, 1877: 10, 1878; 12, 1879), remaining till
about June 1 (May 28, 1876; 25, 1877; 25, 1878; 27, 1879). In autumn
seen as early as September 9 (1876). It is found in humid places, and
has a loud, pleasant song.

Dimensions. — Average measurements of nineteen specimens : length,
5-61; stretch, 8-05; wing, 2-53; tail, 2-23; bill from nostril, -31; gape,
'58; tarsus, *75; middle toe, -20; its claw, -18.

50. Myiodioctes pusillus, {Wilson). Wilson's Green Black-
capped Flycatching Warbler. A very rare migrant. Arrives
about the middle of May (12, 1875; 17, 1877; 17, 1879). The few I
have seen, were found in dense, tangled thickets. Its note is a sharp
chip. Mr. Thomas W. Wilson took a fine male May 16, 1876, at Cold
Spring, on tlie Hudson.

Dimensions. — Average measurements of two adult males : length,
5-00; stretch, 6-97; wing, 2-21; tail, 2-03; bill from nostrii, -25; gape,
•48; tarsus, -70; middle toe, -44; its claw, *18. Female, No. 1,916,
Highland Falls, N. Y., May 17, 1879: length, 4-90; stretch, 6-75;
wing, 2-10; tail, 2-00; bill from nostril, -24; gape, -48; tarsus, -70;
middle toe, -44; its claw, -18.

51. Setophaga ruticilla, {Linne). American Redstart. A
common summer resident; breeds abundantly. Arrives early in May
(8, 1873; 9, 1874; 11, 1875; 5, 1876; 9, 1877; April 27, 1878; May 3,
1879), remaining until late in September (30, 1873; October 4, 1876;
September 23, 1878). Its sweet song, and the peculiar habit of
spreading its tail and wings so as to expose their bright orange-red
color, make the Redstart generally well known.

Dimensions — Average measurements of sixteen specimens : length,
5*41; stretch, 7*88; wing, 2-57; tail, 2-27; bill from nostril, -27; gape,
•51; tarsus, '66; middle toe, -39; its claw, -16.

Family, TANAGRIDJE.

52. Pyranga rubra, {Linne). Scarlet Tanager. A common
summer resident; breeds abundantly. Arrives about the second week

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN. XI 14 (189)

190

in May (9, 1872; 13, 1873; 9, 1874; 14, 1875; 12, 1876; 15, 1877; 3,
1878; 8, 1879), remaining till October (3, 1874; 8, 1876; 4, 1878).
This gorgeously plumaged species is numerous in summer. It com-
mences to incubate its eggs early in June; took nests containing the
full complement of eggs June 4 and 6, 1877.

Dimensions. — Average measurements of forty-three specimens:
length, 7-25; stretch, 11-85; wing, 3*74; tail, 269; bill from nostril,
•46; gape, -76; tarsus, -77; middle toe, -52; its claw, -25.

Family, HIRUNDINID^.

53. Hirundo erythrogastra, Boddaert. American Barn Swal-
low. An abundant summer resident; breeds. Arrives in April (27,
1872; 29, 1873; 25, 1874; 30, 1875; 30, 1876; 23, 1877; 23, 1878; 22,
1879), remaining until some time in September (19, 1874; 12, 1876; 6,
1879). It begins to build the last of May, and its eggs are deposited
early in June.

I recently had an opportunity of observing the actions of the Swal-
lows when congregated preparatory to taking their departure to the
South, and overtaken by a severe and protracted rain-storm. The
locality was a secluded pond, where no buildings afforded them pro-
tection, even at night. It was the third day of the storm, and nearly
evening, when I visited the spot. The Swallows were sitting in cir-
cular lines upon some pryamidal shaped rocks out in the water, where
they spent most of the time, their dripping rows making a very pitiful
spectacle. At times a small band would rise with great exertion and
attempt to fly to the shore, where they alighted upon the nearest
object in utter exhaustion ; some of them upon the stones at my very
feet. I splashed a large stone into the water close to one of the
rocks, when a number of frightened ones flew up, and were obliged to
struggle hard to reach the shore, owing to the severe wind that pre-
vailed. Their flight was very labored and irregular, and broken by
frequent unsuccessful attempts to execute those graceful evolutions
which they accomplish with such admirable dexterity and ease at
other times; they flew so slowly that they might easily have been
overtaken and captured. Besides the present species, there were,
also, numbers of Bank Swallows (Cotyle riparia), which seemed even
more distressed than were the Barn Swallows. It wras a sad sight, to
see the poor little brown and blue-backed fellows, panting upon the
ground after their desparate effort, so reduced by hunger, fatigue and
long-continued exposure to the storm. I wished, in vain, that I might
relieve their distress; but Nature — more potent than man — came to
their aid : the following day broke clear as a bell, and the sun rose
warm and bright: and when I visited the pond at sunrise, the Swal-
lows were seen busily engaged in procuring food, and appearing as
happy as ever.

191

Giraud gives the following:1 "Early In the spring swallows are
sometimes so benumbed as to be almost in a lifeless state. This is
readily accounted for by the cold storms that set in after their arrival,
which also cut off their insect food — at such times they have been
found so much exhausted as to be unable to rise, and in some in-
stances have been observed lying dead about the fields." This ac-
count brings to mind a circumstance related to me by my father:
Many years ago, during a severely unseasonable storm in the spring,
numbers of Swallows perished in this region, either through cold or
starvation, and were found lying dead upon the barn floors in rows.

Dimensions. — Average measurements of eighteen specimens : length,
6-95; stretch, 12-85; wing, 4 67; tail, 3 30; bill from nostril, -24; gape,
•58; tarsus, -45; middle toe, -46; its claw, -21.

54. Tachycineta bicolor, ( Vieillot). White-bellied Swallow.
A summer resident; breeds; abundant during its migrations. Arrives
early in April (May 2, 1874; April 30, 1875; 21, 1876, 17, de Nottbeck,
atFishkill; 25, 1877 [shot at Fairfield, Connecticut, on the 7th]; 20,
1878; 22, 1879), remaining till autumn. It breeds in holes, in trees
standing in the water, at the borders of ponds and streams.

Dimensions. — Average measurements of fifteen specimens : length,
5-90; stretch, 12-66; wing, 4-70; tail, 2-35; bill from nostril, -22? tar-
sus, -45.

55. Petrochelidon lunifrons, (Say). Eaye Swallow; Cliff
Swallow. A common summer resident; breeds. Arrives in April
(May 22, 1874; April 30, 1875; May 2, 1876; 21, 1877; 9, 1878; April 16,
1879), and spends the summer, departing in September (10, 1876).

This bird of remarkable history breeds in large colonies. It com-
mences nidification early in June. It formerly nested in large commu-
nities upon the stone buildings of the West Point Military Academy.

Giraud gives the following account (''The Birds of Long Island,"
p. 38, 1844) of this species: '-The appearance of this Swallow in the
lower parts of the State of New York is quite recent. The first that
I have known to have been observed in this vicinity, was shot at Man-
hattanville, in 1842, by Mr. Lawrence. In the month of June of the
present year, a few specimens were seen in the suburbs of Brooklyn
by Mr. Brasher, and in the latter part of August I met it at Gravesend.
Previous to this year, I have no knowledge of its occurring on Long
Island; but I should not be surprised if even in a few years it were
found quite common. On Long Island I am not aware that the Cliff
Swallow has been known to breed; but Mr. Bell has informed me that
he found its nest near his residence in Rockland County, in the month
of May last — and according to his observations, it had not visited his
section previous to the present year."

1 Birds of Long Island, p. 36, 1844.

192

Dimensions. — Average measurements of eleven specimens: length,
6-01; stretch, 12-43; wing, 4-34; tail, 2-01; gape, -62; tarsus, -50;
middle toe, -53; its claw, -25.

56. Cotyle riparia, (Linne). Bank Swallow; Sand Martin.
A common summer resident; breeds. The Bank Swallow makes its
appearance here with less regularity than the other Swallows. I have
not observed it before May (22, 1874; 27, 1875 [at Niagara Falls] ; 21,
1877). It remains till about the first of September (August 27, 1877).
It is somewhat local in its habitat in summer. In the month of
August immense numbers are found, crowding the telegraph wires
along the railroad, where it crosses Constitution Island; it associates
with the other species of Swallows, which are then so abundant there
that I once brought down no less than three represented genera of
Swallows at a single discharge of my gun.

Dimensions. — Average measurements of nine specimens : length,
5-20; stretch, 10*85; wing, 3*95; tail, 2-00; bill from nostril, -18; gape,
•52; tarsus, -45; middle toe, -39; its claw, -21; outer toe, -26; its claw,
•14.

57. Stelgidopteryx serripennis, {Audubon). Rough-winged.
Swallow. A rare summer resident; breeds. As already noted, in
the "Bulletin of the Nuttall Ornithological Club," Vol. Ill, No. I, p.
46, January, 1878, I captured a female of this Carolinian species, sit-
ting upon its four fresh eggs, in May, 1874. The nest was built in a
bank, beside a pond ; during its construction the birds were often
seen to alight close together, on a board-fence, from which they de-
scended after the rough materials of which the nest was composed,—
hay and feathers. The eggs were pure white ; one of them measures
•80 X -53 of an inch.

I saw what I thought to be a bird of this species when in company
with Mr. C. H. Eagle, on July 4, 1878, near the Cadet camp at West
Point. On July 24, 1879, I saw several Rough-winged Swallows upon
the telegraph wires, near Constitution Island, and shot one fine speci-
men.

Dimensions. — Measurements of No. 1,967, $ , July 24, 1879, E. A.
M. : length, 5*62; stretch, 12-10; wing, 4-12; tail, 2-05; bill from nos-
tril, -17; gape, -55; tarsus, -43; middle toe, 39; its claw, -17; outer
toe, -25 ; its claw, -12.

58. Progne subis, (Linne). Purple Martin. A summer resi-
dent. It formerly bred abundantly in nearly all of the river towns
along the Hudson : but it is now much less numerous than it formerly
was, having been driven away by those detestable pests — the Euro-
pean Sparrows. I have rarely met with it during its migrations, and
have not been able to procure a single specimen. At Highland Falls,
I have only seen it on the following occasions : April 9, 1873, and May

193

26, 1874. I observed a large colony of them at Newburgh, and an-
other at Poughkeepsie, several years ago; but I am informed that
their numbers have decreased very much in both cities since the Spar-
rows became numerous.

Family, AMPELID^E.

59. Ampelis garrulus, Linne. Bohemian Waxwing. A rare
winter visitant. Dr. F. 3). Lente has a very handsome specimen in
his collection, which was shot near his residence at Cold Spring,
on the Hudson, several years ago, as I have previously recorded, in
the "Bulletin of the Nuttall Ornithological Club," Vol. Ill, No. 1, p«
46, January, 1878. 2 His son, Wm. K. Lente, informed me that he shot
at several Bohemian Waxwings that were in an evergreen tree, close
to their house. This occurred several years after the first specimen
was taken.

This nomadic species is of exceedingly rare occurrence as far south
as this latitude, in the Atlantic States. Audubon furnishes the earli-
est record of its occurence, which reads as follows : 3 "In the autumn
of 1832, whilst rambling near Boston, my sons saw a pair, which they
pursued more than an hour, but without success. The most southern
locality in which I have known it to be procured, is the neighborhood
of Philadelphia, where, as well as on Long Island, several were shot
in 18304 and 1832." Since that time there have been a few recorded
instances of its capture in Southern New England, including Massa-
chusetts and Connecticut. DeKay, in treating of this species, re-
marks:5 "The specimen from which our figure was taken, was shot
in the autumn of 1835, in the neighborhood of this city [Albany?]."

Dr. Charles C. Abbott, in his "Catalogue of Vertebrate Animals of
New Jersey," (p. 774), 6 gives the following notice : "A northern spe-
cies, that is occasionally shot as far south as New Jersey. The author
has seen two specimens, one shot in Cape May County, the other in
Morris County."

60. Ampelis cedrorum, (Vieillot). Cedar Bird; Carolina
Waxwing; Cherry Bird. A common, gregarious species; resident,
breeding abundantly. This strikingly handsome bird is numerous
with us throughout the year; but it is somewhat locally dispersed, and

2 Dr. Lente has supplied me with the following particulars: " The Bohemian
Chatterer referred to was found dead, in Genl. Morris's grounds [Cold Spring], by
Mr. Wm. Paulding. I cannot give the year. F. D. Lente."

Ornithological Biography, Vol. IV, p. 463, 1838.

4 Not 1831, as incorrectly stated by Dr. Coues, in Birds of the Colorado Valley,
Part First, p. 465, 1878.

5 Zoology of New York, Part II, Plate 26, fig. 57, 1844.

6 Published in Cook's Geology of New Jersey, 1868.

194

most particularly so in winter. Then I have noticed that large flocks
will occupy a very limited area of country, perhaps remaining there
for several weeks at a time ; and then all suddenly disappear from the
place, after which no more Waxwings may be seen for a long period,
at that particular spot. These erratic movements are doubtless due,
in some cases, to the exhaustion of its food supply; but in general
they must be attributed to a roving and eccentric disposition, such
as characterizes its distinguished cousin, the Bohemian Waxwing. As
has been observed in other wandering species, there is also an ele-
ment of uncertainty with regard to its season of reproduction. It
commonly begins to build its nest early in June (I found two nests,
each containing Ave eggs, on June 12 and 18, 1878), but I have a rec-
ord of taking its fresh eggs as late as September 11 (1871).

In winter, the Cedar-birds subsist in great measure upon berries,
and principally those of the red cedar (Juniperus virginiana). From
this circumstance, they have acquired their most familiar name of
Cedar-birds. In my neighborhood, they get most of their food among
the cedars and sumachs, down by the river; but there are some tall
maple-trees in front of my house, which seem to possess peculiarly
strong attractions for them, so that, as soon as their crops have been
comfortably filled, the whole flock flies up to these trees to spend the
interval between meals. They are extremely fond of drinking, and
bathing, often descending to the gutters upon the roof for the pur-
pose. During rainy days they do not seek any protection from the
wet, but sit quietly, most of the time, with top-knots flattened, look-
ing just a trifle depressed in spirits, as well as literally crest-fallen.
They rid their silky plumage of rain-drops by occasional, vigorous
shakes ; and sometimes a restless individual will fly out in a circle,
for exercise or diversion, returning again to the same twig which it
left. A flock that is thus quietly settled can be conveniently exam-
ined, and a careful inspection will show that, although the birds form
a somewhat compact group, there is a division, more or less distinct,
into separate couples — the birds sitting in twos. This distribution,
in pairs, is most apparent upon the border of the flock, where their
numbers are least. I have repeatedly selected a couple, and shot both
birds at once : they invariably proved to be of opposite sexes. As
this occurred iu winter, I infer, either that the species is in the habit
of mating at a very early season, or, else, that their connubial attach-
ment is of long duration. I append the following note from my jour-
nal: "March 24, 1879. A flock of Cedar-birds remained in the trees
about the house all of to-day. I observed that they separated into
pairs; and they are probably mated already. Two would separate
themselves from the mass of their brethren, and edge towards each
other, making alternate advances, and, at last, applying their bills
together, doubtless as a means of caressing."

195

We are especially indebted to the Cedar birds for the part that they
have taken in destroying the insect-pest, which for several years past
has carried such wide-spread havoc among the elm-trees of this
region.7 During the summer months every tree of this genus ( Ulmus)
bears the evidence of ravages committed by this noxious insect,
whose devastating action is evidenced by the blighted foliage. Early
in the season, in some cases, the trees are completely denuded of their
leaves, which reappear again, late in autumn, just before the frosts
come to destroy them a second time. Energetic measures have been
adopted for the preservation of those trees which are desired for
shade, or ornamental purposes ; and various devices have been resorted
to, to destroy this troublesome insect. None of these efforts have,
however, been crowned with a large measure of success. The Cedar-
birds have accomplished far more towards its extirpation than have
all other causes combined. Frequenting the elms where this insect
abounds the Waxwings devour immense numbers, not only of the
winged insect, but also of the larvae. They capture the adult insects
upon the wing, in the manner of the Flycatchers, and eagerly search
the trunk and branches for their crawling larvae, which are swallowed
with the greatest avidity.

In the Nuttall Bulletin (Vol. Ill, No. 2, pp. 70 and 71, April, 1878),
I have described certain minor variations in color, and in the orna-
mentation of the wings and tail, in high conditions of this species.
They have attracted the attention of various writers (especially Baird,
Coues and Brewster), who have described the usual differences.
These consist, in the presence or absence of yellow or white spots
upon the extremity of the remiges, and in the distribution of the red
wax-like appendages which adorn the tips of the quills. The yellow
or white spots on the remiges, when present, are confined to the pri-
mary quills. They are only present in a few cases, and are usually of
small size, though occasionally as distinct as are those of the rec-
trices. They may be entirely white, entirely yellow, or a mixture of
both colors. In the latter case, there is either a proximal band of
white, succeeded by a yellow one that blends with the first; or they
may be as described by Mr. Brewster,8 "tipped broadly with white,
and in the centre of each white spot a smaller one of yellow." I have
recently seen several examples having distinct yellow tips to a few
primary quills. The red horny appendages, which are usually con-
fined to the tips of the secondary remiges, have also been found upon

7An entomological friend, to whom I sent some of the animals in question, in-
forms me that it is Diabrotica (Galleruca) calmariensis; but, here, we call them
"elm-flies."

8 Bulletin of the Nuttall Ornithological Club, Vol. Ill, No. 2, p. 64, April, 1878.

196

several primaries, each of the rectrices, and, in one specimen, upon
the longest feather of the lower tail-coverts. Mr. George N. Law-
rence also states :9 "I have noticed some peculiarities in color of the
wax-like appendages on the wings; in a specimen, presented by Mr.
Chas. Galbraith, they are of a light pink, the plumage is as usual
except that the ends of the tail-feathers are very pale ; another in Mr.
Bell's possession had these appendages yellow." These are the vari-
ations from the type. In young birds, the yellow band at the extrem-
ity of the tail is reduced to a mere trace. In certain stages, only the
distal border is yellow, the rest of the band being white. One speci-
men (No. 1,843, £ ad., April 2, 1879, Highland Falls, N. Y., E. A. M.)
has the tail very slightly bordered with red, at the extremity, beyond
the yellow band.

Dimensions. — Average measurements of sixty-three specimens:
length, 7-19; stretch, 11-77; wing, 3-70; tail, 2-37; culmen, -41; bill
from nostril, -26; gape, *71 ; tarsus, -66; middle toe, -59; its claw, -25.

Family, VIREOWID^S.

61. Vireo olivaceus, {Linne). Red-eyed Vireo. An abundant
summer resident; breeds. Arrives from the South in May (18, 1873;
12, 1874; 20, 1875; 16, 1876; 16, 1877; 4, 1878; 10, 1879), staying until
October (8, 1874; 4, 1876).

Four species of this genus pass the summer in the Highlands, and
breed. All of them build pendulous nests, attached by the brim to
the fork of a bush or tree; but none are so abundant, or so universally
recognized and admired, as are the Red-eyed Vireos. Soon after their
arrival from the South, they commence nesting. I have noted in my
journal the discovery of freshly-completed nests, on May 22, 1877; 24,
1878: also of complete suites of eggs, taken June 2, 1876; May 29,
1877; 28, 1878. Their nests are very neat structures, composed of
various pliable materials compactly woven together, and lined inside
with fibres of inner bark. Pieces of paper are frequently pasted all
over the outer surface, making a very enduring wall. Vireos' nests
are favorite receptacles for the parasitical eggs of the Cowbird (Molo-
thrus ater). Their loud song and confiding manners make the Red-
eyes very agreeable inhabitants of our groves and orchards, and serve
to reveal their presence to persons not initiated into the mysteries of
ornithological science.

Dimensions. — Average measurements of eighteen specimens : length,
6-23; stretch, 10-17; wing, 3-20; tail, 2-20; culmen, -52; gape, -75;
tarsus, -70; middle toe, -40; its claw, -20.

62. Vireo gilvus, (Vieillot). Wahbling Vireo. A summer resi-

8 Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist., Vol. VIII, p. 285, April, 1866.

197

dent; breeds; very much less numerous than the preceding species.
Arrives early in May (20, 1875; 7, 187G ; 9, 1877; 9, 1878; 8, 1879),
and remains till autumn.

Dimensions. — Average measurements of six specimens : length, 580;
stretch, 9-07; wing, 2-85; tail, 2-14; oilmen, -46; bill from nostril,
*30; gape, -68; tarsus, -72.

63. Vireo philadelphicus, (Cassin). Bkotherly-love Vireo;
Philadelphia Greenlet. In the "Bulletin of the Nuttall Ornitho-
logical Club," Vol. Ill, No. 1, p. 46, January, 1878, I recorded the cap-
ture of the first Brotherly-love Greenlet in this State as follows: **I
have a single male specimen of this scarce species in my collection,
taken near here. It was shot by my friend, Mr. William K. Lente, at
Cold Spring, as it hopped about in a tree-top, September 24, 1875.
This example exhibits the intensity of yellow color on the under parts
which characterizes the autumnal plumage." Mr. Frank R. Rathbun,
in his "Revised List of Birds of Central New York," p. 16, April 17th,
1879, states that it is "found regularly in the Spring migrations." The
species was not mentioned in the original "Rathbun-Fowler List,"
published in the "Auburn Daily Advertiser" of August 14, 1877.
From information lately received, I am able to predict that additional
captures, in other parts of New York, will be recorded ere long.

Dimensions. — Measurements of my specimen : [length, 4-75 ; stretch,
7-62. W. K. Lente] wing, 252; tail, 1-93; culmen, -39; bill from nos-
tril, -28; gape, -57; tarsus, *65.

64. Vireo flavifrons, Vieillot. Yellow-throated Vireo ; Yel-
low-throated Greenlet. A summer resident; breeds. Most nu-
merous during the spring and fall migrations. Arrives early in May
(15, 1874; 16, 1875; 8, 1876; 12, 1877; April 27, 1878, W. C. Osborn),
remaining till about the first of October (September 19, 1874).

The Yellow-throated Vireo is a noisy, chattering species, capable of
producing a very fair musical entertainment when so disposed. Its
nest, very similar to that of olivaceus, is built the last of May, or early
in June. I caught a male bird, sitting upon two fresh eggs, as early
as May 25 (1874). In the spring, when this pretty species is abundant,
it passes through in straggling bands of some size.

Dimensions. — Average measurements of twelve specimens: length,
5-95; stretch, 9-78; wing, 3 05; tail, 2-10; bill from nostril, -36; gape,
•72; tarsus, -76; middle toe, -47; its claw, -20.

65. Vireo solitarius, (Wilson). Solitary Vireo ; Blue-headed
Vireo. A common spring and fall migrant. Arrives about the first
of May (9, 1876; April 23, 1877; May 13, 1878; 8, 1879), and passes
through before June (seen May 24, 1876; 18, 1877). In autumn, it
passes through during September and the first part of October. It is
frequently seen associated in good-sized flocks. I have seen a spleu-

198

did exhibition of courage on the part of this plucky little bird, when
disabled by a wound. It flew at me, when I attempted to catch it, and
used both beak and claws with all its might.

Dimensions. — Average measurements of fourteen specimens : length,
5-G1 ; stretch, 9 42; wing, 2-90; tail, 2-15; culmen, -41 ; bill from nos-
tril, -28; gape, -G4; tarsus, -73; middle toe, -44; its claw, -21.

66. Vireo noveboracensis, (Gmelin). White-eyed Vikeo;
"Politician." An abundant summer resident; breeds. Arrives early
in May (14, 1875; 17, 187G; 21, 1877; 4, 1878; 12, 1879), and remains
till autumn.

This handsome species is an inhabitant of swampy thickets. For a
very pleasant and amusing account of its habits, 1 would refer the
reader to John Burroughs' chapter on "The Return of the Birds,''10
which he wrote when residing in the Highlands. The name of "Poli-
tician," given above, was first used by Wilson, who says : u Outwardly
its nest "is constructed of various light materials, bits of rotten
wood, fibres of dry stalks of weeds, pieces of paper, commonly news-
papers, an article almost always found about its nest, so that some of
my friends have given it the name of the Politician." I have observed
the habit of using newspapers for the construction of nests, in the
Red-eyed Vireo; but, in this region, the White-eyed Vireo usually
repairs to remote swamps to breed, where newspaper literature is
rarely encouutered. It displays a high degree of architectural skill,
however, in all cases. I have found a nest, in which the eggs were
already being incubated, as early as May 28 (1877). The male sings a
sweet, and curious song, while his mate is sitting upon her eggs ; and
he displays great uneasiness whenever the nest is approached. The
female, like the rest of the Vireos, is a very close sitter, and I have
taken her oft* the nest, before she could be induced to leave it. On
such occasions she is very pugnacious; and, on being released, instead
of making good her escape, she comes back and scolds one most vig-
orously, in a tone resembling that of an irate Catbird. I have visited
its nest in the evening, and found the mother sleeping soundly, breath-
ing hard, and with her head tucked under the feathers. The nest is
fastened to a forked branch, within a few feet of the ground; com-
monly a laurel (Kalmia) is selected.

Dimensions. — Average measurements of five specimens : length, 5-27 ;
stretch, 7-85; wing, 2-37; tail, 1-95; culmen, -42; bill from nostril,
•29; gape, 65; tarsus, 70; middle toe, -62; its claw, -18.

Family, LANIIDJE.

67. Lanius borealis, Vieillot. Gheat Northern Shrike; Butch-
er-bird. A winter visitant; occasionally somewhat numerous. It

10Wake-Robin, Chapter I, 1871.

11 American Ornithology, Vol. II, p. 10(5, 1810.

199

appears from the North about the first of November (10, 1874; 9, 1878
[W. C. Osborn]), and retires about the first of April (March 31, 1873,
28, 1877). I have witnessed many deeds of flaring on the part of this
remarkably handsome, though bloodthirsty bird; but its temerity and
rapacious exploits have been so often described, that I will only men-
tion one occurrence — the last noted in my journal: "When walking
upon the Railroad, near Garrisons, I started a Snowbird (Junco hyema-
lis) from the track, a few paces in advance. A Shrike instantly clashed
down from the ledge above in hot pursuit. The Snowbird made every
effort to escape, doubling and twisting, and crying most piteously as
it endeavored to elude its adversary by dashing into a clump of hem-
locks that seemed to offer protection ; but the Butcher-bird followed
closely all of its windings, till at last the terrified creature flew on top
of the ledge, followed closely by its enemy. I did not witness the
result, but have no doubt that it ended in a tragedy." Such incidents
are familiar to all who have made the Shrike's acquaintance ; and, very
likely, it was on just such an occasion that the reader was first intro-
duced to this fierce little butcher, who is so devoid of fear of man,
when in quest of game.

Dimensions. — Average measurements of three females : length, 10*07 ;
stretch, 14-05; wing, 4*41; tail, 3*43; culmen, -71; bill from nostril,
•55; gape, 1-10: tarsus, 1*03; middle toe, -61; its claw, -28.

Family, FRINGILLID^.

68. Pinicola exmcleator, var. canadensis, (Brisson). Pine
Grosbeak. An irregular winter visitant; sometimes abundant.

This beautiful species wanders southward at irregular intervals,
and only visits us during the coldest winter weather. It usually ap-
pears in large flocks, which are composed principally of females and
young birds. The red males are seldom seen. I first saw the Pine
Grosbeak on November 22, 1874, when a large flock alighted upon a
Norway spruce {Abies excelsa) before my house, and commenced to
feed upon the seeds of the cones. All were adult males, and presented
a very beautiful appearance. The species was not again met with
until the first of December, when large numbers were present. It
continued to be plentiful until the following March ; and some stayed
as late as March 25. The males in red plumage were not more than
two per cent, of any of the numerous flocks that I examined during
the winter, with the single exception of the one first seen, which, sin-
gularly enough, was composed entirely of old males.

During the winter of 1875-76, Pine Grosbeaks were seen twice. I
saw two flying over Iona Island, on December 11, 1875 ; and, on Janu-
ary 12, 1876, I shot three specimens from a small flock found feeding
upon sumach berries and seeds of hemlock spruce (Abies canadensis),
near Fort Montgomery.

200

I next came across them on the morning of November 29, 1878.
A flock was found in an orchard feeding upon seeds of apples, both
on the trees and upon the ground. My gardener, near whose house
they were, informed me that they had spent several days there, pre-
vious to my arrival at home. I first heard their call-note, and, on
looking about, saw them gleaning upon the ground close at hand.
When shot at, they uttered a mournful cry, and, sometimes, while
feeding, a high note resembling that of the Purple Finch (Carpodacus
pupureus). This flock stayed in the orchard until I left home, on
December 2. They were very quiet, gentle in their manners, and so
unobtrusive, that they might easily have been passed by without no-
tice. When rudely frightened, they would fly to the nearest tree, and
there sit motionless for a short time ; then they dropped silently to
the ground, and resumed their avocations in silence. These birds
seemed contented, and not in the least restless. I encountered several
other flocks during my brief stay ; and nothing was more remarkable
than the amount of silence they preserved, considering the large pre-
ponderance of females present. Some were so tame that they could
have been readily captured by means of a noose or hand-net. No
adult males were seen, though I secured an immature specimen that
was about one-half red ; another example was in the dullest plumage,
so that, before skinning, I supposed it to be a female, but a careful
dissection showed that it was masculine. Some were moulting their
tail-feathers. Several specimens taken had a few of the outer rec-
trices only an inch or two long; these were always the outer ones,
and only on one side.

I saw a Pine Grosbeak in the Central Park, New York City, on
December 20, 1878.

Dr. Clinton L. Bagg saw five Grosbeaks, among them a fine red
male, near West Point, N. Y., on December 29, 1878; they were pick-
ing at some decayed apples by the wayside. We saw several females,
near the same place, on the following day.

The Pine Grosbeak's song is one of the finest, but I have only been
privileged to listen to it on a single occasion — in March, 1875. The
weather at the time was intensely cold. The preceding winter had
been one of unusual severity ; and the ice was still many inches thick
upon the Hudson. The Purple Finches, though present, seldom felt
inclined to sing; and the few hardy Song Sparrows that had braved
the winter were ensconced in cosy nooks among the flags, behind
some sheltering ledge of rock, where, only on the warmest days, they
made abortive attempts at a song. These were the only performers
except an occasional Ked Crossbill ; and bird music was rare indeed.
It was one frosty morning, as I was following the course of a stream
that flowed at the bottom of a deep ravine, that I heard, most unex-
pectedly, a new song. It proceeded from far up the glen. The notes

201

were loud, rich and sweet. I listened to them with a thrill of delight
and wonder, and then pressed lorward to identify the new vocalist.
Soon I discovered perched upon the top of a tall hemlock, a beautiful
red Pine Grosbeak — the author of one of the most delicious songs
that I have ever heard. Its carmine or rose-colored plumage, and its
mellow notes, were a feast alike to the eye and ear; and, though I may
never hear the Pine Grosbeak sing again, I shall ever cherish towards
it feelings of admiration and gratitude for the revelation of beauty
and melody which I so keenly appreciated on that occasion. We can-
not but wish that this Grosbeak was a more frequent sojourner with
us; for its bright hues would add life and color to our sombre winter
scenery, and its fine song would afford us much enjoyment.

Except the Red Crossbill (Loxia curvirostra, var. americana), there
are no birds so gentle as the present species. They appear to be
utterly devoid of fear of man. If their ranks are thinned by the gun-
ner, the survivors will rarely be driven away, but come close up to
the hunter and hop from branch to branch in his vicinity, scrutinizing
him closely and uttering a reproachful note like that of the Fox
Sparrow (Passerrella iliaca) ; they often fly clown to inspect the dead
bodies of their comrades lying upon the ground. Their flight is
floating and graceful. They eat seeds of coniferous trees, and of
various weeds that grow in pastures or by the wayside. They search
in orchards for decayed apples, and eagerly extract the seeds ; but
the seeds of maple, and berries of red cedar, are their staple articles
of food. They also eat other kinds of berries and buds. Wherever
there is a supply of good water they congregate ; for they are extrava-
gantly fond of bathing;

Wilson had a Grosbeak that was procured in the Highlands, upon
which he made the following interesting observations:12 "I have
kept one of these Pine Grosbeaks, a male, for more than half a year.
In the month of August those parts of the plumage which were red
became of a greenish yellow, and continue so still. In May and June
its song, though not so loud as some birds of its size, was extremely
clear, mellow and sweet. It would warble out this for a whole morn-
ing together, and acquired several of the notes of a Red-bird (L.
cardinalis), that hung near it. It is exceedingly tame and familiar,
and when it wants food or water utters a continual melancholy and
anxious note. It was caught in winter near the North river, thirty or
forty miles above New York."

Since Wilson's time, the Pine Grosbeak has been found in the
Hudson Valley by various writers — among them Giraud, DeKay and
Lawrence. The former author wrote:13 "In the autumn of 1827,

12 American Ornithology, Vol. I, p. 82, 1808.
^ Birds of Long Island, p. 129, 1844.

202

large flocks of Pine Grosbeaks visited Long Island, Hoboken, and va-
rious places in the lower parts of New Jersey and New York. Since
that period until the present year, I have not seen or heard of its
occurring on Long Island. In the interval, a few have been observed
in Rockland County, in which section, as with us, it was quite common
during the month of January of the present year [1844] .... Al-
though large numbers were during the winter observed iu the vicinity
of New York, very few adults were procured."

Dimensions. — Average measurements of sixt}r-two specimens: —
length, 9-08; stretch, 13-90; wing, 4-3G ; tail, 367; culmen, -54; bill
from nostril, -43; gape, -60; tarsus, -88; middle toe, -63; its claw, -35.

69. Carpodacus purpureus, (Gmeliii). Purple Finch. A per-
manent resident; breeds. Though not very numerous in summer, a
few commonly nest near my house, building in the tops ofNpJl cedars
or Norway spruces. Mr. William K. Lente found its nest at Cold
Spring, in 1874. Mr. R. F. Pearsall found a nest at Bayside, Long
Island, on June 15, 1878 ; he thinks that it is "the most southern point
at which the species has been found breeding."14

These handsome birds are generally abundant in winter. Their
song, which is loud and sweet, is indulged in by both sexes through-
out the autumn and winter, as well as during the love season. Fe-
males are heard to sing, in winter, as commonly as the males. Adult
males, in winter, are sometimes very scarce, though the opposite sex
is well represented; this is frequently as marked as was the case with
the Pine Grosbeak and Lesser Redpoll, in the early part of the winter
of 1874-75. They are gregarious, often assembling in very large
flocks. On some occasions they are quite wild, and, on being ap-
proached, all rise at once on wing with a loud, rushing noise, accom-
panied by certain peculiar wild notes, which produces quite a startling
effect. They feed upon seeds of the iron-wood (Ostrya vii'ginica), and
red cedar berries. When feeding in flocks, the rustle of their wings
is constant, and their united chirping produces a singular effect.
Their whirring flight and chattering notes remind one of the flight
of flocks of House Sparrows. I have found immense flocks in March,
eating the seeds of hemlock spruce (Aides canadensis).

The great bulk of this species passes north during the spring mi-
gration. As usual in general migrations, the males precede their
partners by several days. At that season they often frequent ploughed
fields, in company with the Rose-breasted Grosbeaks and Indigo
Birds, where they do some damage by picking up the newly-sown
grain. Like the Blue Jay and some other birds, they appear to be
unusually lively during a rain-storm ; and, in winter, at the commence-
ment of a snow-storm, they sometimes hie to the loftiest tree-top,

14 See Bulletin of the Nnttall Ornithological Club, Vol. IV, p. 122, April, 1879.

203

and begin to sing, as if from pleasure or excitement. They destroy
young buds, and, together with the Rose- breasted Grosbeak, eat large
quantities of the stamens and petals of cherry and apple blossoms.
In April, blossoms of the maple are eaten. Females in high condition,
like those of the Pine Grosbeak, sometimes have a distinct red suffu-
sion over the plumage.

In his " Revised List of Birds of Central New York," Mr. Rathbun
gives, concerning this species, the following: "An abundant summer
resident. Arrives in March —March 9, 1878. Common the second
week in April. Breeds. Departs in October." I think that it will in
time be found there, at least occasionally, in winter; for I saw a few
at Locust Grove, in Lewis County, N. Y., during the last of December
and first of January, 1877-78.

Dimensions. — Average measurements of thirty-eight specimens:
length, 6-22; stretch, 10-16; wing, 3-24; tail, 221); culmen, -46; gape,
•58; tarsus, -68; middle toe, -53; its claw, -19.

70. Loxia leucoptera, Gmelin. White-winged Crossbill. An
occasional visitor from the North.

Early in the winter of 1874-75, these birds appeared sparingly near
Cold Spring, where Mr. William K Lente saw them first, in the early
part of December, soon after the Pine Grosbeaks became numerous.
Mr. Frederic S. Osborn found them quite common during the winter,
at Garrisons; the earliest record of its occurrence noted in his journal
being December 28, 1874. I did not meet with any before January 14,
1875, when I found an immense flock near Fort Montgomery, in a
dark grove of hemlocks. They were in company, but not mixing,
with flocks of Red Crossbills (Loxia curvirostra, var. americana).
As they flew from tree to tree, they uttered a loud, rattling cry; and
they were far shyer than the Common Crossbill. After this the spe-
cies was frequently seen in different-sized flocks, and remained until
March 10, when they were in full song. Their flight is strong and
swift; and they are so active and noisy, that a flock of a dozen
makes a tree appear as if filled with them. In spite of an apparently
malformed bill, their song is one of remarkable beauty.

Wilson found a few White-winged Crossbills in the great pine for-
ests of Pennsylvania; and Bonaparte, in his "American Ornithology"
(Vol. II, p. 276, 1828), furnishes the following: "During four years
it had escaped my careful attention, and now writing (in the first
week of November, 1827) they are so abundant, that I am able to
shoot every day great numbers out of flocks that are continually
alighting in a copse of Jersey scrub-pine (Pinus inops), even opposite
my window." Giraud observes:15 "In this locality [Long Island]

"Birds of Long Island, p. 131, 1841.

204

this species is not as frequently observed as the preceding [L. curvi-
rostra, var. americana], in the general habits of which it resembles.
Like the former, it prefers the northern part of the continent, and
only resorts to our milder climate when driven by severe weather."

Dimensions. — Average measurements of ten specimens: length,
6-05; stretch, 10-18; wing, 3-27; tail, 2-41; culmen, -02; tarsus, 61.

71. Loxia curvirostra, var. americana, ( Wilson). American
Red Crossbill. An occasional visitor, usually in winter; sometimes
abundant.

Red Crossbills were extremely common during the winter of 1874-5.
They were first seen in December, by my friend, the late Frederic S.
Osborn. I found three birds feeding on the seeds of pitch pines' cones
(Pinus rigida) on January 11. After that they were seen commonly,
and continued to be abundant until the 10th of April, at which time
they were singing very sweetly. The Red Crossbills are surprisingly
gentle, not in the least objecting to being approached to within a few
feet. I used frequently to visit a certain dense grove of hemlocks
(Abies canadensis), that was constantly inhabited by large flocks of
Crossbills of both species, for the purpose of watching their singular
habits. The White-wings were somewhat shy and suspicious, and
extremely restless, constantly flying from the top of one tree to that
of another, and keeping up an incessant rattling cry ; but the Red
Crossbills were found in larger numbers frequenting the lower droop-
ing branches, to which they clung in every variety of posture, glean-
ing bu>ily the while, seldom roving about, and inclined to be noisy
and chattering, though their notes are very unlike those of the other
species, and more nearly resemble those of the European Sparrow.
Their dexterity in extracting the seeds from cones is quite remarkable,
and the shower of refuse materials sent down from a tree-top, is, of
itself, sufficient to apprise one of their presence.

The nest of this Crossbill was found at Riverdale, N. Y., by Mr.
Bicknell, and contained three eggs on April 30, 1875. 16 Riverdale is
on the Hudson River, sixteen miles north of New York Bay. For a
very interesting account of the Red Crossbill at Riverdale, see Mr.
Eugene P. Bicknell's article, in the "Nuttall Club Bulletin" for Janu-
ary, 1880, pp. 7 to 11.

I saw a large flock of Crossbills at Fort Miller. Washington County,
N. Y., on February 27, 1877,

Dimensions. — Average measurements of eighteen specimens : length,
6-19; stretch, 10-72; wing, 3-40; tail, 2-13; culmen, -66; tarsus, -62.

10 American Naturalist, Vol. X, No. 4, p. 237, April, 1876.
[To be continued.]

BULLETIN

ESSEX INSTITUTE,

VOLUME XII.

1880.

SALEM, MASS.

PRINTED AT THE SALEM PUESS

1881.

CONTENTS.

Page.

Regular Meeting, Monday, January 19, 1880, .... 1

D. B. Hagar, lecture on Spelling Reform, notice of, 1. Remarks by
Prof. E. S. Morse, 3. Explanation of Wilson's Ozone Generator and
Diffuser, by James Kimball, 3.

Regular Meeting, Monday, February 16, 1880, .... 3

Regular Meeting, Monday, March 1, 1880, 4

F. W. Putnam, lecture on the former Indians of Southern California,
as bearing on the origin of the Red Man in America, notice of, i.

Meeting, Friday, March 11, 1880, 6

Rev. Robert Collyer, lecture on an Episode in the life of Edward Fair-
fax, notice of, (J.

Regular Meeting, Monday, March 15, 1880, .... 9

Thomas H. Walker, lecture on the Philosophy and Theory of Punish-
ment, notice of, 9.

A List of the Birds of the Hudson Highlands, with annotations;
by Edgar A. Mearns (continued), .11

Regular Meeting, Monday, April 5, 1880, 26

Remarks of Prof. Edward S. Morse on the persistence of Korean Art
in Japanese pottery, 26.

Regular Meeting, Monday, April 19, 1880, 26

Nathan Crosby, lecture on Essex County and Essex County Men, no-
tice of, 27.

Regular Meeting, Monday, May 3, 1880, 27

Annual Meeting, Monday, May 17, 1880, . .... 28

Election of Officers, 28; Remarks by F. W.Putnam, 29; Retrospect of
the Year, 30; Members, 30; Field Meetings, 32; Excursions, 33; Lec-
tures, 33; Meetings, 35; Concerts, 35; Library, 3(>; Horticultural
Exhibition, 47; Art Exhibitions, 48; Museum, 52; Publications, 53;
Manuscripts, 53; Financial, 53.

Meeting, Monday, May 24, 1880, 56

An Informal Talk on Sundry Architectural and Art Topics, by
Edward A. Silsbee, 56

Notice of the late Rev. Jones Very, 74

(in)

IV

CONTENTS.

Regular Meeting, Monday, June 21, 1880, 76-

KemarkS on the death of Mr. Caleb Cooke, by the President, 7f>, Rev.
E. B. VVillson, Mr. John Robinson, 78, Dr. Geo. A. Perkins, 79, Mr.
T. P. Hunt, £0; Resolutions, 80.

Notes on the Flora of Essex County, Mass., with Sketches of the
early Botanists, and a list of the Publications on these sub-
jects, by John Robinson, .1 81

Field Meeting at the Willows, Salem Neck, Tuesday, June 22,
1880, 98

Arrival of John Winthrop, two hundred and fiftieth anniversary of, 98.

A List of the Birds of the Hudson Highlands, with annotations;
by Edgar A. Mearns (continued), 109

Regular Meeting, July 5, 1880, ....... 129

Regular Meeting, July 19, 1880, 129

Field Meeting at Bradford, Friday, July 30, 1880, . . .130
Bradford Acadpniy, 130; Hannah Huston Monument in Haverhill, 132;
Haverhill Public Library, 183 ; Afternoon Session. 134; Remarks of
Dr. George Cogswell, 135, Rev. Mr. Kingsbury, Prof. E. S. Morse, J.
I). Tewksbury, Prof. Hall, Mr. Fish, John W. Perkins, Mr. Emery,
John Robinson, 13(5.

Field Meeting at Lowell Island, Thursday, Aug. 12, 1880, . . 137
Sketch of Lowell Island, 137; Afternoon Session, 165; Remarks by the
President, 1(35, Rev. Sereno D. Gamniell. 1(56, Mr. H. Saze, 107, Dr.
George A. Perkins. 108. Prof. E. S. Morse, 169, Rev. Joseph Banvard,
170, Mr. N. A. Horton, 170.

The gradual dispersion of certain Mollusks in New England, by
Edward S. Morse, 171

Excursion to New Castle, N. H., Friday and Saturday, Sep-
tember 10 and 11, 1880, 177

Evening Session, 177; Remai-ks by the President, 177; Account of the
Pueblo Indians of New Mexico and Arizona, by F. W. Putnam, 178;
the Homestead of Gov. Penning Wentworth, 184.

BULLETIN

OF THE

ESSIES IITSTITTJTE.

Vol. 12. Salem, January- June, 1880. Nos. 1-6.

Regular Meeting, Monday, Jan'y 19, 1880.

Meeting this evening. President in the chair. Rec-
ords read. Donations and correspondence announced.

Mrs. Margaret Braden and Arthur West, both of Salem,
were elected resident members.

Vice President, D. B. Hagar, read a paper on "Spell-
ing Reform" He commenced by saying that it was too
late for sensible men to laugh at the spelling reform. He
named a large number of eminent scholars in England
and in America who are its advocates, and designated
prominent educational bodies who have officially favored
its consideration. He alluded to several well known lead-
ing newspapers as having adopted some of the proposed
new spepng, mentioning the Chicago Tribune, the Utica
Herald, ||e jV. Y. Independent, the Journal of Education
and the Home Journal, and stated what had been done by
educational associations in behalf of the reform. The
following propositions were then advocated :

(1) That spoken language necessarily precedes written

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN. XII 1 (1)

2

language. (2) That the grand purpose of written lan-
guage is to represent to the eye the spoken language, as
heard by the ear. (3) That the written language should
be so constructed that the transition from the spoken to the
written, and, conversely, from the written to the spoken,
should be simple, uniform, and truthful. (4) That, to
this end, a phonetic system is the most direct, easy, and
rational. (5) That in devising a written language for a
people hitherto without one, no sensible scholar would, at
the present day, think of framing it on any principle
other than the phonetic. (6) That the present orthog-
raphy of the English language is so lawless, so perplex-
ing, so confounding to all rational expectation, that the
learner is compelled, from first to last, to guess at the
pronunciation of every new word he sees ; that he cannot
be certain of correctness until assured by his teachers,
and possibly not even then.

