LIBRARY OF 1885- 1056 Bulletin OF THE Illinois State Laboratory OF Natural History Urbana, Illinois, U. S. A. STEPHEN A. FORBES, Ph.D., L.L.D., Director Vol. XI. September, 1915 Article II. AN ECOLOGICAL STUDY OF PRAIRIE AND FOREST INVERTEBRATES iHAKLES C. AdaM.S, Ph.D./-VV ' ^' / / / -'^ ^ /^ 7 ORIGINAL FOREST AND PRAIRIE AREA IN ILLINOIS (after beendel and barrows ) Bulletin OF THE Illinois State Laboratory OF Natural History Urbana, Illinois, U. S. A. STEPHEN A. FORBES, Ph.D., L.L.D.. Director Vol. XI. September, 1915 Article II. AN ECOLOGICAL, STUDY OP PRAIRIE AND FOREST INVERTEBRATES Charles C. Adams, Ph.D. CONTENTS Paoe Introductory 33 General description of the region and location of the ecological stations 35 I. General description of the region 35 II. The ecological stations 38 Description of the prairie habitats and animals 40-56 I. Prairie area north of Charleston, Station 1 40 1. Colony of swamp grasses (Spartina and Elymus), Station I, a. . 41 2. Colony of wild rye, Elymus virginicus subrrmticus, Station I, c. . 43 3. Wet area of swamp milkweed (Asclepias incarnata), Station I,d 44 4. Cone-flower and rosin-weed colony. Station l,e 48 5. Colony of blue stem (Andropogon) and drop-seed (Sporobulus), bordered by swamp milkweed, Station 1,(1 49 6. Supplementary collections from Station 1 52 II. Prairie area near Loxa, Illinois, Station II 52 III. Prairie area east of Charleston, Station III 55 Description of the forest habitats and animals 56-66 1. The Bates woods, Station IV 56 -. The upland oak-hickory forest. Station IV, a 57 3. Embarras valley and ravine slopes, forested by the oak-hickory association. Station IV, h 59 4. Lowland or ' ' second bottom, ' ' red oak-elm-sugar maple wood- land association, Station lA', c 62 5. Supplementary collections from the Bates woods. Station IV. . . . 65 6. Small temporary stream in the south ravine, Station IV, d 65 General characteristics of the gross environment 66-102 1. Topography and soils of the State 66 2. Climatic conditions 67 3. Climatic centers of influence 69 4. Kelative humidity and evaporating power of the air 71 5. Temperature relations in the open and in f ore.sts 83 6. Soil moisture and its relation to vegetation 86 7. Ventilation of land habitats 88 S. The tree trunk as a habitat 91 9. Prairie and forest vegetation and animal life 91 10. Sources and role of water used by prairie and forest animals. ... 98 Animal associations of the prairie and the forest • 102-158 I. Introduction 102 II. The prairie association 103 1. Swamp prairie association 103 2. The Cottonwood community ■ 105 3. Swamp-grass association 107 4. Low prairie association 108 5. Upland prairie association 109 6. The Solidago community 109 7. Dry prairie grass association Ill S. A milkweed community 112 III. Kelation of prairie animals to their environment 113 1. The black soil prairie community 114 2. The prairie vegetation community 117 4. Interrelations within the prairie association 119 Page IV. The forest associations 122 1. Introduction 122 2. Dry upland (Qiiemis and Carya) forest association 124 3. Artificial glade community in lowland forest 125 4. Humid lowland (hard maple and red oak) forest association. . . . 126 .5. Animal association of a temporary stream 127 v. Relation of the deciduous forest invertebrates to their environment 128 1. Forest soil community 129 2. The forest fungus community 135 3. The forest undergrowth community 138 4. The forest crown community 139 5. TTie tree-trunk community 142 6. The decaying wood community 148 7. Interrelations within the forest association 157 Ecologically annotated list: — I. Prairie invertebrates 158-201 II. Forest invertebrates 201-238 BibUography 239-264 Article II. — An Ecological Study of Prairie and Forest Inverte- brates. By Charles C. Adams, Ph.D. Introductory In four generations a true wilderness has been transformed into the present prosperous State of IlHnois. This transformation has been so complete that in many parts of the state nearly all of the plant and animal life of the original prairie and forest has been completely ex- terminated. Between the degree of change which has taken place in any given area and the suitability of that area for agriculture there has been an almost direct relation. Fortunately, however, for the preser- vation of prairie and forest animals, the state is not homogeneous, some areas being too hilly, rocky, or sandy for prosperous agriculture. The character and mode of transformation which has taken place in the past is instructive in several particulars because it serves to guide our anticipations as to the future of our fauna. The forested southern part of the state (see frontispiece) was first invaded by trap- pers and hunters, who began the extermination of the larger animals. These invaders were in turn followed by others who, with the round of the season, were hunters or farmers, and continued this exterminat- ing process, particularly in the clearings, which began to replace the forest. These pioneers, men of little wealth, possessed a combination of mental and economic habits which was the result of life in a for- ested country, and naturally they settled in those places most like their former homes — within the forest or near the forest margin. From these settlements they looked out upon the prairies as vast wastes to be dreaded and avoided. As a result of this attitude toward the prai- ries, it required some time, even a new generation, some economic pressure, and a change of habits before the prairies were settled. Mean- while the northern part of the state was yet a wilderness; but through the influence of the Great Lakes, as a route of communication with the populous East, a rapid invasion of settlers set in from that direc- tion. Though these settlers also came from a wooded country, they were more wealthy, settled upon a very fertile soil which was favorably located with regard to eastward communication, and they therefore progressed more rapidly than the less favored, more isolated southern invaders on the poorer soil ; consequently they spread from the forest 34 to the prairie more rapidly than did the settlers in the South. There thus developed two active centers of influence, each of which trans- formed the primeval conditions in the same manner and in the same direction toward an environment suitable for man. The forests and the upland prairie were first changed. Then the fertile wet prairie was drained, so that today it has largely become either the hilly and rocky areas that survive as forests or the low periodically flooded tracts, and the undesirable sand areas which simi- larly preserve patches of sand prairie. All the changes are more rapid and complete upon fertile soil than upon the poorer soils in the southern part of the state. Such considerations as these will aid one in estimating the probable rate of future changes in different parts of the state, and will serve to show in what parts there is urgent need of local studies if ecological records are to be made before extinction of some forms is complete. A study has been made with the idea of reporting upon represen- tative patches of prairie and forest in a manner which would aid others in making similar local studies, and would at the same time preserve some records of the present condition of the prairie and forest. When this work was planned, we had no general or comprehensive discussion of the conditions of life upon the prairie and in the forest. For this reason a general summar\' of these conditions and a sketch of the gen- eral principles involved are given, so that the reader may gain some conception of the relation of the local problems to those of a broader and more general character. A section for this report was prepared giving general directions for making such local studies, but later it was decided to publish this separately, in somewhat extended form, as a "Guide to the Study of Animal Ecology."* This volume should be regarded as intimately re- lated to this paper, and this report should at the same time be consid- ered as a concrete example of the procedure suggested in that "Guide" for ecological surveys. It will be observed that the study of the Charleston area here referred to has been conducted in much the same way as was my cooperative study of Isle Royale, Lake Superior, en- titled "An Ecological Survey of Isle Royale, Lake Superior" ('09), although certain aspects have been elaborated here which, for lack of time, were not treated there. The time devoted to the study of the Charleston area was also limited, but in the preparation of the report upon it use has been made of many years' experience and a general knowledge of the prairie and forest. Without such a background *The Macmillau Co. 1913. 35 much greater caution would have been necessary in discussing many phases of the problem. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The study of the Charleston area was carried out with the coop- eration of the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History, through its director, Prof. Stephen A. Forbes, and with the further coopera- tion of Professors E. N. Transeau and T. L. Hankinson, of the East- ern Illinois State Normal School, located at Charleston. Personally I am indebted to Professor Forbes for the opportunity of taking part in this study as the State Laboratory representative, and for the aid he has given in the illustration of the report. To Professor Transeau I am particularly indebted for the plant determinations, for lists of the plants, and for evaporation data. To Professor Hankinson I am under especial obligation for many specimens, which materially added to my lists, and for a large number of photographs. I am indebted likewise to my associates in this study for their hearty cooperation throughout the progress of the work. For the determination of entomological specimens I am indebted primarily to Mr. C. A. Hart, Systematic Entomologist of the State Laboratory of Natural History, who named most of the insects col- lected. For the names of certain flies I am indebted to Mr. J. R. Mal- loch, of this Laboratory. Others who have determined specimens are as follows: N. Banks (Phalangiida), ]. H. Emerton (spiders), R. V. Chamberlain (myriapods), F. C. Baker (Mollusca), Dr. W. T. M. Forbes (lepidopterous larvae). Dr. M. C. Tancjuary (ants). Dr. M. T. Cook (plant galls), J. J. Davis (Aphididcc), and Dr. A. E. Ortmann (crawfishes collected by T. L. Hankinson). I am indebted to the U. S. Geological Survey for photographs. Acknowledgments for illus- trations are made under text figures and in explanations of plates. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OP THE REC4I0N AND LOCATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL STATIONS I. General Desceiption of the Region The town of Charleston, Coles county, Illinois, in the vicinity of which these ecologic studies were made, is situated on the Shelbyville moraine which bounds the southern extension of the older Wisconsin ice-sheet. To the south of this moraine lie the poorer soils which char- acterize so much of southern Illinois ; to the north, upon the older Wis- consin drift, are some of the most productive soils found in the upper Mississippi Valley. The economic, sociologic, political, and historical significance of the difference in the soils of these regions is funda- mental to any adequate understandng of man's response to his ecolog- ical environment within this area. Some of the results of this differ- ence have long been known, but it is only in recent years that their general bearing has been adequately interpreted in terms of the en- vironment. Hubbard, ('04) was the first, I believe, to show the sig- nificance of this difference in soils and its influence upon local eco- nomic problems. That such an important influence should affect one animal (man) and not others seems very doubtful, and yet in only one other case do we know that the lower animals respond to this ecologic influence. Forbes ('07b) has shown that certain kinds of fish found in streams on the fertile soils are wanting in streams on the poorer soil. To what degree the land fauna and the native vegetation respond to this distinction is not known, as this subject has not been investi- gated except agriculturally. Here, then, is a factor in the physical surroundings which should be reckoned with in any comprehensive study of the biotiq environment. In this portion of the state, on ac- count of the differences in the soil, the physical environment is prob- ably more favorable to certain organisms and less favorable to others, and consequently, to a certain degree, the environment selects, or fa- vors, some organisms. Through their activities and through other agencies of dispersal, the animals along the borders between the two soil types transgress these boundaries, and are therefore forced to respond to the new conditions and to adjust themselves, if possible. But the soil is not the only environmental influence which has pro- duced an unstable zone or tension line in this area. A second factor is the difference in the vegetation — the difference between the forest and the prairie. In all probability. Coles county was at one time all prairie, but the Kaskaskia and Embarras rivers, as they cut their valleys through the moraine and developed their bottoms, have led forests within the morainic border from farther south. The forests about Charleston have extended from the Wabash River bottoms. On account of the southerly flow of the Embarras through this county, the forest and prairie tension line is about at right angles to that produced by the differences in the soil. The forests have tended to spread east and west from the streams and to encroach upon the prairie, and thus to restrict its area more and more. The fundamental significance of the tension between the forest and the prairie has long been known within the state. It influenced its economic, social, political, and historic develop- ment as much as any other single factor during its early settlement. And just as Hubbard ('04) has shown the influence of soil upon man 37 within the state, so also has Barrows ('lo) shown the influence of the forests and prairie upon the state's development. While the influence of the soil upon the animal life of the state is not so well known or es- tablished, the influence of prairie and forest upon the animals is univer- sally recognized, even though the subject has been given relatively little study by naturalists. A third leading agency is the influence of man, who has trans- formed the prairie and forest to make his own habitat. There are thus recognized in the Charleston region three primary environmental in- fluences: first, the relative fertility of the soil (this depending on the geological history) ; second, the kind of vegetable covering, whether prairie or forest (this probably depending largelv on climatic condi- tions) ; and tliird, the agency of man. The general background of the Charleston region, then, ecologically considered, depends on the com- bined influence of five primary and secondary agencies, four of which we may call natural and one artificial. All these are different in kind and so independent that they tend toward diiiferent equilibria or dif- ferent systems of unity. Two of these are due to differences in the soil, two others to the character of the vegetation (whether prairie or forest), and the fifth, or artificial one, is due to man. Though the present report does not undertake to include all the problems centered here, as any complete study would, it is desirable to see the relation of our special study to the general problems of the region as a whole. The undulating plain about Charleston, formed as a terminal mo- raine, is broken along the small streams by ravines, which have cut a few hundred feet below the general level of the region as they ap- proached the larger drainage lines. The main drainage feature is the Embarras River, which flows southwest about two to three miles east of Charleston, in a narrow valley partly cut in rock. The wooded areas are mainly near the streams ; the remainder of the area is under intensive cultivation. During the preliminary examination of the region, which was made to aid in selecting representative areas for study, it soon became evi- dent that the only samples of prairie which could give any adequate idea of the original conditions were those found along the dififerent railway rights-of-way. Other situations, vastly inferior to these and yet a valuable aid in the determination of the original boundaries of the prairies, were the small patches or strips along the country roads. Most of the patches of prairie along the railway tracks represent the "black soil" type of prairie, which is extensively developed in this part of the state upon the "brown silt loam" soil" (see Hopkins and Pettit, '08 : 224-231 ). Much of the region studied was originally wet prairie (which has since been drained), but some of the higher ground, formed by the undulation of the surface and surrounded by the black soil, is lighter in color and is well drained. Thus in the black soil areas there are both wet and well-drained tracts, and corresponding differ- ences in the habitats. The originally wooded and the present wooded areas east of Charleston, in the vicinity of the Embarras River, are in a region quite different from the prairie both in topography and in soil. Here the re- lief is much more pronounced, on account of both the proximity of the river and the greater development of the drainage lines, which have cut a few hundred feet below the general level of the country. The tribu- tary valleys and ravines are numerous and steep-sided, and in general are wooded, the density varying with the amount of clearing done. Most of the soil of the wooded areas and along the bluff's is distinctly lighter in color than that of the black soil prairie, and is presumably "gray silt loam" (Hopkins and Pettit, '08 : 238-242), though along the flood-plain and the river bottom the soils are mixed in character. II. The Ecological Stations In the study of an area or an animal association of any considera- ble size two methods are available. One is to examine as much of the area as is possible and secure data from a very wide range of condi- tions. This method is useful in obtaining the general or broad features of a region or an association, though to a corresponding degree it must ignore local influences and details, and by it most of the previous stud- ies upon prairie animals have been made. It seemed, therefore, that in the present study a somewhat more intensive method was desirable, particularly in view of the fact that the extinction of prairie and for- est is rapidly progressing. The method followed was to examine a large area in order to select a representative sample, and upon the basis of this sample to make as intensive a study as time and circum- stances would permit. This method has the advantage of making it possible to preserve at least some record of the local details; and at the same time, to the degree that the selected area is a true sample, it also gives the results a much wider application. The prairie samples examined were all along the rights-of-way, and the forest was a second-growth woods on the bottoms and bluff of the Embarras River, on a farm belonging, at that time, to Mr. J. I. Bates. Practically all of the observations here reported upon were made during August, 1910. The forest is a modified one, but it ap- pears to have been cut over so gradually that its continuity as a forest habitat was not completely interrupted, although the cutting has prob- 39 ably seriously influenced many animals, particularly those which fre- quent mature forests, abounding in dead and dying trees and with an abundance of logs upon the ground in all stages of decay. Such con- ditions are the cumulative product of a fully mature climax forest. Of course the conditions have also been influenced by the extinction, or reduction in the number, of the original vertebrate population of the forest. The different localities or regions examined are, for brevity and precision, indicated by Roman numerals ; the particular minor condi- tions, situations, or habitats, by italic letters. An effort has been made to indicate the location of the place studied with enough precision to enable students to re-examine the habitats at any future time (PI. I). The photographs which accompany this report may also aid in locat- ing the places studied. Had similar photographic records been made fifty years ago, they would have been of mucli value and inter- est to us in this study, in much the same way as fifty years hence this report will form a part of the very limited record of the conditions found at the present time. List of Ecological Statiotis, Charleston, Illinois, August, ipio Station I. Prairie along the right-of-way of the Toledo, St. Louis and Western, or "Clover Leaf " R. R., between one and two miles north of Charleston: Section 2, Township 12 N., Range 9 E., and S. 35, T. 13N., R. 9E. (PL I.) a. Cord or Slough Grass (Spartina) and Wild Rye (Elymus) Asso- ciation. At mile-post marked "Toledo 318 miles and St. Louis 133 miles": S. 2, T. 12 N., R. 9 E. h. Couch Grass (Agropyron smitliii) Association. The distance of two telegraph poles north of Station I. a, and west of the railway track: S. 2, T. 12 E., R. 9 E. c. Wild Rve (Elymus) Association. East and north of the "Yard Limits" sign: S. 2, T. 12 N., R. 9 E. (PL II, Fig. 1.) d. Swamp Milkweed (Asclepias incarnata) Association. North of first east-and-west cross-road north of Charleston ; east of railway track : S. 35, T. 13 N., R. 9 E. A wet area. (PL II, Fig. 2 ; PL 111, Fig. 1.) e. Cone-flower (Lepacliys pinnaia) and Rosin-weed (Silpliium tere- bintliinaceiim) Association. Just north of the preceding Station; east of railway track: S. 35, T. 13 N., R. 9 E. (PL Y.) /. Couch Grass (Agropyron smitliii) Association. West of railway track : S. 35, T. 13 N., R. 9 E. Moist area. g. Prairie Grass (Andropogon f ureal us and A. virginicus and Spo- roholus cryptandrus) Association, bordered by Swamp Milkweed (Asclepias incarnata) and Mountain Mint (Pycnantliemmn flex- 40 uosum). This formed the north boundary of the area studied: S. 35, T. 13 N., R. 9 E. (PI. Ill, Fig. 2 ; PI. IV, Fig. 1 and 2.) Station II. Prairie area west of Loxa, Illinois. Right-of-way along the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis, cr "Big Four," R. R.: Sections 10 and 11, Township 12 N., Range 8 E. a. From one half mile west of Loxa west to near Anderson Road, to telegraph pole No. 12330: S. 11, T. 12 N., R. 8 E. (PI. VI. and VII.) b. Prairie at Shea's: S. 17, T.12 N., R. 8 E. c. Cord Grass (Spartina) Association. East of Shea's: S. 17, T.12 N., R.8 E. Station III. Prairie east of Charleston. Right of way along the C. C. C. & St. L. R. R. : S. 12, T. 12 N., R. 9 E. ; S. 5, 6, and 7, T. 12 N., R. 10 E. a. Rosin-weed (SilpJiium tereiintliinaceum) Association. Just west of the place where the Ashmore Road crosses the Big Four track ; about one mile east of Charleston: S. 12, T. 12 N., R. 9 E. h. Blue Stem ( Andropogon) and Rosin-weed (Silphium terebintliina- ceum) Association. Three fourths of a mile east of the crossing of the Ashmore Road and the Big Four track : S. 6 and 5, T. 12 N., R. 10 E. An area which grades from prairie into transitional for- est conditions. (PI. VIII and IX.) Station IV. Bates Woods. On the east bluffs and bottom of the Embar- ras River, north of where the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis, or Big Four, R. R. crosses the river. On the farm of J. I. Bates: S. 5, T. 12 N., R. 10 E. (PI. X, Fig. 1 ; PI. XI, XII, andXIIL) a. Upland Oak-Hickory Association (Quercus alba and Q. velutina, and Carya alba, C. glabra, and C. ovata.) Second-growth forest. (PI. XII and XIII.) b. Embarras Valley and Ravine Slopes, with Oak-Hickory Associa- tion. c. Red Oak (Quercus rubra). Elm (Ulvius americana), and Sugar Maple (Acer saccliarum) Association. Lowland or "second bot- tom," Embarras Valley. (PI. XIV ; XV ; and XVI, Fig. 1 and 2.) d. Small streamlet in South Ravine. This formed the southern bor- der of the area examined. A temporary stream. (PI. XVII, Fig. 1 and 2.) DESCRIPTION OF THE PRAIRIE HABITATS AND ANIMALS I. Prairie Area North of Chari^ston, Station I This area includes patches or islands of prairie vegetation oc- curring along the right-of-way of the Toledo, St. Louis and West- 41 ern, or "Clover Leaf," Railway, north of Charleston. The south- ern border began just beyond the area of numerous side tracks and ex- tended north of the first east and west cross-road for a distance of about one mile, to the place where the right-of-way is much narrowed and fenced off for cultivation. This is a strip of land through the level black soil area, which was originally composed of dry and wet prairie. The higher portions have a lighter colored soil, and the lower parts have the black and often wet soil which characterized the original swamp or wet prairie. The railway embankment and the side drain- age ditches have favored the perpetuation of patches or strips of these wet habitats ; the excavations for the road-bed, on the other hand, have accelerated drainage of the higher grounds. The soil taken from these cuts and heaped up on the sides of the tracks reinforces the surface relief noticeably in a region which is so nearly level. Through the depressions fillings have been made in building the railway embank- ment, and as a result the drainage has been interfered with in some places. The disturbances brought about by railway construction and main- tenance have greatly modified the original conditions, so that the prairie vegetation persists usually only in very irregular areas, some- times reaching a maximum length equal to the combined distance be- tween three or four consecutive telegraph poles — these poles are gen- erally about 200 feet apart. In breadth the area is tisually less than the space between the ditch bordering and parallel to the road-bed or embankment and the adjacent fence which bounds the right-of-way, or about 40 feet. This entire right-of-way is about 100 feet wide. In addition to these changes in the physical conditions, a large number of weeds not native to the prairie have been introduced, opportunities for this introduction being favorable, as railways traverse the entire area. In general, attention was devoted solely to the areas or colonies of prairie vegetation and their associated invertebrate animals, the areas of non-prairie vegetation being ignored, not as unworthy of study, but because the vanishing prairie colonies required all the time availalale. /. Colony of Stvamp Grasses (Spartina and Blymus), Station I, a This colony of slough grass (Spartina michauxiana) and wild rye (Blymus) is located a short distance north of the "Clover Leaf" switch tracks and just south of the telegraph pole marked "Toledo 318 miles and St. Louis 133 miles." The length of this colony was about 40 paces. During August, 1910, it was dry, but probably in the spring and early summer, rains make this area a habitat for swamp grasses. Though it was an almost pure stand of slough grass, with this were mixed a few plants of wild rye (Blynms virginicus siibiuuticiis and B. canadensis). These grasses reach a height of abou: four feet. The ground was very hard and dry, and there were large cracks in it. A single collection of animals was made here, No. 179. Common Names Scientific Names Common Garden Spider Argiope aurantia Ambush Spider Misumena aleatoria Differential Grasshopper, adult and nymphs Melanoplus differentialis Red-legged Grasshopper, adult and nymphs Mela no phis femiir-riihrum Texan Katydid Scuddcria texensis Meadow Grasshopper Orchclininm vnlgare, adult, and nymphs of vulgare or glaherri- ninm. Dorsal-striped Grasshopper Xiphidiuin strictuni Black-horned Meadow Cricket Glcanthns nigricornis Four-spott€d White Cricket Q^canthus quadripimctatus Ground-beetle Leptotrachelus dorsalis Sciomyzid fly Tctanocera plumosa The basic food-supply in such a habitat is of course the grasses, and this fact fully accounts for the presence of large numbers of individ- uals which feed upon grasses, as do the Orthoptera in general. But the Orthoptera listed are not exclusively vegetable feeders, for Forbes ('05: 147) has shown that Xiphidium stricturn feeds mainly upon in- sects, chiefly plant-lice, as well as upon vegetable tissues, including fun- gi and pollen; Orchelinium vulgare (p. 144), largely upon plant-lice and other insects; and CEcantlms qiiadripiinctatus (p. 220), upon plant tissues, pollen, fungi, and plant-lice. These observations were based upon a study of the contents of the digestive tract. The food of the sciomyzid fly is unknown. The garden spider lives exclusively upon ani- mal food ; and being abundant, it must exert considerable influence upon other small animals. It not only destroys animals for its food, but many others are ensnared in its web and thus killed. In one of the webs I found a large differential grasshopper. The rank growth of vegetation furnishes the necessary support for the webs of this spider. Some of the insects, as Melanoplus differentialis and M. femur- rnbrum, oviposit in the soil, but others — Scudderia texensis, Xiphid- ium stricturn, Orchelinium vulgare, and CBcanthus — deposit their 43 eggs in stems of plants or under the leaf-sheaths of grasses (Forbes, '05: 143, 145, 148, 216). The mode of oviposition in these Orthop- tera raises the question whether or not they are able to pass their com- plete life cycle within this habitat. Are the species which oviposit in the soil able to endure submergence during the wet season of the year, or must they each year re-invade this habitat from the more favorable adjacent regions? The sciomyzid fly is a regular inhabitant of such situations, for an allied species, Tetanoccra pictipes Loew, has been found by Needham ('01 : 580) to be aquatic, breeding on colonies of bur reed (Sparganium), and Shelford ('13a: 188, 284) also finds pliimosa in wet places. The flower spider, Mismnena, captures its prey direct, frequenting flowers where its prey comes to sip nectar, With more perfect drainage the character of this habitat would change; a more varied growth of vegetation would probably devel- op; and the relative abundance of the various kinds of animals would also change. The present imperfect drainage is more favorable to the accumulation of vegetable debris than if the habitat was connected with a stream which could float it away. The periodical dn,-ing hastens decay, and the deep cracks in the soil become burial places for various kinds -of organic debris. =". Colony of Wild Rye, Blymns rirgiuicus subiiutticiis, Station I, c* Wild rye is a swamp grass. This colony was located about half a mile north of the colony of slough grass (Station I, a) and about 222 feet south of the first east and west cross-road north of Charleston. For aj general view of this grassy habitat see Figure i, Plate II. In length this habitat extends about one third the distance between two consecutive telegraph poles, or about 65 feet. The conditions of the habitat are in general similar to those in the colony of Spartiua. The black soil was very dry and much cracked when examined, late in Au- gust. Though a few plants of Asclepias stillivantii grew here among the grass, it was a dense, almost pure stand of wild rye, which reached a height of about three and a half feet. Only a very few collections were made here, and these were for the sole purpose of determining the general composition of the asso- ciation. These collections, Nos. 153, 180, and 181, were as follows: *Animals were not studied at Station I, h, and therefore the location will not be discussed here. 44 Common Garden Spider Argiopc aurantia No. 153 Differential Grasshopper Mclanopliis differ entialis Red-legged Grasshopper Mclanopliis femur-riihriiin No. 180 Dorsal-striped Grasshopper Xipludinui strictum No. 180 Meadow Grasshopper Orchcliiimm vulgare, adult, and nymphs of z'ltlgare or glaberrimum No. 180 Texan Katydid Scudderia texensis No. 181 These are all abundant species. O. vulgare, by its persistent fid- dling, is noticeable in all such grass spots during hot sunny weather. A live differential grasshopper was found in the web of the garden spider. A comparison of the two colonies of swamp grasses, Spartina and Blymus, will probably help to give one a general idea of the kind of invertebrates which were abundant in the original swamp-grass area of this vicinity. It will be noticed that grass and grass eaters are the dominant species, and that upon these a smaller number of preda- ceous animals depend. The characteristic species are the Orthoptera and the garden spider. This spider, on account of its predaceous hab- its, is able to live in a great variety of open situations, but does not normally live in dense woodlands. 