J i OAK ST. HDSF OF THE UNIVERSITY Of ILLINOIS 570.5 IS . . V. I cop- S t . . >1* -ftfu** The person charging this material is re- sponsible for its return to the library from which it was withdrawn on or before the Latest Date stamped below. Theft, mutilation, and underlining of books are reasons for disciplinary action and may result in dismissal from the University. UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN & L* * 197?. % 8Ujp!NG U m JAN T$ 198 MAf 2 5 1962 MAR 0 8 W Huy i il98t & NOV i ?M JAN 21^916 JAN £?? 1992 FFR 1 7 m t h E ONLY l U |0Q7 L161 — 0-1096 BULLETIN OF THE ILLINOIS State Laboratory of Natural History (NORMAL, ILLINOIS.) VOL. I. 1876-1883. Bloomington, III.: PANTAGRAPH PRINTING ESTABLISHMENT, 1884. INTRODUCTION. The Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History, under whose auspices these bulletins are published, had its origin in 1862, as the museum of the old State Natural History Society of Illinois, and was continued in that relation until 1871, when, with the practical dissolution of the society, the museum was made over to the State. This action was taken in pursuance of an act of the State legislature making the continuance of certain appropriations previously granted in aid of the society contingent upon the transfer of the entire property to the State. From the time of this transfer the establishment performed the functions of a State Museum of Natural History as far as its limited resources and restricted quarters would permit, until 1877, when it was converted, in accord- ance with the law establishing a State museum at Springfield, into a natural history laboratory. By this law it was relieved from the necessity of maintain- ing a display of specimens, and charged with the collection, preservation, and determination of all zoological and botanical material for the museum, with the supply to the state educational institutions of the natural history material needed for the proper performance’ of their work, and to the State Museum of a series of specimens illustrating the botany and zoology of the State. By sub- sequent laws it was made the source of supply of zoological specimens to the public high schools, and was charged with the elaborate investigation of vari- ous zoological and botanical subjects having especial economic or educational relations. The operations of the laboratory now naturally took on the character of a more thorough and methodical natural history survey of the State than had been previously possible; and with a view to the publication of partial and preliminary reports of the results of this survey, and also for the purpose of giving to active local naturalists the encouragement afforded by a medium of prompt publication, this series of bulletins was begun in 1876. The first number was issued as the bulletin of the Illinois Museum of Nat- ural History, but the second, and succeeding numbers, as bulletins of the labor- atory. The series has now reached a size and importance which makes it desirable that the plan of their publication be changed for one more systematic and uni- form. The six bulletins thus far published are consequently considered to form a single volume, and a new volume has been commenced, which will be paged continuously, and divided, not into “bulletins,” but into articles, usually to be issued separately, as fast as ready. S. A. FORBES, Director. / fis 3£~ 570.5 X5 TABLE OF CONTENTS. BULLETIN No. 1. Introduction ...... List op Illinois Crustacea, with Descriptions op New Species Key to the Species Mentioned in the Preceding Paper . Appendix ....... The Tree in Winter ..... SODIC PlNATE AS A TEST FOR LlME .... A Partial Catalogue op the Fishes of Illinois Family Percidae, 34. — Family Aphredoderidae, 38. — Family Sciaenidae, 40. — Family Cottidae, 40. — Family Gadidae, 42. — Family Gas- terosteidae, 42. — Family Atherinidae, 42. — Family Cyprinodonti- dae, 42. — Family Umbridae, 43. — Family Esocidae, 43. — Family Percopsidae, 43. — Family Salmonidae, 43. — Family Hyodontidae, 44. — Family Clupeidae, 44. — Family Cvprinidae, 44. — Family Catostomidae, 48. — Family Siluridae, 50. — Family Anguillidae, 51. — Family Amiidae, 51. — Family Lepidosteidae, 51.— Family Polyodontidae, 51 . — Family Acipenseridae, 51. — Family Petromy- zontidae, 52. Upon Parasitic Fungi ..... A List op the Orthoptera op Illinois Family Forficulidae, 59. — Family Blattidae, 59. — Family Mantidae, 60. — Family Phasmidae, 60. — Family Acrididae, 61. BULLETIN No. 2. Introduction ....... A List op the Species op the Tribe Aphidini, Family Aphididce , Found in the United States, which have been heretofore Named , with Descriptions of some New Species. A New Species op Aphis, op the Genus Colopha A List op the Mosses, Liverworts, and Lichens op Illinois Musci, 18. — Hepaticae, 24. — Lichenes, 27. — Index to Genera, 35. A Catalogue op the Fishes op Illinois Sub-class Teleostei , 38. — Order Teleocephali, 38. — Suborder Acanthop- teri, 38. — Family Etheostomatidae. (the Darters), 38. — Family Percidae (the Perches), 43. — Family Labracidae (the Bass), 44. — Family Centrarchidae (the Sun-fishes), 44. — Family Elassomatidae Natural History Survey 7 3 d 3 4 3 Library l 3 17 24 26 32 as 52 59 1 3 17 18 37 4 CONTENTS. (the Elassomes), 47. — Family Aphredoderidse (the Pirate Perches), 48. — Family Sciamidoe (the Maigres), 50. — Family Cottidse (the Sculpins), 50. — Sub-order Anacanthini, 51. — Fam- ily Gadidae (the Cod-fishes), 51. — Sub-order Hemibranchii, 51. — Family Gasterosteidse (the Sticklebacks), 51. — Sub-order Per- cesoces, 51. — Family Atherinidse (the Silversides), 51. — Sub-order Haplomi, M. — Family Cyprinodontidse (the Toothed Minnows), 51. — Family Umbridse (the Mud Minnows), 52. — Family Eso- cidse (the Pikes), 52. — Family Amblyopsidse (the Blind Fishes), 53. — Sub-order Isospondyli, 53. — Family Percopsidie (the Trout Perches), 53. — Family Salmonid8e(the Salmon) 54. — Family Hy- odontidse (the Moon-eyes), 54. — Family Dorosomatidse (the Giz- zard Shad), 55. — Family Clupeidse (the Herrings), 55. — Sub- order Eventognathi, 55. — Family Cyprinidse (the Minnows), 55. —Family Catostomidce (the Suckers), 63. — Order Nematognathi, 66. — Family Siluridse (the Cat-fishes), 66. — Order Apodes, 68. — Family Anguillidse (the Eels), 68. — Sub-class Ganoidei, 68. — Order Cycloganoidei, 68. — Family AmiidsB (the Bow-fins), 68. — Order Rhoniboganoidei , 68. — Family Lepidosteidse (the Gar- pikes), 68. — Order Selachostomi, 69. — Family Polyodontidse (the Spoonbills), 69. — Order Chondrostei , 69. — Family Acipenseridse (the Sturgeons), 69. — Class Marsipobranchii, 70. — Order Hyper- oartia, 70. — Family Petromyzontidse (the Lampreys), 70. The Food of Illinois Fishes . . . . .71 Purposes of the Investigation, 71. — Methods, 73. — Results, 74. — Details of Food, 74. — Recapitulation, 83. Appendix. On the Crustacea Eaten by Fishes . . .87 Description of a New Species of Asellus. . . 90 BULLETIN No. 3. Studies of the Food of Birds, Insects, and Fishes, made at the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History, at Normal, Illinois .... 1 Introduction . . . .2 On Some Interactions of Organisms ... 3 The Food of Fishes . . . . . .18 Order Teleocephali , 21. — Sub-order Acanthopteri, 21.— Family Etheos- tomatidie (the Darters), 22. — Details of the Food of the Etheos- tomatidie, 27. — Family Percida? (the Perches), 28. — Table of the Food of the Percidie, 35. — Family Labracida5 (the Bass), 36. — Family Centrarchidie (the Sun-fishes), 38. — Table of the Food of Micropterus, 43. — Table of the Food of Ambloplites and Chseno- bryttus, 45. — Table of the Food of Apomotis and Lepiopomus, 51. — Table of the Food of Eupomotis and Centrarchus, 55. — Table of the Food of Pomoxys, 60. — Table of the Food of Young Cen- trarchidie, 62. — Table of the Food of Adult Centrarchidie, 63. On the Food of Y.oung Fishes .... -60" Introduction, 66. — Acanthopteri, 67. — Esoseidiu, 68. — Clupeidm, 68. — Cyprinidiu, 70. — Catostomidiu, 70. — Siluridiu, 74. — Ami id a1, 75. CONTENTS. ft — Lepidosteida*., 75. — Summary, 75. — Table of the Food of Young Fishes, 78. The Food op Birds ...... o fa Introduction, 80. — Methods, 86. Family Turdidce (the Thrushes A 89. — Turdus migratorius, L. (the Robin), 89. — Recapitulation, 97. — Economical Relations, 101. — Table of the Food of the Robin, 104. — Mimus carolinensis, L. (the Cat-bird), 107. — Recapitulation, 112. — The Catbird and the Robin, 113.— Economical Relations, 114. — Table of the Food of the Cat-bird, 116. — Harporhynchus rufus (the Brown Thrush), 118. — Summary for the Year, 122. — Recapitulation, 123. — Econ- omical Value, 124’ — Table of the Food of the Brown Thrush, 125. — Turdus mustelinus, Gm. (the Wood Thrush), 127.— Hylo- cichla pallasi, Cab. (the Hermit Thrush), 129.— Turdus aliciae, Bd. (the Alice Thrush), 130.— Turdus swainsoni, Cab. (Swainson’s Thrush), 131. — Mimus polyglottus, L. (the Mocking-bird), 131. — Conclusion, 132. — Table of the Food of the Thrushes in April and May, 135. — Table of the Food of the Thrushes, 136. Family Saxicolidce ( the Stonechats), 137. — Sialia sialis, L. (the Blue- bird), 137. — Summary for the Year, 144. — Economical Relations, 145. — Table of the Food of the Bluebird, 147. Notes upon the Food of Predaceous Beetles . . . / 4> 2- Notes on Insectivorous Coleoptera . . . M&r / Mouth Structures of Carabidae, 153. — Food of the Carabidae, 154. — Food of Podabrus, 158. — Food of Coccinellidae, 158. BULLETIN No. 4. A Revised Catalogue of the Birds Ascertained to Occur in Illi- nois . . . . . .161 Preface . . . . . . 163 Table of Families of Birds Represented in the Avian-fauna of Illinois, given in Order of Number of Species . . .167 The Number of Species belonging to each Family which Breed in the State . . . . .167 Bibliography . . . . ... 168 Catalogue of the Birds of Illinois .... 171 Order Passeres, 171. — Family Turdidae (Thrushes), 171. — Family Sax- icolidse (Stonechats and Bluebirds), 172. — Family Ptilogonatidae (Fly-catching Thrushes), 172. — Family Silviidae (True Warblers), 172. — Family Paridae (Titmice or Chickadees), 172. — Family Sittidae (Nuthatches), 172.— Family Certhiidae (Creepers), 173. — Family Troglodytidae (Wrens), 173. — Family Motacillidae (Wag- tails and Titlarks), 173. — Family Mniotiltidae (American Warb- lers), 173. — Family Vireonidae (Vireos or Greenlets), 176. — Fam- ily Laniidae (Shrikes), 176. — Family Ampelidae (Wax- wings), 176. — Family Hirundinidae (Swallows), 177. — Family Tanagri- dae (Tanagers), 177. — Family Fringillidae (Finches, Sparrows, and Buntings), 178. — Family Icteridae (American Starlings), 182. —Family Corvidae (Crows and Jays), 183. — Family Alaudidae 6 CONTENTS. (Larks), 183. — Family Tyrannid* (Tyrant Flycatchers), 184. — Order Trochili, 184. — Order Cypseli, 185. — Order Caprimulgi, 185. — Order Pici, 185. — Order Anisodactylae, 186. — Order Coccy- ges, 186. — Order Psittaci, 187. — Order Striges, 187. — Order Ac- cipitres, 188. — Order Sarcorhamphi, 190. — Order Columbae, 190. — Order Gallinae, 191. — Order Herodiones, 192. — Order Limicolae, 194. — Order Geranomorphae, 197. — Order Anseres, 198. — Order Steganopodes, 201. — Order Gavise, 202. — Order Pygopodes, 203. Appendix ....... 204 BULLETIN No. 5. Descriptive Catalogue of North American Batraciiia and Rep- TTLIA, FOUND EAST OF MISSISSIPPI RlVER . . 3 Synopsis of Classes ..... 4 Batrachia . . . . . . .5 Synopsis of Orders, 5. — Order Tr achy stomata, 5. — Family Sirenidae, 5. — Order Proteida, 6. — Family Proteidae, 6. — Order Caduci- branchiata, 6. — Synopsis of Families, 6. — Artificial Synopsis of Families, 7. — Family Amphiumidae, 8. — Family Menopomidae, 8. — Family Amblystomidae, 8. — Family Plethodontidae, 11. — Family Desmognathidae, 14. — Family Pleurodelidae, 15. — Order Anura,15. — Synopsis of Sub-orders and Families, 15. — Artificial Synopsis of Families, 16. — Sub-order Bufoniformia, 16. — Fam- ily Bufonidae, 16. — Order Firmisternia, 18. — Family Engystom- idae, 18. — Order Arctf era, 18. — Family Hylidae, 18. — Family Cys- tignathidae, 21. — Family Scaphiopidae, 21.— Order Rantformia, 22. — Family Ranidae, 22. Reptilia . . . . . . *.26 Synopsis of Orders, 26. — Order Ophidia, 27. — Synopsis of Families, 27. — Artificial Synopsis of Families, 27. — Family Crotalidae, 27. — Family Elapidae, 29. — Family Colubridae, 29. — Order Pacer- tilia, 44. — Synopsis of Families, 44. — Artificial Synopsis of Fam- ilies, 45. — Family Amphisbaenidae, 45. — Family Scincidae, 46. — Family Teidae, 47. — Family Anguidae, 47. — Family Iguanidae, 48. — Family Anolidae, 48. — Family Gecconidae, 49. — Order Tes- tudinata, 49. —Synopsis of Families, 49. — Family Sphargididae, 50. — Family Chelonidae, 51. — Family Trionychidae, 51. — Family Chelydridae, 52. — Family Cinosternidae, 53. — Family Emydidae, 54. — Family Testudinidae, 58. — Order Crocodilia , 58. — Family Crocodilidae, 58. Faunal Regions of the United States .... 59 Glossary ...... 60 Index . . . . . . .67 BULLETIN No. f>. Studies oe the Food of Birds, Insects, and Fishes, made at the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History, at Normal, Illinois . . . . 1 CONTENTS. 7 The Regulative Action of Birds upon Insect Oscillations 3 Turdidae (Thrushes), 5. — Saxicolidae (Bluebirds), 8. — Paridae (Chica- dees), 8. — Troglodytidae (Wrens), 8. — Mniotiltidae (Warblers), 9. — Vireonidae (Yireos), 10. — Ampelidae (Wax- wings), 11. — Hirun- dinidae (Swallows), 11. — Fringillidae (Finches), 11. — Icteridae (Blackbirds), 13. — Tyrannida^ (Flycatchers), 15. — Cuculidae (Cuckoos), 16. — Picidae (Woodpeckers), 16. — Columbidae (Doves and Pigeons), 16. — Perdicidae (Quails and Partridges), 17. — Dis- cussion, 17. Tables of the Food . . . . . .22 Genera and Species Recognized in the Food. . . 27 The Food Relations of the Carabidje and Coccinellid^e . 33 Introduction, 33. — Family Carabidae, 37. — The Family as a Unit, 46. — Family Coccinellidae, 51. — The Family as a Unit, 54. — Sufficiency of Data, 55. — Relations to Birds, 56. — List of Gfenera and Spe- cies of Cicindelidae and Carabidae eaten by 423 of the Thrushes and the Bluebird, 57. — Tables of Food, 59. The Food of the Smaller Fresh Water Fishes . . 65 Introduction, 65. — Family Aphredoderidae, 66. — Family Cottidae, 67. — Family Gasterosteidae, 68. — Family Atheriuidae, 69. — Family Cyprinodontidae, 70. — Family Umbridae,73. — Family Cyprinidae, 74.— Food of the Young, 76. — Summary for the Family, 90. — Comparison of the Groups, 91. — Table of Food, 93. The First Food of the Common White-Fish (Coregonus clupe- iformis, Mitch.) . . . . .95 ERRATA. BULLETIN No. 1. Page 33, line 5, after Report, read 1853 and ’4. Page 34, insert Genus Poecilichthys, Ag. between numbers 1 and 2. Page 38, second line, for 2 1-6 read 2 -J7. Wherever, in this paper, two fig- ures are separated by a hyphen, they should be written in the form of a com- mon fraction. Page 40, line 11, for Aphredodereus read Apbiredoderus ; under No. 40, for gruuniens read grunniens. Page 44, No. 71, for chrysochrous read chrysochloris ; for J. N. read J. W. Page 45, No. 74, for E. L. read F. L. Page 47, after 103 insert the following: — 103^. C. analostona , Grd., Sil- ver-fin. Everywhere abundant through Central Illinois. Occurs less commonly further north. Page 52, Note 2, for der read den; for Archiev. read Archiv. Note 3, for des read der; for Wein read Wien. Page 53, 8th line, for M. Bary read DeBary. Note 7, for der (Brandpilze) read die. Page 54, for Peronosporiw read Peronosporece . Page 55, 8th line, for hauptoria read haustoria. 14th line, insert (12) after six, and add one to each of the three reference numerals following. 5th line from bottom, omit (15). 2d line from bottom, insert (16) after Common. Page 56, 10th line, 2d paragraph, instead of ’75-6 read ’74-5. 15th line from bottom, for pappillate read papillate, lltli line from bottom, for Poltactis read Polyactis. Page 57, 7th line, for Peronosporice read Peronosporece. 21st line from bottom, insert European before vine. Page 58, 8th line, for Peronosporice Peronosporece . 2d line, 2d paragraph, for 3 read 5. , 7th and 8th lines, 2d paragraph, for one to three read twelve to fifteen. 4th line from bottom, for bignouioides read bignonioides . Page 68, No. 40, reduce Acridium differentiale, etc., to a synonym, and insert above it C. ditferentialis, Thos. Page 72, Plate IT, fig. 1, for Melanispora read Mel am psora. Page 'M) Plate ITT, fig. 3, for 3 read 5. Plate ITT, fig. 5, for 5 read 3. Plate III, fig. 7, for Plycinidia read Pycnidia. Plate IV, fig. 12, for fresii read friesii. ERRATA. 9 BULLETIN No. 3. * . In the preparation of the paper on The Food of Birds in this Bulletin, Uhler’s ‘‘List of Hemiptera West of the Mississippi River” (1876) was followed with respect to the arrangement of the species mentioned; but through an un- fortunate misunderstanding of the intention of the author of that list, the Pen- tatoraidae were all included under the Cydnidse. For the latter name, the for- mer should consequently be substituted, as follows: Page 90, line 3 from bottom; page 92, line 11 from bottom; page 94, line 5, and line 5 from bottom; page 105, line 5 from bottom; page 108, line 13 from bottom; page 117, line 9 from bottom; page 126, line 14 from bottom; page 130, line 16; page 131, line 7 from bottom; page 132, line 13; page 138, lines 16 and 24; page 139, line 10; page 141, last line; page 143, line 2; page 145, line 5; page 148, line 12 from bottom. BULLETIN No. 5, Page 6. After description following Family PROTEIDiE read: Genus Necturus, Raf. 3. N. lateralis, (Say)Bd. Mud Puppy. Above brownish, with darker sub- circular spots; generally a dark stripe from snout back to eyes. A more or less distinct lateral band in young. Below dusky. Large, bushy, bright red gills, forming three tufts on each side of head. Head depressed; snout truncated; gular fold well developed; tail much compressed. 13^ feet. Eastern region, except New England and Eastern Middle States, and from a few points in Aus- troriparian. 4. N. punctatus, (Gibbes) Cope. Above nearly uniform dark olive, with numerous small orange or yellowish dots irregularly distributed over the whole surface, and large, dark, ill-defined spots at distant intervals. No lateral band. Beneath pale flesh color. Smaller and more slender than the preceding species. Eastern S. Carolina. Page 18. Before Firmisternia and ARCiFERA,for Order read Sub-order. Page 22. Before Raniformia, for Order read Sub-order. BULLETIN No. 6. Page 6, line 12 from bottom; page 8, line 15; page 11, line 2; for Cydni- dce read Pentatomiace. Page 17, line 9, before Vireo omit and. Page 23, above Arachnida, for Cydnidce read Pentatomidce . Pages 25 and 27, above Orthoptera, for Cydnidce read Pentatomidce. Page 28, lines 2 and 8, for Graphorhinus vadosus read Epiccerus imbricatus. Page 64, under Hemiptera, for Siphonophora granarice read Aphis maidis. Page 69, line 5 from bottom, for fresh-water read local. Page 78, line 1, after all insert the. Page 82, line 7, for character read characters. Page 91, line 5, for consisted read consists. Page 92, line 2 from bottom, for more read most. Page 97, line 11, for for y -six read forty -six. Page 99, line 2, for witn read with. Page 101, lines 12 and 13 from bottom, for structure read structures. Page 105, line 23, for aeration read iteration , I INDEX. In the following index, the numbers of the bulletins are indicated by Roman numerals, and the pages by Arabic. Where reference is made to an item relating to the food of a species or other group, an asterisk (*) has been placed after the page number; a dagger (f) has been used to indicate that the object has been eaten. A abacura, Farancia, Y, 32. Abastor, V, 29, 32. erythrogrammus, V, 32. Abbott, C. C., Observations on Birds, IY, 20. Observations on Fishes, II, 71, YI, 66. abbreviatus, Gryllus, III, 110f, 138f. abortiva, Chloealtis, I, 61.- Academy of Sciences, Chicago, V, 4. acadica, Nyctale, IY, 187. acadicus, Empidonax, IY, 184. Acanthopteri, II, 38, III, 20*, 21*, 31f, 35f, 43f, 59f, 60f, 63f, 67*, 78, YI, 65*. Acaulon, II, 18. Accipiter, IY, 189. cooperi, IV, 189. fuscus, IV, 189. Accipitres, IY, 188. accipitrinus, Asio, IV, 187. Acephala, III, 51f, 55f, 64f. Acer, I, 27, 30, 31. dasycarpum, I, 29, II, 4. pennsylvanicum, II, 14. saccharinum, I, 29. acerifoliae, Siphonophora, II, 4. aceris, Aphis, II, 14. aceroides, Negundo, II, 10. Acipenser, I, 51, II, 69. maculosus, I, 51, II, 69. rubicundus, I, 51, II, 69. Acipenseridae, I, 51, II, 69. Acolium, II, 33. Acorns, III, 119f, 127+. Acrida brevicornis, I, 61. Acrididae, I, 61, III, 105f, 117f, 126f, 142f, 148f, VI, 25f, 27f, 88f. Acridinae, I, 61. Acridini, I, 66. Acridium ambiguum, I, 69. americanum, I, 69. damnificum, I, 69. differentiale, I, 68. emarginatum, I, 69. ensicornu, I, 61. hemipterum, I, 62. marginatum, I, 62. phoenicopterum, I, 66. rubiginosum, I, 69. rusticum, I, 69. sordidum, I, 64. spretum, I, 68. sulphureum, I, 63. tuberculatum, I, 66. verruculatum, I, 64. / virginianum, I, 62. xanthopterum, I, 63. Acris, V, 18. gryllus, var. crepitans, V, 18. var. gryllus, V, 18. Acroperus, YI, 72f. leucocephalus, YI, 84f. Acrospores of Dematiei, III, 158f. of Fungi, III, 155f, 156f, 158f, 169f. Acrydium carolinum, I, 64. INDEX. 11 femorale, I, 68. femur-rubrum, I, 68. laterale, I, 69. ornatum, I, 69. viridifasciatum, I, 62. Actodromas, IY, 195. bairdi, IY, 195. fuscicollis, IY, 195. maculafca, IY, 195. minutilla, IY, 195. aculeata, Forficula, I, 59. acuminata, Difflugia, III, 72f. acus, Euglena, VI, 77f. acuta, Dafila, IV, 199. acutus, Cambarus, I, 3, 18. adamanteus, Crotalus, Y, 27. adamantinus, Litholepis, I, 51, II, 69. Adder, Blowing, Y, 43. admirabilis, Stenobothrus, I, 61. iEchmophorus, IV, 208. occidentalis, IY, 208. aedon, Troglodytes, IY, 173. vEgialites, IV, 194, 207. melodus, IY, 207. var. circumcinctus, IY, 194. semipalmatus, IY, 194. yEgiothus, IY, 178. canescens, var. exilipes, IV, 178. linaria, IY, 178. aelurus, Amiurus, I, 50. aeneus, Quiscalus, IY, 183, YI, 14*, 29*, 30*, 32*. aequale, Spharagemon, I, 63. aequalis, G-ryllus, I, 63. Hymenarcys, YI, 28f, 32f. Locusta, I, 63. CEdipoda, I, 63. Stenobothrus, I, 61. Trimerotropis, I, 63. aerea, Dibolia, VI, 29f, 31f. ^salon, IY, 188, 207. columbarius, IY, 188. richardsoni, IY, 207. aesalon, Falco, IY, 207. .ZEsculus, I, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31. aestiva, Dendroeca, IY, 174, YI, 9*, 28*. 30*, 31*. Pyranga, IY, 177. aestivalis, Peucaea, IY, 169, 206. aestivus, Cyclophis, Y, 36. iEthya, IY, 200. americana, IY, 200. vallisneria, IY, 200. affinis, Fnlix, IY, 200. Agapestemon, YI, 29f, 30f. Agassiz, Louis, Y, 3. Agassiz’s Soft- shelled Turtle, Y, 52. Agelaeus, IV, 182. phoeniceus, IV, 182, YI, 13*, 29*, 30*, 31*, 32*. agilis, Oporornis, IY, 175. Agonoderus, III, 95f, 119f, 139f, 146*, 153, VI, 43*, 50*, 57f, 58f, 59*, 61*, 62*, 6 3*. comma, III, 141f. pallipes, II, 77f, YI, 58f. partiarius, III, 94f, VI, 58f. agrestis, Spizella, YI, 12*, 29*, 30*, 31*, 32*. Agrion larvae, II, 75f, III, 72f, VI, 72f, 73f, 93f. pupae, II, 76f, III, 27f. Agrioninae larvae, II, 76f, 78f, 81f, III, 23f, 29f, 35f, 41f, 43f, 44f, 46f, 49f, 50f, 52f, 55f, 59f, 60f. Agrostis vulgaris, seeds, III, 151f. Agrotis annexa, VI, 6 If, 62f. larvae, YI, 37, 41f. messoria,.III, 92f. Aix, IY, 200. sponsa, IV, 200, 201. Ajaja, IY, 192. rosea, IY, 164, 192. alata, Ulmus, I, 26. Alaudidae, IV, 167, 183. alba, Carya, I, 29, 30. Ibis, IY, 170. Pezotettix, I, 67. albatus, Chen, IY, 198. albeola, Clangula, IY, 200. albicollis, Zonotrichia, IY, 180. albidus, Amiurus, I, 50, II, 67. albilora, Dendroeca, IV, 175. albipennis, Bibio, III, 90. Alburnellus rubrifrons, YI, 75. Alburnops, II, 56, 62, 78f. fretensis, II, 57. haematurus, II, 57. hudsonius, II, 56. microstomus, II, 57. nubilus, II, 56. storerianus, II, 56. 12 INDEX. stramineus, II, 57. tuditanus, II. 56. volucellus, II, 57. albas, Coregonus, I, 44, II, 54. Eudocimus, IY, 192. Lagopus, IV, 164, 191 . Nabalus, I, 55. Alcedinidse, IY, 167, 186. alcyon, Ceryle, IY, 186. Alectoria, II, 27. alectorides, Geranomorphse, IY, 198. alectoropodes, Gallinse, IY, 191. Algae, II, 75 f, 79f, 80f, 81f, 82f, III, 24f, 26f, 41f, 43f, 46f, 52f, 54f, 55 f, 67f, 69f, 71f, 72f, 78f, 79f, VI, 41f, 59 f, 63f, 69f, 72f, 77f, 79f, 80f, 81f, 82f, 83f , 84f, 87f, 89f, 90f, 93f, 94f, 101f, 107+ . filamentous, II, 76+, 79f, 80f, 81f, 82f, III, 27+, 50f, 70f, 72+, 157+, VI, 67 f 69+, 71f, 72+, 73f, 76+, 77f, 78+, 80f, 82f, 83f,85f, 86+, 87f, 89f, 90f, 101+, 102, 103f, 105, 107f. unicellular, III, 69f, 70f, 71+, 73f, VI, 74+, 79+, 87+, 98+ , 107+. Alice Thrush, III, 89*, 130*, 132*, 135*, 136*. aliciee, Hylocichla, IY, 171. Turdus, III, 130*. allegheniense, Menopoma, V, 8. Allen, J. A., Catalogue of the Birds of Iowa, cited, IY, 204, 207. Observations on Birds, IY, 204, 205, 206, 207. alleni, Helicops, Y, 43. Alligator, V, 58. Common, Y, 58. mississippiensis, Y, 58. Alligator Gar, I, 51, II, 69. Snapper, Y, 53. Allorchestes, II, 75+, 78+, III, 30+, 36+, 39+, 43 f, 44f, 50f, 52f, 53+, 54+, 55 f, 56f, 75+. dentata, II, 75+, 77f, 87+, III, 24+, 27+ , 29+ , 38+ , 41 +, 49+, 74+, VI, 67+, 71+, 84+ , 85+ . Alnus, I, 27, 58. Alona, III, 69+ , 71+, 72+, 73+, 74+,VI,70f. Alosa, I, 44, II, 55. sapidissima, I, 44, II, 55. alpestris, Eremophila, IV, 183. alternata, Corixa, I, 4, II, 75+, 76+, 77+ , III, 29+, 35+, 40+ , 45+ , YI, 73f, alternifolia, Cornus, I, 27, 28, 31. altissima, Lactuca, I, 55. altus, Bubalichthys, II, 66. Aluco, IY, 187. flammeus, var. americanus, IV, 187. alvordi, Pegedichthys, I, 41, II, 50. Potamocottus, II, 50. Alvordius, II, 39, III, 23*, 24*, 27*. maculatus, II, 39, 74*, 84*, III, 23*. phoxocephalus, II, 39, III, 23*. Alvord’s Bull-head, II, 50. Alydus, III, 148+ . eurinus, YI, 28+, 32+. amabilis, Diadophis, Y, 35. Minnilus, I, 47, II, 60. Notropis, II, 60. Amara, III, 93+, 95+, 129+, 138+, 139+, 146*, 149*, 153, YI, 42*, 49*, 57+, 59*, 60*, 61*, 62*, 63*. angustata, III, 151, 153, 156*, VI, 42*. carinata, VI, 42*. impuncticollis, YI, 42*. amara, Carya, I, 29, 31. Amaranthus retroflexus, I, 57. amarus, Hybopsis, I, 46. ambiguum, Acridium, I, 69. Amblodon bubalus, I, 49. Ambloplites, I, 37, II, 44, III, 45*, 48, 62*, 63*, 68*. rupestris, I, 37, II, 44, 78f, III, 44*. amblops, Ceratichthys, II, 62. Amblyopsidse, II, 53. Amblystoma, Y, 8. bicolor, V, 9. cingulatum, Y, 11. conspersum, Y, 9. jeffersonianum, var. fuscum, V, 10. var. jeffersonianum, V. 10. var. laterale, Y. 10. var. platineum, Y. 11. microstomum, Y, 11. opacum, Y, 9. punctatum, V, 9. talpoideum, Y, 9. tigrinum, Y, 10. xiphias, V, 10. Amblystomidae, V, 7, 8. INDEX. 13 Ambrosia, VI, 59f. artemisiaefolia, I, 57, III, 150f. seeds, III, 151f. pollen, III, 157f, VI, 63f, 64f. psilostachya, II, 5. trifida, II, 4. ambrosise, Siphonophora, II, 4. Amelanchier, I, 28, 30. American Avocet, IV, 197. Bittern, IV. 194. Brown Creeper, IV, 173. Coot, IV, 198. Crossbill, Red, IV, 178. White-winged, IV, 178. Eared Grebe, IV, 203. Egret, IV, 193. Eider, IV, 200. Entomologist, cited, III, 152. • Golden-eye, IV, 200. Goldfinch, IV, 178, VI, 11*, 24*, 25*. Goshawk, IV, 189. Hawk Owl, IV, 188. Herring Gull, IV, 202. Kestril, IV, 188. Magpie, Black-billed, IV, 183. Naturalist, cited, II, 71, III, 22, IV, 189, 204, 206, VI, 105. Osprey, IV, 188. Philosophical Society, cited, VI, 74. Pochard, IV, 200. Raven, IV, 183. Red-necked Grebe, IV, 203. Redstart, IV, 176. Robin, IV, 171. Starlings, IV, 182. Titlark, IV, 173. Vultures, IV, 190. Warblers, IV, 173, 2C4. White Pelican, IV, 201. Widgeon, IV, 199. Woodcock, IV, 195. americana, iEthya, IV, 200. Blatta, I, 60. Clangula, IV, 200. Fraxinus, I, 31. Fulica, IV, 198. Grus, IV, 198. Kakerlak, I, 60. Loxia, IV, 178. Mareca, IV, 199. Meleagris, IV, 191. (Edemia, IV, 200. Parula, IV, 174. Pelidna, IV, 195. Perea, II, 43, 75*, 84*, III, 28*, 67*. Periplaneta, I, 60. Recurvirostra, IV, 197. ' Silpha, III, 119f. Spiza, IV, 181, VI, 12*, 18*, 19*, 29*, 30*, 31*, 32*. americanum, Acridium, I, 69. Schistocerca, I, 69. Stizostedium, I, 36, II, 44. americanus, Aluco, IV, 187. Asio, IV, 187. Bufo, V, 17. Coccyzus, IV, 186. Crocodilus, V, 58. Gryllus, I. 69. Hister, VI, 28f, 30f. Mergus, IV, 200. Notemigonus, I, 48, II, 61. Olor, IV, 198. Picoides, IV, 207. Simocephalus, III, 29f, 39f, 45f, 48+, 54f, 58f, 69f, 74f, VI, 70f, 103. Amia, I, 51, II, 68, III, 75*, 79*. calva, I, 51, II, 68, 82*, 86*. Amiidse, I, 51, II, 68, 82*, 86*, III, 75*. Amiurus, I, 50, II, 66, TIT, 32f, 35f, 46, 74f, 79*. aelurus, I, 50. albidus, I, 50, II, 67. atrarius, I, 50, II, 67. catus, II, 67, III, 46. confinis, I, 50, II, 67. cupreus, I, 50, II, 66. dekayi, I, 50. marmoratus, II, 67. melas, II, 67, 82*, 86*, 87*. natalis, II, 66. nebulosus, II, 67. nigricans, II, 66. pullus, I, 50, II, 67. vulgaris, I, 50, II, 66. xanthocephalus, II, 67. Ammocoetes, II, 70. argenteus, II, 70. hirudo, II, 70. niger, II, 70. Ammodromi, IV, 179. 14 INDEX. Ammodromus, IV, 179, 205. caudacutus, IV, 205. var. nelsoni, IY, 169, 179. maritimus, IY, 205. Ammocrypta, II, 38. Amnicola, III, 50f, 51f, 54f, 55+ . amcenus, Carphophiops, Y, 31. Amorpha, I, 28, 30. fruticosa, I, 27. Ampelidae, IY, 167, 176, VI, 11*, 24*, 28*. Ampelis cedrorum, IV, 177, YI, 28*, 30*, 31*. garrulus, IY, 170, 176. Ampelopsis, I, 27, 30, III, 118+. Amphasia, III, 153, YI, 45*, 49*, 59*, 60*, 62*, 63*. interstitialis, III, 140f, YI, 45*. Amphipoda, I, 20, II, 75+, 78+, III, 24f, 27+, 29f, 36f, 39f, 43f, 46+, 48+, 49+, 52f, 55f, 68f, 72f, 74f, 78f, 79f, YI, 67f, 71f, 73f, 84+, 93f, 94+, 100f. Amphisbaenidse, Y, 44, 45. Amphiuma, Y, 8. means, Y, 8. Amphiumidse, Y, 6, 7, 8. Amyda, Y, 51, 52. mutica, Y, 52. Anacamptodon, II, 23. Anacanthini, II, 51. anagallinus, Ichthelis, I, 38, II, 46. Lepiopomus, II, 45. anaglypticus, Conotrachelus, III, 131f. analostana, Cyprinella, II, 57, errata, i p. 6. analostanus, Luxilus, II, 76+, 80*, 85*. Photogenis, II, 57, YI, 75, 87*, 94*. Anas, IY, 199. boscas, IY, 199. obscura, IY, 199. Anatidae, IY, 167, 198, 208. Ancistrodon, Y, 27, 28. atrofuscus, Y, 28. contortrix, Y, 28. piscivorus, Y, 28. Ancylus rivularis, III, 24+, 27f . andersoni, Hyla, Y, 19. Aneura, II, 25. anglica, Sterna, IY, 202. Anguidae, Y, 45, 47. Anguilla, I, 51, II, 68. rostrata, II, 68. vulgaris, var. rostrata, I, 51. Anguillidae, I, 51, II, 68. angulata, Ceriodaphnia, II, 76f, 81+, 88f. Daphnia, II, 89f. Populus, II, 10. angulatus, Chorophilus, Y, 19. angusta, Salix, I, 29. angustata, Amara, III, 151, 153, 156*, YI, 42*. angusticornis, Truxalis, I, 61. anhinga, Plotus, IY, 168, 201. Anhingas, IY, 201. Animal food, II, 75f, 81f, III, 64+, 155+, 158+ 159+ VI, 6f, 7f, 22+, 24+, 26f, 38f, 39+, 40+, 41+, 42+ 43f, 44f, 45f, 46f, 47f, 48f, 49+, 50+, 52+, 53+, 55f, 56f, 59f, 60f, 61+ 62f, 64f, 67f, 68+, 69f, 70+, 71+,. 72f, 73+, 77+, 78+, 80f, 83+, 84+, 86+, 87+, 88f, 89+, 90+, 91+ 92+, 93+ , 94+ , 102+ . Anisodactylse, IY, 186. Anisodactylus, III, 95+ 120+, 128+, 131+ 138+ 141+ 153, VI, 7+ 28 1, 29+ 30+ 44*, 47*, 49*, 51*, 57+, 58+ 59*, 60*, 61*, 62*, 63*. baltimorensis, III, 93+ 110+, 141+, 150, 151*, 155*, VI, 81*, 28+, 30+ , 44*, 58+ . discoideus, III, 50+, 129+n VI, 44*, 58+ . harrisi, VI, 44*. opaculus, YI, 44*. rusticus, III, 140+, 155*, YI, 44*, 58+. sericeus, III, 151*, 155*, YI, 44*. Anisomorpha buprestoides, I, 60. Anisopteryx vernata, YI, 22+, 24+, 26+, 27+, 28+, 29+ 30+, 60+ 62+ Anisotarsus, III, 153. anisurum, Myxostoma, II, 64. anisurus, Teretulus, I, 49, II, 64. Annales des Sciences Naturelles, cited, I, 53. Annals of the Lyceum of Natural His- tory of New York, cited, IY, 163, 204. annexa, Agrotis, YI, 61+, 62+. annularis, Pomoxys, I, 37, II, 47, 76*, 84*, III, 56* Annulata, TT, 82+ . INDEX. 15 Annulate worms, II, 80f, 81f. Anodonta, II, 80f, 81+, III, 65f. Anolidae, V, 45, 48. Anolis, Y, 48. principalis, V, 49. Anomala, VI, 7f, 12f, 14f, 15f, 18f, 19f, 29 f, 31f. binotata, III, 45f, VI, 6f, 7f, 8f, Ilf, 13f, 14f, 15f, 16f, 18f, 19f, 20f, 22 f, 24f, 26f, 28f, 29f, 31f. lucicola, VI, 28f, 31f. anomalum, Campostoma, I, 44, II, 55, 60, 76f, 78f, 79*, 85*, YI, 77*, 94*. Anomodon, II, 22. Anomoglossus pusillus, III, 152f. Anorthura, IV, 173. troglodytes, var. hiemalis, IY, 173. Anser, IY, 198. albifrons, var. gambeli, IV, 198. gambeli, IY, 199. ^Anseres, IY, 198. Antennaria, I, 58. Anthers of blue-grass, III, 155f, YI, 40f. of grass, III, 155f, 156f, 159f, YI, 40f. of plants, YI, 84f, 87f. anthicum, Bascanium, V, 38. Anthoceris viscosa, I, 55. Anthoceros, II, 25. Anthoceroteae, II, 25. anthracinus, Eumeces, V, 46. Anthus, IY, 173. ludovicianus, IV, 173. antillarum, Sterna, IY, 202. Antrostomus, IY, 185. carolinensis, IY, 185. Ants, III, 50t, 95f, 96f, 97f, 107f, 108f, 109f, liot, lilt, 112t, 113t, 114t, 115t, 119t, 120t, 121t, 122f, 123f, 124f, 128f, 129f, 130f, 131f, 132f, ia3f, 134f, 135f, 136f, 139f, 140f, 141f, 142f, 144f, 156f, YI, 6f, 7f, 8f, 9f, 10f, 14f, 15f, 16f, 19f, 41f, i 43f, 45f, 46f, 49f, 60f. winged, III, 96f, 141f, 143f. wingless, II, 78f. Anura, V, 5, 15. Anursea, III, 72f, 73f, VI, 107f. striata, YI, 106f, I07f. Apeltes, II, 88*. Aphanorrhegma, II, 22. Aphelocoma, IV, 206. florid an a, IY, 206. Aphididae, II, 3, YI, 23f, 40f, 41f, 54f, 59f, 61f, 62 f, 64f. A list of the species of the tribe Aphidini, family of, found in the United States, II, 3-16. A synoptical table of the sub-fami- lies of, as given by Buckton, II, 3. Aphidinae, II, 3. Aphidini, II, 3. A list of the species of the tribe, family Aphididae, found in the United States, II, 3-16. Aphidius, YI, 29f, 30f. Aphis, II, 9, 10, 17. aceris, II, 14. avenae, II, 5. beccabungae, II, 11. berberidis, II, 14. betulaecolens, II, 13. brassicae, II, 12. candicans, II, 14. caryella, II, 14. cephalanthi, II, 11. cerasi, II, 9. cerasicolens, II, 9. cerasifoliae, II, 9. cerealis, II, 5. circaezandis, II, 13. Corn, YI, 51f. cornifoliae, II, 13. crataegifoliae, II, 13. euphorbiae, I, 6. floris-rapae, II, 12. fumipennella, II, 14. gossypii, II, 14. granaria, II, 5. hordei, II, 5. humuli, II, 9. impatientis, II, 12. institia, II, 9. lactucae, II, 7. maculella, II, 14. maidis, II, 12, VI, 64 f . inali, II, 11. malifoliae, II, 11. 16 INDEX. marginella, II, 14. persica, II, 9. persicaecola, II, 9. persicophila, II, 9. pinicolens, II, 14. polygoni, II, 8. populifoliae, II, 14. pruni, II, 9, 13. prunifoliae, II, 13. punctatella, II, 14. pyri, II, 11. ribis, II, 9. rosae, II, 5. rumicis, II, 13. salicicola, II, 8. salicti, II, 8. sambuci, II, 13. sambucifoliae, II, 13. symphoricarpi, II, 12. vernoniae, II, 10. viburni, II, 12. vitis, II, 5. Aphodius, III, 93f, 131 f , 139+, 140+ 141f, 142+, 144+ 145f, 147f, YI, 9+ Ilf, 20+, 12f, 13f, 15+, 27+ 28f, 29+, 31+. femoralis, VI, 28f, 31f. fimetarius, III, 50+ , 92+ 120+ 138f, 140+. granarius, III, 1 20 f- . inquinatus, II, 77+, III, 50+ 90f, 92+, 120+ 138+, 140f, YI, Ilf, 15+, 27f, 28f, 29f, 31f. Aphredoderidae, I, 38, II, 47, 48, 77*, 84*, VI, 65, 65*, 66*, 93*. Aphredoderus, I, 39, II, 47, 48, 87*, III, 47, VI, 68. cookianus, II, 49. isolepis, I, 39, II, 48, 77*. mesotrema, II, 49. sayanus, I, 39, II, 48, 49, 84*, VI, 66*, 93*. apiculata, Locusta, T, 66. Apidse, III, 104+ Apodes, II, 68. Apomotis, II, 45, III, 51*, 62, 62*, 63*, 68*. cyanellus, II, 45, III, 46*, 48. Apple, II, 11. Apples, III, 97+, 114+ Apple- worm, III, 138+ . Aquatic Coleoptera, III, 46+ , 63+ , 64+ , VI, 88+ 90+, 94f. larvae, III, 41+ VI, 67f. Hemiptera, II, 79f, III, 63f, VI, 72+, 83f, 90f, 93f, 94f. larvae, II, 75f, 81f, 82f, VI, 68f, 69f, 92f, 93f, 94f. pupa, III, 55f. vegetation, II. 79f, 82f, III, 41, 51 f, VI, 80f, 82f, 83f, 86f, 91f. aquaticus, Asellus, I, 11, 12. Aquila, IV, 190. chrysaetus, var. canadensis, IV, 190. aquilensis, Ichthelis, I, 37, II, 45. Pomotis, II, 45. Arachnida, II, 75f, 77f, 84f, 85f, 86f, III, 46f, 52f, 55f, 62f, 63f, 64f, 94f, 95f, 101f, 105f, 112f, 113f, 1 14f , 115f, 117f, 121, 123f, 126f, 128f, 133f, 135f, 136f, 142f, 143f, 148f, VI, 7f, 19f, 20, 23f, 25f, 49f, 59f, 60f , 62f, 64f, 90+ , 93+, 94+ . aquatic, III, .48+ . terrestrial, VI, 93+. Aradidae, VI, 23+ . Araneidae, II, 84+, 85f, 86+. Arboreal birds, VI, 18*. Arcella, III, 70+, 71+ 72+. discoides, III, 72f. vulgaris, III, 72+. Archibuteo, IV, 189. ) ferrugineus, IV, 190. lagopus, var. sancti-johannis, IV, 189. Archidium, II, 18. Arcifera, V, 15, 18. Arctic Tern, IV, 208. arctica, Sialia, IV, 172. arcticus, Colymbus, IV, 203. Picoides, IV, 186. Arctiinae larvae, III, 92+, 93+ 104+ 138+ 145*, 147+ Arcyptera gracilis, I, 62. Ardea, IV, 193. herodias, IV, 193. occidentalis, IV, 193. rufa, IV, 169. wurdemanni, IV, 193. Ardeidae, IV, 167, 193, 208. ardens, Ly thrurus, II, 59. INDEX. 17 Ardetta, IV, 194. exilis, IV, 194. arenaria, Calidris, IV, 196. arenarius, Elymus, I, 52. Arenetra, III, 138, 139f. nigrita, III, 138f. arenosa, Tetrix, I, 69. areolata, Rana, V, 22, 23. arge, Notropis, II, 60. argentatus, Larus, IV, 202. argenteus, Ammocoetes, II, 70. Ichthyomyzon, I, 52, II, 70. Argyreus atronasus, VI, 75*. nasutus, VI, 75*. argyritis, Hybognathus, I, 45, II, 56, 79*, 85*. Argyrosomus, I, 44. cisco, I, 44. clupeiformis, I, 44, II, 54. hoyi, I, 44, II, 54. nigripinnis, I, 44, II, 54. ariomma, Cliola, II, 60. Episema, II, 60. aristosa, Coreopsis, II, 7. Aristus bucephalus, III, 150*. Arma, II, 77f. Army-worm, III, 14, 84, 139f . arnyi, Diadophis, V, 35. aromatica, Rhus, I, 28, 31. Aromochelys, V, 53. carinatus, V, 53. odoratus, V, 53. Arphia sanguinaria, I, 63. sulphurea, I, 63. tenebrosa, I, 63. xanthoptera, I, 63. Arquatella, IV, 195. maritima, IV, 195. artedi, Coregonus, II, 54. artemisiaefolia, Ambrosia, I, 57, III, 150f. Arthonia, II, 32. Arthoniei, II, 32. asclepiadis, Siphonophora, II, 7. Asclepias cornuti, II, 7. Ascomycetes, VI, 60f, 63f. Asellidse, I, 21. Asellus, I, 11, 17, 21, II, 75f, 77f, 87f, 90, III, 30f, 36f, 37f, 41f, 43f, 50f, 52f, 53f, 54f, 55f, 65f, 67f, 68f, 93f. aquaticus, I, 11, lg. brevicauda, I, 8, 10, 11, 22. communis, I, 8, 10, II, 88. Description of a new species of, II, 90-92. intermedius, I, 10, 22, II, 87f, 92. microcephalus, 1, 11. militaris, II, 87f, 90. stygius, I, 11, 22. Asimina, I, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31. Asio, IV, 187. accipitrinus, IV, 187. americanus, IV, 187. asio, Scops, IV, 187, 191. asper, Aspidonectes, V, 52. Aspidoglossa subangulata, VI, 57f. Aspidonectes, V, 51, 52. asper, V, 52. ferox, V, 52. nuchalis, V, 52. spinifer, V, 52. asprellus, Pleurolepis, II, 38, III, 22*. asprigenis, Poecilichthys, II, 41, 75*, 84*, III, 23*. Astacidse, I, 18. Asterella, II, 25. Aster puniceus, I, 59. Astomum, II, 19. Astragalinus, IV, 178. tristis, IV, 178, VI, 11*. Astur, IV, 189. atricapillus, IV, 189. Asturina, IV, 189. plagiata, IV, 169, 189. nitida, var. plagiata, IV, 189. Ataenius, III, 143f. ater, Molothrus, IV, 182, VI, 13*, 29*, 31*, 32*. Atherinidae, I, 42, II, 51, 78*, 85*, VI, 65*, 69*. atherinoides, Minnilus, VI, 86*, 94*. Notropis, II, 60, 80*, 85*. atlanis, Caloptenus, I, 68. atmodes, Heterodon, V, 44. atrarius, Amiurus, I, 50, II, 67. atrata, Catharista, IV, 190. atricapillus, Astur, IV, 189. Parus, IV, 172, VI, 8*, 28*, 30*, 31*. Atrichium, II, 21. atricilla, Larus, IV, 202. atripes, Lythrurus, II, 59. 18 INDEX. atriventris, Loxopeza, I'll, 155*, YI, 40*, 50*. atrofuscus, Ancistrodon, V, 28. atromaculata, Boleosoma, I, 35. atronasus, Argyreus, YI, 75*. Rhinichthys, I, 45, II, 63. atropurpureus, Euonymus, I, 31. atrox, (Edipoda, I, 66. Audubon, IV, 205. angusticornis Truxalis, I, 61. Aulacomnion, II, 21. aura, Cathartes, IY, 190. auratus, Carassius, I, 48, II, 63. Colaptes, IY, 186, YI, 16*. aureolum, Myxostoma, II, 63, 71*, 81*, 86*. aureolus, Teretulus, I, 49, II, 63. Xenoiis, II, 46. aureus Eupomotis, II, 43, 46, 77*, 84*, 88*, III, 44*, 53*. auriculata, Desmognathus, Y, 14. auritus, Bytes, IV, 203. Monocrepidius, III, 120f, YI, 28f, 31f. Pomotis, I, 38, II, 46. aurocapillus, Siurus, IY, 175. aurora, Catostomus, I, 48. avense, Aphis, II, 5. Siphonophora, II, 5. Avocet, American, IY, 197. Avocets, IY, 197. B Bachelor, II, 47. bachmani, Helminthophaga, IY, 204. Bachman’s Warbler, IV, 204. Bacillaria, VI, 107f. Bacteria, III, 156f. Bacunculus sayi, I, 60. cadipes Staphylinus, VI, 27f, 30f. Baetis, larvae, III, 44f, 46f, 49f, 52f. Baetisca, pupae, II, 75f. Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, on the food of the Catbird, III, 107. bairdi, Actodromas, IY, 195. Centronyx, IV, 205. Baird’s Bunting, IV, 205. Sandpiper, IV, 195. Baird, Spencer F., Y, 3, 4, VI, 99, 109. Baird, W., The Natural History of the British Entomostraca, I, 16. Bald Eagle, IV, 190. -pate, IV, 199. baltimorensis, Anisodactylus, III, 93f, 110f, 141f, 150, 151*, 155*, VI, 8f* 28f, 30f, 44*, 58f. Baltimore Oriole, IV, 182, VI, 14*, 24*, 25*. Banded Darter, II, 74*. Three- toed Woodpecker, IV, 207. Bank Swallow, IY, 177. Barbula, II, 20. Bar-Fish, II, 47. Baris, YI, 28f, 29f, 31f. confinis, YI, 28f, 32f. Barley, II, 5. Barnard, W. S., Ill, 72. Barn Owl, IV, 187, Swallow, IV, 177. Barnyard Turkey, IV, 191. barratti, Boleichthys, I, 34, 35. Barred Darter, I, 36. Killifish, II, 51, 78*, YI, 71*. Minnow, I, 42. Owl, IV, 187. Barrow’s Golden-eye, IY, 200. Bartramia, II, 21, IV, 196. longicauda, IV, 196. Bartram’s Tattler, IV, 196. Bary, A. De, Morphologie and Physiol- ogie der Pilze, cited, I, 53. Ueber die Brandpilze, cited, I, 53. Bascanium, V, 30, 38. anthicum, V, 38. constrictor, V, 38. flagelliforme, V, 38. Bass, II, 44, 75f, III, 21, 36*, 76*. Black, II, 75f* 76*, 78f, III, 21, 25*, 32f, 38*, 40*, 42, 45, 57f, 61, 66*, 76*. Large-mouthed, I, 36, II, 44, III, 38*, 42, 61*. Small-mouthed, I, 37, II, 44, III, 40*, 61*. Brassy, III, 36*, 37*. Butter, III, 56*. Calico, I, 37, II, 47. Grass, II, 47. Moss, II, 44. Oswego, II, 44. River, III, 40*. Rock, I, 37, II, 44, III, 38, 44*, 61*. INDBX. 19 Shining, I, 37, II, 47. Short-striped, I, 36. White, II, 44. Silver, III, 21, 56*. Striped, III, 37*. Tiger, III, 40*. White, I, 36, II, 44, 75*, III, 21, 36*, 37*. Yellow, II, 75*. Batrachia, V, 4, 5-25. and Reptilia found east of the Mis- sissippi river, Descriptive cata- logue of, Y, 1-64. Bay-breasted Warbler, IV, 175. -shouldered Bunting, IY, 179. Bean, II, 13. beccabungae, Aphis, II, 11. Bee, II, 79 f, III, 110f. -bird, IY, 184. -martin, IV, 184. Beech, I, 26, 27, II, 13. Beef, YI, 99f. Bees, II, 79f, 81f. Beetle, YI, 9f, 12f. Brown, III, 157f. larva, YI, 43f. Long-horn, III, 141f, VI, Ilf, 18f. Potato, III, 94f. Soldier, III, 92f, 138*, 144f, 146*. Two-lined, larvae, III, 138f. Spring, II, 78f. Beetles, III, 90f, 92f , 93f, 94f, 95f, 98f, 103f, 108f, 112f, 119f, 123f, 130f, 149, YI, 7f, 13f, 20f. Carrion, III, 119f. Click, YI, 7f. larvae, YI, 7f . Colorado Potato, III, 50f, 84f. Dung, III, 93f, 138f, 140f. Flea, III, 50f. Ground, III, 146, YI, 83f. June, III, 98f, 119f, 120f, 123f, 124f, 128f, 134f, 140f, 141f, 142f, YI, 19f. May, III, 93f, 109f. Notes upon the Food of Predaceous, III, 149-152. Plant, III, 108f, lllf, 112f, 115f, 120f, 121f, 129f, 130f, 131f. Predaceous, III, 93f, 98f, 102f, 103, 110f, 112f, 115f, 120f, 122f,130f, 144f, 146, 149*, VI, 7f, 13f, 36*. Rose, III, 128+. Scavenger, III, 90f, 92f, 94f, 98f, llOf, H2f, 129f, YI, Ilf, 12f, 20f. Snout, III, 98f, 102f, 108f, 112f, 113f, 114f, 115f, 119f, 120f, 121f, 122f, 123f, 124f, 128f, 134f, YI, 7f. Spring, III, 120f, 121f, 122f, 123f, 124f, 129f, 131f, YI, 16f. Water, II, 82f, III, 44f, 53f, 54f, 55f, 93f, 108f, 129f. larvae, III, 65f. Beet, leaves of, III, 149f. belfragii, (Edipoda, I, 65. belli, Yireo, IV, 169, 176. Bell’s Yireo, IY, 176. Belted Kingfisher, IY, 186. Piping Plover, IY, 194. Bembidium, III, 150*. lampos, III, 150*. monticola, III, 150*. Beneficial Insects, III, 92f, 93f, 102f, 115f, 131f, 135f, 138f, 139f, 142f, 145f, 146f. berberidis, Aphis, II, 14. Rhopalosiphum, II, 14. Berberis, I, 58f. vulgaris, 11,14. Berkley, Rev. M. J., Introduction to Cryptogamic Botany, cited, 1,53. Outlines of British Fungology, cited, I, 53. Bernicla, IY, 199. brenta, IY, 199. canadensis, IY, 199. var. hutchinsi, IV, 199. var. leucoparia, IY, 199. Berries, III, 114f, 124f. Holly, III, 144f. Mistletoe, III, 97f, 106f, 144f. Mountain Ash, III, 96f, 106f, 121f, 127f. Scarlet Thorn, III, 144f. Silmach, III, 93f, 94f, 106f, 108f, 113f, 118f, 138f, 139f, 144f. Betula, I, 27, 31. betulaecolens, Aphis, II, 13. bewicki, Thryomanes, IY, 173. Bewick’s Wren, IY, 173, 20 INDEX. Biatora, II, 31. Bibio, III, 107f. albipennis, III, 90. larvae, III, 97f, 128f, YI, 87f. larvae, III, 82f, 91f, 92f, 93f, 94f, 102f, 130f, 132f, 135f. Bibionidae, III, 93f, 104f, 116f, 135f, 136f. Bibliography of Illinois Ornithology, IY, 168-170. Bibron, G., Y, 3. bicolor, Amblystoma, Y, 9. Calamospiza, IY, 205. Lophophanes, IV, 172. Quercus, I, 26. Tachycineta, IY, 177. bifasciata, Candona, III, 74f. Big Black-head, IY, 200. -eyed Chub, II, 62. -eyed Shiner, II, 60. -mouthed Buffalo Fish, II, 65. Sapsucker, IY, 185. Bignonia, I, 27. bignonioides, Catalpa, I, 58f. biguttatus, Ceratichthys, I, 45, II, 60, 62, VI, 89*, 94*. Colymbetes, III, 108f. bilineata, Tetrix, I, 69. bilineatus, Spelerpes, V, 13. Telephorus, III, 92f, YI, 9f, 28f, 31 f, 152f. Bill Fish, II, 82*. binotata, Anomala, III, 45f, YI, 6f, 7f, 8f, Ilf, 13f, 14f, 15f, 16f, 18f, 19f, 20f, 22f, 24f, 26f, 28f, 29f, 31f. bipustulata, Clivina, YI, 57f. Birch, Canoe, I, 26. Bird feather, III, 59f. louse, III, 109f. of Paradise, IY, 206. of Washington, IY, 190. Bird, Qua, IY, 193. Birds, III, 80*, 154*. arboreal, YI, 18*. frugivorous, III, 99. Indigo, YI, 20*. insectivorous, III, 14, 101. List of, probably occurring in Illi- nois, IV, 204-208. Number of species which breed in Illinois, IV, 167. of Illinois, Catalogue of, IY, 171— 208. of prey, III, 103. orchard, VI, 19*, 20*. Relations of Carabidse and Cocci- nellidse to, YI, 56-58. Table of families of, IY, 167. The Food of, III, 80-148. The Regulative Action of, upon In- sect Oscillations, YI, 3-32. bison, Carpiodes, II, 65. Ichthyobus, I, 49, II, 65. Bitter- head, II, 47. Bittern, American, IY, 194. Least, IY, 194. Bitternut Hickory, I, 26. Bittersweet, I, 55f. bivittata, Caloptenus, III, 142f. bivittatum, Spectrum, I, 60. Black and White Creeper, IV, 173. and Yellow Warbler, IY, 174. -backed Gull, Great, IV, 202. Three-toed Woodpecker, IY, 186. Bass, II, 75f*, 76*, 78f, III, 21, 25*, 32 f, 38*, 40*, 42, 45, 57, 61, 66*, 76*. Large-mouthed, I, 36, II, 44, III, 38*, 42. Small-mouthed, I, 37, II, 44, III, 40*. -bellied Plover, IY, 194. -billed American Magpie, IV, 183. Cuckoo, IY, 187, YI, 16*, 26*, 27*. Buffalo Fish, II, 65, 81*. Bull-head, I, 50. Caddis-fly, III, 49f. -capped Chickadee, IY, 172, YI, 8*, 22*, 23*. Yellow Warbler, IY, 175. Cat Fish, II, 67, 82*. Cricket, III, 110f. Croppie, II, 76*, III, 56*. -crowned Night Heron, IV, 193. Eagles, IY, 190. -eyed Top Minnow, II, 52, YI, 72*. -fin, I, 44, II, 54. -head, I, 45, II, 55, IV, 200, VI, 78*. Big, IV, 200. Little, IV, 200. INDEX. 21 -headed Goldfinch, Mexican, IV, 205. Grosbeak, IV, 205. -horse, I, 50, II, 64. Lamprey, Small, I, 52, II, 70. Loon, IY, 201. Mallard, IV, 199. Moccasin, V, 28. -necked Stilt, IV, 197. -nosed Dace, I, 45. Oak, I, 26. -poll Warbler, IV, 175, VI, 9*, 22*, 23*. Rail, Little, IV, 197. Salmon, II, 75*. Scoter, IV, 200. -sided Darter, I, 35, II, 39, 74*. • Stickleback, II, 51, YI, 68*. Sucker, III, 71*. Sun Fish, 1,37, II, 45.' Tern, IY, 202. White-winged, IV, 208. -throated Blue Warbler, IV, 174. Bunting, IV, 181, VI, 12*, 18*, 19*, 24*, 25*. Diver, IV, 203. Green Warbler, IV, 175, VI, 10*, 22*, 23*. Yulture, IV, 190. Warrior, IV, 189. -winged Red-bird, IY, 177. Woodcock, IV, 186. Blackberries, III, 95f, 96f, 98f, 102f, 103f, 106f, 109f, lilt, 112f, 113f, 114f, 118f, 121f, 122f, 123f, 126f, 128f, 131f, 132f, 134f, 136f. Blackberry, II, 8. Blackbird, IV, 183. Brewer’s IV, 183. Cow, IY, 182. Red-winged, IV, 182, VI, 13*, 24*, 25*. Rusty, IY, 182. Yellow-headed, IV, 182. Skunk, IY, 182. Blackbirds, IV, 182, YI, 13*. blackburniae, Dendroeca, IV, 175. Blackburnian Warbler, IV, 175. blackburnii, Geotrupes, III, 144f. Blades of grass, III, 151f. Blanding’s Tortoise, V, 57. Blatta americana, I, 60. culinaris, I, 60. germanica, I, 59. orientalis, I, 60. pennsylvanica, I, 59. Blattidee, I, 59. Blechrus, III, 153. blennioides, Diplesium, II, 40. Etheostoma, I, 35, II, 39. Blenny Darter, II, 39. Blepharostoma, II, 26. Blepharozia, II, 26. Blight, II, 9. Blind Fishes, II, 53. Snake, Floridan, V, 45. Blissus, III, 105f, 117f, 126f. leucopterus, VI, 28f, 32f. bliti, Cystopus, I, 57. Blob, II, 50, VI, 68*. Blossoms of plants, III, 152f, VI, 85f. rag-weed, III, 156f. trees, II, 76f. Blowing Adder, V, 43. Blue and Green Sun Fish, II, 46. and Orange Sun Fish, I, 38, II, 46. -bill, IV, 200. -breasted Darter, II, 41. Buffalo Fish, I, 49. Cat Fish, II, 66. -cheeked Sun Fish, II, 77*. Chicken Hawk, IV, 189. Darter, I, 34, II, 41. Striped, I, 34, II, 41. -fin, II, 54. Goose, IV, 198. -grass, anthers of, III, 155f, VI, 40. pollen of, III, 155f, VI, 40f. -gray Gnat-catcher, IV, 172. -green Sun Fish, II, 46. Grosbeak, IV, 181. Heron, Great, IV, 193. Little, IV, 193. Jay, III, 114*, IV, 183, VI, 17*, 20*. Pike, II, 44. -spotted Sun Fish, II, 45, III, 46*. Sun Fish, I, 37, II, 45, 76*. Warbler, Black-throated, IV, 174. -winged Yellow Warbler, IV, 174. Teal, IV, 199. Yellow-backed Warb er, IV, 174. Bluebird, III, 95*, 96*, 111*, 121*, 22 INDEX. 137*, 147*; IY, 172, 182, Yi, 8*, 18*, 22*, 23*, 56*, 57*. List of Cicindelidae and Carabidae eaten by, YI, 57, 58. Rocky Mountain, IY, 172. Bluebirds, IY, 172, YI, 8*, 56*. Blunt-jawed Minnow, I, 45, II, 56, YI, 79*. -nosed Minnow, I, 45, II, 55, 79*, YI, 79*. Bob-o-link, IY, 182. Bolbocerus farctus, III, 110f. Boleichthys, I, 34, II, 42, III, 27*. barratti, I, 34, 35. elegans, I, 35, II, 43, 75*, 84*, III, 24*. eos, I, 34, 35, II, 40. 