Under this last point, numerous illustrations of irregu-
larity and inconsistence in English spelling were given.
It was shown that the present orthography of the English
language employs sixty-two signs, which have at least
one hundred and fifty-nine uses ; whereas a pure pho-
netic system would, therefore, save avast amount of time
in learning to read and spell.

Mr. Hagar then proceeded to answer the objections
usually urged against a reform of English orthography,
endeavoring to show that they were of little importance.

The paper closed by answering the question, What can
be done toward accomplishing the desired reform ? Some-
thing could be done in the following ways : (1) By the
general discussion of the subject among teachers and
other friends of education. (2) By establishing spelling-
reform associations throughout the countiy. (3) By
concert of action among State and County educational

associations. (4) By procuring the appointment of Na-
tional and State Commissions to consider and report on
the subject. (5) By personally adopting in our corre-
spondence the spellings recommended by the American
Philological Association. (6) By freely using the pub-
lic press toward setting before the public the objects and
merits of the proposed reform. (7) By teaching the
children in the public schools to read from a phonetic text.
(8) By cherishing the pluck and aggressiveness of ear-
nest reformers.

Prof. E. S. Morse spoke of the Japanese language,
showing that students there had to surmount even greater
obstacles than obtain in the present English system.

Mr. James Kimball exhibited and explained Wilson's
Ozone Generator and Diffuser. This apparatus is intended
to be used in destroying the impurities in the air of close
and poorly ventilated rooms, also the noxious emanations
produced by the decomposition of animal and vegetable
substances. It is a machine holding six small cups partly
filled with water, a stick of prepared phosphorus being
placed in each cup. Upon the ignition of the phosphorus
a cover of porous porcelain is placed over the cups and
the apparatus is prepared to do its work.

Eegular Meeting, Monday, February 16, 1880.

President in the chair. Eecords read. Donations
and correspondence announced.

At an adjournment on Tuesday, Feb. 17, Charles Top-
pau, of Salem, was elected a member.

The Secretary read a communication from the American
Academy of Arts and Sciences, inviting the Essex Insti-
tute to select one or more delegates to attend the celebra-
tion of its 100th anniversary to be held in Boston on the
26th of May, 1880.

On motion of Mr. F. W. Putnam, the selection of
delegates was referred to a committee, consisting of the
President and Secretary.

A similar invitation was read from the Minnesota His-
torical Society, which will celebrate the 200th anniversary
of the discovery of the Falls of St. Anthony, on the 3rd
day of July, 1880, to send a representative on that occa-
sion. The subject was referred to the same committee
with power to act.

Regular Meeting, Monday, March 1, 1880.

Meeting this evening. The President in the chair.
Records read. Donations and correspondence announced.

Vice President F. W. Putnam made a communication
of peculiar interest, but of which only a brief abstract of
some portions is here given. His subject was "The former
Indians of Southern California, as bearing on the origin
of the Red Man in America."

After giving an account of the discovery of the Penin-
sula of California, in 1534, by an expedition fitted out by
Cortes, he gave an historical resume of the military ex-
peditions to Upper California, the establishment of the
missions by the Jesuits and Franciscans, and of their de-
grading influence on the Indians.

He then called attention to the facts relating to the
antiquity of man on the Pacific coast, and to the importance

of the discovery in California of human remains and of the
works of man under beds of volcanic material, where they
were associated with the remains of extinct post-pliocene
animals, and to the necessity of looking to this early race
for much that it seems otherwise impossible to account.
He thought that what is called the " Eskimo element," in
the physical characters and arts of the southern Cali-
fornians, was very likely due to the impress from a primi-
tive American stock, which is probably to be found now
in its purest continuation in the Innuit. In this connec-
tion he dwelt upon the probability of more than one type
of man. In following out this argument, he called atten-
tion to the distinctive characters in different tribes of In-
dians on the Pacific coast, and stated his belief that they
had resulted from an admixture of the descendants of dif-
ferent stocks. The Californians of three hundred years ago,
he thought, were the result of development by contact of
tribe with tribe through an immense period of time, and
that the primitive race of America, which was as likely
autochthonous and of pliocene age, as of Asiatic origin,
had stamped its impress on the people of California. The
early races of America he believed were dolichocepali,
and the short-headed people he thought were made up of
a succession of intrusive tribes in a higher stage of devel-
opment, which in time overran the greater part of both
North and South America, .conquering and absorbing the
long-headed people, or driving them to the least desirable
parts of the continent. He thought that the evidence was
conclusive that California had been the meeting ground
of many distinct tribes of the widely spread Mongoloid
stock ; for in no other way could he account for the re-
markable commingling of customs, arts and languages,
and the formation of the large number of petty tribes

that existed in both Upper and Lower California when
first known to the Spaniards.

The speaker then gave a review of the arts of the Cali-
fornians and the physical characters and customs of the
people, showing that, notwithstanding the absence of
pottery, the tribes, when first known, had passed through
the several stages of savagery and had reached the lower
status of barbarism, as defined by Mr. L. H. Morgan in
his "Ethnical periods."

Mr. Putnam concluded by calling attention to the re-
cent explorations of the coast of southern California and
the adjacent islands, by the expedition under Lieut.
Geo. M. Wheeler of the U. S. Engineers, in charge of
the Survey West of the 100th Meridian, and the extended
explorations of the Santa Barbara Islands which had been
conducted by the Peabody Museum of Archaeology at
Cambridge. The results of these explorations, he stated,
were now embodied in the seventh volume of the Reports
of the Survey under the charge of Lieut. Wheeler, and
published, by authority of Congress, under the direction
of the Chief of Engineers, U. S. A.

Friday, March 11, 1880.
Meeting this evening. The President in the chair.

Rev. Robert Collyer, of New York, read an interest-
ing paper entitled "An Episode in the life of Edward
Fairfax."

The President, before introducing the lecturer of the
evening, briefly alluded to William Fairfax, a lineal de-

scendant of Thomas, the first Lord Fairfax, who was an
elder brother of Edward, an episode in whose life is the
subject of the paper under consideration. William Fair-
fax was the son of Hon. Henry Fairfax, sheriff of York-
shire, who was the son of Henry, the fourth Lord Fairfax.
Having received the appointment of collector of the port
of Salem, he came to Salem in 1725 from the Bahamas,
where he had married Sarah, daughter of Major Walker,
and was appointed Chief Justice of the Island. His wife
died in Salem in 1731, and subsequently he married
Deborah, daughter of Francis and Deborah (Gedney)
Clarke. In 1734 he accepted an offer from his cousin
Thomas, the sixth Lord Fairfax, to be the superintendent
of the estates in Virginia, which he had inherited from
his mother, who was a daughter of Lord Culpepper. He
then removed thither and took up his residence first in
Westmoreland County, but subsequently removed to a
plantation called Belvoir, near Alexandria.

During his residence in Salem he occupied the house
which was taken down some eight years since, on the
western corner of Essex and Cambridge streets, for the
erection on the site of a more eligible mansion. The
house was then owned by Philip English, or his daughter
Susannah Touzel.

For a more extended notice of the Clarke Family and
its connection with the Fairfax, the reader is referred to
a notice of the Clarke and Gedney families, prepared by
H. F. Waters, and printed in the Historical Collections
of the Essex Institute, Vol. XVI, part 4.

Mr. Collyer gave at first a very graphic account of
the ancient seat of the Fairfax family at Denton Park
in Yorkshire. He spoke of several of the members of
the family, particularly Thomas, the third Lord Fairfax,

8

who was the great General of the Parliament Army, 1645
to 1650 — born in Denton, 17 Jan'y, 1611-12, died at
Belburgh, near York, 12 Nov., 1671, and Thomas the
sixth Lord Fairfax who resided for many years on his
estates in Virginia and was the intimate friend and patron
of Washington and who died at Greenway Court near
Winchester, Va., in 1781, aged ninety-one years.

Edward Fairfax, the poet, born at Denton, Yorkshire,
and died in the Parish of Fewston about 1631. The
consideration of his writings was the leading and principal
topic discussed in this communication. ' He seems to have
preferred a life of study and retirement to that of military
service in which his brothers and other members of the
family were distinguished. Having married he lived
at Fewston and there spent his time in literary pursuits.
His best known production is a translation of Tasso's
poem of "Jerusalem Delivered," which appeared in 1600
and was received with enthusiastic and continued appro-
bation. Its popularity has revived in the present century
and several editions have appeared in England and the
United States. His work on clemonology entitled "A
Discourse of Witchcraft, as it was acted iu the family of
Mr. Edward Fairfax of Fewston, in the county of York,
in the year 1621," was particularly noticed and fully ex-
plained, giving a very interesting and instructive sketch
of the condition of witchcraft at that period.

Edward Fairfax was a firm believer in witchcraft. He
imagined that some of his children had been bewitched ;
and he had some of the witches brought to trial, though
without obtaining a conviction. He, however, only shared
in the common superstitions of the age and was settled
in the conscience of having the sure ground of God's
word to warrant all he believed, and the commendable or-
dinances of the English church to approve all he practised.

9

Regular Meeting, Monday, March 15, 1880.

Kegular meeting this evening. President in the
chair. Records read. Correspondence and donations
announced.

Hon. Thomas H. Walker of Pottsville, Penn., read
an interesting paper on "The Philosophy and Theory of
Punishment." To this subject he had given much time,
wide research and serious reflection. He began by
alluding to the lax system of prison discipline which
prevailed in Europe a century ago, when the jails were
nothing but moral pest-houses, where drunkenness and
prostitution were the pastime of the inmates ; where the
innocent and guilty were huddled together in common
quarters. At this time Howard, the great apostle of
prison reform, came upon the scene of action in England.
He visited most of the prisons in Europe and presented
such a startling array of facts in reference to prison life,
that he was summoned before Parliament and examined
with great particularity in regard to his investigations.

The result was the appointment of a Parliamentary com-
mission and the establishment of the true theory of prison
discipline, the reformation of the criminal and the pro-
tection of society. Human nature was the same inside
the prison as outside, actuated by the same motives and
resentments. The criminal should, therefore, when prac-
ticable, be sentenced to solitary confinement at labor: —
solitary confinement in order that he may have opportu-
nity to repent of the enormity of his crimes and his re-
sponsibility to the State, and that any good impressions
which may be created shall not be dispelled by the scoffs
and frivolity of the hardened criminals ; and labor, as
well as solitude, that he may be taught the value of
industry, and learn to appreciate the blessing of the

10

sentence pronounced upon man "In the sweat of thy
brow shalt thou eat thy bread." Brief terms of improve-
ment as a rule were advocated, especially in the case of
the young, and at this point the very groundwork of the
whole system was reached. The intellectual aud moral
education of the young was the most effective method of
reform. Crime was hereditary like any other disease;
our penitentiaries and jails are crowded with the ignorant
and depraved, and it would be good economy for the
state to gather up the homeless and fatherless children in
our large cities, and endeavor to make good men and
women of them. There has been a great advance in pro-
viding for the physical comfort and treatment of the
inmates of our prisons. The sick are cared for in well-
lighted and cheery infirmaries. The insane criminals are
no longer confined in dungeons and fettered with chains,
but are sent to asylums for appropriate treatment. But
we need go a step farther ; crime is a mental disease and
needs a careful diagnosis for its successful eradicatiou,
and our system of prison discipline has much to learn in
this respect.

The lecturer closed with an eloquent tribute to the
memory of Howard, to whom the world owes so much
for the alleviation of prison discipline.

At the adjournment on Tuesday, March 16, Mrs.
Jerome Carter and Miss L. F. Tyler, both of Salem, were
elected members.

Votes of thanks were passed to Rev. Robert Collyer,
of New York, for his interesting paper "An Episode in
the life of Edward Fairfax," and to Hon. Thomas H.
Walker, of Pottsville, Penn., for his valuable paper on
"Prison Discipline."

A List of the Birds of the Hudson Highlands, with
Annotations,

By Edgar A. Mearns.

[Continued from page 204, Vo]. XI.]

72. iEgiothus linaria (Linne). Red- poll Linnet; Lesser
Red-poll. An occasional winter visitant; sometimes very abundant.

In 1874, the Lesser Red-polls appeared in flocks about the first of
December, and were very abundant until April. For some time after
their first appearance, very few adults were seen, nearly all being
young birds ; but soon old males with rosy breasts and ruby crowns
began to come in immense flights, till the swamps of birch-trees
which they inhabited, and upon whose seeds they fed, were absolutely
swarming with them. So great were their numbers that the supply
of birch seeds soon gave out, and then they scattered over the entire
region, feeding largely upon seeds of the alder, and of various weeds.
During the month of March, the Red-polls far exceeded in numbers
the aggregate of any single species that I have ever seen. They were
very tame, feeding close to the roadsides and in yards about houses ;
and, go where one would, they were always found in abundance.
They were in full song during the last month of their stay, and the
males were in particularly handsome plumage. Their notes resemble
those of the American Goldfinch (Chrysomitris tristis); but their
flight is swifter, and less undulating. They are easily domesticated,
and make nice pets.

Mr. William C. Osborn shot a female, on November 9, 1878, near
Garrisons ; it was feeding in company with the Tit-lark (Anthus ludo-
vicianas), in a weedy field near the Indian Brook.

I saw a single Red-poll in a birch-tree in the Central Park, N. Y.,
on December 20, 1878. During the last week in December and the
first day of January (1878-79), they were quite numerous all through
the Highlands. Nearly all of the specimens shot were young males,
though one or two adult males and females were secured. Dr. Fisher,
on the other hand, found only females, at the same time, at Sing Sing,
N. Y. On February 8, 1879, Dr. Clinton L. Bagg found a number of
Red-polls in some weedy fields on Ward's Island, N. Y.

Dimensions. — Average measurements of fifty-seven specimens: —
length, 5-32; stretch, 8-68; wing, 2-80; tail, 2*32; culnien, -36; tarsus,
•56 : middle toe, -36 ; its claw, -23.

(11)

12

73. Chrysomitris pinus (Wilson). Pine Goldfinch; Pine
Linnet. An occasional winter visitant; sometimes a winter resident,
and abundant.

In 1874 the Pine Linnets were found in the hemlocks, feeding upon
the cones, as early as October 16. They were frequently met with
throughout the winter in large flocks in the alder swamps, accompany-
ing flocks of Eed-poll Linnets. Since then I have only seen them on
two occasions: in Lewis County, N. Y., January 1, 1878; and on
February 6 (same year), when they were numerous at Port Montgom-
ery (four miles south of Highland Falls), associating and feeding with
large flocks of Yellowbirds (Chrysomitris tristis) upon the cones of the
hemlock.

A specimen was taken by Mr. Frederic S. Osborn at Garrisons,
October 17, 1874; and Mr. William C. Osborn took specimens there
on November 16, 1878. Mr. Theodore Eoosevelt took it August 27,
1874, in Franklin County, N. Y.1

Dr. C. Hart Merriam's notice of the "Breeding of the Pine Linnet
in Northern New York," published in the "Forest and Stream and
Eod and Gun" (Vol. X, No. 24, p. 463, July 18, 1878), is so interesting
that I cannot forbear transcribing it entire: "Few birds are more
erratic in their habits than the siskin or pine linnet. Occurring to-
day, perhaps, in such numbers that one soon tires of shooting them,
they are gone on the morrow, and years may elapse before one is
seen again. There is, in their melancholy che-a, uttered at intervals
as small flocks pass in short, waving swoops, far overhead, something
sadly suggestive of the cold bleak winds that sweep their northern
homes. Yet they are warmly clad, and seem rather to enjoy the
wintry blasts that compel most birds to seek a milder clime ; and their
roaming movements are apparently governed more by some idiosyn-
crasy in their roving dispositions, and abundance or scarcity of food,
than by the severity of the season in the region from which they
came.

During the past winter and spring they literally swarmed in Lewis
County, N. Y., and thousands of them bred throughout the heavy
evergreen forests east of Black River, while many scattered pairs
nested in suitable hemlock and balsam swamps in the middle district.
They breed remarkably early, and construct large, compact nests,
which are usually placed high up on some hemlock or spruce, and
well concealed from view. I know of no nest, of equal size, so hard
to find. After days of patient search in the evergreen swamps of
this vicinity (Locust Grove), Mr. Bagg and myself discovered but a

» The Summer Birds of the Adirondacks in Franklin County, N. Y. By Theo-
dore Roosevelt, Jr., and H. D. Minot.

13

single nest. On the 13th of April we were hunting in a low swamp,
near White River, when a solitary pine linnet attracted our attention
by hopping about on some fallen logs. In a few moments she flew
into a large hemlock, which stood apart from the rest, and immedi-
ately disappeared. After carefully looking over the entire tree, a
limb at a time, Mr. Bagg noticed a bunch of something almost com-
pletely concealed by a cluster of small branches. We were not sure
that it was a nest at all till a well-aimed stick drove off the parent
bird, which was shot and proved to be the female. With great diffi-
culty the nest was secured, and it contained, at that early date (April
13), two nearly fledged young. It was tightly saddled on a large
limb, about thirty feet from the ground and nearly fifteen feet from
the trunk of the tree, and was so nicely hidden that, from a limb
directly above, I could not see it at all. One of the young was
skinned, while the other now constitutes a contented member of my
sister's "happy family," which previously consisted of an oriole
{Icterus baltimore), three thistlebirds (Chrysomitris tristis) and a
nonpareil (Cyanospiza ciris). He attained his full growth shortly
after his capture, and has since thrived on a mixed diet, though, like
his cousins the goldfinches, showing a decided preference for the
thickly-seeded spikes of the common plantain (Plantago major) . Also,
like his brighter-plumaged companions, he constantly raises and
lowers the occipital feathers when at all alarmed.

In plumage he differs from the adult bird, in having the belly marked
with yellow, the wing-bars ochraceous instead of whitish, and the
jipper parts decidedly tinged with rufus. This rufus cast is due to the
fact that the bark-centred feathers of the back are, in the young,
margined with fulvous-brown, which is not the case with the old bird.
The nest is a very bulky structure for so small a bird, and its rough
exterior, loosely built of hemlock twigs, with a few sprigs of pigeon
moss (Polytrichum) interspersed, is irregular in outline, and measures
about six inches in diameter. The interior, on the contrary, is com-
pactly woven into a sort of felt, the chief ingredients of which are
thistledown and the fur and hair of various mammals. The cavity is
lined with horsehair, and measures two inches and a quarter in
diameter by an inch and a quarter in depth. This nest is much more
flat than that described by Dr. Brewer2 from Cambridge, Mass., for
it measures but two inches in height at its highest point. A consid-
erable mass of dung adheres to the small twigs at one point in its
exterior, showing that the bird always "headed" the same way, and
was not particularly cleanly in her habits. From the size of the

2 Baird, Brewer and Ridgway, Vol, I, p. 482, 1874.

14

young it is clear that this nest could not have been completed much
later than the middle of March.

Not content to let the season pass without making a greater effort
to secure their eggs, I accepted on the 15th of April, an invitation
from my brother, C. Collins Merriam, to accompany him on an excur-
sion through the densely timbered region about Otter Creek (near the
eastern border of Lewis County) and Big Otter Lake (Herkimer
County), from which it takes its origin. This entire district lies
within the area commonly known as "Brown's Tract," and is Canadian
in fauna. Never before at any locality have I seen a species of bird
represented by such immense numbers of individuals as here attested
the abundance of the pine finch. In every part of the forest, from
early in the morning till after the sun had disappeared in the west,
there was not a moment that their voices were not heard among the
pines and spruce trees overhead. And yet, though among them
several days, we were not able to discover a single nest. Never have
I searched more faithfully for the eggs of any species, and never has
my diligence been rewarded with less success. I at first made a
systematic survey of a large number of trees, taking a limb at a time,
and then climbed so many that I was barely able to get back to camp,
but with no better results.

Their nests are placed so high and amidst such thick evergreen
foliage that it is almost impossible to find them. As illustrating the
number of this species as well as of the red and white-winged cross-
bills (Loxia curvirostra var. Americana and L. leucoptera), it may be
worth recording that after firing twenty-two small charges of fine
dust shot at the cross-bills as they settled into the top of a single dead
hemlock, I picked up fifty-one- birds, of which twenty-eight were red
cross-bills, eight white-winged, and fifteen pine linnets. I aimed at
cross-bills only, killing the linnets by chance. Mr. A. J. Dayan was
so fortunate as to secure two sets of their eggs from among the pines
near Lyon's Falls (in the Black River Valley). The first was com-
pleted March 11, and contained but three eggs on the 18th. The
second contained two fresh eggs April 20, and was left till the 25th,
but no more were deposited."

Dimensions. — Average measurements of eleven specimens: length,
5-00; stretch, 8-63; wing, 2-76; tail, 1-90; culmen, *43; gape, -47;
tarsus, -52; middle toe, '45; its claw, '23.

74. Astragalinus tristis (Linne). American Goldfinch;
Ybllowbird. A permanent resident; breeds; common.

This pretty species, in winter, associates in flocks, feeding upon
the seeds of birch, alder and hemlock, besides those of numerous
weeds. They are not generally recognized in their plain, but neat
winter dress, as the gayly-attired Yellowbirds of summer. In winter,

15

large numbers are sold in the New York markets, in bunches, under
the name of "reed-birds."

Dimensions. — Average measurements of twenty-nine specimens:
length, 5-10; stretch, 8*83; wing, 2-82; tail, 1-95; culmen, *40; gape,
•43; tarsus, -54; middle toe, "42; its claw, *21.

75. Plectrophanes nivalis (Linne). Snow Bunting; White
Snowbird. An irregular winter visitant. It sometimes arrives early
in November, and remains until March. Mr. Thomas W. Wilson pro-
cured specimens on the railroad, at Constitution Island, as early as
November 8, 1875. Mr. William Church Osborn saw them near Gar-
risons, on November 9, 1878. I have seen flocks on the railroad as
late as March 12 (1875).

Large numbers of these white-clad visitors from Arctic climes oc-
casionally appear upon the ice of the frozen Hudson : always in
severely cold weather, and very often during snow-storms. During
the latter part of the winter of 1874-5, when skating up the river, I
found large flocks frequenting the sleigh crossings on the Hudson;
and smaller bands were numerous along the railroad upon the left
bank. I encountered the first flock near Fishkill Landing, where they
were feeding, on the sleigh track crossing the river. A number of
them were brought clown by the discharge of both barrels of my piece,
and most of those left alighted upon the nearest trees on shore, but a
few returned to their wounded companions, standing erect beside
them, and uttering their loud call-note, as if entreating them to come
away. They allowed me to come very near before they would forsake
their unfortunate companions, and only left them when life was ex-
tinct, unless sooner driven away. When these had rejoined the flock
upon the bank, the entire body proceeded northward. Subsequently,
the species was common all along the Hudson. I did not molest them
again, but took good care of the wounded ones, and afterward brought
them safe home. They seemed starved, and ate greedily. Their
wounds healed very quickly, and, in a few days, they were able to fly
about. Soon they became very tame, and would come upon a table to
be fed. They were released in the dining-room, where they spent
most of the time among some house plants, at the windows ; but,
from their visits to the table during meals, they became a source of
annoyance, and were shut up at those times. Towards spring they
became restless, and struggled to get out of their cages, and, on being
released, flew to the windows, pecked the glass, and uttered mournful
cries.

Upon the railroad, a few flocks are commonly found spending the
winter. These soon become begrimed, almost beyond recognition,
by contact with the grease and dirt of the track; but they become
very fat, for they are abundantly supplied with food,— the grain that

16

drops through chinks in the cars. Contrary to their usual habits,
they are quite arboreal, spending most of the time upon trees, above
the track, only descending occasionally to fill their crops, between the
passage of trains. Among the mountains on the right bank of the
river, I have rarely seen them. When shooting there on December
30, 1878, a flock of five flew overhead, uttering their wild notes, which
seem to me to have a very wintry significance, which is quite in keep-
ing with their white plumage and boreal habitat. They are said to
occur occasionally at West Point.

The Snow Bunting breeds in the Arctic regions of Europe, Asia and
America. A nest, with its complement of four eggs, taken at Akreyri,
Iceland, June 13, 1874, was sent to me, together with a number of odd
eggs, by Herr Alfred Bcnzon, of Copenhagen, and I take advantage
of this opportunity to describe them. The nest is quite bulky ; com-
posed largely of dry grasses, with considerable long, fine, whitish hair
interwoven and lining the inside ; also a few feathers of some water-
fowl, and some of those of its own species. It was built upon the
ground, and still has some earth adhering to it. Its external diam-
eter is about 6-00 inches, internal, nearly 3-00; depth, 2-40 externally,
and 1-25 internally. The eggs belonging to this set, four in number,
were all accidentally broken, but I have mended one of them perfectly,
and the rest will answer for the purpose of description. They closely
resemble each other in coloration; their ground-color is distinctly
greenish-white, quite evenly marked with blotches of pale purplish-
brown, and less numerous dashes of umber-brown ; the spotting is a
little more distinct at their larger ends. The mended egg measured
•88 by -65 of an inch.

Seven eggs, taken at Akreyri, Iceland, in 1872, are now before me.
Their ground-color varies from pale greenish to dirty white ; some are
so thickly covered with rusty -brown markings as almost to conceal the
ground ; others are sparsely or thickly spotted with dark umber-
brown or sepia, sometimes aggregated at the larger end, sometimes
arranged circularly about that extremity, and sometimes pretty uni-
formly distributed over the whole egg. They measure, respectively,
•94 X -67; -94 X "68; -90 X -64; -91 X '63; '85 X '65; '85 X '66; -88
X -62.

Dimensions. — Average measurements of ten specimens : length,
6'88; stretch, 12-47; wing, 4*07; tail, 2-70; culmen, '45; tarsus, -83.

76. Passerculus savanna (Wilson). Savanna Sparrow.
Common during spring and autumn; a few are seen during summer,
but none in winter. It will probably prove to be a continuous resi-
dent; but of rare occurrence during the breeding season, and in
winter. During migrations they are especially numerous upon the
marshes. They make a whirring noise in flight, are not shy, and
their note is a low tweet.

17

Dimensions. — Average measurements of nine specimens : length,
5-68; stretch, 9-10; wing, 2-G2; tail, 2-09; culmen, -43; gape, -47;
tarsus, -80.

77. Pocecetes gramineus {Gmelin). Bay-wingkd Sparrow.
A summer resident; breeds. Arrives in March (30, 1878), and stays
till November. It is found in old, weedy fields, and has a pretty
little song in the spring.

Dimensions. — Average measurements of eleven specimens : length,
6-12; stretch, 10*35; wing, 306; tail, 2-38.

78. Coturniculus passerinus {Wilson). Yellow- winged
Sparrow. A summer resident; breeds. Abundant in most parts of
the Hudson Valley. In this vicinity there are few localities which
suit its habits, and it is, consequently, rare. Mr. Wm. Church
Osborn first apprised me of its occurrence, near Garrisons, in some
high, sandy fields, where it breeds every summer. A female shot
there, May 18, 1878, contained a full-sized ovum.

Dimensions. — Average measurements of three specimens : length,
538; stretch, 8-52: wing, 2-38; tail, 1-79; culmen, -47; gape, -51;
tarsus, -87; middle toe, -57; its claw, *15.

79. Ammodramus caudacutus {Gmelin). Sharp-tailed
Finch. I have only found it during the month of October (16, 1874;
12, 1877), and at a single locality — on the salt marsh that joins Con-
sook Island to the west shore. Mr. Wm. Church Osborn shot a fine
male specimen, in the same place, on October 12, 1878.

Dimensions. — Average measurements of two specimens : length,
5*50; stretch, 7-50; wing, 2*24; tail, 2*00; culmen, -46; gape, -54;
tarsus, *87; middle toe and claw, *80.

80. Melospiza palustris {Wilson). Swamp Sparrow. A sum-
mer resident; breeds. Arrives from the south in March, and stays
till December. Occasionally seen in early winter. It will probably
be found to be an occasional winter resident in the Highlands, as it
is lower down the Hudson. It is found in swampy places inland, about
the shores of ponds, and, most abundantly, on the salt marshes along
the river. It builds its nest in a tussock of grass, and lays its eggs
about the last of May (23, 1877). Its song is pretty, and differs from
those of our other Sparrows. Mr. Francis Butterfass showed me an
albinistic specimen that was about one-half white, which he shot at
Cold Spring, on the Hudson.

Dimensions. — Average measurements of fourteen specimens : length,
5-89; stretch, 7 90; wing, 2-34; tail, 2-32; culmen, -46; gape, -49;
tarsus, -86; middle toe, -61; middle toe and its claw, -85.

81. Melospiza fasciata {Wilson). Song Sparrow. An abun-
dant resident species ; breeds. Always present throughout even the
severest winters, in favorable situations ; its abundance and disper-

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN. XII 2

18

sion depending on the character of the winter. But these hardy-
northerners depart in February, and are succeeded by the hosts of
its species which make up the great northward migration, which
begins late in February. It commences to build in April, and its
first clutch of eggs is commonly deposited late in that month. The
nest may be found in various situations — frequently attached to rushes
in the marshes. On April 27, 1878, a pair of Song Sparrows were
incubating their eggs, in an old nest of the Red-winged Blackbird
(Agelceus phceniceus) . In the same season, youug were seen flying by
May 18. It is not uncommon to find it sitting upon a late brood of
eggs during the month of August. Prof. James M. DeGarmo has a
nearly perfect albino, taken at Rhinebeck, on the Hudson.

Dimensions. — Average measurements of twenty-five specimens:
length, 6-30; stretch, 8-57; wing, 2-52; tail, 2 62; culmen, -49; tar-
sus, -82 ; middle toe, -67 ; middle toe and its claw, -85.

82. Junco hyemalis (Linne). Eastern Snowbird. An abun-
dant winter resident. Arrives in autumn about the end of September
(30, 1874; October 12, 1875; September 28, 1876; October 18, 1879),
and remains till May (1, 1873; 9, 1874; 8, 1875; 5, 1876; April 22,
1878; May 8, 1879; April 23, 1880). It breeds plentifully in the
Catskill Mountains, and doubtless on the Shawangunk range in
Orange County, N. Y. Mr. Wm. Church Osborn found it at Lake
Mohonk, Ulster County, N. Y., in July, 1877. The Snowbird sings
very sweetly before leaving us in the spring.

.Dimensions. — Average measurements of twenty-four specimens :
length, 6-27; stretch, 9-78; wing, 303; tail, 2-71; culmen, -41; tar-
sus, -81 ; middle toe and its claw, -72.

83. Spizella montana (Forster). Tree Sparrow. A very
abundant winter resident. Arrives from the North about the end of
October (31, 1874; 30, 1876; November 7, 1877; October 26, 1878;
November 17 [or earlier], 1879), and departs in April (29, 1874; 29,
1875 ; 29, 1876 ; 13, 1877 ; March 28, 1878 ; April 28, 1879 ; April 8,
1880). In the spring it has a very agreeable song, ending in aloud
trill. Its food, in winter, consists largely of the seeds of alder and
birch.

Dimensions. — Average measurements of twenty-eight specimens :
length, 6-36; stretch, 9 -46; wing, 2-99; tail, 2-82; culmen, -41; gape,
•47 ; tarsus, -80 ; middle toe, *56 ; middle toe and its claw, -76.

84. Spizella socialis {Wilson). Chipping Sparrow. A very
abundant summer resident; breeds. Arrives from the South early in
April (12, 1874 [2, F. S. Osborn]; 7, 1875; 17, 1876 [15, de Nottbeck] ;
16, 1877; 3, 1878; 10, 1879; 5, 1880), and departs late in autumn (Oc-
tober 25, 1874; 29, 1876; 23, 1877; November 29, 1S79). Begins to
lay about the middle of May (16, 1872; 17, 1873; 12, 1877. Each nest
contained its full complement of eggs).

19

The Chipping Sparrow, like the Marsh Wren (Tdmatodylcs palustris)
and some other species, has the habit of waking up in the night and
singing. This has also been noted by John Burroughs, C. Hart
Merriam, and other writers. Another occurrence, to which attention
has also been repeatedly called, is a singular accident to which this
species appears to be especially liable, viz. : the frequency with which
it meets a tragic end, in consequence of having accidentally become
inextricably entangled in the long hairs with which it lines its nest.
Three instances of the occurrence of this accideut have come under
my own observation. The last was shown me by Miss Anna B.
Warner, of Constitution Island, in which case the bird was com-
pletely netted in the horsehair, which was wound about its wings
in the most intricate manner. In the other cases the birds were
found suspended from their nests by a single hair, which encircled
their necks. In one case the male bird attracted my attention by its
repeated cries of distress ; and I found the female suspended in the
manner indicated, in which condition it had evidently remained for
a clay or two, as it was very putrid.

Dimensions. — Average measurements of eleven specimens : length,
5-37; stretch, 8-73; wing, 2*74; tail, 229; culmen, -36; tarsus, -64.

85. Spizella pusilla (Wilson). Field Sparrow. An abundant
summer resident, arriving in April (28, 1874; 21, 1875; 17, 1876; 26,(
1879) ; begins to lay its eggs about the middle of May (16, 1876; 18,
1878). It has a very pleasant song.

Dimensions. — Average measurements of six specimens : length,
5 68; stretch, 8*14; wing, 2*50; tail, 2-55; culmen, -40; gape, -42;
tarsus, -74; middle toe, *50; middle toe and its claw, -65.

86. Zonotrichia albicollis (Gmelin). White-throated Spar-
row. A very abundant spring and fall migrant, arriving, in spring,
towards the last of April, and remaining till late in May (5, 1873;
April 22 to May 16, 1874; April 30 to May 23, 1875; April 22 to May
28, 1876; April 2 to May 22, 1877; April 27 to May 18, 1878; April 23
to about May 30, 1879; April 14 to May 25, 1880). It reaches us, in
autumn, towards the end of September (30, 1874; 23, 1876; 23, 1878),
and stays till about the middle of November. Dr. A. K. Fisher saw
it at Sing Sing, on the Hudson, on December 1, 1878. It is a regular
winter resident in the Central Park, New York City. Mr. Eugene P.
Bicknell says,3 in an article read before the Linnasan Society of New
York, and treating of some birds of Riverdale, on the Hudson : "A
flock of white-throated sparrows (Zonotrichia albicollis), have been
about the place all winter, coming to roost in the evening among
some large spruce trees close to the house. A few others have

s t; The Country," Vol. 1, No. 23, p. 324, March 30, 1878.

20

wintered here, but I have failed to find them except in the vicinity
of private residences where an abundance of evergreens afford them
a suitable shelter."

Dimensions. — Average measurements of eighteen specimens : length,
6-74; stretch, 9-46; wing, 2-89; tail, 2-86; culmen, -50; gape, -54;
tarsus, -90; middle toe, -66; middle toe and its claw, -88.

87. Zonotrichia leucophrys (Fbrster). White- crowned Spar-
row. A rather rare spring and fall migrant. Observed from May 18
(1877) to 23 (1876). Mr. Thomas W. Wilson has taken specimens, at
Cold Spring, on the Hudson, on October 12 and 16, 1875, and May 12,
1876.

Dimensions. — Average measurements of two adult females (Nos.
1,177 and 1,181, Highland Falls, N. Y., May 23, 1876, E. A. M.) :
length, 6*88; stretch, 9-82; wing, 3*03; tail, 2-88; culmen, *50; tarsus,
•85; middle toe and its claw *81.

88. Passer domesticus (Linne). European House Sparrow.
Introduced. Resident; breeds. It is a pest, here, as everywhere.
All intelligent landholders shoot it whenever it appears on their
premises. The grape-growers are especially vindictive against it.
My gardener complains that it destroys his green peas.

During winter, the English Sparrows frequent the marshes along
the Hudson, in large flocks; but, in general, they make their homes in
the towns, whence they sally forth to depredate in the country around ;
but to return' to the protection of their city homes at the slightest
alarm.

Mr. William Church Osborn furnishes the following interesting ob-
servation on its habits : " An adult male Yellow-bellied Woodpecker
(Sphyrapicus varius) was taken dead, in a back yard on 36th-street,
New York City. It was overcome, after a stout resistance, by the
united attack of a number (twenty-two were counted that engaged in
the affair) of English Sparrows, one of their number having been left
dead upon the field along with the luckless Woodpecker."

Dimensions. — Average measurements of fifteen specimens : length,
6-33; stretch,. 9-72; wing, 3-01; tail, 2-30; culmen, -50; gape, -60;
tarsus, -76; middle toe, -63; its claw, -21.

89. Passerella iliaca (Merreni). Fox Sparrow. An abundant
spring and fall migrant. In spring, arrives early in March, and stays
till about the middle of April (March, 25, 1871; 21, 1873; 5 to April
30, 1874; 16 to April 28, 1875; 6 to April 14, 1876; 23 to April 2, 1877;
February 28 to April 4, 1878 ; March 12 to April 10, 1879 ; March 6 to
April 8, 1880). In autumn, arrives towards the end of October, and
stays till about the first of December (October 22 to November 25,
1874; October 28, 1876; November 9 to December 8, 1877; October
26, 1878; October 26 to November 30, 1879).

This handsome species is the largest of our Sparrows, and the first

21

strictly migratory species to appear in spring. It begins to sing soon
after its arrival. Its notes are full and rich; and, when singing, it is
apt to be perched on a tree-top, although it frequently sings in a
brush-heap. Its ordinary note is a low tweet, sometimes modulated
so as to resemble the Cedar-bird's note; and it also gives a sharp,
metallic utterance like the Brown Thrasher's (Harporhynchus rufus).
Its flight is accompanied by a loud whirring sound.

Dimensions. — Average measurements of twenty-three specimens :
length, 7-26; stretch, 11-14: wing, 3 39; tail, 2-85; culmen, -50; gape,
•57; tarsus, -96; middle toe, -64; its claw, -31.

90. Zamelodia ludoviciana {Linne). Rose-breasted Gros-
beak. A summer resident; breeds. Most abundant during its mi-
grations. Arrives early in May (13, 1873; 9, 1874; 13, 1875; 11,
1876; 16, 1877; 9, 1878; 10, 1879; 4, 1880), and stays through Sep-
tember (21, 1874).

This lovely bird is found in the open woods ; but it also resorts to
fields and orchards in the springtime. Its black-and-white colors
remind one strongly of the Bobolink; but, besides, its folded wing
conceals the rose-colored lining in the male, and yellow in his plainer-
clad mate ; and, — most conspicuous, — a patch of brightest carmine
adorns the breast of the male. The Rose-breasted Grosbeak destroys
the fruit-blossoms in the orchards, being especially fond of those of
the cherry; and I suppose that it really does some damage to the
crops ; this, to my mind, however, it more than compensates for, by
adding so much brightness and melody to the happiest of seasons.
But it has another bad habit : where fields, newly sown with the cer-
eal grains, are convenient to its woodland retreats — for it is a shy
bird — its species will collect in large flocks, and resort there contin-
ually, as long as there is a grain of seed to be had.

Dimensions. — Average measurements of sixteen specimens : — length,
8-12; stretch, 12-92; wing, 4-02; tail, 2-99; culmen, -69 ; gape, -76;
tarsus, -88 ; middle toe, *64 ; its claw, *27 ; middle toe and its claw, -83.

91. Passerina cyanea (Linne). Indigo Bird. A common
summer resident ; breeds abundantly. Arrives early in May (10, 1872 ;
13, 1873; 12, 1874; 12, 1875; 20, 1876; 14, 1877; 4, 1878; 15, 1879; 7,
1880), and departs in September (20, 1876; 19, 1879).

These pretty birds are common in neglected fields, and in the edge
of the woods. I have known them to dwell, and rear their young, in
the densest swamps of the wilderness, but this is quite exceptional,
and they are rarely seen away from civilized parts. Their nests are
built in bushes — commonly in blackberries growing along fences, or
even in gardens of cultivated raspberries. Their song is very clear
and fine. They pillage the grain-fields in company with the Purple
Finch and Rose-breasted Grosbeaks. In autumn, associated in im-

22

mense flocks, they are seen feeding with the Blackbirds and Reedbirds
upon the salt marshes along the Hudson, when it is interesting to ob-
serve the various transitional phases of their plumage, so well ex-
hibited by an abundance of differing individuals.

Dimensions. — Average measurements of sixteen specimens: length,
5-59; stretch, 8*52; wing, 2-58; tail, 2-11; culmen, -41; gape, '45;
tarsus, -67; middle toe, -49; its claw, -19.

92. Cardinalis virginianus (Brisson). Cardinal Grosbeak;
Virginia Redbird. A bird flew close past me down a ravine in the
woods, on May 11, 1876. It uttered a note which I distinctly remem-
ber ; it must have been a Cardinal Grosbeak, though I was not then
certain about its identity, thinking it might be the Summer Tanager
(Pyranga cestiva).

93. Pipilo erythrophthalmus (JLinne). Ground Robin ; Marsh
Robin ; Towhee Bunting ; Che wink. An abundant summer resident ;
breeds. Arrives the last of April (27, 1872 ; May 8, 1873 ; May 7, 1874;
April 30, 1875 ; April 25, 1876 ; May 5, 1877 ; April 26, 1878 ; April 27,
1879; April 28, 1880), and stays till late in autumn (October 15, 1874;
11, 1875, Wilson, at Cold Springy 25, 1876 [one that had been disabled
was captured on the 28th]).

Dimensions. — Average measurements of seventeen specimens: —
length, 8-35; stretch, 11-14; wing, 3-34; tail, 3-68; culmen, -55; gape,
•71 ; tarsus, 1-09 ; middle toe, -73 ; its claw, -30 ; middle toe and its claw,
1.00.

Family, ICTERXEL20.

94. Dolichonyx oryzivorus {Linne). Bobolink; Reed-bird;
Rice-bird. A summer resident; breeds. Arrives early in May (12,
1873; 21, 1875; 23, 1876; 22, 1877; 5, 1878), and stays till about the
end of September (10, 1874; 22, 1876; 18, 1879). Not a very abundant
summer resident; but occurs in large flocks during August and Septem-
ber, feeding upon the salt marshes along the Hudson.

Dimensions. — Average measurements of eight males : — length, 7*55;
stretch, 11-95; wing, 3-76; tail, 2*73; culmen, '60; tarsus, 1-10; mid-
dle toe and its claw, 1-06. Female: — length, 7-15; stretch, 11-25;
wing, 3-54; tail, 2-53; culmen, -58; gape, -61; tarsus, 1-07.

95. Molothrus ater (Gmelin). Cow-bird; Cow-Blackbird.
A common summer resident; breeds abundantly. Arrives about the
first of April (29, 1873; 18, 1874 [Frederic S. Osborn, at Garrisons];
29, 1875; 17, 1876; 13, 1877; March 30, 1878; April 5, 1879; April 10,
1880), and disappears in August.

On Long Island, and in the vicinity of New York, Cow-birds spend
the winter; but they have not been seen in the Highlands at that
season. Mr. Jas. S. Buchanan took a perfect albino, at Newburgh,

23

on the Hudson. Cow-Blackbirds come to us in abundance early in
April, and may then be seen running swiftly and gracefully about, —
not hopping, — and picking up seeds in newly-planted fields. They
are reproductive parasites, as well as polygamists. One of their
eggs was hatched by the European House Sparrows, in Highland
Falls, N. Y. ; the young Cow-bird thrived, and remained with the
Sparrows in the town for some time, and it was a common sight to
see them feeding it in the street. Their amours are conducted in an
amusing manner. The sexes associate indiscriminately, and in vary-
ing proportions. The males, in green-black and chocolate-brown
dress, commence the performance by walking about with their necks
arched, and decurved, so that their bills nearly touch the ground; then
a male approaches one of the females, — which are considerably
smaller, and brownish in color, — running at full speed, and , when close
to her, pitches forward till his bill nearly touches the ground : this
as if in salutation. The different males repeat this movement, and
the more ardent ones ruff up all their feathers, and drag their ex-
panded tails upon the ground, as they strut up to the side of their fav-
orites, with skins inflated to an indefinite and alarming extent by the
amorous passions within ; meanwhile they utter various uncouth gut-
tural noises, some of which resemble the loud, " cork-drawing "notes
of the Corvidce, while others are precisely like the sounds produced
by tilting a partly empty cask. The females pay little attention, fill
their crops, and utter an occasional note resembling that of the Cedar-
bird (Ampelis cedrorum).

Dimensions. — Average measurements of eleven males : length,
7-92; stretch, 13-57; wing, 4-24; tail, 3-01; culmen, -67; gape, -68;
tarsus, 1-02; middle toe, -72; middle toe and its claw, -94; claw
alone, -25. Average measurements of five females: length, 7-18;
stretch, 12-22; wing, 3*84; tail, 2-68; culmen, -61; gape, -63; tarsus,
•94; middle toe, -64; middle toe and its claw, -94; claw alone, *26.

96. Agelseus phoenieeus (Linne). Red-winged Blackbird;
Marsh Blackbird. A common summer resident; breeds. Arrives
about the beginning of March (first seen March 25, 1871 ; April 2,
1872; March 31, 1873; April 25, 1874; March 18, 1875; 6, 1876, Thomas
W.Wilson; April 7, 1877; March 27, 1878; 29, 1879; 28, 1880), and
departs before December (last seen November 17, 1877).

Dimensions. — Average measurements of twenty-two males; length,
9-51; stretch, 15-23; wing, 4-72; tail, 3-77; culmen, -93, gape, -97;
tarsus, 1-11; middle toe, -77; middle toe and its claw, 1-05. Average
measurements of eight females: length, 7-74; stretch, 12-56; wing,
3-92; tail, 3-01; culmen, -74; tarsus, 1-01.

97. Sturnella magna (Linne). Meadow-lark; Field-lark.
A resident species ; but only occasional, and never abundant, in win-

24

ter; breeds in favorable situations. The migrants arrive, or pass
through, in March (April 10, 1873; 2, 1877; March 30, 1878; April 5,
1879; April 6, 1880).