3. Wet Area of Szvainp Milkweed (Asclepias incarnata), Station I, d This colony of swamp milkweed was about one eighth of a mile north of the east and west cross-road. This flat, poorly drained black- soil area, about 80 feet long, was wet throughout August, crawfish holes being abundant (PI. Ill A, fig. 2; PI. IIIB, figs, i, 2). To the east, beyond the boundary fence, in the adjoining corn field, stood a pool of water surrounded by a zone of yellowish weakened corn, visited occasionally by a few shore birds. Along the east side of the newly formed railway embankment (PI. Ill, fig. i) is a shallow trench containing water and a growth of young willows (Salix) and cottonwoods (Popidus deltoides), also blue flags (Iris versicolor), bulrush (Scirpus), and sedge (Carex). The characteristic plants over this area were the abundant swamp milkweed (Asclepias incar- nata, PI. IIIA, fig. i) and Bidens. A few plants of water horehound (Lycopus) and dogbane (Apocymtm medium) were present, and many individuals of a low plant with a winged stem (Lythrmn alaturn). The collections (Nos. i, 12, 13, 14, 15, 18, 32, 37, 45, 156, and 157) of animals taken here were as follows: 45 Pond snail Galha uiiibilicata i8 Prairie Crawfish Cainhanis gracilis — Garden Spider Argiopc aiirantia — Ambush Spider MisiDiicna aleatoria 157 Chigger Tromhidium sp. Nine-spot Dragon-fly Libcllnla pnlchella — Stink-bug Ensc/iistus variolariiis 12 Small Milkweed-bug Lygccus kahnii 12 Large Milkweed-bug Oncopcltus fasciatiis I Ambush Bug Phyiiiata fasciata 12 Tarnished Plant-bug Lygus pratcnsis 12 Soldier-beetle C'hanliognathus pcnnsylvanicus 156 Black Flower-beetle Euphoria sepulchralis 156 Four-eyed Milkweed-beetle Tctraopcs tctraophthalmus 12 Milkweed-beetle Tetraopes femoratiis (?) I Leaf-beetle Diabrotica atripennis I Dogbane Beetle Chrysochus aurains 14 Celery Butterfly Papilio polyxenes 15.45 Philodice Butterfly Bnrymus philodice 12 Idalia Butterfly Argynnis idalia 33 Milkweed Butterfly Aiiosia pie. rip pus Honeysuckle Sphinx Hemaris diffinis 32 Giant Mosquito Psorophora ciliata 13 Giant Fly Mydas clavatus 12 Honey-bee Apis mcllifera — Pennsylvania Bumblebee Boinbiis pennsylvanicus 155 Bumblebee Bombiis fraternns 12 Bumblebee Bombus scparatus 12, 157 Carpenter-bee Xylocopa virginica 1,156 Rusty Digger-wasp Chlorion ichneumoncnin 12 The soft, wet, black soil contained large numbers of crawfish holes, and from several of them T. L. Hankinson dug specimens of Cambarus gracilis. Frogs (Raiia) were seen but none were secured. A Caro- lina rail was flushed from the ditch along the track, and on the mar- gins of the water in the adjacent corn field Mr. Hankinson recognized some shore birds. The dragon-fl}' Libellida pnlchella was abundant on the wing and resting on the vegetation, and two examples were found in the webs of Argiope aiirantia. No nymphs were found, but doubt- less eggs were laid by some of the numerous adults. It was interest- ing to observe the fresh burrows of the crawfish which had traversed the fresh firm yellow clay of the recently reinforced railway embank- 46 ment (shown in PI. II, fig. 2) and appeared upon its surface. The occurrence here of a small snail, Galha uinbilicata, is of interest. A very large species of mosquito with conspicuously banded legs, Psoro- phora ciliata, was found here. Though these aquatics and the ground forms did not receive much attention, they are representative of wet places. The presence of certain plants in this habitat hus determined the occurrence of several species of animals. Thus the dogbane Apocy- niim medium accounts for the brilliantly colored leaf-beetle Cliry- sochus aiirahis, which feeds upon its leaves and roots. But the most conspicuous feature of this habitat in August is the variety of insects which are attracted by the flowers of the swamp milkweed. These flowers may be regarded as so much insect pasture. A few butterflies were observed, Papilio polyxencs being found in an Argiopc web; and on the flowers of the swamp milkweed were Papilio crcsphontcs, Eiiry- vius philodice, Argynnis idalia, Anosia plcxippiis, and the honeysuckle sphinx (Hemaris diffinis). Among the most abundant Hymcnoptcra were the honey-bee (Apis mellifera) and the common rusty digger- wasp (C Morion ichneumonetim) . Others were the carpenter-bee (Xylocopa virginica) and the bumblebees Bombiis fraternus and sep- aratiis. On the flowers of the thistle (Cirsium) near this station, Bom- bius pennsylvanicus was also taken The giant fly (My das clavatus) was taken on the flowers of the swamp milkweed. Beetles from these flowers were the spotted milkweed-beetles (Tetraopes tetraophthahnus and femoraUis?) the flower-beetle Euphoria sepulchralis, and, late in August, great numbers of the soldier-beetle Chaidiognathus penn- sylvanicus. The Hemiptera found are equally characteristic, and in- clude both of the common milkweed-bugs (Oncopeltus fasciatiis and Lygccus kalmii) and Lygns pratensis. Still other insects were present on the milkweeds, preying not upon the plant, but upon its guests. These were the ambush bug (Pliymata fasciata) and the ambush spider (Misumeiia alcatoria), the latter being captured with a large bumblebee (Bonibus scparatus) in its grasp. It is thus quite evident that this milkweed has an important controlling influence upon the in- sects of this habitat at this season. Another abundant animal was the chigger, a larval mite of the genus Trombidium, which is brushed from the vegetation by one's arms and legs. These irritating pests were so abundant that to work with comfort in this region it was necessary to powder one's clothes and body with flowers of sulphur. These young six-legged mites are supposed to prey upon insects, as do the adults. According to Chittenden ('06 : 4) chiggers are most abun- dant in damp places and forest margins, and among shrubs, grass, 47 and herbage. The adults are known to eat plant-hce, small caterpil- lars, and grasshoppers' eggs. This mite is thus an important preda- ceous member of the association. The dragon-flies are well known to feed upon small insects, which they capture on the wing, and on ac- count of their abundance they are influential insects here. An examination of the list of animals secured at this station shows that there is considerable diversity in the conditions under which their breeding takes place. Indeed the breeding habits and places are almost as diverse as are the feeding relations. Thus the snail Galba breeds in the water ; and the crawfish, Camhanis gracilis, lives as a bur- rower except for a brief period in spring, when it is found in streams. It is distinctly a subterranean species. The garden spider, in the fall, leaves its eggs in its web. The life history of the ambush spider is not known. It seems probable that the sexes meet upon flowers, and as the flowers fade they migrate to fresh ones — a response which Han- cock has observed ('ii : 182-186) in the allied species Misumena vatia. The ambush bug, when found on flowers, is in a large number of cases copulating, but where the eggs are laid and the young devel- oped is unknown to me. Though this bug also must migrate with the fading of the flowers, after the habit of Misiiiiiena, it is winged and does not have to go "on foot" as the spider probably does. When dis- turbed these bugs do not as a rule seek to escape by flight, and it is not unlikely that they often crawl from one flower to another when the distance is short. The soldier-beetle is similar to the ambush bug in its propensity to copulate on flowers. The milkweed beetles and the dogbane beetle are commonly seen copulating upon the leaves and stems of the plants on which they live. The larva of the milkweed beetles bore into the roots and stems of plants ; the dogbane beetle has similar habits. Of the butterflies, Aiiosia was observed copulating on the willows, one sex with the wings spread, the fore ones overlapping in part the hinder pair, the other sex with the wings folded together vertically, the heads of the insects being turned in opposite directions. The eggs of the mosquito are laid near the surface of the water. The honey-bee and bumblebees are social, and the breeding and care of the young are quite different from those of the other animals found in this habitat. Xylocopa cuts the nest for its brood in solid wood, and seems rather foreign upon the prairie, although posts and ties are now to be found there. The rusty digger-wasp provisions its nest, which is dug in the ground, with various grasshoppers ; upon these the e^gg is laid and the young larva feeds. This wasp probably did not breed in this moist habitat. The wet substratum here is probably un- favorable for the breeding of those Ortlwptcra which deposit their eggs in the soil. 4- Cone-floiver and Rosin-zveed Colony, Station I, e This station was continuous with and just north of the swamp milkweed area (Station I, d) just described. The surface of the ground sloped gently upward toward the north, but none of it was free from crawfish holes, and the ground-water level was not far below. The soil is very dark in color. The general appearance of this habitat is shown in Plate V. The large-leaved plants are Silphiiun terebinthinaceum, and the heads of the numerous cone-flowers (Lcpachys pinnata) show as black points in the picture. The cone-flower was the dominant plant at this time. There were a few scattered plants of SUphiuin integrifoliimi and of wild lettuce (Lactuca canadensis). At the time the collecting was done in this area SUphiuin was not in blossom, and all the flower-collecting was from Lcpachys. The collections of animals taken here (Nos. 8, 40, and 158) are as follows : Crawfish Catnbarus sp. ( Burrows obse Tved) Garden Spider Argiope anrantia 40 Sordid Grasshopper Bncoptolophus sordidiis 158 Differential Grasshopper Mclanophis diffcrcntialis 40 Red-legged Grasshopper Mclanoplus fcniur-rubrum 40 Texan Katydid Scudderia texensis 40 Dorsal-striped Grasshopper Xiphidium strictum 40 Black-horned Meadow Cricket CBcanthns nigricornis 40 Q Membracid bug Campylenchia ciirvata 40 OJassid Platymctopins frontalis 40 Lygffiid Ligyrocoris sylvestris 40 Ambush Bug Phymata fasciata 40 Chrysomelid beetle Nodonota convexa 40 Southern Corn Root-worm Diabrotica 12-punctata 40 Beetle Robber-fly AsiUdcc Trypetid fly Euarcsta ccqnalis 40 Eucerid bee Melissodes bimacidata 8 Eucerid bee Mclissodcs obliqua 8 Nomadid bee Epcolus concolor 8 Social wasp Polistes sp. — Collection No. 40 was made by sweeping the vegetation with an in- sect net. No. 8 is a collection made from the flowers of Lcpachys pin- nata. The nest of Polistes was across the railway track from this station. The abundance of Melissodes obliqua and of the pretty 49 Bpeoltis concolor on the flowers of Lepachys indicates the attractive power of this plant. The coarser plants furnish support for the webs of Argiope; the flowers serve as drinking cups in which Phyinata lies in ambush; and the varied vegetation al^ords food for the numerous Orthoptcra. The proximity of ground-water accounts for the pres- ence of Cauibarits, and an adjacent corn field explains the presence of Diabrotica. A robber-fly (Asilida) was seen but not captured. It is interesting to see Melissodes obliqiia as it hurries round and round the heads of cone-flowers and sweeps up the great masses of yellow pollen. The hind pair of legs, when loaded with pollen, have nearly the bulk of the abdomen. Robertson ('94; 468) says that this is the most abundant visitor to the cone-flower, and more abundant on this flower than on any other. It is probable that the conditions within this habitat were suitable for the breeding of most of the species listed. Enarcsta ccqualis has been bred from the seed pods of the cocklebur (Xanthiiim) and prob- ably came from the adjacent corn field. It is most likely on flowers that the strepsipterid parasitic insects find many of their hosts (Pierce '09 b : 1 16) . These insects are found on the following prairie insects : Polistes, Odyncrus, Chlorion ichnciimoiicuin, C. pennsylvanicum, and C. atrahim. Robertson ('10) records many important observations on ihe hosts of Illinois Strepsiptera. 5. Colony of Blue Stem (Andropogon) and Drop-seed (Sporobolus), bordered by Swamp Milkzveed, Station I, g* This colony formed the extreme northern part of the prairie area examined along the "Clover Leaf" track. It extended along the track for a distance of about 200 feet. The area is level black soil prairie. Its general appearance and location are indicated in Figure 2, Plate II, and in Figure 2, Plate III, photographs taken at the time of our study, and in Figure 2, Plate IV, a photograph taken by T. L. Hankin- son April 23, 191 1. This latter view clearly shows the character of the drainage during the spring wet season. During the late summer, the dry season, the ditch along the railway track concentrates the drainage so that a colony of swamp milkweed (Asclcpias incarnata) and small willows flourish in it. Upon the well-drained part of this area there is a rather rich growth of Andropogon fnrcatiis, A. virginicus, and Sporobolus cryptandriis, and many plants of the dogbane Apocvnnui medium and a few plants of Asclepias sidlivantii. This was the larg- est and best colony of the upland prairie grasses seen along the Clover Leaf tracks; and yet when it is compared with the patches of such *No collections were made at Station I,/. 50 grass east of Charleston (Station III) it is a meager colony. Just south of this grassy colony was a large one of the mountain mint. Pycnanthemum flcxnosum. This is shown in Figure i, Plate IV. The collections of animals (Nos. i, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 19, 28a, 36, 39, 44, 157, and 159) are as follows: Pond snail Crawfish Harvest-man Garden Spider Ambush Spider Red-tailed Dragon-fly Nine-spot Dragon-fly Prairie Ant-lion Lace-wing Fly Grasshopper Sordid Grasshopper Differential Grasshopper Red-legged Grasshopper Texan Katydid Meadow Grasshopper Cone-nosed Katydid Four-spotted White Cricket Stink-bug Small Milkweed-bug Large Milkweed-bug Rapacious Soldier-bug Ambush Bug Four-eyed Milkweed Beetle Rhipiphorid beetle Bill-bug Milkweed Butterfly Giant Mosquito Mycetophilid fly Giant Bee-fly Vertebrated Robber-fly Honey-bee Bumblebee Bumblebee Eucerid bee Nomadid bee Leaf-cutting bee Rusty Digger-wasp Myzinid wasp Physa gyrina Cainbariis sp. Liobitnuni politumf Argiope aiirantia Misuinena aleatoria Syiupctniin riibiciiuduhtm Libdlula piilchcUa Bracliyncuiiinis abdoininalis Clirysopa ociilata Syrbula adimrabilis Encoptolophus sordidiis Melanoplns differentialis Mdanoplns femitr-ricbrtiin Scuddcria texcnsis OrcIicUvmm vidgare Conoccphalus sp. Glcanthus 4-puuctatus Eiischistus 7'ario!a)'iiis Lygccus kahnii Oncopelhis fasciatus Silica diadema Phymata fasciata Tctraopcs tctraophthaUmis Rliipiplioriis dimidiatits Spliciwplwnis z'cnatns Daiiais ar chip pus Psorophora ciliata Sciara sp. Exoprosopa fasciata Promachus vcrtcbratus Apis meUifica Boiubiis fratcruits Bombus separatus Melissodcs biiiiacidafa Bpeolus concolor Megackile mendica CJilorion ichneunioneiim Myzine sexcincta 6, 157. 36 44 3 44 39 3. 39 2,44 — . 3 159 3 39 I, 6 I 6 39 44 6 6 39>44 I 6 6 I I I, 6 51 Physa and Cambariis were found among the milkweeds on account of the wet ground, and the presence of the giant mosquito was prob- ably due to the same condition. The majority of the other animals were attracted to this habitat by the milkweed, particularly by its flow- ers. Among these were the milkweed bugs and beetles, the milkweed butterfly, the honey-bee, and the rusty digger-wasp. The dense growth of the milkweeds does not appear to be so favorable to the garden spider as is the more open and irregular growth of vegetation else- where. The ambush spider frequented the milkweed flowers for prey and also the flower masses of the mountain mint, on which it was in active competition with the ambush bug and the rapacious soldier-bug, which have similar food habits. The mountain mint, whose flowers are frequented by the predaceous animals just' mentioned, is also vis- ited by rhipiphorid beetles, the bee-fly (Bxoprosopa fasciata), the bees Melissodes bimaciilata and Epcohis concolor, and the myzinid wasp Myzine sexcincta. The prairie grasses were frequented by a large variety of Ortlwptera, which showed a decided preference for them, their abundance being evident in the list. The wide-ranging predators and parasites, such as Liobimmn, Libcllula, Sympetrum, Chrysopa, Brachynemurns, Promacliiis, Clilorion, and Myzine, probably forage over extensive areas compared with the relatively sedentary kinds, such as Misumena, Argiope, Phymata, and Sinea. Phymata was cap- tured on a milkweed flower with a honey-bee; Promochas vcrtcbratus was taken on a grass stem with a stink-bug (Buschistus variolarius) ; and Misumena aleatoria was taken with a large, nearly mature female nymph of Conocephalus. The conditions which permit an animal to breed in a habitat have an important influence upon the character of its population. It is evi- dent that many of the animals taken do not breed here. Some of the relatively sedentary kinds, such as Physa. Cambariis, and Argiope, and probably Misumena, do not cover long distances. Good examples of the wider ranging forms are Sympctnun, Libellula, Danais, Proma- chus, Apis, Bombus, and Chlorion. Several of the animals, as the snails, crawfish, and the dragon-flies, require an aquatic habitat. Chrysopa places its eggs among colonies of plant-lice, and Brachyne- murns probably spends its larval life in dry or sandy places, feeding upon ants and other small insects, as do other ant-lions. Several of the Orthoptera deposit their eggs in the soil ; and some of the locustids, among grasses and herbaceous stems. Others are found copulating upon the plants on which the young feed, as Tctraopes, Chrysochus, Lygccns, and Oncopeltus; and still others copulate in the flowers mainly, as Phymata. It is probable that on the flowers some of the para- 52 sitic species find their hosts, as Pierce ('04) has shown to be the case in the rhipiphorid genus Myodites. Rhipiphoriis is probably parasitic. 6. Supplementary Collections from Station I In addition to the specimens given in the preceding Hsts for Station I there are others, general collections from this area, which should be listed for this prairie. For details concerning each species of the fol- lowing consult the annotated list. Garden Spider Argiopc aurantia 26 Ambush Spider Misumcna aleatoria 31 Chigger Trombidinin sp. Dorsal-striped Grasshopper Xiphidiuiii strictum 35 Coreid bug Harmostes reflexultts ^7 Ambush Bug Phymata fasciata 24, 26, 43 Ladybird Hippodamia parenthesis Hankinson Leaf-beetle Trirhabda tomentosa Hankinson Four-eyed Milkweed Beetle Tetraopes 4-ophthalmus 35 Old-fashioned Potato Beetle Bpicaiita vittata Hankinson Margined Blister-beetle Bpicauta marginata Hankinson Black Blister-beetle Bpicauta pennsylvanica 26, 152 Snout-beetle Centrinns penicelliis 41 Snout-beetle Centriniis scutelhim-alhum Hankinson Giant Bee-fly Bxoprosopa fasciata 24.31 American Syrphid Syrphus americanits II Tachinid fly' Trichopoda ruficauda 38 Bumblebee Bonibus separatus 22 False Bumblebee Psithynis variabilis 22 Eucerid bee Melissodcs obliqna 24, 48 Short Leaf-cutting Bee Megachile hrevis Hankinson Halictid bee Halictus fascia tus 26 Halictid bee Halictus vircscens 23 Stizid wasp Stisns brevipennis 35, Hankinson Rusty Digger-wasp Chlorion ichncumonenm 6 Harris Digger-wasp Chlorion harrisi 24 Digger-wasp Ammophila nigricans 24 Solitary wasp Odynerus vagus 46 II. Prairie Area near Loxa, Illinois, Station II This station includes patches of prairie along the Cleveland, Cin- cinnati, Chicago and St. Louis (Big Four) railroad right-of-way be- tween Charleston and Mattoon, ill., and about one mile west of 53 the small station of Loxa. Along this track the telegraph-pole num- bers were used in locating our substations. This is a rather level black soil area, originally poorly drained and wet, but now considerably modified by the ditching and grading occasioned by railway construc- tion and maintenance. The changes have been similar to those on the prairie north of Charleston, but the ditching has been a few feet deeper and the embankment is higher. The most abundant and characteristic kinds of vegetation are the tall prairie grasses — blue stem (Andropo- gon ftircatiis), drop-seed (Sporobolits cryptaiidnts), and beard grass (Andropogon virgiiiicus) — a rosin-weed (Silphiinn laciiiiatum), the flowering spurge (Euphorbia corollata), wild lettuce (Lactuca can- adensis), rattlesnake-master (Bryngium yiiccifoliiiiii), and beggar- ticks (Desniodiuui). Many other kinds of plants were also present. The general appearance of this habitat is shown in plates VI and VII. Our collections from this prairie (Nos. 47-57 and 176-178) are as follows : Garden Spider Ambush Spider Sordid Grasshopper Two-lined Grasshopper Differential Grasshopper Meadow Gra.sshopper Lance-tailed Grasshopper Dorsal-striped Grasshopper Stink-bug Ambush Bug Dusky Leaf-bug Soldier-beetle Southern Corn Root-worm Margined Blister-beetle Black Blister-beetle Rhipiphorid beetle Rhipiphorid beetle Snout-beetle Thoe Butterfly Dogbane Caterpillar Giant Bee-flv Robber-fly Vertebrated Robber-fly Corn Syrphid Syrphid fly Argiopc aitrantia 49. 179 Misuincna aleatoria 47. 178 Bncoptolopluis sordidus 48 Mclanoplus bivittatus 55 Mclauoplus differentialis 48 Orchclimum z'ulgare 178 Xiphidiiim attemiatum 48 Xipliidiiiin strictuin 48 . 50 . 57 Buscliistus variolarius 50, 52, 178 Phvmata fasciata 48, 52, 54, .55. 57. 178 Addphocoris rapidiis 55 Cliauliognathus pennsyhanicus 178 Diabrotica 12-pnnctata 55 Bpicauta marginata 48 Bpicauta pennsylvanica 48, 178 Rlupiphorus dimidiatus 52 Rliipiplwriis limbatns 178 Rliyncliitcs ccneus 48 Chrysophanes thoe 55 Ammalo cglencnsis or tenera 53 Bxoprosopa fasciata 47. 57. 