974.401 M- L.

Es7es

v. 15-16

1425141

GENEALOGY COLLECTION

.ALLEN COUNIY PUIil IC LIBRARY

3 1833 01101 1209

BULLETIN

ESSEX INSTITUTE,

VOLUME XV.

1883.

SALEM, MASS.

PRINTED AT THE SALEM PRESS,

1884.

rr»^

Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2013

http://archive.org/details/bulletinofessexv15v16esse

1425141

CONTENTS.

Swedish Superstitions and Characteristics ; by Alban Andren,

Records of the Cities and Towns of Essex County. Informa
tion on their condition requested,

Presentation of the Caleb Cooke Memorial Tablet to the Trus
tees of the Peabody Academy of Science, Jan. 12, 1883,

Selish Myths ; by W. J. Hoffman,

The Jesuits ; abstract of a paper by Rev. Geo. H. Hosmer,

Annual Meeting, Monday, May 21, 1883,

Election of officers, 43; retrospect of the year, 44; members, 44; field
meetings, 48; meetings, 52; publications, 54, 58; social meeting, 55
receptions, 55; lectures, 56; concerts, 57; excursions, 57; library, 59
art exhibition, 69; horticultural exhibition, 71; museum, 73; finan
cial, 75.

Notice of the Death of Charles Timothy Brooks,

The first notice of the Pine Grove or Forest River Shellheap ; by
F. W. Putnam,

Weeds of Essex County; by John H. Sears,

Field Meeting at Oak Dell, Georgetown, ....

Remarks of the President, of Mrs. C. N. S. Horner, 105; of Rev. Wm
P. Alcott, Rev. B. F. McDaniel, 106.

N. S

Notes on the Flora of South Georgetown ; by Mrs. C
Horner,

Field Day at Dodge's Mill, Rowley, Friday, June 29, 1883,

Excursion, 111; remarks of John H. Sears, 112; of John Robinson, 113

A Day at Linebrook, Thursday, July 26, 1883, .

Excursion, 115; remarks of John H. Sears, 115; of Rev. B. F. Mc

Page.
1

li>

11

23
41
12

77

86

93

105

107
111

115

Daniel, Sidney Perley, J. J. H. Gregory, A. C. Perkins, 146.

(iii)

IV CONTENTS.

A Pen-Ramble in Linebrook; by M. V. B. Perley, . . .118

A Day in Groveland, Wednesday, August 15, 1883, . . .128

Excursion, 128; remarks of Miss Harriet E. Paine, George B. Lor-
ing, 129; of N. A. Horton, 131.

Plants shown at the Meeting in Groveland, Mass., August, 1883,
by Miss Harriet E. Paine, 133

Groveland Plants not reported by Mr. Robinson in County Flora,
by Miss Harriet E. Paine, 134

Field Day at West Peabody, Wednesday, September 19, 1883, . 135

Excursion, 135; remarks of John H. Sears, 135; of George Dixon, 136.
Remarks on some Chipped Stone Implements, by F. W. Putnam, 137

BULLETIN

ESSEX UsTSTITUTE.

Vol. 15. Salem: Jan., Feb., March, 1883. Nos. 1,2,3.

SWEDISH SUPERSTITIONS AND CHARACTERISTICS.

BY A LB AN ANDREN.

READ MONDAY, JANUARY 1, 1883.
You find among the Swedes many peculiar superstitions,
which seem to cling with great tenacity from by-gone
times. So, for instance, it is the custom for chamber-
maids or others, making the beds in the morning, not to
leave an unfinished bed under any pretext to go to any
other work, for fear that the person that is to occupy it
may not rest easily. In most Swedish stables you will
find a dead crow or blackbird hung over each horse, which
is considered a sure prevention for the evil one riding the
horse in the stable at night, and it is asserted by the farm-
ers that when such prevention is not taken the horses are
found in the morning foaming at the mouth, sweaty and
blowing hard, as if just arrived from a furious drive. In
my boyhood, whenever a person sneezed it was considered
polite for bystanders to say "God save you " or " Prosit ; "
and the more popular a person was in society the more
people were ready to say " God save you " in case of sneez-
ing. At an evening party, a society belle, after being
duly coaxed, would sit down and commence fingering the

(i)

2 SWEDISH SUPERSTITIONS

ivories of a piano, and it was ludicrous enough if she hap-
pened to sneeze to see about a dozen young men and old
men make deep bows, and seriously exclaim in chorus,
" God save you, Mademoiselle, " she returning the com-
pliments with a gracious " Thank you, sirs. " This custom
is still retained among the Irish, who say "bless you" or
" save you " on similar occasions. It is said that centuries
ago a contagious disease passed over Scandinavia and
northern Europe, which commenced with sneezing, and
after sneezing a few times it ended fatally ; and naturally
under such circumstances the friends of the sneezers would
exclaim "God help you" or "save you," and thus it came to
be handed down from one generation to another, until it
became a standard form of etiquette. It is now, however,
growing out of fashion. In families, particularly among
the fair sex, it is a sure sign of becoming angry and hot-
tempered during the day if the nose itches in the morning ;
also, if the palm of the left hand itches, you are to receive
money, and if it is the right hand you have to pay out
money during the day.

If the left eye itches, a lady caller may be expected,
and if it is the right eye, then a gentleman is sure to call
during the day.

One saying is, never point an empty gun at anybody,
for the evil one may load it ; and further, never make a
wry face, for if the clock should strike twelve, the wind
change, and the cock should crow at the same time, your
face will forever remain in that ugly condition.

Many poor students manage to get through the element-
ary and regular colleges by the aid of charity meals,
which is done in this way :

A student calls at your house and asks that you will in-
vite him once a week to your table, dinner or supper;
and after getting such permission in one family he goes to
another and asks a similar privilege, and so on until he

AND CHARACTERISTICS. 6

has secured free dinners and suppers for the whole week
during the term. No shame seems to be attached to this
free lunching ; and as a rule, each family tries to set a bet-
ter table on poor students' day than on any other, although
there are exceptional cases in which the reverse is done.

Some of the shining lights among the Swedish pro-
fessional men have passed through college by the aid of
such charity meals, and are not ashamed to confess it.

If there is one class of people that ought to be prosper-
ous in Sweden, it is the hatters, for owing to the Swedish
etiquette of uncovering your head in the street to mere
passing acquaintances, the brim of the hat soon wears out;
and an American gentleman, lately returned from Sweden,
told me that the next time he goes over there, he surely
should get a silk hat made with a sheet iron brim, to en-
able it to stand the strain put upon it by the demands of
the prevailing etiquette. Even two brothers, and chums,
as we say here, when they meet in public, take off their
hats at meeting and parting with a great deal of reverence.
Your own servants meet you in the street, and as they
doff their hats or make a courtesy, you are expected to
raise your own in return. It is also the etiquette, if parties
pass each other on the left to raise their hats with their
right hands, and vice versa, so as not to obscure your face
from your friend in raising the hat. In going into offices,
stores, restaurants, bar-rooms or billiard saloons, the
Swede uncovers his head just as reverently as if going into
church. In the country the farmers and peasants generally
uncover their heads in going by churches or cemeteries, as
a mark of respect.

Writers on Sweden have said that no real deep religious
sentiment exists in that country, and this is equally true,
I think, wherever state and religion are united, for in Swe-
den you must be baptized when two years old, whether
you want to or not. You may bawl and kick all you like

4 SWEDISH SUPERSTITIONS

but baptized you must be ; there is no getting away from
that. At fifteen you must join the church and be con-
firmed, and at that age you have ceased to be rebellious
and fall in to the traces with proper grace. Then you ought
to go to the sacrament at least once a year, and you may
forfeit certain citizens' rights should you not have been to
such holy communion for a period of five successive years.
Thus you see that religion and business are, as it were,
closely linked together, and by degrees you begin to per-
form your religious duties in a sort of automatical maimer,
very reposing both to body and mind. Any undue excite-
ment in religious matters, such as noisy revivals, etc., is
not enjoyed by the better classes of Swedes, although for-
eign missionaries, particularly Swedish-Americans, oc-
casionally do a little missionary work among the country
people in this line, and it would be a great deal better for
the peace of the country if they would confine their labors
to fields more ripe for the harvest.

The Swedish barber is a man of no little importance, as
in addition to the usual duties of hairdresser, wig-maker,
and barber, he has to pull teeth, set leeches, attend to
bleeding and cupping, and occasionally, practises a little
surgery if he has passed examination in that line. Never
shall I forget my first experience in having a tooth pulled
by a Swedish barber. I went up the stairs to his rooms,
but in taking hold of the door-knob, the tooth-ache disap-
peared, and I went down to the street again, when the ache
commenced worse than ever. I returned, although the
same miracle was repeated when I got to the door again.
I made bold to enter. He was alone, that man of torture,
and, after looking me over, he asked me to sit down on the
floor near the window, and took out from a drawer a myste-
rious tool, looking very much like a large corkscrew ; with
this he took hold of the tooth, standing over me with one
hand resting on the top of my head, and with the other

AND CIIAKACTEIUSTICS. 0

pointing upwards, just as you pull a cork from a quart
bottle. After getting one-half of the tooth out, the door
opened, and in came a man to be shaved, and the barber
asked me to wait till he had shaved the customer, when
he would try again. I sat on the floor waiting till the
man was shaved, when the barber commenced almost the
same operation, almost lifting me from the floor, until at
last his efforts were crowned with a glorious success. The
charge was about ten cents. Some years afterwards, an
American dentist from Philadelphia settled in Gothenburg,
and fitted up luxurious parlors with operating chairs and
all the modern Yankee fixings, and everybody predicted
a quick failure if he meant to keep to dentistry alone, with-
out doing some shaving, hair-cutting, and wig-making,
with occasionally a little leeching, bleeding and cupping ;
but to the astonishment of all, he built up a large practice,
and others, following in his wake, have now in a great
measure relieved the barber from his primitive method of
dentistry. "Allah be praised !"

Easter eve is celebrated by a family gathering and a
late supper, consisting of boiled rice and hard and soft
boiled eggs, with the usual allowance of wine.

A story is current in Sweden of a charity student being
invited at such Easter eve supper to the family in which
he had his free meals ; before him stood the large deep
bowl filled with the customary boiled rice, and on either side
a decanter of wine. The room was lighted by two candles
on the table, and in snuffing them both were accidentally
put out, and the maid sent out to the kitchen to relight
them ; when all were in darkness the student thought he
would improve the opportunity to take a long draught
from one of the wine decanters, and after doing so he set
it down softly on the table, but when the lights were
brought in, it was found to the astonishment of all that in-
stead of putting the decanter back again on the table, he

G SWEDISH SUPERSTITIONS

had placed it deep in the middle of the bowl of rice before
him. Tableau : French leave, and no more free meals
for the unlucky student in that family.

When darkness sets in on Easter eve, you will see all
the hills lighted up by great bonfires which are kept up
till sunrise on Easter day. This is done in memory of an
old superstition that the devil and witches had full sway on
the earth during the days the Savior laid in the grave, and
particularly on Easter eve it was said that the witches by
riding on brooms through the air would congregate on the
hill-tops and concoct evil doings for the human race, and
to keep them away the superstitious people would light
every available hill-top with rousing bonfires.

As the witches are all dead long ago with the exception
of their flaxen-haired and blue-eyed fair descendants which
the Swedes don't want to scare away, you see there is no
actual need at the present time to keep up these Easter
bonfires, except as a time-honored custom, and it is one of
the features of Easter eve for families to go out to look at
the display of bonfires in the evening, after supper.

The 25th day of June, in Sweden, is St. John's day, or
midsummer day, and is one of the most social and enjoy-
able holidays in Sweden. The evening before is midsum-
mer night, which is celebrated by decorating of May-poles,
around which the peasants dance till early dawn. Months
before this festival, the peasant girls will save the egg-
shells by carefully blowing out the contents ; such empty
c<v<r-shells are strung on a twine like beads on a string and
the green covered May-pole is wound spirally by such
egg-shells, looking at a distance like white pearls on a
dark green ground, and has a very pretty effect. Besides
this the May-poles are dressed with flowered hoops, gar-
lands and bright ribbons, and for a couple of months after-
wards you will see the May-pole standing on the village
green as a monument of a joyous and happy occasion.

AND CHARACTERISTICS. 7

It is not without interest, once in a while, to find out what
other people think of us. By us, I mean we Americans.

On leaving England, where I lived a year and a half
I was told by the cashier of the iron establishment where I
worked in Lancashire, that the Americans were very queer
people ; and he asked me if I had bought a revolver to take
with me to Boston.

I said no ; for I confessed I did not know how to use
one, and I was afraid I would do myself more damage
than good, and he said he was very sorry, for he knew I
would not have a very long lease of life in New England
without one.

I have been here about fourteen years, from Maine to
Illinois, from Canada to North Carolina, and to the honor
of this country, I want to say I never owned one and never
had the need of that weapon during this long time. He
also stated very seriously that if I went to churches in New
England, I would see the men resting their feet on the top
of the pew in front, and that they were in the habit of
smoking pipes while in church. The first time I went into
a New England church, I sat anxiously waiting to see the
men put their feet on the pew in front and pull out
their pipes, but I was very agreeably disappointed, and I
have come to the conclusion that the New Englanders, al-
though they are a young race, are almost as civilized as
the people of Great Britain.

I also heard of a German who emigrated to this country
and afterwards married an estimable young American lady,
at which his parents were very much distressed ; and when
some years afterwards he travelled with his wife to see
the old folks, they were greatly relieved at seeing the
young wife; for they said, we thought all the time that
coming from the United States she must be black, and she
is just as good-looking as we are.

Now the ordinary Swedes also have a very imperfect

8 SWEDISH SUPERSTITIONS

knowledge of this country, that is, as to its extent and rel-
ative location of cities and states. This is not to be won-
dered at, for the same I believe is true as to the general
American knowledge of the localities in Sweden ; and
what care we here for the relative position of such hard-
sounding names of Swedish counties as Bohnslau, Dalslancl,
Westergotland, Ostergotland, Kalmar, Skaue, and Smal-
and ; so you must not think that we Swedes are very ig-
norant and verdant because we do not know the geography
of the United States, and this the more, as in our Swedish
school atlases, Sweden and Norway occupy a couple of
double pages, whereas only a small portion of a page is
devoted to the whole of North America, and we naturally
come to the conclusion that distances in the United States
are small as compared with Sweden, and it is only by
travelling through the United States that we get a proper
idea of the vast extent of the country. I make this expla-
nation that you may understand what follows : about
fourteen years ago, when I left Sweden for the United
States, a number of friends called on me and said they had
heard I was going to Boston, U. S. A., and would I be so
kind as to take a letter and message with me for some re-
lation or friend of theirs. Oh, yes. I took about twenty-
five letters addressed to persons in Illinois, Wisconsin,
Minnesota, and New Sweden, Maine, my friends saying
that such places were not far from where I was going,
and they and I had an idea that they were all suburbs of
Boston, and that it would be a pleasure to deliver the let-
ters in person.

When I arrived in Boston, I met an American gentle-
man to whom I had a letter of introduction, and after tak-
ing dinner with him, he asked me what I meant to do. I
said I was going to work in a day or so, but that I had
first a number of letters to hand round to friends in the
suburbs of Boston, and I would be obliged to him if he

AND CHARACTERISTICS. 9

would tell me what kind of horse-cars to take to reach such
places. He said certainly, "please show me the letters,"
which I handed to him; and as he began to read Illinois,
Wisconsin, Minnesota, Texas, Missouri, and New Sweden,
Maine, he looked at me with a strange expression in his
eyes, and I began to fear I did not please him, so I asked
him what the matter was, and he said he thought I might
be tired after my long journey, and if I would pay him
three cents apiece for the letters, he would see to it that
they would reach their owners. I thought he was remark-
ably kind to offer to run round for me at that price, and
it was not until some time afterwards that I found out
that he engaged Uncle Sam to deliver my letters, and that
the directions thereon were States situated thousands of
miles apart, instead of being suburbs of Boston.

The Indians are ever an interesting subject for the
Swedes at home to enquire about, for they seem to have
an idea that Boston has about as many Indians as white
people among its population, and I was asked this summer
if I had had much trouble with the Indians, and if I was
not afraid of being scalped, and all such matters, to which
I replied that as far as my observation had been among
the Boston Indians, I had found them very orderly and
peaceable, and that, in fact, the most of them were very
well-behaved, being mostly employed as sentinels outside
cigar and tobacco shops.

A bald-headed person coming from the United States
to Sweden excites a great deal of curiosity among the com-
mon people in that country, for it is hard to convince them
that he has not left his scalp suspended, as an ornamental
appendage, to the belt of one of the noble red Indians of
the Boston prairies.

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XV. 2

RECORDS OF THE CITIES AND TOWNS OF ESSEX COUNTY.
INFORMATION ON THEIR CONDITION REQUESTED.

At a regular meeting of the Institute held on Monday
evening, February 5, 1883, Vice President Robert S.
Rantoul stated that he had corresponded with John T.
Hassam, Esq., of Boston, who is interested in a plan for
a thorough examination of the town and city records in
this Commonwealth, to ascertain their present condition,
also looking to their preservation and to the adoption of
the most approved methods of arrangement.

The increasing interest, during the past few years, in
genealogical and historical investigations, has imparted to
these records a due appreciation of their value as deposi-
tories of historical information and the great need of the
fostering care of the legislature and of those in authority.

Mr. Rantoul showed some blank forms of a circular
which had been prepared for the use of the town and city
clerks, so that a uniformity in the returns may be ob-
served ; also a circular-letter to be signed by the Presi-
dent, soliciting a response to the questions proposed.

Mr. Hassam has requested the cooperation of the In-
stitute, and is desirous that it would take charge of the
sending of the circulars and the receiving of the returns
from the clerks of the cities and towns of Essex county,
mentioning that other societies in the state had been in-
vited to cooperate and to assume their respective propor-
tion of the work required.

The subject was referred to a committee consisting of
Messrs. Robert S. Rantoul, Henry F. Waters, and James
A. Emmerton with authority to act.
10

IN MEMORY DF

eALKB COOKE,

B ora Fcflxrii nrry 5? 18 3 6,
medJTiiiB.. ai8'80;

IN THE MUS':EUM DF THE;
PSABODY ACADEMY^ SGIEim

I o O £

188 0,

/

■W^4M^

PRESENTATION OF THE CALEB COOKE MEMORIAL TABLET

TO THE TRUSTEES OF THE PEABODY ACADEMY

OF SCIENCE, JAN. 12, 1883.

The subscribers to the Caleb Cooke Memorial Tablet
met in the lecture room of the Academy on Friday
evening Jan. 12, 1883, for the purpose of transferring to
the trustees of the Academy the mural tablet which had
been placed in the hallway a few days before.

Mr. John Robinson presided at the meeting and intro-
duced the subject as follows : During the spring of 1882,
a few friends of the late Caleb Cooke, feeling that his un*
tiring interest and long continued services in behalf of the
scientific institutions of Salem should in some way be
recognized, and that a simple record of his work should be
placed before the eyes of the public, suggested the advis-
ability, by a general subscription, of raising a sum of
money sufficient to purchase and place in the museum,
where so much of Mr. Cooke's life had been spent, a fitting
mural tablet to his memory.

The suggestion met with the cordial approval of all
and, without solicitation other than a short notice in the
Salem newspapers, nearly the required sum was raised in
fifty cent subscriptions. This was augmented by the pro-
ceeds of an entertainment and a few larger subscriptions
from intimate friends.

The trustees of the Academy gladly approved of the
project, and at once a committee of the subscribers ar-
ranged with the Boston Terra Cotta Company for a suit*

(ii)

12 CALEB COOKE MEMORIAL TABLET.

able tablet and border from original and appropriate
designs. This upon being moulded proved even more
satisfactory than was expected, and was soon completed and
placed in the position selected at the Museum, the work of
setting the tablet being gratuitously performed by Mr.
Joseph N. Peterson, the Academy's mason.

It would not be the wish of our late friend that we
should come here in a spirit of sadness, but rather that
we should meet socially and pleasantly as he himself was
always wont to do. It is fitting too that, in this hall
where, yearly, thousands of visitors pass to and fro, a
simple memorial should meet their eyes and continually
remind them of one who contributed so much towards
the collection of the specimens and the arrangement of
the Museum.

Mr. Robert S. Rantoul, in behalf of the subscribers, pre-
sented the tablet to the trustees in the following words : -

The friends of the late Caleb Cooke, and it was my
pleasure to be counted among them, have commissioned
me to tender, in their name and behalf, to the trustees of
the Peabody Academy of Science, the mural tablet which
they have placed here, to be a memorial as lasting as it is
unique and beautiful, of our lamented friend, an officer of
this school of science.

It is well that here, in the very scene of his labors, the
generations who are to enjoy the fruits of them should
pause before this simple slab. It matters little now that
he whose name it bears was the pupil and coadjutor of
Agassiz, — that he had been a voyager in both conti-
nents of the Southern Hemisphere, — that he lived here
or there died. But it matters much for all time to know
that here was one who could forego the keener oratifi-
cations of the hour for the sake of lasting good. Here

CALEB COOKE MEMORIAL TABLET. 13

was one who was happier to toil modestly and incon-
spicuously at the far-off solution of those endless problems
of the material world, so the result obtained might be
ever so little a modicum of truth, rather than to strug-
gle after the unsubstantial prizes of reputation and of
life, so apt to crumble in the hands that snatch them.
Here was a man who found content in friendships, — his
highest pleasure in human sympathy and modest work.
Other men understood and professed that usefulness is
happiness and that there is no higher good than doing
for others what good we can. Here was a man who felt
and acted it. And if it be true indeed, that getting and
giving are the be all and end all of American life, then it
is well that this elegant memorial shall attest the fact
that here, amongst us, in this bustling nineteenth century
of ours, there lived and died a quiet worker, little known
and caring little to be known beyond his sphere, wise
enough to know that no getting more enriches than the
getting, out of her secret storehouses, of Nature's jewels
of knowledge, — that no giving more truly warms the
heart of giver and taker, and is twice blest, than the giv-
ing of knowledge.

We need not here recount the simple phases of this
life too early spent. They are a familiar portion of our
household history. To the labyrinthian mazes of this
noble museum his mind was the clew. It was said, some-
what extravagantly, that he could put his hand, in the
dark, on every specimen, but of how many of those
specimens was it the fact that his hand had placed
them where they were. I say nothing of his philan-
thropy, of his broad catholicity of spirit, of a score
of estimable personal traits, each as conspicuous as his
unswerving love of science. Other occasions have been
found to speak of them, and others will speak of them

14 CALEB COOKE MEMORIAL TABLET.

here ; my function is less broad. For those of the pass-
ino- generation who knew our friend there is no need of
word or tablet to keep his memory fresh. The laurel,
perennial green, the shells reversed, the bird of wisdom,
seeing through the darkness, these are fitting emblems,
were emblems needed, of the memory of our loss. But
for that greater multitude which follows on, to which his
life will be a myth and his life-work will be only merged
in the mighty aggregate of modern scientific thought, let
this slab remain, while this noble monument, the Pea-
body Academy, shall stand, to attest that only those who
serve are worthy, and that by the side of wealth which
grandly endows science, is to be commemorated with
equal gratitude that life-consecration which makes science
and its grand endowment possible.

At the close of Mr. Rantoul's address, Dr. Henry
Wheatland, Vice President of the Peabody Academy of
Science, accepting the memorial, responded in behalf of
the trustees, as follows :

It is much to be regretted that on this occasion our
honored President is not here to respond in fitting terms
to your appropriate remarks at the unveiling of this me-
morial given by many friends, in recognition of the rela-
tions of Mr. Cooke to this institution.

The President has been for several months in Europe
and will probably remain until the spring or early sum-
mer when I hope that he will return with greatly im-
proved health, which had been much impaired by arduous
and exhaustive labors on the bench of the Supreme Court.

Some thirty years ago, a tall, red-haired youth, not
out of his teens, came to the rooms of the Essex Insti-
tute and desired to be a member. He was elected May
11, 1853, and continued his membership from that time

CALEB COOKE MEMORIAL TABLET. 15

until his decease, taking a deep interest in its objects and
in the natural sciences, and for more than twenty-one
years of this period held some official position, or a place
on some important committee.

Caleb Cooke was the son of William and Mary (Fogg)
Cooke, and was born in Salem Feb. 5, 1836. His father
was a mariner and for several years was an officer on
board of vessels engaged in the West African trade and
died in California when the son was in his boyhood. He
was educated in our public schools, and commenced active
life as a clerk in the bookstore of Henry Whipple & Son,
continuing in this position only for a short time when he
left. After spending about one year with George F.
Read in the study of the languages, especially the Latin,
he devoted himself principally to the pursuit of natural
history, which had long been his inclination.

To this end he went to Cambridge and pursued his
studies under Prof. L. Agassiz, the great teacher, who
during his residence in this country had done so much to
stimulate the study of nature and a spirit of scientific
investigation, commenced the formation of the Museum
of Comparative Zoology, and gathered a class of pupils,
many of whom have contributed much to advance his plans
and have become distinguished. They hold or have held
many prominent positions, professorships in our various
seats of learning, the charge of museums, conducting scien-
tific explorations, or preparing communications to the
publications of learned societies or the journals of the day,
or separate treatises on their respective specialties. Such
were his associates during his connection with Agassiz.

In 1859, at the request of Professor Agassiz, he went
to Para, Brazil, to collect specimens for the Museum, and
in 1860 he went to Zanzibar on a like mission, sailing
from Salem in the bark Persia on the fifth of November of

16 CALEB COOKE MEMORIAL TABLET.

that year. He remained in this field of labor until he was
compelled to leave on account of sickness, having the
African fever, but almost recovered his health during his
passage home, arriving at Providence per English bark
Sheffield, May 17, 1865, after an eighty-two days' passage
from Zanzibar.

While he was absent, Professor Agassiz and Senator
Sumner procured for him the appointment of United
States Consul at Mozambique, but the commission passed
him in transit and he never acted under it, although his
name was borne upon the rolls for several years.

From the organization of the Peabody Academy of
Science in March, 1867, until his decease, he was an As-
sistant and one of the Curators of the Museum under its
charge.

He was a member of the American Association for the
Advancement of Science, and of the Boston Society of
Natural History.

In 1875, he assisted Dr. G. M. Levette of the State
Geological Survey of Indiana, in a hydrographic survey
of a dozen or more of the lakes in the northern part of
that state, where his experience in the collecting and pres-
ervation of specimens of natural history and in seining
and dredging was of great value.

About a year after its organization in 1869, the Salem
Fraternity first attracted Mr. Cooke's attention. He soon
became one of its most helpful friends, and more and more
betook into his willing hands multiplying activities. He
was interested in the formation of the library and reading
room, becoming chairman of the committee on these de-
partments and constantly and earnestly devoting himself
to the welfare of this institution. He possessed admi-
rable traits of character. No one could take more pains

CALEB COOKE MEMORIAL TABLET. 17

to confer a favor than he even to the humblest of the
boys. He was a useful man in the line of his special-
ties.

Resolutely following up his work to the last, refusing
to listen to the suggestions of rest or medical advice till
it was too late, he sank rapidly to his death, which oc-
curred on the fifth of June, 1880.

In behalf of the trustees, I accept this noble tribute to
his memory, and tender to you, the representative of the
contributors and of those who took the charge of this
work, their sincere thanks. It will always have a suitable
place on the walls of their building.

May it be an incentive to others to take up his mantle
and go and do likewise in the advancement of all in edu-
cation, knowledge and general culture.

Rev. E. B. Willson being called upon by the presiding
officer as connected with the Salem Fraternity, of which
Mr. Cooke had been an active member, said :

Mr. Cooke's long-continued and valuable work as a
sincerely devoted manager and helper, in carrying
on the several departments of the Salem Fraternity,
was always a gratuitous service, given cheerfully and
without solicitation. He was the one who came when
others staid away : day or evening. He had great influ-
ence with the boys and young men. He knew how to
control with vigor, yet with kindness and justice, the some-
times rather turbulent crowd which resorts to the amuse-
ment room of the Fraternit}' of a winter's evening. He
hated cant and all the affectations of a busy and preten-
tious benevolence ; would not hear praise or commendation
of himself; believed in showing whether or not he was a
friend of his kind by what he did, and not by speech.

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XV. 2*

18 CALEB COOKE MEMORIAL TABLET.

The Fraternity lost its right hand when he died. Its
counselling intelligence lost, too, in him some of its best
practical wisdom : that wisdom that comes primarily from
a hearty interest. In him was an unwearying willingness
to plan and to work for the objects which this association
seeks to accomplish. He believed in it wholly. He saw
in its methods the best, perhaps the only, way to deal with
a class of persons especially exposed, especially unpro-
vided for in the general social and educational arrange-
ments of the day, and equally endangering society in the
future, if unconsidered now.

If any should be kept in remembrance, and should have
commemorating tablets set up as memorials of their rare
qualities and services it is such as he.

The Chair referred to Mr. Cooke's love for nature and
the enjoyment he always took in collecting the earliest
flowers at spring, and called upon Mr. W. P. Andrews
as one of the friends who had frequently accompanied him
at such times.

In response, Mr. Andrews said :

He had but one word to add to the just and discrim-
inating estimates of Mr. Cooke ; and that was as to his
non-observance of religious forms and ceremonies, and
the fact that he was never to be found inside a church on
Sunday morning. This arose not from depreciation of
the value of any sincere religious conviction ; for Mr.
Cooke's life was sincerity itself, and he was quick to rec-
ognize any good in the world ; but rather from his deep
feeling for our common mother Nature, who spoke to him
in tones which made the efforts of the average preacher
and congregation seem tame and cold in comparison.

CALEB COOKE MEMORIAL TABLET. 19

To one who is always conscious of the lofty harmonies
of the universe, the confinement of a meeting house, and
the somewhat labored requirements of stated devotion,
are often less a help than a hinderance to real adoration.
Above all things Mr. Cooke was real and true to a re-
markable degree ; and if he was careless of the outward
formulas of worship, the best and most genuine of his
clerical friends have borne manly testimony to the fact,
that his whole life was an act of devotion. " While we
preached the Christ and him crucified, he lived the Christ
life," said one of the five ministers of the Gospel who at-
tended the funeral of this unobtrusive, humble worker;
and the statement sums up Mr. Cooke's being, which was
indeed a perpetual prayer; unuttered by the lips, — for
he made no outward professions of any sort, — but acted
in his unconscious daily existence. Could he help the
needy in mind, body or estate, there was his service.
Could he assist a friend in any work or pleasure, there
was his hymn of praise. And nothing could daunt him
unless it was the expectation of some acknowledgment of
gratitude, from which he shrank as hastily as most men
seek reward here or hereafter for the good they have
done.

His life was undoubtedly shortened by his untiring de-
votion to the charity with which his name will be forever
associated ; and almost his last strength was spent in giv-
ing pleasure to a friend's children, whose sunny natures
always found an answer in his own unselfish child-heart.
The lovely arethusa, which they had gaily plucked to-
gether on the last Sunday morning he was with us,
bloomed on unwithered, when his own outward form was
returned to the Great Mother whose gentle spirit blos-
soms anew in the sweetness and purity of his own.

20 CALEB COOKE MEMORIAL TABLET.

Careless of forms, and all our casual creeds,
Known truly but to nearest friends, and few ;
He simply asked : " What is there I can do
Tor others?" heedless of his own scant needs.

He led the Life that every pulpit feeds,

Though ne'er the pastors found him in a pew :

Yet one said : " Brother, many years we two

Have preached The Christ; — he made our words his deeds."

Pure Soul ! not for himself he spent his might,
And humbly learned his Mother Nature's lore,
Roaming a child, with children, by her side.

Leal-hearted Comrade ! not for him came night ;

Rather for us who took the flowers he bore,

The flowers still fair, though he, good man, has died.

The Chair then read several letters which had been
received from persons at a distance, and those nearer
home who were prevented from being present on the
occasion and which are referred to below :

Cambridge, Mass., Jan. 12, 1883.

Were it not that I have been confined to the house for sev-
eral days by a severe cold, I should be with you this evening to join
in the well deserved tribute to the memory of Caleb Cooke, my friend
and associate for so many years.

He was a faithful worker and officer in the Institute and Academy,
and to his quiet and unostentatious labors far more is clue in develop-
ing the wide-spread interest in local natural history pursuits, for
which Essex County has become noted, than his peculiar character
and habits would lead the superficial observer to suspect. His sin-
gular life, with its many deep undercurrents of thought and action,
was only understood during his lifetime by a few who had long been
associated with him, although his good works have been acknowl-
edged since his death. I am personally thankful that the memory of
my friend is to be perpetuated by the tablet to be presented to the
Academy this evening, and it seems to me that the Board of Trustees

CALEB COOKE MEMOKIAL TABLET. 21

will never be called upon to accept a more honorable trust than its
perpetual care.

Regretting that I cannot be present at the ceremony of presen-
tation,

I remain,

Yours very truly,

P. W. Putnam.

Providence, R. I., Jan. 17, 1883.
I received your postal card in reference to the dedication of
the memorial to Caleb Cooke, and being much occupied with sickness
in my family did not answer it at once, supposing that the exercises
would not take place immediately. I regret exceedingly that I did
not send a letter at once to be read on the occasion with the others.
I had a peculiar regard and affection for our departed friend. His un-
selfish devotion to his friends, his zeal for science and the very many
unostentatious services he rendered to those working upon scientific
subjects, as well as the hearty and wholesome manner in which he
labored for the Essex Institute and Peabody Academy of Science, as
well as the Salem Fraternity, are deserving of the permanent record
which has been made.

Yours very truly,

A. S. Packard, jr.

It is with regret that I am unable to accept your kind
invitation to attend the presentation of the Caleb Cooke Memorial to
the Trustees. I venture to send a word of tribute which you may hide
away with your account of the evening's exercises; it is simply the
word of a witness who knew him not only in the work of the Summer
School and the Essex Institute, bnt through his generous regard for

children.

Kind hands erect this Tablet
To the memory of one,

Whose hand was ever ready-
To assist his fellows,

Whose heart was kind and tender
As a child's; as loyal and true

As any knight of old;
Simple and unpretentious,

Yet great, because himself;
Honest, upright, sincere,

Such was the man we honor,
He lived and labored here.

Yours cordially,
. Kate Tannatt Woods.

Salem, Jan. 12, 1883.

22 CALEB COOKE MEMOKIAL TABLET.

Grand Rapids, Jan. 14, 1883.
I wish to express my thanks that I am still remembered in
Salem, and especially that I am identified as a friend of the late Caleb
Cooke.

I know nothing of the circumstances connected with his death —
simply that he is gone, and I feel the deepest sorrow that this must
be.

Mr. Cooke was the first person, belonging to the Peabody Academy
of Science, who welcomed me when I reported myself as a student
for the summer class of 1876, and his cordial, earnest greeting gave
me a feeling, at once, that he was to be among those who would take
an interest in my welfare. Mr. Cooke had many opportunities that
season to extend friendly services, and special acts of kindness, for
which I shall always feel grateful.

I am glad this " Memorial Tablet" has been placed in the building,
which must have been dear to him from long association.

These few lines are prompted by a warm regard, and deep feeling
of respect for the one whose memory you have so appropriately hon-
ored.

Yours very truly,

Mrs. Geo. C. Fitch.

After several other letters together with the above had
been read, the company passed to the hall to examine the
tablet which had been unveiled.

At the close of the exercises a collation was served in
the library, after which the party adjourned.

Note. — The accompanying heliotype illustration of the memorial
tablet is from a photograph made by Mr. Andrew B. Cross of Salem,
under a Thomsom-Houston Electric light of 2,000 candle power,
kindly loaned for the purpose by the Salem Electric Lighting Com-
pany.

SELISH MYTHS

By W. J. Hoffman, M. D.

Introduction.

The accompanying stories were obtained from the Flat-
head, or, more properly speaking, Selish Indians, con-
sisting of one of the tribes composing the eastern division
of the Selish linguistic stock, and who occupy the Jocko
Valley, in Montana, at the eastern base of the Rocky
Mountains. The Selish, as well as all other native tribes,
are extremely fond of passing the long winter evenings in
story-telling, and to attempt to record the events of one
evening would be an arduous task. A few myths have
been selected for this piper, and for the purpose of illus-
trating the language, as well as the syntactical structure,
but a single narrative is submitted in the original text.
It is proper to state that these Indians, when speaking of
the various animals and birds and their participation in
various transactions and exploits, do not look upon them
in any other light than that of human beings who lived in
remote times. One reason why we hear such expressions
as "A Panther married a Salmon," or "The Bear killed
the Gopher," is because an individual named " The Pan-
ther " married the daughter of another called the " Salmon ;"
though generally, these names are not personal names but
relate to the gens or clans of which the respective persons
were members. According to tribal laws, no one is
permitted to marry within the gens, but always selects a
partner from without, the gens being considered consan-
guineous and descendants from a common ancestor.

(23)

21

SELISII MYTHS.

In the following text I have adopted phonetic orthogra-
phy, adding two characters to express sounds not readily
reproduced in English, viz. :

/, the sound of the German cli in nacht, the Arabic
ghain or Spanish mujer ; q, being equal to ch in German
nicht. This is a softer sound than the preceding which is
coarse and guttural.

Sen'-tshe-le'
[of the] Coyote
Se-huist'-tsen'tshe-lep
He was walking, the Coyote
sko-le'-pi* to-6'-se,
they were cooking eggs,
s'a-a-tsu'^ts we-titsht'

he looked
u-^oF-lu sen7 -tshe'-le'
he went the Coyote

while they went to sleep
[and]

t'lus-kal-ep'.
from the cooking place.

o-ko-es'
[then] he took

rhui'-hue-u-gl's

the little birdf

/lus'-pG-lem'-tsis ;
the bill :

so'-tumst

he pulled

[stretched]

o-we'wi'

the Meadow

[Lark

o'k-tso'-tsis
he pressed
[the head
so'-pot
the tail [of]

kwa'-wi-li/lts'
yellow breast

ko'-tump't.
Story,
o-we'-tshes
[and] he saw

hui'-hue-iu' ;
many animals and birds ;
es-tsl-a/
all of them
t'l'-ken-tes'
Femoved the dirt
[from the eggs] .
\J-iV-qis tsus'-pen-os ;

Then he ate everything ;

e-hue'-u-gl'sts
[and] he pulled

[crosswise
/lus'-en'k-tsii' ;
[of] the Lynx ;J

/los'-gtl-su'-ini-e ;
the Panther ;%

pdos'-tshi-tshi-ma'-ugts ;

the breast he made ;

SELISII MYTHS,

25

o-huist'-^lu'
he walked away

/lak'-tshilsht

he sat down

Ka-li^ts'
They awoke

Se'-tslsh-tshel',
What is the matter,
kle'-ke-o'-vi-tse

we ate all

We'-kol-kwe'-tshi-na/, j
Talked one, |

Kwemt'-po-mln-tsugt.
Then they all scattered.

sen'-tshe-lc' tshll-kQt'

the Coyote a short distance

I we-/'l-stla'-/lsht.
[and] [ he looked at them.

^lu-hui'-hue-^ults.
all the birds and animals,
liable
already
u'-ke-tltsh'?
before we went to sleep ?

ta'-sin-so-hui'-ne-min-tem7.
they could not understand him.

THE COYOTE AND THE MUD-HEN.

The Coyote was one time compelled to hunt for food,
and while strolling along the shore of a lake, observed a
great variety of water fowl only a short distance from land,
but still too much exposed to be approached without de-
tection. He found some broad leaves growing in the water,
took a quantity of them with which he covered his body,
and crawled slowly along the edge of the water to the
point opposite, and nearest to, the birds. The Swan caught
sight of the Coyote as he was approaching and called out
to him, saying, " Coyote, what are you doing with that
load on your back?" to which the Coyote replied, "That
is my music." " That is queer looking music," said the
Swan, "let us hear your song, so that we may learn to
know your voice." " I cannot do it now," the Coyote re-
plied, " but if you will come to my lodge this evening,
which I shall build here on the bank, I will sing for you
and we can have a dance." The birds agreed to come, and

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XV. 3

26 SELISH MYTHS.

the Coyote immediately left and began to erect his lodge,
securing all the coverings and closing all the small openings
so as to prevent the escape of any one within, except
through the doorway.

After sunset the birds began to arrive, entered the lodge
and took their places around the fire. When all had come,
and the lodge was full, the Coyote said "Now we will have
to put out the fire so that none of us get burnt by treading
on the hot coals." The fire was then extinguished, when
the Coyote took his place at the door, telling the birds to
dance around in a circle while he sang for them. The
Coyote sang, and the birds danced, passing around and by
the door where the Coyote was stationed where he grasped
the birds, rapidly as possible, by the necks which he broke,
throwing the bodies on the outside. After a while one of
the Ducks said, " Where are all our dancers, I hear but a
few? light the fire so that we may see wThat is going on."
Then the Coyote built another fire that he might catch the
other birds, but when they saw their companions lying
dead on the outside of the lodge, they cried out that they
were being exterminated, and made a rush for the door,
the last one to leave being the Mud-Hen, and as it stooped
to pass through the door, the Coyote kicked it on the legs
so that the joints protrude awkwardly toward the tail even
to this day.

The Ponkashave a myth somewhat resembling the above,
but which has reference to a change of the color of the
eyes of the Turkey, which corresponds to the Dakota myth
relating to a similar change in the color of the eyes of the
Wood Duck.

HOW THE LYNX GOT HIS BROAD FACE.

There was a great chief, the Panther, who had a beau-
tiful daughter. One day there was a gathering of the
whole tribe when each animal tried to obtain her for his

SELISH MYTHS. 27

wife. The Bear proposed to the Panther for his daughter,
but he would not listen. The Rabbit also tried, but in
vain, as did all the others. When night came on, the
Lynx sat thinking, when all at once the thought came to
him that he might behold the Panther's daughter, even if
he could not marry her, whereupon he left his own lodge
and proceeded to that occupied by her. Then he carefully
crawled upon the lodge and looked down through the
opening left for the smoke to issue, where he saw the Pan-
ther girl asleep, with her mouth wide open. The Lynx
sat in wonder looking at the beautiful girl, and while he
was panting from the exertions in ascending the lodge,
some saliva dropped down into her mouth, which caused
her to have a child, in due time, which could not be stopped
from crying.

The Panther Chief tried to quiet his grandchild, but
could not ; the daughter tried, but failed, as did all the rest
of the Panther's family. No one could be found who could
be chosen as the father of the crying child. Then the
Panther Chief called together all the young men of the
tribe, and said, "Go you, all of you, and try if you can
quiet my Grandchild, and the one in whose embrace it
ceases to cry, shall be the father of my Grandchild and the
husband of my daughter." Then the Bear tried to quiet
the child but could not'; the Rabbit tried and failed ; and
all the rest of the young men met with no success. The
Coyote came last, and when he took up the child it became
quiet at once, when the Panther Chief said, "Coyote, the
child is yours, and you must take my daughter for your
wife." This was as the Coyote desired, but when he at-
tempted to take his wife away, all the young men, who had
been repulsed in their previous attentions to the Panther
girl, set upon the Lynx and beat him to death and scat-
tered the pieces.

28 SELISH MYTHS.

Then the tribe moved off to a distant camping place,
leaving the Panther girl with her child and murdered hus-
band to themselves. Then from the pieces of the Lynx
lying about, came a voice directing her to place tbem to-
gether as well as she could and to set the mass in a corner
of the lodge, and to cover it with soft robes where it should
remain for five days. The wife did as she was told, and
sat despondently in the lodge waiting for the time to elapse
when she could again have her husband restored to her.
On the third day, the wife, who had become very lonely,
approached her husband and asked, " May I remove the
robes to look at yo.u?" "No," responded the Lynx, "wait
two days longer and I will be well." Then she pressed
the robes closely about him and pressed them upon his
head to keep him warm. On the fourth day, the wife a-
gain approached the corner in which her husband was, and
said, "May I remove the blankets and take you out, I am
very lonesome?" "No," responded the Lynx, "wait one
day longerand thenlshallbe quite well." Onthemorningof
the fifth day, the Panther again approached the Lynx and
said, "May I remove the blankets and take you out, I am
so lonesome that I can wait no longer ?" but before the
Lynx could reply that the day was not yet over, she had
removed the coverings to liberate her husband, when he
immediately came forth, but his face was still broad and
flat from the pressure of the blankets put upon it, and so
it remains to this day.

In the meantime the tribe, who had removed from the
old camping ground, had suffered much from want and
privation. Many had starved to death, and many more
were dying. The Magpie happened to return to the old
camp one day, and found that the Lynx and his family had
all the meat they could eat ; in fact they had so much that
everything was greasy with the fat that had been thrown

SELISH MYTHS. 29

from the lodge. Then the Magpie gathered up a great
quantity of meat, returned to his camp and fed the tribe.
The Panther Chief then said, "Where did you find meat,
we have none in our country ?" " I went hunting," answered
the Magpie, "and killed some game." The other hunters
now demanded the truth, as they did not believe the Mag-
pie's story.

Then the Magpie narrated his journey to the old camping
ground, saying " the Lynx and his family have all they can
eat. They have all the meat they can want, and more too,
in fact they have so much that everything in their camp
looks greasy." "Then we shall return to them," said the
Panther, " get you everything together that we can take
with us and let us leave at once." After all were ready to
leave, the Panther said, "come, let us start for our old
home," and they set out. After a long journey, the tribe
came in sight of the lodge owned by the Lynx, and soon
every one was glad, for the Lynx and his wife came out of
the lodge and welcomed them back.

HOW THE RABBIT HAD HIS LIP CUT.

One day the Rabbit happened to visit a neighboring
camp, where he saw a beautiful girl with whom he imme-
diately fell in love. He at once started to catch her, but
she ran very fast, and the faster the Rabbit ran in pursuit
the faster went the girl. The young men of the tribe,
seeing a stranger chasing their favorite, immediately gave
chase, and when they got near enough, be^an to throw
stones and clubs at the Rabbit, until finally one young war-
rior hurled a club which hit the Rabbit below the nose slit-
ting the upper lip, which has not healed to this day.

THE COYOTE AND THE FISHES.

The Coyote one day stood upon the bank of a large
river in which he saw many white fish swimming about.
Then he said to them, " Go, tell your people to come to

30 SELISH MYTHS.

my lodge which I shall build here on the bank, and to play
with me. I shall look for you to-morrow." The fish said
they would go, and immediately disappeared in deep water.
The Coyote was a great gambler, but did not suppose the
fish would be able to come on land, still, he built a lodge
as he had told them he would do. Next day great numbers
of all kinds of fishes came swarming from the river and.
entered the Coyote's lodge. Then they began to play, and
played until the Coyote had lost everything he owned,
even his clothing.

When the Fishes were ready to go, one of them said,
" Coyote, come and see us under the water to-morrow, and
we will play again." The Coyote said that he would come,
though he knew he could not go under the water, neither
did the Fishes believe that he would come. Then the
Coyote went away very sad, when the Fox, his cousin,
met him and said, "Brother, why are you so sad?" "I am
sad," replied the Coyote, "because I lost everything I
owned yesterday while playing with the Fishes. I cannot
recover the things, although they invited me to come and
play with them to-day." Then the Fox said, " if that is all,
I will take you under the water, and we can go now ;" so
the Fox took his pipe, put the Coyote into the bowl and
covered it with clay. Then the Fox got into a canoe and
paddled out into deep water, when he jumped overboard
and sank to the bottom, where he took the Coyote out of
his pipe, and they started to visit the camp of the Fishes,
which they soon found.

The Coyote then began to play with the Fishes, and
continued gambling until he had recovered all he had lost
the day before, and had won everything from the Fishes
that could be carried away. Then the Fox again put the
Coyote into the bowl of his pipe, ascended to his canoe,
and returned to the shore where he liberated his cousin,
the ( Joyote.

SELISH MYTHS. 31

THE COYOTE AND HIS NEIGHBORS.

The Coyote had five sons with his wife, and lived in a
lodge a great distance from any other habitation. One
morning he took his youngest son and started to visit the
Elk, who also had fivesons. When, after a long journey, they
arrived at the Elk's lodge, they found it empty and no signs
of anything to eat. Then the Coyote said to his son, "I
do not like this, not having anything to eat after such a
Ions: walk." Soon the Elk returned and after welcoming
his visitors, stooped and picked up a sharp stick with which
he began to tear open his hips to dig out some Kamass
roots. The Elk then said " Eat some Kamass roots, they
are very good : I always provide myself in this way when
I am away from home and get hungry." " What," said the
Coyote, " do you expect me to eat dung?" "That is not
dung," said the Elk, " but Kamass roots." Then the Coy-
ote picked up one of them, and after nibbling at it cau-
tiously, discovered it to be very good, whereupon he and
his son filled their bellies with Kamass.

When the Coyote was about to depart, he said to the
Elk, "Come and see me to-morrow, and see how I live."
"Yes," responded the Elk, "I will come to see you to-
morrow."

Next morning the Elk took his youngest son and set out
for the Coyote's lodge which he reached after a long jour-
ney. After the Elk was welcomed, the Coyote took a
sharpened stick, as he had seen the Elk do, and commenced
to tear his flesh in a painful manner, when the Elk cried,
" Stop ! stop ! do not tear yourself so ; I do not think you
ever tried that before. It is my practice always to do that
when I am away from home and get hungry, so let me
provide the Kamass roots this time." "That is just what
I wanted you to do for me," said the Coyote, and handing
the stick to the Elk, they soon had enough Kamass for all,

32 SELISII MYTHS.

and after they had filled their bellies, the Elk and his son
left for home.

Next day the Coyote said to his youngest son, "Let us
call on our neighbor, the Bear, and see how he lives." So
after telling his wife of his plan, the Coyote and his son
started, and after a long journey, reached the Bear's lodge.
Then the Bear welcomed his visitors, when the Coyote
said " I do not see anything to eat, and we are hungry after
our long walk." The Bear then got down a large knife, and
after sharpening the edge against another stone,1 walked
up to his wife and, grasping her by the hip, cut out some
large slices of meat, which was soon broiled on the coals
and served. The Bear then took up a handful of earth
which he rubbed over the wound on his wife's hip, when
it instantly healed and was covered with hair as before.
Then the Bear said, "This is the way I always provide
myself with meat when I am away from home and get hun-
gry." After they had all filled their bellies with Bear's
meat, the Coyote rose to go, and said, "Bear, come and
see me to-morrow, and see how I live." "Yes," responded
the Bear, "I will come and see you to-morrow."

Next morning, the Bear with the youngest of his five
sons, called at the Coyote's lodge and was welcomed. Af-
ter a short time the Coyote arose and got a knife, which
he sharpened on another stone, as he had seen the Bear do ;
went up to his wife, grasped her by the hip, and cut her
almost to pieces during which she screamed with pain.
Then the Bear cried, "Stop ! stop ! why are* you doing that?
I do not think you ever tried that before. It is my prac-
tice always to do that when I am away from home and get
hungry, but you have never tried it before." Then the
Bear took the knife and cut a large quantity of meat from

1 It is evident from the use of this term that stone knives were used at the time
to which the myth relates.

SELISII MYTHS. 33

his own hip, after which he took up a small handful of
earth, rubbed it upon the wound, which healed instantly
and was covered with hair as before. "That is just what
I wanted you to do," said the Coyote. After the piece of
meat had been broiled on the coals, they all ate until their
bellies were full, when the Bear arose and started for home.

On the next day, the Coyote took his youngest son, and
started to visit the Kingfisher, who lived at a very great dis-
tance. They were both very tired and hungry by the time
they reached the Kingfisher's lodge, but, when they had
been welcomed, they were pleased to see preparations for
something to eat. The Covote was astonished to see how
the Kingfisher and his family all had their hair arranged in
top-knots, but said nothing. The Kingfisher told his
youngest son to collect some willow poles and to erect a
platform on the top of the lodge, which he immediately
proceeded to do.

Then the Kingfisher flew to the top of the lodge, which
was located near the river, and after watching a small
opening in the ice for a short time, suddenly flew toward
and into the hole, disappearing under the water. Soon he
returned bringing a fine large fish in his mouth, which was
broiled on the coals and served. After they had all filled
their bellies with fish, tlie Coyote arose to go and said,
" Kingfisher, come and see me to-morrow, and see how I
live." " Yes," responded the Kingfisher, " I will come and
see you to-morrow."

Next morning, the Kingfisher and his youngest son
started to visit the Coyote, whose lodge they reached after
a very long journey. The Coyote had been very much
occupied all the morning in tying his children's hair into
little tufts on the tops of their heads ; when his wife said,
" What are you doing with the children's heads ?" " Oh,"

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XV. 3*

34 SELISH MYTHS.

replied the Coyote, "I am only doing honor to the King-
fisher who is coming to see us to-day."

The Kingfisher was welcomed, and the Coyote, thinking
it time to have something to eat, called to his youngest
son and said, "Go and gather some willow poles and erect
a platform on the top of the lodge," which he immediately
proceeded to do. When it was finished the Coyote as-
cended the lodge, crawled on top of the platform, and
jumped off into the river, but the water being covered
with ice, he almost crushed his head and lay some time
badly hurt. The Kingfisher, though too late, cried, "Stop !
stop ! why are you doing that? I do not think you ever
tried that before. It is my practice always to clo that
when T am away from home and get hungry, but you have
never tried it before." Then the Kingfisher broke a hole
in the ice, ascended the platform and so dived into the
river, soon returning with a fine large fish, which was soon
broiled on the coals and served. Then they all ate until
their bellies were full, when the Kingfisher and his son
returned to their home.

After this, the Coyote continued to hunt his food as he
had been taught by his forefathers.

THE SALMON AND THE WOLF.

The Panther's youngest daughter was a very beautiful
girl, whom all the young men of the tribe desired to marry,
but whose offers the Panther refused, one by one. To
avoid the necessity of constantly refusing these applicants,
the Panther said, "Any one who will break my Elk-horns
shall have my daughter." This news soon spread to neigh-
boring camps, and a day was set for the trial of breaking
the " magic " Elk-horns. The Bear came forward, grasped
the horns and crushed them into small pieces, but when

1425141

SELISH MYTHS. 35

he threw them upon the ground they immediately flew to-
gether and the horns were entire, as before. Then the
Rabbit took the horns and crushed them, but he had no
sooner thrown them upon the ground than the pieces had
again united. Then the Lynx tried, and the Coyote, and
all the rest of the young men present.

The Salmon had heard of the beautiful daughter of the
Panther, and decided to try to obtain her, so he brought
with him two friends, the Kingfisher and the Blackbird.2
The Salmon lived upon a large river at a great distance
from the Panther's village, and he did not reach that place
until all the young warriors had failed in their trials for
the Panther's daughter.

The wolf,3 who lived far to the south, had two elder
brothers, and these three also started for the Panther's
village, arriving there at the same time as the Salmon and
his friends. Then the Wolf said, "Salmon, you came
first, you break the horns if you can," but the Salmon re-
fused, saying, "No, Wolf, you came before I did, you
break the horns if you can." Then the oldest Wolf tried,
broke the horns, but they immediately became whole again
when thrown upon the ground. Then the next wolf tried,
but with no better luck. The Wolf whose trial now came
was a Shaman,4 and felt sure of winning the girl, so he
picked up the horns, broke them into small pieces, but
when he threw them upon the ground they slowly united
as before. Then the Salmon came forward, took the horns,
broke them into small pieces and threw them upon the
ground where they remained and did not unite again. Then

2 This Blackbird is said to have peculiar eyes and habits, and evidently signifies
the Pipilo megalonyx.

3 Canis occidentalism commonly known as the Grey Wolf.

4 Improperly termed "Medicine Man."

36 SELISH MYTHS.

the Panther said, "Salmon, you broke the horns, you take
my daughter for your wife." Then the Salmon took the
Panther girl under his arm and with his companions, started
for home. They had not gone far, before the Wolf and
his elder brothers followed the Salmon and began to fight.
They fought two days and two nights, during which time
the Salmon and his friends gradually worked their way
toward the river. On the third morning, just as the
Salmon reached the bank of the river, the Rattlesnake,
who lived on the opposite shore and who was a cousin to
the Wolf, came out of his lodge, and seeing his cousin the
Wolf fighting, took an arrow and shot it at the Salmon
striking him in the side of the neck. The Salmon fell
down near the water's edge, while his friends were com-
pelled to leave because the Wolf and his elder brothers
came and took away the Salmon's wife and went home.

The fishes came and threw water on the Salmon, which
kept him alive, and after a while he worked his way into
the water and swam down-to the Fish Hawk's camp. The
Fish Hawk welcomed the, Salmon and healed his wound,
though he remained there a whole year.

When the summer came again, the Salmon said to the
Fish Hawk, " Fish Hawk, when you fly away from home,
do you ever see anything of my enemy, the Wolf?" " Yes,"
said the Fish Hawk, " I see him sometimes ; he is a great
hunter and kills many deer." Then the Salmon took the
arrow with which he had been wounded, and set out to
visit the Rattlesnake, who lived in a grass lodge. When
the Salmon came near the lodo'e he listened and heard the
Rattlesnake singing, telling how he killed a great Shaman,
the Salmon, and gave the Wolf the victory. Then the
Salmon went nearer to the lodge, coughed so as to attract
the Rattlesnake's attention, when the Rattlesnake peeped

• SELISH MYTHS. 37

out to see who was coming. When he saw the Salmon he
was much surprised, but came out and pretended to wel-
come him, saying, " Why, Salmon, I thought you had been
killed last year, and I have been singing your death-song,
and telling my friends how sad I was." Then the Salmon
laid down the arrow with which the Rattlesnake had hit
him, saying, "Rattlesnake, is this your arrow?" "Yes,"
said the Rattlesnake, "where did you find it?" "I found
it down on the shore." "Oh!" replied the Rattlesnake,
"I lost that yesterday while shooting ducks, I knew that
it must have fallen somewhere, but could not find it."
Then the Salmon said, "Give me some hot coals, Rattle-
snake, I want to mend my boat with pine gum before I
leave this place." Then the Rattlesnake brought out some
hot coals, which the Salmon took and set the grass lodge
on fire, and as the Rattlesnake was burning, said to him,
"Rattlesnake, hereafter when more people come into your
country you must not bite them with your arrows, but
they must kill you wherever they find you or your people."
Then the Salmon left and travelled a long distance when
he saw the Wolf's lodge. He crawled up very slowly and
found the Wolf's wife alone, but guarded by the Louse
and the Flea. Then the Salmon said to the Louse, " I am
the husband of the woman in that lodge, and if you will
assist me I will give you the Wolf's head for your share,"
and to the Flea, "you shall have the Wolf's back and rump
for your share." They both agreed to accept the offer
and allowed the Salmon to enter the lodge. Then the
Salmon and his wife planned how they should destroy the
Wolf, as well as his two brothers who lived in the lodge
also. The Salmon took a sharp knife and waited. Towards
evening the oldest wolf returned carrying a deer on his
shoulders, which he threw into the lodge and then went

38 SELISH MYTHS. , «

away to wash his hands. He then returned and as he put
his head into the door of the lodge, the Salmon struck him
over the forehead with the knife and killed him. The
woman then dragged the body back into the lodge where
she covered it with robes.

Soon the next Wolf came, having a deer upon his shoul-
ders, which he threw into the lodge and then went to the
spring to wash his hands. He then returned and as he
put his head into the lodge, the Salmon cut off his head.
The woman then dragged the body into the lodge and hid
it with the body of the oldest Wolf.

After a long time the youngest Wolf, who was a Sha-
man, returned with a deer upon his shoulders. His magic
power enabled him to know that the Salmon was in the
lodge, and he called out, "Salmon, come out of my lodge,
I know that you are there and want to kill me ; come out
that I may fight you." The Salmon did not answer, and
the Wolf came closer and again called out as before. The
Salmon remained silent ; when the Wolf came up and threw
the deer into the lodge and went to the spring to wash
his hands. When he again came toward the lodge, he
said, "Salmon, I know you are in my lodge and want to
kill me ; now come out and fight me." The Salmon re-
mained quiet, but after a short time asked the woman if
the Wolf did not possess some charm or sacred rattle, by
which means the Wolf could be induced to enter the lodge.
The woman said that the Wolf had a rattle which, if used,
would probably bring him in ; whereupon she took it down
and began to use it, at the same time telling the Wolf to
enter the lodge, as she was going to throw the rattle into
the fire. The Wolf then came nearer but would not enter
until he saw her throw the rattle upon the burning coals,
when he made a leap through the door, the Salmon at the

SELISII MYTHS. 39

same time striking him upon the nose and splitting his
body lengthwise, one-half falling upon the floor, while the
other half sprang upon the fire, grasped the sacred rattle
and passed up through the smoke-hole and onward to the
summit of a high mountain.

Then the Salmon took his wife, and after giving the
heads of the wolves to the Louse, and the backs and rumps
to the Flea, returned to his own home.

There was a village near the base of the mountain upon
which the Wolf took refuge, and every night the people
could hear him howl. Then the Coyote said, "I wonder
what can be wrong with the Wolf, he is crying so much."
Then several of the people went to find the Wolf's lodge
to take him some food, but he could not be found. Soon,
people were attacked by the Wolf at night, and so many
were killed that the Chief said, "Let us move away to
another camp, if we stay here we shall all be killed." Then
the Coyote said "You must all go, but let me remain, I
will kill the Wolf. " The tribe then moved away and the
Coyote, who was a Shaman, 'transformed himself into a
little boy. He dug a pit in the ground at the bottom of
which he placed a log of wood, which he transformed into
a dead man. Then the Coyote sat at the mouth of the
pit and cried. When the Wolf heard a child crying, he
came down from the mountain and, seeing the little boy,
said, " Coyote, I know that is you, what is the matter with
you?" But the Coyote only cried the harder and pointed
down into the pit. Then the Wolf approached and asked,
" Is that your father ?" when the Coyote assented by nod-
ding his head and crying still louder. Then the Wolf
jumped into the pit, which the Coyote at once caused to
sink deeper and deeper, so that the Wolf should not escape.
The Coyote then took his knife and, as the Wolf jumped

40 SELISH MYTHS.

up the sides of the pit to make his escape, the Coyote
thrust the blade into the Wolf's head and killed him. The
pit was then filled with dirt and leaves, and the Coyote
returned to his camp, summoned his people to return,
which they did ; and there they still live in peace.

NOTES.

* Sko-le'-pl. This signifies cooking in a depression in the ground, similar to the
method adopted in preparing Kamass roots in the northwest, and mescal roots in
Arizona. Hot stones form the floor of the pit, upon which the roots are laid,
and covered with a layer of stones, earth, grass, etc.

t l'hui'-hue-u-gl's. The Cross-bill (Curvirostra Americana). It is said that at this
time the bird had his mandibles distorted, which rendered his speech unintelligible
to the others.