Dimensions. — Average measurements of four males : length, 10-75 ;
stretch, 16-53; wing, 4*76; tail, 316; culmen, 1-35; gape, 1-45; tarsus,
1-72; middle toe, 1*15; middle toe audits claw, 1-53; claw alone, -35.
Female: length, 9-57; stretch, 14*86; wing, 4-22; tail, 275; culmen,
1-30; gape, 1-35; tarsus, 1-60; middle toe, 1*17; its claw, *40.

98. Icterus spurius (Linne). Orchard Oriole. A common
summer resident; breeds. Arrives early in May (9, 1872; 19, 1873;
13, 1874; 9, 1875; 7, 1876 [5, de Nottbeck, at Fishkill] ; 15, 1877; 12,
1878; 8, 1879; 3, 1880), and remains till late in September (17, 1874).

Dimensions. — Average measurements of eleven males : length,
7*32; stretch, 10 34; wing, 3-18; tail, 2-92; culmen, -65; gape, 74;
tarsus, -88 ; middle toe, -58 ; its claw, -26.

99. Icterus galbula (Linne, 1758). Baltimore Oriole. An
abundant summer resident; breeds plentifully. Arrives early in
May (9, 1872; 11, 1873; 9, 1874; 9, 1875; 7, 1876; 13, 1877; 3, 1878;
6, 1879 ; 2, 1880), and departs early in September (22, 1874.) In a nest
of unusually large size, found in a pear-tree near my house by Louis
A. Zerega, in June, 1874, there were no less than eight eggs.

Dimensions.— Average measurements of twenty-three specimens :
length, 7-53; stretch, 11-72; wing, 3-52; tail, 2-84; culmen, -70; tar-
sus, *85.

100. Scolecophagus ferrugineus (Gmelin). Rusty Grackle.
A common spring and fall migrant. Arrives from the South early in
March (30, 1873; 19, 1874; 17, 1875; 14, 1876; April 5, 1879; March
11, 1880), and all pass through before the end. of May. Returning in
autumn, they are found from September until December.

Dimensions. — Average measurements of ten specimens : length,
9-55; stretch, 14-60; wing, 4*61; tail, 3-52; culmen, *91; tarsus, 1-06;
middle toe and its claw, -75.

101. Quiscalus purpureus (Linne). Purple Grackle; Crow
Blackbird. A spring and fall migrant. I do not know that any
breed in the Highlands; but numbers do so about Newburgh, and
Fishkill-on-the-Hudson, just above the Highlands; and the species
nests plentifully lower down the river. It arrives in March (11, 1871 ;
6, 1874; February 29, 1877, Fishkill, de Nottbeck; March 8, 1878; 12,
1879). In autumn, it remains till November.

In the mountains, Crow Blackbirds are quite uncommon, although
they are abundant on both sides of us. In Orange County, I have
observed them in the greatest numbers. On the first of May last, I
took the stage at Newburgh, for Cornwall. The bridge at Moodua
Creek was being repaired, so the coach proceeded via Vail's Gate.

25

On the way, wore seen large numbers of Grackles, of varieties pur-
pureus et ceneus. The stage was a horribly rickety, old rattletrap,
which still bore some slight vestiges of the conventional yellow
color with which it had originally been decorated ; on its top were
piled some long, crooked, heavy iron rods, which rattled dangerously
overhead. This splendid vehicle was drawn by two lean and ghostly
horses, whose best days were passed a decade or more ago ; as the
driver whipped them up the long hills, I could not help feeling that
I was doing violence to my humanity by sitting on the driver's seat
instead of getting out and helping the horses pull, as my conscience
told me I ought to be doing. The roads and fences were lined with
sturdy, old cedars, and, in these, the grackles were ensconced. As
we drove past, almost brushing the branches, they hopped down
close to us, leered at our bony nags, peered into the coach and
screamed derisively at us, and spread their tails in high glee as
they called to their neighbors in advance to join in the merriment at
our expense, and they in turn jeered us as we passed by. I could not
help feeling ashamed, and, involuntarily, turned to see if our red-
nosed driver shared my emotions. The Crow Blackbirds were scat-
tered over the fields on both sides of the road. The bronzed variety
skone like gold in the sunlight, while the purple ones glittered bril-
liantly in their metallic plumage.

I have never known them to breed in the mountains ; but in all the
low-lying meadow-country along the Hudson, they do so abundantly
— especially where coniferous trees abound.

Dimensions. — Average measurements of adult male: length, 12-50;
stretch, 17*75; wing, 5-55; tail, 5*4:0; culmen, 1*17; gape, 1-35; tar-
sus, 1-45; middle toe, 1-00; its claw, *34.

Regular Meeting, Monday, April 5, 1880.

Meeting this evening. The President in the chair.
Records read. Donations and correspondence announced.

Eev. George H. Hosmer, of Salem, and Rev. E. C.
Butler, of Beverly, were duly elected members.

Voted, That the thanks of the Institute be tendered to
Hon. George B. Loring for courtesies and civilities ex-
tended to members of the Institute and their friends,
during the recent visit to Washington, D. C.

Prof. Edward S. Morse made a communication on the
persistence of Korean art in Japanese pottery. His
remarks were illustrated by numerous examples of Korean
and Japanese ware. One very conspicuous character of
Korean pottery of three hundred years ago was the in-
laying of the ornamentation in white or black upon a gray
ground. The design being first cut out in delicate lines
or large areas in the case of leaves, or else impressed by
means of a stamp. These depressed portions were then
filled in with either white or black pigments. He showed
that wherever the Korean potters had settled in Japan as
in Satsuma, Higo, Hizen, Suwo, and other places, the
pottery still bears the impress of this peculiar method of
ornamentation.

Regular Meeting, Monday, April 19, 1880.

Meeting this evening. The President in the chair.
Records read. Donations and correspondence announced.

(26)

27

Hon. Nathan Crosby, of Lowell, read an interesting
and valuable paper entitled "Essex County and Essex
County Men."

The paper is printed in the Historical Collections of
the Essex Institute, Vol. XVII, April, 1880.

Regular Meeting, Monday, May 3, 1880.

Meeting this evening. The President in the chair.
Records read. Donations and correspondence announced.

William D. Dennis, of Salem, was elected a resident
member.

R. A. Brock, of Richmond, Va., was duly elected a
corresponding member.

Messrs. James Kimball, T. F. Hunt, and H. W. Put-
nam, were appointed a committee to nominate a list of
officers to be balloted for at the Annual Meeting.

A vote of thanks was passed to Hon. Nathan Crosby,
for his paper on "Essex County and Essex County Men,"
read by him at a recent meeting of the Institute.

The Secretary was instructed to ask Judge Crosby for
a copy of the paper for publication.

Mr. Hunt stated that the "Roundabout Club," of
Melrose, proposed to visit Salem on the 17th of June
next, and on the motion of the same gentleman, the
President and Secretary were made a committee to extend
the civilities of the Institute to the club.

Voted, To hold the "Wiuthrop" Field Meeting on the
22d of June next.

28

Annual Meeting, Monday, May 17, 1880.

The Annual Meeting, this evening at 7.30 o'clock.
The President in the chair. Records of last Annual
Meeting read.

The reports of Secretary, Treasurer, Auditor, Librarian,
and the Curators and Committees were read and duly
accepted, and ordered to be placed on file.

Rev. George W. Gardner, of Marblehead, was elected
a member.

The Committee appointed at the previous meeting to
nominate a list of officers for the ensuing year reported
the following :

PRESIDENT:

HENRY WHEATLAND.

VICE-PRESIDENTS :

Abner C. Goodell, Jr.,
Frederick W. Putnam,

William Sutton,
Daniel B. Hagar.

SECRETARY:
George M. Whipple.

TREASURER:
George D. Phippen.

AUDITOR:
Richard C. Manning.

LIBRARIAN:
William P. Upham.

History— JAMES KIMBALL.
Manuscripts— William P. Upham.
Arclueology— Frederick W. Putnam
Numismatics— Matthew A. STICKNEY
Geology— Isaac J. OSBUN.

CURATORS :

Botany— George D. Phippen.

Zoology— Edward S. Morse.
Horticulture— Henry "W. Putnam.
Music— Joshua Phippen, Jr.
Painting $ Sculpture— T. F. Hunt.

Technology— Edwin C. Bolles.

29

COMMITTEES :

Finance ••

The President, Chairman ex off.

Jas. Kimball. Jas. O. Safford. Henry m. Brooks. Geo. R. Emmerton.

The Treasurer, ex off.

Library :
CHARLES W. PALFRAY. GEORGE F. FLINT. HENRY F. KING.

William Neilson. William D. Northend.

The Librarian, ex off.

Publication :
Edward S. Atwood. Abner C. Goodell, Jr. Edwin C. Bolles.

James Kimball. T. F. Hunt.

James A. Emmerton.

Lecture :

Frederick W. Putnam. Amos H. Johnson. Arthur L. Huntington.

Fielder Israel. Robert S. Rantoul.

Field Meeting .•
The Secretary, Chairman ex off.
George A. Perkins, Salem. George D. Phippen, Salem.

George Cogswell, Bradford. James H. Emerton, Salem.

Francis H. Appleton, Peabody. Eben N. Walton, Salem.

Nathaniel A. Horton, Salem. Winfield S. Nevins, Salem.

Edward S. Morse, Salem.

The President appointed Messrs. Caleb Cooke and
William Neilson to receive and count the ballots. These
gentlemen attended to their duty, and reported that nine-
teen ballots were thrown all for the persons above stated,
and the ticket as nominated was declared elected.

Vice President F. W. Putnam referred to the coming
Winthrop Field Meeting and read a humorous paper,
written by Mr. Horace Scudder and read by him at a late
club dinner. It was entitled "A Memorial Supper on the
death of the Memorable and truly Honorable John Wm-
throp, Esq."

30

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR

compiled from the several reports read at the meeting,
presents the work of the Institute in the various depart-
ments since the last annual meeting.

Members. — Changes occur in the list of our associates
by the addition of new names, and the withdrawal of some
by resignation, removal from the county or vicinity, or by
death. Eleven resident members have died, and we have
received information of the decease of three of our corre-
spondents.

Alfred Peabody, son of Nathan and Hannah (Stickney)
Peabody, born Feb. 3, 1803; merchant; died at Salem,
June 13, 1879, aged 73 yrs., 4 mos., 10 days. Elected
a member March 26, 1851.

Edward Fitzgerald, physician in Salem ; born in Ireland
Jan. 1, 1826; son of Richard and Johannah (Fitzgerald)
Fitzgerald; died July 7, 1879. Elected a member
March 30, 1859.

Thomas M. Saunders. In early life a captain and
supercargo in the East India trade ; a merchant ; son of
Daniel and Sarah (Gill) Saunders, born June 10, 1795;
died Aug. 19, 1879. Elected a member July 6, 1864.

Joseph A. Goldtlnvaite, son of Ezekiel and Mary
(Fuller) Goldthwaite ; born at Salem, Aug. 25, 1813; a
cooper, in early life ; at the time of his decease, superin-
tendent of the Old Men's Home, Salem; died Sept. 2,
1879, aged Q6 years. . Elected a member May 8, 1857.

Henry L. Williams; merchant and an ex-mayor ot
Salem ; son of Israel and Lydia (Waite) Williams, born
at Salem, July 23, 1817; died Sept. 27, 1879. Elected
a member Sept. 16, 1867.

Benjamin F. Mudge, son of James and Ruth (Atwell)

31

Mudge, of Lynn ; born in Orrington, Me., Aug. 11, 1817 ;
graduated at Wesleyan Univ., 1840 ; a lawyer, and mayor
of Lynn in 1852; removed to Kansas in 1861 — State
Geologist and Professor of Natural History in State Agric.
College; died at Manhattan, Kans., Nov. 21, 1879.
Elected a member April 23, 1856.

Nathaniel Brown, son of Nathaniel and Elizabeth
(Millett) Brown, of Salem ; sea captain and merchant,
mayor of Salem; born March 19, 1827; died Dec. 10,

1879, aged 52 yrs., 8 mos., 22 days. Elected a member
July 6, 1864.

Charles Lawrence, son of Abel and Abigail (Page)
Lawrence, born at Salem, Oct. 7, 1795, graduated at
Harv. Univ. 1815 ; in early life went several voj^ages to
India, in later life retired on a farm in Danvers ; died in
Danvers, Dec. 21, 1879, aged 84. Original member.

Josiah Newhall, son of Jacob and Ede (Marble)
Newhall, of Lynnfield, born in Lynnfield, June 6, 1794.
In early life a teacher, afterwards a farmer and horticul-
turist; died in Lynnfield, Dec. 26, 1879. Elected a
member Feb. 13, 1867.

Thomas Mayo Brewer, son of Thomas Brewer, born
Nov. 21, 1814, in Boston, graduated at Harv. Univ.,
1835 ; a physician, afterwards an editor and publisher,
distinguished as an ornithologist ; died in Boston, Jan. 23,

1880, aged 65 years. Elected a corresponding member
Oct. 26, 1859.

JRichard Frothingliam, son of Richard and Mary
(Thompson) Frothingham, born in Charlestown, Mass.,
Jan. 31, 1812, and was devoted during all his life to
literary pursuits ; author of "History of Charlestown,"
"History of the Siege of Boston," "Life of Gen. Joseph
Warren," etc., many years co-editor of the Boston Post,
ex-mayor of Charlestown ; died at CharlestowTn, Jan. 30,
1880.

32

Benjamin Hodges Silsbee, son of William and Mary
(Hodges) Silsbee ; born at Salem, October 1-0, 1811;
graduated atHarv. Univ., 1831 ; merchant ; died Feb. 22,
1880. An original member.

Lewis JV. Tappan, son of Eben and Sallie (Hooper)
Tappan, born in Manchester, engaged in Mining opera-
tions, winters spent in Boston, summers in Manchester;
died in Leadville, Colorado, Feb. 25, 1880. Elected a
member Oct. 5, 1874.

William Dean Waters, son of Joseph and Mary (Dean)
Waters, born at Salem, Nov. 30, 1798; merchant; died
at Salem, April 20, 1880.

Field Meetings. — Four during the summer. First,
near Ship Kock, South Peabody, on Friday, June 20,
1879, the afternoon session was held in the chapel near by.
Eev. George F. Wright, of Anclover, spoke of the geology
cf that vicinity, Messrs. James H. Emerton and G. A.
Perkins, of Salem, on the plants collected, Rev. C. C.
Carpenter and Samuel Brown, of South Peabody, Eev.
Messrs. Israel and Hosmer, of Salem, and the chairman,
on historical and general subjects. Second, at Andover,
Friday, June 27, 1879. The various places of historical
or scientific interest were visited during the forenoon,
under the direction of Rev. George F. Wright, of that
place. The afternoon session was held in the Free Con-
gregational Church. The speakers were Rev. George F.
Wright, Prof. William H. Niles, Rev. Francis H. Johnson,
Prof. Goldsmith, principal of the Punchard High School,
Mr. J. H. Emerton, Rev. Selah Merrill, and Rev. E. S.
At wood. Third, at the Asylum Station in Danvers,
Thursday, July 31, 1879. The afternoon session was held
in Hathorne Hall, in the Asylum Building. Dr. May,
the superintendent, gave a description of the building,
method of heating, ventilation, etc. The President and

33

Mr. Andrew Nichols alluded to the historical associa-
tions of this locality. Rev. L. M. Livermore, Mr. J. H.
Emcrton, Dr. George A. Perkins, Rev. Fielder Israel,
Rev. Mr. Wright, of Danvers, made appropriate remarks.
Fourth, at Bay View, Gloucester, the seaside residence
of Col. J. H. French, by whose invitation a very pleasant
meeting was held, Wednesday, Aug. 27, 1879. The
Cape Ann Literary and Scientific Society united with the
Institute on this occasion. Col. French, Dr. Conant,
President of the Cape Ann L. and S. Society, Judge
Davis, Mr. J. H. Emerton, Judge Drake, of the Court of
Claims, Washington, D. C. ; Prof. A. Hyatt, Dr. Davis,
and Mr. N. A. Horton were among the speakers.

Excursions. — Three excursions. First, a summer
excursion, embracing the following interesting points:
Saratoga Springs, Watkins Glen, Seneca Lake, Niagara
Falls, River St. Lawrence and Thousand Isles, Montreal
and Lake Memphremagog, left Salem, Tuesday, July 15,
1879, and returned on Thursday, July 24. Second, the
autumnal excursion during the first week in September,
leaving Salem, Tuesday, Sept. 2, 1879, for Saratoga,
Lake George, Ticonderoga, Lake Champlain, Montpelieiv
Vt., and the Franconia mountains, returning on Saturday,
Sept. 6. Third, to Washington, D. C, and Richmond,
Va., leaving Salem on Thursday, March 18, 1880, and
returning Saturday, March 27, with a side trip to Mount
Vernon and sufficient time to notice many objects of in-
terest in the two cities.

Lectures. — A course of eight Geographical lectures
under the direction of the Lecture Committee, was as
follows : 1st, Monday, Sept. 29, 1879, Rev. E. S. Atwood,
3

34

"Palestine." 2d, Monday, Oct. 13, 1879, Rev. George T.
Flanders, "Spain, Morocco and Algiers." 3d, Monday,
Oct. 27, 1879, Frederick E. Ober, "Lesser Antilles."
4th, Monday, Nov. 10, 1879, S. G. W. Benjamin,
"Portugal.* 5th, Monday, Dec. 1, 1879, Rev. E. C.
Bolles, "England.". 6th, Monday, Dec. 22, 1879, E. S.
Morse, "Japan." 7th, Monday, Jan. 5, 1880, Thomas
Davidson, "Athens." 8th, Monday, Jan. 12, 1880, Rev.
A. P. Peabody, "Russia." These lectures were carefully
prepared and most of them were illustrated by lantern
views, and were instructive.

In addition to the above, three courses of lectures, and
one of readings of six each — free to the public — were
given ; the only condition was that persons desiring to at-
tend should apply for tickets at the rooms of the Institute.
The results have been most gratifying. The class of people
for whom these lectures were intended has been reached,
and the hall has been filled with quiet, appreciative, and
attentive audiences.

1st, six lectures by L. E. Beckwith, " The Lives and
Writings of the Prose Authors of the Age of Queen A?me,"
on Thursday afternoons, beginning Nov. 6, 1879 ; 2nd,
six lectures by Charles Sedgwick Minot, upon " Com-
parative Embryology," on Tuesday afternoons, commenc-
ing Jan. 6, 1880 ; 3d, six lectures by Ephraim Emerton,
" The Beginnings of Modern Life," on Wednesday after-
noons, commencing March 3, 1880 ; Prof. Henry Klein,
French and German Headings, on Monday afternoons,
commencing Monday, Feb. 16, 1880.

In addition to the above we may include the three
lectures on " Old England," by Rev. E. C. Bolles, on
Wednesdays, March 24, 31, and April 7, 1880, and a
lecture by Rev. C. T. Brooks, on the "Roman Cam-

35

pagna," on Monday, March 8, 1880. These were not
under the direction of the Institute.

Meetings. — Regular Meetings usually on the first and
third Monday evenings of each month. The following
communications received and lectures delivered may be
specified: Mr. James Samuelson, of Liverpool, on
"Darwinism" and on "The Classification of Animals;"
William H. Tappan, of Manchester, "Gold and Silver
Mines and Miners," the results of his experience in Cali-
fornia, Nevada, and Colorado ; James E. Emerton,
"Animals living at the bottom of Salem Harbor," the
results of dredging during the summer of 1879 ; W. S.
Nevins, "Mount Vesuvius and the ruins of Pompeii;"
D. B. Eagar, "Spelling Keform;" F. W. Putnam,
"The former Indians of Southern California, bearing on
the origin of the Ked Man in America;" E. 8. Morse,
"The influence of Early Korean Art upon Japanese
Pottery ;" Rev. Edivard Colly er, of New York, "An
Episode in the life of Edward Fairfax;" Thomas E.
Walker, of Pottsville, Pa., "On Prison Discipline;"
Nathan Crosby, of Lowell, "Essex County and Essex
County Men;" Rev. Robert C. Mills, "Memoir of James
Upton;" James Kimball, "On the Early manufacture of
Glass in Salem," "Notes on the Richardson and Russell
Families;" Eenry F. Waters, "The Gedney and Clarke
Families, of Salem, Mass.;" William P. Upham, "Rec-
ords of the First Church at Salisbury, Mass., 1687-1754."

Concerts. — Under the personal direction of the curator
of music five concerts have been given, with much credit
to the society as musical performances. The eleventh
season.

1st, Monday, Nov. 3, 1879, Mrs. G. C. Adams, Miss

36

Ita Welsh, Mr. W. E. G. Evans and Dr. E. C. Bullard,
under the direction of Mr. J. Phippen, jr., curator of
music. 2nd, Monday, Dec. 8, 1879, Mr. W. H. Sher-
wood, pianist, M'me Luisa Cappiani, soprano, Miss Julia
A. Wells, contralto, and Dr. Albion M. Dudley, tenor.
3d, Monday, Feb. 2, 1880, by Miss Fannie Lovering,
soprano, Mr. Bernhard Listemann, violin, Mr. Alex.
Heindl, violoncello, Mr. J. Phippen, jr., piano-forte. 4th,
Monday, Feb. 23, 1880, Piano-forte Eecital by Mr. John
A. Preston, assisted by Miss Sara W. Barton, soprano.
5th, an operetta, "The Crimson Scarf," Friday, April 9,
1880.

Mr. Joshua Phippen, jr., the Curator, gave in October
three piano-forte recitals ; these were quite successful and
drew together cultivated audiences.

Library. — The additions to the Library for the year
May, 1879 -May, 1880, have been as follows : —

By Donation.

Folios 27

Quartos 94

Octavos 4S3

Duodecimos 415

Sexdecimos » 301

Octodecimos 52

Total of bound volumes 1,372

Pamphlets and Serials 6,494

Total of Donations ,- 7,806

By Exchange.

Quartos 10

Octavos 102

Duodecimos 10

Sexdecimos 2

Octodecimos 2

Total of bound volumes 126

Pamphlets and Serials 1,881

Total of Exchanges 2,007

37

By Purchase.

Quartos 1

Octavos 66

Duodecimos 50

Sexdecimos 23

Total of bound volumes 140

Pamphlets 32

Total of Purchases ] 72

Total of Donations , 7,806

Total of Exchanges 2,007

Total by Purchase.'. 172

Total of Additions 10,045

Of the total number of pamphlets and serials, 4,090
were pamphlets, and 4,317 were serials.

The donations to the Library for the year have been
received from one hundred and eighty-six individuals and
twenty-seven societies and departments of the General
and State Governments. The exchanges from seven in-
dividuals, one hundred and forty-four societies and in-
corporate institutions, of which ninety-one are foreign ;
also from editors and publishers.

Donations or exchanges have been received from the

following : —

Abbot, Francis E., Boston, Mass.,

Adams, H. B., Baltimore, Md., .

Adelaide, Philosophical Society,

Albany, N. Y. State Library,

Alnwick, Berwickshire Naturalists' Field Club,

American Association Advancement of Science,

American Social Science Association,

Anagnos, M., Boston, Mass.,

Andrews, Mrs. James H., .

Andrews, Wm. P.,

Anthony, J. G., Estate of the late,
Appleton, Wm. Sumner, ....
Archer, Geo. B., Brooklyn, N. Y.,
Augsburg, Naturhistorischer Verein,
Baetz, Henry, Milwaukee, Wis.,
Baltimore, Maryland Historical Society,

Vols.
3

Pam.

29
1

38

Vols. Pam

Baltimore, Md., Peabody Institute, 1

Bancroft, Cecil F. P., Andover, Mass., .... 2

Barton, Wm. G., 5

Batavia, Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en We-

tenschappen, 1 13

Batavia, Natuurkundige Vereeniging in Nederlandsch

India 1

Beedham, B., 1

Belfast, Naturalists' Field Club, 1

Bemis, Luke, West Chester, Penn., . Newspapers,

Bergen, Bergenske Museum, . . . . . . 1

Berlin, Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde, . . 1

Berlin, Verein zur Beforderung des Gartenbaues, . . 24

Bolles, Eev. E. C, Newspapers, 11 123

Bologna, Accademia delle Scienze, 1

Bonn, Naturhistorischer Verein der preussischen Rhein-

lande, und Westphalens, 4 2

Bordeaux, Academie des Sciences, Belles-Lettres et Arts, 5

Bordeaux, Societe Linneenne, 6

Boston, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, . 1 1

Boston, City of, 3

Boston, Mass. Historical Society, 2

Boston, Mass. Horticultural Society, 2

Boston, Mass. Institute of Technology .... 1

Boston, Mass. Medical Society .1

Boston, N. E. Historic and Genealogical Society, . . 15

Boston, Public Library, 16

Boston, Scientific Society, 6

Boston, Society of Natural History, .... 1 15

Boston, Society of Medical Improvement, ... 1

Bo37nton, Herbert W., Boston, Mass., .... 7 16

Bradlee, Rev. CD., 1

Braunschweig, Archiv fiir Anthropologie .... 1 3

Bremen, Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein, ... 1

Briggs, Miss M. E., Charts, Maps, 92 20

Bristol, Naturalists' Society, 2

Brock, R. A., Richmond, Va., . . .Newspapers, 5 9

Brooks, Henry M., 6 4

Brooks, W. K., Baltimore, Md., 1

Brown, Horace, 23 37

Brunn, Naturforschender Verein, 3

Bruxelles, L'Academie Royale des Sciences des Lettres,

des Beaux Arts de Belgique, 6

39

Vols.

Bruxelles, Societe Beige tie Microscopie,
Bruxelles, Societe Eutomologique de Belgique,
Bruxelles, Societe Malacologique de Belgique,
Buenos Aires, Sociedad Cientifica Argentina,

Buffalo, Historical Society,

Buffalo, Young Men's Association, ....
Burnham, John H., Bloomington, 111., ....

Butler, George,

Caen, L'Academie Nationale des Sciences, Arts et Belles-

Lettres,

Calcutta, Geological Survey of India, ....

Caldwell, Augustine, Ipswich, Mass.,

Cambridge, Library of Harvard University,

Cambridge, Museum of Comparative Zoology, .

Cambridge, Nuttall Ornithological Club,

Cambridge, Peabody Museum of American Archseolo<

and Ethnology,

Canterbury, N. Z. Philosophical Institute,

Case, L. P., Richmond, Ind.,

Cassel, Verein fur Naturkunde,

Chandler, Gardner L.,

Chaney, Geo. L., Boston, Mass., ....

Chase, Benj., Auburn, N. H.,

Cherbourg, Societe Nationale des Sciences Naturelles,

Chicago, Historical Society,

Christiania, Kongelige Norske Universitet,
Christiania, Videnskabs Selskabet, ....

Cole, Miss Caroline J.,

Cole, Mrs. N. D.,

Collett, John, Indianapolis, Ind.,
Columbia, Mo., State University Library
Conklin, Wm. A., New York, N. Y., .

Cooke, Caleb,

Cresson, Ezra T., Philadelphia, Penn.,

Crosby, Mrs. M. K., ....

Cutter, Abram E., Charlestown, Mass.,

Danzig, Naturforschende Gesellschaft, .

Darmstadt, Verein fiir Erdkuncle,

De Borre, Alf. Preudhomme, Bruxelles,

Dodge, Robert, New York, N. Y.,

Doolittle, Miss E., Troy, N. Y.,

Dresden, Naturwissenschaftliche Gesellschaft, "Isis,'

Dresden, Verein fiir Erdkunde, . . .

1
1

11
2
3

3

1
1

1

1

415

1
1

Pam.
12
12
33

1

3
12

1
49

1

1
69
3
1
2
151

2
2

752
9

40

Vols.

Dublin, Royal Irish Academy,

Dudley, Charles B., Altoona, Perm., ....
Dunning, Rev. Chas. U., Lawrence, Mass.,

Diirkheim, Die Pollichia,

Edes, H. H., Charlestown, Mass., ....
Emden, Naturforschende Gesellschaft, ....

Emerton, James H., Newspapers

Emilio, Luis F., San Francisco, Cal., ....

Emmerton, James A.,

Erlangen, Physikalisch-medicinische Societat,

Essex Agricultural Society,

Falmouth, Eng., Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society, .
Fearing, Andrew C, jr., Boston, Mass.,
Fewkes, J. Walter, Cambridge, Mass., ....
Flanders, Rev. G. T., Lowell, Mass., . . Newspapers

Newspapers,

Folsom, Chas. F., Boston, Mass.,

Foote and Horton, ....

Foster, W. E., Providence, R. I.,

Fowler, H. Gilbert, and others, Auburn, N. Y.,

Frankfurt, Senckenbergische naturforschende Gesellschaft

Frankfurt, Zoologische Gesellschaft, ....

Freiburg, Naturforschende Gesellschaft,

Geneve, Institut National Genevois, ....

Geneve, Societe de Physique et d'Histoire Naturelle,

Giessen, Oberhessische Gesellschaft fur Natur und Heil-

kiinde,

Gillis, James A.,

Goode, G. Brown, Middletown, Conn.,

Goodell, A. C, jr.,

Gorlitz, Naturforschende Gesellschaft,

Gottingen, Konigliche Gesellschaft der Wissenscha,ften,

Gould, John H., Topsfield, Mass., ....

Gould, Miss M. E.,

Gray, Arthur F., Danversport, Mass.,

Green, Samuel A., Boston, Mass.,

Gulliver, Rev. John P., Andover, Mass.,

Halifax, Nova Scotian Institute of Natural Science,

Hall, E, W., Waterville, Me.,

Halle, Kaiserliche Leopoldinisch-Carolinische Deutsche

Akademie der Naturforscher, ....
Hamburg, Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein, .
Hamburg, Verein fur Nativwissenschaftliche Unterhaltung,

32

2
3

21

10

Pam.
10

1
7

1
38
1
1
1
5
1
3

1
2
5

18
1

1

33

1

1

1

1

482

1

1
1

41

Newspapers,
Newspapers,

Hannover, Naturhistorische Gesellschaft,
Harlem, Societe Hollandaise des Sciences,
Hart, Chas. Henry, Philadelphia, Perm.,
Hawkins, Dexter A., New York, N. Y.,
Hedge, F. H., jr., Lawrence, Mass.,
Henry, Thomas Elder, Dalkey, Ireland,
Hobart Town, Royal Society of Tasmania,

Hoffman, Mrs. Chas.,

Holmes, J. C, Detroit, Mich.,
Hoppin, James M., New Haven, Conn.,

Horton, N. A.,

Hotchkiss, Miss Susan V., New Haven, Conn.,

Huguet-Latour, Maj., Montreal,

Hunt, T. F., ...

111. State Agricultural Society,

Israel, Rev. Fielder,

Ives, H. P.,

Ives, Mrs. Wm., .

Jenison, O. A., Lansing, Mich.

Jenkins, Chas. T.,

Jocelyn, Miss M. E. W.,

Johnson, Mrs. Samuel,

Kempf, Matthew,

Ketchum, Rev. Silas, Poquonock, Conn., .

Kidder, Frederic, Boston, Mass.,

Kimball, James, Newspapers

Kimball, Mark, Chicago, 111., .

Kjobenhavn, Botanisk Tidsskrift, ....
Kjobenhavn, Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab,
Knox, John Jay, Washington, D. C,

Lander, Miss Elizabeth,

Langdell, Miss Annie,' . . .

Langworthy, I. P., Boston, Mass., ....

Earned, Josephus N., Buffalo, N. Y., ....

Lawrence, Geo. N.,

Lawrence, Public Library,

Lee, Francis H., Newspapers,

Leeds, Philosophical and Literary Society,

Le Mans, Societe d' Agriculture, Sciences, et Arts de la

Sarthe, .

Leveridge, C. A., Dunellen, N. J., ....

Liege, Societe Royale des Sciences,
Lincoln, Francis H., Boston, Mass.j

Vols.
1

40

29

Tarn.

2
1

20
1
1

23
5

75
1

50
532

36
2

9
2

1

3

1

47

1

6

3

1

8

1

138

11

13

1

152

1

1

1

42

Vols. Pam.

Lincoln, Solomon, jr., 37 86

London, Koyal Society, 13

Lord, Mrs. Geo. K., 593

Lowell, Old Residents' Historical Association, . . 1

Lund, Kongliga Universitetet, 2 12

Liineburg, Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein, ... 1

Luxembourg, Institut lloyal Grand Ducal, ... 1
Lyon, Societe d'Agriculture, Histoire Naturelle et Arts

Utiles, 1

Lyon, Societe Linneenne, 1

Mack, Mrs. David, Belmont, Mass., 20 182

Mack, Miss Esther C, 1

Mack, William, 4

Madison, Wis. Historical Society, 1

Madrid, Observatorio, 7

Madrid, Sociedad Espanola de Historia Natural, . . 1

Manning, R. C, 1

Manning, Robert, Newspapers, 14

Manson, A. S., Boston, Mass., 2

Marburg, Gesellschaft zur Beforderung der Gesammten

Naturwissenschaften, 9

Marsh, O. C, New Haven, Conn., .... 1

Marshall, John W., Rockport, Mass., .... 1

Martindale, Isaac C, 1

May, Calvin S., Danvers, Mass., 1

Mecklenburg, Verein der Freunde der Naturgeschichte, 1

Meek, Henry M., » . 1

Mexico, Museo Nacional, 3

Milburn, Jos., Buffalo, N. Y., 3

Mills, Abraham, New York, N. Y., .... 1

Mills, Rev. R. C, 7 183

Milwaukee, Wis., Naturhistorischen Verein, . . 3

Montpelier, Vt., Historical Society, 1

Montpelier, Vt., State Library, Ill

Montreal, Canada, Geological Survey, .... 2 3

Morse, E. S., 4 46

Munchen Koniglich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissen-

schaften, 19

Miiuster, Westfalische Provinzial Verein fur Wissenschaft

und Kunst, 1

Nagle, John T., New York, N. Y., 2

Nashville, Board of Health, 1

Neuchatel, Societ6 des Sciences Naturelles, ... 1 1

43

Newspapers

Kevins, W. S.,

Newark, N. J., Historical Society,

Newhall, Miss Eliza G.,

New Haven, Conn., Academy of Arts and Sciences,

New Haven, Yale College Library,

New York, Academy of Sciences,

New York, American Chemical Society,

New York, American Geographical Society,

New York, American Water Color Society, .

New York, Chamber of Commerce,

New York, Genealogical Biographical Society,

New York, Historical Society, ....

New York, Mercantile Library Association, .

Nichols, The Misses,

Noble, Edward H., .

Norfolk, John R.,

Oliver, Henry K.,

Orange, N. J., N. E. Society,

Packard, Mrs. A. S., jr.,

Paine, H. D., New York, N. Y.,

Palfray, Chas. W., .

Paris, Athenee Oriental,

Paris, L'Institution Ethnographique,

Paris, Societe Americane de France, .

Paris, Societe d'Acclimatation,

Paris, Societe d'Anthropologie,

Paris, Societe des Etudes Historiques,

Peabody, John P., ....

Peabody, Mass., Peabody Institute,

Peet, Rev. S. D., Clinton, Wis.,

Peirce, Henry B., Secretary of State, Boston, Mass.,
Pennsylvania, University of Medical Department,

Perkins, Geo. A.,

Perkins, Henry, Philadelphia, Pa., .
Perry, Wm. Stevens, Davenport, Iowa,

Petterd, Wm. F.,

Philadelphia, American Philosophical Society,
Philadelphia, Library Company, .

Philadelphia, Mercantile Library Company, .
Philadelphia, Numismatic and Antiquarian Society,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Historical Society,
Phillips, Henry, jr., Philadelphia, Pa.,
Phoenix, S. Whitney, New York, N. Y.,

6
39
44

26

Vols. Pam.

8 8

1

1

1
4

1
4
1

4

1
1

21

89
62

1

3

143

1

4

1

16

5

10

12

1

3

1
49
65

1

16

44

Vols. Pam.

Pickering, Mrs. Chas., Boston, Mass., .... 1 1

Pickering, Miss Mary, .... Newspapers, 9 11

Pierce, B. 0., Beverly, Mass., 1 3

Pool, Wellington, Wenham, Mass.,. .... 3

Poore, Ben. Perley, Washington, D. C, 1

Pope, Miss Lydia, 1

Porter, Robert P., Chicago, 111., 1

Prince, Geo. H., St. Petersburg, 1

Princeton, N. J. , E. M. Museum of Geology and Archaeology, 1

Procter, Joseph O., Gloucester, Mass., ... 1

Providence, Rhode Island Historical Society, ... 1

Putnam, Rev. A. P., Brooklyn, N. Y., 1

Putnam, F. W., Newspapers, ~ 34

Quebec, Literary and Historical Society, ... 1

Regensburg,KoniglichebayerischebotanischeGesellschaft, 1 1

Rhees, Wm. J., Washington, D. C., .... 1

Rice, Wm., Springfield, Mass., 1

Robinson, John, Newspapers, 2 185

Ropes, N., Cincinnati, 0., 1 1

Ropes, Miss S., 1

Ropes, Rev. Wm. L., Andover, Mass., .... 1

Sale, Chas. L., Chelsea, Mass., 1

Sale, John, Chelsea, Mass., 2 3

Salem, Ladies' Centennial Committee, .... 6

San Francisco, California Academy of Sciences, . . 1

San Francisco, Mercantile Library Association, ... 1
S'Gravenhage, Nederlandsche Entomologische Vereeni-

ging, 3

Shepard, Jas. E., Lawrence, Mass., .... 1 51

Shepard, Miss Nellie J., New York, N. Y., ... 5

Silsbee, Mrs. B. H., 204 770

Sinclair, Chas. A., Boston, Mass., 1

Soule, Chas. C, Boston, Mass., 19

Spofford, A. R., Washington, D. C., .... 1

Stearns, Robert E. C, San Francisco, Cal., ... 1

Stearns, Samuel, Lawrence, Mass., 1 2

Stearns, W. A., . 4

Steiger, E., New York, N. Y., 1

St. Gallen, St. Gallische Naturwissenschaftliche Gesell-

schaft, . • 1

Stickney, Miss Cornelia, 17

Stilson, Rev. Arthur C, Ottumwa, Iowa, .... 1

St. Louis, Mo. Academy of Science, .... 1

45

Vols. Pam.
St. Louis, Mo. Public School Library, .... 2

Stone, Miss Mary H., .... Newspapers,

St. Paul, Minnesota Historical Society, . . . . 1G

St. Petersburg, Acaclemie Imperiale des Sciences,

St. Petersburg, Imperial Botanical Garden,

Stroyer, Rev. Jacob, .........

Sydney, Royal Society of New South Wales, ... 2
Tanaka, His Excellency Mr., Tokio, Japan, ... 2

Tasmania, Government of, 1

Taunton, Eng., Somersetshire Archaeological and Natural

History Society, 1

Taunton, Mass., Old Colony Historical Society,

Taunton, Mass., Public Library,

Taylor, Wm. B., Washington, D. C., .... 1

Tenney, Mrs. H. A., Lansing, Mich., .... 1

Thomson, Peter G., Cincinnati, 0,,

Topeka, Kansas Historical Society,

Townsend, John P., New York, N. Y.,

Trondhjem, Kongelige Norske Videnskabers Selskab,

Tuttle, Chas. W., Boston, Mass.,

Unknown,

Upham, Wm. P., Newspapers,

Upton, Jas., Estate of the late, 19

Upton, Winslow, Detroit, Mich., 1

U. S. Bureau of Education, 2

U. S. Dept. of Agriculture,

IT. S. Dept. of Interior, 2

U. S. Dept. of State, 1

U. S. Engineer Dept., 7

U. S. Naval Observatory, 4

U. S. Patent Office,

U. S. P. 0. Dept., 1

U. S. Treasury Dept., 3

Utica, Oneida Historical Society,

Verrill, A. E., New Haven, Conn.,

Wadsworth, H. A., Lawrence, Mass., .... 1

Wallis, Al. C, Upsala,

Walter, Jos. R., Wilmington, Del., ....

Walton, E. N., .'

Washington, I). C, Smithsonian Institution, . . 1

Waters, E. Stanley,

Waters, J. Linton,

Waterville, Me., Colby University,

46

Vols. Pam.

Watson, Miss C. A., 11

Welch, Wm. L., 2 4

Wheatland, Miss E., .... Newspapers,

Wheatland, H., Newspapers, 14 21

Wheatland, Miss Martha G., 2 11

Whipple, Geo. M., Newspapers, 1 6

Whipple, S. K., Newburyport, Mass., .... 2

White, Kev. Wm. 0., Boston, Mass., .... 6

Wien, K. K. Zoologisch botanische Gesellschaft, . 1
Wien, Verein zur Verbreitung Naturwissenschaftlicher

Kentnisse, 1

Wilder, Marshall P., Dorchester, Mass., 2 5

Wilkins, Mrs. Chas., 1

Wilmington, Delaware Historical Society, ...

Willson, Eev. E. B., 41

Winthrop, Robert C, Boston, Mass., .... 2

Woods, Mrs. Kate T., 146

Worcester, American Antiquarian Society, ... 2

Worcester, Society of Antiquity, 1

Wurzburg, Physikalish-medicinische Gesellschaft, ..12

Zurich, Naturforscheucle Gesellschaft, .... 4

The following have been received from editors or pub-
lishers : —

American Bookseller. [Arts.

Lynn Reporter.

American Journal of Science and

Musical Herald.

American Naturalist.

Nation.

Bangs' Catalogue.

Nature.

Beverly, N. J. Banner.

Our Dumb Animals.

Boston Herald.

Peabody Press.

Canadian Entomologist.

Peabody Reporter.

Canadian Naturalist.

Quaritch's Catalogue.

Cape Ann Bulletin.

Review, P. H. S.

[Friend.

European Mail. [Journal.

Sailors' Magazine and

Seamen's

Familiar Science and Fanciers'

Salem Gazette.

Francis' Catalogue.

Salem Observer.

Gardener's Monthly.

Salem Post.

Ipswich Antiquarian Papers.

Salem Register.

Lawrence American.

Turner's Public Spirit.

Librarian.

Vox Humana.

Zoologischer Anzeiger.

47

Horticulture. — The annual Horticultural Exhibition
opened on Tuesday, Sept. 9, 1879, and closed on Thurs-
day evening, Sept. 11. The display was good, the
flowers, ferns, pot plants and gladioli being very beautiful.
There was a good show of vegetables and fruits ; of the
latter, the pears took the lead in the number of varieties.
David Wentzell had some handsome Gravenstein apples
and other fruit, also a good display of vegetables ; F. H.
Appleton a fine collection of the products of "Broadfield's
Farm ; " the Plummer Farm School some giant Ruta-bagas
Mangel-wurtzel, and Stone Mason cabbage, etc. ; R. B.
Gifford and Samuel W. Pease some mammoth early Craw-
ford peaches ; Henry Poor some fine clusters of grapes,
Hamburgs and Black Prince ; T. Putnam Symonds a
good cluster of Hartford Prolifics ; Mr. Wilkinson, figs.

The centre of the hall was occupied with potted ferns
and plants from the greenhouses of John Robinson and
H. W. Putnam ; Charles A. Putnam a beautiful pyramid
of gladioli, at the head of the hall a handsome collection
of asters, coleus, and pinks.

Among the exhibitors were the following : — Charles A.
Ropes, seventy-five dishes of fruit, George Pettingell,
forty-nine dishes, Aaron Nourse, thirteen, David Went-
zell, twenty. Fruit from George Bowker, E. H. Noble,
John Osborne, T. P. Symonds, Miss S. Ropes, Wm. H.
Dennett, Wm. Mack, George D. Putnam, Ezekiel Goss,
Miss E. P. Richardson, William L. Welch, Joseph
Symonds, James P. Cook, Mrs. M. Wilkinson, J. W.
Barton, George D. Glover, Mrs. Wm. F. Gardner, C.
A. Buxton, John W. Grant. Cut flowers from Mrs. C.
A. Ropes, H. W. Putnam, Mrs. C. H. Miller, Mrs. W.
F. Gardner, Mrs. E. D. Kimball, Mrs. J. P. Cook,
Joseph Symonds, Wm. H. Whipple, B. D. Hill. Ferns
from John Robinson. Pot plants from John Robinson,

48

Henry Poor, Dr. H. C. Merriam, Miss Wilkinson, Mrs.
J. P. Cook.

Art Exhibitions. — There have been during the past
year, two exhibitions by the artists and amateurs of Salem
and its immediate vicinity — under the direction of the
Curator of Art. The first was held on Wednesday,
Thursday, and Friday, June 11, 12 and 13, 1879. The
collection was confined, with one or two exceptions, to the
works of the artists of Salem, and as such was extremely
gratifying to all who are interested in sssthetic culture —
comprising some fine oil paintings, beautiful sketches
in water colors, charcoal, and craj^ons ; tiles and decorated
china, some charming results of the Potters' wheel, almost
equalling Limoges and Faience ; a good exhibit of pottery
from the Beverly establishment ; some excellent mechani-
cal drawings, original designs for oil cloths, etc., the work
of the pupils of our public schools. Some fifty-three ar-
tists represented were residents of Salem, contributing
over two hundred paintings and specimens of decorative
art.