176 Dcroniyia sp. 51 Proniachus vcrtcbratus 56 Mesogramma politum 177 Allograpta obliqua 177 54 Tachinid fly Cistogaster immaculata 55 Pennsylvania Bumblebee Boinbus pennsylvaniciis 50, 52, 55, 176 False Bumblebee Psithyrus variabilis 176 Eucerid bee Melissodcs himaciilata 48 Nomadid bee Bpcohis concolor 48, 52 Halictid bee Halictus obsciirits 55 Halictid bee Halictus fasciatits 48, 52 Black Digger-wasp Chlorion atratiun 55 Pennsylvania Digger-wasp Chlorion pennsylvanicum 55 ]\Iyzinid wasp My sine sexcincta 52, 55 Ant Fonuica pallid e-fidva schaufussi inccrta 52 The general conditions of this prairie appear to have been less dis- turbed than at Station I ; at least the prairie vegetation is more exten- sive and uniform. The change in the vegetation is apparently greater than the change in the kinds of animals. Their feeding and breeding relations appear to be much like those at the prairie stations previously discussed. In the flowers of the cup-leaved rosin-weed (Silphium integri- folium) was found a giant bee-fly (Bxoprosopa fasciata) which had been captured by the ambush spider (Misumena aleatoria), and on webs in colonies of this same plant the garden spider (Argiope auran- tia) was observed, with a grasshopper (Mclanoplits differentialis) en- tangled in the web. From the flowers of this SUphinm the following insects were taken : Bpicauta marginata and B. pennsylvanica, Rhyn- cliitcs ccneits, Phymata fasciata, Bncoptolopluts sordidus, Melanoplus differentialis (nymph), Xiphidiinn strictum (adult and nymph), X. attcnuatnm, Melissodcs bimaculata and obliqua, Bpcolus concolor, and Halictus fasciatus. The margined blister-beetle (Bpicauta marginata) was found both upon the flowers and the leaves of the plant. On the flowers of the purple prairie clover (Pctalostcinttin purpurcum), Bom bus pennsyhanicus, Xiphidimn strictum, and Buschistus variolarius were taken. Collection 176 was taken from the flowers of Liatris scariosa, and Nos. 55 and 178 from the flowers of Bryngium yucci- folium. Swarms of the small corn syrphid, Mesograninia politum, were present, on one day settling by dozens on my hands and clothes, where they were easily grasped by the wing. It had been a warm day, and this swarming was in the sunshine at about 4 :30 p. m. The flies came from a large corn field a few feet away. 55 III. Prairie Area East of Charleston, Station III This prairie area is about two miles east of Charleston along the "Big Four" railway track. There were two colonies here. One, sub- station a, was on low black-soil prairie just west of the first north and south road crossing the railway track east of Charleston. This was largely a colony of the large-leaved rosin-weed, Sill'hiunt tcrehinthi- naceuni. The second colony, substation h, was a mile and a half di- rectly east of substation a, and half a mile east of the second north and south road east of Charleston. Substation or "station" a was originally far out upon the black soil prairie; h, on the other hand, is of special interest because it was origi- nally wooded, has been cleared and maintained as a railroad right-of- way, and contains today, therefore, a practically unique mixture of for- est and prairie plants and animals, with the prairie kinds dominating. The soil, lighter in color than the black soil prairje, is representative of the wooded regions. This colony has every appearance of a cleared forest area invaded by prairie organisms. The animals at station a were not studied, and the only record is that of the black blister-beetle, Epicauta pcnnsyhanica (No. 119), which was abundant on the flowers of Silphium terebinthinaceum. At station b excavation was necessary to lower the road-bed, and upon the disturbed soil thus thrown up along the track the prairie veg- etation had become established. The general appearance of this region is shown in plates VIII and IX. Here grew large quantities of rosin- weed (Silphium tercbintliinaccuin) and blue stem (Andropogon) ; in places upon high ground, indeed, this prairie grass was dominant. Associated with it was the flowering spurge, Buphorbia corolla ta, as seen in Plate VIII. The forest near by is shown in the background. This same forest and grass area is shown in the background and mid- dle of Plate IX, and in the foreground of the same picture is shown the mixture of prairie and forest plants. Here are hickory sprouts, crab-apple, grape, sumac, and smilax, intermingled with Silphium, blue stem, and Lactuca canadensis. Not all of these appear in the photograph, but they were present in some parts of the colony. The collections here (Nos. 58-62 and 175) are as follows: Leather-colored Grasshopper Schistocera alutacea 59 Black-horned Meadow Cricket CBcanthiis nigncornis 62 ]\Ieadow Grasshopper OrchcHmuiu vulgarc 175 Soldier-beetle Chaiiliognathus pcniisylvaiiiciis 175 Spotted Grape-beetle Pelidnota punctata 58 Black Blister-beetle Epicauta pennsylvanica (Sta. Ill, a) 119 56 Cabbage Butterfly Pontid rapcE 6i Vertebrated i\.obber-fly Promachiis vertchratus 62 Pennsylvania Bumblebee Bombns pennsylvanicus 175 Impatient Bumblebee Boiiibiis impatiens 175 Bumblebee Bombus atiricomiis 175 (Rose-gall) Rhodites nebtdosiis 60 No animals were taken here which were dependent upon the sumac, hickory, crab-apple, or smilax. Pdidnota lives upon the grape, and grapes are primarily woodland or forest-margin rather than prairie plants. Schistoccrca is also probably a marginal species. On the flow- ers of Silphiiim tcrchinthinaceum were taken Orchelimiim vulgar e, Chanliognatliiis pennsylvanicus, and Bombus pennsylvanicus, auri- conms, and impatiens. The persistence of woodland vegetation in this locality, in spite of the repeated mowings and burnings, shows that it has much vigor, and would, if undisturbed, in a few years shade out the prairie vege- tation and restore the dominance of the forest. With such a change in the vegetation there would of course be a corresponding change in the animals. DESCRIPTION OF THE FOREST HABITATS AND ANIMALS I. The Bates Woods, Station IV The Bates woodland area is located about three and a half miles northeast of Charleston on the farm that was owned by Mr. J. I. Bates, and consists of about 160 acres. It includes a bottom-land area near the Embarras River, and extends up the valley slope on to the upland. It is isolated from the trees bordering the river (PI. X, fig. i) by a narrow clearing, and from those on the northeast, north, and north- west by another clearing (PL XI) ; on the south and southwest it is continuous with partially cleared areas, which extend south to the Big Four railway track. The river bottom-land is undulating and rises rather gradually toward the base of the bluffs. The bluff line is irregular on account of the ravines which have been etched in it, the largest of which forms the southern boundary of the region examined. The upland is rela- tively level. The soils on the bottom are darker colored, except in places near the base of the blufif, and at the mouths of the ravines where the upland soil has been washed down. The upland soil is pre- sumably the "light gray silt loam" of the State Soil Survey (Moultrie County Soils, 111. Exper. Sta. Soil Rep., 191 1, No. 2, p. 23). All of 57 the area examined was well drained, and all was forested. The region is not homogeneous physically or in its vegetation, and for this reason the area is divided into substations in order that the influences of the local conditions within the forest might be preserved, and their indi- viduality recognized. 2. The Upland Oak-Hickory Forest, Station IV, a The general appearance of this forest is shown in plates XII and XIII. This is an open second-growth forest composed of oaks and hickories — such as white oak (Quercus alba), black oak (Q. velutina), shag-bark hickory (Carya ovata), bitternut (C. cordiformis), pignut (C. glabra), and scattered individual trees of red oak (Q. rubra), wal- nut (Juglans nigra), and mulberry (Morns rubra). The shrubs are sassafras (Sassafras variifoliinn), sumac (Rhus glabra), Virginia creeper (Psedcra quinqnefolia), poison ivy (Rhus toxicodendron), rose (Rosa), raspberry (Rubus), moonseed (Mcnispermum cana- densc), and tree seedlings. The average diameter of the largest trees is 8— lo inches. Most of the small growth consists of the sprouts from stumps, and many of these are 2-3 inches in diameter. The forest crown is not complete, and as a consequence there are more or less open patches in which most of the herbaceous growth is found, such as horse mint (Monarda bradbitriana) , pennyroyal (Hcdeoma pulc- gioides), everlasting (Antennaria plantaginifolia) , tick-trefoil (Des- nwdiuvi midiflorum) , and other, less abundant kinds. Even a plant quite characteristic of the prairie, the dogbane Apocynum, was found here in one of the open glades. The forest floor has an unequal covering of dead leaves, largely oak, most of which lie in the low vegetation and in slight depressions. Occasionally there is but little cover and the light-colored soil is ex- posed. There are few stumps and logs in this part of the forest, and no thick layer of vegetable mold, so that one would not expect to find any animals which normally frec|uent moist soil and vegetable debris. As this is a second-growth forest it lacks the conditions which abound in an original growth, where are old, dead and decaying trees, and numerous decaying logs and stumps. In this respect the woods is not fully representative of an original upland forest on well-drained bluff land. The relative evaporating power of the air of this .'-ubstation was 54 per cent, of that of the standard instrument in the open garden at the Normal School, a fact which indicates a relative evaporation com- parable to that of the ordinary black-soil prairie ; in producing this con- ditiou. the glade-like, open character of this forest is undoubtedly an important factor. 58 The characteristics of this habitat may be summed up as follows : upland, open, relatively dry second-growth oak-hickory forest, with little undergrowth of shrubs and herbs, and with a small amount of litter and humus ; soil dry and firm ; and few decaying stumps and tree trunks. The collections of animals made here (Nos. 64-67, 69, 71, 74-83, 88, 91-93, 102, 103, 107, 109, 118, 120-123. 127, 135, 136, 142, 145, 147, 150, 151, 162, 163. 166, 169, 170, 171, and 183) are as follows: Land snail Predaceous snail Land snail Carolina slug Land snail Harvest-spider Harvest-spider Stout Harvest-spider Island Spider White-triangle Spider Rugose Spider Ground Spider White Ant Ant-lion ^Dog-day Harvest-fly © Periodical Cicada ' Forest Walking-stick Grouse Locust Short-winged Grouse Locust Green Short- winged Grasshopper Sprinkled Grasshopper Boll's Grasshopper Lesser Grasshopper Acridiid grasshopper Acridiid grasshopper Forked Katydid Angle-winged Katydid Common Katydid Meadow Grasshopper Meadow Grasshopper Striped Cricket Spotted Cricket Woodland Cricket Polygyra albolabris 91 Circinaria coticava 71 Zouitoides arbor ea Philomycus carolinensis 71 Pyramiditlaperspectiva 71 ,88 Liobitmim vittatum^ 82, 123 Liobumim vcntricosuui I 23b Liobunum grandc 82 Epcira insularis 70 Epcira verrucosa 70 Acrosoma rugosa 70. 147 Lycosa sp. 142, 150 Tennes flavipes 7: 2.76 . 79 Myrmelconidcc (Forest horde r) 183 Cicada liiiiiei 162 Tibiccn scptcudecim — Diaphcro)iiera femora fa 64 .93 Tettiijidca lateralis 109 Tettigidea parvipcnnis 122 Dichroiiiorpha z'iridis 67. 92, 93. 121, 123 CJdoealtis conspersa 6y, .93. 122 Spliaragemon bolli 67. 150 Melanoplus atlanis 67 Melanopliis amplcctens 67 Melanoplus obovatipennis 93 Scndderia furcata 109 Microcentrmn laiirifoliiiin 135 Cyrtophylliis perspiciUafus 145 Orcliclimmii citticulare 67 . 93 Xiplndimn ncmorale 93. 103 Netiwbius fasciatits 67, 93- Nemobius macidatus 122 A pi thus agitator 93 59 Woodland Tiger-beetle Cicindela unipunctata 136 Caterpillar-hunter Calosoma scrutator 64 Carabid beetle Galcrita janus 171 Ladybird Coccinellidce 81 Splendid Dung-beetle Geotrnpes splendidns 120 Dogbane Beetle Chrysochus aurattis 103 Tenebrionid larva Mcracantha contracta 83 Philenor Butterfly Papilio philenor 69, 166 Turnus Butterfly Papilio turnus — Troilus Butterfly Papilio troilus 163 Sphingid larva Crcssonia juglandis 102 Arctiid moth Halisidota tessellaris 168 Notodontid moth Datana angusii 65. 162 Notodontid moth Nadata gihhosa 169 Notodontid moth Hetcrocampa giittivitta? 127 Geometrid moth Bustroma diver silineata 163 Gelechiid moth Ypsolophus lignlellus? 76, 78, Hankinson (Cecidomyiidgall) Cecidoniyia holotricha 107, 170 (Cecidomyiidgall) Cecidomyia tuhicola 107 (Cecidomyiidgall) Cecidoniyia carycecola 107, 170 Syrphid fly Chrysotoxum ventricosmn 163 Corn Syrphid Mesogramma politum 76, 78, Hankinson Vespa-like Syrphid Milesia ornata 103 Pigeon Tremex Tremex columba 66 (Oak Bullet-gall) Holcaspis globidus 170 (White Oak Club-gall) Andricus clavida 170 (Oak Wool-gall) Andricus lana 170 Formicid ant Cremastogaster lineolata 118 Formicid ant Aphcrnogasfer fulva 74-80 Formicid ant Formica fusca suhscricea 163 Mutillid ant Sphccroplithalma 151 Short Caterpillar-wasp Ammophila abhreviata 127 3. Enibarras J^alley and Ravine Slopes, forested by the Oak-Hickory Association, Station IV, h This station included the slope of the valley from the river bottom (Station IV, c) to the upland forest (Station IV, a) and the side of the south ravine, the bottom of which forms Station IV, d. This sub- station is not as homogeneous physically as the upland or lowland for- est, because the part along the south ravine is relatively open, is well drained, and has a south exposure, and the southeast slope to the low- 60 land forest on the other hand, is well wooded and shaded, and much more humid. The substation also has a considerable amount of litter, leaves, and humus. This region may be considered as transitional be- tween the upland and lowland forest, but it represents, not one but two transitional stages, the south slope approaching the upland forest type, and the southeast slope approaching that of the lowland forest. Thus, if one walked from the upland forest down the slope of the south ravine, and eastward to the southeast valley slope to the bottom- land forest, he would traverse all the main degrees of conditions found at Station IV. The forest cover consists primarily of the following trees : white oak (Quercns alba), black oak (Q. velutina), walnut (Juglans nigra), pignut (Carya glabra), and, in smaller numbers, mulberry (Morns rubra), red oak (Querais rubra), shag-bark hickory (Carya ovata), bitternut (C. cordiformis) ; and of the following shrubs: redbud (Cer- cis canadensis), sassafras (Sassafras variifolium), moonseed (Menis- pcruium canadense), five-leaved ivy (Psedera qninquefolia) , grape (litis cincrea), prickly ash (Zanthoxylum amcricanmn) , and sumac (Rhus glabra), the latter growing in large colonies on the open south ravine-slope. On the more moist and shaded southeast slope lived the clearvveed (Pilca puuiila), a plant quite characteristic of moist deep- shaded woods. Thus sumac and clearweed may be considered as in- dex plants to the physical conditions in different parts of these two slopes, one shaded and the other rather open. The atmometer, located on the upper part of the south ravine slope, gave a relative humidity of 31 per cent, of the standard in the garden of the Normal School. It will be recalled that in the upland forest (Station IV, c) the atmometer gave 54 per cent., the comparison showing how much less the evaporating power of the air is on the south ravine slope than it is in the upland forest. The relative evap- oration was not determined for the southeast slopes, but the presence of Pilea clearly indicates that it is less than on the south ravine slope, where the instrument was located. On the lower parts of the valley slope, where this substation grades into the lowland, the layers of dead matted leaves and humus reached to a considerable depth, and looked as if they had been pressed down by drifting snows. Such places were found to contain very few animals. This habitat is characterized by a sloping surface, by relative open- ness on the ravine side and dense shade on the valley slope, by rela- tively humid air, by second-growth forest somewhat transitional be- tween that of the uplands (Station IV, a) and the river bottoms (Sta- tion IV, c), by a relatively large amount of shrubbery, by considerable 61 humus and litter, by moist soil, and by more logs and stumps than are in the upland forest. The collections of animals made at this substation (Nos. 68, 84, 85, 87, 89, 90, 94, 100, 104, 105, 106, 108, no, III, 124, 125, 131, 132, 133, 140, 149, 161, 164, 165, 166, and 168) are as follows: Land snail Polygyra clausa 164 Land snail Vitrea indentata 140, 164 Land snail Vitrea rhoadsi 164 Land snail Zonitoides arborea 84 Carolina Slug PIUlo my CHS caroUncnsis 89, 125 Land snail Pyramidida perspectiva 84, 164 Milliped Cleidogona ccesioanmdata 140 Milliped Polydesmiis sp. 125 Stout Harvest-spider Liobunum grande III White Ant Vermes fiavipes 125 Woodland Cockroach Ischnoptera sp. 140 Green Short-winged Dichromorpha viridis no Grasshopper Boll's Grasshopper Spharagemon bolli 133 Scudder's Grasshopper Melanoplits scudderi 124 Woodland Cricket Apithes agitator 124 Caterpillar-hunter Calosoma scrutator 100, 149 Wireworm Melanotiis sp. 125 Horned Passalus Passalus cornutiis 85 Tenebrionid larva Meracantha contracta 140 Troilus Butterfly Papilio troilus 161 Philenor Butterfly Papilio philenor 166 Lycffinid butterfly Bveres corny ntas 161 American Silkworm Telea polyphemus 163 Hickory Horned-devil atheroma regalis 68, 108 Arctiid caterpillar Halisidota tessellaris 163, 168 Rotten-log Caterpillar Scolecocampa liburna 125 Notodontid Dataiia angusii 104 Notodontid larva Nadata gibbosa 94 Geometrid Caberodes confusaria 161 Slug Caterpillar Cochlidion or Lithacodes 165 Pigeon Tremex Tremex columba 132 (Acorn Plum-gall) Amphibolips primus 131 Old-fashioned Ant Stigmatomma pallipes 140 Tennessee Ant Aphcciwgaster tennesseensis 87 Formicid ant Myrmica rubra scabrinodis schnecki 140 62 Carpenter-ant Caniponotus hcrculeanus penn- syk'anicus 84, 85 Rusty Carpenter-ant Catuponotus hcrculeanus penn- syk'anicus fcrrugincus 90 Short Caterpillar-wasp Ammophila ahhreviata 124 4. Lo'aiand or "Second Bottom," Red Oak-Bhn-Siigar Maple Wood- land Association, Station IV, c This station includes the part of the forest located upon the upper or higher part of the river bottom. This area is sometimes called the "second bottom" because it is above the present flood-plain. The gen- eral position of the forest is shown in Figure i, Plate X. The fringe of willows along the river bank is shown at a; the flood-plain area is cleared at h; the substation forest is at c; and part of the forest of the valley slope is seen at d. Other views of this station are shown in plates XIV, X\', and X\"I (figures i and 2). The general slope is toward the river ; minor inequalities are due to the action of the tem- porary streams which are etching into the uplands and depositing their burdens of debris at the mouths of the ravines. Soil, leaves, and other organic debris are washed from the upland, tlie ravines, and the val- ley slopes, and are deposited upon the bottoms, forming low alluvial fans, which have been built up in successive layers or sorted again and again as the temporary streams have wandered over the surface of the fan on account of the overloading and deposition which filled up their channels. In this manner the soil in general is not only supplied with moisture, drained from the upland, but the various soils are both mixed as successive layers of organic debris are buried by storms and also mulched by the large amount of this debris which is washed and blown to the lowland. No springs were found upon the southeast valley slope, but in the south ravine pools of water were present dur- ing August, 1910. when my observations were made. • The forest, characterized by hard maple (Acer saccharuui), red oak (Qucrcus rubra), and elm (Ulmus americana), forms a dense canopy which shuts out the light and winds, thus conserving the mois- ture which falls and drains into it, and making conditions very favor- able to a rich mesophytic hardwood forest. That the relative humid- ity is high is shown by the moisture found in the humus of the forest floor, and, further, not only by the presence of clearweed (Pilca pu- niila) and the nettle Laportea canadensis, which characterize such moist shady woods, but also by the presence of the scorpion-flies (Bit- tacus). These organisms are permanent residents where such condi- ditions prevail, and their presence is as clearly indicative of certain physical conditions as that of aquatic animals would be indicative of other physical conditions. In addition to these evidences we have the readings of our atmometer, which showed the evaporating power of the air to be 26 per cent, of the standard in the garden at the Normal School. This shows that the relative evaporation is very low, and that conditions for the preservation of the moisture which falls and drains into this area are very favorable. The general character of this forest is shown in plates XIV, XV, and XVI, Figure i. The vegetational cover on the lowland is quite different in its com- position from that on the upland. This is shown mainly by the pres- ence of the elm (UUnns amcricana) , hard maple (Acer saccharnm) , and red oak (Qncrats mbra), and secondarily, by the presence, in smaller numbers, of the black cherry (Prnnus serotina), slippery elm (Ulmus fiilva), shingle oaW (Quercus intbricaria), and the Kentucky coffee-tree (Gymnocladus dioica). Other trees present are walnut (Jnglans nigra), mulberry (Morns rubra), and bitternut (Carya cor- diformis). The shrubs and vines are gooseberry (Ribes cynosbati), prickly ash (Zantlioxyhim amcricamnn) , redbud (Crrcis canadensis), buck-brush (Syuiphoricarpos orbicidattts), green brier (Sinila.v), five-leaved ivy (Pscdcra quinqitcfolia), moonseed (Menispermiim canadcnsc), bittersweet^ Cclastriis scandcns), and grape (Vitis cine- rca). The characteristic herbaceous vegetation is nettle (Laportea canadensis), clearweed (Pilea puniila), bellflower (Campanula ameri- cana), Indian tobacco (Lobelia inflata), tick trefoil (Desmodiwn grandiflorum), Actinomeris alternifolia, maiden hair fern (Adiantiim pcdatuni), beech fern (Phegopteris hexagonoptera), the rattlesnake fern (Botrychium virginiamim) , and Galium circcezans and G. tri- foliuni. Although the forest is generally dense and therefore deeply shaded, there are some places which are comparatively open. Attention, how- ever was devoted mainly to the denser parts. At one place, near the base of the eastern slope of the valley, a few trees had been cut within a few years, and in this glade the conditions and plants and animals were different from those in the dense forest. (See PI. XVI, figs, i and 2.) This habitat may be characterized as follows : lowland densely cov- ered by sugar maple-red oak forest (climax mesophytic) ; very humid air ; a moist soil ; relatively few shrubs ; herbaceous plants — nettles and clearweed — characteristic of damp, shady, rich woods; and considera- ble litter and humus in places. 64 The collections of animals made here (Nos. 113, 114, : 137-139. I4i> ^43> ^44, ^73> 1^2, and 184) are as follows, cised numbers designating collections from the glade : Predaceous Snail Land snail Slug eggs Alternate Snail Milliped Ambush Spider Tent Epeirid Three-lined Epeirid Spined Spider Rugose Spider Ground Spider Cherry-leaf Gall-mite Clear-winged Scorpion-fly <5» Leaf-hopper Pentatomid Coreid Spined Stilt-bug Short-winged Grasshopper Acridiid grasshopper Acridiid grasshopper Scudder's Grasshopper Round-winged Katydid Nebraska Cone-nose Meadow Grasshopper Meadow Grasshopper Meadow Grasshopper Striped Cricket Elaterid larva Elaterid Black-tipped Calopteron Reticulate Calopteron Horned Fungus-beetle Common Skipper Imperial Moth (larva) Noctuid moth Asilid fly Vespa-like syrphid Long-sting Black Longtaii Cocoanut Ant Circinaria concava Vitrea indentata Philomycus (?) eggs Pyramidula alternata CalUpus lactarius Misumena aleatoria Bpcira domicilioruni Epeira trivittata Acrosoma spinea Acrosoma rugosa Lycosa scutulata Acartis serotin^ Bittaciis stigmaterus Aulaciacs irrorata Hyiiioiarcys nervosa Acanthoccnis galeator Jalysus spiiwsns Dichromorpha viridis Melanoplus amplectens Mdanoplus gracilis Melanoplus sciidderi Auiblycoryplia rotnndifolia Conocephaliis nebrascensis Orchclliiiiiiii cuticnlarc Orchcliiiniiii glaberrinimii Xipliidiiim nc morale Nemobius fasciatus Corymbites sp. Asaphcs memnonius Calopteron terniinale Calopteron reticulatiim Boletothenis bifurcus E par gy reus tityrus Basilona imperialis Aittographa precationis Dcromyia discolor Milesia ornata Thalessa lunator Pelecinus polyturator Tapiiioma sessile 138, 16, 777, the itali- 113 113 114 173 184 131. 173 138 172 172 144 116 141 117' 143 113 182 117 iU> 143 117, 143 143 117 117, 143 117 143 117. 143 117, 143 143 "3 113 173 143 173 173 106 143 117 184 143 ii7> 143 139 143. 5- Supplementary Collecti Tent Epeirid White-triangle Spider Spined Spider Rugose Spider 0 Mealy Plata Leaf-hopper Pentatomid bug Pentatomid bug Tarnished Plant-bug Coreid bug Coreid bug Rapacious Soldier-bug Acridiid grasshopper Pennsylvania Firefly Margined Soldier-beetle Soldier-beetle Chrysomelid beetle Clubbed Tortoise-beetle Portlandia Butterfly Eurytus Butterfly Gelechiid moth (Hairy Midge-gall) Corn Syrphid Fly (Horned-knot Oak-gall) (Oak Wool-gall) Ichneumon Wasp Formicid ant Rusty Carpenter-ant Spider Wasp Ions from the Bates Woods, Station IV Epcira domiciliorum 167 Bpeira verrucosa 126 Acrosoma spinea 148 Acrosoma rugosa 126 Ormenis pruinosa Hankinson Gypona pectoralis Hankinson Buschisttis fissilis 124 Morinidca lugens Hankinson Lygiis pratensis Hankinson Alydiis qitinqiicspinosiis Hankinson Acanthoccros galeator Hankinson Sinca diadema Hankinson Mclanoplus ohovatipennis 124 Plwtiiris pennsylvanica Hankinson CliauUognathiis marginatus Hankinson Tclcphorus sp. Hankinson Cryptoceplialiis mutahilis Hankinson Coptocyda clavata Hankinson Enodia portlandia 63 Cissia eurytus Hankinson Ypsoloplms ligulellus Hankinson Cecidomyia holotricha (Near collection No. q6) Mesogramma politum Hankinson Andriciis cornigerus (Near 96) Andriais lana (Near 96) Tragus obsidianator Hankinson Aphccnogaster ftdva 125 Camponotus hercideanus penn- sylvanicus ferrugineus 97 Psammochares cctkiops Hankinson 6. Small Temporary Stream in the South Ravine, Station IV, d This small temporary stream in a ravine formed the southern boundary of the area examined (PI. XVH, figs, i and 2). At the sea- son of our examination it was a series of small disconnected pools. Very little attention was devoted to the collection and study of its life. Most of the collections were secured by T. L. Hankinson. A few aquat- ic animals were collected here. In a small pool were taken numerous specimens of the creek chub (Semotilus atromaculatus), and one stone- roller (Campostoma anomalum) . Frogs, toads, and salamanders were also taken in the vicinity by Mr. Hankinson, who dug from their bur- rows specimens of Cambarus diogenes, and also secured immunis and propinquus. On the surface of the pools were numerous specimens of a water-strider, Gerris remigis. The forest cover is undoubtedly an important factor in the preservation of such pools, as it controls the evaporating power of the air. Mr. Hankinson tells me that during the summer of 1912 this tem- porary stream was completely dry, and that no fish have been taken from it since the earlier collection mentioned above. From the mouth of the ravine across the bottom to the river it is only a few hundred feet, and in time of heavy or prolonged rains these pools are in direct communication with the river. Such a stream is an excellent example of an early stage in the development of the stream habitat, and shows its precarious character, and the liability to frequent extermination of these pioneer aquatic animals which invade it in its early stages. This applies particularly to those animals which have no method of tiding over dry periods. On the other hand, those animals which live in the pools, those parts of temporary streams which persist longest between showers, have better chances of survival, particularly bur- rowing animals, like the crawfish and its associates. It seems prob- able that crawfish burrows harbor a varied population; not only the crawfish leeches (Branchiobdcllida) but also the eggs of certain Cor- ixidcr (Forbes, '76:4-5; '78, p. 820; Abbott, '12) may almost cover the body of some crawfishes. By means of this burrow ground-water is reached, and a subterranean pool is formed. For Ihe elaboration of the stream series see Adams (01) and Shelford ('11 and 13a). This temporary stream shows how, by the process of erosion, the upland forest area is changed into ravine slopes, and, later, even into the bed of a temporary stream. Thus progresses the endless transfor- mation of the habitat. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GROSS ENVIRONMENT /. Topography and Soils of the State Illinois lies at the bottom of a large basin. This is indicated in part by the fact that so many large rivers flow toward it. The mean elevation of the state is about 600 feet, and about a third of it lies be- tween 600 and 700 feet above sea-level. Except Kentucky, the bor- dering states are from 200 to 500 feet higher. Iowa and Wisconsin are considerably higher, so that winds from the north and northwest 67 reach the state coining down grade. Taken as a whole the land sur- face is a tilted plain sloping from the extreme northern part — where a few elevations exceed a thousand feet — toward the south, bowed in the central part by a broad crescentic undulation caused by a glacial moraine, and then declining gradually to the lowland north of the Ozark Ridge, near the extreme southern part of the state. This east and west ridge occasionally exceeds i,ooo feet, but its average height is between 700 and 800 feet. It is very narrow, only about 10 miles in average width, and rises about 300 feet above the surrounding low- land (Leverett, '96, '99). South of this ridge lie the bottoms of the Ohio River. The largest river within the state is the Illinois. The soils of the state are largely of glacial origin. Even the un- glaciated extreme northwestern part and the Ozark Ridge region have a surface layer of wind-blown loess. In some places considerable sand was assorted by glacial water, forming extensive tracts of sandy soil, and locally dune areas are active. Along the larger streams there are extensive strips of swamp and bottom-land soils. The remaining soils, which characterize most of the state, were either produced mainly by the lowan or Illinoian ice-sheets, as in the case of the relatively poorer soils, or by the Wisconsin sheet, which formed the foundation for the better soil. The dark-colored prairie soils are due to organic debris. Coffey ('12:42) has said: "Whether this accumulation of humus is due to lime alone or to the lack of leaching, of which its presence is an indication, has not been definitely determined. Neither do we know whether it is due to chemical or bacteriological action ; most probably the latter, an alkaline medium being necessary for the growth of those bacteria or other microorganism which cause this form of decomposi- tion."