42. erochrous, I, 34. exilis, I, 34, 35. fusiformis, I, 34. warreni, I, 34, 35. boleoides, Uranidea, I, 41. Boleosoma, I, 35, II, 40, III, 23*, 26*, 27*, 60f. atromaculata, I, 35. brevipinne, I, 35, IT, 40. camurum, II, 40, III, 23*. maculatum, II, 40, 41, 74*, 84*, IIP 23*, 58f. olmstedi, I, 35, II, 40, III, 23*. Bonaparte's Gull, IY, 202. Sandpiper,, IV, 195. Bonasa, IY, 191. umbellus, IY, 191. borealis, Buteo, IV, 189. Contopus, IY, 184. Epilachna, III, 152. Lanius, IY, 176. Numenius, IY, 196. Borer, YI, 18f. boreus, Esox, I, 43, II, 53. boscas, Anas, IY, 199, Bosmina, II, 76f, 78f, 81f, 88f, III, 36f, 43f, 46f, 69f, YI, 70f, 76f, 77f, 87f. longirostris, III, 29f, 39f, 44f, 45f, 48f, YI, 87f. Boston Society of Natural History, Me- moirs cited, IY, 206. Proceedings cited, IY, 206. Botaurus, IV, 194. lentiginosus, IY, 194. Botryopium pulchrum, I, 59. Bow-fin, II, 68. Box Turtle, Y, 57. Three-toed, Y, 57. Brachyacantha, YI, 64*. ursina, III, 159*. Brachycera, YI, 93f. Brachyiobus lithophilus, III, 93f, YI, 57f. Brachynus, VI, 57f, 59f, 62f, 63f. furaans, YI, 39*. Bracteria sayi, I, 60. Bradycellus, III, 128f, 129f, VI, 45*, 59* 62*, 63*. dichrous, III, 158*, YI, 45*. rupestris, III, 152,*, YI, 45*. Branchipodidae, I, 22. Brant, IY, 199. White, IY, 198. Brant Goose, IY, 199. brassicae, Aphis, II, 12. Brassy Bass, III, 36*, 37*. Bread, YI, 98f, 99f. Bream, II, 61, 77*, III, 53*. Copper-nosed, II, 45. Brendel, Frederick, The Tree in Winter, I, 26-32. brenta, Bernicla, IY, 199. Brenthidae, III, 126f. brevicauda, Asellus, I, 8, 10, 11, 22. breviceps, Xenotis, II, 45. brevicornis, Acrida, I, 61. Gryllus, I, 61. Pyrgomorpha, I, 61. Truxalis, I, 61. Tryxalis, I, 61. brevipinne, Boleosoma, I, 35, II, 40. brevipennis, Opsomala, I, 61. Brevirostres, III, 92, 105f, 108f, 112f, 117f, 119f, 120f, 126f. Brewer, T. M.,Note on the Food of Birds, III, 82. See Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway. Brewer’s Blackbird, IY, 183. Briggs, S. A., VI, 99. Broad-nosed Gar, II, 82*. -winged Hawk, IY, 189. Broun, H. G., Classen und Ordnun- gen des Thier-Reichs, cited, III, 66. (index. 23 Bronzed Grackle, IV, 183, VI, 14*, 26*, 27*. Brook Silversides, III, 21, 69. Stickleback, II, 78*. Broscus cephalotes, III, 150*. Brown Beetle, III, 157f. Buffalo Fish, I, 49, II, 65. Cat Fish, I, 50. Creeper, American, IV, 173. -headed Nuthatch, IV, 204. -nosed Dace, II, 63. Pelican, IV, 201. Snake, DeKay’s, V, 40. Thrasher, IV, 171. Thrush, III, 89*, 96*, 118*, 125*, 128*, 132*, 134* 135*, 136*, VI, 7*, 22*, 23*. Bruchia, II, 19. brunnea, Colaspis, III, 121f. Brunnichia, I, 27. Bryant, Dr. H., Note on Birds, IV, 206. Bryum, II, 21. Bubalichthyinae, II, 80*. Bubalichthys, I, 50, II, 65. altus, II, 66. bubalinus, II, 66. bubalus, II, 66. ^ cyanellus, II, 66. niger, I, 50, II, 65, 81*, 86*. urus, II, 65. bubalinus, Bubalichthys, II, 66. bubalus, Amblodon, I, 49. Bubalichthys, II, 66. Ichthyobus, I, 49, II, 65, 81*, 86*, III, 48f. Bubo, IV, 187. virginianus, IV, 187. var. subarcticus, IV, 187. buccata, Ericymba, I, 45, II, 61, 80*, 85*, VI, 75*. buccinator, Olor, IV, 198. bucephalus, Aristus, III, 150*. Buckton, G. B., A synoptical table of the sub-families of Aphidae, II, 3. on Siphonophora lactucae, II, 7. Buckwheat, III, 127f. Buellia, II, 32. Buffalo Carp, I, 49. Carp-Sucker, II, @5. Fish, I, 50, II, 65, 80*, 83*, 88*, 89*, III, 47f, 73*. Big-mouthed, II, 65. Black, II, 65, 81*. Blue, I, 49. Brown, I, 49, II, 65. Red-mouth, II, 65, 81*. Small-mouthed, II, 66. Buff-breasted Sandpiper, IV, 196. Sheldrake, IV, 201. Buffle-head, IV, 200. Bufo, V, 16. lentiginosus, var. americanus,V, 17. var. fowleri, V, 17. var. lentiginosus, V, 17. quercicus, V, 17. valliceps, V, 17. Bufonidae, V, 15, 16. Bufoniformia, V, 15, 16. Buffon’s Jaeger, IV, 202. Bugs, III, 98f. June, VI, 7f. Plant, II, 81f, III, 50f, 138f. Predaceous, III, 102f, 139f, 144f, 146. Soldier, III, 90f, 92f, lllf, I20f, 138f, 141f, 144f, 146*. Water, II, 75f, 76f, 77f, 81f, 82f, III, 29f, 39f, 61f. Bulletins of the Bussey Institution, cited, 1, 55. Census, cited, VI, 97. Essex Institute, cited, IV, 172, 184, 192, 193. Illinois State Laboratory of Nat- ural History, cited, II, 87, VI, 35, 65, 88, 98. Museum of Comparative Zoology, cited, IV, 205, 207. Nuttall Ornithological Club, cited, IV, 179, 180, 189, 190, 193, 199, 201, 202, 208. U. S. Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories, cited, IV, 193. U. S. National Museum, cited, V, 3. Bull Frog, V, 25. -head, II, 67, III, 46. Alvord’s, II, 50. Black, I, 50. Cave, II, 50. Hoy’s, I, 41. Kumlien’s, I, 41, II, 50. index! 24 Northern, I, 50. Wilson’s. II, 50. Snake, V, 38. bundyi, Eubranchipus, I, 25. Bundy, W. T., I, 14. Descriptions of Illinois Crustacea, I, 3, 5, 24. Bunting, IV, 197. Baird’s IV, 205. Bay-shouldered, IV, 179. Black-throated, IV, 181, VI, 12*, 18*, 19*, 24*, 25*. Henslow’s, IV, 179. Lark, IV, 179, 205. Leconte’s, IV, 179. Nelson’s Sharp-tailed, IV, 179. Nonpareil, IV, 181. Snow, IV, 178. Varied, IV, 205. Yellow-winged, IV, 179. Buntings, IV, 178 Buprestidee, III, 125f. buprestoides, Anisomorpha, I, 60. Phasma, I, 60. Burbot, II, 51. Burrill, T. J., VI, 36. Upon Parasitic Fungi, I, 52-59. Burrowing Owl, IV, 207. Bussey Institution Bulletin, cited, I, 55. Buteo, IV, 189. borealis, IV, 189. var. calurus, IV, 169, 189. harlani, IV, 189. lineatus, IV, 189. pennsylvanicus, IV, 189. swainsoni, IV, 189. Butorides, IV, 193. virescens, IV, 193. Butter-ball, IV, 200. Bass, III, 56*. Buzzard, Turkey, IV, 189, 190. Byrrhidae, III, 120f, 125f, 147f. C Cabbage, I, 57f, II, 12, III, 90f. Cabbage worms, VI, 37, 42, 46, 61. Caddis Fly, Black, III, 49f. larvae, II, 82f. Caducibranchiata, V, 5, 6. Caecidotea, I, 11. sty gins, I, 11. microcephalus, I, 11. caerulea, Dendrceca, IV, 174. Florida, IV, 193. Guiraca, IV, 181. Polioptila, IV, 172. caerulescens, Chen, IV, 198. Dendrceca, IV, 174. caeruleus, Poecilichthys, I, 34, II, 41. Calamospiza, IV, 205. bicolor, IV, 205. Calandridae, VI, 9f. Calanidae, I, 23. Calathus, VI, 40*, 50*, 59*, 60*, 62*, 63*. gregarius, III, 151, 155*, VI, 40*. latus, III, 150*. calendula, Regulus, IV, 172. Caliciei, II, 33. Calicium, II, 33. Calico Bass, I, 37, II, 47. Calidris, IV, 196. arenaria, IV, 196. calidum, Calosoma, III, 146*, VI, 14f, 29f, 30 f, 38*. California Salmon, I, 43. californicus, Dytes, IV, 203. caliginosus, Harpalus, III, 150*, 151*, 156*, VI, 45*, 46*. Callida punctata, III, 95f. calligaster, Opbibolus, V, 34. Callimorpha, III, 92f. lecontei, III, 138, 139f. Callipterus, II, 12, 13. Caloptenus, I, 67. atlanis, I, 68. differentialis, I, 68. femur-rubrum, I, 68. occidentalis, I, 68. spretus, I, 68. Calosoma, VI, 16f, 38*, 51*, 59*, 60*, 62*, 63*. calidum, III, 146*, VI, 14f, 29f, 30f, 38*. scrutator, VI, 38*. calurus, Buteo, IV, 169, 189. calva, Amia, I, 51, II, 68,' 82*, 86*. Calypogeia, II, 26. Cambarus, I, 3, 18, 24, III, 30f, 36f, 43, 46f, 52f. acutus, I, 3, 18. debilis, I, 24. gracilis, I, 5, 18. INDEX. 25 immunis, I, 4, 19, II, 82f, 87f, III, 40f. obesus, I, 5, 19. placidus, I, 4, 19. propinquus, I, 4, 19, III, 42f. sloani, I, 24. stygius, I, 3, 19. troglodyte?, I, 4, 18. virilis, I, 4, 19, I IT, 30f. wisconsinensis, I, 4, 19. Camnula pellucida, I, 66. tricarinata, I, 66. Campbellite, 11, 47. Campephilus, IY, 185. principalis, IY, 185. Camponotus, VI, 29f, 30f. Campostoma, I, 44, II, 55, III, 43f, VI, 75*, 76, 81*. anomalum, I, 44, II, 55, 60, 76f, 78f, 79*, 85*, YI, 77*, 94*. Campylopus, IT, 19. camurum, Boleosoma, II, 40, III, 23*. camurus, Nothonotus, II, 41. Canace, IY, 207. canadensis, IV, 207. Canada Goose, IV, 199. Jay, IV, 206. canadense, Stizostethium, II, 43, 75f, 84*, III, 31*, 33*. canadensis, Aquila, IV, 190. Bernicla, IV, 199. Canace, IY, 207. Erigeron, II, 7. Grus, IY, 198. Myiodioctes, IV, 175. Perisoreus, IV, 206. Polydesmus, III, 10Sf. Sitta, IY 172. Canadian Fly-catching Warbler, IV,175. candicans, Aphis, II, 14. Populus, II, 14. Candida, Salix, I, 31. candidissima, Garzetta, IV, 193. candidus, Cystopus, I, 57. Candolle, C. de, memoire sur la famille des Juglandees, cited, I, 29. Candona, III, 74f, YI, 71f. bifasciata, III, 74f. Canker-worms, YI, 6f, 7f, 8f, 9f, 10f, Ilf, 12f, 13f, 14 f, 15f, 16f, 17f, 18f, 19f, 2Cf, 21f, 37 f, 38f, 39f, 40 f, 41 f, 42, 43f, 46|, 47f, 49f, 60f. eggs, VI, 17, 18f. larvae, YI, 17*f. Canoe Birch, I, 26. cantabrigensis, Rana, V, 25. Canthocamptus, I, 23, II, 81f, III, 72f, 73f, VI, 70f, 84f, 103f, 104f. illinoisensis, I, 14, 23, II, 89f, VI, 103f. staphylinus, T, 15. Canthon, VI, 16f. hudsonias, VI, 29f, 30f. canutus, Tringa, IV, 195. Canvas-back Duck, IY, 200. caouana, Thalassoclielys, V, 51. Cape May Warbler, IV, 174. capito, Rana, V, 22, 23, 24. Capnodium, I, 58. Caprimulgi, IY, 185. Caprimulgidae, IY, 167, 185, 206. Caprimulgus, IY, 185. vociferus, IV, 185. caprodes, Percina, I, 36, II, 39, III, 23*, 42f. capucina, Fragilaria, VI, 99f. Carabidse, II, 77f, 79f, III, 90f, 92f, 94f, 95f, 96f, 101f, 104f, 108f, 109f, 112f, 113f, ll4f, 1 16 f, 119f, 120f, 121f, 122f, 123f, 124f, 125f, 128f, 129 f, 130f, 131f, 133f, 134f, 135f, 136f, 138t, 140f, 141f, 142f, 144 p, 146*, 147f, 149*, 150*, 151*, 153, 154*f, VI, 6f, 7f, 8f, 9f, 10f, 13f, 14f, 15f, 16f, 17f, 22f, 24f, 26f, 37*, 55*, 56*f, 57f, 59*, 60*, 61*, 62*, 63*, 94f. and Coccinellidae, The food relations of the, VI, 33-64. fossorial, YI, 50. larvae, III, 92f, 96f, 138f, VI, lit. phytophagous, VI, 56f. vegetarian, III, 150f Carabus palustris, III, 140f, VI, 57f. Carassius, I, 48, II, 63. auratus, I, 48, II, 63. carbonata, Perissoglossa, IY, 204 Carbonated Waibler, IV, 204. Cardinal Grosbeak, IV, 181. Cardinalis, IV, 181. •26 INDEX. virginianus, IV, 181. carinata, Amara, VI, 42*. (Edipoda, I, 63. •carinatus, Aromochelys, V, 53. Placopharynx, I, 49, II, 63. Tomonotus, I, 63. carnifex, Phanaeus, III, 120f. carnivorus, Corvus, IV, 183. Carnivorous Cyprinidse, VI, 74. Cyprinodontidse, VI, 70. insects, III, 115+, 130f, 146, 152, 159. Thousand-legs, III, 1 1 1 f Carolina Chickadee, IV, 172. Parakeet, IV, 187. Rail, IV, 197. Wren, Great, IV, 173. Carolina, Gryllus, I, 64. Locusta, I, 64. Mantis, I, 60 (Edipoda, J, 64, 65. Porzana, IV, 197. Stagmomantis, I, 60. Testudo, V, 58. carolinense, Engystoma, V, 18. carolinensis, Antrostomus, IV, 185. Conurus, IV, 187. Galeoscoptes, IV, 171. Hyla, V, 21. Mimus, III, 107*, 116*, VI, 6*, :2S*, 30*, 31*, 32*, 57*, 58*. ' Nett ion, IV, 200. Pandion, IV, 188 Parus, IV, 172. Sitta, IV, 172. Tyrannus, IV, 184, VI, 15*, 29*, 30*, 31*. Zenaidura, IV, 190, VI, 16*, 29*, 32*. caroliniana, Locusta, I, 64. carolinuro, Acrydium, I, 64. ...carolinus, Centurus, IV, 186. Gryllus, T, 60, 64. Locusta, I, 64. ' Carp, II, 80*, 88*, 89*. Buffalo, I, 49. Lake, I, 49. Carp Mullet, I, 49. -sucker, Buffalo, II, 65. Deformed, II, 65. Lake, II, 65. Long-finned, IT, 65. Moon. II, 65. Olive, I, 49. River, II, 65. Silvery, II, 65. -suckers, II, 81*, III, 73*. Carphophiops, V, 29, 31. amoenus, V, 31. helenae, V, 3L vermis, V, 31. Carpinus, I, 58. carpio, Carpiodes, II, 65. Ichthyobus, I, 49, II, 65. Myxostoma, II, 63. Teretulus, I, 49, IT, 63. Carpiodes, I, 49, II, 65, 81*, 86*, III, 73*, 79*. bison, II, 65. carpio, II, 65. cutisanserinus, II, 65. cyprinus, II, 65. difformis, II, 65. selene, II, 65. thompsoni, IT, 65. velifer, II, 65. Carpodacus, IV, 178. purpureus, IV, 178. Carrion, III, 151f. » Carrion Beetles, III, 119f. Crow, IV, 190. Carya, I, 28, 30, 31. alba, I, 29, 30 amara, I, 29, 31. olivaeformis, I, 29, 31. caryella, Aphis, II, 14. Case- flies, III, 50f. larvae, III, 30f, 44f, 54f. -worms, III, 23f, 50f, 53f, VI, 73f, 84f, 87f, 88f, 89f. caspia, Sterna, IV, 202. Caspian Tern, IV, 202. cassini, Peueaea, IV, 205. Cassin’s Finch, IV, 205. King-bird, IV, 206. casts griei, Sphaerotheca, I, 58 castanea, Dendroeca, IV, 175. castor, Diaptomus, I, 16. Catalpa, I, 27, 28, 30. bignonioides, T, 58. Catalogue of the Birds of Illinois, IV, 171-208. Fishes of Illinois, A, IT, 37-40. Fishes of Illinois, A partial, 1,33-52. INDEX. 27 North American Batrachia and Rep- tilia found east of Mississippi river, Descriptive, V, 1-64. cataract ae, Rhinichthys, II, 62. Catbird, III, 89*, 100, 107*, 113*, 116*, 118*, 119*, 121*, 123*, 124*, 128*, 132*, 134*, 135*, 136*, IV, 171, VI, 6*, 18*, 19*, 22*, 23*. ■Catfish, II, 66, 75f, 81*, 83*, 87*, HI, 21, 32f, 40f, 67*, 75*, 76*, VI, 68. Black, II, 67, 82*. Blue, II, 66. Brown, I, 50. Channel, I, 50. Common, II, 66, 81*. Chubby Stone, II, 68. Chuckle-headed, II, 66. Duck-billed, I, 51. Forked-tailed, II, 66. Great, I, 50, II, 66. Great Lake, II, 66. Great Mississippi, II, 66. Long- jawed, II, 66. Marbled, II, 67. Margined, I, 50. Mud, I, 50, II, 67. Saw-spined Stone, IT, 68. Slender, I, 51. Slender Stone, II, 67. Spoon-billed, II, 82*. White, II, 66. Yellow, I, 50, II, 66. Yellow-headed, II, 67. Yellow Stone, II, 67. Caterpillars, II, 77f, III, 45f, 50f, 82f, 90f, 92f, 93f, 95f, 96f, 97f, 98f, 101f, 102f, 103f, 108f, 109f, 110f, Hit, 116f,119+, 120f, 121 f, 122f, 123f, 125f, 130f, 131t,132f, 137f, 138f, 139f, 140f, 141f, 142f, 143f, 144f, 145f, 146, 155f, 156f, 157f, VI, 6f, 9f, 10f, 12f, 13f, 14f, 16f, 18f, 19f, 20f, 21f, 39 f, 40f, 41 f, 42f, 43 f, 45f, 46f, 52f, 53f, 61 f. catesbiana, Rana, V, 25. Catharista, IV, 190. atrata, IV, 190. Cathartes, IV, 190. aura, IV, 190. Cathartidae, IV, 167, 190. Caton, J. D., on the Wild Turkey, IV, 191. Catonotus, I, 34. Catostomidse, I, 46, 48, II, 63, 80*, 86*, III, 26*, 65f, 70*, VI, 77*, 98*. Catostominae, II, 80*. Catostomus, I, 48, II, 64. aurora, I, 48. eommersoni, II, 64, III, 73*. cyprinus, I, 49. hudsonius, I, 48, II, 64. longirostrum, II, 64. nigricans, II, 64. teres, I, 48, II, 64. catus, Amiurus, II, 67, III, 47. caudacutus, var. nelsoni, Ammodromus, IV, 179, 205. Caudisona, V, 27, 28. miliaria, V, 28. tergemina, V, 28. Cave Bull-head, II, 50. Salamander, V, 13. Cecropia, cocoons, III, 87f. Cedar Wax-wing, IV, 177, VI, 11*, 24*, 25*. cedrorum, Ampelis, IV, 177, VI, 28*, 30*, 31*. Celastrus, I, 28, 29, 30. celata, Helminthophaga, IV, 174. Celtis, I, 27, 29, 30, 31, III, 106f. Cemophora, V, 30, 33. coccinea, V, 33. Census Bulletin, cited, VI, 97. Centaurea, I, 56. Centrarchidae, II, 44, 75f*, 83*, 84*, III, 21, 28*, 32f, 35 f, 37f, 38*, 62*, 67*, 78*. Centrarchus, I, 37, II, 47, III, 46, 55*, 61*, 62*, 63*, 68*. irideus, I, 37, II, 47, III, 56*. macropterus, II, 47. Centrinus, III, 94f. Centronyx, IV, 205. bairdi, IV, 205. Centrophanes, IV, 178, 205. lapponicus, IV, 178. ornatus, IV, 205. pictus, IV, 178. Centropyxis, VI, 85f. Centurus, IV, 186. 28 INDEX. carolinus, IV, 186. cepedianum, Dorosoma, II, 55, 72*f, 85*, III, 32f, 37f. cephalanthi, Aphis, II, 11. Cephalanthus, I, 27, 28, 30, 31. occidentals, II, 12. cephalotes, Broscus, III, 150*. Cephalozia, II, 26. Cerambycidse, III, 148f, YI, 8f, 14f, 15f, 22f, 24 f, 26f. cerasi, Aphis, II, 9. Myzus, II, 9. cerasicolens, Aphis, IT, 9. Myzus, II, 9. cerasifoliae, Aphis, II, 9. Myzus, II, 9. Cerasus serotina, II, 9. virginiana, II, 9. Ceratichthys, I, 45, II, 62, YI, 75*, 76, 86. amblops, II, 62. biguttatus, I, 45, II, 60, 62, YI, 89*, 94*. dissimilis, I, 45, II, 62. melanotus, I, 45. Ceratodon, II, 19. Ceratophyllum, II, 75f, 82f, III. 50f, 59f. clemersum, II, 77f, III, 59f. Cercis, I, 27, 28, 30. cerealis, Aphis, II, 5. Ceriodaphnia, II, 81f, III, 74f. angulata, II, 76f, 81 f, 88f. dentata, III, 69f. Certhia, IV, 173. familiaris, var. rufa, IV, 173. Certhiidae, IV, 167, 173. Cerulean Warbler, IV, 175. Ceryle, IV, 186. alcyon, IV, 186. Cetraria, II, 27. Chaenobryttus, I, 37, II, 45, III, 45*, 62*, 63*, 68*. gulosus, I, 37, 44, IT, 45, III, 44*. Chaetopoda, VI, 93f. Chsetura, IY, 185. pelasgica, IV, 185, VI, 17. Chain-sid< d Sunfish, II, 45. Chain Snake, V, 33. Chaitophorus, II, 10, 14. negundinis, II, 10. populicola, II, 10, 14. Chalcididae, III, 104f, VI, 7Cf. Chameleon, Floridan, V, 49. Channel Catfish, I, 50. Common, II, 66, 81*. Chara, II, 79f, 80f, III, 54f, 55f. Charadriidae, IV, 167, 194, 207. Charadrius, IV, 194. clorninicus, IV, 194. Chat, Yellow-breasted, IV, 175. Chaulelasmus, IV, 199. streperus, IV, 199. Chauliognathus, larva, III, 90f. pennsylvanicus, III, 152*. Checkered Woodpecker, IV, 186 Chelonia, V, 51. mydas, V, 51. Chelonidae, V, 49, 51. Chelopus, V, 54, 56. guttatus, V, 57. insculptus, V, 57. muhlenbergi, V, 57. Chelydra, V, 53. serpentina, V, 53. Chelydridae, V, 50, 52. Chen, IV, 198, 208. caerulescens, IV, 198. hyperboreus, IV, 198. var. albatus, IV, 198. rossi, IV, 208. Chermesinae, II, 3. Cherries, HI, 95f, 96f, 103f, 106f, 109f, 111 f, 114f, llSf, 120f, 121f, 122f, 124f, 127f, 128f, 132f, 134f, 136f. tame, III, 98f, 112f. wild, III, 96f, lllf, 113f, 131 f, 143f. Cherry, II, 9. cultivated, leaves, I, 58. Chestnut-collared Longspur, IV, 205. -sided Warbler, IV, 174, VI, 9*, 22*, 23*. Chewink, IV, 179, 181. Chicago Academy of Sciences, V, 4. Exposition Company, VI, 109. Chickadee, Black-capped, IV, 172, VI, 8*, 22*, 23*. Carolina, IV, 172. Hudson’s Bay, IV, 172. Chickadees, IV, 172, VI, 8*. IN HEX. 29 Chicken Hawk, Blue, IV, 189. Snake, Y, 37. Chicken, Prairie, IY, 191. Chilopoda, III, 117f. Chiloscyphus, II, 25. Chimney Swallow, IY, 185. Swift, IY, 185. Chinch bugs, III, 14, 84, lllf, 112f, 113, 115f, 121f, 123f, 124f, VI, 9f, 23f, 37f, 43f, 49f, 51f, 52, 53f, 54, 55f, 61f, 62f, 64f. Chipping Sparrow, IY, 180, VI, 12*, 24*, 25*. Chironomidae, YI, 88f, 93f, 94f. Chironomus, III, 51f, 54f. larvae, II, 75f, 81f, III, 23f, III, 23f, 24f, 25f, 27f, 29f, 35f, 37f, 41f, 43f, 44f, 45f, 47f, 48f,49f, 53f, 54f, 55f, 56f, 57f, 58+, 60f, 61f, 62f, 63f, 64f, 65f, 67f, 68f, 69f, 70f, 71 f, 72f, 73f, 74f, 75f, 78f, 79f, YI, 67f, 69f, 70f, 71f, 72f, 73f, 76f, 77f, 78f, 83f, 85f, 88f, 90f, 91f, 92f, 93f, 94f, lOlf, 106f. pupae, III, 29f, 37f, 75f. Chlaenius, III, 94f , YI, 7f, 28f, 30f , 42*, 50*, 51*, 57f, 59*, 60*, 61*, 62*, 63*. diffinis, III, 158*, YI, 42*, 43*. erythropus, YI, 43*. nemoralis, YI, 42*. tomentosus, III, 139f, 140f , 158*, VI, 42*, 57f. Chloealtis abortiva, I, 61. conspersa, I, 61. curtipennis, I, 61. viridis, I, 61. Chondrostei, II, 69. Chordeiles, IY, 185. popetue, IV, 185. var. henryi, IY, 169, 185. Chondestes, IY, 179. grammica, IV, 179. Chorophilus, Y, 18, 19. angulatus, Y, 19- nigritus, Y, 19. ocularis, V, 19. ornatus, Y, 19. triseriatus, Y, 19. var. corporalis, Y, 19. Chroococcus, III, 72f. Chrosomus, 1, 47, II, 61, VI, 75*, 76, 92*. erythrogaster, I, 47, II, 61, YI, 80*, 94*. Chrysemys, Y, 54, 56. picta, Y, 56. reticulata, Y, 56. chrysochloris, Pomolobus, I, 44, II, 55, 79*, 85*. Chrysochraon conspersum, I, 61. viridis, I, 61. chrysoleucus, Notemigonus, II, 61, YI, 81*, 94*. ' Chrysomela 10-lineata, III, 94f. similis, III, 131f. suturalis, III, 120f, 130f, 131f , YI, 28f, 29f, 31f. Clirysomelidae, II, 77f, III, 53f, 94f, 101f, 105f, 108f, 117f, 126f, 135f, 136f, 149, 151, YI, 8f, 17f, 22f, 24f, 26f. chrysomelus, Gryllus, I, 62. Locusta, I, 62. Chrysomitris, IY, 178, 205; magellanicus, IY, 205. notata, IY, 205. pinus, IY, 178. chrysops, Roccus, I, 36, II, 44, 75*, 84*, III, 36*, 37*. chrysoptera, Helminthophaga, IY, 174. Chub, II, 62, YI, 88*. Common, II, 80*. Big-eyed, II, 62. Creek, II, 62, III, 33f. Horned, I, 45, II, 62, YI, 89*. Lake, II, 62. River, II, 62. Chub Minnow, III, 46, 70*. Sucker, I, 48, II, 64, 81*, III, 72*. Chubby Stone Catfish, II, 68. Chuck, IY, 186. Chuckle-headed Catfish, II, 66. Chuck- will’s- widow, IY, 185. Chydorus, III, 24f, 27f, 29f, 36f, 39f, 45f, 46f, 47f, 48f, 54f, 58f, 69f, 72f, 74f, YI, 69f, 70f, 72f, 84f, 87f. Cicindela, III, 116f. lecontei, III, 110f, YI, 57f. Cicindelidse, YI, 57f. INDEX. 30 Ciconiidae, IV, 167, 192. cincta, Meslobregma, I, 65. (Edipoda, I, 65. cinctus, Philhydrus, III, 93f. cinerea, Juglans, I, 31. Piesma, VI, 10f, 28f, 32f. Ulula, IV, 187. cinereus, Plethodon, V, 12. cingulatum, Amblystoma, V, 1. Cinnamon Teal, IV, 199. cinnamopterus, Staphylinus, III, 152*. Cinosternum, V, 53, 54. pennsylvanicum, V, 54. circaezandis, Aphis, II, 13. circaezans, Galium, II, 13. circulosa, Rana, V, 22, 23. circumcinctus, iEgialites, IV, 194. Circus, IV, 189. hudsonius, IV, 189. ciris, Cyanospiza, IV, 169. Passerina, IV, 181. cisco, Argyrosomus, I, 44. Cisco, Lake Michigan, I, 44, II, 54. Moon-eyed, II, 54. Cistothorus, IV, 173. stellaris, IV, 173. Cistudo, V, 54, 57. clausa, var. clausa, V, 57. var. triunguis, V, 57. citrea, Protonotaria, IV, 174. Cladocera, I, 22, II, 73f, 75f, 76f, 78f, 81 f, 88, III, 24f, 25f, 27f, 29f, 36f, 39f, 43f, 44f, 46f, 47-f, 48f, 52f, 55f, 57f, 58f, 60f, 62f, 63f, 64f, 67f, 68f, 69f, 72f, 73f, 74f, 75f, 78f, 79f, VI, 69 f, 70f, 71f, 72f, 80f, 81f, 85f, 87f, 90f, 93f, 94f, 103f, 105f, 106f. Cladonia, II, 31. Cladoniei, II, 31. Cladophora glomerata, VI, 84f. Cladosporium, VI, 44f, 52f, 53f, 59f, 63f, 64f. clamitans, Rana, V, 24. Clangula, IV, 200. albeola, IV, 200. glaucium, var. americana, IV, 200. islandica, IV, 200. Clark, F. N., VI, 99, 103, 104, 109. Clasmatodon, II, 22. clausa, Cistudo, V, 57. Claus, C., I, 14. Die Freilebenden Copepoden, cited, I, 15. Clay, VI, 78f. Clay-colored Sparrow, IV, 180. Clepsine, II, 82f. Click beetles, VI, 7fv larvae, VI, 7% Cliff Swallow, IV, 177, VI, 11*, 24*, 25*. Climacium, II, 23. Climbing cricket, III, 132f. Cliola, IT, 61. ariomma, II, 60. scabriceps, II, 60. Clivina bipustulata, VI, 57f. striatopunctata, VI, 28f, 30f. Clod-hopper, IV, 182. . Closterium, III, 71f, 72f, 73f, VI, 76f, 77f, 82f. Clupeidse, I, 44, 11,55, 79*, 85*, III, 68*. clupeiformis, Argyrosomus, I, 44, II, 54. Coregonus, II, 54, VI, 95*. clypeata, Spatula, IV, 199. Cnemidophorus, V, 47. sexlineatus, V, 47. Cnemidotus, 12-punctatus, III, 55f. Coale, H. K., IV, 163, 170, 173, 179, 180. Coal Skink, V. 46. coccinea, Cemophora, V, 33. Quercus, I, 29. Coccinella, VI, 53*, 64*. 5-notata, VI, 53*. 9-notata, III, 158*, VI, 53*. Coccinellidse, III, 117;f, 152*, 158*, VI, 50*, 51*, 56f, 64*. and Carabidae, The food relations of the, VI, 33-64. coccineus, Ophibolus, V, 34. Coccyges, IV, 186. Coccyzus, IV, 186. americanus, IV, 186. erythrophthalmus, IV, 187, VI, 16*, 29*, 30*, 31*. Cock, Log, IV, 186. Cod fishes, II, 51. . Coenus delius, III, 92f, 94f, 96f, 143f, VI, 28f, 32f. Colaptes, IV, 186. auratus, IV, 186, VI, 16*. Colas pis brunnea, III, 121 f. INDEX. 31 Coleoptera, II, 76f, 77f, 84+, 85f, 86+, III, 46+, 51 f, 55+, 63+, 64+, 90f, 92+, 93f, 95f, 96+, 101+, 104f, 108+ 109f, 110f, Hlf, 113f, 114f, 116f, 120f, 121f, 122f, 124f, 125f, 128f, 129f, 130f, 131f, 132f, 133+ , 134f, 135+, 136f, 140f, 141 f, 142f, 143f, 147f, 152, VI, 6f, 7f, 8f, 9f, 10f, Ilf, 12f, 13f, 14f, 15f, Iff, 19+ 20+, 22f, 24f, 26+, 48, 49f, 59f, 60f, 62+, 93+, 94f. aquatic, III, 46f, 63f, 64f, VI, 8S+, 90f, 94f. larvae of, VI, 93f. insectivorous, III, 153*, VI, 35. larvae, III, 43f, 60f, 79f, 157+, YI, lOf, 41f, 59f, 61 f, 62f. Notes on Insectivorous, III, 153-160. predaceous, III, 130f, YI, 33*. terrestrial, III, 45f, 63+, 64f, VI, 93+, 94+. Coleosporium, YI, 43f, 53f, 59+, 63f. collare, Spharagemon, I, 64. collaris, Fulix, IY, 200. (Edipoda, I, 64. Collema, II, 29. Collemei, II, 29. Colopha, II, 3, 17. A new species of Aphis, of the genus, II, 17. eragrostidis, II, 17. Caloptenus bivittatus, III, 142f. femur-rubrum, III, 142f. Colorado Grasshopper, III, 14. Potato Beetle, III, 50+, 84. colossus, Evarthrus, III, 121+, 157*, 57, VI, 41*, 57+. Coluber, Y, 30. emoryi, Y, 36. guttatus, Y, 37. lindheimeri, V, 36. obsoletus, var. confinis, V, 37. var. obsoletus, Y, 36. quadrivittatus, Y, 37. vulpinus, V, 36. Colubridae, V, 27, 29. colubris, Trochilus, IV, 184. Columbae, IV, 190. columbarius, iEsalon, IV, 188. Columbidae, IV, 167, 190, VI, 16*, 26*, 29*. Colymbetes bigutlatus, III, 108+. Colymbidae, IV, 167, 203. Colymbus, IV, 203. arcticus, IV, 203. septentrionalis, IV, 203. torquatus, IV, 203. comma, Agonoderus, III, 141 f. commersoni, Catostomus, II, 64, III, 73*. Common Alligator, V, 58. Channel Catfish, II, 66, 81*. Chub, II, 80*. Crow, IY, i83. Eel, I, 51, II, 68. Frog, V, 24. Garter Snake, V, 39. Lake Herring, II, 54. Moon-eye, II, 54. Mullet, II, 63. Perch, I, 36, II, 75+, III, 21, 28*, 67*. Pike, III, 68. Rail, IV, 197. Red-horse, II, 63. Red-poll, IY, 178. Shad, I, 44, II, 55. Skink, V, 47. Snapping Turtle, Y, 53. Snipe, IV, 195. Snowbird, IV, 180. Soft-shelled Turtle, Y, 52. Sucker, I, 48, II, 64, III, 73*. Sun Fish, I, 38, II, 46, 76*, III, 38, 48*. Tern, IY, 202. Toad, V, 17. Tree Toad, V, 20. White Fish, II, 54, VI, 95*. Yellow Perch, II, 43, III, 28*. communis, Asellus. I, 8, 10, II, 88. complanata, Moniana, II, 57, 58. Composilae, I. 55, III, 110, 158+. pollen, III, 156+, 157+, 159+, VI, 45+ 46+ 52+, 53+, 54+ 55+, 59+, 63+, 64+ . seeds, VI. 13+, 17+ 25+, 27+. Compressed Red-fin, II, 59. compressicaudus, Tropidonotus, V, 42. compsolaemus, Tropidonotus, V, 41. concavus, Lixus, III, 130+. concinna, Pseudemys, V, 55. 32 INDEX. confertus, Tanymecus, VI, 14f, 28f, 29f, 3if. confinis, Araiurus, I, 50, II, 67. Baris, VI, 28f, 32f. Coluber, V, 37. Congo Snake, V, 8. Coniferae, pollen, VI, 64f. Coniocybe, II, 33. Coniomycetes, I, 52. conjunctus, Stenolopbus, VI, 28f, 30f. conloniana, Ischnoptera, I, 59. Connecticut Warbler, IV, 175. Conocephalus, IT, 25. Conomitrium, II, 19. Conotrachelus anaglypticus, III, 131 f. nenuphar, larvae, III, 152f. Conotrema, II, 30. conspersa, Chloealtis, I, 61. conspersum, Amblystoma, V, 9. Chrysochraon, I, 61. conspersus, Tryxalis, I, 61. conspurcata, Mantis, I, 60. constricta, Difflugia, III, 72f. constrictor, Bascanium, V, 38. Contia, V, 30, 32. pygaea, V, 33. Contopus, IV, 184. borealis, IV, 184. virens, IV, 184, VI, 15*, 29*, 30*, 31*. contortrix, Ancistrodon, V, 28. contracta, Meracantha, III, 140f. Conurus, IV, 187. carolinensis, IV, 187. convergens, Hippodaraia, III, 159*, VI, 52*, 53*. Cooke, M. C., Rust, Smut, Mildew, and Mould, cited, 1, 54. cookianus, Aphredoderus, II, 49. cooperi, Accipiter, IV, 189. Cooper’s Hawk, IV, 189. Coot, American, IV, 198. Coots, IV, 197. Copelandia, II, 46. eriarcha, If, 46. Cope, E. D., I, 11, V, 3. Check List of North American Batrachia and Rfptilia, cited, V, 3, 4. Cyprinidae of Pennsylvania, quoted, VI, 74. Faunal Regions of the United States, V, 59, cited, V, 4. on Boleichthys, I, 34. on Rana areolata areolata, V, 22. Copeland, H. E., I, 46. See Jordan and Copeland. copelandi, Rheocrypta, II, 40. Copeland’s Darter, II, 40. Copepoda, I, 23, II, 75f, 76f, 78f, 81+, III, 24 f, 25+, 27+, 29f, 36f, 43+, 46f, 47+, 52f, 55+, 60f, 62+, 63+ , 64f, 67f, 68f, 69f, 70f, 71+, 72+ , 73f, 75f , 78f, 79+, VI, 67f, 70+, 72f, 81f, 85f, 87f, 90f, 93+, 94+, 103f, 105f, 108+. larvae, III, 72f. Cope’s Sucker, I, 49. Copper-head, V, 28. -nosed Bream, II, 45. Coprinus, VI, 42+, 59+ , 63f. coprophagous Scarabaeidae, III, 125+ Coptotomus, III, 51. interrogatus, II, 82f, III, 50+. corallina, Locusta, I, 66. (Edipoda, I, 66. corallipes, Hippiscus, I, 65. (Edipoda, I, 65. Coregonus, I, 44, II, 54. albus, I, 44, II, 54. artedi, II, 54. clupeiformis, II, 54, VI, 95*. hoyi, II, 54. nigripinnis, II, 54. quadrilateralis, II, 54. tullibee, II, 54. Coreidse, III, 105+, 132+ , VI, 6f, 23+ . coreopsidis, Siphonophora, II, 7. Coreopsis aristosa, II, 7. Corethra, larvae, III, 57f, 58+, 60f, 78f, VI, 67f, 93f. pictipennis, II, 74f. coriacea, Sphargis, V, 50. Coriscus, III, 105f, 139+. ferus, III, 92f, 94+. Corixa, I, 4, 5, If, 75+, 77+ , 82f, III, 25f, 27 f, 29f, 35 f, 39f, 40f, 41f, 42f, 43f, 44f, 45f, 46f, 47f, 49f, 52f, 53f, 55 f, 56f, 57f, 58f, 59f, 60f, 61 f, 62f, 63f, 64f, 68f, 75f, 78f, 79f, VI, 67-f, 72f, 84 f, 87f, 88f, 90f, 93f, 94f. INDEX. 33 alternata, I, 4, II, 75f, 76f, 77f, III, 29f, 35f, 40f, 45f, VI, 73f. larvae, II, 77f, III, 27f. signata, III, 4lf. tumida, III, 23f, 24f, 27f, 29f, 35f, 39f, 40 f, 41f. Cormorant, Double-crested, IY, 201. Florida, IV, 201. Mexican, IV, 201. Cormorants. IV, 201. Corn, II, 12, III, 106f, 119f, 120f, 121f, 123f, 127f, 150f, VI, 13f, 14f, 16f, 17f, 25f, 27 f, 29f, 32f. Corn Aphis, VI, 51f. Snake, V, 34. cornifoliae, Aphis, II, 13. Cornus, 1,27, 28, 29, 30, 31. alternifolia, I, 27, 28, 31. paniculata, II, 13. sericea, I, 31. cornuti, Asclepias, II, 7. cornutus, Hypsilepis, VI, 75*. Luxilus, I, 47, II, 57, 60, 80*, 85*, VI, 75, 84*, 94*. coronata, Dendroeca, IV, 174. Tantilla, V, 32. Zonotrichia, IV, *180, 205. corporalis, Chorophilus, V, 19. Semotilus, I, 45, II, 60, 62, 80*, 85*, III, 33f, 70*, VI, 88*, 94*. Corsicus, III, 139f, 140f, 148f. Corvidae, IV, 167, 183, 205. Corvus, IV, 183, 205. corax, var. carnivorus, IV, 183. cryptoleucus, IV, 205. frugivorus, IV, 183. ossifragus, IV, 183, 206. Corydalis cornutus, larvae, III, 47f, 52f, 59f, 60f. Corylus, I, 29, 31, 58. Corymbetes, III, 120f. Cosmarium, III, 72f, VI, 76f, 77f. Cotile, IV, 177. riparia, IV, 177. Cottidae, I, 40, II, 50, VI, 65*, 67*. Cotton, II, 14. Cotton mouth, V, 28. -wood gall lice, III, 152f. Cottopsis, I, 40. ricei, I, 40, II, 50. Cottus, Rice’s, I, 40. Coturniculus, IV, 179. henslowi, IV, 179. lecontei, IV, 169, 179. passerinus, IV, 179, VI, 12*, 29*, 32*. Coues, Elliott, Birds of the Northwest, cited, IV, 20.7. Check list, cited, IV, 208. On Archibuteo ferrugineus, IV, 190. Couesius, II, 62. prosthemius, II, 62. couperi, Spilotes, V, 37. Cowbird, VI, 13*, 24*, 25*. Cow Blackbird, IV, 182. ’faced Sculpin, II, 50. Crane flies, III, 90, 94f, 108f, 109f, 112f, 119f, 128f, 130f, 131f, 132f. larvae, III, 131 f. Crane, White, IV, 193. Sandhill, IV. 198. Whooping, IV, 198. Cranes, IV, 198. Crangonyx, I, 3, 6, 17, 21, III, 27+. gracilis, I, 6, 8, 21, II, 78f, 87f, III, 24f, VI, 72f, 74f. mucronatus, I, 6, 13, 21. Cratacanthus, VI, 57f, 59f, 62f, 63f. dubius, III, 95f, 110f, 121f, 141f, 157*, VI, 57f. crataegifoliae, Aphis, II, 13. Crataegus, I, 28, 29, 30, 31. berries of, III, 144f. punctata, II, 13. Crawfish, I, 5, 24, II, 81f, 82f, 87f, III, 30 f, 31f, 40f, 42f, 44f, 47f, 48f, 50f, 67f, VI, 14f, 27 f, 29f, 32f, 88 f, 89f, 90f, 94f, 98f. Crawl-a-bottom, II, 64. Cream, VI, 99f. Creek Chub, II, 62, III, 33f. fish, II, 64. Creeper, American Brown, IV, 173. Black and White, IV, 173. Creepers, IV, 173. Creeping Pine Warbler, IV, 175. crepitans, Acris, V, 18. Crested Flycatcher, Great, IV, 184. Red-bird, IV, 181. Cricket, Black, III, 110f. Climbing, III, 132f. White, III, 108f. 34 INDEX. Cricket-bird, IY, 179. Crickets, II, 77f, III, 14, 50t, 84f, 95f, 96f, 98f, 102f, 113f, 121f, 138f, 139f, 142f, 146. crinitus, Myiarchus, IV, 184. cristata, Cyanocitta, IV, 183. cristatus, Cyanurus, YI, 17. Podiceps, IY, 163. Cristivomer, II, 54. namaycush, II, 54. Croaker, II, 50. Crocodile, Floridan, V, 58. Crocodilia, V, 26, 58. Crocodilidae, Y, 58. Crocodilus, Y, 58. americanus, Y, 58. Croppie, 1, 37, II, 47, 76*, 89*, III, 21, 38. Black, II, 76*, III, 56*. Lake, III, 56*. Timber, III, 56*. White, II, 76*, III, 56*. Crossbill, American Red, IV, 178. White-winged, IY, 178. Crotalidae, V, 27. Crotalus, Y, 27. adamanteus, var. adamanteus,V, 27. horridus, Y, 27. Crow, IY, 183, 205. Carrion, IV, 190. Common, IY, 183. Fish, IV, 183. Rain, IV, 186. Crow Duck, IY, 198. Cruciferous plants, I, 57. crus-corvi, Panicum, II, 6. -galli, Panicum, III, 151f. Crustacea, I, 3, 17, 18, II, 72f, 76f, 77f, 78f, 79f, 81f, 83f, 84f, 85+, 86f, 87f, III, 23f, 24f, 27f, 28f, 29f, 30f, 31f, 32f, 36f, 38f, 39f, 41f, 43f, 46f, 47f, 50f, 51f, 52f, 54f, 55f, 60f, 61 62f, 63f, 64f, 66, 68f, 69f, 78f, 79f, YI, 27f, 67f, 68f, 69f, 70f, 71 f, 72f, 73f, 75f, 82f, 83f, 84f, 85f, 87f, 88+, 89f, 90f, 91f, 93f, 94f, 100f, 102f, 108. Descriptions of extralimital species, I, 24, 25. Descriptions of New species of, I, 3—25. eaten by Fishes, On the, II, 87-89. Key to Illinois species of, I, 17-24. List of Illinois, I, 3-25. Cryptocephalus 4-maculatus, III, 50f. cryptoleucus, Corvus, IY, 205. Ctenoid Fishes, II, 76f, 78f, 84f, 85f. 86f. cubicus, Cystopus, I, 57. Cuckoo, Black-billed, IY, 187, Yl, 16*, 26*, 27*. Yellow-billed, IY, 186. Cuckoos, IY, 186, YI, 16*. Cuculidae, IY, 167, 186, YI, 16*, 26*, 29*. cucullatus, Lophodytes, IV, 201. Culicidae, YI, 60f, 62f, 67f. larvae, III, 43f, YI, 93f. culinaris, Blatta, I, 60. cupido, Cupidonia, IY, 191. Cupidonia, IY, 191. cupido, IV, 191. cupreus, Amiurus, I, 50, II, 66. cupripennis, Platynus, III, 151*. Curculionidse, III, 50f, 90f, 123f, 129f, 130f, 131f, 139f, 140f, 141f, 146, 148f. Curlew, Eskimo, IY, 196. Hudsonian, IY, 196. Long-billed, IY, 196. Currant, Red, 11, 5, 9. Currants, III, 95f, 98f, 103f, 106f, 109f, 112f, 114f, 118f. 134f, 136f. curtipennis, Chloealtis, I, 61. Locusta, I, 61. Stenobothrus, I, 61. Curtis, John, Farm Insects, cited, III, 152. curvicauda, Phaneroptera, II, 77f, III, 50f. Cusk, II, 51. cutisanserinus, Carpiodes, II, 65. Cut-worm, purple, YI, 18f. speckled, III, 90f. Cut-worms, III, 90f, 92f, 93f, 95f, 98f, 102f, 103f, 108f, llOf, 120f, 128f, 132f, 135f, 138f, 139f, 140f, 141f, 145*, 146, YI, 6f, 39f, 43f. grass-eating, III, 138f. cyanea, Passerina, IY, 181, YI, 13*, 18*, 20*, 29*, 30*, 31*, 32*. cyanellus, Apomotis, II, 45, III, 46*, 48. INDEX. 35 Bubalichthys, II, 66. Tchthyobus, I, 49, II, 66. Telipomus, I, 37, II, 45. cyanocephalus, Lythrurus, I, 47, II, 59. Scolecophagus, IV, 183. Cyanocitta, IV, 183. cri8tata, IV, 183. cyanoptera, Querquecdula, IV, 199. Cyanospiza ciris, IV. 169. Cyanurus cristatus, VI, 17. Cyclas, III, 30f, 35f, 65f. Cycleptus, I, 50. II, 64. elongatus, I, 50, II, 64. Cycloganoidei, II, 68. Cycloid fish, II, 76f, 77f. 78f. fishes, II, 84f, 85f, 86f, III, 60f. Cycloneda, VI, 54*, 64*. sanguinea, VI, 54*. Cyclophis, V, 30, 31, 35. aestivus, V, 36. vernalis, V, 36. Cyclopidse, I, 23, II, 78f. cyclopium, Tropidonotus, V, 43. Cyclops, I, 23, II, 74f, 79f, 81f, 83, 89f, III, 23f, 24f, 27f, 28f, 29f, 36f, 37f, 39f, 43f, 44f, 45f, 47f, 48f, 56f, 57f, 58f, 65f, 69f, 70f, 71f, 73f, 74f, VI, 67 f, 69f, 72f, 84f, 88f, 101f, 103f, 104f, 105f, 106f, 107f. thomasi, VI, 70f, 105f, 106f, 107f, 108f. Cydnidae, III, Errata, YI, Errata, (See Index, 9). See Pentatomidae. Cylindrical Suckers, III, 76*. Cylindrothecium, II, 23. Cymatopleura, VI, 77f. * cyparissiae, Siphonophora, II, 7. cypho, Esox, I, 43. II, 53. Cyprididae, I, 23, III, 27f, 30f, 32f, 47f, 49f, 54f, 56f, 72f, VI, 67f. Cyprinella, I, 47, II, 57, 58. analostana, I, Errata, (See Index, 8), II, 57. forbesi, II, 57, 58. galactura, I, 47, II, 57. Cyprinidae, I, 44, II, 40, 55,72, 75f, 76f, 78f, 79*, 83*, 85*, III, 30f, 32f, 33f, 35f, 43f, 47 f, 5lf, 59f, 60f, 63f, 69, 70*, 75f, 78*, VI, 65*, 66f, 67f, 74*, 88 f, 94*, 98*. carnivorous, VI. 74. graminivorous, VI, 74. insectivorous, VI, 74. Cyprinodontidae, I, 42, II. 51, 78*, 85*, VI, 65*, 70*, 93*. carnivorous, VI, 70. herbivorous, VI, 71. Cyprinoids, II, 72. cyprinus, Carpiodes, II, 65. Catostomus, I, 49. Cypris, II, 77f, 78f, 79f, 81f, 82f, 89f, III, 27f, 36f, 58f, 69f, VI, 69f, 71f, 72f, 79f, 84f, 101f. vidua, VI, 69f, 83f- Cypseli, IV, 185. Cypselidae, IV, 167, 185. Cyrtacanthacris differential^, I, 68. Cystignathidae, V, 16, 21. Cystopus, I, 55, 57. candidus, 1, 57. cubicus, I, 57. bliti, I, 57. Cytilus sericeus, III, 120f. jy Dace, Black-nosed, I, 45. Brown-nosed, II, 63. Fork-tailed, I, 46. Horned, I, 45, II, 62. Long-nosed, I, 45, II, 62. Mud, II, 52. Red-bellied, II, 61, YI, 80*. Sharp-nosed, I, 45. Silver-mouthed, I, 45, II, 61, 80*. Dafila, IY, 199. acuta, IV, 199. Dale, E. T., Ill, 150. damnificum, Acridium, I, 69. Dandelion, pollen of, III, 152f, 159f, YI, 52f. Daphnella, III, 24f, 27f, 58f, VI, 94f. Daphnia, IT, 78f, 81f, 89f, III, 24f, 27f, 28f, 29f, 36f, 37f, 46f, 47f, VI, 72f, 105f, 106f, 108f. angulata. II, 89f. galeata, II, 89f. hyalina, VI, 70f, 106f, 107f. pulex, II, 89f, III, 29f, 45f, 48f, 69f, VI, 70f. retrocurva, YI, 70f. Daphniidae, I, 22, II, 78f, 88f, III, 27f, 36 INDEX, 29+, 32f, 36f, 43f, 44f, 47f, 48f, 52f, 54f, 60f, 68f, 70f, 73f, 74f, 78f, 79f, YI, 81f, 93f, 94f. Dapti, III, 153. Darning-needles, larvae, III, 41f, 58f. Darters, II, 38, 74*, 75f, III, 21, 22% 30f, 48 f, 58f, 71*, 71, IV, 201, YI, 65, 88*. Banded, II, 74*. Barred, I, 36. Big-headed, II, 39. Black-sided, I, 35, II, 39, 74*. Blenny, II, 39. Blue, I, 34, II, 41. Striped, I, 34, II, 41. Blue-breasted, II, 41. Copeland’s, II, 40. Fan-tailed, I, 34, II, 42. Gilded, II, 39. Green-sided, II, 40. Johnny, II, 40, 74*. Least, I, 34, II, 43. Lined, II, 42. Manitou, II, 39. Red-sided, I, 34, II, 42. Rough- cheeked, II, 75*. Sand, I, 35, II, 38, 74*. Rough, II, 38. Scaly-headed, II,* 42. Sharp-nosed, II, 39. Slim, I, 35. Striped, I, 34, II, 75*. Tessellated, I, 35, II, 40. Trout, I, 34. Zoned, II, 41. dasycarpum, Acer, I, 29, II, 4. Davis, N. S., Jr., and Rice, Frank L , Descriptive Catalogue of North American Batrachia and Rep- tilia found east of Mississippi river, Y, 1-64. De Bary, A. see Bary, A. De. De Candolle, C. see Candolle, C. De. debilis, Cambarus, I, 24. Decapoda, I, 18, II, 84f, 85f, 86f, III, 36 f, 43f, 46f, 47 f, 52f, 63f, 64f, YI, 94f. 10-lineata, Chrysomela, III, 94f. decidua, Ilex, III, 144. decisa, Melantho, III. 65f. decorus, Platynus, YI, 40*. Deep-water Sculpin, I, 41, II, 50. deflectus, Planorbis, YI, 81f. Deformed Carp-Sucker, II, 65. dekayi, Amiurus, I, 50. Storeria, Y, 40. DeKay’s Brown Snake, V, 40. delawarensis, Larus, IY, 202. Delectable Minnow, I, 47. delius, Ccenus, III, 92f, 94f, 96f, 143f, Dematiei, I, 57, YI, 42f, 59f, 63f. acrospores of, III, 158f. demersum, Ceratophyllum, II, 77f, III, 59f. Dendrocycna, IY, 208. fulva, IY, 208. Dendroeca, IY, 174, 204. sestiva, IY, 174, YI, 9*, 28*, 30*, 31*. blackburnise, IY, 175. cserulea, IY, 174. cserulescens, IY, 174. castanea, IY, 175. coronata, IY, 174. discolor, IV, 175. dominica, var. albilora, IV, 175. kirtlandi, IY, 204. maculosa, IY, 174. palmarum, IY, 175. pennsylvanica, IV, 174, YI, 9*, 28*, 30*, 31*. pinus, IV, 175. striata, IV, 175, YI, 9*, 28*, 30*, 31*. virens, IV, 175, YI, 10*, 28*, 30*, 31*. dens-leonis, Taraxacum, III, 152f. dentata, Allorchestes, II, 75f, 77f, 87f, III, 24f, 27f, 29f, 38f, 41f, 49f, 74f, YI, 67f, 71f, 84+, 85f. Ceriodaphnia, III, 69f. Hyalella, I, 5, 20. dentatus, Pleuroxus, III, 48f, 74f. Description of a new species of Asellus, II, 90-92. Descriptive catalogue of North Amer- ican Batrachia and Reptilia, found east of Mississippi river, Y, 1-64. Desmatodon, II, 20. Desmids, II, 79f, III, 71f, 72f, VI, 82f, 101f. INDEX, 37 Desmognathidae, V, 7, 14. Desmognathus, V, 14. fuscus, var. auriculata, V. 14. var. fuscus, Y. 14. nigra, Y, 14. ochrophaea, Y, 14. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, cited, III, 152. Diabrotica 12-guttata, II, 77f, III, 50f, 121f. vittata, III, lllf, YI, 28f, 31f. Diadophis, Y, 30, 35. arnyi, Y, 35. punctatus, var. amabilis, V. 35. var. punctatus, V. 35. Diamond-back Turtle, V, 56. Rattlesnake, V, 27. diaphanus, Fundulus, I, 42, II, 51, 78*, 85*, YI, 71*, 93*. Diapheromera, III, 117f. femorata, I, 60, III, 108f. sayi, I, 60. velii, I, 60. Diaptomus, I, 23, II, 76f, III, 29f, 36f, YI, 70f, 87 f, 103, 105f, 106f, 107f. castor, I, 16. sanguineus, I, 15, 23, II, 89f, YI, 103. sicilis, YI, 106f, 107f, 108f. Diatoms, II, 79f, 81f, 82f, III, 66f, 71f, 72f, YI, 77f, 78t, 80f, 82f, 99f, 101f, 103f, 105, 107f, 108. Dibolia aerea, YI, 29f, 31f. Dicaelus, YI, 42*, 59*, 60*. 62*, 63*. elongatus, YI, 42*. Dichelyma, II, 22, Dichromanassa, IY, 193. rufa, IV, 164, 193. dichrous, Bradycellus, III, 158*, VI, 145*. Dick-cissel, IY, 182. Dicranum, II, 19. Di-dipper, IY, 200. Didymodon, II, 20. Diemyctylus, Y, 15. miniatus, var. miniatus, Y. 15. var. viridescens, Y. 15. differentiale, Acridium, I, 68. differentialis, Caloptenus, I, 68. Cyrtacanthacris, I, 68. diffinis, Chlaenius, III, 158*, YI, 42*, 43*. Difflugia, III, 70f, 71f, 72f, VI, 77f, 78f, 85f. acuminata, III, 72f. constricta, III, 72f. globosa, III, 72f. globulosa, III, 72f. lobistoma, III, 72f. pyriformis, III, 72f. difformis, Carpiodes, II, 65. Ichthyobus, I, 49, II, 65. dilectus, Minnilus, I, 47, II, 60. Notropis, II, 60. dilophus, Phalacrocorax, IY, 201. dinemus, Minnilus, 1, 48, II, 60. Notropis, II. 60. Diospyros, I, 28, 31. diplaemius, Lythrurus, I, 47, II, 59, 80*, 85*. Diplesium, II, 40. blennioides, II, 40. Diplopoda, III, 118f. Diplotaxis, YI, 7f. georgiae, YI, 28f, 31f. Diptera, II, 74f, 75f, 76f, 77f, 78f, 79f, 80f, 84f, 85f, 86f, III, 27f, 45f, 51f, 95f, 101f, 104f, llOf, H2f, 113f, 114f, 116f, 120f, 122f, 123f, 124f, 125f, 128f, 129f, 132f, 133f, 134f, 135f, 136f, 144f„ 145f, 147f, 157f, YI, 6, 7, 8f, 16f, 19, 19f, 20, 22f, 24f, 26 f, 39f, 44f, 45f, 46f, 48f, 49f, 59f, 60f, 61 f, 62f, 70 f, 93f, 94f. larvae, II, 74f, 75f, 76f, 77f, 78f, 79f, 80f, 81f, 82f, III, 23f, 24f. 26f, ' 27 f, 31 f, 35f, 43f, 45f, 55f, 57f, 60f, 62f, 63f, 64f, 73f, 78f, 79f, 119f, YI, 98f. aquatic, III, 75f, YI, 69f, 79f, 93f, 94f. pupae, II, 78f. terrestrial, YI, 93f, 94f. Dirca, I, 27, 29, 30. Dirt, II, 79f, III, 73, YI, 100f. Discelium, II, 22. Discoderes, III, 153. discoidea, (Edipoda, I, 66. discoides, Arcella, III, 72f. discoideus, Anisodactylus, Til, 50f, 129f, YI, 44*, 58f. 38 INDEX. Hippiscus, I, 66 discolor, Dendroeca, IV, 175. discorg, Querquedula, IV, 199. dispar, Zygonectes, I, 42, II, 52, 78*, 85*, ‘ VI, 72*, 93*. dissimilis, Ceratichthys, I, 45, II, 62. Gastrophysa, III, 130f. distans, Elaps, V, 29. Distillery slops, II, 80. Diver, Black-throated, IV, 203. Great Northern, IV, 203. Red-throated, IV, 203. Dock, II, 13. dodgei, Pezotettix, I, 68. Dog Fish, I, 51, II, 52, 68, 82*, III, 75*. doliatus, Ophibolus, V, 34. Dolichonyx, IV, 182. oryzivorus, IV, 182, 197. domestica, Spizella, IV, 180, VI, 12*, 29* 30*, 31*, 32*. domesticus, Troglodytes, VI, 8*, 28*, 30*, 31*, 32*. dominicus, Charadrius, IV, 194. Nomonyx, IV, 208. Dorcus, VI, 14f. parallelus, VI, 29f, 30f. Dorosoma, I, 44, II, 55, 75f, 78f, 83*, 88*, III, 33f, 34f, 35f, 37f, 40f, 43f, 63f, 68*, 78*f, VI, 102*. cepedianum, II, 55, 72*f, 79*, 85*, III, 32f, 37f. var. heterurum, II, 55, 79*. notatum, I, 44, II, 55. Dorosomatidse, II. 55. dorsalis, Eutaenia, V, 40. Plethodon, V, 12. Tetrix, I, 69. Dory, II, 44. Doryphora, III, 105f. Double-crested Cormorant, IV, 201. dougalli, Sterna, IV, 208. Dove, Mourning, IV, 190, VI, 16*, 26*, 27*. Doves, IV, 190, VI, 16*. Downy Woodpecker, III, 87*, IV, 185. Dragon Flies, larvae, 11, 75f, 76f, 78f, 82f, III, 23f, 29f, 30f, 49f, 50f, 59f, 65f. pupae, II, 76f. Drepanosiphum, II, 4. Dromicus, V, 30, 35. flavilatus, V, 35. Drum, II, 50. Drummondia, II, 20. dubius, Cratacanthus, III, 95f, 110f, 121f, 141f, 157*, VI, 57f. Duck-bill, II, 69. -billed Catfish, I, 51. Hawk, IV, 188. Duck, Canvas-back, IV, 200. Crow, IV. 198. Dusky, IV, 199. Fulvous Tree, IV, 208. Harlequin, IV. 200. Long-tailed, IV, 200. Masked, IV, 208. Pin-tail, IV, 199. Ring-necked, IV, 200. Ruddy, IV, 201. Scaup, IV, 200. Lesser, IV, 200. Spoon-bill, IV, 199. Summer, IV, 200, 201 . Surf, IV, 199, 201. Wood, IV, 200. Ducks, IV, 198, 208. dulcamara, Solanum, I, 55. Dumeril, A., V, \ Dung Beetles, III, 93f, 138f, 140f. 12-guttala, Diabrotica, II, 77f, III, 50f, 121f. -punctatus, Cnemidotus, III, 55f. duquesnii, Myxostoma, II. 63. Teretulus, I, 49. II, 63. Dusky Duck, IV, 199. Duvalia, II, 25. Dyschirius globulosus, III, 129f, 152*, VI, 57f. Dytes, IV, 203. auritus, IV, 203. nigricollis, var. californicus, IV, 203. Dytiscidae, III, 46f, 47+, 51+, 104f, 116f, 147+. larvae, II, 80f, 81f, III, 41f, 43f, 51f, 53f, 59f, 60f. JE Eagle, Bald, IV, 190. Black, IV, 190. Golden, IV, 190. Gray, IV, 190. Washington, IV, 190. INDEX. 39 Eagles, IY, 188. Eared Grebe, American, IY, 203. Earll, R. E., Y, 4. Earthworms, II, 75f, 77f, III, 49f, 82f, 94f, 106f, 113, YI, 6f, 7f, 42f, 48f, 45f, 47f, 49f, 50f, 67f. Eave Swallow, Square-tailed, IV, 177. Ectobia germanica, I, 59. flavocincta, I, 60. lithophila, I, 59. Ectopistes, IY, 190. migratoria, IV, 190. Edible fishes, III, 34*. fruits, III, 102f, 113f, 123f, 135f, 144f, 145f. Eel, Common, I, 51, IT, 68. Eel-pout, I, 42, II, 51. Eels, II, 68 Eft, Red, Y, 15. Eggs, II, 74f, 78f, HI, 79f, 156f. of canker-worm moths. YI, 17, 18f. of Lepidoptera, I IT, 82f. of grasshoppers, III, 138f. of insects, III, 54f, 74f, 79f. of mites, III, 156. egregius, Eumeces, Y, 46. Egret, American, IY, 193. Reddish, IY, 193. egretta, Herodias, IY, 193. Eider, American, IV, 200. King, IY, 200. Eiders, IY, 199. Elanoides, IY, 188. forficatus, IY, 188. Elanus, IY, 188. glaucus, IY, 188. Elaphrus ruscarius, VI, 27f, 30f. Elapidse, Y, 27, 29. Elaps, Y, 29. distans, Y, 29. fulvius, var. fulvius, V, 29. elapsoidea, Osceola, Y, 33. Elassoma, II, 47. zonatum, II, 47. Elassomatidse, II, 47. Elassomes, II, 47. Elateridse, II, 78f, III, 94f, 95f, 97f, I 101f, 105f, 117f, 125f, 135f, I 136f, I47f, YI, 6f, 7f, 9f, 14f, 15f, 22f, 24f, 26f. larvae, III, 92f, VI, 7f. Elder, II, 13. Elderberries, III, lllf, 118f. 121f, 127f, 131f, 143f. elegans, Boleichthys, I, 35, 11,43, 75*, 84*, III, 24*. Pseudemys, Y, 56. Rallus, IV, 197. Yirginia, Y, 31. Eleusine indica, II, 16. eleusinis, Rhizobius, II, 15. elevata, Microsphseria, I, 58. Elm, I, 26, 27. flower of, III, 59f. seeds of, II, 79f. elongata, Gila, I, 47, II, 61. elongatus, Cycleptus, I, 50, II, 64. Dicaelus, YI, 42*. Elymus arenarius, I, 52. emarginatum, Acridium, I, 69. Emberiza hortulana, IY, 197. Emerald minnow, I, 48, II, 60, 88*, YI, 86*. emoryi, Coluber, V, 36. Empidonax, IV, 184. acadicus, IY, 184. flaviventris, IY, 184, YI, 15*, 29*, 31*, 32*. minimus, IY, 184. pusillus, var. trailli, IY, 184. trailli, VI, 15* 29*, 30*, 31*. Emydidae, Y, 50, 54. Emys, Y, 54, 57. meleagris, Y, 57. Encalypta, II, 20. Encoptolophus sordida, I, 64. sordidus, I, 64. Endocarpei, II, 33. Endocarpon, II, 33, English Snipe, IV, 195. Engystoma, Y, 18. carolinense, V, 18. Engystomidse, V, 15, 16, 18. ensicornu, Acridium, I, 61. ensifer, Xiphidium, III, 142f. Entomostraca, II, 73f, 74f, 75f, 76f, 78f, 80f, 81f, 82f, 84f, 85f. 86f, III, 24 1, 26f, 28f, 29f, 30f, 31f, 32f, 36f, 37f, 39f, 40f, 41f, 43f, 45f, 46f, 47f, 48 f, 49f, 51f, 52f, 54f, 55f, 56 f, 57f, 58f, 60f, 61f, 62f, 63f, 64f, 66f, 67f, 68f, 69f, 70f, 40 INDEX, 72f, 73f, 74f, 75f, 76f, 77f, 78f, 79f, YI, 69f, 70f, 72f, 73f, 74f, 77f, 81, 81f, 82f, 83f., 84f, 85f, 86f, 87f, 88f, 90f, 92f, 98f , 101f, 102, 103, 104f, 105f, 106, 106f, 108f, 109f. Entophytes, III, 159. enucleator, Pinicola, IY, 178. eos, Boleichthys, I, 34, 35, II, 40, 42. Ephebe, II, 29. Epheraeridge, II, 77f, III, 27f, 44f, 63f, 64f, 65f, YI, 94f. larvse, II, 74f, 75f, 76f, 77f, 79f, 80f, 82f, III, 23f, 24f, 25f, 27f, 29f, 30f, 35f, 37f, 40f, 43f, 44f, 46f, 47f, 52f, 53f, 54f, 55f, 56f, 57 f, 58f, 60t, 65f, 74f, 78f, 79f, YI, 67f, 71f, 83f, 84f, 85f, 87f, 93f. pupae, IT, 75f, III, 23f, 27f. Ephemerum, II, 18. Epicserus imbricatus. III, 94f, 108f, 120f, YI, 28f, 31 f. Epicaata, III, 110f. vittata, III, 132f. Epilachna borealis, III, 152. larva, III, 152*. Epischura lacustris, YI, 70f. Episema, II, 60. ariomma, II, 60. jejuna, II, 60. scabriceps, IT, 60. eragrostidis, Colopha, II, 17. Eragrostis poseoides, var. megastachya, II, 17. erebennus, Spilotes, Y, 37. Erechthites hieracifolius, I, 58. Ereinophila, IV, 183. alpestris, IY, 183. var. leucolsema. IY, 183. leucolseraa, IY, 183. Eretmochelys, Y, 51. imbricata, Y, 51. Ereunetes, IY, 195. pusillus, IY, 195. eriareha, Copelandia, II, 46. Ericosma, II, 39. evides, II, 39. Ericymba, I, 45, II, 61, YI, 76. buccata, I, 45, II, 61, 80*, 85*, YI, 75*. Erigeron canadense, II, 7. erigeronensis, Siphonophora, II, 7. Erimyzon, I, 48, II, 64, III, 79*. melanops, I, 48, II, 64. oblongus, I, 48, II, 64. sucetta, II, 64, 81*, 86*, III, 72*. Erismatura, IY, 201. rubida, IY, 201. erochrous, Boleichthys, I, 34. Erotium herbariorum, I, 59. Erysiphe, I, 59, lamprocarpa, I, 59. martii, I, 59. tuckeri, I, 56. erythrocephalus, Melanerpes, IY, 186, VI, 16*, 29*, 30*, 31*, 32*. erythrogaster, Chrosomus, I, 47, II, 61, YI, 80*, 94*. Tropidonotus, Y, 42. erythrogastra, Hirundo, IY, 177. erythrogrammus, Abastor, Y, 32. erythronotus, Plethodon, Y, 12. erythrophthalmus, Coccyzus, IY, 187, YI, 16*, 29*, 30*, 31*. Pipilo, IV, 179, 181. erythropterus, Gryllus, I, 68. Locusta, I, 68. erythropus, Chlsenius, YI, 43*. erythrorhynchus, Pelecanus, IY, 201. Eskimo Curlew, IY, 196. Esocidee, I, 43, II, 52, 78*, 85*, III, 21, 68*. Esox, I, 43, II, 52, III, 78*. boreus, I, 43, II, 53. cypho, I, 43, II, 53. lucius, II, 53, 78*, 85*. var. estor, 1, 43, II, 53. nobilior, I, 43, II, 52. raveneli, II, 53. salmoneus, I, 43, II, 53, 79*, 85*, III, 68*. umbrosus, I, 43, II, 53. Essex Institute, Bulletins, cited, IY, 172, 184, 192, 193. Proceedings, cited, IY, 172, 204. Estheriadse, I, 22. Etheostoma, I, 35, II, 42, III, 27*. blennioides, I, 35, II, 39. evides, I, 36, II, 39. flabellare, II, 42. var. lineolatum, II, 42, 111, 24*. INDEX. 41 lined atum, II, 75*, 84*. phoxocephalum, I, 35, II, 39. squamiceps, II, 42. Etheostomatidae, II, 38, 74*, 76f, 84*, III, 22*, 27*, 51f, 71, VI, 65. Eubranchipus, I, 3, 22. bundyi, I, 25. larvae, II, 88. serratus, I, 13, 22, 25, II, 87. vernalis, I, 13, 14, 25. Eucalia, I, 42, II, 51 . inconstans, I, 42, II, 51, 78*, 85*, YI, 68*. pygmsea, I, 42. * Eudocimus, IV, 192. albus, IV, 192. Euglena acus, VI, 77f. viridis, VI, 77f. Eumeces, V, 46. anthracinus, V, 46. egregius, V, 46. fasciatus, V, 47. obsoletus, y, 47. onccrepis, y, 46. septentrionalis, y, 46. Euonymus, I, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31. atropurpureus, I, 31. Euphorbia maculata, II, 6. marginata, II, 7. euphorbiae, Aphis, I, 6. Siphonophora, II, 6. euphorbicola, Siphonophora, IT, 6. Eupomotis, II, 46, III, 55*, 61*, 62, 63*, 68*. aureus, II, 43, 46,77*, 84*, 88*, III, 44* 53*. pallidus, II, 46, III, 53*, 54*. eurinus, Alydus, VI, 28f, 32f. European Herring Gull, IV, 202. Jays, III, 82*. Straggler, IV, 208. Widgeon, IV, 199. Eurycercus, II, 78f, III, 24f, 27f, YI, 70+. lamellatus, II, 88f, III, 39f, 74f. Euryomia, III, 117f, 119f, 123f, 125f, 147f. inda, III, 120f, 139f. Eurytrichi, III, 153. Euschistus, III, lllf, VI, 28f, 32f. servus, III, 92f, 138f. Eutaenia, V, 30, 38. faireyi, V, 39. proxima, V, 39. radix, V, 39. sackeni, y, 39. sirtalis, var. sirtalis, V, 39. var. dorsalis, V, 40. var. obscura, V, 40. var. ordinata, V, 40. var. parietalis, V, 40. saurita, V, 38. vagrans, V, 39.. Evarthrus, III, 95f, 110f, 128f, 129f, 139f, 140f, 141f, VI, 41*, 50*, 57f, 59*, 60*, 62*, 63*. colossus, III, 121f, 157*, VI, 41*, 57f. sodalis, yi, 41*. Evening Grosbeak, IV, 178. Eventognathi, II, 55. Evergreens, roots of, III, 150f. evides, Ericosma, II, 39. Etheostoma, I, 36, II, 39. excubitorides, Lanius, IV, 176. exilipes, iEgiothus, IV, 178. Palaemonetes, I, 5, 20, III, 30f. exilis, Ardetta, IV, 194. Boleichthys, I, 34, 35. Noturus, I, 51, II, 67. Exoglossum maxillingua, yi, 75*. Exposition Company of Chicago, VI, 109. Exsiccati, Ravenel’s, I, 58f. extensa, Microsphseria, I, 58. F Fabronia, II, 23. Fagus, I, 28, 29, 31. faireyi, Eutsenia, V, 39. falcinellus, Plegadis, IV, 192. Falco, IV, 188. sesalon, FV, 207. peregrinus, var. nsevius, IV, 188. polyagrus, IV, 169. Falcon, Prairie, IV, 188. Falconidse, iy, 167, 188, 207. Falcons, FV, 188. fallax, Pupilla, III, 128f. Fan-tailed Darter, I, 34, II, 42. Farancia, y, 29, 32. abacura, y, 32. 