Jxlus'-en'k-tsii'. The Wild cat (Lynx rufus) frequently called Lynx, by the
Indians. The word for the latter is sin'-x^-tso'. This act of the Coyote is sup-
posed to account for the flat face of the animal.

1Txlos'-gtI-sfi-mi-e. The Panther (Felis concolor) is said to have received his
long tail at this time, having previously been a Lynx (L. Canadensis),

BULLETIN

ESSEX INSTITUTE

Vol. 15. Salem : Apkil, May, June, 1883. Nos. 4, 5, 6.

THE JESUITS.1

By George H. Hosmer.

Mr. Hosmer first spoke of the Romish church previous
to the year 1500 ; of the corruption in the church and of the
vast treasures poured into Rome by the immense number
of persons flocking to the eternal city. St. Peter's was
commenced and partly paid by this treasure. The Ref-
ormation under Martin Luther was next briefly traced,
and the excitement caused by the protest of 1517 by
Luther against the sale of indulgences. In 1491 Ignatius
Loyola, the founder of the Society of Jesus, was born.
He was of royal family and soon became famous as a bold
and chivalrous gentleman and soldier, displaying great
valor in war. In 1521, he suffered from a long and pain-
ful illness, the result of a wound, during which time he be-
came interested in reading the lives of the saints and his
thoughts were directed towards a religious life. From

l[An abstract of a paper read at a meeting Monday evening, April 2, 1883.]
ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XV. 4 (41)

42 ANNUAL MEETING, MAY 21.

an active life in the field and from the emoluments of
the court and camp, he turned his future to the austerities
of the monastery and devoted himself to the formation of
the Society of Jesus and the propagation of its doctrines
throughout the world. With Peter Faber, Xavier and
five others, the society was founded and missionary work
commenced. After varying fortunes the Pope recognized
the order, Loyola having been chosen supervisor. The
society spread and became a power, and while Loyola
lived it was for good ; after his death the Jesuit order
became corrupt as it grew in wealth and influence.

This year .(1883) is the two hundred and fiftieth anni-
versary of the settlement of the Jesuit order in America.
Marquette came to America and preached from the St.
Lawrence to the Mississippi river, which last he is said to
have discovered. The Jesuits also accompanied Lord
Baltimore to Maryland in 1632. There were, in 1874,
seventeen Jesuit colleges in the United States, and the
sect numbered about 1062 persons.

Annual Meeting, Monday, May 21, 1883.

The annual meeting this evening at 7.30 o'clock. The
President in the chair. Records of the last annual meet-
ing were read and approved.

The reports of the Secretary, Treasurer, Auditor, Li-
brarian, and the Curators and Committees were read, and
duly accepted and ordered to be placed upon file.

Mr. T. F. Hunt, chairman of the committee upon
nominations, reported the following list of officers, which
was duly elected. Messrs. T. F. Hunt and F. Israel
having been requested to colloct, assort and count the votes.

ANNUAL MEETING, MAY 21,

43

OFFICERS ELECTED.

PRESIDENT:

HENRY WHEATLAND.

VICE-PRESIDENTS :

Abner C. Goodell, Jr.
Frederick W. Putnam.

SECRETAEY:
George M. Whipple.

AUDITOR:
Richard C. Manning.

Daniel B. Hagar.
Robert S. Rantoul.

TREASURER:
George D. Phippen.

LIBRARIAN:
William P. Upham.

History— Henry F. Waters.
Manuscripts— William P. Upham.
A rchozology— Frederick W. Putnam
Numismatics— Matthew A. Stickney
Geology— B. F. McDaniel.

CURATORS :

Botany— George D. Phippen.
Zoology— Edward S. Morse.
Horticulture— J OHN E. Peabody.
Music— Joshua Phippen, Jr.
Painting $ Sculpture— T. F. Hunt.

Henry M. Brooks.

Technology— Edwin C. Bolles.

COMMITTEES :

Finance .•

The President, Chairman ex off.

Geo. R. Emmerton.

The Treasurer, ex off.

David Pingree.

Charles W. Paler ay.

William D. Northend

Library .•
Henry F. King.

William Neilson.
Theodore M. Osborne.

Edward S. At wood.

H. F. Waters.

The Librarian, ex off.

Publication ;
Abner C. Goodell, Jr.
James A. Emmerton.

Edwin C. Bolles.
T. F. Hunt.

Lecture .•

Robert S. Rantoul. Frederick W. Putnam. Amos H. Johnson,

Fielder Israel. Arthur L. Huntington.

Field Meeting s
The Secretary, Chairman ex off.
George A. Perkins, Salem. George D. Phippen, Salem.

George Cogswell, Bradford. Frank R. Kimball, Salem.

Francis H. Appleton, Peabody. Eben N. Walton, Salem.

Nathaniel A. Horton. Salem. Winfield S. Nevins, Salem.

Edward S. Morse, Salem. John H. Sears, Salem.

44

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.

RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR

compiled from the several reports read at the meeting and
the remarks by several members in relation thereto, pre-
sents the work of the Institute in the various departments
since the last annual meeting.

The past year has been one not specially eventful in the
annals of the Institute, and there have been no important
commemorative or social observances as have occurred in
some of the previous years. The ordinary work of the so-
ciety has gone smoothly. The various Kegular and Field
Meetings have been well attended. The publications have
been issued with pages well filled with valuable historical
and scientific papers. Our membership has held its own.
Generous donations to the library, cabinet, and the
treasury have been made. The number of visitors to the
rooms has been large and the year may, with propriety,
be called a prosperous one.

Members. — Changes occur in the list of our associates
by the addition of new names and the withdrawal of some
by resignation, removal from the county or vicinity, or by
death.

MEMBERS ELECTED MAY 1882 TO MAY 1883.

1882, June 20 George Burnham Ives, Salem.
Charles F. Pousland, Salem.
Charles A. Buxton, Salem.
Frank A. Brown, Salem.
Jean M. Missud, Salem.
Harriet Knight Kimball, Salem.
Hattie L. Kimball, Salem.
George Randall, Peabody.
Sept. 5 William Henry Gove, Salem.
" " Patrick J. Mc Cusker, Salem.
" 19 Myra Hall, Salem.
Dec. 5 Esther C. Mack, Salem.

Feb.

5

tt

19

Men.

5

(<

20

Apr.

16

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAH. 45

1883, Jan. 15 Hannah L. Rantoul, Beverly.
" " " Louise Preston Dodge, Danvers.
Edmund Waters Longley, Salem.
Lawrence Cunningham, Salem.
Benjamin F. Mc Daniel, Salem.
Charles Whitney Haddock, Beverly.
Jabez Baldwin Lyman, Salem.
Henry M. Meek, Salem.

We have received information of the decease of fifteen
during the year, who have been resident members.

Oliver Carlton, son of John and Mary (Weston)
Carlton, born at Mount Vernon, 1ST. H., July 20, 1801 ;
graduated at Dartmouth college, 1824 ; a well known and
distinguished Principal of the Latin School in Salem for
many years ; taught at Francestown, in 1825 ; tutor in
Dartmouth, 1825-6; taught at Windsor, Vt., in 1827;
Haverhill, Mass., Marblehead, Salem, Portsmouth, N. H. ;
and again at Salem; died at Salem, June 21, 1882. —
Elected a member June 21, 1848.

George Foster Flint, son of Addison and Mary E.
(Foster) Flint; born at North Reading, Oct. 17, 1840;
studied law in the office of George Wheatland, counsellor
at law, Salem, and after admission to the Essex Bar, con-
tinued in the office, associated with Mr. Wheatland in bus-
iness until his decease, which occurred June 23, 1882. He
was well known as a conveyancer and examiner of titles
of real estate. Elected a member Feb. 20, 1861.

Joseph J. Rider, son of Joseph and Abigail (Janes)
Rider, born at Salem, June 26, 1827. Master mariner,
died at Gorea, West Coast of Africa, July 25, 1882.
Elected a member Oct. 13, 1858.

Albion S. Dudley, son of Edmund and Rebecca
(Bangs) Dudley, born at Kingfield, Me., Aug. 6, 1816,
died at Asbury Grove, Hamilton, Mass., July 12, 1882.
Dentist in Salem. Elected a member May 6, 1867.

46 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.

George K. Proctor, son of James K. and Lucretia
(Blood) Proctor, born inTownsend, Mass., July 9, 1837,
a photographer in Salem, afterwards a grocer, died at
Salem July 27, 1882. Elected a member July 16, 1872.

Robert Brookhouse, son of Robert and Eliza W.
(Grafton) Brookhouse, born at Salem, March 3, 1823,
merchant in Salem, associated with his father and others
in the West Coast of Africa trade, died at his seaside resi-
dence in Marblehead, Aug. 2, 1882. An original member.

Elizabeth Endicott (Gray) Newhall, daughter of
James and Elizabeth (Endicott) Gray, born at Salem,
Feb. 15, 1802; married April 14, 1829, Gilbert Grafton
Newhall, merchant of Salem (see Hist. Coll. of Essex
Institute, vol. vi, p. 127) ; died at Salem, Aug. 12, 1882.
Elected a member Oct. 8, 1878.

Joseph E. Fiske, son of William and Dolly (Welling-
ton) Fiske, born at Heath, Mass., Feb. 12, 1811. In
early life, a teacher in Danvers, afterwards a practising
dentist in Salem more than forty-five years, noted for his
gift of invention. Died at Salem, Aug. 25, 1882. An
original member.

Priscilla S. (Hodges) Clark, daughter of Jonathan
and Elizabeth (Ropes) Hodges, born Nov. 4, 1799, mar-
ried John Clark Sept. 4, 1821, died at Salem, Oct. 12,
1882. Elected a member June 9, 1864. Mr. Clark, son
of John and Lydia (Sanderson) Clark, was bo^n in Wal-
tham Mar. 14, 1796, gr. Harv. Coll. in 1816; soon after
graduation was teacher of a private school, in Salem, for
several years ; in 1824 mei chant in Boston ; in 1830 agent
of Merrimac Manf. Co., Lowell; in 1848 Treas. Great
Falls Manf. Co., place of residence, Salem, where he died
Jan. 28, 1851. (See "Records of the descendants of
Hugh Clark of Watertown, Mass.," by John Clark, p. 75.

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 47

Augustus Story, son of William and Elizabeth (Pat-
ten) Story, born at Marblehead, April 6, 1812, removed
to Salem with his parents in 1819, gr. Harv. Coll. in 1832.
A lawyer by profession, for many years President and
Treasurer of the Holyoke Mutual Fire Ins. Co. Died at
Salem Oct. 19, 1882. Elected a member Mch. 29, 1848.

Samuel Calley, son of William and Mary (Becket)
Calley, born at Salem, April 14, 1821, a painter; mayor
of Salem for the years 1872, 1881 and 1882; d. Jan. 1,
1883. Elected a member June 3, 1872.

William Whitaker, son of William and Sarah (Ha-
riman) Whitaker, born in Haverhill, Mass., Oct. 25,
1797, came to Salem, April 1, 1823, a carpenter; died at
Hamilton, Feb. 2, 1883. Elected a member Sept. 21,
1864.

Caroline Saltonstall, daughter of Leverett and
Mary Elizabeth (Sanders) Saltonstall, born at Salem,
Sept. 2, 1815; died at Salem, unmarried, Feb. 23, 1883.
Elected a member July 6, 1864.

James Osborne Safford, son of Ebenezer and Hannah
(Osborne) Safford, born in Danvers June 21, 1819, died
at his residence in Salem March 18, 1883 ; he was largely
interested in the manufacture and sale of leather ; place
of business in Boston. Elected a member Jan. 4, 1854.

William Henry Prince, son of John and Loisa (Lan-
der) Prince, and grandson of Rev. John Prince, LL.D.,
who was pastor of the First Church in Salem 1779 to 1836,
and was noted for his scientific attainments, born in Salem,
Nov. 15, 1817, gr. Harv. Coll. 1838, and of the Medical
School in 1841, commenced practice in Salem; Superin-
tendent of the Northampton State Lunatic Asylum, 1856
to 1864 ; connected with the water-cure at Clifton Springs,

48 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.

N. Y., 1870-1878 ; from 1878 to his decease, a practitioner
in Newton, where he died May 15, 1883. An original
member.

Field Meetings. These have been, perhaps, of more
than usual interest and well attended. During the season
four have been held.

First at the Middlesex Fells, Stoneham, on Saturday,
June 17, 1882, by invitation of the Middlesex Institute.
During the forenoon pleasant rambles were made in the
vicinity of Bear Hill, a delightful spot in the Fells, the place
selected for the gathering. At 2 p. m. President Dame of
the Middlesex Institute called the meeting to order and
extended a cordial welcome to the members of the Essex
Institute. He spoke of the work and objects of the two
societies and alluded to several of the historical points of
interest in this locality. Mr. George E. Davenport, sec-
retary of the Middlesex Institute, read a poem entitled
" Dame Nature's Greeting." The President of the Essex
Institute responded, thanking the members of the Middle-
sex society for the kind invitation to unite with them on
this interesting occasion. Mr. John Robinson of Salem
read a paper on our "native trees." Prof. Asa Gray of
Cambridge, by invitation from the chair, gave some remi-
niscences of Darwin and his teachings, and alluded to a
recent visit to him in England. Appropriate remarks
were made by Mr. John II . Sears of Salem, Eev. Joseph
Banvard of Neponset, Mr. Williamson of Kentucky and
others. Mr. Sears spoke of the plants noticed this day ;
Mr. Banvard, of the benefit of these meetings, and Mr.
Williamson, of the flora of his own state and that of
Massachusetts.

Second, on Wednesday, July 12, 1882, at theDummer
Academy, Byfield, by invitation of the Trustees. This

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 49

school was organized in 1763 in accordance with the will
of its patron and founder, Lieut. Gov. William Dummer,1
under the direction of Samuel Moody,2 its first principal,
who held this position for thirty years and was a very
successful teacher. During that period, the number of his
pupils averaged over seventy.

A renewed effort has recently been made to restore to
old Dummer its pristine glory and reputation.

Under the recently appointed head, John W. Perkins,
for several years the accomplished principal of the Classi-
cal and High School in Salem, the prospects are encourag-
ing for a realization of the sanguine hopes of the trustees
and its friends, in the accomplishment of this so praise-
worthy and desirable an object.

A pleasant ride by rail to Newburyport ; thence by
covered barges to the place of meeting, passing through a
region of great natural attractiveness and rich in historic
lore ; a cordial reception by the trustees and Mr. and Mrs.
Perkins, now comfortably domiciled in their new residence ;
a generous lunch at noonday ; and the afternoon speaking
of a pleasant character, and in general, having reference
to the past history of the institution and its future pros-
pects, with frequent allusions to those of its graduates who
have well done their part in the great drama of life ; will

1 William Dummer, Lieut. Governor of the Province, and the acting Governor
1723-28, m. Catherine, dau. of Gov. Joseph Dudley, died 10 Oct., 1761. This
farm was his country seat and the mansion house was his residence. These were
included in his bequest for the foundation of the Academy. He was the son of
Jeremiah Dumrrer, and a grandson of Richard Dummer of Bishopstoke, Hants,
who was born there in 1599, came to New England in 1632 and was one of the first
settlers in Newbury; he returned to England and came again in 1638.

2 Rev. Samuel Moody,5 the preceptor of Dummer. Harv. Coll., 1746; died at
Exeter, N. H., Dec. 14, 1795, aged 70 years. He was son of Rev. Joseph,* of York,
Me., Harv. Coll., 1718; a grandson of Rev. Samuel,8 Harv. Coll., 1697; a gr. grand-
son of Caleb2 ; a gr. gr. grandson of William1, who came in 1634 (it was said a
saddler) from Ipswich, Co. of Suffolk. He was first of Ipswich, afterwards in
1635 of Newbury, where he continued to reside. He died 25 Oct., 1673.

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XV. 4*

50 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.

render this day one to be long remembered by all who
were present on this interesting occasion.3

TJiird meeting at Magnolia, on Wednesday, August 9,
1882. This place has been, for a long time, a favorite sea-
side resort. The old road was a pleasant drive, bordered
with the wild rose and other flowering plants, with occa-
sional hamlets, whose occupants obtained their livelihood
from the land or the briny deep, winding through these
fragrant woods and skirting the borders of the green fields
that come down even to the beaches that are hard and
smooth, and to the rocks whose hoary cliffs extend into the
sea, scarred, wrinkled, and worn.

This territory, especially that portion contiguous to the
coast, has for the most part, within the past few years,
been bought by the wealthy denizens of the city who
make this their summer home. The elegant villas, re-
cently built, with their quaint architecture dot the coast,
and with their red roofs are in striking contrast with the
sombre green of the woods. The name of this locality
has also, recently, been changed, and instead of Kettle
Cove we have Magnolia, appropriately named from the
beautiful flower, whose northern habitat is in close prox-
imity. These woods extending inland from the coast,
diversified with ponds and inlets, rocky hills and meadows,
the habitat of many rare plants, have been made famous
by the herborizations of William Oakes of Ipswich, a very
distinguished botanist, who died in 1848, leaving an ex-
tensive collection of beautifully prepared specimens of our
native flora with many valuable notes and observations.
Peter Magnol of Montpellier, France, a very distinguished
botanist during the close of the seventeenth and the early
part of the eighteenth centuries, in whose honor the name

» See Hist. Coll. Essex Inst., vol. XIX.

THE KETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 51

of Magnolia was given to this genus of beautiful plants,
rendered the herborization of Montpellier celebrated.
Many botanists flocked thither desirous to enjoy the society
and the benefit of his guidance and instruction.

The forenoon was spent in visiting the interesting lo-
calities and in the afternoon the meeting was held in a
rustic pavilion, tendered to the Institute by the kindness of
Mr. Barnard Stanwood.

The President called the meeting to order, and alluded
in a few brief remarks to the meeting held in this place
some twenty-one years since and noted the great change
that has taken place since that time. Vice President
F. W. Putnam, being called upon, gave an interesting ac-
count of his recent explorations in Tennessee and Ohio.
He urged upon his hearers the importance of collecting
Indian relics which are very valuable in any museum, for
examination and reference. Mr. John H. Sears of Salem,
Dr. Morse of Gloucester, President of the Cape Ann
Literary and Scientific Association and Prof. William
North Rice of Wesleyan University made pertinent re-
marks. The latter gentleman alluded to the great differ-
ence geologically between this rock-bound coast and the
valley of the Connecticut, which was his place of residence
and the field of his explorations. A vote of thanks was
gratefully tendered to Mrs. Maria H. Bray and Mr.
Stanwood for courtesies extended during this pleasant
visit to Magnolia.

Fourth meeting, Wednesday, August 30, 1882. Meet-
ing at Topsfield. The party from Salem went in barges,
those from other towns found their way thither by the
cars or private carriages. The usual routine was observed
relative to the rambles in the forenoon and the visiting of
places of interest; the most notable, perhaps, is the old
Capen House, now owned by Charles H. Holmes. It is

52 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.

built upon the old Garrison house principle, and its archi-
tecture is like that of two centuries ago. Mr. Holmes says
that it was built in 1651. The afternoon session was held
in the Town Hall. The President in the chair. Vice Presi-
dent, Robert S. Rantoul of Salem, was introduced and read
an interesting paper entitled" The Essex Junto — The Long
Embargo— And The Great Topsfield Caucus of 1808." 4
Mr. Charles J. Peabody and Dea. Augustine Peabody of
Topsfield gave interesting facts and traditions of the town.
Hon. J. J. H. Gregory of Marblehead spoke of Forestry
and the cultivation of trees. Mr. John H. Gould read
extracts from the records of the town. He is the present
town clerk. Samuel P. Fowler of Dan vers, now and
ever since its organization a member of the Institute, gave
reminiscences of its history, stating many interesting facts
in that connection. Hon. N. A. Horton of Salem made a
few remarks supplementary to Mr. Rantoul's paper. Af-
ter the adoption of a vote of thanks to the people of
Topsfield for their cooperation and courtesies, adjourned.

Meetings. Regular meetings occur on the first and
third Monday evenings of each month. At these or
special meetings, the following communications were re-
ceived or lectures delivered.

On Monday, Oct. 9, 1882, Mr. Adoniram C. Orne of
Marblehead read a paper " On popular errors in regard to
the average duration of life."5

Monday, JVbv. 20, 1882. Mr. John Robinson gave an
account of the opening of a shellheap under the direction
of the Peabody Academy of Science, on the banks of the
Ipswich River ; a large and valuable collection of articles

4 Seethe Hist. Coll. Essex Inst., Vol. XIX, p. 226.
6 See Bulletin Essex Inst., Vol. XIV, p. 133.

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 53

6
6'

was found. Many of them were exhibited at the meeting.
On the same evening Vice President F. W. Putnam spoke
of the results of a search among the heaps on the coast of
Maine.7

Monday, Jan. 15, 1883. Mr. S. S. Blanchard,
formerly of Boston, now of Fargo, Dakota, gave a
familiar talk on Dakota, alluding to its resources, the fer-
tility of its soil, its large crops raised with little labor,
the mineral products, etc. He also spoke of the social
advantages, schools, churches, and other public institu-
tions. Wheat farming was particularly noticed and a
large picture of the harvesting of wheat on the Ingraham
farm was shown ; on these large farms machinery is being
largely introduced and farming is reduced to a system.

Monday, Feb. 26, 1883. E. W. Kinsley, Esq., of
Boston, spoke informally on Mexico and its business re-
sources. He alluded to the steamers between New York
and Vera Cruz in complimentary terms. The beautiful
scenery of the country by rail from Vera Cruz through
the mountainous districts was fully described and also the
magnificent views as one descends into the city of Mexico ;
the hotels were comfortable and rapidly adopting modern
improvements. A visit to one of the large haciendas with
the immense crops stored in large warehouses was fully
sketched. A very enthusiastic and hopeful account of
the Mexican Central and Atchison and Topeka Eailroads
was given.

Monday, March 5, 1883. Vice President F. W.
Putnam spoke on the recent explorations that he had
made in the valley of the Little Miami River, in Ohio,

• See Bulletin Essex Inst., Vol. XIV, p. 158.

* See Bulletin Essex Inst., Vol. XIV, p. 161.

54 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.

including an account of the singular altar mounds and the
interesting objects found upon the altars. The lecture
was illustrated by diagrams, photographs and specimens.

Monday, April 2, 1883. Rev. George H. Hosmer
read a paper on " the Jesuits."

Monday, May 14, 1883. Mr. Robert S. Rantoul
read a memoir on our late associate member James O.
Safford.8 Rev. Charles T. Brooks of Newport, R. I.,
read a memoir on our late associate member, Augustus
Story.9

The following have been presented and printed in the
publications :

"Essex County and the Indians," a lecture before the
Beverly Lyceum, Nov. 20, 1832, by Mr. Robert Rantoul,
sen.,10 communicated by Mr. R. S. Rantoul.

" Origin of Salem Plantation." Allotments of Land in
Salem to Men, Women, and Maids," by Prof. Herbert B.
Adams of Johns Hopkins University.11

"The Family of John Perkins of Ipswich," by George
A. Perkins, M. D.12

" Common Fields in Salem," by Prof. Herbert Adams.13

"The family of William Townsend of Boston," by
Henry F. Waters.14

"The Early Settlers of Rowley, Mass., including all
who were here before 1662, with a few generations of
their descendants," by George B. Blodgette, A. M., of
Rowley.15

8 Hist. Coll. Essex Inst., Vol. XX, p. 81. ^ Hist. Coll. Essex Inst., Vol. XX, p.
115. l° Hist. Coll. Essex Inst., Vol. XIX, p. 126. » Hist. Coll. Essex Inst., Vol.
XIX, p. 153. l*Hist. Coll. Essex Inst., Vol. XIX, p. 213. " Hist. Coll. Essex
Inst., Vol. XIX, p. 241. i* Hist. Coll. Essex Inst., Vol. XIX, p. 2G9. 15 Hist. Coll.
Essex Inst., Vol. XIX, p. 297.

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 55

M A Note on the authenticity of the Portraits of Gov.
Endecott," by Mr. K. S. Rantoul.16

"Sketch of the Family of Thomas Townsend of Lynn,
Joseph Townsend of Boston, and a few English Notes rela-
ting to the name of Townsend, by Henry F. Waters.17

* Salem Meadows, Woodland, and Town Neck," by Prof.
Herbert B. Adams.18

"Notice of Charles Davis of Beverly, Librarian of
Essex Institute," by Mr. Robert S. Rantoul.19

"Carcinological Notes, No. V,"by Mr. J. S. Kingsley.20

"Catalogue of the Flora of Oak Island, Revere, Mass.,
with notes," by Herbert Young ; "Introduction and Sum-
mary" by Mr. John Robinson.21

" Arrow makers at Pine Grove, by Mr. John Robinson.22

A Social Meeting of the members and their families
was held in the rooms on the evening of Jan. 1, 1883.
Mr. Alban Andren of Beverly gave a familiar talk on
Sweden, illustrating his remarks by lantern views. Sim-
ple refreshments were served.

Receptions. Wednesday, May 31, 1882. During
the evening a reception wras tendered to Mr. Raymond
Lee Newcomb, on his return to Salem from his perilous
voyage to the Arctic regions in the steamer " Jeannette."
The large hall on the second floor was thrown open and
after a few words of welcome from the President, and an
address from Vice President D. B. Hagar, Mr. Newcomb
gave a brief account of his trip and related some of the
experiences of the expedition. At the close of his re-
marks Mr. Newcomb was introduced to the members and
their families.

" Hist. Coll. Essex Inst., Vol. XX, p. 1. 17 Hist. Coll. Essex Inst., Vol. XX, p.
37. 18 Hist. Coll. Essex Inst., Vol. XX, p. 52. 19 Hist. Coll. Essex Inst., Vol. XX,
p. 73. 20 Bulletin Essex Inst., Vol. XIV, p. 105. « Bulletin of Essex Inst., Vol.
XIV, p. 141. 22 Bulletin Essex Inst., Vol. XIV, p. 163.

56 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.

On Friday, Sept. 8, 1882, at noon, President Chester
A. Arthur visited the rooms. There was no ceremony or
formality. A few members happened to be present and
escorted him through the building and about the grounds.
He was accompanied by his private secretary Phillips,
Surrogate Rollins of New York, and Capt. Green of the
"Despatch."

Friday, Nov. 10, 1882. Dr. William B. Carpenter, of
England, was in Salem, the guest of Robert S. Rantoul,
Esq. The forenoon was spent in visiting the State Nor-
mal School, the Court Houses, East India Marine Hall,
and other objects of interest. In the afternoon he was in
the rooms of the Institute where he received calls from
ladies and gentlemen of our city.

By the joint invitation of the Institute and the Peabody
Academy of Science, the Boxford Natural History Society
on Wednesday, May 31, 1882, The President and faculty
of Wellesley College, on Monday, June 12, 1882, and
the West Newbury Natural History Club, on Oct. 28,
1882, visited Salem on the respective days named, to ex-
amine the collections in the East India Marine Hall, the
libraries and collections in Plummer Hall and other objects
of interest.

Lectures. A course of eight Lectures, under the
direction of the lecture committee, has been delivered,
as follows : First, Alban Andren of Beverly, " Sweden,"
Wed., Nov. 22, 1882. Second, Frederick A. Ober, of
Beverly, "Mexico," Wed., Nov. 29, 1882. Third, G.
M. Towle, " Eugenie, ex-Empress of France," Wed., Dec.
6, 1882. Fourth, G. M. Towle, "John Bright," Wed.,
Dec. 13, 1882. Fifth, G. M. Towle, Wed., Dec. 20,
1882, "The Irish Struggle." Sixth, G. M. Towle, "Vic-
tor Hugo," Wed., Dec. 27, 1882. Seventh, I. J. Osbun,

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 57

"Steam," Wed., Jan. 3, 1883. Eighth, I. J. Osbun,
"The Storage of Electricity," Wed., Feb. 21, 1883.

In addition to the above, by an arrangement made with
the Trustees of the Peabody Academy of Science, two
courses of free lectures were given. First course, by
Prof. C. C. Bessey, of the State Agricultural College,
Iowa, on Thursday afternoons, Jan. 18, 25, and Feb. 1,
1883, three lectures on "Problems in Vegetable Physiol-
ogy :" I. "Green slime and yeast Plants." II." Structural
and physiological development of the vegetable kingdom."
III. "The evolution of the Flower." Second course:
five lectures by Prof. J. Walter Fewkes, an assistant in
the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge. "Corals
and Coral Islands," on the afternoons of Wednesdays,
Jan. 17, 24, 31, Feb. 7, 14, 1883.

Concerts. Under the personal direction of the curator
of music, two chamber concerts have been given with
great acceptance. This was the fourteenth concert season
of the Institute. First, Friday evening, Feb. 16, 1883.
The selections of the two trios by Beethoven and Schubert
formed a happy contrast, the latter perhaps being the
more brilliant. It was very pleasant to hear Mr. Arthur
W. Foote again in Salem after so long an interval. He
was ably assisted by Messrs. Gustave Dannreuther, Wulf
Fries, and Miss Louise Gage. Second, Monday, March
26, 1883. Mr. Hiram G. Tucker, of Boston, gave a
piano recital. He had the assistance of Miss Grace F.
Daiton, soprano vocalist. Both parties did themselves
much credit in their respective numbers and the concert
was both enjoyable and interesting.

Excursions. Friday, June 9, 1882, visited Plymouth,

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XV. 5

58 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.

tarried at the Samoset House and returned on Saturday
in the afternoon. The attractive objects : "The national
monument to the forefathers," which stands eighty-one
feet from the ground, not finished; Pilgrim Hall, built
in 1824, rebuilt in 1880 by the liberality of Joseph Henry
Stickney, Esq., of Baltimore, Md., containing many
relics brought over by the Pilgrims, and several large
and striking paintings, representing the landing and ideas
connected therewith ; Plymouth Rock returned to the
original spot and now covered by a solid granite canopy of
elaborate architectural design ; Burial Hill and other
places of interest, were visited by some of the party.

Thursday, Aug. 3, 1882. Atrip along the North Shore
to Pigeon Cove in the steamer General Bartlett, Capt.
J. O. Davis, commander. The party landed at the Cove
and spent about an hour ashore, then across the bay to
Swampscott and along the Marblehead shore to the place
of departure.

Wednesday, Sept. 6, 1882. A party left for an excur-
sion to the summit of Mount Moosilauke. A special car
direct from Salem to Plymouth, N. H., without change,
thence to the village of Warren, where the mountain
ascent is made on buckboarcls or in wagons, to the breezy
Point House, a bright roomy hotel with broad piazzas and
a wide view of the unbroken forest, then to the Tip Top
House. This hotel, as well as the Breezy Point House,
will be found in all respects comfortable, while the moun-
tain scenery is unsurpassed. Returned on Saturday the
ninth.

Publications have been issued as heretofore : the
Bulletin, Vol. xiv, and the Historical Collections, Vol.
xix. The exchange list, with few exceptions, continues
the same as last year.

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 59

Library. — The additions to the Library for the year
(May, 1882 to May, 1883) have been as follows :

By Donation.

Folios, 24

Quartos, 160

Octavos, 801

Duodecimos, 29G

Sexdecimos, 54

Total of bound volumes, 1,425

Pamphlets and serials, 10,143

Total of donations 11,568

By Exchange.

Folios, , 1

Quartos, 18

Octavos, 95

Duodecimos, 4

Total of bound volumes, 118

Pamphlets and serials, 2,172

Total of exchanges, .......*..., 2,290

By Purchase.

Quartos, . 5

Octavos, 107

Duodecimos, 179

Sexdecimos, 15

Total of bound volumes, ........... 306

Pamphlets and serials, 197

Total of purchases, 503

Total of donations, 11,568

Total of exchanges, 2,290

Total of purchases, . 503

Total of additions, 14,361

Of the total number of pamphlets and serials, 6,447
were pamphlets, and 6,065 were serials.

The donations to the Library for the year have been
received from one hundred and fifty-six individuals and

60 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.

forty-one departments of the General and State govern-
ments and societies, five of which are foreign. The
exchanges from one hundred and fifty-six societies and
incorporate institutions, of which eighty-four are foreign;
also from editors and publishers.

The annual examination of the Library has been made.

Of the eight volumes that were missing last year, five
have been returned ; thirteen others are now missing from
their places.

Donations or exchanges have been received from the
following :

Vols. Pam.

Albany, N. Y., State Library, 7 1

Almy, James F., 1

Alnwick, Eng., Berwickshire Naturalists' Club, . . 1
American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1

Amherst College Library, 1

Amiens, Societ6 Linneenne du Nord de la France, . 11

Anagnos, M., South Boston, 1

Andrews, Hiram, 5 " 2

Andrews, William P., 53

Appleton, F. H., Peabody, 1

Appleton, William S., Boston, 1

Archaeological Institute of America, .... 1 3

Atkinson, Edward, Boston, 1

Baltimore, Mel., Johns Hopkins University, . . 9

Baltimore, Md., Johns Hopkins University Library of

Historical and Political Science, .... 7

Baltimore, Md., Peabody Institute, .... 1

Bamberg, Naturforschende Gesellschaft, ... 1

Bancroft, Rev. C.F. P., Andover, 1

Barton, William G., 77

Belfast, Eng., Naturalists' Field Club, .... 2

Bemis, Miss Caroline, 3

Berlin, Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde, . 1

Berlin, Vereiu zur Beforderung cles Gartenbaues, . 24
Berlin, Zeitschriftfur die gesammtenNaturwissenschaften, 1

Bern, Naturforschende Gesellschaft, .... 2

Bolles, Rev. E. C, D. D., 21 151

Bologna, Accademia delle Scienze, .... 1

THE RETROSPECT OE THE YEAR.

Gl

Bonn, Naturhistorischer Verein,

Boston, American Academy of Arts and Sciences,

Boston, Appalachian Mountain Club,

Boston, Board of Health,

Boston, Bostonian Society,

Boston, City of, ....

Boston, City Hospital, ...

Boston, City Hospital Medical Library,

Boston, Massachusetts General Hospital Trustees

Boston, Massachusetts Historical Society,

Boston, Massachusetts Horticultural Society,

Boston, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,

Boston, Massachusetts Medical Society,

Boston, Massachusetts State Library,

Boston, M. O. L. L. U. S. Council of Commandery of
Massachusetts,

Boston, National Association of Wool Manufacturers,

Boston, New England Historic Genealogical Society,

Boston, New England Manufacturers' and Mechanics
Institute, ....

Boston, Public Library,

Boston, Scientific Society,

Boston, Society of Natural History,

Boston, Zoological Society,

Boutwell, F. M., Groton,

Bovey, Henry T., Montreal,

Braunschweig, F. Vieweg und Sohn,

Bremen, Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein

Briggs, Mrs. Edward T., ...

Brigham, L. F.,

Brinley, Francis, Newport, E. I.,

Bristol, Eng., Naturalists' Society,

Brooklyn, N. Y., Long Island Histor:

Brooks, Mrs. Henry M.

Brown, Augustus S.,

Brown, F. H., Boston,

Brown, Henry A.,

Brown, Samuel J., Salisbury,

Browne, Albert G.,

Briinn, Naturforschender Verein,

Brunswick, Me., Bowdoin College

Bruxelles, Societe Beige de Microscopie,

Bruxelles, Societe Entomologique de Belgique,

Newspapers

cal Society,

Newspapers

Vols.

1

Tam.
2
1
2
16
1

5

3
17

2
1
2
3
1
28

1
3

1
2

62

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.

Bruxelles, Society Malacologique de Belgique,
Buenos Aires, Sociedad Cientifica Argentina,
Buffalo, N. Y., Society of Natural Sciences,
Buffalo, N. Y., Young Men's Association,
Burchard, Horatio C, Washington, D. C,

Burns, Charles E.,

Biitzow, Verein der Freunde der Naturgeschichte,

Caen, Acaclemie Nationale des Sciences,

Calcutta, Geological Survey of India,

Caldwell, Augustine, Ipswich,

Caldwell, Rev. S. L., Poughkeepsie, N. Y

Caller, James M.,

Cambridge, Harvard University,

Cambridge, Museum of Comparative Zoology

Cambridge, Nuttall Ornithological Club,

Cambridge, Peabody Museum of American Archaeology

and Ethnology, ....

Carpenter, Rev. C. C, Mt. Vernon, N. H.,
Case, Theodore S., Kansas City, Mo.,
Cherbourg, Societe Nationale des Sciences Naturelles,
Chicago, 111., Headquarters Military Division of the

Missouri,

Chicago, 111., Historical Society,

Chicago, 111., Public Library,

Christiania, La Commission geodesique internationale,

Christiauia, K. N. Frederics Universitets,

Christiania, Videnskabs Selskabet, .

Cincinnati, O., Mechanics' Institute, .

Cincinnati, O., Society of Natural History,

Cleveland, H. W. S., Springfield, 111., .

Cleveland, O., Western Reserve and Northern Ohio

Historical Society,

Cole, Miss Caroline J.,

Cole, Mrs. N. D., Newspapers,

Columbia, Mo., State University,

Currier, John M., Castletou, Vt.,

Curwen, George R.,

Curwen, James B.,

Cushing, L. B., Newburyport,

Cutter, A. E., Charlestown,

Danzig, Naturforschende Gesellschaft,

Darmstadt, Verein fur Erdkunde,

Davenport, la., Academy of Natural Science,

i.

Pam.

2

16

6

1

1

3

10

1

31
10

1
1

3
5

4

1

2
1

1

1
1

1
4
6

4
4

2

1

3

84
1
2
1

41

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 03

Vols. Pam

Dennis, W. P., 3

Dodge, James H., Boston, 1

Donnell, E. J., New York, N. Y., 2

Dresden, Naturwissenschaftliche Gesellschaft Isis, 3

Dublin, Royal Irish Academy, 8

Dudley, A. M., 9

Eads, H. L., So. Union, Ky., ...... 1

Edinburgh, Royal Society, 1

Edmands, T. F., Boston, 1

Ellis, Henry P., Milwaukee, 1

Emclen, Naturforschende Gesellschaft, . 1

Emmerton, James A., ....... 6 54

Epping Forest and County of Essex Naturalists' Field

Club, 1

Erfurt, K. Akademie gemeinniitziger Wissenschaften, . 1

Erlangen, Physikalisch-medicinische Societat, . . 1

Falmouth, Eng., Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society, . 1

Firenze, Istituto di Studi Superiori, .... 12

Folsam, A. A., Boston, 3

Foote&Horton, Newspapers, 4 314

Fox, G. V., Washington, D. C, 2

Frankfurt, a. M., Senckenbergische naturforschende Ges-
ellschaft, 1 1

Frankfurt, a. M., Zoologische Gesellschaft, ... 6

Freiburg, Naturforschende Gesellschaft, .... 1

Gatschet, Albert S., Washington, D. C, . 2

Geneve, L'Institut National Genevois, .... 1

Geneve, Societe de Physique et d'Histoire Naturelle, . 1

George, M. C, Washington, D. C, 1

Gillis, James A., 17 148

Glasgow, Natural History Society, .... 1

Gottingen, K. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften, , . 2

Gould, John H., Topsfield, 1

Green, Samuel A., Boston, 82 322

Hager, Albert D., Chicago, 111., 1

Halifax, N. S., Institute of Natural Science, ... 1
Halle, K. Leop.-Carolinische D. Akademie der Naturfors-

cher, . 4

Hamburg, Verein fur Naturwissenschaftliche Unterhal-

tung, . 1 2

Hamilton, R. I., Narragansett Historical Publishing Com-
pany, 4

Hammond, Joseph, 1

G4 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.

Vols. Pam.

Harlem, Societe Hollandaise des Sciences, ... 3

Hart, Charles H., Philadelphia, Pa., .... 1

Hart, Rev. Samuel, Hartford, Ct., 1

Haskell, Mrs. A. M., West Roxbury, .... 1

Hassam, John T., Boston, 1

Hazen, W. B., Washington, D. C, .... 1

Hildeburn, Charles R., Philadelphia, Pa., ... 1

Hill, B. D., Peabody, .... Newspapers, 4

Hill, H. A., Boston, 1

Hingham, First Parish, 1

Hoar, E. R., Concord, 1

Hobart Town, Government of Tasmania, ... 1 3

Hobart Town, Royal Society of Tasmania, ... 1

Holmes, John C, Detroit, Mich., 1

Horton, N. A., 1

Huguet-Latour, L. A., Montreal, 3 24

Hunnewell, James F., Charlestown, .... 1

Hunt, Miss S. E., 12

Hunt, T. F., 166 188

Hunt, Mrs. Thomas, 46

Illinois Department of Agriculture, 5

Israel, Rev. F., Newspapers, 2 40

James, U. P., Cincinnati, Ohio., 2

Jenison, O. A., Lansing, Mich., 1

Johnson, D. H., 8 24

Johnson, Samuel, Estate of the late, . Newspapers, 79 1744

Kimball, Mrs. James, 4 4

Kimball, Jonathan, Chelsea, 1

Kjobenhavn, K. D. Videnskabernes Selskab, ... 3

Konigsberg, Physikalisch-okonomische Gesellschaft, . 3

Lansing, Mich., State Library, 25 7

Latham, Williams, Briclgewater, 1

Lausanne, Societe Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles, . 3 2

Lawrence, George N., New York, N. Y., ... 6

Leach, Henry C, 1

Lee, F. H., Newspapers, 1 343

Leeds, Philosophical and Literary Society, ... 1
LeMans, Soci6te d'Agriculture, Sciences, et Arts de la

Sarthe, 2

Lincoln, Francis EL, Boston, 1

London, Royal Society, 7

Lord, G. R., 31 28

Lothrop, D. & Co., Boston, 2

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 65

Vols. Pam.

Lowell, Old Residents' Historical Association, . . 1

Lund, Carolinische Universitat, 4 6

Liineburg, Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein, ... 1

Lyon, Academiedes Sciences, Belles-Lettres et Arts, . 1

Lyon, Societe d'Agriculture, ...... 2

Lyon, Societe Linneenne, 1

Mack, David, Hampton, Va., 8 31

Mack, Miss Esther C, 1 12

Madison, Wis., State Library, 1

Madrid, Sociedad Espanola de Historia Natural, . . 1

Maiden, Middlesex Institute, 1

Manchester, Rev. L. C, Lowell, 18

Manning, Robert, 50

Manson, A. S., Boston, 1 9

Marburg, Gesellschaft zur Beforderung der gesammten

Naturwissenschaften, 4

Marsh, Rev. W. H. H., New Brunswick, N. J., . . 1

Marshall, John W., Rockport, 1

Massachusetts, Commonwealth of, 2

McDanolds, James S., Trenton, N. J., .... 2

Meek & Fielden, 1

Meek, Henry M., 1

Merrill, N. F., . 1

Merrill, William, Jr., West Newbury, .... 29

Mexico, Museo Nacional, 3

Middletown, Conn., Museum of Wesleyan University, . 1

Milburn, Mrs. W., 2

Montreal, Natural History Society, 1

Montreal, Societe Historique, 1

Moulton, J. T.,Lynn, 3

Miinchen, K. B. Akademie der Wissenschaften, . . 14
Miinster, Westfalischer Verein fur Wissenschaften u.

Kunst, 1

Nagle, J. T., New York, N. Y., 2

Nevins, W. S., Newspapers, 4

Newark, N. J., Historical Society, 3 2

New Haven, Conn., Academy of Arts and Sciences, . 2

New Haven, Conn., Yale College Library, ... 4

New York, Academy of Sciences, 8

New York, American Geographical Society, ... 7

New York, American Museum of Natural History, . 5

New York, Chamber of Commerce, 1

New York, Genealogical and Biographical Society, . 3

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XV. 5*

06 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.

Vols. Pam.

New York, Historical Society, 1

New York, Linnaean Society, 1

New York, Mercantile Library Association, ... 2

Northampton, Secretary of Smith College, ... 11

Northend, W. D., 106 143

Northey, William, 6 146

Norwegian No. Atlantic Expedition, Editorial Committee, 6

Oclell, Charles, 10 12

Oliver, Henry K., 1

Osgood, John C, 17 12

Talfray, C. W., 33 274

Palmer, B. P., Boston, 1

Paris, Societe d'Acclimatation, 11

Paris, Societe d'Anthropologie, 5

Paris, Societe des Etudes Historiques, .... 8

Peabody, G. L., Newspapers, 2 2

Peabocly, John P., 1

Peabody Institute, Peabody, 1 188

Peet, Rev. S. D., Clinton, Wis., 4

Perkins, A. C, Exeter, N. H., 4

Perkins, George A., 23

Perley, Jonathan, 2

Perley, Sidney, 2

Perry, Rev. W. Stevens, Davenport, la., ... l
Philadelphia, Pa., American-Belgian Chamber of Com-
merce, 1

Philadelphia, Pa., Historical Society of Pennsylvania, . 4

Philadelphia, Pa., Library Company, .... 2

Philadelphia, Pa., Mercantile Library, .... 4

Philadelphia, Pa., Numismatic and Antiquarian Society, 3

Philadelphia, Pa., Woman's Medical College, ... 1

Philadelphia, Pa., Zoological Society, .... 2

Pickering, Miss Mary O., ... Newspapers, 162

Pingree, David, 6 101

Pluiner, Miss Mary N., . . . Newspapers, 3

Pool, Wellington, Wenham, 2

Poole, W. F., Chicago, 111., 1

Preston, Charles P., Dan vers, 1

Providence, R. I., Public Library, 1 18

Providence, R. I., Rhode Island Historical Society, . 1

Putnam, Mrs. Eben, 48

Putnam, F. W., Cambridge, 1 4

Quebec, Literary and Historical Society, ... 2

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.

67

Ramsay, Alexander, London, Eng.,

llantoul, R. S., Newspapers,

Regensburg, K. b. botanische Gesellschaft,

Regensburg, Zoologisch-mineralogischer Verein

Rice, William, Springfield, ....

Riga, Naturforschencler Verein,

Roads, Samuel, Jr., Marblehead, ....

Robinson, E. P., Saugus, . . . Newspapers

Robinson, John, .

Ropes, Rev. W. L., Andover,

Sale, John, Chelsea,

Salem, Peabody Academy of Science,

San Francisco, Cal., Academy of Science,

San Francisco, Cal., Mercantile Library Association,

Savannah, Ga., Georgia Historical Society,

Scudder, Samuel H., Cambridge, ....

S'Gravenhage, Nederlandsch-entomologische Vereenig-

ing,

Smith, George Plumer, Philadelphia, Pa.,

South Hadley, Mt. Holyoke Female Seminary,

Soule, Charles C, Boston,

Springfield, Mo., Drury College, ....

Stanwood, James R., Boston,

Stettin, Entomologischer Verein, ....

St. Gallen, St. Gallische naturwissenschaftliche Gesell
schaft,

St. John, N. B., Natural History Society,

St. Louis, Mo., Missouri Historical Society,

St. Louis, Mo., Public School Library,

Stockholm, Entomologiska Foreningen,

Stockholm, R. Academie des Sciences,

Stone, Eben F., Washington, D. C,

Stone, Robert, ....

Stone, William, ....

Stowers, Mrs. Nathaniel, . ...

St. Petersbourg, Academie Imperiale des Sciences,

Strahan, Thomas, Chelsea,

Sydney, N. S. W., Department of Mines,

Sydney, N. S. W., Royal Society of New South Wales, .

Taunton, Eng., Somersetshire Archaeological and Natu-
ral History Society,

Taunton, Public Library,

Newspapers,
Newspapers,

Vols. Pam.
4
60 2383
2

1
1
1
2

9 67
1
7
163 1503
1
1
1
1

4
2 3

1
2 23

3
1
1

1
4
2
5
1
170

405

9

13

18

72

10

1

1
3

68

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.

Vols. Pam.

Teele, Rev. A. K., Milton, 1

Tenney, Jonathan, Albany, N. Y., 1

Throndhjem, K. Norske Videnskabers Selskab, . . 1

Titus, Rev. Anson, Jr., So. Weymouth, .... 2

Tokio, Japan, University of, 2 1

Topeka, Kans., State Historical Society, ... 1

Toronto, Canadian Institute, 1

Tuckennan, J. F., 1

Unknown, . 2 11

Upsal, SocietasR. Scientiarum, 1

U. S. Bureau of Education, 14

U. S. Bureau of Ethnology, 1

U. S. Chief ofEngineers, 10

U. S. Chief Signal Officer, 3 5

U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, 1

U. S. Commission of Fish and Fisheries, ... 1 17

U. S. Department of the Interior, 63 3

U. S. Department of State, 138

U. S. Hydrographic Office, .... Charts,

U. S. National Board of Health, 10

U. S. National Museum, 27

U. S. Nautical Almanac Office, 1

U. S. Naval Observatory, 1 1

U. S. Patent Office, 3 51

Walter, Joseph R., Wilmington, Del., Newspapers,

Waring, George E., Jr., Newport, R. I., ... 2

Washington, D. C, Smithsonian Institution, ..28

Waters, C. C, Jamestown, D. T., . . . Map,

Waters, H. F., 27 298

Waters, J. Linton, 44 145

Waters, Stanley, Newspapers, 1 28

Waterville, Me., Colby University, 2

Watson, Miss C. A., Map, 1

Webb, Miss Sarah F., 10

Whipple, George M., 1 4

Whipple, Mrs. George M., 3

Whitcher, Mary, Shaker Village, N. H., .... 13

Whitney, Mrs. Mary W., Lawrence, . 31

Whittier, Charles C, Boston, . Genealogical Chart,

Wien, K. k. Zoologisch-botanische Gesellschaf't, . . 1

Wien, Verein zur Verbreitung naturwissenschaftliche

Kcnntnisse, 1

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.

09

Wiesbaden, Nassauischer Verein fiir Naturkunde, .
Wilkes-Barre, Pa., Wyoming Historical and Geological

Society,

Willson, Rev. E. B.,

Wilmington, Delaware Historical Society,

Wilson, John & Son, Cambridge,

Winnipeg, Historical and Scientific Society of Manitoba,

Winsor, Justin, Cambridge,

Worcester, American Antiquarian Society,

Worcester, Society of Antiquity,

Wurzburg, Physikalisch-medicinische Gesellschaft,

Vols.

Pam.

2

2

110

1

1

5

34

3

1

1

1

The following have been received from editors or publishers: —

American Journal of Science.
Canadian Naturalist.
Cape Ann Bulletin.
Danvers Mirror.

)ssex County Statesman.

European Mail.

fireside Favorite.
Gardener's Monthly and Horti-
culturist.
Ipswich Chronicle.
LaBibliophilie.
Lawrence American.
Lynn Bee.
Magnolia Leaves.
Marblehead Messenger.
Medical Register.
Musical Herald.

Nation.

Naturalist's Leisure Hour and

Monthly Bulletin.
Nature.

Newton Transcript.
Our Dumb Animals.
Peabody Press.
Quaritch's Catalogue.
Sailors' Magazine and Seamen's

Friend.
Salem Gazette.
Salem Observer.
Salem Post.
Salem Register.
Turner's Public Spirit.
West Newbury Era.
Zoolosischer Anzemer.

An Art Exhibition opened on Tuesday evening, May
30, 1882. In some respects it was far superior to its pre-
decessors, although those given in former years have
proved very successful. The influence of such exhibitions
can be noticed in the steady increase from year to year in
the number of exhibitors and the progress developed in
the interest of the general public relative to art matters.
There were on exhibition from about one hundred and

70

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.

twenty-five contributors, nearly four hundred specimens
in the various departments of art, including pictures from
the amateur's pencil up to the elaborate oil painting,
decorated ware, plaques, panels, etc., in extensive and
beautiful array. The arrangement was very effective, and
the hall very attractive.

The following is a list of the contributors.

Geo. W. Harvey.
Frank W. Benson.
Miss Edith Rantoul.
Anson Daniels.
Mrs. W. H. A. Putnam.
Miss B. A. Putnam.

" A. B. Kilham.

" M. W. Haskell.
O. W. H. Upham.
Anna R. Thacher.
Miss M. M. Brooks.

11 I. S. Jackson.

" J. S. Warden.

" A. M. Quimby.

" A. G. Pingree.

" Minnie Pond.

" K. Pond.
Mrs. N. A. Frye.
Miss A. F. Perkins.

" Ellen M. Nichols.

" M. R. Nason.

" H. M. King.

" Fanny L. Story.
Mrs. H. H. Davis.
Miss S. Ellen Pratt. .
Mrs. Chas. Sewall.

" Geo. Harrington.
Arthur H. Hayvvard.
Geo. Newcomb.
Miss Alice M. Batchclder.
Joseph Ropes.
Miss Delia Sheldon.

" Agnes W. Endicott.

Mrs. C. L. Read.

Miss Hattie L. Kimball.

11 Sarah E. Smith.

" A. L. Chad wick.

" E. W. "
Mrs. E. V. Emilio.
Miss S. S. Kimball.

" J. A. Ward.
Mrs. J. T. Mooney.

" K. T. Woods.
Mrs. J. F. Hill.
Master Henry Whipple.
H. B. H. Harrington.
Mrs. J. C. Abbott.
Miss Carrie Goldthwaite.

" L. J. Grant.

" Bessie F. Lord.
J. J. Redmond.
Miss Mary A. Batchelder.
Mrs. C. N. Symonds.
Miss L. M. Symonds.

" H. W. Brown.

" Mary K. Robinson.
Mrs. J. Robinson.
Pupils of Miss A. G. Pingree.
Miss Edith Harlow.
Master Arthur F. Harlow.
Mrs. J. H. Roberts.
Miss A. B. Holden.

" Edith B. Dalton.

" B. P. Smith.

" E. R. Pickering.

" Sarah B. Balch.

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.

71

Miss E. W. Fiske.
Charles Norris.
Miss A. P. Putnam.

" F. Emerson.

" M. Swan.
Mrs. J. Battis 2d.
Miss Mary C. Torrey.

" C. L. Adams.
Mrs. George S. Osborne.
Miss E. R. Edmands.

" M. E. Phippen.
Mrs. D. Kelham, jr.
Miss Lucy B. Hood.

" C. B. Harrington.

" N. G. Peirce.

" L. C. G. Peirce.

" C. F. Chase.

" Rose Farndale.

" Eva
Mrs. G. P. Osgood.

" H. P. Ives.
Master I. P. Symonds.
. " J. G. Morse.

Miss C. L. Grant.
Mr. E. C. Larrabee.
Miss Ida Tappan.

" Julia Barker.

" Lizzie B. Gilford.

" Lizzie L. Read.

" Maggie Bolles.
Geo. A. May.
Arthur W. Dow.
Miss A. P. Pitman.
Miss Mary L. King.

" H. F. Buxton.
Mrs. N. G. Symonds.

" Martha G. Smith.
Miss Edith O. Morse.

" A. S. Tukey.

" Clara L. Pitman.

" L. L. Symonds.
Mrs. Joseph Symonds.
Albert I. Whipple.
Mrs. C. F. Quincy.
Miss L. L. A. Very.

Mr. John M. Murray, from the Lawrence pottery
works in Beverly was present with his potter's wheel and
gave practical illustrations of the manner that shapeless
and unpromising clay can be transformed into vessels of
usefulness and ornament.

Frequent and valuable additions to the art library are
made by the curator of painting and sculpture, and the
number of persons interested in this subject who consult
this library is increasing. Many of the volumes contain
valuable and useful information which the student could
not obtain readily elsewhere.

Horticultural Exhibition. The annual Horticultural
Exhibition was held on Wednesday and Thursday, Sept.

72 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.

20 and 21, 1882, although the season was very unpropi-
tious for a large and fine display, on account of the ex-
cessive drought, yet there was a creditable showing, and
the hall had a most attractive appearance by the judicious
arrangement of the various contributions.

Good specimens of vegetables were received from Plum-
mer Farm School, Salem, Andrew Nichols of Dan vers,
J. Page Weston of Dan vers ; W. A. Ireland, E. Goss
and Clarence Murphy of Salem. Contributors of fruit
were as follows : Charles A. Ropes, George F. Brown,
George Bowker, A. C. Locke, IST. C. Locke, Charles
Higbee, S. Endicott Peabody, J. C. Rogers, E. Verry,
Caleb Buffum, Miss S. O. Russell, Miss E. P. Richardson,
James P. Cook, Fred. Lamson, George D. Glover, G. H.
Frye, jr., Mrs. Woodbury, Mrs. E. H. Valentine, E.
Goss and others.

The centre of the hall was occupied by a large stand
of foliage plants. Among them were some beautiful speci-
mens of ferns in fine condition from the collection of S.
Endicott Peabody at Kernwood ; also fine foliage and flow-
ering plants in pots from H. W. Putnam, William A.
Ireland, H. C. Merriam and Mrs. C. Buffum.

Mrs. L. P. Weston of Danvers, W. A. Ireland, George
D. Phippen, J. C. Rogers, H. C. Merriam, Miss Mary
Ropes, Chas. A. Putnam, Mrs. W. F. Gardner and
others, had very creditable exhibits of cut flowers. John
H. Sears presented a collection of native plants.

The judges, Messrs. J. E. Peabody, R. C. Manning
and Hugh Wilson, awarded the prizes as follows: — Best
green-house plants, S. Endicott Peabody ; coleus, Henry
W. Putnam ; cut flowers, Mrs. L. P. Weston of Danvers.
Pears, best Beurre Bosc, George F. Brown ; best Beurre
d' Anjou, N. C. Locke; best Beurre Diel, C. A. Ropes;
best Beurre Snperfin, C. A. Ropes ; best Belle Lucrative,

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 73

G. H. Frye, jr. ; best Duchess d'Angouleme, N. C.
Locke ; best Louise Bonne de Jersey, S. E. Peabody ;
best Lawrence, A. C. Locke; best Seckel, F. Lamson ;
best Flemish Beauty, Mrs. Woodbury.

Apples, best Gravenstein, Mrs. E. H. Valentine ; best
Baldwin, C. A. Ropes ; best Porter, Caleb Buffum.

Grapes, Best Native, George D. Glover and Mrs. J.
Wilson ; best Foreign, S. E. Peabody and J. C. Rogers ;
best Delaware, Charles Higbee.

Best collection of vegetables, Plummer Farm School.

Gratuities were awarded to H. C. Merriam and J. CL
Rogers for flowers ; Andrew Nichols for vegetables ;
William A. Ireland for tomatoes.

Museum. The specimens in natural history, including
those in archaeology, which have been given during the
year are on deposit with the Trustees of the Peabody
Academy of Science, in accordance with previous arrange-
ments. Those of an historical character or that possess
an artistic interest have been arranged in the rooms.

The following may be specified as contributors :

Shepard Devereux Gilbert, Miss .Dorcas C. Nourse, Charles T.
Jenkins, Rev. Joseph Banvard, of Neponset, A. A. Galloupe, Beverly,
T. F. Hunt, George Nichols, Chicago, 111., Peabody Academy of
Science, Estate of the late Samuel Johnson, Miss Lydia Pope, Ray-
mond Lee Newcomb, Rev. William H. Halley, John Robinson, A. C.
Orne, Marblehead, Charles H. Allen, Ellen and Robert Hale Bancroft,
Beverly, John H. Langmaid, Mrs. Francis Dodge, Danvers, William
M. Hill, Benjamin O. Pierce, Beverly, William P. Upham, Mrs. Eben
Putnam, B. D. Hill of Peabody, Peter Thatcher, Boston, James B.
Nichols, Mrs. James Kimball, Elbriclge G. Putnam, Philadelphia,
Joseph W. Stone, Rev. B. F. McDaniel, 0. W. H. Upham, Mrs. Lydia
C. Nichols, Rev. F. Israel.

The most important of the historical donations are,
Door Latch from the old Parris House ; piece of the root

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XV. 6

74 THE RETKOSPECT OF THE YEAR.

of an apple-tree from the grave of Koger Williams ; Bal-
uster from the Old South Church, Beverly, Baluster from
the Hancock House, Boston ; First Shoe ever pegged by
machinery ; Spoon used on board the frigate Constitution ;
some of Gen. George Washington's hair.

Financial. — The Treasurer's Report of the receipts
and expenditures of the past year (condensed for print-
ing)-

RECEIPTS.

Balance on hand at commencement of year .... $376 84

Hist. Soc. Fund.

Dividends of stocks, 32

Nat. Hist. Soc. Fund.

Dividends of stocks, 36

Davis Fund.

Interest of bonds 391 70

Ditmore Fund.

Interest of bonds and stocks 180 40

Manuscript Fund.

Interest of Savings Bank, 23 02

Gift of Geo. Plumer Smith of Phila., 50

73 02

Ladies Fair Fund.

Interest of bonds, 60 00

Howes Fund.

Interest of bonds 1,527 50

Story Fund.

Legacy from the estate of the late Aug. Story, .... 10,000 00

General Account.

Dividends of stocks, 25 00

Return state tax, 12 07

Assessments of members, 905 00

Publications, 741 31

Lectures, Concerts, Excursions, etc., ...... 429 81

Salem Athenaeum, parts of bills 197 51

$2310 70

Sale of bonds $2000 00

premium, 134 50

2,134 50

Salem National Bank, Treasurer's note, ..... 500 00

$17,622 66

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 75

EXPENDITURES.

Historical.

Binder's bill, 75 00

Natural History and Horticulture.

Binder's bill, 75 00

Ditmore Fund.

Annuity to F. I. Perkins, 110 00

Amount omitted, 1879 and 1880, 20 00

130' 00^

Manuscript Fund.

Interest and gift, added to fund, 73 02

Davis Fund.

Interest added to fund, 11 70

Derby Fund.

Deposits in Salem Savings Bank,

Reported on debit in last account, 400 00

Story Fund.

Investments; transferred from the estate, 10,000 00

General Account.

Salaries, 2,168 61

Publications, 1,459 13

Books and binding, 185 75

Salem Athenaeum, Rent and Libraries, 350 00

Fuel, Gas, Express, Postage, etc., 453 07

4,616 56

Paid note of Institute and interest since 1875, .... 2,186 74

Balance, cash on deposit at Salem National Bank, . 54 64

$17,622 66

The invested funds of the Institute are now, .... $45,766 78

In March, this year, the Institute acting in cooperation
with several of the Historical Societies of this state, which
were desirous to ascertain the condition of the various city
and town records, sent a circular and also a carefully pre-
pared blank form to each town and city clerk in Essex
county, inviting their cooperation and requesting that the
form be filled out in accordance with the instructions
annexed, and returned to the Institute; also suggesting
that great care be taken to make every statement precise
and accurate especially as to the dates ; these returns
when collected and summarized, will be printed, constitu-

76 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.

ting a valuable account of the records of our various
municipalities.