* 2. Climatic Conditions The climatic features of a region are generally conceded to have a fundamental influence upon its life. The controlling influences upon climate are elevation above sea-level, latitude, relation to large bodies of water — generally the sea — and the prevailing winds. The eleva- tion and relief of Illinois have but a slight influence. In latitude Illinois is practically bisected by the parallel 39><° in the north tem- perate zone. This position influences the seasons and the amount of heat received from the sun. The sea is far distant, but the Great Lakes are near by, and proximity to the interior of a large continent ♦Consult Hopkins and Pettit ('08) and the County Soil Reports of the State Soil Survey for a detailed account of the chemical conditions of Illinois soils. The bacterial, algal, and animal population have hardly been noticed by stu- dents of Illinois soils. brings the state within that influence. And, finally, it lies in the zone of the prevailing westerly winds, and directly across the path of one of the main storm tracks, along which travel in rapid alternation the highs and lows which cause rapid changes of temperature, wind, and precipitation, and thus produce the extremely variable weather condi- tions. The state is 385 miles long, and as latitude has much influence upon climate, the climate of Illinois differs considerably in the extreme north and south. This is clearly shown in the average annual tempera- ture, which in the northern part is 48.9° F., in the central part is 52.70°, and in the southern part is 55.9° (Mosier, '03). These aver- ages probably closely approximate the soil temperatures for these re- gions. The average date of the last killing frost in the northern part is April 29 ; in the central part, April 22 ; and in the southern part, April 12. The average date of the first killing frost for the northern part is October 9, central part, October 11, and the southern part is October 18 (Henry). The growing season for vegetation in the northern half of the state averages from 150 to 175 days and for the southern half from 175 to 200 days (VVhitson and Baker, 12:28). The precipitation shows similar differences, increasing from north to south. The annual average for the northern part is 33.48 inches, in- creasing to 38.01 in the central and to 42.10 inches in the southern part (Mosier, '03:62). Mosier has shown that the Ozark Ridge, with an average elevation of about 800 feet, condenses the moisture on its south slope so that it has a precipitation of 7.15 inches more than do the counties just north of the ridge. This same humid area appears to extend up the Wabash Valley to Crawford county, and gives the valley counties a rainfall 3 inches in excess of the adjacent counties to the west. The average annual rainfall for the state is 37.39 inches — nearly one third of it during April, May, and June, and if July is included, more than half. The heaviest precipitation, 8.23 inches, is in May and June. As previously mentioned, the state lies in the zone of prevailing westerly winds and across the path of storms. These have a dominant influence upon the direction of the winds. In the northern part of the state, they are, by a slight advantage, southerly — a tendency which progressively increases toward the south, for in the central part the southerly winds reach 55 per cent., and in the southern part 62 per cent. During the winter the northwest winds predominate throughout the state, to a marked degree in the central part, where they reach 60 per cent., and where also the velocity is greatest, reaching an av- erage of 10.3 miles an hour. The velocity of the wind for the entire state is highest during spring. During the summer, the southwest winds predominate in tlie northern and central parts, and in the south- ern part 82 per cent, of the winds are southerly. The velocity of the wind is least during the summer, and the greatest stagnation occurs in August. During autumn there is a falling off of the southerly winds and an increased velocity as winter conditions develop. The transition in the fall is in marked contrast with the vigor of the spring transition. The cooler seasons are more strongly influenced by northerly winds, and the warmer seasons by southerly winds. 5. Climatic Centers of Influence In the preceding section the average conditions of temperature, precipitation, and the direction and velocity of the winds have been summarized, but little effort was made to indicate the mode of opera- tion of the determining factors which produce and maintain these aver- age conditions. It is often true that the main factors which explain the conditions seen in some restricted locality can not be found within it because the local sample is only a very small part of a much larger problem. Thus no one attempts to find an explanation of the through- flowing upper Mississippi system within the state of Illinois ; a larger unit of study is necessary. The region examined must extend to the headwaters. So, also, with most of the climatic features of Illinois; their approximate sources must be sought elsewhere. Let us there- fore consider some of the broader features which influence the climate of North America, particularly that of the eastern part. The climates of the world have been divided into two main kinds, depending primarily upon the controlling influence of temperature. This is due to the relative specific heat of land and water, that of water being about four times that of land. The sea, which covers three fourths of the earth's surface, is thus an immense reservoir of heat, which is taken up and given off slowly, at a rate one fourth that of the land. It is therefore relatively equable. The northern hemisphere contains the largest amount of land, and is therefore less under the control of the sea than the southern hemisphere ; yet the sea's influence is very powerful, particularly near the shore. The large land masses, on the other hand, on account of their lower specific heat, receive and give off heat more rapidly to the air above. For this reason the tem- perature changes, as between day and night or summer and winter, are much more rapid and much more extreme over land than over the sea. A climate dominated by the equable sea is oceanic; that dominated by the changeable lands is continental. Illinois lies far from the sea and is therefore strongly influenced by continental con- ditions. To what degree is the marine influence shown? Meteorologists (cf. Fassig, '99) have come to look upon the large areas of permanent high and low barometric pressure as among the most important factors in climatic control. There are five of these powerful "centers of action" which influence our North American climate (Fig. i), and four of these are at sea. A pair of lozi's are in the far north, one in the north Pacific near Alaska, the other in the Fig. 1. Diagram showing the positions of the relatively stable areas of high and low baronietic pressure, and indicating their influences upon the evaporating power of the air and upon the climate in general. north Atlantic south of Greenland. A pair of highs are farther south, one in the Pacific between California and the Hawaiian Islands, and the other centering in the Atlantic near the Azores. The highs and lows in each ocean seem to be paired and to have some reciprocal rela- tion. The fifth center of action is upon the land. It is a liigh baromet- ric area in the Mackenzie basin of Canada, where it becomes a pow- erful center of influence through winter and spring, but with the prog- ress of summer conditions weakens, and through the accumulation of continental heat becomes converted into a lozv; thus there is a complete seasonal inversion on the continent. These large highs and lows, although relatively permanent, are con- tinually changing in intensity and position. The higlts are regions of descending, diverging, warming, and drying air, producing clearing and clear air on their western side, but the reverse on their eastern side. 71 The loziis are regions of ascending, converging, cooling air, with in- creasing moisture and clouds on their western side, but are the re- verse on their eastern side (Moore, 'lo: 153). These same character- istics apply to the small highs and lows which we are accustomed to see on the daily weather maps. If, now, we consider these large centers of action, such considera- tion will do much toward giving us a graphic idea of our climate. Dur- ing the winter, because of the small amount of heat received in the Mackenzie basin, the temperature becomes very low, and a powerful high barometric area is formed ; then the descending air blowing from the eastern part of this high, or from small highs originating from the larger one, produce the cold winters and cold waves in winter which characterize the northeastern United States. If, however, the Atlantic high wanders on the eastern coast of the United States in winter, the ivestern part of this high, with its descending, diverging, warming, and drying air, produces a mild winter. The climate of the eastern United States is thus, in the cold season, under the alternate invasion of these two powerful centers of action. During the warm season the conti- nental winter high is replaced by a low, due to the accumulating warm continental temperatures which thus have produced an inversion or seasonal overturning. But the Atlantic high is permanent and exerts its influence continuously. If the western part of this high encroaches upon the eastern United States during the summer, with its descend- ing, drying, and clear air, it may produce drouth, this depending, of course, on its degree of development. The continental low of sum- mer, with the drying influence of its eastern side, has a similar ten- dency. Thus the character of the summer is determined, to an im- portant degree, by the interplay and relative balance between these tzvo zvarming and drying centers. The activity of these centers has a pow- erful influence upon the rtioisture-bearing winds, which influence hu- midity and evaporation in Illinois, and in the eastern United States. 4. Relative Humidity and Bvaporating Power of the Air We are now in a position to examine the facts of relative humidity and the relative evaporating power of the air in the eastern United States. The relative aridity on the plains east of the Rocky Moun- tains is due primarily to the removal of moisture from the prevailing westerlies in their passage from the Pacific over the various western mountain ranges which extend across their path, combined with the excessive summer heating of the continental mass. Here, then, is the influence of the continental summer low. Farther east the Atlantic high tends to supplement the continental low and to cause the Gulf winds to brings moisture inland,* and the Great Lakes region adds its quota. In the storm-track zone, where stagnation of the air is due largely to the balance existing between the continental low and the oceanic high, the aridity of the plains extends the farthest east, and as an arid peninsula it crosses Illinois, giving during August a relative humidity to the prairie area of 60-70 per cent, of saturation (Johnson, '07). The reality of the arid peninsula across Illinois is further shown by the rainfall-evaporation ratios computed and mapped by Transeau ('05). These ratios were determined by dividing the mean annual rainfall at each place by the total mean annual evaporation. These mapped percentages show that the prairie region is closely bounded by the region with an evaporation ratio of between 60 and 70 per cent, of the rainfall received. These conditions furnish a general background or perspective for a profitable consideration of the local and more detailed studies which have been made of the relative evap- orating power of the air in different plant and animal habitats. For our purpose it is not necessary to consider the history of meth- ods of measuring relative evaporation. This measurement may be made by evaporating water in open pans or by the porous porcelain-cup method. Such cups have been devised by several students, but a modi- fied form of the Livingston atmometer has been mainly used by plant ecologists, and this was the kind we used at Charleston. Transeau ('08) was the first to use such an instrument and to show its value in studying the relation of intensity of evaporation to plant societies. His work on Long Island, N. Y., showed very clearly that evaporation in open places was much greater than in dense forests. These obser- vations were enough to show that evaporation is a factor related to the physical conditions of life upon the prairie and in the forest, and there- fore in our cooperative study of the Charleston area in 19 10 relative evaporation was made a special feature in the study of representative environments, in order to determine its relation to both the plants and the animals. So far as is known this is the only study yet made in which these determinations have been recorded from the same places where the animals have been studied. Since our data were secured, several papers have been published on relative evaporation in different sorts of habitats in this state and in northern Indiana by plant ecolo- gists Fuller ('11, '12a, '12b), McNutt and Fuller ('12), Fuller, Locke, *Zoii ('13) has recently asserted that the moisture from the sea does not make a single overland flight inland, but rather is largely precipitated near the sea, is evaporated and carried farther inland, is precipitated again, and this process repeated again and again, so that its inland flight is a vertical revolv- ing cycle of precipitation and evaporation. If this contention is valid, evapo- ration from the land is a much more important climatic factor than it is usually thought to be. 73 and McNutt ('14), Sherff ('12, '13a, '13b), and Gleason and Gates ('12). Shelf ord ('12, '13a, '13b, '14a), utilizing the evaporation data of the plant ecologists, has applied the same to animal associa- tions also, and he has further tested some of these ideas experiment- ally in the laboratory. In Ohio, Dachnowski ('11) and Dickey ('09) have made records of data obtained by the use of the porous cup, and in Iowa Shimek ('10, '11) has used the open-pan method. Mention should also be made of Yapp's observations ('09) on a marsh in Eng- land. A very important summary of evaporation records, in the open and in forests, is given by Harrington ('93). The effect of wind- breaks upon evaporation has been studied by Bates ('11) and Card ('97). Finally, mention should be made of Hesselman's studies of relative humidity in forest glades in Sweden ('04). Our records from the Charleston region will be given first, and then their significance will be discussed. The unglazed porcelain cups, with a water reservoir, were placed so that the tops of the cups were about six inches above the soil in the habitats examined, and at weekly in- tervals the water loss was measured. The instruments were in opera- tion simultaneously, so that the results are comparable. The standard instriwnent was located in the open exposed garden of the Eastern Illinois Normal School at Charleston, which was considered as unity, or 100 per cent. For further details as to the conditions where the atmometers were located consult the description of the stations and the photographs. An examination of the diagram (Fig. 2) will show that although based upon a limited amount of data (for less than a month, from Intensity of evaporation ^ 100 X 3 r" " ^ Ir n. *" ^ 2-/. :z ^ ^ '"' ^1 1^ |3. 7. IB m B 26.9 r. standard, open garden, Normal School Sta. Ill, h. Mixed prairie and young forest Sta. II, a. Grassy area, Panicum Sta. II, a. Grassy area, Euphorbia Sta. IV, a. Upland, open woods Sta. Ill, a. Silphium on black soil Sta. II, 0. Colony of S. laciniatum Sta. IV, b. Ravine slope, open woods Sta. IV, c. Dense climax forest cover Fig. 2. Diagram of the relative evaporation in different prairie and forest habitats, showing the great reduction in evaporation with the development of a closed forest canopy of a climax forest; Charleston, Illinois. August 19 to September 22) the facts are in harmony with similar studies elsewhere covering a much longer period, so that there is valid reason for confidence in them. The standard instrument was located, as already mentioned, in an open, exposed cultivated garden, where the intensity of evaporation was very high. The black soil prairie areas. Stations II and III, a, have an average of 56.1 per cent. — a condition much like that in the grassy-Euphorbia prairie at Loxa (Station II, a) — or a little more than half that of the standard instrument. The dry upland area of mixed prairie and young forest, on gray silt loam (Sta- tion III, b), has an intensity of 80 per cent. This is in the region of the most extensive grassy prairie about Charleston; the general ap- pearance of the region is shown in Plate XIII. A surprising feature of the table is the evaporation in the open-crowned upland oak-hickory woods (Station IV, a). In this forest perhaps two thirds to three fourths of the ground was shaded, and it was very well drained. The evaporation here reached 54.2 per cent., being very near that of the average of the black soil prairie (56.1 per cent.). I had anticipated much less evaporation than on the prairie, a position more intermedi- ate between the prairie and the lowland forest, or about 42 per cent, (cf. Harvey, '14:95). The ravine slope (Station IV, b), although somewhat open, has 31.5 per cent. — a very low rate of evaporation — and is remarkably close to that of the densely crowned lowland for- est (Station IV, c), at 26.9 per cent. The decline, however, in the intensity of evaporation with the degree of completeness of the for- Per cent, of standard Sta. 11. Salt marsh outer margin Sta. 3. Gravel slide, open Sta. 1. Carnegie garden, standard Sta. 9 and 10. Upper beach Sta. 12. irsh. largin Garden, high level Gravel slide, partly invaded Forest, open Fresh-water marsh Forest, typical mesophytic Forest, ravine type Forest swamp type 0 2 0 40 60 80 100 120 ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■■ ■ ■_ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ 3 2 ^ J ^ ^ ^ ^ d ^ ■ ^ H ^ 2 ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ 2 1 u u U L _ _ u Fig. 3. Diagram of the relative intensity of evaporation in the lowest stratum of different kinds of habitats, Long Island, N. Y. (After Transeau.) 75 est crown, is strikingly shown in passing from the open upland woods, at 54.2 per cent., to the ravine slope at 31.5 per cent., and on to the lowland forest at 26.9 per cent. A comparison of these results with those secured by Transeau ('08) on Long Island, is instructive. His standard instrument was also in an open garden (Fig. 3), comparable with the Charleston standard. A gravel slide, partly invaded by plants, had an evaporation of 60 per cent., comparable with the open prairie at Charleston; the open forest, 50 per cent., comparable with the upland open Bates woods at 54.2 per cent. ; and the mesophytic forest, 33 per cent., com- parable with the ravine and lowland places in the Bates woods at 31.5 and 26.9 per cent, respectively. Association Blowout (basin) Blowout (slide) Bunchgrass (Leptoloma consoc.) Bunchgrass (Eragrostis trichodes con. Standard Beach Quercus velutina woods Quercus velutina Willows (Acer part) Willows (Salix part) Mixed forest (margin) Mixed forest (center) 1.56 1.27 1.18 1.04 1.00 0.93 0.66 0.55 0.56 ^^^ ^^" ^^^ ^^^ ^^" "^" *** ^^" ^"" Jl — L 1^™ ^^" ^^" ^^ ^"j ^^ J^" ^^ — ^^^ ^" ^J[ 0 36 ^^^ ^^^ 0.29 ^ ■ Fig. 4. Eelative soil, Havana, Illinois ntensity of evaporation in different kinds of habitats on sandy (After Gleason and Gates.) Another series of relative evaporation observations was made by Gleason and Gates ('12) on sandy soils at Havana, Illinois. As their methods were similar to those used at Charleston, useful comparisons may again be made. The standard instrument was in an open area comparable to the garden at Charleston. An examination of Figure 4, summarizing the results of their study, shows that upon the grass- covered sand prairie (bunch-grass) the evaporation was about no per cent., that in open black oak (Q. velutina) woods (on sand) it was about 60 per cent., and that in a denser hickory-black-oak-hackberry mixed forest (somewhat open) it was about 31 per cent. There is tluis a close general correspondence between the conditions at Havana and Charleston, although the evaporation upon sand prairie appears to be relatively much greater than upon the black-soil prairie. Fuller ('11) and McNutt and Fuller ('12) have made comparative studies in different kinds of forest in northern Illinois and in northern 76 Indiana. Their results are combined and summarized in Figure 5. This diagram shows the relative evaporation near the surface of the soil, the standard of comparison being the evaporation in a maple- beech climax forest, where evaporation is relatively low. The aver- age daily amount, in c.c, shows that there is a progressive increase in evaporation as follows: 8.1 c.c. in a maple-beech forest, 9.35 c.c. in the oak-hickory upland forest, 10.3 c.c. in an oak dune forest, 11.3 c.c. in a pine dune forest, and an increase to 21. i c.c, on the cottonwood dunes. This expressed on a percentage basis is, in inverse order, re- spectively 260 per cent, in the cottonwoods, 140 per cent, in the pines, 127 per cent, in the oak dunes, 115 per cent, in the oak-hickory for- est, and 100 per cent, in the maple-beech forest. Intensity of evaporation Sta. A. Cottonwood dunes Sta. dun Sta. C. Oals dune Sta. D. Oalihickory Sta. E. Maplebeacli forest Fig. 5. Diagram showing the relative rate of evaporation in different kinds of forest in northern Illinois and Indiana. [Data from Puller ( '11) and McNutt and Fuller ('12).] Shimek ('10, '11) has made valuable observations on the relative rate of evaporation on the prairie of western Iowa. He used the open- pan method in four representative habitats. His results show very clearly that the rate of evaporation is much greater in exposed places than where there is shelter from the sun and wind. I have put his data in a form comparable with those which have just been discussed (Fig. 6), and have made the cleared field area. Station 4, the standard of comparison, as it more nearly approaches the standard used at Charleston and by others. Station 3 is on a high bluff, exposed to the Intensity of evaporation Sta. 3. Open, much exposed prairie Sta. 1. Open, exposed slope of bluff, 0 6 0 0 1 0 1 0 , 0 .60 ISO 20 .u l^MX "" 27. " I00-. 38/. Fig. 6. Diagram of relative evaporati Iowa. (Data from Shimek.) in prairie and forest habitats, in western 77 west and south winds, and, as might be expected, it has an excessive evaporation — 184 per cent. Station i, also covered by prairie vegeta- tion, and exposed to west and southwest winds but shehered from winds from the south and southeast, also shows a very high evapora- tion— 132 per cent. Station 4, which was made the standard, had been cleared of forest, and was an open place protected by a ridge. Station 2 was apparently a dense grove composed of bur oak, basswood, elm, and ash, with considerable undergrowth. Here the rate of evapora- tion dropped considerably — to 36 per cent. The general character of this forest calls to mind the denser oak forests on sand at Havana, Illinois. An important feature of these observations is that they were made far out upon the "prairie", bordering the plains, most other studies on relative evaporation having been made much farther east. In Ohio, Dachnowski ('11) and Dickey ('09) have recorded the relative evaporation of the air, using a campus lawn as unity. In the central grass-like area of a cranberry bog the evaporation was 69.2 per cent., and in the marginal maple-alder forest it was 51.2 per cent. Harrington ('93:96-102), in summarizing European studies on the relative evaporation (with a water-surface as standard) in the open and in German forests shows that the "annual evaporation in the woods is 44 per cent, of that in the fields." Compared with evapora- tion in the open, that under deciduous trees is 41 per cent., and that under conifers is 45 per cent. — a difference most marked in the sum- mer. Ebermeyer's Austrian observations (I.e. -.gg) show that the "evaporation from a bare soil wet is about the same as that from a water surface," both in the open and in the forest. A saturated soil under forest litter gives an evaporation of only 13 per cent, of that of a free-water surface in the open. Harrington (1. c. : 100) con- cludes that "About seven-eighths of the evaporation from the forest is cut off by the woods and litter together." Sherff ('13a, '13b) has shown that in the Skokie Marsh, north of Chicago, the absolute amount of evaporation near the soil was less at the center of a Phrag- mites swamp than at its margin (Fig. 7), that a swamp meadow Intensity of evaporatic .L 1 5tjndjrcl ^ 100- ''• _ Sta. D. White oak-ash forest Sta. B. Phragmites swamp, margin Sta. C. Swamp meadow Sta. A. Phragmites swamp, center Fig. 7. Diagram of relative evaporation in Skokie Marsh area, near Chicago, at 10 inches (25 cm.) above the soil. Recalculated. (Adapted from Sherff.) 78 was in an intermediate position, and that in an adjacent white oak-ash forest evaporation was about twice as much as in the swamp meadow. Sherff used as standard the forest (D). This gave him for the center of the swamp (A) 38 per cent., for the swamp meadow (C) 54 per cent., and for the outer swamp margin (B) 105 per cent. In Figure 7, I have used his swamp meadow as 100 per cent., and by recalcula- tion this gives the forest (D) 185 per cent., for the swamp margin (B) 105 per cent., and for the center of the swamp (A) 70 per cent. These figures indicate a concentric arrangement of the conditions of evap- oration about the swamp. Intensity of evaporation Sta. A. Above vegetation. 4 inches above soil feet, 6 Sta. B Middle of vegetation. 2 inclies above soil 2 feet, Sta. 0. Lower vegetation. 5 above soil inches 1908: Sta. A Above vegetation. 5 inches above soil feet, 6 Sta.B Middle of vegetation. 2 inches above soil 2 feet Sta. C. Lower vegetation. 