42 INDEX, farctus, Bolbocerus, III, 110f. Farlow, W. G., on the American grape vine disease, cited, I, 55. Synopsis of the Peronosporeae of the United States, cited, I, 55. fasciata, Melospiza, IV, 180. fasciatum, Xiphidium, III, 142f. fasciatus, Eumeces, V, 47. Gammarus, I, 6, 21, III, 24f, 41f, 59f. Ips, III, 151f, VI, 29f, 80f. Tropidonotus, V, 42. fasciculata, Vernonia, II, 11. Fat-head, II, 55. Faunal regions of United States, V, 59. femorale, Acrydium, I, 68. femoralis, Aphodius, VI, 28f, 31f. Hyla, V, 20. femorata, Diapheromera, I, 60, III, 108f. femoratum, Spectrum, I, 60. femur-rubrum, Acrydium, I, 68. Caloptenus, I, 68, III, 142f. Melanoplus, I, 68. Pezotettix, I, 68. ferox, Aspidonectes, V, 52. ferrugineus, Archibuteo, IV, 189. Scolecophagus, IV, 182. Ferruginous Rough- legged Hawk, IV, 190. ferus, Coriscus, III, 92f, 94f. Field and Forest, cited, IV, 206. Field Lark, Little, IV, 182. Plover, IV, 196. Sparrow, IV, 180, 181, VI, 12*, 24*, 25*. Filamentous Algae, II, 76f, 79f, 80f, 81f, 82f, III, 27f, 50f, 70f, 73f, 157f, VI, 67f, 69f, 71f, 72f, 73f, 76f, 77f, 78f, 80+, 82f, 83f, 85f, 86f, 87f, 89f, 90f, 101f, 102, 103f, 105, 107f. filicornis, Pontoporeia, I, 20. Fimbriaria, II, 25. fimetarius, Aphodius, III, 50f, 92f, 120f, 138f, 140f. Finch, Cassin’s, IV, 205. Purple, IV, 178. Seaside, IV, 205. Finches, IV, 178, 205, VI, 11*. Fire-bird, IV, 182. Firmisternia, V, 15, 18. First food of the common White-fish, The, VI, 95-109. Fish Crow, IV, 183. -culture, II, 72. -fry, III, 59f. -scales, III, 53f. Fishes, I, 33, II, 75f, 76f, 78f, 79f, 81f, 83f, 84 f, 85f, 86f, 87*, 89f, III, 25f, 30f, 31f, 32f, 33f, 35f, 37f, 39f, 40f, 41f, 42f, 43f, 44f, 45f, 47f, 48f, 50f, 51f, 57f, 58f, 59f, 60f, 61f, 62f, 63f, 66*, 67f, 68f, 75f, 78f, 79f, VI, 66f, 67f, 68f, 83f, 84f, 85f, 86f, 87f, 88f, 90f, 93f, 94f. blind, II, 53. ctenoid, II, 76f, 78f, 84f, 85f, 86f. cycloid, II, 76f, 77f, 78f, 84f, 85f, 86f, III, 60 1- edible, III, 34*. game, II, 72*, III, 77. of Illinois, A catalogue of the, II, 37-70. A partial catalogue of the, I, 33- 52. On the Crustacea eaten by, II, 87-89. On the food of young, III, 66-79. percoid, II, 75f, 76f, III, 25*, 30. predaceous, II, 72*, III, 34*, 76*, 77. scavenger, II, 73, 8,3. The food of, III, 18-65. The food of Illinois, II, 71-89. The food of the smaller fresh- water, VI, 65-94. toothless, VI, 102*. Fissidens, II, 19. Fitch, Dr. Asa, II, 14, III, 91. flabellare, Etheostoma, II, 42. flabellatus, Poecilichthys, I, 34, II, 42. flagelliforme, Bascanium, V, 38. flava, Lonicera, I, 30. flavescens, Perea, I, 36, II, 43. Phoradendron, III, 144f. flavifrons, Lanivireo, IV, 176. flavilatus, Dromicus, V, 35. flavipes, Totanus, IV, 196. flaviventris, Empidonax, IV, 184, VI, 15*, 29*, 31*, 32*. flavocinta, Ectobia, I, 60. flavus, Lasius, VI, 43f, 61f, 62f. INDEX. 43 Noturus, I, 50, II, 67, III, 42f, 43f. Plea Beetles, III, 50f. flexilis, Nais, III, 50f. Flicker, IY, 186, VI, 16*, 26*, 27*. Yellow-shafted, IV, 186. Flies, III, 50+, VI, 15f. Florida, IV, 193. caerulea, IV, 193. Florida Cormorant, IV, 201. Gallinule, IV, 198. Jay, IV, 206. Floridan Blind Snake, V, 45. Chameleon, V, 49. Crocodile, V, 58. Skink, V, 46. floridana, Aphelocoma, IV, 206. Ortyx, IV, 192. Rhineura, V, 45. floridanus, Phalacrocorax, IV, 201. Sceloporus, V, 48. floris-rapae, Aphis, II, 12. fluminea, Zaitha, II, 76f. fluviatilis, Sterna, IV, 202. Fly, VI, 43f. larvae of, III, 90f, VI, lOlf . Flycatcher, Fork-tailed, IV, 206. Great Crested, IV, 184. Green- crested, IV, 184. Least, IV, 184. Olive-sided, IV, 184. Scissor-tailed, IV, 206. Traill’s, IV, 184, VI, 15*, 26*, 27*. Yellow-bellied, IV, 184, VI, 15*, 26*, 27*. Flycatchers, VI, 15*. Tyrant, IV, 184, 206. Fly-catching Thrushes, IV, 172. Warbler, Canadian, IV, 175. -up-the-creek, IV, 193. foeda, Limosa, IV, 196. folium, Polyodon, I, 51, II, 69, 82*, 86*. Fontinalis, II, 22. Food of Birds, The, III, 80-148. of Fishes, The, III, 18-65. of Illinois Fishes, The, II, 71-89. of Predaceous Beetles, Notes upon the, III, 149-152. of young Fishes, On the, III, 66-79. of the common White-fish, The first. (Coregonus clupeiformis, Mitch.), VI, 95-109. of the smaller fresh-water Fishes, The, VI, 65-94. relations of the Carabidae and Coc- cinellidae, The, VI, 33-64. forbesi, Cyprinella, II, 57. Forbes’ Red-fin, II, 57. Forbes, S. A., I, 33, 37, 67, 69, II, 37, 39, 47, 52, 58, 59, 66, 92, V, 4. Descriptions of Fishes, II, 40, 41, 43, 53, 56, 58, 59, 60. Key to the species mentioned in the preceding paper [List of Illi- nois Crustacea], I, 17-24. List of Illinois Crustacea, with de- scriptions of new species, I, 3-25. Notes on Fishes, I, 35, II, 67, 68. On some Entomostraca of Lake Michigan and its adjacent waters, cited, VI, 105. On some Interactions of Organ- isms, III, 3-17, cited, III, 85. On the Crustacea eaten by Fishes, II, 87-89. On the food of young Fishes, III, 66-79. Studies of the food of Birds, In- sects and Fishes, made at the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History at Normal, Illinois, VI, 1-110. The first food of the common White- fish (Coregonus clupeiformis, Mitch.), VI, 95-109. The food of Birds, III, 80-148, cited, II, 72. of Fishes, III, 18-65, cited, VI, 65. of the smaller fresh-water Fishes, VI, 65-94. The food relations of the Carabidae - and Coccinellidae, VI, 33-64. The regulative action of Birds upon Insect oscillations, VI, 3-32. Foresteria, I, 27. forficatus, Elanoides, IV, 188. Milvulus, VI, 206. Forficula aculeata, I, 59. Forficulidae, I, 59. Fork-tailed Catfish, II, 66. Great, I, 50, II, 66. Dace, I, 46. 44 INDEX. Flycatcher, IV, 206. Gull, IV, 202. Formica, VI, 27f, 28f, 30f. fusca, VI, 28f, 30f. Formicidse, III, 104f, 116f, 125f, 147f, VI, 22f, 24 f, 26f, 59f, 62f. formosa, Oporornis, IV, 175. forsteri, Sterna, IV, 202. Forster’s Tern, IV, 202. Fossorial Carabidse, VI, 50. Four-toed Salamander, Y, 12. fowleri, Bufo, Y, 17. Fox-colored Sparrow, IY, 181. Fox Snake, Y, 36. fragarise, Siphonophora, II, 8. Fragilaria capucina, YI, 99f. franklini, Laras, IY, 202. Franklin’s Gull, IY, 202. Fraxinus, I, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31. americana, I, 31. pubescens, I, 31. quadrangulata, I, 31. sambucifolia, I, 29, 31. viridis, I, 58f. Fresh-water Leather Turtle, Y, 52. Shrimp, III, 30f. fretensis, Alburnops, II, 57. Hybopsis, I, 47. friesii, Microsphseria, I, 58. Fries, on Fungi, I, 52. frigida, Moniana, II, 58. Fringillidse, IY, 167, 178, 205, YI, 11*, 24*, 29*. Frog, Bull, Y, 25. Common, Y, 24. Green, Y, 24 Pickerel, Y, 24. Frogs, tadpoles of, II, 79f. Frugivorous birds, III, 99. frugivorus, Corvus, IY, 183. Fruit of Virginia Creeper, III, 11 If. trees, leaves of, III, 119f. Fruits, III, 96f, 98f, 102f, 103f, 106f, 107f, 109f, lllf, H2f, H3f, 115f, 118f, 120f, 121 f, 122f, 123f, 126f, 128f, 129f, 131f. 132f, 134f, 135f, 136f, 148f. edible, III, 102f, 113f, 123f, 135f, I44f, 145f. tame, III, 101. wild, III, 101. garden, III, 101f, 102f, lllf, 114, 115f, 123f, 124f, I45f. smaller, III, 110, 115f, 122f. inedible, III, 101. mid-summer, III, 128f. small, III, 103f, 109f, 110f, 123f, 124f, 132f. tame, III, 97f, 112f. wild, III, 97f, 99f, 110, lllf, 124f, 143f, 144f. Frullania, II, 26. fruticosa, Amorpha, I, 27. Fulica, IY, 198. americana, IY, 198. fulicarise, Geranomorphse, IV, 197. fulicarius, Phalaropus, IY, 197. Fulix, IY, 200. affinis, IY, 200. collaris, IY, 200. marila, IY, 200. fulva, Dendrocycna, IV, 208. Impatiens, II, 12. Ulmus, I, 28, 29, 31. fulvius, Elaps, Y, 29. Fulvous Tree Duck, IY, 208. Fumago, I, 58. fumans, Brachinus, VI, 39*. fumipennella, Aphis, II, 14. fumosa, Peronospora, I, 5*6. Funaria, II, 22. Fundulus, I, 42, II, 51, 88*, VI, 70*, 72. diaphanus, I, 42, II, 51, 78*, 85*, VI, 71*, 93*. menona, II, 52, VI, 70. funera, Surnia, IV, 188. Fungi, III, 159f, VI, 40f, 41f, 42f, 43f, 44f, 45f, 46fr 48f, 49f, 51f, 52f, 53f, 54f, 55f, 59f, 60f, 61f, 63f, 64f, 77f, 80f, 94 f. fleshy or cartilaginous, III, 157f, 158f, VI, 42f. mycelium of, III, 158. parasitic, I, 52. spores of, III, 155f, 156f, 157f, 158f, 159f, VI, 50f, 52f, 53t, 54f, • 55f, 77f, 80f, 84 f. stylospores of, III, 156f. Upon parasitic, I, 52-59. furcatus, Ictalurus, I, 50, II, 66. Ichthoelurus, II, 66. fusca, Formica, VI, 28f, 30f. 45 fuscescens, Hylocichla, IV, 171. fuscicollis, Actodromas, IV, 195. fuscum, Amblystoma, V, 10. Menopoma, V, 8. fuscus, Accipiter, IV, 189. Desmognathus, V, 14. Pelecanus, IV, 164, 201. Sayornis, IV, 184. fusiformis, Boleichthys, I, 34. G Gadidae, I, 42, II, 51. Gadwall, IV, 199. galactura, Cyprinella, I, 47, II, 57. galbula, Icterus, IV, 182, VI, 14*, 29*, 30*, 31*. • galeata, Daphnia, II, 89f. Gallinula, IV, 198. Galeoscoptes, IV, 171. carolinensis, IV, 171. Galerita, VI, 39*, 50*, 57*, 59*, 60*, 62*, 63*. janus, III, 155*, VI, 39*. Galgulus, II, 77f, VI, 67f. Galium circaezans, II, 13. Gall-fly, III, 110f. -lice, III, 152f. Cotton-wood, III, 152f. Gallinae, IV, 191. alectoropodes, IV, 191. Gallinago, IV, 195. media, var. wilsoni, IV, 195. Gallinula, IV, 198. galeata, IV, 198: Gallinule, Florida, IV, 198. Purple, IV, 198. Gallinules, IV, 197. gallopavo, Meleagris, IV, 191. gambeli, Anser, IV, 198, 199. Game fishes, II, 72*, III, 77. Gammaridse, I, 21. Gammarus, I, 21, III, 27f, 43f, 60f, VI, lOOf, ioif. fasciatus, I, 6, 21, III, 24f, 41f, 59f. gangliformis, Peronospora, I, 55. Ganoidei, II, 68. Gar, III, 40, 75*. Alligator, I, 51, II, 69. Broad-nosed, II, 82*. River, II, 72. Short-nosed, I, 51, II, 69, 87*. Garbage, II, 84f, 85f, 86f. Gardener’s Chronicle, cited, I, 55. Monthly, cited, I, 55. Garman, W. H., Ill, 21. Gar- Pike, I, 51, II, 68. -Pikes, II, 82*. Garden-bird, IV, 178. fruits, III, lOlf, 102f, lllf, 114, 115f, 123f, 124f, 145f. smaller, III, 110, 122f. garrulus, Ampelis, IV, 170, 176. Garter Snake, V, 39. Common, V, 39. Hoy’s, V, 39. Garzetta, IV, 193. candidissima, IV, 193. Gasteropoda, II, 77f, 78f, 80f, 81f, III, 51f, 55f, 63f, 65f, VI, 6f. Gasterosteidae, I, 42, II, 51, 78*, 85*, VI, 65*, 68*, 93*. Gastrophysa dissimilis, III, 130f. polygoni, III, 108f. Gaviae, IV, 202. Gecconidae, V, 45, 49. Geese, IV, 198, 208. gemiuata, Stelidota, III, 131f. geographicus, Malacoclemys, V, 56. Geological Survey of New Hampshire, cited, I, 66. Geophilidae, III, 126f, 159f . Geophilus, III, 94f, 106f, VI, 43f, 49f. 52f, 60f, 62f, 64f. Geopinus, III, 153. incrassatus, III, 93f, VI, 57f. georgiae, Diplotaxis, VI, 28f, 31f. Geothlypis, IV, 175. Philadelphia, IV, 175. trichas, IV, 175, VI, 10*, 28*, 30*, 31*, 32*. Geofrupes, III, llOf, 128f, 147f. blackburni, III, 144f. Geranomorphae, IV, 197. alectorides, IV, 198. fulicariae, IV, 197. Geraniums, I, 56f. germanica, Blatta, I, 59. Ectobia, I, 59. Phyllodromia, I, 59. Gerstaecker, III, 66. getulus, Ophibolus, V. 33. 46 INDEX. gibbosa, Moniana, II, 57, 58. gibbus, Zabrus, III, 149*. Gila, I, 47, II, 61. elongata, I, 47, II, 61. Gilded Garter, II, 39. Sunfish, I, 38, II, 46. gilva, Yireosylvia, IV, 176. gilvus, Vireo, "VI, 10*, 28*, 30*, 31*, 32*. Gizzard Shad, I, 44, II, 55, 72*f, 75+, 78f, 79*, 83*, III, 67*, 68*, 76f. Girard, Charles, I, 34, V, 3. glabra, Rhus, I, 29, 30, 31, III, 93f, 108f, 138f. glabrum, Panicum, II, 16. glacialis, Harelda, IV, 200. Hippodamia, VI, 53*. Glass-eye, II, 43. Snake, V, 48. glauea, Setaria, II, 6. Glaucous Gull, IV, 202. glaucus, Elanus, IV, 188. Larus, IV, 202. Gleditschia, I, 28, 30, 31. triacanthos, I, 58f. globosa, Difflugia, III, 72f. globulosa, Difflugia, III, 72f. globulosus, Dyschirius, III, 129f, 152*, VI, 57f. Gloeocystis, VI, 87f. glomerata, Cladophora, VI, 84f. Glossary of descriptive catalogue of Ba- trachia and Reptilia, V, 60-64. Glossopolites, I, 37. melanops, I, 37. Glossy Ibis, IV, 192. Ibis, White-faced, IV, 208. glutinosus, Plethodon, V, 12. Gnat-catcher, Blue-gray, IV, 172. Gnats, II, 74f, 76f, 77f, 80f, III, 24f, VI, 8+, 10f, 12f, 15f, 22f, 24f, 26 f, 41 f, 67f. larvae of, II, 74f, 75'f, 76f, 77f, 81f, VI, 101f. Goatsuckers, IV, 185, 206. Goblin, II, 50, VI, 68*. Godwit, Hudsonian, IV, 196. Marbled, IV, 196. Goggle Eye, II, 44, III, 44*. Golden-crowned Kinglet, IV, 172. Sparrow, IV, 180, 205. crown Thrush, IV, 175. Eagle, IV, 190. eye, American, IV, 200. Barrow’s, IV, 200. Mullet, I, 49. Oriole, IV, 182. Plover, IV, 194. Red-horse, II, 63, 81. Robin, IV, 182. -rods, III 110. -winged Warbler. IV, 174. Goldfinch, American, IV, -178, VI, 11*, 24*, 25*. Mexican Black-headed, IV, 205. Pine, IV, 178. Gold fish, I, 48, II, 63. Gomphocerus infuscatus, I, 62. radiatus, I, 62. viridifasciatus, I, 62. Goose, Blue, IV, 198. Brant, IV, 199. Canada, IV, 199. Hutchins’, IV, 199. Little Gray, IV, 199. White-cheeked, IV, 199. Snow, IV, 198. Lesser, IV, 198. Ross’s, IV, 208. White-fronted, IV, 193, 199. Gooseberries, III, 128f, 141f. Gooseberry, II, 5. Gopher Turtle, V, 58. Gordius, VI, 89f, 94f. Goshawk, American, IV, 189. Mexican, IV, 189. gossypii, Aphis, II, 14. Gourd- seed Sucker, II, 64. Gourd, vines of, III, 152f. gracilis, Arcyptera, I, 62. Cambarus, I, 5, 18. Crangonyx, I, 6, 8, 21, II, 78f, 87f, III, 24 f, VI, 72f, 74f. Lythrurus, II, 59. Moniana, II, 58. Stetheophyma, I, 62. Grackle, Bronzed, IV, 183, VI, 14*, 26*, 27*. grahami, Tropidonotus, V, 41. Grain, III, lllf, 119f, 120f, 122f, 123f, 127f, 134f, 135f, 136f, VI, 7f. growing, III, 150f. in stack, III, 150f. INDEX. 47 seeds of, 111,1*50+. shoots of, III, 150f. Gramineje, VI, 59f, 63f. pollen of, VI, 59f, 63f . seeds of, VI, 59f, 63f. gramineus, Pooecetes, IV, 179. grarainis, Puccinia, I, 53. graminivorous Cyprinidse, YI, 74. grammica, Chondestes, IY, 179. granaria, Aphis, II, 5. granarise, Siphonophora. See Aphis maidis, 1Y, Errata (See Index, 9). granarius, Aphodius, III, 120f. grandidentata, Populus, II, 14. Grape, II, 5. Clinton, I, 56f. leaves of, I, 55f. Grapes, III, 96f, 103f, 106f, 112f, 113f, 114f, 118f, 121f, 122f, 124f, 126f, 131f, 132f, 134f, 136f, 144f. tame, III, 96f, 98f, 11 If. wild, III, 97f, 131f. Graphis, II, 32. .Graphorhinus vadosus. See Epicaerus imbricatus, YI, Errata (See In- dex, 9). Grass, II, 81f, III, 106f, 140f, 141f, 158f, VI, 42f, 44f, 45f, 46f, 49f, 55f, 61f. anthers of, III, 155f, 156f 159f, VI, 40f. blades of, III, 151. Blue-, anthers of, III, 155f, VI, 40f. pollen of, III, 155f, VI, 40. epidermis of, III, 156f, VI, 46f. floret of, III, 156f. June, YI, 44f, 45f. heads of, III, 151f pollen of, VI, 45f. seeds of, III, 151f, VI, 43f, 44f. ovules of, III, 156f. pollen of, III, 155f, 156f, 159f, VI, 40f, 52 f, 55f. Prairie, seeds of, III, 151f. roots of, III, 156f. seeds of, II, 81f, III, 150f, 156f, 157f, VI, 39f, 40f, 44f. 85f. shoots of, III, 151f, 157f. Timothy, III, 151f. heads of, III, 151f. seeds of, III, 150f. Grass Bass, II, 47. -birds, IV, 179. -eating cut. worms, III, I38f. -like plants, YI, 49|, 87f. Pickerel, II, 53. Snake, Y, 36. Snipe, IV, 195. Grasshopper-bird, IY, 179. Grasshoppers, II, 75f, III, 14, 38f, 50f, 84f, 90f, 92 f. 96f, 98f, 102f, 108f, 113f, 120f, 121f, 122f, 129f, 130f, 131f, 137f, 139f, 140f, 142f, 145*, 146f, YI, 14f, 38f, 88f. 89f. Colorado, III, 14. eggs of, III, 138f. Red-legged, III, 143f. gratiosa, Hyla, Y, 20. Gravel, VI, 89f, 91f, 94f. Gray and Guenther, British Museum Catalogue, cited, Y, 3. Gray, J. E. See Gray and Guenther. Gray-cheeked Thrush, IV, 171. Eagles, IV, 190. Goose, Little, IV, 199. Owl, Great, IV, 187. Pike, II, 43. Pike-Perch, I, 36, III, 31*. Snipe, IV, 195. Great Black-backed Gull, IY, 202. Blue Heron, IV, 193. Carolina Wren, IV, 173. Crested Flycatcher, IY, 184. Fork-tailed Catfish, I, 50, II, 66. Gray Owl, IV, 187. Horned Owl, IV, 187. Lake Catfish, II, 66. Lake Trout, II, 54. Mississippi Catfish, II, 66. Northern Diver, IV, 203. Shrike, IV, 176. Sea Salmon, I, 43. Siren, Y, 6. White Heron, IV, 193. Grebe, American Eared, IV, 203. Red-necked, IV, 203. Horned, IY, 203. Thick-billed, IV, 203. Western, IV, 208. 48 INDEX, Grebes, IV, 208. Green-crested Flycatcher, IV, 184. Frog, V, 24. -head, IV, 199. Heron, IV, 193. Lizard, V, 49. -side Darter, II, 40. Turtle, V, 51. Warbler, Black-throated, IV, 175, VI, 10*, 22*, 23*. -winged Teal, IV, 200. Greenlets, IV, 176. Gregarina, III, 156*, 157f. gregarius, Calathus, 111,151 ,155*, VI, 40*. Grimmia, II, 20. Grinnel, II, 68, 82*. griseum, Stizostedium, I, 36, II, 43. Grosbeak, Black-headed, IV, 205. Blue, IV, 181. Cardinal, IV, 181. Evening, IV, 178. Pine, IV, 178. Rose-breasted, IV, 181, VI, 13*, 24*, 25*. Ground-beetles, III, 146, VI, 83f. -birds, IV, 179. Lizard, V, 46. Pike, II, 43. Rattlesnake, V, 28. Robin, IV, 181. Snake, V, 31. Grouse, IV, 191, 207. Pinnated, IV, 191. Ruffed, IV, 191. Sharp-tailed, IV, 191. Spruce, IV, 207. Gruidae, IV, 167, 198. grunniens, Haploidonotus, I, 40, II, 50, 77*, 84*, III, 32f, 64*. Grunting Perch, II, 50, III, 64*. Grus, IV, 198. americana, IV, 198. canadensis, IV, 198. Gryllidae, III, 105f, 117f, 126f, 142f, 148f. Gryllus, III, 142f. abbreviatus, III, 110, 138f. aequalis, I, 63. americanus, I, 69. brevicornis, I, 61. Carolina, I, 64. carolinus, I, 60, 64. chrysomelus, 1, 62. erythropterus, I, 68. serialis, I, 69. succinctus, I, 69. sulphureus, I, 63. virginianus, I, 62. viridifasciatus, 1, 62. gryllus, Acris, V, 18. guarauna, Plegadis, IV, 208. Guenther, Albert. See Gray and Guen- ther. Guinea Woodpecker, IV, 185. Little, IV, 185. Guiraca, IV, 181. ceerulea, IV, 181. Gull, American Herring, IV, 202. Bonaparte’s, IV, 202. European Herring, IV, 202. Fork-tailed, IV, 202. Franklin’s, IV, 202. Glaucous, IV, 202. Great Black-backed, IV, 202. Kittiwake, IV, 202. Laughing, IV, 202. Ring- billed, 4 IV, 202. Gulls, IV, 202, 208. gulosus, Chaenobryttus, I, 37, 44, II, 45, III, 44*. guttata, Phyllactinia, I, 58. guttatus, Chelopus, V, 57. Coluber, V, 37. Percopsis, I, 43, II, 53. Gutter Snipe, IV, 195. guttolineatus, Spelerpes, V, 18. Gyalecta, II, 30. Gymnocladus, I, 26, 28, 31. Gyrinid Beetle, larvae. III, 49f. Gyrinidae, larvae, II, 76f, 77f, III, 50f, 51 f, 53f, 59f, 60f, 65f, VI, 84f, 94f. Gyrinophilus, V, 11, 12, 14. porphyriticus, V, 14. H Hackberry, I, 26, III, 106f. haemastica, Limosa, IV, 196. haematurus, Alburnops, II, 57. Hybopsis, I, 47. Hairy Woodpecker, IV, 185. INDEX. 49 Haldea, Y, 30, 31. striatula, V, 32. haldemani, Hippiscus, I, 65. (Edipoda, I, 65. halecina, Rana, Y, 24. Haliseetus, IV, 190. leucocephalus, IV, 190. Haliplus, III, 55f, VI, 94f. Hall, Elihu,II, 18. Haltica, II, 77f. Hamamelis, I, 27, 28, 30. Hammer-head, I, 48, II, 64. Hanging-bird, IV, 182. Hang-nest, IY, 182. Haploehilus melanops, II, 52. Haploidonotus, I, 40, II, 50, III, 35f, 68f, 78*. grunniens, I, 40, II, 50, 77*, 84*, III, 32f, 64*. Haplomi, II, 51. Harelda, IY, 200. glacialis, IV, 200. harlani, Buteo, IV, 189. Harlan’s Hawk, IV, 189. Harlequin Duck, IY, 200. Snake, Y, 29. Harpactidse, I, 23. Harpalinae, III, 50f, 104f, 11 If, 139f, 141f, 143f, 153f, 157f, YI, Ilf, 16f, 56f. larvae, III, 104f, 139f, 144f. Harpalus, III, 92f, 93f, 110f, 119f, 120f, 128f, 139f, 140f, 141f, 146*, 153, YI, 12f, 45*, 49*, 57f, 58f, 59*, 60*, 61*, 62*, 63*. caliginosus, III, 150*, 151*, 156*, VI, 45*, 46*. herbivagus, III, 93f, 144f, 150*, 151*, 157*, YI, 45*, 46*, 58f. larvae, III, 138f, 150*. pennsylvanicus, III, 108f, 150*, 156*, 157, YI, 45*, 46*, 58f. Harpanthus, II, 26. Harporhynchus, IV, 171. rufus, III, 118*, 125*, IY, 171, VI, 7*, 28*, 30*, 31*, 32*, 57*, 58*. harrisi, Anisodactylus, VI, 44*. Harris’s Sparrow, IV, 180. Harvest-men, III, 112f, 128f, 132f. Hawk, Blue Chicken, IV, 189. Broad-winged, IV, 189. Cooper's, IY, 189. Duck, IY, 188. Ferruginous Rough-legged, IV, 190. Harlan’s, IY, 189. Marsh, IY, 189. Night, IY, 185. Pigeon, IY, 188. Quail, IV, 189. Rabbit, IV, 189. Red- shouldered, IY, 189. Red-tailed, IV, 189. Rough-legged, IV, 189. Sharp-shinned, IV, 189. Sparrow, IV, 188. Swainson’s, IV, 189. Swift, IY, 189. Western Red-tailed, IY, 189. White-breasted Hen, IY, 189. Hawk Owl, American, IY, 188. Hawks, III, 103, IV, 188, 207. Hay, O. P., Description of a new species of Asellus, II, 90-92, cited, II, 87. hecate, Onthophagus, III, 120f. Hedwigia, II, 21. helense, Carphophiops, Y, 31. Helicops, V, 31, 43. alleni, V, 43. Helinaia swainsom', IV, 170. Helix, VI, 12f, 27f, 29f, 30f. labyrinthica, III, 128f, 130f. Hell-bender, V, 8. Hellgramite, larvae, III, 59f. Helminthophaga, IV, 174, 204. bachmani, IV, 204. celata, IV, 174. chrysoptera, IY, 174. peregrina, IV, 174, VI, 9*, 28*, 30*, 31*. pinus, IV, 174. ruficapilla, IV, 174. Helminthosporium, YI, 43f, 45f, 52f, 53f, 59f, 61f, 63f, 64f. spores, YI, 40f, 41f, 45f, 48f, 52f. Helminthotherus, IY, 174. vermivorous, IV, 174. Helonsea, IV, 174. swairisoni, IV, 174. Helophori, III, 93f. helvetica, Squatarola, IV, 194. Hemibranchii, 11,51. 50 INDEX, Hemidacfcylium, Y, 11, 12. scutatum, V, 12. Hemiptera, II, 76+ 78+ 80+ 84+ 85+, 86f, III, 27f, 29+, 35+ 48+, 45+, 46+, 52+, 55+, 60f, 62+, 64+, 73+, 78+, 79+* 90+ , 92+ , 94+, 95+ 96+, 98+ , 101+, 105+, 108+, 109+110+, lllf, H2f, 118+ , 114+ 117+ 119+ 120+, 121+ 122+ , 123+, 124+ 126+, 128+, 180+, 131+ 132+, 133+ 134+, 135+ 136+ 140+, 143+, 148+ YI, 6+ 8+ 9+ 10f, Hf, 12+ 13+ 15+, 16+, 22+ 25+ 27+, 48+ 49+, 59+ 61+ 62+, 64+, 93+ 94+ aquatic, II, 79+, III, 63+, YI, 72+ 83+ 90+, 93+ 94+ herbivorous, III, 135+ 136+. predaceous. III, 115+ 124+ 130+ 135+, 136+ terrestrial, III, 43+ YI, 93+ 94+ hemipterum, Acridium, I, 62. Hemitremia, I, 47, II, 62, YI, 76, 82, 92*. heterodon, 1, 47, II, 62, VI, 85*, 94*. Northern, I, 47, YI, 85*. Hemp-bird, IY, 178. Hen Hawk, White-breasted, IV, 189. Hen, Marsh, IY, 197. Mud, IV, 197, 198. Red-billed, IV, 198. White-billed, IV, 193. Prairie, IV, 191. henryi, Chordeiles, IY, 169, 185. henslowi, Coturniculus, IY, 179. Henslow’s Bunting, IY, 179. Hepaticse, II, 24, YI, 44+, 59+, 63+ Heppia, II, 28. herbariorum, Erotium, I, 59. Herbarium specimens, I, 59. herbivagus, Harpalus, III, 93+ 144+ 150*, 151*, 157*, YI, 45*, 46*, 58+ Herbivorous Cyprinodontidse, YI, 70. Hemiptera, III, 135+ 136+ minnows, II, 79*, III, 76*. Hermit Thrush, III, 89*, 129*, 132*, 134*, 135*, 136*, IV, 171. Herodias, IY, 193. alba, var. egretta, IY, 193. herodias, Ardea, IV, 193. Herodiones, IV, 192. Heron, Black-crowned Night, IV, 193. Great Blue, IY, 193. Great White, IV, 193. Green, IV, 193. Little Blue, IV, 193. Louisiana, IY, 208. Snowy, IV, 193. White-crowned Night, IV. 194. Wiirdemann’s, IV, 103. Herons, IV, 193, 208. Herring Gull, American, IY, 202. European, IV, 202. Herring, Lake, I, 44, II, 86*. Common, II, 54. Toothed, II, 54, 78+, 79*. Herrings, II, 55, 79*. Hesperiphona, IV, 178. vespertina. IV, 178. Hesperocichla, IV, 204. naevia, IV, 204. Heteraspis pubescens, III, 121+ Heteroceridae, III, 116+ Heterodon, V, 30, 43. platyrhinus, V, 43. var. atmodes, Y, 44. simus, var. simus, V, 44. heterodon, Hemitremia, I, 47, II, 62, VI, 85*, 94*. Heteroptera, YI, 23+ , 25+ heterostropha, Physa, III, 30+ 35+ heterurum, Dorosoma, II, 55, 79*. hexacanthus, Pomoxys, I, 37, II, 47. Hickory, II, 14. Bitternut, I, 26. Mockernut, 1, 26. Shell-bark, I, 26. Hickory Shad, II, 55, 79*, III, 32+, 33+ 40+ . hiemalis, Anortliura, IY, 173. Junco, IV, 180. hieracifolius, Erechthites, I, 58. Hierofalco, IV, 188. mexicanus, var. polyagrus, IV, 188. hieroglyphica, Pseudemys, V, 55. Hieroglyphic Turtle, V, 55. High-hole, IV, 186. Himantopus, IY, 197. mexicanus, IY, 197. himantopus, Micropalma, IV, 195. Hippiscus corallipes, I, 65. INDEX. 51 discoideus, I, 66. haldemani, I, 65. neglectus, I, 64. paradoxus, I, 64. phoenicopterus, I, 66. rugosus, I, 65. Hippodamia, YI, 51*, 64*. convergens, III, 159*, VI, 52*, 53*. larvae, YI, 53*. glacialis, YI, 53*. maculata, YI, 51*, 52*. hirudo, Ammocoetes, II, 70. Ickthyomyzon, I, 52, II, 70. Hirundinidse, 1Y, 167, 177, YI, 11*, 24*, 29*. Hirundo, IY, 177. erythrogastra, IY, 177. Hister americanus, YI, 28f , 30f . perplexus, VI, 28f, 30 j. Histeridae, III, 92f, 104f, 116f, 125f, 147f, YI, 12f, 22f, 24f. Histrionicus, IY, 200. minutu9, IY, 200. Hog Fish, II, 39. -nosed Snake, Y, 44. Sucker, II, 64. holbolli, Podiceps, IY, 203. Holbrook, Y, 3. holbrooki, Scaphiopus, Y, 21. Holly Berries, III, 144f. Hollyhocks, I, 53. Homalothecium, II, 23. Homoptera, VI, 23f, 25f, 27f. Hooded Sheldrake, IV, 201. Warbler, IY, 175. Hoot Owl, IY, 187. Hop, I, 58, II, 9. Hopladelus, I, 50. olivaris, I, 50, II, 67. hordei, Aphis, II, 5. Hornbeam, I, 26. Horned Chub, I, 45, II, 62, YI, 89*. Horn Snake, Red-billed, Y, 32. Dace, I, 45, II, 62. Grebe, IY, 203. Lark, IY, 183. Owl, Great, IY, 187. Western, IY, 187. Hornwort, II, 77f. Horny-head, II, 62. horridus, Crotalus, Y, 27. Horse radish, I, 57. hortulana, Emberiza, IY, 197. House Wren, IV, 173, YI, 8*, 22*, 23*. hoyi, Argyrosomus, I, 44, II, 54. Coregonus, II, 54. Pontoporeia, I, 20. Uranidea, I, 41, II, 50. Hoy, Dr. P. R., IY, 205, 206, 207, Y, 4. Hoy’s Bull-head, I, 41. Garter Snake, Y, 39. Red Fish, II, 59. Hudsonian Curlew, IY, 196. Godwit, IY, 196. hudsonias, Canthon, YI, 29f, 30f. hudsonica, Pica, IY, 164, 183. hudsonicus, Numenius, IY, 196. Parus, IY,' 172. hudsonius, Alburnops. II, 56. Catostomus, I, 48, II, 64. Circus, IV, 189. Hybopsis, I, 46, YI, 82*, 94*. Hudson’s Bay Chickadee, IY, 172. humilis, Limnea, YI, 27f, 30f. Humming-bird, Ruby-throated, IY, 184. -birds, IY, 184. Humpback Pickerel, II, 53. humuli, Aphis, II, 9. Phorodon, II, 9. Hutchins’ Goose, IY, 199. hutchinsi, Bernicla, IY, 199. Huxley, Thos., Y, 3. Hyalella, I, 20. dentata, I, 5, 20. Hyalina, YI, 27f, 30 hyalina, Daphnia, YI, 70f, 106f, 107f. Leptodora, II,) 79f, 82f, 88f, III, 69f. Hybognathus, I, 45, II, 56, VI, 75*, 76. argyritis, I, 45, II, 56, 79*, 85*. nuchalis, 1,45,11, 56, YI, 79*, 94*. Hybopsis, I, 46, II, 56, III, 58f, 60f, VI, 75*, 76*, 82. amarus, I, 46. fretensis, I, 47. hsematurus, I, 47. hudsonius, I, 46, YI, 82*, 94*. spectrunculus, II, 56. storerianus, I, 46. stramineus, I, 46, YI, 84*, 94*. tuditanus, I, 46. volucellus, I, 46. 52 INDEX. Hyborhynchus, 1, 45, II, 55, VI, 75*, 76. notatus, I, 45, II, 55, 79*' 85*, VI, 79*, 94*. superciliosus, II, 56. hybridus, Hydroporus, III, 55f. Hydrachna, III, 46f, 62f. Hydrachnidae, II, 77f, 78f, 84f, 85f, 86f, III, 48f, 52f, 55f, 56f, 78f, 79f, VI, 93f. larvae, VI, 77f. Hydranassa, IV, 208. tricolor, var. ludoviciana, IY, 208. Hydrangea, I, 27. Hydrobius, III, 108f. Hydrocharis obtusatus, III, 93f. Hydrochelidon, IY, 202, 208. lariformis, var. surinamensis, IV, 202. leucoptera, 208. Hydropbilidae, III, 46f, 50f, 51f, 54f,55f, 93f, 104f, 116f, VI, 71f, 93f, 94f. larvae, III, 41f, 43*, 50f, 65f. Hydrophilus, III, 47f. triangularis, III, 47f. Hydroporus hybridus, III, 55f. Hygrotrechus, III, 46f. Hyla, V, 18, 19. andersoni, V, 19. carolinensis, Y, 20. femoralis, V, 20. gratiosa, V, 20. pickeringi, V, 20. squirella, Y, 20. versicolor, V, 20. Hylidae, V, 16, 18. Hylocichla, IY, 171. aliciae, IY, 171. fuscescens, IV, 171. mustelina, IV, 171. pallasi, III, 129*. unalascae, var. pallasi, IV, 171. ustulata, var. swainsoni, IV, 171. Hylotomus, IV, 186. pileatus, IV, 186. Hymenarcys, VI, 15f, 28f, 29f, 32f. aequalis, VI, 28f, 32f. nervosa, III, 94f, 140f, 142f. Hymenoptera, II, 75, 84f, 85f, 86f, III, 59f, 60f, 104f, llOf, 116f, 119f, 121f, 122f, 125f, 131f, I35f, 136f, 142f, 145f, 147f, 158f,VI, 6f, 9f, lOf, 13f, 15f, 22f, 24 f, 26f, 41f, 49f, 59f, 60f, 61f, 62f, 93f, 94f. winged, II, 78f. Hyodon, I, 44, II, 54, 78f, 88*. tergisus, I, 44, II, 54, 79*, 85*. Hyodontidae, I, 44, II, 54, 79*, 85*. Hypentelium, I, 48, III, 71, 79*. nigricans, I, 48, III, 70*. hyperboreus, Chen, IV, 198. Lobipes, IY, 197. Hyperoartia, II, 70. hypogaea, Speotyto, IV, 207. Hypnum, II, 23. Hypsilepis cornutus, VI, 75*. kentukiensis, VI, 75*. I lbididae, IV, 167, 192, 208. Ibis alba, IV, 170. Ibis, Glossy, IV, 192. White, IV, 192. White-faced Glossy, IY, 208. Wood, IV, 192. Ibises, IY, 192, 208. Ichneumon, III, 110f, 146. Ichneumonidae, III, 104f, 116f, 125f, 138f, 139f, 144f, 146*, 147f, VI, 15f, 26f. Ichthaelurus. II, 66. furcatus, II, 66. punctatus, II, 66, 81*, 86*. robustus, II, 66. Ichthelidae, II, 75f. Ichthelis, I, 37. anagallinus, I, 38, II, 46. aquilensis, I, 37, II, 45. incisor, I, 37, II, 45. inscriptus, I, 38, II, 46. macrochira, I, 38, II, 46. megalotis, I, 38, II, 46. obscurus, I, 38. sanguinolentis, I, 38, II, 46. speciosus, I, 37, II, 45. Ichthyobus, I, 49, II, 65, 66, 78f, III, 51 f, 73*, 79*. bison, I, 49, II, 65. bubalus, I, 49, II, 65, 81*, 86*, carpio, I, 49, II, 65. cyanellus, I, 49, II, 66. INDEX. 53 clifformis, 1,49, II, 65. thompsoni, 1,49, II, 65. velifer, I, 49, II, 65. Ichthyomyzon, I, 52. argenteus, I, 52, II, 70. hirudo, I, 52, II, 70. Ichthyophorba, I, 16. Ictalurus, I, 50, III, 75*. furcatus, I, 50, II, 66. punctatus, I, 50. Icteria, IY, 175. virens, IV, 175. Icteridae, IV, 167, 182, VI, 13*, 24*, 26*, 29*. icterocephalus, Xanthocephalus, IV, 182. Icterus, IY, 182. galbula, IV, 182, YI, 14*, 29*, 30*, 31*. spurius, IV, 182, VI, 14*, 29*, 30*. Ictina, IY, 189. subcaerulea, IY, 189. Ictiobus, I, 49. Iguanidae, V, 45, 48. Ilex decidua, berries, III, 144f. iliaca, Passerella, IV, 181. illinoensis, Peucaea, IV, 170, 180. Illinois Agricultural Report, cited, I, 32. Birds, Catalogue of, IY, 171-208. List of Illinois species, IV, 204- 208. Table of families, IY, 167. The number of species which breed in the state, IY, 167. Horticultural Society, Transactions, II, 72. Crustacea, Key to, I, 17-24. List of, I, 3—25. Fishes, A catalogue of, II, 37-70. A partial catalogue of, I, 33-52 The food of, II, 71-89. Mosses, Liverworts, and Lichens, A list of, II, 18-35. Ornithology, Bibliography of, IV, 168-170. Orthoptera, A list of, I, 59-69. State Laboratory of Natural His- tory, Bulletins cited, VI, 35, 65, 88, 98. State Natural History Society, III, 87. illinoisensis, Canthocamptus, I, 14. 23, | II, 89f, VI, 103f. imbricata, Eretmochelys, V, 51. imbricatus, Epicaerus, III, 94f, 108f, 120f, VI, 28f, 31f. immunis, Cambarus, I, 4, 19, II, 82f, 87f, HI, 40f. Imostoma, II, 39. shumardi, II, 39. Impatiens fulva, II, 12. impatientis, Aphis, II, 12. impuncticollis, Amara, YI, 42*. inaequalipennis, Listronotus, III, 130f. incisor, Ichthelis, I, 37, II, 45. inconstans, Eucalia, I, 42, II, 51, 78*, 85*, VI, 68*. incrassatus, Geopinus, III, 93f, VI, 57f. inda, Euryomia, III, 120f, 139f. Indian Corn, II, 12. indica, Eleusine, II, 16. Indigo-bird, IV, 181, VI, 13*, 18*, 20*, 21*, 24*, 25*. Inedible fruits, III, 101. infestans, Peronospora, I, 55. infumata, Sialis, III, 49f. infuscata, Locusta, I, 62. Tragocephala, I, 62, III, 90f. infuscatus, Gomphocerus, I, 62. Injurious insects, III, 93f, 102f, 115f, 124f, 135f, 138f, 139+, 140f, 142f, 144f, 145f. inquinata, Mantis, I, 60. inquinatus, Aphodius, II, 77f, III, 50f, 90f, 92f, 120f, 138f, 140f, YI, Ilf, 15+, 27 f, 28f, 29f, 31f. inscriptus, Ichthelis, I, 38, II, 46. Xenotis, II, 46. insculptus, Chelopus, V, 57. Insectivorous birds, III, 14, 101. Coleoptera, III, 153*, VI, 35. Notes on, TIL 153-160. Cyprinidae, VI, 74. minnows, YI, 73*. Insect larvae, II, 80f, III, 31f, 43f, 45f, 57 f, 94f, 107f, VI, 39f, 40f, 59f, 60f, 61f, 62f, 74f, 101f, 102f, 106f. pupae, III, 35f. oscillations, The regulative action of Birds upon, VI, 3-32. Insects, IT, 75f, 76f, 77f, 78f, 79f, 80f, 81f, 82f, 83f, 84f, 85f, 86f, Ilf, 54 INDEX, 23 f, 27+ 29f, 30f, 35+ 39+ 40+ 41f, 42f, 43+ 44f, 45f, 47+ 50+ 51+ 54+ 55+ 59+ 60f, 61+ 62+ 64+ 64f, 78f, 79f, 90+ 91+ 93+ 94f, 95+ 96+ 97f , 98f, 101+ 103f, 104f, 108+ 109f, 110f, lllf, 112+ 113+ 114f, 116f, 119f, 120+ 121+ 122f, 123f, 125+ 128f, 129f, 130f, 131f, 132f, 134f, 135f, 136f, 137f, 140f, 143f, 144f, I45f, 146f, 147f, 155+ 156f, 157f, 158f, 159f, 160f, VI, 6f, 7f, 8f, 9f, 12f, 13f, 14f, 15f, 16f, 17f, 18+ 19f, 20f, 21f, 22f, 24f, 26f, 38f, 39f, 40f, 41f, 42f, 43f, 44f, 45+ 46f, 47f, 48 f, 49f, 50f, 51f, 52f, 53f, 54f, 55f, 56f, 59f, 60f, 61f, 62f, 64f, 67+ 68+ 69f, 70f, 71f, 72f, 73f, 74f, 75+ 77f, 79f, 80f, 81f, 83+ 84f, 85f, 86f, 87f, 88f, 89f, 90f, 91f, 93f, 94f. beneficial, III, 92f, 93f, 102f, 115f, 131f, 135f, 138f, 139f, 142f, 145f, 146f. carnivorous, III, 115f, 130f, 146, 152, 159. crustaceous, III, 15Sf. eggs of, III, 54f, 74f, 79f. Genera and species of, recognized in the food of Birds, VI, 27-32. injurious, III, 93f, 102f, 115f, 124f, 135+ 138f, 139f, 140f, 142f, 144f, 145f. land, II, 75f, 76f, 78f, 81f, 82f, 84f, 85f, 86f, III, 44f, 49f, 50f, 51f, 56f, 59f, YI, 70f, 7 If, 72f, 73f, 79f, 80 f, 82f, 83+ 84f, 86+ 87f, 88f, 90+ 91f, 94f. parasitic, III, 83f, 85f, 146. predaceous, III, 14, 83f, 85f, 124f, 129f, 140f, 146, 159. water, II, 75f, 78f, 84f, 85f, 86f, III, 31f, 40f, 50f, 51f, 56f, YI, 67f, 80f, 94f. institia, Aphis, II, 9. Interactions of organisms, On some, III, 3-17. intermedia, Zonotrichia, IY, 180. intermedius, Asellus, I, 10, 22, II, 87f, 92. interpres, Strepsilas, IV, 194. interrogatus, Coptotomus, II, 82f, III, 50f. interrupta, Morone, I, 36, II, 44, 75*, 84*, 87*, III, 36*, 37*, 69*. interstitialis, Amphasia, III, 140f, YI, 45*. inurus, Zygonectes, VI, 72*, 93*. Invertebrate Fauna of Lake Superior, cited, II, 88. Ionornis, IY, 198. martinica, IY, 198. Ips, VI, 15+. fasciatus, III, 151f, VI, 29f, 30f. Ipswich Sparrow, IY, 205. irideus, Centrarchus, I, 37, II, 47, III, 56*. irrorata, Mantis, I, 60. Isabelline Kestril, IY, 188. isabellinus, Tinnunculus, IV, 188. Ischnoptera conloniana, I, 59. morio, I, 59. pennsylvanica, I, 59. uhleriana, I, 59. unicolor, I, 59. ischyrus, Lepiopomus, II, 45, 77*, 84*, 87*, 88*. islandica, Ciangula, IV, 200. isolepis, Aphredoderus, I, 39, II, 48, 77*. Sternotremia, I, 39, II, 48. Isopoda, I, 21, II, 75+, III, 30+ 36+ 37f, 43+, 47 f, 52 f, 55+, VI, 67+, 93+ . Isospondyli, II, 53. Ithycerus noveboracensis, III, 108+. Iulidse, III, 106+, 110f, 126+, 130+ 131+ 138+, 139+, 140+, 144+ 148+. lulus, III, 91+, 110+ 128+ VI, 28+ 32+ Ivory-billed Woodpecker, IV, 185, 192. J Jack Salmon, III, 21, 31*. Snipe, IV, 195. jaculus, Notropis, II, 60. Jaeger, Buffon’s, IV, 202. Long-tailed, IV, 202. Pomarine, IV, 202. Jaegers, IV, 202, 208. jamaicensis, Porzana, IV, 197. James, Thomas P., II, 18. INDEX. 55 janus, Galerita, III, 155*, VI, 39*. Onthophagus, III, 131f. Jaree, IY, 181. Jay, Blue, III, 114*, IY, 183, VI, 17* 20*. Canada, IV, 206. Florida, IY, 206. Jays, IY, 183, 205. European, III, 82*. jeffersonianum, Amblystoma, Y, 10. jejuna, Episema, II, 80. Jenks, J. W. P., on the food of Robins, III, 90, 91. jessiae, Pcecilichthys, II, 41. Johnny Darter, II, 40, 74*. Jordan and Copeland on the Darters, v III, 22. Jordan, David S., I, 33, V, 4. A Catalogue of the Fishes of Illi- nois, II, 37-70, cited, VI, 75. A Manual of the Vertebrate Ani- mals of the Northern United States, cited, II, 37, III, 21, V, 22. Journal of the Massachusetts Horticul- tural Society, cited, III, 91. Royal Agricultural Society, cited, il, 12. Jouy, Observations on Birds, IY, 206. Judas Iscariot, IV, 182. Juglans, I, 28, 29, 30, 31. cinera, I, 31. Junco, IV, 180. hyemalis, IY, 180. oregonus, IY, 170, 180. June beetles, III, 98f. 119f, 120f, 123f, 124f, 128f, 134f, 140f, 141f, 42f, Yl, 19f. bugs, VI, 7f. grass, VI, 44f. 45f. heads, III, 151f. pollen, VI, 45f. seeds, III, 151f, YI, 43f, 44f. Jungermannia, IT, 26. Jungermanniacese, II, 25. K Kakerlak americana, I, 60. orientalis, I, 60. Katydids, III, 50f, I21f. Kennicott, Robert, II, 49, IY, 163. Observations on Birds, IV, 183, 191. Kentucky Warbler, IV, 175. kentukiensis, Hypsilepis, Yl, 75*. Kestril, American, IV, 188. Isabelline, IV, 188. Key to the species of Illinois Crustacea, I, 17-24. Kill-deer, IV. 194. Killifish, Barred, II, 51, 78*, YI, 71*. King-bird, IV, 184, VI, 15*, 26*, 27*. Cassin’s IY, 206. Western, IV, 206. Eider, IV, 200. Rail, IV, 197. Snake, V, 34. Kingfisher, Belted, IY, 186. Kingfishers, IV, 186. Kinglet, Golden-crowned, IV, 172. Ruby-crowned, IY, 172. Kirby & Spence, Introduction to Ento- mology, cited, III, 5, 84. kirtlandi, Dendroeca, IV, 204. Tropidoclonium, Y, 41. Kirtland’s Snake, Y, 41. Warbler, IV, 204. Kite, Mississippi, IY, 189. Swallow- tailed, IV, 188, 189. White-tailed, IV, 188. Kites, IY, 188. Kittiwake Gull, IV, 202. Koch, C. L., on Tychea, II, 16. kumlieni, Uranidea, I, 41, II, 50. Kumlien’s Bull-Head, I, 41, II, 50. kunzei, Podosphoera, I, 58. L labiatum, Omophron, III, 150*. Labidesthes sicculus, I, 42, II, 51. 78*, 85*, 88*, 89*, III, 69, VI. 69*, 93*. Labracidse, II, 44, 75*, 83*, 84*, III, 36*, 67*. labyrinthica, Helix, III, 128f, 130f. Lacertilia, V, 26, 44. lacertina, Macrochelys, V, 53. Siren, Y, 6. Lachnini, II, 3. Lachnocrepis parallelus, VI, 57f. Lachnosterna, III, 93f, 94f, 101f, 105f, 56 INDEX. 109f, 120f. Lachnus, II, 8. quercifoliae, II, 15. laciniata, Rudbeckia, II, 4. Lactuca altissima, I, 55. lactucae, Aphis, II, 7. Siphonophora, II, 7. lacustris, Epischura, VI, 70f. Lota, I, 42, II, 51. Lady-bugs, VI, 51*. Lagopus, IY, 191. albus, IV, 164, 191. Lake Carp, I, 49. Carp-Sucker, II, 65. Catfish, Great, II, 66. Chub, II, 62. Croppie, III, 56*. Herring, I, 44, II, 86*. Common, II, 54. Michigan Cisco, I, 44, II, 54. Mullet, White, II, 68. Perch, III, 31. Pike, I, 43. Sturgeon, I, 51, II, 69. Trout, I, 44, II, 86*. Great, II, 54. lamellatus, Eurycercus, II, 88f, III, 39f, 74f. lampos, Bembidium, III, 150*. Lamprey, Leech, II, 70. Silvery, I, 52, II, 70. Small Black, I, 52, II, 70. Lampreys, II, 70. lamprocarpa, Erysiphe, I, 59. Lampyridae, III, 94f, 105f, 117f, 126f, VI, 9f, 13f, 15f, 22f, 24f, 26f. larvae, III, 90f. Land Insects, II, 75f, 76f, 78f, 81f, 82f, 84 f, 85f, 86f, III, 44f, 49f, 50f, 51f, 56f, 59f, VI, 70f, 71f, 72f, 73f, 79f, 80f, 82f, 83f, 84f, 86f, 87f, 88f, 90f, 91 f, 94f. Laniidae, II, 167, 176. Lanius, IV, 176. borealis, IY, 176. ludovicianus, IY, 176. var. excubitorides, IY, 176. Lanivireo, IV, 176. flavifrons, IY, 176. solitarius, IY, 176. Lapland Longspur, IV, 178. lapponica, Silpha, III, 119f. lapponicus, Centrophanes, IV, 178. Large-billed Water Thrush, IV. 175. -mouthed Black Bass, I, 86, II, 44, III, 38*, 42, 61*. Spotted Salamander, V, 9. Larger Yellow-legs, IV, 196. Laridae, IV, 167, 202, 208. Lark Bunting, IV, 179, 205. Lark, Horned, IV, 183. Little Field, IV, 182. Meadow, IY, 182. Western, IY, 182. Sand, IY, 196. Sprague’s IV, 204. Larks, IY, 183. meadow, II T, 91*. Larus, IV, 202. argentatus, IY, 202. var. smithsonianus, IV, 202. atricilla, IV, 202. delawarensis, IY, 202. franklini, IV, 202. glaucus, IV, 202. leucopterus, IV, 202. marinus, IV, 202. philadelphise, IY, 202. Lasius, YI, 28f, 30f. flavus, YI, 43f, 61f, 62f. niger, YI, 28f, 30f. laterale, Acrydium, I, 69. Amblystoma, Y, 10. Oligosoma, V, 46. lateralis, Necturus, Errata, 9. Tetrix, I, 69. Tettigidea, I, 69. laticornis, Macrothrix, III, 74f. latipennis, Locusta, I, 64. (Edipoda, I, 64. latus Calathus, III, 150*. Laughing Gull, IY, 202. Lawrence, G. N., Observations on Thrushes, IV, 204. Lawyer, II, 51. Leaf-chafers, III, 94f, 98f, 102f, 112f, 113f, H4f, 115f, 120f, l‘22f, 124f, 129f, 131f. 144f, 146. Yine, Yr, 6f, 18f, 21f. Least Bittern, IV, 194. Darter, I, 34, II, 43. Flycatcher, IV, 184. INDEX. 57 Sandpiper, IV, 195. Tern, IV, 202. Leather Turtle, Fresh- water, V, 52. Leathery Turtle, V, 50. Leaves of beet, III, 149f. fruit trees, III, 119f. mangel-wurzel, III, 149f. leberis, Tropidonotus, V, 41. Lebia, VI, 50*, 57f, 59*. minor, I, 59. Lebiae, III, 153. Lecanora, II, 30. Lecanorei, II, 30. Lecidea, II, 32. Lecideei, II, 31. lecontei, Callimorpha, III, 138f, 139f. Cicindela, III, 110f, VI, 57f. Coturniculus, IV, 169, 179. Leconte’s Bunting, IV, 179. Leech Lamprey, II, 70. Leeches, II, 82f. Leguminosae, VI, 27f. seeds, VI, 16f. Leidy, Dr. Jos., Ill, 72. A Flora and Fauna within living animals, I, 53. Lemna trisulca, III, 59f. lentago, Viburnum, I, 28. lentiginosus, Botaurus, IV, 194. Bufo, V, 17. Lepidoptera, II, 77+, 84+, 85f, 86f, III. 109f, 112f, 113f, 114f, 115f, 116f, 122f, 124f, 125f, 128f, 129f, 132f, 133f, 134f, 135f, 136f, 141f, 142 f, 143f, 144f, 145f, 147f, VI, 6f, 7f, 8f, 10f, 12f, 14f, 15f, 16f, 19f, 20f, 22f, 24f, 26f, 49 f, 61f, 62f, 64f, 94f. larvae, III, 104f, VI, 8f, 15f, 59f. 60f, 62+, 64f. Lepidosteidae, I, 51, II, 68, 82*, 86*, III, 75*. Lepidosteus, I, 51, II, 68, III, 79*. osseus, I, 51, II, 68. platystomus, I. 51, II, 69, 82*, 86*. Lepiopomus, II. 45, III, 51*, 62. 62*, 63*, 68*. anagallinus, II, 45. ischyrus, II, 45, 77*, 84*, 87*, 88*. macrochirus, 11,45. pallidus, II, 45, 46, 76*, 84*, 87*, III, 38, 48*. Leptoceridae, VI, 73f. larvae, VI, 93f. Leptocerus, III, 54f. Leptodon, II, 22. Leptodora, III, 37f, 39f, 43f, 78f. hyalina, II, 79f, 82f, 88f, III, 69f. Leptogium, II, 29. | Leptoscyphus, II, 26. J Leskea, II, 22. Lesquereux, Leo, II, 18. j Lesser Scaup Duck, IV, 200 Snow Goose, IV, 198. Yellow-legs, IV, 196. Lettuce, I,. 55, II, 7. j Lettuce-bird, IV, 178. Leucania unipuncta, III, 139f. Leucobryum, II, 19. leucocephalus, Acroperus, VI, 84f. Haliaeetus, IV, 190. Leucodon, II, 22. leucolaema, Eremophila, IV, 183. leucoparia, Bernicla, IV. 199. leucophrys, Zonotrichia, IV, 180. leucops, Photogenis, VI, 75*. leucoptera, Hydrochelidon, IV, 203. Loxia, IV, 178. leucopterus, Blissus, VI, 28f, 32f . Larus, IV, 202. Leveille, I, 53. Libellulidae, larvae, III, 35f, 44f, 46f, 47f, 49f, 52f, 55f, 60f, VI, 67f, 93f Lice, plant, III, 158f, 159f, VI, 9f, 40f, 43f, 46f. 49f, 51f, 52f,-53f, 54f, 55f, 70f, 77f. cotton-wood gall, III, 152f. Lich- nes, II, 27-34, VI, 64f. Lichens. II, 18, III, 157f. Index to genera of, II, 35 Liverworts and Mosses of Illinois, A list of the, II, 18-35. spores, III, 159f, VI, 52f, 53f,' 54f, 55+ . limbatus, Platynus, VI, 40*. Tropisternus, III, 44f, 50f, VI, 40*. Lime, Sodic pinate as a test for, I, 32. Limicolae, IV, 194. limi, Melanura, I, 43, II, 52, 78*, 85*. Umbra, VI, 73*, 93*. 58 INDEX, Limnea, II, 77f, 81f, VI, 87f. humilis, VI, 27f, 30f. Limnetis, I, 22. Limnocalanus, VI, 70f, 105f, 106f, 108f. Limosa, IV, 196. foeda, IV, 196. haemastica, IV, 196. linaria, iEgiothus, IV, 178. lincolni, melospiza, IV, 181. Lincoln’s Sparrow, IV, 181. Lindera, I, 31. lindheimeri, Coluber, V, 36. lineatus, Buteo, IV, 189. Lined Darter, 11, 42. lineolaris, Phytocoris, III, 92f. lineolatum, Etheostoma, II, 42, 75*, 84*, III, 24*. lineolatue, Poecilichthye, I, 34, II, 42. Ling, II, 51. liosternus, Phenacobius, I, 46, II, 61. Liquidambar, I, 31. Liriodendron, I, 28, 29, 30. tulipifera, I, 59. List of genera and species of Cicindeli- dae and Carabidse eaten by birds, VI, 57, 58. Illinois Crustacea, with descriptions of new species, I, 3-25. Birds which probably occur in Illi- nois, IV, 204-208. the Mosses, Liverworts, and L:ehens of Illinois, A, II, 18-35. the Orthoptera of Illinois, A, I, 59-69. Aphidini, found in the United States, II, 3-16. Listronotus inaequalipennis, III, 130f. Lithobius, III, 108f. Lithodytes, V, 21. ricordi, V, 21. Litholepis, I, 51, II, 69. adamantinus, I, 51, II, 69. spatula, II, 69. lithophila, Ectobia, I, 59. lithophilus, Brachylobus, III, 93f, VI, 57f. Little Black-head, IV, 200. Rail, IV, 197. Blue Heron, IV, 193. Field Lark, IV. 182. Gray Goose, IV, 199. Guinea Woodpecker, IV, 185. Musk Turtle, V, 53. Pickerel, I, 43, IT, 53, 79*. Red Owl, IV, 187. Sapsucker, IV, 185. White-cheeked Goose, IV, 199. Yellow Rail, IV, 197. Liverworts, II, 18 Index to genera of, II, 35. Lichens and Mosses of Illinois, A list of the, II, 18-35. Lixus concavus, III, 130f. Lyceum of Natural History of New York, Annals, cited, IV, 163, 204. Lizard, Green, V, 49. Ground, V, 46. Six-lined, V, 47. Lobipes, IV, 197. hyperboreus, IV, 197. lobistoma, Difflugia, III, 72f. loculator, Tantalus, IV, 168, 192. Locusta aequalis, I, 63. apiculata, I, 66. Carolina, I, 64. caroliniana, I, 64. carolinus, I, 64. chrysomelus, I, 62. corallina, I, 66. curtipennis, I, 61. erythropterus, I, 68. infuscata, I, 62. latipennis, I, 64. nebulosa, I, 64. periscelidis, I, 64. radiata, I, 62. sulphurea, I, 63. sulphureus, I, 63. tartarica, I, 69. verruculata, I, 64. virginianus, I, 62. viridifasciata, I, 62. viridifasciatus, I, 62. Locustidse, III, 126f, 142f, 148f. Locust, Rocky Mountain, III, 84. Western, III, 152f. Locusts, III, 50f, 113f, 121f , 129f, I38f, 142f, 146. Log Cock, IV, 186. Perch, I, 36, II, 39. Loggerhead Shrike, IV, 176. INDEX. 59 Turtle, Y, 51. Long-billed Curlew, IV, 196. Marsh Wren, IV, 173. -eared Owl, IV, 187. Sunfish, I, 38, III, 53*. -finned Carp Sucker, II, 65. -horn Beetle, III, 141f, VI, llf,18f. -jawed CatBsh, II, 66. -nosed Dace, I, 45, II, 62. Sucker, II, 64. -snouted Curculionidae, III, 92f, 132f. -tailed Duck, IV, 200. Jaeger, IV, 202. Salamander, V, 10. Sucker, II, 64. Longe, II, 54. longicauda, Bartramia, IV, 196. longicaudus, Spelerpes, V, 13. longicornis, Patrobus, VI, 46*. longipennis, Stenobothrus, I, 61. Longirostres, III, 92, 105f, 117f, I26f. longirostris, Bosmina, III, 29f, 39f, 44f, 45f, 48f, VI, 87f. Numenius, IV, 196. longirostrum, Catostomus, II, 64. Longspur, Chestnut-collared, IV, 205. Lapland, IV, 178. McCown’s, IV, 179. Painted, IV, 178. Lonicera, I, 27. flava, I, 30. Loon, IV, 203. Black, IV, 201. Lophocolea, II, 25. Lophodytes, IV, 201. cucullatus, IV, 201. Lophophanes, IV, 172. bicolor, IV, 172. Lota, I, 41, 42, II, 51. lacustris, I, 42, II, 51. Louisiana Heron, IV, 208. Louse, bird, III, 109f. Loxia, IV, 178. curvirostra, var. americana, IV, 178. leucoptera, IV, 178. Loxopeza, VI, 40*, 62*, 63*. atriventris, III, 155*, VI, 40*, 50*. Lucanidae, VI, 14f, 26f. lucicola, Anomala, VI, 28f, 31f. lucius, Esox, II, 53, 78*, 85*. lucublandus, Pterostichus, III, 141 f, 150*, 157*, VI, 41*, 42*, 57f. ludoviciana, Hydranassa, IV, 208. Zamelodia, IV, 181, VI, 13*, 29*, 30*, 31*. ludovicianus, Anthus, IV, 173. Lanius, IV, 176. Thryothorus, IV, 173. lugens, Mormidea, III, 96f. Lugger, Stone, II, 55, VI, 77*. lugubris, Xestonotus, VI, 58f. Lumbriculus, VI, 67f, 84f , 94f. Lumbricus, II, 81f, III, 52f, 63f, 106f, VI, 23f, 28f, 32f, 59f, 60f, 62f. lunatus, Rhinichthys, I, 46, II, 63. lunifrons, Petrochelidon, IV, 177, VI, 11*, 29* 31*. Luxilus, I, 47, II, 57, VI, 76, 82. analostanus, II, 76f, 80*, 85*. cornutus, I, 47, II, 57, 60, 80*, 85*, VI, 75, 84*, 94*. Lygaeidae, III, 105f, VI, 23f, 25f. Lynceidse, II, 78f, 81f, III, 27f, 29f, 36f, 52f, 60f, 68f, 70f, 74f, 78f, 79f, VI, 93f, 94f. Lyncodaphnia, II, 88f. Lysianassidae, I, 20. lythrochloris, Xenotis, II, 46. Lythrurus, I, 47, II, 58, 59, VI, 76, 82. ardens, II, 59. atripes, II, 59. cyanocephalus, I, 47, II, 59. diplaemius, I, 47, II, 59, 80*, 85*. var. gracilis, II, 59. M maccowni, Rhynchophanes, IV, 179. McCown’s Longspur, IV, 179. Mackinaw Trout, II, 54. macrocarpa, Quercus, I, 26. Macrochelys, V, 52, 53. lacertina, V, 53. macrochira, Ichthelis, I, 38, II, 46. macrochirus, Lepiopomus, II, 45. Macrodactylus subspinosus, III, 128f. macrolepidotum, Myxostoma, II, 63, 80*, 86*. Teretulus, I, 49, II, 63. macropterus. Centrarchus, II, 47. Macrorhamphus, IV, 195. 60 INDEX. griseus, var. scolopaceus, IV, 195. Macrosporium, VI, 52f, 53f, 64f. Macrothrix laticornis, III* 74f. macrura, Sterna, IV, 208. macularius, Tringoides, IV, 196. maculate, Actodromas, IV, 195. Euphorbia, II, 6. Hippodamia, VI, 51*, 52*. Megilla, III, 152*, 154, 159*. maculatum, Boleosoraa, II, 40, 41, 74*, 84*, III, 23*, 58f. raaculatus, Alvordius, II, 39, 74*, 84*, III, 23*. raaculella, Aphis, II, 14. maculipennis, Stenobothrus,.I, 61. maculosa, Dendroeea, IV, 174. maculosus, Acipenser, I, 51, II, 69. Madotheca, II, 26. magellanicus, Chrysotnitris, IV, 205. magna, Sturnella, IV, 182, VI, 17. magnifica, Pectinatella, III, 49f. Magpie, Black-billed American, IV, 183. maidis, Aphis, II, 12, IV, 64f. Uredo, I, 52. Maigres, II, 50, 77*. Malacoclemys, V, 54, 56. geographicus, V, 56. palustris, V, 56. pseudogeographicus, V, 56. mali, Aphis, II, 11. malifoliae, Aphis, II, 11. Mallard, IV, 199. Black, IV, 199. Mailophaga, III, 109f. malvacearum, Puccinia, I, 53. Mamestra subjuncta, III, 90f. larva, III, 90*. manca, Pezotettix, I, 67. Mancaselli, III, 30f. Mancasellus. Ill, 36f. tenax, III, 28f, 30f. Manculus, V, 11, 12, 13. quadridigitatus, V, 13. . remifer, V, 13. Mangel-wurzel leaves, III, 149f. Manitou Darter, II, 39. * manitou, Percina, II, 39. Mantidae, I, 60. Mantis Carolina, I, 60. conspurcata, I, 60. inquinata, I, 60. irrorata, I, 60. tolteca, I, 60. Many-spined Stickleback, I, 42, II, 51, VI, 69*. Map Turtle, V, 56. Marbled Catfish, II, 67. Godwit, IV, 196. Marchantia, II, 25. Marchantiaceae, II, 25. Marcy, Oliver, V, 4. Mareca, IV, 199. americana, IV, 199. penelope, IV, 199. marginata, Euphorbia, II, 7. marginatum, Acridium, I, 62. Stereochilus, V, 13. marginatus, Noturus, I, 50, II, 68. Margined Catfish, I, 50. marginella, Aphis, II, 14. marila, Fulix, IV, 200. marinus, Larus, IV, 202. maritima, Arquatella, IV, 195. maritimus, Ammodromus, IV, 205. marmoratus, Amiurus, II, 67. Marsh Hawk, IV, 189. Hen, IV, 197. Tern, IV, 202. Wren, Long-billed, IV, 173. Short-billed, IV, 173. Marsipobranchii, II, 70. martii, Erysiphe, I, 59. martinica, Ionornis, IV, 198. Martin, Purple, IV, 177. Sand, IV, 177. Maryland Yellow-throat. IV, 175, VI, 175, VI, 10*, 22*, 23*. Masked Duck, IV, 208. Massassauga Rattlesnake, V, 28. Mather, Mr., Ill, 150. maxillingua, Exoglossum, VI, 75*. maxillosus, Rhinichthys, I, 45, II, 62. May beetles, III, 93f, 109f. flies, III, 47f. larvae, 11, 74f, 75f, 76f, 77f, 81f, 82f, III, 23f, 29f, 30f, 37f, 38f, 40f, 41 f, 50f, 58f. pupae, III, 23f. Maynard, C. J., Naturalist’s Guide, cited, IV, 204. Meadow Lark, IV, 182. Western, IV, 182. INDEX. 