The following is a list of the principal pieces on exhibi-
tion : —

St. John the Baptist and other pictures, Miss Mary E.
Kimball; head (oil), pencil drawings, Mrs. Horace S.
Perkins ; oil paintings, C. C. Redmond ; Cashmere goat,
Sybil (copy), Chilian milk venders, D. M. Shepard ; oil
paintings, J. Mackintire ; rocks at Marblehead, Julia S.
Warden ; water colors, C. P. Brown ; souvenir of Lex-
ington, Henry Chapman; head in charcoal, water colors,
storks, pottery, Miss M. M. Brooks ; house, seven gables,
Geo. M. White; dog's head, tile, G. B. Haskell; old
Notch house, Miss Agge ; pencil drawing, H. P. Stone ;
Beverly shore, oil pictures, pastel, Miss Louisa Lander;

49

wild flowers, Miss C. Grant; water colors, Miss A.
Cassino ; charcoal sketch, Miss J. F. Barker ; violets,
apple blossoms, and other pictures, Miss E. B. Gardner ;
crayon, storks, W. W. and F. L. Morse ; drawings, Mrs.
H. C. Weston; drawings by M. Kilham, A. L. Cone,
E. French, B. Whitney, L. Atwood, S. S. Kimball, S. S.
Kelley, J. J. Redmond, A. Porter, H. E. Carlton, C. S.
Sanborn, M. L. Hill, H. G. Hale, F. L. Morse, F. Moody,
H. Effie, C. S. Bliss. Oil panels, Miss E. K. Bolles ; panels,
Miss A. B. Holden; oil (hare), Mrs. G. P. Osgood;
fuchsia, Miss S. S. Kimball ; Japanese tea pot, C. K.
Bolles ; views in Beverly, A. E. Downes ; sketches in
oil, Miss H. F. Osborne ; water colors, Miss L. L. A.
Very ; collection of pencil and pen drawings by J. H.
Emerton ; charcoal drawings, G. L. Chandler ; six char-
coal sketches, Miss S. E. Smith ; collection of thirty-nine
sketches in oil and charcoal, from nature and objects, by
Miss S. E. Smith and pupils ; three oil paintings, C. P.
Brown ; stork, cast from model, Miss M. E. Stanley; oil
panel, charcoal and other sketches, Miss H. K. Osgood ;
six oil paintings, Misses Williams ; oil panels, Miss
Kinsman ; charcoal sketches, Miss Phippen : Sorento
carving, W. W. Northend ; pen and ink panel, Miss
Northern!; wild flowers, Miss E. D. Williams; tea pot
and tray, Miss Cassino ; decorated mirror frame, Miss A.
Perkins ; apple blossoms, Miss M. A. Cook ; lilacs, pansies,
(panels), horse chestnuts (oil), Miss S. E. C. Oliver;
heads, oil, quick sketches, Miss H. F. Osborne ; five water
colors, Miss K. Peirson ; four oil pictures, C. C. Redmond ;
thirteen oil pictures, George Newcomb ; collection of seven
sketches in water colors, by Chas. F. Whitney and pu-
pils ; popular and choice decorations, Misses Lander,
Hood, Chadwick, Perkins, Williams, Machado, Willson,
Cleveland, Smith, Silsbee, Brooks, Pratt, Osgood, King,

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN. XII 4

50

Phillips, Mr. G. B. Haskell, Mr. W. W. Northend ; em-
broidery, Misses Peirson, Chad wick, Forrester, Mrs. E.
S. Johnson, Mrs. J. Robinson ; tiles painted in oil, pupils
of- Miss S. E. Smith.

The Second Exhibition opened on Thursday, April
29, 1880. The collection embraced some three hundred
and fifty contributions, covering a wide range in variety
of oil, water-color, crayon, charcoal and sepia sketches,
elegant Kensington work, decorated china, plaques and
panels, pottery and screens with laces and embroidery.

Among the artists whose works were represented are
the following: — clay models and oil paintings, Miss
L. L. A. Very; two oil paintings, Miss Ida Caller; oil
painting, Miss H. F. Osborne, and one from Miss A.
Machado ; two paintings, ornamented plate, Miss L. B.
Hood ; marine view, Clark Oliver of Lynn ; seven paint-
ings, G. L. Chandler; two views, Mrs. N. A. Frye ;
"Low Tide," H. A. Hallett; tile and decorated china,
Mrs. N. A. Frye; decorated fans, etc., Miss Charlotte
Chase : two pencil studies, Miss Mary L. Webb ; table
cover, door panel, and fire screen, Miss C. L. Grant;
oil painting, Thomas Pitman ; two paintings, Helen
Philbrick; do. Miss C. S. Philbrick; ornamented tile,
Miss M. P. Ober ; ornamented tile and china, Abby G.
Pingree ; two views, J. W. Averill ; lace work, Mrs. H.
M. Toppan ; ornamented fans, Miss E. Phillips, Mrs. J.
C. Lee, and Mrs. F. H. Lee ; six paintings, Martha O.
Barrett of Peabody ; painting of flowers, Miss E. E.
Barrett; water colors, Miss M. Taylor and M. A. Fornis ;
four oil paintings, Mrs. C. N. Clark ; paintings and em-
broidery, Miss M. R. Stevens ; charcoal drawing and pen
and ink sketch, J. W. Thyng and Miss S. C. Harris ; panel
pictures, Mrs. George H. Jacobs ; water colors and char-

51

coal drawings, Miss H. M. King ; pen and ink drawings,
Mrs. N. G. Symonds ; flowers, Miss E. R. Plaisted ; oil
painting, Mr. C. C. Redmond ; ornamented tile and panels,
Miss H. L. Kimball ; oil paintings, Miss S. E. Pratt ; orna-
mented china, etc., from Miss E. W. Chad wick and Miss
A. B. Holden ; decoiatecl plate, Miss A. F. Perkins;
three easels, Mrs. Chas. W. Perkins ; charcoal drawings,
Miss E. A. Nichols; "Derby wharf," C. P. Brown.;
ornamented tile, Henry A. Chapman : embroidered work,
Mrs. G. F. Ropes, Susie O. Currier; inlaid work, C.
E. Larrabee ; oil sketches, Miss H. K. Osgood; panel
pictures, Mrs. G. P. Osgood ; table cover, Miss M. W.
Farrington ; charcoal sketch, Mrs. E. S. Johnson; crayon
drawing, Miss A. H. Short; landscapes on fans, Miss A.
Sweetser ; oil colors and plate, Miss E. T. Dike ; em-
broidered work, Mrs. G. B. Jewett ; twelve cards, Miss
Lucy H. Cleveland ; ornamented vases, C. A. Lawrence ;
crayon and pen sketches, Arthur M. Frye ; panel, Miss
E. F. Earle ; plate, Miss Lander ; lion's head from a cast,
Miss A. A. Agge ; lambrequin, Miss Ella W. Fisk ; crayon
work, Miss M. E. Dockham ; blankets, Miss A. Pitman ;
oil painting, plates, cups and saucers, Mrs. E. S. Johnson ;
inclia ink drawings, Mrs. H. H. Davis ; paintings, by Miss
S. E. C. Oliver and eight of her pupils; sketch of E. I.
Marine Hall, interior view, by J. H. Emerton ; em-
broidered work, by Mrs. P. T. Pickering and Miss E.
R. Pickering ; oil colors, Miss E. B. Gardner, and Misses
E. B. and Bessie Gardner ; apple blossoms, Miss Gold-
thwaite ; water colors, Miss M. M. Brooks; crayon por-
traits, C. H. Fillebrown ; fans, Mrs. R. C. Manning ; paint-
ing, Miss A.L. Pike ; oil colors, J. S. Warden ; panels, Mrs.
C.W.Smith ; fans and lace, Misses M.G.and E.Wheatland ;
apples, Annie Forrester ; fancy work, Miss E. Forrester ;
paintings, Miss Nellie Phippen; pen and ink drawing,

52

fancy cards, Geo. M. White ; screens and panels, Miss
Holden ; fans, Miss Susan E. English ; water colors and
fan, M. E. Stanley and Miss Ada Pitman ; flowers, Mrs.
Jos. Symonds ; oil paintings, Misses M. E. and A. O. Wil-
liams ; drawing on wood, Miss Rosie Symonds ; fan, Mrs.
H. S. Perkins; water color studies, Mrs. C. W. Smith;
embroidery, Miss Nellie F. Clarke ; bracket, S. C.
Weston; water colors, G. W. Harvey of Gloucester;
sofa pillow, Miss F. L. Pitman ; Kensington work, Miss
A. Chadwick ; worsted work, Miss L. Eaton ; tile and
stand, Miss E. W. Chadwick ; interior of Dr. Bolles' study,
Kimball Bolles ; two drawings, each of a locomotive, one
by George H. Goodell aged nine years and the other by
Henry Gardner aged seven years, were very noticeable
under such circumstances. A screen by Miss Edith Ran-
toul ; a case of fine specimens of pottery in original de-
signs, made from Salem clay and baked in this city, by
Miss Louisa Lander, occupied the centre of the hall.
Miss L. has been for some time experimenting in glazes,
and has discovered one which appears to be fully equal to
that of the celebrated Limoges ware for depth and bril-
liancy of color. An imitation of Japanese ware was also
good.

Museum. — The specimens in Natural History including
those in Ethnology and Archaeology, which have been given
during the year, are on deposit with the trustees of the
Peabody Academy of Science, in accordance with pre-
vious arrangement. These have been reported at our
meetings and have been duly acknowledged to the several
donors. In addition to the above those of an historical
character or possessing artistic interest have been arranged
in the rooms. The following may be specified as contrib-
utors : John Robinson, Miss M. E. Brings, Charles T.

53

Perkins, Miss Ravel, Miss E. B. Gardner, James Kimball,
J. H. Huntington, Robert Brookhouse, Miss F. P. Ashton
Snow, Edw. Stanley Waters, W. Kite, Caleb Buffum,
E. C. Bolles, David Nichols, A. S. Peabody, Mrs. N. D.
Cole, T. B. Nichols, H. K. Oliver.

Publications have been issued as heretofore, — the
Bulletin, vol. xi, and Historical Collections, vol. xvi.
The exchange list, with few exceptions, continues the
same as last year.

Manuscripts from Miss Mary E. Briggs, Mrs. James
Pope of Melrose, Miss Caroline R. Derby's estate, George
E. Emery of Lynn, Mrs. Joseph S. Cabot, James A.
Gillis, Caleb Buffum, John A. Norfolk, and T. F. Hunt.

Financial. — The Treasurer's Report exhibits the re-
ceipts and expenditures of the past year, presented in
detail, but here condensed for printing.

RECEIPTS.
Balance on hand, commencement of year $254 76

General Account.

Salem Athenaeum \ expense, 1878— $136 90 }

1879 127 87 5= $264 77

Dividend and return tax 31 77

Assessments, 888 00; Publications, 582 67; Donations, 47 50, = 1,518 17

Lectures, Concerts, Excursions and Hall, 2,904 10

$4,718 81

Historical Fund.

Interest of investment, 43 50

Natural History Fund,
Interest of investment, 28 00

Davis Fund.
Interest of investment, , 4S2 S5

54

Ditmore Fund.
Interest of investment, 180 00

Manuscript Fund.
Interest of investment, 40 08

Ladies' Fair Fund.
Interest of investment,... GO 00

Derby Fund.
Rent of land, 30 00

Wm. B. Howes Fund.

Received from executrix, $24,400 00

Interest received since investment, 395 00

24,795 00

$30,633 00
EXPENDITURES.

General Account.

\-

Salem Athenaeum, rent 1878— $350

" 1879— 350$= $700 00

Salaries, $2,045 00; Publications, $1,668 93= 3,713 93

Fire Insurance $60; Books 107 82= 167 82

Sundry Accounts, 368 80

4,950 55

Historical Fund.
Book binding, 116 00

Natural History Fund.
Book binding, 21 50

Davis Fund.
Interest Warren Savings Bank [Funded] 102 85

Ditmore Fund.
F. J. Perkins, Annuity, 100 00

Manuscript Fund.
Interest Five Cents Savings Bank {Funded] 40 08

Howes Fund.

Amount invested, per Separate Report, 24,496 91

Paid on account of old note 300 00

Balance in hands of Treasurer, 505 11

$30,633 00

55

On Friday, the 22d of June next, will occur the two
hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the landing of John
Winthrop on these shores. It is proposed to hold the first
Field Meeting at that time. Robert S. Rantoul, Esq., has
accepted an invitation to deliver the address ; Miss Lucy
Larcom to prepare a poem. Other gentlemen will be
present and take part in the exercises of the day, and it
is hoped that the occasion may be a successful commem-
orative event. The meeting will be held at the Pavilion
on Salem Neck.

Additions to the Library and the several collections
are constantly being made by donations and from other
sources. The subject of increased accommodation for
the valuable material, so fast accumulating will, ere long,
require the consideration of the officers, members, and
friends of the Institute ; whether the present is the most
suitable time to make a general effort to provide means
for a fire-proof building is an important question to de-
cide. That the society needs and ought to have such a
building, no one will deny.

The Treasurer reports the payment of the generous
bequest of the late Wm. B. Howes to the Institute, and
makes a clear and full report of the finances.

In concluding this retrospect of the doings of the In-
stitute during the year, it is hoped that these annual ex-
hibits, of a steady and healthful growth in the right
direction, and of a gradual advance in the promotion of
its various objects, will secure the respect and good
wishes of the community at home and abroad.

56

Monday, May 24, 1880.

Meeting this evening. The President in the chair.
Kecords read.

Mr. Edavard A. Silsbee gave

AN INFORMAL TALK, ON SUNDRY ARCHITECTURAL
AND ART TOPICS.

Coming from Boston there is an old house standing:
alone in a beautiful open spot sloping to the water. It
is very old. Like the venerable men who came down
to us from a former generation, this has descended from
many. It is refreshing and unchanged in an ever-new
land. Long may it remain. I look upon it with affec-
tion. Two centuries speak through it. It takes us back
to witchcraft. Its black color the winds and weather
have painted. It is flat on the ground. One massive
chimney is stacked in the centre, clustered in masses and
solid as the earth. It is simple as a Doric temple and not
unworthy as a human record to stand beside it. The
bleak centuries have howled about it and raved, life has
gone on there and it has threaded its way to our time.
Fire has spared it.

Bare, bald, unornamented, these houses are like mon-
uments of the past. They plead with posterity. They
seem to say to us: "Disturb us not, respect old age."
It touches us with pathos. It is a voice of Pilgrim days,
of Indians, of Quakers, a new continent, a worthy be-
ginning when life was barely lodged here and struggling
for a place to plant itself, and the nation was young and
civilization new. The Indians saw its raising. The Pil-
grim struggled with the savage. Where there are so few
symbols, such a paucity of relics, and the centuries are so
rare, indeed, we cannot afford to neglect them, these old

57

houses. They are our century flowers, as the mediaeval
cathedrals are Europe's and as significant, in their way, of
the stern unconquerable faith that brought them here.

I insist upon them for they are memorable to the eye
and to the feeling.

One catches me, as I go to the Beverly station, with its
impressive bulk, and one huge chimney showing above
the trees. How they reproach the puniness of later times,
monoliths, no one divided their mass or exhausted their
simplicity. A history and character are in them, they are
gothic. Our life is raw enough, and new, and needs to be
tempered by the past. Character is like geology, the
world is built into it. Where we have so little old, what
with constant fires, and changes, and building over and
over on the same spot (it seems as if the American re-
sented an old thing, or were ashamed of it ; and inside our
houses, what wont our women do) ? we should preserve
what we have. We need it in our bustling modern life.
Every appeal the past makes is refining, humanizing. It
seems our buildings are tents from which we remove as
easily. The American is a kind of Bedouin for shiftiness
of place. The past is obliterated ruthlessly.

One cannot exaggerate their impressiveness. The pur-
itan might come out of them to-morrow. They are the
only mementoes we have. Two hundred years old ! what
else have we so old as that? Why, everything is five
or fifty years old here at best ! As expressive are they
in their homely worth as the cathedrals of their enriched
and stately worship. The tooth of time has gnawed at
them in vain. They feast the eye and repose the mind.
The slope in front is dotted with apple trees, itself a
curly dot. This busy sturdy tree is just like the people,
and of most expressive growth. Like a bustling house-
wife, it has a domestic air, like fowls — a barnyard tree.
It seems to belong to the house, to be one of the family,

58

no tree comes so near to us ; there is thrift in every branch.
It has something to do. It is not idle or lazy like the
elm, for dawdling and showing off. Well, that's better
than the weeping willow, a pure bit of sentimentalism
in nature. The elm is another type, very varied, some-
times great and noble, more often scrawny, coarse and
rank, of poor foliage and vegetable growth, not well
knit, forked rather than right-angled, of a feathery plumy
shape, not appropriate for tree form. It is like our thin
sentimentalism and rage for effect. We are not yet knit
in the fibre of maturity. The elm has not half the char-
acter of the apple.

This house of which I speak is at the entrance of Re-
vere, to the left. Coming through the town there is an-
other on the same side of similar age. Here is a chimney
of very pretty design, terminating in two pierced or looped
pinnacles with a solid member between.

The situation and the ride altogether are lovely. Hills
of exquisite slope, mild declivity, as Byron says : fair,
wide-stretching views open as the sky, an unoccupied
country ; the ocean peering in the land ; thicketed rocks,
purple crimson-stained meadows, salt grass, and the
sturdiness and strength of things seize you like a passion.
Salt marshes season our very bones.

There was poetry in the old scattered colonial times,
though nobody has found it out. Hawthorne is too sub-
jective, introspective to do it justice. He would deck
it out in colors of romance which it will not bear. We
need a Walter Scott with homelier touch, and a simple ob-
jectivity and picturesqueness. It is the ocean and the
land at play which produce this coast about Boston, as
if they dallied with each other, and did not know which
was which, and were locked in sweet embraces. No
lovelier mingling of marsh and hill exists.

These houses are apart from all other periods. They

59 •

brought the feelings which originated them with them.
They root themselves in the ground from which they
grow. The mass is a simple unity. Nothing has been
done here so severely full of character. They are the
earliest and best things in design the country possesses.
Doric in simplicity, Gothic in skyey feeling, the vast
slope of the roof makes a splendid line of continuity.
Nothing in Europe is finer than their simple expressive-
ness and detached character. They grow from the soil.
This was gothic feeling, to begin from the ground. It
plants itself like a tree or a mountain, and clasps the soil
in which it roots itself. Classic is lodged, superimposed,
and has no principle of growth, nor is it so near to the
earth and representative of it. They are large, at least
in effect — Doric did not depend for its grandeur on size —
majestic. They hold us by a spell of the imagination like
early records. The imagination wants a background in
which she can paint something. She is worried in the
present. They are generally isolated, or were originally.
They were generous of land in those days. They rule the
domain, are emphatically mansions of a primitive type,
boulders from a mightier past. Like the grim towers
and castles of the middle age which lie like a vast skeleton
over Europe, they reflect another age. The baths, the
bridges, the huge amphitheatres scattered over southern
Europe and along the Mediterranean are the mastodon of
Rome — an extinct species. The pyramids, like mountain
tombs in a desert land, are the bones of Egypt. The age
they represent is gone completely as the feudal time.
How finely were they in character with that great man
the puritan.

It is mass makes architecture, and proportion, the ar-
rangements of it, and the cunningness of line and parts.
This great lean-to is like a hood to the house, as if it

60

were drawn over it to cover it, and looks marvellously
comfortable smothered in storm as they must have been
in those days, and away from neighbors. Like an ark,
it shelters from winds and weather. They are the only
tender memorials of the first primitive time we have.
There are no graves. Whenever I see one of these
houses I am carried back two hundred years in a twink-
ling, transported out of this present and landed in the
dim past. Can anything else do it for us here ? does any-
thing else ?

Walking the other day in North Andover, I was de-
lighted with the design of a chimney. In that house
the inmates were scalped by the Indians. An architect
had stopped the previous season to sketch it. Richly
clustered it was like a bit of gothic times.

A hundred years passed, the colonists were rich. Or-
nateness came and social charm. The houses were still
flat on the ground, and the lawn came in at the window.
There was much dignity preserved and breadth to the
end of the century, and then character passed out. Houses
were perked on underpinnings and no sense of design
left. They were comfortable, but not architectural. The
time of the Hancock house and Pickman house, in this
town, was the first ornate period and the best. It seems
to me there have never been houses here possessing more
quiet dignity and charm. They were fifty feet away
from the street. A rich scroll ornamented the ample
doorway, and often a leaden image between. How this
fascinated the boys ! The massive knocker did away with
the vulgar tintinabulation of bells.

The pineapple house on Brown street was my boyish
landmark, and how sweet and tender that house still is,
put by in a side street. In 1810 the houses were ten feet
from the street, and one approached them by flaring stone

61

steps. Imposing as this was, it was not domestic. The
old charm and rusticity of placing had gone. They still
build in England on the grass and always have. Why wre,
who have the drier climate, should ascend into the air I
cannot tell. Perhaps the snow banked against the wooden
house rotted it, but they did not find this out for a hundred
and fifty years. At any rate it ruins houses for beauty
to place them away from the soil, the grass, the shrubs.
These should nod into the windows and bower the porch,
as if they belonged to the family, and the sweep of lawn
and floor should be one — at least for beauty and senti-
ment, and I believe it can be reconciled with health. In
1800 the house of Judge Endicott was raised but it is
still away from the street. A beautiful doorway and
sweet house next Mr. Willson's church, down street, was
raised in the same way ; the roofe of these houses were
full of cheer ; much may be made of roofs. They are
in themselves an architecture. How they disappeared
afterward ; nothing was made of them until these late
years, when they have been overdone with no correct pure
feeling. "Walking along the delightful old streets of
Salem, or any similar New England town, this feature,
with the benignity of it, and the tender placing on the
ground, charm one. How vulgar the later building,
gingerbread ornaments, bed-post details and designs
turned out by the lathe !

Until, in these late years, education is ridding us of this
display of cheap commonplace ; but now the architect runs
wild with us, as formerly the builder. Breadth, propor-
tion, repose, we rarely see it now as it prevailed to 1800
— simple dignity. This has given way to such countless
variety of styles that I hold it a reproach to architecture,
that it never does anything of its own but constantly re-
produces, imitates, selects. In their day the styles suf-

62

ficed, and expressed something, the feelings of the occu-
pants and the time. Now we are Chinese or Peruvians in
the same breath. Architecture cannot be a living art
when it chooses so widely. They could not build but as
they did in the good periods. They knew nothing better,
or other.

Salem was fortunate in possessing one architect of great
merit at a later date. Macintire had the genius of the re-
naissance. His designs are most refined and delicate.
He has left the best church of the steeple spire order
that can be seen in New England. This is the one in
Chestnut street. The fine steps have been taken away and
the door injured. A charming design was the house of
Mr. Rogers, opposite the market. The upper part is still
beautiful. The Assembly house in Federal street is an-
other. The old common gates were very stately, and
showed true style.

There was a period of Doric taste, Tuscan Doric, which
has left admirably proportioned roofs and noble porches.
The Stearns house has one, and there is one in Chestnut
street. These are the sifted results of centuries of archi-
tectural feeling. Wherever one has attempted to replace
them with other designs or proportions one has made a sad
bungling. These old styles, if once meddled with, are
ruined. Such was the case with the Boardman house, built
by my grandfather, opposite the eastern gate of the com-
mon, once excellent for porches and proportion. The
proportion of the roof remains. General Washington
was astonished, on his visit to Salem, that a sea captain
could build such a house. In those primitive days it was
the largest around the mall.

As an illustration of the styles, and the contrast they
present, the imaginative significance of them, it is in-
structive to study two late churches in Boston, the one

63

in Arlington street and the other in Bcrkele}^. The one
is composite, the other gothic. The Arlington street is
a very poor production in its own style, has no just pro-
portion nor elegance and is a clumsy copy of St. Martin's
In The Fields, in Trafalgar Square, London. The
steeple spire can never have much inspiration in it though
it may have elegance. Spires are gothic. They are the
fine fruit of its aspiration. Gothic is a thirst, a climbing,
an aspiration. Great interiors, with ribbed and bended
roofs, are like hands folded in prayer, and stretched to
heaven. Every moulding is an emotion, pinnacles are
ecstasy, niches are psalms, shafts are anthems, stained glass
the heaven itself, sunset or the dawn. Gothic is like soul
in style, classic mind ; the one poetry, the other prose ;
gothic feeling, classic thought. One is of heaven, the
other earth. However broken, the snatches of it enchant,
like strains of music. As a natural vegetation, it entwines,
shoots, and embraces. It is mysterious, exuberant, un-
ending. It is like a monument to nature built by man.
In no other style has the spire a raison (T etre. Others
are piled up, imposing, but not inspired. Grace, majesty,
proportion, design, do not supply this motive of soaring,
vaulting growth, and piercing exultation. They are cold.
Gothic is as multitudinous as nature. She might have done
it herself. It is like three centuries of Shakespeare. In
its greatness, all men's lives were in it, and all their lives.
Other styles eke out their outlines with clumsj^ expedients,
urns, and vases, and knobs. Gothic produces every part
out of every other part, naturally, as nature works. It is
evolved, integral, fused. In other styles ornaments are
lodged, attached, in this they grow. One is constructed,
the other lives. Composite st}des miss the inevitable, as
Wordsworth says, Goethe's lines do. They have de-
scended from ancient times, and nothing akin anciently

64

had place ; no feelings of mystery strove and struggled
for expression, nor were they possessed with the passion
of the infinite, which is the principle of gothic. Faith did
not flame in the air. The earth sufficed, and they sym-
bolized it. All notes of action seem natural to gothic.
The members multiply, cluster, divide ; they mantle, reach,
rush, throng and cling upward. It was the literature of
the middle age. The people read in it, as in a book ; their
sanctuary and catechism. Religion is in every turn, and
twist, and point, and pinnacle ; and so was life. It is fer-
vid, swift, kindling, and has well been called frozen
music. It has a unity like faith itself. It is embodied
religion. Nothing touches us like this ecstasy and prayer
that it is — a message sent to heaven, pointing to the other
world — so impassioned, it cleaves space as if it would get
away from the earth, and longed for some other sphere —
its sempiternal heritage. Its coignes of vantage ensnare
the mind.

Now all this is seen in Europe when we study cathe-
drals, and compare them with the studied styles. One
comes with this impression, and applies it to the opposite
orders here. There is sufficient ground for the distinction
and significance, or lack of it, in styles, if we compare the
two churches named, which constantly catch the eye every
time we cross the open spaces in Boston ; and they force
themselves upon the attention. The evening sky makes
all beautiful. A radiant atmosphere spreads, and they all
point into space, or lift themselves, with one common sen-
timent of serenity and adoration. In cooler moments we
observe their excellences and defects. Campaniles have
added a new feature to the city, and the Venitian archi-
tect has enriched it with the poetry of styles. It com-
bines the repose of classic with the warmth of gothic or
flowingness, the life and verticalness. All is curve, yet

G5

it is playful, elegant, graceful and not thin. Balanced,
it touches with sweetness and rhyme the prose of other
orders. They seem cold beside it. Surely no other fa-
cades crowding a city ever held one as Venice does.
One wanders in it as in an enchanting place, lifting itself
above the water, as it does, where eveiything enriches by
contrast, as if it had been created above the sea by the
curve and impulse of its wave, restrained and fixed in laws
of beauty as nature herself works. We are never tired
there of the order. It is too beautiful to satiate, and it
is elegantly distributed and changed. Infallible laws
governed Gothic, as they did Greek, and both partook of
nature at the source, each in its own kind. Every time one
passes a Venetian front here, one is stirred, a strain comes
over one, and the eye kindles, and the feeling is touched.
This is the case when we come upon that angle by the
common where the group of the Boylston house andthenext
building stands, and compare it with all other styles ; or
simply view a touch of the incomparable arch and group-
ing wherever it is applied, and used tolerably. Like Ve-
netian painting, it was the sole creation of Venice, and it
has never been surpassed. The wondrous city created
two things, its architecture and its painting, and it left
literature aside. It was like a radiant bridge from an-
tiquity to the present time, impinging on the East. The
works of Mr. Cummings, adapted here, not always equal,
have planted this noble style, and they are the most im-
posing civic things in the city it seems to me.

Of Interiors : — They are ingenious and overcharged,
as in literature Tennyson is oversweet, Browning over-
rough, Emerson overpithy. The great style has repose.
Le defaut.de ses qualites, as the French say. We are suf-
focated with bric-a-brac, tortured into picturesqueness.
Gothic has been let loose in the house. We sigh for the

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN. XII 5

66

relief of older styles before mankind became graphic.
Beautiful objects, beautiful ornaments should be kept in
place. It is an embarras to have too much even of a good
thing, to live in a museum. We cheapen all these things
by heaping them, and displaying them. The eye is wearied,
the taste surfeited. To live with such distractions is a
mistake akin to being always in romantic spots, pictur-
esque situations, the sublime, rough, wild or savage. It
is not for constant contemplation. The mind wants sim-
plicity to dwell with, and nature in her every-day, her
morning gown. Grassy sweeps and turfy banks, trees,
flowers, shrubbery, and quiet dells and nooks. It strains
at the sublime and unusual, and is not always in a mood
of the picturesque. On the Beverly shore I prefer the
smooth places with roughness near. Nothing gives such
quiet satisfaction as grass, lawns, shrubs, habitableness.
A barberry bush is well enough, only not to live in. They
pall upon us. They are not for every day, and at all
hours. There is delightful invention, the architect, the
decorator have all been at work. We are not left alone
a moment. They are alive all about us. It is charming,
what they have done to beguile monotony of its dulness,
tameness of its insipidity, and to stimulate surprise. They
besiege us, they must show off their hand. This will settle
down at last to some recognized styles having unity and
principle in them and repose. Now all is heterogeneous,
one almost says, mongrel, hybrid — ornament at all haz-
ards. The world never saw such a chaos. Whims are
flying about like flies. Yet it is very delightful in parts,
and the freshness and independence are hopeful.

Of Monuments in Boston, this may be said, the largest
and most important is the cheapest commonplace. Bor-
rowed from a poor and late clerical monument at Koine
it worsens that. The figures are meagre, not monumental ;

67

the ornament — eagles, bands, wreaths — of the stalest. It
is a splendid position. What an opportunity lost ! The
surmounting figure cannot move for her clothes. The
artist's Glover is better and alive, and has force, mastery.
So the horticultural hall decorative statues are good, being
adapted from antiquity. The other figures in the town
are feeble enough, or tame — Sumner, Quincy, Webster,
Everett. If Lincoln is better, the group lacks composi-
tion and design. The Washington monument is a tame-
trotting, picture-book horse and man. There should be
in all monuments a certain fire, force of character and in-
spiration. It is like writing an ode, you cannot fail, you
are lost. If you attempt the heroic you must be equal
to it. A monument is a lyric, a commemoration, a poem ;
there must be some touch of enthusiasm in it to make it
a success. It is an ambitious effort. It strikes a high
key, the art should respond. Simple representation and
historic portrait, unless done with cunningest hand, will
not do. The best things in this kind are the two statues,
one of Sophocles and one unknown, in the Naples and
Laterah museums, and the Demosthenes (casts are in the
athenaeum), and Frederick the Great at Berlin. These
have that intense seizing of character with heroic feeling,
like Titian's portraits. The same passion is lacking in
this monument of Washington, that we miss in poetry here.
Of Milton's three words, two are wanting, sensuous, pas-
sionate. The pedestal is thin. It has that fatal quality
of commonplace. Yet it is vigorous in parts, far removed
from vulgarity, and a dignified work. As to portrait
statues, the worst I have seen, are the buckram men in
bronze put up outside of Westminster Abbey. We cannot
have genius every day, and sculpture is scarcely a living
art in any representative or vital sense. It only deals in
portraiture with any success. The command of the figure

68

is rare. Ward seems to have it, but he strikes us as lack-
ing refinement and ideality. It is a good piece of work of
his above the ether monument. Instructive it is to com-
pare this monument with the one on the common ; as
instructive as the two churches are in sight from these
points of view, the Arlington, the Berkeley street ; in each
case to show excellence or defect of style. The ether
monument seems to want freedom, and is technical, as
the other lacks all education and design. No one can
pass the two churches without seeing the grace and feel-
ing of the one, and the parody the other is of all grace
and proportion. It simply mocks the gothic with ugly
parallels.

Among the old things, are the wooden images, which
used to be in Salem, elegant, rustic, graceful objects.
One remains in the Derby house grounds nearly opposite
the City Hall. These appear to have been Italian in sen-
timent, and are like much existing in Italy now, and which
always has existed there since the Roman times, and the
Greek and Etruscan before it. That country loves objects
out of doors and against the air, and one said once there
were more statues than men at Rome. They are dug up
as we dig arrowheads here, the relics of the former in-
habitants. There is iron work too, and excellent old
fences of stately and ornamental design. These are the
lost styles. They have a true interest as the old furniture
has. How much they spoke to their time and represented
it ! How much elegance there was in them, refinement
and taste ! Stately often, imposing and chaste. Wain-
scoting, panels, cornice-work, headings, majestic sweeping
staircases, and landings like a palace, embayed windows,
window scats, balusters, scrolled, of fairy lightness, and
rails that curved, descended, crooked and twined upon them-

G9

selves. In Mr. Peabody's house in Danvers, we cannot
believe we are in this century. It is a bit of colonial
England, and still transports us to the mother country.
Later, style was lost utterly for fifty years.

There is good iron work down Central street, and in
front of Dr. Cate's house. One fine fence remains by
the Osgood house in South Salem. Posts remain else-
where of beautiful design as at the Baldwin house. How
important these things are, and what effect they have
upon the imagination, especially upon childhood, let us
measure by picture books. They are a living picture
book. Micklefield's Indian, and the image over the Pick-
man house door, the wooden images on the Crowninshield
farm in Danvers, and the grotesque carving over the
engine house there, the carving on the upper common
gate, the pine apple with its bright imitative color, the
figures in the Derby-houses' grounds, and the carvings
on Macintire's works, — slender in amount as they all
were, were to a Salem boy forty years ago what St.
Mary's Redcliffe was to Chatterton, they created him and
enriched his imagination. Hawthorne need not have
complained of Salem, nor James for him. Had he been
born in Lynn, Lowell, or some other fiercely new Ameri-
can town, he never would have been Hawthorne. Essex
count}', out of the vortex, and from its old stock, history
and wealth, has had more genius than any other county ;
and Salem at this hour with this Institute, and in some
measure through it, has more the ripeness and tone of
the old world, — maturity, ease, taste and comfort, and
leisure and repose, and what they bring, — than any other
town.

Boston now is getting filled with open air statues and
monumental work, which, to the boy, will inspire him with
historic suggestion and imaginative delight. Our hitherto
bare life of the last half century is getting artistical.

70

Coincident with this disappearance of styles inside and
out, was a decay of manners as a fine art. We shall
have to study them anew. The younger sort have all
their own way, the older are not seen.

A pretty style of house and ground was the old end-
wise house. Of these there were charming examples,
Judge White's, Mr. Bancroft's, Dr. Prince's and many
others. How sweet the grounds showed in front of them.
They were frank, and let the public into all the family en-
joyment and confidence. Many still remain, and they are
among the distinctive features of old towns.

The Porches are among the sweetest bits we cansee now,
where they have not been altered or replaced, when they
are sure to be ruined. Not one has been added in modern
times that is not crude and shapeless. You might as well
attempt to alter an old table or chair of the good periods,
and give it another crook or design than what it has. The
sense was lost, and we wandered in a sterile vacancy of
design, and of heaviness and enrichment without beauty,
both as to house fronts and porches, window headings, fences,
roofs, doorways, and especially furniture, for fifty years.
Two old brick houses interest one. One entertained
Washington, (the late Mrs. Saunders remembered being
in the cotillion with him there), the house of Dr. Fiske.
Here the ground or base moulding told an architect the
other day it was the same period as one of the early halls
at Harvard College. The old Derby brick house in Derby
street is more like a bit of old England than anything in
the town. Beverly has charming bits. The refinement
of the old manner, the educated ornament delights one
precisely as old furniture does. It has an elegance, a
chasteness, a sobriety, a salience and reserve, not being
overloaded, a variety withal, that hold one by a kind of
spell of interest and fascination. The horror of later
things in wood had not arrived. We have been overrun

71

With the cheapest of quack styles, as the country generally
has. It would not do to specify them. Upper Essex
street, Federal street, Beverly, South Salem have much
to show. The good house of Mr. Cox built early in this
period and interregnum, Mr. Lee's, and one lately put
up at the corner of Norman street, are a protest and relief.
Certainly it is earnestly to be desired that we should do
better in wood than we have done. Meantime, in this
town, the old houses quiet the very feeling, and appeal
pathetically against the intervening time. The house of
Mr. W. H. Foster has charming steps in threes, and ex-
cellent old finishing touches, with extreme simplicity.
One might enumerate many a refined bit and shy old
house in Salem and Beverly. There is a noble one as you
go to the cove, in the latter town, of square shape, ample
dimensions and double porches, and where one is reconciled
to white paint, and beside it a dear old veteran that wants
to go into the ground, and has almost gone there, it is so
old, and they both are expressive, to a degree that shames
modern structure. They stand coquetting with each other
and are monuments of centuries, impressive as time itself,
and eloquent with character, and mass and sentiment.
Hawthorne might write a romance about them. They
are worth a whole modern town.

The Japanese, half-women in organization, have the
sensibilities of Eastern races to color, and the harmony.
Cashmere shawls, Chinese porcelain, illustrate this. An
island like England, of about the size and population, on
the edge of a great ocean, in the temperate zone, at the
same distance from the equator on the other half of the
globe, and bordering a continent; feudal too, with beau-
tiful nature, and the same love of gardening, there is the
same sensibility in their little art as in the English poets'.
Their delicate feminine hands have a perfect manipula-
tion.

72

Emerson says, in his Humble Bee

" All was picture as he passed."

This is true of the Japanese. They get a subject out of
nothing. In a collection of ivories at the Burlington
Club, there seemed an epitome of human life : nature
feeling, art feeling, poetic feeling, the grotesque, gothic
creativeness, the sentiment of Dutch pictures, incident, —
a world in little, a Shakespearian range. We have only
to examine fans to see their sensibilities to the impression.
In my last talk with Mr. Hunt, I saw how much he was
drawn to Japanese, and in the beautiful Gloucester harbor
I think I see the influence of it. They have naturalistic
feeling as the Greeks had design. They have changed
ornamentation everywhere. A friend of mine, who has a
collection gathered on the principle of poetic motive, tells
me, he never takes a walk, but he sees grasses and weeds,
and a hundred aspects of nature, Japanese have taught him.
Whether this virginal island will now be destroyed for
naivete of motive and unspoilt feelings, remains to be
seen. The Greeks when they lost their great art were
conquered. The Japanese are springing on.

Since I was last here we have lost Mr. Very. A
genius, as rare as Hawthorne, suddenly stopped in his
early years. It is the quality of his work that transmits
a man. The only analogue I can find for Very is Fra
Angelico. No two men were ever purer-hearted, and so
consecrated. It made their genius. Fra Angelico is
worth whole ages afterward. Corot illustrates this. He
outweighs the whole American landscape. Gray is the
truest poet of the last century. How little he wrote !
Very may remind us of Blake too. Spontaneity is the
secret of genius. In Wendell Phillips' speeches, in Miss
Preston's translation of Mircio is this quality. It is as
easy as breathing. The old diction is very threadbare.

73

Emerson ill avoiding it rushes into the other extreme. It
is an inspiration from temperament as Hunt's was. Fra
Angelico was very limited, but he was divine. This
golden thread of passion makes Parson's verse distinctive,
and gives him grace — a quality we have not had. Re-
ligious poetry is usually valueless as literature. The
didactic is not an inspiration in art. There are two or
three notes of earnest poetry in New England by women.
It is natural the genius of New England should take that
turn, and that it should be through women. After fifty
years who has grown ? Shelley, because he lends you his
soul to see with, and his art was equal. As the soul writes
through Very, nature wrote through Shelley. If it is the
west wind he writes about, the west wind writes it. If
Very describes the columbine, its slender grace and trem-
ulous nature are in the verse. He seems to me to be worth
bushels of American poetry. When I was entering the
bay and Dean Stanley was aboard, I pointed out Salem
to him and told him I would give him the volume, now
out of print, of his early poems ; so I did when I got back
to England. Mr. Very himself gave me the book with
his name in it. Two days after we landed, Mr. Very
was present at the hall. I crowded into the gallery at
the last moment, and could see him on the floor of the
house. I noticed his very intellectual head. There was
no such head in the audience. So high and such fine
lines. His things must grow. He is a quiet genius but
unique, the least indebted, the most underived. Ameri-
can poetry is a dreary second-rate, it has struck out no
new note. But such poetry, the pure effluence of the
spirit, never can be popular, or even comprehended or
felt by the many. I think of Daniels' lines quoted by
Coleridge :

"Unless, above himself, erect himself he can,
How poor a thing is man !"

74

Note. — Rev. Jones Very died at his residence on Federal Street,
Salem, on Saturday morning, May 8, 1880, after an illness of a fortnight.

He was the son of Capt. Jones and Lydia (Very) Very, and was
born in Salem, Aug. 28, 1813. In 1823 and 4, he accompanied his
father on the last two voyages of the latter to Europe. He graduated
at Harvard University in the class of 1836, with high honors, and was
a Greek tutor in that Institution in 1836-8.

The following extracts from two letters may appropriately be in-
serted in this connection. One from Mr. Very to Mr. Conrad incident-
ally gives a clew to his own college habits. He writes : —

"He (Chisholm) was a member with Thomas Barnard West, of
Salem, and myself, of a small society for religious improvement,
which held meetings once a week, daring most of my college course.
I remember these meetings with great satisfaction as hours well and
properly spent; and I doubt not that they were so remembered by all
who participated in them."

The other by one of his former pupils, received by the family on
the day of his burial, shows the estimation in which he was held as
an instructor, who writes : —

" You were my teacher of Greek in 1837-8, and your manner of
instructing made a favorable impression on my mind, and produced a
leaning to that language which still lasts. You were unwearied in
drawing our attention to tenses and making us translate literally —
two important points in learning languages of which however Mr.
F * * * * * quite lost sight. The charm with which you surrouuded
Greek vanished from Harvard with you. You felt the spirit of the
Greek people, and were ready to communicate it to such as had ears
to hear." * * *

He studied for the ministry and was approbated as a preacher in
1843, though never ordained over a society or settled as a pastor, he
had occasionally performed the clerical duties.

He had acquired distinction as a poet, especially as a writer of
sonnets and occasional pieces, some of which were contributed to the
papers and periodicals. In 1839 he published a volume of Essays and
Poems, which has been considered a book of great merit. Griswold,
in his Poets and Poetry of America, says, " His Essays are fine
specimens of learned and sympathetic criticisms ; and his sonnets and
other pieces of verse are chaste, simple and poetical." His deceased
brother, the Rev. Washington Very, and his sister, L. L. A. Very,
shared his poetical talent.

He was of a quiet, reflecting and sedate turn of mind, and, though
retiring, was very affable and companionable. He early gave himself
up to a religious enthusiasm, which so possessed him that he left
Cambridge and returned to Salem, where he had since lived in retire-

75

ment, writing sonnets when the mood seized him, but taking no part
in public life.

The family is traced back to Bridget Very,1 who came from England
with her two sons and a daughter, and who was a member of the
First Church in Salem in 1648. She and her son Samuel 2 lived on the
north side of Cedar Pond, near the Danvers almshouse, where they
owned a large tract of land, and where her descendants resided for a
century or more. Many of them removed to Salem and became ship-
masters.

In the first volume of the Historical Collections of the Institute,
is an interesting account of a genealogical ramble by the subject of
this notice. He says : " that it [the land] bore the name of the Very
lot. I was shown by an aged man, the cellar where the first house
stood. No house had been there since his recollection, but the stones
were still there overrun with blackberry vines. There too was the
well, covered now by a stone. A few old moss-covered apple trees
in the midst of a new growth of oaks and pines showed where, two
centuries ago, the strong hands and brave hearts of the early settlers
had cleared the land and made them a home."

Samuel Very,2 born in England about 1619, married Alice, dau. of
John Woodis, Woodhouse or Woodice, had :

Benjamin Very,3 married Jemima, dau. of Joseph Newhall, of
Lynn ; had :

Isaac Very,4 born July 30, 1715; married Elizabeth Giles in 1736;
a corporal under Col. Ichabod Plaistecl in 1756; died at Sandy Hook
in the army, 1778; had sons Isaac and Samuel.

Samuel Very,b born in Salem, Dec. 10, 1755; married in 1776, Han-
nah Putney. She died Feb. 4, 1799. He was a master and owner of
a vessel, but kept a store many years in Salem at the corner of Essex
and Boston streets ; died in 1824, aged 69 ; had : Lydia, born June 14>
1792; married her cousin Jones Very, and was the mother of the
subject of this notice.

Isaac Very,6 born in Salem 1745; married for his 3d wife, Eachel
Jones, of Charlton. He resided some years in Charlton and Spencer,
the latter part of his life in Salem ; was master of a vessel and an
officer of the Customs, Salem. He died in 1831, aged 86; had :

Jones Very,6 born in Spencer, Mass., Nov. 17, 1790, and followed
the seas from early life. As a shipmaster he sailed in the employ of
the Hon. William Gray from 1817 to 1821 in the Brig Concord; from
1§21 to September, 1824 in the barque Aurelia. He married Feb. 13,
1813, his cousin Lydia Very, above mentioned. He resided at the
corner of Essex and Boston streets, in Salem. He died Dec. 22, 1824.

[Ed.

Regular Meeting, Monday, June 21, 1880.

Meeting this evening at 8 o'clock. The President in
the chair. Records read. Donations and correspondence
announced.

The President referred to the sudden and unexpected
death of an associate member, Mr. Caleb Cooke, which
occurred at his residence in this city on Saturday evening,
June 5, 1880. His disease was typhoid fever, and it
terminated fatally after a confinement to the house of a
few days.

The President then alluded briefly to some incidents
in the life of Mr. Cooke, his interest in scientific pursuits,
his labors in the cause of science and general culture, and
his acts of benevolence so freely and cheerfully done.

Mr. Cooke was the son of William and Mary (Fogg)
Cooke, and was born in Salem, Feb'ry 5, 1836. His
father was a mariner and for several years was an officer
on board of vessels engaged in the West African trade,
and died in California when the son was in his boyhood.
He was educated in our public schools and commenced his
active life, a clerk in the bookstore of the late Henry
Whipple.

Continuing in that situation for a short time, he retired,
and after spending about one year with Mr. George F.
Read, in the study of the languages, especially the Latin,
he devoted himself principally to the pursuit of Natural
History which had long been his desire and inclination.

He was elected a resident member of the Essex Insti-
tute May 11, 1853, and was connected with that Institution
until his decease, and for more than twenty-one years of
this time he held some official position or a membership
(76)

77

on some important committee. For several years he was
a pupil of Agassiz, and under his tuition pursued his
studies with a class of young men who have since dis-
tinguished themselves in zoological and geological science.

In 1859 he went to Para, South America, and sub-
sequently to Zanzibar and Madagascar ; on the latter
voyage, sailing in the barque Persia, from Salem, Nov. 5,
1860 and remaining for several years on the eastern coast
of Africa, collecting specimens for the Museum of Com-
parative Zoology, Cambridge. He was compelled to leave
this field of his labors on acconnt of sickness from the
African fever, but almost recovered his health during his
passage home. While he was absent, Prof. Agassiz and
Senator Sumner procured him the appointment of U. S.
Consul at Mozambique, but the Commission passed him
in transit and he never acted under it, although his name
was borne upon the rolls for several years.