5 above soil inches ,00. ^ ^ *" ._ - ... .L .00-/ x_ ^ "" ^ 1 ±- Fig. 8. Diagram showing the relative evaporation at different vertical levels in a marsh in England, the evaporation in the lower layers of the vegetation being much greater than in the upper strata or in the air above it. (Data from Yapp.) Thus far, attention has been devoted solely to the horizontal differ- ences in evaporation. There are also important vertical ones, vary- ing above the surface of the substratum. Important observations on this subject have been made, by a porous-cup method, in an open grassy marsh in England, by Yapp ('09). The vegetation grew to a height of two to five feet. From liis data the accompanying diagrams (Figs. 8, 8a) have been prepared. This shows that when the stand- ard was made the rate of evaporation above the general level of the vegetation, within the grass layer evaporation was reduced from about one half (Sta. B, 1908, 56.2 per cent.) to one third (Sta. B, 1907, 32.8 per cent.) at 2 feet 2 inches above the soil; and that at 5 inches above the soil it was reduced to between one fourteenth (Sta. C, 1907, 6.6) and one seventh (Sta. C, 1908, 14.7) of that above the vegeta- tion. Yapp (1. c. : 298) concludes from his studies that "In general, the results of the evaporation experiments show that the lower strata of the vegetation possess an atmosphere which is continually very much 79 more humid than that of the upper strata, and farther, that the higher and denser the vegetation the greater these dififerences are." This is shown in Fig. 8a. Intensity of evaporation Mr^ 100 :. " J" ^ ^ ... ^ ^1- ^ Sta. A. 60 indies above ground, above vegetation Sta. B. 12 inclies above ground among vegetation Sta. C. 3 inches above ground, among vegetation Fig. 8a. Diagram showing the relative evaporation at difEerent vertical levels in a marsh in England, the evaporation in the lower layers of the vegetation being much greater than in the upper strata or in the air above it. (Data from Yapp.) In America only a few records have been made on vertical gra- dients in evaporation, two of these in marsh areas, one in Ohio by Dachnowski ('ii), and the other near Chicago by Sherff ('13a, '13b). The Ohio observations, made upon a small island in a lake, in a cran- berry-sphagnum bog, show that the rate of evaporation above the vege- tation is much greater than among it, and that this diminishes as the soil is approached, these results agreeing with those obtained by Yapp. Sherff's observations were made in Skokie Marsh, north of Chicago, and show that the relative evaporation also varies with different kinds of swamp vegetation. From his data a diagram has been made (Fig. 9) in which the rate of evaporation in the upper part of the reeds Intensity of evaporation. . Phragmitea Sta. A. Within vegetation, inches) above soi Sta. B. Within vegetation, inches) above soil Sta. C. Within vegetation, 25 inches) above soil Sta. D. At soil surface Standard, 'egetation, 107 cm. (42 Typha Sta. A. Within vegetation, 175 inches) above soil Sta. B Within vegetation, 107 inches) above soil Sta. C. Within vegetation, 25 inches) above soil Sta. D At soil surface 10 2 0 30 ^0 5 0 80 7 0 c 0 90 100 X loor. X 70-/. JT '■ ■ 33 .... >v I 8 5-/. ?07. Pig. 9. Diagram of relative evaporation at different vertical levels above the soil within the vegetation of Skokie Marsh. (Adapted from Sherff.) (Phragmites) at yy inches is taken as lOO per cent, or the standard. Lower down, at 42 inches, the rate is 70 per cent., at 10 inches, 53 per cent., and at the surface, 33 per cent. Among the cattails (Typha), in the upper part of the vegetation, at 69 inches evaporation was 85 per cent. ; at 42 inches it was 36 per cent. ; at 10 inches, 20 per cent. ; and at the surface, 8.5 per cent. These results show that at successively lower levels in the vegetation the rate of evaporation is greatly re- duced. They tend also to confirm the results of Yapp and Dachnow- ski. It seems, then, fair to conclude that the rate of evaporation above the swamp vegetation increases rapidly with downward progression, and probably with upward progression also. A vegetable layer, com- parable to the mulching of straw used by gardeners, thus acts as a pow- erful conserver of moisture. There are great differences within a few vertical feet in the open ; what is the condition within the forest ? Intensity of evaporation. M- I iRd-, X •Jaijs \ X " 60 7. fl55 ^'"f" ^ 1 Sta. C. Maple-beech forest. On slope of ravine 30 feet deep (10 m.) 13.3 feet (4 m.) below general surface. Fig. 10. Diagram showing the relative evaporation in a beech-maple woods, six feet above the soil (A), near the surface of the soil (B), and in a ravine (C). [Adapted from Fuller ('12).] The character of vertical differences in evaporation within the for- est has not been given as much attention as the similar changes in the open ; but attention has already been called to the moisture-conserving effect of a forest litter, the evaporating rate in one instance being only 13 per cent, when compared with that from a water surface in the open. McNutt and Fuller ('12) have shown that grazing in an oak-hickory forest changed the average daily rate of evaporation for 189 days from 9.89 c.c, in the ungrazed forest, to 12.74 c.c, in the grazed for- est, at Palos Park, 111. There are thus, within the forest, changes in evaporation with differences both in the ground cover and in the litter on the forest floor which correspond to the change in the vegetation in open places. Vertical differences in evaporation have been tested in a maple- beech-forest in northern Indiana by Fuller ('12b), who used the po- rous-cup method. His results have been summarized in Figure 10. This diagram shows that the evaporation at six feet above the surface is nearly twice as much as that at 10 inches above the surface, and 81 that in a ravine, 13.3 feet (4 m.) below, it was 80 per cent, of that 10 inches above the surface. The relative seasonal activity f r.om May to November is shown in Figure 11. This diagram shows that after the leaves appear the highest evaporation takes place in July. This is probably the critical season for some animals. MAY JUNE JULY A UGUST SEPTEMBER OCTOBER a — '^ ^\ l^ J \ / ~ \ \ -b \ "^ ^ -c \ \ 10^ ^ s \ / ^ \ / ~- ^"X \^ "K \ ^ ' / \ "^ " \/ / — '\^ -s ^ ■-N "^ — -._ ^ y \ '^S ^ =^ in ^ ^ : = Fig. 11. Diagram showing the average daily rate of evaporation in beech-maple forest, six feet above soil (a), near the surface of soil (b), and in a ravine (c). (From Fuller.) In the forest, Libernau (Harrington, '93 : 34) found that the "rela- tive humidity increases and decreases with the absolute humidity, whereas it is known in general, and also at the Station in the open country, that these two climatic elements are inverse. This is ac- counted for by the fact that the forest is a source of atmospheric aqueous vapor as well as of cooling." (L. c. : 104: "The absolute humidity decreases in the forest from the soil upwards. The rate of decrease is usually the greatest under the trees and the least at the level of the foliage. The rate above the trees is intermediate between the other two. This rate is least in the late hours of the night, when it may be zero. It increases with the increase of the temperature of the air, becoming greatest in the midday hours, when, under exception- ally favorable circumstances, it may make a difference of 10 per cent. 82 or even more. Occasionally, in high winds, the absolute humidity is greater over the trees. Over the field station the daily progress of ab- solute humidity was about the same as in the forest, but the maximum difference was only about half as great. The absolute humidity in and above the forest is greater than that over the open fields, and there is some trace of an increase of this difference to the time of maximum." A greater relative humidity has been found over evergreen trees than over deciduous trees, which is slight (I.e.: 104), but the psy- chrometer was close to the evergreens and farther above the decidu- ous ones. Intensity of evaporation Sta. A. 20 rods (330 it.) from wind break, 25 to 40 feet high. Standard 1 X ... X n fJu/i/ 15-S ep'15. 62 J ^A nco/n.f' 125-127, 254, 338, and '90, Vol. 2, pp. 285, 289, 375) describes its webs and gives observations on its habits. LYCOSiD.a!: Lycosa scutulata Hentz. A single immature specimen was taken from the low vegetation in an open glade in the lowland part of the Pates woods (Sta. IV, c) Aug. 22 (No. 144). For the breeding habits of this species see Montgomery ('03, pp. 72-76). Lycosa sp. ; young. This spider was taken in the upland woods (Sta. IV, a), running upon the ground, Aug. 23 (No. 150). Another undetermined species was taken in the pathway entering the upland forest from the cleared area (Sta. IV, a). This spider was dug from a burrow about two inches deep, in the solid clay of the pathway, Aug. 22 (No. 142). ACARINA Eriophyid^ Acarus scrotincT Beut. Cherry-leaf Gall-mite. (PI. LV, fig. i.) This small mite was taken in the lowland portion of the Bates woods (Sta. IV, c) Aug. 20 (No. 116). It forms a gall on the upper side of the leaves of the wild cherry, Pnimis serotina. INSECTA Platyptera Termitid^ Vermes flavipes Koll. White Ant. Termite. (PL LV, fig. 2.) A small well-decayed stump in the upland forest (Sta. IV, a) was found Aug. 17 to contain a colony of these termites in large num- bers— mainly workers but also some soldiers (Nos. /2, 79). In close proximity was a colony of the ant Aphccnogaster fidva. Some of these ants (Nos. 74-76) were observed to pick up termites and carry them away as they do their own young when a nest is disturbed. A. fiiha is known to relish the termites as food. A second colony of ter- mites (No. 125) was found Aug. 22 under the Imrk of an oak stump (Sta. IV, b), in the early stages of decay, when the sap-wood was becoming honeycombed but the remainder of the wood was still solid. The caterpillar Scolecocampa lihitrna was found in the same stump. As white ants feed mainly upon woody and other vegetable ma- terials, they are active agents in hastening the decay and destruction of such substances, mainly in forested areas but also upon the prairie. Two species have long been confused under the name of flavipcs. and as the newly recognized one, virginiciis Bks., may occur in ex- treme southern Illinois, reference is made to it. (See Banks, Ent. News, Vol. 18, pp. 392-393- 1907)- Neuroptera MYRMELEONIDiE An ant-lion was taken from its inverted funnel in the dust along the path through the cleared area to the forest (near Sta. IV, a) Aug. 29 (No. 183). Although ant-lions are common in many localities and widely dis- persed, little is really known of the ecology of the American species. These insects reach their greatest abundance and diversity in the arid regions of the west and southwest. In the eastern forested area they are of much more local occurrence and are generally found in the dust, particularly in sheltered places — as under an overhanging cliff or even under the porches of houses, where the desirable protec- tion from rain is afforded ; or, often, in the woods, in the powdery dust that marks the final stages in the decay of a log. The log as an animal habitat has an interesting life history and a corresponding succession of animals. On the decay of the sap-wood, Cmnponotiis and Philomycns are among the early invaders of the log; the ant- lion, present in its dust, is one of the latest. It should be noted that these isolated, dry, dusty places are the situations in the humid area which most nearly approach the conditions which on the plains, and particularly on the desert, are of nearly continuous geographic extent. Mecaptera Panorpid^ Ditfacus stiginafcrus Say. Clear-winged Scorpion-fly. The damp, shady lowland forest, with a ground cover composed of nettles (Laportca canadensis) and clearweed (Pilea puniila), 210 would seem to furnish an ideal habitat for the genus Bittacus, but only two specimens, a male and a female, were taken (Sta. IV, c) Aug. 22 (No. 141). The young and adults of this genus are predaceous. Brauer and Felt have described the habits of some of the adults. They capture small flies and other insects with their legs as they hang suspended. The use of the legs for suspension and for the manipulation of their food recalls somewhat similar methods used by other predaceous insects, such as robber-flies (Asilidcc) and hornets (Vespa). Bittacus may copulate while thus suspended and eating, as described and fig- ured by Brauer. Either the first or second, or both pairs of legs may be used for suspension. The larvae are caterpillar-like, but in the case of our American species none of them are known. The European species are preda- ceous, and live upon the ground. According to Brauer a certain amount of drying seems necessary to the hatching of the eggs. Some species have been taken at light, where they preyed upon the congre- gated insects. (See Hine, '01, p. 260, and Bull. No. 7, n. s., Div. Ent., U. S. Dept. Agr., p. 86. 1897.) Papers by Brauer ('53, '55, '62, '63, 'y\), Felt ('95), and others by Hine ('98, '01), will be of the greatest assistance to a student of this neglected group of insects. Bittacus strigosus Hag. Spotted Crane-like Scorpion-fly. This species was taken but once — June 28, 191 1, by T. L. Han- kinson in the Bates woods (No. 7678). It was abundant south of Bloomington Aug. 22, 1895, where B. stigmateriis Say was also taken July 16, 1896. These species are characteristic of dense woods. Bittacus apicalis Uhler. Brown-tipped Scorpion-fly. This insect was taken June 28, 191 1, in the Bates woods by T. L. Hankinson (No. 7678). I have found this species very abundant in dense shady woods south of Bloomington, 111. The brown tips of the wings make it easily identifiable. Orthoptera BLATTIDiE Ischnoptera sp. This cockroach was found under leaves on the lower slopes of a ravine (Sta. IV, b) leading to the lowland Aug. 22 (No. 140). Han- cock ('11, pp. 416-418) discusses the habits and habitat of /. pcnnsyl- rauica. (PI. LVI, figs. 4 and 5.) 211 Phasmid^ Diaphcroiucra fciiwrata Say. Forest Walking-stick. (PI. LVI, fig. 6.) These insects were abundant in the upland forest (Sta. IV, a); the following observations were made on them. A fuscous male (No. 64) was taken Aug. 16 crawling on hickory. When disturbed it fell to the ground and remained quiet. A female was taken at the base of a tree in a resting position with the antennae closely applied and stretched forward. On August 17 a nymph was taken in an open area; Aug. 20 (No. 103), a large gray female; a copulating pair (No. 134), in which the female was gray and the male fuscous; and, finally, a small immature male (No. 163) in the before-mentioned resting position, on hickory. On the ravine slope (Sta. IV, b), memoranda are as follows: Aug. 22 (No. 124a) three fuscous males, and a large gray female in the resting position, and (No. 132), in copulation, a fuscous male and a green female, the latter lacking the hind pair of legs. A green, nearly mature nymph was taken in a wood-lot adjacent to the Bates area Aug. 28 (No. 99). A large fuscous male was taken east of Charleston on the Embarrass River at the "Rocks" Aug. 10 (No. 17). This walking-stick is distinctly a forest-inhabiting insect, but we have another, Bacnnculns blatclilcyi Caud., which frequents the prairie, though it was not found about Charleston. Occasionally feinorata becomes of economic importance. Riley (Rep. U. S. Dept. Agr., 1878, pp. 241-245) studied its life history and habits and found that some predaceous bugs prey upon it. The Severins (Jour. Eco- nomic Ent., Vol. 3, pp. 479-481. 1910) have shown experimentally that the hatching of the eggs is facilitated by moisture. T. T,. Hank- inson found a phasmid nymph, about an inch long, June 28, 191 1, in the woods (No. 7678). The behavior of our species is worthy of more attention than it has received. In such a study, reference should be made to a sugges- tive paper by Stockard on the "Habits, Reactions and Mating In- stinct of the 'Walking-Stick' Aplopus Mayeri" (Pub. No. 103, Car- negie Institution, pp. 43-59. 1908) ; or, if the color changes are studied, Schleip's paper on "Der Farbenwechsel von Dixippus moro- sus (Phasmidae)" (Zool. Jahrb. Bd. 30, Abt. Allgem. Zool. u. Phy- siol., pp. 45-132. 1910) should be consulted. Cf. Caudell, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 26, pp. 863-885, 1903. Tettigidea lateralis Say. (PI. LVII, fig. 3.) A grouse locust was found in the dry upland forest (Sta. IV, a) on the ground Aug. 20 (No. 109). 212 Morse ('04, p. 16) states that this species has a preference for "wet meadows and swales." Teftigidea parvipcnnis Morse. Short-winged Grouse Locust. A single specimen was secured in the upland forest (Sta. IV, a) on dry leaves Avig. 22 (No. 122). Hancock ('02, p. 149) found this species very abundant in moist, dense woods. Dichromorpha viridis Scudd. Short-winged Grasshopper. (PI. LVII, fig. 7.) A green short-winged female was taken from the tall prairie grass (Andropogon and Sporobolus) colony (Sta. 1, g) Aug. 12 (No. 39). The following were taken from the upland forest (Sta. IV, a) : Aug. 16 (No. 67) on dry leaves, a nymph, a long-winged male, and three short-winged females; Aug. 17 (No. 92) in an open space, a copulating pair, both of which were brown and short-winged, and a brown short-winged female (No. 93) ; Aug. 22 two more cop- ulating pairs, one (No. 121) brown short-winged forms, the other (No. 122) green short-winged individuals. In a glade in the low- land forest where grasses, Eupatorium ccclcstiimin, and young sas- safras abounded (Sta. IV, c), a nymph, a brown short-winged fe- male, and three males, two brown and one green, were taken Aug. 20 (No. 117), and on Aug. 22 a green female nymph and green and brown short-winged males (No. 143) ; and on the slopes of the valley (Sta. IV, fo) a green short-winged female was secured Aug. 20 (No. no). On account of the disparity in the size of the sexes — the males being much smaller than the females — it is possible for copulating females to jump about and carry the males with them, the pair No. 121 affording an example. According to Morse ('04, p. 19, 32) this is a forest and thicket species which also frequents "tangled herbaceous growths whenever found." In New England it frequents "grass fields on wet soil, near the margins of ponds and streams; in the South and Central States it is more commonly found in rank herbage along ditches and streams, and in the edge of moist woodlands. Its haunts are thus intermediate in character between those of a campestral and sylvan species, and so likewise are the structural adaptations presented by it, a very large proportion of the females being brachypterous." It will be noted that the Charleston series is mainly from the forest area, only one individual coming from the true (moist) prairie; also that the forest, even the upland part, is in close proximity to a 213 humid lowland forest tract. Hancock ('ii, pp. 297, 392-394) has discussed the habitat of this species. Chloealtis conspcrsa Harr. Sprinkled Grasshopper. (PI. LVII, fig. 6.) This locust was taken from the ground, mainly among leaves, in the upland forest (Sta. IV, a) Aug. 16 (No. 67); in sunny open places Aug. 17 (No. 93) ; and along a path through the forest among dry leaves Aug. 22 (No. 122). Morse ('04, p. 19) considers this a forest, forest-margin, and thicket species, and Hart ('06, p. 75) says it frequents "open woods on ground encumbered with leaves, branches, and bushes." Consult Scudder (Final Report upon the Geology of New Hampshire, \^ol. I, pp. 371-372. 1874) for an account of the egg-laying habits of this species; also Hancock ('11, pp. 347-351) for its habits. Spharagemon bolli Scudd. Boll's Grasshopper. (PI. LVH, fig. 4.) A male of this species was taken on the ground on leaves in the upland forest (Sta. IV, a) Aug. 16 (No. 67); a dead female was found clinging to the tip of a plant stem on the most open part of the slope (Sta. IV, b) from the upland forest to the lowland Aug. 22 (No. 133) ; and a female was taken among leaves on the ground in the upland forest (Sta. IV, a) Aug. 23 (No. 150). T. L. Hankin- son found an adult and a nymph in the Bates woods June 28, 191 1 ( No. 7678 ) . ( Cf . Hancock, ' 1 1 , pp. 362-364. ) The positive heliotropism or negative geotropic response shown in diseased grasshoppers is of interest. It may be caused either by a fungous or bacterial disease. (Cf. Gillette, Bull. No. 6, n. s., Div. Ent. U. S. Dept. Agr., pp. 89-93. 1896.) Morse ('04, p. 15) considers this an exceptional ground-inhabiting or geophilous species since it is "an inhaliitant of xerophytic forests as well as of open fields, and in the Southern States is found quite as often in the forest as on the open plain." Melanoplus dijferentialis Thomas. Differential Grasshopper. Consult the list of prairie invertebrates, p. 167. Melanoplus atlanis Riley. Lesser Grasshopper. (PI. LVII, fig. 8.) A single specimen was taken on the ground in the upland forest (Sta. IV, a) Aug. 16 (No. 67). The open character of parts of this dry forest affords favorable conditions for this species. Morse ('04, pp. ig, 42) considers this a characteristic species of open country, but "likely to be found anywhere." Hancock ('11, pp. 415-416) has described the habitat of this species. Mclanopliis amplectens Scudd. This locust and nymphs doubtfully regarded as of the same species were taken from the ground, mainly among leaves, in the up- land forest (Sta. IV, a) Aug. i6 (No. 67) ; other collections are as follows: in the glade in the lowland forest (Sta. IV, c) Aug. 20 (No. 117) ; on the open ravine slope (Sta. IV, h) Aug. 22, a male (No. 124a) ; and on the same date, in the glade of the lowland forest (Sta. IV, c), a nymph and an adult female (No. 143). This is the largest of the short-winged locusts in the forest, and an abundant species. Morse ('04, pp. 19, 50, PI. 7) described its haunts as in thickets, forest margins, open forests, and occasionally in grassy clearings and fields. Melanoplus gracilis Bruner. Two males were found Aug. 20 in a glade in the lowland forest (Sta. IV, c) where there was a luxuriant cover of vegetation, and nettles and Bupatorium caiestinuin abounded; and Aug. 22, in the same location, one female was found (No. 143). The wings are very rudimentary in this species. Hart ('06, p. 82) describes its habitat as follows: "On tall grasses and weeds in ravines and about marshes, masses of wild vines along railroads, weedy growths in the' beds of small streams, and in like situations." These conditions are found in open areas with an abundance of vege- tation. Melanoplus obovatipennis Blatch. This small species, similar to sctidderi, was found in the upland forest (Sta. IV, a) Aug. 17 (No. 93). A nymph taken Aug. 22 from the forest (Sta. IV) is doubtfully regarded as of this species (No. 124). Hart ('06, p. 81) gives the habitat of this species as High wooded hillsides throughout Illinois." Blatchley ('03, p. 308) states that it frec[uents '"for the most part, high, dry, open woods, espe- cially those in which beech and oak trees predominate." He further states that in a dry season it may be found associated with Dichro- morpha viridis and Truxalis brezncornis "among the reeds and tall rank grasses near the borders of marshes." Melanoplus scudderi Uhl. Scudder's Grasshopper. A single female was found in the open glade in the lowland for- est (Sta. IV, c) Aug. 20 (No. 117); and a nymph taken Aug. 22 from the open ravine slope (Sta. IV, b) is doubtfully referred to this species (No. 124). Hart ('06, p. 81) describes the habitat of this grasshopper as "open woods and thickets, and along rail fences and roadsides." Species which now characterize our open, partly cleared woodlands, in the primeval forest probably freciuented forest margins, bluffs, and the borders of streams, or open patches in woods where a tree had fallen, and similar situations. With a thinning out of the for- est (up to a certain degree) their habitat is increased in area, but when liy clearing the woods disappear, their habitat vanishes. LOCUSTID.E Sciiddcria fitrcata Bruner. Forked Katydid. (PI. LVII, fig. 5.) One female was taken in an open area in the upland forest on low shrubs (Sta. IV, a) Aug. 20 (No. 109). Another specimen was taken near Vera. Fayette county. 111., on a finely developed colony of prairie vegetation among /^n(/ro/'0(70!!. Sept. i (No. 185). Blatchley ('03, p. 349) states that it is "most frequently seen on the low bushes and trees about the margin of thickets and along fence rows, but in the prairie country north [in Indiana] it frecjuents coarse grasses and weeds." Amblycorvpha rotundifolia Scudd. Round-winged Katvdid. (PI. LVII, fig. 2.) A single female of this species was taken in the glade in the low- land forest (Sta. IV, c) Aug. 20 (No. 117); and also a freshly emerged female (No. 143). Blatchley ('03, p. 352) states that this is "more of a terrestrial species than ohlongifolia, being often seen on the ground, or on clumps of tall grass and weeds which grow in damp ravines." Hart ('06, p. 84) says that this species is found "On grasses and weeds in damp ground." Microccntntm laurifoliuiu Linn. Angle-winged Katydid. (PI. LVII, figs. I and 2.) Males were found on hickory sprouts at the cleared margin of the upland forest (near Sta. IV. a) Aug. 22 (No. 135). They were chirping loudly, in the early afternoon, on sprouts less than two feet high. Cvrtophvllus pcrspiciUatns Linn. Common Katvdid. (PI. L\^III, fig.'i.) One male was taken in the partly cleared area bordering the for- est (near Sta. IV, a) Aug. 23 (No. 145). Here, among stump sprouts of hickory, oak, and young sassafras, about two to three feet high, stood this male stridulating in the sun at 2 :30 p. m., but the note did not seem exactly normal, that is, as when heard at night. 216 This species is so distinctly arboreal and nocturnal that I was sur- prised to find it stridulating during the day, and so near the ground. I have camped for days in a grove where these insects made a great din at night, but found none on the low vegetation or on the ground (as at Kappa, 111). Years ago a large colony flourished in Franklin Park at Bloomington, III. Conocephalus nebrascensis Bruner. Nebraska Cone-nose. A female was taken in the glade in the damp lowland forest ( Sta. IV, c) Aug. 20 (No. 117). The female of this species has been observed to oviposit "between the stem and root-leaves of Andropogon" , a typical prairie plant, but little appears to be recorded of its habitat. A large nymph of this genus, and probably of this species (No. 159), was taken on the prairie grass Andropogon (Sta. I, g) Aug. 24. It had been captured by the cv2ih-?,^\.(ltr Misumena deatoria Hentz (No. 159). Orchelimum cuticulare Redt. A specimen was taken in the upland forest (Sta. IV, a) Aug. 16 (No. 67) ; another, from the open areas of the upland forest (Sta. IV, a) Aug. 17 (No. 93) ; and a third, from the glade in the damp lowland forest (Sta. IV, c) Aug. 22 (No. 143). All of these were males. Orcheliinum glaherrimmn Burm. This insect was found in abundance in the glade in the lowland forest (Sta. IV, c) Aug. 20 (No. 117), and a nymph was taken in the same place Aug. 22 (No. 143). The abundance of this species in this damp area, with its pro- fusion of low vegetation, indicates that the conditions were fav- orable. Xipliidiitin nenwrale Scudd. Nymphs and adults were found in the glade in the lowland for- est (Sta. IV, c) Aug. 20 (No. 117) and Aug. 22 (No. 143) ; in the openings in the upland forest (Sta. IV, a) Aug. 17 (No. 93), and Aug. 20 (No. 103). Blatchley ('03, p. 374) states that it abounds along the "borders of dry, upland woods, fence rows, and roadsides, where it delights to rest on the low shrubs, blackberry bushes, or coarse weeds usually growing in such localities." Gkyllid^e Nemobius fasciatus DeG. Striped Cricket. (PI. LVIII, fig. 6.) • Nymphs of this species were found in the upland forest on the 217 ground (Sta. IV, a) Aug. i6 (No. 67); in the upland forest area also, in an open place, was found a short-winged male Aug. 17 (No. 93) ; along a path in the upland forest, among dry leaves, a short- winged female was taken Aug. 22 (No. 122) ; and an abundance of short-winged males and females, and nymphs (No. 143) were found Aug. 22 in the glade in the lowland forest (Sta. IV, c). This small cricket is generally abundant among the litter on the forest floor. Nemobius niacnlatus Blatch. Spotted Cricket. A nymph was taken in the upland forest (Sta. IV, a) among leaves Aug. 22 (No. 122). , ■ Blatchley ('03, p. 425) states "It is found in low open woods, usually in the vicinity of or beneath logs"; Hart, ('06, p. 89) states that it is found "About logs and dead wood in sparse woods and near streams." Apithus agitator Uhl. Woodland Cricket. A nymph was taken from the open area in the upland forest (Sta. IV, a) Aug. 17 (No. 93) ; another from an open ravine slope (Sta. IV, b) Aug. 22 (No. 124). No adults were secured. Blatchley ('03, pp. 458—459) records this species as from forests, noting its preference for prickly ash. It is also recorded as from grape-vines and dense shrubbery. The females deposit eggs in the twigs of the white elm, Ulmus americana Linn. Hemiptera ^ ClCADID^ Cicada linnei Grossb. (Cicada tibiccn L.). Dog-day Harvest-fly. PI. LV, fig. 5.) This insect was found at the cleared margin of the upland forest (near Sta. IV, a) on low hickory sprouts Aug. 26 (No. 162). It is said to require two years to mature. T. L. Hankinson re- ports that Tibicen septcndccim L. (PI. LV, figs. 3 and and 4) was found about Charleston in 1907, and branches scarred by the oviposit- ing females were observed in the Bates forest (Sta. IV, a). Felt ('05, pp. 237-238) describes the emergence of the adult 1 Tibicen from the nymph skin. For the recent synonymv see Smith and Grossbeck (Ent. News, Vol. 18, pp. 1 16-129. 1907). C FULGORID.E ■0 Onncnis pruinosa Say (?). Mealy Plata. (PI. LVI, figs, i and 2.) This insect was taken by T. L. Hankinson June 28, 191 1, in the 218 Bates woods (No. 7678). It appears to feed upon a large variety of trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants. Its normal habitat is probably in open woods or the forest margin. Swezey ('04, pp. 8-9) gives full references to the life history of this insect and a list of the food plants. d Tettigoniellid.5; Anlaciscs irrorata Fabr. (PI. LVI, fig. 3.) A few specimens were taken, the collection data being as follows : from an open glade in the lowland forest (Sta. IV, c) Aug. 20 (No. •117) ; and from the smaller branches of sassafras bushes (Sta. IV, c) Aug. 22 (No. 143). This insect is. often taken on grapes, and in the South on cotton. Sanderson (Bull. 57, Bur. Ent., U. S. Dept. Agr., p. 58. 