61 larks, III, 91*. means, Amphiuma, V, 8. Measuring worms, III, 93f, 141f. megalops, Minnilus, I, 47. megalotis, Ichthelis, I, 88, II, 46. Xenotis, II, 46, III, 53*. megastachya, Eragrostis, II, 17. Megilla maculata, III, 152*, 154, 159*. Melanerpes, IY, 186. erythrocephalus, IY, 186, VI, 16*, 29*, 30*, 31*, 32*. Melanetta, IV, 201. velvetina, IV, 201. melanocephala, Zameloclia, IV, 205. melanoleucus, Pityophis, Y, 38. Totanus, IV, 196. melanopleurus, Stenobothrus, I, 61. Melanoplus femur-rubrum, I, 68. melanop?, Erimyzon, I, 48, II, 64. Glossopolites, I, 37. Haplochilus, II, 52. Minytrema, II, 64, III, 71*. Zygonectes, II, 52. Melanotus, III, 130f, 141f, VI, 16f, 28f, .29f, 31f. melanotus, Ceratichthys, I, 45. Melantho decisa, III, 65f. Melanura, limi, I, 43, II, 47, 52, 78*, 85*. melas, Amiurus, II, 67, 82*, 86*, 87*. Meleagridae, IV, 167, 191. Meleagris, IV, 191. gallopavo, var. americana, IV, 191. mexicana, IV, 191. meleagris, Emys, V, 57. Rhinichthys, T, 46, II, 63. melodus, iEgialites, IV, 207. Meloidae, III, 110f, 117f. Melolontha, VI, 7f. Melolonthinse, III, 117f, 125f, 136f. Melospiza, IV, 181. fasciata, IV, 181. lincolni, IV, 181. palustris, IV, 181. Memoirs of the Boston Society of Nat- ural History, cited, IV, 206. Menispermum, III, 96f, 106f. Menispora, VI, 53f, 64f. Menomonee White Fish, II, 54. menona, Fundulus, II, 52, Vi, 70. Menopoma, V, 8. allegheniense, V, 8. fuscum, V, 8. Menopomidae, V, 7, 8. Meracantha contracta, III, 140f. Merganser, Red-breasted, IV, 201. Mergus, IV, 201. merganser, var. americanus, IV, 201. serrator, IV, 201. meridionalis, Potamocottus, II, 50, VI, 68*, 93*. Merlin, Richardson’s, IV, 207. Merula, IV, 171. migratoria, IV, 171. mesotrema, Aphredoderus, II, 49. Sternotremia, II, 49. messoria, Agrotis, III, 92f . Mestobregma cincta, I, 65. Metabletus, III, 153. Mexican Black-headed Goldfinch, IV, 205. Boundary Survey, cited, V, 22. Cormorant, IV, 201. Goshawk, IV, 189.. mexicana, Meleagris, IV, 191. mexicanus, Himantopus, IV, 197. Phalacrocorax, IV, 201. Meyen, Ueber die Enwickelung des Getreidebrandes in den Mais- Pflanzen, cited, I, 52. microcephalus, Asellus, I, 11. Caecidotea, I, 11. Micropalama, IV, 195. himantopus, IV, 195. Micreperca, I, 34, II, 43, III, 24*, 27*. punctulata, I, 34, II, 43, III, 24*. microps, Telipomis, I, 37, II, 45. Micropterus, I, 36, II, 44, III, 35f, 43*r 48, 61*, 67*. nigricans, I, 36, II, 44. pallidus, II, 44, 76*. 84*, III, 25*, 38*, 43*, 52*, 63*. salmoides, I, 37, II, 44, 75f, III, 40*, 43*, 63*, 64*. Microsphaeria elevata, I, 58. extensa, I, 58. friesi, I, 58. raveneli, I, 58. microstomum, Amblystoma, V, 11. micros tomus, Alburnops, II, 57. Middleton, Nettie, A new species of 62 INDEX. Aphis, of the genus Colopha, II, 17. Mid-summer fruits, III, 128f. migratoria, Ectopistes, IY, 190. Merula, 1Y, 171. migratorius, Turdus, III, 89*, 104*, YI, 5*, 27*, 30*, 31*, 32*, 57*, 58*. milesi, Pimephales, I, 45, II, 55. miliaria, Oaudisona, Y, 28. militaris, Asellus, 87+, 90. Milk, VI, 99+ . Milk Snake, Y, 34. Milner, J. W., Experiments on the food of young White Fish, VI, 98. Observations on Fishes, I, 44. Milvulus, IV, 206. forficatus, IY, 206. tyrannus, IV, 206. Mimus, IY, 171. carolinensis, III, 107*, 116*, VI, 6*, 28*, 30*, 31*, 32*, 57*, 58*. polyglottus, III, 131*, IY, 171, 176. miniatus, Diemyctylus, V, 15. minimus, Empidonax, IV, 184. Minnilus, I, 47, VI, 75, 76, 86. amabilis, I, 47, II, 60. atherinoides, VI, 86*, 94*. dilectus, I, 47, II, 60. dinemus, T, 48, II, 60. megalops, I, 48. rubellus, I, 48, II, 60. rubrifrons, I, 47, II, 60. Minnow, II, 61, 75f, 79*, III, 21, 30+, 32+, 40f, 70*, VI, 74. Barred, I, 42. Blunt-jawed, I, 45, II, 56, YI, 79*. Blunt-nosed, I, 45, II, 55, 79*, VJ, 79*. Chub, III, 46, 70*. Delectable, I, 47. Emerald, I, 48, II, 60, 80*, VI, 86*. Mud, I, 43, II, 52, 78*, YI, 73*. New World, I, 47, II, 62. Red-bellied, I, 47. Red-sided, I, 47, II, 61. Rosy, I, 48. Rosy-faced, I, 47, II, 60. Silvery, I, 45, II, 56, 79*. Storer’s, I, 46, II, 56. Straw-colored, II, 57, VI, 84*. Striped, I, 42, II, 52. Tootled, II, 51, 78*. Top, I, 42, II, 52, 72*, 78*, 87*, VI, 71*. Black-eyed, II, 52, VI, 72*. Striped, II, 78*, VI, 72*. Minnows, herbivorous, II, 79*, III, 76*f. insectivorous, YI, 73*. minor, Lebia, I, 59. Philohela, IV, 195. Stagmatoptera, I, 60. Stagmomantis, I, 60. minutilla, Actodromas, IV, 195. minutipennis, Pezotettix, I, 66. minutus, Histrionicus, IV, 200. Minytrema, II, 64. melanops, II, 64, III, 71*. Mississippi Catfish, Great, II, 66. Kite, IV, 189. mississippiensis, Alligator, Y, 58. Missouri Sucker, II, 64. Mistletoe berries, III, 97f. 106+ , 144f. Mites, III, 156f, 157f, 15Sf, 159+, VI, 10f, 41f, 42f, 43+, 45 f, 49f, 50+, 52f. 59f, 60f, 62+, 64+ . eggs, III, 156f. spinning, larvse, III, 156. water, II, 75+, 77+, 78+, III, 49+, 56+, 68+, 72+, 73+ . mitratus, Myiodioctes, IV, 175. miurus, Noturus, II, 68. Mniotilta, IV, 173. varia, IV, 173. Mniotiltidse, IV, 167, 173, 204, VI, 9*, 18*, 22* 28*. Mnium, H, 21. mobilensis, Pseudemys, V, 55. Moccasin, Black, V, 28. Water, Y. 28. Mockernut Hickory, I, 26. Mocking-bird, III, 89*, 131*, 136*, IV, 171,. 176. Yellow, IV, 175. modestus, Penbalus, III, 139+ . Podisus, III, 94+. Mole Salamander, V, 9. Mollusks, II, 75+, 76+, 77+, 78+, 80+, 81+, 83+, 84+, 85+, 86+, III, 24+, 27+, 30+ , 31+, 35+, 50+, 51+, 53+, 54+, 55+, 61+, 62+, 63+ , 65+, 67+, 68+, 78+, 104+, 125+, 128+, 130+, 132+, 135+, 136+, VI, 12+, 22+, 24+, INDEX. 63 47+, 49f, 60f, 62+, 72+, 73f, 74+, 75f, 81f, 82+, 86+, 90+, 93+, 94+. bivalve, II, 75+, 80+, 81+, 84+, 85+, 86+, III, 54+, VI, 83+, 93+, 94f. univalve, II, 75+, 77+, 84+, 85+, 86+, III, 128+, VI, 81+, 85+, 93+, 94+. Molothrus, IV, 182. ater, IV, 182, VI, 13*, 29*, 31*, 32*. Mongrel White Fish, II, 54. Moniana, II, 57. complanata, II, 57, 58. frigida, II, 58. gibbosa, II, 57, 58. gracilis, II, 58. rutila, II, 58. monilifera, Populus, I 31. Monocrepidius, VI, 12+, 28+, 29+, 31+. auritus, III, 120+, VI, 28+, 31+. montana, Spizella, IV, 180. montanus, Podasocys, IV, 207. Spelerpes, V, 14. monticola, Bembidium, III, 150*. Moon Carp Sucker, II, 65. -eye, I, 44. Common, II, 54. -eyed Cisco, II, 54. -eyes, II, 54, 79*. Moonseed, III, 96+, 106+. morio, Ischnoptera, I, 59. Mormidea lugpns, III, 96+. Morone, I, 36, II, 44, III, 67*, 78*. interrupta, I, 36, II, 44, 75*, 84*, 87*, III, 36* 37*, 69*. Morus, I, 27, 29, 31. Moss Bass, II, 44. Mosses, II, 18. Index to genera of, II, 35. Liverworts, and Lichens of Illinois, A list of the, II, 18-35. motacilla, Siurus, IV, 175. Motacillidse, IV, 167, 173, 204. Moths, III, I41f, 142+, 146. Mottled Owl, IV, .187. Plover, IV, 207. Mountain Ash, berries, III, 96+, 106+, 121+, 127+. Mourning Dove, IV, 190, VI, 16*, 26*, 27*. Warbler, IV, 175. Mouse, II, 76+, III, 40+ . Moxostoma, I, 49, II, 63. mucronatus, Crangonyx, I, 6, 13, 21. Scapholeberis, III, 72+ , 73+, 75f. Mud, U, 79f, 80+, 81+, 82, III, 34, 67+, 69+, VI, 78+, 79+, 80+, 81+, 82+, 83+, 85+, 90+, 91+, 94. Mud Catfish, I, 50, II, 67. Dace, II, 52. Fish, II, 68. Hen, IV, 197, 198. Red-billed, IV, 198. White-billed, IV, 198. Minnow, I, 43, II, 52, 78*, VI, 73*. Puppy, V, Errata (See Index, 9). Swallow, IV, 177. Turtle, V, 54. Muffle-jaws, II, 50. muhlenbergi, Chelopus, V, 57. Mullet, II, 63. Carp, I, 49. Common, II, 63. • Golden, I, 49. Silvery, I, 49. Small-headed, II, 63. White Lake, II, 63. Mursenopsis, V, 8. tridactylus, V, 8. Musci, II, 18-24. Muscidae, VI, 24+, 26+. larvae, III, 43+. Museum of Comparative Zoology, Bul- letins cited, IV, 205, 207. Musk Turtle, V, 53. Little, V, 53. Muskallunge, I, 43, II, 52. mustelinus, Hylocichla, IV, 171. Turdus, III, 127*, VI, 57*, 58*. mutica, Amy da, V, 52. muticus, Scolytus, III, 131+. Mycoporum, II, 33. mydas, Chelonia, V, 51. Myiadestes, IV, 172. townsendi, IV, 169, 172. Myiarchus, IV, 184. crinitus, IV, 184. Myiodioctes, IV, 175. canadensis, IV, 175. mitratus, IV, 175. pusillus, IV, 175. Myriapoda, II, 84+. 85+, 86+, III, 95+, 96+, 101+, 106+, 108+, 109+y 1 12+, 113+, 114+, 117+, 121, 123+, 126+, 64 INDEX. 128f, 131f, 132f, 133f, 134f, 135f, 136t, 159f, YI, 6f, 7f, 19f, 20f, 23f, 43f, 49f, 50f, 52f , 60f, 62 h 64f. Myriophyllum, III, 54f, 55f. Mysidae, I, 20. Mysis, I, 20. relicta, I, 20. Myxogastres, YI, 64f. spores, III, 159f, YI, 53f. Myxostoma, I, 49, II, 63, 80*, 81*, 86*, III, 72*, 79*. anisurum, II, 64. aureolum, II, 63, 7l*, 81*, 86*. carpio, II, 63. •macrolepidotum, I J , 63, 80*, 86*. var. duquesnii, II, 63. velatum, II, 64. Myzus, II, 9. cerasi, II, 9.* cerasicolens, II, 9. cerasifoliae, II, 9. persicae, II, 9. ribis, II, 5, 9. N Nabalus albus, I, 55. naevia, Hesperocichla, IV, 204. Nyctiardea, IV, 193. naevius, Falco, IY, 188. Siurus, 1Y, 175. ' Naiadaceae, II, 82f. Naididae, II, 80f, 81f, 82f, YI, 94f. Nais flexilis, III, 50f. namaycush, Cristivomer, II, 54. Salmo, I, 44, II, 54. Nanostoma, II, 41, III, 27. zonale, II, 41, 74*, 84*, III, 24*. Nashville Warbler, IY, 174. nasutus, Argyreus, VI, 75*. Rhinichthys, I, 45, II, 62. natalis, Amiurus, II, 66. Nauplius, III, 72f. nebulosa, Locusta, I, 64. (Edipoda, I, 64. Strix, IV, 187. nebulosus, Amiurus, II, 67. Pygosteus, I, 42, II, 51. Nectarine, II, 9. Necturus, V, Errata (See Index, 9). lateralis, V, Errata (See Index, 9). punctatus, V, Errata (See Index, 9). neglecta, (Edipoda, I, 64. Sturnella, IV, 182. neglectus, Hippiscus, I, 64. negundinis, Chaitophorus, II, 10. Negundo, I, 27, 29. 30, 31. aceroides, II, 10. Neison, E. W., IV, 179, 192. A partial catalogue of the Fishes of Illinois, 1, 33-52. Cited, II, 37. Observations on Birds, III, 130, IV, 163, 172, 175, 181, 183, 184, 184, 187, 188, 189, 190, 192, 193, 196, 199, 200, 202, 205, 206, 208. nelsoni, Ammodromus, IV, 169, 179. Nelson’s Sharp-tailed Bunting, IV, 179. Nematognathi, II, 66. Nematoid worms, II, 81f, III, 158f. Nemobius, III, 50f, 142f. nemoralis, Chlaenius, VI, 42*. Neocorys, IV, 204. spraguei, IV, 204. neogaeus, Phoxinus, I, 47, II, 62. Nepa, III, 50f, 52f, 96f, 105f. Nephelodes violans, III, 142f, VI, 6f, 18f, 27 f, 28f, 29f, 30f. larvae, VI, 14f, 22f, 24f, 26f. nephelus, Telipomis, I, 37, II, 45. Nephroma, II, 28. nervosa, Hymenarcys, III, 94f, 140fr 142f. Nettion, IV, 200. carolinensis, IV, 200. Neuroptera, II, 76f, 77f, 84f, 85f, 86f, III, 27 f, 29f, 41, 49f, 52f^63f, 64f, ll7f, VI, 49, 64f, 94f. larvae, II, 74f, 75f, 77f, HI, 30f, 35f, 38f, 43f, 44f, 45f, 46f, 49f, 52f, 54f, 55f, 58+, 59f, 60f, 61f, 62f, 65f, 68f, 78f, 79f, YI, 67f, 84f, 86f, 87f, 88f, 89 f, 90f, 91f, 93fr 94f. pupae, VI, 94f. New Hampshire, Geological Survey of, cited, 1, 66. Light, II, 47. World Minnow, I, 47, IT, 62. niagarae, Stephanodiscus, VI, 99f. niger, Ammocoetes, II, 70. INDEX. 65 Bubalichtliys, I, 50, II, 65, 81*, 86*. Lasius, VI, 28f, 80f. Petromyzon, I, 52, II, 70. Poecilichthys, I, 34, II, 41. Night Hawk, IV, 185. Heron, Black-crowned, IV, 193. White-crowned, IV, 194. nigra, Desmognathus, V, 14. Qaercus, I, 29. Udeopsylla, III, 142f. nigricans, Amiurus, II, 66. Catostomus, II, 64. Hypenteliuni, I, 48, III, 70*. Micropterus, I, 36, II, 44. nigripinnis, Argyrosomus, I, 44, II, 54. Coregonus, II, 54. nigrita, Arenetra, III, 138f. nigritus, Chorophilus, V, 19. nigromaculatus, Pomoxys, II, 47, 76*, 84*, 89*, III, 56*. Nitidulidae, III, 105f, 116f, 125f, 151f, YI, 9f, 24f, 26+. nivalis, Plectrophanes, IY, 178. nobilior, Esox, I, 43, II, 52. Noctuidae, III, 96f, 108f, 116f, 125f, 135f, 136f, 139f, 140f, 142f, 144f, 145f, 147f, VI, 24f, 60f. larvae, III, 104f, YI, 22f, 26f, 39f, 62f. Nomonyx, IV, 208. dominicus, IY, 208. Nonpareil Bunting, IV, 181. North American Batrachia and Rep- tilia, found east of Mississippi river, Descriptive catalogue of, Y, 1-64. Northern Bull-head, I, 50. Diver, Great, IV, 203. Hemitremia, I, 47, VI, 85*. Phalarope, IV, 197. Pike, II, 78*. Rattlesnake, V, 27. Shrike, Great, IY, 176. Skink, V, 46. Sucker, I, 48. Wax-wing, IV, 176. Northwestern University, V, 4. notata, Chrysomitris, IY, 205. notatum, Dorosoma, I, 44, II, 55. notatus, Hyborhynchus, I, 45, II, 55, 79*, 85*, YI, 79*, 94*. Sphaerodactylus, V, 49. Zygonectes, I, 42, II, 52, 78*, 85*, 87*. VI, 71*, 72*, 93*. Notemigonus, I, 48, II, 61, III, 46, VI, 75, 76, 92*. americanus, I, 48, II, 61. chrysoleucus, II, 61, YI, 81*, 94*. Nothonotus, II, 41. camurus, II, 41. Nothophus, III, 153. notochlorus, Truxalis, I, 61. Notonecta, II, 82f, III, 25f, 43f. Notonotus, I, 34. Notropis, II, 59, 60, III, 70*, 78*, VI, 75. amabilis, II, 60. arge, II, 60. atherinoides, II, 60, 80*, 85*. dilectus, II, 60. dinemus, II, 60. jaculus, II, 60. rubellus, II, 60. rubrifrons, II, 60. Noturus, I, 50, II, 67, III, 79*. exilis, I, 51, II, 67. flavus, I, 50, II, 67, III, 42f, 43f. marginatus, I, 50, II, 68. miurus, II, 68. sialis, II, 68, III, 74*. noveboracensis, Ithycerus, III, 108f. Porzana, IV, 197. Vireo, IY, 176. novemnotata, Coccinella, III, 158*, YI, 53*. nubilus, Alburnops, II, 56. nuchalis, Aspidonectes, V, 52. Hybognathus, I, 45, II, 56, YI, 79*, 94*. Numenius, IY, 196. borealis, IV, 196 - hudsonicus, IV, 196. longirostris, IV, 196. Nut-hatch, Brown-headed, IV, 204. Red-bellied, IY, 172. White-bellied, IY, 172. Nut-hatches, IY, 172, 204. nuttalli, Phalaenoptilus, IY, 206. Nuttall Ornithological Club, Bulletins cited, IY, 179, 180, 189, 190, 193, 199, 201, 202, 203. Nyctale, IV, 187, 207. 66 INDEX. acadica, IV, 187. tengmalmi,var.richardsoni, IV, 207. Nyctea, IV, 188. scandiaca, IV, 188. Nyctherodius, IV, 194. Nyctiardea, IV, 193. grisea, var. Dae via, IV, 193. violaceus, IV, 194. O Oak, I, 26, 27. Black, 1, 26. Red, I, 26. White, I, 26, II, 15. -woods Sparrow, IV, 180. Oats, I, 53, II, 5, III, 120f, 127f. obesus, Cambarus, I, 5, 19. obliterata, (Edipoda, I, 66. oblongus, Erimyzon, I, 48, II, 64. obscura, Anas, IV, 199. Eutaenia, V, 40. obscurus, Ichthelis, I, 38. obsoletus, Coluber, V, 36. Eumeces, V, 47. obtusatus, Hydrocharis, III, 93f. obtusus, Rhiniclithys, II, 63. occidentalis, iEchmophorus, IV, 208. Ardea, IV, 193. C.iloptenus, 1, 68. Cephalanthus, II, 12. Pygosteus, II, 51. occipitomaculata, Storeria, V, 40. ochrophaea, Desmognathus, V, 14. ocularis, Chorophilus, V, 19. Odonata, III, 63f, 64f. larvae, VI, 93f. odoratus, Aromochelys, V, 53. (Ecanthus, III, 108+, 132f. (Edemia, IV, 200 americana, IV, 200. (Edipoda aequalis, I, 63. atrox, I, 66. belfragii, I, 65. carinata, I, 63. Carolina, I, 64, 65. cincta, I, 65. collaris, I, 64. corallina, I, 66. corallipes, I, 65. discoidea, I, 66 haldemani, I, 65. latipennis, I, 64. nebulosa, I, 64. neglecta, I. 64. obliterata, I, 66. paradoxa, I, 65. pellucida, I, 66. phoenicoptera, I, 66. rugosa, I, 65. sordida, I, 64. Ill, I42f. sulphurea, I, 63. tenebrosa, I, 63. virginiana, I, 62. xanthoptera, I, 63. (Edipodini, I, 62. Ohio Agricultural Report, cited, I, 55. Shad, I, 44, II, 55. 79*. ohionis, Palaemon, I, 5, 19. Old Maid’s Pink, I, 59. oleracea, Portulaca, I, 57. Olibrus, VI, 28f, 30f. Oligomyodae, IV, 184. Oligosoma. V, 46. laterale, V, 46. olivaeformis, Carya, I, 29, 31. olivacea, Vireosylvia, IV, 176 olivaceus, Vireo, VI, 17. Zygonectes, I, 42. olivaris, Hopladelus, I, 50, II, 67. Pelodichthys, II, 67. Olive-backed Thrush, IV, 171. Carp Sucker, I, 49. -sided Flycatcher, IV, 184. olmstedi, Boleosoraa, I, 35, II, 40, III, 23*. Olor, IV, 198. americanus, IV, 198. buccinator, IV, 193. Omophron, III, 149*. labiatum, III, 150*. Oniscidae, I, 21. onocrepis, Eumeces, V, 46 Onthophagus, III, 128f, 132f, VI, 28f, 29f, 30f. hecate, III, 120f. janus, III, 131f. opaculus, Anisodactylus, VI, 44*. opacum, Amblystoma, V, 9. Opaque Salamander, V, 9. Opegrapha, II, 32. Opegraphei, II, 32. Opheosaurus, V, 47. INDEX. 67 ventralis, V, 48. ■Ophibolus, Y, 80, 83. calligaster, V, 34. doliatus, var. coccineos, V, 34. var. doliatus, V, 34. var. triangulus, Y, 34. getulus, var. getulus, V, 33. var. sayi, V, 34. rkombomaculatus, Y, 34. Ophidia, Y, 26, 27. •Oporornis, IV, 175. agilis, IY, 175. formosa, IY, 175. Opsomala brevipennis, I, 61 . punctipennis, 1,-61. opulus, Viburnum, II, 12. Orange-crowned Warbler, IV, 114. Orchard birds, VI, 19*, 20*. Oriole, IY, 182, YI, 14*, 26*, 27*. Orchestidae, I, 20. ordinata, Eutsenia, Y, 40. Oregon Robin, IY, 204. Snowbird, IV, 180. oregonus, Junco, IY, 170, 180. Organisms, On some interactions of, III, 3-17. orientalis, Blatta, I, 60. Kakerlak, I, 60. Periplaneta, I, 60, Stylopyga, I, 60. Oriole, Baltimore, IY, 182, YI, 14*, 24*, 25*. Golden, IY, 182. Orchard, IV, 182, YI, 14*, 26*, 27*. Orioles, YI, 14*. ornata, Tettix, I, 69, III, 140f. ornatum, Acrydium, I, 69. ornatus, Centrophanes, IV, 205. Chorophilus, Y, 19. Ornithology, Bibliography of Illinois, IY, 168-170. Orthoptera, I, 59, II, 77f, 84f, 85f, 86f, III, 95f, 98f, 101f, 105f, 108f, 109f, 110f, 1 1 If, 112f, 113, ll4f, 115f, 117f, 119f, 121f, 122f, 123f, 124f, 126f, 128f, 130f, 132f, 133f, 135f, 136f, 138f, 139f, 140f, 141f, 142f, 143f, 144f, 145 j, 148f, YI, 6, 7, 19f, 25f, 27f, 49f, 94f. of Illinois, A list of the, 59-69. Orthotrichum, II, 20. Ortolan, IY, 197. Ortyx, IY, 192. virginiana, IY, 192, VI, 17*, 29*, 31*, 32*. var. floridana, IY, 192. oryzivorus, Dolichonyx, IY, 182, 197. Osceola Y, 30, 33. elapsoidea, Y, 33. Oscillatoria, VI, 80f, 101f. Oscines, IY, 171. Osprey, American, IV, 188. osseus, Lepidosteus, I, 51, II, 68. Ostracoda, I, 22, II, 77f, 81f, 82, III, 27f, 36f, 52f, 54f, 55f, 60f, 61f, 62f, 63f, 64f, 68f, 71f, 73f, 74f, 78f, 79f, YI, 70f, 72f, 83f, 85f, * 93f, 94f. ossifragus, Corvus, IY, 183, 206. Oswego Bass, II, 44 Ovules of grass, III, 156f. plants, III, 157f. Owl, American Hawk, IV, 188. Barn, IY, 187. Barred, IV, 187. Burrowing, IV, 207. Great Gray, IY, 187. Great Horned, IY, 187. Hoot, IY, 187. Little Red, IY, 187. Long-eared, IV, 187. Mottled, IY, 187. Richardson’s, IY, 207. Saw-whet, IY, 187. Screech, IY, 187, 191. Short-eared, IY, 187. Snowy, IY, 188. Western Horned, IV, 187. Owls, III, 103, IY, 187, 207. Oxyechus, IY, 194. vociferus, IY, 194. P Paddle-Fish, II, 69. Painted Longspur, IY, 178. Turtle, Y, 56, Southern, Y, 56. Palsemon, I, 19. ohionis, I, 5, 19. exilipes, I, 5, 20, III, 30f. Palsemonetes, I, 19, III, 36, 48f, 52f. 63 INDEX. Palsemonidse, I, 19. Pale Sunfish, II, 46, III, 54*. Palingenia, III, 27f, 59. bilineata, larvae, III, 23f, 29f, 45f, 5Cf, 58f, 59f, 64f, 65f, 63f, y i, 84f. larvae, III, 35f, 46f, 52f, 55f, 58f, 59f, 60f, 65f, 78f, YI, 93f. pallasi, Hylocichla, III, 129*, IV, 171. Tardus, YI, 57*, 58*. pallida, Spizella, IY, 180. pallidus, Eupomotis, II, 46, III, 53*, 54*. Lepiopomus, II, 45, 46, 76*, 84*, 87*, III, 38, 48* micropterus, II, 44, 76*, 84*, III, 25*, 38*, 43*, 62*, 63*. pallipes, Agonoderus, II, 77f, YI, 58f. palmarum, Dendroeca, IV, 175. Palmella, III, 157f. Paludina, II, 81f. palustris, Carabus, III, 140f, YI, 57f. Malacoclemys, Y, 56. Melospiza, IY, 181. Quercus, I, 58. Rana, Y, 24. Telmatodytes, IY, 173. Pandion, IY, 188. haliaetus, var. carolinensis, IY, 188. panici, Tychea, ,11, 16. panicola, Siphonophora, II, 6. paniculata, Cornus, II, 13. Panicum, II, 6, 17, VI, 29f, 32f. crus-corvi, II, 6. crus-galli, III, 151f. seeds, III, 151f. glabrum, II, 16. seeds, YI, 25f. Panuaria, II, 28. Pannariei, II, 28. paradoxa, (Edipoda, 1, 65. paradoxus, Hippiscus, I, 65. Parakeet, IV, 192. Carolina, IY, 187. parallelus, Dorcus, YI, 29f, 30f. Lachnocrepis, YI, 57f. Parasitic fungi, Upon, I, 52-59. insects, III, 83f, 85f, 146. parasiticus, Stercorarius, IY, 164, 202. Parenchyma, III, 156f, 15Tf, VI, 101f Paridae, IV, 167, 172, VI, 8*, 18*, 22*, 28*. parietalis, Eutaenia, V, 40. parkmanni, Troglodytes, IY, 173. Parkmann’s Wren, IY, 173. Parmelia, IT, 27. Parmeliei, II, 27. Parrots, IY, 187. Partial Catalogue of the Fishes of Illi- nois, A, I, 33-52. partiarius, Agonoderus, III, 94f, VI, 58f. Partridge, Virginia, IV, 192. Partridges, IV, 192, YI, 17*. Parula, IV, 174. americana, IY, 174. Parus, IY, 172. atricapillus, IV, 172, YI, 8*, 28*,. 30*, 31*. carolinensis, IY, 172. hudsonicus, IY, 172. parvipennis, Tetrix, I, 69. parvulus, Sphenophorus, III, 120f. Pasimachus, VI, 60*, 62*, 63*. Passerculus, IV, 179, 205. princeps, IY, 205. sandwichensis.var.savanna, IY,179.. Passerella, IV, 181. iliaca, IY, 181. Passeres, IY, 171. Passerina, IV, 181, 205. ciris, IY, 181. cyanea, IY, 181, VI, 13*, 18*, 20*, 29*, 30*, 31*, 32*. versicolor, IY, 205. Passerini, G , on Tychea, II, 16. passerinus, Coturniculus, IY, 179, VI, 12*, 29*, 82*. Patrobus, YI, 46*, 59*, 62*, 63*. longicornis, YI, 46*. Pea, II, 8. leaves and stems, I, 59. Peach, II, 9. Pectinatella magnifica, III, 49f. Pectoral Sandpiper, IY, 195. Pedioecetes, IV, 191. phasianellus, var. columbianus, IVr 191. Peet-weet, IV, 196. Pegedichthys, I, 41. alvordi, I, 41, II, 50. Peitigera, II, 28. pelasgica, Chsetura, IV, 185, VI, 17. INDEX. 69 Pelecanidae, IV, 167, 201. Pelecanus, IV, 201. fuscus, IV, 164, 201. erythrorhynchus, TV, 201. Pelican, American White, IV, 201. Brown, IV, 201. Pelicans, IV, 201. Pelidna, IV, 195. alpina, var. americana, IV, 195. Pelionetta, IV, 201. perspicillata, IV, 201. pellucida, Camnula, T, 66. (Edipoda, I, 66. pellucidus, Pleurolepis, I, 35, II, 88, 74*, 84*, III, 22*. Pelodichthys, II, 67. olivaris, II, 67. peitastes, Xenotis, II, 46, III, 53*. Peltigerei, II, 28. Pemphiginse, II, 3. Pemphigus populicaulis, III, 152f. populi-veinse, III, 152f. penelope, Mareca, IV, 199. pennsylvanica, Blatta, I, 59. Dendroeca, IV, 174, VI, 9*, 28*, 30*, 31*. Ischnoptera, I. 59. Platamodes, I, 59. pennsylvanicum, Acer, II, 14. Cinosternum, V, 54. pennsylvanicus, Buteo, IV, 189. Chauliognathus, III, 152*. Harpalus, III, 108f, 150*, 156*, 157, VI, 45*, 46*, 58f. Pentatomidae, III, 50f, 90f, 92f, 94f, 105f, 108f, 117f, 126f, 130f, 131 1* 132f, 138f, 139f, 141f, 143f, 145f, 148f, VI, 6f, 8f, Ilf, 23f, 25f, 27f. Perea, I, 36, II, 43, 53, 75f, III, 32*, 35*, 36*, 43f, 78*. americana, II, 43, 75*, 84*, III, 28*, 67*. flavescens, I, 36, II, 43. Percesoces, II, 51 . Perch, II, 43, 75*f, III, 21, 22, 28*, 30f, 40f. ‘ Common, I, 36, II, 75f, III, 21, 28*, 67*. Yellow, II, 43, III, 28*. Gray Pike, I, 36, III, 31*. Grunting, II, 50, III, 64*. Lake, III, 31. Log, I, 36, II, 39. Pirate, II, 48, 77*, Vi, 66*. Western, II, 48, 77*. Ringed, 11,43, 7-5*, III, 28*. River, III, 31. Salmon, I, 36. ' Trout, I, 43, II, 53. White, II, 50. Yellow, II, 46, 71*. Percidse, I, 34, II, 43, 75*, 83*, 84*, III, 25, 26*, 28*, 35*, 36*, 38*. Percina, I, 36, II, 39, III, 24*, 27*, 43f. caprodes, I, 36, II, 39, III, 23*, 42f. manitou, II, 39. Percoid fish, II, 75 f, 76f, 30f. fishes, III, 25*. Percopsidae, I, 43, II, 53. Percopsis, I, 43, II, 53. guttatus, I, 43, II, 53. Perdicidae, IV, 167, 192, VI, 17*, 26*, 29*. peregrina, Helminthophaga, IV, 174, VI, 9*, 28*, 30*, 31*. Pergande, Th., II, 7, 16. Peribalus modestus, III, 139f. Periplaneta americana, I, 60. orientalis, I, 60. periscelidis, Locusta, I, 64. Perisoreus, IV, 206. canadensis, IV, 206. Perisporiacei, I, 57. Perissoglossa, IV, 174, 204. carbonata, IV, 204. tigrina, IV, 174. permundus, Pterostichus, VI, 41*. Peronospora, I, 55, VI, 42f, 43f, 44f, 45f, 46f, 53f, 59f, 60f, 61f, 63f, 64f. fumosa, I, 56. gangliformis, I, 55. infestans, I, 55. viticola, I, 55. Peronosporeae, I, 54, 57, 58. perplexus, Hister, VI, 28f, 30f. persica, Aphis, II, 9. persicaecola, .Aphis, II, 9. persicae, Myzus, II, 9. persicariae, Polygonum, II, 8. 70 INDEX, persicopliila, Aphis, II, 9. perspicillata, Pelionetta, IV, 201. Pertnsaria, II, 30. Petrochelidon, IV, 177. lunifrons, IV, 177, VI, 11*, 29*, 31*. Petromyzon, I, 52. niger, I, 52, II, 70. Petromyzontidse, I, 52, IT, 70. Peucsea, IV, 170, 180, 205. aestivalis, IV, 169, 206. var. illinoensis, IV, 180. cassini, IV, 205. illinoensis, IV, 170. Pewee, IV, 184. Say’s, IV, 184. Wood, IV, 184, VI, 15*, 26*, 27*. Pezotettix, I, 67. alba, I, 67. dodgei, I, 68. feraur-rubrum, I, 68. manca, I, 67. minutipennis, I,. 66. scudderi, I, 67. unicolor, I, 66. viola, I, 68. Phacus, VI, 77f. Phalacridae, III, 116f, VI, 22f. Phalacroooracidae, IV, 167, 201. Phalacrocorax, IV, 201. dilophus, IV, 201. var. floridanus, IV, 201. mexicanus, IV, 201. Phalsenidae, III, 93f, 129f, 141f*, 147f. . larvae. III, 104f, VI, 24f, 26f. Phalaenoptilus, IV, 206. nuttalli, IV, 206. Phalarope, Northern, IV, 197. Red, IV, 197. Wilson’s, IV, 197. Phalaropes, IV, 197. Phalaropodidae, IV, 167, 197. Phalaropa3, IV, 197. fulicarius, IV, 197. Phanaeus carnifex, III, 120f. Phaneroptera curvicauda, II, 77f, III, 50f. Phascum, II, 18. Phasma buprestoides, I, 60. Phasmidae, I, 60. Phenacobius, I, 46, II, 61, VI, 76, 86, 92*. scopiferus, II, 61, VI, 88*, 94*. teretulus, var. liosternus, 1,46, 11,61. Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sci- ences, Proceedings, cited, IV, 206. Vireo, IV, 176. Philadelphia, Geothlypis, IV, 175. philadelphise, Larus, IV, 202. philadelphica, Vireosylvia, IV, 176. Philhydrus, VI, 72f, 73f, 93f. cinctus. Ill, 93f. Philohela, IV, 195. minor, IV, 195. Phleum, seeds, VI, 59f, 63f. Phlox, I, 59. phceniceus, Agelaeus, IV, 182, VI, 13*. 29*, 30*, 31*, 32*. plicenicoptera, CEdipoda, I, 66. phcenicopterum, Acridium, I, 66. phoenicopterus, Hippiscus, I, 66. Phoma, VI, 59f, 63f. spores, III, 155f, 158f, VI, 40f. Phoradendron, III, 106f. flavescens, III, 144f. Phorodon, II, 9. humuii, II, 9. Photogenis, I, 47, IT, 57, VI, 76, 86. analostanus, II, 57, VI, 75, 87*, 94*. leucops, VI, 75*. scabriceps, I, 47. II, 60. Phoxinus, I, 47, II, 62. neogaeu?, I, 47, II, 62. phoxocephalum, Etheostoma, I, 35, II, 39. phoxocephalus,Alvordius, 1 1, 39, 1 II. 23*. Phryganeidae, 111, 52f, 64f, VI, 94f. larvae. Ill, 23f, 27f, 30f, 35f, 44f, 46 f, 55f. Phyllactinia guttata, I, 58. Phyllodromia germanica, I, 59. Phyllophaga, III, 140f, 141f, 147f, VI, 27f, 28f, 31f. Phyllopoda, I, 22, II, 88. Phyllotaxis, I, 27. Phymatodes, variabilis, VI, 29f, 31f. Physa, II, 77f, 78f, 80f, III, 50f, 51f, 54f, 55f, VI, 72f, 73f, 74f. heterostropha, III, 30f, 35f. Physcia, II, 28, VI, 64f. spores, VI, 52f. Physcomitrium, II, 22. INDEX. 71 Phytocoreidae, III, 105f. Phytocoris lineolaris, III, 93f. Phytolacca, I, 31. Phytophagous Carabidae, YI, 56f. Scarabseidae, 111, 132f, 135f. Pica, IV, 183. rustica, var. hudsonica, IV, 164, 183. Pici, IV, 185. Picidae, 1Y, 167, 185, 207, VI, 16*, 26*, 29*. Pickerel, III, 21, 68*. Grass, II, 53. • Humpback, IT. 53. Little, I, 43, II. 53, 79*. Pickerel Frog, V, 24. pickeringi, Hyla, V, 20. Picoides, IY, 186. 207. arcticus, IY, 186. tridactylus, var. americanus, IV, 207. picta, Chrysemys, Y, 56. pictipennis, Corethra, II, 74f. pictus, Centrophanes, IY, 178. Picus, IV, 185, 207. pubescens, IV, 185. querulus, IV, 207. villosus, IV, 185. Piesma cinerea, YI, 10f, 28f, 32f. Pigeon grass, seeds, YI, 12f. Hawk, IY, 188. Woodpecker, IV, 186. Pigeon, Wood, IV, 186. Pigeons, IV, 190, VI, 16*. Pike, II, 53, III, 32*. Blue, II, 44. Common, III, 68. Gray, II, 43. Ground, II, 43. Lake, I, 43. Northern, II, 78*. Sand, II, 43. Wall-eyed, II, £4, 75*, III, 21, 22, 28*, 32*, 76*. Yellow, II, 44. Pike-Perch, I, 36, III, 21, 28*, 32*, 76*. Gray, I, 36, III, 31*. Pikes, II, 52, 78*. Pileated Woodpecker, IV, 186. pileatus, Hylotomus, IV, 186. Pilot Snake, Y, 36. Pimephales, I, 45, II, 55, 59, VI, 75*, 76. milesi, I, 45, II, 55. promelas, I, 45, II, 55, YI, 78*, 94*. ' Pine, II, 14, YI; 101f. pollen, VI, 52f. Pine Goldfinch, IV, 178. Grosbeak, IY, 178. Snake, V, 38. Western, V, 38. Warbler, Creeping, IV, 175. Pinicola, IV, 178. enucleator, IV, 178. pinicolens, Aphis, II, 14. Pink, Old Maid’s, I, 59. Pinnated Grouse, IY, 191. Pintail Duck, IV, 199. pinus, Chrysomitris, IY, 178. Dendrceca, IV, 175. Helminthophaga, IV, 174. Piosoma, III, 153. Pipilo, IV, 181. erythrophthalmus, IV, 179, 181. Piping plover, IY, 207. Belted, IV, 194. Pirate Perch, II, 48, 77*, VI, 66*. Western, II t 48, 77*. piscivorus, Ancistrodon, Y, 28. pisi, Siphonophora, II, 8. Pisidium, II, 78f. Pityophis, V, 30, 37. melanoleucus, Y, 38. sayi, var. sayi, V, 38. placidus, Cambarus, I, 4, 19. Placodium, II, 30. Placopharynx, I, 49, II, 63. carinatus, I, 49, II, 63. plagiata, Asturina, IV, 169, 189. Plagiodera viridis. III, 130f. Pianorbis, II, 77f, 78f, 80f, III, 50f, 51f, 54f, 55f, 65f, YI, 71f, 73f. deflectus, VI, 81f. Plant beetles, III, 108f, lllf, 112f, 115f, 120f, 121 f, 129f, 130f, 131f. bugs, II, 81, III, 501, 138f. -lice, III, 158f, 159f, VI, 9f, 40f, 43f, 46f, 49f, Slf, 52f, 53f, 54f, 55f, 70f, 77f. Plants, II. 83f, 84f, 85f, 86f, VI, 90f. anthers, YI, 84f, 87f. blossoms, II r, 152f, VI, 85f. 72 INDEX. cruciferous I, 57. graminaceous, epidermis, III, 156f. grass-like. YI, 49f, 87f. seeds, VI, 89f. ovules, III, 157f. pollen, III, 152f, YI, 52f, 84f, 87f. seeds, III, 157f, VI, 18f, 44f, 84+ 87f. stem, III, 50+ vascular, leaves and stems, VI, 101+ Plataleidae, IV, 167, 192. Platamodes pennsylvanica, I, 59. unicolor, I, 59. Platanus, I, 30, 31. Plates, Explanation of, I, 71-76. platineum, Amblystomu, V, 11. Platygobio, VI, 76, 82. Platygyrium, II, 23. Platynus, III, 108f, 119+ 129f, 139+ 140+ 151*, YI, 40*, 57f, 59*, 60*, 62*, 63*. cupripennis, III, 151*. decorus, YI, 40*. limbatus, VI, 40*. platyrhinus, Heterodon, V, 43. platyrhynchus, Scaphirhynchops, I, 51, II, 69. platystomus, Lepidosteus, I, 51, II, 69, 82*, 86*. Plectrophanes, IY, 178. nivalis, IY, 178. Plegadis, IY, 192, 208. falcinellus, IV, 192. guarauna, IV, 208. Plethodon, V, II, 12; cinereus, var. cinereus, Y, 12. var. dorsalis, V, 12. var. erythronotus, V, 12. glutinosus, V, 12. Plethodontidae. V, 7, 11. Pleuridium, II, 18. Pleurodelidae, V, 7. 8, 15. Pleurolepis, I, 35, II, 38, III, 22*, 27*. asprellus, II, 38, III. 22*. pellucidus, I, 35, II, 38, 74*, 84*, III, 22*. Pleuroxus, III, 29+ 36f, 39f, 44+ 45f, 46f, 47f, 57+ 58+ 72f, 73+ VI, 70+ 72+ dentatus, III, 48f, 74+ Pliny’s Natural History, cited, III, 152. Ploteidae, IY, 167, 201. Plotus, IV, 201. anhinga, IY, 168. 201. Plover, Belted Piping, IV, 194. Black-bellied, IV, 194. Field, IV, 196. Golden, IV, 194. Mountain, IV, 207. Piping, IV, 207. Prairie, IY, 196. Semipalmated, IV, 194. Upland, IV, 196. . Plovers. IV, 194, 207. Plum, II, 13. Plumatella, II, 75+ 77f. Poa pratensis, III, 151+ Pochard, American, IY, 200. Podabrus, III, 158*. tomentosus, III, 152*, 158*. Podasocys, IV, 207. montanus, I V, 207. Podiceps, IV, 203. cristatus, IV, 163. holbolli, IV, 203. podiceps, Podilymbus, IV, 203. Podicipedidae, IV, 167, 203, 20S. Podilymbus, IY, 203. podiceps, IY, 203. Podisus, VI, Ilf. modestus, III, 94f. spinosus, III, 130+ 144+ VI, 28+, 32+ Podosphaera kunzei, 1, 58. Podura, VI, 52f, 64+ 70+ 93+ Poecilichthys, I, 34, II, 41, III, 27*, 30+,. 35+ asprigenis, II, 41, 75*, 84*, III, 23*. caeruleus, 1, 34, II, 41. flabellatus, I, 34, II, 42. jessiae, II, 41. lineolatus, I, 34, II, 42. niger, I, 34, II, 41. spectabilis, 1, 34, II, 41, 42, III, 23*. variatus, II, 41, III, 23*. Pogonatum, II, 21. Poke, IV, 193. Polioptila, IY, 172. caerulea, IY, 172. Pollen, III, 159 1, YI, 50f, 55+, 64 + of Ambrosia, III, 157+, VI, 63+ 64+ of blue-grass, III'. 155+ VI, 40+ INDEX. 73 of Conifers, YI, 64f. of Dandelion, III, 152f, 159f, YJ, 52f, 64f. of exogenous plants, YI, 48f, 64f. of Graminese, YI, 59f, 63f. of grass, III, 155f, 156f, 159f, VI, 40f, 52f, 55f. of pine, YI, 52f. of plants, III, 152f, YI, 52f, 84f, 87f. of Polygonum, YI, 52f, 64f. of rag-weed, III, 157f, YI, 45f, 52f. Polyactis, I, 56. polyagrus, Falco, 1Y, 169. Hierofalco, IY, 188. Polydesmus, III, 94f, 106f, 108f, 128f. canadensis, III, 108f. serratus, III, 108f, 131f,YI, 28f, 32f. virginiensis, III, 108f. polyglottus, Mimus, III, 131*, IY, 171, 176. polygoni, Aphis, II, 8. Gastrophysa, III, 108f. Siphonophora, II, 8. Polygonum, III, 106f, YI, 29f, 32f. persicarise, II, 8. pollen, YI, 52f, 64f. seeds, YI, 13f, 20f, 25f, 27f. polymorpha, Tetrix, I, 69. Tettigidea, I, 69. Polyodon, I, 51, II, 69, 88*, 89*. folium, I, 51, II, 69, 82*, 86*. Polyodontidae, I, 51, II, 69, 82*, 86*. Polytrichum, II, 21. Polyzoa, II, 75f, 76f, 77f, 84f, 85f , 86f, III, 49f, 50f, 52f, 63f, 64f. Pomarine Jaeger, IY, 202. pomatorhinus, Stercorarius, IY, 202. Pomolobus, I, 44, II, 55. chrysochloris, I, 44, II, 55, 79*, 85*. Pomotis, I, 38. aquilensis, II, 45. auritus, I, 38, II, 46. Pomoxys, I, 37, II, 47, 76*, 84*, III, 48, 60*, 61*, 62*, 63*, 64*, 68*. annularis, I, 37, II, 47, 76*, 84*, III, 56*. hexacanthus, I, 37, II, 47. nigromaculatus, II, 47, 76*, 84*, 89*, III, 56*. Pond Weeds, II, 76f, III, 44, 55f. Pontoporeia, I, 20. filicornis, I, 20. hoyi, I, 20. Pocecetes, IV, 179. gramineus, IY, 179. Poor-will, IY, 206. popetue, Chordeiles, IY, 185. populicaulis, Pemphigus, III, 152f. populicola, Chaitophorus, II, 10, 14. populifolise, Aphis, II, 14. populi-veinaR, Pemphigus, III, 152f. Populus, I, 28, 29, 30, 31. angulata, II, 20. candicans, II, 14. grandidentata, II, 14. monilifera, I, 31. porphyriticus, Gyrinophilus, Y, 14. Portulaca oleracea, I, 57. Porzana, IY, 197. Carolina, IY, 197. jamaicensis, IY, 197. noveboracensis, IY, 197. Potamocottus, II, 50. alvordi, II, 50. meridionalis, II, 50, YI, 68*, 93*. wilsoni, II, 50. Potamogeton, II, 75f, 76f, 77f, III, 44f, 46f, YI, 84f. Potato, I, 55, YI, 99f. Beetles, Colorado, III, 50f, 94f. Pottia, II, 20. Practical Entomologist, cited, III, 91, 145. Prairie Chicken, IY, 191. Falcon. IV, 188. -grass, seeds, III, 151f. Hen, IY, 191. Plover, IY, 196. Warbler, IY, 175. pratensis, Poa, III, 151f. Pratt, Dr. W. A., I, 43. Predaceous beetles, III, 93f, 98f, 102f, 103, HCf, 112f, 115f, 120f, 122f, 130f, 144f, 146, 149*, YI, 7f, 13f, 36*. Notes upon the food of, III, 149- 152. bugs, III, 102f, 139f, 144f, 146. Coleoptera, III, 130f, YI, 33*. fishes, II, 72*, III, 34*, 76*, 77. Hemiptera, III, 115f, 124f, 130f, 135f, 136f. 74 INDEX. insects, III, 14, 83f, 85f, 124f, 129f, 140f, 146, 159. thousand-legs, III, 94f, 124f. Prevost, Observations on Fungi, I, 53. princeps, Passerculus, IY, 205. principalis, Anolis, V, 49. Campephilus, IY, 185. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, cited, IY, 206. Essex Institution, cited, IY, 172. 204. Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, cited, 1, 34, V, 3, VI, 66. Prodenia lineatella, larva?, Ill, 143f. Progne, IV, 177. subis, IY, 177. promelas, Pimephales, I, 45, II, 55, VI, 78*, 94*. Prometopia 6-maculata, III, 94f. propinquans, Stenobothrus, I, 61. propinquus, Cambarus, I, 4, 19, III, 42f. prosthemius, Couesius, II, 62. Proteida, Y, 5, 6. Proteidse, Y, 6. Prothonotary Warbler, IY, 174. Protococcus, III, 73f, VI, 59f, 63f. Protonotaria, IY, 174. citrea, IY, 174. Protozoa, III, 26f, 70f, 71, 72f, 79f, YI, 77f, 85f, 93f, 94f, 98f. proxima, Eutsenia, Y, 39. pruni, Aphis, II, 9, 13. prunifolise, Aphis, II, 13. Prunes, I, 30. Pyrgomorpha brevicornis, I, 61. punctipennis, I, 61. Psenocerus, YI, lOf, 15f. supernotatus, YI, 8f, 9f, 10f, 18f, 22f, 24f, 26f, 28f, 29f, 31f. Pseudemys, Y, 54. concinna, Y, 55. elegans, V, 56. hieroglyphica, V, 55. mobilensis, V, 55. rugosa, Y, 55. scabra, Y, 55. troosti, Y, 55. Pseudobranchus, Y, 6. striatus, Y, 6. pseudogeographicus, Malacoclemys, Y, 56. pseudo-nietanus, Tomonotus, I, 63. psilostachya. Ambrosia, II, 5. Psittaci, IY, 187. Psittacidce, IY, 167, 187. Ptarmigan, Willow, IY, 191. Ptelea, I, 27, 28, 30. Pterocallis, II, 14. Pterostichi, III, 140f, 149*. Pterostichus, III, 93f, 95f, ] 10f, 120f, 128f, 129f, 139f, 140f, YI, 41*, 50*, 57f, 59*, 60*, 61*, 62* 6 £*. lucublandus, III, 141f, 150*, 157*, VI, 41*, 42*, 57f. permundus, VI, 41*. sayi, III, 157*, YI, 41*, 42f, 57f. Ptilogonatidse, IY, 167, 172. Ptychomitrium, II, 20. pubescens, Fraxinus, I, 31. Heteraspis, III, 121f. Picus, IY, 185. Puccinia graminis, I, 53. malvacearum, I, 53. pulchrum, Botryopium, I, 59. pulex, Daphnia,, II. 89f, III, 29f, 45f, 48 f, 69f, YI, 70f. pullus, Amiurus, I, 50, II, 67. Pumpkin Seed, II, 46, 77*, III, 38, 53*. punctata, Callida, III, 95f. Crataegus, IT, 13. punctatella, Aphis, II, 14. punctatum, Amblystoma, Y, 9. punctatus, Diadophis, Y, 35. Ictalurus, I, 50. Ichthselurus, II, 66, 81*, 86*. Necturus, Y, Errata (See Index, 9). punctipennis, Opsomala, I, 61. Pyrgomorpha, I, 61. punctulata. Microperca, I, 34, II, 43, III, 24*. pungitius, Pygosteus, VI, 69*. puniceus, Aster, I, 59. Pupilla fallax, III. 128f. Purple Cutworm, YI, 18f. Finch, IY, 178. Gallinule, IV, 198. Martin, IY, 177. Salamander, V, 14. Sandpiper, IV, 195. purpureus, Carpodacus, IV, 178. Purslane, I, 57. pusilla, Sitta, IY, 204. INDEX. 75 Spizella, IY, 180. pusillus, Anomoglossus, III, 152f. Ereunetes, IY. 195. Myiodioctes, IY, 175. Putnam, F. W., I, 89. pygsea, Contia, V, 33. pygmaea, Eucalia, I, 42. Pygopodes, IY, 203. Pygosteus, I, 42, II, 51. nebulosus, I, 42, II, 51. occidentalis, var. nebulosus, II, 51. pungitius, YI, 69*. Pylaisaea, II, 23. Pyranga, IY, 177. sestiva, IY, 177. rubra, IY, 177. Pyrenula, II, 34. Pyrgomorpha brevicornis, I, 61. punctipennis, I, 61. pyri, Aphis, II, 11. pyriformis, Difflugia, III, 72f. Pyxine, II, 28. Q quadrangulata, Fraxinus, I, 31. quadridigitatus, Manculus, Y, 13. quadrilateralis, Coregonus, II, 54. quadrimaculata, Tetrix, I, 69. quadrimaculatus, Cryptocephalus, III, 50f. quadrivittatus, Coluber, Y, 37. Quail, IY, 192, YI, 17*, 26*, 27*. Southern, IY, 192. Yirginia, IY, 192. Quail Hawk, IY, 189. Quails, IY, 192, VI, 17*. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Sci- ence, cited, I, 55. Quaw Bird, IY, 193. Quawk, IY, 193. quercicus, Bufo, Y, 17. quercifoliae, Lachnus, II, 15. Quercus, I, 30, 31, 58. bicolor, I, 26. coccinea, I, 29. macrocarpa, I, 26. nigra, I, 29. palustris, I, 58. rubra, I, 29, 58. Querquedula, IY, 199. cyanoptera, IY, 199. discors, IY, 199. querula, Zonotrichia, IV, 180. querulus, Picus, IV, 207. Quill-back, II, 65. quinnat, Salmo, I, 43. 5-notata, Coccinella, YI, 53*. Quiscalus, IY, 183. purpureus, var. seneus, IY, 183, YI, 14*, 29*, 30*, 32*. R Rabbit Hawk, IY, 189. radiata, Locusta, I, 62. Tragocephala, I, 62. radiatus, Gomphocerus, I, 62. Radish, Horse, I, 57. radix, Eutaenia, V, 39. Radtiia, II, 26. Rag-weed, I, 57, III, 150f, 157f. blossoms, III, 156f. pollen, III. 157f, VI, 45f, 52f. Rail, Carolina, IY, 197. Common. IY, 197. King, IY, 197. Little Black, IY, 197. Yellow, IV, 197. Red-breasted, IY, 197. Virginia, IY, 197. Rails, IY, 197. Rain Crow, IY, 186. Rallidse, IY, 167, 197. Rallus, IY, 197. elegans, IV, 197. virginianus, IY, 197. Ramalina, II, 27. Ramularia, YI, 43f, 59f, 63f. Rana, Y, 22. areolata, var. areolata, V, 22, 23. var. capito, Y, 22, 23, 24. var. circulosa, Y, 23. catesbiana, Y, 25. circulosa, Y, 22, 23. clamitans, Y, 24. halecina, Y, 24. palustris, Y, 24. septentrionalis, Y, 24. temporaria, var. cantabrigensis, Y, 25. var. sylvatica, V, 25. 76 INDEX. Ranatra, III, 52f. Ranidse, Y, 16, 22. Raniformia, Y, 16, 22. Raspberries, III, 95f, 98f, 106f, 109f, 112f, 113f, 114f, 118f, 120f 122f, 126f, 141f, 142f. Rattlesnake, Diamond, Y, 27. Ground, Y, 28. Massassauga, Y, 28. Northern, Y, 27. Raven, American, IY, 183. White-necked. 1Y, 205. raveneli Microsphaeria, I, 58. raveneli, Esox, II, 53. Ravenel’s exsiccati, I, 58. Recurvirostra, IY, 197. americana, IY, 197. Reeurvirostridse, IY, 167, 197, Red-backed Sandpiper, IY, 195. -bellied Dace, II, 61, YI, 80*. Minnow, I, 47. Nut-hatch, IY, 172. Snake, Y, 40. Turtle, Y, 55. Woodpecker, IY, 186. -billed Horn Snake, Y, 32. Mud Hen, IY, 198. -bird, IY, 181. Black-winged, IY, 177. Crested, IY, 181. Summer, IY, 177. -breasted Merganser, IV, 201. Rail, IY, 197. Sandpiper, IY, 195. Snipe, IY, 195. Teal, IY, 199. -cockaded Woodpecker, IY, 207. Crossbill, American, IY, 178. Currant, II, 5, 9. Eft, Y, 15. Eye, IT, 44. -eyed Yireo, IV, 176. -fin, I, 47, II. 59, 80*. Compressed, II, 59. Forbes’, II, 57. -finned Shiner, II, 80*. Fish, Hoy’s, II, 59. -head, IY, 200. -headed Woodpecker, III, 114*, IY, 186, YI, 16*, 26*, 27*. -horse, I, 49, II, 63, 71*, 80*, 83*, III, 72*. Common, II, 63. Golden, II, 63, 81*. Small- mouthed, II, 64. -legged Grasshoppers, III, 143f. -lined Snake, V, 32. -mouth Buffalo Fish, II, 65, 81*. -necked Grebe, American, IY, 202. Oak, I, 26. Owl, Little, IY, 187. Phalarope, IY, 197. -poll, Common, IV, 178. White-rumped, IY, 178. -poll Warbler, IV, 175. -shouldered Hawk, IY, 189. -sided Darter, I, 34, II, 42. Minnow, I, 47, II, 61. Sucker, II, 64. Snake, Y, 34. -spotted Sun Fish, I, 38, II, 45. -tailed Hawk, IY, 189. Western, IY, 189. -throated Diver, IY, 203. Sapsucker, IY, 186. Triton, V, 13. -winged Blackbird, IV, 182, YI, 13*, 24*, 25*. Reddish Egret, IY, 193. Redstart, American, IY, 176. Reduviidae, III, 94f, 105f, 131f. Reed-bird, IY, 197. regia, Sterna, IY, 202. Regulative action of Birds upon Insect oscillations. The, YI, 3-32. Regulus, IY, 172, VI, 56*. calendula, IY, 172. satrapa, IV, 172. relicta, Mysis, I, 20. • remifer, Manculus, Y, 13. . Reports of Missouri State Entomologist, cited, III, 138. Ohio Agricultural Society, cited, I, 55. U. S. Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries, cited, II, 71, III, 66, YI, 98. Department of Agriculture, cited, III, 152. Entomological Commission, cited, III, 138, 146. 152. Government Exploring Expedi- INDEX. 77 tions, V, 3. Reptilia, V, 4, 26-58. and Batrachia, found east of Miss- issippi River, Descriptive cata- logue of, Y, 1-64. reticulata, Chrysemys, V, 56. retrocurva, Daphnia, VI, 70f. retroflexus, Amaranthus, I, 57. Revised catalogue of the Birds ascer- tained to occur in Illinois, IY, 161-208. Reynolds, John P , VI, 109. Rhamnus, I, 27, 31. Rheocrypta, II, 40. copelandi, II, 40. Rhineura, V, 45. floridana, V, 45. Rhinichthys, I, 45, II, 62, YI, 75, 76. atronasus, I, 45, II, 63. cataractse, II, 62. lunatus, I, 46, II, 63. maxillosus, I, 45, II, 62. meleagris, I, 46, II, 63. nasutus, I, 45, II, 62. obtusus, II, 63. Rhizobius eleusinis, II, 15. Rhizopoda, III, 72f. rhombifer, Tropidonotus, V, 43. Rhomboganoidei, II, 68. rhombomaculatus, Ophibolus, Y, 34. Rhopalosiphum, II, 14. berberidis, II, 14. ribis, II, 9. Rhus, I, 32, III, 106f. aromatica, I, 28, 31. glabra, I, 29, 30, 31, III, 93f, 108f, 138f. toxicodendron, I, 30, 31. Rhyacophilus, IY, 196. solitarius, IY, 196 Rhynchophanes, IY, 179. maccowni, IY, 179. Rhyncophora, III, 92, 93f, 95f, 96f, 101f, 105f, 108f, 117f, 126f, 131f, 135f, 136f, VI, 7f, 8f, 12f, 13f, 14f, 15f, 17f, 22f, 25f, 27f, 83f. Riband Snake, Y, 38. Ribes, I, 30, 31. ribis, Aphis, II, 9. Myzus, II, 5, 9. Rhopalosiphum, II, 9. Riccia, II, 24. Ricciacese, II, 24. Rice, Frank L., I, 40. See Davis, N. S., Jr., and Rice, Frank L. Rice’s Cottus, I, 40. ricei, Cottopsis, I, 40, II, 50. Rice, Wild, VI, 81f. richardsoni, iEsalon, IV, 207. Nyctale, IV, 207. Richardson’s Merlin, IV, 207. Owl, IV, 207. ricordi, Lithodytes, V, 21. Ridgway, Robert, II, 49. A revised catalogue of the Birds as- certained to occur in Illinois, IV, 161-208. See Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway. rigidus, Tropidonotus, Y, 41. Riley. C. Y., Ill, 88, 140, 142. Observations on Insects, III, 90, 91, 138, 146. Ring-bill, IV, 200. -billed Gull, IY, 202. -necked Duck, IV, 200. Snake, V, 35. Ringed Perch, II, 43, 75*, III, 28*. riparia, Cotile, IV, 177. Rinodina, II, 30. Rissa, IY, 202. tridactyla, IY, 202. River Bass, III, 40*. Carp Sucker, II, 65. Chub. II, 62. Gar, II, 72. Perch, III, 31. Shrimp, III, 48f. Silverside, II, 78*. rivularis, Ancylus, III, 24f, 27f. Robin, III, 82*, 89*, 100*, 104*, 107*, 108*, 112*, 113*, 114*, 115*, 118, 119*, 123*, 124*, 128*, 132*, 135*, 136*, 137*, 145*, VI, 5*, 7*, 18*, 19*, 22*, 23*. American, IY, 171. Golden, IV, 182. i Ground, IY, 181. Oregon, IY, 204. young, III, 82*. Robin, Charles, Histoire Naturelle des Vegetaux Parasites, cited, 1, 53. 78 INDEX. Robin Snipe, IV, 195. Robinia, I, 28, 31. Robins, III, 89*, 134*, VI, 6*. woodland, III, 94*. robustus, Ichthseiurus, IT, 66. Roccus, I, 36, II, 44. chrysops, I. 36, II, 44, 75*, 84*, III, 36*, 37*. Rock Bass, I, 37, II, 44, III, 38, 44*, 61*. Rocky Mountain Blue-bird, IV, 172. Locust, III, 84. Roller, Stone, I, 44, II, 64, III, 70*. Roots, II, 81 f, 82f. of evergreens, III, 150f. of grass, III, 156f . Rosa, I, 31. rosse, Aphis, II, 5. Siphonophora, II, 5. rosea, Ajaja, IV, 164, 192. Rose beetles, III, 128f. -breasted Grosbeak, IV, 181, VI, 13*, 24*, 25*. Roses, II, 5. rossi, Chen, IV, 208. Ross’s Snow Goose, IV, 208. rostrata, Anguilla, I, 51, II, 68. Rosy-faced Minnow, I, 47, II, 60. Minnow, I, 48. Spoonbill, IV, 192. Tern, IV, 208. Rotifera, III, 70f, 72f, 73f, 79f, VI, 85f, 94f, 101, 105, 106f, 107f. Rotifer vulgaris, III, 72f, 73f. Rough-cheeked Darter, II, 75*. -headed Shiner, I, 47, II, 60. -legged Hawk, IV, 189. Ferruginous, IV, 190. Sand Darter, II, 38. Terrapin, V, 55. -winged Swallow, IV, 177. Round Fish, II, 54. Royal Tern, IV, 202. rubellus, Minnilus, I, 48, II, '60. Notropis, II, 60. ruber, Spelerpes, V, 13. rubicundus, Acipenser, I, 51, II, 69, 71*. rubida, Erismatura, IV, 201. rubiginosum, Acridium, I, 69. rubi, Siphonophora, II, 8. rubra, Pyranga, 177. Quercus, I, 29, 58. rubrifrons, Alburnellus, VI, 75. Minnilus, I, 47, II, 60. Notropis, II, 60. Rubus, 1, 31. Ruby-crowned Kinglet, IV, 172. -throated Humming-bird, IV, 184. Rudbeckia laciniata, II, 4. rudbeckise, Siphonophora, II, 4. Ruddy Duck, IV, 200. rufa, Ardea, IV, 169. Dichromanassa, IV, 164, 193. Certhia, IV, 173. rufescens, Tryngites, IV, 196. Ruffled Grouse, IV, 191. ruficapilla, Helminthophaga, IV, 174. rufus, Harporhynchus, III, 118*, 125*, IV, 171, VI, 7*, 28*, 30*, 31*, 32*, 57*, 58*. rugosa, (Edipoda, 1, 65. Pseudemys, V, 55. rngosus, Hippiscus, I, 65. rumicis, Aphis, II, 13. rupestris, Ambloplites, I, 37, II, 44, 78f, III, 44*. Bradycellus, III, 152*, VI, 45*. ruscarius, Elaphrus, VI, 27f, 30f. rusticum, Acridium, I, 69. rusticus, Anisodactylus, III, 140f, 155*, VI, 44*, 58f. Rusty Blackbird, IV, 182. ruticilla, Setophaga, IV, 176. rutila, Moniana, II. 58. S sabinei, Xema, IV, 202. saccharinum, Acer, I, 29. sackeni, Eutsenia, V, 39. Sachs, Jut., Text Book of Botany, cited, I, 58. Sagedia, II, 34. Sail Fish, I, 49, II, 65. Salamander, Cave. V, 13. Four-toed, V, 12. Large Spotted, V, 9. Long-tailed, V, 10. Mole, V, 9. Opaque, V, 9. Purple, V, 14. Smaller Spotted, V, 9. INDEX. 79 Tiger, Y, 10. Two-striped, Y, 13. Yiscid, Y, 12. salar, Salmo, I, 43. salicicola, Aphis, II, 8. Siphonophora, IT, 8. salicti, Aphis, II, 8. Salix, I, 29, 30. Candida, I, 31. cordata, var. angusta, I, 29. Salmo, I, 43. namaycush, I, 44, II, 54. quinnat, I, 43. salar, I, 43. salmoides, Micropterus, I, 37, II, 44, 75f, III, 40*, 43*, 63*. Salmon, II, 44, 54, III, 21, 32*, 38. Black, II, 75*. California, I, 43. Great Sea, I, 43. Jack, III, 21, 31*. White, II, 44, 75*. salmoneum, Stizostedium, I, 36. Stizostethium, II, 44. salmoneus, Esox, I, 43, II, 53, 79*, 85*, III, 68*. Salmonidm, 1, 43, II, 54, III, 21, VI, 98. Salmon Perch, I, 36. Salvias, I, 56. sambuci, Aphis, II, 13. sambucifolise, Aphis, II, 13. sambucifolia, Fraxinus, I, 29, 31. Sambucus, I, 27, 28, 31, 32. sancti-johannis, Archibuteo, IY, 189. Sand, II, 79f, 80+, VI, 78f, 91f. Sand Darter, I, 35, II, 38, 74*. Rough, II, 38. Lark, IV, 196. Martin, IY, 177. Pike, II, 43. Sanderling, IV, 196. Sandhill Crane, IY, 198. Sandpiper, Baird’s, IV, 195. Bonaparte’s, IY, 195. Buff-breasted, IY, 196. Least, IY, 195. Pectoral, IY, 195. Purple, IV, 195. Red-backed, IY. 195. Red-breasted, IY, 195. Semipalmated, IV, 195. Solitary, IV, 196. Spotted, IV, 196. Stilt, IY, 195. Sandpipes, IV, 195. sanguinaria, Arphia, I, 63. sanguinea, Cycloneda, VI, 54*. sanguineus, Diaptomus, I, 15, 23, II, 89f, YI, 103. sanguinolentis Ichthelis, I, 38, II, 46. sapidissima, Alosa, I, 44, II, 55. Sapsucker, Big, IY, 185. Little, IV, 185. Red-throated, IY, 186. Squealing, IY, 186. Sarcorhamphi, IV, 190. Sassafras, I, 30, 31, 32. satrapa, Regulus, IY, 172. Sauger, II, 43, III, 31*. saurita, Eutsenia, V, 38. savanna, Passerculus, IV, 179. Savannah Sparrow, IY, 179. Sparrows, IV, 179. Saw-flies, III, 115f. -spined Stone Catfish, II, 68. -whet Owl, IV, 187. Saxicolidse, III, 137*, IV, 167, 172, YI, 8*, 28*. sayanus, Aphredoderus, I, 39, II, 48, 49, 84*, VI, 66*, 93*. sayi, Bacunculus, I, 60. Bracteria, I, 60. Diapheromera, I, 60. Ophibolus, V, 34. Pityophis, V, 38. Sayornis, IV. 184. Pterostichus, III, 157*, VI, 41*, 42f, 57f. Sayornis, IV, 184. fuscus, IV, 184. sayi, IV, 184. Say’s Pewee, IY, 184. scabra, Pseudemys, V, 55. scabriceps, Cliola, II, 60. Episema, II, 60. Photogenis, I, 47, II, 60. Scaly-headed Darter, II, 42. scandiaca, Nyctea, IV, 188. Scaphania, II, 26. Scaphiopidse, Y, 16, 21. Scaphiopus, Y, 21. holbrooki, V, 21. 80 INDEX, Scaphirhynchops, I, 51, II, 69. platyrhynchus, I, 51, II, 69. Scapholeberis mucronatus, III, 72f, 73f> 75f. Scarabseidse, II, 77f, III, 93f, 94f, 95f, 101f, 105f, 108f, 112f, 116f, 119f, 120f, 122f, 123f, 125f, 128f, 133f, 135f, 147f, 157f, YI, 6f, 7f, 9f, 12f, 13f, 15f, 16f, 19f, 20f, 22f, 24f, 26f, 41f, 49f, 59f, 62 f. coprophagous, III, 135f. phytophagous, III, 132f, 135f. Scarites, YI, 16f, 38*, 57f, 59f, 60f, 62f, 63f. substriatus, YI, 29f, 30f. subterraneus, VI, 38*. Scarlet Snake, Y, 33. Tanager, IY, 177. thornberries, III, 144f. Scaup Duck, IY, 200. Lesser, IV, 200. Scavenger beetles, III, 90f, 92f, 94f, 98f, 110f, 112f, 129f, YI, Ilf, 12f, 20f. fishes, II, 73, 83. Sceloporus, Y, 48. floridanus, Y, 48. undulatus, var. undulatus, Y, 48. Schistocerca americanum, I, 69 Schizoneura, I, 16. Schizoneurinae, II, 3. Schleiden, Principles of Scientific Bot- any, cited, I, 52. Schytepojse, IY, 193. ScisenidEe, I, 40, II, 50, 77*, 84*. Scincidse, Y, 45, 46. Scirpus, III, 50f. Scissor-tail, IV, 206. -tailed Flycatcher, IY, 206. Scolecophagus, IV, 182. cyanocephalus, IY, 183. ferrugineus, IV, 182. scolopaceus, Macrorhamphus, IV, 195. Scolopacidse,, IY, 167, 195. Scolytus muticus, III, 131 f. scopiferus, Phenacobius, II, 61, VI, 88*, 94*. Scops, IY, 187. asio, IY, 187, 191. Scoter, Black, IY, 200. Velvet, IY, 201. Screech Ojvl, IV, 187, 191. Scrophulariaceae, I, 55. scrutator, Calosoma, YI, 38*. scudderi, Pezotettix, I, 67. Scudder, S. H., I, 66. Sculpin, Cow-faced, II, 50. Deep-water, I, 41, II, 50. Sculpins, II, 50. sculptilis, Sphenophorus, III, 120f. scutatum, Hemidactylium, V, 12. Seaside Finch, IY, 205. Seed-eaters, YI, 13*. Seeds, II, 77f, III, 106f, 119f, 122f, 123f, 127f, 135f, 150f VI, 9f, Ilf, 12f, 13f, 14f, 17f, 20f, 23f, ' 25f, 27f, 42f, 44f, 46f, 59f, 60f, 61f, 62f, 71f, 85 f, 93f. of Agrostis vulgaris, III, 151f. of Ambrosia artemisiaefolia, IIT, 151f. of Compositae, YI, 13f, 17f, 25f, 27f. of Elm, II, 79f. of grain, IIT, 150f. of Graminese, YI, 59f, 63f. of grass, II, 81f, III, 150f, 156f, 157f, YI, 39f, 40f. 44f, 84f. of grass-like plants, VI, 89f. of June grass, III, 151f, VI, 43f, 44f. of leguminous plant, YI, 16f. of Panicum, YIr 25f. of Phleum, YI, 59f, 6£f. of pigeon grass, YI, 12f. of plants, III, 157f, YI, 13f, 44f, 84f, 87f. of Polygonum, YI, 13f, 20f, 25f, 27f. of prairie grass, III, 151f. of Setaria, YI, 12f, 13f, 20f, 25f, 27f, 89f. of timothy grass III, 150f. of weeds, YI, 14f. Segestria, II, 33. Selachostomi, II, 69. selene, Carpiodes, II, 65. semipalmata, Symphemia, IY, 196. Semipalmated Plover, IY, 194. Sandpiper, IV, 195. semipalmatus, Aegialites, IV, 194. INDEX. 