From the organization of the Peabody Academy of
Science in 1867, until his death, he was an assistant, and
one of the Curators of the Museum under its charge.

He was a member of the American Association for the
Advancement of Science and also of the Boston Society
of Natural History.

In 1875 he assisted Dr. G. M. Levette, of the State
Geological Survey of Indiana, in a hyclrographic survey
of a dozen or more of the lakes in the northern part
of that State, where his experience in the collecting and
preservation of specimens of natural history, and in
seining and dredging, was of great value.

He also became greatly interested in the work of the
Salem Fraternity, organized in the spring of 1869, and
was active in the establishment of its library and reading
room, becoming chairman of the committees of those de-
partments, and devoting himself constantly and earnestly
to the welfare of that institution. He possessed many

78

admirable traits of character. No one was more ready-
to communicate information, or take more pains to confer
a favor than he. He was a useful man in the line of his
specialties.

Rev. E. B. Willson spoke in the highest terms of
Mr. Cooke's labors in behalf of the Institute and of the
Fraternity, and also of his many marked personal charac-
teristics ; frank, hating cant, impatient of conventionali-
ties, sunny tempered by nature, but quick and of variable
moods, he scorned wordy goodness, and called for deeds
before his confidence was to be had. His valuable services
in the management of the Salem Fraternity were particu-
larly alluded to by Mr. Willson. Almost from the begin-
ning his hand was in it, and as the zeal of others slackened,
he only gave to it his more constant care. Every day
he devoted hours to it, especially during the week-day
evenings ; these were the leisure hours from other pursuits
which were his main business. His heart was in the
work. Something new to be tried was always seething in
his brain ; more library room ; more books ; more periodi-
cals, papers and pictures ; another room for women, more
workers on committees ; more work for the workers ; but
he went first himself, and staid last. On the steady band
of workers that has carried on the Salem Fraternity for
these eleven years, his death falls like a momentary faint-
ness. which darkens the eyes to the way before them.

Mr. John Robinson spoke of the long personal friend-
ship which had existed between Mr. Cooke and himself,
and particularly dwelt upon his pleasant and kindly ways,
always seeking to do a favor before it could be asked of
him. He spoke of his fondness for children, and the ease
with Avhich he made them familiar with him, and related
an incident which occurred only one week before Mr.
Cooke's death.

79

It was customary every year for them to go to a certain
choice locality where the Arethusa was particularly abun-
dant, to collect the flowers and astonish their friends with
a profusion of the blossoms of this beautiful and usually
scarce plant. The trip was generally made on foot, but
as the distance was nearly ten miles and it was desired to
return before noon of the clay selected, a carryall was
obtained, an early start made, and two little girls taken
to fill the spare seats. The flowers were found in great
abundance and in a few hours the party were on their way
home, Mr. Cooke and both little girls on the front seat.
All the way the children were particularly merry, and
Mr. Cooke merrier if possible than they. All sung,
laughed, and drove by turns, and when nearly in town,
it became necessary to quiet the fun lest it should too
much surprise the sober passers-by. Mr. Cooke never
was happier, and had not for two months seemed so
well. The same Arethusas were not all faded the day he
was laid in his grave.

Mr. Kobinson spoke of the public loss caused by Mr.
Cooke's death, and said that his long familiarity with the
specimens and customs at the Museum of the Academy,
would render it impossible to fill his place as he left it.
But beyond this, Mr. Kobinson said he felt the personal
loss to be greater, for Mr. Cooke was one upon whom he
always felt able to call at any and all times for favors or
assistance of any sort, with the assurance of an immediate
and cheerful response.

Dr. George A. Perkins said, that his personal recol-
lections of Mr. Cooke were of the pleasantest kind, his
eminent fitness for the position he was called to fill had
often impressed itself upon him, and it would be safe to
say that no specimen or specimens, in any of the collec-

80

tions of our scientific societies, escaped his memory or
care, and all could be produced by him at a moment's
notice. His uniform good nature under trying circum-
stances, and the pleasure he appeared to take in furnishing
any desired information, made it exceedingly pleasant, to
recall the memory of the visits, the speaker had made to
the rooms of the Peabody Academy of Science, during the
period of his official connection with that institution.

Mr. T. F. Hunt also made appropriate remarks regard-
ing Mr. Cooke, his life and work, and on his motion

Voted, That the President, Rev. E. B. Willson, and
Mr. John Robinson be appointed a Committee to prepare
suitable resolutions on the death of Mr. Cooke — the same
to be entered upon the Records of the Institute, and a
copy to be sent to the family of the deceased.

The following PREAMBLE'and Resolution were reported
by the committee, and recorded in conformity to the above
vote :

Whereas, The recent sudden decease of an associate
member, Mr. Caleb Cooke, who had been interested in
scientific studies from his early youth, and an active
member of the Institute since May, 1853, and for more
than twenty-one years holding some official position or a
membership on some important committee, requires from
the Institute a grateful acknowledgment of his valuable
services so cheerfully and freely given, at all times, in the
promotion of the objects of its organization.

Ilesolved, That the Essex Institute desires to place
upon record this testimonial of respect to the memory of
its late associate, whose ardent zeal and indefatigable
labors in scientific research, and especially in various acts
ofbenevolence and general culture in this community, have
secured the esteem and respect of all, and will cause his
name to be long remembered in this, his native city.

BULLETIN

ESSEX! INSTITUTE.

Vol. 12. Salem, July, Aug., Sept., 1880. Nos. 7, 8, 9.

Notes on the Flora of Essex County, Massachu-
setts, WITH SKETCHES OF THE EARLY BOTANISTS,
AND A LIST OF THE PUBLICATIONS ON THESE SUB-
JECTS.

BY JOHN ROBINSON.

Essex County offers to the botanist a field attractive and
interesting in many ways. The open country, deep woods,
and numerous swamps contain the usual number of species
found in such localities, while a large river, the Merrimac,
furnishes a valley in which grow many plants not else-
where found in the county. There are upwards of fifty
ponds, from four to four hundred acres in extent, rich in
pater plants and subaquatics. Though there is no con-
siderable hill or mountainous district, it is sufficiently far
north to have several representatives of higher latitudes
and even a few alpine and sub-alpine species in the flora.

Along the seashore is found an abundance of plants
peculiar to the region of salt-water marshes and beaches,
while in the ocean and inlets grow about one hundred and

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN. XII 6 (81)

82

fifty species of algse. These last named collecting grounds
offer an opportunity to study, from fresh specimens, classes
of plants from which the inland botanist is almost wholly
debarred.

The land plants of the county belong decidedly to the
northern flora although not so arctic in their character as
the lichens and algas. There is an almost total absence
of many species common from Cape Cod southward and
often found just south of Boston. In contrast to this
the Magnolia glauca is still quite abundant at Glou-
cester, but not found again north of New Jersey. At
Cape Ann is the southern limit of the little Sagina no-
dosa, and there also is found Potentilla tridentata, familiar
at the Isle of Shoals and on Mt. Washington. Essex
County seems also to be the southern limit, for this
region, of Pinus resinosa (Eed Pine), Abies nigra (Black
Spruce), Vaccinium Vitis-Xdsea, Viola rotundifolia, etc.,
as it is the northern limit of Cupressus thyoides (White
Cedar) , Quercus prinoides (Chinquapin Oak) , Polygonum
Caryi, Draba Caroliniana, Lygodium palmatum (Climbing
Fern), and others. At Boxford is what has proved thus
far to be the only New England station for Salix Candida,
and another bog willow, Salix myrtilloides, is occasionally
met with. At Andover a locality for Calamagrostis Piek-
eringii was discovered In the summer of 1879 ; this species
has only been known before at the White Mountains.
Among the sedges and grasses, plants too frequently neg-
lected will be found, many not heretofore supposed to grow
in the county, and a careful comparison of this list with
our botanies will show that the range of many species has
been extended. Although much careful work has been
done there yet remains much to be accomplished ; for, be-
sides the few species that may be added to the list of
flowering plants, there are many species of lichens and

83 *

mosses not thus far collected, and the fungi and fresh-
water algoe are purposely omitted altogether. The phan-
erogams and vascular cryptogams are quite fully studied,
and to the Characese and marine algae but comparatively
few additions may be expected.

The early settlement of the county renders this a par-
ticularly favorable region for the observation of introduced
plants. From the earliest settlement to the present time,
foreign species have continued to arrive, many of which,
like the early colonists, came with the evident intention
of remaining ; for, as the genista, barberry, white-weed
and buttercups show, they flourish here and increase to
an extent which it would be difficult for them to exceed
elsewhere. The study of these introduced plants might
be called historical botany and should not be confounded
with the study of the natural distribution and changes of
plants. The early colonists came to establish a home :
they did not come for gold, diamonds, or lead even, and in
coming severed old home-ties and connections. That
the fruit and other vegetable productions of the new land
were among the first things to which attention was given,
the records of early writers amply testify. We are apt
to consider the men of two hundred and fifty years ago
as a stern company ; yet, besides the fruits and plants
which might possess economic or medicinal value, this
latter use being ever uppermost in the minds of botanical
explorers of that day, they did not overlook the curious
or the beautiful.

The earlier accounts tell of the gardens that were al-
most immediately established upon the settlement of the
country, and invoices of the articles to be sent to the col-
onists from the managers in Europe contain such things
as the seeds of grains, stone fruits, quince, apple, pear,
woadwax, barberry, etc. Besides these, living plants

84

must have been sent out from Europe, as is shown by the
record of "Our Ancient Pear Trees" (Robert Manning
in Proc. Am. Pom. Soc, 1875).

Some of these plants purposely introduced have failed
to prove of use, or their time of usefulness has gone by,
and they have been suffered to run wild, and at the same
time a hundred others have like " stowaways " come unin-
vited. They have been introduced among the seeds of
useful plants, in packing material, and as garden flowers.
Many of the introduced species still remain restricted to
certain localities, and others, although more widely dis-
seminated, are in such situations as to make their origin
self-evident, while others are so distributed as to appear to
all intents and purposes as natives. Again, by the clear-
ing of the forests, the general cultivation and changes in
the condition of the soil, many native plants best able to
endure the changes, or those to which the changes have
proved beneficial, have been given positions of undue
prominence in the flora ; while other species, which at the
time of the settlement of the country were much more
abundant, have now become less numerous, or have entirely
disappeared. It is a matter of considerable difficulty to
picture to ourselves the country as it appeared two hun-
dred and fifty years ago. It is probable that extensive
forests reached to the ocean shore and, excepting the river
marshes and clearings made by the fires of the aborigines,
occupied the whole territory. The Indians cultivated
corn, pumpkins, beans, tobacco and a few other plants.
It is possible that some species of foreign plants had been
introduced previous to the settlement by the whites
through trade or bv adventures, but this is uncertain.
The study of the introduced plants is aided by the work
of Mr. John Josselyn (New England Rarities Discovered) ,
a reprint of which, with valuable notes by Professor Ed-

85

ward Tnckerman, is now available. Josselyn visited
Now England several times ; when on the longest sojourn,
1663-1671, he landed at Boston and soon went to Black
Point, Scarborough, Maine, where most of his obser-
vations were made. Josselyn was an excellent observer
and although his writings are filled with the usual strange
stories current in old works upon new and unexplored
countries, they contain the first accounts of any conse-
quence regarding the New England flora. This author did
not, perhaps, make many observations in Essex County,
yet his work contains but few species that do not grow
here and its chief value consists in its arrangement and
separation of the plants indigenous from the introduced
weeds, thus giving what then appeared to be the plants
which came with man or, as he called them, "Such plants as
have sprung up since the English planted and kept cattle
in New England." This, with the occasional observations
by other writers, gives us a fair idea of what plants had
established themselves here rather more than two hundred
years ago. According to Professor Tuckerman, the next
date by which the student may fix the introduction of
foreign species is 1783, when the list of plants observed
by Rev. Manasseh Cutler, of Ipswich, was published
(Mem. Am. Acad. Yol. I). Since that elate observations
are more frequent and the more recently introduced
species can be traced quite accurately. It is also quite
probable that plants which at one time were quite common
weeds have disappeared altogether. Dr. Cutler mentions
the Amarantus known by the common name of " Prince's
Feather" or " Love-lies-bleedinsr," as "amongst rubbish,"
but to the writer's knowledge it is never met with
excepting in old-fashioned gardens. The Hyoscyamus
niger and Artemisia Absinthium (Wormwood), spoken of
by Dr. Cutler and other earlier writers as common in waste

86

places, are now very rare or unknown. The last mention
of Wicotina rustica is by Dr. Osgood in 1853, but it is
doubtful if he observed it as late as that ; his observations
were very probably made in previous years, and no one has
since noticed it. The introduction of new manufactures
is likely to bring with it plants which may be persistent
enough in the region where they are introduced but un-
known elsewhere. Such is the case at "Tapleyville,"
Dan vers, where, in the vicinity of a carpet factory estab-
lished forty years ago, are to be found several species of
foreign plants unknown in any other town of the county,
and perhaps not elsewhere established.

Two or three plants observed along the shore of the
Merrimac river suggest a close connection with the mills
at Lowell and Lawrence, one of them being a southern
sedge. Many plants are emigrating eastward from our
western states, travelling as it were by rail. The Rud-
beckia hirta, now quite common in fields hereabouts, ac-
cording to Dr. Pickering, did not reach Philadelphia
until 1826, and this vicinity until perhaps 1855.

The latest arrival noticed (1878) is that of Eleusine
Indica, a weedy, oriental grass which is common at New
York city and Philadelphia. It has made its appearance
along the railroad tracks at the Pennsylvania Pier,
Salem, having travelled thence by the P. and R. R.
R. Co's steamers, which regularly bring coal from Phila-
delphia. This last comes under the head of "ballast
plants," a very full account of which may be found in the
Torrey Bulletin for November, 1879.

SKETCH OF SOME OF THE EARLY BOTANISTS.*

The study of botany in Essex County, we may in fact
say New England, dates from the time of Dr. Manasseh
Cutler at the close of trie last century. Previously the
plants had only been noticed by writers upon more gen-
eral subjects of natural history, or casually mentioned in
letters written from this country to England. But from
Cutler's time there has been a steady succession of bot-
anists, chiefly amateurs, who have kept alive an interest in
the subject, even at times making it the prominent topic
considered at the literary and scientific societies and clubs
of the region. It will only be attempted here to give a
brief sketch of the older botanists who have contributed
most to the knowledge of the subject in the county.

Francis Higginson, in a letter written from Salem in
1629-30 (Mass. Hist. Coll., I, 121), speaks of the plants
which he had noticed growing in the vicinity, and men-
tions several species which probably now exist in the same
localities as observed by him at that early date ; one, the
JRubus odoratus (Flowering Raspberry or Mulberry) still
flourishes in the "Great Pastures," and the Osmorrhiza
longistylis (Chervil or Sweet Cicely) has been noticed
until very recently at "Paradise," near Salem.

William Wood, in the New England Prospect, speaks
extendedly of the early gardens and the numerous useful
plants native to the country, mentioning what he saw at
Ipswich, Salem, Marblehead, etc. ; Parkinson and Jerard

*The writer is indebted to Dr. Henry Wheatland for his assistance in obtaining
notices of the early botanists of the county, chiefly from the Proceedings and
Historical Collections of the Essex Institute, from which a large portion of this
sketch is made.

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88

enumerate New England plants; John Josselyn, pre-
viously referred to, gives an account of the native and
introduced species ; and other early writers, including
John Winthrop, speak of the excellent quality of the
native fruits and the beauty of the flowers, particularly
dwelling on the superiority and abundance of the wild
strawberries.

None of these can, however, be spoken of or claimed
as Essex County botanists, and it is not until after the
close of the American Revolution that we find any serious
or scientific study of the plants of the county.

Dr. Manasseh Cutler was born at Killingly, Connecti-
cut, May 3, 1742, graduated at Yale College in 1765,
afterward studied law, and was admitted to the bar in
1767. He soon studied for the ministry and was settled
at the Hamlet Parish in Ipswich, which was set apart from
that town and named Hamilton for Alexander Hamilton
whom Dr. Cutler greatly admired. He served as a chap-
lain during the war of the revolution and on his return
studied medicine which he afterwards practised among his
parishioners. The efforts of Dr. Cutler secured the pas-
sage, in 1787, of the famous ordinance by which freedom
was declared in the northwestern territories and he soon
after organized the first band of pioneers that emigrated
from the east to Ohio. The next year he followed
them driving himself the entire distance in a sulky, being
accompanied by a few friends. Upon his return from
the west, or in 1800, he was chosen to represent old Essex
in Congress where he served two terms. While in Phil-
adelphia in 1787, he visited at the house of Benjamin
Franklin, and afterward wrote an account of the great
statesman which was considered as one of the best, being
copied by Sparks in his life of Franklin. Dr. Cutler
prepared, in 1783, "An account of some of the vegetable

89

productions, naturally growing in this part of America,
botanical ly arranged," which was published in the first
volume of the Memoirs of the American Academy of
Arts and Sciences in 1785. He here described some
three hundred and fifty species of flowering plants sug-
gesting several points which have been followed })y later
botanists. It was Dr. Cutler's intention to extend this
work, and there are in existence several manuscript vol-
umes which he prepared toward this end. These valua-
ble manuscripts are in the possession of Prof. Edward
Tuckerman, who intends that their final destination shall
be the library of Harvard ; and it is to be hoped that they
may at some future clay be printed, with such notes as
would be required to make them of use to the present
generation of botanical students. Dr. Cutler's death oc-
curred in 1823, after more than fifty years' service in one
parish. He has been called the father of American botany,
a term certainly appropriate for the times and for this
region, where his mantle fell on the shoulders of Osgood,
Nichols, Oakes, and Pickering.

Dr. George Osgood, son of George and Elizabeth
(Otis) Osgood, was born at Fair Haven, March 25, 1784.
He studied medicine with his father and settled in Dan-
vers in 1804, where he had for many years an extensive
practice. Dr. Osgood acquired, by his association with
Cutler, Nichols and Oakes, a taste for and knowledge of
botany which lasted him through life. He contributed to
Dr. Bigelow much valuable information while the latter
was preparing his "Florida Bostoniensis," and in 1853
published in the Salem Observer a local list of flowering
plants. He died May 26, 1863.

Dr. Andrew Nichols was born in the rural part of Dan-
vers, Nov. 22, 1785. He was the son of Andrew and
Eunice (Nichols) Nichols, and studied medicine under

90

Dr. Waterhouse, settling in that part of Dan vers, now
Peabody, in 1808, where he practised successfully, remain-
ing there until his death, March 31, 1853.

He was particularly interested in the local natural his-
tory of this region, and in 1816 delivered a series of
lectures on botany, the first of such in this part of the
country. Dr. Nichols was one of the founders of the
Essex County Natural History Society and its president,
retaining unabated till death his interest in his favorite
study.

William Oakes must be acknowledged as the most
eminent botanist of Essex County birth. He was the
son of Caleb Oakes and was born at Dan vers, July 1,
1799. He was educated at Harvard receiving the degree
of A. B. in 1820. He early developed a taste for natural
history relinquishing the practice of law, his chosen pro-
fession, to study this branch of science.

Mr. Oakes' work was chiefly in New England, collecting
extensively in Essex County, Mass., Vermont, the White
Mountain region, and southeastern and western Massa-
chusetts. He prepared the list of plants of Vermont for
Thompson's history of that state ; and his work at the
White Mountains was so thorough that recent collectors,
with all the advantages of improved roads and easy access
to every portion of that region, have failed to add but few
to the number of species which he discovered there. It was
his intention to have published a flora of New England,,
but was deterred by the appearance of Beck's Botany.
He afterwards became deeply interested in a work, with
illustrations by Sprague, upon White Mountain scenery,
which was published in 1848 ; but not until after his death
which occurred July 31, 1848, the preface of the work
having been written July 26, only five days previous.

Mr. Oakes was impulsive and generous ; thoroughly in

91

earnest in his favorite study, he seriously impaired his
fortune to carry out his schemes more perfectly. Like
many other men of note, he was hardly appreciated while
living, but no monument which could have been erected
would have made his memory more cherished or his worth
more appreciated by the present generation of botanists
than that which he left behind, — an extensive collection
of most beautifully prepared botanical specimens, with an
identification absolutely correct, besides many valuable
notes and observations. Prof. Tuckerman dedicated to
him a pretty little plant common in the region of Plymouth,
but it afterwards had to be transferred to another genus ;
and now for the first time in any flora, it becomes a pleasant
duty to give by its name, "Oakesia," the little bellwort, a
common Essex County plant, which Prof. Watson of
Cambridge has found necessary to separate from the
genus to which it has heretofore been referred in his re-
vision of the family Liliacese, and has feelingly dedicated
to the memory of William Oakes.

Dr. Charles Pickering, son of Timothy and Lurena
(Cole) Pickering and grandson of Col. Timothy Pickering
of revolutionary fame, was born at Starucca Creek on the
Susquehanna, Pennsylvania, in 1805. He was educated
at Harvard in the class of 1823, graduating at the medical
school in 1826. In 1838 he was appointed naturalist to
the XI. S. (Wilkes) Exploring Expedition; and to perfect
his knowledge of animals and plants in foreign parts, he
made very extensive journeys after his return from that
expedition. He was the author of several works of great
value which in their preparation required much untiring
research; among them are "Geographical distribution of
Animals and Plants" and "Chronological History of
Plants," the latter work occupying the last sixteen years
of his life in its preparation.

92

During his college life Dr. Pickering spent much of his
time at Wenham, at the homestead of his grandfather,
Col. Pickering, and here he was in the habit of botanizing
in company with William Oakes, a favorite locality being
the " Great Swamp." It is but right that Essex County
should claim a share of the honor of his name, for it was
here that his attention was drawn to botany, and in the
Chronological History of Plants, page 1063, we find the
following entry " 1824 * * In this year, after an excur-
sion in 1823, with William Oakes diverting my attention
from entomology, my first botanical discovery." Dr.
Pickering died at Boston, March 17, 1878. The writer
will always remember with pleasure and gratitude the
many hours spent with Dr. Pickering during 1876 and
'77, while he patiently sought out, among his early
manuscript notes and his letters from William Oakes, the
species and stations noticed while botanizing in Essex
County more than fifty years before.

Rev. John Lewis Russell, son of John and Eunice (Hunt)
Russell, was born at Salem, Dec. 2, 1808. He was at
Harvard in the class of 1828, and graduated at the divinity
school in 1831. After occupying pulpits in Chelmsford,
Hingham, Brattleboro, Kennebunk and various other
places, he returned in 1853 to Salem, where he resided,
preaching occasionally, until his death June 7, 1873.

Mr. Russell was particularly devoted to ciyptogamic
botany, publishing accounts of his investigations from
time to time as he proceeded, besides many popular arti-
cles on various families of plants. He lectured frequently
on botany and was for many years vice-president of the
Essex Institute.

Mr. Russell contributed much to the general knowledge
of botany in Essex County, but his most extensive collec-
tions were made in other places.

93

The only attempt at an enumeration of county plants,
as such, is that of Mr. Cyrus M. Tracy, of Lynn. It
was intended to give a list of the flowering plants found
in that region and contained 546 species. Besides pos-
sessing a very happy gift as a botanical lecturer, Mr. Tracy
has contributed several valuable articles upon local botany
to the publications of the Essex Institute and elsewhere.

Mr. Geo. D. Phippen, of Salem, whose notes on the
native plants have materially aided the writer, has often
presented the subject of botany at meetings of the In-
stitute, and has written several articles of interest upon
the subjects which have been published in various
places. Mrs. C. N. S. Horner, of Georgetown, a most
excellent botanical collector, published a list of the plants
of that region in the Georgetown Advocate in 1876. Mr.
Calvin Pool, of Rockport, prepared a somewhat smaller
list of plants of Cape Ann, which was published in
"Pigeon Cove and vicinity " in 1873. Mr. S. B. Buttrick,
of Salem, whose years do not diminish his interest in
botany, and who is ever on the alert to find some rare
flower, has contributed several lists of plants to the
earlier numbers of the Proceedings and Bulletin of the
Essex Institute, as also have Dr. G. A. Perkins, of
Salem, chairman of the botanical section of the Peabody
Academy of Science, Mr. George F. H. Markoe, for-
merly of Salem, now of Boston, Rev. Ariel P. Chnte,
formerly of Lynnfleld, and many others. Dr. Henry
Wheatland, although not claiming to be a botanist, has
often aided those who did, by his assistance in revising
their articles for the publications of the Institute while act-
ing as the editor. Mr. S. P. Fowler, of Danvers, one of
the older botanists and a companion of Oakes and Osgood,
in many rambles, has made frequent observations regarding
the trees and shrubs, and has cultivated extensively many

94

of our native plants. Of those who have contributed to
swell the list of known county species of plants and who
have not published any writings on the subject, it will be
impossible to speak separately. They must be content to
feel that they have aided the cause of botanical knowledge as
they certainly have, and are deserving their share of credit
for so doing. There are many who have collected and
prepared specimens which will always serve as pleasant
reminders of their work. Among such are Mr. B. D.
Greene, who added several plants to the flora from near
Tewksbury; Mr. Wth. P. Richardson and Mr. S. Bass,
who botanized near Salem ; and more recently Mrs. Alex.
Bray, Mrs. Charles Grover, Mrs. J. Babson and Mrs.
Davis, who have added many species to the list of Cape
Ann Algss ; Mr. Frank Lufkin of Pigeon Cove, who has
noticed many plants new to that region ; Mr. John H.
Sears, of Danvers, whose specialty, the forest trees, has
been the means of bringing together at the Museum of the
Peabody Academy of Science one of the best local collec-
tions of native woods in any museum ; Mr. W. P. Conant,
who has added many species of Cyperaceas and Graminese
and a rare Botrychium to the flora ; besides many others
whose names will appear in the list associated with the
plant which they have been fortunate to discover.

To those whose assistance either by their writings, by
specimens contributed, or who have rendered any assist-
ance by information or other attention, the writer desires
to express his warmest thanks. It would be impossible for
him to specify those who have aided him or their manner
of so doing, and he can only thank all collectively which
he does most sincerely.

Publications in which notices of interest relating to the Bota-
nists or the Plants of the County may be found,

Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Vol. I.
Boston, 1785. Cutler's List of Plants.

Bigelow's Florula Bostoniensis, 1st, 2nd and 3d editions.

Catalogue of Animals and Plants of Massachusetts in Hitch-
cock's Eeport on the Geology, etc., of Massachusetts, 1833.

Gray's Manual, 1st, 4th and 5th editions.

Gray's Flora of North America. Part I.

Essex Institute Proceedings, Bulletin, and Historical Collec-
tions.

American Naturalist, Botanical department.

Emerson's Trees and Shrubs of Massachusetts.

Tuckerman's Josselyn's New England's Rarities Discovered.

Transactions of Am. Antiq. Society, Vol. IV.

Tracy's Flora of Lynn, etc.

Pickering's Chronological History of Plants.

Watson's Revision of the LiLiACEiE in Proc. Am. Acad. Arts and
Sciences. Vol. XIV.

Watson's Bibliographical Index to N. A. Botany.

DeCandolle's Prodromus (occasional reference to Oakes).

Eaton's Ferns of North America.

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96
Harvey's Nereis Boreali-Americana.

Farlow's List of Marine Alg,e of U. S. in Rept. Fish Com.,
1875, and Proc. Am. Acad, of Arts and Sciences. Vol. X.

Flint's Grasses and Forage Plants.

Transactions of the Mass. Hort. Soc.

History of the Mass. Hort. Soc.

0 ares' Catalogue of Vermont Plants in Thompson's History
of Vermont. Pages 173-208.

Halsted's Charace.e in Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. Vol. XX.

List of the Plants of Georgetown and Vicinity, by Mrs.
Horner, in Georgetown Advocate, 1876.

List of Plants near Danvers, by Dr. Geo. Osgood, in Salem
Observer, 1853.

Hovey's Magazine of Horticulture (various artieles by Oakes
and Russell).

List of Plants of Pigeon Cove, by Calvin Pool, in "Pigeon Cove
and Vicinity."

These notes are introductory to an Enumera-
tion of the Plants of Essex County that has been
prepared, after a careful examination of the work
of the earlier botanists and diligent search in
almost every portion of the county for species
not previously noticed, and will appear in a
separate issue, as an occasional publication of the
Institute.

"With so few persons devoting themselves to
the study of botany or the collection of speci-

97

mens, particularly of the lower orders of plants,
it would be impossible to present an absolutely
complete list, and perhaps with even the greatest
facilities no one has succeeded in so doing for
any region.

Almost the only extended collection of dried
specimens of county plants were those of the
late Mr. Oakes, so that there really exists no
very great foundation upon which to build, other
than the herbarium recently collected, and the
writings of the more reliable among the earlier
botanists, who for nearly a century have now
and then appeared upon the scene.

Of the plants enumerated, almost all are rep-
resented in the herbarium of the Peabody Acad-
emy of Science at Salem, and where the species
has not been collected and its occurrence is only
known by the testimony of some writer, it is so
stated in the list.

Several errors have been detected in early
local lists and corrected, and such notes added
to the paper as seem of interest locally or
otherwise.

The wrriter would express his indebtedness to
Prof. Asa Gray, Prof. G. L. Goodale and Prof.
Sereno Watson, for their numerous kindnesses
and assistance rendered him during the past five
years while preparing this flora, and also to
Messrs. Edwin and Charles E. Faxon for their
kindness in revising the final proofs.

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XII. 7

98

Field Meeting at the Willows, Salem Neck,
Tuesday, June 22, 1880.

The two hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the arrival
of John Winthrop, at Salem, with the charter and records
of the Massachusetts Bay Company, occurring on June 22,
1880, it was deemed meet and appropriate that the first
field meeting of the season should be held on that day,
at the Pavilion on Salem Neck, from which is obtained
an extensive view of the bay, and of the shore along
which the fleet sailed ere the anchors were dropped in
the waters of New England ; and that the exercises
of the occasion, instead of a discussion on subjects of
general scientific and historical interest, should be devoted
to a recital of incidents connected with this important
event, or such other topics as the time and place might
suggest.

A description of the appearance of Salem harbor, at
this early period in our history, may be gleaned from the
following extracts from the diary of Rev. Francis Higgin-
son, who, under date of "Fryday, June 26, 1629," writes :
"The sea was abundantly stored with rockweed and yel-
low flowers like gillyflowers. By noon we were within
3 leagues of Capan, and as we sayled along the coast
we saw every hill and dale, and every island fall of gay
woods and hiffh trees. The nearer we came to the shoare
the more flowers in abundance, sometymes scattered
abroad, sometymes joyned in sheets 9 or 10 }-ards long,
which we supposed to be brought from the low meadows
by the tyde. Now what with fine woods and greene
trees by land, and their yellow flowers paynting the sea,
made us all desirous to see our new paradise of New
England, whence we saw such forerunning signals of fer-

99

tilitie afarre off."1 On Monday, June 29, 1629, he writes :
"we passed the curious and difficult entrance into the
large and spacious harbour of Naimkecke, and as we
passed along it was wonderful to behould so many islands
replenished with thicke wood and high trees and many
fayre green pastures."2

The appearance of this shore, so pleasantly described
by Mr. Higginson, has undergone great changes since his
day, and more especially during the past thirty or forty
years. It is now included within the limits of Beverly,
Manchester, and Gloucester, and is a much frequented and
very delightful summer resort, many of the wealthiest
and most prominent families of the country, including
merchants, bankers, artists, professional men and persons
of leisure from the great cities, making this their summer
home.

The fragrant pine woods, the oaks, the birches, and the
green fields come down even to the beaches, to the rocks,
and to the seaweed, and mingle the freshness of the coun-
try with the ocean breezes. The elegant villas, with their
quaint architecture, dot the coast, and enliven the dark
green of the woods with their red roofs. Every secluded
cove has its favorite yacht; the beaches are hard and
smooth, and the shouts and laughter of the bathers mingle
harmoniously with the rote of the surf, and the hoary
cliffs of primitive rock extend into the sea, scarred,
wrinkled and worn.

The belt of woods extending parallel to the coast, diver-
sified with ponds, rivulets, rocky hills and meadows, the

!Mr, Higginson arrived near midsummer; at this period of the year, great num-
bers of jelly-fishes (the Cyanea arctica, Aurelia flavidula, and other species) are
observed on the surface of the water near the coast. Possibly specimens of these
animals, some having the resemblance of flowers, may have attracted the notice
of the voyager, and have thus been mentioned in his journal.

2 See Hutchinson's Collection of Papers, pages 41 and 44.

100

habitat of many rare floral gems (of which may be spec-
ified the Magnolia glauca, a representative of a more
southern flora, and the Linnea borealis, that of the alpine) ,
affords many picturesque views and delightful rural by-
paths and lanes, adding much to the attractions of this
pleasant summer retreat.

The Pavilion is located on or near the six acres of land
granted by the town of Salem, to Rev. John Higginson
in 1661. This land he conveyed by deed (Reg. Deeds,
Essex, vol. iii, fol. 396), 25, 9, 1670, to Thomas Savage,
who on August 6, 1675, transferred the same by deed of
gift to his daughter Sarah and her husband, John Higgin-
son, jr., with lands adjoining which he had purchased of
other parties, in all about twenty-eight acres (Reg.
Deeds, Essex, vol. iv, fol. 383).

A grandson of John Higginson, jr., the fourth John
Higginson3 in succession (the four were living at the
period from the birth of the youngest Jan. 10, 1697-8,
to the death of the eldest in Dec. 9, 1708) conveyed
this estate April 8, 1730, to Benj. Ives4 (see Reg. Deeds,
Essex, vol. Iv, fol. 92).

3 Rev. John Higginson, born at Claybrook, Aug. 6, 1616, came with his father to
Salem in 1629, and in 1641 assisted Rev. Henry Whitfield (whose daughter Sarah
he married) in the ministry at Guilford, Conn. He returned to Salem in 1659 and
was ordained as pastor of the church, which his father had founded some thirty
years before, and continued the respected minister until his death Dec. 9, 1708.

II John born at Guilford, 1646, a merchant, settled in Salem ; Lieut. Col. of the
regiment, a member of the Governor's council, etc., died March 23, 1719.

III John born Aug. 20, 1675, educated a merchant, lived in Salem, died April 20,
1718.

IV John born Jan. 10, 1697-S, graduated at Harvard College, 1717; sustained chief
offices of the town, County Register, etc.; died July 15, 1744.

For a sketch of this family see Hist. Coll. Essex Inst., vol. V, p. 33.

4 Benjamin Ives was the son of Thomas and Elizabeth (Metcalf) Ives, and was
baptized at the First Church, Aug. 9, 1702. He md. Anna, dau. of Roger Derby,
and in 1715 bought of the family of Thomas Beadle deceased, the estate now
bounded by Essex, Pleasant, and East streets. He became a prominent merchant
of his time and bought much real estate in Salem. Capt. Ives died in the prime
of life, in the full tide of a prosperous career, about July, 1752.

101

After the death of Benjamin Ives in 1752, the estate
with additional purchases, including land obtained from
the town by vote of the citizens, in exchange for Pignal's5
or Eoache's Point, on which is located the present alms-
house, amounting to forty acres, and also land from
Abbot,6 16 Aug., 1738 (Reg. Deeds, Essex, vol. lxxiv, fol.
176) , passed into the possession of his son John Ives, who
conveyed the same to Richard Derby7 May 16, 1758 (see
Reg. Deeds, Essex, vol. cxliv, fol. 40).

After the death of Richard Derby this property was
assigned to John Derby towards his portion of his father's
estate, who conveyed the same by deed to Edward Allen,
Dec. 13, 1793 (see Reg. Deeds, Essex, vol. clvii, fol. 73).
After the death of Edward Allen, July 27, 1803, and of
his wife Margaret, Aug. 13, 1808, this estate passed into
the possession of his son Edward Allen, who sold the
same to Josiah Orne, Feb. 26, 1810 (see Reg. Deeds,
Essex, vol., clxxxviii, fol. 177). Josiah Orne, April 6,
1816, conveyed the same to Jonathan Dustin of Danvers
(see Reg. Deeds, Essex, ccx, fol. 86). Eliza Sutton,
Hazen Ayer and Serena his wife, in her own right, all
of Peabody, being heirs of the late Jonathan Dustin,

BThis name appears in deeds, but it should be " Picton " named for Thomas
Picton to whom the land was originally granted. Sometimes spelled Pigden.

6 The following Deposition from the State Records probably refers to the same
person :— John Abbot of Salem, Shoreman, aged seventy years, testifyeth and
deposeth that during my acquaintance of many years with Mr. Philip English of
Salem who is now a Prisoner in the said Town Gaol, I have heard him the said
English declare that he was bi*ed & born in the Communion of the Church of Eng-
land, and that he would go to no other publick worship willingly, & if he had
opportunity to go to a Church agreeable to which when the Church was erected at
Marblehead he the said English & I have gone frequently thither together from
that time down to this, & further there lying a ferry between this Town & Marble-
head over which the ferryman could by no means be prevailed upon to carry us
every Lord's day, he, the said English, has several times spoke to me to be partner
With him in a Boat that we might go thither constantly to Church.

Salem, Feb. 29: 1724-5.

7 For a sketch of the Derby Family, see Hist. Coll., Essex Inst., vol. Ill, pp.
154, 201, 283.

102

conveyed the same to Daniel B. Gardner, jr., of Salem,
Sept. 24, 1875 (Reg. Deeds, Essex, vol. dccccxli, fol.
233), who had the land surveyed, streets and avenues laid
out, and many lots sold, upon which have been built a
large number of seaside cottages.

In 1876, the streets and avenues were constructed. In
1877, the Naumkeag Street Railway Company extended
its tracks from the junction of Essex and Webb streets
to the Willows. Cars went over the road June 9, of that
year — on the following day it was opened for the public
travel. Parties interested in the railroad bought land of
Mr. Gardner, June 19, 1878 (Reg. Deeds, Essex, vol. m,
fol. 204), and during the following spring and early
summer erected the Pavilion (the place of meeting) , which
was opened to the public on the 17th of June. This
building contains on the lower floor a refreshment saloon,
a large hall 35 by 80 feet, with anterooms attached — on
the second floor, a large dining hall and kitchen, with
small private dining rooms. The tower has rooms in sev-
eral stories, and above the balcony, is a camera obscura,
giving an extensive marine view, including the adjacent
shores and the islands in the harbor. During the present
season the Coliseum, a large circular building, has been
erected for entertainments and public meetings — the
grounds have been enlarged by the purchase of Mr.
Gardner, of additional land adjoining, March 4, 1880 (Reg.
Deeds, Essex, vol. mxxxii, fol. 246), and very much im-
proved by the planting of shrubbery, ornamental trees,
and flowering plants, making paths, fountains, etc. Ad-
ditional improvements are in contemplation the coming
season.

This portion of the neck has been known in the past
as "The Higginson Farm," "The Allen Farm," and more
recently "The Juniper." Some years since, there was a

103

large group of juniper trees, but for several years they
have been gradually decaying — a few yet linger among
the cottages, so few that one would hardly conjecture that
this place derived its name from their presence. Hos-
pital Point and the land adjoining on the northern boun-
dary of the above, owned by the city, was set apart by an
order of the city council, adopted May 9, 1859, "to be
kept open and dedicated as a Public Square for the use of
the inhabitants of Salem forever, under such regulations
as the council shall from time to time establish." This
place has been known as " The Willows," from a double
row of willows planted about the beginning of the present
century, under the direction of Capt. Israel Williams.

On the 8th of July, 1878, an ordinance was passed by
the council, and approved by the mayor on the day fol-
lowing, for " Ball Playing," assigning for this purpose a
piece of land enclosed as a part of the " Poor Farm," lying
west of "The Willows" so called, and running west and
including the rising ground to the western line of the fort.
On this land trees of various kinds have been set out,
and these grounds will probably be opened to the public
at no distant day.

During the forenoon, an opportunity was afforded, to those
interested in our early history, of visiting the various places
of interest, and of recalling some of the old landmarks
that are now rapidly disappearing under the hands of
modern improvement. On Winter Island and other places
near by, buildings were erected, wharves constructed,
and vessels built for the purpose of carrying on the fish-
eries which nourished from an early period to 1735, when
it was entirely discontinued in this locality, and now
scarcely a vestige of this former occupancy and industry
remains.

Previous to 1714, Winter Island was owned by the

104

commoners (except a narrow strip on the northeastern
end which was attached to the Higgiuson farm) , and was
leased to various individuals — after the vote of 1714, it
came into possession of the town and was used as a pas-
ture with the neck, after the discontinuance of the fisheries
until 1824, when it was transferred to the Poor Farm.
In 1863, it was ceded to the United States government
for coast defences.

In 1870, the Secretary of War permitted the Trustees
of the Plummer Farm School for boys to establish their
institution there, and the city conveyed to the same parties
whatever interest it might have in the premises.

This institution was founded by Miss Caroline Plummer
of Salem, who died May 15, 1854, and is intended for the
instruction, employment, and reformation of juvenile of-
fenders in the city of Salem. The residue of her estate,
after the payment of other bequests and debts, was appro-
priated to this purpose. Sum received, $25,462.23 ; the
Trustees are appointed by the mayor and aldermen, and
are incorporated by an act of the legislature, passed May
21, 1855. First meeting of the Trustees was held Nov.
26, 1855, when by-laws were adopted and officers elected.
The present building was finished for occupancy May 20,
1870. The city government appropriated $8,000 for this
object. Charles A. Johnson was appointed the superin-
tendent, and now holds the office. First boy was admitted
Sept. 1, 1870 — the present number is thirty. The pres-
ent amount of invested funds is $50,000.

The traditional site of Clifford's tavern was on the left
of the road just after passing the causeway. The Town
Records (vol. for 1659-1680, page 306) inform us that
"at a meeting of the selectmen, Nov. 25, 1679, the select-
men consent unto and approve of Serg* Jno. Clifford to
keepe a victualling house att Winter Island."

105

In 1805, the question of the town's right to sell this
island was introduced at a town meeting, and a committee,
consisting of Joseph Story (afterwards Justice U. S.
Sup. Court) and others, was directed to report on the
subject — the report was favorable and was submitted at a
meeting held Aug. 12 (see Salem Gaz., Aug. 16-20, 1805),
and was not accepted. Samuel Putnam (afterwards a Judge
Mass. Sup. Court) expressed views in opposition, and it is
intimated that Wm. Prescott entertained similar opinions.

Some fifty years afterwards the subject of selling Winter
Island was again agitated and referred by the city council
to the city solicitor for his opinion (see Report on the
sale of the Neck Lands, communicated to the city council,
Dec. 27, 1858, by W. C. Endicott, the city solicitor (now
Judge Mass. Sup. Court).

This document, in addition to the legal opinions therein
expressed, contains a history of the Neck Lands, in par-
ticular, and notices of the commoners' grants, the cir-
stances under which they were made, the policy pursued
by them at that period, and also the town's connection
with these lands. It is well known that all the lands in
this vicinity were originally held by the commoners, the
proprietors of lands lying in common and undivided. At
meetings held in 1713 and 1714, votes were passed,
granting to the town, the roads, the burial places, the
neck, the common, and other unappropriated lands, lying
within the body of the town. Grants were also made to
the poor for a pasture under the care of the selectmen,
and to the ministry in the several parishes, also, that all
the common lands be measured and divided among the
commoners, according to the number of cottage rights
each one held. Several distinct proprietaries were formed
under an act of the legislature, The Great Pasture,
Sheep Pasture, etc. Scarcely a vestige now exists of
this old custom of holding lands in common. In this

106

connection, reference may be made to a Report on
"The common lands of the city of Salem," prepared
by Hon. C. W. Upham, during his mayoralty, and printed
in the Reports for the financial year 1852.

Several forts and breastworks have from time to time
been built, but only two now remain, Fort Lee on the high-
lands of the Neck, and Fort Pickering on Winter Island.
According to tradition, Fort Lee was originally planned
by Gen. Charles Lee, who gave instructions regarding
its construction, and that it be designated by his name.
Charles Lee was a major general in the Revolutionary
army, born at Dernhall, Cheshire, England, in 173 L,
died at Philadelphia, 2 Oct., 1782. He accompanied
Washington to Cambridge, where he took command of
the army 3 July, 1775 ; at this time he was employed with
others in arranging for the defence of the harbors along
this coast.

Fort Pickering was built soon after the settlement;
frequent allusions are found in our Records. In 1699, it
was called Fort William, sometimes Fort Ann. Oct. 30,
1799, the name was changed by order of the war depart-
ment to Fort Pickering, in honor of T. Pickering of
Salem, a member of Washington's military family during
the war, and of his cabinet during his presidency. It has
been several times put in order, when war was pending,
mounted with cannons and garrisoned with troops ; on
the return of peace, the guns were removed and the
troops disbanded.8

Perhaps the most interesting of these earthworks, be-
cause now threatened with obliteration at no distant day,
though still easily traced, is the one at the Juniper.

There seems to have been an old block house there in
1758. Barracks had been erected there, April 22, 1776,

e See Hist. Coll. Essex Inst., vol. V.

107

and in 1787, Juniper's battery is named in a report of
the French engineer, Kochefontaine, who was then ex-
amining the fortifications of New England. At this
period, the old forts seem to have been much frequented
by children from the east end of the town, who resorted
there for games of props and wrestling, and on holidays
found cakes and other articles of refreshment for sale
there. (See Hist. Coll. Essex Inst., vol. VI, p. 85.)

Another incident of interest is preserved in the "famous
records" kept at the barber's shop of Benjamin Blanchard
on Essex, opposite Cambridge street ; in which records,
local events were entered from day to day, by the emi-
nent patrons of that resort. An entry under date of
Jan'y 17, 1809, reads as follows :

"Col. Lee, Collector of Customs, at the head of about
seventy men, went to the Hospital on the Juniper, to
prevent the Embargo laws from being violated. It was
suspected a vessel belonging in Beverly would sail that
evening." The suspected craft did not sail that evening,
but escaped the Collector's vigilance a night or two after,
and it was said that her Federalist owners, as a blind,
claimed that she had been run away with, and advertised
a reward for information which would convict any un-
authorized persons of having taken possession of her.
The Hospital at the Juniper was established in 1792 (?)
and was destroyed by fire on the 16th of October, 1846,
and the playground which the boys of Salem selected a
century ago is now a place of wholesome recreation
for the southern half of Essex County.