1906) describes briefly the egg-laying habits and figures the adult insect. Gypona pectoralis Spangb. This species was taken June 28, 191 1, in the Bates woods (Sta. IV) by T. L. Hankinson (No. 7678). Pentatomid^ Bitschistus fissilis Uhl. This bug was taken in Bates forest (Sta. IV) Aug. 22 (No. 124). It has been known to feed upon wheat (Webster, Rep. U. S. Dept. Agr., 1885, p. 317). It also feeds upon corn, and on the moth Aletia. It is parasitized by the proctotrypid Trissolcus euschisti Ashm. (Olsen, in Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Vol. 20, p. 52. 1912). Mormidea higens Fabr. A nvmph of this bug was taken by T. L. Hankinson in the Bates woods (Sta. IV) June 28, 191 1 (No. 7678). Hymenarcys nervosa Say. This insect was taken on the ground from anting dead leaves and decayed wood which had drifted to the mouth of a ravine in the low- land forest (Sta. IV, c) Aug. 20 (No. 113). In the South this insect feeds upon cotton. MlEH)^ Lygus pratensis Linn. Tarnished Plant-bug. This bug was taken in the Bates woods (Sta. IV) June 28, 191 1, by T. L. Hankinson (No. 7678). See prairie list, page 175. 219 COREID^ Alydiis quinqnespinosus Say. This bug was taken by T. L. Hankinson June 28, 191 1, in the Bates woods (No. 7678), and July 10 (No. 7693) on the under- growth in the woods (Sta. IV). Acanthoccrns galeator (Butlwctha) Fabr. (PI. LVI, fig. 8.) Six large nymphs of this plant-bug were taken on the apical part of a tall herb, Actinomcris alternifolia Linn., growing in the open glade of the lowland forest (Sta. IV, c\ PI. XIV) Aug. 29 (No. 182). This bug has been reported to suck the juice from the plum, and it injures the tender parts of orange plants. Hubbard (Insects Af- fecting the Orange, U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., p. 163. 1885) gives figures of the adult insect and describes briefly the eggs and young. Forbes and Hart ('00, p. 445) have summarized the little that is known of this insect. Jalysus spinosiis Say. Spined Stilt-bug. (PI. LVI, fig. 7.) This bug was found Aug. 20 in the open glade of the lowland for- est (Sta. IV, c), where there was a luxuriant growth of herbaceous vegetation (No. 117). It was also taken (Sta. IV) by T. L. Hank- inson June 28, 191 1 (No. 7678). Lugger reports it from oak woods. It feeds upon plants. Gerrid^ Gerris remigis Say. Water-strider. ( PI. L, fig. 2. ) This water-strider was abundant in the pools of the small tem- porary stream in the ravine bordering the southern part of the Bates woods (Sta. IV, d) Aug. 22 (No. 129). It is an important enemy of moscjuito larvs. Eeduvhd^ Sinea diadema Fabr. Rapacious Soldier-bug. A nymph of this predaceous bug was captured by T. L. Hankin- son in the Bates woods (Sta. IV) June 28, 191 1 (No. 7678). See list of prairie animals, page 173. COLEOPTERA ClCINDELID^ Cicindcla nnipunctata Fabr. Woodland Tiger-beetle. One specimen of this tiger-beetle was taken along the path through the cleared area as it entered the forest (Sta. IV, a) Aug. 22 (No. 136). 220 Tiger-beetles are generally most abundant in open places, but this beetle seems to be a woodland species like the brilliantly colored C. sexguttata Fabr. Wickham ('99, pp. 210-21 1) records unipnnctata from wooded areas. It is rare and difificult to catch, and is said to be nocturnal in habit. Carabid/e Calosoma scrutator Fabr. Caterpillar-hvmter. This common arboreal beetle was taken Aug. 16 (No. 64) in the upland Bates wood (Sta. IV, a), where it attracted attention by the rustling sound it made in crawling among the dry leaves on the ground. Specimens of these beetles I could easily secure by remain- ing quiet and listening for this rustling of the leaves. One specimen was seen to crawl up the trunk of a small oak-tree, three or four inches in diameter, for about seven feet. Another individual I took from my neck. It may have fallen upon me from a tree, but more prob- ably it climbed upon me as it does a tree. In woods adjacent to the Bates forest, a caterpillar-hunter (No. 97) was found Aug. 20 with what appeared to be the damp cast skin of some large bombycid larva, which was also claimed by an ant, Camponotiis heraileanus Linn., subsp. pennsylvanicus DeG., var. ferrugineus Fabr. On the ravine slope (Sta. IV, b) Aug. 20 T. L. Hankinson captured one of these beetles (No. 100) with a caterpillar about an inch long, which it had partly mangled in the thoracic region with its formidable jaws. On the upper slopes of the ravine (Sta. IV, h) Aug. 23 another beetle (No. 149) was found on the ground under a hickory tree, eating a Uatana larva. Along this same rather open forested slope another individual was observed to run from the ground up the trunk of a small white oak (six or seven inches in diameter) for three or four feet, and then to return to the ground. The climbing individuals ob- served took a relatively straight course up the trunk, making no ef- fort to climb in a spiral direction, and made the descent head fore- most. At .Bloomington, 111., while picking cherries I have taken the beetle in trees. Although the arboreal habit is evidently very well developed in this species, it is also very much at home on the ground. The rapidity and apparent ease with which it ran over dry oak leaves in the upland Bates woods surprised me. The active foraging habits of this beetle are well shown by Her- man's observations (Journ. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. 21, p. 80. 1910) on its killing nestlings of the cardinal grosbeak (Cardiii- alis cardinalis) in bushes three feet from the ground. Harris (In- 221 sects Injurious to Vegetation, p. 470. 1869) states that it preys upon canker-worms, both on the ground and by ascending trees. Calerita jantts Fabr. A specimen was found under the bark of a decaying log in the upland Bates forest (Sta. IV, a) Aug. 23 (No. i/i). This common beetle is frequently found in such situations, and seems to have a preference for relatively damp places. I have taken the adult as early as March 23 under bark of logs in the sap-wood stage of decay at Urbana, 111., where it was found associated with single dealated females of Camponotiis heratleanus pennsylvanicus, Passaliis cornu- tus, pyrochroid larvae, the caterpillar Scolecocampa libtirna, and the slug Philomyciis carolinensis. This species is a fairly common one. I found it abundant at Bloomington, 111., where it was taken April 15, May i, and June 22. The larva has been described by Hubbard (Psyche, Vol. i, pp. 49-52. 1875). COCCINELLID^ A species of lady-beetle was found upon a fungus growing on a stump in the upland forest (Sta. IV, o) Aug. 17 (No. 8t). Asso- ciated with the beetle on the fungus were large numbers of the snail Pyramidula perspectiva. Elaterid^ Mclanotiis sp. A larva belonging to this genus (No. 125) was found Aug. 22 under the bark of a decaying stump (Sta. IV, h) \n which the sap- wood was destroyed, the remainder being sound though discolored. It was associated with the slug Philomyciis carolinensis and the caterpillar Scolecocampa libiirna. Corymbites sp. A larva belonging to this genus (No. 113) was found in drifted leaves and dead wood at the mouth of a ravine in the lowland for- est (Sta. IV, c). Asaphes memnonius Hbst. This click-beetle was taken at the mouth of a ravine in the low- land forest (Sta. IV, c) Aug. 20 (No. 113) in drift composed of dead leaves and rotten wood. Lampyrid^ Caloptcron tcrminale Say. Black-tipped Calopteron. This interesting beetle was taken in the damp lowland forest (Sta. IV, c) Aug. 26 (No. 173). This species has been mentioned as an instance of mimicry because of its resemblance in shape and color-pattern to the syntomid moth Lycomorpha pholiis Drury. Both are found in damp shady woods. Caloptcron reticulatitm Fabr. Reticulate Calopteron. (PI. LVIII, fig- 4-) A single specimen was taken — in the glade in the lowland forest (Sta. IV, c) Aug. 22 (No. 143). The larva and pupa of this species are described by Coquillett (Can. Ent, Vol. 15, pp. 97-98. 1883). July 10 he found a pupa "suspended by the hind end of its body beneath a log." Photnris pennsylvanica DeG. Pennsylvania Fireflv. (PI. LVIII, fig. 3) This large firefly was taken June 28, 191 1, in the Bates woods (Sta. IV) by T. L. Hankinson (No. 7678). McDermott ('10. '11) Knab ('05), and Mast ('12) should be consulted for discussions on the natural history and ecology of our fireflies. McDermott gives many observations on P. pennsyk'aiiica. Chaiiliognathus marginahis Fabr. Margined Soldier-beetle. This predaceous beetle was taken Jvme 28, 191 1, in the ,Bates woods (Sta. IV) by T. L. Hankinson (No. 7678). (Cf. Lintner, Fourth Rep. Injurious and other Ins. N. Y., 1888, pp. 74—88.) This is a predaceous species in the larval stage, feeding on immature in- sects. The adults feed on pollen (Riley, in Fifth Rep. Ins. Mo., p. 154- 1873). Telephoriis sp. This was taken June 28, 191 1, in the Bates woods (Sta. IV) by T. L. Hankinson (No. 7678). See T. bilincatics, PI. XLIV, fig. i. LUCANID^ Passalus coniiitus'F^hr. Horned Passalus. (PI. LVIII, fig. 5.) This common woodland beetle was found under the bark of a decaying stump on the slope of a ravine (Sta. IV, b) Aug. 17 (No, 85). One specimen, with a chestnut thorax and yellowish wings, had just shed the pupal skin. Another, a fully matured specimen, carried a large colony of mites. Ewing (Univ. Studies, Univ. Ill, Vol. 3, p. 24. 1909) states that nymphs of uropod mites are often attached to insects for transportation. It has generally been as- sumed that they are parasitic. This Passalus seems to be one of the most common insects found in decaying logs and stumps. I have found it very abundant at 223 Bloomington, 111. The beetles evidently hibernate, for I have taken them at Urbana, 111., as late as October i8, and as early in the spring as March 2},. This beetle invades logs and stumps as soon as the sap-wood be- gins to be well decayed, and evidently advances into the log with the progress of decay. As it invades logs in the sap-wood stage of decay, it is often associated with nrcvly founded colonies of the ant Cam- ponotiis licrciilcanus pcmisylvaiiiciis, pyrochroid larvae, the slug Phil- oiiiyciis carolinensis, and the caterpillar Scolecocampa liburua. For phvsiological studies of cormitus see Schafer (Mich. Agr. Coll. Exper. Sta., Tech. Bull. No. ii. 1911). SCARAB^ID^ Geotritpcs splcndidus Fabr. Splendid Dung-beetle. This dung-beetle was dug from a hole, an inch or so below the surface, in the hard clay of the pathway near the margin of the for- est bordering the cleared area (Sta. IV, a) Aug. 22 (No. 120). As cattle and ln)rses were pastured in this forest, its presence is readily accounted for. Pelidnota punctata Linn. Spotted Grape Beetle. Only one specimen of this beetle was taken. It was found on a grape leaf (Sta. Ill, h) Aug. 15 (No. 58). This insect is primarily a forest or forest-margin insect. The larva feeds upon the decaying roots and stumps of oak and hickory. The adult devours leaves of the grape and of the Virginia creeper. Many undetermined scaraba^id larvje were found in a much-de- cayed stump in the ravine near the small temporary stream (near Sta. IV, d) Aug. 22 (No. 130). Chrysomelid^ Chrysoclius aitratus Fabr. Dogbane Beetle. This characteristic species of the prairie (No. 103) was taken Aug. 20 in an open place in the upland oak-hickory forest (Sta. IV, a) on the dogbane Apocynuui iiicdiinii. See list of prairie inver- tebrates, p. 178. Cryptoccpliahis mutabilis Mels. This leaf-beetle was taken June 28, 'I911, in the Bates woods (Sta. IV) by T. L. Hankinson (No. 7678). It has been reported on Ceanothus, Viburnum, hazel, and oak by J. B. Smith. Evidently this is a woodland beetle. 224 Coptocycla clavata Fabr. Clubbed Tortoise-beetle. This leaf-beetle was taken in the south ravine of the ,Bates woods (Sta. IV, b) by T. L. Hankinson June 28, 1911 (No. 7678). It is known to injure the potato, tomato, eggplant, and bittersweet. The larvse and adults feed upon the same kinds of plants (Lintner, Sixth Rep. Injurious and other Ins. N. Y., pp. 126-127. 1890). Tenebrionid^ Bolctotherits hifurcus Fabr. Horned Fungus-beetle. (PI. LIX, figs. I, 2, and 3.) This curious-looking beetle was found on the shelf-fungus Polyp- oriis in the lowland forest (Sta. IV, c) Aug. 26 (No. 173). I have found this species very abundant near Bloomington, 111., where at times it was difficult to find an example of Polyporus which was not thoroughly honeycombed by the larvse of these beetles. A single shelf has been found to contain several beetles. They were generally discovered within galleries excavated within the fungus. On July II in such a shelf I found larvje and pups in abundance. Other dates of capture are June 3 and July 6. Riley and Howard (In- sect Life, Vol. 3, p. 335. 1891) also report it from Polyporus. Fig- ures of the larva and pupa are given by Packard ('83, p. 474) and descriptions by Gissler (On coleopterous larvse of the family Tcne- briomdce, Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc, Vol. i, pp. 85-88. 1878'). Meracantha contracta Beauv. Larvae of this beetle were taken under dry leaves in the upland forest (Sta. IV, a) Aug. 17 (No. 83) ; and others from under damp leaves at the base of the wooded slopes of a ravine leading to the low- land forest (Sta. IV, h) Aug. 22 (No. 140). The latter larvae were associated with the ant Stigmatomma pallipes. These larvse are often confused with wireworms (Blateridae). I found the beetles occasionally in the forest at Bloomington, 111., June 13; and Aug. i on the papaw. I have a specimen of this larva, in very rotten wood, showing the sinuous larval boring (PI. XXX), from the Brownfield woods, Urbana, 111. (March 9; collector, D. M. Brumfiel). Wickham has described and figured the larva (Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Vol. 4, pp. 119-121. 1896). Pybochroid^ Pyrocliroa sp. A single specimen of a larva belonging to the above family was taken August 22 (No. 130) in the ravine (Sta. lY,b) from under 225 the bark of a decaying stump, in company with numerous scarabseid larvse. These larva; are very characteristic animals — under bark when decay has loosened it from the sap-wood. The accompanying figure (PI. LIX, fig. 4) shows the general appearance of this larva and of an adult beetle. I found Dendroides canadensis Latr. fairly abundant at ^loomington, 111.. July 25. Larvae belonging to this family have been taken in the Brownfield woods, Urbana, III, under the bark of decaying trees. It is a representative animal species in this habitat. See Moody (Psyche, Vol. 3, p. 76. 1880) for descriptions of pyrochroid larvae. Lepidoptera Papilionid^ Papilio philenor Linn. Philenor Butterfly. (PI. LIX, fig. 5.) The caterpillar was found crawling upon the ground in the up- land forest (Sta. IV, a) Aug. 16 (No. 69). Aug. 26 a larva (No. 166) which had attached itself to the stem of a prickly ash (Sta. IV, h), was just entering upon the pupal stage, but had not yet cast the larval skin. The larva feeds upon Dutchman's pipe, Aristolochia — a plant which was not observed in the forest. Papilio tunius Linn. Turnus Butterfly. The butterfly was observed on wing Aug. 16 in the open glades of the upland forest (Sta. IV, a). The larva feeds upon Primus and Liriodcndron. Papilio crcsphoutcs Cram. Cresphontes Butterfly. The butterfly was observed in the open spaces of the upland forest on wing Aug. 1 6. The larva feeds upon Zanthoxylum, Ptelca, Dictaninus, Citrus, etc. Papilio troilus Linn. Troilus Butterfly. The butterfly was taken, on wing, from the open slope of the south ravine (Sta. IV,b) Aug. 22 (No. 161); and in the upland forest (Sta. IV, o) Aug. 26 (No. 163). The larva feeds upon sassafras and Laurus. Nymphalid^ Polygonia interrogationis Fabr. The butterfly was taken in the open glade in the lowland forest (Sta. IV, f) Aug. 20 (No. 117). The larva feeds upon Humuhts, Uhnns, and Urtica. 226 Agapetid.^ Enodia portlandia Fabr. Portlandia Butterfly. This woodland butterfly was taken in the Bates woods (Sta. IV) Aug. 15 (No. 63) and on June 28, 191 1 (No. 7678), by T. L. Han- kinson. The larva feeds upon grasses. Fiske ('01, pp. 33-34) gives a good description of the haunts of this species. Years ago I found it abundant near Bloomington (Orendorf Springs), 111., in dense, damp, shady woods. It is as characteristic of shade as most species are of sunshine. Cissia ciirytiis Faljr. Eurytus Butterfly. This is also a woodland butterfly. It was taken in the Bates woods by T. L. Hankinson June 28, 191 1 (No. 7678). The larva feeds upon grass. Lyc^nid^ Bt'cres corny ntas Gdt. This small blue butterfly was taken on the open upper slopes of the wooded south ravine in the Bates forest (Sta. IV, h) Aug. 22 (No. 161). The larva feeds upon red clover and Desmodiuui. HESPERno^E Bpargyreits tityrus Fabr. Common Skipper. This caterpillar was found in the open glade in the lowland for- est (Sta. IV, f), folded within a leaf of sassafras, Aug. 26 (No. 173). I have taken this butterfly many times at Bloomington, 111. ; and have found the larv£e folded in leaves of the yellow locust, Robiuia. upon which they had evidently been feeding. Sphingid-^3 Crcssonia juglandis Sni. and Abb. This caterpillar was taken on low branches of the shell-bark hick- ory, Carya ovata, in the upland forest (Sta. IV, a) Aug. 20 (No. 102). The larva feeds upon walnut, ironwood, and hickory. Our speci- men bore a large number of cocoons of' a hymenopterous parasite. When handled, this larva makes a peculiar squeaking sound (Bull. 54, Bur. Ent., U. S. Dept. Agr., p. 80. 1905). 227 Saturnhd^ Tclca polyplionns Cramer. American Silkworm. (PI. LIX, fig. 6.) This caterpillar was taken on the ground, under hickories and white oaks on the forested slopes to the valley (Sta. IV, b) Aug. 26 (No. 163). The larva feeds upon walnut, basswood, elm, maple, cherry, etc. CERATOCAMPID.E Citlicroiiia regaVis Fabr. Royal Walnut Moth; Hickory Horned-devil (larval name). (PI. LX, figs, i and 2.) This larva was found on the v.illey slope (Sta. IV, h) on sumac Aug. 16 (No. 68); and on walnut Aug. 20 (No. 108). This last specimen was apparently fully mature. The food plants of the larva are butternut, hickory, sycamore, ash, .and lilac. See Packard ('05, p. 130) for many figures and a full description of this species. Basilona iinperialis Drury. Imperial Moth. (PI. LXI, Fig. i). The larva of this species was found on the leaves of sassafras on the forested slope to the lowland forest (Sta. IV, b) Aug. 20 (No. J 06). It feeds upon a large number of forest trees including oak, maple, wild cherry, walnut, hickory, and several conifers. See Packard ('05, p. 125) for figures and full descriptions of this species. Arcthd^e Halisidota tessellaris Sm. and Abb. (PI. LXI, fig. 4.) These caterpillars were taken on hickory on the wooded slope to the lowland (Sta. IV, b) Aug. 26 (No. 163) ; and, again, abundantly (No. 168), in the upland forest (Sta. IV, a) on climbing buckwheat. Polygonum convolvidus, which was entwined about a young walnut or butternut. The yellow hairs and the tufts give this caterpillar a striking appearance. I have found moths of this species abundant at Bloomington, 111. The food plants are recorded as maple, oak, hazel, and button- wood. Though larvae were abundant upon leaves of the climbing buckwheat, I did not observe them there eating it. NOCTUID^ Autographa precationis Guen. The moth was taken in the open glade in the lowland forest ( Sta. IV, c) Aug. 22 (No. 143). The larva feeds upon plantain, burdock, and dandelion. 228 Scolecocampa libnrna Geyer. Rotten-log Caterpillar. A single caterpillar (No. 125) was taken Aug. 22 upon the slope of a wooded ravine (Sta. IV, h) under the bark of a stump in an early stage of decay — the sap-wood honeycombed, but the remainder solid though discolored. The larva, with its characteristic excrement, was found in a cell excavated in the rotten sap-wood. This is another species of animal which invades wood in the sap- wood stage of decay and is so often associated with Philoniycus carolincnsis, Passalus cornntiis, and newly established colonies of Caniponotus licrculcaiuis pcnnsylvanicns. The larva winters in logs, as is evidenced by the fact that I found it in such situations late in fall and early in spring (March 23) at Urbana, 111. The large quantity of excrement often indicates the approximate location of the larva. This larva has been described by Edwards and Elliot (Papilio, Vol. 3, p. 134. 1883). It has been found in chestnut, oak, and other kinds of decaying logs. The moth is recorded in July. The pileated wood- pecker, Plilo'Otoiuus pilcatus, has been known to eat this caterpillar (Beal, in Bull. 37, Biol. Surv., U. S. Dept. Agr., p. 34. 191 1). Smith (Ann. Rep. N. Jersey State Mus., 1909, p. 471. 1910) states that the larva is found in "decaying cherry, hickory, oak and chestnut stumps." NOTODONTIDiE Dataiia augiisii G. and R. The caterpillar of this species was found on the valley slope (Sta. IV. /;) on bitternut hickory, Carya microcarpa, Aug. 20 (No. 104) ; in the upland forest (Sta. IV, a) on hickory Aug. 16 (No. 65) ; and at the margin of this forest Aug. 26 (No. 162). The food plants of the larva are walnut, hickory, linden, and birch. Packard ('95, pp. iio-iii) describes and gives figures of the larva and adult. Nadata gihhosa Sm. and Abb. (PI. LXI, fig. 2.) This larva was taken on white oak, Qucrcus alba, in a forested ravine (Sta. IV, h) Aug. 19 (No. 94) ; on leaves of the white oak, upon which it had been feeding, in the upland forest (Sta. IV, o) Aug. 26 (No. 169). Packard ('95, pp. 142-146) gives figures of this species and lists as food plants, oak, birch, and sugar plum. It is also reported on maple. Heterocampa gnttiritta Walk ( ?). (PL LXI, figs. 3 and 5.) This larva (No. 127) was captured Aug. 22 by a digger- wasp, Ammophila abbrcviata Fabr. which was found dragging it along the ground in the upland forest (Sta. IV, a). See Packard 229 ('95- PP- 230-235) for an account of this forest-inhabiting larva. The larva of gidtivitta is known to feed upon red maple, oak, and viburnum. Geometrid^ Bustrotna divcrsUincata Hiibn. (PI. LXII, fig. i.) This span-worm moth was taken in the upland forest (Sta. IV, a) Aug 26 (No. 163). Packard (Monogr. Geometrid Moths, p. 128. 1876) states that the larva feeds upon grape and Psedcra. These are mainly forest plants, and this is probably a woodland species. Caber odes conftisaria Hiibn. This moth was taken near the upper slope of the south ravine in open woods (Sta. IV, b) Aug. 22 (No. 161). The larva feeds upon Trifolium. COCHLIDIID^ Cochlidioii or Lithacodes sp. Slug Caterpillar. This curious larva was found on a stump on the wooded ravine slope (Sta. IV, b) Aug. 26 (No. 165). GELECHIIDa; Ypsolo pints ligidellits Hiibn. (?) These small moths were taken in the upland woods (Sta. IV, a) by T. L. Hankinson June 28, 191 1 (No. 7678). The larva is reported on apple, pear, and plum. DiPTERA CECIDOMTIIDiE Cccidomyia holotricha O. S. (Hairy Midge-gall.) Abundant on the under side of hickory leaves (near Sta. IV) Aug. 20 (No. 96) ; and on leaves of Carya ovata in the upland for- est (Sta. IV, a) Aug. 26 (Nos. 107 and 170). These brownish, hairy galls may cover large areas on the under side of some leaves. See Cook '05, p. 840, or Beutenmiiller '04, p. 112. Cecidoniyia tiibicola O. S. (Hickory Tube-gall.) Immature galls (No. 107) were found Aug. 20 in the upland Bates woods (Sta. IV, a) on the lower side of leaves of Carya ovata. 230 Cccidomyia carycccola O. S. (Hickory Seed-gall.) This gall was taken on Carya ovata leaves in the upland forest (Sta. IV, a) Aug. 20 (No. 107); and Aug. 26 (No. 170). Many galls are formed on hickory and other trees by plant-lice (Cf. Per- gande, '02). ASILID^ Deroviyia discolor Loew. This robber-fly was taken in an open area in the lowland forest (Sta. IV, r) Aug. 20 (No. 117). Williston (Kingsley's Standard Natural History, Vol. 2, pp. 418-419. 1884) states that most robber- flies "rest upon the ground, and fly up when disturbed, with a quick buzzing sound only to alight again a short distance ahead. All their food, which consists wholly of other insects, is caught upon the wing .... Other flies and Hymenoptera are usually their food, but flying beetles, especially Cicindelidcc, are often caught, and they have even been known to seize and carry ofif large dragonflies. Not only will they feed upon other Asilidcc, but the female frequently resents the caresses of her mate by eating him up, especially if he is foolish enough to put himself in her power. In an instance the writer observed, a female seized a pair of her own species, and thrust- ing her proboscis into the thorax of the male, carried them both off together The larv^e live chiefly under ground or in rotten wood, especially in places infested with grubs of beetles upon which they will feed. The young larvae will bore their way completely within beetle larvae and remain enclosed until they have consumed them. Many, however, are found where they evidently feed upon rootlets or other vegetable substances. They undergo their trans- formations in the ground. The pupae have the head provided with tubercles, and on the abdominal segments there are also spiny pro- tuberances and transverse rows of bristles, which aid the insects to reach the surface when they are ready to escape as flies." Mar- latt (Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., Vol. 2, p. 82. 1893) observed D. dis- color preying upon wasps of the genus Vespa. By seizing the head of the wasp it avoids being stung. Dcromyia timbrinus Loew. A specimen of this large robber-fly was taken in the south ravine (Sta. IV, d) by T. L. Hankinson. with the eucerid bee Mclissodcs perplexa Cresson in its grip, Aug. 22, 1910 (No. 7530). Syrphid^ Chrysotoxum ventricosum Loew. This wasp-like fly was found resting on a leaf in the upland for- est (Sta. IV, a) Aug. 26 (No. 163). Mesogramiiia foUtitm Say. Corn Syrphid. This fly was taken by T. L. Hankinson in the Bates woods ( Sta. IV) June 28, 191 1 (No. 7678). See the prairie list, p. 188. Milesia oruata Fabr. Vespa-like Syrphid. This beautiful large syrphid was taken on dogbane in an open space in the upland forest (Sta. IV, a) Aug. 20 (No. 103) ; in the open glade in the lowland forest (Sta. IV, c) Aug. 22 (No. 143); and on Aug. 26 (No. 184) on the flowers of EupatoriiiDi civlcstinuni in the clutches of the flower spider Misutneim alcatoria Hentz. It was also taken in the Bates woods by T. L. Hankinson June 28, 191 1 (No. 7678). Metcalf ('13, p. 73) quotes Verrall as follows con- cerning the subfamily Milcsiincr: "What little is known about the metamorphism shows that many species live in rotten wood or about the sap flowing from injured tree trunks." Hymenoptera SlRICID^ Tremex cohtmha Linn. Horntail; Pigeon Tremex. This species was taken on wing in the upland forest (Sta. IV, a) Aug. 16 (No. 66) ; and on the open slope of a ravine (Sta. IV, h) Aug. 22 (No. 132). The larva bores in the trunks of trees, as oak, elm, sycamore, and maple. Consult Packard ('90, pp. 379-381) for a description and figure of the larva. The long-sting, Thalcssa Innator, is an external parasite upon this larva (see Riley, '88). I have taken normally colored females at Bloomington, 111., July 25, Sept. 29, and Oct. 8. Two abnormally colored individuals were taken in September, one of them almost, and the other (taken Sept. 29) completely lacking the usual black markings. A female was taken at Milmine, III, in October. Consult Bradley ('13) for a key to the varieties of this species of Tremex. An interesting feature in the ecological relations of this species is the fact that it appears to frecjuent only weakened, diseased, and dying trees, and these, not as a primary invader, but as a trailer, following insects which have done previous injury to the trees. Felt ('05, p. 61) shows that in New York successive attacks of the 232 elm leaf-beetle, or injury by the sugar maple borer Plagionotus speciosus Say, prepare the way for the horntail larva. Ecologically considered, the leaf-beetle and the borer initiate a succession of in- sect invasions into the tree trunk; Tremex follows, with its parasite Thalessa; and these in turn lead the way for still others ; thus a suc- cession of insects is produced. Cynipid.