81 Semotilus, I, 45, II, 62, III, 35f, 46, 78*, VI, 75*, 76, 86, 89. corporalis, I, 45, II, 60, 62, 80*, 85*, 111, 33f, 70*, VI, 88*, 94*. Senecio, I, 56. septentrionalis, Colymbus, IV, 203. Eumeces, V, 46. Rana, V, 24. Septoria, VI, 52f, 53f, 64f. serialis, Gryllus, I, 69. sericea, Cornus, I, 31. sericeus, Anisodactylus, III, 151*, 155*, VI, 44*. Cytilus, III, 120f. serotina, Cerasus, II, 9. Solidago, II, 4. serpentina, Chelydra, V, 53. serrator, Mergus, IV, 201. serratus, Eubrancbipus, I, 13, 22, 25. Polydesmus, III, 108f, 131 f, VI, 28f, 32f. §erripennis, Stelgidopteryx, IV, 177. servus, Euschistus, III, 92f, 138f Setaria, II, 6, VI, 29f, 32f. glauca, II, 6. seeds, VI, 12f, 13f, 20f, 25f, 27f,89f. setariae, Siphonophora, II, 5. Setophaga, IV, 176. rutieilla, IV, 176. Sewall, J. A., Sodic pinate as a test for lime, I, 32. sexlineatus, Cnemidophorus, V, 47. sexmaculata, Prometopia, III, 94f. Shad, Common, 1, 44, II, 55. Gizzard, I, 44, II, 55, 72*f, 75f, 78f, 79*, 83*, III, 67*, 68*, 76f. Hickory, II, 55,79*, III, 32f, 33f,40|. Ohio, I, 44, II, 55, 79*. Sharp-nosed Dace, I, 45. Darter, II, 39. -shinned Hawk, IV, 189. -tailed Bunting, Nelson's, IV, 179. Grouse, IV, 191. Sheepshead, I, 40, II, 50, 77* 83*, III, 21, 32f, 64*, 67*. Sheldrake, Buff-breasted, IV, 201. Hooded, IV, 201. Shell-bark Hickory, I, 26. Shells, bivalve, II, 77f . Shiner, I, 47, 48, II, 57, 61, III, 46, VI, 81*, 84*. Big-eyed, II, 60. Red-finned, II, 80*. Rough-headed, I, 47, II, 60. Spotted, I, 45, II, 62. Shining Bass, I, 37, II, 47. Shipman, E. F., V, 23. Short-billed Marsh Wren, IV, 173. -eared Owl, IV, 187. -nosed Gar, I, 51, II, 69, 87*. -striped Bass, I, 36. White Bass, II, 44. Shovel Fish, II, 82*, 88*, 89*, III, 76*. -nosed Sturgeon, I, 51, II, 69. Shoveller, IV, 199. Shrike, Great Northern, IV, 176. Loggerhead, IV, 176. White-rumped, IV, 176. Shrimp, Fresh Water, III, 30f. River, III, 48f. shumardi, Imostoma, II, 39. Sialia, IV, 172. arctica, IV, 172. sialis. III, 137*, 147*, IV, 172, 182, VI, 8*, 28*, 30*, 31*, 32*, 57*, 58*. Sialidae, III, 52f, 64f, VI, 22*. larvae, III, 60f. Sialis, III, 52f. infumata, III, 49f. sialis, Noturus, II, 68, III, 74*. Sialia, III, 137* 147*, IV, 172, 182, VI, 8*, 28*, 30*, 31*, 32*, 57*, 58*. sicculus, Labidesthes, I, 42, II, 51, 78*, 85*, VI, 69*, 93*. sicilis, Diaptomus, VI, 106f, 107f, 108f. Sididae, III, 27f, 60f, 78+, VI, 94f. signata, Corixa, III, 41f. Silpha americana, III, 119f. lapponica, III, 119f. opaca, larva, III, 149*. Silphidae, III, 122f, 125f. Siluridae, I, 50, II, 66, 75f, 81*, 84f, 85f, 86f, III, 32 f, 35f, 43f, 63f, 74*. Silver Bass, 111,21, 56*. -fin, I, Errata (See Index, 8), II, 57, 80*, VI, 87*. Slender, I, 47. -mouthed Dace, I, 45, II, 61, 80*. Silverside, I, 42, II, 51, 78*, 89*, VI, 69*. 82 INDEX. Brook, III, 21, 69. River, II, 78*. Silvery Carp Sucker, II, 65. Lamprey, I, 52, II, 70. Minnow, I, 45, II, 56, 79*. Mullet, I, 49. similis, Chrysomela, III, 131f. Simocephalus, III, 36f, 43f, 47f, 55f, 56f, 57f, 58f, YI, 103. americanus, III, 29f, 39f, 45f, 48f, 54f, 58f, 69f, 74f, YI, 70f, 103. vetulus, III, 48f, 58f, 74f, YI, 103. Simulium, larvae, YI, 69f, 93f, 94f. simus, Heterodon, Y, 44. sincera Yalvata, YI, 73f. sipedon, Tropidonotus, Y, 42. Siphonophora, II, 4, 9, 14. acerifoliae, II, 4. ambrosiie, II, 4. asclepiadip, II, 7. avense, II, 5. coreopsidip, II, 7. cyparissiae, II, 7. erigeronensip, II, 7. euphorbise, II, 6. euphorbicola, II, 6. fragariae, II, 8. granariae, See Aphis uiaidis, YI, Er- rata (See Index, 9). lactucae, II, 7. panicola, II, 6. pisi, II, 8. polygoni, II, 8. rosae, II, 5. rubi, II, 8. rudbeckiae, II, 4. salicicola, II, 8. setariae, II, 5. tanaceti, II, 8. verbenae, II, 8. viticola, II, 5. Siren, V, 6. Great, Y, 6. lacertina, Y, 6. Striped, Y, 6. Sirenidae, Y, 5. sirtalis, Eutaenia, V, 39. Sitta, IY, 172, 204. canadensis, IV, 172. carolinensis, IY, 172. pusilla, IY, 204. Sittidae, IV, 167, 172, 204. Siurus, IY, 175, 196. aurocapillus, IV, 175. motacilla, IY, 175. naevins, IY, 175. Six-lined Lizard, Y, 47. Skim-back, II, 65. Skink, Coal, Y, 46. Common, Y, 47. Floridan, Y, 46. Northern, Y, 46. Western, V, 47. Skip Jack, II, 55, III, 32f. Skuas, IY, 202. Skunk Blackbird, IY, 182. Slender Catfish, I, 51. Silver- fin, I, 47. Stone Catfish, II, 67. Slim Darter, I, 35. Slime, II, 82f. sloani, Cambarus, I, 24. Slops, distillery, II, 80f. Slugs, YI, 47f, 62f. Small-billed Water Thrush, IV, 175. Black Lamprey, I, 52, II, 70. fruits, III, 103f, 109f, 110f, 123f, 124f, 132f. -headed Mullet, II, 63. -mouthed Black Bass, I, 37, II, 44, III, 40*, 61*. Buffalo Fish, II, 66. Red-horse, II, 64. Smaller garden fruits, III, 110, 1 15f , 122f. Spotted Salamander, Y, 9. Smilax, I, 27, 31, 32. Smith, E. A., I, 63, II, 8, 10. S. I. I, 3, 11. Observations on Fish, II, 71, 88. Worthington, G., Observations on Parasitic Fungi, I, 55. smithsonianus, Larus, IY, 202. Snail, Water, III, 65f. Snake-bird, IV, 201. Snake, Bull, Y, 38. Chain, Y, 33. Chicken, Y, 37. Common Garter, Y, 39. Congo, Y, 8. Corn, V, 34. DeKay’s Brown, V, 40. INDEX. 83 Floridan Blind, V, 45. Fox, V, 36. Garter, V, 39. Glass, V, 48. Grass, Y, 36. Ground, Y, 31. Harlequin, Y, 29. Hog-nosed, Y, 44. Hoy’s Garter, Y, 39. King, V, 34. Kirtland’s, Y, 41. Milk, Y, 34. Pilot, Y, 36. Pine, Y, 38. Red, Y, 34. Red-bellied, V, 40. Red-billed Horn, Y, 32. Red-lined, Y, 32. Riband, Y, 38. Ring-necked, Y, 35. Scarlet, Y, 33. Summer, Y, 36. Western Pine, Y, 38. Worm, Y, 31. Snapper, Alligator, Y, 53. Snapping Turtle, Common, Y, 53. Snipe, IY, 195. Common, IY, 195. English, IV, 195. Grass, IY, 195. Gray, IY, 195. Gutter, IY, 195. Jack, IV, 195. Red-breasted, IY, 195. Robin, IY, 195. Wood, IY, 196. Snout-Beetles, III, 98f, 102f, 108f, 112f, 113f, 114f, 115f, 119f, 120f,121 f, 122f, 123f, 124f, 128f, 134f, YI, 7t. Snowbird, Common, IV, 180. Oregon, IY, 180. White, IV, 178. Snow Bunting, IV, 178. Goose, IY, 198. Lesser, IY, 198. Ross’s, IY, 208. Snow, F. H., Catalogue of the Birds of Kansas, cited, IV, 206, 207. Snowflake, IY, 178. Snowy Heron, IY, 193. Owl, IY, 188. sodalis, Evarthrus, YI, 41*. Sodic pinate as a test for lime, I, 32. Soft-shelled Turtle, Y, 52. Agassiz’s, Y, 52. Common, V, 52. Solanum dulcamara, I, 55. Soldier Beetle, III, 92f, 138*, 144f, 146*. larvae, III, 138f, 139f. -bugs, III, 90f, 92f, lllf, 120f,138f, 141 f, 144f, 146*. Spined, III, 146*. Solidago serotina, II, 4. Solitaire, Townsend’s IY, 172. solitarius, Lanivireo, IY, 176. Rhyacophilus, IY, 196. Solitary Sandpiper, IY, 196. Vireo, IY, 176. 3o materia, IY, 200. mollissima, var. dresseri, IV, 200. spectabilis, IY, 200. Song Sparrow, IY, 181. Sora, IY, 197. sordida, Encoptolophus, I, 64. (Edipoda, I, 64, III, 142f. Tetrix, I, 69. Tragocephala, I, 64. sordidum, Acridium, I, 64. (Edipoda, I, 64. sordidus, Encoptolophus, I, 64. Southern Quail, IY, 192. Painted Turtle, Y, 56. Sparrow, Chipping, IY, 180, VI, 12*, 24*, 25*. Clay- colored, IY, 180. Field, IV, 180, 181, YI, 12* 24*, 25*. Fox-colored, IY, 181. Golden-crowned, IY, 180, 205. Harris’s, IY, 180. Ipswich, IY, 205. Lincoln’s, IV, 181. Oak-woods, IY, 180. Savannah, IY, 179. Song, IY, 181. Swamp, IV, 181. Tree, IY, 180, 181. White-crowned, IY, 180. Western, IY, 180. White-throated, IV, 180, 181. Yellow-winged, IY, 179, YI, 12*. 24*, 25*. 84 INDEX. Sparrow Hawk, IV, 188. Sparrows, IV, 178, 181. sparverius, Tinnunculus, IV, 188. Spatula, IV, 199. clypeata, IV, 199. spatula^ Litholepis, II, 69. Spawn-eater, I, 46, II, 56, VI, 82*. Spear Fish, II, 65. speciosus, Ichthelis, 1, 37, II, 45. Speckled Cutworm, III, 90f. Tortoise, V, 57. spectabilis, Poecilichthys, I, 34, II, 41, 42, III, 23*. Somateria, IV, 200. Spectrum bivittafum, I, 60. femoratum, I, 60. spectrunculus, Hybopsis, II, 56. Spelerpes, V, 11, 12, 13. bilineatus, V, 13. guttolineatus, V, 13?. longicaudus, V, 13. ruber, var. montanus, V, 14. var. ruber, V, 13. var. sticticeps, V, 14. Spencer, Herbert, Principles of Biology, cited, III, 6, 85. Spence, See Kirby & Spence. Speotyto, IV, 207. cunicularia, var. hypogsei, IV, 207. Sphaerodactylus, V, 49. notatus, V, 49. Sphseronemei, VI, 64f. spores. III, 155f, VI, 401, 53f. Sphserotheca castagnei, I, 58. Spharagemon aequale, I, 63. collare, I, 64. Sphargididae, V, 49, 50. Sphargis, V, 50. coriacea, V, 50. Sphenophorus, VI, 121, 28f, 29f, 32f. parvulus, III, 1201 sculptilis, III, 1201. Sphyrapicus, IV, 186 varius, IV, 186. Spiders, II, 75f, 761, 77f, 781, III, 521, 90f, 911, 93f, 95f, 96, 981, 108f, 109f, 1111, 1121 , 114f, 119f, 120f, 122f, 124f, 128f, 129f, 1301, 1311, 132f, 1341, 1381, 139f, 1401, 1411, 1421, 1431, 144f, 1451, 146*, VI, 6, 81, 91, 121, 39f, 491, 601, 621, 701, 711, 721. water, III, 481. spilota, Tauridea, II, 50. Spilotes, V, 30, 37. couperi, V, 37. erebennus, V, 37. Spined Soldier-bug, III, 146* spinifer, Aspidonectes, V, 52. Spinning mites, larvae, III, 156 spinosus, Podisus, III, 1301, 1441, VI, 281, 321. Spirea, I, 58. Spirogyra, VI, 761, 871. Spiza, IV, 181. americana, IV, 181, VI, 12*, 18*, 19*, 29*, 30*, 81*, 32*. Spizella, IV, 180. agrestis, VI, 12*, 29*, 30*, 31*, 32*. domestica, IV, 180, VI, 12*, 29*, 30*, 31*, 32. montana, IV, 180. pallida, IV, 180. pusilla, IV, 180. Spongopus, III, 153. sponsa, Aix, IV, 200, 201 Spoon-bill, II, 69, IV, 192. Rosy, IV, 192. Spoon-bill Duck, IV, 199. Spoon-billed Catfish, II, 82*. Spores of Cryptogams, VI, 551. Dematiei, VI, 42. fungi, III, 1551, 1561, 1571, 1581, 1591, VI, 501, 521, 531, 541, 551, 771, 801, 841. Helminthosporium, VI, 401, 411, 451, 481, 521. lichen, III, 1591, VI, 521, 531, 541, 551. Myxogastres, III, 1591. VI, 531 Phoma, III, 1551, 1581, VI, 401 Physcia, VI, 521. Sphseronemei, III, 1551, VI, 401, 531. Ustilago, VI, 771. Ustilago helminthsporium, 111,1591. Spotted Salamander, Large, V, 9. Smaller, V, 9. Sandpiper, IV, 196. Shiner, 1,45,11,62. Sturgeon, II, 69. Sucker, II, 64 INDEX. 85 Triton, V, 15. spraguei, Neocorys, IV, 204. Sprague’s Lark, IV, 204. spretum, Acridium, I, 68. spretus, Caloptenus, I, 68. Spring Beetles, II, 78, III, 120f, 121f, 122f, 123f, 124f, 129f, 131 f, VI, 16f. Spruce Grouse, IV, 207. spurius, Icterus, IV, 182, VI, 14*, 29*, 30*. Squamella, III, 72f, 73f. squamiceps, Etheostoma, II, 42. Square-tailed Eave Swallow, IV, 177. Squatarola, IV, 194. helvetica, IV, 194. Squawk, IV, 193. Squealing Sapsucker, IV, 186. squirella, Hyla, V, 20. Stagmatoptera minor, I, 60. Stagmomantis Carolina, I, 60. minor, I, 60. toltecta, I, 60. Stake Driver, IV, 194. Staphylea, I, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31. Staphylinidse, III, 47f, 104f, 116f, 125f, 147f, VI, 10f, 22f. Staphylinus badipes, VI, 27f, 30f. cinnamopterus, III, 152*. staphylinus, Canthocamptus, I, 15. Starlings, American, IV, 182. Staurastrum, III, 72f. Staurothele, II, 34. Steganopodes, IV, 201. Steganopus, IV, 197. wilsoni, IAr, 197. Stelgidopteryx, IV, 177. serripennis, IV, 177. Stelidota geminata, III, 131 f. stellaris, Cistothorus, IV, 173. Stenobothrus admirabilis, I, 61. aequalis, I, 61. curtipennis, I, 61. longipennis, I, 61. maculipennis, I, 61. melanopleurus, I, 61. propinquans, I, 61. Stenolophus, III, 129f, 153, VI, 58f. conjunctus, VI, 28f, 30f. Stephanodiscus niagarae, VI, 99f. Stercorariidae, IV, 167, 202. Stercorarius, IV, 202. parasiticus, IV, 164, 202. pomatorhinus, IV, 202. Stereochilus, V, 11, 12, 13. marginatum, V, 13. Sterna, IV, 202, 208. anglica, IV, 202. antillarum, IV, 202. caspia, IV, 202. • dougalli, IV, 208. fluviatilis, IV, 202. forsteri, IV, 202. macrura, IV, 208. regia, IV, 202. Sternotremia, I, 39, II, 48. isolepis, I, 39, II, 49. mesotrema, II, 49. Stetkeophyma gracilis, I, 62. Stickleback, I, 42. Black, II, 51, VI, 68*. Brook, II, 78*. Many-spined, I, 42, II, 51, VI, 69*. . Sticklebacks, II, 51, 78*, VI, 68*. Sticta, II, 28. sticticeps, Spelerpes, V, 13. Stilbe, VI, 75*. Stilt, Black-necked, IV, 197. Stilts, IV, 197. Stilt Sandpiper, IV, 195. Stimpson, Dr. Wm., on food of White Fish, II, 71. stimpsoni, Triglopsis, II, 50. Stizostedium, I, 36. americanum, I, 36, II, 44. griseum, I, 36, II, 43. salmoneum, I, 36. Stizostethium, II, 43, 75f, 84*, III, 32*, 34, 35*, 36*. canadense, II, 43, 75f, 84*, III, 31*, 33*. vitreum, II, 44, 75f, 84*, 111,32*. var. salmoneum, II, 44. Stone Catfish, Chubby, II, 68. Saw-spined, II, 68. Slender, II, 67. Yellow, II, 67. Lugger, II, 55, VI, *77*. Roller, I, 44, II, 64, 76f, 79*, III, 70*, 73. Stonechats, III, 137*, IV, 172. Storeria, V, 30, 40. m INDEX. dekayi, V, 40. oecipitomaculata, V, 40. storerianus, Alburnops, II, 56. Hybopsis, 1, 46. Storer’s Minnow, I, 46, II, 56. Storks, IV, 192. atramineus, Alburnops, II, 57. Hybopsis, I, 46, VI, 84*, 94*. Strawberries, III, 109f, 112f, 114f, 118f, 120f, 122f, 126f, 128f, 136f. • Strawberry, II, 8. Straw-colored Minnow, II, 57, VI, 84*. streperus, Chaulelasmus, IV, 199. Strepsilas, IV, 194. interpres, 1Y, 194. Strepsilklse, IY, 167, 194. striata, Anursea, YI, 106f, 107f. Dendrceca, IY, 175, VI, 9*, 28*, 30*, 31*. atriatopunctata, Clivina, VI, 28f, 30f. striatula, Haldea, V, 32. striatus, Pseudobranchus, V, 6. Striges, 1Y, 187. Strigidae, 1Y, 167, 187, 207. Striped Bass, 111, 37*. Blue Darter, I, 34, IT, 41. Barter, I, 33, II, 75*. Minnow, I, 42, IL, 52. Siren, V, 6. Sucker, I, 48. Top Minnow, II, 78*, VI, 72*. Strix, IY, 187. nebulosa, IV, 187. St©d:es of the Food of Birds, Insects, and Fishes, III, 1-160, VI, 1-110. Sturgeon, I, 51, II, 69, 71*, 86*. Lake, I, 51, II, 69. Shovel-nosed, 1, 51, II, 69. Spotted, II, 69. Sturnella, IV, 182. magna, IV, 182, VI, 17. aegleeta, IY, 182. stygius, Asellus, J, 11, 22. Cse^idotea, I, 11. Cambarus, I, 3, 19. Stylopyga orientalis, I, 60. StySospores of fungi, III, 156f. siabangulata, Aspidoglossa, VI, 57f. sabarcticus, Bubo, IV, 187. rabcserulea, Ictinia, IV, 189. .sabis, Progne, IY, 177, subjuncta, Mamestra, III, 90f. subspinosus, Macrodact.vlus, III, 128f. substriatus, Scarites, AM. 29f, 30f4 subterraneus, Scarites, YI. 38*. Succinea, III, 30f, 35f, 130f. succinctus, Gryllus, I, 69. sucetta, Erimyzon, II, 64, 81*, 86*, III, 72*. Sucker, Black, III, 71*. Chub, I, 48, II, 64. 81*, III, 72*. Common, I, 48, II, 64, HI, 73*. Cope’s, I, 49. Gourd-seed, II, 64 Hog, II, 64 Long-nosed, II. 61. Long tailed, II, 64. Missouri, II, 64. Northern, I, 48. Red-sided, II, 64. Spotted, II, 64. Striped, I, 48. White, II, 63, 64. Suckers, II, 63, 72, 75f, 80*, III, 21, 26*, 65f, 70*, YI, 77. cylindrical, III, 76*. sulphurea, Arphia, I, 63. Locusta, I, 63. (Edipoda, I, 63. sulphureum, Acridium, I, 63. sulphureus, Gryllus, I, 63. Locusta, I, 63. Tomonotus, I, 63. Sumach Berries, III, 93f, 94f, 106f, 108f, 113f, 118f, 138+, 139f, 144f. Summer Duck, lAr, 200, 201. Redbird, IY, 177. Snake, Y, 36. Yellow Bird, IY, 174, VI, 9*, 22*, 23*. Sun Fish, Black, I, 37, II, 45. Blue, I, 37,11, 45, 76*. Blue and Green, II, 46. Blue and Orange, I. 38, II, 46. Blue-cheeked, II, 77*. Blue- green, II, 46. Blue-spotted, IT, 45, III, 46*. Chain-sided, II, 45. Common, I, 38, II, 46, 76*, III, 33, 48*. • Gilded, I, 38, II, 46. Long- eared, I, 33, III, 53*. INDEX. 87 Pale, II, 46. Ill, 54*. Reel-spotted, I, 38, II, 45 Wide-mouthed, III, 44*. Sun Fishes, II. 44. 72, 75*f, 89*, III, 21, 28*, 32f, 37f, 38*, 46f, 67*, 76*, VI, 66 superciliosus, Hyborhynchus, II, 56. supernotatus, Psenocerus, VI, 8f , 9f, 10f, 18f, 22f. 24f, 26f, 28f, 29f, 31f. Surf Duck, IV. 199, 201. surinamensis, Hydrochelidon, IV, 202. Surnia, IV, 188. funera, 1Y, 188. suturalis, Chrysomela, III, 120f, 130f, 131f, Vr, 28f. 29f, 31f. swainsoni, Buteo, IY, 189. Helinaia, IV, 170. Heloncea, IV, 174. Hylocichla, IV, 171. Turdus, III, 131*, VI, 57*, 58*. Swainson’s Hawk, IV, 189. Thrush, III, 89*, 131*, 133*, 135*, 136*. Warbler, 1Y, 174. Swallow, Bank, IV, 177. Barn, IY, 177. Chimney, IV, 185. Cliff, IY, 177, VI, 11*, 24*, 25*. Mud, IV, 177. Rough-winged, IV, 177. Square-tailed Eave, IV, 177. White-bellied, IY, 177. Swallows, IV, 177, YI, Ilf. Swallow-tailed Kite, IV, 188, 189. Swamp Sparrow, IV, 181. Swan, Trumpeter, IV, 198. Whistling, IV, 198. Swans, IV, 193, 208. Swift, Chimney, IV, 185. Swift Hawk, IY, 189. Swifts, IY, 185. •sylvatica, Rana, Y, 25. Sylviidse, IY, 167, 172. Symphemia, IY, 196. semipalmata, IY, 196. symphoricarpi, Aphis, II, 12. Symphoricarpus vulgaris, II, 13. Synalissa, II, 29. Synoptical table of the sub-families of Aphidae, II, 3. Syringa vulgaris, I, 58. T Table of families of Birds of Illinois, IY, 167. Tachycineta, IY, 177. bicolor, IV, 177. Tadpoles, frogs, II, 78f, 79f, 85f. talpoideum, Amblystoma, V, 9. Tame cherries, III, 98f. 112f. fruits, III, 97, 112f. grapes, III, 96f, 98f, 11 If. tanaceti, Siphonophora, II, 8. Tanager, Scarlet, IY, 177. Tanagers, IY, 177. Tanagridae, IY, 167, 177. Tansy, II, 8 Tantalus, IV, 192. loculator, IV, 168, 192. Tantilla, V, 30, 32. coronata, V, 32. Tanymecus confertus, VI, I4f, 28f, 29f, 31f. Taraxacum, I, 58. dens-leonis, pollen, III, 152f, 159f, VI, 64f. tartarica, Locusta, I, 69. Tattler, Bartrara’s, IV, 196. Tauridea, II, 50. spilota, II, 50. taxispilotus, Tropidonotus, V, 42. Teal, Blue- winged, IY, 199. Cinnamon, IY, 199, Green-winged, IY, 200. Red-breasted, IV, 199. Tecoma, I, 27, 28, 30. Teeter, IV, 196. Teidae, Y, 44, 45, 47. Teleocephali, II, 38, III, 21. Teleostei, II, 38. . Telephoridae, III, 152*, YI, 43f, 49f, 60f, 62f. Telephorus, III, 148f, VI, 9f, Ilf. bilineatus, III, 92f, VI, 9f, 28f, 31f, 152f. larvae, III, 138-Jy Telipomus, I, 37. cyanellus, I, 37, II, 45. microps, I, 37, II, 45 nephelus, I, 37, 11,-45. Telmatodytes, IV, 173. palustris, IY, 173. 88 INDEX, tenax, Mancasellus, 111, 28f, 30f. Tenebrionidae, III, 117+, 125f, 147f. larvae, III, 140f. tenebrosa, Arphia, 1, 63. (Edipoda, I, 63. tenebrosus, Tomonotus, I, 63. Tennessee Warbler, IY, 174, YI, 9*, 22*, 23*. Tentbredinidae, III, 116f, VI, 24f. teres, Catostomus, I, 48, II, 64. Teretulus, I, 49. anisurus, I, 49, II, 64. aureolas, I, 49, II, 63. carpio, I, 49, II, 63. duquesni, I, 49, II, 63. macrolepidotum, I, 49, II, 63. velatus, I, 49, II, 64. tergemina, Caudisona, Y, 28. tergisus, Hyodon, I, 44, II, 79*, 85*. Tern, Arctic, IY, 208. Black, IV, 202. Caspian, IV, 202. Common, IV, 202. Forster’S, IY, 202. Least, IV, 202. Marsh. IV, 202. Rosy, IY, 208. Royal, IV, 202. White-winged Black, IV, 208. Terns, IV, 202, 208. Terrapin, Rough, Y, 55. Yellow-bellied, V, 55. Terrestrial Arachnida, VI, 93f. Coleoptera, III, 45f, 68f, 64f, YI, 93f, 94f. Diptera, VI, 93f, 94f. Hemiptera, III, 43f, VI, 93f, 94f. vegetation, YI, 82f, 90f, 91f. Tessellated Darter, I, 35, II, 40. Testudinata, V, 26, 49. Testudinidse, V, 50, 58. Testudo, V, 58. Carolina, Y, 58. Tetradecapoda, II. 84f, 85f, 86f, III, 50f, 62f, 63f, 64f. Tetranychi, larvaeylll, 156. Tetraonidse, IV, 167, 191, 207. Tetraopes, III, 148f. tetraophthalmus, III, 141f. tetraophthalmus, Tetraopes, III, 141f. Tetraphis, II, 20. Tetrix arenosa, I, 69. bilineata, I, 69. dorsalis, I, 69. lateralis, I, 69. parvipennis, I, 69. polymorpha, I, 69. quadrimaculata, I, 69. sordida, I, 69. Tettigidea, III, 90f, 130f, 140f. lateralis, I, 69. polymorph a, I, 69. Tettiginae, I, 69, III, 50. Tettigini, I, 69. Tettigonidge, VI, 23f, 70f. Tettix, II, 77f, III, 130f. ornata, I, 69, III, 140f Thalassochelys, Y, 51. caouana, Y, 51. Thelia, 11,-23. Theloschistes, II, 27. Thick-billed Grebe, IY, 203. Thomas, B. W , on the Diatomaceae of Lake Michigan, YI, 108. Thomas, Cyrus, A list of the Orlhop- tera of Illinois, I, 59-69. A list of the Aphidini, found in the United States, II, 3-16 thomasi, Cyclops, VI, 70f, 105f, 106f, 107f, 108f. thompsoni, Carpiodes, II, 65. Ichthyobus, I, 49, II, 65. Triglopsis, I, II. Thousand-legs, III, 91 f, 93f, 94f, 98f, 108f, 109f, lllf, 112f, 114t, 119f, T20f, 122f, 123f, 129f, 138f, 140f, VI, 7f, 8f. carnivorous, III, lllf. predaceous, III, 94f, 124f. Thrasher, Brown, IV, 171. Three-toed Box Turtle, V, 57. Woodpecker, Banded, IY, 207. Black-backed, IV, 186. Thrips, III, 73f, 110f, VI, 70f. Thrush, III, 145, IV, 181. Alice, III, 89*, 130*, 132*, 135*, 136*. Brown, III, 89*, 96*, 118*, 125*, 128*, 132*, 134*, 135*, 136*, VI, 7*, 22*, 23*. Golden-crown, IV, 175. Gray-cheeked, IV, 171. INDEX. 89 Hermit, III, 89*, 129*, 132*, 134*, 135*, 136*, IV, 171. Large-billed Water, IV, 175. Olive-backed, IV, 171. Small-billed Water, IV, 172. Swainson’s, III, 89*, 131*, 133*, 135*, 136*. Wilson’s, III, 89*, IV, 171. Wood, III, 89*, 127*, 132*, 134*, 135*, 136*, IV, 171. Thrushes, III, 89*, 135*, 136*, 137*, 145*, IV, 171, 204, VI, 5*, 18*, 56*, 57*. and the Bluebird, Cicindelidse and Carabidse eaten by, VI, 57, 58. Fly-catching, IV, 172. Water, IV, 196. Thryomanes, IV, 173. bewicki, IV, 173. Thryothorus, IV, 173. ludovicianus, IV, 173. Thunder Pump, IV, 194. Thysanura, VI, 93f. Tiger Bass, III, 40*. Salamander, V, 10. tigrina, Perissoglossa, IV, 174. tigrinum, Amblystoma, V, 10, Tilia, I, 27, 29, 30, 31. Tilt-up, IV, 196. Timber Croppie, III, 56*. Timmia, II, 21. Timothy grass, III, 151f. heads, III, 151f. seeds, III, 150f. Tinnunculus, IV, 188. sparverius, IV, 188. var. isabellinus, IV, 188. TipulidEe, III, 90, 94f, 104+, 116f, 135f, 136f, VI, 26 1- Titlark, American, IV, 173. Titlarks, IV, 173, 204. Titmice, IV, 172. Titmouse, Tufted, IV, 172. Toad, Common, V, 17. Tree, V, 20. Togue, II, 54, toltecta, Mantis, I, 60. Stagmomant’s, I, 60. Tomato, I, 55. tomentosus, Chlsenius, III, 139f, 140f, 158*, VI, 42*, 57f. Podabrus, III, 152*, 158*. Tomonotus carinatus, I, 63. pseudo-nietanus, I, 63. sulphureus, I, 63. var. carinatus, I, 63. var. sulphureus, I, 63. var. xanthopterus, I, 63. tenebrosus, I, 63. xanthopterus, I, 63. Toothed Herring, II, 54, 78+, 79*. minnows, II, 51, 78*. Toothless fishes, VI, 102*. Top Minnow, I, 42, II, 52, 72*, 78*, 87*, VI, 71*. Black-eyed, II, 52, VI, 72*. Striped, II, 78*, VI, 72*. torquatus, Colymbus, IV, 203. Tortoise, Blanding’s, V, 57. Speckled, V, 57. Tortoise-shell Turtle, V, 51. Totanus, IV, 196. flavipes, IV, 196. melanoleucus, IV, 196. Towhee, IV, 181. townsendi, Myiadestes, IV, 169, 172. Townsend’s Solitaire, IV, 172. toxicodendron, Rhus, I, 30, 31. Trachystomata, V, 5. Tragocephala infuscata, I, 62, III, 90f. radiata, I, 62. sordida, I, 64. viridifasciata, I, 62, III, 138f. var. infuscata, I, 62. var. radiata, I, 62. var. virginiana, I, 62. trail!!, Empidonax, IV, 184, VI, 15*, 29*, 30*, 31*. Traill’s Flycatcher, IV, 184, VI, 15*, 26*, 27*. Transactions of the American Philosoph- ical Society, cited, VI, 74. Illinois Agricultural Society, cited, I, 32. Horticultural Society, cited, II, 72. Treadwell, Prof., Ill, 82. Trechicus, III, 153. Tree Duck, Fulvous, IV, 208. in winter, The, I, 26-32. Sparrow, IV, 180, 181. Toad, Common, V, 20. Trematodon, II, 19. 90 INDEX. triacanthos, Gleditschia, I, 58. triangularis, Hydrophilus, III, 47f. triangulus, Ophibolus, V, 34. tricarinata, Camnula, I, 66. Valvata, III, 30f, 35f, 54f, VI, 81f. trichas, Geothlypis, IV, 175, VI, 10*, 28*, 30*, 31*, 32*. Trichostomuin, II, 20. tridactyla, Rissa, IV, 202. Tridactyl us, III, 121f. tridactylus, Mursenopsis, V, 8. trifida, Ambrosia, II, 4. Triglopsis, I, 41, II, 50. stimpsoni, II, 50. thompsoni, I, 41. Trimerotropis sequalis, I, 63. verruculata, I, 64. Tringa, IV, 195. . canutus, IV, 195. Tringoides, IV, 196. macularius, IV, 196. Trionychidse, V, 49, 51. triseriatus, Chorophilus, V, 19. tristis, Astragalinus, IV, 178, VI, 11*. trisulca, Lemna, III, 59f. Triton, Red, V, 13. Spotted, V, 15. triunguis, Cistudo, V, 57. Trochili, IV, 184. Trochilidse. IV, 167, 184. Trochilus, IV, 184. colubris, IV, 184. Troglodytes, IV, 173. aedon, var. parkmanni, IV, 173. domesticus, VI, 8*, 28*, 30*, 31*, 32*. troglodytes, Cambarus, I, 4, 18. Troglodytidse, IV, 167, 173, VI, 8*, 18* 22*, 28*. Trogositidse, VI, 24f, 26f. troosti, Pseudemys, V, 55. Tropidoclonium, V, 31, 41. kirtlandi, V, 41. Tropidonotus, V, 30, 41. compressicaudus, V, 42. compsolsemus, V, 41. cyclopium, V, 43. fasciatus, V, 42. grahami, V, 41. leberis, V, 41. rhombifer, V, 43. rigidus, V, 41. sipedon, var. erythrogaster, V, 42. var. sipedon, V, 42. var. woodhousei, V, 42. taxispilotus, V, 42. ustus, V, 42. Tropisternus, III, 51 f. limbatus, III, 44f, 50f. Trout, III, 21, 38. Great Lake, II, 54. Lake, I, 44, II, 86*. Mackinaw, II, 54. Trout Darter, I, 34. Perch, I, 43, II, 53. True Warblers, IV, 172. Trumpeter Swan, IV, 198. Truxalis angusticornis, I, 61. brevicornis, I, 60. notochlorus, I, 61. viridulus, I, 61. Tryngites, IV, 196. rufescens, IV, 196. Tryxalini, I, 61. Tryxalis brevicornis, I, 61. conspersus, I, 61. viridis, I, 61. tuberculatum, Acridium, I, 66. tuckeri, Erysiphe, I, 56. tuditanus, Alburnops, II, 56. Hybopsis, I, 46. Tufted Titmouse, IV, 172. Tulasne, on parasitic Fungi, I, 53. tulipifera, Liriodendron, I, 59. tullibee, Coregonus, II, 54. tumida, Corixa, III, 23f, 24f, 27f, 29f, 35f, 39f, 40f, 41f. Turdidse, III, 89*, 128*, 136*, 144*, IV, 167, 171, 204, VI, 5*, 22*, 27*. Turdus alicise, III, 130*. migratorius. III, 89*, 104*, VI, 5*, 27*, 30*, 31*, 32*, 57*, 58*. mustelinus, III, 127*, VI, 57*, 58*. pallasi, VI, 57*, 58*. swainsoni, III, 131*, VI, 57*, 58*. Turkey, Barn-yard, IV, 191. Water, IV, 201. Wild, IV, 191. Turkey Buzzard, IV, 189, 190. Turkeys, IV, 191. INDEX. 91 Turnbull, Birds of Eastern Pennsyl- vania and New Jersey, cited, IV, 204, 206. Turnstone, IY, 194. Turtle, Agassiz’s Soft-shelled, V, 52. Alligator Snapping, V, 53. Box, V, 57. Common Snapping, V, 53. Soft-shelled, V, 52. Diamond-back, Y, 56. Fresh -water Leather, Y, 52. Gopher, V. 58. Green, V, 51. Hieroglyphic, Y, 55. Leathery, Y, 50. Little Musk, Y, 53. Loggerhead, Y, 51. Map, Y, 56. Mud, Y, 54. Musk, Y, 53. Painted, V, 56. Soft-shelled, Y, 52. Southern Painted, Y, 56. Red-bellied, Y, 55. Three-toed Box, Y, 57. Tortoise-shell, Y, 51. Wood, V, 57. Two-striped Salamander, Y, 13. Tychea, II, 16. panici, II, 16. Tyrannidse, IV, 167, 184, 206, YI, 15*, 26*, 29*. Tyrannus, IY, 184, 206. carolinensis, IY, 184, VI, 15*, 29*, 30*, 31*. verticalis, IV, 206. vociferans, IY, 206. tyrannus, Milvulus, IY, 206. Tyrant Flycatchers, IY, 184, 206. U Udeopsylla nigra, III, 142f. uhleriana, Ischnoptera, I, 59. Uhler, P. R., Ill, 139. on Corixa, I, 5. on Pezotettix scudderi, I, 67. Ulmus, I, 27, 29, 30. alata, I, 26. fulva, I, 28, 29, 31. Ulula, IY, 187. cinerea, IY, 187. umbellus, Bonasa, IY, 191. Umbra limi, YI, 73*, 93*. Umbridee, I, 43, II, 47, 52, 78*, 85*, YI, 65*, 73*, 93*. umbrosus, Esox, I, 43, II, 53. undulatus, Sceloporus, Y, 48. Unger, Die Exantheme der Pflanzen, cited, I, 52. Unicellular Algse, III, 69f, 70f, 71, 73f, VI, 74f, 79f, 87f, 98f, 107f. unicolor, Ischnoptera, I, 59. Pezotettix, I, 66. Platamodes, I, 59. Unio, II, 77f, III, 30f, 35f, 54f, 65f. Unionidse, II, 80f, 81f, III, 55f, 71f. unipuncta, Leucania, III, 139f. United States, A list of Aphidini, found in, II, 3-16. Department of Agriculture, Re- ports cited, III, 152. Entomological Commission, Re- ports cited, III, 138, 146, 152. Faunal regions of, Y, 59. Fish and Fisheries, Reports of Commissioner cited, II, 71, III, 66, YI, 98. Geological and Geographical Sur- vey of the Territories, cited, IY, 193. Government exploring expedi- tions, Reports, V, 3. National Museum, Bulletins cited, Y, 3. Upland Plover, IY, 196. Uranidea, I, 41, II, 50. boleoides, I, 41. hoyi, I, 41, II, 50. kumlieni, I, 41, II, 50. Uredines, I, 52. Uredo, YI, 53f, 64f. maydis, I, 52. ursina, Brachyacantha, III, 159*. urus, Bubalichthys, II, 65. Usnea, II, 27. Usneei, II, 27. Ustilago, VI, 53f, 64f. spores, III, 159f, YI, 77f. ustus, Tropidonotus, Y, 42. 92 INDEX. V vadosus, Graphorhinus. See Epicaerus imbricatus, VI, Errata (See In- dex, 9). vagrans, Eutsenia, V, 39. valeriae, Virginia, Y, 31. valliceps, Bufo, Y, 17. vallisneria, iEthya, IY, 200. Yalvata sincera, VI, 73f. tricarinata, III, 30f, 35f, 54f, VI, 81f. varia, Mniotilta, IV, 173. variabilis, Phymatodes, YI, 29f, 31f. variatus, Poecilichthys, II, 41, III, 23*. Yaried Bunting, IV, 205. varius, Sphyrapicus, IV, 186. Yeery, III, 89*. Vegetarian Carabidae, III, 150*. Vegetation, II, 72f, 75f, 76f, 77f, 79f, 80f, 8 If., 82f, III, 34f, 36f, 43f, 46f, 50f, 52f, 54 f, 55f, 59f, 60f, 63f, 64f, 73f, 120f, 144f, 148f, 149f, 150f, 156f, 157f, 158f, 159f, YI, 20f, 39f, 40f, 41f, 42f, 43f, 44f, 45f, 46f, 47f, 48f, 49f, 50f, 51f, 52f, 53f, 55f, 59f, 60f, 6 If, 62f, 64f, 69f, 71f, 72f, 73f, 75f, 77f, 78f, 79f, 80f, 82f, 83f, 84f, 85f, 86f, 87f, 88f, 89f, 90f, 91f, 92f, 93f, 94f, lOlf, 102f. aquatic, II, 79f, 82f, III, 41, 51f, VI, 80f, 82f, 83f, 86f, 90f, 91f. cryptoganiic, II, 84f, 85f, 86f, HI, 157f, 158f, VI, 55f, 56f. spores, VI, 55f. decaying, III, 91f. endogenous, II, 79f, 80f, 81f, III, 43, 141f, YI, 41 f, 43f, 49f, 59f, 60f, 61f, 63f, 64f, 93f. exogenous, II, 81, YI, 39f, 41f, 42f, 44f, 45f, 46f, 49f, 55f, 56f, 59f, 60f, 61f, 62f, 64f, 83f. parenchyma, VI, 40f. pollen, VI. 48f, 64f. seeds, VI, 59f, 62f. graminaceous, YI. 42f. 44f, 45f, 48f, 56f, 59f, 60f, 63f, 64f. pollen, VI, 63f, 64f. seeds, VI, 60f, 63f. parenchyma, III,156t,157t,YI,101f. phaenogamous, II, 84f, 85f, 86f, III, 52f. terrestrial, YI, 82f, 90f, 91f. velatum, Myxostoma, II, 64. velatus, Teretulus, I, 49, II, 64. Yelie, Dr. J. W., IV, 163, V, 4, 57. velifer, Carpiodes, II, 65. Ichthyobus, I, 49. velii, Diapheromera, I, 60. Velvet Scoter, IY, 201. velvetina, Melanetta, IV, 201. ventralis, Opheosaurus, V, 48. Verbena, II, 8. verbense, Siphonophora, II, 8. Vermes, III, 52f, YI, 23f, 59f, 60f, 62fr 93 f, 94f. vermis, Carphophiops, V, 31. vermivorus, Helminthotherus, IV, 174. vernalis, Cyclophis, Y, 36. Eubranchipus, I, 13, 14, 25. vernata, Anisopteryx, VI, 22f, 24f, 26f, 27f, 28f, 29f, 30f, 60f, 62f. vernoniae, Aphis, II, 10. Yernonia fasciculata, II, 11. Verrill, A. E., I, 3. Yerrucaria, II, 34. Verrueariei, II, 33. verruculata, Locusta, I, 64. Trimerotropis, I, 64. verruculatum, Acridium, I, 64. versicolor, Hyla, V, 20. Passerina, IY, 205. verticalis, Tyrannus, IY, 206. vespertina, Hesperiphona, IY, 178. vetulus, Simocephalus, III, 48f, 58f, 74f, VI, 103. viburni, Aphis, II, 12. Viburnum, I, 27, 29, 30. lentago, I, 28. opulus, II, 12. vidua, Cypris, VI, 69f, 83f. villosus, Picus, IY, 185. Vine Leaf-chafer, VI, 6f, 18f, 21f. Vines of gourd, III, 152f. violaceus, Nyctherodius, IV, 194. viola, Pezotettix, I, 68. violans, Nephelodes, III, 142f, VI, 6f, 18f, 27f, 28f, 29f, 30f. virens, Contopus, IV, 184, VI, 15*, 29*, 30*, 31*. INDEX. 93 Dendrceca, IV, 175, VJ, 10*, 28*, 30*, 31*. Icteria, IV, 175. Vireo, IV, 176. belli, IV, 169, 176. Bell’s, IV, 176. gilvus, YI, 10*, 28*, 30*, 31*, 32*. noveboracensis, IV, 176. olivaceus, VI, 17. Philadelphia, IY, 176. Red-eyed, IV, 176. Solitary, IV, 176. Warbling, IY, 176, Yr, 10*, 24*, 25*. White- eyed, IV, 176. Yellow-throated, IV, 176. Yireonidse, IV, 167, 176, VI, 10*, 24*, 28*. Vireos, IV, 176, VI, 10*. Vireosylvia, IV, 176. gilva, IV, 176 olivacea, IY, 176. philadelphica, IV, 176. virescens, Butorides, IV, 193. Virginia, V, 30, 31. elegans, V, 31. Valeria, V, 31. Yirginia Creeper, fruit. III, lllf. Partridge, IV, 192. Quail, IV, 192. Rail, IY, 197. virginiana, Cerasus, II, 9. (Edipoda, I, 62. Ortyx, IY, 192, VI, 17* 29*, 31*, 32*. Tragocephala, I, 62. virginianum, Acridium. I, 62. (Edipoda, I, 62. virginianus, Bubo. IY, 187. Cardinalis, IY, 181. Gryllus, I, 62. Locusta, I, 62. Rallus, IV, 197. virginiensis, Polydesmus, III, 108f. viridescens, Diemyctylus, Y, 15. viridifasciata, Locusta, I, 62. Tragocephala, I, 62, III, 138f. viridifasciatum, Acrydium, I, 62. viridifasciatus, Gromphocerus, I, 62. Gryllus, I, 62. Locusta, I, 62, viridis, Chloealtis, I, 61. Chrysochraon, I, 61. Euglena, VI, 77f. Fraxinus, I, 58. Plagiodera, III, 130f. Tryxalis, J, 61. viridulus, Truxalis, I, 61. virilis, Cambarus, I, 4, 19, III, 30f. Viscid Salamander, Y, 12. viscosa, Anthoceris, I, 55. viticola, Peronospora, I, 55. Siphonophora, II, 5. Yitis, I, 27. vitis, Aphis, II, 5. vitreum, Stizostethium, II, 44, 75f, 84*, III, 32*. vittata, Diabrotica, III, lllf, YI, 28f, 31f. Epicauta, III, 132f. Vivipara, III, 50f, 51f, 55f. vociferans, Tyrannus, IY, 206. vociferus, Caprimulgus, IV, 185. Oxyechus, IY, 194. volucellus, Alburnops, II, 57. vulgaris, Amiurus, I, 50, II, 66. Hybopsis, I, 46. Arcella, III, 72f. Berberis, II, 14. Rotifer, III, 72f, 73f. Symphoricarpus, II, 13. Syringa, I, 58. vulpinus, Coluber, Y, 36. Yulture, Black, IV, 190. Vultures, American, IY, 190. W Wagtail, Water, IV, 175. Wagtails, IY, 173, 204. Wake-up, IV, 186. Walking-stick, III, 108f Wall-eyed Pike, II, 44, 75*,*III, 21, 22, 28*, 32*, 76*. Walsh, Benj. D., I, 67. Birds vs. Insects, cited, III, 145. Observations on Insects, III, 81, 91. Warbler, Bachman’s, IV, 204. Bay-breasted, IV, 175. Black and Yellow, IY, 174. Blackburnian, IV, 175. Black-capped Yellow, IV, 175. 94 INDEX. Black-poll, IY, 175, VI, 9*, 22*, 23*. Black-throated Blue, IV, 174. Green, IY, 175, VI, 10*, 22* 23*. Blue-winged Yellow, IV, 174. Blue Yellow-backed, IV. 174. Canadian Fly-catching, IV, 175. Cape May, IV, 174. Carbonated, IV, 204. Cerulean, IV, 174. Chestnut-sided, IV, 174, VI, 9*, 22*, 23*. Connecticut, IV, 175. Creeping Pine, IV, 175. Golden-winged, IV, 174. Hooded, IV, 175. Kentucky, IV, 175. Kirtland’s, IV, 204. Mourning, IV, 175. Nashville, IV, 174. Orange-crowned, IV, 174. Prairie, IV, 175. Prothonotary, IV, 174. Red-poll, IV, 175. Swainson’s, IV, 174. Tennessee, IV, 1 74, VI, 9*, 22*, 23*. White-browed Yellow-throated, IV, 175. . Worm-eating, IV, 174. Yellow-rump, IV, 174. Warblers, VI, 9*. American, IV, 173, 204. True, IV, 172. Warbling Vireo, IV, 176, VI, 10*, 24*, 25*. War-mouth, II, 45. warreni, Boleichthys, I, 34, 35. Warrior, Black, IV, 189. Washington Eagle, IV, 190. Water beetles, II, 82f, III, 44f, 53f, 54f, 55f, IV, 93f, 108f, 129f. larvae of, III, 65f. bugs, II, 75f, 76f, 77f, 81f, 82f, III, 29f, 39f, 61 f. insects, II, 75f, 78f, 84f, 85f, 86f, III, 31f, 40f, 50f, 5 If, 56f, VI, 67f, 80f, 94f. mites, II, 75f, 77f, 78f, III, 49f, 56f, 68f, 72f, 73f. moccasin, V, 28. isnail, III, 65f. spiders, III, 48f. Thrush, Large-billed, IV, 175. Small-billed, IV, 175. thrushes, IV, 196. Turkey, IV. 201. Wagtail, IV, 175. weeds, II. 75f. -worms, VI, 84f. Wax-wing, Cedar, IV, 177, VI, 11*, 24*, 25*. Northern, IV, 170, 176. Wax-wings, IV, 176, VI, 11*. Webster, F. M., Notes upon the food of Predaceous Beetles, III, 149- 152. Cited, VI, 35. Observations on Insects, III, 87, IV, 36. on food of Beetles, VI, 38, 42, 45. Weeds, Pond, II, 76f, III, 44f, 55f. seeds, VI, 14f. water, II, 75f. Wiegmann’s Archiv, cited, I, 52. Weisia, II, 19. Western Grebe, IV, 208. Horned Owl, IV, 187. King-bird, TV, 206. Locust, III, 152f. Meadow Lark, IV, 182. Pine Snake, V, 38. Pirate Perch, II, 48, 77*. Red-tailed Hawk, IV, 189. Skink, V, 47. White-crowned Sparrow, IV, 180. Westwood, J. O., Introduction to the Study of Insects, cited, III, 152. Wheat, I, 53, II, 5, III, 127f, 150f, VI, 12f, 13f, 14f, 20 f, 25f, 27f, 29f, 32f. Whip-poor-will, IV, 185. Whistling Swan, IV, 198. White Bass, I, 36, II, 44, 75*, III, 21, 36*, 37*. Short-striped, II, 44. -bellied Nut-hatch, IV, 172. Swallow, IV, 177. -billed Mud Hen. IV, 198. Brant, IV, 198. -breasted Hen Hawk, IV, 189. -browed Yellow-throated Warbler, IV, 175. INDEX. 95 Catfish, II, 66. -cheeked Goose, Little, IV, 199. Crane, IV, 193. Cricket, III, 108f. Croppie, II, 76*, III, 56*. -crowned Night Heron, IV, 194. Sparrow, IV, 180. Western, IV, 180. -eyed Vireo, IV, 176. -faced Glossy Ibis, IV, 208. Fish, I, 44, II, 71*, 86*, III, 66*. Common, IT, 54, VI, 95*. Menomonee, II, 54. Mongrel, II, 54. The first food of the common (Co- regonus clupeiformis, Mitch.), VI, 95-109. -fronted Goose, IV, 198, 199. Heron, Great, IV, 193. Ibis, IV, 192. Lake Mullet, II, 63. -necked Raven, IV, 205. Oak, I, 26, II, 15. Pelican, American, IV, 201. Perch, II, 50. -rumped Red-poll, IV, 178. Shrike, IV, 176. Salmon, II, 44, 75*. Snowbird, IV, 178. Sucker, IT, 63, 64. -tailed Kite, IV, 188. -throated Sparrow, IV, 180. Sparrows, IV, 181. -winged Crossbill, American, IV, 178. Black Tern, IV, 208. White, C. A., IV, 179. Geological Survey of Iowa, cited, IV, 204, 207. Whooping Crane, IV, 198. Wide-mouthed Sun Fish, III, 44*. Widgeon, American, IV, 199. European, IV, 199. Wild Canary, TV, 174. cherries, III, 96f, lllf, 113f, 131f, • 143f. fruits, III, 97f, 99f, 110, lllf, 124f, 143f, 144f. grapes. Ill, 97f, 131f. rice, VI, 81f. Turkey, IV, 191. Willet, IV, 196. Willey, Henry, II, 18. Willow, II, 8. Willow Ptarmigan, IV, 191. wilsoni, Gallinago, IV, 195. Potamocottus, II, 50. Steganopus, IV, 197. Wilson’s Bull-head, 11,50. Phalarope, IV, 197. Thrush, III, 89* IV, 171. Winged ants, III, 96f, 141f, 143f. Hymenoptera, II, 78f. Wingless Ants, II, 78f. Winter Wren, IV, 173. Wire-worms, III, 50f, 92 f, 94f, 95f, 97f, 98f, 102f, 114f, 119f, 120f, 128f, 131f, 134f. wisconsinensis, Cambarus, I, 4, 19. Wolffia, VI, 67f, 72f, 73f. Wolf, John, and Hall, Elihu. A list of the Mosses, Liverworts, and Lichens of Illinois, II, 18—35. Wolle, A., IV, 192. Wolle, Francis, VI, 84. Wood Duck, IV, 200. Ibises, IV, 192. Pewee, IV, 184, VI, 15*, 26*, 27*. Pigeon, IV, 186. Snipe, IV, 196. Thrush, HI, 89*, 127*, 132*, 134*, 135*, 136*, IV, 171. Turtle, V, 57. Woodchuck, IV, 186. Woodcock, IV, 186. American, IV, 195. Black, IV, 186. woodhousei, Tropidonotus, V, 42. Woodland robins, III, 94*. Woodpecker, Banded Three-toed, IV, 207. Black-backed Three-toed, IV, 186. Checkered, IV, 186. Downy, III, 87*, IV, 185. Guinea, IV, 185. Little, IV, 185. Hairy, IV, 185. Ivory-billed, IV, 185, 192. Pigeon, IV, 186. Pileated, IV, 186. Red-bellied, IV, 186. Red-cockaded, IV, 207. 96 INDEX. Red-headed, 111, 114*, IV, 186, VI, 16*, 26*, 27*. Yellow-bellied, IV, 186. Woodpeckers, IV, 185, 207, VI, 16*. Worm, III, 152f. , Army, III, 139f. Worm-eating Warbler, IV, 174. Snake, V, 31/ Worms, II, 81+, 84f, 85f, 86f, VI, Ilf, 88f. annulate, II, 80f, 81f. measuring, III, 93f, 141 f- nematoid, II, 81f, III, 158f. Worthen, C. K., II, 39, IV, 163, 179, 189, 201. Wren, VI, 20*. Bewick’s, IV, 173. Great Carolina, IV. 173. House, IV, 173, VI, 8*, 22*, 23*. Long-billed Marsh, IV, 173. Parkmann’s, IV, 173. Short-billed Marsh, IV, 173. Winter, IV, 173. Wrens, IV, 173, VI, 8*. wurdemanni, Ardea, IV. 193. Wi'irdemann’s Heron, IV, 193. X Xanthocephalus, IV, 182. icterocephalus, IV, 182. xanthocephalus, Amiurus, II, 67. xanthoptera, Arpbia, I, 63. (Edipoda, I, 63. xanthopterum, Acridium, I, 63. xanthopterus, Tomonotus, I, 63. Xema, IV, 202. sabin ei, IV, 202. Xenotis, II, 46, III, 62, 63*. aureolus, II, 46. breviceps, II, 45. inscriptus, II, 46. lythrochloris, IT, 46. megalotis, II, 46, III, 53*. peltastes, II, 46, III, 53*. Xestonotus, III, 153. lgubris, VI, 58f. xiphias, Amblystoma, V, 10. Xiphidium ensifer, TIT, 142f. fasciatum, III, 142f. Y Yellow-backed Warbler, Blue, IV, 174. Bass, II, 75*. -bellied Flycatcher, IV, 184, VI, 15*, 26*, 27*. Terrapin, V, 55. Woodpecker, IV, 186. -billed Cuckoo, IV, 186. Bird, Summer, IV, 174, VI, 9*, 22*, 23*. -breasted Chat, IV, 175. Catfish, I, 50, II, 66. -hammer, IV, 186. headed Blackbird, IV, 182. Catfish, II, 67. -legs, Larger, IV, 196. Lesser, IV, 196. mocking-bird, IV, 175. Perch, II, 46, 71*. Common, II, 43, III, 28*. Pike, II, 44. Rail, Little, IV, 197. -rump Warbler, IV, 174. -shafted Flicker, IV, 186. Stone Catfish, II, 67. -throat, Maryland, IV, 175, VI, 10*, 22*, 23*. -throated Vireo, IV, 176. Warbler, White-browed, IV, 175. Warbler, Black-capped, IV, 175. B!ue-winged, IV, 174. -winged Bunting, IV, 179. Sparrow, IV, 179, VI, 12*, 24*, 25*. Young corn, shoots, III, 150f. Z Zabrus gibbus, III, 149*. Zaitha, III, 43f. fluminea, II, 76f. Zamelodia, IV, 181, 205. ludoviciana, IV, 181, VI, 13*, 29*, 30* 31*. melanocephala, IV, 205. Zanthoxylon, I, 29, 31. Zenaidura, IV, 190. carolinensis,IV,190,VI, 16*, 29*, 32*. Zizania, VI, 81 f. zonale, Nanostoma, II, 41, 74*, 84*, III, 24*. INDEX. 97 zonatum, Elassoma, II, 47. Zoned Darter, II, 41. Zonotrichia, IV, 180, 205. albicollis, IY, 180. coronata, 1Y, 180, 205. gambeli, 1Y, 180. var. intermedia, IV, 180. leueophrys, 1Y, 180. querula, IV, 180. Zygonectes, I, 42, II, 52, VI, 70*. dispar. I, 42, II, 52, 78*, 85*, YI, 72*, 93*. inurus, VI, 72*, 93*. melanops, II, 52. notatus, I, 42, II, 52, 78*, 85*, 87*, VI, 71*, 72*, 93*. oiivaceous, I, 42. INTRODUCTION. ^ T the semi-annual meeting of the Board of Education of the State 7\ of Illinois, held at Normal, 111., on the 15th of December, 1875, the ^4 ^ following preamble and resolutions were unanimously adopted : Whereas, Since the control of the Museum of the Illinois State Natural History Society was transferred to the State Board of Education, no general declaration has ever been made by this Board of the relations and policy of the Museum, or of the purposes of the Board concerning it; and Whereas, It seems desirable that the students and friends of science should know definitely and authoritatively the nature, scope and promise of the work of said Museum, in order that they may intelligently co-operate with its officers for the promotion of the scientific interests of the state ; therefore, Resolved , That we regard the Museum as a State Institution, devoted to the prosecution of a natural history survey of the state, to the encourage- ment and aid of original research, and to the diffusion of scientific knowledge and habits of thought among the people. That we consider it an important part of its work to supply collections of specimens to the public schools, as far as this can be done consistently with its own general interests, and especially to provide all needed facilities for the instruction of teachers in natural history, and in the most approved and successful methods of teaching the same ; and That we cordially invite the co-operation of the scientists of Illinois, offering them the free use of its collections, library and apparatus, and as- suring them that whatever may be contributed to its cabinets or its funds shall be used faithfully and impartially for the advancement of science throughout the state at large. In pursuance of the first of the above resolutions, the issue of a series of publications has been undertaken, which it is intended to devote especially to the natural history of Illinois. These bulletins will contain original contributions to a knowledge of any department of the natural history of the state ; such compilations, synopses, and the like, as will bring together widely dispersed and virtually inaccessible published matter relating to the local natural history, placing it in manageable form, within reach of the ordinary student : and papers of value on economical science. Within these limits it is desired that the publication may be made the organ of all Illinois naturalists, upon whose active aid the success, and especially the degree of usefulness, of the enterprise is, of course, almost entirely dependent. It is believed that by thus limiting the undertaking to a special field in which our own naturalists may be supposed to be better able to work than any others, and to which they are more likely to devote themselves with ar- dor and success, all the advantages of a local stimulus to research may be gained without inflicting upon science any increase of the number of rival centers of publication of similar scope and purpose. For the purpose of providing better facilities than now exist for the fu- ture prosecution of the work here outlined, it is necessary that complete collections of specimens should be made in all parts of the state, that a full and well-selected library should be brought together, and that these should be thoroughly organized for practical use. Contributions of speci- mens and books are therefore earnestly desired. These will be received at the Museum, properly cared for, promptly arranged, catalogued and indexed, and held for the use of any working naturalist. S. A. FORBES, Curator Illinois Museum of Natural History. Normal, III., Oct. 16, 1876. BULLETIN OF THE ILLINOIS MUSEUM OP NATURAL HISTORY, l^TTIMIIBEIR, X. LIST OF ILLINOIS CRUSTACEA, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES. By S. A. FORBES. The following list is to be regarded as only a first contribution to the knowledge of our Crustacea, as it presents the results of a single season’s work. Considering the fact that, while our streams and pools are populous with interesting forms, many of which are new, only a single species outside the genus Cambarus has heretofore been credited to the state, it is hoped that even so imperfect a paper as this may not be without its uses. I wish to acknowledge especial obligations to Professors A. E. Verrill and S. I. Smith of Yale College for specimens and for suggestions concern- ing the species of Eubranchipus and Crangonyx described herein, and to the latter of these gentlemen for many other favors. Cambarus acutus , Gir. Very common in central Illinois. Taken in large numbers at Normal and Pekin. Of 25 males examined, the first ab- dominal legs were all those of Hagen’s variety A. In none was the epistoma •pointed, and a distinct lateral thoracic spine was present in but one. In twenty of the specimens the margins of the rostrum were distinctly convex from the base to the apical teeth; and the latter were in all much smaller than in Hagen’s figures, the distance across the teeth being but one-fourth to one-third that across the base of the rostrum between the tips of the spurs. The tubercle in the basal foveola was elongated, notched in front and continued backward into a very slight cephalo-thoracic carina. Be- tween the posterior callosities and the transverse line, the cephalo-thorax was finely rugulose. The females observed were also variety A. C. stygius , Bundy. “ Male. Rostrum long, triangular, smooth above, small teeth near apex, foveolate at base ; carinae parallel, separated from base of rostrum by slight grooves; cephalo-thorax somewhat compressed, smooth or slightly punctate above, granulate on sides, areola narrow, smooth ; (4) antennal plates wide, truncate at apex, apical teeth short ; epistoma rounded in front, twice as wide as long ; third maxillipedes hairy on inner sides, hands short, smooth above, serrate on inner margin, fingers short, straight, rib- bed and punctate above, contiguous margins tuberculate, outer one hairy ; third and fourth joints of third thoracic legs hooked ; first abdominal legs short, truncate, enlarged towards apex, apical part recurved, then ending in three obtuse points turning outward, leaving a wide groove passing up on outer side behind teeth. The female has ventral ring flat, with posterior margin slightly elevated. Lake Michigan washed up during a violent storm.” ( W. T. Bundy.') G. troglodytes , Lee. This species I have not yet taken. It is men- tioned here on the authority of Dr. Hagen. G. virilis , Hagen. A few specimens have been collected at Normal, Cairo and Pekin, Ills., all young or of the second form except one male from Normal, which belongs to Hagen’s variety A. The thorax is, how- ever, broader and smoother, and the areola wider than in the typical form, which has been received from Rock river, Wis. G. wisconsinensis, Bundy. u Male. Rostrum wide, narrower in front, straight, nearly plane above, foveolate at base, anterior teeth small, acumen short, acute ; cephalo-thorax cylindrical, punctate, anterior margin not an- gulated, lateral tooth obtuse ; dorsal area rather narrow, indistinctly defined ; antennal plates longer than rostrum, greatest width in apical half ; antennae slender, reaching to middle of abdomen; epistoma as wide as long, truncate in front ; maxillipedes hairy on inner side and below at base ; third joint of third legs hooked ; first abdominal legs long, bifid, nearly straight, exterior part longer, tips slightly recurved ; tips of interior parts recurved, acute, swollen near apex. Normal, 111., and Racine, Wis..” ( W. T. Bundy.) 'C. placidus , Hagen. “ Quincy, 111.,” (Hagen.) I have not seen this species. G. projpinquus , Gir. Not common. Taken at Normal, Pekin and Freeport. C. immunis , Hagen. This is the commonest species of central Illi- nois. It is especially frequent in the muddy ponds of the prairies, whence it may be drawn by the hundred with a small seine. The general form of the rostrum of the young is the same as that of the adult ; but more or less evident ante-apical teeth are present. The abdominal legs of the second form of the male are much thicker at the tip. In the first form the branches are slender and distinct throughout the distal half of their length, the outer branch is compressed at tip, and the inner depressed and widened a little, and channeled on the anterior surface. In the second form both branches are equally thick and strong, neither is com- pressed or channeled, and the two do not separate except at their tips after making the backward turn. The sudden thickening of the leg at its posterior middle is much less evident in the second form. About one-fourth or one-half the specimens taken from stagnant ponds in midsummer are more or less completely covered above by the eggs of a species of Corixa , — probably G. alternata , Bay, since this is much the commoner of the two species found in such situations, the other being as yet undescribed.* These eggs are attached as closely as they can be placed, by the end opposite the micropyle, and do not seem especially to inconvenience their bearers. The point of attachment preferred is the margin of the abdomen, out of the way of the legs ; but the eggs are gradually extended along the sides of the cephalo- thorax until sometimes the body is almost entirely covered. A careful search of the weeds and other submerged objects in the ponds dis- covered no other place of deposit of these eggs. As these ponds usually go dry during the summer, it seems not unlikely that the Corixa may attach its eggs to the crawfish in order that the latter may, in such an event, carry them to other waters. It is not to be supposed, however, that the Co- rixa is entirely dependent on the crawfish for the preservation of its progeny , for the parent can fly, and is occasionally taken on the wing ; nevertheless, this curious expedient must prevent a great waste of eggs, and so operate to the advantage of the species. But the subject requires further study. C. obesus, Hagen. Very common. The largest in the state. C. gracilis, Bundy.