The inspiration of the occasion was not wholly in the
memories of the past, but bright sunlight, refreshing
breezes, the lovely green of the shore and the deep blue
of the bay, dotted with the white sails of many yachts,
engaged in their annual regatta that morning, added

108

much to the enjoyment of the large number who partici-
pated in the celebration.

At 1 p. m. lunch was served in the dining hall ; at 2.30
o'clock the afternoon session was held in the hall below.
The President in the chair.

The President introduced, in brief and appropriate
words, Robert S. Rantoul, Esq., who delivered the ad-
dress which is printed in the Historical Collections of the
Institute, Vol. XVI, Part 3, with the other exercises of
the meeting, consisting of a poem written by Miss Lucy
Larcom, and read by Rev. De Witt S. Clark, of the
Tabernacle Church, Salem ; remarks from Col. T. W.
Higginson of Cambridge, Hon. G. Washington Warren
of Boston, Hon. G. B. Loring of Salem, Hon. H. K.
Oliver, mayor of the city, Seth Low, Esq., of New York
City ; letters were read by Rev. E. S. Atwood of the South
Church, Salem, from Hon. Chas. Levi Woodbury of
Boston, John G. Whittier of Danvers, Hon. Robert
Chas. Winthrop of Boston, Hon. Leverett Saltonstall of
Newton, Prof. A. P. Peabody of Cambridge, and Hon.
Marshall P. Wilder of Dorchester. The exercises appro-
priately closed with the reading by Rev. George H.
Hosmer, of the East Church, Salem, of a communication,
prepared by Stanley Waters, an associate member, giving
a succinct account of the life of Rev. William Bentley,
D.D., a former minister of that church, a distinguished
antiquarian and historical scholar, and well known for his
attainments in philology and general literature ; this
gathering also commemorates his birth-day. He was
born in Boston, June 22, 1759. The paper also contains
a narration (found among Dr. Bentley's papers) of a
drive of Benjamin Ward, in company with his grand-
father, Miles Ward, about the town, in 1760.

A List of the Birds of the Hudson Highlands, with
Annotations,

By Edgar A. Mearns.

[Continued from page 25, Vol. XII.]
Family, COKVID^I.

102. Corvus frugivorus (Bartram). Common Crow. A per-
manent resident; breeds.

Crows are partially migratory ; and whether those that breed here
are permanent residents, or are replaced in winter by individuals
which breed farther north, is a mooted question ; the latter hypothesis
seems most probable, however. There is a regular spring and fall
migration, when they move in immense flocks. On the evening of
December 5, 1876, I saw a flock that almost rivalled an historic flock
of Wild Pigeons. The Crows were flying southward, and settling in
an evergreen wood beside the Hudson. I immediately started
towards the spot, and, as I neared it, they all arose. The flock that
I saw alight at first was but a small fraction of the entire number that
then rose into the air ; there were thousands of them. Save the loud,
rushing sound produced by their flight, which sounded like the
roar of a large waterfall, they were nearly silent. As they circled
overhead, a few caws, like words of command from chosen officers,
were heard ; but the rank and file uttered no sound. Soon they
alighted again in a deciduous forest not far distant, only to be again
alarmed at something and take to flight ; but they finally settled near
the same place for the night, without a caw or a wing-flap to indicate
the whereabouts of that sable army of usually garrulous birds. These
migratory flocks begin to appear in October, and continue until the
commencement of winter. In February, flocks are seen passing
northward.

There is a mountain in the Highlands, on the east side of the Hud-
son, where, late in summer, thousands of Crows come nightly to
roost in the cedars ; all come from the east, and I do not think that
any of our resident Crows join their camp.

Crows are expert fishers. In winter, they watch at the fissures in
the ice along shore, at low tide, and claw out whatever fishes are
passing. I have known two Crows to capture upwards of twenty
good-sized gold fishes ( Crassius auratus) in less than an hour's time.

(109)

110

Crows usually begin to build early in April. Mating begins in
March, when they are more noisy and less shy, than at other times.
The eggs, as a rule, are deposited from the middle of April to the
middle of May. A nest was found on April 14, 1873, containing six
eggs; another on May 24, 1873, with four fresh eggs. Their com-
plement varies from four to seven. The old birds are very assiduous
in the care of their young; the latter make a great outcry while being
fed ; the mother may often be seen flying in circles about the nest,
talking to the little ones, and modulating her voice whimsically.

Crows eat the eggs of other birds. I caught one in the act of
destroying those of the Night Heron (Nyctiardea grisea ncevia). He
came silently and stealthily into the swamp, but my shot cut short
his rapacious career just as he was about to indulge his gluttonous
appetite at such great cost to the poor Herons, and he tumbled in-
gloriously into the mud.

Dimensions. — Average measurements of six males: length, 19-30;
stretch, 37-70; wing, 12-18; tail, 7-52; culmen, 1-92; gape, 222; tar-
sus, 2-40; middle toe, 1-51; middle toe and its claw, 1-98. Average
measurements of six females: length, 18-60; stretch, 3605; wing,
11-82; tail, 7*12; culmen, 176; gape, 2-U2; tarsus, 2-28; middle toe,
1-38; middle toe and its claw, 1-85. Measurements of largest male
(No. 234, $ ad., October 8, 1874, Highland Falls, N. Y., E. A. M.) :
length, 19-75; stretch, 39 00; wing, 13-31; tail, 8*06; culmen, 1-96;
gape, 2-26; tarsus, 2 40; middle toe and its claw, 198. Measurements
of smallest female (No. 2,011, $ ad., March 13, 1880, Highland Falls,
N. Y., E. A. M.): length, 18-10; stretch, 34-50; wing, 10-85; tail,
6 85; culmen, 1*73; gape, 1-98; tarsus, 2-27; middle toe and its claw,
1 80.

103. Corvus ossifragus {Wilson). Fish Crow. Occasional
upon the Hudson River. Observed from Riverdale to Cornwall.

I recorded its capture at Highland Falls, in the Bulletin of the Nut-
tall Ornithological Club (Vol. Ill, No. I, pp. 45-46, for January, 1878),
on the 7th of May, 1877, when I shot a female specimen. I have
come across but one other Fish Crow on the Hudson River. On
May 1, 1880, at Cornwall, I heard a note several times repeated, which I
recognized as that of the Fish Crow. Afterwards, one flew towards
me and passed quite near, so that I had a distinct view of it; its note,
at the same time, was unmistakable, but I had no gun with me to
make assurance doubly sure.

Mr. Eugene P. Bicknell, the only other observer who has noted this
Crow upon our river, writes as follows :' " As will be seen from the
following remarks, there is no doubt that a pair of these birds have

1 Bulletin of the Nuttall Ornithological Club, Vol. Ill, No. 3, p. 131, July, 1S7S.

Ill

been in the vicinity during the past season. I first noticed them on
February 24, being attracted by their small size, and for several weeks
thereafter they were often seen, their peculiarities of note and habit
at ouce distinguishing them from the common Crow. Their favorite
resort seems to be a growth of tall and partially decayed locusts bor-
dering a fresh-water pond, and on two of these trees standing to-
gether, somewhat apart from the others, the birds were to be found
almost every morning, but, owing to their shyness and the openness
of the ground, I was unable to approach within gunshot. In alight-
ing, they usually chose the very topmost branches of the trees, and
when approached manifested their suspicion by a restless and excited
motion of the wings, which appeared to be more pointed than in the
more stoutly built C. Americanus. Their note was an abrupt, ex-
pressionless croak, usually delivered singly and at regular intervals.
Though other Crows were often seen in the vicinity, this pair kept
aloof by themselves, and several times I saw them chased by a clam-
orous party of their larger relatives. Latterly, they have been rarely
noticed, and then always singly, thus indicating that they are breeding
in the vicinity."

In 1844, De Kay first gave the Fish Crows as inhabitants of New
York State, observing2 that "they are occasionally seen on the shores
of Long Island, but are generally confounded with the Common
Crow." His statement was not, until quite recently, fully substan-
tiated, and has been quite generally discredited by writers. Mr.
Clarence H. Eagle set the matter at rest, however, by publishing (in
the Bulletin of the Nuttall Ornithological Club, Vol. Ill, No. 1, p. 47,
for January, 1878) the following notice of its capture : " On the 17th
of July, 1873,1 shot a fine female of this species near Rockaway, L. I.
The bird was flying around, but kept apart from a flock of Com-
mon Crows in the vicinity." Mr. Theodore Roosevelt furnished the
next record of its capture on Long Island (Notes on some of the
Birds of Oyster Bay, L. I., March, 1879). He says : " Dec. 30, 1874,
I shot a male. There was then a good deal of snow on the ground.
It was by itself, although the Common Crows were assembled in great
flocks." Messrs. Louis A. Zerega and H. A. Purdie (see Bulletin N.
0. C, Vol. V, No. 4, pp. 205 to 208, and 240, October, 1880) have
recently thrown much light upon the northern distribution of this
species, and it is now established to be a regularly breeding summer
resident on Staten Island, where Mr. H. A. Wheeler has observed it
from March to November, and observes that during the past five
years he has always found it breeding on Staten Island, but seldom
finds more than half a dozen nests in a season, if as many as that.

2 New York Zoology, Part II, p. 135, 1844.

112

Mr. De L. Berier does not regard it as rare on Long Island. Mr.
Zerega has found it to be a common permanent resident along the
shore of Sandy Hook Bay and at Seabright, N. J., and infers that it
breeds in those places.

I found a large flock of Fish Crows near Garden City, Long Island,
N. Y., on October 29, 1880. There were others straggling about, but
not associating with the Common Crows, which were also abundant.

Dimensions.— Measurements of No. 1,360, $ ad., May 7, 1876,
Highland Falls, N. Y., E. A. M. : length, 16-00; stretch, 3320; wing,
10-84; tail, 6-20; culmen, 137; gape, 1*65; tarsus, 1-85; middle toe,
1-30; its claw, -47.

104. Cyanoeitta cristata (Linrie). Blue Jay. A permanent
resident; breeds. Large flocks move north in spring, and south in
autumn.

Dimensions.— Average measurements of fourteen specimens : length,
11-74; stretch, 16-77; wing, 5-14; tail, 5-19; culmen, 1*09; gape, 1-20;
bill from nostril, '71; tarsus, 1-39; middle toe, -79; its claw, 36.
Average of eight males: length, 11*92; stretch, 16-96; wing, 5-23;
tail, 527; culmen, 1-08; gape, 1-19; bill from nostril, -70; tarsus,
1-45. Average of six females: length, 11-63; stretch, 16-66; wiug,
5-08; tail, 5-14; culmen, 1-09; gape, 1-21; bill from nostril, -72; tar-
sus, 1-38; middle toe, -79; its claw, -36.

Family, TYRABnNTD.2S.

105. Ty r annus car olinensis (Linne). Kingbird; Bee -martin.
A common summer resident; breeds. Arrives during the first half
of May (4, 1872; 14, 1873; 11, 1874; 9, 1875; 8, 1876; 13, 1877; 1,
1878; 9, 1879; 8, 1880), and remains until September.

Dimensions. — Average measurements of eleven specimens : length,
8*51; stretch, 14-61; wing, 4-64; tail, 3*55; culmen, -74; bill from
nostril, -55; gape, -98; tarsus, *75; middle toe, -57; its claw, -28.

106. Myiarchus crinitus (Linne). Great-crested Flycatcher.
A common migrant, and rather abundant summer resident; breeds.
Arrives in May (22, 1874, 16, 1875; 13, 1876; 23, 1877; 3, 1878; 9,
1879; 8, 1880), and stays till about the end of September (24, 1873;
19, 1875).

Great-crested Flycatchers are extremely pugnacious. I once shot
one that was fighting with another of its species, and seemed to be a
veteran warrior, for his rectrices were reduced to a single one, while
his general appearance reminded me of that of a dissipated tom-cat.
My shot only wounded it, and it flew upwards in a spiral, and then
slowly descended to the ground in the same manner, screaming and
snapping its bill, the whole distance. When I started to secure it, it

113

flew directly at me, biting, snapping its bill, and uttering piercing
screams.

Dimensions. — Average measurements of six specimens: length,
901; stretch, 13-49; wing, 4-14; tail, 3-75; bill from nostril, -62;
culmen, *77; gape, 1*09; tarsus, -84; middle toe, -50; its claw, *26.

107. Sayornis fuscus (Gmelin). Pjicebe-bird; Pewee Fly-
catcher. A common summer resident; breeds. Arrives early in
March (17, 1371; 26, 1872; 19, 1873; 21, 1874; 29, 1875; 28, 1876 [26,
de Nottbeck at Fishkill] ; 26, 1877; 13, 1878; 13, 1879; 2, 1880), and
remains until about the first of November (October 15, 1874; 23,
1876; 26, 1879). I have found its nest completed by April 10 (1880).
In 1878, its full complement of eggs was laid April 20, and the first
egg of their second brood was deposited on May 20th. A pair for
several years built their nest in a shaft of an iron mine, in a dark
and extremely humid situation; this nest contained no less than six
eggs, on May 3, 1880.

Dimensions. — Average measurements of fourteen specimens : length,
6-99; stretch, 11-03; wing, 338; tail, 289; bill from nostril, -41; cul-
men, -60; gape, -75; tarsus, -67; middle toe and its claw, -59; toe
alone, *40.

108. Contopus borealis (Swainson). Olive-sided Flycatcher.
A common spring and fall migrant. Arrives late in May, and passes
through before June (May 25 to 28, 1876; 25 to 29, 1877; 16 to 25,
1878; 9, 1879); seen in autumn from the 27th of August to the 18th
of September (August 27 to September 18, 1875; September 5 to 15,
1876; September 1, 1879).

I first saw the Olive-sidecl Flycatcher in September, 1872, when I sur-
prised several of them that were engaged in their favorite pastime of
plucking each other in mid-air, amidst a din of screams and vitupera-
tions, and settled their quarrel by summarily disposing of two of the
belligerents in my basket. Since then, I have found it nearly every
spring and autumn, and frequently, during the latter season, in con-
siderable numbers. In spring, when it is rather scarce, it is usually
seen singly, or in pairs, perched upon a dry limb on top of some tall
tree, sitting remarkably erect, with its crest raised. It is frequently
very wild, and hard to shoot.

Dimensions. — Average measurements of five specimens : length,
7-39; stretch, 12*68; wing, 4-05; tail, 2-70; bill from nostril, -54; gape,
•97; tarsus, -60; middle toe, ;46 ; middle toe and its claw, *70.

109. Contopus virens (Linne). Wood Pewee. A common
summer resident; breeds. Arrives from the South about the middle
of May (12, 1873; 12, 1874; 11, 1875; 19, 1876; 17, 1877; 20, 1878; 14,
1879; 13, 1880), and takes its departure late in September (21, 1874;
14, 1876; 11, 1880).

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XII. 8

114

Dimensions. — Average measurements of eight specimens : length,
6-53; stretch, 10-61; wing, 3*34; tail, 2-62; bill from nostril, -42;
culmen, -65; gape, -83; tarsus, -50; middle toe, -32; middle toe and
its claw, -48.

110. Empidonax pusillus traillii (Audubon). Traill's Fly-
catcher. A rather uncommon spring and fall migrant, and occasional
in summer; probably breeds.

This active, noisy species is usually present during the latter part
of May (12 to 31, 1875; 22 to 28, 1876; 25, 1878; 13, 1880), and passes
south in autumn. Messrs. Roosevelt and Minot found it summering
in the Adirondack^, in Franklin County, N. Y.3 Dr. Thomas M.
Brewer described its eggs (Proceedings of the United States National
Museum, p. 4, April 29, 1879) taken in Catskill mountains, N. Y., by
Dr. James C. Merrill.

Dimensions. — Average measurements of three adult males: length,
6-09; stretch, 9-36; wing, 2-87; tail, 2-33; bill from nostril, -35; gape,
•70; tarsus, -66; middle toe and its claw, -58; toe alone, -42.

111. Empidonax minimus (Baird). Least Flycatcher. A
very common summer resident; breeds. Reaches us from the South
about the beginning of May (15, 1874; 10, 1875; 8, 1876; 7, 1877; 2,
1878; April 29, 1879, 26, 1880), and departs during the last of Sep-
tember and first part of October (latest observation October 8, 1874).

Dimensions. — Average measurements of twelve specimens : length,
5-41; stretch, 8-15; wing, 2-51; tail, 2-21; bill from nostril, -31; gape,
•65; tarsus, -65; middle toe and its claw, -49; toe alone, -32.

112. Empidonax flaviventris (Baird). Yellow-bellied Fly-
catcher. A common spring and fall migrant. Arrives early in May,
and passes on before June (May 9, 1873; 31, 1875; 23 to 28, 1876;
17, 1877; 22, 1878; 14, 1879; 13, 1880). In autumn, passes south dur-
ing September (latest observation September 28, 1875).

Dimensions. — Average measurements of seven specimens: length,
5*63; stretch, 8-70; wing, 265; tail, 216; tarsus, -59.

Family, CAFRIMTJLGIDJE.

113. Caprimulgus vociferus (Wilson). WiiirrooRwiLL. A
very common summer resident ; breeds. Reaches us from the South
about the beginning of May (April 23, 1872; May 6, 1873; 12, 1874;
10, 1875; 11, 1876; April 27, 1877; 24, 1878; May 4, 1879; April 22,
1880), and departs during September. My latest date is September
30, 1875, when I procured a female specimen. In 1878, its notes
were heard during September, as late as the 23d. Its cry is not as

3 The Summer Birds of the Adirondacks, in Franklin County, N. Y.,No. "61,"

1877.

115

frequently heard after the beginning of August, as during the early
part of summer.

I append the following note from my journal : "May 14, 1877.
This evening I approached a Wall behind which a pair of Whippoor-
wills were crying; every minute they would fly out after insects, in
small circles, immediately continuing their notes on settling again,
so that scarcely any interruption was perceptible. Between each
whip-poor-will, they uttered a cavernous' chuck as usual, and then
a low, guttural hollow caw-ca-ca ca-ca — hic-liic-hic — ca-ca-tic, etc.
These ludicrous sounds, probably their love notes, were uttered in
a low, hollow tone. I shot the male, at which the female flew close up
to me, then removed a short distance, and commenced a loud whip-
poor-will in seemingly a joyous tone; but this is probably their one
way of expressing every strong emotion."

Dimensions. — Average measurements of seven specimens: length,
9-75; stretch, 18G0; wing, G'08; tail, 4-G5; culmen, -37; bill from
nostril, -30; gape, 1-34; tarsus, -70; middle toe, -G4; its claw, -24.

114. Chordeiles popetue (Vieillot). Nightiiawk. A rather
common summer resident; breeds. Arrives towards the end of April
(May 12, 1872; April 14, 1873; May 15, 1875; 18, 1877; April 27, 1878;
18, 1879 ; May 3, 1880), and departs late in September (October 3,
1874; September 15, 1875; 15, 187G). Large flocks pass through
during migrations.

Dimensions. — Measurements of No. G81, $ ad., May 17, 1875, E. A.
M. : length, 10-00; stretch, 24-00; wing, 7-88; tail, 4 80; culmen,
•25 ; tarsus, -55.

Family, CYP3ELIDJE.

115. Ch83tura pelagica (Linne). Chimney Swift; "Chimney
Swallow." An abundant summer resident; breeds. Arrives about
the end of April (28, 1872; May G, 1873; 8, 1874; 3, 1875; G, 187G ;
April 2G, 1877; 28, 1878; May 4, 1879; April 27, 1880), and departs the
last of September (30, 1877; 28, 1878; 29, 1879; 18, 1880).

Chimney Swifts begin to build during the last week of May, when
they may be seen breaking off the small, dry twigs with which they
build their nests, while on wing. The eggs are laid early in June.
During migrations they associate in large flocks, roosting in some
large, high chimney. They retire just at dusk, dropping down chimney
very much as Rails settle into the grass.

Dimensions. — Average measurements of thirteen specimens : length,
5-43; stretch, 12-46; wing, 4 94; tail, 190; bill from nostril, -15: gape,
•59; tarsus, 49; middle toe, -29; middle toe and its claw, -45; claw
alone, -22.

116

Family, TROCHILID^I.

116. Trochilus colubris, (Linne). Ruby-throated Humming-
bird. A common summer resident; breeds. Arrives early in May
"(2, 1872; 11, 1873; 10, 1874; 11, 1875; 6, 187G; 12, 1877; 4, 1878), and
departs in September (29, 1874; 20, 1876; 25, 1880).

Our Humming-bird is fond of visiting the marshes along the
Hudson. The bulrush-tops are sometimes used to line its nest with;
and the flowers growing there are a great attraction. It is a very
fierce little creature when angered. I have seen one attack a pair of
Downy Woodpeckers upon the tree which it had chosen for its nest,
and drive them off, exhibiting the utmost rage. Once I saw one dart
furiously at a small red balloon which a boy was flying in a field. It
often alights on telegraph wires.

Dimensions. — Average measurements of six specimens: length,
3*74; stretch, 4-12; wing, 1-54; tail, 1-15; culmen, '67; gape -80;
tarsus, *18 ; middle toe and claw, -24.

Family, ALCEDINID-23.

117. Ceryle alcyon (Linne). Belted Kingfisher. A common
summer resident; breeds. Arrives in March (26, 1872; 31, 1873; 18,
1874; April 2, 1875; 11, 1876; March 26, 1878; April 9, 1879; 5, 1880),
and stays till late in November (4, 1874; 30, 1878). It probably
occurs on the lower part of the river in winter.

Dimensions. — Average measurements of fourteen specimens : length,
1302; stretch, 22-16; wing, 6-17; tail, 3-60; bill from nostril, 1-85;
gape, 2-92; tarsus, -42; middle toe, -59; its claw, -38.

Family, CUCULID^l.

118. Coccyzus erythrophthalmus {Wilson). Black-billed
Cuckoo. A very common summer resident; breeds plentifully.
Arrives in May (13, 1874; 20, 1875; 20, 1876; 13, 1877; 4, 1878; 9,
1879; April 26, 1880), and stays through September (25, 1874; 16,
1879).

It begins nesting in May. The young are covered with curious-
looking pin-feathers, which gives them an appearance like that of the
wire swab used in gun-cleaning. The old bird is a close sitter, and,
when obliged to leave its nest, moves off slowly upon the branches,
with wings and tail outspread. Sometimes it will come quite close to
the observer, and then utter for several minutes a low, mournful coo,
coo, coo, coo, and then an outpouring of harsh, loud notes that quickly
bring the mate to its side, all the while keeping its wings and tail ex-

117

paneled, and crouching low upon the branch. Its ordinary notes are
quite commonly heard at night as well as during the day.

Dimensions. — Average measurements of nine specimens : length,
11-83; stretch, 16-55; wing, 5-50; tail, G-2G; bill from nostril, -74;
gape, 1-27; tarsus, 102; middle toe, -79; middle toe and its claw,
1-06.

119. Coccyzus americanus (Linne). Yellow-billed Cuckoo.
A summer resident; breeds; much less numerous than the Black-
billed Cuckoo. Arrives early in May (14, 187G; 6, 1878; 10, 1880),
and stays until late in September (23, 1874).

Dimensions— Average measurements of four female specimens:
length, 1220; stretch, 17-04; wing, 5-70; tail, '6-20; bill from nostril,
•76; gape, 1-31; tarsus, 1-10.

Family, PICID^I.

120. Pious villosus (Linne). Hairy Woodpecker. A per-
manent resident; sometimes abundant; breeds, but not plentifully.
A nest which I found on Consook Island, in the Hudson River, on
May 5, 1878, was built in a natural cavity in a small tree, about four
feet from the ground, and contrary to Hairy's usual habit, it was
warmly built of grass and strips of bark, whereas the eggs are com-
monly deposited right on the chips, without any attempt at a nest.
The entrance was through a knot-hole, and neither it nor the interior
had been enlarged by the birds. The nest rested on a mass of decayed
black muck at the bottom of the hole.

Dimensions. — Average measurements of twelve specimens : length,
9-40; stretch, 15-66; wing, 4-78; tail, 3-30; culmen, 1-22; bill from
nostril, 1-00; gape, 1-32; tarsus, '84; middle toe, -57; its claw, -40.

121. Picus pubescens (Linne). Downy Woodpecker. A per-
manent resident ; abundant; breeds.

The Downy Woodpeckers, though always abundant, are especially
so during the first warm days of spring-time, when they become
almost gregarious, and are apparently on the move northward. Their
full complement of eggs is usually deposited during the first two
weeks of May, although I have found their eggs as late as May 30
(1876).

Downy is a very active, industrious bird, and perhaps this is the
reason why he experiences no special discomfort from cold during the
bleak winter season. At night he is comfortably housed in a hole,
which he digs expressly for that purpose. What a knowing cove he
is ! Always, so far as my experience goes, he places the entrance to his
burrow so as to face the sunny south. Though Downy is a wanderer
like the rest of his tribe, yet, whenever he takes a journey into a far

118

country, his first labor is to construct a home wherein to spend the
cold, dark night. I have often watched him at work, and have found
that he is apt to remain for several days in the vicinity of his burrow.
Let me give a chapter of Downy's history, copied from my note-book:
I first saw him at half-past four o'clock, on the afternoon of February
20, 1878. At that time he had burrowed a very little way into a pear-
tree — just made a beginning — at a height of about four feet from the
ground. When I returned, in less than a couple of hours, he had
entirely disappeared from view, except when he came to the top of
his mine, and dropped the chips which resulted from his labors down
below. When I visited the place by daylight, I found a smoothly-fin-
ished cavity such as is used for the purpose of nidification, and the
ground covered with chips, but no Downy was in sight. Shortly after
sunset I again visited the nest, and found him snugly ensconced
within the cavity, with his bill warmly tucked away amongst the
feathers, which latter were ruffed up so as to look like a black and
white ball, with a red-napped head tucked in the middle. While
sleeping, his whole frame heaved at every breath, so profound was
his slumber. I summoned a friend to come and see my Woodpecker:
after watching him a while, our voices awoke him, when he flew
swiftly out, and lit upon a pear-tree close by, whence, after a lapse of
five minutes, during which time he remained perfectly motionless, he
returned to the burrow.

March 1st, I visited Downy at 5.50 o'clock a. m., and found him
still sleeping soundly, although the Bluebirds were already singing,
and the Crows flying in flocks overhead. I waited for one hour to
And out his time of rising. At 6.50 o'clock, I heard an admonitory
tapping upon the inside of the tree — a waking-up process analogous
to our bathing and dressing, doubtless. A moment later, his head
appeared at the entrance to his burrow, whence, after a jerky salu-
tation to the first sunrise of spring, he hied him forth to his day's toil.
At first, he lit on a pear-tree near by, tapped sleepily at the branch,
ascended to the top of it, looked curiously at me, and then took a
long flight over into the woods, where I soon heard his loud notes.
Downy is not an early riser! On March 3d, I made the following
note: " This evening at half-past five o'clock, I visited the Downy
Woodpecker, and found him sound asleep in his hole, clinging to the
side of the cavity, with head thrown over to one side and nestling
amongst the feathers, showing conspicuously the crimson feathers of
the nape. The feathers of the breast were deeply creased down the
middle. As my warm breath reached him, his chest stopped heaving,
and, with a swiftness that was astonishing as contrasted with his
previous deep slumber, he tkrew out his neck and head, but, as I in-
stantly retired, he did not leave the burrow, nor, probably, find out

119

what had awakened him. lie retires to the burrow every evening at
sunset, or sooner. On March 6th, I noted: "A female Bluebird
was worrying and making a great disturbance about the Downy's
hole, which she, apparently, had occupied during the clay, but which
he had again appropriated to sleep in. All of the Snowbirds in the
neighborhood had assembled, and were contributing to the fracas all
that they were able in the way of din ; meanwhile, Picus looked out of
the circular entrance to his house, collected and calm, but flew away
at my approach to the woods and did not return till late.

Dimensions. — Average measurements of twenty-nine specimens:
length, 6-83; stretch, 11-98; wing, 3*70; tail, 2*53; culmen, -68; gape,
•79 ; tarsus, -65 ; middle toe and its claw, -GO.

122. Sphyrapicus varius {Linne). Yellow-bellied Wood-
pecker. Resident, except during the summer months; abundant
during spring and fall migrations, but rarer in winter.

This handsome Woodpecker is frequently seen in our forests and
orchards. Like most of its family, it possesses a variety of notes,
one of which resembles the common cry of the Blue Jay. Mr. Peter
de Nottbeck informed me that he has frequently found it during au-
tumn, eating the corn in the fields ; it was while thus feeding that he
usually secured his specimens. Early in October, 1880, 1 saw these
birds migrating along the beach, at Great South Bay, Long Island, in
large numbers. Sometimes they lit on the low pines, or even on the
ground. They were passing westward in straggling flocks which
were almost constantly in view.

Dimensions. — Average measurements of nineteen specimens : length,
8-56; stretch, 15-37; wing, 4-87; tail, 3-20; culmen, -92; gape, L07;
tarsus, '78 ; middle toe and its claw, -85.

123. Centurus caroliims {Linne). Red-bellied Woodpecker.
Occasionally found in summer. I recorded (in the Bulletin of the
Nuttall Club, Vol. Ill, No. 3, p. 14G, 1878) the capture of a specimen
at Cornwall, on the Hudson, in September, 1870. A second specimen
was shot at Cold Spring, on the Hudson, by Mr. Francis Butterfass.

124. Melanerpes erythrocephalus {Linne). Red-headed
Woodpecker. Occurs during spring and fall, and more rarely in
winter. Not known to breed in the Highlands, but breeds commonly
a little to the west of them. Occasionally, the young are quite num-
erous in autumn ; but the species is rarely met with at other seasons.

Dimensions. — Average measurements of nine specimens: length,
9-75; stretch, 17-90; wing, 5-52; tail, 3-30; culmen, 1-17; gape, 1-37;
tarsus, -87; middle toe, -72; its claw, #39.

125. Colaptes auratus {Linne). Golden-winged Woodpecker.
Flicker; High-hole. A permanent resident, but of irregular occur-
rence, and generally rare in winter; breeds plentifully. Arrives in

120

full force during March ; has its first brood on wing by the middle of
June; departs before December, excepting those which spend the
winter north.

Dimensions. — Average measurements of fifteen specimens: length,
12-60; stretch, 2075; wing, 6-25; tail, 4-63; culmen, 1-42; gape,
1-57; tarsus, 1-14; middle toe, -87; middle toe and its claw, 1-27.

Family, STRIGIDJS.

126. Bubo virginianus (Gmelin). Great Horned Owl; "Hoot
Owl." A permanent resident; breeds. Have heard its notes at mid-
day, in cloudy weather.

Dimensions. — Average measurements of two male specimens : length,
21-44; stretch, 53-88; wing, 1448; tail,«8 63; culmen, measured from
frontal feathers, 1-55; from cere, 1*10; tarsus (about), 2-30; middle
toe, 2-00; its claw, M2.

127. Scops asio (Linne). Screech Owl; Mottled Owl. A
permanent resident; abundant; breeds.

On May 30, 1875, I found a Screech Owl's nest in the hollow bole
of a button wood-tree, about fifteen feet from the ground. On
thrusting my hand into the cavity, it was instantly seized by the old
bird, which I drew out of the hole and flung away from me with the
utmost dispatch, without reflecting that I was allowing an interesting
specimen to escape ; but I removed one of the younglings, and after-
ward captured both of the parents, which were in the gray plumage,
as were their three young. Two of the young were kept all summer
as pets, and were allowed perfect freedom ; towards autumn they left
the place, but one of them was found in the woods and brought back,
but soon left us again ; they were never heard of afterwards. The
parent birds were shot at night. On my first nocturnal visit, both
birds flew close about my ears, and uttered a curious, deep, guttural
sound, like one of the notes of the Black-billed Cuckoo (Coccyzus
erijthrophthalmus) ; sometimes they darted with great swiftness close
to my head, and snapped their bills sharply as they passed. I killed
the female, and shot the male on the following night, when I was as-
sailed in the same manner as on the previous evening.

On the following season, a pair of Golden-winged Woodpeckers
(Colaptes auratus) took possession of the owl-tree, and held it until
the spring of 1879, when I was again attacked by a pair of Screech
Owls, when walking past the tree one dark night. On examination, a
single young bird, and an addled egg, were found in the tree; the
latter was, of course, appropriated on the spot. The old birds
snapped their bills as usual, but also uttered an indescribable cry
which was new tome. A few days later, I visited the nest in the day-

121

time, and captured the female in the hole along with the young one.
After a prolonged search, the male was descried sitting in the crotch
of a white-oak tree, in the midst of a clump of branchlets; his "ears"
were very conspicuous, and his neck fully extended, as he attempted
to obtain a better view of me. Both parents were red ; but the young
one was gray, like those obtained from the same tree four years pre-
viously.

The red, and gray- pi urn aged birds are about equally numerous.
Some specimens are intermediate.

Dimensions.— Average measurements of nine specimens: length,
9-40; stretch, 2361: wing, 6-40; tail, 309; culmen, -63; gape, -98;
tarsus, 1-54; middle toe, 1 80; its claw, -48.

128. Asio americanus (Stephens). American Long-eared
Owl. A permanent resident; breeds. Mr. Francis Butterfass in-
formed me that it was abundant about Cold Spring, where he often
shot specimens. It breeds on Constitution Island, where I surprised
a family of young ones, accompanied by their parents. It was at
mid-day; the Owls sat in a group, with necks elongated, and ears
erect. The sun shone bright, but, when disturbed, they flew without
apparent inconvenience.

Dimensions. — Measurements of No. 2,021, $ ad. April 9, 1880,
Constitution Island, Hudson Biver, N. Y., E. A. M. : length, 14-30;
stretch, 36-00; wing, 11*00; tail, 6*00; culmen measured from frontal
feathers, 1-06; bill from nostril, -54; gape, 1-20; tarsus, 1-55; middle
toe, 1-11; middle toe and claw, 1-65. Measurements of No. 2,062 $
ad. June 23, 1880, Constitution Island, E. A. M. : length, 1490;
stretch, 37-75; wing, 11-00; tail, 6 40; culmen measured from frontal
feathers, 1-15; from cere, -70; gape, 1-32; tarsus, 168; middle toe
and claw, 1-85.

129. Asio accipitrinus (Pallas). Short-eared Owl. Occa-
sional in spring and fall.

130. Strix nebulosa (Forster). Barred Owl. A permanent
resident; breeds. Its notes may sometimes be heard during day-time.

Dimensions. — Measurements of No. 1,328, $ ad. October 23, 1876,
Highland Falls, N. Y., E. A. M. : length, 19-25; stretch, 44-75; wing,
12-00; tail, 8-88.

131. Nyetea scandiaca (Linne). Snowy Owl. Occasional in
winter. One was captured in Orange County, about January 20, 1877.
Has been reported from numerous points along the Hudson as far up
as Fort Edward, in Washington County.

I saw this splendid Owl in the wild state on the 29th of October,
1880, near Garden City, on Long Island, N. Y. It flew from near the
railroad: watching it from the car, I saw it alight on the ground
amongst some sandy knolls, covered with red bunch-grass. On arriv-

122

ing at the nearest station, I started back, for the purpose of shooting
it, but was disappointed in not finding it where it was seen from the
train. It was found, however, about a mile farther east, surrounded
by Crows (Corvits americanus) , upon a sandy spot, where it looked
like a patch of snow, in the midst of its black tormentors. The Crows
scattered as I approached, and the Owl also flew slowly off, keeping
just above the grass. It was followed by a part of the Crows, and
soon lighted amongst the tussocks of grass. I crept up to within range,
and shot it with No. 4 shot, and gave the hindermost of the retreating
Crows the benefit of the left barrel, which was loaded with Bs. The
Owl was not dead when I reached it, but made a fine display of courage
when caught. Its eyes were wonderfully bright and full of fire ; and
it snapped its bill, and clawed fiercely; I offered it an empty shell,
when reloading, which it seized and bit viciously. It uttered a squeal-
ing and also a grunting noise.

Dimensions. — Measurements of No. 815, $ ad. December 1, 1875
(shot on the south side of Long Island, N. Y., by Wm. Birch) : length,
23-50; stretch, 58*31; wing, 14*75; tail, 938. Its stomach was dis-
tended with feathers. Measurements of No. 2,108, $ ad. October 29,
1880, Garden City, Long Island, L\ A. M. : length, 22 85; stretch, 59-00;
wing, 15*75; tail, 950; culmen, measured from frontal feathers, 1-53;
from cere, 1*00; gape, 1-98; tarsus (about), 1-90; claw of the middle
toe, 1-18. Stomach entirely empty.

Family, FALCOT-TIDJE.

132. Circus hudsonius (Linne). Marsh Hawk. A permanent
resident ; breeds. It occurs regularly in winter ; particularly numerous
in that of 1874-75, when numbers were observed in the bluish plum-
age. It breeds upon the marshes which connect Constitution, Consook
and Iona islands to the main-land. One nest on Consook Marsh, which
had been recently deserted by the young, was placed in the middle of
the marsh; the ground around it was packed hard, and was bare of
grass.

133. Accipiter fuscus (Gmeliri). Sharp-shinned Hawk. A
permanent resident; breeds.

Next to the Broad-winged, this is our most abundant Hawk. It
builds upon trees, for the most part, though some nests are placed on
ledges of rocks. During the spring movement, this species sometimes
migrates in large flocks.

Dimensions. — Average measurements of three males : length, 11-45 ;
stretch, 21*00; wing, 6-GO; tail, 5*37; gape, *65; tarsus, 196; middle
toe, 1-19. Measurements of female: length, 14-00; stretch, 2575;
wing, 7*70; tail, 6*65; tarsus, 2-11.

123

134. Accipiter cooperi (Bonaparte). Cooper's Hawk. A sum-
mer resident. Probably occurs in winter. Breeds abundantly.

I found a nest May 10, 1876, and fired a charge of dust shot into it
to make it certain whether the nest was occupied, or not; the parent
bird flew swiftly away, and, though I waited a long time for its return,
it did not come back. Visiting the nest another time, I shouted and
made as much din as possible about the tree; after a while the bird
arose and looked over the edge of the nest, and then resumed its place
upon it; a moment later it flew swiftly away. I fired after it, and the
shot took effect in its breast and head; stretching its legs away clown,
and raising its wings high and beating them swiftly, it moved slowly
in a wide circle, very high in the air; it came around above the nest,
and then dropped just at my feet. Although not very severely injured,
it made no display of courage. The nest, built in the quadruple fork
of a chestnut-tree at a height of about forty feet, was composed of
sticks, all of which were of small size ; there was not a feather in it,
and no pretence of a lining, save a few pieces of white-oak bark; its
depression was slight. The eggs, four in number, were quite fresh:
white, with a strong greenish tinge, with a few brown blotches on two
of them.

A nest found May 2, 1878, was built in a basswood-tree (Tilia amer-
icana), beside a swampy pool in the midst of a wood. When ap-
proached, the female left her nest, and alighted on the opposite side of
the morass ; she was joined by her mate, and both set up a singular
barking cry, repeated in rapid succession, and resembling, as much as
anything, the prolonged utterance of the Flicker (Colaptes auratus).
Then the male approached, and, circling overhead, lit on a tree near
the nest, but soon retreated to the opposite side of the pool; both
birds continuing their singular cry. The male bird was shot as he
soared overhead, and his mate withdrew, and did not return that day.
The nest was somewhat bulky, and contained four eggs. It was
rather more concave than usual; built of small sticks, lined with a
few pieces of rough bark, with no additional materials. The eggs
differed from those previously described only in having no spots, which
latter are unusual.

One nest contained only three eggs.

Dimensions. — Measurements of No. 1,226, $ ad., May 10, 1876,
Highland Falls, N. Y., E. A. M. : length, 19-75; stretch, 35-00; wing,
10-13; tail, 8-75.

135. Astur atricapillus (Wilson). American Goshawk. A
winter resident, and spring and fall migrant. Seen in spring as late
as April 28 (1877).

The Goshawk is rather frequently met with ; but, owing to its shy-
ness, is rarely killed. I obtained a single specimen from the Catskill

124

mountains ; and Mr. Win. Church Osborn procured one at Garrisons,
on the Hudson. Miss Anna B. Warner obtained a fine adult male on
Constitution Island, on December 27, 1880. The gunners occasionally
kill one. It likes to stay about the river marshes in winter.

Dimensions. — Measurements of No. 2,005, $ juv. December 2, 1879,
Catskill mountains, N. Y., E. A. M. : length, 23-75; stretch, 44 25;
wing, 13-10; tail, 11*00; culmen, -90; gape, 1-40; tarsus, 2*88; middle
toe, 1-81; its claw, -77. Measurements of No. 2,170, $ ad., December
27, 1880, Constitution Island, Hudson River, N. Y., E. A. M. : length,
21*50; stretch, 41-50; wing, 12-50; tail, 9-50; tail, 9-50; culmen,
measured from frontal feathers, 1-12; from cere, -83; cere; -40; gape,
1*25; tarsus, 2*88; middle toe and claw, 2-23; middle toe alone, 1*75;
its claw', -67; hallux, -97; its claw, 1-08; inner toe, 1-00; its claw,
1-00; outer toe, 1*12; its claw, 53. Iris, bright carmine.

136. Falco peregrinus nsevius {Gmelin'). Duck Hawk; Ameri-
can Peregrine Falcon. A permanent resident; breeds.

I saw a fine mounted specimen in the possession of Mr. Daniel
Ward, of Cornwall, which was shot while sitting upon a willow-tree
in front of his residence, beside the Hudson. I have seen it frequently,
but, chiefly through lack of skill in the use of the gun, have killed no
specimens in the Highlands, though I procured one on the beach oppo-
site Sayville, on Great South Bay, Long Island, on the 6th of Octo-
ber, 1880. There were several Duck Hawks on the beach, preying on
small birds. The specimen shot had been feeding upon various
passerine birds, which had first been roughly picked, and swallowed
in large pieces. Whole legs of the Robin, Alice's Thrush, Catbird-
and Warblers were found in its crop.

Upon the clitfs between West Point and Cornwall, the young are
sometimes seen or heard ; but the nest has not been found, and would
probably prove to be inaccessible should it be discovered.

Dimensions. — Measurements of No. 2,100, ? juv. October 6, 1880,
Sayville, Long Island, N. Y., E. A. M. : length, 19-40; stretch, 45-50;
wing, 14-00; tail, 8-25; culmen from frontal feathers, 1-09; from cere,
•85; cere alone, -30; bill from nostril, -81; gape, 1-85; tarsus, 2-23;
middle toe and claw, 2-78; toe alone, 2-15; claw, -75.

137. JEsalon columbarius (Limie). Pigeon Hawk. By no
means rare in autumn, winter and spring. My only specimen taken
in the Highlands was shot in the act of destroying a hen.

Dimensions. — Measurements of No. 2,085, ? juv. September 16,
1880, Highland Falls, N. Y., E. A. M. : length. 12-60; stretch, 26-40;
wing, 8-25; tail, 5-75 ; bill, measured from frontal feathers, -72; from
cere, -59; from nostril, -54; gape, -85; tarsus, 1-57; middle toe, 1*45;
middle toe and its claw, 1*80; claw alone, -48.

138. Tinnunculus sparverius (Linne). Sparrow Hawk. A

125

rare resident species. Never abundant except occasionally during
migrations.

On February 18, 1879, Dr. Clinton L. Bagg saw a Sparrow Hawk at
the foot of 110th street, at the East River in New York City, where it
seemed to be chasing the House Sparrows (Passer domesticus). It
appeared to be in nowise frightened at the numerous workmen about
the docks, and flew about amongst them, and out over the river, fre-
quently perching on some iron pillars on shore.

Dimensions.— Measurements of No. 1,355, $ ad. April 25, 1877,
Highland Falls, N. Y., E. A. M. : length, 10-42; stretch, 22-38; wing,
7-37; tail, 4*85; culmen, measured from cere, -45; gape, .70; tarsus,
1-40; middle toe and claw, 1*21.

139. Buteo borealis (Gmelin). Red-tailed Hawk. A perma-
nent resident; abundant; breeds.

This handsome Buzzard feeds on mice, moles and shrews, which it
finds in meadows. Though it likes to sit on a hay-pole and swoop
down upon such small fry, it is often quite formidable, carrying off
fowls from the barn-yards. It is able to capture even the Ruffed
Grouse (Bonasa umbellus). I once saw a Red-tail fly a quarter of a
mile, bearing a full grown Ruffed Grouse in its claws. I followed, and
fired a shot at it, which caused it to let its prey drop to the ground
from the tree where it was feeding; it afterwards appeared to regret
leaving the Grouse, which was quite neatly picked, and had one side
of the breast partly eaten.

Mice, shrews and moles are especially abundant upon the salt
marshes which join numerous so-called islands in the Hudson River to
the main-land. Upon the edges of these marshes and on the hay-poles,
our three Buzzard Hawks (Buteo borealis, B. lineatus and B. pennsyl-
vanicus) are ever present during the hard times in winter, hungry and
shy, and ever ready to pounce upon the first unlucky quadruped that
makes its appearance on the scene. It is pleasant to see them swoop
upwards from the ground and alight upon a haystack, closing their
wings instantly as their strong claws grasp the top of the pole, and
striking at once a perfect balance, without a wing-stroke or a sudden
movement.

Dimensions. — Measurements of adult female: length, 21-90; stretch,
51-00; wing, 14-75; tail, 9-00; culmen, 1-07; cere, -54; gape, 180;
tarsus, 3-34; middle toe, 1*60; its claw, -88.

140. Buteo lineatus (Gmelin). Red-shouldered Hawk. A
permanent resident; abundant; breeds.

141. Buteo pennsylvanicus (Wilson). Broad-winged Hawk.
Our most abundant Hawk. A permanent resident, but only occasional
in winter; breeds.