The New England Historic-Genealogical Society, having
appointed Mr. Henry F. Waters of Salem, an officer of
the Institute, its agent in London for the purpose of mak-
ing genealogical and historical investigations among the
English records, and having called for funds in aid of
this purpose, a committee, composed of Messrs. Rantoul,
Emmerton and Hunt, was appointed to solicit subscrip-
tions. The subject was brought to the notice of a few
persons interested in Mr. Waters and his mission, and
the sum of $525.00 was collected and sent to the commit-
tee of the above-named society, who have this duty in
charge.

In closing this retrospect of the year's work of the In-
stitute, the officers indulge in the hope, that, ere long its
friends will devise some plan, by which suitable accommo-
dations will be provided, for the proper arrangement of
its library and collections.

BULLETIN

ESSEX I1TSTITTJTE.

Vol. 15. Salem: July, Aug., Sept., 1883. Nos. 7,8,9.

NOTICE
OF THE DEATH OF CHARLES TIMOTHY BROOKS.

At the regular meeting, Monday, June 19, 1883, after
the routine business was transacted, the President called
the attention of the meeting to the recent death of Rev.
Charles Timothy Brooks of Newport, R. I., a member of
the Institute, and said that it seemed proper that some
notice should be taken of his decease.

Rev. E. B. Willson said that while he was not pre-
pared to make a formal address at this meeting, he wished
to pay his tribute of respect to the memory of Mr. Brooks,
and to express his admiration of the high character and
delightful Christian spirit of the deceased. He had known
him intimately of late years, and deemed it a great privi-
lege to have had such a friend. In the course of his re-
marks, Mr. Willson said that on the occasion of the North
Church Centennial celebration Mr. Brooks had been most
helpful in making it a success. He also said that he had
made the death of Mr. Brooks the theme of his discourse
on Sunday.

Rev. E. C. Bolles said that he was glad to add his
word to endorse the remarks of the last speaker, and

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XV. 7 (77)

78 MEMORIAL MEETING ;

moved that the President and Mr. Willson be a committee
to prepare appropriate resolutions on the death of Mr.
Brooks, also to arrange to hold at some later day, a more
formal and an appropriate- memorial service under the
auspices of the Institute. The motion was unanimously
adopted.

Mr. Albert G. Browne and Dr. George A. Perkins
remarked on the kindly and genial disposition and spirit of
Mr. Brooks, and gave some personal reminiscences of
his life. Dr. Perkins said that they had been life-long
acquaintances and were in early years schoolmates, and
the friendship had never waned. In the year 1834 he
made a journey on foot to the White mountains with Mr.
Brooks. This jaunt was always pleasantly remembered
by both of them, and was alluded to in their frequent
meetings, and it had been the expressed intention of both
Mr. Brooks and himself, that, if they lived, the fiftieth
anniversary of that excursion should be passed by them
on the top of Mt. Washington.

Mr. Robert S. Rantoul spoke of the literary char-
acter of the deceased and dwelt especially on his remark-
able facility and genius in his translation of German
poetry. He said :

In the death of Charles T. Brooks we have lost another
of those sons of Essex County who have made a place for
themselves in American letters. I never heard Mr.
Brooks preach, and my estimate of his mental qualities is
made up from sources quite apart from his efforts in the
pulpit. I know him, as most of us have known him,
through his occasional verses, through his translations,
through his sunny face and his cordial greeting. He was
successful as a translator. He had that fineness of apprecia-
tion,— delicacy of touch and fibre, — faculty for giving him-

NOTICE OF C. T. BROOKS. 79

self over without reserve to his author, a sort of literary
self-renunciation, self-surrender, which is to my mind the
sine qua non, the beginning and end of successful effort to
fairly interpret and render in good faith the spirit of an-
other's work.

He had also the drollery, the love of the grotesque, the
quiet, humorous enjoyment of the extravagant vagaries of
German wit, of that sly fun that so pervades home life
and street life in Germany, which made it easy for him to
transfer that peculiar atmosphere to his American reprint.
His "Max and Maurice," for instance, is, of its kind, in-
imitable. No one is too old, no one is too young, to laugh
over it. But he was equally fortunate in his more serious
efforts in German translation. I will not enumerate these
works nor characterize them. The death of Freiligrath,
the great revolutionary, democratic, people's poet of
modern Germany, — the Burns, the Whittier, of the Teu-
ton race, occurred while I was at Stuttgart, where he had
been residing, and when the first anniversary of it came
about, I was still at Stuttgart. In Southern Germany the
custom is to celebrate the day of the death rather than of
the birth of those to whom the world owes something, and
this first anniversary of Freiligrath's death was noticed by
the English and American residents of Stuttgart with me-
morial exercises in which many Germans, who understood
English, united with the English-speaking admirers of the
poet. He had lived much in England, had purposed em-
igrating to America whither he had already sent forward
a pioneer in the person of his son, and was well acquainted
with Longfellow (whom he had translated,) and with Mr.
Brooks, and was read and admired by Whittier. I was
asked to make the address on the occasion, and in that
connection took some pains to seek out the best English
translations of some of Freiligrath's characteristic poems.

80 MEMORIAL MEETING ;

From a considerable collection of English translations
made by English, Scotch and Irish writers of note as well
as by Mr. Brooks, I selected as best suited to my purpose
one which I will read, and, lest my local partiality might
mislead me as to the quality of Mr. Brooks' work, I con-
sulted competent critics on the spot, including the family
of the German poet himself, and found that they shared my
preference. I read, from the published proceedings of the
occasion, Mr. Brooks's version of

THE EMIGRANT'S DEPARTURE.
Ye men, that from your necks set down

Your heavy baskets on the earth
Of bread, from German corn baked brown,

By German wives, on German hearth,

And you, with braided tresses neat,
Black Forest maidens, slim and brown,

How careful, on the sloop's green seat,
You set your pails and pitchers down !

Ah! oft have home's cool, shady tanks
Those pails and pitchers filled for you !

By far Missouri's silent banks
Shall these the scenes of home renew,— ■-

The stone rimmed fount, — the village street,
Where oft ye stooped to chat and draw,—

The hearth, — and each familiar seat, —
The pictured tiles your childhood saw !

Soon, in the far and wooded west,
Shall log-house walls therewith be graced :

Soon many a tired and tawny guest
Shall sweet refreshment from them taste :

From them shall drink the Cherokee,

Faint with the hot and dusty chase.
No more from German vintage ye

Shall bear them home in leaf-crowned grace !

Oh say ! Why seek ye other lands ?

The Neckar's vale hath wine and corn :
Full of dark firs the Schwarzwald stands :

In Spessart rings the Alp-herd's horn !

NOTICE OF C. T. BROOKS. 81

Ah ! In strange forests you will yearn
For the green mountains of your home, —

To Deutschland's yellow wheat-lields turn, —
In spirit o'er her vine-hills roam !

How will the form of days grown pale

In golden dreams float softly by,
Like some old legendary tale,

Before fond memory's moistened eye !

The boatman calls ! Go hence in peace !

God bless you, — wife and child and sire !
Bless all your fields with rich increase,

And crown each faithful heart's desire !

Rev. Fielder Israel referred to the help Mr. Brooks
had been to him in many ways and endorsed the views of
the previous speakers. He read some verses of the
deceased, entitled, "A winter morning on the Merrimac."

Letters were read from Rev. B. F. McDaniel and Mr.
William P. Andrews, regretting their necessary absence
from the meeting.

Rev. Mr. McDaniel writes :—

"I regret very much that a previous engagement, which
I cannot set aside, will prevent me from attending, this
evening, the meeting in memorial of Mr. Brooks, whom
to know was to see the kingdom of Heaven. I should
rejoice to hear the loving tributes paid by those who knew
him better than I did."

Mr. Andrews writes as follows :

Dear Dr. Wheatland,

It is a matter of sincere regret to me that I cannot be
personally present with you on Monday evening, to render
what little tribute I may to the worth of our dear friend,
Mr. Brooks ; and I beg you or Mr. Willson will kindly add
my word to what may be said on that occasion.

82 MEMOEIAL MEETING ;

"Half Lamb, half Cowper," Mr. Silsbee has most happily
called our friend, and the thought is a picture of his
blended wit and simple goodness.

Simplicity, and goodness itself were personified in his
gentle, unobtrusive life ; and as he lately read his tribute
to Mr. Story in your hall, many of us must have been
struck with the applicability of his poetic praise of Mr.
Story's worth to his own. His appearance, his manner
and matter on that occasion, must remain forever memor-
able to those who were fortunate enough to hear him.

The man himself was always a delightful poem, of
which his fluent, tender verse hardly gives us a full report.
None the less he lived in an atmosphere of poetry which,
flowing spontaneously from his mind and pen, bright-
ened and uplifted many sorrowing hearts, and adorned
many a serious or gay assemblage.

It seems to me his greatest success in literature, however,
was in his most difficult undertaking, the then untried ren-
dering of the German masterpiece into English, in its orig-
inal metres. Only those who have attempted that task, or
carefully compared the leading translations word by word
with the German text, can appreciate the difficulty of that
accomplishment, or the remarkable success with which our
poet has met it. However much the loudly-blown trumpet
of praise may exaggerate the merits of another version of
Goethe's Faust that owes a deep and yet unacknowledged
obligation to Mr. Brooks' work ; the fact remains that our
friend's work has never been equalled by any published
translation, in fidelity to the letter, or to the feeling of the
original — a fact the leading journals have lately noticed,
and which was admirably stated some years since in a for-
mal article on the subject contributed to the "New Eng-
landcr."

But while it is our duty to record here the debt under

NOTICE OF C. T. BROOKS. 83

which Mr. Brooks' faithful and loving labors in this, and
many another admirable translation, have placed the litera-
tures of the two great Teuton families, we must with
mournful hearts acknowledge the personal obligation we
all feel in recalling his gracious life of varied usefulness
and beauty.

The charm of perpetual youth that surrounded his
simple, unpretentious spirit ; the warm appreciation of his
friends, and ready word of kindly sympathy and encour-
agement ; the delight of his cordial manner, and mellow
flavor of his mingled wit and wisdom, made his annual
return, to these his native haunts, always a memorable
pleasure to all of us. He was indeed a man, whose like
we may not look upon again.

I am, my dear sir, sincerely yours,

Wm. P. Andrews.

The President gave some account of the class of 1832
at Harvard, of which Mr. Brooks was a member, and men-
tioned the interesting as well as remarkable fact that, in
the year when Mr. Brooks entered college, twenty-four
applicants from Salem were examined for admission to the
various colleges, of whom nineteen obtained their degree
in regular course : of the twenty-four, seventeen were
admitted to Harvard, and thirteen of these graduated at
the expiration of four years. This is probably an unpar-
alleled record in the educational history of the city.

The following is a list of those admitted to the differ-
ent colleges in 1828.

Amherst. James Oliver left during the Freshman
year ; afterwards entered Colby University, receiv-
ing his degree in 1838. A teacher and joint author
of "Wreck of the Glide;" died in Cambridgeport,
Jan., 1845.

84 MEMORIAL MEETING ;

Brown. Joseph Farnum, a physician and dentist, died
in Salem, Nov. 22, 1874.

Samuel Randall, died at Madison, N. J., April
20, 1862, set. 50, Rector of Episcopal Church in
that town.

Dartmouth. Richard Manning Chipman.
Edward Brown Emerson,

Harvard. Haley Forrester Barstow, a lawyer, died at
Grand Rapids, Mich., Aug. 13, 1871.

Charles Timothy Brooks, the subject of this notice.

George William Cleveland, merchant, died at Pon-
totoc, Miss., Sept. 20, 1848.

James Arthur Cleveland was admitted, but did
not join the class; artist, died at Tarrytown, N. Y.,
May 8, 1868.

William Bewail Cleveland, left at the close of the
Sophomore year.

William Fabens, lawyer, died at Marblehead,
March 11, 1883.

John Forrester, left during the Freshman year,
engaged in mercantile pursuits, died Feb., 1841.

William Prescott Gibbs, lawyer, died in Lexing-
ton, Mass., July 27, 1852.

Benjamin Manning Hodges, left on account of ill
health, at the close of the Freshman year, died at
Salem, June 30, 1830.

Charles Grafton Page, physician, electrician, Ex-
aminer U. S. Patent Office, died at Washington, D.
C, May 5, 1868.

Archer Ropes, lawyer in Baltimore, Md., died Oct.
2, 1855.

NOTICE OF C. T. BROOKS. 85

John Boardman Silsbee, merchant, died in Salem
April 1, 1867.

John Henry Silsbee.

William Silsbee.

Augustus Story, lawyer, Pres. Holyoke Ins. Co.,
Salem, died Oct. 19, 1882.

William Henry West, lawyer, died at Indianapolis,
Lid., August, 1838.

Henry Wheatland.

Yale. Horace Lorenzo Oonolly; transferred his connec-
tions to Trinity college in the senior year and received
his degree from that college. Authorized to take
the name of Horace Ingersoll, Nov. 16, 1858.
John Spencer Wallis.

Of the above list, eight are now living after the lapse of
fifty-five years from the time of admission. These are the
four who entered Yale and Dartmouth, and four of those
who entered Harvard. Of the twenty-four admitted to
college in 1828, fourteen were from the Latin School in
Salem, and the others from private schools.

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XV. 7*

THE FIRST NOTICE OF THE PINE GROVE OR
FOREST RIVER SHELLHEAP.

BY F. W. PUTNAM.

It now seems strange that any one could for a moment
believe the great deposits of oyster, clam, quahaug and
other shells along the seacoast, and of the fresh-water clam
along our interior rivers, were formed by natural agencies,
but fifty years ago they were almost universally considered
as natural deposits ; the result of upheaval of ocean beds
or ancient beaches.

Dr. Ducatel, in his report on the geology of Maryland,
pronounced the great heaps of oyster shells on the Chesa-
peake to be artificial productions, and he seems to have
been the first geologist in this country to call attention to
their true origin, which he did in the following words : —

" Some of the other agricultural resources of the state,
besides those derived from the use of marl, have been
already alluded to in the preceding sections. There is
one especially, scarcely inferior in value to the marl, con-
sisting of extensive accumulations of oyster shells, evi-
dently made by the aboriginal inhabitants of the country ;
— since they are found to enclose human skeletons, deer
horns, tools, coarse pottery, etc., plainly significant of
their origin. The accumulations are found in many parts
of the eastern shores and their principal localities are laid
down in the map." — Report of J. T. Ducatel, State
Geologist of Maryland, Dec. 29, 1834.

These deposits had been referred to by several of the

(8G)

F. W. PUTNAM. 87

early writers on the habits of the Indians of the Atlantic
coast as the refuse piles of the Indians, and even fifty
years ago there were local traditions of their being the
camping grounds of Indians, but these statements were
not among the general possessions of the geologists, who
were obliged to study these recent deposits in the same
way that they studied the beds of fossils. Some fossil
shell-beds were known, and as great stress had been laid
upon the uprising of sea beaches, it became the accepted
theory that all similar beds or heaps of shells were owing
simply to the uprising of the coast.

In 1841 Mr. Lardner Vanuxem, a distinguished geolo-
gist on the New York Survey, made a communication
before the meeting of American Geologists and Natural-
ists in which he gave his reasons for differing from Mr. T.
A. Conrad, who seems to have persisted in the theory that
the shell-beds were of natural origin,1 and showed that
the association of the shells with stone arrowheads and
fragments of pottery proved their artificial origin, which
was confirmed by the fact that the shell-beds were depos-
ited upon the natural surface of the soil, and that under
them were the remains of cedar trees which had formerly
grown on the spot. Thus, seven years after the statement
by Ducatel the question of the natural or artificial origin of
the shell heaps was still under discussion.

Iu this connection, and with these facts before us, it is
of interest to read in the unpublished records of 1840, of
the Essex County Natural History Society, to which my
attention was directed by the honored president of the
Institute, Dr. Wheatland, the first account of the shell-
heap at Pine Grove, from which so many of us have ob-

1 Vanuxem and Ducatel both agreed with Conrad in stating that some beds were
of natural origin, but they were true fossils.

88 FOREST RIVER SHELLHEAP ;

tained scallop shells in our younger days, when the place
was famous as a picnic ground, and into which some of us
have dug in after years, with a full knowledge of its Indian
origin.

The record of the secretary's book of the society is
headed " Report on the presence of shells in great quan-
tities near the seashore in Salem, Mass., observed May,
1840, by John Lewis Russell."

From the record it appears that Mr. Russell addressed
the society on the subject of raised beaches, and he quotes
from several authors accounts of elevations of land in
various parts of the world in recent times, caused by earth-
quakes, and also mentions several instances of raised
beaches on which are great masses of shells. All these
deposits, following the opinions of the authors he has
quoted, he regards as natural formations. He then states
that there have been found " strata of Mya, Mytilus, and
Ostrea, several inches thick, from five to ten feet below
the surface at Lechmere's Point in Cambridge," and that
"S. C. Dana, M. D., the ingenious and accomplished
chemist of Lowell .... found them on the site
of the Court House [at East Cambridge] and has no
doubt that they were raised to their present position
from the adjacent beds of the harbor, of which the hill
in question was probably at one time the shore of the
then sea."2

After these preliminary remarks Mr. Russell comes to
the special subject of the Pine Grove Shellheap, which he

2 The remains of an old shellheap were still visible at Lechmere's Point a few
years since and probably can still be traced.

As an instance of finding shells at considerable depth along the old shore lines of
Salem, I may mention that, when a boy, the old North River bank was graded at
that part of Federal Street where now stand the houses built by Messrs. Haskell
and Walden, and that in the old shore sand-bank, many shells of the large hen-
clam, Macira solidissima., were found. These were evidently shells which had
been buried on the former beach of North River.

BY F. W. PUTNAM. 89

regarded as of natural origin, notwithstanding the singular
association of several species of shells and bones of
mammals. Had he continued to make the excavation
which he mentions, to the bottom of the heap, his conclu-
sions would probably have been entirely different. The
record, however, is of interest as the first account of this
now nearly effaced shellheap, and is here copied in full, as
follows : —

"Having thus introduced you to these phenomena
abroad, allow me to call your attention to similar in
our own neighborhood and under our own eyes. Owing
to the suggestion of an acquaintance I was induced to
visit, in company with him, the southern shore of our
harbor in that portion just east of the very picturesque
group of pitch pines, contiguous to the Lead Factory of
Mr. Francis Peabody. Any one who has ever rambled
over the undulating hills of this spot is familiar with the
indented features of the land. After passing over the crest
of the hill about a fourth of a mile from where the Marble-
head railroad enters the point after crossing the mouth
of Forest River you descend into a valley, and at the
elevation of several feet above its level, and probably
more than twenty feet above high water mark, you will
notice the appearance of broken shells protruding from
the soil. Similar appearances exist on the shores of the
Mill Pond above the Salem railroad bridge (at the foot of
Circus street), but whether referable to the same agency,
further examination can only determine.

"Digging into one of these spots we found an aston-
ishing accumulation of shells in all stages of decay.
Penetrating to the depth of more than four feet there
seemed to be little indication that we had reached its
bottom. Indeed it is not improbable from existing appear-
ances that the bed was of indefinite extent. Specimens of

90 FOREST RIVER SHELLHEAP ;

every kind of the mass were carefully saved, and are offered
for the acceptance of the Society to be deposited in its
cabinets.

"The greatest amount of specimens were oiMya arenaria
or common clam. These were interspersed sparingly with
Modiola jpapuana, Mytilus edulis, Mactra solidissima,
JSfassa obsoleta, Natica heros, N~. triseriata and occasionally
jV~. duplicates, Fusus cinereus, Sanguinolaria fusca, Cre-
pidulafornicata, Pecten concentricus , Ostrea sp., upon the
outside of which were minute and almost microscopic
species of Spirula.

"You will take notice that the occurrence of the Oyster
was quite rare. How this happens when its almost con-
stant companion, Pecten concentricus was comparatively
in abundance, I cannot explain. The oyster seems to
have been an inhabitant of our northern coasts, but in
sparse quantities. Pecten concentricus is found in com-
pany with the oyster on the southern shores as I have
been informed, and indeed the exuviae of our oyster shops
are sufficient proofs of the fact, among which it is often
seen. Natica duplicata also is peculiarly of southern
habit, and belongs to a group of our maritime shells, whose
living habitat is not considered as belonging to the northern
shores of Cape Cod.

"But the most interesting discovery remains. This was
the occurrence of fragments of bones, near the bottom of
the penetration which we effected. They were in a very
soft and friable condition, but became more hard and
firm when exposed to the air. I have succeeded by the
kind assistance of my friend, Dr. Jeffries Wyman of the
Boston Natural History Society, in determining these to
belong to some large species of deer, and the animal as
of a young age. The existence of the fourth or fifth
molar of the left lower jaw most indubitably points out

BY F. W. PUTNAM. Dl

this fact, the teeth of the deer possessing a peculiar
process which the teeth of no other animal have. This
specimen I have retained, until I hear from a friend who
is familiar with the history of our native deer. From
its great size I think that it may belong to the moose,
being somewhat larger than any tooth of the upper jaw of
the elk or wapiti now in the cabinets of the Boston Nat-
ural History Society. That collection does not possess
the lower jaw of the wapiti so that the corresponding tooth
could not be compared with this. The other bones, five
in number, compose some portion of the lower extremities
of the right and left legs. They are : — 3

" 1. Fragment of the lower extremity of the tibia (right
leg). The epiphysis is separated from the shaft of the
bone, ossification not being complete.

"2. Astragalus.

"3. Os calcis. The posterior extremity broken off.

" 4. A small bone situated between the lower extrem-
ity of the tibia and the upper lateral portion of the os
calcis. This was an articulation with both these bones,
and is supposed by Cuvier to represent the lower head of
the fibula.

"5. Fragment of the left metatarsal bone. The outer
condyle broken off.

"The first four bones fit accurately together and ob-
viously belonged to the same foot.

"The want of coossification of the epiphysis of the tibia
with its shaft, would indicate that the animal had not ac-
quired its maturity. The metatarsal bone No. 5 was
obviously that of a ruminant possessing originally two

3 The paragraphs numbered 1 to 6 are given in quotations in the record and are
probably a copy of Dr. Wyman's notes on the specimens which he identified for Mr.
Russell.

92 FOREST RIVER SHELLHEAP.

condyles, for the articulation of two sets of phalanges of
the toes. It undoubtedly belonged to the same animal
with the other bones, though it formed a part of the right
foot and the others of the left.

" 6. The 4th or 5th molar of the left lower jaw.

"It remains only to add that occasional pieces of granite
of the character with the super-adjacent rocks were dug
up ; these were very much decomposed and in some in-
stances had actually become sand, owing to the presence
of iron, and the action of water causing oxidization. At
the surface, or just below it, of similar spots the shells
were so decomposed as to resemble marl, and could be
easily moulded by the hand. To the agriculturist these
deposits may become rich means for the improvement of
his soils, requiring only the labor of transportation to
places where the action of carbonate of lime would be
beneficial. Such has been actually the case with a similar
elevation of recent marine shells in Hingham near the
alms house, and these when spread over grass land, and
even on old worn-out pastures have produced astonishing
effects in the production of fine and healthy grass. The
Hingham bed, with which I am familiar, is, however,
different from ours, being completely thrown above the
soil, and presenting the aspect of a vast heap of old oyster
and clam shells, designedly thrown there by the hand of
man. At some future opportunity I hope to be able to
procure specimens from that locality to add them to the
suite from the southern shore of our harbor."

WEEDS OF ESSEX COUNTY.

BY JOHN H. SEARS.

A weed is any plant which occupies cultivated ground
to the injury of the particular crop intended to be grown.
Thus, even the most useful plants may become weeds if
they appear out of their proper place. The term is some-
times applied to any insignificant looking or unprofitable
plants which grow profusely in a state of nature, as the
fireweed, pigweed, mayweed, whiteweed, etc. There
are weeds by the roadside, in gravel, brick and plank-
walks, on railroad beds, in brooks, ponds and water
courses.

By a system of natural selection some plants seem to
thrive best in certain localities, as for instance the purse-
lane. Portulaca oleracea is always found growing in
cultivated grounds, while the common plantain (Plantago
major) grows quite as abundantly in a hard, uncultivated
situation. And again, the sorrel (Humex aceiosella) may
be said to grow in either situation equally as well.

A large proportion of the plants called weeds are in-
troduced from Europe, and as they are brought here with
different kinds of crop seeds they become more or less
adapted to the situation in which the seed is sown. And
when the weed has perfected its seed, it will continue to
thrive if the situation is a suitable one. Such plants as
have become adapted to their surroundings usually grow
in a like kind of soil and place, as there they thrive best,
though a great many kinds of weeds have become so

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XV. 8 (93)

94 WEEDS OF ESSEX COUNTY ;

thoroughly established that they grow equally well in a
variety of situations. Plants also take a variety of forms
from their situations and what they have to contend with
in their season's growth.

The Roman wormwood (Ambrosia artemisioafolia) ,
found growing in cultivated ground, is usually two or
three feet high, with a spread of two feet on the surface ;
while if grown in an old pasture where it is browsed on
by cattle it will be found to take a form of one or two
inches in height where it will thrive ; and as the law of
nature is for plants to mature seeds, one of these low,
dwarfed plants will produce as many seeds as the larger
plants grown in tilled ground. This often leads to the
question asked by cultivators who, after ploughing and
planting an old piece of pasture-land, find it thickly cov-
ered with the Roman wormwood, "Where do the seeds
come from?" And as the full grown plant has not beeii
detected by the casual observer for a series of years pre-
vious to the fields being planted, the query is made as
to how long the seed has lain dormant in the soil.

Again, seeds of such plants as the Canada thistle (Cir-
sium arvense) and the fireweed (Erechthites hieracifolia)
are furnished with a pappus of fine, soft hairs, which
makes them very buoyant and easily transported by the
wind to a great distance, and as such plants are very pro-
lific, each plant producing thousands of seeds, when they
do alight on cultivated or new burnt soil are immedi-
ately covered with the lighter material of which the soil is
composed, and are ready to form a crop for the next sea-
son. Probably two-thirds of the seeds are dropped on
grass lands and in woods where they never reach the soil,
otherwise the country would soon be covered with these
plants. I have arranged a classified list, with notes, of the
weedy plants of Essex County, as follows :

BY JOHN H. SEARS. 95

Order Ranunculacese.

Virgin's Bower, Clematis Virginiana, is a climbing plant, growing
on fences and in moist, mowing lands. It is a troublesome weed.

Tall Meadow Rue, Thalictrum Cornuti, is a coarse growing weed in
fresh meadows.

Banunculus acris, tall Crowfoot or Buttercup, is very abundant and
always avoided by cattle on account of its very acrid, blistering juice.
European.

Banunculus bulbosus and B. repens are equally abundant, and have
similar properties. European.

Order Berberidacese.

Berberis vulgaris, common Barberry.

This shrub was introduced from Europe, as a garden plant, for the
sake of its berries. The seeds remain on the bushes all winter and
supply food to the robins and other birds. They drop the seeds in
fence rows and near stone walls, where they germinate and form large
patches, which must be considered as weeds. They are fast covering
our rocky pastures and are too abundant all over Essex County.

Order Papaveracege.

Celandine, Chelidonium majus, is quite common in old gardens and
near dwellings. It was introduced from Furope.

Order Fumariacese.

Common Fumitory, Fumaria officinalis, is a weed in grain fields, and
in some places a bad weed in grass lands. European.

Order Cruciferse.

Yellow Rocket, Barbarea vulgaris, grows in low lands and by road-
sides. It is an European plant.

Hedge Mustard, Sisymbrium officinale, found in waste places and
near dwellings. European.

Black Mustard, Brassica nigra, always grows in cultivated fields.
European.

Shepherd's Purse, Gapsella Bursa-pastoris, is common in grass and
tilled lands. European.

Wild Pepper-grass, Lepidium Virginicum, a roadside weed, native
of the Southern States.

96 WEEDS OF ESSEX COUNTY;

Jointed Charlock, Baphanus JRaphanistrum, is one of the worst weeds
in old farm lands, as it is very prolific in bearing seeds. European.

Order Cistacese.

Pinweed, Lecheas, of which there are three species, is a common
weed in pasture lands.

Order Hyperieacese.

St. John's-wort, Hypericum perforatum, abundant in old pastures and
fields. European.

Order Caryophyllacese.

Bladder Campion, Silene inflata, a British species of the pink family,
is spreading rapidly in many parts of Essex County. It is a deep-
rooted plant. It is almost impossible to pull it up.

Common Soapwort or Bouncing Bet, Saponaria officinalis, escaped
from gardens, is a roadside weed. European.

Corn Cockle, Lychnis QUhago, a very pretty reddish-purple flower
of the pink family, is a weed in grain fields. European.

Common Chickweed, Stellaria media, grows everywhere in damp
grounds. European.

Mouse-ear Chickweed, Cerastium viscosum, a weed on lawns and in
grass lands. European.

Pearlwort, Sagina procumbens, grows in damp places in brick walks
often forcing the bricks out of place.

Sand Spurry, Spergularia rubra, var. Campestris, grows in similar
situations to the last and in gravelly foot-paths.

Knawel weed, Scleranthus annuus, grows on railroad beds and waste
places. Common. European.

Carpet weed, Mollugo verticillata, grows in cultivated ground,
gravel walks, etc. From farther south.

Order Portulacaceae.

Purslane, Portulaca oleracea. This plant is the worst weed that
the agriculturist has to contend with, as it seeds very fast, and is so
tenacious of life, even after it has been cut up, taking root again. Its
season of growth is also during the haying time, so that it gets a good
start before it is observed. It is one of the oldest European pot-
herbs.

BY JOHN H. SEARS. 97

Order Malvaceae.

Common Mallow, Malva rotundifolia, grows near dwellings and in
garden paths. European.

Indian Mallow, Abutilon Avicennce, a tall, coarse plant, escaped from
gardens. From India.

Order Geraniacese.

Wood- Sorrel, Oxalis stricta, grows around dwellings and in gar-
deus. Common.

Order Anacardiacese.

Poison Ivy, Rhus Toxicodendron, stone walls, climbing on trees, and
in sandy fields.

Order Leguminoses.

Woad Waxen, Genista tinctoria. This plant was introduced from
Europe, prior to 1628, as a dye plant. It is fast covering the unculti-
vated pastures in all parts of the county. It is a native of central
and southern Europe.

Zigzag Clover, Trifolium medium, forms dense patches in Danvers
and Salem. European.

Yellow or Hop Clover, Trifolium agrarium, sandy fields and road-
sides. European.

Black Medick, Medicago lupulina, abundant in grass lauds. Euro-
pean.

Vetch, Vicia Cracca, a very pretty plant, but a bad weed in mowed
land, as it is hard to exterminate. Abundant at Danversport.

Wild Indigo, Baptisia tinctoria, abundant in old pastures.

Ground Nut, Apios tuberosa, grows on the edges of fields, and on
walls and fences, climbing on the grass.

Order Rosacese.

Canada Burnet, Poterium Canadense, a weed in fresh meadows and
on river banks. Common in Danvers, Topsfield and Ipswich.

Cinque-foil, Potentilla Norvegica, grows in fresh meadows. It is a
coarse weed.

High Blackberry, Mubus villosus, grows on the borders of thickets
and wet meadows.

98

Low Blackberry, Bubus Canadensis, grows on rocky hills and pas-
tures. Common.

Early Wild Rose, Bosa blanda, everywhere abundant in roadsides
and fence rows.

Swamp Wild Rose, Bosa Carolina, common in wet meadows.

Order Crassulacese.

Garden Orpine or Aaron's-Rod, Sedum Telephium, one of the worst
weeds in grass lands. Abundant in Danvers, Wenham and Beverly.
It increases principally by tubers, though even a leaf of it will take
root if covered with soil. Kerosene oil will kill it.

Order Onagracese.

Willow-herb, Epilobium angustifolium, found on new burnt land
and in wet pastures, increasing rapidly by its seeds which have a tuft
of long hairs at the end. The wind carries these seeds in all direc-
tions.

Common Evening Primrose, Oenothera biennis, a very persistent
weed on roadsides, gravelly pastures and railroad beds.

Order Cucurbitacese.

Star Cucumber, Sicyos angulatus. This plant is an introduced weed
from the south. It is often used to cover trellises and walls near
dwellings, but is a most troublesome weed in damp soils.

Order UmbellifersB.

Common Carrot, Baucus Carota, introduced into mowing lands. It
seeds freely and is an unsightly weed. European.

Cow- Parsnip, Heracleum lanatum, is a very large, coarse plant.
Found in pastures and near brooks.

Common Parsnip, Pastinaca sativa, common in mowed lands and in-
creases very fast if neglected. European.

Great Angelica, Archangelica atropurpurea, damp fields and river
banks. A coarse, strong-scented weed.

Poison Hemlock, Conium maculatum, a dangerous, narcotic, poison-
ous plant, growing by roadsides and in old gardens. This plant
should be well known by all persons, as its seeds act very quickly,
often producing paralysis when eaten.

BY JOHN II. SEARS. 99

Order Compo sitae.

Asters and Goldenrods. These pretty plants are weeds in fence
rows, on the borders of fields and in pastures. They are hard to
dislodge.

Horse-weed, Butter-weed, Erigeron Canadensis, grows on roadsides
and in fields. Very common.

Roman Wormwood, Ambrosia artemisiaifolia. This weed is common
in all parts of the United States east of the Rocky mountains. It is a
composite, with sterile and fertile heads, occupying different parts of
the same plant.

Spiny Clotbur, Xanthium spinosum, waste places on the seacoast,
and established as a weed in Peabody and Danvers. From tropical
America.

Cone Flower, Budbeckia Jiirta, a common weed in mowing lands. It
was introduced with clover seed from the west, and is native on the
prairies of Wisconsin and southward.

Tick-seed, Coreopsis tricJiosperma, and common Beggar's Tick,
Bidens frondosa, are coarse weeds, the seeds adhering to the dress and
to the fur of animals, and are thus disseminated.

May-weed, Maruta Cotula, roadsides and dooryards. A very com-
mon weed. European.

Yarrow, Achillea Millefolium, waste places and around dwellings.
Common. European.

Ox-eye Daisy, Leucanthemum vulgare, White weed, fields ahd pas-
tures. Too abundant. European. In Hanson's history of Danvers,
page 47, it is said that Edward Grover planted it in his garden as an
herb in 1683 at Salem Village.

Common Tansy, Tanacetum vulgare, escaped from old gardens.
Grows in dense patches by roadsides and in fields. European.

Common Everlasting, Gnaphalium polycephalum, grows everywhere
in pastures and old fields.

Fire-weed, Erechthites hieracifolia, common in recent clearings
where the ground has been burnt over.

Canada Thistle, Cirsium arvense, a most troublesome weed in hay
fields. European.

Burdock, Lappa officinalis, waste places and around dwellings. It
is an unsightly weed. European.

100 WEEDS OF ESSEX COUNTY;

Cichory, Cichorium Intybus, a deep-rooted weed, and one that
spreads very fast. Hay fields and roadsides ; too common. European.

Hawkbit, Fall Dandelion, Leontodon autumnale, fields and road-
sides, destroying the turf on banks and lawns. European.

Common Dandelion, Taraxacum Dens-leonis, grows in fields and
pastures.

Blue or False Lettuce, Mulyedium, and Sow Thistle, Sonchus, are
coarse weeds in cultivated swamp land.

Order Lobeliacese.

Indian Tobacco, Lobelia inflata, in mowed land it is often abundant.
In hay it causes horses to slaver, and is hurtful for cows to eat.

Order Plantaginaceae.

Common Plantain, Plantago major, near dwellings, yards and waste
places. European.

Rib-grass English Plantain, Plantago lanceolata, grows in dry fields
and lawns, its long thin leaves escaping the mower. European.

Order Scrophulariacese.

Mullein, Verbascum Thapsus, roadsides, pastures and old fields.
European.

Toad-Flax, Butter-and-Eggs, Linaria vulgaris, old fields and road-
sides; very troublesome in grain fields. European.

Order Labiatse.

Motherwort, Leonurus Cardiaca, waste places and around dwellings.
European.

Order Borraginaceae.

Viper's Bugloss, Echium vulgare, roadsides and waste places in
Beverly, Danvers and Middleton. It is a bad weed in cultivated
fields in Virginia. European.

Order Convolvulacese.

Bind-weed, Convolvulus arvensis, abundant in Salem and vicinity,
growing in dense mats and seeding rapidly. It is a perennial low
climber, twining upon the grass and everything within its reach.

Hedge Bind-weed, Calijstegia sepium, is another climbing weed, and

BY JOHN H. SEARS. 101

on tillage lands is one of the worst weeds, as it twines around young
plants. It is especially abundant in Dan vers, Salem and Marblehead.

Dodder, Cuscuta Epilinum. In Europe this plant is very injurious
to the Flax. It is common in many parts of this county and is para-
sitic on the bark of Asters, etc.

Order Solanacese.

Thorn Apple, Datura Stramonium, waste grounds. It is a dan-
gerous, but well known weed, its seeds being a powerful emetic.
From Asia.

Order Phytolaccacese.

Garget or Pigeon-berry, Phytolacca decandra, tall and stout peren-
nials, growing on burnt land and reclaimed swamps. The stout stalks
are eaten as a substitute for asparagus in early spring.

Order Chenopodiacese.

The Pigweeds, Chenopodium album, etc., are all naturalized from
Europe. The beet and spinach are in the same family.

Order Amarantacese.

Green Amaranths or Sugar-weed, Amarantus. There are three
species, all natives of tropical America.

Order Polygonacese.

Polygonum, Knot- weeds, we have thirteen species growing as weeds
in the county. Those commonly known are called Smart-weed, the
Arrow-leaved Tear-thumb, Goose-grass, Water pepper, Lady's Thumb
with a dark spot in the leaf, and are among the best known.

Curled Dock, Bumex crispus, fields and roadsides. Common. Eu-
ropean.

Yellow Dock, Bumex obtusifolius, fields and roadsides. Common.
European.

Field or Sheep Sorrel. Bumex acetosella, everywhere abundant.

Order Euphorbiacese.

Spurge, Euphorbia maculata, grows in open places everywhere, es-
pecially in gravel walks.

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XV. 8*

102 WEEDS OF ESSEX COUNTY;

Order UrticacesB.

Nettles, Urtica dioica, waste places and roadsides. European.

Rich-weed or Clear-weed, Pilea-pumila, grows in cool, moist shady
places in old gardens.

Cannabis sativa, Hemp, waste places, roadsides, etc. Abundant at
Newburyport.

Sweet Fern, Comptonia asplenifolia, pastures and roadsides.

Order Salicacese. Willow Family.

There are several shrubby species that we may consider as weeds.
Salix livida, quite common in dry soil in pastures and fields. Salix
humilis, Prairie Willow, and Salix discolor, Pussy Willow, are abun-
dant as roadside weeds in damp places. Salix sericea, Silky Willow,
and Salix lucida, Shining Willow, are common by streams and
ponds, their long roots often filling them up and choking water
courses.

Order Coniferse.

Common Juniper, Juniperus communis, dry, sterile hills and pas-
tures.

Order Aracese.

Skunk Cabbage, Symplocarpus fcetidus, moist, springy fields and
near brooks. Its coarse, fibrous roots are hard to dig up.

Order Naiadacese.

Pond weeds, Potamogetons, of which there are several species, are
abundant in ponds and streams, sometimes completely filling up and
changing water courses.

Order Iridacese.
Blue Flag, Iris versicolor, in wet meadows.

Order Smilacese.

Green-brier, Smilax rotundifolia, grows abundantly on the borders of
woods and thickets, and on account of its tough roots and formidable
scattered prickles, it is hard to eradicate.

BY JOHN H. SEARS. 103

Order Liliacese.

American White Hellebore, Indian Poke, Veratrum viride, swamps
and low grounds. Common.

Onion or Field Garlic, Allium Canadense, is a vile weed giving its
alliaceous flavor to all plants grown in its vicinity. Common. Eu-
ropean.

Order Pontederiacese.

Pickerel weed, Pontederia cordata, common in ponds, brooks and
streams.

Order Gr amine 88.

Cheat or Chess, Bromus secalinus, one of the European grasses com-
mon in rye and oat fields. There are four species, all European.

Dog-grass, Triticum repens, in cultivated grounds, fields, etc. Its
long, underground stems cause much trouble to gardeners.

Joint-grass, Paspalum setaceum, common in light soils, first showing
itself in August on tillage grounds. Growing in mats it is difficult
to pull out of the soil, as it breaks easily at the joints.

Panic-grass, Panicum sanguinale, has habits like the last, and is
abundant in all cultivated and waste ground. European.

Old Witch-grass, Panicum capillare, common in sandy, cultivated
fields.

Barnyard-grass, Panicum Crus-galli, is a native of the south of
Europe, and one of the principal forage plants in Italy. With us it
is a troublesome weed.

Foxtail-grass, Setaria. Three species exist here. Very common
near dwellings and in cultivated fields. They are usually very weedy
grasses, resembling the Millet, which is another species rarely spon-
taneous.

Beard-grass, Andropogon furcatus, and scoparius. These two grasses
are abundant in dry, sterile grounds and roadsides.

Order Equisetacese.

Horsetail, Equisetum arvense, is common in moist, gravelly soil and
on railroad beds where it is a troublesome weed. Equisetum sylvati-

104 WEEDS OF ESSEX COUNTY ; BY JOHN H. SEARS.

cum grows abundantly in wet meadows, and Equisetum hyemale the
Scouring Rush, on river banks and near brooks. They are all weeds
on reclaimed meadow-land. When cut and dried with hay, cows eat
them with a greedy relish.

Order Filices.

Ferns. There are several species which are considered as weeds :
Osmunda regalis, Osmunda Claytoniana, Osmunda cinnamomea, Pteris
aquilina and several species of Aspidium are all called Buckhorn,
Brake, etc. They are all noxious weeds, being poisonous to young
horses when mixed with hay, and they are not relished by other
cattle, though goats will thrive on them better than on English hay.

Order Musci.

The Mosses are small plants not distinguishable except by the
botanist. The Hair Cap Moss, Polytrichum commune, in dry, sterile
pastures, covers many acres, forcing the grass out entirely and leaving
a complete carpet of the moss. Some species of Hypnum will persist
and make a rapid growth even in cultivated fields ; others are parasitic
on the bark of trees and are injurious to orchards as hiding places for
insects.

Order Lichens.

Lichens are parasitic on dead wood and decayed vegetable matter.
The Reindeer Moss, Cladonia rangiferina, completely covers some
sections of our old pasture-land in Danvers and Wenham, making
them entirely destitute of other vegetable growths and worthless as
grazing land. Other lichens on trees in the orchard and in the
woods form hiding-places for insects, where they deposit their eggs.

FIELD MEETING AT OAK DELL, GEORGETOWN.

The first field meeting of the season was held at Oak
Dell, on Tuesday, June 13, 1883. It is a picturesque
spot in South Georgetown, as its name signifies, an oak
grove. A beautiful pond is within easy walking distance,
and the surface is pleasantly diversified. The proprietors
have taken advantage of the natural attractions of the
place in order to adapt it to picnics and other gatherings.

A raised platform for speakers and seats for an as-
sembly of two hundred are placed under the oaks, and
near by, a cook-house and tables for refreshments. The
party from Salem and vicinity went in barges and car-
riages, and were joined at the grounds by others from
Dan vers, West Newbury, Boxford, Georgetown and
Groveland. Exploring parties were at once formed, the
botanical work alone promising good results. Mrs. Char-
lotte N. S. Horner chiefly conducted this part of the
work ; others visited the lake and other points of interest.
At 2 o'clock p. m., the meeting was held in the grove,
President Wheatland presiding, who prefaced the exer-
cises with remarks on the utility of field meetings and
the pleasant auspices under which this one was held. Mrs.
Horner was introduced as one highly conversant with
natural history, and who has devoted herself to the study
of the flora of Essex County, especially of her own dis-
trict, Georgetown and vicinity.

She exhibited and described a number of plants col-
lected in the forenoon's ramble, indigenous to the locality.
She considered Bthis a rare field for botanical study, and
stated that more species of plants can be found in it than
in any other district of equal extent in the county.

105

106 FIELD MEETING AT

A list of the more important and interesting plants of
the higher orders found by her in Georgetown has been
prepared by Mrs. Horner, and will be found appended to
this report.

Rev. William P. Alcott, of Boxford, being called up-
on, spoke of the lichens as worthy of study both for their
beauty, botanical interest, and the part they play in the
economy of the vegetable world. He also spoke of the
study of mineralogy, and exhibited some specimens of
rocks and minerals which he had brought from Egypt.

Rev. Benj. F. McDaniel, of Salem, took up the sub-
ject left by Mr. Alcott, and gave a brief outline of the
region, regretting that the rock exposures in the vicinity
were so few and uniform in character as to leave little for
him to say. He urged the importance of the study of
geology, even in such an unpromising field, and asked for
the cooperation of local students in bringing the hidden
things to light.

In answers to questions, he gave a brief account of the
formation of peat bogs and their transformation, through
several stages, into coal.

Messrs. Sidney Perley, of Boxford, and Henry M. Nel-
son, of Georgetown, spoke on historical matters relating
to the town, Mr. Nelson stating that Oak Dell was a part
of a large tract of land, an original grant to his ancestors.

Messrs. Andrew Nichols, of Danvers, M. W. Bartlett,
of West Newbury, and Dr. B. F. Stevens, of the Boxford
Natural History Society, made brief remarks.

After the usual votes of thanks to Miss Nelson and the
Messrs. Nelson for the use of the grounds and other cour-
tesies received, and to Messrs. Elliot, Perley, Mrs.
Horner and others who contributed to the success of the
meeting, the parties separated for their journeys home-
ward.

OAK DELL, GEORGETOWN.

107

NOTES ON THE FLORA OF SOUTH GEORGETOWN.

BY MRS. CHARLOTTE N. S. HORNER.

Following is a list of plants that are found on the shores
and in the meadows and pastures bordering on Lake Ray-
nor, South Georgetown, and a short distance beyond the
Boxford line ; but all within a half mile of the lake.

Many of the plants enumerated in this list are very
common everywhere, and others are more or less fre-
quently found in other localities ; but some are found here
that are rare elsewhere in the county. These are printed
in italics, and their home is the small district described
above. There is a small locality at the base and on the
sides of some precipitous hills where are found an unusual
number of rare plants. The most noteworthy of these
are marked in the list with an asterisk(*). In this dis-
trict are many pond weeds, grasses, sedges, mosses and
lichens not found elsewhere in the town ; but these are
not enumerated in the list.

Clematis Virginiana.
Anemone "

" nemorosa.
Hepatica triloba.
Thalictrum anemonoides.
" dioicum.

" cornuti.

Kanunculus abortivus.
" recurvatus.
" bulbosus.
" acris.
Caltha palustris.
Coptis trifolia.
Aquilegia Canadensis.
Actcea rubra.
" alba.

Caulophyllum thalictr aides.*
Nymphaea odorata.
Nuphar advena.
Sarracenia purpurea.
Sanguinaria Canadensis.
Cardimiue hirsuta.
Viola lanceolata.

" blanda.

41 cucullata.

" " var. cordata.

" pubescens.
Helianthemum Canadense.
Lechea major.
" minor.
Hypericum Canadense.
" perforatum.
" Sarothra.

108

FIELD MEETING AT

Geranium maculatum.
Impatiens fulva.
Oxalis stricta.
Elms glabra.

" copallina.

" venenata.

" Toxicodendron.
Vitis labrusca.
Ampelopsis quinquifolia.
Celastrus scandens.
Acer saccharinum.
Polygala sanguinea.

" polygama.
Desmodium nudiflorum.
Amphicarpaea monoica.
Lespedeza hirta.

" capitata.
Apios tuberosa.
Baptisia tinctoria.
Prunus maritima.
" serotina.
Spiraea salici folia.
" tomentosa.
Agrimonia Eupatoria.
Potentilla Canadensis.
Pragaria Virginiana.
Mubus odoratus.*

" strigosus.

" occidentalis.

" villosus.

" Canadensis.
Rosa lucida.

" rubiginosa.
Pyrus arbutifolia.
Saxifraga Virginiensis.
Sedum Telephium.
Hamainelis Virginiana.
Circsea Lutetiana.
Epilobium angustifolium.

" coloratum.
CEnothera biennis.

" pumila.
Ilydrocotyle Americana.
Cicuta maculata.
Aralia racemosa.*

Aralia nudicaulis.
Cornus Canadensis.
" sericea.
" paniculata.
Triosteum perfoliatum.
Sambucus Canadensis.
Viburnum Lentago.

" acerifolium.
Mitchella repens.
Houstonia caerulea.

" purpurea, probably

introduced with grass seed.
Galium asprellum.
Cephalanthus occidentalis.
Liatris scariosa.
Eupatorium purpureum.
" perfoliatum.
" ageratoides*
Sericocarpus conyzoides.*
Aster corymbosus.
" patens.
" laevis.
" undulatus.
" multiflorus.
" dumosus.
" Traclescanti.
" acuminatus.
Diplopappus linarifolius.

" umbellatus.
Solidago bicolor.
" latifolia.*
" cassia.
*' neglecta.
" nemoralis.
" Canadensis.
" lanceolata.
Inula Helenium.
Rudbeckia hirta.
Helianthus devaricatus.
Bidens frondosa.
Maruta cotula.
Achillea millefolium.
Leucanthemum vulgare.
Guaphalium polycephalum.
" uliffinosum.

OAK DELL, GEORGETOWN.

109

Antennaria margaritacea.

" plantaginifolia.
Erechthites hieracifolia.
Seuecio aureus.

" " var. obovatus.

Cirsium lanceolatum.

" pumilum.
Krigia Virginica.
Leontodon Autumnale.
Hieraceum scabrum.

" venosum.
Nabalus albus.
Taraxacum Dens-leonis.
Lobelia cardinalis, spike of 2

feet.
Lobelia inflata.
Gaylussacia resinosa.
Vacciniura macrocarpon.

" Pennsylvanieum.
Cassandra calyculata.
Andromeda ligustrina.
Kalmia augustifolia.
Khodosia Canadensis.
Azalea viscosa.
Pyrola rotundifolia.
" elliptica.
" chlorantha.
" secunda.
Moneses uniflora.
Chimaphila umbellata.

" maculata.
Monotropa uniflora.

" Hypopitys.*

Ilex verticillata.
Trientalis Americana.
Lysimachia thyrsiflora.
" lanceolata.
" stricta.
" qu ad ri folia.
Utricularia cornuta.
Epiphegus Virginiana.*
Verbascum Thapsus.
Linaria Canadensis.
" vulgaris.

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL.

Chelone glabra.
Mimulus ringens.
Gratiola aurea.
Gerardia purpurea.

" flava.
Castilleia coccinea.
Melampyrum Americanum.
Verbena hastata.

" urticifolia.
Phryma Leptostachya.
Mentha viridis.

" Canadensis.
Lycopus Europaeus.
Pycnanthemum muticum.

" lanceolatum.

Hedeoma pulegioides.
Brunella vulgaris.
Leonuras cardiaca.
Scutellaria galericulata.

" lateriflora.
Echium vulgare. Two or three
plants in a hay field not per-
manent.
Myosotis verna.
Convolvulus arvensis.
Cuscuta Gronovii.
Solanum Dulcamara.
Gentiana crinita, plant 2 feet

with 45 blossoms and buds.
Gentiana Andrewsii.
Menyanthus trifoliata.
Apocynum androsaemifolium.
Asclepias Cornuti.

" purpurascens.

" incarnata.
Phytolacca decandra.
Sassafras oflicinale.
Lindera Benzoin.
Comandra umbellata.
Euphorbia maculata.
Ulmus fulva.*

" Americana.
Platanus occidentalis.
Juglans cinerea.
xv. 9

110 FIELD MEETING AT OAK DELL, GEORGETOWN.

Carya alba.

" porcina.
Quercus alba.
Fagus ferruginea.
Corylus Americana.
Ostrya Virginica.
Myrica Gale.

" cerifera.
Comptonia asplenifolia.
Betula lutea.

" alba var. populifolia.

" papyracea.
Alnus serrulata.
Salix alba.

Populus tremuloides.
Pinus rigida.

" Strobus.
Abies Canadensis.
Juniperus communis.
Arisaema triphyllum.
Peltandra Virginica.
Typha latifolia.
Sparganium eurycarpum.
Alisma ptantago.
Habenaria lacera.
" psycocles.

" fimbriata.

Goodyera repens.*

" pubescens.

Spiranthes cernua.
" gracilis.
Arethusa bulbosa.
Pogonia ophioglossoides,

white variety.
Calopogon pulchellus.
Corallorhizajnultiflora.*
Cypripedium acaule.
Hypoxis erecta.
Iris versicolor.
Sisyrinchium Bermudiana.
Smilax rotundifolia.

" herbacea.
Trillium cernuum.*
Medeola Virginica.

Smilacina racemosa.

" bifolia.
Polygonatum biflorum.
Lilium Philadelphicum.

" Canadense.
Pontederia cordata.
Filices.
Polypodium vulgare.
Adiantum pedatum.*
Pteris aquilina.
Asplenium Trichomanes.*
" ebeneum.
" Filix-foemina.
Phegopteris hexagonoptera.
Aspidium Thelypteris.
" Noveboracense.
" spinulosum.*
" cristatum.
" marginale.*
" acrosticoides.*
" var., in-

cisum.*
Cystopteris fragilis*
Struthiopteris Germanica.*
Onoclea sensibilis.
Woodsia obtusa.
Dicksonia punctilobula.
Osmunda regalis.

" Claytoniana.

" cinnamomea.

Botrychium Virginiauum.*

" ternatum, var. aus-

trale? fine specimens.
Botrychium ternatum var. ob-

liquum.
Botrychium ternatum var. dis-

sectum.
Equisetum arvense.
Lycopodium lucidulum.

" dendroideum.*

" clavatum.

" complanatum.

Selaginella rupestris.*
" apus.

BULLETIN

ESSEX USTSTITTJTB

Vol. 15. Salem : Oct., Nov., Dec, 1883. Nos. 10-12.

Field Day at Dodge's Mill, Eowley, Friday, June

29, 1883.

The party from Salem went to Ipswich in the morning
express train, and by carriages to the place of meeting,
some five or six miles distant. At Ipswich, a passing
sail was made at the Manning High School , where there
is a fine mineral ogical collection, also specimens repre-
senting other departments of natural history. The mill
is about three miles from Rowley village in the direction
)f Georgetown and near to the limits of By field. It is
upon the Dummer stream or brook, and it is owned by
Mr. Ignatius Dodge ; in whose imnediate family it has
been since 1772, and perhaps from an earlier date.

Members and friends assembled soon from Georgetown,
Boxford, Ipswich, Rowley and Groveland. Tables were
>repared on a sequestered little island formed by the run-
ling brook. Some of the party under the guidance of
[r. Sears went on a botanizing excursion in the neighbor-
hood ; others drove a couple of miles to a hill on which
there are vestiges of supposed Indian earthworks.

This hill, known as Hobson's Hill, is owned by Joshua
. Foss. It stands out alone and commands a good view

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XV.

9*

(111)

112 FIELD DAY AT DODGE'S MILL.

of the surrounding country to points from three to ten
miles distant. The hill lies in part within the precincts of
the Byfield parish, which is bounded by the Dummer
stream. The principal object in visiting the summit of the
hill was to examine a long but very low embankment and
ditch extending nearly in a straight line over the hill to
the low land. Mr. Foss discovered this line and sup-
posed it to be Indian work, partly, perhaps, because of
evidence that the place was a resort of the Indians many
years ago.

Mr. Putnam said that the work bore some resemblance
to an Indian trail, but its abrupt termination was not
favorable to that theory, and he thought a careful exami-
nation of the place was required before an expression of
opinion would be of any importance.

After the noon repast, the company repaired to the
saw mill where comfortable seats were improvised for the
accommodation of those attending the afternoon session.

President Wheatland introduced the exercises with a
w observations relating to the vari<
under which the field meetings are held.

few observations relating to the various circumstances

*©

Mr. John H. Sears exhibited and remarked upon speci-
mens of the following plants which had been collected
during the day :

Actsea spicata, var. rubra (Red Bane Berry).

Thalictruui cornuti (Tall Meadow Rue).

Magnolia glauca (Small Magnolia).

Nuphar advena (Cow Lily).

Corydalis glauca.

Sarracenia purpurea (Pitcher Plant).

Fragaria virginiana (Strawberry).

Rosa lucida (Wild Rose).

Cornus sericea (Round-leaved Cornell).

FIELD DAY AT DODGE'S MILL. 113

Cornus alternifolia.

Cornus circinata.

Nyssa multiflora (Tupelo or Sugar Gum Tree).

Rudbeckia hirta (Cone Flower).

Leucanthemum vulgare (White Weed).

Specularia perfoliata (Venus' Looking Glass).

Vaccinium macrocarpon (Cranberry).

Kalraia latifolia (Large Laurel).

Kalmia angustifolia (Sheep Laurel).

Rhododendron rhodora (Rhodora).

Pyrola chlorantha (Winter Green).

Pyrola rotuudifolia (Winter Green).

Chiraaphlia umbellata (Prince's Pine).

Linaria canadensis (Toad Flax).

Brunella vulgaris (Self-heal).

Cynoglossum officinale (Hound's Tongue).

Calystegia sepium (Hedge Bind Weed).

Apocynum androssemifolium (Dogbane).

Ostrya virginica (Hop Horn-beam).

Peltandra virginica (Arrow Arum).

Habenaria virescens (Orchis).

Habenaria fimbriata (Great Purple Orchis).

Pogonia ophioglossoides (Pogonia).

Hypoxis erecta (Star Grass).

Sisyrinchium bermudiana (Blue-eyed Grass).

Allium canadense (Field Garlic).

Vice President F. W. Putnam was introduced and made
some very interesting remarks on archaeological subjects.
These have been arranged in an illustrated paper and will
be inserted at the close of this volume.

The President then introduced Mr. John Eobinson with
a reference to the Museum at Salem, in which collections
have been going on for eighty-four years.

Mr. Eobinson spoke of the earlier collection of speci-
mens from the South Sea Islands and the East Indies by
the East India Marine Society, and those of later date,

114 FIELD DAY AT DODGE'S MILL.

chiefly zoological specimens, by the Essex Institute, all of
which are now permanently deposited with the trustees
of the Peabody Academy of Science and are arranged in
the cabinets in the East India Marine Hall, Salem, where
they are on free exhibition every day to the public.

The Academy has lately given especial attention to per-
fecting the collections representing the geology, botany,
zoology and prehistoric relics of Essex County and nearly
every species of the flora and fauna of this region may now
be seen there, also specimens of its mineralogy and geol-
ogy. The collection of prehistoric or "Indian relics" is
also very large and displayed in the best manner.

This Museum is county property and the people of the
county should realize their rights and privileges in this
ownership. To make this museum as perfect as it is de-
sired it should be, the cooperation of our citizens is ear-
nestly solicited by the trustees in charge. It is their wish
to do all in their power for the instruction of visitors to
the collections, and they have the means and facilities to
care for all accessions which are made.

Mr. Alfred Osgood, of Newburyport, made some
general remarks upon the different forms of arrowpoints,
and expressed some theories of his own upon the origin
and use of the several forms.

Hon. N. A. Horton, of Salem, was the last speaker,
and, in closing, offered the following vote which was
unanimously adopted.

Voted. That the thanks of the Essex Institute are ten-
dered to Messrs. Ignatius G. Dodge, Phineas Dodge,
Harrison Nelson, W. Walker, Mrs. Hubbard, and others
of the vicinity for the many kind attentions of the day,
also for abundant refreshment at the noon lunch. Ad-
journed.

A Day at Linebrook, Thursday, July 26, 1883.

This is a rural country village situated in the western
part of the township of Ipswich, and is about the same
distance from the principal settlement as from Boxford
and Topsfield ; some of the people receive their mail
matter in the latter town.

The party from Salem went in carriages ; delegations
from towns in the vicinity were also present. Soon after
the arrival, a large number joined the botanical ramble
under the guidance of Mr. John H. Sears ; others went
at will over the hills and valleys to see places of interest
in this pleasant locality.

The noon-day repast was partaken of in a beautiful grove
not far from the village church, which at 2.30 p. m. was
well filled with an attentive audience ; the President opened
the meeting with some preliminary remarks on the general
subject of field meetings, and said that the three meetings
held this season were in places which the Institute had
visited for the first time, an unusual experience in its his-
tory.

Mr. John H. Sears, of Salem, described the flora of
the neighborhood, which, he said, is so varied, that a large
portion of the plants indigenous to the county can be found
here. He exhibited quite a long list of those that had
been collected during the day.

Mr. M. V. B. Perley, of Linebrook Parish, read a
communication which he had prepared, giving some in-
teresting facts concerning the parish which is an old settle-
ment, dating back to about 1636, an abstract of which is
herewith appended.

(115)

116 FIELD DAY AT LINEBEOOK.

Rev. B. F. McDaniel, of Salem, made an humorous
reference to his attempt to reach "Pulpit Rock," which he
presumed, from a specimen taken from it, was a kind of
porphyry common to the neighborhood. He said there
was much to be seen and investigated, in a geological
point of view in the stone walls hereabouts, and gave ad-
vice in the direction of encouraging geological and min-
eralogical investigation. He suggested that specimens of
the various rocks in the town be collected and sent to the
Museum of the Peabody Academy of Science in Salem,
and he promised to do his part in arranging the same.

Mr. Sidney Perley, of Boxford, was the next speaker,
He made a lengthy presentation of the state of society that
preceded the Revolutionary period, especially referring
to the houses, domestic appliances, food, dress, educa-
tion, etc.

Hon. J. J. H. Gregory, of Marblehead, made some
practical suggestions about our common weeds. He said
that some botanist should make a specialty of weeds com-
mon to our pastures and fields, and give the benefit of his
observations to the farmers and people of the county.

Mr. A. C. Perkins, formerly of the Phillips Academy,
Exeter, spoke of the importance of habits of observa-
tion among the young, and how satisfactory it is to know a
plant or flower when seen. He told the story of the
country storekeeper, who placed on his counter a nicely
arranged bunch of the blossoms of the common potato
plant, and then as the farmers, his customers, generally
came to his store, he asked them if they could tell him
what the flower was? Of course, all of them had seen
the potato blossom year after year, but no one recognized
it and wondered what the beautiful specimens were.

Mr. Perkins said that such meetings were of great

FIELD DAY AT LINEBROOK. 117

value to the people, and he invited the persons present to
examine their closets and garrets, and send printed or
written historical or genealogical matter to the Institute
for preservation, mentioning instances of papers, thus
found, that were of great value and importance to the
student in history.

Hon. N". A. Horton, of Salem, said a few words
respecting the parish of Linebrook and its connection
with the witchcraft troubles in 1692.

The Secretary offered a vote of thanks to the people
of Linebrook for their kind attentions, and also for the use
of the church for the purposes of the meeting. After an
unanimous adoption, the meeting adjourned.