* “Rostrum short, wide, depressed, concave above,, acumen short ; cephalo-thorax compressed, areola none, the pleura meeting on median line of dorsum, posterior spatium much wider than anterior : chelae long : inner margin tuberculate-serrate, fingers slender toward apex, outer one with strong tubercle on inner margin near base, movable finger with strong tubercle near middle of inner margin ; carpus long, strongly toothed on inner, and lower front margins ; third maxillipedes hairy on in- ner sides ; third joint of third thoracic legs hooked ; first abdominal legs of maie truncate, with several small apical teeth, of which the inner one is much longest, slender and pointed outward, base of these legs inserted in deep sinuses in the strongly developed ventral part of first abdominal seg- ment. Ventral ring of female movable longitudinal fissure widest be- hind.” ( W. T. Bundy.') Very common along water courses in early spring. It was first detected by Prof. Bundy, in the museum collections, in the au- tumn of 1875, has since been taken in great numbers at Normal, and has been received by Prof. Bundy, from Racine, Wis. Palaemon ohionis , Smith. Abundant at Cairo, where it is frequently eaten. Smaller specimens were taken in the Mississippi near Grand Tower, in Jackson county, and it is reported by boatmen to occur from St. Louis to New Orleans, growing larger towards the south. It has not yet been found in the Illinois River. Palaemonetes exilipes, Stimp. Very common in the Illinois River, where it seems to be the only shrimp. Taken in large numbers at Pekin. Hyalella dentata , Smith. Occurs in myriads in the swamps of the Cal- umet river, at South Chicago, and sparingly in Rock river, at Oregon, Ogle county. Not seen further south. *Uhler. *The descriptions quoted have been kindly furnished me by the discoverer of the species. (6) Gammarus fasciatus , Say. Apparently occurs throughout the state, in small rocky streams. Collected at Deer Park, La Salle county, in a small branch of the Vermilion, and in several streams in Jackson and Union counties. Scores of males and females were taken together under stones, on the 30th of July. In specimens from southern Illinois, the hands of the first pair in both sexes bear stout spines on the distal half of the posterior margin in addition to those on palm and at the tip of dactyl. A short transverse row of long hairs is situated at the base of the median palmar spine. The inner side of the hand of the second pair in the male is ornamented with two longitudinal series of short transverse rows of hairs, — the posterior of five rows, the an- terior of three. The palmar margin in the female has the lamellar edge. The lateral clusters of spines on the fourth posterior abdominal segment, in both sexes, each contain one very stout spine and several slender ones, while the median cluster consists of slender spines only. Each of the clus- ters on the fifth and sixth segments consists of two stout spines and several slender ones, except the median fascicle of the sixth segment, which consists of two distinct clusters of slender spines. The divisions of the telson have two clusters of hairs on the upper surface near the outer margin, of which the basal contains two spines. The spiny tips of the divisions are emarginate. Crangonyx gracilis , Smith. Very common in central Illinois. Col- lected at Bloomington, from slow, shallow streams. These specimens differed in several small details from those described by Prof. Smith, the most im- portant relating to the caudal stylets. In the typical form the tips of the three pairs are even ; but in the Bloomington specimens the second pair extends farther back than the third, and the first farther than the second. The inner ramus of the last pair is sometimes unarmed, but oftener bears one or two spines at or near the tip. The length of ovigerous females is 10 mm. ; of the largest males observed 8 a mm. A form from southern Illinois represented in my collections by a few females, I cannot distinguish specifically from the above, although the second hands are proportionally longer and narrower and much more spiny, the anterior and posterior margins less convex, and the palmar margin more so. The tips of the caudal stylets reach the same perpendicular plane, and the inner ramus of the last is always as long as the width of the outer and bears one or two spines. Crangonyx mucronatus, Forbes. This remarkable species is perhaps entitled to rank as the type of a new genus ; but, until I have the material for a more general study of its relations than I am able to make at present, I prefer to place it with its nearest allies in the genus Crangonyx. Colorless, blind ; length 9 to 10 mm, width ^ mm. The head, is a little longer than the first thoracic segment, its anterior margin concave at the bases of the upper antennae, convex between them ; the posterior mar- gin straight in the middle and curving forward on the sides. The front angles of the first thoracic segment are uncovered and produced a little for- ward ; the hind angles of the first five segments are rounded and produced strongly backward. The first three abdominal segments have the lateral (7) margins and all the angles broadly rounded, and the posterior angles, as well as the posterior margin of the seventh epimeron, are slightly notched and bristled. The upper antennse of the male are two-thirds to four-fifths as long as the body. The first and second joints of the pedicel are sub-equal, each about as long as the four basal joints of the flagellum ; the third is one-third as long as the second. The flagellum is about five times the length of the pedicel, and is composed of 30 to 35 joints, each with a few short hairs at tip, and all except the seven or eight basal joints and the last with a slender olfactory club. The secondary flagellum contains two bristled joints, together a little longer than the first of the primary flagellum. Ped- icel of lower antennse longer than that of upper, the last two joints equal, each a little longer than basal joints of upper antenna. Flagellum nine or ten jointed, without olfactory clubs. Right mandible with dental laminae equal, each with five conical, obtuse, sub-equal teeth. The anterior lamina of the left mandible is much the larger and stronger, with three very strong, blunt teeth : posterior lamina with three slender and acute teeth. Palpus three-jointed ; basal quadrate, about half as long as second, which is clavate and nearly twice as wide as long, with about ten long hairs on its rounded hind margin which are longest and closest distal ly. Last joint a little longer and narrower than second, regularly convex in front, straight on proximal half of hind margin, slightly concave on distal half, and fringed here with about 24 slender hairs, the three or four at tip becoming suddenly very much longer. A few scattered hairs on front margin of this joint. Inner plate of anterior maxilla is nearly hemispherical, about half as long as outer, with four plumose hairs on the rounded margin, which are about as long as the plate itself. Palpus two-jointed, first quadrate, one- third as long as second, which is oval, pointed, tipped with two claws and some smaller spines. Laminae of basal joints of maxillipeds short, neither pair extending beyond tips of succeeding joints. First two pairs of feet equal. Dactyl of first pair in male curved, two- thirds as long as hand . The latter is broad-ovate, two-thirds as wide as long, the palmar and posterior margins forming a wide angle. Long hairs on posterior surface in transverse rows. Palm with about fifteen short, notched spines, each with a hair arising from the notch Carpus sub-tri- angular, three-fourths as wide as propodus, hind margin very short, with one or two pectinate spines and a few long hairs. Second pair similar, pro- podus a little longer and narrower ; carpus as wide as propodus, posterior margin longer, with about five transverse rows of long bristles, of which the distal row are doubly pectinate on terminal third. The three posterior pairs of thoracic legs increase in size backwards, the first of these being not quite two-thirds as long as the last. The seventh epimeron is narrow, with the lower margin regularly arcuate. The tips of the first pair of anal legs extend beyond the tips of the second, and these beyond the tips of the third. The latter are therefore very short, about as long as the pedicel of the second pair. The outer ramus is ovate, truncate, half as long as the pedicel, and hairy at tip ; the inner is an unarmed rudiment, one-fourth or one- fifth the length of the outer. The telson of the male is a smooth cylindrical (8) appendage, usually about as long as the first three abdominal segments, and as large as the last joint of the pedicel of the lower antenna. It presents a very slight double curve, is obliquely rounded at the end and tipped by a cluster of short hairs. In some cases this appendage is half as long as the body. The female differs in the following particulars. The upper antennae are only about half the length of the body, the flagellum not more than three times as long as the pedicel, and the secondary flagellum is usually a little shorter. The propodus of the first pair of feet is similar in outline, but the palmar margin and dactyl are shorter and the posterior margin longer. The second pair are extremely like the second of the male, but are decidedly smaller than the first. The telson affords a difference so remarkable that the two sexes, at first sight, would hardly be referred to the same genus. In the female this is very similar to the telson of C. gracilis , Sm. It is flattened and slightly emarginate, a little longer than broad, extending to the tips of the second pair of anal legs, and bears two terminal clusters of spines of four or five each. This species was first discovered by me in a well at Normal, 111., during the summer of 1875. It was subsequently found by Mr. Harry Harman in great numbers in springs, and even at the mouths of drains, after a long pe- riod of heavy rains. With the advent of dry weather it entirely disappeared from these, but still occurs sparingly in wells. Asellus brevicauda , Forbes. Length without caudal stylets, 10 mm. to 15 mm.; width, 3 mm. to 5 mm. Color as in A communis. Head a little longer than first thoracic segment and about two-thirds as wide : anterior margin distinctly concave in middle and retreating each side, anterior angles distinct, sides straight, nearly parallel on anterior three-fourths. The posterior fourth is produced on each side into a prominent lateral lobe bearing several stout spines. The distance to which this lobe projects equals half the length of the lateral margin of the head in front of it. The eyes are rather small but prominent, and are situated just within the middle of the straight portion of the lateral margin. The re-entering angle at the side of the head is a little less than a right angle, but its apex is rounded. The thoracic segments are sub- equal in length, of the usual shape, but be- coming very concave behind. The concavity of the last segment amounts to more than half the length of the segment. The anterior angles of the first segment are deeply emarginate, the notch being nearly filled by the epimeron ; but there are no other lateral emarginations in any of the seg- ments, nor are any other epimera visible from above. In some young speci- mens the lateral margins of the two or three posterior thoracic segments are slightly sinuate. The hind angles are all rounded, and the free margins are all beset with long bristles, longest on the lateral margins and especially at the angles. A short first abdominal segment is visible in the concavity of the last thoracic. The last abdominal is wider than long, with a broad rounded projection occupying the median half or two-thirds of the posterior margin, reaching half way or more to tips of pedicels of caudal stylets. The pos- terior lateral angles are distinct though obtuse, the hind margin being some- what concave each side the median lobe ; and the margins are hairy as in the thorax. The upper antennae are nearly as long as the pedicel of the lower. The flagellum consists of 11 to 13 joints, the two terminal together about as long as the preceding one. The three joints preceding the last bear, each at its anterior internal angle, a large olfactory club about at long as the eighth joint of the flagellum. The lower antennae extend backward about to the base of the abdomen. The last joint of the pedicel is as long as the two preceding. The flagellum contains about 60 joints in the female and 90 in the male. The palpus of the mandible is small, three-jointed, the first joint cla- vate, with three spines on the distal half of the posterior margin and one or two at tip. The second joint is about twice as long as wide, slightly con- cave in front and with a distinct median angle behind. There are two or three scattered hairs on the basal half of the posterior margin, and many long plumose hairs, shortening distally, on the terminal half. The third joint is ovoid, tapering, very broadly rounded in front and distinctly con- cave behind. The concave posterior margin bears a row of long plumose hairs, regularly lengthening toward the tip, and a sub-marginal row of shorter hairs on the side of the joint. The basal joint of the palpus of the maxilliped is very short, transverse, about thrice as broad as long, with outer margin perpendicular to terminal. The second joint is a little broader than long, rounded slightly without, very broadly within, and plentifully ciliate on both edges. The third joint is about two-thirds as long as second, broadly and reg- ularly rounded within, narrowed about one-third at tip ; the fourth clavate, incurved, as long as second, at tip about half as wide as long ; the fifth about half as wide and long as fourth, incurved, obtuse. All the joints bear long marginal hairs. The first pair of feet in the male are strongly sub-chelate ) the propodus a little more than two-thirds as wide as long, the palmar margin straight, with one strong tooth at base and another at middle. The posterior margin is only about one-fifth the palmar, and perpendicular to it. The dactyl is strong, curved, serrate behind with about seven distinct teeth. The terminal claw is strong, acute and curved. Both margins of the propodus and the front of the dactyl are hairy : a cluster of longer hairs is seen near base of claw of dactyl. The propodus of the female is a little narrower and the palmar margin is somewhat concave. The tooth at the middle of the palmar margin is smaller, but quite distinct. The basal abdominal plate beneath in the female is obtusely triangular, about half as long as the basal part of the next plate behind. The first pair o i- genital plates in the male are long and narrow, the terminal joint truncate, strongly excurved beyond the middle, and bordered posteriorly by about six long bristles a third as long as the joint. In the second pair of plates the basal joint (pedicel) is twice as long as (10) tLe rami and three-fifths as wide as long. The second joint of the outer ramus is ovate and twice the length of the first. The inner ramus reaches to the middle of this joint, is broader than in A. communis , but of similar shape, and indistinctly bifid at tip. The opercular 'plates do not reach the tip of the abdomen, but are obliquely truncate, their posterior margins forming a wide re-entering angle. The anal stylets are very short, flat and broad. The peduncle is ob-tri- angular, nearly as broad as long, the tip oblique, the inner*edge being the longer and somewhat rounded. The outer ramus is narrow-ovate, obtuse, as long as the peduncle, and seven-eighths the length of the outer ramus. This is also ovate and obtuse, the outer margin nearly straight, the inner convex. All the joints bear many marginal spines, longest at tips of rami. This species was found in clear, rocky rills in Jackson and Union counties in Southern Illinois. Asellus intermedius , Forbes. This species is more closely allied to A communis than to A. brevicauda, but, as will be seen from the description, stands between these two. Its lengthy in adult females, is but 6 mm., its breadth about 2 mm. The sides of the head diverge posteriorly, and the lateral lobe is smaller than in brevicauda , bearing a single spine and a few short hairs. The first thoracic segment is narrowed anteriorly, showing the epimera, but is not emarginate. The others are distinctly emarginate on the sides, the emarginations moving gradually backwards, in the succeeding segments, from the anterior to the posterior angles. The free margins of all the segments are strongly spined. The lobe of the hind margin of the abdomen is shorter and broader than in brevicauda , reaching laterally to the middle of base of each caudal stylet, and extending backward to the middle of length of pedicel. The posterior angles of the abdomen are regularly rounded and indistinct. The flagellum of the upper antenna is nine-jointed, the first joint short, about half as long as fourth. The first pair of feet of the male are stout, the hand two-thirds as wide as long, the palmar margin straight, with a slender tooth at base and a strong conical one at middle. The posterior margin of the propodus is very short, about one-sixth the palmar, the dactyl long and strong, the tip of the claw when closed reaching beyond the base of the hand. The posterior margin of the dactyl is serrate with appressed teeth as in brevicauda. The carpus is triangular, the posterior margin straight and usually armed with a strong blunt spine at its distal fifth. The hand of the female is narrower and smaller, its breadth being about half its length. The palm is straight and shorter than in the male, the posterior margin longer, (nearly half the palmar), the two margins forming a wide angle. The spine at this angle is slender, and there is no trace of a tooth on the palmar margin, or on the carpus. The first pair of genital plates in the male are short and broad, the basal joint scarcely longer than wide, the second joint elliptical, broadly rounded at tip and convex both sides, fringed posteriorly and on pos- terior half of outer margin by a few short hairs. The pedicel of the second pair is about as long as wide, the rami are as long as the pedicel and sub-equal. The second joint of the outer ramus is ellipti- cal and thrice as long as the first. The inner ramus is nearly half as wide as long, the basal processes obtuse and low, the outer one being almost obsolete. The outer terminal angle is prolonged into an incurved process, the inner provided with a movable (?) excurved claw. The caudal stylets are flat and broad, but narrower than in brevicauda, about three-fifths as long as the abdomen. The width of the pedicel is two- thirds its length. The outer ramus is nearly five-sixths the inner and equal to pedicel. Both rami are narrow-ovate, and very obtuse, the inner about four times as long as wide and nearly straight on the outer margin. Both pedicel and rami are spiny on their margins, and the latter are tipped with a few long hairs. Abundant in the hill-country of southern Illinois, under stones in small streams. While these two species of Asellus were found in considerable numbers on the first day of my trip, I have never seen a specimen of either in the central or northern part of the state, although I have carefully searched the most varied situations. Asellus stygius, Packard. This species has been peculiarly unfor- tunate. Described originally from an injured specimen, its structure and relations were misunderstood and it was made the type of a new genus, ( Caeddotea , Packard). It was soon re-described by Prof. Cope, under the specific name microcephalus ; and these imperfect descriptions have since been supplemented by several fragmentary notices in various papers by Packard and Smith. With a view to giving a more coherent account of it, 1 have examined many specimens of both sexes and various ages, and have prepared the fol- lowing description : A detailed comparison of this species with undoubted Asellus — especially with the admirable plates of A. aquaticus in the Crustaces d J eau douce de Norvege , has failed to reveal any structural peculiarities which could possibly serve as the characters of a distinct genus, and I have therefore united it to Asellus. Colorless, blind, narrow, very loosely articulated, sides nearly parallel, 12 to 14 mm. by 2 to 3 mm. The head is a little narrower and longer than the first thoracic segment, narrower in front than behind, with the front margin concave, the front angles rounded, the hind margin nearly straight. It is a little constricted behind the mandibles. The first thoracic segment is narrowed a little to the front so as to show the epimera, the sixth and seventh are also much narrower before than behind, and longer than the others. The front angles of the second and third segments are obliquely truncate, the hind angles broadly rounded. All the segments behind the first are slightly emarginate on the sides, the einarginations being carried gradually backward to the posterior angles. The anterior margins of the segments change gradually from con- cave to convex, and the posterior margins from sinuate to deeply concave. The head and all the segments are slightly pubescent above and bor- (12) dered laterally with short hairs. The large abdominal segment is preceded by two very short ones. The abdomen is about as long as the last two thoracic segments, the hind angles rounded but distinct, the hind margin very slightly sinuate. The upper antennae reach to the tip of the penultimate joint of the pedicel of the lower. Pedicel and flagellum about equal, latter ten to twelve-jointed, bearing a slender olfactory club at tip of each of the four or five joints preceding the last. Joints of pedicel sub-equal in length, but the first twice as large as the second. The lower antennae are about two-thirds as long as the body in the fe- male, in the male somewhat longer. Pedicel about one-third flagellum, five-jointed, fifth and sixth joints each longer than the basal three together. The flagellum contains 75 to 80 joints. The mandibles are almost exactly as in Asellns aquaticus. The posterior dental plate of the left mandible is nearly as wide as the anterior. The hairs of the marginal fringe are more numerous on the right mandible than on the left, and the anterior eight are toothed instead of plumose. The mandibular palpus is slender, the basal joint a little shorter than the second. On the latter the external angulation is considerably behind the middle. The distal joint is narrow, lunate, (distinctly concave on outer margin) about five-sixths the length of the preceding joint, with about 20, jointed, plumose, marginal hairs, similar to those on the distal half of outer margin of preceding joint. The two plates composing each mauilla of the first pair are equal in length. The inner is three-fourths as wide as the outer, terminating in five plumose hairs. The outer terminates in twelve strong spines, of which the five outer are stronger and simple, and the seven inner irregularly and bluntly toothed near their tips. The posterior maxillae as in Asellus aquaticus. The shorter internal hairs on the two outer plates are expanded transversely to the plane of the plate and hollowed lengthwise on the inner face, giving each hair the form of a racing-shell, while both edges of the hair are coarsely toothed. The basal joint of the palpus of the max- illiped is quadrate, the fourth joint is about as long as the second and third together. The inner margins of the fourth and fifth are provided with very long hairs. The flagellum ( fouet , Sars.) is as broad as long, with about eight scattered hairs at tip and several shorter ones on external margin. The propodus of the first pair of feet in the male is very large, broad-oval, two-thirds as wide as long. A strong curved spine is situated at the proximal end of the palm, and two truncate, stout teeth separated by a rouuded emargination, near *the distal end. The dactyl is strongly curved, es- pecially at base, its inner edge serrate with six acute teeth appressed towards tip. The length of the terminal claw is more than one-third that of the en- tire dactyl. The convex margin of the dactyl bears a few scattered hairs, and a cluster of four or five near the tip. The carpus is small as in A. aquaticus , and spined on its distal margin. The female hand is smaller and narrower, (width to length as 1 to li) the palmar margin concave, the pair of truncate teeth replaced by a single smaller conical one which is some- times obsolete. The other differences are trivial. The legs become longer (13) behind, the tip of the second pair reaching as far as the base of the propodus of the seventh. The abdominal sexual plates of the male are in two pairs, as usual. (See plate). The corresponding plates of the female are but one pair, rather narrowly ovate, ciliated at tip and on posterior two-thirds of outer margin, with a few short spines at the base of the inner edge. The external ramus of the next pair — serving as a gill-cover — bears a terminal fringe of plumose hairs and a few short spines at base on outer margin. The inner ramus — first gill — is oblong, two- thirds the length and breadth of the outer. Both the pedicel and rami of the caudal stylets are slender and cylindrical, the former about as long as the last two joints of the last pair of legs, the latter tipped each with a cluster of bristles, the inner about two-thirds as long as the pedicel, the outer varying from one-quarter to two- thirds the inner. The length of the rami varies greatly with age and sex. In many old males the inner is very long and the outer minute. There are four pairs of incubatory lamellae in the female, each pair overlapping by their rounded inner ends, except the first, which are shorter and have the anterior internal angles emarginate. The description has been given above in greater detail than would otherwise have been necessary, in order to settle the question of genus. The species is found quite frequently in deep wells of central Illinois, in com- pany with, but much more abundant than, Crangonyx mucronatus. After a long period of heavy rains during the last summer had greatly swelled the subterranean streams which these species inhabit, they appeared at the surface in springs, and even at the mouths of tile drains, in such numbers that a hundred could be taken in an hour. A few females were observed with eggs at this time. (July). Eubranchipus serratus, Forbes. This species seems to replace the E. vernalis , Verrill , of the Eastern States, to which it is closely allied. An important character, constant in the large number of both sexes which I have examined, is found in the abdominal segments , which are narrowed in front, with rounded anterior angles, while the posterior angles are produced backward, giving a decidedly serrate appearance to the abdominal margin. The last two abdominal segments are closely united and broader than the preceding. Tne antennae extend a little beyond the eyes, and terminate in a cluster of about five slender olfactory clubs. The frontal appendages of the male are considerably longer than the claspers, to the front inner base of which they are attached, the line of attachment being parallel to the length of the basal joint. Their form is irregularly oval, the inner edge being regularly convex on its distal three-fourths and the outer sinuate — convex on basal two-thirds, and slightly concave on terminal third. Both margins are pectinate, except near base, with thick blunt teeth, which are longest on the basal half of the outer margin, where they are as long as the undivided part of the appendage is wide. At the middle of this margin the teeth become sud- denly shorter. On the inner margin they are longest near the middle, regularly lessening towards each end. The under (posterior) surface of the appendage, as well as the teeth, is set with short spines, each springing from an inflated (14) base. The clampers of the male are shorter and stouter than in E. vernalis. The basal joint is soft and inflated and bears a corneous rounded tubercle at its inner base.* The second joint is stout and regularly incurved, strongly angulated at its base in front where it is received into the first joint. A long strong tooth, about half as long as the joint, extends backward and a little inward from near its base. The rounded tip of this tooth is thickly set with minute, low, circular elevations, each with a central depression, within which is a disk-like elevation, the whole having the appearance of a minute sucking disk. The tip of the clasper is expanded and flat- tened within so that the inner (anterior) part has a spatulate form, while the opposite surface rises into a thick prominent ridge, giving to a transverse section of the tip the form of the letter T. The anal appendages are linear-lanceolate, as long as the last four segments of the abdomen, and plumosely haired to the base. The ovisac of thefemale is as broad as long, three lobed behind with the middle lobe the largest. Length of a full grown male, including anal stylets, 20 mm., width 6 mm., across eyes 4 mm., clasper 4.5 mm., frontal appendage 5 mm. by 3 mm. The largest females were a little more slender than the males. This species was first observed at Normal, 111., in clear pools, in April, 1876. About a fortnight afterward it entirely disappeared. Another species has been sent me by Prof. Bundy, by whom it was taken in Wisconsin. Canthocamptns illinoisensis , Forbes. Length 1 mm., color light red. Head and first segment united ; five abdominal segments in male, four in female. The suture between the first and second segments is not wholly obliterated above in the female. Last abdominal segment is deeply and acutely emarginate. Branches of furca as wide as long, inner bristle plumose, a little longer than abdomen ; outer plumose only on outer side, about half the length of the inner. The second to fifth abdominal segments have each a row of spinules along ventral portion of posterior margin. Male with anterior antennae composed of seven joints, the fourth joint very short. The front outer angle of the third is produced, the blnnt pro- cess bearing three long bristles surrounding a slender olfactory club which is as long as the three following joints. The penultimate joint bears a strong spine or slender appressed process at the middle of its posterior margin. The five outer joints constitute the grasping organ. The posterior antennae bear five long bristles at tip, three of which are made prehensile by the oc- currence of from eight to twelve short articulations in the middle of the hair, allowing it to be bent forward. At the base of these articulations on the outer bristle, are two short spinules. Two nearly longitudinal rows of five or six strong, short spines each appear on the under surface of the outer joint of the antennule. The secondary flagellum, borne as usual on the middle of the basal joint, is not articulated, and bears four long bristles, two terminal and two on distal half of inner side. The outline of the mandible is exactly like that figured by Claus, but it bears about ten teeth, the upper thick and blunt, the inner sharp, slender and longer. Several are notched Wanting in vernalis (15) at tip. The lower angle bears a long simple bristle. Mandibular palpus two-jointed, second joint with three long terminal hairs and a shorter spine attached at basal third of anterior margin, jointed at base and directed towards tip of joint, like a dactyl. The maxilla and maxillary palpus are scarcely to be distinguished from those of C. staphylinus. The first maxillipeds are three lobed, the outer lobe constituting a long, strong claw. The second and third are about one-third as long as the first, and bear each one strong simple spine and one weak branched hair. The inner lobe is widest, about two-thirds as wide as long. The dactyl of the posterior maxilliped is spinous on its inner edge, and the same edge of the hand is ciliate and bears a short, stout, sparingly plumose bristle at its base, just beyond the tip of the closed dactyl. The width of this joint (the second) is nearly half its length. Basal joint of inner ramus of first pair of legs nearly or quite as long as outer ramus, the second wider but only half as long as the third, and obliquely truncate. Inner ramus of third pair of legs in male is three-jointed, the outer two-jointed, chelate. The finger is ovate, truncate, terminating in two long plumose hairs. The dactyl is linear, curved at base, and twice as long as finger. The inner ramus of the fourth pair of legs is about half as long as outer, two-jointed, basal joint short, terminal joint about as long as middle joint of outer ramus. The fifth pair of legs is best developed in the female. In the male the length is not over one-third the width. The basal portion bears three plumose hairs on its very broadly rounded anterior mar- gin, of which the innermost is longest. The outer plate is nearly orbicular and bears five spines on its terminal margin, of which the second from the internal angle is the longest. Genital plates found in male at posterior border of first abdominal segment, beneath, are short, slightly expanded in- ternally, with internal angles rounded, and externally bear three sub- equal bristles, jointed at base, the inner largest and strongest and semi-plumose. The antennae of the female are eight-jointed, extending backward to the first free segment. The basal joint of the fifth pair of legs is sub-elliptical in outline, with the basal half produced externally into a broad, triangular process which bears the second joint on its posterior margin. The free end of the basal joint bears six large plumose bristles of which the inner is longest. The greatest width of the joint is nearly equal to its greatest length. The second or outer joint is ovate, sub-truncate, spined on each margin, and bears four plumose bristles at tip and one at the middle of its outer margin. Its length is about twice its breadth. Same habitat as the following : Diaptomus sanguineus , Forbes. This species differs in some slight re- spects from the genus to which I have assigned it, as characterized by Claus, {Die Frei Lebenden Copepoden ) but not sufficiently to constitute it a new genus. In the male the fifteenth to eighteenth joints of the right antenna are thickened, the teeth of the mandible are not at all emarginate, the first joint of the terminal portion of the lower maxilliped is smaller than the others, and the right foot of the fifth pair in the male wants the inner ramus, which is perhaps represented by an immovable blunt spine at the * ( 16 ) inner inferior angle of the second joint. The body of this species is broader than in D. castor , the color is throughout a deep red. The antennae are nearly as long as the body, the eighteenth joint in the female reaching to the base of the abdomen. The second tooth of the mandible is larger than any of the remaining six of the series, and is separated from the third by an interval equal to the width of the tooth. A short feathered bristle appears at the lower end of the row of teeth. The secondary appendage of the mandibular palpus is four-jointed, and bears six bristles at its tip and inner margin. The maxilla has the normal structure, the basal plate, the two cylindrical processes and the outer ramus (flabellum) and the inner ramus being all present and symmetrically developed. The first maxilliped is nearly as broad as long, and bears 15 long hairs on its margin. The basal segment of the second maxilliped presents four rounded processes on its inner margin, of which the first is smallest and bears one bristle, the second and third are sub- equal and bear respectively two and three bristles, and the fourth is largest, is much produced inferior ly (the rounded lower end being finely cilia te) and bears four bristles. The fifth pair of legs in the female is bi-ramose, the inner branch straight, slender, not jointed, terminating in two short claws; the outer strong, two-jointed, terminating in a single slightly serrate claw. The sec- ond joint of this branch bears two slender bristles near the middle of the outer margin, otherwise the leg is destitute of hairs and spines. The legs of the fifth pair in the male are very dissimilar. The right leg consists of five joints ; the basal quadrate ; the second about twice as wide as long, en- larging distally and bearing a strong blunt spine at the inner, and a longer one at the outer, inferior angle. The third joint is sub-quadrate, the fourth clavate, bearing a long bristle at the middle of its outer margin ; and the fifth constitutes a slender incurved dactyl as long as the preceding joint, slightly serrate on the distal half of its inner margin, and so jointed as to close back against the inner margin of the fourth joint, which thus acts as a hand. The left leg reaches about to the tip of the third joint of the right. Its pedicel contains two large quadrate joints ; the outer ramus two small joints, of which the terminal one is forcipate at the tip, the inner ramus a single slender joint on which no armature was seen. The furca bears at tip of each branch four long feathered hairs, and a fifth smaller simple one at the posterior internal angle. A sixth large and plumose hair is borne at the posterior third of the outer margin. Found rather abundantly in a pool fed by a slow spring, ia March and April, at Normal, Illinois. In several characters, especially those of the mouth appendages, this species seems closely allied to Ichthyophorba, bear- ing to some species of that genus a much closer resemblance than to D. castor , if the figures in Baird’s British Entomostraca are at all to be relied on. (17) KEY TO THE SPECIES MENTIONED IN THE PRECEDING PAPER. The general neglect of our Crustacea by the students of our local natural history, if not a discredit, is at least a misfortune ; for no other class of an- imals accessible to the inland student will repay study so promptly and so generously; since while the species are comparatively very few, they pre sent many and extreme diversities of form and structure. The differences between the orders of this class, — between the families , even, of some of the orders, — are more profound, penetrate farther into the interior of the animal, affecting structures commonly far more stable, than do the differences be- tween the other classes of the sub-kingdom. In the same order hearts may be present or absent, in the same tribe gills may be filamentous or lamellate, in the same genus so complex an organ as the eye may be well-developed or entirely wanting ; and everywhere not external form alone seems plastic, but internal structure also. Indeed, this is but an instance of a more gen- eral truth. In every well founded sub-kingdom the lowest class stands nearest the point of common origin, — illustrates, therefore, most closely by its diversities the first divergencies of the group from which the later groups have sprung In this primeval group structure must have been much more un- stable than in the later higher ones, else the stable structural characters which now distinguish classes could never have arisen ; and in the lowest present class, which has departed least from the condition of this primeval group, this instability of structure may be expected to persist, — structural differ- ences will have less “value” for purposes of classification.* Hence in the study of the few examples of this lowest class of arthropods, we rapidly acquire a more fruitful knowledge of nature’s multiform ad- justments, encounter more numerous and suggestive illustrations of her general laws, than by much longer and more elaborate study of the higher groups. For the amateur and the beginner the Crustacea have further a pe- culiar interest from the fact that the transparency of some of the smaller forms makes possible the direct and easy study of the entire living organism- Nothing better could be devised for the luminous demonstration of the lead- ing facts of animal physiology. 'In a single colorless Asellus or Crangonyx may be observed at leisure, under a low power of the microscope, the re- spiratory movement, the circulation of the blood, the motions of the heart and the actions of its valves, the contraction and relaxation of muscular fiber, the processes of digestion, as well as the general and minute anatomy of the entire animal. The economical interest of the subject should not be overlooked. With the progressive settlement of the country we must look forward to a con- tinuous advance in the price of animal food, and with this advance the ques- tion of our inland fisheries will rise yearly into higher prominence. Rut intelligent measures for the increase and preservation of our edible fishes *This principle, that structural characters diminish in importance downward , has been ignored, I think, by some of our recent ichthyologists. (18) presuppose an acquaintance with the natural history of our Crustacea, which are as essential to fishes as insects are to birds. With a view to removing some of the many difficulties which have pre- vented a more general study of this captivating and important class, I add to the foregoing paper the following simple synopsis of the species men- tioned, which it is hoped that any intelligent student may use successfully. It is of course a mere compilation designed as a temporary aidto local students. A few species from Lake Michigan have been included which have not yet been found within the limits of the state, but which must nevertheless occur there at least occasionally. CLASS CRUSTACEA. Arthropoda usually with jointed abdominal appendages and two pairs of antennae. All save a few minute forms with more than four pairs of legs. Respiration by distinct gills, by gill-feet, or by the general surface of the body. ORDER DEOAPODA. Head and thorax consolidated, forming a cephalo-thorax ; eyes compound, on flexible stalks. FAMILY ASTACIDAE. Abdomen depressed, carapace (1) with a transverse channel, edge united with the epistoma (2) ; gills very numerous, composed of filaments ; the three front pairs of feet chelate (3), the first much the largest. Genus Cambarus. The fifth pair of legs without gills ; last segment of thorax movable. Rostrum (4) simple or with one tooth on each side. First abdominal legs of male (5) more less divided. a Oblique tubercle on front margin of third joint of third and fourth pairs of legs of male. 0. acutus , Girard. Areola (6) much wider behind than before. Thorax densely tuberculate on sides, nearly smooth above. Movable finger much longer than inner side of hand. C. troglodytes, Leconte. Areola narrower behind than before. Tho- rax granulate on sides, strongly punctate above. Movable claw not longer than hand. aa Oblique tubercle on third joint of third pair of legs of male, none on fourth pair. b First abdominal legs of male not distinctly bifid. C. gracilis, Bundy. Rostrum broad, short, toothless ; finger not hairy ; first abdominal leg toothed but not recurved at tip. C. stygius , Bundy. Rostrum long, triangular, with small apical teeth ; outer margin of finger hairy ; first abdominal legs recurved at tip and three- toothed. bb First abdominal legs of male distinctly bifid. c C. obesus, Hagen. First abdominal legs short, thick, branches stout, tips recurved, obtuse. Areola linear. cc First abdominal legs of male with branches usually long and slender. d C. immunis , Hagen. Both branches gradually, strongly and equally recurved. Rostrum short and conical. dd Branches not strongly and equally recurved. e C. propinquus, Girard. Rostrum carinated (7) on middle of anterior half. ee Rostrum not carinated. G. placidus , Hagen. Rostrum excavated, margins thickened ; maxilli- peds not hairy beneath ; greatest width of hand contained about three times in length of outer margin, inner edge of outer finger not bearded, forearm without two rows of distinct spines beneath. C. virilis, Hagen. Rostrum sub-excavated, margins thickened, hardly converging; antennal plates not longer than rostrum; maxillipeds bearded without, beneath and within ; greatest width of hand about two and one- third times in length of outer margin, outer finger bearded within, forearm with two rows of distinct spines beneath. C. wisconsinensis, Bundy. Rostrum nearly flat above, narrowed in front ; antennal plates longer than rostrum ; maxillipeds hairy within and below at base. FAMILY PALAEMONIDAE. * Abdomen compressed. Carapace without transverse channel, its lower edges free throughout. Gills composed of plates. The third pair of feet never chelate. Genus Palaemon. Rostrum long, compressed, serrate; two inner antennae with flagella (8), mandibles (9) with three-jointed palpus (10), first pair of legs slender, second stronger, both chelate. P. ohonis , Smith Rostrum slightly curved upward at tip, about twelve teeth above and three to five below. Hand of second pair of legs about once and a half the length of the carpus (11). Genus Palaemonetes. Differs from Palaemon by the absence of mandibular palpi. (20) P. exilipes , Stimpson. Rostrum nearly straight, seven or eight teeth above, one or two below. Hand of second pair of feet about two- thirds as long as carpus. FAMILY MYSIDAE. Feet more than five pairs, slender, often bearing palpi, none chelate, usually rudimentary on the abdomen. Gills wanting. Genus My sis. Six pairs of thoracic feet, each with two inany-jointed branches : three pairs of maxillipeds (12). Inner antennae with two flagella. Fourth pair of abdominal legs in male very long, styliform, directed backwards. M. relicta , Loven. Cephalo-thorax about one-third total length, broader behind than before. Pedicel (13) of inner antennae a little longer than the eyes, three-jointed, first joint about as long as second and third together. Inner flagellum shorter and more slender than outer. ORDER AMPH1PODA. Body commonly compressed, of fourteen segments ; thoracic segments not consolidated, eyes sessile if present. Gill plates thoracic. FAMILY ORCHESTIDAE. Upper antennae shorter than lower, no secondary flagellum (14). No palpus to mandible. Epimera (15) large. Last pair of abdominal legs not branched. Genus Hyalella. First two pairs of feet sub-chelate (16), the second the larger; upper antennae as long as peduncle of lower ; telson (17), short, stout, entire ; palpus of maxillipeds five-jointed ; first pair of maxillae with very short one-jointed palpi. H. dentata , Smith. First and second abdominal segments with a prominent tooth on middle of hind margin, second hand of male about three times as broad as first, flagellum of lower antenna commonly but little longer than that of upper. FAMILY LYSIANASSIDAE. Body little compressed, first two pairs of feet small and weak, epimera of first four segments very deep. Genus Pontoporeia. Upper antennae with short secondary flagellum ; first two pairs of legs very short, the first sub-chelate, the second not, seventh pair with basal joint very large. P. hoyi , Smith. First pair of hands with one to three small slender spines at tip of closed claw. About seven elongated papillae on the second to fifth segments of the sternum (18). Upper antennae short, about as long as head and first three thoracic segments ; flagellum about nine-jointed. P. filicornis, Smith. Upper antennae reaching nearly to tip of ab- domen, flagellum of about thirty-three joints, the terminal ones very long and slender. Secondary flagellum of four segments. FAMILY GAMMARIDAE. Both antennae well developed, the upper long, slender, filiform, usually immediately above the lower, which are inserted into a notch at the front angle of the head. First and second feet sub-chelate. Eyes compound, commonly between upper and lower antennae. Genus Gammarus. No rostrum. Three last abdominal segments each with two or more clusters of short stiff spines on hind margin. Secondary flagellum and man- dibular palpus present. Last pair of abdominal legs two branched: telson double. G . fasciatus , Sat/. Secondary flagellum as long as second segment of peduncle (19), and composed of five or six segments. Fourth, fifth and sixth abdominal segments each with three clusters of spines on hind margin. Genus Crangonyx . No clusters of spines on posterior abdominal segments. Telson single ; last pair of abdominal legs with inner branch rudimentary or wanting. Pe- duncles of the two pairs of antennae sub-equal. The first two pairs of feet sub-equal. C. gracilis , Smith. Eyes evident. Hind angles of first three abdom- inal segments each ending in a sharp tooth. Outer branch of last pair of legs about twice as long as peduncle ; inner branch very small. Telson short, emarginate. C. mucronatus , Forbes. No eyes. Hind angles of first three abdomi- nal segments rounded. Outer branch of last pair of legs shorter than pe- duncle, inner minute. Telson of male a slender spine about as long as first three abdominal segments. ORDER ISOPODA. Body commonly depressed ; thoracic segments not consolidated ; eyes, if present, compound, sessile. Gill plates beneath abdomen. The last four pairs of thoracic legs similar, and differing from the first three pairs. Last pair of abdominal legs more or less styliform. FAMILY ONISCIDAE. Abdomen many-jointed, last segment small, caudal stylets (20) well ex- serted. Mandibles without palpi. Inner antennae obsolete. FAMILY ASELLIDAE. Body very flat, loosely jointed. Last abdominal segment very large, shield-like, comprising nearly the whole abdomen. Upper antennae short, lower very long. Only first pair of feet sub-chelate. Mandibles with palpi. Genus Asellus. First pair of feet sub-chelate ; last thoracic legs not elongate ; first pair of abdominal appendages in female (first two pairs in male) small, forming short plates; outer ramus of next pair serving as gill-covers; cau- dal stylets elongate. (22) A. brevicauda , Forbes. Head with hind angles laterally extended, forming broad spinous lobes ; front angles of first thoracic segment notched, no lateral notches on thoracic segments ; tip of abdomen with broad rounded lobe, pedicels of caudal stylets as broad as long, palm of hand with two strong spines. A. intermedins, Forbes. Head with small lateral lobes. First thoracic segment with front angles entire, others notched laterally ; hind angles of abdomen not distinct, pedicel of caudal stylet twice as long as wide. A . stygius, Packard. Slender, loosely-jointed, colorless and blind : caudal stylets slender, cylindrical, abdomen not lobed behind. ORDER PHYLLOPODA. Feet, ten to sixty pairs, broad and flat, two or three-lobed ; mouth with mandibles and maxillae, antennae usually small, not used for swimming. FAMILY BRANCHIPODIDAE. Body long and slender, no carapace, thoracic segments distinct, eyes on stalks, second antennae converted into clasping organs. Eleven pairs of gill-feet. Female with egg-pouch at base of abdomen. Genus Eubranchipus. Head large, claspers (21) of male thick and strong, with a tooth at base of second joint ; a pair of simple, flat, serrate, membranous appendages attached to front of head ; caudal appendages long, lanceolate, with many feathery hairs. Egg-pouch short, thick, broad-oval. E. serratus, Forbes. Frontal appendages longer than claspers, irregu- larly ovate, deeply serrate. Tip of claspers flattened within, abdomen somewhat serrate. FAMILY ESTIIERIADAE. Compressed ; head and body enclosed in a bivalve shell. Eyes sessile ; feet, ten to twenty-seven pairs. Genus Limnetis. Shell circular, globose, no beaks or lines of growth. Inner antennae two-jointed ; feet ten or twelve ; abdomen truncate. ORDER CLADOCERA. Body enclosed in a bivalve shell, head free ; abdomen acutely forked j eye single, large. Lower antennae form large branched swimming organs ; feet four to six pairs. FAMILY DAP1INIADAE. Upper antennae minute, one or two-jointed ; five pairs of feet, all en- closed by carapace. Intestine nearly straight. ORDER OSTRACODA. Biting mouth, one eye, two pairs of antennae, one for swimming ; bi- valve carapace enclosing head and body. Feet one to three pairs. (23) FAMILY CYPRIDAE. Upper antennae long, many-jointed, with a tuft of long hairs : lower stout and foot-like ; two pairs of feet. ORDER COPEPODA. Rody more or less distinctly segmented, and distinguishable into re- gions; two pairs of antennae, one or two antennae often prehensile. No carapace or bivalve shell ; three pairs of mouth-parts and five pairs of swimming feet. Females with external egg-sac. FAMILY CYCLOPIDAE. Both anterior antennae modified for grasping in male. Posterior an- tennae four-jointed, not branched. Fifth pair of legs cylindrical, alike in both sexes. One eye, with two lateral lenses; two egg-sacs. Genua Cy clops. Body broad in front, slender behind, of ten segments in males, nine in females. Head and first thoracic segment consolidated. Palpus of mandi- ble rudimentary, a tubercle bearing two bristles. I ifth pair of feet ob- solete. FAMILY HARPACTIDAE. Body linear, cylindrical. Both anterior antennae of male modified for grasping. Posterior antennae branched, and armed with jointed bristles. The fifth pair of feet usually lamellate. Eye single. Commonly a single egg-sac. Genus Canthocamptus. Branches of the first pair of feet similar, three-jointed, the inner branch the longer, its first joint very long. Palpus of mandible simple, two- jointed. First antennae eight-jointed. Secondary branch of second an- tennae very short, one or two-jointed. C. ilUnoisensis , Forbes. Minute, light red : five abdominal segments in male, four in female. Branches of furca (22; as wide as long. Of the bristles at their tip, the inner is about as long as the abdomen, the outer half the inner. Mandible with about ten teeth. FAMILY CALANIDAE. Body elongate ; anterior antennae very long, usually of twenty four or twenty-five joints. In males the right — rarely the left — is modified for grasping. Posterior antennae large, two-branched. One egg-sac. Genus Diaptomus. Fifth pair of feet unlike in males, inner branch of right foot rudiment- ary or wanting. This foot is converted into a grasping organ, as is also the right antennae of the male. Antennae twenty-five jointed. Fifth thoracic segment distinct. Abdomen of male with five joints, of female with four. D. sanguineus Forbes. Color crimson. Right foot of male without inner ramus, the last two joints forming a hand and dactyl. Each branch of the furca bears six plumose hairs, of which the inner is slender and short. The teeth of the mandible are entire. (24) 1. The crust covering cephalo-thorax on back and sides. 