Migrants begin coming early in March, and, ere long, large flocks

126

appear, flying swiftly overhead, or soaring circularly. On wing, it
gives several screams uttered in rapid succession, followed by a squeal-
ing note. It feeds on small quadrupeds, and salamanders. None of
the numerous specimens dissected contained feathers, or other evi-
dence of its feeding on birds.

In the spring of 1871, a nest was built in the wood adjoining my
house, from which I took one of the young birds; it became a very
interesting pet, quite gentle, and fond of me, but refusing to submit
to being handled by any one else; but it was prone to wander abroad,
and so was lost.

On May 8, 1872, I shot a male Broad-winged Hawk upon its nest,
wounding it badly. It clawed me severely when I attempted to cap-
ture it. The nest was simply a repaired Crow's nest, from which I
had taken a suite of eggs the year previously. The eggs, as in every
nest that I have seen, were two in number. I shot the female several
days later, and found it to be in immature plumage, although mated
with an old bird. During the same season, another pair built a nest
in the same wood, but both birds were shot before the eggs were
laid. This nest became the home of still another pair of Broad-wings
on the following season. They laid only two eggs, which were re-
markable for being almost unspotted. When I climbed to the nest,
the male bird flew to a branch over it, uttering loud, squealing cries,
and thence darted swiftly past me, in uncomfortably close proximity
to my head, so that I could feel the rush of air when he passed ; then,
perching above me again, he would lower his head, partly spread his
wings, and incline his body downwards, uttering a whining whistle as
he prepared to make another swoop. He looked very formidable. I
heartily wished myself at the bottom of the tree. Only when I had
reached the nest did the female leave it; then she merely withdrew
to an adjoining limb, and replaced herself upon the nest as soon as I
began to descend. Then the anxiety of the male (greatly to my
delight) appeared to be much lessened. I left the eggs, hoping that
more would be deposited, but in this I was disappointed. Several
days later, I took the eggs, and found embryos considerably devel-
oped.

This Hawk commonly selects a deserted Crow's nest to build upon;
but I have known them, several times, to build a new nest. I have
twice found immature birds breeding, in which the stripes covered
the belly.

Dimensions. — Average measurements of two adult males: length,
15-85; stretch, 35-85; wing, 10-58; tail, 6*65; culmen, measured from
cere, '7-4; cere, -48; tarsus, 2-50; middle toe, 1-33; middle toe and
claw, 1-84: ; claw alone, -65. Average of three adult females : length,
17-08; stretch, 37*05; wing, 11-75; tail, 7*03; culmen, measured from

127

cere, -77; cere, -50: tarsus, 2-75; middle toe and claw, 1-00; claw
alone, -64. Average of two young males: length, 15 1)3; stretch,
35-62; wing, 10-78: tail, 6-85; culmen measured from cere, #68; cere,
•45; gape, 1-20; tarsus, 2-35; middle toe and claw, 1-70; toe alone,
1-18; claw, -58 Average of two young females : length, 10-45; stretch,
36-69; wing, 1108; tail, 7-15; culmen measured from frontal feathers,
1-12; from cere, -77; bill from nostril, -72; gape, 1-37; tarsus. 2 43;
middle toe and claw, 1-83; middle toe, 133.

142. Arehibuteo lagopus sancti-johannis (Gmelin). Amer-
ican Rough-legged Hawk. Occurs rarely during migrations. I
have also found it at Fort Miller, on the Hudson, in November, 1876.

143. Pandion haliaetus carolinensis (Gmelin), American
OsruEY; Fish Hawk. A common spring and fall migrant; occasional
during summer. Its nest was found upon the cliffs north of West
•Point, many years ago. A few years since, Mr. Harold Herrick found
a nest near Yonkers, on the Hudson, which contained eggs.

Dimensions. — Average measurements of four specimens: length,
23-10; stretch, 64-00; wing, 18-25; tail, 8-40.

144. Aquila chrysaetus canadensis {Linne). American
Golden Eagle. Occasionally observed during spring, autumn and
winter. It was formerly known to nest upon the cliffs on the west
side of the Hudson, north of West Point; and it is not impossible
that it still does so. Two Golden Eagles have been shot in the High-
lands during the past few years. I have seen it on several occasions,
but never in summer. In March, 1876, two of these Eagles were
found in a certain spot in Putnam County for several weeks, but I did
not succeed in shooting them. In April, 1872, 1 saw one twice, -whose
tail was all white, save a narrow terminal bar of black.

145. Haliaetus leucocephalus {Linne). White-headed Ea-
gle. A permanent resident ; breeds.

The White-headed or Bald Eagle constitutes a marked and roman-
tic feature of the superb scenery of this part of the Hudson, lending
another charm to a scene already grand and impressive, but rendered
sublime and awe-inspiring by, the presence of this noble bird, seen
perched upon some blasted tree above the massive cliffs, or soaring
in higher atmospheric regions, far above reach of the coming tem-
pest, while its shrill scream falls faintly upon the ear, answering the
loud, quavering cry of its nearer mate.

In winter, when the river is frozen, the Eagles are seen soaring
above the mountains, searching for the scanty prey upon which they
are obliged to subsist when fish, their favorite food, is unattainable;
but later, when the ice is in motion in the Hudson, carried swiftly by
the current, numbers of them may be seen sitting in pairs upon trees
low down by the river's edge, watching for their finny prey, or else

128

floating upon the ice in the stream, in company with Crows and Gulls.
In summer, their favorite perch is upon some withered tree on the
mountain's side, from which, at intervals, they descend to the river,
or some secluded lake, to seek their food. When the ice first breaks
up in the Hudson, the Eagles are sometimes extremely abundant. At
that season I have counted more than twenty-five that were in view
at once.

Dimensions. — Average measurements of two adult males: length,
32-85; stretch, 84-10; wing, 22-00; tail, 11-90; bill from frontal feath-
ers, 2-48; cere, -74; gape, 2-77; tarsus, 3-50; middle toe, 2-72; its
claw, 1-37; inner toe, 1-66; its claw, 1*62; outer toe, 186; its claw,
1-17; hallux, 1-53; its claw, 1-69. Weight, 10 lbs., 4 oz., avoir.
Average measurements of two adult females : length, 35-50; stretch,
89-00; wing, 24-00; tail, 12-25. Weight, 12 lbs., avoir.

Family, COLUMBIDJE.

146. Ectopistes migratoria (Linne). Passenger Pigeon. A
permanent resident. A few breed ; and a few occur in winter.

Dimensions. — Average measurements of five adult males: length,
16-67; stretch, 24-30; wing, 7-88; tail, 7-80; culmen, -72; gape, 1-12;
tarsus, 1-14; middle toe, 1-16; its claw, -37; middle toe and claw,
1-50. Average measurements of five adult females: length, 15-92;
stretch, 23-96: wing, 7*76; tail, 7-27; culmen, -70; gape, 1*06; tarsus,
1-07; middle toe, 1-09; its claw, 35.

147. ZensDdura carolinensi3 (Linne). Mourning Dove; Car-
olina Dove. A permanent resident ; breeds. Only occasional in
winter.

Dimensions. — Average measurements of five specimens: length,
11-85; stretch, 17-90; wing, 5*72; tail, 5-50; culmen, -53; bill from
nostril, *36; gape, *76; tarsus, -8Q; middle toe, -80; its claw, -24;
middle toe and claw, 1-00.

Family, TETBAONID^J.

148. Bonasa umbellus (Linne). Ruffed Grouse; Pheasant;
Partridge. An abundant resident species ; breeds.

Family, Perdicidas.

149. Ortyx virginiana (Linne). American Quail; Bob-white.
A permanent resident; breeds.

BULLETIN

ESSEX INSTITUTE.

Vol. 12. Salem, Oct., Nov., Dec, 1880. Nos. 10, 11, 12.

Regular Meeting, Monday, July 5, 1880.

Adjourned to Thursday, July 8. President in the
chair. Records read. Correspondence and donations an-
nounced.

Rev. G. M. Harmon, of Peabody, was elected a resi-
dent member.
Adj.

Regular Meeting, Monday, July 19, 1880.

Meeting this day at 7.30 p. m. The President in the
chair. Records read. Correspondence and donations
announced.

B. O. Pierce, of Beverly, and Ira J. Potter, of Ips-
wich, were elected resident members.
Adj.

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XII. 9

130

Field Meeting at Bradford, Friday, July 30, 1880.

Br the polite invitation of Dr. George Cogswell of
Bradford, an associate member of the Institute, a meeting-
was held at the Riverside Farm, in that town, this day.
The weather was remarkably fine, and the attendance
laro-e. The Farmers' and Mechanics' Institute of Haver-
hill and Bradford joined in the exercises of this inter-
esting occasion. The members and their friends from
Salem and vicinity left the Eastern railroad.station at 8.15
a. m., in a special train for Danvers, thence by the Bos-
ton & Maine railroad to Bradford, arriving at 9.30 a. m.
Barges and other vehicles were in readiness to take the
party, some two or three miles above the village, to the
grounds of Dr. Cogswell, which are situated very attrac-
tively upon a bend in the Merrimac river, and consists of
several hundred acres. From the house is an extensive
view of the river with its interesting traditions and lovely
scenery. The city of Haverhill being built upon a gentle
acclivity, the houses and other buildings being inter-
spersed with trees, gives an additional charm to the pros-
pect. A short drive beyond the house brought the party
to a large grove, where the tables for the lunch were
placed, and which was the headquarters for the forenoon.

As the dinner hour approached, the ramblers who had
wandered hither and thither, about the woods and on the
banks of the river in search of specimens, returned, and
lively groups gathered around the tables.

THE BRADFORD ACADEMY

is the venerable, highly esteemed, and cherished in-
stitution of this town, and has its origin and outgrowth
in the deep interest among the parents in mental and

131

moral culture, and a desire that female education especially
should be advanced ; the privileges, that the children to-
day enjoy, did not then exist. Incorporated in 1803, a
building was erected, and the preceptor elected was Rev.
Samuel Walker,, a native of Haverhill, a graduate of
Dart. Coll., 1802, and the minister of the South Church,
Danvers, .now Peabody, from 1805 to his death, July G,
1826. Rev. James Flint, who was the pastor of the East
Church, Salem, from 1820 to his death, March 4, 1855,
was the third principal.

Benjamin Greenleaf was the fourth principal, from
Dec. 12, 1814 to April 0, 1836. During this period, it
obtained a wide and most honorable reputation. In
1828, the school was divided into a male and female
department, Mr. Greenleaf had charge of the former,
and Miss Abigail C. Ilasseltine of the latter.

In 1836, Mr. Greenleaf retired. The male department
was then closed, and the Institution was devoted entirely
to the education of females. Mr. Greenleaf then took
charge of the Bradford Teachers' Seminary, and continued
at its head till its discontinuance in 1848, when his pro-
fessional labors as a teacher closed. As an author, he was
very widely, eminently, and honorably known ; while the
number of his pupils went up into the thousands, the
number of copies of his text-books wrent up into the
millions; he died Oct. 29, 1864.

Miss Abigail Carleton Ilasseltine, born in Bradford,
March 15, 1788, a graduate of the school, appointed as-
sistant teacher in the summer of 1815, principal of the
female department in 1828, retired in the autumn of
1852, died January 13, 1868, — the beloved teacher and
friend, and whose name is cherished in thousands of homes
to-day, — contributed largely to the success of the In-
stitution.

132

This Academy has done much in sending out an educated
influence in domestic and social life, in ways that cannot
be tangibly measured. It was in this school that Ann
Hasseltine and Harriet Atwood were educated. The first
was the youngest sister of the principal above named ;
she was brilliant and gifted, and married Rev. Adoniram
Judson, who was ordained at the Tabernacle Church in
Salem in 1812, and sailed with his wife immediately
afterwards to Calcutta. She was a remarkable woman,
passed through many trials and exciting experiences, and
wrote a history of the Burmah mission ; she died
at Burmah, Oct. 24, 1826. The second married Rev.
Samuel Newell, who was ordained as a missionary at
the same time with Rev. Mr. Judson, and went to Cey-
lon. She died 30 Nov., 1812.

Honorable mention might be made of other teachers
and other graduates, who have done good service in the
work which they have respectively undertaken.

The present building, in the midst of ample grounds
beautifully laid out, is in striking contrast with the
humble wooden edifice, first erected for this now flour-
ishing institution. It measures 216 feet front line, 127
feet from front to rear ; four stories above the basement ;
built of brick with underpinnings and facings of granite.
The entire building is heated by steam, lighted by gas,
and has all the modern appointments. On Thursday,
June 16, 1870, a very pleasant meeting was held in Brad-
ford, the afternoon session being in the hall of this build-
ing, then recently erected and opened for the reception of
pupils.

HANNAH HUSTON MONUMENT IN HAVERHILL.

During the day, several of the party visited the Hav-
erhill Public Library, and the monument erected in

ir>3

Haverhill to the memory of Hannah Dnston, who in 1097

twas seized and carried away by the Indians, and who then
performed the wonderful exploit of putting her captors to
death, for which act the General Court made substantia]
acknowledgment of her bravery.
This beautiful monument was erected upon the spot
set apart as a public park, by the people in the early his-
tory of the town, and was unveiled with suitable cere-
monies on Tuesday, Nov. 25, 1879, and presented to the
city by Hon. E. J. M. Hale.

The pedestal is of granite and the statue is of bronze,
6 feet high, and the entire height is 15 feet. The bronze
reliefs are each 2 feet 3 inches by 1 foot 6 inches, and
represent : First, her capture ; second, escape of her
children; third, slaying of her captors and her escape;
and fourth, her return. The ideal statue was designed
by Mr. C. Weeks of Haverhill, and the casting was made
at Chicopee, Mass. ; the base was cut by Mr. Weeks, who
put the whole structure in position.

Haverhill for seventy years was a frontier town, and
its early history tells of many cases of savage cruelty per-
petrated by the Indians upon its first settlers. The name
of Hannah Duston will ever stand prominent in the annals
of the town.

HAVERHILL PUBLIC LIBRARY.

Hon. E. J. M. Hale (the gentleman who gave to the
city the Hannah Duston monument, previously men-
tioned), desirous of having a Public Library in his native
city, submitted January 29, 1873, a proposition to the
city government of Haverhill.

That His Honor, the Mayor, appoint six persons as
Trustees for life, and the vacancies to be filled by the
remaining Trustees, to receive all funds and administer

134

the same for the purposes of the proposed library. That
within six months to give a certain specified lot of
land to the Trustees, and $30,000 on condition that a
further sum of $30,000 be raised and paid to the said
Trustees for the uses and purposes aforesaid, and that the
city government in accepting these funds shall assume
and bear the current expenses of library, grounds, and
appurtenances, after the building shall have been com-
pleted and furnished. The city chose six Trustees, Aug.
1, 1873, and accepted the proposals Nov. 17, 1873. The
building was accepted and occupied in May, 1875, dedi-
cated Nov. 11, 1875, and opened for public use the fol-
lowing week.

The building is 72 feet front on Summer street and ex-
tends back 55 feet. Height of different stories as fol-
lows: Basement, 12 feet ; first story, 16 feet: second,
20 feet. Cost of building and furnishing $49,543.32 ;
books purchased $16,528 ; making the total cost, including
binding, moving, etc., $67,711.78 ; to this is to be added
the valuation of the land $12,000, making the value of the
whole property $79,711.78.

The whole number of volumes in the library January 1,
1880, was 29,235 ; additions, during the year 1879, 2,411.
Trustees, E. J. M. Hale, James H. Carlton, James E.
Gale, R. Stuart Chase, John L. Hobson, John Crowell.
Librarian, Edward Capcn.

AFTERNOON SESSION.

The afternoon session was held on the floor of the large
barn extemporized for the occasion into a lecture room ;
as the large doors swung open, row after row of settees
appeared in the foreground, and beyond, in the rear of
the speaker's table, framed in the open doorway a beau-
tiful piece of landscape. The fragrant hay mow was

135

speedily transformed into a balcony where young and old
gathered to listen. The meeting was called to order at
2.30 p. m. The President in the chair, records of the
preceding meeting were read by the Secretary. The
President congratulated the Institute, that, under such
favorable auspices, another field day is held in this good
old town and with so large an attendance. He then briefly
alluded to the previous meetings held in this and the ad-
joining town of Groveland, which was known as the
East Parish of Bradford, when the first meeting was held
in that place. He spoke of the early explorations of the
Merrimac river, particularly the one under the direction
of Simon Willard and Edward Johnson, commissioners,
in 1652, John Sherman and Jonathan luce the surveyors,
to ascertain the northern boundary of the colony of the
Massachusetts Bay, as stated in the charter, three miles
north of the northernmost point of the Merrimac river.
This was a mooted question for many years, and it was
not finally adjusted until the appointment of a commis-
sioner in 1737, who determined that the northern boun-
dary of the Massachusetts line should be a line three
miles from the mouth of the river at Newbury port, thence
parallel with the river as far as the Pawtucket Falls,
thence west to the New York line. In 1740, His Maj-
esty, by the concurrence of the council, adjudged and
ordered this line as the northern boundary. He then
called upon Dr. George Cogswell, the host, who had gen-
erously and handsomely provided so many good and
pleasant things for this meeting.

Dr. Cogswell spoke of the pleasure he experienced
in welcoming the members of the two societies to his
farm, and said that he was thoroughly in accord with the
objects and aims of such meetings as this. He also

136

referred to the former men of Essex county whose in-
fluence was still felt in this community, and to the pride
he felt in the scientific and educational interests of the
county. He closed by introducing

Rev. Mr. Kingsbury of Bradford, who continued in
the same general strain, eulogizing the work and objects
of the Institute and welcoming the society to Bradford.

Prof. E. S. Morse, of Salem, followed, selecting as
his theme, the JPetopoeics (the mud wasp), now building
its earthen cells and plastering them on old rafters and
stone walls. He described its habits, exhibited specimens
of its cells and illustrated the same with blackboard
drawings ; he also alluded to the barn swallows (Uirundo
horreorum) , having built their nests on the beams of the
barn, and many specimens were noticed flying around.
Later in the meeting, he gave some of his impressions of
the Japanese as a people.

Other remarks were made by Mr. J. D. Tewksbury of

Bradford, Prof. Hall of the University of Minnesota,

Mr. Fish of the Salem Summer School, Mr. John W.

Perkins of the Salem High School, and Mr. Emery of

Lawrence.

i

Mr. John Robinson, of Salem, offered a vote of
thanks to Dr. Cogswell and his family for the numerous
courtesies and hospitality extended to the members and
their friends. The meeting adjourned.

Barges and private carriages conveyed the party to the
station, and thus ended a day of instruction and pleasure ;
and the participants will long remember the very delightful
day at Riverside Farm.

137

Field Meeting at Lowell Island, Thursday,
August 12, 1880.

The third field meeting of the season was held this day at
Lowell Island, near the entrance to Marblehead harbor.

The steamboat, " White Fawn," left Phillips wharf at 9
and at 11a. m., to convey the members and their friends
to the island.

As usual, the party separated upon arrival, each to
choose his own method of enjoyment. Some made for
the bold, rocky points ; some tried "luck" at fishing; and
those interested in the pursuit of natural history found in
the rocks, or on the beaches, or with a dredge and line
from a boat, many specimens to occupy their attention.

Catta, afterwards Catt or Cat, and now Lowell Isl-
and, lies about four miles in a southeasterly direction
from the City Hall in Salem, to which municipality it
belongs, although somewhat nearer in position to Marble-
head. From Gerry Island, at the mouth of Marblehead
harbor, it lies due east and is about one mile distant.
It is thought to have been heavily wooded before the set-
tlement. "As we passed along," says Higginson, of the
harbor, June 29, 1629, "it was wonderful to behould so
many islands replenished with thicke woods and high
trees." In 1738-9, "woods" are mentioned on it, and
the tradition is, that it was finally denuded at the
Revolution to afford British cruisers a more unbroken
view into the harbor. During the operation of the Bos-
ton Port Bill and the British occupation of Boston,
coasters were searched at Marblehead, and sent on with
an officer on board, to Boston. Feb. 9, 1775, His Maj-
esty's ship Lively, 20 guns, arrived at Marblehead harbor
and anchored off the fort. May 31, she sailed for
Boston, and her place was taken by the sloop-of-war

138

Merlin. January 7, 1776, a contemporary private jour-
nal says, "Trees on Cat Island cut down last night —
supposed by the Merlin."

Its shores are for the most part steep and rocky ; its
average elevation of surface being perhaps twenty or
twenty-five feet. It is at present without a tree or shrub,
and commands an uninterrupted view towards the ocean,
which is unsurpassed, as well as on the land side, the
green slopes of the North Shore, Salem Neck, and Naugus
Head.

The first mention we find of the island is contained in
the Colonial Records for 1655.1 It was then granted to
Governor Endicott on his own request, May 23, and is
there described as " the Hand called Catta Hand, being
about a two acres, lying neere to Marble Head" In point
of fact, it has an area of about sixteen acres of upland.
Felt, following Dr. Bentley, who seems to have been in
error, states the area at "about nine acres." Dr. Bentley
wrote in his Description of Salem in 1800, "the extent
of the soil is 2,167 links, about N. W. and S. E. ; but
the rocks being included, the island is above 28 chains.
At the northwest end is a high beach which forms a point
directly opposite Marblehead. The shore is irregular
and rocky. There are springs on the S. E. end which
terminates in a high, rocky head."

Gov. John Endicott,2 in a will which took effect upon
his death in 1665, left the island to his wife for life, and
after, to his "two sons John and Zerobabel, or the
longest liver of them." John died first without issue,
and Zerobabel on his decease, 1684, gave the island to
his five daughters.

1 See Colonial Kccords of Massachusetts, Vol. Ill, p. 3S3. 2 Gov. John Endicott
died March 25, 1005. See "The Endicott Family," by C. M. Endicott, N. E. Hist.
Gen. Reg., Vol. I, p. 335.

139

From the Endicott family it passed through Samuel, a
grandson of Zerobabel, by deed March 4, KkS7-8,:3 to
Richard Reed of Marblehead, and in this family, always
conspicuous in the affairs of that town, the title remained
for many years. On March 25, 1732, it came into the
hands of Samuel Reed,4 by virtue of an indenture of par-
tition executed by the children of the late Samuel Reed,
his father, and by Ebenezer Lowell, who married a
daughter, and from him, after beinsr mort£ao-ed Feb. 20,
1738-9,5 to "the Honorable James Bowdoin of Boston,
Esquire " (afterwards the successor of John Hancock as
governor of the Commonwealth), as " Catt Island to-
gether with the House and Woods thereon," the prop-
erty passed in equal parts, Feb. 12, 1 746-7, 6 to "Joseph
Willson, Gentleman, and John Oliver, Vietualler," both
of Maiden, in the county of Middlesex. In this and
subsequent conveyances, mention is made of the house
but not of the woods, and since several of these con-
veyances are made to inn-holders of Maiden, Charles-
town and Marblehead, it is a fair presumption that the very
considerable value attaching at this time to Catt Island
was due to its being occupied as a place of public enter-
tainment. September 2, 1773, the property passed in
equal shares to Elbridge Gerry (afterwards Governor and
Vice President), Col. Azor Orne, Captain (afterwards
Gen'l) John Glover, and Jonathan Glover, Esq.,7 all of

3 Essex Reg. Deeds, vol. XII, fol. 186, * Essex Reg. Deeds, vol. CXV, fol. 103,
also vol. LXI, fol. 156-8. 5 Essex Reg. Deeds, vol. LXXVIII, fol. 121. 6 Essex
Reg. Deeds, vol. XC11I, fol. 16, and vol. XCV1II, fol. 30.

7 Honored names in Marblehead. Hon. Col. Azor Orne, son of Joshua and
Sarah (Gale) Orne, b. in Marblehead, July 22, 1731, d. at Boston, June 6, 1796. He
was a descendant from Deacon John Orne of the 1st church in Salem, who died at
an advanced age in 1684.

Elbridge Gerry, son of Thomas Gerry, born in Marblehead, July 14, 1744, died in
Washington, Nov. 13, 1814, in the office of Vice President of U. S. A.

140

Marblehead, projectors of the Essex Hospital for inocu-
lation with the small-pox. After the failure of this enter-
prise, the island passed by various conveyances between
1795 and 1816, to members of the Fettyplace family of
Marblehead, and from them, through William Fetty place
of Salem and East Boston, who became the owner o ' the
whole estate, to John Roundy of Marblehead,8 Nov. 2,
1846, who sold, Feb. 11, 1848, to Nathaniel R. Blaney
of Marblehead,9 the island "with all the buildings thereon,"
and he in turn to David Blaney of Marblehead,10 January
30, 1849, who conveyed the property, June 11, 1851, to
Stephen C. Phillips of Salem.11 January 16, 1852, the
title passed to the Salem Steamboat Company,12 a corpo-
ration created by act of May 23, 1851, and authorized
"to purchase, build, charter, or otherwise hold and employ,
a steamboat to be employed in and about the harbor of
Salem." The Essex Railroad was incorporated March 7,
1846, and opened to Phillips' (formerly Crowninshield's)
wharf, July 2, 1849. A commodious hotel was erected
on the island, now first called Lowell Island, which was
opened to the public, June 21, 1852, and the passenger
steamer "Argo," plied between the island and Phillips'
wharf. July 10, 1857, the Steamboat Company sold to
Gorham A. Pollard of Lowell,13 who made an effort to have
the island known as Pollard's Island ; and, from him,
through several conveyances, the property passed to the
present proprietor, Samuel B. Rindge14 of Cambridge.

The Brothers Jonathan & John Glover, sons of Jonathan & Tabitha (Bacon)
Glover, of Salem, removed in early life to Marblehead, & for many years held vari-
ous offices of honor & trust. Jonathan was born June 13, 1731, John, Nov. 5. 1732;
a Brigadier General in the army of the Revolution; died at Marblehead, 30 Jan'y,
1707. Essex Beg. Deeds, vol. CXXXII, fol. 17S. s Essex Beg. Deeds, vol.
CCCLXXIII, fol. 291. a Essex Beg. Deeds, vol. CCCXCIII, fol. 214. "Essex Beg.
Deeds, vol. CCCCXII, fol. 215. "Essex Beg. Deeds, vol. CCCCXLV1, fol. 155.
is Essex Reg. Deeds, vol. CCCCLV, fol. 206. 13 Essex Beg. Deeds, vol. DLV, fol.
140. m Essex Beg. Deeds, vol. DCCCCXCL fol. 131.

141

It would be very satisfactory, if the uncertainty hang-
ing about the name of this island, in common with others
near it, could be removed. When it was first called Cat
Island none of the authorities tell us; but they assume
to tell us why it was called Cat Island. The accepted
explanation seems to be that "Cat" is a corruption or
contraction, and that the island was in some way con-
nected with Robert Cotta, from whom it derived its sin-
gular appellation. There is no evidence that Cotta ever
owned or occupied the island, nor does he seem to have
been a person of special repute or standing, such as to
make it probable that the island would have belonged to
him or been named for him. He was made a "freeman"
May 6, 1635, and the Colonial Records spell his name
"Cotty." This is the first we know of him. Ralph Fogg's
Waste Book of the Quarter Courts, 1636-7, spells his name
"Cotta." The terminal "a" in those days was doubtless
sounded like the "a" in "fate." In John Holgrave's
record of a Town Meeting, 14th, 6th mo., 1637, his
name is spelled "Cottle." In Roger Conant's list of
apportionments of marsh and meadow lands, made at a
general Town Meeting in 1640, his name appears as
"Cotty." And so Gov. Endicott spells it, 11th, 8th mo.,
1640, but in his record of a meeting of the "seven men,"
12th mo., 1644, Gov. Endicott calls him "Cotta." In
1645, Robert "Cotta" gets £5 allowed him for a cow
out of funds provided by Mr. Andrews of London for
that purpose. And the records from 1647 to 1651 show
his name, in several instances, spelled "Cotta."

The first mention of the island, so far as we know,
occurs in the Massachusetts Colonial Records for 1655.
It was then granted to Gov. Endicott, and had never
been previously granted to any other person. Gov.
Endicott died in 1665, leaving it by will, after the

142

decease of his wife, to his two sons, or the longest liver
of them ; and his son Zerohahel, the survivor, died in
1684, leaving it to his own five daughters. From the
middle of the seventeenth century to its close, this island
remained in the Endicott family.

If we knew so much and no more, we might readily
find a theory to account for the name, without having
recourse to Robert Cotta. If we were obliged to derive
the name "Cat" from the sound represented by " Cottie,"
or " Cotty," it would be more reasonable to seek its origin
in some possible diminutive or term of endearment which
might have been in use in the family named Endicott,
who owned the estate for many years, rather than to seek
it in the name of Robert Cotta, who was not, so far as we
know, in any manner nor at any time connected with Cat
Island.

But why indeed, if we knew nothing more, derive the
name of the island, any more than the name of Cat Cove,
from any other source than the word "Cat? " Cat Island
was granted to John Endicott while he was o'overnor, on
his own request. It must, therefore, have had a value.
For what purpose? Hardly for agriculture ; possibly for
its timber ; more probably as a fishing station, or a station
for transport and freighting vessels on their way to
Boston. In this case, we might well have supposed that
it took its name, and perhaps Cat Cove as well, from the
craft called Cut, or Cat Boat, a vessel of Norwegian origin,
so numerous at one time in the Bay of Plymouth, Eng-
land, as to have given to part of that harbor the name of
Catwater.

Unfortunately, however, for all these hypotheses, a
clo^e examination of the actual spelling of the early
records shows that the}' are all groundless, and remands
the conscientious antiquary to his original uncertainty.

143

The grant from the Colony to John Endicott, in 1655, is
to be seen at the State House. It describes the estate as
Catta Island. The will of John Endicott, dated on the
"2nd day of the 3d mo. called May" 1659, may be seen
at the Suffolk Registry of Probate ; so may an inventory
of his estate made after his death in 1665; both these
describe the property as Catta Island. At the Essex
Registry of Probate, a contemporary copy of the will of
John Endicott, made May 23, 1 (3 6 G , as well as the
original of the will of Zerobabel Endicott, the survivor
of his two sons, dated Nov. 23, 1683, and an official
copy of the same made in September, 1684, are on file.
All these describe the island by the name of Catta.
Cat Cove had been called "Catt Cove" since 1638, when
Roger Conant had a house there. And Robert Cotta,
Cotty, or Cottie, is never known to have indulged in that
delightful orthographic license which our ancestors en-
joyed, but which we have surrendered, to the extent of
w7ritin<y his name with the letters Catta.

In a deed from an heir of the governor to Richard
Reed of Marblehead, dated Boston, March 10, 1687-8,
the island is conveyed and is described as being "com-
monly called and known by ye name of Catt Island." A
second inventory of Zerobabel's estate, dated March 4,
1696-7, also describes it as "Catt Island att the mouth
of Marblehead Harbor." Thus it seems clear that, what-
ever was the origin of this singular designation, it attached
itself to the island before 1687 ; that it was an abbre-
viation of Catta, and not in an}' way associated with
Robert Cotta, nor with the daughters of Zerobabel Endi-
cott; whether with the Cat Boat, which may have come
down to us from the Norsemen, — whether with Belts
domestica, the "harmless, necessary cat," we cannot de-
termine.

144

Catta is a Latin synonyme forfeits, and Gov. Enclicott,
who was enough of a linguist to - peak French, was not
averse to interjecting a foeign phrase now and then in
his manuscript records, a practice quite in accord with the
fashion of his times. Moreover, the word Catta has
been used, the lexicographers tell us, as the name of a
sea-craft, at least since A. D., 1071, and probably much
longer. How much the av.axoa of Herodotus and Pindar,
— the^azdrtov of Xcnophon and Thucyclides, in which
Plutarch says Caesar made his escape from Alexandria
and the wiles of Cleopatra — had to do with the origin of
this word for "boat," we must leave to conjecture.

A century later, this spot inspired an interest somewhat
graver than questions of phi ology excite. 1773-4 was a
year of tumult. It was the year of the Boston Tea Party
and the Boston Port Bill. The people of this province
had lost confidence in the good faith of the only govern-
ment they had, and were not yet able to see their way to
the establishment of another. Lawless violence stalked
abroad, and society seemed, for the time, to be thrown
back upon its elemental forces. Week by week the feel-
ing about the importation of tea grew intenser and
more threatening. The daily journals teemed with pro-
test and denunciation. Hutchinson's secret letters had
been sent home by Franklin and read in the assembly.
Accounts of burnings in en%v, and coats of tar and
feathers, were as frequent as are runaways and coasting
accidents to-day. In the midst of all this, as if to make
confusion worse confounded, the scourge of small-pox,
absent for many years, reappeared in Massachusetts Ba}'.
The terror which the loathsome disease inspired, and the
relief experienced from the new mode of treatment by in-
oculation, are well indicated in the narrative of an inci-
dent in the history of Cat Island, which we transcribe

145

from the contemporary journals of the period. Now that
vaccination has so nearly eliminated this from our list
of terrors, it is not easy to reproduce the scene of panic
it created. Men shunned one another; tradesmen could
with difficulty be persuaded to bring the necessaries of
life to market, and sacred family ties seemed unable at
times to bear a strain too great for human nature. Daily
bulletins from Boards of Selectmen announced the lowest
number of cases which could from day to day be charged
against their respective precincts ; and to allay those hid-
eous suspicions which panic engenders in feverish times,
rewards were offered for evidence to convict unknown
persons of maliciously spreading the contagion about the
streets.

The year 1773-4 was probably the most crowded single
year in our local history. That year witnessed the last
session of the Provincial Assembly; the fiist session of
the Provincial Congress; one following close upon the
other in the Town House at Salem ;15 and in the midst
of this momentous session the first great fire in Salem
occurred, consuming the Tabernacle Meeting House,16
the Custom House, fourteen shops and eight dwellings,
besides injuring and greatly imperiling the Town House
itself. It was the same year in which Thomas Hutch-
inson quit the executive chair of the province for Eng-
land, and Thomas Gage, the first military governor,
succeeded him and established military headquarters,
with twTo companies of the 64th regiment of the line, at
the Collins Farm, in Danvers, whitening the Neck soon
after with the tents of the 69th regiment from Halifax.
Timothy Pickering was twenty-nine years of age, that

16 Which stood on the corner of Essex and Washington streets, near the
southern parapet of the tunnel.

16 Which stood on Essex street, opposite Barton Square.

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XII. 10

146

year, and Elbriclge Gerry, thirty. In that year Marble-
head was second in importance only to Boston among the
leading towns of Massachusetts, — probably of New Eng-
land,— while Salem, fourth on the list by the census of
1765, the earliest census of which we have authentic data,
was behind her neighbor in gross population, as well as
in the number of houses and of families, in taxable prop-
erty and perhaps in tonnage.17 A drive to Marblehead
was then an indispensable requisite of Salem's hospitality
to strangers.

In that year, systematic general inoculation first came
into favor here. Inoculation had been in use in America
since 1720, and in common use since 1760.

The nature of the disease, from which inoculation was
proposed as an escape, is not such as to invite discussion.
Vaccination, introduced at the end of the last century,18
enables us to escape the sickening contemplation of it as
a matter of general concern ; but our ancestors were not

"Nov. 27, 1714, the Churchmen of St. Michael's, at Marblehead, petitioned the
Bishop of London for an English Clergyman, and described their town as "next
Boston, the greatest place of Trade and Commerce within this Province." By the
census of 1765, Salem and Marblehead compared as follows : —

Population. Houses. Families.

Salem 4427 509 923

Marblehead 4954 519 935

Dartmouth, now New Bedford, was also then ahead of Salem. In the sermon on
the ordination of Rev'd Ebenezer Hubbard over the First Church at Marblehead
preached by Rev'd Elias Stone. Jan'y 1. 1783, the town is described as •• before the
American Revolution, swarming with inhabitants, a pattern of industry, flourishing
in trade, abounding with wealth. From its numbers and opulence, as from a
fountain, streams of wealth flowed out, which greatly enriched the vicinity and
penetrated far into the country. About 1770, Marblehead was supposed next to
Boston in population, bearing a proportion in the Province Tax next to Boston,
and thought at that time to have imported more hard money than any other
town in the province."

lb Dr. Jenner vaccinated his first patient May 14, 1796, and on July 1st following
and several subsequent dates, inoculated him without effect, thus demonstrating
the success of his system. The same year, the system was introduced into
America by Dr. James Jackson and Dr. Waterhouse. Dr. Thomas Pickman
performed the first vaccination in Salem, Oct. 5, 1S00.

147

so fortunate. It was to them one of those horrors too
ghastly to confront. Deadly to a degree almost incom-
prehensible to us, its lethal force was perhaps its least
offensive characteristic; for when not fatal, it left behind
it blindness, debility, and the seeds of disorders only
less desolating than itself. Just before the settlement of
Cape Ann, it had completely depopulated this region of its
native stock, and if we charge that familiar fact to the
exposures and irregularities of savage life, what shall we
say to the correlative fact, that of the patients under the
best known scientific treatment in London Hospitals,
thirty per cent, of those stricken with it died ? In
spite of inoculation, which Lady Mary Wortley Montagu
had introduced from Constantinople in 1718-20, but
which made slow progress, one-tenth of all the deaths in
England, during the last half of the last century, were
deaths from small-pox.19 The statistics for New England
cannot be very different. Private diaries of persons in
the most favored positions in life are full of the records
of friends sacrificed to this pest. Judge Lynde of Salem,
though chief justice of the province, more than once
removed his family from his house, and once sent them into
the country and from place to place, to avoid danger
during a period of contagion ; and was once the recipient
of an anonymous letter charged with the deadly infection,
from the effect of which he happily escaped ; and this
too in the Revolutionary period, when a celebrated Ger-
man surgeon, attached to the Hessian troops, Dr. Johann
David Schopff, writes home that in America inoculation is
an "almost universal practice."

19 The disease was no respecter of persons, but like death in all its forms,
aequo pulsat pecle pauperum tabervas Regumque turres. May 10, 1774, surrounded
by all the splendors of Versailles, Louis XV, at the age of sixty-four, King of
France since his fifth year, died a miserable death from a second attack of small-
pox, a disease which lie had had in youth and which he gave to the two princesses,
his daughters, who attended his death bed.

148

In the light of modern science, inoculation seems to be
an inadequate, if not a dangerous resort, and is now pro-
hibited by law. It did not do away with the danger of
infection as vaccination does, nor in any way decrease it.
To some minds, the bringing together, at one point in a
hospital, of so great a number of persons suffering from
such a disorder, seemed likely to form a centre of prop-
agation which might imperil the neighborhood. More-
over, the advocates of inoculation did not unite their
forces in a vigorous struggle with its opponents, but were
very much divided among themselves in our neighbor-
hood, at the time in question, between two systems of
practice, differing mainly in the application of mercurials.
Before inoculation, pest-houses had been provided in out-
of-the-way places, where the disease could be isolated and
treated by nurses who had passed successful^' through it.
Beyond this, and the killing of all stray dogs and roping
off of streets and sometimes of whole towns which Avere
infected, little could be done.20

Lady Montagu, during her stay at Constantinople,
found inoculation in common use there, and much prized
by women as a protector of their beauty. She herself had
lost her eyebrows from the ravages of small-pox, and
counted her brother among its victims. With charac-
teristic sagacity and nerve she applied the new treatment
to her own children, and finally succeeded on her return
to England, in recommending it to general attention.
It was first practised in America, at Boston, in 1720, and
though Increase Mather, with other leaders of the clergy.

20 Vessels Avere constantly bringing the disease from Barbadoes and in these
cases their crews and cargoes, especially ol coitou-wool, were often landed on
Misery or Baker's Island. Harvard College was more than once dismissed on
account ol' its prevalence, and many times the General Court was adjourned from
place to place to escape it. Highways from town to town were securely fenced
ami guarded, and ferry boats discontinued.

149

brought all their priestly influence to bear in its favor,
its adherents made slow progress. Nov. 20, 1721, there
was but one physician, Dr. Zabdiel Boylston,21 known
to countenance and encourage the practice in Boston,
though Mather argued the lawfulness of it on scriptural
grounds, gravely urging: "Furthermore, I have made
some enquiry, whether there be many persons of a pro-
phane life and conversation that do approve and defend
inoculation, and I have been answered that they know
but of very few such. This is to me a weighty consid-
eration. But on the other hand, though there are some
worthy persons that are not clear about it, nevertheless
it cannot be denied, but that the known children of the
wicked one are generally fierce enemies to inoculation."23
It was claimed in behalf of inoculation, that it relieved
those who submitted to it, for the rest of their lives, of
the habitual and universal dread of taking the disease in
the natural way. The unspeakable value of such ex-
emption is obvious. Moreover, it was also demon-
strated, that the disease thus artificially produced in a
system previously skilfully prepared to receive it and
developed under scientific conditions, in every way the
most favorable, was not more dangerous nor afflictive
than many others. Instead of amounting to one in three,-
four, or five of those affected, the number who died under
the new treatment was found not to exceed one in seven
hundred or a thousand, and was often stated much more
favorably, and thoughtful people congratulated them-
selves that at last "that disease, which, taken by chance,
hath proved the Bain of Tens of Thousands, now comes
cloathed in gentleness, — all its Terribleness cast aside."

21 Dr. Boylston's life was threatened and adverse legislation attempted.

22 Collections Mass. Hist. Soc, 1st ser., Vol. IX, pp. 275-80.

150

Washington was inoculated at New York, June 27, 1776.
In that year, small-pox raged in Boston which was occu-
pied by the British. A general inoculation was ordered
there, July 3. These general inoculations required very
extensive hospital accommodations. Cat Island had been
early recognized as a desirable site for an establishment
of this nature, and leading citizens of Marblehead, Salem,
Beverly, and Lynn, had asked the needful permission of
the Provincial Assembly.

The island had a sufficient area, with pure air, fine
views, and a natural spring of water. It was of easy
access, yet at a safe distance, and was at that time not
wholly cleared of its growth of timber. It was purchased
in equal shares, by four of the most prominent citizens of
Marblehead: Col. Azor Orne, Elbridge Gerry, Esq.,
Capt. John Glover, and Jonathan Glover, Esq., aud their
enterprise and means secured, on a generous scale, the
erection during the summer of 1773 of the needful
buildings, at the high, rocky headland, near the spring of
water. Even before their completion, popular distrust
had begun to show itself and had so far prevailed over
good sense, that on Sept. 19, a town meeting had been
called at the instance of indignant opponents of the
scheme, and the license granted by the town had been
revoked. The projectors of Essex Hospital, however,
were not the men to be daunted by popular clamor.
Among them were the town's representatives in the gen-
eral assembly and on the committees of correspondence.
In a larger sense, they were representatives of the in-
dustry, wealth, and intelligence of the town. They had in
hand a private enterprise of great public importance, and in
order to demonstrate to their townsmen that a desire for
personal profit was not among their motives, they made
a public offer to the town of the whole property at cost.

151

This being declined, they pushed on the work with char-
acteristic energy, and October 19, opened the Essex
Hospital to the public with the sanction of the Provincial
Assembly and under a rigid system of rules duly approved
by the "gentlemen selectmen of Salem and Marblehead."

One of the selectmen of Salem was Timothy Pickering,
jr., at that time captain of the 4th Salem Company in the
1st Essex Regiment of Infantry, of which he soon after
became colonel. He threw himself with the same bold-
ness and enthusiasm into the controversies growing out of
the small-pox excitement of that year, as he did into
every other on which he entered. A prolific and telling
writer on military, patriotic, theological and political
topics, he was at the same time engaged in a furious
newspaper warfare with Rev. Dr. Whitaker in the Essex
Gazette, as to which was the better of the two prevailing
methods of inoculation, and had that summer made a
saddle-journey alone to Albany, in the Province of New
York, to secure the services of a celebrated surgeon
attached to the Eighth (King's) Regiment of Foot, who
practised the much-vaunted Suttonian method. This
step he took as overseer of a hospital for inoculation,
then building near Castle Hill in Salem, in "the great
pasture common," which seems to have been the second
institution of the kind opened in this province, the Essex
Hospital alone being completed before it. Of Mr. Gerry,
it is proper to say that he had in early life given much
attention to medicine, a profession to which he was in-
clined and for which his father destined him ; but the
troubles of his country summoned him to more con-
spicuous service.

It will be seen that the sanction of the selectmen of
Marblehead for the opening of the Essex Hospital was
granted after an expression of public disapproval and dis-

152

trust by the citizens of the town, and this fact probably
explains the occurrences which are to be narrated.

Besides generous kitchens and quarters for a steward,
physicians, nurses and attendants, the hospital buildings
contained an assembly room and ten large lodgings, each
well-furnished for eight or ten patients. Eight persons
might, before entering, club together and secure a room
to themselves ; otherwise, patrons were admitted and
assigned rooms in the order in which their applications
were recorded. Major Richard Reed kept, at his place
of business in Marblehead, the class books, so called, in
which the names of applicants were entered, and Jona-
than Glover signed for the proprietors. An island guard
and a crew of picked boatmen were enlisted and these
were placed under oath. The regulations, which were
published, provided that the guard " shall suffer no person
to land on the island and no person to embark there-
from " without written passport. No letters can leave the
island on any account. The average admittance fee
seems to have been twelve dollars, payable in advance, —
the average term of sojourn, four weeks, and a bond was
given on entering, to insure the strict observance of reg-
ulations. A "coasting sloop" was provided for trans-
portation, and these, with the addition of the usual out-
buildings for the storage of uninfected clothing, for
fumigation and the like, the whole intrenched behind a
picket-fence with gates and sentry-boxes, completed the
elaborate arrangements at this Castle of Uncleanness.

At the top of the main building, three stories in height,
was constructed a system of signals by which the exact
state of affairs on the island could be telegraphed ashore ;
and hundreds of anxious observers, all along the bay,
may well be supposed to have levelled their glasses at
sunrise for the daily bulletin, with a foreboding scrutiny

153

not unlike that with which the poet Key, at a later period,
spied out the starry flag on Fort McIIcnry.