The people of Linebrook seemed to have taken a great
interest in this meeting ; men, women and children turned
out en masse during the day, while at the afternoon meeting
there was a large attendance. It was the generally ex-
pressed opinion that the gathering was one of more than
ordinary interest and enjoyment.

A PEN-RAMBLE IN LINEBROOK.

BY M. V. B. PERLEY.

This is ancient territory. There were vested rights,
upon the southeast, as early as 1635 or 6. Before 1653
Ipswich-Linebrook was all improved. The earliest own-
ers were Batchelder, Winthrop, Norton, Foster, Payne,
Jacobs, etc. The earliest settlers were Batchelder,
Foster, Sherwin, Howe, Perley, Fowler, Davis, Grant,
Bnrnham, Cooper, Burpee, Tenney, Pingree, Kimball,
Chapman, Dodge, Jewett, Dresser, etc.

The earliest settlements were upon the south and north
where the rivers led. It has always been a farming com-
munity. The surface is agreeably diversified with hills,
plains and meadows. Hunsley hill upon the northeast,
300 feet above the level of the sea, is the highest eleva-
tion in the county, except Baldpate in Georgetown, 392
feet, and Holts hill in Andover, 423 feet. Upon Huns-
ley's summit, a tree, which was used by the United States
government as a beacon for many years, was destroyed
by the wind some ten years ago. The plain land is some-
what sandy and not now particularly adapted to farming.
When the soil was new it was very satisfactory for raising
the cereals, and our early ancestors sought and valued it for
corn, wheat, flax and others. The valleys are rich and
fertile. The meadows were highly prized by the settlers,
for they were the principal source of feed for their cattle
in winter. One hundred and twenty -five years ago Mr.
Job Pingry owned three thousand acres of this territory.

Within our southwestern border is Hood Lake, fifty
acres of beautiful water, lately stocked with choice fishes.

(118)

A PEN-RAMBLE IN LINEBROOK. 119

Near the site of the ancient church is n pulpit rock," hav-
ing a perpendicular frontage of some ten feet, overlooking
a broad plain, where Rev. George Whitefield electri-
fied the multitude with the spirit of his power, as he
reasoned of righteousness, temperance, and a judgment to
come. Near the present church is one of the largest barns
in the county, 120 by 41 feet, with excellent equipments.
Opposite this barn is the site of the old garrison and
tavern, where at a militia election the successful candidate
was accidentally shot by his opponent, who was tried and
convicted, but pardoned by the Governor before sentence
was pronounced ; and where upon an election day a Mr.
J. P. climbed the flag-staff, unaided, to the top of the
mainstaff, for the reward of a bowl of punch that had
been placed there by means of ladders. Having reached
the top and secured the prize, he offered to share it with
any who might earn it as he had. Several attempts with
as many failures made him

Monarch of all he surveyed

With rights that none could dispute.

Early in the present century there was the very eccen-
tric sign of a very eccentric man. It has found its way
into literature, and has been told as an entertaining story
by travellers far and wide. His title was corporal, his
trade blacksmith, his business landlord, and his sign :

" I shoe the horse, I shoe the ox;
I carry the nails in my box ;
I make the nail, I set the shoe,
And entertain some strangers too."

At times he would not reply when questioned unless
addressed by his title. He was as obliging and generous
as he was eccentric.

During the Revolution, report said one day that the
enemy was sailing up Batchelder's brook, and men, wo-

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XV. 10

120 A PEN-RAMBLE

men and children fled for their lives. But one Dresser,
whom they met, called them fools and deliberately taking
out his pipe and lighting it, said, w I'll take a little smoke
before they get here." They did not come, but we are
not to infer that he is smoking now.

One of our most substantial, practical, influential and
valuable citizens, in general business and town affairs, was
Phineas Nelson Dodge, for many years selectman and as-
sessor, and several times elected special supervisor and
commissioner in valuations and expenditures of large
sums of money.

Rev. Samuel Perley was born here — a graduate of
Harvard College, an able preacher, and a member of the
convention that ratified the Federal Constitution, and voted
for its adoption. Here, too, was born Rev. Nathaniel
Howe, uncle of our present pastor, a graduate of Harvard
College, a preacher of Hopkinton, and noted for his orig-
inality, incisive diction and hard logic. Linebrook fought
in the Indian wars, in the Revolution, in the war of 1812,
and furnished some fifteen or twenty soldiers against the
Rebellion.

But what of the parish as such? Of what use is it when
churches and ministers are not particularly necessary to
lead the great majority in the contemplation of truth :
when saving truth is uttered only by the most popular
preachers ; when converts can be made on a Sunday
pleasure-ride, as in a prayer-room ; when seasides and
groves are as hallowed, as the place where prayer is wont
to be made? Of what use when men, therefore, are under
no especial obligation to support it, except as a matter of
charity to the church ; and tire so much during the week
in the service of the world, that they feel too tired to
serve God on Sunday ? There is little use of it, and there
is a corresponding ignorance of its function. But there

IN LINEBROOK. 121

was a time when the parish had its use ; when every
man understood and obeyed its precept or felt its rod
of correction ; when the parish was a power for good in
social life and moral conduct, to say nothing now of
the exemplary piety fostered by that old regime. There
was a time when a man should labor six days and rest on
the seventh ; when he must belong to some parish, must
contribute proportionally of his substance for the gospel
support, must be in his place of worship, with his family,
on Sunday, or give a good and substantial reason for
his neglect, and so bring up his children in rectitude. The
parish was not a regime of compulsion more than any
rule of right conduct of to-day. Worship is naturally
inherent and is the foundation of religious life, and no
well-ordered life exists without a time and place for every-
thing. So every community for religious worship and
instruction must have its metes and bounds, its corps of
officers, its laws and by-laws and means of support.

Parishes grew up then as towns do now. New corpo-
rations in either case remove existing burdens and open
new facilities for progress and prosperity. The inhabi-
tants of this precinct were burdened in being so far re-
mote from their respective places of worship. Boxford
first parish, and Rowley second, were upon the west,
Byfield upon the north, Rowley and Ipswich first parishes
upon the east, and Topsfield parish upon the south. Cen-
tral Linebrook is some four miles from either. Besides,
many living within that distance would be better accom-
modated here ; and with ample territory and consequently
ample means, it was thought advisable to employ a relig-
ious teacher as early as 1739 or 40. Shortly afterwards
the propriety of a corporate parish began to be discussed,
and a petition was sent to the Great and General Court
of Massachusetts Bay. Finally, a committee of that body

122 A PEN-RAMBLE

" repaired to the several parishes, took a view of the sit-
uation and circumstances and heard the parishes con-
cerned," and submitted their report March 21, 1745, old
style. "In Council June 4, 1746, it was ordered that
the inhabitants and their effects by the report set off to-
gether with such other persons exempted as may join
them within twelve months, be and are hereby erected
into a distinct and separate precinct accordingly, and that
they do duty and receive privileges as other precincts
within the Province do or by law ought to enjoy, and that
the charge of the committee amounting to 9£. 9s. 6p. be
paid by the petitioners."

"Sent down for concurrence.

"J. Willard, Sec'y.
"Keceived and concurred in.

"J. Hutchinson, Speaker.
" Consented to.

"W. Shirley.
" Copy examined ,

Pr Josiah Willard, Sec'y."
The warrant for the first meeting was issued by " the
worshipful Jonathan Wade, one of his Majesty's Justices
of the Peace for the county of Essex." It was directed
to Abraham How, and he was requested "to notify and
warn the freeholders and other inhabitants of the precinct
qualified to vote in town affairs to assemble and meet at
the meeting-house in said parish, on Monday, the 7th day
of July next, at one of the clock afternoon." It was
dated and signed : " Given under my hand and seal this
twelfth day of June in the twentieth year of his Majesty's
reign annoq: Domini 1746. Jonathan Wade Justc Pa-
ds."

Mr. How made return of the warrant, and the first
parish meeting was held according to its precept. George

IN LINEBROOK. 123

Hibbert was chosen moderator ; Mark How, clerk ; and
John Smith, Daniel Foster, George Hibbert, Jonathan
Burpee and John Fowler, jr., a committee for calling
future meetings. Thus the parish obtained its status, its
right to command its parishioners and to tax their prop-
erty.

The perimeter of the parish is in part composed of five
different brooks, and it was, therefore, determined by
vote Jan. 27, 1746-7, to name it Linebrook. Dec. 25,
1755, Dea. Jonathan Burpee, Sen. David Perley and
Mark How were chosen a committee to join with the
neighboring parishes in perambulating the line, which
was described in the petition to the Great and General
Court, and recorded in the parish records March 17, 1752,
as follows :

In Ipswich, beginning at the mouth of Howlett's brook,
so called, by the north side of Ipswich river ; thence run-
ning northeasterly by said river till it comes to Gravelly
brook, so called ; thence running northerly by said brook
across the West Meadows till it comes to John Smith's,
to the west branch of Egypt river, so called, and by
said river till it comes to the northeasterly corner of Bull-
brook pasture so called ; thence northwesterly including
said pasture till it comes to where said pasture strikes
Rowley line ; thence westerly on Rowley line till it
comes to Batchelder's brook, so called ; thence northerly
by said brook, including George Kilburn's and Thomas
Wood's land on the east side of said brook, following the
said brook till it conies to the easterly part of George
Hibbert's land ; then, as said Hibbert's land runs to the
northwest corner thereof, including said Hibbert's land ;
thence running northwesterly as the line runs between
Jonathan Burpee's and Aquilla Jewett's land to the brook,
on which stands Mr. Tenney's grist-mill ; so by the brook

124 A PEN-RAMBLE

to the said mill ; thence by said brook till it comes to
Straight bridge ; still southwesterly on said brook includ-
ing Aaron and Job Pingree's and Jedediah and David
Kilburn's and David Perley's land on the north of said
brook to an island in the Great Meadows, called Pea-
body's Island, to Boxford line ; thence southerly as Box-
ford and Rowley line runs till it comes to the Ipswich
line ; thence as the line runs between Boxford and Ips-
wich, till it comes to the corner bounds between Ipswich,
Boxford and Topsfield before Capt. Perley's door;
thence as the line runs between Topsfield and Ipswich,
till it comes to the first mentioned bounds at Howlett's
brook.

Feb. 11, 1774, a part of the parish with the same part
of the town of Ipswich was by the General Court set off
to Topsfield. June 28, 1786, a law was passed wherein
the bounds of parishes formerly settled were " confirmed
and established." After the amendment to the State
Constitution a law was made whereby all memberships of
parishes must be preceded by an application in writing.
In 1846, a part of Ipswich was set off to Boxford, but
no mention was made of the parish, which was, therefore,
uneffected. No other changes have come to our notice
and the Linebrook of to-day includes parts of Rowley,
Ipswich and Boxford — the original line except in the
set-off to Topsfield. A parishioner, at first, as deter-
mined by Worshipful Wade's warrant for the first meet-
ing, was an inhabitant of the precinct, qualified by law to
vote in town affairs. By the law of June 28, 1786, a
parishioner must pay, over and above his poll-tax, a tax
equal to two-thirds of a single poll-tax. We know of no
other restriction and no change in these. The Public
Statutes of 1882 say: "Nothing in this chapter shall
enlarge or diminish the powers of taxation enjoyed by

IN LINEBROOK. 125

any religious society by virtue of any special law or act
of incorporation, nor impair the existing right of prop-
erty of any territorial parish." Thus Linebrook exists
to-day, if these laws have been complied with, — exists at
the age of one hundred and thirty-seven years, strong in
her original powers and privileges, and only subject to the
duties and liabilities of her youth.

The first meeting-house was erected in 1743. June 27,
1746-7, the parish voted to finish the house thus : First,
the pulpit and deacon's seat ; second, the body seats be-
low ; third, three fore seats in each gallery ; fourth, the
gallery stairs and plaster under the gallery ; fifth, a pew
for the parish. May 18, 1747, it was voted that the
meeting-house be finished by the last of October. It was
a two-story, square house, was furnished with box-pews,
and was entered by a front door and a door on each side.
Dec. 28, 1747, a committee was chosen to receive and
receipt for a gift from Abraham Smith, and discharge
the executor. They were also to paint the pulpit suit-
ably and put on it the name of Abraham Smith deceased.
This house stood about a third of the way on the road
from the Ipswich-Linebrook school-house to the Rowley-
Georgetown road. The building committee were John
Smith, Thomas Potter, Mark How, Jonathan Burpee and
John Abbott. The genealogy of the Fowler family reads
that James Davis, who married Abigail Metcalfe, gave the
land on wrhich the house stood. The parish records read
that the price of pew No. 11, bought by Joseph Metcalfe
and Jonathan Burpee, was "3£ acres of land to build the
house on." The house was removed to the location of the
present church and rebuilt in 1828 and dedicated Jan. 1,
1829. The rebuilding followed the old model. The
present church was erected in 1848.

Their method of psalm singing was quaint. The tuner,

126 A PEN-RAMBLE

as the leader was called, would read a verse or line and
then strike some symmetrical movement, when all the organs
vocal followed. In 1791, the singing-school was invited
to assist the timers, and their office began to decline.

No Ruling Elder was chosen after 1787. The deacons
number twelve. Dea. William F. Conant, the present
incumbent, has worthily and efficiently performed the
duties of his office for fifty-two years. He has also been
superintendent of the Sunday School, at intervals, about
forty years. The school was established about 1818. No
records of its progress or doings have been kept or are
now. It is doing a good work, and has a membership of
about fifty.

The church has had five settled pastors. Rev.
George Leslie was the first. He was a native of Scot-
land, a graduate of Harvard College, a divinity student
of Rev. John Emerson of Topsfield, was ordained here
when the church was organized, married Deacon Burpee's
youngest daughter, had eight children (six sons), removed
to Washington, N. H., where he was installed in 1780,
where he was offered and declined a professorship in
Dartmouth College, and where his family sleep, save one
son. He was an eminent scholar, intellectually powerful,
and a pious and successful minister. Rev. Gilbert T. Wil-
liams succeeded. He was a native of New Jersey, a grad-
uate of Dartmouth College, lived in the house Mr. Leslie
owned and occupied, and was dismissed after a useful min-
istry of twenty-four years. He settled the next year in
West Newbury, where a shock of palsy terminated his la-
bors. He died at Framingham in 1824. Rev. Ezekiel
Dow was the next pastor. He was born in Warren,
N. H. , where he now resides. He was installed Christmas,
1860, and he closed his pastorate in 1866. Mr. Dow's suc-
cessor, 1866-1871, was Rev. Alvah M. Richardson, a

IN LINEBROOK. 127

native of Woburn, a graduate of Amherst and Andover,
a good, worthy and pious man, but an unsuccessful
preacher. Rev. Benjamin Howe, our present pastor,
succeeded him. Mr. Howe is a native of Linebrook ; he
fitted for college at Meriden, N. H., Academy, graduated
at Amherst College, and at Hartford, Conn., Seminary.
He is a worthy citizen, is generous and charitable, a good and
diligent student, a faithful and fairly successful preacher,
a pious man. The infirmities of age have unfitted him for
parochial duties, except on occasions, and he has retired to
his farm in Hudson, N. H. Serus in coelum redeas.

There have been stated supplies by the Rev. Messrs.
David Tullar, Moses Welch, J. jW. Shepard, Eliphalet
Burchard, E. E. Abbott and J. W. Healy, now Doctor
of Divinity and President of Sierra Madre College, Pas-
sadena, California, and others, whose labors have been
blessed with fruitful harvests.

The internal life of the church has been an average
harmony. Her worldly goods and favors have been
scanty, yet in moral worth and religious fervor she has
kept abreast of her sisters. The Master of the Vineyard
has evidently been lovingly watchful of his own, as at-
tested by his Spirit. The membership now is forty-nine,
about forty of whom are residents.

Through all these years the church has been a power
for good ; and no well-minded, thoughtful parishioner,
who loves his own, who cherishes his neighbor, who
seeks good society, who would purify social life, who
would help to elevate the moral standard, would throw
wholesome influences about his children, and so make his
own name redolent with praise, — will stand complacently
by and see the old society need any good thing.

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XV. 10*

A Day in Groveland, Wednesday, August 15, 1883.

The meeting this day was held by invitation of the
Groveland Flower Mission, and was one of much enjoy-
ment.

It was attended by a good delegation from Salem, and
in the afternoon by many representative citizens of the
immediate neighborhood. At the station, on the arrival
of the morning train, was a committee who kindly guided
the visitors to the places of interest.

Some passed the forenoon exploring the fields along
Johnson's Creek, above the Boston and Maine Railroad
Station and Palmer's Creek, which finds its way to the river,
a short distance below Balch's Grove, in quest of plants,
a good collection of which was made for the afternoon
session.

Among those who visited the * Great Rock" was Mr.
Alfred Osgood of Newburyport, who says it is a boulder
of apparently fifteen tons, resting upon three smaller
stones; it is of diorite, the prevailing rock of this vicin-
ity, which consists of feldspar and hornblende. Those
who did not join the excursionists went to Balch's Grove,
the place for the meeting, which is a very attractive spot,
bordering on the Merrimac River. It is extensive in
area, and is made up of some open level land and a hill
which extends, we should judge, almost or quite half a
mile in the direction of the Groveland bridge. The
eastern termination of this hill rises from the river's path-
way as a steep bluff, and from the cleared space at the
summit a very fine river-view may be obtained, which in-
cludes the hills and wooded banks opposite, the river
below until it winds out of sight and the flourishing city

(128)

A FIELD DAY IN GROVELAND. 129

of Haverhill above. Steamers and tug boats were from
time to time seen going up and clown the river, and an
occasional sail or row boat contributed to the attractive-
ness of this beautiful, historic and very important indus-
trial stream.

The lunch was served on the grounds, and our hosts
showed great hospitality in their courteous and kind at-
tentions.

The afternoon session was held in the pavilion at 2.30
p. m. The President made a few preliminary remarks, in
which he spoke of previous visits of the Institute to
Groveland, the first being in 1837, when they were re-
ceived in the Academy Hall, Rev. Dr. Perry and pre-
ceptor Morse being much interested in the work of the
Institute. Another visit was in 1872, the meeting being
in the new Academy Hall.

Miss Harriet E. Paine, the President of the Grove-
land Flower Mission, was then introduced, who gave a
very interesting account of the botanical rambles, show-
ing a variety of plants gathered, some of which are not
found in the surrounding towns, and others which are
rare, comprising in all some seventy-six species. She
subsequently read a list of some of the plants to be found
in Groveland which are not mentioned by Mr. Robinson
in his " Flora of Essex County."

In the course of her remarks she alluded to the fact of
occasionally finding plants not previously noticed ; the
seeds, from which they germinated, were probably brought
down in the waste from the mills above. A partial list of
the plants above alluded to is hereto appended.

Hon. George B. Loring, U. S. Commissioner of
Agriculture, was introduced to speak upon the subject of

130 A FIELD DAY IN GROVELAND.

"Forestry," which had just been engaging his attention
at the west. Before proceeding to that subject, however,
he spoke a pleasant word for the fidelity of Mr. W. P.
Conant, an associate member of the Institute who is do-
ing faithful work in the Agricultural Department at
Washington in the collection and classification of the
grasses. He spoke of the Merrimac River and its asso-
ciations with matters of history, and of the vast im-
portance of its many and varied industries at Manchester,
Lowell, Lawrence and other places, contrasting them
with the woollen industry by hand process of the olden
time.

After briefly alluding to the leather and other indus-
tries, he then spoke of the lumbering business and its
growth within the past fifty or sixty years ; formerly it
was considered as being identified exclusively with Ban-
gor. The activity of the woodman in destroying our
forests is raising the question of the future supply. If
it continues at the rate it has been going on in Maine,
the supply will be exhausted in eight or ten years.
In Michigan, Wisconsin, and other western states, it will
be but a few years before similar results will follow. But
in Texas, rating from the past it would take 250 years to
exhaust the supply, and in South Carolina 150 years.
While lumbering is disappearing along the northern belt,
there is a belt of lumber standing along the Gulf States.
The south now wants the activity and energy of New Eng-
land, and this will be one of the stepping-stones by which
this section will become prosperous and enterprising.
While these remarks had more particular reference to
pine, he spoke also of ornamental wroods. At St. Paul's
he had been presented with a gavel made of hickory,
wThich was very handsome. Of all the many and various
woods in the collection at Washington there were none

A FIELD DAY IN GROVEL AND. 131

that would compare with the beauty of some of the south-
ern pines or that of the ornamental woods in which the
country abounds. Dr. Loring spoke of the importance
of impressing upon the public mind the necessity of pre-
serving our woods. This can be done by taking the same
care of the cut woodlots that is taken of the cornfield.
The woodland should be protected the same as any other
land. Pine wood will make a growth in twenty years ;
oaks and hard woods, as a rule, in about forty-two years.
Wherever a man goes trees follow him. Trees will grow
anywhere and will grow plentifully. It is only necessary
that the ground should be cultivated. Many trees are not
to be transplanted, but planted ; those that are indigenous
to the soil do best. He said this might seem to be a small
question by the side of the great crops of the country, but
it was one of great importance.

Hon. N. A. Horton, of Salem, presented a few brief
sketches from the history of Groveland. He spoke of
the Old Parish Church, organized June 7, 1727. The
first occupant of its pulpit was the Rev. William Balch ;
he died Jan'y 12, 1792. His successor was the Rev.
Ebenezer Dutch ordained colleague-pastor Nov. 17, 1779,
who died Aug. 4, 1813, at the age of sixty-two. He
was followed by Rev. Gardner Braman Perry,1 who died
Dec. 16, 1859, having been in the active service of the
ministry over thirty-six years.

Rev. Mr. Perry is represented as a man of more than
ordinary ability as a preacher, and stood high in his
denomination. He appeared to have that faculty of dis-
creetness which was capable of giving a strong moral sup-

1 Rev. Gardner Braman Perry, D. D., son of Nathan and Phebe (Braman)
Perry, born at Norton, Mass., Aug. 9, 1783; gv. Union College, 1801; ordained Sept.
28, 1814. See Bulletin Essex Inst., Vol. IV, 106.

132 A FIELD BAY IN GROVEL AND.

port to the reforms of the times without the misfortune of
antagonizing any party. He was a promoter of temper-
ance reformation and a sympathizer with the anti-slavery
cause. He was a man of much public spirit and was in-
terested in the promotion of works to benefit the town and
the public.

Mr. Horton then spoke of the late Dr. Jeremiah Spof-
ford,2 who died in this place a few years ago, at an advanced
age. He alluded to him as a man whose opinions were
always strong and decided, and a fair type of that old-
fashioned citizenship which constituted the best life of New
England, and to the influence of which this state and coun-
try must look for prosperity and permanence in the future.
He then proceeded to read, with here and there a passing
comment, a dozen short extracts from an address deliv-
ered by Dr. Spofford in the First Church, Groveland,
June 22, 1867. It was published at that time in a pam-
phlet entitled " Reminiscences of Seventy Years, includ-
ing Half a Century in the Practice of Medicine in this
Place." It was a mixture of autobiography and town
history.

After some remarks from Dr. Loring and Dr. George
Cogswell, of Bradford, in reference to Rev. Dr. Perry
and Dr. Jeremiah Spofford, and the passing of a vote of
thanks to the Flower Mission of Groveland, and to Mr.
Balch, the proprietor of the grove, for courtesies extended
during this pleasant visit to Groveland, the meeting ad-
journed.

2 Jeremiah Spofford, son of Jeremiah and Temparence Spofford, born at New
Rowley (Georgetown), Dec. 8, 1787, removed to East Bradford (Groveland), in
1817, died Sept. 16, 1880. See Bulletin Essex Inst., Vol. IV, 108.

PLANTS SHOWN AT THE MEETING IN GROVELAND, MASS.,
AUGUST, 1883

BY MISS HARRIET E. PAINE.

Ranunculus Flammula, var. reptans (Creeping Spearwort).
Actea rubra) # (Red Baneberry).

" alba ) fruit (White Baneberry).
Hypericum ellipticum (St. John'swort).

" corymbosum (Common St. John'swort).

" mutilum.

Ceanothus Americanus (fruit) ; a plant from which tea was made
during the Revolution). (New Jersey Tea).
Desmodium Canadense.
Ly thrum Salicaria (Spiked Loosestrife).
Cicuta bulbifera (Cowbane).
Sium lineare (Water Parsnip).
Liatris scariosa (Blazing Star).
Solidago latifolia.

" lanceolata.
Krigia Virginica (Dwarf Dandelion).
Hieracium Canadense.

" venosum (Rattlesnake Weed).

Lobelia Cardinalis (Cardinal Flower).
Campanula rotundifolia (Harebell).
Lysimachia ciliata.
Mimulus ringens (Monkey Flower).
Gratiola aurea.

Scutellaria lateriflora (Mad-dog Skullcap).
Cuscuta Gronovii (Dodder).
Laportea Canadensis (Wood-nettle).
Carya alba (fruit) (Shagbark Hickory).
Peltanclra Virginica (fruit) (Arrow Arum).
Goodyera repens.
Dulichium spathaceum.
Zizania aquatica (Indian Rice).
Spartina cynosuroides (Salt Marsh Grass).
Bromus ciliatus.
Andropogon furcatus.

" scoparius.

Equisetum hyemale (Scouring Rush).
Struthiopteris Germanica (Ostrich Fern).
Cystopteris fragilis, var. dentata.
Buxbaumia aphylla.

(133)

GROVELAND PLANTS NOT REPORTED BY MR. ROBINSON IN
COUNTY ELORA.

BY MISS HARRIET E. PAINE.

Ly thrum alatum, a few blossoms near a creek flowing from a woollen
factory.

Penstemon Digitalis, found in several places, one of them an old
field where it could not have been introduced with western grain.

Trillium album and Trillium declinatum, in a rich meadow where all
the intermediate steps between T. cernuum and T. erectum may be found ,
some of the plants also varying in the direction of T. sessile and T.
erythrocarpum. In the same meadow has been found one plant of a
Salix which has not yet been identified by any of the four or five bot-
anists who have seen it. It was not more than one or two feet in
height, and further search in the meadow has failed to discover any
trace of more.

Allium Sehoenoprasum.

Buxbaumia aphylla.

Eegatella couica.

The above were mentioned at the Institute, with the exception of
the Willow. Since then, the following have been added to the list, as
well as many varieties of plants, particularly of lichens.

Sanicula Canadensis.

Houstonia purpurea, a var.

Solidago gigantea.

Bidens cernua.

Penstemon pubescens.

Rumex glomeratus.

Pertusaria multipuncta.
(134)

Field Day at West Peabody, Wednesday,

Sept. 19, 1883.

By invitation of the West Peabody Farmers' Club, a
meeting was held this day at the Schoolhouse Hall in
West Peabody. The members of the Institute and their
friends began to assemble at 10 a. m., and were cordially
received by a committee of the Farmers' Club, consisting
of the President, Mr. Taylor, and Messrs. Upham, Hen-
derson, Viles and Farwell. The company was divided
into excursion parties, and under the direction of members
of the Club visited several places of interest in the fields
and woods. The farms of Messrs. Henry Saltonstall,
Francis H. Appleton, William P. Upham and Joseph
Henderson were visited, and every facility was extended
to examine these well laid-out grounds, extensive barns
filled with hay and other crops, fine breeds of stock, and
the various new and improved implements used in the
general management of the farm.

These are in striking contrast with the system adopted
and the means employed in carrying on large farms some
fifty years ago. Similar improvements are perceptible in
all the other industries of this county. The agricultural
keeps pace with the mechanical, the commercial and manu-
facturing.

A botanical ramble was organized under the direction of
Mr. John H. Sears, and many places of interest were visited.

At one o'clock the various parties reassembled for
lunch, and at an hour and a half later the afternoon ses-
sion was held.

The President in the chair. After a few introductory
remarks, he called upon Mr. John H. Sears who gave, in
a very pleasant manner, the results of the botanical ramble

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XV. 11 C13^)

136 FIELD DAY AT WEST PEABODY.

showing a variety of plants which were collected. Many
of the species were those that are usually found at this
season in similar localities in this vicinity : others were
rarities of considerable interest. He spoke of the Gen-
tiana crinita (Fringed Gentian), Veronica americana
(Brook Lime), Parnassia caroliniana (Grass of Parnas-
sus) and of some of the species of Solidago and Asters.
In a small pond near the residence of W. P. Upham,
Esq., he collected specimens of Polygonum amphibium.

Mr. George Dixon, an English gentleman now resid-
ing in Virginia, spoke of the English grasses and of the
English sparrow. He is of the opinion that we shall find
this sparrow to prove troublesome ere long.

Mr. William P. Upham read a paper giving an account
of the early settlements in West Peabody, the bounds
and landmarks of many of the farms and estates and the
traditions relating thereto that have come down in the old
families. This paper was referred to the publication
committee, and will appear in the Historical Collections.

Messrs. James F. Ingraham, Willard Spalding, James
P. King, Joseph Henderson, all of West Peabody,
Woodbury P. Conant, of the U. S. Agricultural Depart-
ment, and J. S. Kingsley made appropriate and interest-
ing remarks.

The Secretary offered the following vote which was
unanimously adopted.

Voted, That the thanks of the Essex Institute are due
and are hereby tendered to Messrs. Harrison Taylor, W.
P. Upham, Bowman Viles, James P. King, John E.
Hedrick, Joseph Henderson, Edwin C. Farwell and other
members of the West Peabody Farmers' Club, for the
many kind attentions tendered during the day ; also to
the town authorities for the use of the schoolhouse for the
purposes of the meeting. Adjourned.

KEMAKKS
UPON SOME CHIPPED STONE IMPLEMENTS.

BY F. W. PUTNAM.

(Communicated at the meeting on June 29, 1883.)

Vice-President Putnam addressed the meeting on the
subject of "American Archaeology." After a general
statement of the importance of studying the works of
man in the past, not only in order to obtain an insight in-
to the condition and development of the early races, but
also, by comparison, to trace their connections and migra-
tions over the world, he confined his remarks to the
method of manufacture, the character and use of chipped
stone implements. The subject was illustrated by several
photographs and drawings which he brought from the
Museum at Cambridge, and by the local collection ex-
hibited to the meeting by Mr. Dodge.

The first cutting implements used by man, to supple-
ment his finger nails and teeth, probably consisted of
pieces of stone, broken shells, the teeth of animals and
splinters of bone or wood, according to the particular
circumstances and surroundings of the individual. While
such natural and primitive implements are still in use
by the lower savages, and in emergencies are resorted
to by us all, the natural wisdom of man, as shown by his
great inventive power in his onward march, soon led him
to prepare implements better adapted to his purposes.
Thus, among the very oldest works of man, of whfch
we have positive knowledge, are the chipped stone imple-

(137)

138 CHIPPED STONE IMPLEMENTS.

merits found at greater or less depth in the gravel beds
of various parts of the world ; such as those discovered
by Dr. Abbott in the gravel of the Delaware valley at
Trenton, N. J., of which figs. 1 and 2 are representations.

Implements such as these were made readily from any
kind of stone which fractures with a sharp edge, and
they were formed by striking off pieces with another
stone which served as a hammer. In each locality the
stones which have this essential character soon became
known and hence we find that chipped implements made
of the several varieties of slate, jasper and quartz are
abundant in this vicinity, while in other parts of America
flint or chert, obsidian, chalcedony and other kinds of
stones were used.

A variety of argillite was the material in common use
among the people inhabiting the valley of the Delaware
at a time so remote that we are unable, as yet, to express
it in years. While we cannot affirm that the rudely-
made implements found in the Trenton gravel were fast-
ened to handles, it is probable that they were, as we know
that similar implements are furnished with handles by
savages probably as low in the scale of humanity as were
the ancient men of the glacial epoch. Figures 1 and 2
represent two of the argillite implements from the Trenton
gravel.

Fig. 3 is an illustration of a rude stone implement pro-
vided with a handle, from Tasmania. The handle is sim-
ply a tough twig which has been cut or scraped flat on
one side and then bent over the stone ; the flat surfaces of
the twig coming together below the stone are secured in
place by a string and form a rounded handle. A similar
method may have been followed in hafting the rude imple-
ments found in the gravel.

Another primitive form of cutting implement is shown

CHIPPED STONE IMPLEMENTS. 16\)

in fig. 4. This is from Australia, and was made by
fastening sharp fragments or flakes of stone to a stiek by
means of a tenacious gum. It is a good illustration of
the manner in which flint and other flakes may have been
mounted for use as saw-like knives by North American
tribes. The original of this figure is in the collection of
the Peabody Academy of Science, Salem.

Another rude but efficient form of knife is shown in
fig. 5. This is simply a large flake of striped gray flint,
slightly chipped along two of its edges. It was taken from
an Indian grave in southern California, and is described
with several others of a similar character in Vol. VII,
Keport of Lt. Wheeler's survey west of 100th meridian.
Fragments of the wooden handle and some of the as-
phaltum with which it was fastened, are still attached to
the base of the stone. Such flint knives without their han-
dles are common, and are often called rude arrowheads
or spearpoints, although by most archaeologists they are
termed flake-knives or trimmed flakes. A flint knife with
its wooden handle is shown in fig. 6. This also was from
an Indian grave near Santa Barbara, California. Numer-
ous other specimens of this character have been found in
graves in southern California. It is seldom the case that
the wooden handle is preserved, although the asphaltum
with which the blade was fastened to the handle often
remains attached to the stone.

In other regions different substances were used for se-
curing the blade to the handle. Among many interesting
objects taken from bundles containing human skel-
etons,1 found by Dr. Edward Palmer in the burial caves
of Coahuila, Mexico, and now in the Peabody Museum

^ee Reports Peabody Museum Arch, and Ethn., Cambridge. Vol. Ill, p. 233.

140 CHIPPED STONE IMPLEMENTS.

at Cambridge, are large, thin and well-chipped points
of flint which are fastened to short handles, by means of
a tenacious substance probably obtained from the cactus.
Representations of seven of these knives from two burial
caves are given in figures 7-13, as they form a very in-
teresting addition to our knowledge of at least one of
the methods of mounting the large chipped points, and
they also show that not all such points were spearheads.

Although large rude implements, like those from the
Trenton gravel, were made by simply chipping off pieces
so as to leave a rough cutting edge or a point, the deli-
cately flaked knives from the Mexican caves required ad-
ditional work of a higher character.

The art of making arrowheads and similar objects out
of stone is often stated to be one of the lost arts ; but
this is not the case, since at the present time there are
many Indians in this country, who continue to manufact-
ure them, and even work pieces of glass bottles into sym-
metrical and delicate arrowpoints. The method of making
the points has been described several times by eye-wit-
nesses, and although there is a difference in detail accord-
ing with the material used and the skill of the workman,
the manufacture may be described in general terms as
follows :

A piece of that particular kind of stone, which experi-
ence has shown to be the best attainable for the purpose, is
selected and roughly shaped by striking blows with a
hammer-stone. If it is found to chip readily, it is shaped
still further by light blows along the edges, each blow strik-
ing off a chip. Partly wrapped in a piece of skin, it is then
held in the left hand and finished by flaking off little
bits. This delicate part of the work is done with a flak-
ing tool made usually of a piece of bone or antler. This

CHIPPED STONE IMPLEMENTS. 141

is a few inches long and about half an inch wide, hav-
ing one end rubbed down to a blunt edge, which may
be either straight, pointed or notched. The other end is
fastened to a piece of wood so as to give a firm support to
the hand. Sometimes this wooden handle is long enough
to be held under the arm, thus steadying the implement
which is grasped by the right hand. The edge of the
flaker is pressed firmly against the edge of the stone,
then with a slight rotation of the wrist a small flake is
thrown from the edge of the stone. It will be found that,
with a little practice, this flaking can be done with consid-
erable rapidity and precision. Some stones flake better
after being heated. The numerous forms of chipped im-
plements known as scrapers, drills, knives, spearpoints
and arrowheads, which are represented in the collection
before us, probably were made by a method similar to
this which I describe. Presumably the smaller are arrow-
heads which were mounted in various ways.

A mounted point, which may have been either a heavy
arrow or a javelin, is shown in fig. 14. It was found in
an ancient grave near Arica, Peru, by Mr. J. H. Blake.
The point is of quartz and is held in the socket by the
string which passes over the barb and is wound round the
end of the wooden shaft. The other end of the wood is
so shaped as to lead to the conclusion that it was set into
a shaft like the more slender piece which forms part of
the arrow shown in fig. 15. Both specimens were found
by Mr. Blake in the same grave. The more delicate
quartz point of the latter is set in a hole in the end of a
piece of hard wood and held fast by gum or pitch. The
thread was wound round the wood simply to keep the
piece from splitting. This piece was then set in a hollow
reed which formed the long shaft of the arrow. This

142 CHIPPED STONE IMPLEMENTS.

method of mounting arrowpoints is common in North
America. Figs. 16, 17 and 18 represent arrows made
by the Navajo and Pah-Ute Indians. In these the points,
which are of chalcedony and obsidian, are fastened in a
notch at the end of the wood with pitch and a lashing of
sinew. The piece of wood is then set in a hollow reed, as
shown in fig. 16a; the end of the reed being wound with
sinew to prevent its splitting. Another mode of mounting
is shown in fig. 19. It is an arrow made by the natives of
Tierra del Fuego. The point is chipped from a piece of
bottle glass, and is fastened directly in a slot at the end
of the wooden shaft by binding firmly with' a sinew with-
out the aid of any pitch or gum.

Fig. i.

Fig. 1. Implement of argillite from the Trenton Gravel. -1

Fig. 2.

Fig. 2. Two views of an Implement op argillite from the Trenton

Gravel.-}-

Fig. 3.

»f

Fig. 4.

Fig. 3. Rude Stone Axe in a wooden handle. J From Tasmania.

Fig. 4. Stone Chips fastened by gum to a wooden handle, ±

From Australia.

Fig. 6.

Fig. 5. Flake Knife with remains op wooden handle, i

From Graves near Santa Barbara, California.

Fig. 7.

Figs. 7, 8. Flint Knives in wooden handles. £
From Burtal Cave in Coahuila, jukxico.

Fig. 9.

Fig. 10.

Figs. 9, 10. Flint Knives in wooden handles. §
From Burial Cave in Coahuila, Mexico.

Fig. 11.

Fig. 12.

:-M

m

•■■ ': !

liiil

Figs. 11, 12. Flint Knives in wooden handles, h
From Burial Caves in Coahuila, Mexico.

FIG. 13.

Fig. u.

mill

1/

ih ,'

i ill Hi

t:f

Fig. 13. Flint Knife in wooden handle. | From Cave in Coahuila, Mex .

Fig. 14. Quartz Point in wooden socket. J- From Grave in Arica, Peru.

Fig. 15. Arrow Point with shaft of wood and reed. £ From Grave in

Arica, Peru.

BULLETIN

ESSEX INSTITUTE,

VOLUME XVI.

1884.

SALEM, MASS.

PRINTED AT THE SALEM PRESS,

1884.

CONTENTS.

Page.
Prefatory Note, . 1

The North American Reptiles and Batrachians ; by Samuel Gar-
man, 3

An Extraordinary Shark ; by Samuel Garman, .... 47

A Species of Heptranchias supposed to be new ; by Samuel Gar-
man, 56

Pigeons and the Pigeon Fancy; by Win. G. Barton, ... 59

Annual Meeting, Monday, May 19, 1884, 82

Election of officers, 82; retrospect of the year, 83; members, 83; field
meetings, 88; meetings, 89; lectures, 90; publications, 91; library, 92;
art exhibition, 103; horticultural, 105; museum, 105; financial, 107;
abstract of secretary's report, 108.

Field Day at Topsfield, Wednesday, June 18, 1884, . . .109

Remarks of the President, 111 ; of James J. H. Gregory, 111 ; of Rev.
Fielder Israel, 112.

Notes on the Condition of Zoology, fifty years ago and to-day :
in connection with the growth of the Essex Institute ; by E.
S. Morse, 113

The Progress of Botany in Essex County during the last half
century, especially as influenced by the Essex Co. Natural His-
tory Society and the Essex Institute ; by John Kobinson, . 122

Geology and Mineralogy in Essex County; by B. F. McDaniel, 133

An Historical Sketch ; by Samuel P. Fowler, . . . .141

A Field Day at Annisquam, Wednesday, July 16, 1884, . . 146

Remarks of the President, 147; of Alpheus Hyatt, A. C. Perkins, 147;
of Jonas H. French, James Davis, 148.

The Annisquam Laboratory ; by J. S. Kingsley 149

CM)

CONTENTS.

Field Day at Asbury Grove, Hamilton, Thursday, July 31, 1884, 152
Remarks of the President, 153; of James F. Almy, 153; of George D.
Phippen, F. W. Putnam, 154; of J. H. Sears, Rev. B. F. McDaniel,
N. A. Horton, 156.

Field Day at Newbury Old Town, Thursday, August 28, 1884, 158

Remarks of the President, 158; of Luther Dame, Alfred Osgood, 159;
of Stephen H. Phillips, D. B. Hagar, 160; of Rev. Fielder Israel,
George Osgood, 161; tribute to Rev. Dr. Withington, 161.

Geology and Mineralogy of Newbury, by B. F. McDaniel, . 163

Flowering of Plants, December, 1884, 170

BULLETIN

ESSE2I UsTSTITUTE

Vol. 16. Salem : Jan., Feb., March, 1884. Nos. 1, 2, 3

PKEFATOKY NOTE.

At a meeting of the Essex Institute, held on Monday,
December 17, 1883, it was announced that the Friday
evening preceding (Dec. 14) was the fiftieth anniversary
of the assembling together of a few friends, among whom
may be mentioned Dr. Andrew Nichols of Danvers, Wil-
liam Oakes of Ipswich, John C. Lee, Thomas Spencer,
J. M. Ives, B. H. Ives, Charles G. Page and others, of
Salem, to take the initiatory steps in the organization of
a society for the promotion of Natural History, under the
name of the Essex County Natural History Society. At
this meeting a committee was appointed to draft a consti-
tution and by-laws, and these were adopted at an ad-
journed meeting held on the Wednesday following.

The completion of the organization was effected at a
meeting held in Topsfield on Wednesday, April 16, 1834.
This last event it is proposed to commemorate in April
next at Topsfield.

This Society united with the Essex Historical Society,
organized in 1821, was incorporated by the Legislature of
1848 under the name of the Essex Institute.

The following publications may be specified among
those issued by the Institute since its organization in 1848.

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XYI. 1 (1)

2 PREFATORY NOTE.

Proceedings and Communications 6 vols., 8vo, 1848 to
1868. These volumes contain a large number of descrip-
tions and figures of new species, especially of corals,
insects and polyzoa, and many valuable papers in natural
history. The first three volumes also contain many im-
portant historical papers. In addition to the papers on
special subjects, these volumes contain the proceedings
of the meetings of the Institute, the records of additions
to the Library and Museum, and many important verbal
communications mtde at the meetings.

Bulletin 15 vols., 8vo, issued quarterly, a continuation
of the "Proceedings of the Essex Institute" containing
an account of the Eegular Home and Field Meetings of
the Society and papers of scientific value.

Historical Collections 20 vols., 8vo, issued quarterly,
contain extracts from the records of courts, parishes,
churches and towns in this county ; abstracts of wills,
deeds and journals ; records of births, baptisms, marriages
and deaths, and inscriptions on tombstones ; also papers
of historical, genealogical and biographical interest. In
these volumes will be found memoirs of deceased mem-
bers of the Institute and others ; also genealogies of Es-
sex County families.

Flora of Essex Co., by John Robinson, 8vo, pp. 200.

First Cruise of Frigate "Essex," by Admiral Geo. H.
Preble, U. S. N.

In the year 1883 the Institute exchanged publications
with thirty-two societies in Germany, ten in France, four
in Switzerland, three in Austria, one in Denmark, four in
Sweden, two in Italy, two in Belgium, thirteen in Great
Britain (besides receiving the Government Surveys of
India and the United Kingdom) , and with eighteen Mis-
cellaneous, twenty-three Scientific and twenty- three His-
torical Societies in America.

THE NORTH AMERICAN REPTILES AND
BATRACHIANS.

A LIST OF THE SPECIES OCCURRING NORTH OF THE ISTHMUS
OF TEHUANTEPEC, WITH REFERENCES.

BY SAMUEL GARMAN.

The following list is presented in the shape in which it
has proved most useful in my own work. As in other pub-
lications, I have placed the date immediately after the au-
thority, as one naturally thinks it. In order accurately to
determine species, comparison should be made with the
original description rather than with the opinion of a sub-
sequent writer ; for this reason reference is made to the
discoverer and not to one in whose opinion the species
belongs to a genus some other than that in which it was
originally placed. Consequently, the references are under
names unaffected by frequent changes from one genus to
another.

Heretofore, the faunal limit for North America has
been patriotically placed at the Mexican boundary. The
distribution of the reptiles and Batrachians proves this
limit to be unscientific, and shows the nearest approach to
a separation between the faunas of the Americas, North
and South, at the southern extremity of the tableland of
Mexico. Attempt is made in this list to include all the
species known to occur north of that point.

When several localities for a species are given, they are
chosen to indicate the extent of its range as nearly as
possible.

With a slight modification, the binomial system is fol-
lowed. For various reasons, as will be seen below, the tri-

(3)

4 GARMAN S LIST OF

or polynomials affected by different authors, can hardly be
considered improvements. Such names as, for example,
Cinosternum ( Thy roster num) pennsylvanicum pennsylvan-
icum (v) x, or Trqpidonotus (Nerodia) compressicaitdus
compressicaudus flavirostris (v) y, if there were varieties,
have the appearance of doubtful advances from a binomial
system. According to that system, if V first describes a spe-
cies under a certain title, and W discovers one closely allied
— giving it a name — and X says W's species is not suffi-
ciently distinct, X is entitled to the credit rather than W,
and the formula reads Genus (Subgeyius) species subspecies
(V) X. That is, V is credited with a form he never saw,
and W is discredited by X who claims to rank with V be-
cause, for whatever reason, possibly insufficient knowl-
edge, he arrives at a conclusion differing from that of W.
If there are varieties, Y may displace X, and for author-
ities we should have (V) Y, or, if Z discovers that Y's
variety is out of place, (V) Z, and in either case the
authorities cited may give us no information concerning
the form to which the names refer.

If we are now to adopt a polynomial system, we might,
to be more consistent, accept the names given before
Linne's time.

The modification su^ested in the binomials consists in
using a symbol, a letter, to represent each form or race of
a species with its history or synonymy. To illustrate,
Eutoenia sirtalis Linn. ; B. & G., is the first (A) of a
group of forms of the species sirtalis, Linne being au-
thority for the species, and Baird and Girard for its posi-
tion in the genus. The A can always be understood and
need not be written with the first described form. If
either the symbol or the name following it is in italics
there can be no confusion.

B Eutamice sirtalis is the form to which Catesby gave
the name Vipera gracilis maculatus, afterward named by

N. A. REPTILES AND BATRACFIIANS. 5

Linne Coluber ordinatus. The authorities for the races
succeeding the first may or may not be written. To
write them, D E. sirtalis Say; Jan, is that described by
Say as Coluber parietalis, but placed as a variety of sir-
talis by Jan. In the synonymy, the history of each of
the various forms is indicated under their respective let-
ters. The use of the letter leaves little or no excuse for
duplication, confusion, and excessive length in the name,
or for a questionable disregard of the earlier authorities.
It may be objected that the original name tells more about
the form than would a symbol. If we grant this in cases
in which the name fixes some obvious characteristic of the
species, there remain all those in which such names as
Smithi, Doubledayi, Wosnessenskyi , and similar ones
have been employed, many others in which the history of
the form begins under a vernacular, or, if a variety noted
by Gray, Giinther, Bibron, Boulenger and other writers,
under a letter, and a multitude of cases of names empha-
sizing some peculiarity — individual, sexual, or belong-
ing to certain seasons or ages, which not being permanent
or general are inaccurate or misleading.

It is suggested that the names are easier to learn or
remember than the letters. Why the name Smithi should
be easier than D or II does not appear ; neither does it
appear that a large number of letters, as in the long
names, is easier to learn or remember than a single one.

Letters are in use among English and French writers to
indicate varieties, the custom dating back half a century
or more.

The method suggested has been applied in a few of the
following genera. There are numerous others in which the
present list of species, as in Sceloporus, Geotrilon, and
others, is susceptible of a considerable reduction, which
will be a necessary consequence of further study.

garman's list of

TESTUDINATA.

CHRYSEMYS

PICTA.

9-

Gular.

x. Axillary.

pg-

Postgular.
Pectoral.

i. Inguinal.
n. Nuchal.

ab.

Abdominal.

m-m. Eleven Marginals

pa.

Preanal.

co. Four Costals.

an.

Anal.

c. Caudal.

v-v.

Five Vertebrals.

SPHARGIDIDAE.

DERMATOCHELYS Blainv., 1816, Bull. Soc. Philom., p. 111.
Testudo coriacea (Rond.) Linn., 1766, Syst., Ed. 12, 350.

Tropical Atlantic and adjacent waters.
D. schlegeli

Tropical Pacific and Indian oceans.

CHELONIOIDAE.

THALASSOCHELYS Fitz., 1836, Ann. Mus. Wien, I, 121.

Testudo cephalo Schueid., 1783, Schildkr., 303 (caouana auct.).
Tropical Atlantic and adjacent waters.

N. A. REPTILES AND BATRACHIANS. 7

Chelonia olivacea Eschsch., 1829, Zool. Atlas, p. 3, pi. 3.
Tropical Pacific and Indian oceans.

COLPOCHELYS Garman, 1880, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 124.
C. kempi Grmn., 1. c. 123.

Northeastern part of the Gulf of Mexico.

ERETMOCHELYS Fitz., 1843, Syst. Rept., 30.
Testudo imbricata Linn., 1766, Syst., 350.

Tropical Atlantic and adjacent waters.
Caretta squamata Krefft, 1871, Austral. Vertebr., 39.
Tropical Pacific and Indian oceans.

CHELONIA Brongn., 1805, Essai d'une Class. Rept.
Testudo mydas Linn., 1758, Syst., 197.

Tropical Atlantic and adjacent waters.
(B) Chelonia marmorata D. & B., 1835, Erp., II, 546.
Atlantic around Ascension Island.
Chelonia agassizii Bocourt, 1870, Miss. Sci. Mex., Rept., p. 26,
pi. 6.

Tropical part of the eastern Pacific.

TRIONYCHIDAE.

AMYDA Fitz., 1843, Syn. Rept., 30.

Trionyx muticus Les., 1827, Mem. Mus., XV, 263.

PLATYPELTIS Fitz., 1836, Ann. Wien Mus.
Testudo ferox Penn., 1767, Phil. Trans., LVI.
Mississippi valley and eastward.

ASPIDONECTES Wagl., 1830, Amph., 134.

Trionyx spiniferus Les., 1827, Mem. Mus., XV, 258.

Mississippi river, tributaries and eastward.
A. asper Ag., 1857, Contr., I, 405.

Valley of the lower Mississippi.
A. nuchalis Ag., I. c, 406.

Tennessee river and eastward.
A. emoryi Ag., 1. c, 407. •

Texas to Mexico.

CHELYDROIDAE.

CHELYDRA Schweigg., 1814 (read 1809),Prodr. Monogr. Chelon.,
23.

8 GARMAN S LIST OF

Testudo serpentina Linn., 1754, Mus. Ad. Fridr., 36, — 1758
Syst., 199.

From Canada southward, east of the Eocky moun-
tains.

MACROCLEMYS Gray, 1855, Cat. Sh. Rept., 48.
Chelydra lacertina Schw., 1814, Chelon., 23.
Florida to Texas.

CLNOSTERNOIDAE.

AROMOCHELYS Gray, 1855, Cat. Sh. Rept., 46.
Testudo odorata Latr., 1801, Rept., I, 122.
Maine to Texas.

GONIOCHELYS Ag., 1857, Contr., I, 423.

Aromochelys carinata Gray, 1855, Cat. Sh. Rept., 47.

Florida to Texas.
G. minor Ag., 1857, 1. c, 424.

Alabama to Louisiana.

THYROSTERNUM Ag., 1857, Contr., I, 427.

Testudo'pennsylvanica Gmel., 1788, Syst. Linn., I, 1042.

Virginia to Florida.
Cinosternum sonoriense LeC, 1854, Pr. Phil. Ac., 184.

Arizona; Sonora.
C. integrum LeC, 1. c., 183.

Mexico.
C. henrici LeC, 1. c, 182.

Arizona.
C. doubledayi Gray, 1844, Cat. Tort., 33.

California.
C. cruentatum Dum., 1851, Cat. Met., 16.

Mexico ; Texas.
K. punctatum Gray, 1855, Cat. Sh. Rept., 45 (s. d.).

Eastern Florida.
K. shavianum Bell., 1825, Zool. Jour., II, 304.

PLATYTHYRA Ag., 1857, Contr., I, 429.
P. flavescens Ag., l. c, 430.

California; Texas; Utah.

X. A. REPTILES AXD BATEACHIAXS.

EMYDOIDAE.

PSEUDEMYS Gray. 1555. Cat. Sh. Rept.. 33.
Testudo rugosa Shaw. 1802, Z :'... III. 28.

New Jersey j North Car >li
T. concirma LeC, 1520. Ann. X. Y. Lye. 106.

Xorth Carolina: Missouri: Louisiana.
Emys mobiliensis Holbr., 1542. Herp.. I. 71.

Florida to Mexico.
E. hieroglyphica Holbr.. 1. c, 111.

Golf States to Tennessee.
E. ornata Gray. 1531. Syn. Rep:.

Mexico.
Callichelys? pulcherrima? Gray. 1863, Ann. Mag.. 151.

Mexico.

TRACHEMYS Ag., 1557. Contr.. I. 434.

Tesnido scabra Linn.. 1755. Syst.. I. 193.

Xorth Carolina to Georgia.
Emys troostii Holbr., 1842, Herp.. I. 123.

Illinois and southward.
E. elegans Wied., 1539. Reise X. Arner.. I. 176, 213.

Dakota to Texas.

GRAPTEMYS Ag.. 1537. Contr.. I. 436.

Testudo geographica Les.. Jour. Phil. Ac. I. 55. pi. 5.

New York to Texas.
Emys lesueurii Gray. 1531. Syn. Rept.. 12.

MAT.ACOCLEHSTYS Gray, 1544, Cat. Tort.. 25.

Testudo palustris Gmel.. 1755, Syst. Linn.. I. 1041.
Xew York to Texas.

CXiRYSEMYS Gray. 1544. Car. Tor:.. 27.

Tesnido picta TIerrm.) Schneid.. 1753, Schildkr.. 345.

Xova Scotia to Louisiana.
C. marginata Ag.. 1557. Contr.. I. 439.

Michigan to Iowa.
C. dorsalis Ag., 1. c, 441.

Mississippi to Louisiana.
Emys belli Gray. 1531. Syn.. 12.

Hlinois to Missouri.
E. oregonensis Harl.. 1537, Am. Jour. Sc. 352, pi. 31.

Oregon.

I— ZX ES'ST. BULLETIN". VOI. XVI. 1*

10 garman's list of

DEIROCHELYS Ag., 1857, Contr., I, 441.

Testudo reticulata (Bosc.) Daucl., 1805, Kept., II, 144.
North Carolina to Louisiana.

EMYS Brongn., 1803, Mem. des Sav. Strang.

Testudo melagris Shaw & Nodder, 1793, Nat. Misc., pi. 144.
New England to Wisconsin.

NANEMYS Ag., 1857, Contr., I, 442.

Testudo guttata Schn., 17—, Berl. Gesellsch. Nat. Fr., IV, pi. 4.
New England to North Carolina.

CALEMYS Ag., 1857, Contr., I, 443.

Testudo muhlenbergii Schoepff, 1702, Test., 132.
Pennsylvania to New Jersey.

GLYPTEMYS Ag., 1857, Contr., I, 443.

Testudo insculpta LeC, 1828-1836, Ann. Lye. N. Y., Ill, 112.

Nova Scotia to Kentucky.
Emys incisa Boc, 1870,-Miss. Sci. Mex., Kept., 11, pis. 1 and 2.

Mexico.

ACTINEMYS Ag., 1857, 1. c, 444.

Emys marmorata B. & G., 1852, Pr. Phil. Ac, 177.
California to Puget sound.

CISTUDO Flera., 1822, Philos. Zool., 270.

Testudo carinata Linn., 1758, Syst., I, 198.

New England; South Carolina; Michigan.
C. triunguis Ag., 1857, Contr., I, 445.

Georgia; Louisiana.
C. ornata Ag., 1. c, 445.

Kansas ; Dakota.
C. major Ag., l. c, 445.

Alabama; Florida.
Onychotria mexicana Gray, 1849, P. Z. S. Lond., 17.

Mexico.

TESTUDINIDAE.

XEROBATES Ag., 1857, Contr., I, 446.

Testudo Carolina Linn., 1758, Syst., 198.

South Carolina; Texas.
X. berlandieri Ag., 1. c, 447.

Texas; Mexico.
X. agassizi Cooper, 1863, Pr. Cal. Acad., II, 120.

California; Sonora.

N. A. REPTILES AND BATRAOIIIANS.

11

EHIZODONTA.

CROCODILIDAE.

CROCODILUS Gronow, 1756, Mus. Ichth.,II, 74,-1763, Zooph., 1,
10.
C. acutus Cuv., 1807, Ann. Mus., X, 55.

South America ; West Indies; Florida.
C. paciflcus Boc, 1870, Miss. Sci. Mex., Rept., 31.
Mexico; Ecuador.

ALLIGATOR Cuv., 1807, Ann. Mus., X.

Crocodilus missis sippiensis, Daud., 1805, Rept., II, 412.
North Carolina to Mexico.

SAUKIA.

1 Rostral.

2 Supranasals.

3 Internasal.

4 Prefrontals.

5 Frontal.

6 Postnasals.

7 Nasals.

8 Loreals.

9 Preorbitals.

10 Labials.

EUMECES FASCIATUS.

11 Postorbitals.

12 Temporals.

13 Supraciliaries.

14 Frontoparietals.

15 Interparietal.

16 Parietals.

17 Occipitals.

18 Supratemporals.

19 Infralabials.

20 Submentals.

12 garman's list of

EUBLEPHARIDAE.

COLEONYX Gray, 1845, Ann. Mag., XVI, 162.

Stenodactylus variegatus Bel., 1858, Pr. Phil. Ac, 254.
Texas : California.

GECCONIDAE.

SPHAERODACTYLUS Wagl., 1830, Amphib., 143.
S. notatus Bd., 1858, Pr. Phil. Ac, 254.
Key West, Fla.

PHYLLODACTYLUS Gray, 1829, Spicil. Zool., 3.

P. tuberculosus Wiegm., 1835, Act. Acad. Caes. Leop., XVII,
241, pi. 18, f. 2.
Mexico.
P. xanti Cope, 1863, Pr. Phil. Ac, 102.
Cape St. Lucas.

DIPLODACTYLUS Gray, 1832, Pr. Zool. Soc, 40.
D. imctus Cope, 1863, Pr. Phil. Ac, 102.
Lower California.

HELODERMIDAE.

HELODERMA Wiegm., 1829, Isis, 627.
H. horridum Wiegm., 1. c.

Mexico.
H. suspectum Cope (name only) 1875, Checklist, 47.
Utah to Mexico.

TEIIDAE.

CNEMIDOPHORUS Wagl., 1830, Syst. Amph., 154.
Lacerta 6-lineata Linn., 1766, Syst., 364.

Southern States to Colorado.
Ameiva tesselata Say, 1823, Long's Exp., II, 50.

Colorado.

(B) Cnem. gracilis B. & G., 1852, Pr. Phil. Ac, 128.

Desert of Colorado.

(C) C. tigris B. & G., 1852, Stansbury's Rep., 338.

Texas to California.

(D) C. melanostethus Cope, 1863, Pr. Phil. Ac, 104.

California.
C. inornatusB. & G., 1858, Pr. Phil. Ac, 255.
New Leon.

N. A. REPTILES AND BATRACIIIANS. 13

C. octolineatus Bel., 1858, 1. c.

New Leon.
C. grahami B. & G., 1852, Pr. Phil. Ac, 128.

Texas to California.
C. maxinms Cope, 1863, Pr. Phil. Ac, 104.

Lower California.
C. perplexus B. & G., 1852, 1. c

Texas ; New Mexico.
C. mexicanus Pet., 1860, Mb., Brl. AkacL, 62, pi. 34.

Mexico.
C. deppii Wiegm., 1834, Herp. Mex., 28.

Colima.
C. guttatus Wiegm., 1. c, 20.

Mexico.
C. hyperethra Cope, 1863, Pr. Phil. Ac, 103. (?).

Lower California.

AMEIVA Meyer, 1705, Syn. Rept.

A. undulata Wiegm., 1834, Herp. Mex., 27.

Mexico.
Cnemidoph. praesignis B. & G., 1822, Pr. Phil. Ac, 120.

Acapulco.

ZONURIDAE.

BARISSIA Gray, 1838, Ann. Mag., 300.

Gerrhonotus olivaceus Bel., 1858, Pr. Phil. Ac, 255.
Mexico; California.

GERRHONOTUS Wiegm., 1828, Isis, 370.

Elgaria nobilis B. & G., 1852, Pr. Phil. Ac, 120.

Arizona; Sonora.
G. (Elgaria) kingi (Bell) Gray, 1838, Ann. Mag., 300.

Mexico.
G. deppei Wiegm., 1828, Isis, 370.

Mexico.
G. leiocephalus Wiegm., 1. c.

Mexico.
G. imbricatus Wiegm., 1. c

Guanahuato.
G. rudicollis Wiegm., 1. c
Elgaria principisB. & G., 1852, Pr. Phil. Ac, 175.

California.

14 garman's list of

G. multicarinatus Blainv., 1835, Nouv. Ann. clu Mus., 289, pi.
25, f. 2.

California.
Elgaria grandis B. & G., 1852, 1. c, 176.

California; Oregon.
G. infernalis Bd., 1858, Pr. Phil. Ac, 255. (?).

Texas.
Tropidolepis scineicaudus Skilton, 1849, Am. Jour. Sci.,202.

California.

XENOSAURTJS Pet., 18G1, Mb. Brl. Ak., 453.
Cubina grandis Gray, 1856, Ann. Mag., 270.
Vera Cruz.

ANGUIDAE.

OPHEOSAURUS Daud., 1803, Kept., VII, 346.
Anguis ventralis Linn., 1766, Syst., 391.

South Carolina; New Mexico; Illinois.

ANNIELLIDAE.

ANWIELLA Gray, 1852, Ann. Mag., X, 440.
A. pulchra Gray, 1. c.
California.

XANTUSIIDAE.

XANTUSIA Bd., 1858, Pr. Phil. Ac, 255.
X. vigilis Bd., 1. c
California.