2. Under surface of head between the lower antennae. 3. Furnished with nippers. 4. Projec- tion from front of head, between antennae. 5. In the male crawfish the first ab- dominal legs are stiff and unlike theothers: in the female similar to the others, but rudimentary. 6. Space on back of thorax between the two longitudinal curved lines. 7. Ridged longitudinally. 8. The many-jointed terminal part of antennae 9 Front pair of jaws, 10. Jointed feelers. 11. Joint preceding hand. 12. Hind pairs of jaws. 13. The thick, longer-jointed basal part of antennae. 14. A very short flagellum attached beside the principal one. 15. Side-plates concealing attachment of legs. 16. Last joint claw-like, shutting against the enlarged preceding joint like the blade of a pocket-knife against its handle. 17. Rudimentary last segment of the body. 18. Under surface of the body between bases of the thoracic legs. 19. Undivided basal joint of leg. 20. Pair of appendage 5 at tip of ab- domen. 21. The strong, jaw-like organs in front of head. 22. The forked tip of the abdomen. APPENDIX. Descriptions of- the following extra-limital species are added for the purpose of calling the attention of collectors to them, as it is very likely that they will be found in the state. The descriptions of crawfishes are fur- nished by Mr. Bundy, who has made a careful study of the species of Cambarus found in this and adjoining states. C. sloanv , Bundy. Rostrum quadrangular, subdeflexed, slightly concave, toothed in front, acumen long, acute, straight, cephalo-thorax, finely punctate above, granulate on sides, front margin angulated, lateral tooth long, acute ; epistoma wider than long, narrower in front, concave below, apex einargi- nate ; third maxillipedes smooth below, hairy within, hands short, thick, wide, smooth, fingers short, straight, not gaping at base, generally tipped with black, arm and wrist nearly smooth, at most with a few blunt teeth ; third legs with third joints hooked : first abdominal legs short, bifid, outer part slightly lcmger, flattened, bent outward at apex, slightly recurved, acute, tubercles at inner base small, inter-pedal space once and one-half longer than wide. The female has ventral ring rhomboid, posterior angle swollen, irregularly tuberculate, fissure transverse, anterior angle depressed. Habitat : Southern Indiana, Kentucky (Dr. Sloan). C. debilis , Bundy. Rostrum wide, quadrangular, subdepressed, concave above, foveola at base, margins nearly parallel, anterior teeth prominent, acumen acute, flat, smooth, cephalo-thorax subdepressed, punctate above, granulate on sides, lateral tooth acute, dorsal area narrow, wider behind, antennal plates longer than rostrum, apical spine acute ; antennae slender, long, reaching to base of telson, epistoma much wider than long, truncate, maxillipedes barbate on inner side and below : inner margin ot hand and movable finger with two rows of teeth, contiguous margins of fingers tuber- culate, exterior one hairy at base, both fingers ribbed and punctate above , third joint of third thoracic legs hooked: first abdominal legs long, bifid, nearly straight, exterior part longer, recurved, interior part recurved, ob- tuse, not enlarged near apex, tubercles on inner basal angles small. This species resembles the above, but differs from it in having a wider, more con- cave rostrum, with parallel sides, a depressed dorsum, wider epistoma, more coarsely bearded maxillipedes, longer abdominal legs, and the absence of enlargement near apex of interior part. Habitat : Baraboo river, Ironton ; Wisconsin river, Sauk City, Wisconsin. Eubranchipus hundyi , Forbes. This species, sent me by my friend Prof. Bundy, was taken by him at Jefferson, Wis. The specimens seen were somewhat smaller than average individuals of E. serratus, the thorax shorter and the abdomen more slender. The latter is similar to the abdo- men of E. vernalis, while the claspers and frontal appendages are more like those of E. serratus. The antennae extend ab.ut one-third their length beyond the eyes. The frontal appendages are long and narrow, widest at b5.se and regularly tapering, serrate within and on outer margin of tip with short blunt even teeth. The under surface is covered with short blunt spines or tubercles. These appendages are attached by a transverse line to the front of the head, just within the base of the claspers, and are about three times as long as the basal joint of the latter. The claspers resemble in size, general form and position those of E. serratus. The tubercle at the base of the first joint is larger and situated farther forward, extending far enough to the front to meet its fellow of the opposite side before the labrum. The opposed edges are somewhat rough- ened. The labrum is large and extends forward in the form of a stout tubercle, truncate at its extremity. This process is embraced by the con- cave posterior internal margins of the basal tubercles of the claspers The second joint of the clasper is thick at base, but tapers more rapidly than in E. serratus. The long and slender tooth of the latter is replaced by a thick rounded tubercle extending directly inward and covered by elevated disks, or truncate papillae, like the tip of the tooth in the species just mentioned. Unlike the latter, these papillae are wanting at the tip of the joint, which is expanded and distinctly bifid. The margins of the abdomen are not distinctly serrate, the last segment is not connate with the penultimate, nor is the tip ot the abdomen broader than the preceding segments. The caudal stylets are broad and blunt, not rounded at base, usually a little longer than the last three abdominal segments, and ciliate their whole length. The ovisac of the female is nearly as broad as long, with a large median lobe behind, and no other posterior processes. THE THEE IN WINTER Sy ^RfrPfcRyg-K tefr£N7EL When autumn has turned the verdancy of the forest into discolored hues, and the roaring gales have shaken off the last withered leaf, “ And woods, fields, gardens, orchards, all around The desolated prospe3t thrills the soul,1’ even then nature is not dead, she sleeps only. The new life lies hidden in the hud, horn early in summer from the axil of the leaf. It is our own fault, if in the hare forest we see only a crowd of wooden trunks and limbs and twigs. There is in winter an abundance of objects to be studied by the naturalist. The book of nature lies open at every season to the attentive eye. To recognue the different trees in winter is not only amusing to the friend of nature, but in many cases of great practical use. To expose the characters by which the species of our woody plants can be distinguished in winter, is the aim of this paper. As the space allowed is not sufficient for a synoptical description of each single species, — matter enough to fill a book, — the reader cannot expect more, in these few lines, than an intro- duction to the subject, and may accept this as an invitation to inform him- self by autopsy and study, assisted by the most necessary drawings. Everybody will easily recognize, even at a distance, an old oak tree by its stout stem, its strong cro.oked divaricate limbs ; or an elm by its dome- like appearance, caused by its numerous twigs dividing from a number of primary limbs of equal strength ; or a Gymnocladus by its slender stem with but few branches and comparatively thick twigs. In some trees the bark is characteristic : that of the hackberry is very rough with narrow elevated ridges, while that of the beach and hornbeam is quite even and smooth. The bark of the shell-bark hickory separates the outer layers in long flaps, while in the mockernut and bitternut it is compact, and often nearly smooth ; sometimes the bark of the stem is rough and that of the limbs smooth, as in the red oak ; the bark of the twigs is often corky- ridged ( Quercas macrocarpa ), or separates in small flaps ( Quercus bicolor ), or bears two opposite corky ridges ( Ulmus alata ). In many trees the ridges anastomose obliquely, leaving lozenge-shaped spaces. The white color of the bark of the canoe birch is very characteristic. The whole di- vision of white oaks differs from that of the black oaks by the color of the bark, which is paler in the former and darker in the latter. We have no surer guide than the characters taken from the arrangement, form and construction of the buds and, in many cases, the form of the leaf-scars. / ( 27 ) PHYLLOTAXIS. As the buds grow from the axils of the leaves, their arrangement is the same as that of the leaves. They are either opposite or alternate. When the buds are opposite, one pair stands transversely to the next lower, so that, when seen from above, the four buds form a cross, as do also the leaves and the branchlets ; the third pair corresponds to the first one. This position is called decussate, and we find it in the species of Euonymus, Staphylea, Aesculus, Acer, Negundo; Hydrangea, Cornus (except C. alter- nifolius), Loniceraf, Sambucus, Viburnum, Bignonia, Tecoma, Fraxinus, Foresteria. A whorl of three buds we find in Catalpa, and also usually in Cephal- anthus (sometimes four or only two). Each whorl alternates with the next one, so that, seen from above, a whorl of six is formed. In all the rest of our woody plants the buds are alternate. Though seemingly irregular they are arranged in a definite order. The buds are alternate in two lines (bifarious), or in other words the third bud corresponds to the first, th-e second to the fourth ; two buds make one circuit, and this is expressed by the fraction \ ; the numerator indicates the circuit, the denominator the number of buds. This arrangement we find in the species of Asimina, Vitis, Ampelopsis, Cercis, Hamamelis, Brunnichia, Dirca, Ulmus, Celtis, Morus and Smilax. In Betula and Alnus three buds make one circuit in a spiral line ; the fourth bud stands above the first (£ In the majority of our woody plants five buds make two turns in a spiral line, and the sixth bud stands above the first (two-fifths). In the oaks the upper buds are somewhat crowded. The beech and Tilia, though properly belonging here, have the buds on the horizontal branches in two oppo- site lines. There is one little tree ( Ptelea ) with eight buds in three circuits (f), and one shrub (Amorpha fruticosa), with thirteen buds in five circuits (five- thirteenths). In Bhamnus four buds make one circuit, but the merithalls* between the first and second and the third and fourth, are much shorter than between the second and third ; and as we sometimes find the pairs of buds in Euonymus and Fraxinus displaced (one higher than the other), we may concede that Rhamnus belongs to the same division as those. The position is properly decussate. The same conclusion we may make in regard to the elm, the seedling of which has opposite leaves ; and perhaps we may ex- plain the bifarious position of the buds on the branches by a (hypothetic) torsion of the merithalls. The best way to count the buds and their circuits, is to thrust a pin into each leaf-scar at a right angle to the stem, and attaching a thread to it, pass this from the lower to the next higher until the one is reached which corresponds to the first one. Figures 18 — 21 on PI. IV show in diagram the phyllotaxis of four different woody plants. The figures represent the bark split longitudinally *Intemodes. (28) and laid flat. The lines represent the vascular bundles, which enter the bud at the numbered points. In Fig. 19 we see that the fibres of two- fifths of the vascular ring enter into one leaf. If we segregate the meri- thalls and put the buds at the same level, we have a whorl of 5, 8 and 13, and the whole number of buds represents a whorl pulled out into a spire. There are sometimes supernumerary buds in gome species of Juglans, Carya, Grymnocladus, Amorpha, Grleditschia ; two to even four buds ap- pearing one above the other. The uppermost develops, or it forms an abortive twig, a spine (Grleditschia) ; then the next lower develops, the lowest remaining dormant. In Crataegus the axillary bud is often transformed into a spine, when an accessory bud appears on both sides. The species with opposite buds have a true terminal bud. This is sometimes abortive and wanting in Euonymus and Staphylea , or the shoot had an indefinite growth and withered in fall at the upper end, as in iSam- bucus, Tecoma , Catalpa , Cephalanthus. Then of course there is no ter- minal bud. SIZE AND FORM OF THE BUD. The buds of our woody plants are formed in summer, and are visible during winter. Only Gleditschia and Robinia show no buds in winter ; these are hidden in the bark and break forth only in spring. Others show only a little knob ( Ptelea , Cephalanthus). There are a number of trees which have very large buds, at least at the upper end of the shoot (. Aescu - lus, Fraxinus , Juglans , Carya , Populus), others very small ones ( Cercis , Celastrus). The buds are either leaf-buds or flower-buds or mixed, con- taining leaves and flowers at once. The latter are quite similar to the leaf- buds ; the flower-buds are mostly more roundish and swollen, and placed at the lower part of the shoot [Fraxinus), but some flower-buds are cylindrical and appear (in Rhus aroma, tica) at the upper end of the shoot. The true terminal bud of the species with decussate buds and the pseudo-terminal bud of the species with alternate buds, are often much larger than the axillary buds ; and, as these are often the only ones that pro- duce new shoots, these trees show in winter a limited number of long branches. When we examine such branches, we find sometimes a row of shoots, each with a few approximated leaf-scars, and below these a ring of narrow scars of the bud scales, fixing the limit of each shoot, and then a long shoot with remote buds. ( Fagus , Fig. 16 on PI. II, and Cornus al- ternifolius Fig. 9 on PI. III.) By counting these shoots we can determine the age of the branch The bud is fusiform, often very slender ( Amelanchier , Cornus , Virbur- num lentago); or ovate, more or less pointed ( Aesculus ), or oval and ob- tuse ( Diospyros , Ulm'us fulva ), or globular ( Crataegus ), or compressed (Asimina, Liriodendron, Hamamelis). DIRECTION OF THE BUDS. The axis of the bud stands mostly at an angle of 15 to 45 degrees to (29) the axis of the branch, sometimes at a right angle ( Fagus , Celastrus ); or the bnd is appressed, the axis being parallel to the shoot ( Cornus , Virburnum , Salix*). The axis of a bud wh'ch stands straight above the leaf-scar is radial, it points to the centre of the branch ; but in some species, particularly in those with bifarious buds ( Morus , Celtis , Ulmus , Tilia ) the bud stands not right above the leaf-scar but a little aside, then the direction of the bud is oblique, and its axis is tangential, it strikes the periphery of the shoot. The axis itself is sometimes not straight, but bent ( Celtis , Ulmus). THE SCALES OF THE BUD. The number of scales is not always definite. It is said to be ten in Cary a alba ; and yet I have counted in the upper bud a greater number, sometimes even as many as twenty, though in many species the number is constant. Salix has the bud covered by a single hood-like scale, Tilia has two, the inner one larger and enveloping the bud with overlapping margins. In Negundo and Staphylea one pair is visible, the inner ones are herbaceous and pass into leaves. Acer clasycarpun has four pairs, and Acer sacchari- num eight pairs, Aesculus four opposite rows of five to six scales each. Fraxinus and Euonymus have three pairs. The arrangement of the scales follows the rule of Phyllotaxis. In the bifarious species the scales are arranged in two rows, and there are four scales in each row (in Ulmus , Celtis , Morus). In those with five buds in two circuits the buds have the same arrangement, they are imbricate. f The form of the scales is often variable in the same species and the same individual. It is mostly ovate and convex, pointed ( Aesculus , Popu- lus , Quercus coccinea), or mucronate ( Crataegus ), or obtuse ( Corylus , Quercus nigra). The scales are pinnately grooved at the upper end in many species with pinnate leaves ( Fraxinus , Juglans , Cary a amara). The surface is smooth ( Crataegus, Quercus rubra), or pubescent (Fagus, Carya alba), or tomentose ( Rhus glabra , Ulmus fulva, Quercus coccinea ), or sericeous ( Dirca ), or velvety ( Asimina ), or furfuraceous ( Carya amara). The color is mostly brown, but sometimes green (Euonymus), yellow (Carya amara, Dirca, Liriodendron ), rusty red (Zanthoxylon), bluish black ( Fraxinus sambucifolia), purplish brown (Asimina). Some have a darker colored zone along the margin (Morus). VERNATION. When we cut a bud horizontally, we observe the inner arrangement, the position of the leaves and their parts. In the species with decussate *In Salix cordata Yar. angusta, only the flower-buds are somewhat spreading. fM. C. De Candolle (Memoir e sur la famille des Juglandees) calls the buds of Carya olivaeformis and amara decussate. That may be true concerning the lateral buds ; in the terminal buds, as many as I have examined, I have found the phyllotaxis invariably 2-5. The same author differs from other botanists in his phyllotaxis, since he passes from one scale, bud or leaf to the next on the longest and not on the shortest line, and thus, of course, makes three circuits instead of two. buds the pairs stand at right angles, the lower ones outside, those higher on the shoot inside (PI. I, Figs. 21-25'. In the bifarious species the leaves are located side by side, the lowest outside, the highest in the middle, the posterior side of the midrib looking toward the leaf-scar ( Ulmus , PI. IV, Fig 14) ; or they stand opposite, the lower inclosing the upper ones ( Celtis , Plate IV, Fig. 15), the posterior side of the midrib looking toward the bud-scales. In those with the spiral position of the buds the leaves are arranged in the same way ; the posterior side of the midrib looks toward the corresponding scale ( Populus , PI IV, Fig. 16). When the species has compound leaves, the leaflets lie either side by side or in a half-circle, the uppermost in the middle, the lower ones at the sides ( Carya alba , PI. IV, Fig. 17). The blade of the leaf is either conduplicate (Primus*, Amelanchier, Asimina , Cercis, Ulmus , Tilia ), or plicate (Acer, Hamamelis, Ribes ), or involute ( Euonymus , Ctlastrus, Staphylea, Populus, Viburnum ), or revolute (Salix, Ptelea ) or convolute (the leaflets of Carya, PI. IV, Fig. 17), or equitant ( Cornus , PL I, Fig. 24, or open and slightly concave ( Cepha - lanthus , Sassafras). A very singular arrangement we observe in Liriodendron , PL III, Fig. 4. The leaf is conduplicate and bent inward from the upper part of the petiole, and the cover of the bud is nothing else than the two stipules of an abortive leaf. LEAF-SCARS. At the base of the bud we observe the scar of the fallen leaf, an area of varying form, covered with a thin layer of corky matter which is formed in the latter part of the season and separates the leaf from the shoot ; and within this area we notice the vestiges of the vascular bundles that enter the leaf- stalks. The scars are either flat upon the stem ( Aesculus ), or on a projection, pulvinated (Quercus); they are sometimes concave (Ampelopsis, Catalpa), or convex ( Ulmus). The form of the scar depends on the form of the base of the leaf-stalk, and is very variable. It is narrow, nearly linear ( Negundo ), or crescent- shaped ( Cornus , Viburnum), or triangular (Populus), or semi-circular (Fraxinus, Quercus), or elliptical ( Liriodendron ), or three-lobed (Cratae- gus, Cercis, Amorpha), with five sharp angles (Lonicera flava), or oval with the upper end truncate or emarginate (Tecoma, Catalpa, Sassafras), or heart-shaped (Rhus toxicodendron, Gleditschia, Juglans , Carya), or horse- shoe shaped (Rhus glabra , Ptelea), or ring-shaped around the bud ( Plata - nus, Dirca). Here the bud was covered by the hood shaped basis of the leaf-stalk. In Dirca, the bud is situated in a cup-like cavity the margin of which forms the leaf scar. When two scars of opposite leaves meet (Ne- gundo'), the twig seems to be articulated. The marks of the vascular bundles are very characteristic, presenting sometimes one point in the center (Celtis), or a horizontal streak (Sassafras). *The European species of Primus proper have convolute leaves. (31) Usually there are three points forming a triangle, or more and then forming either a curved line (Asimina), a horseshoe-shaped line ( Cephalanthus ), or a closed chain following the outline of the scar (Moms, Sambucus , Frax- inus), or separating in groups (Juglans, Cary a, Gymnocladus). The marks are somewhat concave (Aesculus) or convex ( Lindera ). THE TWIGS. The direction of the twig commonly agrees with the direction of the bud. The Sassafras has a peculiar growth ; the secondary shoots of the summer from the lower buds attain a greater length than the primary ones, and as the shoots are curved upward, the whole has the appearance of a chandelier ^Pl. Ill, Fig 7). The shoots are either smooth ( Fraxinus americana and sambucifolia , Acer , Crataegus ), or pubescent ( Fagus , Betula ), or rough hairy ( Corylus , Ulrnus fulva ), or tomentose-pubescent (Fraxinus pubescent, Cary a olivaeformis , Diospyros ), or prickly, and then the prickles are placed irregularly on the bark (Rosa, Rubus, Smilax ), or there is only one on each side of the scar, representing a stipule (Robinia, Zan- thoxylon). Prickles should not be confounded with spines (or thorns). Ribes has a spine below the persistent base of the leaf-stalk, and this rep- resents a bract. In many species we see ridges running downward from the leaf-scars (Populus monilifera, Rhus toxicodendron) , in some species with opposite leaves these ridges are very sharp and prominent, and the twig becomes quadrangular (Fraxinus quadrangulata, Euonymus atropurpureus). The color of the twig is mostly brown, but other colors occur, red (Cornus sericea ), purplish (Cornus alternifolia, Asimina ) yellowish (Platanus), green (Sassafras, Euonymus, St a phyla, Negundo ), grayish [Fraxinus sambucifolia, Rhamnus), white, thickly covered with a white woolly pubescence (Salix Candida). THE PITH. The pith in a horizontal section of a twig shows different forms in the different species, and in the same individual. In the middle of the meri- thall (space between two single leaves or pairs of leaves or whorls), it is more or less circular in the majority of our species ; but sometimes it shows a hexagonal shape in species with opposite leaves ; in those with five leaves in two circuits, a pentagon ( Sassafras , Liquulambar), or a five-rayed star (Quercus, Fopulus). Near the upper end of the merithall (wrongly called “joint,”) the form of the pith is modified by projections towards the leaf or pair of leaves. The vertical section in Juglans and Celtis shows the pith in horizontal plates. I have observed this only in one other plant of our flora, the Phy- tolacca,. The color of the pith is mostly whitish, pure white in Sassafras, often with a rosy tinge in Tilia (cream color when older ), yellowish in Rhus glabra and Rhus toxicodendron, reddish in Gymnocladus, Cornus, Rhus aromatica , greenish in Gleditschia, brownish in Juglans cinerea , Carya amara. ( 32) It is very large in proportion to the thickness of the wood in Sambucus , Sassafras, Rhus. Only Smilax has no pith : it belongs to the endogenous plants. To treat of the wood here, would lead us too far, for the matter is too ample to be condensed into a small space. The plates will aid somewhat in the identification of specimens. SODIC PIRATE AS A TEST FOR LIME. By J. A. SEWALL, Pinic acid or sodic pinate precipitate salts of calcium, magnesium and iron. 1 have recently made some experiments with the sodic pinate, with re- ference to its delicacy as a test for detecting the presence of the salts of the first mentioned metal (calcium), with the following results, using a solution of calcic sulphate : Part cal°ic sulphate in one part of water, yields a very copious amorphous precipitate, which readily subsides. Winr Part yi^s an abundant bulky precipitate. T¥inro parl? an abundant precipitate. 2 g 0 0 part, an immediate cloudiness, and in a few minutes a good precipitate. TOlroT Par*5 quite the same result as is given by the solution. T^-^Vinr parf? a very satisfactory deposit after a little time. inroV'otr Parl? a distinct turbidity, and after a few hours a satisfactory deposit. I observe that on adding a few drops of the reagent to distilled water, the solution becomes, after several days, slightly opalescent. The reagent was prepared by dissolving one part of the sodic pinate in fifteen parts of' distilled water and filtering the solution. The quantity of the solution of the calcic sulphate operated on in each trial was one fluid ounce. The quantity of the sodic pinate solution used in each trial varied from two to ten drops, the larger quantity being used in the stronger solution of the calcic salt. Amnionic oxalate fails to precipitate lime in a solution, (Fre- senius ). It will be seen from the above that the sodic pinate is a much more delicate test for calcic salts than the amnionic oxalate. The deportment of other calcic salts is quite the same as that of the sulphate. A PARTIAL CATALOGUE OF THE FISHES OF ILLINOIS. By E. W. NELSON. Owing to the slight attention the ichthyology of the region herein treated has received, the present catalogue must necessarily be very, incom- plete. With the exception of Mr. R. Kennicott’s list of fishes of Cook county, (111. Agl. Report) in which only thirty species are mentioned, and occasional descriptions of new species or the mention of the receipt of speci- mens from within our limits in the papers of various writers, nothing has been definitely known regarding the ichthyic fauna of the state. During the last three or four years, considerable collections of fishes have been made in various parts of the state, under the auspices of the Illinois Mu- seum of Natural History. The present paper is based mainly upon this material, which, through the generosity of the management of the above-named institution, I have been enabled to study. I am also greatly indebted to Prof. S. A. Forbes, Curator of the Museum, for notes upon the distribution and peculiarities of structure in many of the species. To Dr. D. S. Jordan, of Irvington, Indiana, I am under obligations for the loan of specimens, for invaluable aid in verifying doubtful identifications, and for notes on the distribution of many of the species, especially in the Wabash valley. The collections in the Museum have been made principally by Prof. Forbes, in the following localities : Illinois river from La Salle to Pekin ; the V ermilion river in La Salle county ; Mackinaw creek in McLean county ;. Rock river at Oregon ; Pecatonica river at Freeport; the Ohio and Missis- sippi rivers at Cairo ; the outlet of Big Lake, in Jackson county; Callahan and Drury creeks, in Union county ; Lake Michigan at Chicago, and some of the smaller tributaries of the above-named streams. In addition to these, small collections have been made by myself, from the Calumet river and its tributaries, in Cook county ; Lake Michigan, at Chicago ; small tributaries of the lake at Waukegan, and the Fox river at Geneva. Where species are included upon the authority of others, due credit is given. As will be seen by the list of localities, the streams from which collections have been made are nearly all tributaries, directly or through the Illinois, to the Mississippi, thus leaving the Wabash and Ohio with their tributa- ries comparatively unexplored, except portions of the Wabash valley, where collections have been made for Prof. J ordan ; and so little work (34) has been done in the entire southern third of the state, that but slight idea can be formed of the exact distribution or of the number of species which exist there. The synonyms mentioned are only intended to connect the names here given with those used in Prof. Jordan’s Manual of the Verte- brate Animals of the Northern United States. FAMILY PERCIDAE. Genus Microperca , Putnam. 1. M. punctulata, Putnam. Least Darter. Not uncommon in Fox river, at G-eneva, and in clear tributaries to Lake Michigan at Waukegan. Not common in the Wabash valley. 2. P. jiabellatus , ( Raj 1) Cope. Fan-tailed Darter. Common in clear brooks in Wabash valley. 3. P. lineolatus , ( Ag .) Jord. Striped Darter. Found in clear streams in Northern Illinois, where it replaces the preceding. 4. P. niger , ( Raf ’.) Jord. Trout Darter. Very rare in the Wabash valley. Genus Poecilichthys, Ag* 5. P. caeruleus, (/$W.) Ag. Blue Darter. Common through Southern Illinois, and especially abundant in the Wabash valley. 6. P. spectabilis, Ag. Striped Blue Darter. Not so generally dis- tributed as the preceding ; is confined to the northern part of the state. In distribution this and the preceding species bear the same relations as P. line- olatus and Jiabellatus. Genus Boleichthys * Grd. 7. B. exilis , Grd. Bed-sided Darters. The only specimens I have seen from the state were taken in a clear brook flowing into Lake Michigan at Waukegan, where it was rather common. 8. B. eos, Jordan , Mss. Common in small clear streams in Northern Illinois and Southern Wisconsin. For the following synopsis of the species of this genus I am indebted to Prof. Jordan : The characters ascribed to B. fusiformis , B. erochrous and B. barratti are from Cope (Proc. Phil. A. N. S., 1864, 233) ; those of B. warreni from Girard (Proc. Phil., A. N. S., 1859, 104). ^Lateral line distinct about to middle of first dorsal, on about 12 scales; 52 transverse rows; head 3i in length; D. VIII — 9. Mass. fusij'ormis ( Grd .) ** Lateral line distinct to middle of first dorsal, on 12 to 18 scales ; head 4 in length. D. IX or X — 10. fScales in 42 to 44 transverse rows ; eye as long as snout, 5 in head ; sides with dark band and reddish punctulations. New Jersey. erochrous ( Cope) -j-fScales in 45 to 50 transverse rows ; eye 3 to 3] in head, longer than snout; sides with a row of round crimson spots (in life); form slender. Illinois to Montana. exilis ( Grd .) * Includes Catonotus, Notonotus and Poecilichthys. Jord. Man. Vert. (35) ***Lateral line on 20 to 30 scales. J Head 3f in length ; lateral line not to end of first dorsal ; scales smallest, 60 in lat. 1. ; D. IX or X — 9 or 10. Body fusiform, elongated, caudal peduncle notably much elongated; size large, life coloration bril- liant. Northern Illinois and Wisconsin, eos ( Jordan ), Mss. JJHead 3§ in length ; lateral line variously incomplete ; scales rather large, in 45 to 50 transverse series, D. IX or X — 12 to 14 , caudal peduncle not elongate ; body very short and chubby • size small ; colors dull. Georgia to Texas. elegans ( Grd .) JJJ Head 4 in length ; lateral line extends to origin of second dorsal ; 56 transverse series of scales ; D. X or XI — 10 or 11. South Carolina. barratti (. Holbr .) **** Lateral line unknown ; body compact ; head shorter than in B. exilis ; scales smaller ; first dorsal with a band of vertically elongated black spots ; DIX — 11, A II, 9. Cannon Ball B. warreni ( Grd .). Genus Pleurolepis , Ag. 9. P. pellucidis, Ag. Sand Darter. Found sparingly in clear sandy tributaries of the Wabash and Ohio. ( Jordan .) Genus Boleosoma , DeK. 10. B. olmstedi , ( Stor .) Ag. Tessellated Darter. Specimens are in the collection from various localities, and Prof. Forbes informs me that he has found it common in all clear streams. Some specimens from Fox Biver in Wisconsin show characters exactly intermediate between this and the atromaculata, of Girard. Other specimens from the Fox Biver at Geneva, 111., agree with the description of atromaculata , and others from the same locality answer perfectly to olmstedi. 11. B. brevipinne , Cope. Slim Darter. Apparently everywhere com- mon in clear streams throughout the state. Genus Etheostoma , Raf. 12. E. blennioides , Kirt. Black-sided Darter. Bather common in the Wabash valley. 13. E. phoxocephalum , sp. nov. This species replaces the preceding in the western part of the state, and from the number of specimens in the collection and the localities represented, appears to be rather common in the Illinois and its tributaries. Bp. Char. Head about 4 times in total length ; depth 6£ ; eyer=snout, 4| in head ; D. XIII — 12. A. II, 8. Lat. 1.76. Inter-orbital space more than 6 in head. Cheeks naked ; opercles scaly ; breast naked. Middle line of belly with line of larger scales or a naked strip. Pectorals shorter than head. Fins mottled ; sides with a lateral band of small squarish spots usually connected by a narrow black line. A black spot at base of caudal and one at base of lateral line. Back mottled and tesselated with dark on a light ground. A black line from eye forward and another downward. This species bears a super- ficial likeness to E. blennioides , but may be distinguished at once by the ( 36 ) shape of the spots on the sides, by the much more slender form and very narrow, pointed, eel-like head, the depth of which is less than half its length, and its width two-fifths its length. 14. E. evides. Jord., Mss. Barred Darter. Rare Occurs in the lower Wabash and Ohio valleys. ( Jordan .) Genus Percina , Hold. 15. P. caprodes ( Raf ^), Grd. Log Perch. A few specimens from the Calumet and Vermilion rivers. Becomes quite numerous in the Wabash valley. Genus Perea , Linn. 16 . P. flavescens, (Mit.) Guv. Common Perch. Very abundant in Lake Michigan and its tributaries ; also occurs, but in smaller numbers, in the Illinois and tributaries. Rare in the Ohio ( Jordan ). Specimens from the clear waters of Lake Michigan are usually a light color — almost white. Often the dark bars, generally so characteristic of the species, are so obso- lete that the fish appears to be a clear, yellowish white, with the faintest trace of dark mottling, and the lake perch are rarely as decidedly barred as specimens taken in streams. The river perch may be at once distinguished by the heavy dark bars, and the dark greenish yellow color on the sides. So different are the two that I have several times heard persons speak of them as distinct species. The aversion of the river form to the lake water and vice versa , I have often seen strikingly illustrated. The river bed of the Calumet is so slightly above the lake that during a hard north or northeast storm the lake water gradually forces back the water in the river, — often for a number of miles — and, as the cold lake water fills the channel, the river perch retreat, and their places are supplied by the lake form. As the storm subsides the current of the river forces the lake water back, driving before it the lake perch, and the river perch are again found in their usual haunts. Genus Stizostedium , Raf. 17. S. americunum , (Val.) Gill. Pike Perch. Very common in Lake Michigan and the larger streams throughout the state. 18. S. griseum , ( DeK .) Milner. Gray Pike Perch. Very abundant in the larger streams. Whether it occurs in Lake Michigan or not I am un- certain. 19. S. salmoneum , (Raf.). Salmon Perch. Ohio river and large tributaries. (Jordan.) Genus Roccus , Mitch. 20. R. chrysops , (Raf.) Gill. White Bass. Exceedingly abundant in Lake Michigan. Common throughout the state. Genus Morone , Mitch. 21. M. interrupta , Gill. Short-striped Bass. A number of specimens in the collection from Mackinaw creek and the Illinois river. Genus Micropterus , Lac. 22. M. nigricans, (Guv.) Gill. Large-mouthed Black Bass. Found in (37) great abundance throughout the state, as far as I can learn. The young are found in myriads in the ditches draining the marshes along the Calumet river. 23. M. salmoides, {Lac..') Gill. Small-mouthed Black Bass. Like the preceding, found in all parts of the state, and in nearly equal numbers. Genus Centrarchus , Guv. 24. C. irideus , (Bose.) G. & V. Shining Bass. A single specimen, about three inches in length, is in the collection from a small stream flowing into the Mississippi, near Fountain Bluff, Southern Illinois. Genus Pomoxys , Raf. 25. P. hexacanthus , (G. & F.) Ag. Calico Bass. Very abundant in the streams and small lakes in Northern Illinois, where it almost, if not entirely, replaces the following. Much less numerous farther south. 26. P. annularis , Raf. Croppie. Very abundant in all the streams through Central and Southern Illinois. Genus Ambloplites , Raf. 27. A. rupestris , {Raf.') Gill. Rock Bass. Very abundant every- where collections have been made. Genus Ghaenobryttus , Gill. (= Glossopolites, Jord.) 28. C. gidosus, (C. & V.) Cope. (-=G. melanops, (Gir.) Jord.) Black Sun Fish. Prof. Forbes has found this species very common in the Illinois and tributaries^through Central Illinois. Specimens have also been taken in Lake Michigan by Prof. Jordan. Genus lelipomis , Raf. (= Ghaenobryttus, Grd.) 29. T. cyanellus , Raf. Blue Sun Fish. Very abundant throughout the state in both large and small streams. 30. T. microps , ( Grd.) Nelson. Common in the Calumet river in north- eastern, and tributaries of the Illinois in central and western parts of the state. 31. T. nephelus , {Cope) Nelson. Occurs rather uncommonly in the Wa- bash valley; very hardy and voracious. (Jordan.) Genus Ichthelis , Raf. 32. I. incisor, (G. & V.) Holbr. Blue Sun Fish. Abundant in all waters throughout the state. 33. 1. speciosus, (Grdt) Jord. Rather common in the western part of the state in tributaries of the Illinois and Mississippi. Also a few speci- mens are in the collection of the author from the Calumet river. Although this species approaches closely to incisor, yet certain tangible distinctions, sufficient to distinguish the two at sight, are always present as far as my observations have extended. 34. I. aquiliensis, ( Grd.) Nelson. A fine adult specimen is in the state collection from the Illinois, and a second less mature from the Fox river at Geneva is in my collection. (38) The following description is made from the adult specimen, seven inches long. Head, with flap, in length ; depth 2 1-6. Eye:=:snout, in head. The eye is large but smaller than the opercular spot, and not quite equal to inter-orbital space. D. I, 12; A. Ill, 10 ; dorsal spines rather short and stout, as long as from snout to middle of orbit. Second anal spine stout, third as long as dorsal spines. Pectorals and ventrals long, about reaching anal, the ventrals being the longer. V entral spine longer than dorsal spines. Body elongated, much elevated in front, heavy. General form and proportions of I. obscurus, (Ag.) Jord. Mouth wide for Ichthelis ; maxilla- ries reaching to line from middle of orbit; fins high, spines rather low but very stout. Occipital region very prominent and narrow in adult. The caudal peduncle about as long as wide in front. Color in alcohol, dusky, mottled with orange and blue ; cheeks with wide blue bands obscurely de- fined ; dusky dorsal and anal spot. Belly and lower fins with orange and yellow shades, in life apparently coppery yellow; each scale on sides and back with a blackish, longitudinal oblong spot resembling the markings of 1. inscriptus. Lower jaw and lower parts of cheeks a dull leaden blue, prob- ably brilliant in life ; blue line in front of and yellowish band around eye ; opercular spot large, flap very broad and black, with a very broad pale edge entirely surrounding the black ; the posterior width of edge more than half that of pupil ; scales very large and crowded. Lat. 1. 46 ; longitu- dinal rows 5-14; the lateral line very high; opercular scales large, those on cheeks moderate and six-rowed. Top of head flat and short, form- ing an angle with abruptly descending profile ; rim of orbit slightly elevated. Coloration resembling that of I. obscurus and Pomotis auritus. Its nearest relative is the former, from which it differs in the presence of blue lines on the cheeks, wider snout and widely margined opercular flap. The smaller specimen bears considerable resemblance to P. auritus , being less gibbous and having the opercular flap smaller ; it may be distinguished at once, how- ever, by the large mouth and pointed pharyngeals. 35. 1. macrochira , Pa/. Gilded Sun Fish. A few specimens have been examined from tributaries of the Illinois and the Wabash valley. 36. I. anagallinus , ( Cope.') Bliss. Bed-spotted Sun Fish. One speci- men in the collection from the Fox river. I. inscriptus probably occurs in the southern part of the state, but I have seen no specimen. 37. 1. megalotis , Raf. Long-eared Sun Fish. Bather common in the southern part of the state. 38. I. sanguinolentis , (Ag.) Bliss. Blue and Orange Sun Fish. Very abundant through the state, especially in northern part. Genus Pomotis , Raf. 39. P. auritus (L.) Gunth. Common Sun Fish. Very abundant in the northern part of the state. Prof. Jordan informs me that it does not occur in the Wabash valley. FAMILY APHREDODERIDAE. In the present article I have the pleasure of adding a second genus to ( 39 ) this unique family : and, in consequence of certain characters present in the newly discovered form, the family characters of this group must now read as follows : Fam. Char. Vent jugular or thoracic, either in front of or between the ventrals. Dorsal fin single, with three or four spines. Ventrals thoracic, without spines and with more than five soft rays. Some bones of head spinous; teeth on jaws and palate ; scales ctenoid ; branchiostegals six; coecal appendages about twelve ; air bladder simple. The following table shows the characters of the two genera of this family as they now stand ; . Aphredoderus . Vent jugular, in advance of ventral fins. Dorsal nearly equidistant between snout and caudal. Last anal spine short and rather slender. Sternotremia , Gen. Nov. Vent thoracic, between bases of ventral fins. Dorsal nearer snout than base of caudal. Last anal spine long and slender. Below is a comparison of the specific characters of the two forms. I may here express my thanks to Mr. F. W. Putnam for the specimen of A. aayanua from which the following description is made ; A. say anus, ( Gilliams ) DeK. Hab- itat, brooks near the coast from New York to Louisiana. Vent nearer lower jaw than to ven- trals, and less than twice the diameter of the eye from the junction of the gill membranes. Pectorals 1 3-5 in head. • Ventrals the same. Longest dor- sal ray the same. Longest dorsal spine 234 in head. Longest anal ray, 1 %. Longest anal spine, 2%. Caudal fin, 1 1-5. Diameter of caudal peduncle twice in head. Ventrals well separated, slightly decurrent. Vent opposite mid- dle of opercle. Longest anal spine less than from snout to middle of orbit. Scales consid- erably larger anteriorly, larger on opercle than on cheek. Lower posterior angle of cheeks about a right angle. Eye=snout, and also inter-orbital space. Ventrals considerably in front of dorsals. Distance from snout to anterior ray of dorsal 234 times base of dorsal. Scales on cheeks and opercles large and loose. S. isolepis , sp. nov. Habitat, small, weedy tributary to the Calumet river near Chicago, and small streams in South Illinois. Vent more than twice as far from lower jaw as from ventrals ; also more than three times the diameter of the eye from the junction of the gill mem- branes. Pectorals, 1 3-5 in head. Ventrals 1 %. Longest dorsal ray, 1%. Longest dorsal spine, 234- Longest anal ray, 1 %. Longest anal spine 2, and as long as from snout to posterior border of or- bit. Caudal fin 134 in head. Each scale with an edge of dark puncta- tions, forming fine longitudinal streaks or lines. Vent behind end ot opercle, and between bases of ventrals. Diameter of caudal peduncle in head. Scales on body nearly equal, being, if anything, a trifle larger on the caudal peduncle. Scales on opercle slightly larger than on cheeks, the latter being scattered and imbedded. Angle of cheeks rounded and more than a right angle. The distance from snout to anterior ray of dorsal less than twice the base of dorsal. Eye 134 times in inter-orbital space, and more than once in snout. Color of living specimen a clear green- ish olive, lighter below; becoming yel- lowish or orange on abdomen. ( 40 ) Branchiostegals, 6. Head in length, 3. Depth, 3 1-10. Eye in head, 4%. Dorsal, III, 11. Anal, III, 6. Yentrals, 7. Pectoral, 10. Lat. 1., 48. Longitudinal rows, 10-11. The largest specimen of Sternotremia from the dozen or more examined, is 2% inches; the? average is about 2 inches. FAMILY SCIAENIDAE. Genus Haploidonotus , Raf. 40. H. gruuniens , Raf. Sheepshead. Common in Lake Michigan and all the larger rivers. FAMILY COTTIDAE. Genus Cottopsis , Grd. 41. G. ricei , sp. nov.. Rice’s Cottus. Through my friend Mr. F. L. Rice, of Evanston, I am enabled to make the present interesting addition to the lake fauna. The only specimen seen is the type, which was picked up on the shore of Lake Michigan near Evanston, and placed in my hands for identification by Mr. Rice. Description : Head, 3 3-5 ; depth, 5 1-3 ; eye 4$, H in inter-orbital space and equals snout ; first dorsal 8, second dorsal and anal destroyed. Ventral I, 4; pectoral 15; palatine teeth present; body short and stout, head much depressed ; back almost terete. Body abruptly contracted oppo- site base of anal; tail very small, sub-terete. Outline tadpole-like. Jaws about equal ; mouth rather narrow ; jaws contracted and somewhat pro- duced ; head very broad and flat, broader than body, breadth greater than length ; depth half length. Eyes on upper surface, near together. Pre- opercular spine extremely large ; three times as large as in any other fresh water cottoid known ; as long as eye ; hooked backward and upward, giv- ing a buffalo-like appearance. Three spines hooked downward below the large spine ; the lower concealed. A strong spine hooked forward at base of opercles. Branchiostegals 6. Isthmus as wide as from snout to middle of orbit. Base of pectorals crescentic, their tips just short of anal. Rays all simple. Ventrals under pectorals, decurrent. Ventrals reaching f of the distance to vent. Profile rising rapidly to dorsal, which runs along a sort of carina. Dorsal beginning a trifle behind ventrals, just behind the head, about midway between snout and anal. Vent midway between snout and base of caudal. Depth at first ray of anal less than half length of head ; thickens at same point over £. Least depth { of head. Caudal peduncle extremely slender and sub- terete, suggesting a stickleback. Head smooth. Space above lateral line Branchiostegals, b. Head in length, 2%. Depth, 3 1-10. Eye in head, 4. Dorsal IV, 10. Anal, III, 6. Ventrals, 7. Pectorals, 10. Lat. 1., 44. Longitudinal rows, 8-10. The specimen of Aphredodereus meas- ures 3 inches. behind head covered with small stiff prickles hooked backwards, readily visible as small black specks when skin is dry. Length, 2 5-6. Color pale brown, irregularly spotted and mottled with darker brown, somewhat as in Lota. Pectorals mottled ; belly white ; spines spirally curved, forming half a spiral. The most peculiar characters are the strong spines of the preopercle and the smaller ones below, the carinated back and abruptly contracted body, forming the sub-terete caudal peduncle The prickles of the skin seem to be more developed than in the other described species. Genus TJranidea , DeK. U. hoyi , (Put.) Mss. Hoy’s Bull-Head. For the privilege of includ- ing this and the following species and descriptions 1 am indebted to the kindness of Dr. P. B. Hoy of Racine, Wisconsin : Description of an adult female taken twelve miles off Racine in forty- two fathoms of water, June 4, 1875, from a very accurate drawing by Mr. A. L. Kumlien : D. VI, 15 ; A. 11: V. I, 3 ; P. 13; C. 12; length 2 1-6 in , head 3i ; depth 4i. Width of head equals its length. Eye 34 ; body short, stout, broad and thick in front, very abruptly compressed behind. Fins all low. P. with lower rays rapidly shortening, reaching just to anal and beyond second dorsal. First dorsal low and small, f as long as soft part and connected by membrane at base. Lower jaw unusu- ally projecting. 