The establishment thus equipped, the first of the kind
in the country, was placed in charge of two eminent
specialists in their department of physic, Dr. Hall Jackson
of Portsmouth, N. II., who had practised in London, and
an assistant, Dr. Ananias Randall, from Long Island. The
American, and not the Suttonian method, was practised,
and to this Col. Pickering soon became a convert. Be-
sides the professional supervision thus secured, the enter-
prise enjoyed the countenance and endorsement of eminent
local practitioners, who made haste to enter themselves
as patients. Dr. Ebenezer Putnam, sen'r, of Salem,
"set oft' for Cat Island" for inoculation, October 25, and
on Nov. 12, he with Dr. Elisha Whitney of Beverly, and
Drs. Nathaniel Bond and Elijah Dix, united in publishing
a card as patients of the Essex Hospital. Dec'r 3, Dr.
Humphrey Devereaux, a leading physician of Marblehead,
died there, at the age of 43, "universally regretted."
Col. Peter Frye, Mr. Eaton, and other leading citizens of
Salem, were there as patients.

The first class entered Essex Hospital, Oct. 19, 1773.
It consisted of 103 persons of both sexes, filling the
institution to its utmost capacity, went down "in high
spirits," and, as the buildings and outfit were all fresh and
uninfected, was not unnaturally attended to the island by
a very large concourse of the best quality of the neigh-
borhood. After leave-taking in the assembly room, the
island was cleared of the throng and inoculation pro-
ceeded. The high spirits with which the party entered upon
this strange experience suffered no abatement. Death did
not invade their ranks, and so mild a type of the dis-
order was induced, notwithstanding the autumnal weather
which was accounted as a little unfriendly for the first

154

venture, that we find them "daily displaying their signal
of Health from the middle of the Island :" — " all in hi^h
spirits "Oct. 25, — "indeed confined to a strict regimen,
but they may every day be seen walking the Island,
shooting wild fowl, playing at quoits, — some wholly with-
out marks, — in all stages of the disease their windows
daily open, — exposing themselves to the open air in all
weathers," — clown to Oct. 29; and on Nov. 5, duly
commemorating the " happy Deliverance of the English
Nation from the Gun Powder Plot" with tar barrels
brought from Marblehead, with which they "displayed a
large fire from the Middle of the Island, and the Hospi-
tal Illuminated, making a most beautiful appearance."
Rockets were ordered from Boston, and were "played off
by a number of gentlemen who spent the Evening at the
Assembly room," and all passed "very jovially for them
and for their friends and acquaintances under Inoculation."
Dec. 4, in firing a salute, it does not appear for what occa-
sion, Capt. Lowell of Newbury port, a patient only twelve
days under inoculation, blew off both his arms and shattered
his upper jaw and nose, yet he was discharged in thirty-
seven days, recovered so far as was possible from these
and other frightful injuries, with the sight of one eye
restored, — a striking testimony to the curative skill and
good management which prevailed there. Clergymen
were not lacking among the patients to conduct the usual
services of Sunday.

Thus successfully did this important undertaking seem
to be initiated, and the first, second and third classes,
each of a hundred or more members, had already passed
the ordeal, the Salem Hospital at Castle Hill having in
the meantime been erected and opened. Applications
crowded the class books too fast for admission, and the
patients, returning from treatment, left the island with

155

keen appetites, a grateful sense of exemption from future
peril, and often in better general health than they en-
joyed before entering the hospital.

Unhappily, in bringing ashore a portion of the third
class, some irregularity occurred, from an attempt to land
them at a point other than that designated by the author-
ities. The magazine of popular indignation was fired in
an instant. General distrust and alarm took possession
of the town. Angry collisions occurred. The Hospital
Boat was burned. Jan'y 19, four Marblehead men were
caught attempting, as it was charged, to introduce into
town clothing which they had stolen and brought ashore
from the island. " A large body of Mobility " met at
the Town House next morning, says the Essex Gazette,
and having, " by a great majority, determined that the
Mode of Punishment should be Tarring and Feathering,"
proceeded to execute their sentence.

Of the excesses which immediately preceded and fol-
lowed this outbreak, we have, besides the contemporary
chronicle of the Essex Gazette, which might be thought
to be colored by the excitement of the hour, a carefully
digested statement, dated Marblehead, February 8, 1774,
signed by fifty of the most substantial citizens of the
town, and placed on file, Feb. 12, with the Provincial
Assembly then sitting at Boston. It bears the names,
among others, of Jeremiah Lee, who seems to have
drawn it, of Joseph and of William Lee, of both the
Glovers, of Richard and Samuel Reed, of Robert Hooper,
tertius, of Joseph Hooper, of Thos., Thos., jr., and
Elbridge Gerry, of Richard Phillips, of Azor and Joshua
Orne, of John Gallison and John Sparhawk, of Edward
Fetty place and Burrill Devereaux. It is addressed to
"His Excellency, Thomas Hutchinson, Esq., the Honor-
able, His Majesty's Council, and the Honorable House of

156

Representatives in General Court assembled." It begins
as follows : " May it please your Excellency and Hon-
ors. Your Petitioners, being Inhabitants of Marblebead,
and conceiving that their Lives, Liberties and Properties
have not the least Protection from the Laws and Govern-
ment of the Land, beg leave to submit their unhappy
Circumstances to your wise consideration, and Humbly
Implore your Patience to a True Narration of Facts."

From sources of information such as these, unimpeached
and thoroughly worthy of credit, it appears that the
reign of terror began as early as the night of Jan'y 11,
and continued with little abatement until the end of
February. That on Jan'y 12, the mob "blacked them-
selves" after being "plyed with strong liquors for several
hours," and beset the house of Jonathan Glover, who
planted in the hall behind his open front door a loaded
cannon, and declared his readiness to receive their visit.
That they broke his windows, and demanded the Deputy
Sheriff, Brown, whom they supposed to be on duty in
town, to take the offenders who fired the Hospital Sloop
the night before. That they declared their intention, so
says the petition to General Court, " to have put to a most
excruciating death the Deputy, with the High Sheriff,
by Boyling them in Oyle." And that "they further em-
barked to Burn the Hospital, then having forty patients
under inoculation, but were happily prevented." The
next day, which was the third day, "matters had arrived
to such a pitch as to leave it no longer safe for any one to
express his dissatisfaction at these proceedings." The
disorder increased until Jan'y 15th, when the Proprietors
of Essex Hospital made public declaration " that it
should be closed until the town should think it necessary
to be opened again." This had a quieting effect; but on
the 17th, persons appeared blacked, in the evening, in all

157

parts of the town, and the Design was again disclosed of
Burning the Hospital. " Preparation was thought on to
defend it," and the design was abandoned. The lives of
attendants who came ashore were threatened, and the
keys of the Proprietors' stores and warehouses were de-
manded. Thus matters stood on Jan'y 20. Meanwhile,
the first four victims of the tar-kettle had been secured,
and, says the Gazette for that day, " the most extraordinary
exhibition of the kind ever seen in North America was
drawn forth to public view." The procession formed
at the Town House in the morning. First came
one thousand people, mostly m uniform, among whom
were four drummers. Next rode the "four objects of
resentment " in a cart facing each other, each wearing a
coat of tar and feathers ; a lifer and one drummer being
placed in the front of the carriage, from which a large
white flag was displayed. In this manner they marched
to Salem, and entered the town about twelve o'clock.
Here, forming a junction with a numerous body of the
inhabitants, they paraded the principal streets, drums
beating, fife playing, and flag flying from the cart,
"which, with the exquisitely droll and grotesque appear-
ance of the four tarred and feathered Objects of Derision,
exhibited a laughable and truly comic scene." They left
Salem for Marblehead before one o'clock, and dispersed
there on their arrival. By this treatment, the petition
asserts, the lives of two of their victims were put in
peril. The next evening, Jan'y 21, a body of seven or
eight hundred persons assembled, tarred and feathered
another " object of resentment," and carted him through
town, proclaiming that "they had the Laws in their own
hands," and threatening all who should exhibit fire-arms,
thus " depriving such as apprehended themselves in dan-

158

ger of their only defence, in a Perfect state of An-
archy and Confusion."

We are not unprepared for the sequel. On Jan'y 24,
" a Meeting was called at Marblehead to put a Stop to
the Disorders, which for several days before had hap-
pened in the Place. As the Dispute respected the Essex
Hospital, it was agreed by the Proprietors to shut it up."
The account is taken from the Petition and from the Es-
sex Gazette. At their Desire, a Committee of the Town
was chosen to inspect the Operation. "Next day, the
Committee went to the Hospital and attended their Busi-
ness until the following Night, Wednesday, Jan'y 26,
when they awaked with the Rest of the Family, being
eleven in Number, surrounded with Flames. The Ruf-
fians, who perpetrated this act, went from the Town pre-
pared with Tar Tubs, etc., and proceeded setting Fire to
all Parts of the House, without any Attempt to awake
the People. So infernal were the Villains, that they
struck down one Man, who in Amazement had jumped
from his Bed and was running from the Flames. The
Steward had a Blow from another of them with an And-
iron, which missed his head and felled him to the Floor.
One of the Patients, with a Child at her Breast, was
driven to the Smoke House, fainting as she went, and
others were turned out, cold as it was, with scarcely any
Thing to cover them."23

The persons engaged in this outrage numbered about
twenty, part of them disguised as Mohawks ; the loss to
the proprietors was estimated at Two Thousand Pounds,

23 The same issue of the paper states that the Frost has nearly completed a
bridge from Castle Island to the mainland in Boston Harbor, that Charles River
was frozen over so that there was loot-passage from Boston to Chailestown, that
the Beverly Ferry was froze over so that they pass and repass on the ice, and that
navigation was at a stand in Salem, the llarbor being entirely froze up.

159

L. M., and a military watch of forty men was at once
established at Marblehead, the Confusion being such that
Lives and Property were not thought safe without it.

The General Court was next appealed to, in the peti-
tion already quoted. This closed by showing how Reverend
Ministers had been abused for bearing religious testimony
against the outrages, being threatened with having their
houses pulled about their ears ; that the Salem Hospital
was threatened, and the workhouses, that they should be
burnt and the keepers with them ; that vessels were
threatened with scuttling; and that "should Government
remain longer unrestored, assassinations, which have al-
ready been threatened, will, we fear, be the unhappy
consequence." "Your Petitioners beg leave to shew that,
amidst all these Tumults, not a magistrate has there been
to command the peace."

In answer to this humble petition for "such speedy
relief from these grievous circumstances as in their great
wisdom may seem meet," the Provincial Assembly ap-
pointed an investigating committee of both Houses, which
was instructed to repair to Marblehead and " inquire into
the grounds of the uneasiness subsisting there." This
Committee reported, Feb. 18, supposing the danger over.

Feb. 25, Deputy Sheriff Brown, of Salem, went in the
forenoon to Marblehead and arrested two persons on
board a fishing vessel, in an action for £3,000 brought by
the "gentlemen who were Proprietors of the late Essex
Hospital, on suspicion that the said two Persons were
concerned in burning that building. The prisoners were
committed to his Majesty's Gaol24 about 2 o'clock p. m.

24 This Gaol was at the corner of Prison Lane, now St. Peter's street, and
County now Federal street, and had an open yard on the easterly side of it, ex-
tending to Prison Lane. The present residence of Abner C Goodell, Esq.,
is in part the same structure and contains some of the identical timbers.

160

Almost as soon as the Keys were turned upon them, the
People began in small Companies to enter the Town
from Marblehead, and continued coming over in this
Manner, till near Night, rendezvousing near the Gaol.
The Magistrates were busy in consulting upon Measures
for preserving the Peace, and for dispersing the People
who were assembling from Marblehead, from whence a
still greater Number was expected after dark. About
Sunset, on Application to the Colonel of the Militia, the
Drums were ordered out and beat, To Arms! Immedi-
ately upon hearing this, the Mob to the numbers of 4
or 500, arming themselves with Clubs, Sticks of Wood,
etc., and while it was yet Day Light, made a most furious
attack upon the Gaol. They first burst open the Doors
and broke most of the lower windows in that Part of the
Building which is the Prison Keeper's Dwelling, — and
then with Iron Crows, Axes, etc., they soon beat their
way through four of the Prison Doors, each of which
was very strong and ivell secured with many large Locks.
Thus, having got into two Apartments of the Prison, in
less than 10 Minutes from the first Onset, they carried off
the above mentioned two Prisoners in Triumph to Mar-
blehead."

On Monday, Feb. 28, the High Sheriff of the County
(Richard Saltonstall, who had advertised a reward for the
apprehension of the jail-breakers) gave orders to his
deputy in Salem to command the Inhabitants to meet in
School Street (now Washington, north of Essex Street)
at 9 o'clock the next Morning, with Arms and Ammu-
nition according to Law, to assist the High Sheriff in the
Execution of his Office.

" In Pursuance of this Order, several Hundred were
commanded to appear. This Body, when assembled,
was to march to Marblehead and assist the Sheriff in

1G1

relinking the Prisoners as well as to apprehend the Prin-
cipals concerned in breaking the Gaol. On the other
Hand it was given out that the Marblehead People, to
the Number of six or eight hundred, were arming and
were determined to repel to the last Extremity, any
Force that should be brought against them. In this
critical Situation of Things, a Number of the principal
Gentlemen of Marblehead were happily instrumental in
eifecti ng a Compromise : the Proprietors of the late Es-
sex Hospital being influenced to relinquish all Demands
that they might have either on the County or Sheriff, in
Consequence of the Rescue and Escape of the above
mentioned Prisoners, and to discontinue all Proceedings
respecting the Burning of the Hospital. This Measure,
which restored" Peace, was reported abroad just before
the Time at which the People were ordered to assemble,
and was the Cause of great Joy and Satisfaction to the
Town in general." With the subsequent beating of Clark,
one of the four who were first tarred and feathered, and
who was again dragged from his bed at night by twenty men
and whipped at the post before the Town House in Mar-
blehead, this disgraceful transaction seems to have closed.
Unfortunate as the occurrence was, it barely escaped
more serious consequences of a political nature. Such
was the sense of outrage on the part of the Proprietors
of the Hospital, that they declined all further service in
town affairs and threatened to leave town. This action
not only vacated the places of deputies in the Assembly,
but left Marblehead without a committee of safety and
correspondence at that critical moment when, the Boston
Port Bill being but a few days off, the second town in New
Eno'land was about to be called on to render incalculable aid
and comfort to the distressed capital of the Province. To
avert this catastrophe Samuel Adams made it his special

ESSKX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XII. 11

162

care and duty, and wrote to El bridge Gerry patriotic
words, which fitly close this strange narration.25

Austin says " This act of violence, following soon after
the destruction of the tea in Boston Harbor, was urged
by the advocates of the ministry as the natural effect of a
bad example. To the friends of the people this was pecul-
iarly mortifying. It was with extreme regret that in a
place considered as patriotic as Marblehead, a disgraceful
scene of riot and ruin should have been exhibited, which
could not fail to be turned to their disadvantage in the
great contest on which they were entering."26

[MR. ADAMS TO MR. GERRY.]

Boston, March 25, 1774.

My Dear Sir :

While the general court was sitting, I received a
letter from you relating to the unhappy circumstances the town of
Marblehead was then in; but a great variety of business, some of
which was very important, prevented my giving you a convincing
proof at that time, of the regard with which I am ever disposed to
treat your favours. Besides, if it had been in my power to have aided
you with advice, I flattered myself, from the information I afterwards
had, that the storm, though it raged with so much violence, would
soon spend itself, and a calm would ensue. The tumult of the people
is very properly compared to the raging of the sea. When the pas-
sions of a multitude become headstrong, they generally will have their
course: a direct opposition only tends to increase them; and as to
reasoning, one may as well expect that the foaming billows will
hearken to a lecture of morality and be quiet. The skilful pilot will
carefully keep the helm, and so steer the ship while the storm con-
tinues, as to prevent, if possible, her receiving injury.

When your petition was read in the house, I was fearful that our
enemies would make an ill improvement of it. I thought I could
discover in the countenances of some, a kind of triumph in finding
that the friends of liberty themselves were obliged to have recourse
even to military aid, to protect them from the fury of an ungoverned

25 See Wells's Life of Samuel Adams, Vol. II, pp. 154-5.
26 See Austin's Life of Elbridge Gerry, Vol. I, pp. 33-42.

163

mob. They seemed to me to be disposed to confound the distinction,
between a lawless attack upon property in a case where if there had
been right there was remedy, and the people's rising in the necessary
defence of their liberties, and deliberately, and I may add rationally,
destroying- property, after trying every method to preserve it, and
when the men in power had rendered the destruction of that property
the only means of securing the property of all.

It is probable that such improvement may have been made of the
disorders in Marblehead, to prejudice or discredit our manly opposi-
tion to the efforts of tyranny; but I hope the friends of liberty will
prevent any injury thereby to the common cause : and yet, I cannot but
express some fears, that parties and animosities have arisen among
the brethren; because I have just now heard from a gentleman of
your town, that your committee of correspondence have resolved no
more to act! I am loth to believe, nay, I cannot yet believe, that
the gentlemen of Marblehead, who have borne so early and so noble
a testimony to the cause of American freedom, will desert that cause,
only from a difference of sentiments among themselves concerning a
matter which has no relation to it. If my fears are groundless, pray
be so kind as to relieve them, by writing to me as soon as you have an
opportunity. I shall take it as the greatest act of friendship you can
do me. Indeed, the matter will soon be put to the trial ; for our com-
mittee, without the least jealousy, have written a letter to yours, by
Mr. Goddard, who is the bearer of this. The contents we think of
great importance, and therefore I hope they will have the serious con-
sideration of the gentlemen of your committee.

I am, with strict truth,
Your's affectionately,

Samuel Adams.

Elbridge Gerry, Esq.

[COMMITTEE OF CORRESPONDENCE TO MR. GERRY AND OTHERS.]

Boston, April 2, 1774.

Gentlemen :

Yesterday we received your letter dated the 22nd
of March, wherein we have the disagreeable intelligence of your
"having resigned the several offices in which you have acted for the
town of Marblehead," and that you shall "accept them no more —
without material alteration in the conduct of the inhabitants."

When we heard of the unhappy circumstances of that town, the
contest that had arisen to so great a degree of violence on account of
the hospital lately erected there, it gave us great concern and anxiety,
lest it might issue to the prejudice of the common cause of American

164

freedom. We were apprehensive that the minds of the zealous friends
of that good cause, being warmly agitated in such a controversy,
would become thereby disaffected to each other, and that the advan-
tage which we have hitherto experienced from their united efforts
would cease. We are confirmed that our fears were not ill-grounded,
by your relinquishing a post, which in our opinions, and we dare say,
in the opinion of your fellow-townsmen you sustained with honor to
yourselves and advantage to your country. But, gentlemen, suffer us
to ask, whether you well considered, that although you derived your
being as a committee of correspondence from that particular town
which appointed you, yet in the nature of your office, while they
continued you in it you stood connected in a peculiar relation with
your country? If this be a just view of it, should the ill conduct of
the inhabitants of Marblehead towards you, influence you to decline
serving the public in this office any more than that of the inhabitants
of this or any other town? And would you not therefore have con-
tinued in that office, though you had been obliged to resign every
other office you held under the town, without injury to your own
reputation? Besides, will the misfortune end in this resignation?
Does not the step naturally lead you to withdraw yourselves totally
from the public meetings of the town, however important to the
common cause, by which the other firm friends to that honourable
cause may feel the want of your influence and aid, at a time when, as
you well express it, "a fatal thrust may be aimed at our rights and
liberties," and it may be necessary that all should appear, and " as
one body oppose the design and defeat the rebel intention?" Should
not the disorders that have prevailed and still prevail in the town of
Marblehead, have been a weighty motive rather for your taking meas-
ures to strengthen your connexions with the people than otherwise ;
that you might in conjunction with other prudent men, have employed
your influence and abilities in reducing to the exercise of reason
those who had been governed by prejudice and passion, and thus have
brought the contest to an equitable and amicable issue, which would
certainly have been to your own satisfaction? If difficulties stared
you in the face, it is a good maxim, nil desperandum ; and are you
sure that it was impracticable for you, by patience and assiduity, to
have restored "order and distinction," and rendered the public offices
of the town again respectable?

It is difficult to enumerate all the instances in which our enemies, as
watchful as they are inveterate, will make an ill improvement of your
letter of resignation. And therefore we earnestly wish that a method
may yet be contrived for the recalling of it consistent with your own
sentiments. We assure ourselves that personal considerations will
not be suffered to have an undue weight in your minds, when the

105

public liberty in which is involved the happiness of your own as well
as the children of those who have ill treated you, and whom to rescue
from bondage will afford you the most exalted pleasure, is in danger
of suffering injury.

We wish most ardently that by the exercise of moderation and
prudence the differences subsisting among the good people of Mar-
blehead may be settled upon righteous terms. And as we are in-
formed that the town at their late meeting did not see cause to make
choice of other gentlemen in your room in consequence of your de-
clining to serve any longer as a committee of correspondence, we beg
leave still to consider and address you in that character.

We are, with unfeigned respect,

William Cooper, Clerk.
By order, and in behalf of the Committee
of Correspondence for Boston.
To gentlemen of the Committee of Correspondence
for Marblehead.

The gentlemen addressed resumed their places on the
Committee, and so the Cat Island Imbroglio ended.

AFTERNOON SESSION.

By the polite invitation of Col. William L. Palmer,
the lessee of the island and the buildings thereon, the In-
stitute selected this pleasant seaside resort for one of its
Field Meetings.

The large hall, erected for the various entertainments
incident to these places, was appropriated for the use of
the Institute during the day, and here were spread the
tables for the lunch at 1 p. m., and at 2.30, the afternoon
session was held.

The Meeting was called to order by the President.
The records of the last meeting were read by the Secre-
tary, and the usual routine of business was transacted.

The President alluded briefly to the progress that
had been made in scientific research, and the increased

166

facilities for pursuing the same in our various educational
institutions within the past fifty years. At that time
public attention was being awakened to the importance
of these investigations. Societies having these objects in
view were organizing, the general government and the
legislatures of the several states were making appropriations
for scientific surveys of their respective domains, and
the same were under consideration.

The introduction of the use of the dredge, the trawl,
etc., by naturalists, especially by those connected with the
U. S. Fish Commission, has been instrumental in adding
largely to the knowledge of the marine fauna and flora of
our coast. The arrival of Prof. L. Agassiz in this coun-
try, in 1846, marks an important era in the history of
science. His lectures before the Lowell Institute, and
elsewhere in the United States, created a zeal and in-
terest in zoological studies ; the formation of the Museum
of Comparative Zoology at Cambridge, under his aus-
pices, and the great progress in the development of his
plans since his decease, by the liberality and persevering
energy of his son A. Agassiz, will long remain as a lasting
monument to his great and careful labors in this direction.
Many of his pupils are now holding professorships in
several of our colleges and schools of learning, and are
doing good work in the promotion of the natural sciences.

The President then introduced the Eev. Sereno D.
Gammell, of Boxford, Avho made a brief and practical
address, in which he compared the vastness of the ocean
with the limitless domain of knowledge ; but this large-
ness of the field should not discourage the beginner, for
the more one studies, the more he will be interested, and
the mind will be absorbed in the research and investi-
gation. He also spoke of the power of self-restraint,

167

which is an evidence of manliness, as one of the inci-
dental results of studious habits.

Mr. H. Saze, a Japanese student attending the Sum-
mer School of Biology, was introduced, and gave an in-
teresting account of the cultivation of rice in a northern
province of Japan. The following is an abstract of his
remarks : —

The seed is usually sprouted before sowing. This is
done by soaking it in water and then exposing it to
the warm sun. It is sown broadcast, very thickly over
a small patch of prepared soil which might be called a
nursery. The plant grows in the nursery until it reaches
the height of six or seven inches. Then it is trans-
planted.

The ' rice field is ploughed, manured, watered, and
thoroughly stirred in early spring. The water must stand
about three inches deep. Hence, the necessity of dividing
the field into compartments. About the beginning of
June, the transplanting commences. The young plants
are set out in regular rows of bunches, six, seven, or eight
inches apart. Before the plant advances too far in its
growth, two or three wreedings are usually necessary.
The water is finally drawn off. The harvesting takes
place during October. The cutting is done with the
sickle.

The grain is threshed early in the winter. One handful
after another of the straw is taken up, and the grain
separated from it. The straw is kept for ropes, shoes,
mats, etc.

The chaff is ground off by means of a large wooden
or clayey handmill, not heavy enough to crush the
kernel. Before it is ready for the kettle, the rice must
be further refined by removing the brown inner seed-

.

168

coat which adheres very closely to the kernel. A wooden
mortar and pestle are used for this final operation.

Dr. George A. Perkins, of Salem, who had lived for
nine years in a rice-growing country, gave a detailed
description of the method of its cultivation as practised
upon the western coast of Africa. This method differed
in many respects from that pursued in Japan, and was
substantially as follows :

The first step in rice cultivation in Western Africa, is
the clearing of so much of the waste land as may be
needed for a single year, the natives never planting the
same land for two consecutive years. This clearing of
the land takes place during the dry season, when all the
trees and shrubs are cut down and allowed to dry, and is
the most difficult and tedious part of the work. Just
before the beginning of the annual rains, the wood, being
properly dried by the heat of the sun, the whole tract,
often of some miles in extent, is burned over ; the in-
tense heat destroying all the weeds, and the ashes being
all the manure needed.

This tract of land may belong to a town or perhaps
several of them, or even the whole tribe ; each head of a
family has a portion marked off and assigned to him, and
this he divides among his wives, of which he may have
one, two, or more.

When the first showers, which usher in the rainy sea-
son, begin to fall, the women repair to the farms, pro-
vided with rice-seed, a large snail shell — which will hold
a pint or more — and a miniature spade; with this last
held in the right hand, they dig a shallow hole in the
earth, and by a skilful motion of the left hand, which
holds the shell filled with rice, they let fall from four to
eight grains of the seed into the hole ; then, by a single

1G9

light blow of the spade, the whole is covered and the
same operation repeated over the whole field at a distance
of six or eight inches apart.

The planted field must then be very sharply watched to
preserve it from the ravages of the small birds who visit
the farm in thousands. This business is left to the
women and children, but often the men must do their
share if they hope to have any rice at harvest-time.
This watching must be kept up day after day, — and often
at night too, when the moon shines, — until the plant has
so far grown as to cease to attract the birds. When the
rice begins to head, it must again be guarded until it is
fit to cut. This cutting is a tedious work, only one head
is cut at a time ; upon this they leave the straw about
eight inches long, and this enables them to tie it in bun-
dles jnst as large as the hand can grasp. Five of these
handfuls are afterward again tied together to make a larger
bunch. One of these large bunches seems to be the unit
of measure in dealing with one another.

All the crop is to be transported on their heads from
the farm to their fenced towns, a distance in most cases
of two or three miles ; it is there stored in the tops of
their conical huts, where it is exposed to the smoke of
the fires on the earthen floors below, and this preserves
it from the attacks of insects.

When wanted for food, only a single day's rations are
cleaned and cleared of the hulls at a time, by pounding
in large wooden mortars, and the chaff is fanned away.

Puor. E. S. Morse, after alluding briefly to the
peculiar difficulties of the Japanese language, spoke of
the great rocks with which the shore is lined, and which
here and there dot the island. It was with reference to
the effect upon them, of the glacial period, that expla-
nation was made. Many years ago, the entire country

170

hereabouts was covered with a vast field of ice, which
gradually moved southward. One of the evidences of
this moving field of ice is the rounding of the large stones
all over New England toward the north, and their ragged
precipitous character towards the south ; also the presence
of bowlders which evidently do not belong to this region.
Reference was also made to the glaciers of Greenland
and Switzerland.

Prof. Morse exhibited specimens of the Pupilla mus-
corum, which he had found on the island during the day,
and considered this a new locality for this species. A
communication prepared by him since the adjournment,
on " The gradual dispersion of certain Mo Husks in New
England," contains a description of this Pujpilla, and is
appended to the report of this meeting.

Eev. Joseph Banvaed, of Neponset, formerly pastor
of the Central Baptist church of this city, made some
excellent and practical remarks regarding the possibility
of every one being able to gather much scientific knowl-
edge, by keeping the eyes open and cultivating the
habit of close observation. He urged the young people
present to study the simple things in nature, and in so
doing, they would not only find great pleasure, but great
profit.

Mr. N. A. Horton, of the Salem Gazette, after a few
appropriate remarks, offered the following resolution
which was unanimously adopted.

Resolved, That the thanks of the Essex Institute be
tendered to Col. William L. Palmer, for his polite invi-
tation to hold a field meeting on Lowell Island, and for
the courtesies extended to the members and their friends
on this occasion.

Adj.

The gradual dispersion of certain Mollusks in New
England,

By Edward S. Morse.

The rapid dispersion of Mollusks, as observed in certain
species, is of great interest in connection with the general
distribution of species from certain centres.

The rapid invasion of large areas, by species not known
to have occurred there before, may account for the wide
distribution of species through certain geological horizons,
where their progenitors in earlier deposits are not known.
The sudden appearance of species throughout large geo-
logical areas has always been held as a strong point by
those who argue against the doctrine of derivation.

In a long study of the Mollusca of New England for the
past twenty-four years, I have observed many changes
going on in the distribution of certain species which in-
dicates a much more rapid invasion of areas than had
before been supposed. Not only do we see this rapid
introduction of forms from other centres, but some
species of mollusks vary greatly in their relative scarcity
and abundance, when observed over considerable lapses
of time.

In my little work entitled "Observations on the Terres-
trial Pulmonifera of Maine," forming the first part of
the Journal of the Portland Society of Natural History,
published in 1864, I commented on this change in the
relative scarcity and abundance of certain species as
compared with the observations made by Dr. J. W.

(171)

172

Mighels, a careful and enthusiastic worker in the same
field. His paper was published in the Proceedings of
the Boston Society of Natural History in 1843, and was
entitled " Catalogue of the Marine Fluviatile and Ter-
restrial Shells of the State of Maine " (Bost. Jour. Nat.
Hist., Vol. IV, p. 308). The following is a brief
extract from my paper above mentioned. The lines in
quotations being taken from Dr. Miguel's paper, while
the contrasts as observed by me are printed in italics.

Mesodon albolabris. " Solitary." Great abundance.

Anguispira alternata. "Abundant." Not abundant, except on isl-
ands.

Hyalina indentata. "Appears to be rare." Not rare.

Hyalina electrina. "Rare." Quite common.

Conulus chersina is more abundant than his words would seem to
indicate.

Strobila labyrinthica. " Found sparingly." Common all over the
State.

Pupillas and Isthmias. Were noted as found sparingly by Dr. Mi-
ghels. Most of the species are quite common.

Zoogenetes harpa. Is now abundant in several parts of the state,
and particularly about Portland. Mighels did not find it at the time
of the publication of his catalogue.

Succinea avara. Mighels mentions only one locality. It is now
common all over the state.

Helisoma bicarinata. "Not aware that it is abundant anywhere."
Exceedingly abundant.

Ancylus rivularis. "Found in plenty." One of our scarcest shells.

Radix ampla. This species was found in great abundance when first
discovered in Eagle Lake in the northern part of the state, in company
with Physa ancillaria.

In company with Mr. John M. Gould, I visited this lake in 1859,
and a most careful search revealed only a few dead specimens of B.
ampla, and not a vestige of Physa ancillaria. Mr. Fuller has since
discovered the shell on the shores of Lake Sebago.

Dr. C. B. Adams first described a species of land snail
kuowu as Papilla badia, as occurring in Vermont. The
shell differed very slightly from a European species P.

173

muscorum, and as such Adams' species is now recognized,
though I have already pointed out some slight differences
in the two shells. Since Adams' discovery of the species,
in this country, it has been found on certain islands in
the Gulf of St. Lawrence, as well as in New York State.
In the year 1862, Mr. Charles B. Fuller found it in
Maine, near Portland. In some localities near that city,
known to have been examined by early collectors without
meeting with it, it has been collected by thousands. At
Oak island, Chelsea, a famous collecting ground of Dr.
Gould, Dr. Binney and others, no evidence of the ex-
istence of this species there is recorded. In the year
1860, Prof. W. C. Cleveland found it in the greatest
abundance. In this case it can be positively asserted that
the species has been introduced within twenty years.
The collectors of Salem and Lynn had failed to observe its
occurrence in Essex County. Last summer I discovered
the species in great abundance on Lowell island in Salem
harbor. From these evidences it is quite certain that this
minute land shell is being distributed with considerable
rapidity.

It will be found that, as in the case of plants, the land
species of mollusks are being widely distributed through
railway traffic. I have often found, at Portland, minute
land shells clinging to firewood that had been brought
from the interior of the state.

The remarkable rapidity in the diffusion of Littorina
litorea is of special interest in this connection. This
well-known European species was first observed on this
continent by Mr. Willis, of Halifax, N. S., many years
ago. Since that time, it has been rapidly and widely dif-
fused along the coast of New England.

In 1870, Mr. Fuller found a few specimens in Portland
harbor, and about the same time at Kennebunk in Maine.

174

It is now found in great abundance along the coast of
Maine.

Before the year 1872, it had never been observed in
Salem harbor. On the shore of South Salem, a place
where I had repeatedly collected, only a single specimen
was found in the spring of 1872. It is now one of the
most common shells in the harbor of Salem, and actually
swarms in countless numbers in all the inlets in the
vicinity of Salem.

Professor Verrill, in a note to Silliman's Journal, for
September, 1880, records his observations in regard to its
diffusion, from which we quote the following :

"In 1873, it was collected in abundance at Saco, Me.,
by the U. S. Fish Commission, and was found sparingly
at Peake's island, Casco Bay. In 1872, it was very rare
at Provincetown, Mass., but in 1878, it was common
there. In 1875, it was collected by the writer at Barn-
stable, Mass., on the shores of Cape Cod Bay, in large
quantities. In 1879, it had become exceedingly abun-
dant at Provincetown. In 1875, our parties found two
specimens only on the southern shores of Cape Cod at
Wood's Holl, but in 1876, it wTas found to be common
there, and is now very abundant. The first specimen,
found so far westward as New Haven, was obtained by
Professor S. I. Smith, during the past winter. Other
solitary specimens have since been obtained here by
Mr. E. A. Andrews and by J. H. Emerton. It is at
present exceedingly abundant at Newport, R. I."

In " Science News " for April 15, 1879, Mr. Arthur F.
Gray comments on the occurrence of this species on the
New England coast and gives a large number of places
where it has been collected.

He first found it in Massachusetts, at Danvers, in the
spring of 1872. He also mentions that Prof. J. W.

175

Chickering, jr., found it at Hampton beach, N. II., in
1871. The following rude map illustrates the gradual
dispersion of this species from Maine southward, with the
year of its occurrence marked at the different places.

EXPLANATION OF MAP.
P., Portland, Maine; Pkov., Provincetown, Mass; W. H., Wood's Holl.

Iii 1872, it was observed simultaneously at Salem,
Mass., and Provincetown on the end of Cape Cod. This
Cape seemed to form a barrier for some time to its passage
south, and after rounding the Cape, its progress was much
slower. Its occurrence at Wood's Holl being observed in
1875, and only the past year had it got as far as New
Haven.

A study of the ocean currents north of Cape Cod,
which have a southerly course, will account for the rapid
dispersal of this mollusk from Maine to Provincetown,
Mass. ; while the currents which set easterly south of

176

Cape Cod will account for its slower dispersion along the
Connecticut shores.

It seems somewhat remarkable that this mollusk, for so
many years an inhabitant of Nova Scotia and the Bay of
Chalenr, should have been so long finding its way to the
State of Maine. As far back as 1855, I received speci-
mens of this species from Bathurst in the Bay of Chaleur.

The conditions are evidently very favorable for its ex-
istence along our shores, for it has increased in countless
numbers, and the species seems to be fully as robust, and
oftentimes exceeding in size its relatives in Europe.

Mr. Gray calls attention to the fact that this species,
known under the common name of "periwinkle," forms an
abundant supply of food to the poorer classes in Great
Britain and Ireland, and there is no reason why the
poorer classes here should not avail themselves of a mol-
lusk so easily obtained.

Believing that, in past times as at present, the dispersion
of forms took place in similar ways, it is interesting to
look ahead to a time when the present mud and sand of
the shores shall have been converted and consolidated
into stratified rocks with the species entombed in a fossil
condition. We may imagine a future Barrande finding
material for an onslaught on the derivative theory by
pointing to the abundant occurrence of this species in a
narrow bed of rock of the same horizon and occurring
over hundreds of miles of territory, when the beds just
below reveal no vestige of this large and vigorous spe-
cies.

Littorina litorea, Linn.

177

Excursion to New Castle, N. H., Fuiday and Satur-
day, September 10 and 11, 1880.

The circulars, that were previously issued, announced
that the excursionists would leave Salem on Thursday,
the 9th inst., at 1.10 p. m., with the proviso of a post-
ponement to the day following, if the weather should be
unfavorable. Owing to the prevalence of a storm, the de-
parture was deferred, and the party left on Friday, by
the Eastern Railroad, reached Portsmouth at about 2.30,
and at once took carriages to New Castle, making the
Wentworth House, their headquarters. At the time of
leaving Salem the weather had not entirely cleared, though
indications were favorable and soon after the arrival at
the place of destination, hopes were realized by the
lightening up of the western sky and a glorious sunset
was observed from the piazza. The effects of the storm
were visible in all directions, — the dashing of the waves
against the rocks, or rolling in on the beaches, — the wreck
of a vessel breaking up, etc. Schooner Eddie F. Hodg-
don, wood and slate laden, bound from Bangor to Boston,
was compelled to anchor off Frost's Point, parted her
cables, and the day before at noon drifted ashore, and be-
came a total loss.

An evening session was held in the large music room
at 8 o'clock. The President, in his introductory remarks,
spoke of the great pleasure of coming to this old his-
toric town, around which cluster so many interesting
associations connected with the colonial and provincial
periods of our history. These have been well described
in the " Rambles about Portsmouth," by the late Charles
W. Brewster, the first series published in 1859, the sec-
ond in 1869, after the decease of the author. He alluded

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XII. 12

178

to the meeting of the Institute held at Kittery, Me., on
the other side of the Piscataqua river, in August, 1867 ;
to visit, among other places of interest, the mansion once
owned and occupied by Sir William Pepperell, the
wealthy and enterprising merchant of the middle of the
last century, who by his means and individual services
contributed so largely to the capture of Louisburg, and
was rewarded for his success and bravery with a baron-
etcy by Greorge II.

In many of the old towns on the New England coast,
the children, from the early settlement to the present
time, have been wont to leave the old homesteads to col-
onize new places, or to seek the centres of trade, com-
merce or manufactures. We find them scattered over
the vast territory extending from ocean to ocean, and
from the Lakes to the Gulf, actively engaged in the
various duties of life. Some visit the home of their an-
cestors and delight to examine the old records, and by
diligent research and careful study endeavor to clothe in
living forms this dead past. The collecting, arranging
and preserving of the old papers and other relics, that
will facilitate these researches, come within the province
of the Institute.

Copies of extracts from some of the old documents in
the office of the Registry of Probate for Essex county,
were read to illustrate their character and the extent of
the valuable material for history that may therefrom be
gleaned.

Vice President F. W. Putnam was then called upon
and gave a brief account of the Pueblo Indians of New
Mexico and Arizona, illustrating his remarks by a series
of large photographs taken by the government expedi-
tions under Major Powell and Captain Wheeler. These

179

photographs showed the peculiar character of the houses,
which consist of a number of rooms, placed side by side,
and one over the other in three or four receding* stories,
the people living in the upper and outer rooms, while
those which are dark and covered by others are used as
storerooms. He showed how this plan of house-building
had evidently been adopted as a means of defence, and
how strongly fortified a town thus built was before the
days of powder and artillery. The method of entering
these houses was by placing a ladder from the ground to
the roof, and so on from roof to roof. When the lad-
ders were drawn up, the people were in comparative
safety, and so long as provisions and water held out they
could easily defend themselves before the days of gun-
powder. These groups of houses often contained from
500 to 1,000 or more people; and while some, like the
Pueblo of Taos, were built on the lowland and sur-
rounded by an earth-wall, as a further means of pro-
tection, others, as the Pueblo of Acoma, were on high
table-lands, or mesas, several hundred feet above the sur-
rounding country, and could only be approached by nar-
row paths, which could be easily defended, when bows
and arrows were the principal weapons. Some of these
towns were, however, taken by the early Spanish leaders,
and we have accounts of them as far back as the time of
Coronado, about the middle of the sixteenth century.
The Pueblo of Acoma, in particular, is interesting from
the fact that it stands to-day, apparently unchanged, as it
was first seen nearly three and a half centuries ago. The
Pueblo of Zuni is perhaps the best known of the southern
towns in New Mexico, but as the present Pueblo, or New
Zuni, was built after old Zuni had been taken by the
Spaniards, it is of comparativelj7- modern origin, although
the people have, to a considerable extent, retained the

180

purity of their customs. The Pueblo of Taos, near the
Kio Grande, has been often visited and described.

About Santa Fe, on both sides of the Rio Grande, there
are many old pueblos, some of which are in ruins, while
others have been, in great part, changed to Spanish-Mexi-
can towns. In a few, however, the original inhabitants
are still in the ascendancy. In many of the canons and
smaller valleys, and on many a mesa in New Mexico, Col-
orado and Arizona, as well as in southern Utah, and also
to the south in Mexico, there are numerous ruins of once
extensive towns, many of which have been described in
the accounts of the various military and exploring expe-
ditions. The " seven cities of Cibola," discovered by Cor-
onaclo, have often been mentioned, and some writers have
supposed them to refer to the ruins found by Lieut. Simp-
son in the Chaco canon, a tributary of the San Juan,
but the lecturer was inclined to anme with those writers
who placed these "seven cities" in the region about, and
including, old Zuni.

The hundreds of ruins which are now known, including
the singular cliff-houses or fastnesses, furnish the evidence
of the former greatness of the pueblo people, and their
wide distribution over a region which was probably once
better adapted than now for the support of human life.

The lecturer then gave an account of the arts of the
pueblo people, calling particular attention to the char-
acter of the pottery, of which he exhibited a number of
specimens. This pottery differs widely from that found in
the mounds and in other parts of the country to the east
of the pueblo region, and is of a better type. That found
about the ruins and belonging to the early period is baked
harder, and in structure and ornament is far superior to
that now made at the pueblos on the Rio Grande. That
made at Zuni, and the other southern pueblos, is more

181

like the old. The ornamentation is in color, generally
black on white, or on red; occasionally a piece is found
among the old fragments that lias a glossy, bronze-like
color. The decoration on the old pottery is principally
made up of zigzag or geometrical figures; occasionally
curved lines and scrolls were used. On the pottery now

Fig. 1.

Coil-made Jar from an Adobe Ruin in Southern Utah.
From a Specimen in the Peabody Museum.

made at the pueblos on the Eio Grande, the ornamentation
is more often black on a red ground, and many figures
derived from contact with civilization have been intro-
duced. On the recent pottery, animals are often rudely
represented. The recent pottery is not so well baked
as the old, and is in every way of an inferior character.
A common method of making one kind of the oldest

182

pottery was by coiling the bands of clay upon themselves,
and leaving the edges projecting. Pottery of this char-
acter is often farther decorated by pinching the edges,
or by marking with the linger nail, or with a stick. A jar
made in this way is shown in the engraving here iutro-

FlG. 2.

Patterns on Ancient Pueblo Pottery from the San Juan Valley.

From Specimens in the Peabody Museum.

duced1, fig. 1 ; and some of the common forms of orna-
ment on the smooth pottery are shown on the fragments
represented by fig. 2.

1 These illustrations were prepared for an article on Pueblo pottery in the Art
Review, and by the kindness of the publishers of that journal, Messrs. Estes &
Lauriat, of Boston, their use is allowed in this place.

183

After Mr. Putnam had closed his remarks, the company
adjourned to the parlors where several choice selections
of vocal and instrumental music were finely rendered by
members of the Salem Oratorio Society and the Salem
Schubert Club.

On Saturday morning the sun rose clear and bright,
and the party during the forenoon rambled about in
various directions as inclination dictated. Several inter-
esting places were visited : Odiorne's Point where M.
Champlain landed in 1605, and the place selected by the
Laconia company for the site of the first building erected
on the grant, and it should therefore be venerated by
every citizen of New Hampshire for the associations that
cluster around this beginning of the state. At Frost's
Point a fort was built soon after the settlement called
Fort William and Mary; in 1775 fortifications were
thrown up, and in the fort a company of artillery was
stationed. In 1808, it was rebuilt under the name of
Fort Constitution and remained until a new structure was
commenced in 1863.

The lighthouse, the village, the village church, the burial
ground, — were all noticed. New Castle is situated at the
mouth of the Piscataqua river, at the entrance of Ports-
mouth harbor, some three miles from the city, formerly
known as " Great Island." It was settled in 1623 and
was a part of Portsmouth. In 1693 it was incorporated
under its present name. The charter under the seal of
William and Mary, written on parchment in old English
black letter, is said to be still in the archives of the
town. This was the home of the Jeffreys, Atkinsons,
of John Frost who married Mary, sister of Sir William
Pepperell, a family of the Prescotts and other honored
names.

184

At 3 p. m. , adieu was said to mine host of the Wentworth

House ; the delightful situation, picturesque scenery and
surroundings, with first-class hotel appointments, have
given to this house a prominent place among the seaside
resorts of New England. On the way to the railroad
station in the city, tarried for an hour at an old mansion,

THE HOMESTEAD OF GOV. BeNNING WeNTWORTH,

who built it in 1750, and occupied it until the termination
of his commission in 1767. Situated at Little Harbor
about two miles from the centre of Portsmouth near the
bank of the river, it commands an extensive view of
Portsmouth, the navy yard, and adjacent and opposite
shores.

Mr. William P. Israel, the present owner, conducted
the party through the several apartments, pointing out the
various objects of interest and referring briefly to some
of the old historical associations. The following maybe
specified : ^

The council chamber, finished in the best style of the
last century, an imposing and high-studded room, where
meetings of the council were held, for many years ; also
the little side rooms. Ascending a short flight of steps
is the spacious parlor, rich in its original finish.

In these various rooms were collected many interesting
and curious objects ; pictures, a spinet, furniture, etc., that
would require considerable time to, carefully, examine.
The most notable of the pictures was a paintiug, by Cop-
ley, of Dorothy Quincy, who became the wife of John
Hancock, and afterwards Madam Scott.

Leaving the old mansion, the party proceeded to the
cars and took the 5 o'clock train for Salem, arriving at
6.35 in the evening.

mm

mm