SCINCIDAE.

OLIGOSOMA Grd., 1857, Pr. Phil. Ac, 196.

Scincus lateralis Say, 1823, Long's Exp., II, 324.

South Carolina; Mexico; Nebraska; Illinois.

EUMECES Wiegm., 1834, Herp. Mex., 36.
LacertafasciataLinn., 1758, Syst., I, 209.

Nebraska; Florida; South Carolina; Texas.
Plestiodon obsoletum B. & G., 1852, Pr. Phil. Ac, 129.

Kansas ; Mexico.
P. inornatum Bd., 1858, 1. c, 256.

Nebraska.

N. A. REPTILES AND BATKACIIIANS. 15

P. skiltoniaxmm B. & G., 1852, Stansbury's Rep., 349.

California.
P. septentrionalis Bd., 1858, Pr. Phil. Ac, 256.

Texas ; Minnesota.
P. egregius Bd., 1. c.

Florida.
P. tetragrammus Bd., 1. c.

Lower Rio Grande.
P. leptogrammus Bd., 1. c.

Nebraska.
P. multivirgatus Hallow., 1857, Pr. Phil. Ac, 215.

Texas; Nebraska.
P. anthracinus Bd., 1849, Jour. Phil. Ac, I, 294.

Pennsylvania; Mississippi.
P. longirostris Cope, 1861, Pr. Phil. Ac, 313.

Bermudas.
Mabouia brevirostris Gthr., 1860, Pr. Z. S. Lond., 316.

Oaxaca.
Euprepes lynxe Wiegm., 1834, Herp. Mex., 36.

Guanaxuato.
Lamprosaurus guttulatus Hallow., 1853, SitgreavesRep., 113.

Arizona.
Eumeces onocrepis Cope, 1869, Rep. Peab. Ac, 82. (?).
E. hallowelli Boc, 1879, Miss. Sci. Mex., Rept., 435, pi. 22 e, f. 7.

California.
E. obtusirostris Boc, 1881, 1. c, 441.

Texas.
(?)Diploglossusmillepunctatus O'Shaug., 1874, Ann. Mag.,
301.

N. W. N. America.

IGUANIDAE.

HOLBROOKIA Grd., 1850-51, Pr. A. A. A. S., 201.
H. maculata Grd., 1. c
^ Texas ; Dakota ; Sonora.

(B) H. approximans Bd., 1858, Pr. Phil. Ac, 253.

Tamaulipas.

(C) H. propinqua B. & G., 1852, Pr. Phil. Ac, 126.

Texas.

(D) H. affinis B. & G., 1. c, 125.

Sonora.
Cophosaurus texanus Trosch., 1850 (1852), Arch. f. Natg.
389, Tab. VI.
Texas.

16 gaeman's list of

H. elegans Boa, 1874, Miss. Sci. Mex., Kept., 164, pi. 17 Ms, f. 8.

Mazatlan.
H. lacerata Cope ?.

Texas.

CALLISAURUS Blainv., 1835, Nouv. Ann. Mus., 286.
C. draconoides Blainv., 1. c., 286, pi. 24, f. 2.

(B) Homalosaurus ventralis Hallow., 1854, Sitgreaves
Eep., 117.

UMA Bd., 1858, Pr. Phil. Ac., 253.
U. notata Bd., 1. c.
Arizona.

SAUROMAIiUS Dum., 1856, Arch. Mus., 535.
S. ater Dum., 1. c, 536.

California to Arizona.

CROTAPHYTTJS Holbr., 1842, Herp., II, 79.

Agama COllaris Say, 1823, Long's Exp., II, 252.

Kansas to New Mexico.
C. wislizenii B. & G., 1852, Stansb. Rep., 340.

California to Texas.
C. reticulatus Bd., 1858, Pr. Phil. Ac, 253.

Texas.
C. copii Yarr., 1882, Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus., 441.

California.

DIPSOSAURUS Hallow., 1854, Pr. Phil. Ac, VII.

Crotaphytus dorsalis B. & G., 1852, Pr. Phil. Ac, 126.
Colorado; California; Sonora.

UTA B. &. G., 1852, Stansb. Rep., 344.

U. ornata B. & G., 1852, Pr. Phil. Ac, 126.

Colorado; Texas; Sonora.
U. stansburiana B. & G., 1852, Stansb. Rep., 345.

Utah; Nevada.
U. schottii Bd., 1858, Pr. Phil. Ac, 253.

California.
IT. thalassina Cope, 1863, Pr. Phil. Ac, 104. (?).

Lower California.
XT. nigricauda Cope, (?).

Lower California.
U. graciosa Hallow., 1854, Pr. Phil. Ac, 92.

California.

N. A. REPTILES AND BATRACHIANS. 17

U. elegans Yarr.

La Paz, Cal.
Phymatolepis bicarinatus Dum., 1856, Arch. Mus., VIII, 549.

Puebla, Mexico.
Phymatolepis (Uta) irregularis Fisch., 1881, Abh. Nat. Ver.
Brem., VII, 232.

Mexico.

SCELOPORUS Wiegm., 1828, Isis, 369.

Agama torquata Peale & Green, Jour. Phil. Ac, VI, 231.

Texas ; Mexico. «

Stellio undulatus (Bosc.) Latr., 1801, Rept., II, 40.

Pennsylvania to Florida and California.

(B) S. occidentalis B. & G., 1852, Pr. Phil. Ac, 175.

California ; Washington Territory.

(C) S. thayeri B. & G., 1. c, 127.

Texas to Sonora.
S. scalaris Wiegm., 1828, Isis, 369.

Mexico; Sonora.
S. COUChii Bd., 1858, Pr. Phil. Ac, 254.

New Leon.
S. ornatus Bd., 1859, Mex. Bound., Rept., 5.

Sonora.
S. poinsetti B. & G., 1852, Pr. Phil. Ac, 126.

Texas; Sonora.
S. garmani Blgr., 1882, Pr. Z. S. Lond., 761, pi. 56.

Southern Dakota; Nebraska.
S. marmoratus Hallow., 1852, Pr. Phil. Ac, 178.

Southern California.
S. biseriatus Hallow., 1859, P. R. R. Rep., X, Williamson, 6.

Mexico.
S. consobrinus B. & G., 1854, Marcy's Exp., 208.

Utah; California.
(B) S. gratiosus B. & G., 1852, Pr. Phil. Ac, 69.

Utah.
S. Clarkii B & G., 1852, 1. c, 127.

Arizona; Sonora.
(B) S. zosteronras Cope, 1863, Pr. Phil. Ac, 105.

Cape St. Lucas.
S. horridus Wiegm., 1834, Herp. Mex., 50.

Vera Cruz; Colima.
S. formosus Wiegm., 1. c.

Colima.

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XVI. 2

18 garman's list of

S. microlepidotus Wiegm., 1. c, 51.

Puebla; Colima.
S. floridanus Bd., 1858, Pr. Phil. Ac, 254.

Florida.
S. spinosus Wiegm., 1828, Isis, 369.

Mexico.
S. dugesi Boa, 1874, Miss. Sci. Mex., 188, p. 18, f. 7.

Colima.
S. jarrovi (Cope) Yarr., 1875, Wheeler's Rep., V, 569.

Arizona.
S.*smaragdinus Yarr., 1. c, 572.

Utah; Nevada.
S. tristichus Yarr., 1. c.

Taos, New Mexico.
S. rufidorsum Yarr., 1882, Pr. Nat. Mus., 442.

La Paz, California.
S. utiformis Cope, 1864, Pr. Phil. Ac, 177.

Colima, Mexico.
S. gracilis B. & G., 1852, Pr. Phil. Ac, 75.

California.

PHRYNOSOMA Wiegm., 1828, Isis, 367.

Lacerta orbicularis Linn., 1758, Syst., I, 206.

Mexico.
Agama douglassi Bell, 1829, Trans. Linn. Soc, XVI, 105, pi. 10.
Dakota; Arizona.

(B) Tapaya ornatissima Grd., 1858, Wilkes Exp., Kept.,
396.

Arizona; Mexico.

(C) P. pygmaea Yarr., 1882, Pr. U. S. Mus., 443.

Oregon.
Tapaya hernandesi Grd., 1858, Wilkes Exp., 395.

Mexico.
P. regale Grd., 1. c, 406.

Arizona ; New Mexico.
P. modestum Grd., 1852, Stansb. Rep., 365.

Texas ; Arizona ; New Mexico.
P. platyrhimim Grd., 1. c, 361.

Utah; Arizona; Nevada.
Agama (Phrynos.) coronata Blainv., 1835, Nouv. Ann., 284,
pi. 25, f. 1.

California.
P. blainvillei Gray, 1839, Rept. Beechey's Voy., 96, pi. 29, f. 1.

California; Arizona.

N. A. REPTILES AND BATRACIIIANS. 19

Agama cornuta Harl., 1825, Jour. Phil. Ac, IV, 299, pi. 20.

Texas ; Mexico ;
Anota mc'calli Hallow., 1852, Pr. Phil. Ac, 182.

Arizona; Nevada.
Tapaya boucardi Boc, 1874, Miss. Sci. Mex., 225, pi. xi, f. 4.

Mexico plateau.
P. braconnieri Boc, 1. c, 233, pi. 7.

Oaxaca.
P. taurus Duges, 1869, Cat. Vert. Mex.

Mexico.
P. planiceps Hallow., 1852, Pr. Phil. Ac, 178.

Western Texas.
P. asio Cope, Pr. Phil. Ac, 178.

California; Mexico.

CYCLILRA Harl., 1825, Jour. Phil. Ac, IV, 242.
Lacerta acanthura Shuw, 1802, Zool., Ill, 216.

Mexico ; California.
C. teres Harl., 1. c, 246.

Vera Cruz ; California.
C. peetinata Wiegm., 1834, Herp. Mex., 42, pi. 2.

Colima.
Ctenosaura cycluroides Wiegm., 1828, Isis, 371.
C. (Ctenosaura) hemilopha Cope, 1863, Pr. Phil. Ac, 105.

Cape St. Lucas.

ANOLIS Daud., 1802, Kept., IV, 50.

Lacerta principalis Linn., 1754, Mus. Ad., — 1758, Syst., I, 201.

North Carolina to Texas.
A. sericeus Hallow., 1856, Pr. Phil. Ac, 227.

Jalapa, Mexico.
A. COOperi Bd., 1858, Pr. Phil. Ac, 254.

California.
A. tropidonotus Pet., 1863, Mb. Brl. Ak., 135.

Orizaba.
A. cymbos Cope, 1864, Pr. Phil. Ac, 173.

Vera Cruz.

AMPHISBAENIDAE.

CHIROTES Cuv., 1817, R. An., Ed. 1, 57.

Bipes canaliculars Bounat., 1789, Erpetol., 68.
California; Mexico.
LEPIDOSTERNON Wagler, 1824, Spix Serp. Brazil, 70.
L. floridanum Baird, 1858, Pr. Phil. Ac, 225.
Florida.

20

garman's list of

OPHIDIA.

COLUBER CONSTRICTOR.

1

Rostral.

11 Parietals.

2

Nasals.

12 Occipitals.

3

Loreal.

13 Labials.

4

Preoculars or Anteorbitals.

14 Infralabials,

5

Postoculars or Postorbitals.

15 Gulars.

6

Temporals.

16 Mental.

7

Internasals.

17 Submentals.

8

Prefrontals.

18 Ventrals.

9

Frontal.

19 Dorsals.

10

Supraciliaries or Supraoculars.

20 Tongue.

N. A. REPTILES AND BATRACHIANS. 21

SCOLECOPHIDIA.

TYPHLOPIDAE.

TYPHLOPINAE.

TYPHLOPS Schneid., 1801, Amph., II, 339.

Ophthalmidion longissimum D. & B., 1844, Erp., VI, 263.

Texas ; " North America."
T. perditus Pet., 1869, Mb. Brl. Ak., 435.

Orizaba.
T. basimaculatus Cope, 1866, Pr. Phil. Ac, 320.

Cordova; Orizaba.
T. emuncfrus Garman, 1883, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., Rept., 3.

Central America.

STENOSTOMINAE.

ANOMALEPIS Jan, 1861, Arch. Zool., 185.
A. mexicanus Jan, 1. c.
Mexico.

STENOSTOMA Wagl., 1824, Spix Serp. Braz., 68.
Rena dulcis B. & G., 1853, Serp., 142.

Texas.
R. humilis B. & G., 1. c, 143.

Valliecetas, California.
S. rubellum Grran., 1883, Mem. M. C. Z., Rept., 130.

Uvalde, Texas.
S. tenuiculum Grmn., 1. c, 5.

San Luis Potosi, Mexico.
S. myopicum Grmn., 1. c, 6.

Tampico, Mexico.

SIAGOETODON Pet., 1881, Gesellsch., 71.

S. dugesi Boc, 1882, Miss. Sci. Mex., Rept., 507, pi. 29, f. 9.
Colima.

ONTCHOPHIDIA.

ERYCIDAE.

CHARINA Gray, 1849, Cat. Snakes, 113.

TortrixbottaeBlainv., 1835, Nouv. Ann. Mus., 289, pi. 26, f. 1.
California to Mexico.

22 garman's list of

Wenona plumbea B. &. G., 1853, Serp., 154.

California to Puget Sound.
Lichanura trivirgata Cope, 1861, Pr. Phil. Ac, 304.

Lower California; Mexico.
(B) L. myriolepis Cope, 1868, Pr. Phil. Ac., 2.

BOIDAE.

BOA Linn., 1758, Syst., I, 214.

B. imperator Daud., 1802, Rept., V, 150.

Central America; Mexico.
B. mexicana Rapp.
Mexico.

CHILABOTHRUS D. & B., 1844, Erp., VI, 562.

Boainornata Reinh., 1843, Dansk. Vid. Selsk., pi. 21-23.
West Indies; Central America; Mexico.

ACACOPHIDIA.
COLUBROIDEA.

DIPSADIDAE.

LEPTOGKNTATHUS Dura., 1852, Mem. Acad., XXIII, 467.
Tropidodipsas fasciata Gthr., 1858, Cat. 181.

Mexico.
L. dumerili Jan, 1863, Sist., 101.

Mexico.
Coluber nebulatus Linn., 1754, Mus. Ad., 32, pi. 24, f. 1.

Brazil to Mexico; West Indies (Gthr.).
L. dimidiatus Gthr., 1872, Ann. Mag., 31.

Mexico.
L. brevis Dum., 1852, Mem. Acad., 23, p. 467.

Mexico.

SIBOW Fitz., 1826, Neue Class., 60.

Dipsas biscutata D. & B., 1854, Erp., VII, 1153.
Central America to Mexico.
(B) Dipsas biscutata var. latifaseia Pet., 1869, Mb. Brl.
Ak., 877.

Pueblo, Mexico.
Coluber annulatus Linn., 1754, Mus. Ad. Fridr., pi. 8, f. 2.
Mexico to Brazil.
(B) Dipsas septentrionalis Kenn., 1859, Mex. Bound.,
II, 16, pi. viii, f. 1.

Texas; Arizona; Mexico.

N. A. REPTILES AND BATKACHIANS. 23

Leptodeira torquata Gthr., 1860, Ann. Mag.
Nicaragua.

(B) L. paciflca Cope, 1868, Pr. Phil. Ac, 310.
Mazatlan, Mexico.

(C) L. personata Cope, 1. c.
Mazatlan.

L. discolor Gthr., 1860, Pr. Zool. Soc, 317.
Oaxaca.

DENDROPHIDAE.
LEPTOPHIS Bell, 1825, Zool. Jour., 329.

L. mexicanus D. & B., 1854, Erp., VII, 536.
Mexico.

NATRICIDAE.
TROPIDONOTTJS Kuhl, 1826, Isis, 205.
(CHILOPOMA.)

C. rufipimctatum Yarr., 1875, Wheeler's Exp., V, 543, pi. xx,
f. 1.

Southern Arizona.

(EUTAEWIA.)
Coluber saurita Linn., 1766, Syst., I, 385.
Mississippi valley to Atlantic.

(B) Eutaenia faireyi B. & G., 1853, Serp., 25.

Minnesota and Wisconsin southward.

(C) E. SackeniiKenn., 1859, Pr. Phil. Ac, 98.

Florida.

»(D) Coluber proximus Say, 1823, Long's Exp., I, 187.
Arkansas and Texas to Mexico.
(E) E. radix B. &G., 1853, Serp., 34.
Wisconsin ; Illinois.
Coluber sirtalis Linn., 1758, Syst., I, 222.
Nova Scotia to Mississippi valley.

(B) C. ordinatus Linn., 1766, Syst., I, 379.

Coast from Nova Scotia to Georgia and Alabama.

(C) E. marciana B. & G., 1853, Serp., 36.

Kansas to Texas and Mexico.

(D) Coluber parie talis Say, 1823, Long's Exp., I, 186.

Missouri basin to Utah.

(E) E. vagrans B. & G., 1853, Serp., 35.

Rocky mountains to Sierras ; Sonora.
(P) Trop. collaris Jan, 1863, Sist., 69.
Southern Mexico ; Panama.

24 gasman's list of

(G) E. leptocephala B. & G., 1853, Serp., 29.

Oregon.
(H) Coluber infernalis Blainv., 1835, Nouv. Ann. Mus.,
291, pi. 26, f. 3.

California to Mexico.
(I) E. atrata Kenn., 1860, P. R. R. Rep., XII, 296.

California.
(J) Trop. quadriserialis Fisch., 1879, Verh. Nat. Ver.
Hamb., 82.
Mazatlan.
Atomarchus multimaculatus Cope, 1883, Am. Nat., 1300.
New Mexico.

(NERODIA.)
Coluber sipedon Linn., 1758, Syst., I, 219.
Mississippi valley to Maine.

(B) C. fasciatus Linn., 1766, Syst., I, 378.

Southern States.

(C) C. erythrogaster Holbr., 1838, Herp., II, 91, pi. 19.

Southeastern States.

(D) Trop. rhombifer B. & G., 1852, Pr. Phil. Ac, 177.

Mississippi valley to Wisconsin.
Trop. taxispilotus Holbr., 1842, Herp., IV, 35, pi. 8.

Southeastern States.
T. cyclopion L\ &B., 1854, Erp., VII, 576.

Ohio to Florida.
Nerodia eompressicauda Kenn., 1860, Pr. Phil. Ac, 335.

Florida.

(REGINA.)
Coluber leberis Linn., 1758, Syst., I, 216.
Michigan to Texas.

(B) C. rigidus Say, 1825, Jour. Phil. Ac, 239.

New York, southward and westward.

(C) Regina elarkii B. & G., 1853, Serp., 48.

Texas to Mexico.

(D) R. grahamiiB. & G., 1. c, 47.

Michigan to Texas.

(E) R. valida Kenn., I860, Pr. Phil. Ac, 334.

California to Mexico.
R. kirtlandi Kenn., 1856, Pr. Phil. Ac, 95.
Illinois to Ohio.

STORERIA B. & G., 1853, Serp., 135.

Tropidoelonium storerioides Cope, 1865, Pr. Phil. Ac, 190.
Mexico.

N. A. REPTILES AND BATRACHIANS. 25

Tropidonotus occipitomaculatus Storer, 1839, Kept. Mass.
230.

Mississippi valley and eastward.
Trop. dekayi Holbr., 1842, Herp., IV, 53, pi. 14.

Maine to Mexico.
Adelophis copei Cope, 1879, Pr. Am. Phil. Soc, 265.

Guadalaxara.
Microps lineatus Hallow., 1856, Pr. Phil. Ac., 241.

Texas to Kansas.

HELICOPS Wagler, 1830, Amph., 170.

H. alleni Grmn., 1874, Pr. B. N. H. Soc, 92.
Florida.

HYDROPS Wagl., 1830, Amph., 170.

Coluber erythrogrammus Latr., 1802, Kept., IV, 141.

» Illinois and Virginia southward.

C.abacurus Holbr., 1836, Herp., I, 119, pi. 23.
North Carolina to Texas.
Homalopsis quinquevittatus D. & B., 1854, Erp., VII, 975.

Mexico; Central America.
Calopisma septemvittatum Fisch., 1879, Verh. Nat. Ver.
Hamb., 84.

Mexico.

COLUBRIDAE.

SALVADORA B. & G., 1853, Serp., 104. (Not preoccupied among
animals.)
S. grahamii B. & G., 1. c.

California to Mexico ; Utah to Texas.

(B) S. bairdii Jan, 1861, Icon., livr. 1, pi. 3, f. 2.

Mexico.

(C) Phymothyra hexalepis Cope, 1866, Pr. Phil. Ac, 305.

Arizona.
Phym. decurtata Cope, 1868, Pr. Phil. Ac, 310.
Lower California.

CYCLOPHIS Gthr., 1858, Cat. Serp., 119.

Coluber vernalis (De K.) Hail., 1827, Jour. Phil. Ac, 361.
Nova Scotia to Rocky Mountains.

PHYLLOPHILOPHIS Grmn., 1883, Mem. M. C. Z., Rept., 40, 146.
Maryland to Mexico.
Coluber aestivus Linn., 1766, Syst., I, 387.

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XVI. 2*

26

COLUBER Linn., 1748, Syst., p. 34, —1758, Syst., I, 216,-1766,
Syst., I, 375 (Part.).

(BASCANIUM.)
Coluber constrictor Linn., 1758, Syst., I, 216, —1766, Syst., 1,
385.

Nova Scotia to Texas.
(B) C. flaviventris Say, 1823, Long's Exp., I, 185.
Mississippi valley west to Pacific.
Coryphodon mentovarius D. & B., 1854, Erp., VII, 187.
Mexico.

(MASTICOPHIS.)

Coluber flagelluni Shaw, 1802, Zool., Ill, 475.

(B) C. testaceus Say, 1823, Long's Exp., 248.

Dakota to Texas and the Pacific.

(C) Drymobius aurigulus Cope, 1861, Pr. Phil. Ac, 301.

Lower California.
JSamenis mexicanus D. &. B., 1854, Erp., VII, 695.

Mexico.
Masticophis spinalis Pet., 1866, Mb. Brl. Ak., 91.

Mexico.
Leptophis taeniata Hallow., 1852, Pr. Phil. Ac, 181.
Plains to the Pacific.
(B) Masticophis bilineatus Jan, Sist., 40.
Mexico.

SPILOTES Wagler, 1830, Amph., 179,

(GEORGIA.)

Coluber couperi Holbr., 1842, Herp., Ill, 75, pi. 16.

Gulf States.
C. obsoletus Holbi-., 1. c, 61, pi. 12.

Florida to Texas.

(SPILOTES.)

Coluber corais (Cuv.) Boie., 1827, Isis, 537.

Brazil to Mexico.
C. variabilis Max., 1825, Beitr., 271.

Mexico to Brazil.
(B) Spilot. pullatus var. auribundus Cope, 1861, Pr.
Phil. Ac, 300.

Mexico.
S. melanurus D. & B., 1854, Erp., VII, 224.

Mexico.
S. poecilonotusGthr., 1858, Cat. Serp., 100,

Mexico.

N. A. REPTILES AND BATRACHIANS. 27

PITYOPHIS Holbr., 1842, Herp., IV, 7.

Coluber melanoleucus Daud., 1803, Rept., VI, 409.

East of the Mississippi,. Ohio and Pennsylvania south-
ward.
C. catenifer Blainv., 1835, Nouv. Ann. Mus., IV, 290, pi. 26, f. 2.
Oregon to Mexico.

(B) C. sayi Schleg., 1837, Ess., II, 157.

Rocky Mountains to Illinois.

(C) P. mexic anus D. & B., 1854, Erp., VII, 236.

Mexico.

(D) Elaphis deppei D. & B., 1854, Erp., VII, 268.

Arizona to Mexico.

(E) Churchillia bellona B. & G., 1852, Stansb. Exp., 350.

Utah basin.
(P) C. vertebralis Blainv., 1835, 1. c, 293, pi. 27, f. 2.
Lower California.

ELAPHIS Aldrov., 1640, Serp. Drac, 267, -—1765, reprint; Bonap.,
1831, Saggio.

(SCOTOPHIS.)

Coluber obsoletus Say, 1823, Long's Exp., I, 140.
Mississippi valley.

(B) C. alleghaniensis Holbr., 1842, III, 219.

New England to Alabama.

(C) S. lindheimeri B. & G., 1853, Serp., 74.

Illinois to Texas.

(D) C. bairdi Yarr., 1880, Bull. U. S. Mus., 41.

Fort Davis, Texas.

(E) S. confinis B. & G., 1853, Serp., 76.
C. guttatus Linn., 1766, Syst., I, 385.

Virginia to Louisiana.
(B) S. vulpinus B. & G., 1853, Serp., 75.
Massachusetts to Nebraska.

C. quadrivittatus Holbr., 1. c, 80, pi. 20.

DROMICUSBibr., 1843, Rept. Cuba, Sagra, 221.

D. laureatus Gthr., 1868, Ann. Mag., 419.

City of Mexico.
D. flavilatus Cope, 1871, Pr. Phil. Ac.

Florida to North Carolina.
Herpetodryas margaritiferus Schleg., 1837, Ess., I, 151, II,
184.

Mexico ; Central America.
D. putnamii Jan, 1863, Sist., 67.

Southern Mexico.

28 garman's list of

CORONELLIDAE.

TACHYMENIS Wiegm., 1834, Act. Acacl. Caes. Leop., 252.
Tomodon lineatum D. &"B., 1854, Erp., VII, 936.

Mexico.
Taeniophis imperialis B. & G., 1855, Gilliss' Exp., II, 215.

Texas and Mexico.
Coniophanes lateritia Cope, 1861, Pr. Phil. Ac, 524.

Guaclalaxara.
Coniophanes proterops Cope, 1860, Pr. Phil. Ac, 249.

Mexico ; New Granada.
Coronella fissidens Gthr., 1858, Cat. Serp., 36.

Mexico.
Coronella bipunctata Gthr., 1. c.

Mexico.
T. melanocephala Pet., 1869, Mb. Brl. Ak., 876.

Mexico.

ERYTHROLAMPEUS Boie, 1826, Isis, 981.

E. guentheri Grmn., 1883, Mem. M. C. Z., Rept., 63.
=E. venustissimus var. D Gthr., 1858, Cat., 48.
" Mexico."

OPHIBOLTJS B. & G., 1853, Serp., 82.

Coluber doliatus Linn., 1766, Syst., 1, 379.

Southeastern States.
Osceola elapsoidea B. & G., 1853, Serp., 133.

Southern States east of Mississippi river.
C. triangulus Boie, 1827, Isis, 537.

Mississippi valley eastward to Canada.

(B) C. calligaster Had., 1835, Med. Res., 122.

Northern Mississippi valley.

(C) O. triang. var. mexicanus Grmn., 1883, Mem. M. C.
Z., Rept., QG.

San Luis Potosi.

(D) O. doliatus B. & G., 1853, Serp., 89.

Nebraska and southward.

(E) O. gentilis B. & G., 1. c, 90.

Arkansas to Utah.
(P) C. (Zacholus) zonatus Blainv., 1835, Ann. Mus., IV,
293.

California.
(G) Lampropeltis annulata Kenn., 1860, Pr. Phil. Ac,
329.

Mexico.

N. A. KErTILES AND BATliACIIIANS. 2V

(H) Coronella rhombomaculataHolbr., 1842, Herp., Ill,
103, pi. 23.

Southeastern U. S.
Coluber getulus Linn., 1766, Syst., I, 382.
Southern States to Texas.

(B) Coronella sayi Holbr., 1842, Herp., Ill, 99, pi. 22.

Mississippi valley, Illinois to Texas.

(C) O. boylii B. & G., 1853, 1. c, 82.

California to Mexico.

(D) O. splendidus B. & G., 1. c, 83.

Arizona and southern California to Mexico.

(E) O. pyrrhomelanus Cope, 1866, Pr. Phil. Ac, 305.

Arizona; Sonora.

LIOPHIS Wagl., 1830, Amph., 187.

Pliocercus elapoides Cope, 1860, Pr. Phil. Ac, 253.
Mexico.

DIADOPHIS B. & G., 1853, Serp., 112.

Enicognathus annulatus D. & B., 1854, Erp., VII, 335, pi. 80,
f. 1-3.

Mexico.
Coronella decorata Gthr., 1858, Cat. Serp., 35.

Southern Mexico.
Rhadinea fulvivitta Cope, 1875, Jour. Phil. Ac, 139.

Southern Mexico.
Coluber punctatus Linn., 1766, Syst., I, 376.

Southern and Eastern States to Nova Scotia.

(B) D. arnyi Kenn., 1859, Pr. Phil. Ac, 99.

Illinois to Arkansas.

(C) D. docilis B. & G., 1853, Serp., 114.

Texas to Mexico.

(D) D. amabilis B. &G., 1. c, 113.

Arizona to California.
D. regalis B. & G., 1. c, 115.
Mexico.

RHINOCHEILUS B. & G., 1853, Serp., 120.
R. lecontei B. & G., 1. c, 120, 161.
Texas to California.
(B) R. lecontei var. tesselatus Grran., 1883, Mem. M, C.
Z., Rept., 74.
Mexico.

HETERODON (Pal. de Beauv., 1799) Latr., 1802, Kept., IV, 32.
BE. platyrhinus Latr., 1. c, 32, pi. 28, f. 1-3.
Eastern, Middle and Southern States.

30 garman's list of

(B) H. niger Troost, 1836, Ann. N. Y. Lye, 186.
Southern States east of Mississippi river.
Coluber simus Linn., 1766, Syst., I, 375.
Mississippi valley to the Atlantic.

(B) H. nasicus B & G., 1852, Stansb. Exp., 352.

California to Texas and Nebraska.

(C) H. kennerlyiKenn., I860, Pr. Phil. Ac, 336.

Sonora.

CEMOPHORA Cope, 1860, Pr. Phil. Ac, 244.

Coluber coccinneus Blumenb., 1788, Licht. & Voigt. Mag.,
pi. V.

Southern States east of Texas.
(B) C. copei Jan, 1863, Sist., 45.
Tennessee.

XENODOM" Boie, 1827, Isis, 541.

X. bertholdi Jan, 1863, Arch. Zool., II, 108.
Mexico.

HYPSIGLENA Cope, 1860, Pr. Phil. Ac, 246.
H. ochrorhynchus Cope, 1. c
Lower California.
(B) H. chlorophaea Cope, 1. c
Arizona to Sonora.

CALAMARIDAE.

FICIMIA Gray, 1849, Cat. Serp., 80.

Toluca frontalis Cope, 1864, Pr. Phil. Ac, 167.

Colima.
Gyalopion canum Cope, 1860, Pr. Phil. Ac, 243, 310.

Arizona.
Conopsis nasus Gthr., 1858, Cat., 6.

California.
Toluca lineata (Kenn.) Bd., 1859, Mex. Bound., II, Kept., 23,
pi. 21, f. 2.

Mexico.
Oxyrhina maculata Jan, 1862, Arch. Zool., II, 54, 61.

Mexico.
Amblymetopon variegatum Gthr., 1858, Cat. Serp., 7.

Mexico.
F. olivacea Gray, 1849, Cat. Serp., 80.

Mexico.

N. A. REPTILES AND BATRACIIIANS. 31

CHEILORHIWA Jan., 18G2, Arch. Zool., II, 57.
C. villarsii Jan., 1. c.

Western Mexico.

STENOBHINA D. & B., 1854, Erp., VII, 865.
S. freminvillei D. & B., 1. c, 868.

Central America and Mexico.
Microphis quinquelineatus Hallow., 1854, Pr. Phil. Ac, 97.

Mexico.

TANTILLA B. &. G., 1853, Serp., 131.
T. gracilis B. & G., 1. c, 132, 161.
Texas.

(B) T. hallowelli Cope, 1860, Pr. Phil. Ac, 77.

Kansas.

(C) T. ealamarina Cope, 1866, Pr. Phil. Ac, 320.

Guadalaxara.
T. nigriceps Kenn., 1860, Pr. Phil. Ac, 328.

Texas; New Mexico.
T. coronata B. & G., 1853, Serp., 131.

Gulf States.
(B) Homalocr anion wagneri Jan, 1862, Arch. Zool., II,
50.

Florida.
Coluber planiceps Blainv., 1835, Ann. Mus., IX, 294, pi. 27, f. 3.

California.

ELAPOMOBPHUS (Wiegm.) Fitz., 1843, Syst., 25.

E. mexicanus Gthr., 1862, Ann. Mag., pi. 9, f. 1 (Extr., p. 6).
Mexico.

CONTIA B. & G., 1853, Serp., 110.

(SONOBAO

S. semiannulata B. & G., 1853, Serp., 110.

Sonora.
Bhinostoma occipitale Hallow., 1854, Pr. Phil. Ac, 95.
Arizona.
(B) Lamprosoma annulatum Bd., 1859, Mex. Bound.,
II, 22.
Arizona.
C. isozona Cope, 1866, Pr. Phil. Ac, 304.
Arizona to Utah.

(PBOCINUBA.)
P. aemula Cope, 1871, Pr. Phil. Ac, 223. (?Position).
Mexican plateau.

32 gasman's list of

(CONTIA.)

C. mitis B. & G., 1853, Serp., 110.

California.
Lamprosoma episcopum Kenn., 1859, Mex. Bound., II, Kept.,
22, pi. 8, f. 1.
Texas.
LODIAB & G., 1853, Serp., 116. «

Calamaria tenuis B. & G., 1852, Pr. Phil. Ac., 176.
Oregon and Washington Territory.

NINIAB. &G., Serp., 49.

Chersodromus liebmanni Reinh., 1860, Vid. Medd. Kjobenh.,
35, pi. IV, f. 10, 11.

Vera Cruz ; Mexico.
Streptophorus sebae D. & B., 1854, Erp., VII, 515.

Mexico.
S. sebae var. collaris Jan, 1865, Icon., livr. 12, pi. 3, f. 6.

Mexico.
Elapoid.es sieboldi Jan, 1862, Arch. Zool., II, 21.

Mexico.
N. dimidiata B. &G., 1853, Serp., 49.

Mexico.
VIRGINIA B. &G., 1853, Serp., 127.

Coluber striatulus Linn., 1766, Syst., I, 375.

Virginia to Texas.
V. inornata Grmn., 1883, Mem. M. C. Z., Kept., 97.

Texas.
V. elegans Kenn., 1859, Pr. Phil. Ac, 99.

Southern Illinois.
V. valeriae B. & G., 1. c, 127.

Maryland to Georgia and Illinois.
(B) Carphophis harperti D. & B., 1854, Erp., VII, 135.

Georgia to Texas.

CARPHOPHIS Gerv., 1843, D'Orb. Diet. N.Hist., Ill, 191.
Chilomeniscus stramineus Cope, 1861, Pr. Phil. Ac, 33.

Lower California.
Chilom. cinctus Cope, 1. c, 303.

Guaymas.
Celuta helenae Kenn., 1859, Pr. Phil. Ac, 100.

Illinois to Mississippi.
Carphophis amoena Gerv., 1843, 1. c, 191.

Massachusetts to Illinois and southward.
(B) Celuta vermis Kenn., 1859, Pr. Phil. Ac, 99.

Missouri and southward.

N. A. REPTILES AND BATRACHIANS. 33

GEOPHIS Wagler, 1830, Amph., 342.

Rabdosoma semidoliatum D. & B., 1854, Erp., VII, 93.

Mexico.
G. bicolor Gthr., 1868, Ann. Mag., 413.

Valley of Mexico.
G. latifrontalis Grain., 1883, Mem. M. C. Z.,Rept., 103.

San Luis Potosi.
G. unicolor Fisch., 1881, Abh. Nat. Ver. Brem., VII, 227, pi.
xv, f. 1-3.

Mexico.
Sympholis lippiens Cope, Pr. Phil. Ac, 524.

Guadalaxara.

TOXICOPHIDIA

PROTEROGLYPHA.

CONOCERCA.

ELAPIDAE.

ELAPS Scbneid., 1801, Amph., 289.

Coluber fulvius Linn., 1766, Syst.,I, 381.

Southern States east of the Mississippi.

(B) E. nigrocinctus Grd., 1854, Pr. Phil. Ac, 226.

Central America to Mexico.

(C) E. affinis Jan, 1859, Rev. and Mag. Zool., 6, 14, pi. B,
f. 2.

Mexico.

(D) E. bipunctiger D. & B., 1854, Erp., VII, 1227.

Mexico; Florida.

(E) E. tenere B. & G., 1853, Serp., 22, 156.

Texas.
(P) E. apiatus Jan, 1859, 1. c, pp.6, 11, pi. A, f. 4.

Vera Cruz.
(G) E. epistema D. & B., 1854, Erp., VII, 1222.

Mexico.
(H) E. diastema D. & B., 1. c, 1222.

Mexico.
(I) E. cerebripunctatus Pet., 1869, Mb. Brl. Ak., 877.

Pueblo.
E. euryxanthus Kenn., 1860, Pr. Phil. Ac, 337.

Arizona to Mexico.
E. marcgravii var. laticollaris Pet., 1869, Mb. Brl. Ak.

Pueblo.

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XVI. 3

34 garman's list of

E. decoratus Jan, 1859, 1. c, pp. 7, 14, pi. B, f. 5.

Mexico.
E. elegans Jan, 1. c, pp. 6, 13, pi. B, f. l.

Mexico.

PLATYCEECA.

HYDROPHIDAE.

PELAMIS Daud., 1803, Kept., VII, 357.

Anguis platura Linn., 1766, Syst., I, 391.

West coast of Mexico and Central America to East
Indies and China.

SOLENOGLYPHA.

BOTHROPHERA.
CROTALIDAE.

CROTALUS Linn., 1754, Mus. Ad. Fridr., 39.

C. durissus Linn., 1758, Syst., I, 214.

Brazil to Mexico.

(B) C. molossus B. & G., 1853, Serp., 10.

North Mexico; Arizona; New Mexico.

(C) Caudisona basilisea Cope, 1864, Pr. Phil. Ac, 166.

Western Mexico.
C. adamanteus Beauv., 1799, Trans. Ann. Phil. Soc, IV, 368.
Texas to North Carolina.

(B) Caudisona scutulatus Kenn., 1861, Pr. Phil. Ac, 207.

Arizona ; Mexico.

(C) Crotalus atrox B. & G., 1. c, 5, 156.

Texas to Mexico.
C. confluentus Say, 1823, Long's Exp., II, 48.

Dakota to Texas.
(B) Caudisona pyrrha Cope, 1866, Pr. Phil. Ac, 308, 310.

Arizona.
C. oregonus Holbr., 1842, III, 21, pi. 3.

Oregon to California.

(B) C. lucifer B. & G., 1852, Pr. Phil. Ac, 177.

California to Mexico.

(C) C. lucifer var. cerberus Coues, 1875, Wheeler's Eep.,
V, 607.

Arizona.

N. A. REPTILES AND BATRACIIIANS. 35

(D) Caudisona mitcliellii Cope, 18G1, Pr. Phil. Ac, 293.

Lower California.

(E) Caud. enyo Cope, 1. c.,293.

Lower California.
Crotalus exsul Grmn., 1883, Mem. M. C. Z., Rept., 114.

Cedros Island.
C. horridus Linn., 1758, Syst., I, 214.

New England to Texas.
C. cerastes Hallow., 1854, Pr. Phil. Ac, 95.

California; Arizona; Mexico.
PCaudisona lepida Kenn., 1861, Pr. Phil. Ac, 206.

Mexico.
Crotalus tigris (Kenn.) Bd., 1859, Mex. Bound., II, Rept., 14,
pi. 4.

Mexico.
C. triseriatus Wiegm., 1828, Mus. Berl.

Mexico.
(B) C. jimenezii Duges, 1879, La Naturaleza, IV, 23.

Mexico.

SISTRURUS Grmn., 1883, Mem. M. C. Z., Rept., 110, 118, 176.
Crotalinus catenatus Raf., 1818, Am. Month. Mag., IV, 41.

Ohio and Michigan to the Plains and south to Missis-
sippi.
(B) Crotalophorus consors B. & G., 1853, Serp., 12.
Texas.
Crotalus miliariusLinn., 1766, Syst., I, 372.
Southern States.

(B) Crotaloph. edwardsii B. & G., 1. c, 15.

Texas; Arizona; Sonora; Mexico.

(C) Crotalus ravus Cope, 1865, Pr. Phil. Ac, 191.

Mexican plateau.
Crotalus intermedius Fisch., 1881, Abh. Nat. Ver. Brem.,
VII, 230, pi. XIV, f. 1-4.
Mexico.

ANCISTRODOW" Pal. de Beauv., 1799, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc, IV,
381.
Coluber contortrix Linn., 1758, Syst., I, 216.
Mississippi valley to New England.
(B) Acontias atrofuseus Troost., 1836, Ann. N. Y. Lye,
181. Mountains from Virginia southward.
Crotalus piscivorus LaC, 1789, Quad. Ovip. Serp., II, pp.
130, 424.

South Carolina to Texas.

36 garman's list of

(B) Toxicophis pugnax B. & G., 1853, Serp., 20, 156.
Texas.
A. bilineatus Gthr., 1863, Ann. Mag., 364.
West Mexico ; Tehuantepec.

BATEACHIA.

APODA.
CAECILIIDAE.

DERMOPHIS Pet., 1879, Mb. Brl. Akad., 937.

Siphonops mexicanus D. & B., 1841, Erp.,VIII, 284.
Mexico.

CAUDATA.

SIRENIDAE.

SIREN Linn., 1766, Act. Acad. Upsal. (dissert, auct. Osterdam), 15.
S. lacertina Linn., 1766, 1. c.

North Carolina to Illinois and Mexico.

PSEUDOBRANCHUS Gray, 1825, Ann. Phil., 216.
Siren striata LeC, 1824, Ann. Lye. N. Y., I, 54, pi. 4.

South Carolina; Georgia; Simahmoo Bay, Washington
Territory (Yarrow).

PROTEIDAE.

NECTURUS Eaf., 1819, Jour. Phys., Vol. 88, 417.
N. maculatus Raf., 1. c.

Mississippi valley and eastward ; Canada.
Menobranchus punctatus Gibbes, 1853, Jour. B. N. H. Soc,
369.

North Carolina ; South Carolina.

AMPHIUMIDAE.

AMPHIUMA Linn., Garden, 1821, Linn. Corresp., Smith, 333.
A. means Linn., 1821,1. c, 333, 532, 599.

North Carolina to Louisiana.
A. tridactyla Cuv., 1828, Mem. Mus., XIV, pi. 1.

N. A. REPTILES AND BATRACHIANS. 37

CRYPTOBRANCHUS Leuck., 1821, Isis, 257.

Salamandra alleghaniensis Latr., 1802, Rept., II, 253 (index).

New York to Missouri.
Menopoma fusca Holbr., 1842, Herp., V, 99, pi. 33.

Pennsylvania to Louisiana.

SALAMANDEOIDEA.

AMBLYSTOMATIDAE.

AMBLYSTOMA Tschudi, 1838, Batr., 57.

Salamandra opaca Gravenh., 1807, Ueb. Zool. Syst., 431.

New Hampshire to Mexico.
S.talpoidea Holbr., 1842, Herp., V, 73, pi. 24.

South Carolina to Louisiana.
S. tigrina Green, 1825, Jour. Phil. Ac, V, 116.

Mississippi valley to New Jersey.

(B) A. bicolor Hallow., 1857, Pr. Phil. Ac, 215.

New Jersey.

(C) A. mavortium Bd., 1849, Jour. Phil. Ac, I, 292.

Dakota to Mexico.

(D) A. californiense Gray, 1853, Pr. Z. S. Lond., 11, pi. 7.

California.

(E) A. trisruptum Cope, 1867, Pr. Phil. Ac, 194.

Colorado to New Mexico.

(F) A. xiphias Cope, 1867, 1. c, 192.

Ohio.

(G) A. obscurum (Bd.) Cope, 1. c, 192.

Iowa.
Lacerta punctata Linn., 1766, Syst., 370.

Maine to Texas.
A. macrodactylum Bd., 1849, Jour. Phil. Ac, 292.

Oregon.
A. paroticum (Bd.) Cope, 1867, Pr. Phil. Ac, 200.

Oregon ; Puget sound.
A. aterrimum Cope, 1867, Pr. Phil. Ac, 201 (s. d.).

Rocky mountains.
A. tenebrosum B. & G., 1852, Pr. Phil. Ac, 174.

Oregon.
A, conspersum Cope, 1859, Pr. Phil. Ac, 123.

Carlisle, Pennsylvania.
Salamandra texana Matthes, 1855, Alg. Deutsch. Nat. Zeit.,

266. (?)

38 garman's list of

S. jefiersonania Green, 1827, Cont. Macl. Lye, 4.
New England and Canada to Illinois.

(B) A. laterale Hallow., 1858, Jour. Phil. Ac, III, 352.

Canada to Wisconsin.

(C) A. platineum Cope, 1867, Pr. Phil. Ac, 198.

Ohio.

(D) A. fuscum Hallow., 1858, 1. c, 355.

Indiana; Virginia.
A. cingulatum Cope, 1867, Pr. Phil. Ac, 205 (s. d.).

South Carolina.
A. microstomum Cope, 1867, 1. c, 206.

Louisiana to Ohio.
Gyrixms mexicanus Shaw, 1800, Nat. Misc., 343.

Mexico.
Axolotes maculata Owen, 1844, Ann. Mag., XIV, 23. (?)

Mexico.

DICAMPTODOW Strauch, 1870, Mem. Acad. Imp. St. Petersb.
(4), XVI, 68.
Triton ensatus Eschsch., 1833, Zool. Atlas, pt. 5, p. 6, pi. 22.
California.

PLETHODONTIDAE.

ANAIDES Bel., 1849, Icon. Encycl., II, 256.

Salamandra lugubris Hallow., 1848, Jour. Phil. Ac. (2), I, 126.

California.
A. ferreus Cope, 1869, Pr. Phil. Ac, 109.

Oregon.

PLETHCDON Tschudi, 1838, Batr., 92.

Heredia oregonensis Grd., 1856, Pr. Phil. Ac, 235.

Oregon; California.
P. flavipnnctatus Strauch, 1870, Salamand., 71.

California.
Salamandra glutinosa Green, 1818, Jour. Phil. Ac, I, 357.

Louisiana to Wisconsin and east.
P. croceater Cope, 1867, Pr. Phil. Ac, 210.

Fort Tejon, California.
P. intermedins (Bd.) Cope, 1. c, 209.

Vancouver's island.
S. erythronota Green., 1818, Jour. Phil. Ac, 356.

Wisconsin to Canada.
(B) S. cinerea Green, 1. c, 356.

Indiana; Pennsylvania; Canada.

N. A. REPTILES AND BATRACIIIANS. 39

(C) P. dorsalis Baird.
Kentucky.
P. iecanus (Cope) Yarrow, 1883, (?).

HEMIDACTYLIUM Tschudi, 1838, Batr., 59, 94.

Salamandra scutata Schleg., 1838, Fauna Japon., Amph., 119.
Canada to Texas.

Salamandrina attexmata Eschsch., 1833, Zool. Atl., pt. V, 1,
pi. 21.

California.
H. pacificum Cope, 1865, Pr. Phil. Ac, 195.

California.
Batrachoseps nigriventris Cope, 1869, Pr. Phil. Ac, 98.

California.

GEOTRITOW Bonap., 1831, Saggio, 84 (Spelerpes Raf., 1832).
Salamandra rubra Latr., 1802, Kept., IV, 305.
Missouri to Florida.

(B) Pseudotriton montanus Bd., 1849, Jour. Phil. Ac.
(2), I, 293.

New York to South Carolina.

(C) Spelerpes sticticeps Baird.

Mexico.
Salam. longicauda Green, 1818, Jour. Phil. Ac, I, 351.

Ohio to Georgia.
Sal. guttolineata Holbr., 1842, Herp., V, 29, pi. 7.

Ohio to Georgia.
Sal. bilineata Green, 1818, Jour. Phil. Ac, I, 352.

Florida to Ohio.
Sal. variegata Gray, 1831, Synops., 107.

City of Mexico to Central America.
Spelerp. multiplicatus Cope, 1869, Pr. Phil. Ac, 106.

Arkansas.
S. lineolus Cope, 1865, Pr. Phil. Ac, 197. (?)

Vera Cruz ; Orizaba.
S. chiropterus Cope, 1863, Pr. Phil. Ac, 54. (?)

Mexico.
S. cephalieus Cope, 1865, Pr. Phil. Ac, 196.

Mexico.
S. leprosus Cope, Pr. Phil. Ac, 105.

Vera Cruz ; Oaxaca ; Orizaba.
S. belli Gray, 1859, Batr. Grad., 46.

Mexico.
Oedipus rufescens Cope, 1869, Pr. Phil. Ac, 104.

Vera Cruz.

40 garman's list of

O. morio Cope, 1. c, 103.

Mexico.
Pseudotriton marginatus Hallow., 1856, Pr. Phil. Ac., 130.

Georgia.
Salam. porphyritica Green, 1827, Macl. Lye, I, 3, pi. 1, f. 2.

Ohio to Massachusetts and Georgia.
Spelerp. laticeps Broc, 1883, Miss. Sci. Mex., Batr., 110, pi.
18, f. 1.

Vera Cruz.
Bolitoglossa mexicana D. & B., 1854, Erp., IX, 93, pi. 104, f. 1.

Mexico.

MANCULUS Cope, 1869, Pr. Phil. Ac, 101.

Salamandra quadrigitata Holbr., 1842, Herp., V, 65, pi. 21.

North Carolina to Florida.
M. remifer Cope, 1869, Rep. Peab. Ac, 84.

Florida.

DESMOGNATHIDAE.

DESMOG-NATHUS Bd., 1849, Jour. Phil. Ac. (2), I, 282.
Triturus fuscus Raf., 1820, Ann. of Nat. (fid.).

New York to Louisiana.
(B) S. auriculata Holbr., 1. c, 47, pi. 12.

Ohio to Georgia.
Salam. nigra Green, 1818, Jour. Phil. Ac, I, 352.

Illinois to Georgia.
S. quadrimaculata Holbr., 1842, Herp., V, 49, pi. 13.

Florida to New York.
D. OChrophaea Cope, 1859, Pr. Phil. Ac, 124.

New York, to Georgia.

THORIUS Cope, 1869, Am. Nat., 222.
T. pennatulus Cope, 1. c
Mexico.

SALAMANDRIDAE.

DIEMYCTYLUS Raf., 1820, Ann. Nat., No. 22.

Triturus (Notophthalmus) miniatus Raf., 1. c
Canada to Texas.
(B) T. (Diemyctylus) viridescens Raf., 1. c
Canada to Texas.
Triton torosus Eschsch., 1833, Zool. Atlas, V, 12, pi. 21, f. 15.
Oregon; California.

N. A. REPTILES AND BATRACHIANS. 41

ECAUDATA.

RANIDAE.

RANA Linn., 1735, Syst., —1758, Syst., I, 210, —1766, Syst., I, 354.
R. catesbeiana Shaw, 1802, Zool., Ill, 106.
Mississippi valley to the Atlantic.
(B) R. horiconensis Holbr., 1842, Herp., IV, 83, pi. 19.
New York ; Canada.
R. clamitans Latr., 1801, Rept., II, 157.
New England to Texas.
(B) R. septentrionalis Bd., 1854, Pr. Phil. Ac, 61.
Canada to Montana.
R. montezumae Bd., 1854, Pr. Phil. Ac, 61.

City of Mexico.
R. virescens Kalm, 1761, Resa N. Araer., Ill, 46 (halecina
auct.).

Mexico ; United States and northward.

(B) R. berlandieriBd., 1859, Mex. Bd. Surv., Rept., 27, pi.
26, f. 7-10.

Mississippi valley ; Dakota to Mexico.

(C) R. nigricans Hallow., 1854, Pr. Phil. Ac, 96.

El Paso creek, California.

(D) R. areolata B. & G., 1852, Pr. Phil. Ac, 173.

Texas.

(E) R. capitO LeC, 1855, Pr. Phil. Ac, 425, pi. 5.

Illinois to Florida.
(P) R. sinuata Bd., 1854, Pr. Phil. Ac, 61 (circulosa
Jord.)-

New York to Michigan.
(G) R. lecontei B. & G., 1853, Pr. Phil. Ac, 301.
R. palustris LeC, Ann. Lye N. Y., I, 282.

Missouri to the Atlantic
R. silvatica LeC, 1. c, 282.

Mississippi valley to Atlantic.

(B) R. eantabrigensis Bd., 1854, Pr. Phil. Ac, 61.

Canada to Saskatchewan ; New England.

(C) R. aurora B. & G., 1852, Pr. Phil. Ac, 174.

California; Oregon.
R. pretiosa B. & G., 1853, Pr. Phil. Ac, 378.

Puget sound.
R. maculata Brocchi, 1876, Bull. Soc Philom. (7), I, 178.?

Mexico.

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XVI. 3*

42 garman's list of

B. adtrita Trosch., 1865, Wirbelth.-Mex., 82 ?

Mexico.
R. pachyderma Cope ?

ENGYSTOMATIDAE.

ENGYSTOMA Fitz., 1826, Neue Class., 65.

E. carolinense Holbr., 1838, Herp., I, 83, pi. 2.

South Carolina to Missouri and Florida.
E. ustum Cope, 1866, Pr. Phil. Ac., 131.

Mexico.
E. elegans Blgr., 1882, Cat. Batr. Sal., 162.

Cordova, Mexico.
E. rugosum D. & B., 1841, Erp., VIII, 744.

Mexico.

CYSTIGNATHIDAE.
HYLODES Fitz., 1826, Neue Class., 38.

H. ricordii D. & B., 1841, Erp., VIII, 623.

Southern Florida.
Lithodytes latrans Cope, 1878, Amer. Nat., 186 ?

Texas.
Syrrhophus marnockii Cope, 1. c, 253. ?

Texas.
H. berkenbuschii Pet., 1869, Mb. Brl. Akad., 879.

Mexico.
Batrachyla longipes Bd., 1859, Mex. Bd. Surv., II, pi. 37.?

Californiato British America.

BUFONIDAE.

BUPO Laur., 1768, Syst., 25.

Rana lentiginosa Shaw, 1802, Zool., Ill, 173.

North Carolina to Colorado and Florida.

(B) B. americanus (LeC.) Holbr., Herp., V, 17.

Nova Scotia to Dakota, and southward.

(C) B. fowleri Putnam, Rep. Peab. Ac.

This is an americanus of moderate size and with frontal
ridges low, close together, and nearly or quite parallel.
Voice peculiar.

Manitoba to Winnipeg; Massachusetts.

(D) B. COgnatus Say, 1823, Long's Exp., II, 190.

Arkansas ; Colorado ; Dakota.

(E) B. frontosus Cope, 1866, Pr. Phil. Ac, 301.

Colorado ; Utah ; New Mexico.

N. A. REPTILES AND BATRACHIANS. 43

(P) B. dorsalis Hallow., 1852, Pr. Phil. Ac, 181.

New Mexico.
(G) B. speciosus Grd., 1854, Pr. Phil. Ac, 86.

Texas ; New Mexico.
(H) B. microscaphus Cope, 1866, Pr. Phil. Ac, 301.

Colorado; Utah; California.
(I) B. pictus Yarr., 1875, Wheeler's Rept., V, 522.

Utah.

(J) B. mexicanus Broc, 1879, Bull. Soc Philom. (7), III,
23.

Mexico.
B. punctatus B. &G., 1852, Pr. Phil. Ac, 173.

Texas; Mexico; Arizona.
B. debilis Grd., 1854, Pr. Phil. Ac, 87.

Taraaulipas.
B. halophila B. & G., 1853, Pr. Phil. Ac, 301.

California.
B. columbiensis B. & G., 1853, 1. c, 378.

Oregon and Washington Territory.
B. valliceps Wiegm., 1833, Isis, 657.

Louisiana to Mexico.
B. compactilis Wiegm., 1. c, 661 ?

Texas ; Mexico ; Peru.
B. dipternus Cope, 1879, Am. Nat., XIII, 437 ?

Montana.
B. monksiae Cope, 1879, Pr. Am. Phil. Soc, 263 ?

B. copeii Yarr. &Hensh., 1878, Rept. & Batr., W. 100 Merid., 4.

Selkirk and James bay, British America.
B. beldingii Yarr., 1882, Pr. U. S. Mus., 441.

La Paz, California.
B. quercicus Holbr., 1842, Herp., V, 13.

North Carolina to Florida.
B. occipitalis Camerano, , Atti Ac. Torin, 889, XIV ?

Mexico.
B. bocourtiBroc, 1876, Bull. Soc. Philom. (7), I, 186.

Totonicapam, Mexico.
B. argillaceus Cope, 1868, Pr. Phil. Ac, 138 ?

Western Mexico.

HYLIDAE.

CHOROPHILUS Baird, 1854, Pr. Phil. Ac, 60.

Hyla triseriata Wied., 1839, Reise N. Amer., I, 249.
New Jersey; Colorado.

44 gasman's list of

(B) Helocaetes clarki Bd., 1854, Pr. Phil. Ac, 60.

Texas.

(C) C. triseriatus subspecies corporalis Cope, 1875, Check-
list ?

New Jersey.
Bana nigrita LeC, 1824, Ann. N. Y. Lye, I, 282.

South Carolina ; Florida.
Cystignathus ornatus Holbr., 1842, Herp., IV, 103, pi. 25.

South Carolina; Georgia.
Hylod.es ocularis Holbr., 1. c, 137, pi. 35.

South Carolina; Georgia.
C. COpii Blgr., 1882, Cat. Bat. Sal., 334.

Georgia.
C. septentrionalis Blgr., 1. c, 335, pi. 23, f. 1.

Great Bear lake.
C. verrucosus Cope, 1877, Pr. Am. Phil. Soc, 87 ?

Florida.

ACRIS D. & B., 1841, Erp., VIII, 506.

Rana gryllus LeC, 1824, Ann. N. Y. Lye, I, 282.
Illinois ; North Carolina to Florida.

(B) A. crepitans Bd., 1854, Pr. Phil. Ac, 59.

Maine to Dakota and Texas.

(C) A. achetae Bd., 1. c, 59.

Key West, Florida.

(D) A. bufonia Blgr., 1882, Cat. Bat. Sal., 337.

New Orleans.

HYLA Laur., 1768, Rept., 32.

Calamita cinereaSchn., 1799, Amph., 1, 174.

This is the H. carolinensis of authors, = the cinereous froj
of Pennant, 1792, Arct. Zool., II, 331.
North Carolina to Florida.
(B) H. semifasciata Hallow., 1856, Pr. Phil. Ac, 306.
South Carolina; Texas.
H. aflftnis Bd., 1854, Pr. Phil. Ac, 61. ?

Sonora.
H. gratiosa LeC, 1856, Pr. Phil. Ac, 146, pi. VI.

Georgia; Florida.
H. versicolor LeC, 1824, Ann. Lye N. Y., I, 281.

Texas; Wisconsin; Massachusetts.
H. femoralis Daud., 1803, Rainettes, 15. pi. 1, f. 1.

Georgia; Florida.
H. squirella Daud., 1. c, pi. 14, f. 3.
South Carolina ; Florida.

N. A. REPTILES AND BATRACHIANS. 45

H. andersoni Bd., 1854, Pr. Phil. Ac, 61.

Maryland ; South Carolina.
H. eximia Bd., 1. c, 61.

New Mexico ; Mexico.
H. regilla B. & G., 1852, Pr. Phil. Ac, 174.

Mexico ; Oregon ; Nevada.
H. baudiniiD. & B., 1841, Erp., VIII, 564.

Texas ; Central America.
H. nigropunctata Blgr., 1882, Cat. Batr. Sal., 366.

Cordova; Jalapa; Vera Cruz.
H. crassa Broc, 1876, Bull. Soc Philom. (7), I, 130.

Mexico.
H. plicata Broc, 1. c

Mexico.
H. cadaverina Cope, 1866, Pr. Phil. Ac, 84 ?

California.
H. arenicolor Cope, 1. c

Utah; Sonora.
H. curta Cope, 1. c, 313.

Lower California.
H. miotympanum Cope, 1863, Pr. Phil. Ac, 47 ?

Jalapa, Mexico.
H. graeilipes Cope, 1865, 1. c, 195 ?

Northeastern Mexico tableland.
H. bistineta Cope, 1877, Pr. Am. Phil. Soc, 87 ?

Vera Cruz.
Hylodes pickeringii Holbr., 1842, Herp., IV, 135, pi. 34.

Maine ; Illinois ; South Carolina.

PHYLLOMEDUSAWagl., 1830, Syst. Amph., 201.
P. dacnicolor Cope, 1864, Pr. Phil. Ac, 181.
Colima.

PELOBATIDAE.

SCAPHIOPUS Holbr., 1838, Herp., I, 85.
S. solitarius Holbr., 1. c, 85, pi. 12.

Massachusetts; Florida; Mississippi.
(B) var. albus Garman, 1877, Pr. A. A. A. S., Buffalo meet-
ing, 194.
Average size less than that of preceding. Brown of the back
lacks the red or chocolate tinge. Readily distinguished by the
great amount of white on back, flanks and upper surface
of limbs. The white forms spots or vermiculations which
coalesce into bands of irregular shape and extent.
Key West, Florida.

46

GARMAN S LIST OF

S. COUChii Bd., 1855, Pr. Phil. Ac, 52.
Texas; Utah; California.

(B) S. varius Cope, 1863, Pr. Phil. Ac, 52.

Utah ; Lower California.

(C) S. rectifrenis Cope, 1. c, 52.

Tamaulipas ; Coahuila.
S. multiplicatus Cope, 1. c

Mexico.
S. hammondi Bd., 1859, P. R. R. Rep., X, pt. 4. 12, pi. 27, f. 2.

California.
S. bombifrons Cope, 1863, Pr. Phil. Ac, 53.

Missouri; Nebraska; Texas.
S. dugesi Broc, 1879, Bull. Soc Philora. (7), III, 23.

Mexico.
Spea stagnalis (Cope) Yarr., 1875, Wheeler's Rep., V, 525, pi.
25, f. 6-8.

New Mexico.
Scaphiop. intermoDtanus (Cope) Yarr., 1883, Checklist, 26. 5

AN EXTRAORDINARY SHARK.

BY SAMUEL GARMAN.

CHLAMYDOSELACHUS ANGUINEUS.

48 AN EXTRAORDINARY SHARK ;

Measurements. — Total length 59.5 ; snout to angle of mouth 4.5,
to back of skull 4.25, to occipital pores 3.9, to end of gill covers 7.,
to end of pectorals 14.25, to vent 35.5, to base of ventrals 32., to end
of ventrals 38.6, to base of anal 39.75, to end of anal 47.6, to base of
dorsal 42.25, to end of dorsal 47.75, to base of caudal 48.5; greatest
width across ventrals 7., greatest width across caudal 5., greatest
width across dorsal and anal 6.5, greatest circumference of body 11.5,
width of head across eyes 3.5, width of teeth between the outer
prongs (length of longest prong little less) .25 inches.