«: Holcaspis globulus Fitch. (Oak Bullet Gall.) This gall was taken on white oak, Qncrcus alba, in the upland forest (Sta. IV, o) Aug. 26 (No. 170). Consult Cook ('05) and Beutenmiiller ('04) for figures and de- scriptions of various kinds of galls mentioned in this list. Amphibolips confluens Harr. (Oak-apple or May-apple Gall.) These galls were abundant upon the forest floor in the upland Bates woods (Sta. IV, a) during August (No. loi). The galls grow upon the leaves of several species of oaks (Quercus). Amphibolips prunus Walsh. (Acorn Plum Gall.) (PI. LXII, fig. 2.) A single specimen of this gall was found on the slope of the south ravine in Bates woods (Sta. IV, b) Aug. 22 (No. 131). Another specimen came from the woods northeast of the Bates woods Aug. 20 (No. 96). It grows upon acorn cups. Andricus clavula Bass. (White Oak Club Gall.) (PI. LXII, fig. 5.) This gall, formed in the terminal bud, was common on white oak, Quercus alba, in the upland Bates woods (Sta. IV, a) Aug. 26 (No. 170). Andricus cornigcrus O. S. (Horned Knot Oak Gall.) (PI. LXII, fig- 3-) This gall occurred in very large numbers on the branches of shingle oak, Quercus imbricaria, in a forest just northeast of the Bates woods, Aug. 20 (No. 96). The galls are old and apparently decaying. Andricus lana Fitch. (Oak Wool Gall.) (PI. LXII, fig. 4-) Two examples of this gall were found on leaves of white oak, Quercus alba: one was taken near the Bates woods (Sta. IV) Aug. 20 (No. 96), and the other was found in the Bates woods (Sta. IV, a) on the petiole of a leaf, Aug. 26 (No. 170). Andricus seminatorY{.z.vr. (Oak Seed-gall.) (PI. LXIII, fig. i.) A single specimen of this gall was found upon Quercus alba (Sta. IV, a) Aug. 20 (No. iQi). The cotton-like masses of this 233 gall are conspicuous. They may be tinged with red ; when dry they become brownish. ICHNEUMONID.^ Thalcssa lunator Fabr. Lunate Long-sting. A female ichneumon of this species was found on a tree trunk in the open glade in the lowland forest (Sta. IV, c) Aug. 22 (No. 143). The larva feeds, as an external parasite, upon the larva of the horntail, Trciuex columba, which was also found in the Bates woods (Sta. IV). I found T. lunator, both males and females, abundant on shade trees at Bloomington, III, October i, 1892, and also took it July 26, 1895. Riley ('88) gives an excellent account of this species accompanied by figures of the immature stages, and that of its host as well. Tragus ohsidiaiiator Brulle. This black ichneumon with fulvous antennae was taken in the Bates woods (Sta. IV) June 28, 191 1, by T. L. Hankinson (No. 7678). This wasp is known to be parasitic upon the larva of Papilio polyvenes Fabr. {P. astcrias — Insect Life, Vol. i, p. 161) and upon the caterpillar of Pyrrharctia Isabella ( ?) . This species has been taken in central Illinois during June and July (Weed, Psyche, Vol. 5, p. 52). (See also Riley, in Amer. Ent., Vol. 3, p. 134. 1880.) Pelecinid^ Pclccinus polyturator Drury. Black Longtail. (PI. LXIII, fig. 2.) This remarkable looking insect was found in the glade of the lowland forest (Sta. IV, c) Aug. 20 (No. 117) and Aug. 22 (No. 143). Other females were seen in this forest. I have also taken this species at Bloomington, 111. At Evanston, 111., during July, 1910, this species was very abundant upon some damp lawns. I have counted four or five females in sight at once. They were often found upon blue-grass sod. The male of this species is considered very rare. The only one which I ever captured was taken July 29, 19 10, at Evanston, 111. The larva is parasitic upon the grub of the May-beetle, Laclmosterna (Forbes, Eighteenth Rep. State Ent. 111., p. 124. 1894). It may also prey upon other scarabseid larvae inhabiting woodlands. PORMICIDiE Stigmatomnia pallipes Hald. Old-fashioned Ant. A single wingless queen and four pupae (No. 140) were taken Aug. 22 near the base of a ravine slope (Sta. IV, b) m dense shaded 234 woods, almost devoid of herbaceous vegetation, but with a thick layer of leaves, and other vegetable debris. Wheeler (Biol. Bull., Vol. 2, pp. 56-69. 1901) considers this a rather rare ant, although widely distributed over eastern North America. It is subterranean in habit, and "does not come to the surface even at night." Contrary to the habits of m(jst ants this primitive species has retained the carnivorous habits of the ancestral forms, and the young are fed on fragments of insects. They do not feed one another, or the larvse by regurgitation, as do the specialized species of ants. They thus furnish us a glimpse at the ancient his- tory of ants. Wheeler ('05, pp 3/4-375) states that this species oc- curs only in "rich, rather damp woods, under stones, leaf mould, or more rarely under or in rotten logs." A worker of Mynnica rubra Linn., subsp. scahrinodis Nyl., var. schcncki Emery (No. 140) was taken from the same patch of leaves. Cremastogaster lin-eolata Say. (PI. LXII, fig. 6.) This ant was taken only once — in the upland part of the Bates woods (Sta. IV, a) Aug. 20 (No. 118). Large numbers of the ants were found in an oak-apple gall {Amphibolips conflucns Harr.) lying on the forest floor. When I picked up the gall, many ants came out and ran over my hand, biting vigorously. This is essentially a ground and forest-inhabiting ant, which forms nests in the soil, under stones, and in logs, stumps, etc. It has the peculiar instinct to make a sort of temporary nest out of debris to cover the aphids and coccids which it attends (Wheeler, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. 22, pp. 1-18. 1906). Several carnivorous staphylinid beetles of the genus Myrrnedonia have been taken in the nests of these ants (Wheeler, 'loa, p. 382; Schwarz, '90b, p. 247). Aphcrnogaster fidva Roger. A well-rotted stump in the upland Bates woods (Sta. IV, a) was found Aug. 17 to contain a moist, felt-like layer of some fungous growth, and on this was a large colony of snails (No. 71). In an adjacent part of this stump was a small colony of white ants. Vermes flavipes Koll. (No. 72). A colony of ants which was in close prox- imity to the white ants, proved to be A. ftilva Roger. As the gal- leries were exposed by cutting up the stump, these ants were seen to pick up the termites and carry them away, just as they do their own young on similar occasions. Five pairs — the ant and the termite which it carried — were preserved (Nos. 74-/6, and 78-79)- One of the termites lacks a head. All of them were workers. Larvse and naked pupse (No. 79) were abundant in this nest, and workers (No. 80) were abundant about the stump. On Aug. 22 another 235 colony of this ant (No. 125) was found under the bark of a decaying oak stump (Sta. IV) in which the sap-wood was honeycombed, but the remainder solid, though discolored. Forel (Psyche, Vol. 9, p. 237. 1901) remarks that Aphcrnogas- ter is "very fond of termites, and when one uncovers and scatters about a nest of termites in a wood, they hasten to feast on the suc- culent morsels." These observations suggest the possible fate of the captured termites; none of the ants were seen to eat them, how- ever. In the absence of observations, the missing head mentioned above may be variously accounted for. This habit of carrying off termites has been observed in other species of ants. Forbes (19th Rep. State Ent. 111., p. 198. 1896) re- ports that near Carterville, Mason county. 111., Mr. John Marten observed Formica scliaufussi {^=Foniiica pallid c-fidva Linn., subsp. ichaufussi Mayr) to pick up and carry away the living termites when its nest under a log in which termites abounded, was disturbed, and McCook (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1879, p. 155) has ob- served similar behavior in the case of the mound-building ant, For- mica exsectoides Forel. The histerid beetle Hctccrius hlancliardi Schwarz has been found in nests of this ant (Wheeler, 'loa, pp. 388, 389) ; and European ob- servers have seen ants carrying and rolling them about. Consult also Schwarz ('90b, 247) for a list of beetles found with this ant. Wheeler ('loa, p. 206) lists A. fidva as a glade species which in the forests utilizes logs and branches as substitutes for stones. (See Wheeler, '05, pp. 372-373.) Aphccnogaster tennesseensis Mayr. Tennessee Ant. A colony of this ant (No. 87) was taken Aug. 17 from a decaying stump, situated on the slope (Sta. IV, h) from the upland forest to the lowland on the river bottom. According to Wheeler (Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. 20, 1904, p. 362, and Vol. 21, 1905, p. 373) this species normally nests in dead wood in rather open forests. He holds the opinion that the queen of this species can not rear her own brood, and thus establish a new colony, but must utilize a small or weak colony of the allied species A. fidva Roger, which lives under stones. Thus the new colonies are started under stones; later, when they become numerous, they are found in rotten wood. This, Wheeler concludes, indicates that they "migrate away from the fidva workers." Tanquary ('11) has per- formed some interesting experiments which show that queens of tennesseensis are adopted by colonies of other ants, a result which seems to confirm Wheeler's anticipation. Schwarz ('90b, p. 247) records two beetles found with this ant. 236 • Formica fiisca Linn., var. subsericea Say. This ant was taken in the upland Bates woods (Sta. IV, a) Aug. 26 (No. 163). See the list of prairie invertebrates, p. 190. Mvrmica rubra Linn., subsp. scabrinodis Nyl., var. schencki Emery. " This ant (No. 140) was found Aug. 22 under leaves in a small ravine on a shady slope (Sta. IV, b) from the upland forest to the valley bottoms. The soil under these leaves had been thoroughly tun- neled by small mammals during the preceding winter, but recently the leaves had not been disturbed. The soil was a mixture of sand, clay, and vegetable debris, was moist, and contained few kinds of animals. A single ant of this variety (No. 140) was taken while collecting spec- imens of Stigmatoinma pallipes. This species is listed by Wheeler (Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. 21' P- 2>7i- 1905) as a field ant which prefers to nest in grassy pas- tures and lawns, in situations exposed to the sun. Our specimen was, therefore, found in an unusual habitat. Tapinoma sessile Say. Cocoanut Ant. This cocoanut ant, so called because of the odor of the workers, which has been compared to that of decayed cocoanuts, was found in the lowland part of the Bates woods, at the base of the slope to the bottoms (Sta. IV, c) Aug. 22 (No. 139). A large colony was found among the surface layers of dry dead leaves ; from it were se- cured two queens, vast numbers of eggs, and also larvae, pupse, and workers. Wheeler ('05, pp. 373, 389) states that this ant usually nests in open sunny woods, the borders of woods, and under stones, logs, etc. Schwarz ('90b, p. 24./) records beetles as living with this ant. Camponotns hcrcnlcanus Linn., subsp. pennsylvanicus DeG. Carpen- ter Ant. This species was taken from under the bark of a rotting stump among a dense second-growth, on the valley slope (Sta. IV, b) be- tween the upland and the lowland forest Aug. 17 (No. 84). This stump was in that stage of decay so often utilized by the large Caro- lina slug, Philornycus carolinensis, and the horned Passalus beetle, Passalns cormitus. The colony was recently founded, for the dea- lated female occupied a small cell excavated in the rotten sap-wood. This colony consisted of four pupse and six larvae of different sizes. Another colony was taken in the same stump, from the rotted sap- wood zone, in company with the snail Philornycus carolinensis and some kind of pulmonate snail eggs. This colony was in a more ad- vanced stage than the preceding, about a dozen larvae, seven pupae. 237 and two adult workers being present, and about half a dozen eggs (No. 85). Pricer ('08) has given an interesting account of the life history and habits of this ant in Illinois. He states (p. 197) that the food is largely the honeydew of plant-lice, but is supplemented by plant juices and dead insects. He found a small staphylinid beetle, Xeno- dusa cava, abundant in the nests. I have found pemisylvaniciis abundant at Bloomington, 111., and represented as follows : by a male June 29 ; by a winged female in June ; and by dealated females June 29 and July 2 and 25. McCook ('83) has given an interesting account of the found- ing of colonies of this ant. See also Wheeler, '06b, pp. 38—39, Plate VIII, and 'lob, pp. 335-338, for further information concerning it. Camponotus liercitlcamis Linn., subsp. pennsylvanictis DeG., var. fcrruginctis Fabr. This variety was taken a short distance to the northeast of the Bates woods (Sta. IV) Aug. 20 (No. 97). Here the large ground- beetle Calosoma scrutator was found running on the ground with what appeared to be a bunch of greenish moss; a large reddish ant also struggled for possession of the prize. Upon closer examination it was found that the skin of some large lepidopterous larva was the object desired. This skin, recently shed or moistened by a recent rain, was a prize for both fcrrugincus and Calosoma. A dead wingless fcrrugincus, covered with a fungus growth, was found in a small cell excavated in the rotten wood of a decaying log on the ravine slope (Sta. IV, h) Aug. 17 (No. 90). Apparently this female had died before her colony developed. (See Pricer, '08; Wheeler 'lob, pp. 338-339-) I have found this form abundant at Bloomington, 111. Winged females were taken July 26, dealated ones on July 25 and 26, and males June 29, and July 9 and 25. On July 21, 1892, several males were taken at night, being attracted to a lamp located near a small brook. A very large colony, numbering thousands of individuals, was found May 26, under a well-decayed log, in a forest at White Heath, 111. It contained winged males, females, and workers. The winged forms were present in vast numbers. The far-advanced condition of decay of the log was in marked contrast with that in which the initial colonies are usually found. During the years of development of such a large colony the progress of decay will naturally make some changes in the habitat; reciprocally the ants will doubtless tend to monopolize the logs to the exclusion of some other animals, and also facilitate the decay of the log by their activities. There is an "orderly sequence" of changes in the developing colony, and a simi- lar orderly sequence of changes in the log habitat. An ant colony in its development clearly illustrates the transfor- mation from the individual to the associational phase of ecological relations. Beginning with the fertilized female and her progeny, the colony develops in size and in the division of labor among its members ; until, finally, by the possible addition of slaves, commen- sals, parasites, and even predaceous enemies, the colony or associa- tion is built up in an orderly sequence, and the organisms adjust themselves to one another and to the environment in general. MUTILLID.5; Sphcrrophthahna sp. Velvet Ant. This stinging, wingless velvet ant was taken at the margin of the forest near the cleared area (Sta. IV, a) Aug. 23 (No. 151). PSAMMOCHARID.E Psammochares crthiops Cress. (Pompilus Fabr.j This large black wasp was taken by T. L. Hankinson July 10, 1911, in the Bates woods (No. 7693). It probably stores its nest with spiders. Sphecid.5: Aminophila abbreziata Fabr. Short Caterpillar Wasp. This wasp was taken on the open ravine slope (Sta. IV, b) Aug. 22 (No. 124). One example (No. 127) was running on the ground in the upland forest (Sta. 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Econ. Ent., 7: 382-389. Woodruff, L. L. '12. A summary of the results of certain physiological studies on a pedigreed race of Paramaecium. Biochem. Bull., i : 39M12. Yapp, R. H. '09. On stratification in the vegetation of a marsh, and its rela- tion to evaporation and temperature. Ann. Bot. 23: 275-319. Zon, R. '13. The relation of forests in the Atlantic plain to the humid- itv of the central states and prairie region. Science, n. s., 38:63-75. Zon, R., and Graves, H. S. '11. Light in relation to tree growth. U. S. Dept. Agr., Eorest Service, Bull. No. 92. 59 pp. INDEX Aeanthocerus galeator, 64, 65, 126. Acarina, 164:, 208. Acarus serotinae, 126, 140, 208. Acer sacoharinum, 149. saccharum, 42, 62, 63, 123, 126, 151, 157. Acorn codling-caterpillar, 141. moth, 141. plum gall, 61, 232. Acorna, 141. Acridiida;, 115, 166, 211. Acrosoma, 138. gracile, 207. rugosa, 58, 64, 65, 125, 126, 138, 207. spinea, 64, 65, 125, 126, 138, 207. Actinomeris alternifolia, 63, 125, 219. Adelphocoris rapidus, 53, 174, 175. Adiautum pedatum, 63. Agapetidae, 226. Agrilus, 144. Agriotes lineatus, 116. Agropyron smithii, 39. Alaua, 145. oculatus, 145. Alder, 77, 84, 139. Aletia, 218. Allograpta obliqua, 53, 188. Alydus quinquespinosus, 65, 219. Amanita, 136. Amazon-ant, 191. Amblycorypha, 138, 140. oblongifolia, 215. rotundifolia, 64, 126, 215. Ambrosia, 118, 171. artemisiifolia, 176. beetles, 137. trifida, 178, 179. Ambush bug, 45, 46, 48, 50, 52, 53, 104, 174, 185, 189. Ammalo, 109. eglenensis, 53, 183. tenera, 53, 183. Ammophila, 140. abbreviata, 59, 62, 125, 132, 159, 228, 238. nigricans, 52, 194. Amphibolips, 140. confluens, 232, 234. prunus, 61, 232. Andricus, 140. clavula, 59, 232. cornigerus, 65, 232. lana, 59, 65, 232. seminator, 232. Andropogou, 40, 49, 55, 111, IGO, 163, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 181, 212, 215, 216. furcatus, 39, 49, 53, 112. virginicus, 39, 49, 53. Anisodactylus interstitialig, 135. Anosia plexippus, 45, 46, 47, 50, 51, 113, 183. Ant, Amazon-, 191. carpenter-, 62, 147, 150, 154, 203, 236. cocoanut, 64, 236. corn-field, 119. -lion, 58, 165, 209. prairie, 50. old-fashioned, 61, 233. rusty carpenter-, 62, 65. Tennessee, 61, 235. velvet, 192, 238. white, 58, 61, 147, 150, 152, 154, 202, 204, 208, 234. Antennaria, 124. plantaginifolia, 57. Anthrax sinuosa, 198. Ants, 35, 125, 140, 171, 177. Apatela, 105. populi, 105. Aphsenogaster, 235. fulva, 59, 65, 159, 202, 204, 208, 234, 235. tennesseensis, 61, 235. Aphidida3, 35, 171. Aphids, 137, 188, 234. Aphis, 158. asclepiadis, 109, 112, 118, 171, 188, 190. Aphorista vittata, 136. Apidae, 200. Apis mellifera, 45, 46, 47, 50, 51, 200. Apithus, 132. agitator, 58, 61, 124, 217. Aplexa hypnorum, 161. Aplopus mayeri, 211. Apocynum, 104, 109, 113, 118, 173, 183, 201. androsEemifolium, 179. medium, 44, 45, 49, 57, 109, 178, 183, 193, 223. Apple, 146, 149, 229. Arachnida, 161, 205. Araneida, 162, 206. Arctiidae, 183, 227. Argiope, 120, 164, 165. aurantia, 42, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 104, 107, 108, 109, 111, 121, 162, 165, 182. riparia, 162. transversa, 163. Argynni^ idalia, 45, 146, 183. Arhopalus fulminana, 147. Aristoloohia, 225. Army-worm, 189. Arrhenoplita bicornis, 136. Artemisia, 175. Asaphes memnonius, 64, 126, 221. Aselepias, 118, 172, 178, 181. eornuti, 113, 173. incarnata, 39, 44, 49, 103, 112, 113. 160, 163, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 182, 183, 184, ISO, 102, 194, 198, 200. sullivantii, 43, 49, 112, 182. syriaca, 112, 164, 171, 173, 176, 17S, 180, 188, 189, 190, 191, 201. tuberosa, 183. Ash, 77, 78, 147, 149, 152, 227. black, 149. prickly, 60, 63, 138, 179, 183, 217, Asilida;,' 48, 49, 108, 115, 186, 190, 210, 230. Asilus, 187. missouriensis, 187. Asparagus beetle, imported, 172. Aspidiotus obscurus, 156. Astaeidse, 161, 204. Aster, 188. Attelabus rhois, 139. Attidse, 164. O Aulacizes irrorata, 64, 126, 218. Autographa, 138. precationis, 64, 126, 227. Bacteria, 89, 90. Bacunculus blatchleyi, 211. Bag-worm, 154, 156. Balaninua, 142. caryai, 141. nasicus, 141. reniformis, 141. uniformis, 141. Bark -beetle, hickory, 154. Basilona, 140. imperialis, 64, 227. Basswood or linden, 77, 136, 141, 146, 149, 151, 152, 174, 227, 228. Beans, 179. Beard grass, 53. Bee, carpenter-, 45, 46, 104, 198, 199. -fly, giant, 50, 52, 53, 185. honey-, 45, 46, 50, 51, 104, 187, 200. leaf -cutting, 50, 198. moths, 100. short leaf -cutting, 52, 198. Beech, 76, 80, 85, 147, 152, 157, 214. Bees, 186, 192. Beet, 182. Beggar-ticks, 53, 103. Bellflower, 63. Benzoin, 138, 207. Bidens, 44, 103, 118, 171, 172. Bill-bugs, 50. Birch, 149, 228. Birds, 100. Bittacus, 62, 126, 133, 190. apicalis, 126, 210. stigmaterus, 64, 126, 209. 210. strigosus, 126, 210. Bitternut, 57, 60, 63, 228. Bittersweet, 63, 224. Blackberry, 129, 148, 170, 216. Blastobasis glandulella, 141. Blattidn-, 210. Blazing st-ir. 190, 200. Blissus Irufoi.tenis. 111. Blister-b(>(>tle, blsick, .52, 53, 55, 180. margined, 52, 53, 180. striped. ISO. two-lined, 180. Blister-beetles, 180. Blue flag, 44, 103. stem. 40, 53, 55, 166, 168. 169, 170. 171, 181. Boletotherus, 159. bifurcus, 64, 126, 136, 224. Bombidae, 199. Bombus, 47, 51, 117, 119, 120, 121, 187, 200. aurieomus, 56, 108, 111, 200. consimilis. 200. fervidus, 200. fraternus, 45, 46, 50, 111, 200. 267 Bombus — continued. impatiens, 56, 108, 111, 200. pennsylvanicus, 45, 46, 54, 56, IDS, 109, 111, 199. separatus, 45, 46, 50, 52, 111, 163, 200. Bombyeid, 220. Bombyliida;, 115, 185. Bombylius, 186. Borer, elm, 146, 154. flat-headed apple-tree, 146. heartwood, 154. hickory, 147. locust, 145, 154. sugar-maple, 232. Borers, wood, 99, 100. Bothropolys multidentatus, 134. Botrychium virginianum, 63. Box elder, 143. Brachycoma, 120. davidsoni, 200. Brachynemurus abdominalis, 50, 51, 111, 165. Braeon agrili, 144, 159. Braeonidse, 158, 190. Branchiobdellidje, 66. Brenthid, northern, 147. Brontes dubius, 151. Brown-tailed moth, 156. Buck-brush, 63. Buckwheat, climbing, 227. Buffalo, 118. Bug, ambush, 45, 46, 48, 50, 52, 53, 104, 174, 185, 189. chinch, 111, 114. flea negro-, 172. leaf-footed, 138. milkweed, see milkweed bug. plant-, see plant-bug. slender-necked, 135. stinging, 174. stink-, 50, 51, 187. Bulrush, 44, 103. Bumblebee, false, 52, 54, 120, 200. impatient, 56, 200. Pennsylvania, 45, 54, 56, 199. Bumblebees, 47, 117. Buprestidfe, 144, 145. Buprestis splendens, 142. Burdock, 227. Bush honeysuckle, 183. Butterflies," 187. Butterfly, cabbage, 56, 1S2, 186. celery, 45, 182. cresphontes, 225. eurvtus. 65. 226. idaiia, 45, 183. Butterfly — continued. milkweed, 45, 50, 183. philenor, 59, 61, 225. philodice, 45. portlandia, 65, 226. thoe, 53, 183. troilus, 59, 61, 225. turnus, 59, 225. 3utteruut, 139, 146, 149, 227. 3uttouwood, 227. Caberodes eonfusaria, 61, 229. Cacalia, 171. Calandridffi, 181. Callipus, 133. lactarius, 64, 134, 205. Calloides nobilis, 148. Calopteron, black-tipped, 64, 221. reticulate, 64, 222. reticulatum, 64, 126, 222. t€rminale, 64, 126, 221. Calosoma, 140. scrutator, 59, 61, 124. 125, 132, 159, 220, 237. Cambarus, 48, 50, 51. diogenes, 66, 128, 161, 204. gracilis, 45, 47, 48, 104, 108, 161. immunis, 66, 205. propinquus, 66, 205. Campanula americana, 63. Camponotus, 147, 150, 209. herculeanus, 154. pennsvlvanicus, 62, 202, 204, 221, 223, 228, 236. ferruginous, 62, 65, 220, 237. Campostoma anomalum, 66. * Campylenchia curvata, 48, 170. Cankerworms, 221. CarabidiE, 116, 130, 175, 221. Cardinalis cardinalis, 220. Carex, 44. Carya, 124. aiba, 40. eordiformis, 57, 60, 63. glabra, 40, 57, 60. mierocarpa, 228. ovata, 40, 57, 60, 124, 229, 230. Catalpa, 148. hardy, 148. Caterpillar-hunter, 59, 61, 220. carpenter, 154. gall, 184. rotten-log, 61, 150, 153, 154, 228. slug, 61, 140, 229. -wasp, short, 59, 62, 238. Caterpillars, 164, 193. Catogenus rufus, 148. Cattails, 80. Ceanothus, 223. Cecidomyia, 140, 157, 158, 184. caryascola, 59, 230. holotricha, 59, 65, 229. salieis-brassieoides, 157. solidaginis, 110, 184. tubicola, 59, 229. * Cecidomyiidse, 124, 184, 229. Cedar, red, 148. white, 149. Celastrus scandens, 63. Centrinophus helvinus, 110. Centrinus penicellus, 52, 182. picumnua, 182. scutellum-album, 52, 182. CerambycidBB, 144, 177. Ceratocampidffi, 227. Cereeri3, 195. Cercis canadensis, 60, 63. Ceruchus piceus, 152. Ceutliophilus, 135. Chsetopsis ffinea, 104. Chalcididje, 158. Chariessa pilosa, 145. Cliauliognathus, 120. 121. marginatus, 65, 222. pennsylvanicus, 45, 46, 47, 51, 53, 55, 56, 104, 109, 111, 169, 176. Cherry, 143, 148, 149, 227, 228. black, 63. wild, 141, 149, 208, 227. Chestnut, 146, 149, 228. Chiggers, 45, 46, 52, 164. Chinch-bug, 111, 114. Chion cinctus, 143, 144, 146. Chloealtis conspersa, 58, 124, 132, 213. Chlorion, 119. atratum, 49. 54, 110, 195. Cffiruleum, 192. cyaneum, 192. harrisi, 52, 170, 194. ichneumoneum, 45, 46, 47, 49, 50, 51, 52, 104, 120, 121, 194, 196. pennsylvanicuni, 4$, 54, 194. Chrysob'othris femorata, 144, 146, 148. Chrysoehus, 118. auratus, 45, 46, 47, 51, 59, 104, 124, 178, 223. ChrysomelidfB, 178, 223. Chrysopa, 109, 158. oeulata, 50, 51, 111, 165. Chrysophanus thoe, 53, 183. Chrysopidae, 165. Chrysotoxum ventricosum. Chub, creek, 65. Cicada, 125. C dog-day, 58, 196, 217. ~ linnei, 58, 130, 217. periodical, 58, 129, 130, 131, 132. prairie, 170. pruinosa, 196. tibicen, 217. Cicadas, 140. Cicadidae, 170, 217. Cicindela, 186, 187. punctulata, 181. sexguttata, 220. unipunctata, 59, 124, 132, 219. Cicindelidse, 219, 230. Cireinaria concava, 5», 64, 136, 201. 202, 204. Circinariidfe, 201. Cirsium, 46, 118, 171. discolor, 183, 199. Cissia eurytus, 65, 126, 138, 159, 226. Cistogaster immaculata, 54, 189. Citheronia, 140. regalis, 61, 227. Citrus 225 ClearweedVeO, 62, 63, 126, 138, 209. Cleidogona, 133. cffisioannulata, 61, 205. Cleridae, 134. Clerus quadriguttatus, 145. Click-beetle, 221. Clinidium sculptile, 149. Clover, prairie, 169, 178. purple prairie, 54, 169, 172, 199. red, 226. sweet, 196. Clytanthus albofasciatus, 147. ruricola, 147. Coecidffi, 139, 234. Coceinella novemnotata, 112, 176. CoccinellidK. 59, 176, 221. Cochlidiidffi, 229. Cochlidion, 61, 229. Cocklebur, 49, 189. Cockroach, 210. woodland, 61. Ccelioxys, 198. Coffee-tree, Kentucky, 63, 141. Coleoptera, 116, 158, 175, 219. Collembola, 131. Colletes, 197. Cone-flower, 39, 48, 49, 169, 170, 172, 179, 189, 196, 197, 198. Cone-nose, Nebraska, 64, L16. Conifers, 86, 143, 144, 227. 269 Conocephalus, 50, 51, 111, 163, 16S. nebrascensis, 64, 126, 216. Conopidse, 188. Conops, 120, 200. Conotrachelus elegans, 141. seniculus, 138. Coptocycla clavata, 65, 224. Cord grass, 39, 40, 167, 170. Cordyceps, 119, 120, 121. Coreida;, 173, 219. Coriraehne versicolor, 151. Corixidffi, 66. Corn, 85, 177, 179, 182, 218. root-worm, southern, 48, 53, 179. western, 179. Cornus, 122, 147. Corthylus, 137. Corymbites, 64, 221. Cotton, 218. Cottonwood, 76, 103, 105, 106, 120, 121, 148, 149, 157. Couch grass, 39. Crab-apple, 55, 56, 129. 146. Crab-spider, see Spider, ambush, crab-, or flower. CrambidsB, 115. Cranberry, 77, 79, 84. Crane-flies, 201. Craspedosomidse, 205. Crateegus, 146. Cratoparis lunatus, 137. Crawfish, 35, 44, 66, 108, 114. 179. burrowing prairie or prairie, 45, 104, 161. Diogenes, 161, 204. immune, 205. leeches, 66. neighborhood, 205. prairie or burrowing prairie, 45, 104, 161. Creek chub, 65. Cremastogaster lineolata, 59, 152, 234. Cressonia nuglandis, 59, 140, 226. Cricket, 165. black-horned meadow, 42, 48, 55, 169. four-spotted white, 42, 50, 170. spotted, 58, 217. striped, 58. 64. 216. woodland, 58, 61, 132, 217. Criocephalus obsoletus, 148. Crioceris asparagi, 172. Crustacea, 91, 162, 204. Cryptocephaliis mutabilis, 223. venustus, 178. simplex-, 178. Cryptorhynchus parochus, 146. Cucujus clavipes, 149, 151. Cucullia asteroides, 110. Culicidae, 184. Culver's root, 174. Curculionidse, 182. Currant, 129. Cyllene caryas, 147. pictus, 147. robinia:, 110, 145, 147, 154. Cymatodera balteata, 145. Cynipidffi, 124, 190, 232. Cyrtophyllus perspicillatus, 58, 125, 140, 159, 215. D Daddy-long-legs, 206. Dajdalia, 136. Dandelion, 227. Datana, 140, 159, 220. angusii, 59, 61, 228. Dendroctonus frontalis, 143, 156. piceaperda, 156. ponderosa, 156. terebrans, 143. Dendroides, 154. canadensis, 149, 225. Deromyia, 53, 186. discolor, 64, 126, 230. umbrinns, 230. Desmodium, 53, 124, 226. eanadense, 171. grandiflorum, 63. nudiflorum, 57. Diabrotica atripennis, 45, 179. 12-punetata, 48, 49, 53, 112, 164, 179. longieornis, 179. Diaperi-s hydni, 136. maculata, 136. Diapheromera femorata, 58, 125, 140, 1.59, 211. Dicerca divaricata, 148. lurida, 147. Dichromorpha viridis, 58, 61, 64, 124, 126, 212. 214. Dietamnus, 225. Digger-wasp, 52, 228. black, 54, 194. Harris 's, 52, 194. Pennsylvania. 54, 194. rusty,'45, 46, 50, 52, 104, 120, 194. Diplocardia, 135. Diplopods, 124, 125, 133. Diptera, 116, 184, 229. Dissosteira Carolina, 166, 196. venusta, 189. Dixippus morosus, 211. Dock, 183. Dogbane, 44, 49, 57, 104, 109, 113, 124, 173, 178, 183, 193, 201, 223, beetle, 45, 59, 178, 223. spreading, 178. Dogwood, 122, 137, 138, 139, 147. Dolichopodidffi, 187_, 188. Dorcaschema wildii, 148. Dorcus parallelus, 152. Dragon-flies, 47, 119, 164, 165, 230. Dragon-fly, nine-spot, 45, 50, 104, 105. red-tailed, 50, 164. Drop-seed, 49, 53. Drosophila phalerata, 104. Dung-beetle, splendid, 59. Dutchman's pipe, 225. Earthworms, 115, 135. Eburia quadrigeminata, 143, 147. Eggplant, 224. Elaphidion, 141, 159. mucronatum, 147. villosum, 141, 143, 147. Elaterida;, 115, 145, 221, 224. Elm, 40, 62, 63, 77, 126, 138, 144, 147, 148, 149, 152, 227, 231. slippery, 63. white, 40, 62, 217. Elymus, 39, 41, 44, 107, 111, 162, 163, 167, 168, 169. canadensis, 42, 109. virginicus, 107. submuticus, 42, 43. Empidida;, 174, 189. Empis clausa, 110, 112, 189. Empusa, 119, 120, 121. Enchytrseids, 135. Encoptolophus sordidus, 48, 50, 53, 54, 108, 109, 111, 166. Endodontidse, 203. Enodia portlandia, 65, 126, 138, 159, 226. Epargyreus tityrus, 64, 126, 140, 226. Epeira domiciliorum, 64, 65, 126, 13S, 206. insularis, 58, 138, 206. labvrinthica, 138. trivittata, 64, 126, 207. verrucosa, 58, 65, 125, 138, 207. Epeirid, island. 