Rows of teeth !$•§-• -ff.

Rays on hyomandibular and ceratohyal (first branchial arch) 22, on
second arch 15, third 14, fourth 12, fifth 9, sixth 6, and on the seventh
none.

Hab., Japanese seas.

Description. Body very long, slender, eel-like, in-
creasing in size comparatively little anteriorly, compressed
near and behind the vent, which is in the posterior half
of the total length. Head broad, wider than high.
Crown slightly convex forming a rather sharp angle with
the snout and sides of the head, from the eyes forward.
Skull with an anterior foramen, beginning a short distance
in front of a vertical from the front edge of the orbit, re-
sembling that of Raja. Behind this, midway between the
eyes, there is an elongate depression on the crown as of a
second foramen, while on the occiput a little distance in
front of the occipital pores a deep rounded depression in-
dicates what is commonly called the second, the posterior
foramen. Snout broad, rounded, hardly extending in
front of the jaws, rather acute-angled or shovel-shaped at
the top. Nostril moderate, vertical, separated by a fold
from each side into an upper opening looking forward and
a lower one looking backward, situated about midway
from eye to end of snout and near the middle of the space
from top of head to month. Eye moderately large, orbit
elongate, near a vertical from the middle of the length of
the mouth. Spiracle very small, over the hyomandibular;
its distance behind the eye equal to that from eye to

BY SAMUEL GARMAN. 49

end of snout. Mouth cleft very deep, slightly curved,
extending as far back as the skull. Roof and floor of
mouth covered with sharp scales, the former curving up-
ward very strongly behind the teeth between the nostrils.
Upper and lower jaws about equal in length . Lips without
a groove or labial fold. Glossohyal cartilage (basihyal)
prominent above the floor of the mouth and free at its ex-
tremity about half an inch, forming a tongue. Teeth
small, similar in both jaws, several in each row in function
at the same time, each with three long, smooth, curved,
backward directed, slender, very sharp cusps — each of
which bears some resemblance to a serpent's tooth. A
small cusp on the base at each side of the central. Bases
of teeth broad, extending inward about the length of the
cusps, terminating in two prongs (see fig.) which, extend-
ing beneath the base of the next tooth, prevent the possi-
bility of reversion or turning the cusps forward. Fourteen
rows of teeth on each side on the upper jaws, no median
series. A median row on the symphysis of the lower jaws,
its teeth similar in size and shape to those of the thirteen
rows on each side of it. Hyomandibular and ceratohyal
closely and somewhat firmly connected with the jaws at
the hinge or hinder angle of the latter. Branchial arches
long, very slender, with sharp small scales on their inner
edges. Without dissecting, twenty-two branchial rays can
be counted on the hyomandibular and ceratohyal (the first
arch) and on the succeeding six arches, in order, 15, 14,
12, 9, 6, and 0 respectively. In most cases the outer ex-
tremities of the rays are produced in a sharp flexible point
beyond the adjacent margin of the gill covers. Gill open-
ings very wide, oblique, the opposite series very narrowly
separated on the throat, the fourth in front of a vertical
from the pectoral and the fifth and sixth extending back
above the shoulder. A broad opercular flap covers the first

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XVI. 4

50 AN EXTRAORDINARY SHARK ;

branchial aperture and is continuous and free across the
isthmus, forming a frill or ruffle ; it is held in place and
prevented from turning forward by a thin fold or wall of
membrane, near an inch in height, attached immediately
beneath the middle of the basihyal. The external distri-
bution of slime-canals is about as follows : starting above
the nostril in front of the eye a line turns backward along
each side of the skull and, after receiving a branch from
behind the eye, continues along the middle of each flank
to the extreme end of the vertebral column in the tail,
where it makes an abrupt turn downward for about a
quarter of an inch ; under the chin on each side, a line runs
along the mandible and curving upward disappears behind
the angle of the mouth ; a branch of this, beginning nearly
on a vertical beneath the middle of the space between eye
and nostril, runs farther from the mouth and turning up-
ward near the margin of the opercular flap after receiving
a short branch behind the angle of the mouth, continues to
a point a very short distance behind the spiracle, a small
branch coming into it near the end from the direction of
the corner of the mouth. Pectorals moderate, broad,
rounded. Dorsal comparatively small, its posterior ex-
tremity extending as far back as that of the anal, angle
blunt. The upper margin of the dorsal is armed with a
series of enlarged, compressed, chisel-shaped scales, which
extends forward on the back to a vertical from the vent, a
few of the anterior being horizontally flattened. Ventrals
large, broad — a little broader than long, rounded, poste-
rior angle acute. Anal broad, long, rounded, acute-angled
posteriorly. Caudal long, very broad, rounded anteriorly,
posterior angle acute — produced into a filamentary point,
margin very thin or membranaceous. Above the muscular
vertebral portion of the tail there is a narrow expanse of
fin, widening backward, the edge of which is armed by a

BY SAMUEL GAEMAN. 51

sharp series of chisel-shaped scales, and extended down-
ward behind the end of the vertebral column, where it be-
comes about three-sixteenths of an inch in width. That it
is the dorsal portion of the fin which descends is proved by
the change in the direction of the points of the scales and
of the mucus canal. The dorsal portion of the fin is
plainly indicated on the hinder margin of the tail about
half-way down to the filamentary point. The chisel-shaped
scales are in reality formed from two series (one belonging
to each side of the body) which have coalesced. Though
small and harsh to the touch the scales on the body are
not sharp ; they offer about the same resistance from what-
ever direction the finger may be passed over them. On
the tail, however, they are very sharp and the points are
directed backward. Along the edges of the canals on both
body and tail the scales are compressed and flattened ;
they form the only cover or protection for these organs,
which in the specimen described have the appearance of
long seams or grooves. On the skull these canals do not
stand open as on the rest of the body. Near the mouth
and especially toward its angle the scales are larger and
more prominent. Under the middle of the belly, the
skin forms two closely approximated rolls or ridges sep-
arated by a groove, and inside of these the muscle is thicker
than towards the flanks. Intestine very small, valve spi-
ral. Abdominal pores opening behind the vent, pro-
tected by a fold. Cartilages soft and flexible as those of
Somniosus or Selache. Uniform brown, darker at the
thin margins of the tins. Specimen described, a female,
apparently adult, purchased by the Museum of Compara-
tive Zoology from Professor H. A.Ward, who gives Japan
as the locality.

The accompanying outlines are taken from the animal as
it lies on the belly showing the back of the middle of the

52 AN EXTRAORDINARY SHARK ;

body and the sides of the head and tail. The smaller
sketches show the upper and lower surfaces of the head.
The smallest figures give the outlines of a tooth viewed
from above and from the sides.

From the foregoing it appears that there is neither
genus nor family to which the species described may prop-
erly be assigned. The characters given below are se-
lected for provisional diagnoses.

Chlamydoselachus. Branchial apertures six. Oper-
cular flap broad, free across the isthmus. Teeth similar
in both jaws, with slender subconical cusps and broad
backward produced bases. No teeth in the middle in
front above ; a row on the symphysis below. Mouth wide,
anterior ; no labial fold. No nictitating membrane. Fins
broad, pectorals far in advance of the others. Caudal
without a notch posteriorly. Gill arches slender, long,
basihyal not wide. Intestine small.

Chlamydoselachidje. Body much elongate, increas-
ing in size very little anteriorly. Head depressed, broad.
Eyes lateral, without nictitating membrane. Nasal cav-
ity in skull separate from that of mouth. Mouth anterior.
Snout broad, projecting very little. Cusps of teeth re-
sembling teeth of serpents. Spiracles small, behind the
head. One dorsal, without spine. Caudal without pit at
its root. Opercular flap covering first branchial aperture
free across the isthmus. Intestine with spiral valve.

BY SAMUEL GARMAN. 53

Remarks. Such an animal as that described is very
likely to unsettle disbelief in what is popularly called the
" sea serpent. " Though it could hardly on examination
be taken for anything but a shark, its appearance in the
forward portion of the body, particularly in the head,
brings vividly to mind the triangular heads, deep-cleft
mouths, and fierce looks of many of our most dreaded
snakes. In view of the possible discoveries of the future,
the fact of the existence of such creatures, so recently un-
discovered, certainly calls for a suspension of judgment
in regard to the non-existence of that oft-appearing but
elusive creature, the serpent-like monster of the oceans.

Generally the attitude of ichthyologists in respect to the
belief in unknown sea monsters is much the same ; they
are inclined to accept it but are waiting more definite in-
formation. A couple of years ago Professor Baird in a
conversation on the subject drew a sketch of a strange
creature, captured and thrown away by a fisherman on
the coast of Maine, which might be readily considered by
the ordinary observer as a form of " the serpent. " It
was some twenty-four feet in length, ten inches in diame-
ter, eel-like in shape, possessed of a single dorsal placed
near the head, and had three gill openings. The question
was " is it a shark ? " In several respects it resembled an
eel rather more. An outline and the correspondence in
relation to it have recently been published in the Proceed-
ings of the Fish Commission.

Notwithstanding the possession of peculiarities which
prevent its entrance into any of the known families of the
order, the subject of the present communication is a verit-
able shark. A diameter of less than four inches to a
length of five feet marks one of the slenderest of the tribe.
Whether it attains much greater length we can only judge,

54 AN EXTRAORDINARY SHARK;

from the structure and apparent age of the specimen, to be
probable. The delicate margins and filaments of the fins
are those of an inhabitant of the open sea or considerable
depths. Bottom feeders are provided with larger spiracles
and the fins usually show signs of wear. Rapidity of
movement is suggested by the large amount of surface in
the posterior fins. It is probable, however, that the large
fins, being so far back, are of importance as support for the
body when the anterior portion is quickly plunged forward
to seize the prey ; that is, they secure a fulcrum from
which the animal may strike like a snake. The anterior
fins (pectorals) being only of moderate size are yet ample
for balancing or directing the body when in motion how-
ever rapid.

There is a correspondence between the size of the gill
openings and that of the mouth ; no matter how widely
the latter may be opened when rushing upon the prey,
the immense branchial apertures allow the water to pass
through without obstruction. Favoring the idea of rapidity
of movement still further are the peculiarities in the struc-
ture of the nostrils. By means of a fold from each side
of the vertically elongated nostril it is divided into what
appears to be two nasal apertures. Of these the upper looks
forward and catches the water as it is met turning it into
the cavity upon the membranes of the interior ; while the
lower opens backward allowing the water to escape after
passing over the olfactory apparatus. In case of the
upper opening it is the hinder margin that stands out
farthest from the head and in the lower aperture it is the
forward edge that is prominent. In fact the structure is
such that the slightest forward movement will send a cur-
rent of water in at the upper portion of the nostril and out
at the lower while a move backward will simply reverse

BY SAMUEL GARMAN. 55

the order making the current enter below and escape above.
In most Selachians this current is secured by means of the
nasal valve, which covers about half of each nostril.

The teeth are constructed for grasping and from their
peculiar shape and sharpness it would seem as if nothing
that once came within their reach could escape them.
Even in the dead specimen the formidable three-pronged
teeth make the mouth a troublesome one to explore.
Points of teeth in perfect preservation, shape of the cusps,
and the structure of the small portion of the intestine left
by the captor, leave little room for doubt that the food of
the creature was such as possessed comparatively little
hardness in the way of the mail or other armature.

No other shark of which we know has the opercular flap
free across the throat. In this particular it recalls the
fishes. There is a certain embryonic look about the spe-
cies, as others who have seen it also remark, that calls for
a comparison with fossil representatives of the Selachians.
Among them I have been unable to find anything which
misrht be considered at all near. In Cladodus of the
Devonian there is a form with teeth somewhat similar,
a median and two lateral cones on each tooth, but
the cones are straight instead of curving backward, and
the enamel is grooved or folded instead of smooth. How-
ever, the type is one which produces the impression that
its affinities are to be looked for away back, probably ear-
lier than the Carboniferous, when there was less difference
between the sharks and the fishes.

A SPECIES OF HEPTRANCHIAS SUPPOSED TO

BE NEW.

BY SAMUEL G ARM AN.

HEPTRANCHIAS PECTOROSUS.

Total length 16, snout to caudal 10.375, snout to anal 8.25, snout to
dorsal 7.1, snout to vent 6.75, snout to end of pectoral 5, snout to
angle of mouth 2, and snout to mouth 0.8 inches.

Hab., Patagonia.

Description. Body elongate, compressed posteriorly,
heavy and broad in the anterior third of its length, chest
broad. Head broad, short, somewhat depressed, snout
and facial angles rounded, blunt. Nostril, anterior, more
than half-way from the eye to the end of the snout, in the
upper half of the distance between top of head and mouth.
Eye moderate, without a nictitating membrane, situated
about the middle of the length of the head. Spiracle very
small, in front of the upper angle of the first gill opening,
half-way to a vertical from the eye. Mouth very large,
inferior, with a thin labial fold which extends along the
lower jaw nearly half-way to the symphysis. Teeth com-
pressed, unlike in the upper and lower jaws, which both
have teeth on the symphysis. Roof and floor of mouth
with compressed usually five-cusped scales, like shagreen.
The tooth between the series of the upper jaws is sharp
pointed, slightly oblique and resembles those on its left, as
it is on that side the small notch appears at its base. On
each side of thU tooth there is a series of seven, the me-
dial of which bears a small cusp at the forward portion of

(56)

IIEPTRANCHIAS ; BY SAMUEL GAItMAN. 57

the base which is followed by a long sharp one and this in
turn by one or two smaller ones. Behind the seven,
toward the angle of the jaws, there are a number of very
small ones. On the lower jaws the teeth are much broader,
that on the symphysis is small and bears most of its notches
on the leftside ; on each side of it there is a series of six,
each of which has one to two small, followed by four mod-
erate sized, cusps, the anterior of the four being little
if any longer than the other three ; and, in cases, there is
also a small cusp on the posterior portion of the base. As
in the upper series there are very small teeth in the hinder
portion of the series. Gill openings seven, wide, all in
front of the pectoral, the series separated on the throat by
a space nearly as wide as that between them back of the
head ; the width of the openings, and of the spaces between
them decreases toward the pectoral. Pectorals nearly as
broad as long, angles rounded, posterior margin slightly
indented. Width across both ventrals less than their
length. The posterior inner portion of each ventral is a
strong fold, opening toward the body, and in it is hidden
the clasper. Dorsal rather small, beginning above the pos-
terior extremity of the ventral and extending a little beyond
a vertical from the middle of the anal, posterior margin in-
dented, lower angle produced, blunt. Anal smaller than
the dorsal, beoinnino;" under the middle of the length of
the latter. Tail long without a pit at the root, armed on
the upper edge by three series of enlarged (thickened and
broadened) scales. Caudal rather narrow, widest ante-
riorly. Scales carinate, where they have not been rubbed,
with a long sharp central point and, on each side of this,
one or two small ones.

Brownish, more or less faintly blotched with darker on
back and flanks. Type in Mus. Comp. Zool., Cam-
bridge, Mass.

BULLETIN

ZESSIEIX: IHSTIT'D'TB

Vol. 16. Salem : April, May, June, 1884. Nos. 4, 5, 6.

PIGEONS AND THE PIGEON FANCY.

BY WM. G. BARTON.

The pigeon family, in the widest sense, includes a mul-
titude of species, many living in the tropics and display-
ing the gorgeous colors characteristic of the birds of hot
climates. But the wild species of pigeons which inhabit
Old and New England are few in number. In the former,
we find four species, viz. : the Blue Rock Dove, which
we shall speak of again, the Ring Dove, which is the com-
monest wild pigeon of England, the Stock Dove — once
considered the stock whence all domestic pigeons — and
the Turtle Dove. In New England are two species only :
the common Wild or Passenger Pigeon, and the Carolina
Dove. The beautiful little Collared Turtle Dove, called
also Ring Dove and Laughing Dove, common in both
countries as a pet, is not to be confounded with these.

Science has turned her scrutinizing eye sharply upon
pigeons ; and Mr. Darwin took the domestic pigeon for
his chief typical illustration of the variability of do-
mestic animals, and made them contribute a surprising

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XVI. 4* (59)

60 PIGEONS AND THE PIGEON FANCY ;

array of facts toward the support of his grand and auda-
cious theories of animal life. His opinion that all the
varieties of tame pigeons have descended from one species,
finds acceptance I believe with most scientists, although it
has not lacked warm contestants, and certainly, to super-
ficial observers, may well appear absurd. Those who are
interested in the question should read that one of the several
monuments of the great naturalist's patience and concen-
tration , "The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domes-
tication." The wild species assigned this post of honor
is the one first mentioned — the Blue Rock Pigeon (Ool-
umba livia) . This bird is very similar in appearance to that
variety of our common pigeon which is slaty-blue with two
well-defined dark bars across each wing. It is still found
in Great Britain, particularly along the rocky shores of
Scotland. Wild rock pigeons in other parts of the
the world, as in India and Italy, differing somewhat in
appearance from the British bird, are classed as the same
species. It is interesting to notice how often the light
bluish wing with the two bars appears among the fancy
breeds. This marking is especially common in the off-
spring of crosses between two varieties.

The Blue Rock pigeon's nearest brother, and a variety
which required neither the cunning interference of man
nor long ages to produce, is the common Dove-house
pigeon, with which, mingled in some degree with other
blood, Salem and other cities are, in the words of a
Salem clergyman, "infested." But, if we follow Mr.
Darwin, we must also consider as Columba livia, birds so
mutually diverse as the pouter, the tumbler, and the fan-
tail. Our common pigeon is found all over Europe, and
is the kind used in the cruel shooting-matches, which
should be prohibited. It is so abundant that the swift-
ness of its flight and the general beauty of its plumage,

BY WILLIAM G. BARTON. 61

especially in the "iris" of its burnished neck, are apt to
escape our notice.

Pigeons have been associated with mankind for un-
counted ages. Noah's dove and the frequent references
to pigeons in the Scriptures are familiar to us all. The
earliest record of the domestic pigeon refers to the Fifth
Egyptian Dynasty or 3,000 B. C. But, leaving that out
of account, the ode to the carrier by Anacreon, written in
the fifth century, B. C, and the complaints of Varro who
was born 116 B. C, and of Columella, living about the
year 1 A. D., regarding the extravagant prices paid for
fancy pigeons by their contemporaries, are allusions to
pigeons old enough to make the brownest crumbling doc-
ument in this building seem a thing of yesterday. And
there may be somebody here who, learning that £100
is paid for a pair of carriers at the present day, and that
long lists of pigeon genealogy are printed, would shake
hands with old Pliny across eighteen centuries, and la-
ment as he did when he said : " Many are mad with the
love of these birds ; they build towers for them on the
tops of their roof, and will relate the high-breeding and
ancestry of each, after the ancient fashion. Before Pom-
pey's civil war, L. Axius, a Roman knight, used to sell a
single pair of pigeons denariis quadringentis." This sum
has been estimated £12 18s. 4d.

Among the Orientals, pigeons have always been favorite
pets. There are thirty Sanscrit names for them, and
half as many Persian. India and China are old pigeon
countries. In fact, we believe that all civilized, and many
half-civilized, peoples have prized the pigeon. Besides the
countries mentioned, there come readily to mind, as asso-
ciated with this fancy, Egypt, Morocco, Turkey, Aus-
tria, Italy, Spain, France, Russia, the United States, and
preeminently Germany, Belgium, Holland and Great

62 PIGEONS AND THE PIGEON FANCY;

Britain. The dove which whispered into the Great Proph-
et's ear has endeared this bird to Mussulmans ; Russians
feel at this late day a practical affection toward them be-
cause of the service rendered at the Deluge ; and the
many associations of the dove with Scripture have kept
alive a sentiment at least in their favor throughout
Christendom. Large numbers are publicly fed every day
in the great square of Venice ; flocks soar across the
smoky sky of London ; the streets of St. Petersburg,
Cairo, and Constantinople abound in them, tame and fear-
less. Among the rafters in the dock-sheds of New York
City live hundreds of pigeons, protected and cherished by
salt and stevedore ; and the spillings from the nose-bags of
the horses in Boston are devoured by denizens of loft,
cornice, and church-tower ; while amid the smoke and din
of the railway station in Salem doves rear their young.

In feudal days the barons only were allowed to keep
pigeons, which they suffered to prey upon the crops of
their tenantry, who had no redress. So that, in France
especially, we find hard words spoken against the dove-
cotes — those towers of masonry in which these birds were
lodged. These dovecote pigeons were no doubt at first
the " blue rocks," which had been captured in their native
haunts.

The pigeon fancy must be considered strictly a fancy.
Many men make it a business, of course, and a pigeon
pie is a pleasing incident ; but the bald questions " Does
it pay ? " and " Do you eat them ?" are considered almost in-
sulting by the true fancier, and are a sign that the ques-
tioner must experience, in respect to this subject, a sort
of new birth before he can be enlightened. The fancy,
then, is aesthetic, allied to that for roses, dahlias and tu-
lips ; and I will venture to assert, that in grace of form,
and beauty of color and marking, those flowers have in

BY WILLIAM G. BARTON. 63

pigeons formidable rivals. To the boy the pigeon is a
pretty pet ; to the man it becomes the object of deep
thought, of persevering training, and of patient experi-
ment.

Yes ! to the boy, pigeons are the royal pets ; and
thereafter, the caged squirrel, the penned-up toad, the
tethered tortoise, lose their charm. Captives are they —
yet at liberty, and such a liberty — not of the earth, but
of the heavens. They wander, not to catch grasshoppers
in the mowing lot, but to soar with exultant freedom into
the skies, still, as their proud owner knows, bound
fast to the loft by the ties of home. To the urchin every-
thing winged and hard to catch has especial charms,
whether butterfly, bat, or bird. And the craving for pos-
session grows so strong, that the black-barred, blue-check-
ered, brick-red-checkered, white, or variously pied, com-
mon pigeons of our streets and yards are enticed into the
noose or under the sieve, if only for the short-lived pleasure
of holding in the hand that throbbing form which just now
cleaved the air, or of pressing to the cheek or lips the soft
wing which has whistled so often overhead. The rapture
felt, when the coop is being prepared ; when the first live
pigeons are owned ; at the discovery of the first white
egg ; or at the return of the birds after their taste and
test of liberty, — only those who have felt it know. The
speaker recalls the time when, although then opposed as
now both from inclination and principle to early rising, he
hastened to his loft at five in the morning, where seated on
a hard box he spent an hour or two in watching the indoor
habits of his pigeons. Sometimes I carried on evening
observations by lantern light. Even now, I occasionally see
in dreams such ideal pigeons as are figured in the books,
and with that light upon their feathers which never was on
sea or land.

64 PIGEONS AND THE PIGEON FANCY;

Pigeons pair, like the singing-birds; but, instead of
mating for the season, remain paired year after year, even,
as a rule, for life. I say as a rule because there are fre-
quent exceptions ; and the constancy of the dove has been
greatly exaggerated, as they occasionally desert one an-
other to choose more congenial mates, and are by no means
always faithful to the vows made at billing, even when
the partnership is continued. So are their meekness and
gentleness largely imaginary. It is, I fear, the soft,
plaintive voice of the pigeon that has done much for its
reputation. There could scarcely be a more striking illus-
tration of a quarrelsome disposition, prone to pick up a
row whenever possible, than is afforded by some cock
pigeons. Such a bird will take up his station at the en-
trance of a loft, and do his best to prevent the passage in
or out of any inmate, rushing to and fro with malicious
cooing and vicious strokes of his bill. Such a pigeon
often takes possession of the whole side of the room,
comprising many more nests than he can possibly use,
and maintains his position until actually whipped in a
free fight with some other cock. A pigeon frequently
acts to perfection the dog in the manger, perching upon
the food box or the bath solely to keep other pigeons
away. This is hardly exceptional, unless in degree. No
bird is more jealous of his rights and privileges, and they
are all greedy and all will fight — or run. I have watched
with some excitement fights over a nesting place, which
lasted for many minutes. They approach one another
sidewise, holding on high the off wing in a threatening
way, and striking with the one next their rival, and
also with their beak. It is highly amusing to see two that
are about equally matched, in a nesting box, wrestling,
each trying to pitch his antagonist out and not to be
pitched out himself, so that they turn round and round

BY WILLIAM G. BARTON. 65

or stand as still as a Rogers group, tightly braced with
outspread wings and legs. That they are seldom much
injured in these fights is only because they are poorly
armed. A squab which has tumbled to the floor is not
unfrequently terribly lacerated — sometimes even killed
by old birds ; and a sick pigeon is invariably persecuted
with vehement malice. I regret to disturb any long cher-
ished notion in the minds of my hearers, but am thus in
the fashion in these iconoclastic times. You will find very
much in these birds to compensate for a character often so
unlovely ; and their habit of generally mating for life,
and always very fondly, remains a remarkable fact.

The perpetuation and improvement of existing varieties
and the formation of new ones depend upon the fact that
pigeons very kindly accept mates chosen by their owners,
so that they may be made to mate according to the points
possessed by the proposed parents and desired in the off-
spring. Many pages of tedious detail have been written
as to what birds should be mated to produce a given result.
As the French in roses, the Dutch in bulb flowers, so, for
example, have the Germans shown marvellous skill in the
production of variously marked and colored pigeons.

A cock and hen pigeon placed in a cage together, will
generally mate in a day or two, unless the hen whip the
cock. In which case, a few days sole possession of the
cage will commonly furnish him with sufficient courage
to bring the hen to submission. Two cock pigeons
may mate, when males are too numerous, and, if given
eggs, rear young; and females have been known to
do the same, each laying two eggs in the nest, on which
they sit with amusing patience. The nest is generally the
choice of the cock, if not of the fancier. He flies into it,
scratches about or crouches perfectly motionless and calls
softly, louder and louder, to his mate, peeping out now

66 PIGEONS AND THE PIGEON FANCY;

and then to see if she responds. Probably she soon flies
into the nest, coos softly in reply, and caresses his head
gently with her bill in the most affectionate and delicate
manner. Perhaps she has brought a stick or straw. But,
at any rate, he soon flies off to fetch building material to
her, which she arranges with great care, often taking it
directly from his beak. These meetings are always
accompanied by short, confiding coos. The nests vary
greatly. Some pairs work with great industry, and build
a toppling dangerous structure ; others are content with a
dozen sticks, and deposit the eggs upon the bare board or
earthen nest pan. Two eggs only are laid, the great
fecundity of pigeons depending altogether upon the num-
ber of the broods, which among good breeders may
amount to ten or eleven a year. For several days before
the eggs are laid, the cock follows the hen from place to
place, giving her little peace except when she is on the
nest. The first egg is laid in the late afternoon, and after
two nights and a day have passed, the second one is placed
by its side, probably in the forenoon. Then begins incu-
bation in earnest, more and more assiduous as the days
go on. In all these matters, the cock takes an affectionate
and unaffected interest, perching near by, communicating
frequently, and assuming an important share in the labor
of incubation. He goes on to the nest in the middle of
the forenoon, is cordially welcomed by the hen, who care-
fully gets off the nest and seeks for food, recreation, and
exercise, while he as carefully adjusts himself with an air
of great comfort to await his mate's return, which will be
in four or five hours. This time may vary slightly, but
at night the nest is always occupied by the female. In
about eighteen days after the second egg, the "golden
couplets are disclosed," thinly covered with a yellow down,
blind, and as helpless as young mice or sparrows. Now

BY WILLIAM G. BARTON. 67

we behold a marvel which distinguishes pigeons from
other birds, and makes the old joke about pigeon's milk
no joke at all. As in mammals the lacteal glands secrete
milk at the birth of the young, so, at the hatching of the
young pigeons, or rather at the time when they should
hatch, the crops of both parents become thickened in
structure, and secrete a milky liquid, which coagulates or
curdles into something resembling curdled milk ; and the
young pigeon has his beak taken into the side of that of
his parent, and receives this curdy nourishment, ejected
by a sort of vomiting, against his wide under mandible.
For this, his appetite is excellent, and such remarkable
nutritive power does it possess, that squabs grow at a
wonderful rate. For a while they are covered closely by
the parents, and fed exclusively upon this w soft meat."
But in a few days, they are left uncovered longer and
longer, and the soft meat becomes mingled with half-di-
gested food ; and, after eight or ten days, it disappears
altogether, the food being then merely softened by macer-
ation in the crop of the parent. Later on, the old one,
after eating heartily, directly swallows a copious draught
of water and throws up his whole cropful into the maw of
the young one, who is now fully feathered, perhaps flying
from roof to roof, or running with outspread wings and a
whistling note in pursuit of his father, — for the mother
has probably weaned him, and is devoting her whole atten-
tion to a second pair of eggs.

Fanciers are in the habit of shifting eggs from one pair
to another to afford valuable young the benefit of good
nursing, and a large proportion of the highest bred birds
are reared by foster-parents of a common sort. Young
ones are sometimes given to several different pairs of
nurses in succession, so as to be afforded more than one
course of soft meat. Pigeons, like infants, may be brought

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XVI. 5

68 PIGEONS AND THE PIGEON FANCY;

up by hand, and many a one, deserted after a week or so
by his parents, has flourished, first on chewed cracker,
then on grain and water (which they soon learn to take
deftly from the human mouth) ; or has been fed literally by
hand with soaked peas or corn. A large number of the pig-
eons sold for food in the London market have been stuffed
by professional feeders, who charge a penny a dozen
squabs for feeding them with millet or tares and water
from their mouth. The crop is blown full in an instant
and a whole meal thus given the astonished bird in almost
the twinkling of an eye. The increase in weight of a
young pigeon is thus given by an English clergyman. It
was a young barb, and weighed at hatching one-half oz.

The following are its weights on the respective days : —

6th day

4 J oz

7th "

5f "

9th "

8J "

12th "

10 "

18th "

111 "

20th "

11| "

lmo.

i2i «

or a little more
than the mother. In four or five weeks the bird is flying
about, and in six months or so is anxious to find a mate
of his own.

Pigeons are great bathers, and common ones are often
seen squatting in the puddles. During a shower, they
sprawl about upon the roof, lying upon the side with one
wing uplifted, that the drops may fall beneath it ; and they
sometimes remain out until completely drenched.

In their manner of drinking they resemble horses, suck-
ing all they wish — a hearty pull — without raising the
head, and, when very thirsty, immersing the beak nearly
to the eyes.

BY WILLIAM G. BARTON. 69

fish, or peck day after day at the gravel where salt has
been shaken from the table cloth.

Their fondness for hemp seed is like the greed of chil-
dren for candy ; and the wildest specimens may generally
be quickly tamed by it, and made to eat from the hand
and fly upon the head and shoulders of the feeder.

They are as individual as men. I can recall the faces
and coos of certain pigeons, and have often recognized one
among a flock of thirty by the voice alone . Some are docile ,
intelligent, less greedy ; others pugnacious, stupid, and the
very embodiment of selfish gluttony. Some, easily tamed,
look trustingly at you ; others of the same variety, have
the eye of a wild Texas bull and refuse to come near, un-
less they are sure of hemp seed.

There are very many obstacles to successful pigeon-
keeping. Hawks may catch them on the wing ; cats
bring bloody havoc into the loft, or snap up your choicest
darling under your very nose ; rats may eat eggs and
young ; lice in five or six species infest them ; or disease
ravage like Asiatic cholera. Some refuse to lay, others
allow their young to starve. You may be surprised some
fine day to find that your best yellow fantail has fallen
down a chimney. Several pigeons have' tumbled down
two different chimneys in my house, and I was once
obliged to rise at midnight to remove the fireboard in my
chamber and admit a tumbler in this Santa Claus fashion,
a tumbler indeed.

The homes of pigeons are of every kind, from the soap-
box of the ten year old boy, to the elaborately furnished,
heated, and daily swept apartments of the wealthy fancier.
The best lofts in England, Scotland, and the United States
would doubtless greatly surprise most of us by their
beauty, costliness, and adaptation.

70 PIGEONS AND THE PIGEON FANCY;

Many pigeon or columbarian societies, for the promo-
tion of the fancy, exist in this country and in Europe. In
London, at the present day, there is the National Periste-
ronic Society, which consists of one hundred members,
and which holds an annual exhibition at the Crystal Pal-
ace. Of course there are multitudes of local societies.

The premiums and the notoriety offered by exhibitions
afford the special inducements to fanciers to breed for
points of excellence. The prizes are awarded by judges ;
and upon the standards adopted by the society, and the
discretion of the judges depends, in some degree, what
characteristics shall be demanded in certain varieties.
So that, while the general character of a variety remains
the same year after year, requirements as to minor points
are constantly being modified. This subject sometimes
gives rise to controversy.

[In describing the principal varieties of fancy pigeons,
the speaker referred to the pictures upon the stage, and
was not confined to manuscript. His remarks, somewhat
abridged, were as follows.]

The Pouter is, in my opinion, the king of fancy pigeons,
although this term has been applied to the carrier. The
unsophisticated are apt to call him ugly, and at first sight
he does bear a top-heavy look. But when we learn that
his huge ball is simply inflated with air, he seems the
lighter for it. Pouters are more cosseted and petted
than any fancy pigeon. They are made very tame,
handled often, stroked upon the back, and taught to
" blow, " and trip about or " play" as it is called, when ad-
dressed by the peculiar call which pouter fanciers utter.
He is the most human pigeon, often assuming a nearly erect
position, is intelligent, responsive, social, good-natured,
comical. One comes to consider him a playful, sly
rogue, ready for a frolic. If he does not swell up when

BY WILLIAM G. BARTON. 71

you want him to, it is an easy matter to put his bill into
your mouth and blow him up, as a boy does a football.
He will retain this air when set down, and strut about
with as much satisfaction as if he did it himself. This
habit of inflating the crop is in some degree common to all
pigeons and affords them unmistakable pleasure, although
once in a while the pouter may have a difficulty in dis-
charging the air, perhaps even fall over backwards.
They generally fly with much wing clapping and often
with their crops fully inflated. When very hungry they
are apt to gorge themselves, and all the pigeon books give
instructions for hanging up a gorged pouter in a stocking
leg. The pouter should be very tall and slender, with long
legs that are properly feathered, long wings and tail, and
a full .round crop. He should be as perfectly marked as
possible. There are blue-pied, black-pied, yellow-pied,
red-pied, white, and other colors. Indeed most varieties
of fancy pigeons are found of different colors. There is
a small or "bantam " variety called the "pigmy" pouter.
The Scotch are noted for their fine pouters. £300 has
been paid for three pairs, and $135 for a yellow-pied
hen, and probably even larger prices have been realized.
Prices like these are not rare among rich and enthusiastic
fanciers, and figures as astonishing may be quoted for all
the more important varieties of fancy pigeons.

The Carrier is by many fanciers placed at the very head
of the fancy, but it is not a favorite of mine. It has
beauty, because it is a pigeon, and is very curious, but re-
quires a high degree of culture to fully appreciate it. One
must "be educated up to it," as the old saw-sharpener said
to the man who objected to the music of his file. The
carrier is now poorly named because, although its ances-
tors were undoubtedly used for the purpose which the
name suggests, this fancy carrier is, by the highly devel-

72 PIGEONS AND THE PIGEON FANCY;

oped eye and beak wattles, totally unfitted for long flights,
its sight being so much obstructed that the best specimens
cannot pick up scattered kernels of corn, but must be
fed from a box. So the term " Homing Pigeon " or
" Homer" has been applied to the actual carrier. The fancy
carrier calls for more points of perfection than any other
pigeon, and it is stated that twice as much money is annu-
ally spent for them as for any other variety. He is not
tame nor petted like the pouter, but is naturally wild. He
is large, powerful, and bold-looking. His neck should
be long, slender but not tapering. His beak-wattles, eye-
wattles, beak, head, legs, outline, must approximate to a
given standard. His main distinguishing feature is his
abnormally large beak- wattle, which looks as if a small
cauliflower had been impaled upon his bill.

The Dragoon, often called the "Dragon," resembles the
carrier, but has a smaller wattle which grows upon the
upper mandible only. He is, I think, a much handsomer
bird, being very symmetrical in form. They are good
fliers and good nurses.

The Antwerp is a name given to an important variety of
" Homing " pigeon, but there is also a sort called the "Show
Antwerp, " which is a fine bird, with lines to charm a
sculptor, but with no very remarkable peculiarity.

The Barb was perhaps named from the country of Bar-
bary. All the " wattled" pigeons are probably of Oriental
origin. A Turkish pigeon called the Scandaroon much
resembles the carrier. The barb has a broad square head,
with a bright red surface of wattle around the eye, and a
short, thick, bullfinch beak. It is highly prized, and is,
like the foregoing and most of those to follow, of various
colors.

The Mahomet is similar to the barb, but has a crest.

The Tumbler is so called because he tumbles ; yet some

BY WILLIAM G. BARTON. 73

do not. In fact, tumblers may be divided into two classes :
the Flying Tumblers, prized for their aerial performing,
and Short-faced Tumblers, which are bred solely for
certain peculiarities of appearance, without regard to their
manner of flight. Tumbling, strictly speaking, is the
turning of one or more complete backward somersaults
during flight, so rapidly as not to impede progress, and
often during an upward course. Good birds will tumble
thirty or forty times a minute, and go over so quickly as to
escape the notice of a person not used to watching them.
The better spirits they are in, the more they tumble,
appearing to take great pleasure in the act. But it is also
true that among those called " House Tumblers," which
tumble in the loft and are seldom let out, some individuals
tumble if they rise a foot from the floor, and seem to dread
the action; while occasionally an out-of-door tumbler
loses control of himself and falls to the grouud. But
the term tumbling does not mean falling, though some
poor performers, especially young birds, do drop for some
distance instead of going over. There is, however, a
variety among tumblers called "Rollers," which drop
through the air while rolling rapidly over and over.
Collections or "kits " of flying tumblers are carefully trained
to fly high in a compact flock. There is no more beautiful
sight than a flock of these birds dashing off a roof, tumb-
ling, rolling, and circling about higher and higher until
almost or quite lost to sight. These flocks are often
started off by flag waving, and called down by a whistle.
They will remain aloft for hours, for seven hours even,
never going out of sight, unless upward.

The Short-faced Tumblers are bred very small and
plump, with a roundhead, and an exceedingly short beak.
They are of very many colors, and among them are the
Baldheads with a white head, and the Beards with a white

74 PIGEONS AND THE PIGEON FANCY;

chin. All tumblers have short " faces," but the difference
between the coarsest, M mousy, " flying-tumbler and the
high-bred, delicate, short-face is very great, and there are
all grades between. The Almond Tumbler should be
of a dark, rich yellow color (difficult to describe — it might
be called a very light brown), dotted with small black
spots, while the flight and tail feathers should each show
distinct marks of yellow, black, and white. Some of
the finest specimens remind one of a tulip. The almond
birds often have young of other colors, which are used
in breeding other almonds.

The Fantail or " Fan" is the best known fancy pigeon.
It probably originated in India, and many have been
brought home from Calcutta in Salem vessels. Ladies
always admire the fantail ; and a flock of pure white ones
strutting over a lawn, or a collection of various colors,
white, black, blue, yellow, red, pied, saddle-backed?
feeding in a dense cluster like a bouquet of fine flowers, is
worth going some distance to see. The old name for them
is Broad-tailed Shaker. The term shaker is on ac-
count of the peculiar quivering motion of their necks when
they strut. The tail of the common pigeon contains twelve
feathers while that of the fantail has been known to carry
forty. But erect carriage and symmetry of form are more
to be desired than a great number of feathers, and most
tails contain only between twenty and thirty.

[Only short notes had been written about the following
varieties which were more or less fully described.]

The Frilled Pigeons, with a frill on the breast like a
ruffled shirt-front, variously crested or plain-headed, in-
clude the following, with many sub-varieties of color, etc. :
Turbit, Turbiteen, Satinette, Brunette, Bluette, Blondi-
ette, and Owl.

The Jacobin, or "Jack," is apt to be poor, but when

BY WILLIAM G. BARTON. 75

good, is a most beautiful bird. Its distinguishing feature
is an ample hood of colored feathers closely curving over
its pretty white head.

The Trumpeter has a "shell" crest, a strange tuft of
feathers at the base of the upper mandible, and very heav-
ily feathered legs. He is named for his remarkable, long-
continued, very amusing coo.

The Runt is the largest variety. It is bred solely for
size. They weigh, per pair, between four and five pounds,
and a single runt has weighed two pounds nine ounces.

The pigeons which are usually called "Toy Pigeons,"
are mostly of German origin. Most of them are in-
cluded in the following list. It should be remembered
that of many of these, there are several sub-varieties of
differing colors : Magpie, Nun, Spot, White-spot, Hel-
met, Swallow or Tern, Fairy, Priest, Brunswick, Starling,
Swiss or Crescent, Shield, Letz, Archangel, Ice, Fire,
Suabian, Hyacinth, Porcelain, Victoria, Frill-back, Stork,
Black-backed Gull.

The following varieties are Oriental : Swift, Lahore or
Martin, Burmese or Florentine, Scandaroon, Damascene,
Capuchin, Mookee, Goolee, Sherajee.

The Homing Pigeon, or the "carrier pigeon" of literature,
must be distinguished from the carrier of the fancy.
Pigeons have undoubtedly been used for many centuries
to carry messages, and they are still used for that purpose ;
but at present, where one is used for carrying a message,
thousands are flown in matches for a trial of speed. In
considering them, it should be remembered that they fly
only to their loft, being influenced solely by their desire
to get home, and that they accomplish long distances only
after a prolonged course of training. In the opinion of
most persons who have carefully weighed the facts, their

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XVI. 5*

76 PIGEONS AND THE PIGEON FANCY;

wonderful feats may be altogether accounted for by their
acute eyesight, good memory, and great power of endu-
rance and speed. Cases have been cited which were thought
to prove that they possess some mysterious power of di-
vining the way home, but the weight of the evidence is
decidedly against this notion . Fog and darkness invariably
interfere with their return, and even a light fall of snow,
which changes the appearance of the landmarks, has
thwarted them. Journeys of three or four miles have been
made on moonlight nights ; but the offer made by Mr. Teget-
meier of £10 for any pair of pigeons which would fly
twenty-five miles on a dark night (although thousands
will fly two hundred and fifty miles in a day) was not
met. The same gentleman took a pigeon, which had often
flown fifty miles, a distance of five miles in a fog, and the
bird very wisely remained upon a housetop until the fog
cleared away.

The mystery of this homing power is lessened in some
degree, when it is considered that a pigeon's power of
vision is probably much greater than that of man, and
that Mr. Glaisher, from a balloon one-half mile high over
London, could see the River Thames all the way from
Richmond to the Nore, and when a mile high, the cliffs
at Dover seventy miles away. There can be little doubt
that the very best-bred pigeon would certainly be lost if
taken one hundred miles away for its first flight. Some
birds which were twenty hours upon a journey of eighty-
three miles flew over the same ground the second time in
two. Even old ones, which have flown in races the
previous season hundreds of miles in length, are never
sent upon the longest journeys without being, in some
degree, re-trained that year to refresh their memory.

Dragoons, Tumblers, Owls, and other varieties, have

BY WILLIAM G. BARTON. 77

been used as carriers ; but the birds used for this purpose
are prized solely for their flying, are generally the product
of several judicious crosses, and so are of every variety
of color. They must be muscular, close-feathered, with
broad overlapping flight-feathers. Probably ninety-nine
one-hundredths of the pigeons flown as carriers look much
like common pigeons, being somewhat larger and stronger,
stouter in build and beak, and having a sharp, intelligent
look. When a pigeon, destined to be a homer, is two or
three months old, he is taken a half mile or a mile away from
his home and allowed to fly back. Then he is taken two
miles, then say four, eight, sixteen and, perhaps, by this
time ten, twenty, or thirty miles farther at each stage.
Many birds are lost while being trained, thus carrying out
the principle of the survival of the fittest.

A most remarkable opportunity for the use of carrier
pigeons was afforded by the siege of Paris. Pigeons whose
home was in that unfortunate city were sent out in balloons
and subsequently loosed to make their way back as bearers
of valuable official and private despatches. By paying a
high rate of postage any person could send a message to a
friend in Paris limited to a certain number of words. A
very large number of despatches were set up in type,
making a page as large as that of a newspaper. This was
reproduced on a much reduced scale by photography upon
a small piece of paper. One such piece, which was probably
a fair sample, measured one and one-fourth inches by two
and one-fourth, and contained two hundred and twenty-six
despatches, the postage on which aggregated £100. This
scrap of paper was placed within a bit of quill, which was
securely attached to the shaft of one of the tail feathers
of the appointed messenger. If the brave little pigeon
safely ran the gauntlet of hawks, storms, fog, and German

78 PIGEONS AND THE PIGEON FANCY ;

sharpshooters, upon its arrival the despatches were inter-
preted with a microscope, distributed, or publicly displayed.

During the siege, sixty-four balloons came out of Paris
containing ninety-one persons and three hundred and sixty
three pigeons. Of the pigeons, only seventy-three found
their way back; a few of them, however, two or three
times, while one bird made six trips. A pigeon which
was captured by the Germans and sent by Prince Fred-
erick Charles to his mother, upon escaping from her loft
after four years' confinement, returned to its Parisian home.
Is it to be wondered at that the governments of France
and Germany at the present time breed and keep in training
great flocks of homing pigeons as a military measure ?

Pigeon racing is now practised to some extent in this
country. The English are moderately fond of it, but the
headquarters for this sport is Belgium. Pigeon-flying
is there the national sport. The King favors it and the
government subsidizes it. There are said to be more of
these pigeons in Belgium than there are inhabitants, or over
5,000,000. Every town, every village, has its society, and
flights of three, four, and five hundred miles are common.
Upon a single day there were sent 200,000 pigeons from
Belgium into France, all to be liberated in races or for
training. Sometimes the wonderful sight is afforded of
2000 or 3000 pigeons being liberated together. They are
shipped in willow panniers or baskets, each containing
about thirty. On Saturday, May 11, 1878, two special trains
of seventy-three cars left Belgium for different stations in
France, carrying 1740 hampers containing about 70,000
pigeons to be liberated the following day, Sunday. And,
upon Sunday, May 19, 125,000 pigeons were loosed,
24,000 in one French city alone.

The races are generally flown under the direction of a

BY WILLIAM G. BARTON. 79

society. The distance from the starting point to each
owner's loft is determined, and on the eve of the race, the
birds, marked with their owners' name or number, are
sent to the rooms of a committee, and there again marked
with a cipher unknown to the owners. They are sent by
rail with attendants to the starting point. When they
are released the time is carefully taken, and various means
are adopted to ascertain and verify the time of each bird's
arrival at its home. In regard to the speed of these birds,
Tegetmeier maintains that they can fly at the rate of three
miles a minute. A pigeon has been known to make a
journey in eight hours at an average speed of forty-five
miles an hour. A French writer chose from the official
reports of 300 great races the times of twenty-one birds,
the circumstances of whose flight were particularly favor-
able for his purpose. The slowest of these, according to
his estimate, flew 867 yards per minute, the three next
to the fastest about 1440 yards, the very fastest 1780
yards. The journey of the latter occupied four and three
fourths hours. A mile a minute for nearly five hours !
Even this speed is greatly exceeded in short flights.

In 1865, thirty birds were flown from Liverpool to
Ghent, 300 miles; they were liberated at 5.30 A. m., the
first arriving at 5.50 that evening, after twelve hours and
twenty minutes, averaging twenty-five miles an hour.
Eight returned the same day ; eight never returned.

In 1868, 1507 birds were liberated, July 18, 5 a. m.
at Agen, about 500 miles from Brussels. The prizes,
including those offered by the king, amounted to 19,000
francs. The following morning at 6.04, the first pigeon
arrived, and the 216th came in at 10.30 the day after.

The longest race ever flown was from Rome to Belgium
in 1868. 200 pigeons were liberated on July 22, at 4.30

80 PIGEONS AND THE PIGEON FANCY;

a. m. All of them had flown home from the south of
France but none had ever been farther. No bird reached
home that month, nor on the first of Aug., nor the second,
but on the third there arrived, at a town near Liege, the
first messenger from the Eternal City, at 1.55 in the after-
noon. If this pigeon had flown in a straight line, it must
have crossed the Apennines and the Alps at an altitude of
at least 7000 feet ; but it is thought probable that it kept
to the west of these mountains, skirting the coast and
entering France by the way of Nice. The second bird
came in on the same day at evening; the third, the day
following, Aug. 4 ; the fourth, Aug. 6 ; the fifth and sixth,
Aug. 10 ; seventh, Aug. 11 ; eighth, Aug. 12 ; ninth, Aug.
18, nearly a month after starting ; and the tenth on Sept.
11, to Maestricht. Of the 200 birds liberated, 180 never
returned.

The following facts, selected from a mass of material,
may be interesting. Mr. Van Opstal, a Belgian, living
in New York City, writes me that the longest distance
flown in the United States is about 725 miles. The
pigeon which performed this feat was owned in Cleveland,
O., and was bred from a pair imported from Brussels. A
Newark bird has flown about 700 miles, but the time oc-
cupied was about four weeks. In the summer of 1883,
pigeons flew from Columbus, O., and arrived home at
Newark, N. J., 460 miles away, on the same day they
were liberated. Mr. Van Opstal writes that a distance of
more than 550 or 600 miles seems to be too much for
homing pigeons, from one to six weeks being spent iii
accomplishing that distance, and 75 per cent of the pig-
eons getting lost; while they often return 500 to 525 miles
in a single day, and only 12 per cent get lost. They
have flown from Steubenville, O., over the Alleghanies to

'

BY WILLIAM G. BARTON. 81

N. Y. City, 350 miles, in eight hours. A homer called
Jupiter had a record substantially as follows :

Hatched in Antwerp Aug. 1874.

Brought to America Jan. 1875.

Philadelphia to New York 1875.

" " " " (silver cup) 1876.

Chester, Pa. to N. Y. (1st prize) 1877.

Elkton, Md. to N. Y.

Baltimore to N. Y. "

Newark, N. J. to N. Y. (1st prize among 69) 1878.
Tamaqua, Pa. to N. Y. (1st " " 40) "
Sunbury, Pa. to N. Y. (1st " " 28) "

This bird afterward won first prize from Altoona, Pa., 235
miles, and third prize from Steubenville, O., 355 miles.

In a sale of Homing Pigeons in Brussels in 1877, No.
4 on the catalogue sold for 170 francs.

It had flown from —

Valencienne, 50 miles. Several prizes.

Arras, 100 " " "

Orleans, 280 " A prize.

Chateauroux, 325 " " "

Langon, 600 " (in 1876) 6th prize among

2000.

Lectoure, 600 " 201stprize among 2468.

Such is the wonderful travelling these birds perform.

In closing, let me say, that to any one of you, whether
lady, gentleman, or child, in search of a hobby, I can
heartily recommend the Pigeon Fancy. You may keep
pigeons merely as delightful pets, breed them for prize
points, or fly them as tumblers or racers.

ANNUAL MEETING, Monday, May 19, 1884.

The annual meeting this evening at 7.30 o'clock : The
President in the chair. Records of the last annual meet-
ing were read and approved.

The reports of the Secretary, Treasurer, Auditor, Li-
brarian and the Curators and Committees were read and
duly accepted, and ordered to be placed upon file.

The committee on nominations reported the following
list of officers, which was duly elected.

PRESIDENT:

HENRY WHEATLAND.

VICE-PKESIDENTS :
Abner C. Goodell, Jr. Daniel B. Hagar.

Frederick W. Putnam. Robert S. Rantoul.

SECRETARY : TREASURER :

George M. Whipple. George D. Phippen.

AUDITOR: LIBRARIAN:

Richard C. Manning. William P. Upham.

Hist ory— Henry F. Waters.
Manuscripts— William P. Upham.
A rchceology— Frederick W. Putnam.
Numismatics— Matthew A. Stickney.
Geology— B. F. McDaniel.

CURATORS:

Botany— George D. Phippen.
Zoology— Edward S. Morse.
Horticulture— John E. Peabody.
Music— Joshua Phippen, Jr.
Painting $ Sculpture— T. F. Hunt.

Technology— Edwin C. Bolles.

COMMITTEES :

Finance .•

The President, Chairman ex off.

Henry M. Brooks. Geo. R. Emmerton. David Pingree.

The Treasurer, ex off.

Library :
CHAKLES W. PALFRAY. HENRY F. KING. WILLIAM NEILSON.

William D. Northend. Theodore M. Osborne.

The Librarian, ex off.

(82)

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 83

Publication .-

Edward S. Atwood. Abner C. Goodell, Jr. Edwin C. Bolles.

B. F. McDaniel. H. F. Waters. James A. Emmerton. T. F. Hunt.

Lecture .■

Robert S. Rantoul. Frederick W. Putnam. Amos H. Johnson.

Fielder Israel. Arthur L. Huntington.

Field Meeting :

The Secretary, Chairman ex off.

George A. Perkins, Salem. George D. Phippen, Salem.

George Cogswell, Bradford. Frank R. Kimball, Salem.

Francis H. Appleton, Peabody. Eben N. Walton, Salem.

Nathaniel A. Horton, Salem. Winpield S. Nevins, Salem.

Edward S. Morse, Salem. John H. Sears, Salem.

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR

compiled from the several reports read at the meeting,
and the remarks of several members in relation thereto,
presents the work of the Institute in its various depart-
ments since the last annual meeting.

Members. — Changes occur in the list of our associates
by the addition of new names and the withdrawal of some
by resignation, removal from the county or vicinity, or by
death.

We have received information of the death, during the
year, of twenty-four persons, who have been resident
members.

Gardiner Leonard Chandler, son of Gardiner L.
and Lucretia C. (Green) Chandler, born in Boston, 9
April, 1806; artist; died in Salem, 27 May, 1883. Ad-
mitted a member 4 May, 1859.

Charles Timothy Brooks, son of Timothy and Mary
(Mason) Brooks ; born in Salem June 20, 1813 ; gradu-
ated at Harvard College in 1832, Harvard Theological

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XVI. 6

84 ANNUAL MEETING, MAY 19.

School in 1835 ; pastor of the Unitarian Church at New-
port, K. I., from 1838 to 1871; died at Newport, 12
June, 1883. . Admitted a member 12 Oct., 1859.

Ernest Bruno de Gersdorff, son of Ernest von
Gersdorff, a judge of the court of Saxe Weimar ; born
in Eisenach, Germany, 18 July, 1820 ; graduated in
medicine at Leipsic, 1846, and immediately came to this
country, residing at Bethlehem, Penn. ; then Andover;
in 1849, Salem; in 1865, he removed to Boston; a phy-
sician; died at Pleasantville, N. Y., 28 June, 1883.
Admitted a member 4 May, 1853.

Charles Cotesworth Beaman, son of Ephraim and
Eebecca (Greenleaf) Beaman; born in Boston, 12 Aug.,
1799; in early life engaged in business pursuits; then
entered Andover Theological Seminary, and graduated in
1837 ; pastor of the Howard Street Church in Salem from
1857-1864, having previously occupied other pulpits ;
died in Boston, 4 July, 1883. Admitted a member 28
Jan'y, 1858.

Horace Brown, son of Haydn and Harriet (Emery)
Brown; born at West Newbury, 31 Aug., 1851 ; gradu-
ated at Harvard College, 1872, the Harvard Law School
in 1874 ; lawyer in Salem ; died at West Newbury, 5
July, 1883. Admitted a member 5 April, 1875.

Samuel H. Nichols, son of Samuel H. and Sarah
(Burdett) Nichols; born at Wakefield, N. H., 31 Jan'y,
1830 ; clerk ; died in Salem, 9 July, 1883. Admitted a
member 22 July, 1868.

John M. Ives, son of William and Mary (Bradshaw)
Ives ; born in Salem, 8 July, 1799. In early life he was
in the book business, and at the same time kept a circu-
lating library ; afterwards interested in horticultural pur-
suits ; died in Salem, 29 July, 1883. An original member.

THE RETROSrECT OF THE YEAR. 85

Stephen Bradshaw Ives, a brother of the preceding ;
born in Salem, 12 April, 1801 ; known for many years as
a bookbinder and bookseller under the firm of W. & S.
B. Ives ; established the Salem Observer in 1823 ; died
31 July, 1883. Admitted a member 15 Feb., 1852.

William Sewall Cleveland, son of William and
Mary (Hiller) Cleveland; born in Lancaster, 28 Feb.,
1810 ; bookkeeper, secretary of the Commercial Insur-
ance Company, treasurer of the Salem Turnpike and
Chelsea Bridge Corporation, etc. ; was for a long time a
clerk with Charles S. Nichols & Co. ; died in Salem, 3
Aug., 1883. An original member.

William Hunt, son of William and Mary (Dean)
Hunt; born in Salem, 25 April, 1804; a merchant, and
with the late Robert Brookhouse was largely engaged in
the west coast of Africa trade ; died at Salem, 3 Aug.,
1883. Admitted a member 25 Jan'y, 1854.

Thomas S. Jewett, son of Thomas and Lucy (Pinder)
Jewett ; born in Ipswich, 18 Jan'y, 1812 ; came to Salem
when a boy and learned the carpenter's trade ; followed
this trade for many years ; the past twenty-three years
one of the assessors of Salem; died 13 Aug., 1883.
Admitted a member 28 Jan'y, 1856.

William Leavitt, son of Joshua and Eunice (Rich-
ardson) Leavitt; born in Hingham, 15 April, 1801 ; came
to Salem with his parents in 1801 ; in early life a clerk
or salesman in a hardware store, afterwards a teacher in
the grammar schools of Salem ; many years an in-
structor in navigation and bookkeeping ; interested in the
local history of Salem and has compiled several communi-
cations for the Historical Collections of the Essex Insti-
tute; died at Salem, 3 Sept., 1883. Admitted a member
25 Nov., 1863.

86 ANNUAL MEETING, MAY 19.

James C. Stimpson, son of Thaddeus and Hannah
(Cook) Stimpson ; born at Salem, 9 July, 1799 ; one of
the oldest tanners in Salem, and was for many years prom-
inent in the leather business ; for several years a member
of the City Government, either in the Council or Board
of Aldermen, and also for many years a director of the
First National Bank. Died 11 Sept., 1883. Admitted a
member 28 July, 1864.

Enoch K. No yes, son of Enoch and Sarah Noyes ;
born at West Newbury, 11 Nov., 1820 ; a trader in Salem ;
died 11 Sept., 1883. Admitted a member 26 Aug.,
1857.

Joseph Shatswell, son of Moses and Sarah (Lord)
Shatswell; born in Ipswich, 2 Sept., 1801 ; merchant in
Salem ; for many years engaged in the West India trade ;
died 2 Oct., 1883. Admitted a member 20 Dec, 1854.

Peter Silver, son of James and Susanna (Howard)
Silver; born in Salem, 2 Nov., 1811; in early life a
master mariner, afterwards a retired merchant; died in
Salem, 6 Oct., 1883. Admitted a member 6 July, 1864.

Benjamin Osgood Peirce, son of Benjamin and Be-
becca (Orne) Peirce; born in Beverly, 26 Sept., 1812;
and died there 12 Nov., 1883 ; graduated at Colby Uni-
versity, 1835 ; a teacher in several colleges and acade-
mies ; since 1849 engaged in business pursuits. Admitted
a member 19 July, 1880.

Joseph W. Chamberlain, son of John and Mary
(Silver) Chamberlain; born in Salem, 25 Nov., 1830;
druggist in Salem; died 10 Dec, 1883. Admitted a
member 21 Sept., 1859.

Henry W. Perkins, son of Henry W. and Dolly
(Webb) Perkins ; born in Salem, 1 March, 1832 ; cashier

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 87

of the Mount Vernon National Bank, Boston ; died in
Salem, 19 Jan., 1884. Admitted a member 16 Dec.,
1873.

William C. C. Moulton, son of Hiram and Mary
(Batchelder) Moulton; born in Newport, Vt., 14 Oct.,
1839 ; a trader in Salem ; died 17 Jan'y, 1884. Admitted
a member 14 July, 1864.

Stephen Bradshaw Ives, son of Stephen Bradshaw
and Mary (Perkins) Ives ; born in Salem, 8 March, 1827 ;
graduated at Harvard College in 1848 ; admitted to Essex
Bar in 1851. He did not hold many official positions, but
was a celebrated and well-known advocate in the courts
of the state ; died at Salem, 8 Feb., 1884. Admitted a
member 4 Jan'y, 1854.

James Moore Caller, son of John and Mary (South-
wick) Caller; born in Pleasant Valley, N. Y., 11 Jan'y,
1813 ; came to South Danvers at an early age ; for many
years was largely engaged in the leather business as a
tanner and currier ; died in Salem, 13 Feb., 1884. Ad-
mitted a member 30 March, 1859.

John Archer, son of Jonathan and Eachel (Wood-
man) Archer; born in Salem, 4 July, 1796; in early life
went to sea, and was privateering in the war of 1812-15 ;
after the peace had a ship chandlery store on Derby street ;
for many years retired from active business ; died 5 Mar.,
1884. Admitted a member 26 May, 1858.

Otis Phillips Lord, son of Nathaniel and Eunice
(Kimball) Lord ; born in Ipswich, 11 July, 1812 ; grad-
uated at Amherst College, 1832 ; admitted to the Essex
Bar, Dec, 1835; practised in Ipswich until 1844, when
he removed to Salem where he has since resided ; Asso-
ciate Justice of the Superior Court from 1859 to 1875,
and Associate Justice of the Supreme Court from 1875

88 ANNUAL MEETING, MAY 19.

to Dec, 1882, when he resigned in consequence of failing
health ; died 13 March, 1884. Admitted a member 5
Oct., 1874. .

Field Meetings. Five meetings have been held as
follows :

First, on Tuesday, June 12, 1883, at "Oak Dell,"
South Georgetown, situated in a very delightful part of
the county. Delegations from Georgetown, Groveland,
Boxford, Topsfield and West Newbury joined those from
Salem and its vicinity. After a ramble in the forenoon,
and the lunch, the meeting was called to order, the presi-
dent in the chair. Mrs. C. M. S. Horner, of George-
town, spoke of the "Flora," Rev. Messrs. McDaniel, of
Salem, and Alcott, of Boxford, on " Mineralogy and Geol-
ogy," Messrs. Sidney Perley, of Boxford, and Henry M.
Nelson, of Georgetown, on "Historical Matters of Local
Interest ;" there were also remarks from Messrs. M. W.
Bartlett, of West Newbury, B. F. Stevens, of Boxford,
and others.

Second, on Friday, June 29, 1883, at Dodge's Mill in
Rowley, owned by Mr. Ignatius Dodge. The speakers at
the afternoon session held in the old mill, where comfort-
able seats were improvised, were Messrs. John H. Sears,
F. W. Putnam, John Robinson, Alfred Osgood and N.

A. Horton. The remarks were mainly on archaeological
subjects, especially those of Messrs. Putnam, Robinson
and Osgood.

Third, on Thursday, July 26, 1883, at Linebrook Par-
ish, a rural country village in the western part of Ipswich.
The afternoon session was held in the church. Mr. John
H. Sears gave an account of the "Flora," Messrs. M. V.

B. Perley and Sidney Perley spoke on " Historical Mat-

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 89

ters ;" there were also remarks from Rev. B. F. McDaniel,
Messrs. J. J. H. Gregory, A. C. Perkins, N. A. Horton,
and others.

Fourth, on Wednesday, Aug. 15, 1883, atBalch's Grove,
Groveland, by invitation of the Groveland Flower Mis-
sion. At the afternoon session, Miss Harriet E. Paine
spoke on "The Plants of the Vicinity," Dr. George B.
Loring on " Forestry ;" there were also remarks from N. A.
Horton and Dr. G. Cogswell.

Fifth, on Wednesday, Sept. 19, 1883, at West Pea-
body, by invitation of the Farmers' Club of that place.
The forenoon was spent in visiting the farms of Messrs.
Henry Saltonstall, and F. H. Appleton, and other places
of interest. At the afternoon session, the speakers were
Messrs. J. H. Sears, George Dixon, W. P. Upham, J.
H. Ingraham, Willard Spaulding, James P. King and J.
S. Kingsley.

Meetings. — Regular meetings occur on the first and
third Monday evenings of each month. Special and ad-
journed meetings occasionally. At these meetings papers
have been presented by the following persons and referred
to the publication committee :

Edward A. Silsbee, on "Criticism of Poetry."

William G. Barton, on "Pigeons and the Pigeon
Fancy.1"

Rev. B. F. McDaniel, on "The Literature and History
of Bells."

J. Ritchie, jr., and Charles Toppan, on " A New Process
of Bleaching."

F. L. Capen, on " Catastrophic Planetary Tidal Action
of the Globe."

1 Bulletin, Essex Inst., Vol. XVI, p. 59.

90 ANNUAL MEETING, MAY 19.

Samuel Garman, on "The North American Reptiles
and Batrachians, a list of the species occurring north of
the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, with references.2"

Samuel Garman, on "An Extraordinary Shark (Chlamy-
doselachus anguineus) ."3

Samuel Garman, on "A Species of Heptranchias sup-
posed to be New."4

John H. Sears, on " Weeds of Essex County."5

F. W. Putnam, on " The First Notice of the Pine
Grove or the Forest River Shellheap."6

Herbert B. Adams, on "The Great Pastures of Salem."7

J. A. Emmerton, on "Dr. Bentley's East Parish
Deaths ; some Notes and Corrections."8

Wellington Pool, "Inscriptions from Gravestones in
the Old Burying Ground in Wenham."9

Leverett Saltonstall, "Memoir of Oliver Carlton."10

John T. Moulton, " Inscriptions from the Old Burying
Ground in Lynn."11

Memorial of C. T. Bi*ooks: "Birth and Boyhood," by
E. B. Willson12 ; " His Life at Newport," by Charles W.
Wendte13 ; " Letter from W. P. Andrews14 ;" Remarks of
R. S. Rantoul.15

Luke Brooks, "Genealogical Notes Respecting Henry
Brooks and Some of his Descendants."16

Edward S. Atwood, " Memoir of John Bertram."17

Lectures. — A course of seven lectures, under the di-

2 Bulletin, Essex Inst., Vol. XVI, p. 3. 8 Bulletin, Essex Inst., Vol. XVI, p. 47.
4 Bulletin, Essex Inst., Vol. XVI, p. 56. « Bulletin, Essex Inst., Vol. XV, p. 93.
e Bulletin, Essex Inst., Vol. XV, p. 85. 7 Hist. Coll., Essex Inst., Vol. XX, p. 161.
s Hist. Coll., Essex Inst., Vol. XX, p. 209. » Hist. Coll., Essex Inst., Vol. XX, pp.
232 and 297. 10 Hist.Coll., Essex Inst., Vol. XX, p. 241. » Hist. Coll., Essex Inst.,
Vol. XX, p. 273. 12 Hist. Coll., Essex Inst., Vol. XXI, p. 1. » Hist. Coll., Essex
Inst., Vol. XXI, p. 13. 14 Bulletin, Essex Inst., Vol. XV, p. 81. 15 Bulletin, Essex
Inst., Vol. XV, p. 78. "J Hist. Coll., Essex Inst., Vol. XXI, p. 24. "Hist. Coll.,
Essex Inst., Vol. XXI, p. 81.

THE RETROSPECT OF THE TEAR. 91

recti on of the lecture committee, has been delivered as
follows: First, Alban Andren, of Beverly, "Sweden by
a Swede," Wednesday, Nov. 28, 1883. Second, Ephraim
Emerton, "Martin Luther," Wednesday, Dec. 19, 1883.
Third, Arthur M. Knapp, "Greek Art," Wednesday,
Jan'y 9, 1884. Fourth, George M. Towle, "Carlyle,"
Wednesday, Jan'y 30, 1884. Fifth, George B. Loring,
"Nathaniel Hawthorne;" Wednesday, Feb. 6, 1884.
Sixth, George M. Towle, " Charles Dickens," Wednes-
day, Feb. 13, 1884. Seventh, Edward S. Morse, "First
Impressions of China," Wednesday, March 5, 1884.

In addition to the above, the following lectures have
been delivered in the rooms of the Institute.

George H. Hosmer, "Martin Luther," illustrated, Sat-
urday, Nov. 10, 1883.

Matthew Arnold, Friday, Nov. 30, 1883, "Science and
Literature."

Raymond Lee JSFewcomb, Tuesday, Dec. 4, 1883, "The
Story of the Jeannette."

John G. Wood, "Whales," Monday, Dec. 10, 1883.

J. C. Welwood, "On the Rhine" (illustrated), Thurs-
day, Jan'y 10, 1884.

John G. Wood, sl course of four afternoon lectures : "Ants
of the Temperate Zone," Friday, Feb. 15, 1884 ; " Ants of
the Tropic Zone," Tuesday, Feb. 19 ; " Pond and Stream,"
Thursday, Feb. 21 ; "The Horse," Tuesday, Feb. 26.

Alban Andren, "An Evening in Sweden," Tuesday,
March 18, 1884.

Morton Prince, " On the Anatomy and Physiology of
the Vocal Organs," Monday, April 7, 1884.

Publications have been issued as heretofore. The ex-
change list, with few exceptions, continues the same as
last year.

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XVI. 6*

92 ANNUAL MEETING, MAY 19.

Library. — The additions to the Library for the year
(May, 1883 to May, 1884) have been as follows :

By Donation.

Folios, H

Quartos, 68

Octavos, 827

Duodecimos, 519

Sexdecimos, 98

Octodecimos, * 25

Total of bound volumes, 1,548

Pamphlets and serials, 6,407

Total of donations, 7,955

By Exchange.

Folios, 11

Quartos, ' 68

Octavos, 827

Duodecimos, 519

Total of bound volumes, 526

Pamphlets and serials, 2,492

Total of exchanges, 3,018

Total of donations, 7,955

Total of exchanges, 3,018

Total of additions, 10,973

Of the total number of pamphlets and serials, 2,722
were pamphlets, and 6,177 were serials.

The donations to the Library for the year have been
received from one hundred and seventy-eight individuals
and fifty departments of the General and State Govern-
ments and Societies. The exchanges from three individ-
uals, and from one hundred and sixty-three societies and
incorporate institutions of which ninety-six are foreign ;
also from editors and publishers.

The annual examination of the Library has been made.
Of the thirteen volumes that were missing last year, ten

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 93

have been returned ; seven others are now missing from
their places.

Donations or exchanges have been received from the
following :

Vols Pam.

Adelaide, Royal Society of South Australia, ... 2

Agassiz, Alexander, Cambridge, 1

Allen, Nathaniel T., West Newton, 1

Almy, James F., 26 22

Almy, S. H., 1 4

Alnwick, Eng., Berwickshire Naturalists' Club, . . 1

American Association for the Advancement of Science, . 2

American Library Association, 1

American Ornithologists' Union, 1

Ames, George L., 18

Ames, Sons of Oakes, 2

Amherst College Library, 1 1

Amiens, Soci6te Linneenne du Nord de la France, . 1 13

Anagnos, M., So. Boston, 1

Andover, Theological Seminary Library, ... 1

Andrews, Charles H., - 2

Andrews, Mrs. James H., 1

Andrews, William P., 50

Appleton, F. H., Peabody, 1

Archaeological Institute of America, .... 1

Auckland, N. Z., Auckland Institute, Newspapers, Maps, 31 24

Augsburg, Naturhistorischer Verein, .... 1

Baltimore, Maryland Historical Society, ... 2

Baltimore, Md., Johns Hopkins University, ... 15

Baltimore, Md., Peabody Institute, .... 1

Bancroft, Rev. C. F. P., Andover, 1

Barnes, George William, San Diego, Cal., ... 1

Barton, Edmund M., Worcester,

Bassett, Samuel, Chelsea,

Batavia, Natuurkundige Vereeniging in Nederlandsch

India,

Belfast, Naturalists'iField Club,

Bell, Charles H., Exeter, N. H.,

Bergen, Bergens Museum,

Berlin, Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde, . . 1

Berlin, Verein zur Beforderung des Gartenbaues, . . 12

Bern, Naturforschende Gesellschaft, .... 1

94

ANNUAL MEETING, MAY 19.

Vols.

Bolles, Rev. E. C, D.D.,

Bologna, Accademia delle Scienze, ....

Bonn, Naturhistorischer Verein, ....

Bordeaux, Academie des Sciences, Belles-Lettres et Arts

Boston, American Academy of Arts and Sciences,

Boston, Appalachian Mountain Club,

Boston Art Club,

Boston, Board of Health,

Boston, Bostonian Society,

Boston, City of,

Boston, City Hospital,

Boston, Massachusetts General Hospital,

Boston, Massachusetts Historical Society,

Boston, Massachusetts Horticultural Society,

Boston, Massachusetts Medical Society,

Boston, National Association of Wool Manufacturers

Boston, New England Historic Genealogical Society,

Boston, Overseers of the Poor,

Boston Public Library,

Boston Society of Natural History,

Boston, State Board of Health, Lunacy and Charity

Boston, State Library of Massachusetts,

Boston Zoological Society, .

Boutwell, F. M., Groton, ....

Bradlee, Rev. C. D., Boston, ....

Braunschweig, Archiv fur Anthropologic,

Bremen, Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein,

Bristol, Eng., Naturalists' Society,

Brooklyn, N.Y., Brooklyn Library,

Brooklyn, N. Y., Long Island Historical Society,

Brooks, Mrs. Henry M., ... Newspapers

Brown, Henry A.,

Browne, A. G., Jr., New York, N. Y.,

Brunn, Naturforschender Verein, ....

Brunswick, Me., Bowdoin College Library,

Bruxelles, Academie Royale des Sciences, des Lettres et

des Beaux Arts de Belgique, . ,

Bruxelles, Societe Beige de Microscopie,
Bruxelles, Societe Entomologique de Belgique,
Bruxelles, Societe Royale de Malacologique,
Buenos Aires, Sociedad Cientifica Argentina,
Buffalo, N. Y., American Society of Microscopists
Buffalo, N. Y., Historical Society,

2
18

145

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.

95

Vols. Pam.

Maps

Buffalo, N. Y., Society of Natural Sciences,

Caen, Academie des Sciences, Arts etBelles-Lettres,

Calcutta, Geological Survey of India,

Cambridge, Harvard University Library,

Cambridge, Museum of Comparative Zoology,

Cambridge, Nuttall Ornithological Club,

Carpenter, Rev. C. C, Mt. Vernon, N. H.,

Cassel, Verein fur Naturkunde,

Chamberlain, James, .

Chauncy, Elihu, New York, N. Y.,

Chicago, 111., Historical Society,

Chicago, 111., Inter Ocean Publishing Company,

Chicago. 111., Public Library,

Chilovi, D., Firenze, Italy, ....

Christiania, K. Norske Universitet,

Christiauia, Norske Gradmaalingskommission,

Christiania, Videnskabs-Selskabet,

Cincinnati, O., Historical and Philosophical Society

Cincinnati, O., Mechanics' Institute,

Cincinnati, O., Society of Natural History,

Clarke, George K., Needham,

Cleveland, O., Western Reserve Historical Society,

Cleveland, Mrs. William S.,

Coffin, C. C, Boston,

Cogswell, W. F., Beverly, N. J.,

Cole, Mrs. N. D., Newspapers,

Conant, F. O., Portland, Me., Chart of the Conant Family,
Conant, W. P., Washington, D. C., .

Copenhague, Societe R. des Antiquaires du Nord,
Crowell, Rev. E. P., D.D., Amherst, .

Cutter, Abram E., Charlestown,

Danzig, Naturforschende Gesellschaft,

Darling, C. W., Utica, N. Y.,

Darmstadt, Verein fiirErdkunde

Davis, Joseph, Lynn,

Delisle, M. Leopold, Paris,

Dement, Henry D., Springfield, 111., . . . .

Dodge, James H., Boston,

Doolittle, Miss E., Troy, N. Y.,

Dresden, Naturwissenschaftliche Gesellschaft, Isis,

Dresden, Verein fiir Erdkunde,

Dublin, Royal Irish Academy,

Dublin, Royal Society,

26

1
2

16
3

11
3
1
1

58

1
1
1
1
4
1

1
1
4
1
3

85
1
3

99

1

7
1

1

96 ANNUAL MEETING, MAY 19.

Vols. Pam.

Du Rieu, Dr. W. N., Leide, 1

Eagleston, John H., 1

Edinburgh, Royal Society, 1

Eddy, R. H., Boston, 1

Emden, Naturforschende Gesellschaft, ... 1

Emerton, James, 33

Emmerton, James A., .... Newspapers, 1 45
Epping Forest and County of Essex Naturalists' Field

Club, 1

Erlangen, Physikalisch-medicinische Societat, . . 1

Exeter, N. H., Phillips Academy, 1 2

Falmouth, Eng., Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society, . 1

Farley, Mrs. M. C, 58 101

Fewkes, J. Walter, Cambridge, ..... 1

Flanders, Rev. G. T., D.D., New Bedford, .... 1

Fogg, Miss Ellen M., 12 1

Foote & Horton, Newspapers,

Frankfurt, a. m., Senckenbergische Naturforschende Ges-
ellschaft, 5

Freiburg, Naturforschende Gesellschaft, ... 1

Gates, Beman, Marietta, O., 1

Geneve, Societe de Physique et d'Histoire Naturelle, . 1
Giessen, Oberhessische Gesellschaft fur Natur u. Heil-

kunde, 1

Gillis, James A., 1 59

Glasgow, Natural History Society, 1

Goodell, A. C, Jr., 9

Goodwin, D., Jr., Chicago, 111., 1

Gottingen, K. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften, . . 1

Gould, John H., Topsfleld, . . . Newspapers, 25

Green, Samuel A., Boston, 127 426

Gregory, J. J. H., Marblehead, . . Newspapers, 11 12
Giistrow, Verein der Freunde der Naturgeschichte in

Mecklenburg, 1 1

Hale, Josiah L., Brookline, 3 1

Halle, a. S., Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein fur Sachsen

u. Thuringen, 11

Hamilton, R. I., Narragansett Historical Publishing Com-
pany, 4

Hannover, Gesellschaft fur Mikroskopie, ... 1

Hannover, Naturhistorische Gesellschaft, ... 1

Hapgood, H. L., Athol, 4

Harlem, SociSte Hollandaise des Sciences, ... 4

Hart, Charles Henry, Philadelphia, Pa., .... 2

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 97

Vols. Pam.

Hartford, Conn., Trinity College, 1

Hassam, John T., Boston, 1

Hazen, Rev. Henry A., Boston, 1

Herford, Rev. Brooke, Boston, 1

Hewitt, Abram S., New York, N. Y., for the late Peter

Cooper, I

Hill, B. D., Newspapers, 17

Hill, William M., 1

Hitchcock, Edward, Amherst, 3

Hobart Town, Government of Tasmania, ... 1

Hobart Town, Royal Society of Tasmania, ... 1

Hodges, Mrs. Elizabeth, Estate of the late, ... 86 3

Holmes, J. C, Detroit, Mich., 1 2

Honeycomb, Mrs. T. P., 21

Hunt, T. F., 31 223

Illinois Department of Agriculture, .... 1 7

Iowa City, la., State Historical Society, ... 60 5

Israel, Rev. Fielder, .... Newspapers, 9 51

Ithaca, N. Y., Cornell University, 1

James, Joseph F., Cincinnati, O., 1

James, U. P., Cincinnati, O., 2

Johnson, Emery S., 1

Joy, Walter H., 1

Kimball, Mrs. James, 1

Kingsley, J. S., Maiden, 7

Kjobenhavn, Botanisk Forening, 3

Rjobenhavn, K. D. Videnskabernes Selskab, ... 3

Konigsberg, Physikalisch-okonomische Gesellschaft, . 2

Langworthy, Rev. I. P., Boston, 1

Lansing, Mich., State Library, 13 14

Lausanne, Societe Vaudoise, 1

Lawrence, Public Library Trustees, .... 1

Lee, Francis H., 191

Lee, William, Boston, 2

Le Mans, Societe d'Agriculture, Sciences et Arts de la

Sarthe, 2

Lisboa, Academia Real das Sciencias, ■ 10

Liverpool, Eng., Literary and Philosophical Society, . 3

London, Eng., Royal Society, 6

Loring, George B., 1

Lowell, Old Residents' Historical Association, . . 1

Lyon, Societe d'Agriculture, 1

Lyon, Societe LinnSenne, 1

98 ANNUAL MEETING, MAY 19.

Vols. Pam.

Mack, Miss Esther C, 6 199

Madison, Wis., State Historical Society, 63 2

Madison, Wis., Superintendent of Public Property, . 2

Madrid, Sociedad Espanola de Historia Natural, . . 3

Mannheim, Verein fur Naturkunde, .... 1

Manning, F. H., Boston, 1

Manning, Kobert, 846

Marburg, Gesellschaft zur Beforderung der Gesammten

Naturwissenschaften, 2

McDaniel, Rev. B. F., . . . . Newspapers, 50

McDanolds, James S., Trenton, N. J., 3

Meek, Henry M., 1

Merrill, George S., Lawrence, 1

Merrill, W. Jr., West Newbury, 1

Metz, Societe d'Histoire Naturelle, .... 1

Mexico, Museo Nacional, 3

Miller, Lewis F., 1

Montreal, Natural History Society, .... 2

Moulton, John T., Lynn, 1

Munchen, K. B. Akademie der Wissenschaften, . . 10

Minister, Provinzial Verein fur Wissenschaft u. Kunst, . 1
Napoli, R. Accademia delle Scienze Fisiche e Matemati-

che, 6 46

Neuchatel, SociStS des Sciences Naturelles, ... 1

Nevins, W. S., Newspapers, 13

Newark, New Jersey Historical Society, ... 1 2

New Haven, Conn., Yale College Library, ... 4

Newlands, John A. R., Loudon, Eng., .... 1

Newport, R. I., Natural History Society, ... 1

New York Academy of Sciences, 7

New York, American Geographical Society, ... 4

New York, American Museum of Natural History, . 2

New York, Genealogical and Biographical Society, . 5

New York, Historical Publication Company, . . 1

New York, Historical Society, 2

New York, Mercantile Library Association, ... 4

Northampton, Smith College, 1

Norwegian North Atlantic Expedition, ... 1

Nourse, Miss Dorcas C, ... Newspapers, 22

Odell, Charles, 28

Oliver, Henry K., 24

Orne, A. C, Marblehead, 1

Osgood, Alfred, Newburyport, 1

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.

99

Vols. Pam.

Osgood, John C, 2

Ottawa, Geological and Natural History Survey of Canada,

Maps, 1

Palfray, Charles W., 3 66

Paris, Institution Ethnographique, .... 1

Paris, Societe d'Acclimation, 11

Paris, Societe d' Anthropologic, 6

Paris, Society des Etudes Historiques, .... 1 1

Peabody Institute, 1

Peabocly, John P., 2

Peet, Rev. S. D., Clinton, Wis., 4

Peirce, Henry B., Boston, 11

Perkins, A. C, Exeter, N. H., 1

Perkins, George A., ....... 24

Perkins, J. McC, Boston, 2

Perley, Jonathan, 14 1

Perry, Rev. William Stevens, Davenport, la., . . 1

Philadelphia, American Philosophical Society, . . 2

Philadelphia, Library Company, 2

Philadelphia, Historical Society of Pennsylvania, . . 8 161

Philadelphia, Mercantile Library Company, . . 3

Philadelphia, Numismatic and Antiquarian Society, . 1

Phillips, Henry, Jr., Philadelphia, 1 1

Plumer, Miss MaryN., 5

Pollard, Samuel S., Boston, 136 680

Pool, Wellington, Wenham, 2

Poole, W. F., Chicago, 1

Porter, Rev. Aaron, Mendon, 1

Pratt, Henry J., 2

Preble, George H., Brookline, 2

Preston, Charles P., Dan vers, 1

Providence, Rhode Island Historical Society, ..12

Providence, R. I., Public Library, .... 16
Pumpelly, Raphael, Newport, R. I., . . Maps,

Putnam, Rev. A. P., Brooklyn, N. Y., 1

Putnam, Mrs. Eben, 16

Putnam, Mrs. Esther O., Cambridge, .... 1

Putnam, F. W., Cambridge, 5

Quebec, Laval Universite, 1

Quill, D. W., ........ . 1

Ramsay, Alexander, London, Eng., .... 1

Ranck, G. W., Lexington, Ky., 1

Rantoul, R. S., 9 37

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XVI. 7

100

ANNUAL MEETING, MAY 19,

Regensburg, K. B. Botanische Gesellschaft,
Regensburg, Zoologisch-mineralogischer Verein,
Richardson, E. P., ........

Richmond, Virginia Historical Society,

Riga, Naturforschender Verein,

Rio de Janeiro, Museu Nacional,

Roberts, Mrs. J. K.,

Robinson, E. P., Saugus, . . . Newspapers,

Robinson, John,

Robinson, Mrs. John,

Ropes, Rev. W. L., Andover,

Russell, Mrs. Thomas B.,

Salem Fraternity, ........

Salem, Peabody Academy of Science, Newspapers, Maps,

Saltonstall, Leverett, Boston, . Newspapers, Maps,

Sampson, Davenport & Co., Boston,

San Prancisco, California Academy of Sciences,

San Prancisco, Cal., Mercantile Library Association,

Secomb, Daniel F., Concord, N. H.,

S'Gravenhage, Nederlandsche Entomologische Vereenig

ing,

Shufeldt, R. W., New Orleans, La.,

Sibley, Miss A. M., ......

Silliman, B., New Haven, Conn., ....

Sims, William, Topeka, Kan., ....

Skinner, John B.,

Slocum, Charles E., Defiance, 0., ...

Smiley, C. W., Washington, D. C, ...

Smith, George Plumer, Philadelphia, Pa.,
Smithmeyer, J. L., Washington, D. C,
Smucker, Isaac, Newark, O., ....

Soule & Bugbee, Boston,

Springfield, Mo., Drury College Library,

Stettin, Entomologischer Verein, ...

St. Gallen, St. Gallische Naturwissenschaftliche Gesell

schaft,

Stickney, George A. D.,

Stickney, M. A., .

St. John, New Brunswick Natural History Society,
St. Louis, Mo., Public School Library,
Stockholm, Entomologiska Foreningeu,
Stoddard, Mrs. Frances Mary, Roxbury,
Stone, EbenF., Washington, D. C, ...

Vols. Pam.

12
5

558

18

105

1

208
113

1

2

245

349

1
1

2
1

1
23
69

2
1
3

132

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.

101

Vols.

Newspapers

Stone, Rev. Edwin M., Providence, R. L,
Stone, Miss Mary H.,
Stone, Robert,

Story, Miss E. A.,

St. Paul, Minnesota Historical Society,
St. Petersbourg, Academie Imperiale des Sciences,
St. Petersbourg, Jardin Imperial de Botanique,
St. Petersbourg, Societas Entomologica Rossica,

cal and Natu

tute,

Newspapers

Maps

du Nord

Taunton, Eng., Somersetshire Archaeolog

ral History Society,
Terre Haute, Ind., Rose Polytechnic Inst
Throndhjem, K. N. Videnskabers Selskabs.
Tokio, University of, ...

Topeka, Kan., State Historical Society,
Toronto, Canadian Institute,
Tuckerman, Mrs. J. F.,
Tuckerman, L. S.,
Twyman, Joseph, Chicago, 111.,
Unknown, . .

Upsal, Societe Royale des Antiquaires
U. S. Bureau of Education,
U. S. Chief of Engineers,
U. S. Chief Signal Officer,
U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey,
U. S. Department of Agriculture,
U. S. Department of the Interior,
U. S. Department of State,
U. S. Fish Commission,
U. S. Geological Survey,
U. S. Life Saving Service,
U. S. National Museum,
U. S. Naval Observatory,
U. S. Patent Office,
U. S. Treasury Department, ,
U. S. War Department,
Ward, James W., Buffalo, N. Y.,
Waring, Geo. E., Jr., Newport, R. I
Washington, D. C, Anthropological Society
Washington, D. C, Smithsonian Institution,
Waters, E. Stanley, .... Newspapers,

Waters, J. Linton, .... Newspapers,

Waterston, Rev. R. C, Boston,

Waterville, Me., Colby University Library,

1
1

2
1
65
2
2
3
1

1
7
1
4

Tarn.

1

126

1

1

15

2

1

1
1

20

512
11

6
4

8
1

31
51

102

ANNUAL MEETING, MAY 19.

Vols. Pam.

Webber, Charles H., 1

West, Mrs. George, .... Newspapers, 6 13

Wheatland, Henry, 35

Wheatland, Miss Martha G., 3

Wheatland, Philip D., Boston, 1

Wheildon, William W., Concord, 3

Whipple, G. M., 29 16

Whitcher, Mary, Shaker Village, N. H., ... 12

Whiteley, John, Shirley Village, 2 16

Whitney, Mrs. H. M., Lawrence, . . Newspapers,

Whitney, J. L., Concord, 3

Wien, K. K. Zoologisch-botanische Gesellschaft, . 1 1

Wiesbaden, Nassauischer Verein fur Naturkunde, . 1

Wilder, Marshall P., Boston, 1 1

Wildes, Rev. George D., Riverdale, N. Y., ... 1
Wilkes-Barre, Wyoming Historical and Geological Soci-
ety, 127 40

Williamstown, Williams College, 2

Willson, Rev. E. B., 12 78

Winnipeg, Manitoba Historical and Scientific Society, . 6

Winsor, Justin, Cambridge, 32

Worcester, American Antiquarian Society, ... 2

Worcester, Free Institute, ...... 1

Worcester, Society of Antiquity, 3

Worcester, Society of Natural History, ... 1

Wurzburg, Physikalisch-medicinische Gesellschaft, . 1 1

Zincken, C. P., Leipzig, 1

The following have been received from editors or publishers :—

American Journal of Science.
Bay State Monthly.
Cape Ann Bulletin.
Chicago Journal of Commerce.
Danvers Mirror.
Essex County Statesman.
European Mail.
Fireside Favorite.
Gardener's Monthly and Horti-
culturist.
Ipswich Chronicle.
La Bibliophilie.

Lawrence American.
Lynn Bee.
Manifesto.
MansilPs Signal.
Marblehead Messenger.
Medical Register.
Musical Herald.
Musical Record.
Musical Review.
Nation.

Naturalist's Leisure Hour and
Monthly Bulletin.

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.

103

Nature.

Newton Transcript.

Our Dumb Animals.

Peabody Press.

Quaritch's Catalogue.

Sailors' Magazine and Seamen's

Friend.
Salem Evening News.

Salem Gazette.

Salem Observer.

Salem Register.

Stove and Hardware Reporter.

Turner's Public Spirit.

West Newbury Era.

Zoologisclier Anzeiger.

The Art Exhibition opened on Wednesday evening,
May 23, 1883, the seventh under the auspices of the In-
stitute. These exhibitions of Essex County work have
an increasing interest for those who watch them carefully
from year to year, as an indication of a growth of art feeling
in the community, and of the development of talent whose
beginnings we have seen, as well as of the appearance of
new aspirants whose early endeavors are full of interest
and sometimes of decided promise.

The electric light was put into the hall for the first
time, and enabled the visitors in the evening to see the col-
lection to much better advantage than heretofore. Some
excellent photographs were made of a portion of the ex-
hibit with this light.

There were on exhibition, from one hundred and forty-
four contributors, four hundred and eight specimens in the
various departments of art. The arrangement was very
effective, and the hall attractive.

The following1 is the list of contributors :

Miss Delia Sheldon, Beverly.

" Ida Caller.
John and Henry Benson.
Mrs. Sara K. Hart.
Miss E. A. Welch, Georgetown.
Mr. Arthur W. Dow, Ipswich.
Miss Edith B. Pickering.

11 Edith Rantoul.

Mr. David H. Barry, Marble-
head.

Mr. Albert I. Whipple.

Mrs. A. P. Newhall, Lynn.

Miss C. B. Crossman, Swamp-
scott.

Miss S. Ellen Pratt.
" L. L. A. Very.

104

ANNUAL MEETING, MAY 19,

Miss A. D. Crain.

Mr. E. D. Jones.

Miss S. E. Ober, Beverly.

" E. Philbrick.

" A. G. Endicott.

" Helen Philbrick.
Mr. Sydney P. Guild, Lynn.
Miss H. M. King.

" E. B. Gardner.

" I. S. Jackson.
Mrs. J. H. Langmaid.

" W. H. A. Putnam.

" K. T. Woods.
Mr. J. Mackintire.
Miss Vinnie Browne.

" B. P. Smith.
Mrs. J. C. Abbott.
Miss Carrie Goldthwaite.

" T. R. Nason.
Geo. W. Harvey, Gloucester.
Arthur L. Toppan.
Mrs. M. A. Bovie.
Miss S. S. Kimball.

" M. E. Standley.
J. Appleton Brown, Boston.
Frank M. Cone.
N. B. Cone.
Mr. Joseph Ropes.
Miss Mary L. King.

" M. M. Brooks.
Master Henry Whipple.
" Frank Frye.
" Harry Putnam.
" Richard Ives.
" John G. More.
" Beverly Rantoul.
Miss M. Dixie, Marblehead.

" B. Darling.

" Nellie Flint.

" E. E. Grush.

" M. A. Bigelow.

" Lizzie Brooks.
Mrs. Charles Sewall.
Miss Grace R. Sewall.

Mrs. Geo. Harrington.
Mr. E. C. Larrabee.

" F. B. Choate.
Mrs. M. W. C. Thayer.
Miss S. E. Brown.

" Ruth S. Mugford, W. Pea-
body.
Miss A. G. Pingree.
Mr. J. J. Redmond.
Mrs. George Upton.

" Helen F. Jacobs, Peabody.
Miss Edith B. Dalton.

" M. W. Nichols.

" K. Peirson.

" A. L. Peirson.

" A. F. Williams.
Mrs. W. A. Smith.
Miss M. L. Hill.

" Kate Dodge.

" Abby Streeter.
Mrs. G. L. Streeter.
Miss Kate Pond.

" Minnie Pond.
Mrs. F. W. Tuttle.
Miss Alice D. Perkins.

" E. W. Fiske.

" Lizzie R. Pickering.

" M. O. Barrett.

" Lucy B. Hood.

" Annie Symonds, Peabody.
Mr. F. Powers.
Miss Agnes L. Babcock.

" C. F. Chase.

" Maggie Bolles.

11 H. L. Kimball.
Mrs. Chas. E. Symonds.

" Chas. N. Symonds.
Miss Mary Robinson.

" Beatrice E. Symonds.
Mrs. C. P. Sears, Danvers.

" Damon.
Miss Annie Agge.

" Mary E. Phippeu.

" Alice S. Batchelder.

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.

105

Miss A. M. Quinby.

" H. McMullcn.
Mrs. J. H. Roberts.

" N. A. Frye.
Miss Caroline P. Lummus, Pea-
body.
Mrs. E. R. Bigelow.
Miss Myra Hall.

11 C. A. Fabens.
Mrs. Jos. Symonds.
Frank W. Benson.
Annie W. Poole.
Miss M. M. Farley.

11 A. M. Osborne.

" H. Frances Osborne,

" Miranda Swan.

11 C. H. Sweetser.

" A. F. Perkins.

" L. C. Symonds.
Mrs. H. H. Davis.
Miss Lucy P. Robinson.
Mrs. J. Robinson.

Miss E. W. Chadwick,

" A. L. Chadwick.

11 A. 1). Varney.

" A. S. Tukey.
Mr. C. H. Lefavour.
Mrs. S. B. Ives, jr.
Miss Eva Farndale.

" Rose Farndale.

" Bessie Putnam.
Mrs. E. V. Emilio.
Miss Nellie B. Nowland.

" M. K. Stevens.

" A. B. Holden.
E. B. Stewart, Lynn.
Miss Louisa Lander.

" Alice Osborne.

" S. E. Smith.
Mrs. Mary W. Whitney, Law-
rence.
Mrs. R. C. Manning.
Miss A. B. Hunt.
Mr. C. F. Whitney.

Horticultural. — The trustees of the Essex Agricul-
tural Society, having accepted the invitation of the author-
ities and citizens of Salem to hold their annual Cattle
Show and Fair at the " Willows" in Salem, on Tuesday and
Wednesday, Sept. 25 and 26, 1883, the Institute deemed
it advisable to suspend all operations in that direction
and to cordially unite with the trustees of the Agricul-
tural Society in making their undertaking a success.

An account of the exhibition will be found in the
"Transactions" of that Society for the year 1883.

Museum. The specimens in natural history, including
those in archeology, which have been given during the
year, are on deposit with the Trustees of the Peabody
Academy of Science, in accordance with previous arrange-
ments. Those of an historical character or which possess
an artistic interest have been placed in the rooms.

106

ANNUAL MEETING, MAY 19.

The following may be specified as contributors :

Edwin R. Ide. Miss C. A. Hurlburt.

Leverett S. Tuckerman. Rev. George B. Jewett.

Edward S. Morse. Mrs. John Robinson

Edward S. & Henry Huntington
Nelson.

Charles W. Palfray.

George G. Putnam.

T. F. Hunt.

John C. Osgood.

Peabody Academy of Science.

William Reith.

Charles Odell.

Capt. Henry F. King.

Miss Dorcas C. Nourse.

Charles H. Webber.

Rev. Fielder Israel.

Rev. B. F. McDaniel.

Peter Coffee.

George M. Whipple.

Miss F. L. Prescott.

Ezekiel Goss.

Daniel Henderson.

Moses S. Prime.

B. D. Hill.

Philip D. Wheatland.

Eben N. Walton.

Tenn. Historical Society.

John Larcom.

William Chambers.

Henry A. Brown,

Miss Caroline L. Bayley.

Lemuel B. Hatch.

Frank T. Mooney.

J. Coward.

H. M. Batchelder.

John Davis.

Among the additions to the cabinets during the year, a
very interesting historical relic has been received, the
inkstand of Wordsworth. A brief account of the manner
in which it came into our possession may not be devoid of
interest. In August last a letter was received from Mrs.
Sarah N. (Pope) Dixon, formerly of Salem, now a
resident of Darlington, Eng., dated Aug. 14, 1883, giving
an account of her recent visit to Ambleside, in the Lake dis-
trict, and of a pleasant call at "Stock-Ghyll Force or Falls,"
the residence of Mr. J. Coward, " who exhibited an ink-
stand, being the one used by Wordsworth. He said that
he had many offers for it, but he would not sell, but
would give it to some society or museum. Immediately
I spoke a word for the Essex Institute, and he gave his
word that he would give it." Ambleside was the home
of Wordsworth from 1813 till his death April 23, 1850;
the locality teems with memorials of him ; there is

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 107

scarcely a crag, a knoll, or a rill which he has not cele-
brated in verse. On Jan'y 25, 1884, a letter was re-
ceived from Capt. W. T. Hill of the barque "Venice," dated
Charleston, S. C, Jan'y 21, 1884, staling that he had, on
board, the inkstand of Wordsworth that was put into his
hands by Mr. J. Coward, with the request to deliver the
same to the Essex Institute ; he intended to visit this see-
tion on his arrival, but was obliged to return to Liverpool
and accordingly sent it by mail. It was duly received in
good condition.

The Institute is under deep obligations to Mrs. Dixon,
the suggester, to Mr. Coward the donor, and to Capt. Hill
the transporter, a worthy trio by whose combined efforts
this interesting relic of a well-known and much admired
poet of old England has found its way to Plummer Hall,
where it will long remain an object of interest to all who
delight to study the literature of our fatherland.

Financial. — The Treasurer's Report of the receipts
and expenditures of the past year (condensed for print-
ing).

RECEIPTS.

Balance of last year's account $54 64

Income OF General Account

Assessments of Members $884 00

Publications ... 575 36

Lectures, Excursions, Hall, etc 524 77

Dividend 40 21

Salem Athenaeum, Proportion of Expense .... 204 2(5

$2228 60

Income of Historical Fund 44 00

" " Nat. Hist. Soc. Fund 36 00

•' " Davis Fund 392 16

" •« Ditmore Fund 180 40

*• " Manuscript Fund 24 94

" " Ladies' Fair Fund 60 00

" " Derby Fund 28 72

" " Howes Fund 1430 00

" Story Fund 563 00

Loan on Note of Corporation 400 00

$5,442 46
ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XVI. 7*

108 ANNUAL MEETING, MAY 19.

EXPENDITURES.

Paid on General Account •

Salaries $1832 00

Publications 1081 80

Fuel and Gas 257 79

Binding, Printing, Books and Stationery .... 401 81

Repairs, Express, Postage, etc 125 75

Salem Athenaeum, Rent and Labor 350 00

$4049 15

Paid on Historical Account 56 26

" " Nat. History " 56 25

" " Ditmore Fund Annuity 110 00

Interest on Manuscript Fund funded in Savings Bank 24 94

" " Derby Fund funded in Savings Bank . . 28 72

" " Davis Fund funded at Savings Bank . . 12 16

" " Story Fund, paid to Legatee 563 00

Paid Note $500 and interest 541 04

Balance on hand 94

$5,442 46

The invested funds are now $45,832 60

Examined and approved by the Auditor, May 19, 1884.

The Secretary in concluding his report, says :
The urgent need of room for the shelving and arrange-
ment of donations to the Library and the Museum, forces it-
self upon the attention of the officers of the Institute daily.
In some of the cases books are already piled three deep, and
valuable gifts to the Museum are stored away in drawers
and other places, practically valueless to visitors for the pur-
poses of examination. During the past year the matter of
increased accommodations has been once more agitated,
and plans for an addition to the present building have been
laid before some of the officers of the Salem Athenaeum
and of the Institute for their informal consideration. The
lack of funds to carry out these improvements appears to be
the only reason for delaying a movement in this direction.
Thirty thousand dollars, it is believed, would give ample
room to both the Athenaeum and the Institute. Some re-
lief must be devised and that speedily. The subject is
again commended to the attention of the directors.

BULLETIN

ESSEX UsTSTITUTE.

Vol. 16. Salem: July to Dec, 1884. Nos. 7-12.

Field Day at Topsfield, Wednesday, June 18, 1884.

Notwithstanding the extreme heat and dusty roads, a
party numbering about sixty left Salem in carriages at 9
a. m. for a day in Topsfield. After a pleasant drive
through Peabody and Danvers, the party arrived at the
country residence of Col. T. W. Peirce, by whose kind
invitation three hours were agreeably spent in rambling
over the estate and visiting the greenhouses, conservato-
ries, gardens and other places and objects of interest.
This farm for some one hundred and fifty years was known
as the old "Estey Place," previous to the sale, Sept. 5, 1821,
to Hon. Benjamin W. Crowninshield of Salem,1 by Daniel
Estey of Topsfield, who inherited the same, by will, from
his father Aaron Estey. The heirs of Mr. Crowninshield,
April 21, 1852, sold to Dwight Boyden of Waltham ;2
Mr. Boyden, Sept. 10, 1852, to Frederick Boyden;3 Mr.
F. Boyden, June 2, 1856, to William Hammond Foster of
Boston ;4 Mr. Foster, Jan'y 6, 1857, to the present pro-
prietor, Thomas W. Peirce,5 who has added to the original

1 See Essex Reg. Deeds, Lib. 227, fol. 246. 2 Reg. Deeds, 460-54.

3 Reg. Deeds, 468-237. * Reg. Deeds, 532-244. e Reg. Deeds, 544-129.

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XVI. 8 (109)

110 FIELD DAY AT TOPSFIELD ;

purchase by the annexation of adjoining lands, so that it
now contains between four and five hundred acres. It is
only within six or eight years that Mr. Peirce has inaugu-
rated and perfected many extensive improvements : sub-
stantial and well-built faced stone walls now run all over
the estate ; low lands have been drained in a thorough and
systematic manner, and the whole farm has been brought
to a high degree of productiveness. The barn which
was built by Mr. Aaron Goldthwaite of Salem, as were
most of the other buildings, is an immense structure, the
upper portion of which is used for the storage of hay,
while the lower floor has accommodations for horses and
cattle ; the livestock now kept numbers 130 cows (and
heifers), 11 working cattle, 8 horses and 4 bulls — Hol-
stein, Ayrshire and Jerseys are the breeds represented ;
in the rear of the barn is the blacksmith's shop, with a
twenty-horse power engine, where the general repairing
of the farm tools is done ; also the poultry house 100
feet by 15 feet, and other buildings. The Newburyport
turnpike runs through the estate ; the farmhouse and
farm- buildings are located on the southern side, while the
mansion house and porter's lodge (a most picturesque
little cottage) are across the way on the hillside rising to
the north. On the top of the hill in the rear of the
house is a fine tower containing a tank with a capacity
of 13,000 gallons; at the foot of the hill to the west is a
never-failing supply of pure spring water and a pumping
station. From the top of the tower is a magnificent view
of the surrounding country and towns. Mt. Wachuset
in this state, and the waters of Massachusetts Bay from
Nahant to Cape Ann, are ahvays visible on clear days ; and
the White Mountains are said to be occasionally seen.

The noonday lunch was partaken of in the large barn,
tables and other suitable accommodations being provided.

WEDNESDAY, JUNE 18, 1884. Ill

At 2 p. m. the party drove to the Town Hall in Topsfield,
about a mile and a half distant, where the afternoon ses-
sion was held ; the original party having increased to
more than thrice its number by accessions from Topsfield,
Groveland, Boxford and other towns in the vicinity.

At 2.30 p. m. the meeting was called to order by
President Henry Wheatland, who in an opening address
said that the exercises of the afternoon were arranged in
commemoration of the fiftieth anniversary of the meeting
held in Topsfield, on Wednesday, April 16, 1834, to
complete the organization of the Essex County Natural
History Society, one of the parent societies of the Essex
Institute, preliminary meetings having been held at
Salem in the December previous. It was intended that
this meeting should have been held in April, but owing to
the backwardness of the season and the inclement weather
it was decided that it should be postponed to a day in
June, to be selected by the committee on field meetings.
Papers, especially prepared for this occasion, which are
appended, were read by Prof. E. S. Morse, Mr. John
Robinson, Rev. B. F. McDaniel and Mr. S. P. Fowler.

After the presentation of the papers the following
gentlemen were called upon :

Hon. James J. H. Gregory commenced his remarks
by quoting the old saying, " If you require proof of their
work look around you," and applied it to what the society
has done. One thing, he said, the other speakers had
not touched upon, — local Indian antiquities and relics.6

6 This subject was assigned to Vice President Putnam, who had prepared him-
self to speak upon it, but was necessarily detained from the meeting.

112 FIELD DAY AT TOPSFIELD ; JUNE 18, 1884.

Thirty-three years ago he deposited with the society the
only collection it then possessed ; now it has one of the
finest collections owned by any society.

He spoke of the lack of knowledge of natural history
and of neighborhood history, urging that those studies be
taken up in our public schools. He also spoke of the
progress which had been made in arriving at conclusions,
formerly by theory which was often at fault, now by sci-
ence which rarely errs.

Rev. Fielder Israel spoke of the work and influence
of the society, and of the elevating and refining influence
of the study of nature, at the same time making appro-
priate reference to the valuable services of the President,
and to the pleasure which Deacon Fowler, the only sur-
vivor of those men present at the meeting of fifty years
ago, must experience in being with us here to-day. He
also alluded to the prospective influence of the society, and
closed by offering the following vote which was adopted :

Voted, That the cordial thanks of the Essex Institute
are due to Col. T. W. Peirce for his very generous hos-
pitality in opening his house and the grounds of his fine
estate for the gathering of to-day, and for the abundant
and refreshing supplies furnished at lunch.

Also to the gentlemen having in charge the Town Hall
for the gratuitous use of said hall for this meeting.

NOTES ON THE CONDITION OF ZOOLOGY, FIFTY YEARS AGO

AND TO-DAY : IN CONNECTION WITH THE GROWTH

OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

BY E. S. MORSE.

A most natural and appropriate theme for discourse on
this, the fiftieth anniversary of the Essex County Natural
History Society, would be a review of the sciences and
their progress during the last half century. So wonder-
ful and prodigious has been their growth however, that
neither time nor strength has permitted the preparation of
such a review. In lieu of this we may with propriety
run back to the time of the first organization of this so-
ciety, one of the first of its kind in the country, and con-
template the condition of affairs then, and the attitude
science presents to-day.

At that time the burden of general discourses on zoo-
logical science was mainly of an apologetic nature. We
were invited to steal away from the perplexing cares of
life to quiet retreats and soothe ourselves in contemplating
the beauties and wonders revealed to us in the products of
nature's handiwork. Newton's apple, Young's soap-bub-
ble, and Galvani's frog, as illustrations, were always at
hand to show what great fields of research had been opened
by the observation of simple facts ; but fifty years have ren-
dered science such a power in the world that its study no
longer requires an apology. Indeed, so many and such
wonderful results have grown out of the most trivial be-
ginnings that, nowadays, a man might thoughtfully and
systematically study the flight of motes in the air and still

be regarded as sane.

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114 NOTES ON THE CONDITION OF ZOOLOGY

Every established fact in nature, however insignificant
it may seem, is of importance. To-day, as well as fifty
years ago, one might indeed find rest and infinite pleasure
in turning from the tiresome thoroughfares of activity to
a contemplation of nature's marvels. And herein lies the
very great difference between the Society of Natural His-
tory fifty years ago and similar associations of to-day. The
work done by these societies in past times is now relegated
to the individual care of those who wish for a relief from the
strain of business activities. Hogarth, in a letter to Ellis,
portrays very well the spirit that animated many of the
workers of the past, as expressed in the prefatory pages
of their works. He says: "As for your pretty little
seed-cups, or vases, they are a sweet confirmation of the
pleasure Nature seems to take in superadding an elegance
of form to most of her works, wherever you find them.
How poor and bungling are all the imitations of art !
When I have the pleasure of seeing you next we will sit
down — nay, kneel down if you will — and admire these
things." The societies of to-day, if they are to be of
any use, must be cared for by trained and salaried spec-
ialists. In past times a few genial and pleasant people
sauntered leisurely through the cabinets and admiringly
examined the graceful shell or curious fossil. Now thou-
sands of eager and critical students throng through the
same halls, hungry for the impressive lessons that greet
them from every case.

Through the all-embracing doctrines of evolution, man
has awakened to the vivid realization that he is part and
parcel of the domain of nature, which he had heretofore
studied as a matter apart and beneath him. The realms
of thought opened by Darwin show how intimately he is
connected with the animals below him, and that somehoAV
his welfare, moral and physical, is to be affected by a

FIFTY YEARS AGO AND TO-DAY. 115

more intimate knowledge of the life history of those crea-
tures which he had only regarded with a curious eye.

The record of this society is one that may well excite
pride, not only for the great work it has accomplished,
but for the dignity of its past history. Its first journal
was issued nearly fifty years ago, at about the same time
with the journal of the Boston Society of Natural History
and its publication had only been anticipated by those of the
American Philosophical Society, the American Academy
of Arts and Sciences, which dates from the latter part of
the last century, the Philadelphia Academy and the New
York Lyceum of Natural History. Indeed, these socie-
ties had issued but few numbers of their publications,
when this institution, as represented by the Essex County
Natural History Society, published the first number of
its journal, and since that time a continuous series of sci-
entific papers has issued from its councils.

Another matter for congratulation is that this society
has always kept true to its name. It has been wholly for
the benefit and in the interests of the good old county of
Essex. Public meetings to the number of over two hun-
dred in all, have been held in every corporate town in the
county, with but one exception ; and the enthusiasm of its
members has often led it beyond the limits of the county
and of the state. These excursions have gone into out-
of-the-way places, — little villages, crossroads and hamlets
by the sea. In short, the society has met in sixty-eight
localities outside the corporate limits of Salem.

To these places has the society induced the celebrated
naturalists of the country to bring the results of their
researches, and the latest and freshest fruits of science.
Agassiz, Wyman, Rogers, Jackson, and the younger
generation of naturalists, Putnam, Verrill, Hyatt, Pack-
ard, Scudder, Allen, Coues, Dall, Gill, Kingsley, Robin-

116 NOTES ON THE CONDITION OF ZOOLOGY

son, Emerton and a host of others, have from time to
time addressed the citizens of this county on almost every
conceivable topic within the domain of natural science,
while papers and memoirs from their pens have enriched
the pages of your publications.

No better evidence can be adduced of its county char-
acter than the fact that its members are by no means con-
fined to Salem, but are found scattered throughout the
county, and the further fact that this important anniver-
sary is being celebrated not in its halls at Salem, but here
in this beautiful town of Topsfield.

In further evidence of the fact that it is a county
society, it has especially aimed at forming a collection
of the animals and plants of Essex County, and through
the devotion of Putnam, Cooke, Richard H. Wheatland,
Robinson, Sears, Emerton, and many others, it has
brought together a local collection of the first importance
in this country. It can be said, without fear of contra-
diction, that in no other society in America can so complete
and exhaustive a local collection of animals and plants be
found, as has been brought together by this society. A
general review of this nature will not permit us to point
out the numerous species new to science or forms new to
the state which have been added by these assiduous efforts.

Let us glance at the first volume published by the so-
ciety nearly fifty years ago, and catch a glimpse of the
poverty of resources with which these early pioneers he-
roically set out in their task. In this volume was pub-
lished a catalogue of books, the working tools of a naturalist.
A few of our lunch baskets might have held the entire
library, and this collection consisted of a few volumes of
the transactions of the Philadelphia Academy, and the
opening numbers, with pages freshly cut, of one or two
other societies, containing the germs of American zoology

FIFTY YEARS AGO AND TO-DAY.

117

and botany. This material consisted almost entirely of
specific descriptions and the modest establishment of a few
new genera. Outside of these publications, with the ex-
ception of works by Audubon, Nuttall, Wilson and a few
others, there was absolutely nothing to which the student
could refer to aid him in his studies. Since that time
what wonderful progress ! States with their organized
scientific surveys, fish commissions, state boards of health,
mindful of the germ theory of disease, and above and be-
yond all, the stupendous achievements of the United
States Government Surveys with their great libraries of
publications freely distributed throughout the land !

When our venerable president, Dr. Wheatland, first
taught the young and ardent naturalist Stimpson the
mysteries of dredging from a dory, how little could he
have anticipated that within so short a time a United States'
steam vessel, fitted with dredges and all the paraphernalia
of deep-sea collecting, and attended by a corps of trained
naturalists, should visit the county for several successive
seasons for the sole purpose of dredging, and that this
government and European governments should sustain
expeditions for the purpose of dredging in the deepest
abysses of the ocean !

At that time there was not a single text-book of zool-
ogy in our schools ; now, nearly every high and classical
school in the land has its classes in zoology and botany.
Then not a college in the land with its special professor
of natural science ; now, every college with its special
instructor in those branches and with rapidly growing
museums. At that time not a single popular periodical
devoted to these sciences ; now, a number of illustrated
weeklies and monthlies with large circulation. And here
it is a matter of pride to state that the first and among the
most important of these magazines, the American Natural-

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XVI. 8*

118 NOTES ON THE CONDITION OF ZOOLOGY

ist, came into existence under the support and patronage of
the Essex Institute, whose name it bore upon its cover
during its earliest years, having in reality been founded
and edited by one of its members.

At that time the newspapers recognized science by
publishing now and then short paragraphs about five-
legged kittens, or accounts of the hackneyed drop of
water with its myriads of animalcules disporting within.
Now, the freshest results of science published in tech-
nical language appear side by side with the gossip of the
town. A comet appearing then was dismissed with a par-
agraph of a few lines or an apostrophe in the poet's corner.
Now, the daily paper publishes a whole broadside about
the subject from the pen of some able astronomer and
illustrated by diagrams. It is safe to say that the daily
newspapers of the country in a single day publish more
strictly scientific matter than could be brought together
in all the pages of a scientific library of fifty years ago.
At that time a few men with unvarying monotony akin to
an inherited instinct were recording the daily winds and
temperatures ; now, we have an organized meteorological
bureau whose weather predictions have excited the ad-
miration of the world.

At that time the science of archaeology was not born.
Evidences of the high antiquity of man had been brought
forward only to be rejected as contrary to Jewish chro-
nology ; now, it is the most vigorous and aggressive of
all the sciences, and one of Essex County's gifted sons,
Mr. Putnam, whose name has been so intimately iden-
tified with the work of this society, is at the head of an
endowed museum of archaeology at Cambridge, and is
for the first time teaching the country the proper and only
way of exploring the mysterious mounds of the West.
His discoveries thus far have revealed such rich fields

FIFTY YEARS AGO AND TO-DAY,

119

of research in our country that one is led to wonder that
a single penny should ever be spent abroad for work of
this kind while so much remains to be done here.

To come nearer home. At that time the unrivalled
ethnological collections of the East India Marine Society
could be got access to only by soliciting permission from
some one of its members, most of whom at that time were
scattered over the world in the interests of Salem's com-
merce. Now, through the liberality of the great Essex
philanthropist, in founding the Peabody Academy of Sci-
ence, and the wise administration of its trustees, these
invaluable collections are open daily, free to all, and a
throng of forty thousand people annually pours through
the open doors. Liberal provisions are made to augment
these collections and the additions in the past ten years
have outnumbered the original collection. The biological
collections of this society, as well, have been cared for in
the same manner and are equally accessible.

As to the growth of the Institute it is a matter of wonder
and pride that, until recently without special funds, save
what it derived from the annual assessments of its mem-
bers, it should have obtained the position it holds to-day.

It is almost pathetic to read the first address by Prof.
John L. Russell before the society in 1836, and see how
meagre were the possessions over which its members
were felicitating themselves. Mr. Russell speaks in glow-
ing terms of the "spacious and commodious halls, fur-
nished with elegant and useful cabinets" and the library
of one hundred volumes ! And this was absolutely all :
a few heroic members paying out of their own pockets
in disproportionate sums the funds necessary to sustain
even this display. How faintly could he have conceived
that within fifty years this society should have grown to
one of three hundred and forty members, with a library

120 NOTES ON THE CONDITION OF ZOOLOGY

of thirty-eight thousand volumes and invested funds to
the amount of fifty thousand dollars.

While this prosperous growth is due in part to the rich
intellectual soil from which it sprang, a very great credit
is due to the unselfish and unceasing labors of its one
persistent associate, our devoted president, who has been
with it from its inception and who as an officer has been
intimately connected with it at every stage of its develop-
ment.

It is not a little remarkable that an organization em-
bracing, as it has for thirty-five years, an historical as well
as a natural history society, should have received from
this man impartial solicitude and attention. Voluminous
papers and memoirs, historical and biological, have been
published in its proceedings. Matters pertaining to both
subjects have often come up for discussion at the same
meetings, and yet there have been no dissensions nor
jealousies between the two branches. No factions have
developed. The curse of political methods has never
entered its councils. Perhaps it augured well for the so-
ciety that its first act of incorporation was signed by
educators and statesmen, by Horace Mann, then President
of the Senate and Edward Everett, Governor of the
Commonwealth .

Surely such harmony indicates the patience and sagacity
with which its work has been guided. Certainly the
highest compliment our president could receive is, that
during the space of fifty years in which time he has suc-
cessively held all the offices to the highest, he has been
heartily seconded in every effort for its welfare.

With all this vitality and growth, this society is the
only one of any age and importance in the country that
has never had a home of its own. The Portland Society
of Natural History, though twice burned out, has still a

bi
th

FIFTY YEARS AGO AND TO-DAY. 121

building of its own. The Boston Society of Natural
History, the Antiquarian Society at Worcester, not to
mention other societies throughout the country, occupy
buildings which they possess through the liberality of
their patrons. This society, on the contrary, has had to
ire rooms from the moment of its inception to the present
time. Its name has been carried, on its publications, to
the four quarters of the globe, yet it has never had the
supreme comfort of seeing permanently wrought in stone
over its own door the name which has done the county so
much honor and credit at home and abroad.

At present it finds accommodations in rented rooms in
a building far from fire-proof where it has stored away
portraits and manuscripts of inestimable value, and its
shelves fairly groan with the weight of its library accum-
ulations, yet no citizen of the city or county has been
prompted to perpetuate his name by securing for this
worthy society a permanent habitation suited to its rapidly
increasing needs.

In fifty years the society has attained more than its
most sanguine friends could have hoped for. May it not
be many years before successful efforts shall be made to
secure a solid and fire-proof structure over whose portal
the name of the Essex Institute shall be wrought in en-
during stone, as a memorial of the past, and an inspiration
for the days to come !

THE PROGRESS OF BOTANY IN ESSEX COUNTY DURING THE

LAST HALF CENTURY, ESPECIALLY AS INFLUENCED

BY THE ESSEX COUNTY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY AND

THE ESSEX INSTITUTE. 1834-1884.

BY JOHN ROBINSON.

One of our older botanists has said that the careful
study of the flora of a very limited region might well
occupy the lifetime of any person, and that the result
accomplished would contribute more information of real
value to science than any general work the same indi-
vidual would be likely to undertake successfully.

This sentiment applies to the institution as well as the
individual. Too often we see the local scientific society
striving, not to emulate the spirit, but actually imitating
the work of state or national institutions, totally neglect-
ing, all the while, the more important duty of first pre-
senting to the public a complete exhibit of the natural
products of the fields, the forests, and the waters of the
immediate neighborhood, and of encouraging an earnest
study on the part of the people, especially the younger,
of the natural objects met in every-clay life, with which it
is safe to say few are at all well acquainted.

How many persons outside of a scientific class should
we be likely to find who could, even to-clay, readily and
correctly give, in outline, the life-history of a single ani-
mal or plant? We find many persons who are familiar
with the common field flowers, but how many of these
could tell us a word of the grasses or sedges, or, give us
even the common names of half the forest trees growing
naturally in our own county of Essex? And yet, in the
whole course of botanical investigation, there are no plants

(122)

BOTANY IN ESSEX COUNTY. 123

so common as grasses or so conspicuous as the forest
trees ; there are none of more value considered economi-
cally and none of greater importance to the practical
farmer and mechanic. Happily, however, it cannot be
said that the Essex Institute has materially erred in this
direction, as may be shown to-day, by the present excel-
lent local herbarium originally begun by the Essex County
Natural History Society and the numerous natural history
field-clubs, children, so to speak, of the Essex Institute,
successfully established in various parts of the county,
whose members hold their meetings and collect and study
the native plants and animals.

To consider the progress of botany in Essex County for
half a century three points present themselves : (1) The
condition of botanical knowledge now as compared with
that of fifty years ago. (2) The progress made in fifty
years' work here, as shown by the increase of libraries,
public museums, private herbaria, etc. (3) The practi-
cal benefit and general knowledge bestowed upon the
people of the county by such increased accurate knowl-
edge of the subject and the facilities for obtaining it.

Prior to 1834, the young zoologist had little in the
way of books or collections to aid his studies. Through-
out the county but few students of animal life had been
developed. No convenient text-book had then been writ-
ten applicable to this region, and many of the common
forms, among the lower animals, had not even been de-
scribed. The expense and difficulty of preserving speci-
mens prevented the formation of private collections in
many departments. In this part of the country, the mu-
seum of the East India Marine Society had alone attained
any considerable size, and that collection was only open
to the public as a special favor and contained but little in
the way of specimens illustrating local natural history.

124 BOTANY IN ESSEX COUNTY.

The railroads had not been built, and stage communica-
tion was so slow and expensive that the young student
could not run to Boston or Cambridge of a holiday to con-
sult libraries and collections even had they existed, as
now, in those places.

With the botanist, however, it was somewhat different.
Although the life-histories of plants were little known,
and the theory of natural selection and evolution from
lower forms was comparatively unheard of, and species
were more considered than morphological relations ; yet,
in Dr. Jacob Bigelow's "Florula Bostoniensis," first
printed in 1814, the second and enlarged edition of which
had appeared in 1826, the young botanist had the golden
key which should introduce him to an intimate acquaint-
ance with nearly every flower and tree his path might
cross, in any ramble, hereabouts, and through this ac-
quaintance with their names and natures lead him to the
closer study of their structure and morphology. To
those of us who are only familiar with the study of botany
to-day it is difficult to realize the importance of Dr. Big-
elow's little volume, or the labor and study expended in
its preparation. Begun as a sensible recreation from his
arduous professional labors, it became the standard for all
botanists in this part of the country, and, for more than
a third of a century held the ground undisputed, until
the larger and more elaborate works of Dr. Asa Gray
superseded it.

The study of botany in Essex County, we may say in
New England, properly dates from the time of Rev.
Manasseh Cutler at the close of the last century. Early
writers as Francis Higginson, John Josselyn, William
Wood, John Winthrop and others refer to the native
fruits and flowers. Josselyn published the well known
"New England Rarities Discovered," an edition of which

DURING THE LAST HALF CENTURY. 125

has been prepared in recent years with valuable notes by
Professor Tuckerman, and Higginson in a letter written
from Salem in 1629-30 (Mass. Hist. Coll., Vol. I, p.
121) speaks of the "Flowering Mulberry," or Raspberry,
and "Chervil," or Sweet Cicely, as growing near Salem
in places, where certainly, until a very few years, these
interesting historical plants still flourished. None of
these writers can, however, be considered as Essex
County botanists, and it is not until the close of the
American Revolution that we find any serious or scientific
study of the plants of the county. Manasseh Cutler of
Hamilton, after his varied services as revolutionary chap-
lain, lawyer, pastor, doctor, reformer and pioneer, found
time to prepare in 1783-4, as the title of his paper, says :
" An account of some of the vegetable productions grow-
ing in this part of America, botanically arranged." This
was published in the first volume of the " Memoirs of the
American Academy of Arts and Sciences" which was
printed in 1785, where some three hundred and fifty
species of flowering plants were described and several
important scientific points suggested which have since been
adopted in botanical treatises. It was his intention to
extend this work, and several manuscript volumes are
now in existence prepared toward this end. Dr. Cutler's
paper bears the date of presentation Jan. 26, 1784, and,
therefore, we are not only celebrating to-day the semi-
centennial anniversary of the first organization formed in
Essex Country for the study of botany and kindred sub-
jects, but the full centennial anniversary of the presenta-
tion of the first work upon the flora of Essex County by
the first Essex County botanist.