58, 206. tent, 64, 65, 206. three-lined, 64. EpeiridK, 162, 206. Epeolus concolor, 48, 49, 50, 51, 108, 196. donatus, 197. EpioEerus imbricatus, 141. Epicauta, 120. marginata, 52, 53, 54, 109, 180. pennsylvanica, 52, 53, 54, 55, ; 109, 110, 111, 180. vittata, 52, 178, 180. Epinomia, 111, 181. triangulifera, 181. Erax bastardi, 186. lateralis, 187. Erigeron, 178. Eriophyidee, 208. Eryngium yuccifolium, 53, 54, 108, 163, 167, 168, 174, 175, : 179, 180, 181, 183, 189, 192, : 195, 196, 199. Euaresta aqualis, 48, 49, 189. Euceridee, 197. Eugnoriste occidentalis, 185. Eumenes fraterna, 181. Eumenidse, 193. Eupatorium ccelestinum, 125, 212, 214, 231. Euphorbia, 74, 118. eorollata, 53, 55, 108, 109. Euphoria inda, 177. sepulchralis, 45, 46, 104, 177. Euproetis chrysorrhoea, 156. Eupsalis minuta, 147, 159. Eurymus philodice, 45, 46, 182. Eus'chistus fissilis, 65, 218. variolarius, 45, 50, 51, 53, 54, '. 109, 110, 111, 171, 187. Eustroma, 140. diversilineata, 59, 229. Eustrophus bicolor, 136. tomentosus, J36. Euthoctha galeator, 219. Everes comyntas, 61, 138, 226. Evergreens, 82, 85. Everlasting, 57, 124. Exoprosopa, 120. fasciata, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 109, 163, 174, 185. fascipennis, 121, 185. Feltia subgothica, 121, 174. Fern, beech. 63. maidenhair, 63. rattlesnake, 63. Feverwort, 183. Fir, Douglas, 149. 271 Firefly, Peunsylvauia, 65, 222. Flag, blue, 44, 103, 104. Flower-beetle, black, 45, 46, 177. Fontaria corrugata, 134. virginiensis, 134. Formica difficilis consocians, 191. exsectoides, 235. fusca, 109, 171. subsericea, 59, 110, 112, 171, 190, 191, 236. integra, 177. pallide-fulva sehaufussi, 235. pallide-fulva sehaufussi incerta, 54, 112, 171, 190, 191. sanguinea, 190, 191. aserva, 190. puberula, 191. rubicunda, 190. subintegra, 191. subnuda, 191. sehaufussi, 120, 191, 235. Formieidse, 190, 233. Foxtail, ISl. Frogs, 45, 66. Frontina, 120. Fulgoridfp, 217. Fungi, 102, 135, 137, 149, 159, 221. shelf, 224. Fungus-beetle, horned, 64, 224. Fungus-beetles, 137. G Galba obrussa, 161. umbilieata, 45, 46, 47, 104, 160. Galerita janus, 59, 125, 135, 150, 221. Galerucella luteola, 156. Galium circaszans, 63. trifolium, 63. Gall, acorn plum-, 61, 232. caterpillar, 184. -ilies, 140. goldenrod bunch, 184. hairy midge, 65, 229. hickory seed-, 230. hickory tube-, 229. horned knot oak-, 232. -insects, 106. -louse, vagabond, 105. -mite, cherry-leaf, 64, 208. oak-apple or Mav-apple, 232, 234. oak bullet, 59, 232. oak seed-, 232. oak wool-, 59, 65, 232. rose, 56. 190. white oak club-, 59, 232. willow cone,- 184. willow leaf-, 158. Gallinipper, 184. Galls, 35. Gaura biennis, 183. Gelechia, 141. Gelechiidas, 184, 229. Geometrida;, 229. Geophiloids, 133. Geotrupes splendidus, 59, 125, 132, 223. Gerridas, 219. Gerris remigis, 66, 127, 219. Giant fly, 45, 46, 186. Gnathotriehus, 137. Gnorimosehema galtesolidaginis, 110, 184. Goes debilis, 146. pulveruleutus, 146. tigriua, 146, 154. Goldenrod, 109, 110, 111, 162, 169, 170, 172, 174, 176, 177, 180, 182, 185, 188, 190, 192, 196. bunch gall, 184. Gooseberry, 63, 141. Grape, 55, 56, 60, 63, 145, 177, 217, 218, 223, 229. -beetle, spotted, 55, 177, 223. Grass, 42, 43, 51, 74, 78, 121, 152, 162, 166, 173, 212, 226. beard, 53. cord, 39, 40, 169, 170. couch, 39. -root-louse, 120. slough, 39, 41, 42, 107. Grasshopper, Boll's, 58, 61, 213. Carolina, 166, 196. common meadow, 42, 44, 50, 53, 55, 58, 168. differential, 42, 44, 48, 50, 53, 119, 167, 213. dorsal-striped, 42, 44, 48, 52, 53, 169. lance-tailed, 53, 169. leather-colored, 55, 167. lesser, 58, 213. red-legged, 42, 44, 48, 50, 168. 8cudder's, 61, 64, 214. short-winged, 58, 61, 64, 212. sordid, 48, 50, 53, 166. sprinkled, 58, 213. two-striped or two-lined, 53, 167. Grasshoppers or locusts, 47, 164, 180, 186, 187, 192, 213. Green brier, 63. Gregarina, 134. Grosbeak, rose-oreasted, 178. Grouse-locust, short-winged, 58, 212. Grouse-locusts, 211. 272 Gryllida?, 169, 216. Gum, 149. Gymnoeladus, 141. dioiea, 63. f^ Gypona pectoralis, 65, 218. Gypsy moth, 156. Habia ludoviciana, 178. Hackberry, 75, 146, 152. Halictidse, 196. Halietus, 181, 195. fasciatus, 52, 54, 110, 196. obscurus, 54, 19C. virescens, 52, 196. Halisidota, 140. tessellaris, 59, 61, 227. Harmostes reflexulus, 52, 112, 173. Harpalus, 175. caliginosus, 175. pennsylvanieus, 175. Harvest-fly, dog-day, 58, 196, 217. Harvest-mites, 164. Harvest-spider, polished, 161. stout, 58, 61, 206. striped, 205. Harvest-spiders, 132, 138. Haw, 129, 146. Hazel, 139, 141, 223, 227. Hedeoma pulegioides, 57. Helianthus, 111. Helicida;, 201. Hemaris diffinis, 45, 46, 183. Hemerocampa leucostigma, 154, 156. Hemiptera, 98, 138, 170, 217. Hemlock, 149. Hesperiidffi, 226. Hetserius blanchardi, 235. Heterocampa, 140, 159. guttivitta, 59, 228, 238. Heteroptera, 158. Hickory, 40, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 74, 75, 76, 80, 87, 123, 124, 129, 138, 139, 141, 144, 146, 147, 148, 149, 157, 177, 211, 215, 217, 223, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230. bark-beetle. 1'54. bitternut, 57, 60, 63, 228. -borer, 147. horned-devil, 61. 227. pignut, 57, 60, 124. seed-gall, 230. shagbark, 57, 60, 124. shell-bark, 226. tube-gall, 229. Hippodamia parenthesis, 52, 176. Holcaspis, 140. globulus, 59, 232. Honey-bee, 45, 46, 50, 51, 104, 187, 200. -locust, 147, 149. Honeysuckle, bush, 183. Hoplismenus morulus, 135. Hornet, white-faced, 135. Hornets, 210. Horntail, 144, 154, 231, 233. Horsemint, 57, 124, 200, 201. Horseweed, 170. Humulus, 225. Hymenarcys nervosa, 64, 218. Hymenomycetes, 137. Hymenoptcra, 115, 190, 231. ■parasitic, 104, 109, 140, 141, 145, 163, 105, 198, 226. Hyphantria cunea, 156. I Ichneumon cincticornis, 135. IchneumonidEe, 233. Imperial moth, 64, 227. Indian hemp, 178. tobacco. 63. Insecta, 100, 164, 208. Ips 4-guttatus, 176. Iris, 103. versicolor, 44. Ironweed, 172, 178. Ironwood, 226. Ischnoptera, 61, 125, 210. ina^qualis, 144. pennsylvnnica, 210. Isodontia philadelphica, 170, 194. Isosoma, 107. grando, 175. Ivy, five-leaved, or Virginia creeper, 57, 60. 63, 177, 223. poison, 57. Jalysus spinosus, 64, 126, 219. .Tassidffi, 107, 112, 118, 171. .Tuglans ni-rra, 57, 60, 63. Juniperus, 148. Katydid, angle-winged, 58, 215. common, 58, 215. cone-nosed, 50. forked, 58, 215. round-winged, 64, 215. Texan, 42," 44, 48, 50, 168. 273 Katydids, 140. Kentucky coffee-tree, 63, 141. Lacewing, 150, 165. Lachnosterua, 105, 116, 121, 142, 144, 174, 181, 186, 193, 233. Lactarius, 136. Lactuca, 118. canadensis, 48, 53, 55, IDS, 109, 171. Ladybird or lady-beetle, 52, 59, 221. nine-spotted, 112, 176. parenthetical, 176. Lampyridae, 176, 221. Languria mozardi, 109. Laportea canadensis, 62, 63, 125, 126, 138, 209. Larch, 156. Lasius flavus, 120. interjectus, 120. niger americanus, 119, 120, 121. Laurus, 225. Leaf-beetle, elm, 156, 232. Leaf-bug, dusky, 53, 175. Leaf-cutting bee, 50, 52, 198. Leaf-footed bug, 138. Leather-jackets, 116. Lebia grandis, 135. Lepaehys, 108. pinnata, 39, 48, 49, 108, 118, 161, 162, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 172, 174, 179, 189, 196, 197. Lepidoptera, 115, 138, 140. 182, 225. Lepidopterous larvae, 35, 47. Leptilon, 170. Leptoglossus oppositus, 138. Leptostylus aeuliferus. 146. Leptotrachelus dorsalis, 42, 175. Leptura proxima, 148. Lettuce, wild, 48, 53, 109, 171. Leuoania unipuncta, 189. Liatris scariosa, 54, 185, 199, 200. Libellula pulchella, 45, 50, 51, 104, 162, 165. Libellulida;, 164. Ligyrocoris sylvestris, 48, 172. Lilac, 227. Linden or basswood, 77, 136, 141, 146, 149, 151, 152, 174, 227, 228. Liobunum, 132, 138. grande, 58, 61, 206. politum, 50, 51, 161. ventricosum, 58, 206. vittatum, 58, 205. Liopus alpha, 138. fascicularis, 138, 159. varicgatus, 148. xauthoxyli, 138. Liriodendron, 225. Lithacodes, 61. Lithobius voracior, 134. Lobelia inflata, 63. Locust, 141, 149. borer, 145, 154. Carolina, 166, 196. grouse-, see grouse-locust. honey-, 147, 149. yellow, 110, 148, 226. Locustidffi, 51, 168, 215. Locusts or grasshoppers, 47, 164, 180, 186, 187, 192, 213. Long-sting, lunate, 64, 231, 233. Long-tail, black, 64, 233. I-ucanidsE, 222. Lucanus dama, 152. Lumbricus, 115. LyciBnidas, 183, 226. Lycomorpha pholus, 222. Lycopus, 44. Lveosa, 58, 132, 208. 'scutulata, 64, 126, 208. Lyeosida;, 208. Lyctidse, 147. Lygseidffi, 172. Lygseus kalmii, 45, 46, 50, 51, 104, 108, 112, 118, 172, 185. Lygus pratensis, 45, 46, 65, 175, 218. Lymexylon sericeum, 148. Lymnsea, 160. Lymnffiidae, 160. Lysiopetalidas, 205. Lythrum alatum, 44. M Macrobasis unicolor, 141. Macrosiphum rudbeckise, 109, 118, 17L Magdalis, 146. 148. armicollis, 144, 154. barbita, 144. Mallophora orcina, 187. Maple, 76, 77, 80, 84, 129, 136, 137, 138, 141, 143, 146, 148, 149, 152, 157, 227, 228, 231. hard or sugar, 40, 62, 63, 123, 126, 151, 157. red, 229. silver, 149. May-beetles, 106, 119, 142, 187, 193, 233. Meadow cricket, black-horned, 42, 48, 55, 169. -grasshopper, common, 42, 44, 50, 53, 55, 58, 168. Mealy flata, 65, 217. Mecaptera, 209. Megachile brevis, 52, 198. eentuncularis, 198. mendica, 50, 198. Megachilidae, 198. Megalodacne fasciata, 1.36. Melanobracou simplex, 144, 159. Melanolestes picipes, 135. Melanoplus amplectens, 58, 64, 124, 126, 132. atlanis, 58, 124, 213. bivittatus, 53, 109, 167. differentialis, 42, 43, 48, 50, 53, 54, 107. 108, 109, 111, 121, 162, 167, 168, 213. femur-nibrum, 42, 43, 48, 50, 107, 108, 111, 168, 196. gracilis, 64, 126, 214. obovatipennis, 58, 65, 124, 214. scudderi, 61, 64, 124, 126, 214. Melanotus, 61, 125, 150, 221. Melasoma scripta, 106, Melissodes aurigenia, 197. bimaculata. 48, 50, 51, 54, 111, 197. desponsa, 197. obliqua, 48, 49, 52, 54, 108, 118, 197. perplexa, 230. trinodis, 197. Melissopus latiferreana, 141. Meloida?, ISO. Melnlontha, 116. Vru,], <■:<,■],]:,: 170. AI,.,n^|-rr,,iiiii, r;n,;ia,-nse, .57, 60, 63. Mr,;M::ntlKl r on t r:H' ta, 59, 61, 125, 1:;l:. 1:;:1. l I4. 152, 154, 202, 224, Metopia, 120, 121, leucocephala, 195, Microeentrum, 140. laurifolium, 58, 124, 215. Microlepidoptera, 158. Microparsus variabilis. 171. Midge-gall, hairy, 65, 229. Milesia ornata, 59, 64, 126, 163, 231. virginiensis, 163, Milesiinae, 231, Milkweed, 104, 112, 113, 172, 173, 178, 181. Milkweed — continued. beetle, 46, 104, 1S5. four-eyed, 45, 50, 52, 177. bug, small, 45, 50, 104, 172, 185. large, 45, 50, 104, 173. bugs, 104. common, 112, 164, 171, 176, 180, 188, 190, 191, 201. -fly, metallic, 187. Sullivant's, 182. swamp, 39, 44, 46, 49, 51, 103, 160, 162, 163, 165, 168, 171. 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 182, 183, 184, 186, 194, 198, 200. Millipeds, 133, 136. Mint, 163. horse-, 57, 124, 200, 201. mountain or white, 39, 50, 51, 163, 169, 172, 173, 174, 176, 178, 179, 180, 185, 191, 194, 197, 199. Miridffi, 175, 218. Misumena aleatoria, 42, 43, 45, 46, 47, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 64, 104, 109, 121, 126, 163, 168, 175, 185, 200, 216, 231, vatia, 47. Mites, 120, 130, 131, 137. uropod, 222. Mollu.sca, 35, 124, 125, 126, 135, 137, 140, 160, 201. Molorchus bimaculatus, 138. Monarda bradburiana, 57, 124, 200, Monarthrum, 137. , Monohammus eonfusor, 143. titillator, 155. Moonseed, 57, 60, 63. Mormidea lugens, 65, 218. Morus, 148. rubra, 57, 60, 63. Mosquito, giant, 45, 50, 51, 104, 184, Mosquitoes, 219, Moth, acorn, 141, brown-tailed, 156. gypsy, 156. imperial, 64, 227. royal walnut, 227. Moths, 169. clothes, 99, 100. Mud-wasp, potter, 193. Mulberry, 57, 60, 63, 147, 148, 149. Muscidaj, 116. Mushrooms, 137. Mutillidffi, 192, 238. Mycetophagus bipustulatus, 136. punctatus, 136. Mycetophilidaj, 137, 185. 275 Mydaidffi, 186. Mydas clavatus, 45, 46, 186. fulvipes, 186. Myodites, 52, 181. fasciatus, 111, 181. solidaginis, 111, 181. Myodocha serripes, 135. Myriapoda, 35, 134, 137, 140, 205. Myrmecophila pergandei, 191. Myrmedonia, 234. Myrmeleon, 154. immaculatus, 153. Myrmeleonidas, 58, 124, 153, 165, 209. Myrmica rubra scabrinodis sabuleti, 112, 190, 191. rubra scabrinodis scliencki, 61, 202, 234, 236. Myzine, 115. sexcincta, 50, 51, 54, 109, 110, 111. 192. MyzinidiE, 192. Myzocallis, 107. N Nadata gibbosa, 59, 61, 140, 228. Negro-bug, -flea, 172. Nematus erichsonii, 156. Nemobius, 132. fasciatus, 58. 64, 124, 126, 216. maculatus, 58, 124, 217. Nemognatha immaculata. 111. sparsa, 111. Neoelytus, 146, 148. erythroeephalus, 144, 147, 148, 154, 159. luscus, 147. Nettle, wood, 62, 63, 125, 126, 138, 209, 214. Neuroptera, 165, 209. Noctuida;, 115, 183, 227. Nodonota eonvexa, 48, 179. Nomadida;, 196. NotodontidsB, 228. Nut-weevils, 141. Nvctobates pennsylvanicus, 151. Nymphalidffi, 183,' 225. O Oak, 40, 57, 58, 59, 74, 76, 77, 80, 87, 123, 124, 128, 1.39, 141, 142, 146, 147, 148, 149, 151, 152, 157, 177, 203, 205, 214, 215, 219, 220, 223, 227. 228, 229, 231, 232. -apple gall, 232, 234. black, .57, 60, 75, 144, 149. bur, 77. Oak — continued. post, 123. -pruuer, 141, 147. red, 40, 57, 60, 62, 63, 123, 126, 129. shingle, 63, 123, 232. white, 57, 60, 78, 124, 147, 148, 156, 227, 228, 232. Oberea tripunctata, 148. Odonata, 164. Odynerus, 49. vagus, 52, 193. CEcanthus, 42, 195. fasciatus, 195. nigrieornis, 42, 48, 55, 107, 108, 111, 169. niveua, 170. quadripunctatus, 42, 50, 107, 111, 170. Oncideres cingulatus, 141. Oncopeltus fasciatus, 45, 46, 50, 51, 104, 112, 118, 173. Orange, 155, 219. Orchelimum, 120, 121. cuticulare, 58, 64, 124, 126, 216. glaberrimum, 42, 44, 64, 126, 216. gracile, 194. vulgare, 42, 44, 50, 53, 55, 56, 107, 109, 111, 168, 194. Ormenis pruinosa, 65, 217. Orthoptera, 42, 43, 44, 47, 49, 51, 107, 113, 124, 126, 130, 166, 210. Orthosoma brunneum, 152. Osage orange, 148, 149. Oseinis carbonaria, 107. coxendix, 104. Osmoderma eremicola, 152. scabra, 152. Otocryptops sexspinosus, 134. Pallodes pallidus, 136. Pandeletejus hilaris, 144. Panicum, 166, 167, 168, 170, 181. erus-galli, 176. Panorpa, 133. confusa, 133. Panorpidas, 209. Papaw, 138, 141, 147, 224. Papilio, 126. asterias, 233. cresphontes, 46, 140, 225. philenor, 59, 61, 225. polyxenes, 45, 46, 162, 182, 233. troilus, 59, 61, 225. turnus, 59, 140, 225. Papilionidie, 182, 225. Parandra brunnea, 151, 154. 276 Parsley, 182. Parsnip, wild, 196. Passalus cornutus, 125, 144, 150, 151, 153, 154, 159, 202, 203, 204, 221, 222, 228, 236. horned, 61, 154, 203, 222, 236. Peach, 143. Pear, 229. Pelecinidee, 233. Pelecinns polyturator, 64, 126. 233. Pelidnota punctata, 55, 56, 177, 223. Pemphigus oestlundi, 105. populicaulis, 105. populi-transversus, 105. vagabundus, 105. Pennyroyal, 57. Pentatomidse, 171, 218. Penthe obliquata, 137. pimelia, 137. Peridroma saucia, 140. Petalostemum, 169, 178. purpureum, 54, 169, 172, 199. Phalangiida, 35, 161. 205. PhalangiidiE, 161, 205. Phasmida;, 211. Phegopteris hexagonoptera, 63. Phenolia grossa, 136. Phidippus, 164. audax, 138. PhilomycidsB, 202. Philomycus carolinensis, 58, 61, 64, 136, 150, 202, 204, 205, 209, 221, 228, 236. Phloeotomns pileatus, 228. Phorida;, 137. Photuris pennsvlvanica, 65, 222. Phragmites, 77', 80, 105, 188. Phvmata, 120. faseiata, 45, 46, 47, 48. 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 104, 108, 109, 110, 111, 121, 174, 175, 185, 189. wolffi. 174. Phymatidje, 174. Phrmatodes varius. 156. Phys^1 >(/-*^]l^s#.« V 1 l^sJ^/^iH'- -^yNHS 1 ■ A 1 /v-,^ -W ^ ^^ Ni \t^/^^ \ '' « "■ -^^ i-l— ^• \ ^-^ w ffln Iv i s ^■^^ '■ -j ^ ^~- 1 1 5 : ^\ ^lJf ^ ^ ' ■^-/ '"• ^ N 2 (y-j ^ 5^ a l^h^ : ; ^ij 1 1 • 4. "^ ^ ^ H ■^ Li ■ =5 to s t? 1 — »■ ^ir-A s — ■ ^ ^ Plate II Fig-. 1. Colony of swamp grass {E/ymuA iirgi. Plate III (Photograph, T. lefias incarnata), \ Plate IIIA These were the -,_— '*^_<-f"1;'- ori^-.^;f^. sb chimney at Station I, tograph by T. L. Hankin d. Charle ston. 111. Probabl Plate 1 1 IB aeys, probably formed by Plate IV w of Station I, o, April 23, Iflll, showing the submerg-ed condition. (Phototrraph Plate V Photograph, T. L. Plate VI Plate VII Plate VIII Plate IX Plate X June 8, l")!-*. (Photograph, T. L. Plate XI Platb XII :mi ^■M\'-'^r/ a Plate XIII ki:i»*.wiS*.',&jr«';/^''^''"*'"1 Plate XV Plate XVI ...• .^ vrsfel^ . learueiJ ( /•/ Plate XVII Fit.'. 2. A po graph, T. L. Ha , Bates woods, Station IV, ■/. (I Plate XVIII Fig. 1. Stalk-maggot, Clmtopsis wnea: a, larva, h, puparium; c, adult. Enlarged as indicated. (Howard, Ins. Life.) Fig. 2. Frit-fly, Oscinis coxendix, puparium. Enlarged. (Washburn, Rep. State Ent. Minn.) Fig. 3. The same, larva. Enlarged. (Washburn, 1. c.) Fig. 4. The same, adult. Enlarged. (Washburn, 1. c.) Fig. 5. Bill-bug, S2)hcnophorus ochrcus, dorsal view. Enlarged 21/3 times. Pig. 6. The same, side view. Enlarged 2V;5 times. Fig. 7. The same, larva, side view. Enlarged. 8 1 r ^ if^ %, Plate XIX Fig. 1. Gall on Populus caused by Pempliiyus oesflundi. (Cook, Rep. Ind. Dept. Gcol. and Nat. Res.) Fig. 2. Poplar Leaf Gall-louse, Pemphigus populicaulis, and its gall: a, incipient gall on under side of leaf; b, gall from the upper side of the leaf ; e, mature gall, showing aperture ; d and e, incipient double galls ; /, wingless female ; g, winged insect — f and g enlarged as indicated. (Riley, Anier. Ent.) Fig. 3. Poplar transverse gall and louse, Pempliigus populi-transver- sus: a, gall on Populus leaf: b, gall showing aperture; c, winged female louse; d, antenna of winged female. En- larged as indicated. (Riley.) Pl.\te XX Fig. 1. The Wheat Bulb Worm, Meromyzn amcricnnn, adult fly. Mag- nified twelve diametei's. Fig. 2. Larva of same. Magnified sixteen diameters. Fig. 3. Work of larva («), larva (?)), and pupa (c) of same. (Riley, Rep. State Ent. Mo.) Fig. 4. Pupa of same, dorsal view. Fig. 5. Pupa of same enclosed in puparium. Magnified thirty diameters. Fig. 6. Cottonwood Dagger Caterpillai-, Apiifela popuJi. (Riley, Rep. State Ent. Mo.) Platk XX Plate XXI Fig. 1. Red Locust-inite, Tromhidium I'irnslaru»i : a, mature larva on wing of locust ; b, ])upa ; c. adult male; (/, adult female; c, pupal claw and thumb; /, jicdal claw ; y, one of the barbed hairs; Ji, striations on the larval skin ; c and d enlarged as indicated. (Hiley, Kep. V. S. Em. ('(Hum.) Fig. 2. The same: a. fcaialc with her (•--s; /*. newly hatched larva (nat- ural size indicated liy dot within the cii'cle) ; c, egg; d and e, empty egg-shells. (Biley, I.e.) Fig. 3. White-faced Hornet, Vespa mucuhitn. (J. B. Smith, Ins. of N.J.) Fig. 4. Ground-beetle. Lrhiu (/nindis. (After Felt, Mem. N. Y. State Mus.) Plate XXI Plate XXII Fig. 1. Black Piratr. Melanolestes picipes, male. Enlarged. (Lugger, Kep. Ent. Minn. Exp. Sta.) Fig. 2. The same, female. Enlarged. (Lugger, 1. c.) Fig. 3. Myodoclia serripes. Enlarged. (Lugger, 1. c.) Fig. 4. Leaf-footed Bug, Lepfoglossiis opposifus. (Chittenden, Bull. Bur. Ent. U. S. Dept. Agr.) PI.ATI5 XXII Plate XXIII Fig. 1. Diiipi'-:. )na,iiliilii: a. lai'v;i ; h. Ix'ctlc ; c, head of larva; d, leg of larva ; ( , antenna of beetle. ( Riley. ) Fig. 2. Gi'een Horned Fungus-beetle, ArrJienoplita bicornis. Enlarged. (After Felt, Mem. N. Y. State Mus.) Fig. o. T\y\ii-\)runQv, Elaphidion viUosmii.hcetle. Enlarged. Fig. 4. The .same, larva. Enlarged. Plate XXIII m Plate XXIV Fig. 1. Imbricated Snout-beetle, Epicarus imhricatus: a, dorsal view of beetle ; h, side view of same ; c, larva, dorsal view ; d, side view of same; e and /, egg and egg mass. (Chittenden, Bull. Bur. Ent. U. S. Dept. Agr.) Fig. 2. Ctrav Blister-beetle. Macrohasis unicolor. Enlarged as indicated. (Brunei-, Bull. Xrbi'. Exp. Sta.) Fig. 3. The Elm ilmvi-. S„i„i;l,i Iriiknlata, larva. Enlarged. Fig. 4. The same, hectic. Knl;u-cd. Plate XXIV 1 \ >-''\ n Plate XXV Eeddish Elm Snout-beetle, Magdalis armicalUs: beetle, larva, and pupa. Enlarged eight diameters. Burrow showing egg of Mngdalix nrmkolUs. Enlarged three diameters. Hickory Bark-beetle. Scohjtiis i-sjjlnosus: 1 and 2, work; 3, beetle, enlai'gcd jind natural size; 4, larva, side view, en- larged and natural size; 5, jiujia. ventral view, enlarged as indicated; 6, Miigchilia iiniiicoUis, punctuation of elytra. (Riley, Rep. State Ent. Mo.) Plate XXV V I \ w i ■ V Plate XXVI Fig. 1. Larva of Eyed Elater, Alaus oculatus. Fig. 2. Beetle of same. (After Harris, Ins. Inj. Veg.) Fig. 3. Cleric! beetle, Clerus quadriguttutus. Enlarged. (After Pelt, Mem. N. Y. State Mus.) Fig. 4. Larva of Eyed Elater, Alans ocuhtfus, oblique view, to show apex of abdomen. Fig. 5. Flat-headed Apple-tree borer, ChrysobotJiris femornta: a, larva; h, beetle; c, head of male beetle; d, ventral view of pupa, (("hitteiidcii. ( 'ii-c. Bni'. Ent. U. S. Dept. Agr.) Fig. 6. Clerid Ijcetle, Clnirii ssn pilnsa ( ciilai'jiod), with antenna of fe- male. (After Felt, .Mem. N. Y. State Mus.) Fig. 7. Round-headed Apple-tree Boi-er, Saperda Candida : a, larva, side view ; h, larva, dorsal view ; c, beetle ; d, pupa. (Chittenden, Cire. Bur. Ent. U. S. Dept. Agr.) Platk XXVI Plate XXVII Fiji'. 1. Locust -borer, Cyllcne robinue, adult: ii. male; h, female. En- larged as indieated. (Hoi)kins, Bull. Bur. Ent. U. S. Dept. Agr.) Fig. 2. The same, pupa : a. ventral end ; b, dor.sal view. Enlarged as in- dieated. (Hopkins, 1. e.) Plate XXVII Plate XXVIII Fig. 1. ('crainbyeid beetle, Lepiostjtlus aculifcriitt. (Blatchley, Coleopt. of ind.) Fig. 2. Banded Hickory Borer. Cliion cindus. adult. Fig. 3. Northern Brenthian, Eup.salis minuta. male. (After Felt, Mem. N. Y. State Mus.) Pig. 4. The same, female. (After Felt, 1. e) Fig. 5. Twill-spotted Eburia, Eburid i-gemin --' - ^^^ Bw «r^.aj» ^ 1 Plate XXXV Trees killed along- the shores of the Illinois F by water from Lake Michigan. Near the upper i August, IQOQ. (Photograph, C. C. Adams.) PI.ATI3 XXXVI = Crawfish. Cambu ned by Nellie Riet : (left), female (ri^ht), younj,' (below). (Photo- Plate XXXVII Prairie Species Fig. 1. Pemak' (Imdrii Spider, Anjitipi annintia, in the middle of its well. .\:ilui-,il ^i/.(■. I I<;iii('r1(iii. ( 'iiinnion Spiders.) Fig. 2. p]gg (Hicddii iif sail. I ill marsh i^rass. Natural size. (Emerton, " I.e.) Fig. 3. Polished Harvest-spider. Liohnnum poUinm, male. Natural size. (Weed. Proe. U. S. Nat. Mus.) Plate XXXVII Plate XXXVIII Prairie Species Laeevving, Cltrysiopa oculata: a, egg; /, larva; c, tarsus of larva; d, larva feeding upon an insect ; e, egg-shell ; /, adult lace- wing ; g, head of adult ; 1i, adidt, natural size. ( Chittenden, Bur. Ent. U. S. Dept. Agr.) Nine-spot Dragon-fly, Libellula pulchella, resting on swamp plants at Station I, d. (Photograph, T. L. Hankinson.) Pi^AiK XXXVIII Plate XXXIX Prairie Species Fig. 1. Sordid GrasshopinT, EncoptolopJins sordidus, male. (Lugger, Rep. Eiit. Minn. Exp. Sta.) Fig. 2. Red-legged Grasshopper, Melanoplus femur-rubnnn. (Riley.) Fig. 3. Leather-coloi-ed Grasshopper, Schistocerca (dufacra. (Lugger, Lc.) Fig. 4. Carolina Grasshopper, Dmosieira caroZma. (Lugger, 1. c.) Fig. 5. Differential Grasshopper, Melanoplus differ entialis, male. (Lug- ger, 1. c.) Plate XXXIX Plate XL Prairie Species Fig. 1. Differential Grasshopper, Mclauoplux diffcrcnfialis, female. (Riley.) Fig. 2. Common Meadow Grasshoi:)per, Orchcliniinn vuhjure, female. Enlarged as indicated. (Lugger, Rep. Ent. Minn. Exp. Sta.) Fig. 3. Two-striped Grasshopper, Melanoplus hivittafus, female. (Riley.) Fig. 4. Common Meadow Grasshopper, OrcluUmum vulgnrc, male. En- larged as indicated. (Lugger, I.e.) Fig. 5. Meadow Cricket, (Ecanflms, eggs and punctures: a, stem show- ing pnnctures; h, twig split to show eggs; c, a single egg; d, cap (if ,-u- riilai-r,f. ( Ril,.y, IJrp. State Ent. Mo.) Fig. 6. Dorsal-stripcl ( i rissliopiMr. Xijihnlnnu slrirlum, female. Fig. 7. Lance-tail (Irassli.ipiicr, X ipliidiiiiii nlhitiiahim, female. En- larged as indicated. (Lugger, I.e.) Pirate XL Plate XLI Prairie Species Fig. 1. Black-horned Meadow Cricket, CEcantlms nigricornis, female, enlarged as indicated (Lugger, Rep. Ent. Minn. Exp. Sta.) ; and basal joints of antennse of (E. nigricornis (left) and cpKK/ripinirhilKs ( riu'ht) (after Hart, Ent. News). Fig. 2. The same, iikiI.-. ( Lii-ucr. licp. Ent. Minn. Exp. Sta.) Fig. 3. Stink-bug, Eusrhislns varlnlarius. Fig. 4. Rapacious Soldier-bug, Sinea diadcma. Enlarged as indicated. (Riley, Rep. State Ent. Mo.) Fig. 5. Sfircfnis anchorago: a. adult; /). nyiiijdi. (Riley, Bur. Ent. U. S. Dcpt. Agr.) Plate XLI fi fi -^ Plate XLII Prairie Species Pig. 1. Small Milkweed Buu', Lii;i,ri,.. lahnii. EnlavKcd. Fig. 2. Flea Negro-bug. Tlnin nmrls i,iili,„riiis. Enlarged. Fig. 3. Large Milkweed Bui:'. Onropillns fasrlnlus. (Uhler, Standard Nat. Hist.) Fig. -t. Ambnsh Bug, Phymdhi fascidhi : a, dorsal view; h, side view; c, front clasping leg: d, sucking beak. (Riley. Bur. p]nt. U. S. Dept. Agr.j Fig. 5. Dusky Leaf-bug, Adelpliocoris rapidus, nymph. Fig. 6. The same, adult. Plate XLII /I 'Qi=.,« Plate XLIII Prairie Species Fiff. 1. Dingy Cutworm, Feltia subgotliica, dorsal and lateral views. Fig. 2. Moth of same, with wings spread and with wings folded. (Riley. Rep. State Ent. Mo.) Fig-. 3. Tarnished Plant-bug, Lygtis praiensis. Fig. 4. Nymph of same. Fig. 5. Pennsylvania Soldier-beetle, Chauliognathus pennsylvanicus : a, larva; h, head of larva (enlarged) ; c, d, e, f, g, and h, structural details of larva. (Riley, Rep. State Ent. Mo.) Fig. 6. Adult of same. (Riley, I.e.) Plate XLIII Plate XLIV Prairie Sjiecies Fig. 1. Two-lined SoIliara(jemon bolli, male. Enlarged as in- dicated. (Lugger, I.e.) Forked Katydid, Scudderia furrata, inale. (Lugger, 1. c.) Sprinkled 6rassli()i)pei', (Idotidlh cihisptrsa, female. (Lugger, Lc.) Short-winged Grasshopper, DivlironiorpJia viridi.f. Enlarged as indicated. (Lugger, 1. e.) Lesser Grasshopper, Melanoplus atla/iis, female. Enlarged as indicated. (Lugger, 1. c.) Pi.ATi.; lA'II Plate LVIII Forest Species Fig. 1. Angle-winged Katydid, Microcentrum laurifolium, male. (Riley, Rep. State Ent. Mo.) Pig. 2. Female of same, ovipositing. (Riley, 1. c.) Fig. 3. Firefly, Photuris pennsylvanica : a, larva (enlarged as indi- cated) ; b, leg of larva (enlarged) ; c, beetle. (J. B. Smith, Ins. of N.J.) Fig. 4. Reticulate Calopteron, Caloptcron reticulatum. (Blatehley, Co- leopt. of Ind.) Fig. 5. Horned Passalus, Passalus cornutus : a, larva ; b, pupa, from side ; c, beetle ; d, ventral view of legs ; e, rudimentary hind leg of lai-va. (Riley, Rep. State Ent. Mo.) Fig. 6. Striped Cricket, Nemobius fasciatiis, form vitfaius, female. (Lugger, Rep. Ent. Minn. Exp. Sta.) Plate LVIII Plate LIX Forest Species Fig. 1. Horned Fungus-beetle, Boletotlierus lifurcus. Dorsal view of male (enlarged). (After Felt, Mem. N. Y. State Mus.) Fig. 2. The same, dorsal view of female (enlarged). (After Felt, 1. e.) Fig. 3. The same, side view of male (enlarged). (After Felt, 1. c.) Fig. 4. Dendroiihs ranaJnisis : n, lai'va (enlarged as indicated); h. \n\\yA I ciiL-ir'^cil ;is iiidicatcd ) ; c, female beetle (enlarged as indicatrd) ; ,1. ciilai'i^vd anal fork of larva; /, antenna of iiialr (( iilai-vd). (Lc Baron, Rep. State Ent. 111.) Fig. 5. Pitpilin iihili liar, caterpillar. (Riley, Rep. State Ent. Mo.) Fig. 6. Anierieaji Silkworm Moth, Telen polypliemus. (After Felt, Mem. N. Y. State Mus.) Plate LIX Plate LX Forest Species Fig. 1. Hickory Horned-devil, the larva of Citlieronia rcgnlis. (After Packard, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci.) Pig. 2. Royal Walnut Moth, Citlieronia regalis. (After Felt, Mem. N. Y. State Mils.) Plate LX Plate LXI Forest Species Fig. 1. Imperial Motli, BasiUnui imixriulis. (After Felt, Mem. N. Y. State Mns.) Fig. 2. Nadata gibbosa, moth. (After Packard, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sei.) Fig. 3. Heterocampa guttivitta, male moth. (After Packard, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sei.) Fig. 4. Ilalisidola tessellaris, moth. Fig. 5. IlcUvoiiimpa guttivitta, female moth. (After Packard, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sei.) ^W'f Plate LXII Forest Species Fig. 1. Spanworin moth, Eustroma diversilineata. Fig. 2. Acorn Plum-gall, AmpJiibolips primus. (Beiitenmuller, Amer. Mus. Journ.) Fig. 3. Homed Knot Oak-gall, Andricus cornigcrus. (Beutenmiiller, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.) Fig. 4. Oak Wool-gall, Ayidricus lana. (Beutenmiiller, I.e.) Fig. 5. White Oak Club-gall, Andricus clavula. (Beutenmiiller, 1. e.) Fig. 6 Ant. Cremastogaster lineolata, workei*. Plate LXII Plate LXIII Forest Species Pig. 1. Oak Seed-gall, Awlrkiis sntiinalor. (Cook, Rep. Ind. Dcpt. Gcol. and Nat. Hes. ) Fig. 2. Black Longtail,Pt7((/)n(.s pohjturator : a, male; &, female. (J. B. Smith, Ins. of N. J.) Platk LXIII \ --.r