Following Cutler came Drs. George Osgood and An-
drew Nichols : the former contributed notes for Bigelow's
"Florula Bostoniensis," and the latter delivered, in 1816,

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XVI. 9

126 BOTANY IN ESSEX COUNTY

a series of lectures on botany, the first of such given in
this part of the country. Dr. Nichols was later one of
the founders of the Essex County Natural History Society
and its president, and thus has had an important influence
upon local botanical work. In 1823, two young men,
both destined to be long remembered on account of their
contributions to botanical knowledge, began their work in
Essex County. These were William Oakes of Dan vers,
later of Ipswich, and Charles Pickering, then spending
much of his time at the homestead of his grandfather Col.
Timothy Pickering at Wenham.

Oakes, disgusted with the law, his chosen profession,
became the first critical botanist of the region, and at this
time converted Dr. Pickering from conchology, a study
he had first chosen, to botany.

Oakes botanized with Pickering extensively in Essex
County, particularly in the Great Swamp, Wenham, a
region then almost in its pristine wildness. Oakes after-
wards prepared a list of Vermont plants for Thompson's
history of that state, and had in contemplation a work on
the plants of New England, which, owing to the appear-
ance of Beck's Botany, was never completed. His most
elaborate work was a folio volume on White Mountain
scenery illustrated by Sprague, which, however, was not
published until after his death in 1848. Oakes was impul-
sive and generous, and thoroughly in earnest in his favorite
study. Like many men of note he was but little appre-
ciated while living, yet no monument could have been
erected to make his memory more cherished and his labors
more respected than that which he left behind : an extensive
collection of beautifully prepared botanical specimens de-
termined with faultless accuracy, a portion of which formed
the nucleus of the present county botanical cabinet now in
the hands of the Peabody Academy of Science in Salem.

DURING THE LAST HALF CENTURY.

127

Dr. Pickering, in 1838, joined the Wilkes Exploring Ex-
pedition, of which he had been appointed the naturalist,
and from that time until his death in 1881, his entire life
was devoted to important works on zoology and botany.

We thus find in 1834, at the time of the foundation of
the Essex County Natural History Society, a strong
impetus had been given to the study of botany, beginning
at Cutler's time and continuing directly to this date,
through those who had been the disciples of Cutler him-
self, and that, developed at the same time, through
a different channel, however, Bigelow's Botany had
reached its second and enlarged condition.

For the systematic student, therefore, the path was made
easy. In the departments of vegetable physiology the
works of the older authors were accessible to those who
could cope with the Latin, in which language they were
chiefly written. Sprengel, the forerunner of Darwin,
had, forty years before, published his work on the fertili-
zation of flowers, which, however, was but little known ;
Andrew Knight had followed in 1800 ; Hale's experiments
with the sunflowers were published and pictured, and the
Jussieus, Schacht and Schleiden had swelled the writings
on these and kindred subjects.

It is not to be wondered, therefore, at the first meet-
ings of the new society, and later at those of the Essex
Institute, that the subject of botany should have absorbed
a large share of the time in its consideration, and that
horticulture, its close kin, should develop in our midst
even to becoming the mainstay of the Institute in its early
and less prosperous days by furnishing the attraction to
its rooms for the outside public, and through the proceeds
of the regularly conducted exhibitions replenish the often
scanty exchequer.

But even with the advantages these men thought they

128 BOTANY IN ESSEX COUNTY

possessed, how should we, to-day, think to accomplish
any important results? The microscope furnished by
Mr. Cole, the liberal amateur, was too costly a piece of
mechanism to be even hoped for, except by few. Drying
paper could not then be had, cheaply, at any natural his-
tory store. Indeed, no natural history store itself then ex-
isted. Horse-cars and steam railroads were not at the
doors and street corners to take the collector swiftly to
the woods and fields. Yet, patiently and surely, the
work proceeded and collections were formed and new
truths discovered.

To-day five editions of Asa Gray's Manual of Botany
are broadcast over the land and countless variations, by
his publishers, of Dr. Gray's other works are with it.
Alphonso Wood has scarcely fewer followers, while the
publications from innumerable other authors bring up the
rear. Works on local floras are abundant. A good com-
pound microscope can be had by almost any thrifty botani-
cal student, and an excellent magnifying glass can at least
be owned by all. Drying paper is on sale, as are also reg-
ulation size herbarium sheets and genus covers, in almost
every city. Herbaria for consultation are everywhere
accessible. We can run off in the cars, collect our box of
plants, and be back to dinner, or, to Boston or Cam-
bridge for consultation and exchange of ideas as quickly.
In fact, we live in an age of such unheard-of advantages
and luxury that, doubtless, we do not appreciate our priv-
ileges and have not half respect enough for the botanists
of fifty years ago. The change is none the less marked to
the student of vegetable physiology than to the collector
of plants. Charles Darwin has come upon the scene and
left it again, but left behind him an impression never to be
effaced ; he has revolutionized botanical study in many of
its branches as much as he has that of zoology.

DURING THE LAST HALF CENTURY. 121)

Gray has given us in the text-book of structural botany
an almost perfect work, while translations of Sach's great
volume are in most libraries, and, besides, almost every
mail brings to our table magazines devoted specially to
botanical research, filled with the latest information from
every quarter of the globe. In short, the study of bot-
any from being looked upon as merely including the col-
lecting and naming of plants, has been shown to be of a
widely different nature in its highest aims ; the study of
the life-history of the individual and its relations to other
forms. No longer do we draw an impassable line be-
tween the flowering plants and cryptogams ; recent study
proves that no such line exists. Instead of a mass of
disconnected members we are taught to see a graduated
line reaching from the humblest one-celled alga to the
loftiest and most highly developed monarch of the forest.

And what then are the visible results in Essex County
of this fifty years of labor?

The nucleus of the herbarium begun by Oakes and
Nichols has grown into a collection including some 4,000
sheets of mounted plants and 200 wood specimens, repre-
senting nearly 1,700 species of plants, native or natural-
ized in Essex County, besides a reference collection of
about 10,000 specimens from all parts of the world, all
of which is now neatly arranged and properly cared lor
by the Peabody Academy of Science, at whose rooms it
is open for free consultation by any botanist in the county.
With this collection are the latest botanical reference
books and microscopes for the use of students. Lectures
and instruction in botany have formed part of the regular
work of the Academy, where classes have regularly been
conducted for several years. At the evening meetings of
the Essex Institute many papers of value on this subject
have been presented, while the influence of the two hun-

130 BOTANY IN ESSEX COUNTY

dred field meetings, which the Institute has held in all
parts of the county, cannot even be approximated. The
last important work in this direction was the Catalogue of
the Flora of Essex County, a volume of two hundred
pages, published by the Institute, in 1880.

Many museums, societies and clubs have sprung up
throughout the county, and we frequently see in the local
press accounts of the meetings of the "West Newbury Nat-
ural History Club," the "Cape Ann Scientific Association,"
the "Boxford Natural History Club," or those of similar
organizations in Lynn, Georgetown, Amesbury, Marble-
head and elsewhere. Many of these societies, as well as
some of our educational institutions, possess valuable
herbaria, and in several instances lists of the floras of the
towns have been published. Of private collections it is
impossible to speak. Their number is legion ; many are
confined to special groups, as trees, ferns, grasses, mosses,
sea-weeds, etc. Some are more general in character, and
many are both extensive and valuable.

We could extend this enumeration to many pages, but
the brief outline here given must suffice to indicate these
visible results.

Of the influence exerted upon the people, as a whole,
and of the increase of students on these subjects it is
more difficult to speak accurately.

Fifty years ago, William Oakes, searching on hands and
knees for half an hour, to obtain a few capsules of a rare
moss, was thought, by a worthy country woman who had
watched his movements, to be a harmless insane person,
and, in simple kindheartedness, she took him a slice of
bread and butter. It is doubtful if such a thing could
happen now, although it is not unusual for the botanical
collector to be curiously questioned as to the commodity
he has on sale in the green box, or to be addressed from

DURING THE LAST HALF CENTURY. 131

the second story window of some house at which he may
called for a drink of water after a dusty walk, being mis-
taken for a marauding tramp.

There is, however, no doubt that the general informa-
tion of the people of Essex County, on the subject of
botany, has vastly increased. The importance of the
relations of certain insects to flowers is now so generally
known that it would hardly be possible to find a com-
munity so stupidly ignorant as to be jealous of a neigh-
bor's honey bees and almost drive him from the town in
consequence, and this did actually happen in Essex
County thirty years ago.

The distribution of useful scientific information through
the county, and agricultural papers, is now so widely
felt, and scientific lectures are so numerous, even in the
smaller towns, that notions and superstitions, born of
isolation and seclusion, are vanishing as mists before
the morning sun. No longer do the former utterances of
the lecturer or the writings of the essayist satisfy the
growing demand. Mere accounts of habits and classifi-
cation are still satisfactory to a juvenile audience, but for
the maturer mind a deeper and more philosophical theme
is required. Scientific books are more read and hence are
more extensively purchased by the libraries. The bene-
fits are twofold. Superstition is banished, and obser-
vation and rational thought encouraged.

This institution cannot, of course, be credited with all
this change and improvement. Other forces have been
steadily at work. The labors of our ancient and most
excellent Essex Agricultural Society and its farmers' in-
stitutes, are an important factor not to be overlooked.
The press and the pulpit have grown and developed
immeasurably also, and have had their powerful influ-
ences brought to bear in the right direction, and natural

132 BOTANY IN ESSEX COUNTY

history has been introduced as a regular study in our
higher grades of schools. Yet this institution has done
a lion's share. Beginning before others, it has been as
the leaven for the whole lump, preparing the people for
all truth and wisdom. It has encouraged those who
needed encouragement and offered facilities to those ready
to work. Through its publications it has furnished the
medium for the expression of ideas and the presentation of
the results of scientific investigations, and it has sustained,
at home and abroad, a reputation for Essex County as a
scientific and intellectual centre. It is an honorable rec-
ord, and this institution may well be proud of the result
of its fifty years of labor. And in connection with this
work the names of Cutler, Oakes, Pickering, Osgood,
Russell and many other botanists will always be remem-
bered with gratitude. They helped each other, and
though all have passed away the result of their work will
be a help to every future botanist who shall collect or
study in Essex County.

Nor can I close without expressing my personal indebt-
edness to my old and honored friend, our president. To
his belief in the necessity of encouraging the young stu-
dent is in a great measure due the perpetuation of the
institution he helped so ably to begin. He has ever be-
lieved that young laborers and new men must be en-
grafted on the old stock. I feel for myself as I know it
has been with others, that what I have enjoyed of botany,
of natural history generally, of museum work, is due to
the encouragement given and the trust placed in me by
him when I was but a boy, and if I have added the least
of value to the work of those who have preceded me, it
is the result of the stimulus coining of such encourage-
ment and trust.

GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY IN ESSEX COUNTY, MASS.

BY B. F. McDANIEL.

The first organized effort in the United States for the
study of geology and mineralogy was the "Mineralogical
Society," formed in New York city in 1798.

In appealing for aid and sympathy, information was
especially desired as to the localities, quantity, and quality
of gunflints, brimstone, saltpetre and lead.

Evidently the society meant to justify its existence.
The state of the science is forcibly revealed by Professor
Silliman, the elder, in 1818. "Notwithstanding the laud-
able efforts of a few gentlemen," he says, "to excite some
taste for mineralogy, so little has been effected in forming
collections, in kindling curiosity, and in diffusing informa-
tion, that only fifteen years since (1803), it was a matter
of extreme difficulty to obtain the names of the common
stones and minerals ; and one might inquire earnestly and
long before he could find any one to identify even quartz,
feldspar, or hornblende among the simple minerals, or
granite, porphyry, or trap among the rocks.

We speak from experience, and well remember with
what impatient, but almost despairing curiosity we eyed
the bleak, naked ridges which impended over the valleys
and plains that were the scenes of our youthful excur-
sions.

In vain did we doubt that the glittering spangles of
mica and the still more alluring brilliancy of pyrites gave
assurance of the existence of the precious metals in those
substances, or that the cutting of glass by the garnet and
quartz proved that these minerals were the diamond ; but,

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XVI. 9* (133)

134 GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY

if they were not precious metals and diamonds, we in vain
inquired of our teachers what they were."

In the next twenty-five years, interest in this science
rapidly increased. In 1825 Dr. Samuel Robinson pub-
lished a " Catalogue of American Minerals," an octavo of
300 pages, giving the localities of all known minerals in
the United States and British Provinces. Prof. Parker
Cleaveland's " Treatise on Mineralogy and Geology" was
first published in 1816, and marked an epoch in American
science.

In 1824, North Carolina, the first state to take such
action, authorized a geological survey.

In June, 1830, Massachusetts commissioned Prof.
Edward Hitchcock to do the same work for this state.
Other states followed, until now the whole extent of the
country has been or is now being surveyed.

It is here to be noticed that the sciences of geology and
mineralogy have made great and important strides away
from the comparatively primitive knowledge and methods
of the early part of this century. Then the terminology
of both sciences was largely based on the external appear-
ances of rocks and minerals. Hence an imperfect classi-
fication and many errors. The long and fierce quarrel
between the Wernerian or Neptunian, and the Huttonian
or Plutonian schools of geology had not yet settled down
into the present dispassionate weighing of evidence.

The science of geology was not yet free and independent,
but was subjected to tests and made to do duty in foreign
fields, where its development was checked.

But the practical study of geology and mineralogy won
many minds who cared little for speculative discussion, and
who, indeed, did not feel competent to master the abstract
principles of either science. The early local scientific
societies were not largely made up of scientific men, but

IN ESSEX COUNTY, MASS. 135

of those whose hearts were touched with the beauties and
wonders of nature, and who wished to sit in her school as
humble disciples.

They were observers, with the true passion for knowl-
edge,— explorers, whose zeal carried them through many
difficulties and hardships, and rewarded them with many
brilliant discoveries. Such were the early workers in the
field of geology in this county.

The Essex County Natural History Society and its suc-
cessor, the Essex Institute, have given their attention
almost wholly to botany, zoology and prehistoric archae-
ology, owing to the bent and profession of their leading
members. In these directions they have given the Essex
Institute and the Peabody Academy of Science a world-
wide reputation. Had the same thorough and continuous
work been done in the fields of which this paper treats, I
believe that results hardly less brilliant and helpful to sci-
ence would have been realized.

The geology of Essex County is not rich in metalliferous
deposits, nor even as far as we know in valuable minerals ;
but both Eockport and Newburyport have yielded sur-
prises to the older mineralogists, the former giving two
new species to the science. Dana gives but eight towns
in our county as mineral localities, one of which, the
sodalite of Salem Neck, is only a reminiscence. Other
localities have been named by Hitchcock and others, but
little has been taken out of them. For instance, the evi-
dence for the existence of the Topsfield copper mine rests
at the bottom of the Atlantic. Geological and mineral og-
ical investigation has been pursued here in a desultory
way.

In the first three volumes of the Proceedings of the
Institute are preserved the accounts of the early labors in
this department. I will now briefly review them. Two

136 GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY

of the most eminent mineralogists of that time were Dr.
Charles T. Jackson and Mr. Francis Alger. They at-
tended the second field meeting of the Institute at Lynn-
field, in July, 1849. The serpentiue ledges there, like
those in Newbury, then gave promise of a rich output
of decorative marble.

It is unfortunate that this promise has not been realized.
From an extensive acquaintance with the formation at
Newbury port, I am satisfied that the deposit there may
yet yield handsome returns for a comparatively small out-
lay.

The name of Dr. Andrew Nichols, of Danvers, early
appears among the earnest and intelligent naturalists in
the ranks of the Institute.

In a notice of his death, at the annual meeting, May,
1853, hearty testimony was borne to his noble work in the
several departments of natural history prosecuted by the
Institute. Nothing in the natural world escaped his ques-
tioning mind, and his power of imparting the results
of his studies was equally felicitous. To him, it was
said, we owe a great deal for the development of natural
science in this county.

Dr. William Prescott, of Lynn, afterwards of Concord,
N. H., where he died, was another earnest spirit and
ready helper. He studied enthusiastically the geology
and mineralogy of his neighborhood, and contributed
generously of his stores to the cabinets of the Institute.

I was present at the sale of his collections in Concord,
which were very large and rich, but like all such things
sold at auctions, suffered a grievous slaughter.

The Rev. A. P. Chute, of Lynnfield, was another effi-
cient worker in these fields. At the several meetings
held at that place, Mr. Chute showed evidences of earnest
and intelligent Avork. January, 1856, he made a report

MASS. 137

to the Institute on the socialite found on Salem Neck,
which Mr. D. M. Balch reported on again more thoroughly
in 1864. At a field meeting in Lynnfield, in Oct., 1856,
Mr. Chute displayed cabinet specimens of chlorite, epi-
dote, smoky quartz, fluorite (white and purple), feld-
spar, albite, pyrites, magnetite, siderite, magnesite,
serpentine and manganese, the last probably dendritic,
that he found in that town.

In 1857, Mr. B. F. Mudge, of Lynn, appears among
the Institute workers in the field of geology. At the
field meetings in Lynn, Nahantand Lynnfield, Mr. Mudge
rendered efficient aid in his department, and in other
ways at other times served the Institute. He gave the
names of fifteen minerals that he had found in Nahant.

Mr. J. J. H. Gregory, of Marbleheacl, appears as
early as 1858 among the active forces of our society, ad-
mirably filling the place made vacant by Mr. Mudge's
removal to the west. He has been a faithful attendant
and valuable helper ever since, the Proceedings of the
Institute bearing witness to the diligence and intelligence
of his geological studies. In Sept., 1858, Mr. Gregory
read a paper on "The Geology of Marbleheacl," which,
with such additions as more recent research might offer,
might profitably appear among the publications of the
Institute.

In 1860, Mr. D. M. Balch became curator of miner-
alogy. The Proceedings of the Institute bear record to
his fidelity and competency.

Jan. 7, 1861, Mr. S. S. Mackenzie presented a paper
on " The Geology of Topsfield," showing close and care-
ful observation, but offering little of interest to the min-
eralogist.

Like all of our towns, Topsfield was early agitated by
the gold fever, iron pyrites being in nearly all cases the

138 GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY

gay deceiver. One Smith, digging a well in this town,
found a lump of what he supposed to be gold, and placed
it on the mantle in his house. One day a stranger called
and asked for a drink of cider. While Mr. Smith was
absent in the cellar drawing the beverage, the visitor de-
parted, taking the tempting mineral with him. A circle
drawn with chalk on the floor showed where he had last
stood. It is needless to suggest who the stranger was
held to be.

In 1861, Rev. Stillman Barden reinforced the ranks of
the Institute workers in the field we are now considering,
and until his death contributed generously by voice and
gifts of specimens to elucidate the geology of the county.
Called to live at Rockport, he was the first to develop the
mineral treasures of that place.

At field meetings held there in August, 1862, and
August, 1863, he won the cordial praise of Dr. Chas. T.
Jackson, Mr. Francis Alger and Prof. Alpheus Hyatt for
his enthusiastic and intelligent labors in that interesting
field ; thereby the attention of trained scientists was
drawn to the locality, and two new species discovered,
besides the more accurate definition given to those al-
ready known.

In July, 1867, at a field meeting held in Andover,
Prof. C. H. Hitchcock made an address chiefly in expla-
nation of the kames or glacial ridges in that town and
section. The study of these formations has since been
ably pursued by Rev. George F. Wright, lately of An-
dover, now of Oberlin, Ohio, and two communications
made by him to this society have been published in pam-
phlet form. This has been the first thorough, systematic
work done by an amateur. That it has won the recogni-
tion and hearty approval of professionals has been simple
justice, for no trained scientist could have more fully met

IN ESSEX COUNTY, MASS. 139

the conditions of his work than has Mr. Wright. His
removal from the county is deeply to be regretted.

Following the meeting of the American Association
for the Advancement of Science in Salem in 1869, a
number of its members made a visit to Kockport, under
the auspices of the Institute. Col. J. W. Foster, the
eminent archaeologist of Illinois, and Professor T. S terry
Hunt, made interesting and valuable addresses at the meet-
ing there gathered.

The work I have mentioned has been largely done in a
desultory way, and by untrained local students. Prof.
Alpheus Hyatt and others had given some attention to
our local geology, and in May, 1871, Professor Hyatt
read a paper before the Institute on this subject.

This marked the beginning of a thorough detailed study
of the district. Prof. Edward Hitchcock, in his report
and map of 1841, and Prof. C. H. Hitchcock, in his map
of 1871, had drawn the substantial geological features of
the county ; but as scientific views change rapidly and
often radically, Professor Hyatt, in his more minute and
recent investigations, found reasons for diifering from
their conclusions. He made a detailed map in colors of
the geology of Marblehead Neck, which is now in the
Mass. Institute of Technology.

Mr. M. E. Wadsworth, of the Boston Society of Nat-
ural History, and Prof. T. Sterry Hunt (see his "Chemical
and Geological Essays") deserve mention for valuable,
original work on the geology of this region.

Professor Hyatt's work has been taken up, and under
his direction carried to greater completeness by Mr. W.
O. Crosby, by whom a map and report were prepared
under the patronage of the Mass. Commission to the Cen-
tennial Exhibition in 1876. In this report we have the
first detailed and comprehensive statement of the geology

140 GEOLOGY AND MINEEALOGY.

of Essex County, based on intimate personal study in the
field.

But Mr. Crosby did not stop with this brief exposition.
He prosecuted his work in the field and laboratory, and
in 1880 published an octavo volume of two hundred and
ninety-five pages, with an accompanying map, entitled
"Contributions to the Geology of Eastern Massachusetts.''
It appeared under the auspices of the Boston Society of
Natural History, with which he is officially connected.

The volume is a worthy monument of years of careful
research and study, but its author disclaims any preten-
sions to completeness. In the nature of the case, it can-
not be exhaustive. Large tracts of rocks, that are needed
to verify inferences, are covered by drift and water, and
future explorations and quarry-workings must be looked
to for the explication of some unsolved questions.

It is hoped that an abstract of Mr. Crosby's report, with
a geological map of the county, will be published by the
Institute for the use of our schools and public libraries.

My report has come to an end, but the work of which
it treats may be said to have been just begun, in a way
that will need no radical revision. It is a work to which
all observing, inquiring minds can contribute.

The intelligent farmer in his fields, the teacher and her
scholars in their rambles, whoever has eyes to see, can
help the geologist to complete the story of creation written
on the great stone leaves of the earth's crust. The re-
wards of such work lie in the discovered facts, without
which man knows not all the beauties and riches of his
earthly home, and even the commonest life is not com-
plete.

AN HISTORICAL SKETCH.

BY SAMUEL P. FOWLER.

The Essex County Natural History Society was organ-
ized on the eighteenth day of December, 1833, in Salem.
The officers of the society who were then elected were :
Dr. Andrew Nichols of the old town of Danvers, presi-
dent; Mr. William Oakes, of Ipswich, and Rev. Gardner
B. Perry, of Bradford, vice presidents ; Mr. John M.
Ives, of Salem, secretary and treasurer; Rev. John Lewis
Russell, of Salem, librarian and cabinet-keeper ; William
Oakes, of Ipswich, John C. Lee, of Salem, Thomas
Spencer, of Salem, and Charles Gr. Page, of Salem,
curators.

Andrew Nichols, William Oakes, William Prescott
and their associates were made a corporation under the
name of the Essex County Natural History Society, Feb-
ruary 12, 1836. A circular, dated Jan. 1, 1834, was pub-
lished and distributed, setting forth the object of the
society, which was to promote more generally the study
of natural history in the county of Essex.

We may further notice the gallantry of the men who
formed this society fifty years ago in inviting ladies to
join in their work, not because there was at that time any
discussion concerning woman's rights, but because they
well knew the fondness of the fair sex for flowers and the
beautiful things of nature.

I am an old man, but in the course of my long life I
have never yet met with a woman who would say she
was not fond of flowers. In this circular they say em-

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XVI. 10 (141)

142 AN HISTORICAL SKETCH.

phatically, "Ladies, you will perceive, are not excluded,
and it is anticipated that they will contribute much to the
success of the society. Several in Salem have already
become subscribers." _

These anticipations have been more than realized.
Ladies have always taken a deep interest in the society
and its work, and have greatly aided us in many ways
and by gifts of substantial value. It would be interesting
to know who were the ladies who first became members of
the society.

The first anniversary address delivered before the Essex
County Natural History Society was by Rev. John Lewis
Russell, June 15, 1836.

On the sixteenth day of April, 1834, the society held
its first field meeting at Topsfield, at the hotel then stand-
ing on the line of the Newburyport turnpike.

The company came in carriages, as railroads were then
unheard of. I came to the meeting in a chaise with Dr.
Ebenezer Hunt. The following persons were present :
Dr. Andrew Nichols, of Danvers ; William Oakes, Esq.,
of Ipswich ; Rev. Gardner B. Perry, of Bradford ; Mr.
John M. Ives, of Salem ; Mr. Benjamin Hale Ives, of
Salem ; Rev. John Lewis Russell, of Salem ; Dr. Ebe-
nezer Hunt, of Danvers ; and Samuel P. Fowler, of Dan-
vers ; and perhaps some others whose names may have
escaped my recollection. Only one of those then present
is now living. Several of the party brought with them
specimens of natural history, Mr. William Oakes bring-
ing several of the beautiful plates of Audubon's magnifi-
cent work on the Birds of North America. The field
meeting which was held fifty years ago was much like
those of the present day. Rev. Mr. Russell, when allud-
ing to it in his address, says, "the season, the weather,

AN HISTORICAL SKETCH. 143

the day were auspicious. It seemed as if Nature herself
was smiling on our prospects and inviting us to her study
and acquaintance, the lovely Hepatica and pure Sangui-
naria were blooming under our feet, and assisted to adorn
our tables." After dinner a stroll was taken in the woods
and fields, and among the plants gathered was a fine spec-
imen of Blood Root (Sanguinaria Canadensis) which
was taken up with a spade, and upon our return to the
hotel it was placed on the middle of the table with a
newspaper under it, when we pledged ourselves to sustain
the Essex County Natural History Society and promote
its interest.

To carry out this intention, the several persons who
were known to be interested in the study of any particular
branch of natural history were requested to bring for-
ward to the field meetings such specimens as they pos-
sessed or might find in their rambles. All through those
early days of the society our pledge was well kept, not-
withstanding the laughter noticed on the countenances of
some persons when told we were posy-seekers and bug-
hunters. But neither the sneer of the unthinking nor
"the world's dread laugh" for a moment deterred us
from going forward in the study of the natural history of
the county of Essex. Farmers and gardeners have since
derived important knowledge from the labors of ento-
mologists, and in consequence of the constant increase
of injurious insects it has now become necessary to make
entomology a study for the preservation of our crops.

The love of flowers, their study and cultivation, have
greatly increased in these fifty years. Flowers are now
used at most public meetings and gatherings and are seen
in churches. They are now profusely used at the burial
of the dead, when fifty years ago the only plant you would

144 AN HISTORICAL SKETCH.

have seen at a funeral was a handful of tansy gathered
from the garden or roadside and thrown upon the coffin.

The Essex County Natural History Society has not be-
come extinct, although its name was given up when it was
merged in the Essex Institute, which includes both those
who study the wonders of nature and those whose tastes
lead them to search out the events of the past.

The Essex Institute was formed by the union of the
Essex Historical and the Essex County Natural History
Societies. To effect this end the two societies held sev-
eral meetings during the autumn of 1847. A joint com-
mittee was appointed to draft a plan to serve as a basis of
organization. The plan offered by the committee was
accepted by the societies at a meeting Jan. 14, 1848.
An Act of Incorporation, from the Legislature, was ob-
tained in February of the same year ; and on the first of
March following, by its acceptance, the Essex Institute
was organized and the following officers chosen : Daniel
A. White, President ; John G. King, John Lewis Russell
and John C. Lee, Yice Presidents ; Henry Wheatland,
Secretary and Treasurer; Frederic Howes, jr., Cabinet-
keeper ; George D. Phippen, Librarian ; Frederic Howes,
Joseph G. Waters and Matthew A. Stickney, Curators of
the Historical Department ; William Mack, Henry F. King
and Samuel P. Fowler, Curators of Natural History ;
Benjamin H. Silsbee, Francis Putnam and James Upton,
Curators of the Horticultural Department ; John C. Lee,
Frederic Howes and Ephraim Emmerton, Financial Com-
mittee.

My esteemed and somewhat eccentric friend, the Rev.
John Lewis Russell, a learned and enthusiastic botanist,
when the union of the two societies was under considera-
tion, expressed to me his fears that the subject of natural

AN HISTOKICAL SKETCH. 145

history would be deemed of minor importance, and that
many of the members absorbed in the subject of genealogy
would devote more time to find out who their great-great-
grandmothers were than they would to the study of natural
history.

I said I thought the subjects of civil and natural history
could be studied together to the mutual benefit of the
members of the Institute. The fears of Mr. Russell have
never been realized as time has proved. The records of
our proceedings will show that the study of civil and
natural history has continued side by side, to the neglect
of neither, but to the advantage of both ; and an interest
in these subjects has been developed in the county, which
I trust will continue and increase. I cannot close without
a tribute of respect to those departed friends who were
associated with me in the formation of this society, and
whose memory I fondly cherish. I well remember their
enthusiasm in striving to awaken among the people of
Essex County an interest in the study of nature, and I
cannot forbear to express my desire and my hope that
their laudable examples will be followed by the young men
and women of the present day.

A FIELD DAY AT ANNISQUAM

Wednesday, July 16, 1884.

A goodly number of the members and friends of the
Institute spent a very pleasant day at this favorite seaside
resort on the northern side of Cape Ann. The train made
its usual prompt run, to Gloucester; at the station, car-
riages were in waiting and soon the party were safely
conveyed to the place of rendezvous, which was the post-
office at Annisquam. This building appears to be the
centre of the social life of the village. Not only do the
U. S. mails arrive and depart with governmental precision,
but the usual varieties of a country store are dispensed
with courtesy and despatch ; in the rear is a small hall
in which our baskets, wraps, etc., were deposited and
where the noonday lunch was laid. In the second story
is a larger hall where the afternoon session was held.

The party spent the forenoon in rambling about the
place. Some visited the Laboratory, established by Prof.
A. Hyatt, an institution designed to cultivate the study of
zoology, especially the marine ; further reference to what
Was seen may be gleaned from Mr. Kingsley's remarks
at the meeting. Some visited " Sunset rock " upon an em-
inence near by, which commands an admirable view of the
broad Ipswich Bay, Plum Island with its nine miles of
length, Agamenticus mountain in Maine and, occasionally,
a glimpse of the Isle of Shoals. Some went to Dogtown,
about two miles distant, which, many years ago, contained
some forty houses, occupied largely by men who served
their countrv during the war of 1812, and afterwards long
continued to be the abode of the widows and orphans,
especially of those who died on the battle field or who had
gone down at sea ; the last of them are still remembered

(14G)

A FIELD DAY AT ANNISQUAM. 147

bringing to market the berries and herbs which yielded
them a scanty support. They have now all passed away
and the dwellings have also disappeared ; the old cellars,
the grass-grown roads and the traditions of the place im-
part an interest to this deserted hamlet.

Upon a point on the beach is the "Squam light," which
was visited by some ; others strolled upon the beach and
gathered various specimens of natural history.

This is an interesting locality and its attractions have
induced many to pass the heated term in the enjoyment
of its cool and refreshing breezes.

The afternoon session was called to order at 2 p. m. by
the President who, after a few remarks alluding to the
pleasant meeting held at this place in August, 1872, called
upon Mr. J. S. Kingsley, who is at present in charge of
the Marine Laboratory which was visited in the forenoon,
and who gave an interesting account of the history of the
institution, the mode of management and its present condi-
tion. His remarks are embodied in the communication
hereto appended.

Mr. James S. Jewett, of Gloucester, read a sketch of
Annisquam, for which see Historical Collections, Essex
Institute, Vol. XXI.

Prof. Alpheus Hyatt followed. He expressed his
pleasure in meeting his old friends, and said that he should
always have the kindest feelings toward the Institute. In
regard to the Laboratory he spoke of the philosophy of
the instruction as distinct from the curriculum adopted in
the various schools of learning. He then proceeded to
give a short illustrated lecture or talk upon sponges which
was very interesting and instructive.

A. C. Perkins, Esq., formerly Principal of Phillips
Academy, Exeter, now of Brooklyn, N. Y., Hon. Jonas

148 A FIELD DAY AT ANNISQUAM.

H. French of Gloucester and Hon. James Davis of
Gloucester, offered interesting remarks. The firsts after
complimenting the Institute upon the value of its work,
proceeded to read some extracts of a bright and humorous
character from the note book of a zoological student. The
second expressed regret that the Institute could not go
farther on the Cape, visit the quarries and accept his invi-
tation to visit his own house and grounds. Referring to
the horticulture of the Cape, he said that, while he was
prospecting with the view of laying out and embellishing
his own grounds, he was visited by Mr. Copeland, a man
of experience in such matters, who, after a walk in the
woods with the view of discovering what local plants might
be found, said that we had more desirable shrubs and other
kindred growths than can be found elsewhere. The third
said that he remembered the circumstance of the meeting
held in this place in 1872 and recalled the details of that
day's proceedings. He then gave a talk which he consid-
ered supplementary to Mr. Jewett's interesting sketch,
in which he recalled some of his own early recollections,
the changes that had been made in the spelling of the word
Annisquam, and the signification of the name as being
"Pleasant water," which seemed to him a beautiful desig-
nation. He recalled the experiences of his father's days
when the principal part of the business of Gloucester was
done in this section of the town ; the building of vessels
was quite extensive and his father had inspected as many
as nine thousand barrels of mackerel in a single season.

Hon. N. A. Horton offered a vote of thanks to Messrs.
Alpheus Hyatt and J. S. Kingsley, to Mrs. H. H. Ben-
nett and Mrs. Alpheus Hyatt and also to Hon. Jonas H.
French, for attentions and hospitalities rendered or prof-
fered. Vote adopted.

A FIELD DAY AT ANNISQUAM. 149

THE ANNISQUAM LABORATORY.

BY J. S. KINGSLEY.

For several years Professor Hyatt has invited one or
more students to accompany him to Annisquam to spend
the summer in the study of the marine forms so abundant
here. It seemed from the number of applications that
there was a demand for a marine laboratory on the coast
near Boston which should be practically free to all. On
consultation with some of the managers, the Wpman's
Educational Society of Boston became interested in the
project and advanced the money necessary to fit up the
laboratory which you have visited to-day.

The laboratory is under the charge of the Boston Society
of Natural History. It was first opened for students in
June of 1881 and during that summer twenty-two students
availed themselves of the privileges afforded. So suc-
cessful was the laboratory during its first season that money
needed for a windmill was promptly furnished by that
society which is doing so much for the education of woman
and which has been constant and unfaltering in its support
of the laboratory. By the aid of the windmill, salt water
is pumped into the building thus supplying a tank on each
of the tables besides three large aquaria in the centre of
the room. The object of this was to keep the specimens
studied alive in confinement, a task of no small difficulty.
During the second year (1882) of the laboratory, fifteen
students were present and during 1883 the number was
nine. During these three years the laboratory has been
under the immediate charge of Mr. B. H. VanVleck, a
thoroughly competent instructor.

This year the number of students has been fifteen. Dur-

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XVI. 10*

150 A FIELD DAY AT ANNISQUAM.

ing June and July, owing to the absence of Mr. VanVleck,
I have had charge of the laboratory ; but about the first of
August he will resume the position he has so acceptably
filled in the past.

The object of the laboratory is to furnish students an
opportunity to study animals and plants in the best pos-
sible manner. Some of those who come are competent to
conduct original investigations and they are left to follow
out any line they may choose. The majority, however,
come to get a foundation and to fit themselves for teaching.
We have nothing to do with species. The common ques-
tion asked by students at first is what is the name of this
and that form. The name is not the most important thing.
What we aim to teach are the structure and development of
animals and the methods of study best adapted to produce
teachers and investigators. Each student, unless previ-
ously qualified, dissects a series of types of the larger forms,
such as sea anemones, starfish, clams, lobsters, squid, etc.
After this comes a drill in the methods of investigating the
embryology of marine forms. You all know that a fish
comes from an egg, but have you any idea of the way in
which that small, simple object becomes converted into
the highly organized cod or cunner ? To trace these steps
of development is the province of embryology and to-day
the study of embryology is solving some of the most pro-
found problems connected with life.

All our life here is not spent with the scalpel in hand or
in gazing through the microscope. We have to collect
the specimens we study. Collecting may seem an easy
task but, in reality, it is one which requires experience to
meet with much success. On the shores and beaches, when
the tide is out, we find some forms ; others may be obtained
by turning over stones or by digging in the mud. Still
others are found below that zone which is laid bare by the

A FIELD DAY AT ANNISQUAM.

151

retreating tide twice in every twenty-four hours. To
obtain these forms we have recourse to the dredge, a net
with an iron rim, which scrapes the floor of the ocean and
brings up the treasures living there.

On the surface of the water exists a fauna far different
from that found in the location already mentioned, and to
collect these a surface net is employed. This is made of
thin cheese cloth and is dragged along the surface ; the
water readily passes through the tissue but the numberless
animals floating at the surface are retained in its meshes.
These surface forms are mostly minute, but at the same
time they are exceedingly interesting. Among the forms
will be found numbers of larvae which delight the eye of
the embryologist, but the vast majority are minute crus-
taceans as yet all but unknown to science. The myriads
of these surface swimmers are beyond all computation.
The product of an hour's collecting with the surface net
can only be numbered by millions.

Field Day at Asbury Grove, Hamilton, Thursday,
July 31, 1884.

In the immediate vicinity of the place of meeting is
Wenham swamp, which comprises a territory several
miles in extent, and with its beautiful ponds and woods
and its diversified scenery has long been considered one
of the finest localities in this county in which to botanize.
Many of our rare and choice plants have here been found;
and the collection made, some sixty years since, by
William Oakes and Charles Pickering, then young men,1
have made it well known among botanists. Thither re-
paired many of those who came to the meeting in the first
train, and under the guidance of Mr. John H. Sears were
successful in their findings. It is very desirable that at an
early day, some of our naturalists should make a careful
exploration of this region and publish the results of
their researches.

Other members of the party lingered about the grove
and took notice of the many improvements that have been
made within the past few years, and of the new cottages
which have been erected, replacing to a great extent the
old tents and cheap structures of the early days of the
enterprise.

The noonday lunch was partaken of in the dining hall
at the grove.

The afternoon session was held in the chapel, re-
cently erected. It was called to order at 3 P. M., by the

1 The one entered upon the practice of the law at Ipswich, which he soon left;
the other, as a medical student in the office of Dr. A. L. Feirson at Salem.

(153)

FIELD DAY AT ASBURY GROVE. 153

President, who said : This is the third time that we
have been kindly invited to hold a meeting in this beau-
tiful grove, dedicated to Christ and to the church. The
first was on July 6, 1866, and the second Aug. 12,
1877. On all these occasions we have been cordially re-
ceived and heartily welcomed. This is the third field meet-
ing of the present season: the first, at Topsfield, the
geographical centre of the county ; the second, at Annis-
quam, on the borders of the sea.

At the first the land and fresh-water animals and plants
were considered; at the second the marine. The first
commemorated the fiftieth anniversary of the meeting
held in Topsfield on the sixteenth of April, 1834. In this
connection the President made brief notice of some
of the persons who were the first to place their names
on the roll of membership : Ichabod Tucker, Daniel A.
White, Andrew Nichols, Thomas Spencer, Thomas Cole,
Robert Manning, William Oakes, Gardner B. Perry,
John L. Russell, John C. Lee, B. H. Ives, J. M. Ives
and Charles G. Page.

James F. Almy, treasurer of the Asbury Grove Cor-
poration, extended a cordial welcome to the Institute at
its third meeting at the grove. He spoke of the many
natural attractions of the place, and said that while, as a
summer home for hundreds of people, Asbury Grove had
become very popular, the fact that it had been dedicated
to the worship of God gave to it an added charm. Mr.
Almy referred to the singing of the birds, the beauty of
the trees and the ever-changing foliage, and the many
forms of animal life, all of which offered an abundant
opportunity for the study of nature which should be im-
proved.

154 FIELD DAY AT ASBURY GROYE.

In closing, he gave some information regarding the growth
of the Asbury Grove Association, the erection of new
cottages and villas and the building of the new chapel,
which was paid for by subscriptions in small sums from
the people.

Mr. George D. Phippen, introduced by the President
as a member who joined the Natural History Society
when a very young man, and who had in various ways,
covering a period of many years, promoted its objects, said
that we might well draw inspiration from the double pur-
pose for which people come here ; there was no difficulty
in harmonizing science and religion, both grew from a
common inspiration. In this world there have been great
convulsions in the building up of the earth ; but the process
of completion is still going on. Among the prophets of
science was Darwin, and the evolutionary principle is re-
cognized as containing the elements of truth. He then
spoke of plants with special reference to man's methods of
helping nature ; selection , cross-breeding and hybridization
were the three methods he described. He closed with an
appeal to encourage the study of natural history among
the young, and said that it had been of great service to
him through life.

Vice President F. W. Putnam was the next speaker.
He said that a little incident which occurred just be-
fore the meeting led him to take curiosity as the subject
of his remarks. He then stated that while he was sitting
under the trees with a friend he noticed many red ants,
which were all going in one direction and all carrying
objects of the same character. His curiosity was aroused
and he caught several of the ants and found that each was

FIELD DAY AT ASBURY GROVE. 155

carrying another ant, apparently of the game species.
While he and his friend were making their observations,
a few other persons gathered around, and in a short time
curiosity led many others to the spot and all became in-
terested in the ants and curious to know why they were
thus engaged in carrying their fellows, which it was found,
could travel well enough as soon as they were taken from
the jaws of their bearers. This led to a few statements
in relation to the habits of the ants ; and thus curiosity
had led to knowledge. In this way curiosity had often
been the cause, leading men to devote their lives to deep
studies, the results of which had been of great importance
to mankind, and when properly directed curiosity could
not fail to elevate the mind ; while misdirected curiosity,
on the contrary, debases ourselves and often proves inju-
rious to our fellow-men.

The speaker then gave instances in the life of some of
the early naturalists who regarded all natural objects as
curiosities, and who wrote to their friends to send them
such curiosities as could be obtained, stating that they were
curious to compare objects from different places. Thus
begun many branches of natural science which have since
occupied the minds of profound thinkers and men of deep
research. He then called attention to the collecting of
arrowheads and other worked stones, out of simple curi-
osity on the part of many persons, and showed how such
curiosity, if not properly directed, leads to hoarding the
objects as the miser does his gold, whereas if such collec-
tions were properly used and the curiosity of the collector
properly directed so as to lead to research, much of in-
terest and importance could be made from such things in
relation to the early condition of man and his migrations.
In concluding the speaker called attention to the importance

156 FIELD DAY AT ASBURY GROVE.

of taking advantage of the natural curiosity and so di-
recting it as to lead to high results while developing the
mind.

Mr. J. H. Sears spoke with special reference to the
plants peculiar to Wenham swamp. This swamp runs
from Danvers to Hamilton and Ipswich, a distance of
about five miles, and is three miles broad. In the part in
Danvers and West Wenham, where he had botanized
most, are the Trillium erectum L., Cypripedium parviflo-
rum Salisb., Cypripedium spectabile Swartz., Stellaria
borealis Bigelow, Viburnum lantanoides Michx. On
Turkey Island, at this end of the swamp, the Oornus
florida L. grows in abundance. He made reference to
many plants that had been collected during the day, des-
cribing the peculiarities of several varieties.

Rev. B. F. MoDaniel made an interesting talk upon
the bat and beetle, specimens of which had been given to
him since his arrival. He had trained himself to keep an
eye upon nature and nature's God, because he did not feel
that he would be fitted to enter upon the future life, until
he had learned all he could about this. Speaking of the
beetle he described the details of its structure to show
its adaptability to its needs. He closed by speaking of
the desirability of the study of natural history in vaca-
tion days, and of this place as being adapted to such
study ; and also as favorable to the mental growth to be
obtained in this way.

Mr. N. A. Horton made reference to the nature of
the Institute as devoted to inquiry into things which per-
tain to civil history, as well as to those which relate to

FIELD DAY AT ASBURY GROVE. 157

natural history. Mr. Spencer, of whom the President had
spoken, gave shelter to George Thompson, the English
anti-slavery agitator, when he was in Salem. Rev. Mr.
Cutler, who preached fifty years in Hamilton, took an
important part in founding the first settlement in the
state of Ohio, which was a part of the great northwest
territory to which the ordinance of 1787 applied; and
there has been a strong presentation to show that this
early anti-slavery measure, of which Nathan Dane of Bev-
erly is supposed to be the author, was a result of prelim-
inary councils, in which Dr. Cutler was a conspicuous
influence.

He spoke of the many improvements made at the grove
since 1877, and of the many attractions of the place. He
alluded to the courtesies extended to the members of the
Institute, and concluded his remarks with proposing the
following vote which was unanimously adopted.

Voted, That the thanks of the Essex Institute be ex-
tended to the officers of the Asbury Grove Association
for the use of the grove and the chapel, to James F. Almy
for many attentions, and to the young ladies who served
so efficiently at the dinner tables.

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XVI. 11

Field Day at Newbury Old Town, Thursday, Au-
gust 28, 1884.

The party, on arrival in the early morning trains, pro-
ceeded to Plum Island, and spent two hours in a pleasant
ramble ; thence to the Old Town Parish, where the local
points of interest were visited ; some to inspect the collec-
tions of Mr. Alfred Osgood, some to the old burial ground
containing the graves of Rev. John Parker, the Sewalls and
many of the first settlers ; others to see several of the old
houses, especially the residence of the late Joshua Coffin,
the historian of Newbury, and the house built by Rev.
James Noyes, pastor of the parish from 1635 to 1656,
the year of his death, in the 48th year of his age, and
now occupied by a descendant, Miss Mary E. Noyes,
who was very courteous to the numerous visitors. Dele-
gations from Groveland, Danvers and Byfield arrived at
noon.

The afternoon session was held at 2.30 p. m., in the
lower hall of the chapel, and was largely attended by res-
idents as well as by the Institute party.

The meeting was called to order by the President, who
spoke of another visit of the Institute to Newbury, on a
beautifnl October day, twenty years ago. Some of those
who were present then are present to-day ; but among the
absent who are still living, no one is missed more than the
venerable Rev. Dr. Withington, who at that time favored
the Institute with an interesting sketch of the First Church
at Newbury, of which he, then at the age of seventy-five,
was the active pastor. He closed by introducing

(158)

FIELD DAY AT NEWBURY OLD TOWN. 159

Luther Dame, of Newbury, who read a carefully pre-
pared paper on " The Life and Times of Sir William
Pepperell." He reviewed the life of the Elder William,
his early struggles and the laying of that mighty fortune
which made the name of Pepperell such a tower of strength
in the early colonial days clown to the time of Sir William,
and the final extinction of the name in America.

At the outbreak of the French and English war in
1744, the appointment of the second William by Governor
Shirley, to lead the expedition against Louisburg, lifted
him into prominence in the colonies and gave him en-
during fame. He advanced £5,000 out of his own for-
tune to defray the expenses of the war and gave himself
energetically to the organization of the army. The speaker
exhibited original correspondence and other memorials of
Sir William and other leading actors in the war, which had
been handed down in the family.

This paper was referred to the publication committee to
be printed in the Historical Collections.

Alfred Osgood, of Newburyport, read a paper on
" Archaeology, " illustrated by the exhibition of Indian
arrowheads and other rude stone implements. His views
of their uses were entirely different from those of most
students ; instead of thinking all these arrowheads, etc., to
have been made and used for warlike purposes, he be-
lieved that many of them were of an emblematic charac-
ter ; some were used as drills, others for various domestic
purposes, and he did not consider it unlikely that many
were carried as ornaments. The arrow-chipper kept the
art in his own family, and as he was never molested had
ample opportunities to indulge his tastes in the way of
fanciful designs. The speaker exhibited illustrations
which he considered were rude attempts to represent fly-

160 FIELD DAY AT NEWBURY OLD TOWN.

ing birds, chosen as emblems to propitiate the powers
above, and another of a stone implement described by a
writer as a weapon of war, which in reality was an in-
genious implement used for doubling and twisting cords
in household spinning.

Hon. Stephen H. Phillips spoke on " The Early Set-
tlers of Newbury."

Among the early settlers of Ipswich who found their
way here were the Kev. Mr. Parker, his neighbors John
and Benjamin Woodbridge and the Rev. Mr. Noyes. In
1635 they came to this village and Old Town by way of
the River Parker, named in honor of the distinguished
divine.

He alluded to the long and bitter controversies which
sprung up in the parish ; he then proceeded to discuss the
great witchcraft delusion of the early days and closed by
describing a visit to the old home of Rev. Mr. Noyes
and tracing the honorable record of the Woodbridges in
other states.

The remarks of Mr. Phillips were referred to the com-
mittee on publications to be printed in the Historical
Collections.

Rev. B. F. McDaniel, of Salem, read an elaborate
paper on the " Geology and Mineralogy of Newbury,"
which is herewith appended.

D. B. Hagar, of the State Normal School, Salem,
presented the following resolution which was unanimously
adopted :

Resolved, That the hearty thanks of the Essex Institute
are hereby presented to Alfred Osgood, of Newbury port,

FIELD DAY AT NEWBURY OLD TOWN. 161

and Miss Mary E. Noyes, of Newbury, and their co-
workers, for their earnest and efficient labors towards pro-
moting the pleasure and success of the present meeting ;
to the First Parish of Newbury for the free use of its
chapel ; and to the several gentlemen, who, by their en-
tertaining and instructive addresses, have largely contrib-
uted toward the important objects which are ever cherished
by the Institute.

Rev. Fielder Israel, of Salem, briefly described a call
upon Eev. Dr. Withington, the venerable divine, during
the day, and then moved the appointment of a committee
to consist of the President, Mr. Phillips and the Secre-
tary, for the purpose of drafting a resolution to be spread
upon the records, commemorative of this meeting and the
appreciation on the part of the Institute of the life, learn-
ing and piety of Rev. Dr. Withington. The motion was
adopted.

George Osgood, of Kensington, N. H., remembered
a prayer delivered by the venerable divine, forty years
ago, in the course of which he presented a sentiment, he,
the speaker, had never forgotten and which he thought
was applicable to-day. "Let us elect members we are not
ashamed of, nor afraid to obey."

The Committee to Dr. Withington.

Rev. Leonard Withington, D. D.

My Dear Sir:

In the opening remarks at the field meeting
held in Newbury on Thursday, August 28, 1884, reference
was made to the meeting held here some twenty years
previously, on a pleasant October day, when you made

162 FIELD DAY AT NEWBURY OLD TOWN.

some interesting remarks on the history of this church and
society, and regrets were expressed at your absence on
the present occasion.

Rev. Mr. Israel, of Salem, alluded to the pleasant call
which he had made on you this morning, and proposed
that the Institute tender to you its high appreciation of
your faithful services, not only in your long pastorate
among this people, but in the advancement of religious
truths, education and general culture in the community.

This suggestion was unanimously approved by the
meeting, and in conformity with the wish so feelingly ex-
pressed, the members of the Essex Institute now formally
present their tribute of high regard and esteem, and offi-
cially express the veneration which is due to your ad-
vanced years and elevated character.

May Heaven still longer spare your well-spent life !
With the high respect of the Essex Institute,

Henry Wheatland, Pres.
Stephen H. Phillips,
George M. Whipple, Sec'y.

GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY OF NEWBURY.

BY B. F. MCDANIEL.

The geology of Newbury is that of the Huronian sys-
tem of the Eozoic period, that is, the period of earliest
life. The rocks of this system overlie those of the Azoic
period, and, until recently, were held to be non-fossil if-
erous. But the discovery of the Eozoon Canadense in
the Laurentian limestones of Canada and here in New-
bury moved far back the palseontological horizon. With
the exception of small areas of palaeozoic rocks in Quincy
and Braintree, the Huronian system forms the main part
of the coast from the New Hampshire line to Plymouth.
In great part it is drift-covered.

The rocks in sight show great disturbance and meta-
morphism. In some localities the evidences of these
changes are of the most striking character. Their condi-
tion is simply chaotic.

The stratified portions have usually a northeast by
southwest strike, and the unstratified and intruded mem-
bers of the series show a parallelism with the strike of
the stratified rocks, which usually dip sharply to the
northwest.

The Huronian system in eastern Massachusetts is chiefly
made up of the following rocks :

1. Granite (hornblendic and binary).

2. Felsite (petrosilex of some authors).

3. Diorite (unstratifed and chiefly exotic).

4. Hornblendic gneiss, stratified diorite.

5. Limestone.

(1G3)

164 GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY OF NEWBURY.

1. Granite, It will be noticed by recent students of
geology that several changes have taken place in the classi-
fication of our rocks. The old name syenite has given
place to that of hornblendic granite, as being more specific.
The term granite is now used to cover many varieties of
rock, all crystalline, ranging from distinct diorite on the
one hand to felsite on the other. The specific names of
these varieties are determined by the presence or absence,
and the greater or less quantity, of certain constituent min-
erals, mainly hornblende, in the rock. I have always
maintained, and this is the view now generally accepted,
that there are no absolute distinctions between rocks.
There are varieties almost infinite, but no absolute species.
It is possible to arrange a continuous scale of specimens
covering the whole series.

It is necessary to have specific names for strongly
marked rocks, though these resolve themselves into varie-
ties that shade off again into other species. It requires
long familiarity with, and close study of, all classes of rocks
to be able to determine these specific distinctions. When
even the professors and geological authors differ so much
in their classifications, amateurs need not feel cast down
by an occasional mistake.

In Newbury a fine hornblendic granite is developed in
two bands or ridges running east and west, enclosed by
diorites, and broader and coarser at the eastern than at
the western end.

The serpentinic limestone is associated with this granite,
which led Dr. T. Sterry Hunt to call it Laurentian ; but
the whole formation is pronounced by Mr. Crosby to be
Huronian.

2. Felsite. This term is now used to cover many
varieties of rock, some of which were formerly called
porphyry, metamorphic slate, hornstone, etc.

GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY OF NEWBURY. 165

The term porphyry has deservedly fallen into disuse as
a substantive, and is now rightly used as an adjective.
All the varieties once called porphyry are now arranged
as varieties under the several great species or families of
rocks.

The term felsite is used to include rocks composed
mainly of a fine paste of quartz and feldspar, sometimes
enclosing grains of quartz and crystals of hornblende and
feldspar, sometimes banded like jasper, and sometimes
segregated like conglomerate. Examples of the compact
varieties are the so-called jasper of Saugus and Lynn ;
the banded varieties are found at Marblehead, and an
example of the segregated variety is the so-called toad-
stone of Newbury.

The Newbury felsite extends in a belt along the River
Parker, from its mouth to Byfield, a distance of five miles.
Its width is from a few rods to a mile and a half, and
lies between belts of granite.

Its prevailing color is a deep red or brownish red, but
sometimes shades to purple, pink and gray. It is never
porphyritic, but shows a banded structure, due to the inter-
lamination of layers of quartzose and feldspathic materials.
This banding indicates a sedimentary, not an igneous ori-
gin, though like all metamorphic rocks, our felsite has
undergone material change.

I have already alluded to the so-called toadstone of
Newbury as a variety of felsite. A full examination of
this rock will be found in Crosby's Geology of Eastern
Massachusetts, which I have largely followed in this
paper.

In Newbury the felsite is highly ferruginous. The sides
of the granitic basin in which it lies partake of the red-
dish cast of the felsite. In some places it might not im-

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XVI. 11*

166 GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY OF NEWBURY.

properly be called an iron ore, and its decomposition in
one or two places observed by me has yielded a red
ochre.

3. Diorite. This rock is laid down on Crosby's map
as covering a large part of Newbury. It is the gangue of
the argentiferous galena. Composed of feldspar and
hornblende, generally in a finely divided, and sometimes
in an impalpable mixture, it is very hard.

Diorite is a convenient term to describe all that class
of rocks formerly known as trap and greenstone. Like
granite and felsite, it is not the name of a single distinct
species, but of a family having relationship on one hand
to felsite, and on the other to granite and hornblendic

4. Limestone. The magnesian limestone of Newbury
is the best known of its geological formations.

In colonial times quarries of it were worked at the
localities known as the "Devil's Den" and "Devil's Basin.''
In his diary of remarkable events uuder date of 1697,
Judge Sewell records the discovery by Ensign James
Noyes, of the beds of limestone in this town at the local-
ities just named. The discovery created great excite-
ment, as hitherto clam and oyster shells had been the
only sources of lime, and great difficulty had arisen in
consequence.

This appears to have been the first limestone discovered
in Massachusetts, and so valuable was it held to be that
restrictive regulations for its use were adopted and a com-
mittee appointed by the town to enforce them.

In the first century after its discovery, quantities were
exported, though from the size of the excavations I should

GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY OF NEWBURY. lf)7

judge that the whole amount was not large. Why the
quarry was abandoned I have not been able to learn.

It is in the " Devil's Den" that the most interesting
minerals in Newbury are found. I have visited it and the
other localities here for the last twelve years. First in in-
terest is the serpentine, varying from a rich bottle green to
a leek green ; the first compact, pure and translucent, the
second impure and opaque ; the most harmful impurity
being iron pyrite disseminated through the mass.

Great expectations were once entertained as to the
commercial value of this rock, and a company operated
the quarry for marble, but nothing has been done in a
commercial way for many years. A shaft was sunk in the
field, not far off, during the silver excitement, but was
soon abandoned. Quantities of a beautiful porphyritic
rock were thrown out, that in masses, might prove to be
profitable.

At present, hardly enough attractive rock is in sight to
warrant great expectations, and the large masses of wol-
lastonite, garnet, calcite and dolomite mixed with the ser-
pentinic limestone would seem to confirm this view ; but
when we consider that the excavations have not even re-
duced the knolls to the level of the surrounding country,
and the " Den" itself is a very modest pit, the resources
of the place can hardly be said to be exhausted.

I am firmly of the belief that some generous blasting
would reveal an abundance of fine, rich stone, superior to
any verde antique marble in our market. Associated
with the serpentine are masses of wollastonite, once
called tremolite. It is a beautiful white mineral, in long,
bladed, radiated crystals. It is too brittle to serve any
other than the mineralogist's purpose.

Masses of compact garnet are also found at the "Den.'>
When associated with or disseminated through the ser-

168 GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY OF NEWBURY.

pertinic limestone, this massive garnet enriches it for or-
namental purposes. It is also an excellent flux, and
possibly may sometimes serve that purpose here.

Small masses of crystallized calcite appear, which I
believe to be the same as the chalybite or carbonite of
iron that occurs in connection with the galena at the
silver mines and elsewhere in Newbury.

Asbestus occurs at the "Den," but not in large quanti-
ties. Much of the mineral there found and called as-
bestus is an asbestiform serpentine, or chrysotile, which
appears in thin seams interlaminated with noble serpen-
tine. This is one of the most beautiful combinations
known to me. The dark green serpentine prevails at the
"Den," the light green at the "Basin," which is a larger
excavation, but not so well known.

It would seem that information on these points would
be better known here than elsewhere. Possibly this is
the case with the silver mines, the popular interest in
which was almost as great as was the speculative. The
discovery and rapid development of the argentiferous
galena was one of the great epochs in your local history.
A sadly brief one it was, as these deserted mounds and
works testify.

That this clean, brilliant metal, mined in masses that
made the town talk of those days, and yielding flattering
assays, was not to be a perpetual bonanza, was regarded
as rank heresy.

At least, that was my experience. No account, appar-
ently, was taken of the local geology nor of the character
of the gangue rock with reference to its docility in smelting.
I ventured to express an opinion to the superintendent
of the Chipman mine that these galena deposits were
pockets in the diorite, each of them comparatively small
in size, though possibly many in number. Operations

GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY OF NEWBURY. 169

were suspended sooner than I anticipated, judging from
the output of the leading mine, so that I do not know
whether this theory was or was not confirmed. It is to
be hoped that a part of the expectations then raised may
sometime be realized.

The last formation to be noticed is the amygdaloid
lying in the basin of the Kiver Parker and on Kent's
Island. This is a purplish-brown or chocolate color. It
is not of great extent and is of little importance. On one
side it passes into a breccia, and on the other into a chlo-
rite slate, and may be only a product of the felsite.

I trust I have said enough to show that Newbury is rich
in geological and mineralogical interest, and to excite a
desire in some minds to explore still farther these fields and
hills. It was amateur exploration that revealed these
minerals of which I have been speaking. It is to the
amateur geologist that the professional student mainly
looks for hints.

Where so many richly suggestive hints exist as in New-
bury, the amateur ought to feel encouraged to prosecute
his field-work ; not, let me say, in the hope of " striking
something rich," with which to form a stock company,
but to contribute new and important facts to science and
to enrich his own mind with the wealth of knowledge and
beauty that fills the earth.

FLOWERING OF PLANTS, DECEMBER, 1884.

At the meeting of the Institute, held on Monday, De-
cember 15, 1884, Mr. John H. Sears presented the follow-
ing list of plants which he had found in bloom in the fields
and pastures of Salem and vicinity.

DEC. 8, 1884.

Tansy, Tanacetum vulgare.
Fall Dandelion, Leontodon autumnale.
Common Dandelion, Taraxacum Dens-leonis.
Golden Rod , Solidago nemoralis.
Sea-side Golden Rod, Solidago sempervirens.
Shepherd's Purse, Capsilla Bursa-pastoris.
Charlock, Brassica sinapistrum.
Field Chickweed, Cerastium arvense.
Common Mallow, Malva rotundifolia.
Yarrow, Achillea millefolium.
Common Groundsel, Senecia vulgaris.
Red Clover, Trifolium pratense.
Mayweed, Maruta cotula.
Arrow-leaved Violet, Viola sagittata.
Spurry, Spurgula arvensis.
Knawel Weed, /Scleranthus annum.

DEC. 14, 1884.

Witch hazel, Hamameiis Virginica.

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