43. U. kumlieni , (Hoy) Mss. Kumlien’s Bull Head. Deep water in Lake Michigan. D. VI, 17 ; A. 12 ; P. 14; V. 1, 3 ; head 34 ; depth 6. Body slen- der as in boleoides. Head large and long, its width a little over half its length, depth a little less. Eye large, equal to snout and 34 in head, more than two times in inter- orbital space. Pectoral base cresentic, the fin as long as head ; the lower rays rapidly shortening, reaching second or third dorsal ray and falling just short of anal ; fourth and fifth rays largest. No palatine teeth. Pre- opercular spine not much hooked, directed upwards and backwards. Vent midway between front of eye and base of caudal. Mouth wide, oblique : maxillary to middle of eye. Lower jaw projecting. First dorsal high, 5-6 second. Second spine longest, almost filamentous ; membrane connecting the dorsals. Caudal peduncle long and slender. Caudal narrow, f he d. Lat. 1. disappears under middle of second dorsal. Dorsal and anal high, their rays projecting. Length three inches. The above description is from one of Dr. Hoy’s types. Genus Peg e die h thy s , Raf. 44. P. alvordi , Grd. Common in the Rock river and probably in other streams. Genus Triglopsis , Grd. 45. T. thompsoni , Grd. Deep-water Sculpin. Deep water in Lake Michigan. ( 42 ) FAMILY GADIDAE. Genus Lota , Guv. 46. L. lacustris, (Mitch.') Gill. Eel-pout. Very abundant in Lake Mich- igan ; rare in the Ohio ( Jordan ), and in the Illinois (. Forbes ). FAMILY GASTEROSTEIDAE. Genus Eucalia, Jord. 47. E. inconstans, ( Kirt .) Jordan. Stickleback. Has been found rather common in small tributaries to Lake Michigan, and in Rock river, by Prof Jordan. 48. E. pygmaea , (Ag.) Jord. Occurs in Lake Michigan. {Jordan.') Genus Pygosteus , Brer. 49. P. nebulosus , ( Ag .) Jord. Many-spined Stickleback. Lake Michigan. (Jordan.) FAMILY ATHERINIDAE. Genus Labidesthes , Cope. 50. L sicculus , Cope. Silverside. This beautiful little species exists in the greatest abundance in the rivers and small streams tributary to the Illinois, in the western and central parts of the state. As far as 1 have learned, it does not occur in Lake Michigan or its tributaries. Neither does it occur in Rock river. Its centre of abundance seems to be the streams in the more strictly prairie region of the state. - FAMILY CYPRINODONTIDAE. Genus Fundulus , Lac. 51. F. diaphanus , (LeS.) Ag. Barred Minnow. Very abundant about the sandy mouths of tributaries to Lake Michigan, keeping in ‘‘schools” in the shallow water near the edge. Occurs in smaller numbers throughout the state, specimens having been taken in nearly all the large streams. Genus Zygonectes , Ag. 52. Z. notatus , (Pa/.) Jord. (=i/. olivaceus , Stor.) Top Minnow. Com- mon in the Illinois and smaller tributaries, and in most streams through the state, except in the tributaries of Lake Michigan. 53. Z. dispar , Ag. Striped Minnow. A number of specimens are in the state collection from the Illinois river at Pekin, and others from several small tributaries. The following is the description of an average specimen from the Illinois river at Pekin : Adult about 1 £ inches long. Head in length 3f ; dorsal 7. Depth in length 4i; anal 9. Lateral line 32 to 34; longitudinal rows 9. Eye longer than snout, 3 in head. Dorsal commencing slightly behind anal ; back flattened and plane with the top of the head, sloping from the dorsal to the end of the snout. Caudal peduncle broad, width l head. Colors (in alcohol) above and on sides olive ; vertebral line and top of head darker ; also a crescentic patch of dark brownish extending downward and obliquely backward from the lower posterior part of orbit. Entire head scaly, scales ( 43 ) on the top larger than those on the body. Sides of the scales on the body with longitudinal brown spots, forming very distinct, but rather narrow, brown, longitudinal lines. Along the center of each scale is a row of very fine brown dots, forming minute lines between the heavier ones along the borders of the scales. Beneath, in front of the anal fin, orange yellow. FAMILY UMBRIDAE. Genus Melanura , Linn . 54. M. limi , ( Kirt .) Ag. Mud Minnow. Exceedingly numerous in prairie sloughs and sluggish streams in the northeastern part of the state. It is also of very rare occurrence in the streams through the state tributary to the Ohio, where it is occasionally taken. FAMILY ESOCIDAE. Genus Esox , Linn. 55. E. nobilior, Thomp. Muskellunge. Bather common in Lake Michigan, and reported to occur in some of the small lakes in the northern part of the state. 56. E. lucius, var. estor , ( LeS .) Lake Pike. Very abundant throughout the northern part of the state. 57. f? E. boreus , Ag. Several specimens, about seven inches long, are in the collection of the writer, from the Fox river at Geneva. 58. E. salmoneus , Raf. Little Pickerel. Abundant throughout the state. 59. E. cypho , Cope. A single specimen, in good condition, from the Fox river at Geneva, agrees in every way with Prof. Cope’s description of this species (Proc. A. N. S., Phil., 1865, p. 78), with the exception that the bars and dots are obsolete in my specimen. Although Prof. Cope has referred this to a previously described species, yet so marked are its char- acteristics, that several who have examined my specimen have at once re- ferred it to this species. 60. E. umbrosus , Kirt. Four specimens from the Fox river at Geneva, — Prof. Cope’s Var. A. of this species. (Trans. A., Ph. Soc., 1866.) This species approaches closely to salmoneus , and may eventually be reduced to a variety of that species. FAMILY PERCOPSIDAE. Genus Per cop sis, Ag. 61. P. guttatus , Ag. Trout Perch. Numerous in Lake Michigan, and of rare occurrence in the larger rivers. FAMILY SALMONIDAE. Genus Salmo , Linn. 62. S. salar * L. Great Sea Salmon. Fox river at Aurora and near Elgin. 63. S. quinnat ,* Rich. California Salmon. Fox river at Aurora and near Elgin. * As this paper is passing through the press, 1 learn from Dr. W. A,. Pratt, of Elgin, that he has taken these two species this summer, at the localities given. I therefore take the liberty of inserting them in this list. — S. A. Forbes. ( 44 ) 64. S' namaycush, Penn. Lake Trout. Abundant in Lake Michigan. Genus Argyrosomus , Ag. 65. A. clupeiformis , ( Mitch .) Ag. Lake Herring. Very abundant in Lake Michigan. The sisco (A. sisco, Jord.) undoubtedly occurs in the deep sandy lakes in the northeastern part of the state. 66. A. nigripinnis , Gill. Black-fin. Common in deep water in Lake Michigan. 67. A. hoy i, Gill. Lake Michigan Sisco. Found in deepwater in Lake Michigan. Genus Coregonus , Linn. 68 O. albus, LeS. White-fish. Very abundant in Lake Michigan. FAMILY HYODONTIDAE. Genus Hyodon , LeS. 69. H. tergisus , LeS. Moon-eye. Common in Lake Michigan and in all the large streams throughout the state. FAMILY CLUPEIDAE. Genus Alosa , Guv. 70. A. sapidissima, ( Wils.) Stor. Common Shad. Has been intro- duced into one or two streams in the northern part of the state ; but whether it thrives or not, has not been proven. Genus Pomolobus , Raf. 71. P' clirysochrous , Raf. Ohio Shad Found in the Ohio and Mississippi rivers, and sometimes ascends the Illinois. It is also accredited to Lake Michigan by Mr. J. N. Milner. Genus Dorosoma , Raf. 72. D. notatum , Raf. Gizzard Shad. Very common in the rivers in the southern and central parts of the state, and, since the opening of the canal connecting the Chicago river with the Illinois, has found its way, with the preceding, into Lake Michigan. For some time previous to this date, ^December 2nd ', the young, from three to four inches long, have been frequenting, in considerable numbers, a “slip” extending from the Chicago river to one of the City Water Works buildings. The attraction to the fishes appears to be the hot water which runs into the “slip” from the Water Works engines. As the fishes swim about in this warm water, they strike the hot stream as it flows in, and many are killed. The opening of the above mentioned canal will have considera- ble influence upon the distribution of the lake and river fishes, and numer- ous species will in all probability take advantage of the communication be- tween the Mississippi and the great lakes. This undoubtedly accounts for the occurrence of Chaenobryttus gulosus in Lake Michigan, as well as of the two preceding species. FAMILY CYPRINIDAE. Genus Campostoma , Ag. 73. C. anomalum , (Raf.) Ag. Stone Roller. Occurs in the greatest abundance throughout the state, although perhaps more rarely in the vicinity >fLc 3 Michigan. This species, as defined by Prof. Jordan (Man. Vert. An., ). 275,, exhibits a great amount of variation, and may eventually be sep- irated into two. ex- Genus Pimephales , Raf. 74. P. promelas, Raf. Black-head. Apparently rare. I have [amine d but three specimens from Illinois ; two in the state collection, from | Bailey’s creek, in Central Illinois, and one in the collection of my friend, j Mr. E. L Bice, obtained near Evanston, in a ditch. y 75. P. milesii , Cope. Approaches very closely to the preceding I !pecies, and one of the central Illinois specimens possesses characters almost ! ntermediate between the two forms. Genus Hyborhynchus , Ay. ^6. H. notatus , ( Raf I) Ag. Blunt-nosed Minnow. Very numerous throughout the state. Genus Hybognathus , Ag. 77 . JEf. nuchalis, Ag. Blunt-jawed Minnow. Apparently rather un- common ; a few specimens in the state collection from central Illinois j 78. H. argyritis, Grd. Silvery Minnow. Much more numerous than bhe preceding. Specimens are in state collection, from central Illinois ; and Prof. J ordan informs me that it is common in the larger streams in the Vabash and Ohio valleys. Genus Ericymba , Cope. 79. E. buccata , Cope. Silver-mouthed Dace. Very abundant in the Vabash valley; but no specimens are in the statd collection from the western streams tributary to the Mississippi. Genus Semotilus , Raf. 80. S. corporalis , (Mitch.') Put. Horned Dace. Abundant through- out the state. Genus Ceratichthys , Bd. 81. C. oiguttatuS) (Kirt.) Bd. (z=.C.melanotus,Raf.) Horned Chub. Abundant everywhere. 82. C. dissimilis , (Kirt.) Cope. Spotted Shiner. Common in tributa- ries of the Wabash and Illinois. Genus Rhinichthys , Ag. 88. R. nasutus , (Ayres) Ag. Long-nosed Dace Occurs in tributa- ries to Lake Michigan. (Jordan.) 84. R. maxillosus , Cope. Sharp-nosed Dace. Two specimens in the >tate collection, from Lake Michigan at Chicago, and another, in my col- ection, from a small tributary of the lake at Waukegan. This species ,, s at once distinguished from its relatives, by its long slender form, narrow- oointed head and peculiarly shaped head and snout. The body is more learly cylindrical than usual in this genus. 85. R. atronasus , (Mitch.). Ag. Black-nosed Dace. Specimens in the state collection, from tributaries of the Illinois ; and others from clear tributaries of Lake Michigan, are in the collection of the author. (46) 86. R. lunatus, Cope. Fork-tailed Dace. Specimens from Rock river are in Prof. Jordan’s collection. 87. R. meleagris, Ag. A very large number of specimens of this species are in the state collection, from Bailey’s creek, McLean county, where Prof. Forbes found them in abundance. Agassiz’s description is so incomplete that I insert the following from one of the Illinois specimens. The species is well marked, and may be easily recognized. A few specimens were taken in the V ermilion river : Head 2 2-5 in length ; depth 4*. Eye small, 5 in head. D. I, 7 ; A. I, 6. The barbels are long and distinct. The snout projects considerably, overlapping the lower jaw. Dorsal much nearer tail than tip of snout. Upper half of body dark, sharply outlined by the light of the under parts. The dark mottlings are not so profuse as in most of the species. The body is stout, deeper and thicker than in most members of the genus. Genus Pfienacobius , Cope. 88. P. teretulus , Cope , var. liosternus , Nelson. A number of specimens of this form are in the state collection, from small streams in McLean county, where it appears not to be uncommon. The following is the description of the adult : Head 4£ in length: depth 4f. Eye 4£ in head. D. I, 7 ; A. I, 7 ; ventrals 8. Lateral line 43 to 45 ; longitudinal rows 5-4 ; scales in front of dorsal, 16 ; length 3 inches. Dorsal in front of ventrals, much nearer snout than caudal. Scales in front of dorsal small. Intestine short, peri- toneum pale. Head long; mouth inferior, lateral line first decurved, then straight. Pectorals do not extend to ventrals, ventrals reach vent. Teeth 4-4, hooked. Color olive above, sides bright silvery overlying a plumbeous shade ; a small but distinct caudal spot. Thoracic region entirely naked. Lips fleshy, as in the Catostomidae. Genus Hybopsis , Ag. 89. H. storerianus , ( Kirt .) Ag. Storer’s Minnow. Two specimens in my collection, from Lake Michigan at Chicago. The following is the de- scription of one of the specimens : Head in length 4f ; depth 4f ; eye in head 3 times, and longer than snout ; very large and white. D. I, 8 ; A. I, 7. Lat. 1. 40. Dorsal over ventrals, nearer snout than to caudal ; 20 large scales in front of dorsal : lateral line nearly straight ; pale above, sides bright silvery : intestine short ; peritoneum white. This species presents much the appearance^of amarus , Grd. 90. H. hudsonius, (Clint.') Put. Spawn-eater. Occurs in Lake Michi- gan. (Jordan.) 91. H. tuditanus, Cope. Described from Lake Michigan. I have seen no specimens. 92. H. stramineus , Cope. Very common in creeks through centra) Illinois, and probably occurs elsewhere, but no specimens have been taken. 93. H. volucellus , Cope. Specimens have been received from the Rock and Pecatonica rivers, by Prof. H. E. Copeland. (47) 94. H. fraetensis, Cope. Specimens in state collection, from Ogle and McLean counties, where it appears to he common. 95. H. haema turns, Cope. Tributaries to Lake Michigan. (Jordan.) Genus Hemitremia , Cope. 96. H. heterodon , Cope. Northern Hemitremia. Exceedingly numer- ous in Lake Michigan and the Calumet river. It also occurs in the Fox river at Geneva. Genus Chrosomus , Raf. 97. G. erythrogaster , Raf. Red-bellied Minnow. Everywhere com- mon in clear streams. Specimens have been examined from all parts of the state. Genus Phoxinus , Raf. 98. P. neogaeus , Cope. New World Minnow. A single specimen ob- tained in the Fox river at Geneva. Genus Gila , B. & G. 99. G. elongata , ( Kirt .) Jord. Red-sided Minnow. Found rather sparingly through the state. Genus Lythrurus , Jord. 100. L. diplaemiusj (Raf.) Jord. Red-fin. Rather common through central and southern Illinois, but I have seen no specimens from the north- ern part, although it may occur. 101. L. cyanocephalus , Copeland , Mss. The type specimens were re- ceived from the Rock river by Prof. Copeland. Genus Luxilus , Raf. 102. L. cornutus , (Mitch.) Jord. Shiner. Everywhere abundant. Genus Cyprinella, Grd. (z=RPlar gyrus , Raf .) 103. C. galacturus , Cope. Slender Silver-fin. Abundant in Rock- river and tributaries of the Illinois, and south. Genus Photogenis , Cope. 104. P. scabricep*, Cope. Rough-headed Shiner. Tributaries of the Wabash and Ohio. (Jordan.) Genus Minnilus , Raf. 105. M. rubrifrons , ( Cope) Jord. Rosy-faced Minnow. Specimens are in the state collection from the Illinois and several of its tributaries, and it also occurs in the Wabash valley. 106. M. dilectus , (Grd.) Jord. Delectable Minnow. This species does not seem to be numerous at any place. A few specimens are in the state collection from Lake Michigan, and others from tributaries of the Illinois in McLean county. 107. M. amabilis, (Grd.) Nelson. Four specimens of this species are in the state collection from Pine Creek, Ogle county. The following is a description of one of the above specimens — all being alike : Head 4 in length; depth 4f ; eye equals snout, 3^ in head. Dorsal I, 7. Lat. 1. 39 or 40. Anal I, 10. Olive above, sides bright silvery over- (48 ) laying a well defined plumbeous band, along the lower border of which is the lateral line. Body considerably compressed ; color usually dark ; a dark dorsal stripe ; five or six rows of scales above lateral line ; traces of a black- ish spot at base of caudal ; eye moderate. M. megalops, ( Grd.) Jord. is the nearest relative, from which amabilis differs by its smaller eye and more pointed head, besides minor characters. Megalops is abundant in the rivers of Georgia, Prof. Jordan informs me. 108. M. rubellus, (Ag.) Jord. Rosy Minnow. Exceedingly abund- ant in Lake Michigan and all the larger streams through the state. 109. M. dinemus , Raf. Emerald Minnow. Very common in the Fox river at Geneva, and occurs in most of the larger streams through the state. Genus Notemigonus, Raf. 110. N. americanus, (L.) Jord. Shiner. Abundant everywhere. Genus Carassius, Nil. 111. C. auratus, (A.) Bleeker. Gold Fish. This species has become naturalized in several of our rivers. FAMILY CATOSTOMIDAE. Genus Cat,osto7nus, LeS. 112. C /. teres, ( Mit .) LeS. Common Sucker. Common everywhere throughout the state. A form with a shorter head, and presenting other slight peculiarities occurs in Lake Michigan. This will probably form a variety, but a lack of a sufficient series of specimens has prevented any satisfactory conclusion being reached. 113. C. hudsonius, LeS. Northern Sucker. A single specimen of this species is in the state collection from Rock river, at Oregon. In this specimen the head is 4 in length ; the lat. 1. 100 : D. 11 ; A. 7 : thus answering closely to Agassiz’s C. aurora .* Genus Hypentelium, Raf. 114. H. nigricans, ( LeS .) Jord. Hammer-head. Abundant every- where throughout the state. Genus Erimyzon, Jord. 115. E. oblongus, (Mit.) Jord. Chub Sucker. Common in Lake Mich- igan and most of the rivers throughout the state. The young of this species have the fins tinged with red, and possess a jet-black lateral band. 116. E. melanops, {Raf.) Jord. Striped Sucker. Common throughout the state. One of the main characters upon which this genus is based proves to be very uncertain, /. e., the absence of the lateral line. In the state collection are specimens of this species which are entirely without a trace of the lateral line ; others possess it upon one side only, and others have it upon both sides — generally more or less interrupted, however. Other characters are present which will sustain the separation of this group from related genera, unless new points of connection should be observed. Lake Superior, p. 360, pi. 11. (49) Genus Teretulus, Raf. (— Moxostoma , Raf.) 117. T. duquesnii , ( LeS .) GYope. Red-horse. Common throughout the state. 118. T. aureolum , {LeS.) Raf. Grolden Mullet. Abundant in Lake Michigan and the Calumet river. 119. T. anisurus, { Raf ) Nelson. Carp Mullet. Specimens are in the state collection from the Illinois river. 120. T. macrolepidotum , {LeS.) Nelson. Apparently not very com- mon. Specimens in the state collection, from the Illinois and Wabash rivers. (Jordan.) 121. T. carpio, {Val.) Nelson. Silvery Mullet. Lake Michigan and the larger rivers. Not common. 122. T. velatum, ( Cope) Nelson. Common in all the larger tribu- taries of the Illinois and Mississippi. Genus Placopharynx , Cope. 123. P. carinatus, Cope. Cope’s Sucker. Common in the Wabash river (Jordan.) Genus Ichthyobus , Raf. There can be no doubt of the propriety of uniting the two genera Ichthyobus and Carpiodes , since a series of specimens will form so complete a junction between the characters assigned to each that it is impossible to distinguish the dividing line. They have already been united by Prof. Cope, but as Ichthyobus has priority over Carpiodes , it must stand instead of the* latter. The following is the relation in which they were first issued : Ictiobus, Raf. Ich. Oh., 1820, p. 55, n. subg., type Amblodon bubalus, Raf., 1818. Carpiodes , Raf. Ich. Oh., 1820, p. 56, n. subg. type Catost. cyprinus, LeS., 1818. 124. I. velifer, { Raf '.) Nelson. Sail Fish. Not uncommon in the Ohio and Mississippi rivers. Specimens in the state collection. 125. I. dijformis, {Cope.) Nelson. Found in Lake Michigan and the large rivers through the state. 126. I. bison , {Ay.) Nelson. Buffalo Carp. Found in the large rivers. 127. 1. thompsoni , {. Ag .) Nelson. Lake Carp. Common in Lake Michigan. 128. 1. carpio , [Raf.) Nelson. Olive Carp Sucker. A single speci- men seen from the Ohio river at Cairo. 129. I. bubalus , {Raf.) Ag. Brown Buffalo. Common in ail the large rivers through the state. 130. 1. cyanellus, sp. nov. Blue Buffalo. A number of specimens of this species are in the state collection, from the Illinois river, and in Prof. Jordan’s collection, from the Mississippi at St. Louis. The following is the description, taken from several specimens, measuring from 8 to 9i inches in length : Head about 3£ in length. Depth 2£ to 2 5-6. Eye 4$ to 51 in head. Dorsal I, 30 and I, 8. Ventrals 10. Lat. 1. 38. Longitudinal rows 7-5 to 7-6. Body compressed, high. Anteriorly broad, compressed be- (50) hind. Longest ray reaching 18th ray. Pectorals shorter than ventrals, both shorter than head. Anal scarcely reaching candal ; head very short, high and thick ; its thickness f length, depth 1 1-5 in length. Mouth quite small, oblique, and overlapped by a slightly projecting snout. Man- dible short, 4 in head. Opercle becoming wrinkled with age. Head small, short and thick ; muzzle obtuse, conic, not twice the length of eye. Anterior ray of dorsal, in type from Illinois river, slightly nearer snout than base of caudal. In specimens from St. Louis the dorsal is about equi-distant. Color above light steel blue in adults, becoming lighter be- low. Young lighter with distinct stripes along the rows of scales. Al- though the species is described from specimens but nine inches long, when fully grown it undoubtedly reaches similar dimensions to its congeners. Genus Bubalichthys , Ag. 131. B. niger , (Raf.) Ay. Buffalo Fish. Bather common in the large rivers throughout the state. Genus Gycleptus , Raf. 132. C. elongatus , (LeS.) Ag. Black-horse. Occurs in the large rivers throughout the state. FAMILY SILURIDAE. Genus Ictalurus , Raf. 133. I. punctatus , (if af.) Jord. Channel Cat. Occurs more or less commonly throughout the state. 134. i. furcatus , (LeS.) Gill. Great Fork-tailed Cat. Occurs in the large rivers in the western and southern parts. Genus Amiurus, Raf. 135. A. confinis , ( Grd .) Gill. Several specimens are in the state collection from the Illinois and tributaries, where it is rather common. 136. A. pullus, (BeK.) Gill. Black Bull-head. Several specimens in the state collection from the Illinois and tributaries. Not uncommon. 137. A. atrarius, (BeK.) Gill. Northern Bull-head. Common in Lake Michigan and rivers in the northern part of the state. 138. A. albidus , (LeS.) Gill. Brown Cat Fish. Our commonest species ; abundant throughout the state. 139. A. vulgaris , (Thomp.) Nelson. (z=zA. dekayi , Gir. and A. aelurus , Gir.) A few specimens have been taken in tributaries of the Illinois in the central part of the state. 140. A. cupreus, (Raf.) Gill. Yellow Cat. Common in the Illinois and tributaries, and south. Genus Hopladelus , Raf. 141. H. olivaris, (Raf.) Gill. Mud Cat. Not uncommon in the Ohio and Mississippi rivers. Genus Noturus , Raf. 142. NC jlavus , Raf. Very common throughout the state. 143. N. mar ginatus, Baird. Margined Cat. Common in the Wabash valley and south. (Jordan.) (51) 144. N. exilis , sp. nov. Slender Cat. Rare. Three specimens were obtained in McLean county by Prof. Forbes, the only ones seen. These specimens present the following characteristics : Head in length 4i ; depth 6^ in length. Eye 4 f in head. Dorsal I, 6; Anal 1, 5. Ventrals 8 or 9. Inter orbital space 3i in length of head. Dorsal a trifle nearer snout than anal. From snout to dorsal 3} in total length. Dorsal as high as long, and If in head. Dorsal spine small, 3i in head. Pectoral spine 2\ in head Width of head 1£ in length ; depth 2| in length of head. Base of anal 1^ in head. FAMILY ANGUILLIDAE. Genus Anguilla , Thunb. 145. A. vulgaris , var. rostrata, (LeS.) Nelson. Common Eel. Occurs in Lake Michigan and most of the larger streams through the state, but is far from common anywhere. FAMILY AMILDAE. Genus Amia , Linn. 146. A. calva, L. Dog Fish. Abundant throughout the state. FAMILY LEPIDOSTEIDAE. Genus Lepidosteus , Lac. 147. L. osseus , (A.) Ag. Gar Pike. This is far the most common species in Lake Michigan and the Calumet river, where it is very abundant. It also occurs throughout the state. 148. L. platystomus, Raf. Short-nosed Gar. Occurs through- out the state, but is much more abundant in Illinois and south. Genus Litholepis , Raf. 149. L. adama,nteus , Raf. Alligator Gar. Common in the Ohio and Mississippi rivers, occasionally straying up smaller rivers into the in- terior of the state. FAMILY POLYODONTIDAE. Genus Polyodon , Lac. 150. P. folium , Lac. Duck-billed Cat. Common in central and southern Illinois in the larger streams. Rare in the northern part of the state. FAMILY ACIPENSERIDAE. Genus Acipenser , Linn. 151. A. maculosus , LeS. Sturgeon. Very abundant in Lake Mich- igan and the larger rivers throughout the state. 152. A. rubicundus , LeS. Lake Sturgeon Very common in Lake Michigan, ascending Calumet river in winter. Genus Scaphirhynchops , Gill. 153. S. platyrhynchus , ( Raf 1) Gill. Shovel-nosed Sturgeon. Com- mon in the southern part of the state in the Ohio and Mississippi rivers. (52) FAMILY PETROMYZONTIDAE. Genus Petromyzon , Linn. 154. P. niger , Small Black Lamprey. Very common in many localities through northern Illinois, ascending small streams in spring from Lake Michigan and the rivers. Genus Ichthyomyzon , Gir. 155. I. argenteus , ( Kirt .) Grd. Silvery Lamprey. Lake Michigan and large rivers throughout the state. 156. I. hirudo, Grd . A single specimen in the state collection from the Ohio at Cairo. UPON PARASITIC FUNGI. BY T. J. BURRILL, ( Professor of Botany and Horticulture in the Illinois Industrial University.) Many doubt the action of microscopic fungi in causing diseases of higher plants and animals. Indeed it has only been in our century, and mostly in the latter part of it, that botanists have distinguished these minute parasites as independent plants. Schleiden (1) in a work written about 1845 said, u I cannot regard the true Uredines, etc., ( Coniomycetes ) as independent plants. Meyen (2) observed the formation of Uredo maidis as an abnormal process of cell formation in the interior of the cells of the parent plant ; and, in this respect, my own observations on Elymus arena- rius coincide with his.” Unger (3) in 1833 sought to prove that the so-called fungi were changed conditions of diseased tissues ; and Fries in a classic work upon fungi, holds similar views. But the matter is not left undecided The improvements in micro- scopes, and in methods of tracing the life history of low organisms, have for- ever settled the doubts in the minds of scientific men. Nothing can be more satisfactory in the way of evidence, than to see with one’s own eyes the spores germinating, penetrating the plant tissues, find in due time producing again spores like the < riginal ones. This has been done again and again, and may be seen by any one who will take the trouble to follow, day by day, the de- velopment of any of the hundreds always and everywhere at hand. Their 1. Principles of Scientific Botany, London, 1849, p. 151. 2. Ueber die Entwickelung des Gretreidebrandes in der Mais-Pflanzen, Weig- mans Archiev., 1837, p. 419. 3. Die Exantheme des Pflanzen, Wein, 1833, p. 356. (53) effects, likewise, may thus be observed, obliging the most skeptical to admit the agency of the parasites in causing the malady to which attention is given. Probably Prevost first discovered the fact, that the spores of fungi germinate. This was in the first decade of our century. Since then many eminent naturalists have given abundant testimony as to the true parasitism of species, and of their individuality as such. We may, without disparag- ment to others, mention the names of Leville (4), Tulasne (5), Berkeley (6), and M. Bary (7) as authorities, whose writings have conclusively established the fact that these parasites do cause the maladies attrib- uted to them. Iiobin (8) and Leidy (9; have published prominent treaties on the vegetable parasites upon living animals. Observers in this field are now much more numerous than ever before and, having the advantage of the former contributions, are gaining rapidly in the knowledge of kinds and of the injuries caused by these small but in no wise insignificant organisms. Preventives and cures naturally follow investigations of cause. They certainly cannot precede the latter except by accident • hence, if any one feels like asking “ What use ? ” let him possess himself in patience ; — in the coming time, man will assert his dominion here as well as elsewhere over the natural world. Something has already been done. The vine disease in Europe has been kept down by the use of sulphur, as are the rose and verbena mildews in green-houses. Some- times prevention is attained by removing promptly attacked parts, as in the case of the peach-rot, and, as further detailed below, sometimes by destroy- ing the spores of the fungus, as in the bunt of wheat. Cultivators now often unconsciously scatter the germs and ignorantly provide ways and means for their development. The march or migration of a parasite of this kind is sometimes as well marked as that of an injurious species of insect. Puccinia malvacearum , Mont., affecting cultivated hollyhocks, has been traced from South America through the United States To England and thence to the continent as certainly as the Colorado potato beetle has across our territory. Timely, intelligent action in such cases might avert great disas- ter. Had this fungus attacked the cotton plant, as it was feared it would, what estimate could be placed upon the loss ! What money- value is de- stroyed in our own state by rust (. Puccinia graminis , Pers .) on wheat, oats, etc.; what discouraging losses by the multitudinous blights upon our cultivated crops, many of which are known, and others supposed to be, caused by para- sitic fungi ! 4. Annales des Sc. Naturelles, 1839, etc.; and “Mycologie,” and “Uredines,” in Diet. d’Hist. Nat., par D’Orbigny. 5. Annales des Sc. Naturelles, 3 ser., tome VII, 1847 ; 4 ser., tome II, 1854. 6. Introduction to Cryptogamic Botany, London, 1857, p. 261. Outlines of British Fungology, London, 1860, p. 68. 7. Ueber der Brandpilze, 1853. Morphologie und Physiologie der Pilze, 1866, and many papers in Annales des Sciences Naturelles and elsewhere. 8. Historie Naturelle des Vegetaux Parasites qui croissent sur Phomme et sur les animaux vivants, par Charles Robin, Paris, 1853. 9. A Flora and Fauna Within Living Animals, by Joseph Leidy, Smithsonian Cont. to Knowl., Vol. 5, 1853. Aside from what may be called the practical value of the study, in- cluding that which leads to the better understanding of the higher forms of living things, these microscopic creations have many attractions for the stu- dent. Nature is always, and to every one, interesting ; her pursuit is alluring in the highest degree. To see rare forms men traverse oceans and make pil- grimages over continents ; but here are countless unseen living things, under our feet, on every side, in the air we breathe, in the food we eat, on plants, on animals, germinating and propagating under our own finger nails and even in our mouths, possessing a variety of form and structure, often curious and beautiful, never equalled by art and not surpassed in nature. Their wonderful life-histories stimulate inquiry, engage and enchain the attention. He who possesses a microscope, with the ability and opportunity to use it, need never wander from his own door to find an abundance of material awaiting his researches, and entertaining and instructive biogra- phies ready for his pursuit. (10.) The Peronosporee. (11). Among the pests to the cultivators of fields and gardens, the members of this family maintain a bad pre-eminence. None have attracted more attention from the injuries they do to important plants, and from their peculiar and interesting life-history. Formerly classed in widely different groups on account of their difference in structure, ihe species have been united from their agreement in development. All produce conidia , — naked spores borne upon the tips of erect filaments or kyphae, — which in some cases germinate directly and sometimes give origin to some half-dozen zoospores. The latter are small, more or less globular bodies, capable of rapid movements in water by means of two long cilia, which they lash from side to side with astonishing rapidity. They thus swim in a drop of rain or dew some minutes or hours ; then, losing the pro- pelling hairs, settle down, and under favorable circumstances germinate like the conidia by protruding one or more slender tubes, which penetrate the tissues of the supporting plant and become the mycelium or vegetative threads of the fungus. Besides, through the conidia and their offspring, the zoospores, these particular plants have another method of reproduction. The term oospore has been given to a fruit-body found to arise from the conjoined action of two separate ceils of the mycelium. This is a sexual process well known among the algae or sea-weeds, but not yet well made out in most fungi, and analogous to the production of seed in flowering plants by the united action of stamen and pistil. The cell producing the oospore is called a gonosphere or oogonium , and its partner an antheridium. The oospores are found on or in the tissues of the host, sometimes only upon one of several plants that the conidia are found upon. Unlike the latter, they lie dormant for some months, but, like them, finally give origin to 10. Cooke’s little book on Rust, Smut, Mildew and Mould is an excellent one for a beginner. 11. The plants enumerated in this paper are from collections made by the author between September 21st and and October 16th, 1876, mostly from the area of ground upon which he makes his home. Any collector will perceive that more of the Uredmes and other families are omitted than are mentioned. (55) zoospores which appear identical with those produced by the conidia. The office of the oospore appears to be to pass the winter. The family consists of two genera, Feronospora and Cystopus. The species of the former have the appearance of moulds, producing conidia singly or in clusters at the tips of the fertile threads, while those of the latter occur as white pustules on leaves, bearing the conidia in moniliform strings, the fertile hyphae or threads having no prominence. Generally the mycelium of both has curious processes, termed kauptoria, penetrating the cells of the supporting plant, as shown in Plate II, Fig 7. The threads themselves, when first emitted from the spore as well as when buried and ramified in the tissues, often pen- etrate the cell through and through, being found at considerable distances from the diseased-looking spots upon which the fruiting threads appear. Over forty species of Feronospora have been described, of which only six are known to exist in the United States. Many others probably await the researches of botanists. Of the six, three, by far the most common ones, are in the present described collection. Feronospora in/estans, Mont., ( Plate II, Fig. 8.) Very common on potatoes and tomatoes. It has also been found on Bittersweet ( Solanum dulcamara ), and even upon a not closely related plant, Anthoceris viscosa (12) belonging to the Scrophulariaceae. This is by far the most famous, or in- famous, of the species of this genus, causing the well known and often dreaded potato rot. Its history has been often told (13), but a new chapter was added last year by Worthington G. Smith (14), of England. Previously the oospores had not been found as such, and so much search had been made for them that it was quite generally believed that they must exist upon some other supporting plant. Clover, among others, was suspected. The finding of them in the tissues of the leaves and stalks of the potato settled the doubt and bids growers beware of leaving the old potato top to breed the pestilence another year. F. gangliformis. Berk, ( Plate II, Fig. 3.) Common on lettuce and some allied composite ( Lactuca altissima and Nabalus albus. Farlow.') Zoospores not observed. Conidia germinating and penetrating young leaves, the tissues usually decaying from above downward until the whole plant is involved and becomes a slushy, putrescent mass. This parasite is especially destructive in forcing-houses. Several hundred dollars worth of lettuce was lost by one propagator here last winter from this fungus (15). The only cure now known is to keep the atmosphere as dry as practicable and remove very carefully the diseased leaves. P. viticola , B. & C. ( Plate II., Figs. 6 & 7.) Common on grape leaves, and becoming very destructive in this vicinity, worse apparently 12. Farlow, Synopsis of the Peronosporeae of the United States, Bulletin of the Bussey Institution, p. 426. 13. Smith, Ohio A g. Report, 1872, Essays, etc., p. 20. 14. Farlow, Gardener’s Monthly, Nov. 1875, p. 274. Smith, Ohio A g. Report, 1862, Essays, etc., p 20. 15. Smith, Gardener’s Chronicle, July 17, 1875, p. 69. Quarterly Journal of Microscopic Science, October, 1875. 16. Farlow on the American Grape Vine Disease. Bulletin Bussey Institution, p. 415. (56) upon the smooth-leaf varieties. The Clintons were nearly or quite killed by it the last two summers. This seems to be a native American, and has often been mistaken for Erysiphe tuckeri, Berk , which constitutes the vine disease in Europe, — a mistake which has led to an error and disap- pointment in its treatment. Sulphur proves effectual in case of the Erysiphe , but it lives upon the surface of the leaf, not in the tissues, as does our plant. Notwithstanding the continued failures, cultivators still are known who spend their time and money with the sulphur remedy, showing again the importance of the knowledge of the species and their habits. But, un- fortunately, a practicable remedy is not now known. The condia produce zoospores, which swim in water some fifteen minutes, then germinate. The oospores are found among the cells of the leaf in autumn. If all the old diseased leaves could be burned, a preventive would be attained. During the last winter (1874-5) a parasite (Plate I, Figs. 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11) was noticed upon many of the plants in the green-house belonging !w the Illinois Industrial University. A few of the diseased leaves being taken home for examination, although they were exposed but a few minutes in a room with previously healthy window plants, the same disease soon ap- peared upon the latter ; — a case of the unwitting distribution of disease germs by man. Our real study of this species commenced, however, in October, 1876, when it reappeared in both the localities just named. In one case a box of earth in which some affected plants grew last year (winter of ’75-6) was left dry during the summer and some healthy plants replaced in the box in October, 1876. Every care practicable was taken to see that these plants were sound and to exclude infection from any other source. In a week’s time there was evidence in abundance of the same parasite. The conidia are now known to germinate when at least one month old, but did they lie dormant all summer? Sup- posed oospores were found in the petals of Salvias, and figured (Plate I. Fig. 10.) This body is 1-500 in. in diameter, with an apparent hyaline reticulated epispore and a yellowish included spheroid. The fertile hyphse are dingy or smoky colored, torulose when dry, septate, simple or branched, bearing conidia in dense clusters on the sides and tips of the rigid, blunt extremities. Conidia oval, pappillate, slightly tinted, 1-1800 by 1-2660 in. Believing the plant to be an undescribed Peronospora , it was christened P. fumosa ; but later examination, since the figure was made, makes it question- able about the so-called oospore being such. If not, the plant may belong to the aforetime related genus Poltactis , Link , in which case its parasitism on living plants is an anomaly. The conidia germinate in water, often cmit- ing two or three tubes. Zoospores not seen. On the leaf the germinating tubes run over the surface or penetrate through the cells to the interior. In about five days from the sowing, the fertile hyphae appear with their conidia. They arise from the stomata or from the external mycelium. Sometimes the conidial hyphae do not appear until the leaf or young stem is in an advanced state of decay. On some plants only unhealthy or fallen leaves appear to be affected. Salvias, Geraniums, Centaureas, Senecios and others of diverse orders suffer from its attacks, while as many as twenty kinds have been found living or dead with the fungus upon them. Had time (57) permitted, I should have been glad to submit this plant to the inspection of others before, perhaps, thus exposing my own incapacity. The only similar figure which I have seen is in Schleiden’s Principles of Scientific Botany, London, 1849, Plate 2, Fig. 8. This cannot be the plant. Of the four recorded United States species of Cystopus, three were found. These are exceedingly common on the plants indicated. They do not, however, have the blighting effect of the Peronosporice. Plants thor- oughly dotted with their pustules appeared to survive without great injury. Their microscopic character is so well known to botanists that nothing would have been gained by selecting new specimens to figure, so in my haste copies were selected as indicated. The other figures are from the collec- tion, but none of the plants are more common than these. Cystopus candiclus , Lev ., ( Plate 7, Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4.) Common on cru- ciferous plants, notably here on horse radish and cabbage. C. cubicus , Mart. On Ambrosia artemisise folia , the common rag weed. C. bliti, Bivon. On Portulaca oleracea (purslane) and Amaranthus retrojlexus. Perisporiacei. Notwithstanding the similarity of the names of these families, the plants are very different, as a glance at the plates will show. They, however, agree in their injuries to living plants, constituting very many of the leaf blights of this and other countries. Some of them are most exquisitely beautiful under the magnifier, a thing which the disciples of the development theory of species have not yet accounted for. Their beauty surely does not come from natural or sexual selection. The myce- lium runs over the surface of the leaves, never appearing to enter the cel- lular structure, yet, in some way, deriving nourishment from it. Here applications, as of sulphur, have direct effect. Here, too, the vine and the hop mildews belong. Conidia are borne in moniliform strings arising from the mycelium. The two together often give the affected leaves a dusty, whitened appearance, as if coated with whitewash. Later the spherical bodies — conceptacles — of dark color, as represented in the plates, are formed, sometimes exceedingly numerous, sometimes few and hard to find. The conceptacles have not yet been discovered in the vine disease of Europe. These conceptacles have at length radiating appendages , different from the mycelium, of many different forms, though constant within narrow limits in a given species. Inside the usually reticulated conceptacles there are attached to the base one or more sporangia or spore-sacks. These are thin and transparent, showing plainly the few or many spores. Sometimes, in- stead of sporangia , multitudes of naked and smaller spore-like forms are found ; and sometimes similar ones are contained in a stalked flask-shaped or urn-shaped vessel, as seen in Plate III, Fig. 7. Still other apparent fruit-bodies are found on the mycelium or the appendages of the conceptacles. I do not remember seeing these described, but have often met them and am fully convinced that they belong to the same plants. They are dark- colored like the Dematiei species, and of the forms shown in Plate III, Figs. 2b, 2c, 2d, 7f, and Plate IV, Fig. 12. Save in quantity, they are not unlike forms of the black mildews found on thick-leaved plants and known (58) under the names lumago , Antenna, ria, Capnodium , etc., but their positive connection with these plants, positive at least in the case of the specimen figured in Plate III, Fig. 2, of course destroys any sort of specific individu- ality. I cannot say that they are reproductive bodies, but they certainly look like it. Other plants not distantly related have such forms of fruit. It is probable that the conceptacle, with its contained sporangia, in all these plants, is the result of a peculiar union of specialized cells (17), as in the Peronosporise. Sphserotheca castagnei , Lev. On Taraxicum, Hop , Spirea, etc. To this species we refer with doubt the plant figured on Plate III, Fig. 3, found on Erechtites hieracifolius , but the conceptacle is larger (1-245 in.) and the mycelium denser than in any undoubted plants of the species no- ticed, and the appendages somewhat different. Instead, too, of being dis- tributed over the plant, this is found almost entirely upon the stems and under sides of the leaves, in patches. Appendages (of which there are one to three) colored to a septum. Sporangium one, spores eight, oval, 1-8000 by 1-4300 in. Phyllactinia guttata , Lev., ( Plate IV ] Fig. 6.) Common on Fraxinus viridis. This species is reported to be common on Quercus , Carpinus , Ber- beris, Alnus , Corylus , etc. Podosphcera kunzei (?'), Lev. ( Plate 111 , Fig. 2.) On cultivated cherry. This is almost surely not kunzei , Lev., but it is the nearest to it of any I know and I am loth to call it new, since so conspicuous and injurious a species could hardly have escaped attention. Leaves of al] varieties of cultivated cherries were distorted and caused to fall, from the middle of the summer until autumn. My notes are as follows : Mycelium thin, evanes- cent; appendages about twelve, colored at base, sometimes septate, simple or but little dichotomously forked; conceptacle black, 1-300 in., gregarious on the upper side of leaves. Sporangium eight-spored. The spore-like forms on the appendages have already been referred to. These were by no means on all the plants, but occurred on this one as shown. Microsphseria extensa, C. & P., ( Plate IV, Fig. 2.) On Quercus rubra and Q. palustris in woods. The upper sides of the leaves are conspicuously whitened. M. friesii , Lev. Very common on Syringa vulgaris. The concepta- cles are sometimes abundant, but not always. The divided and curled tips of the appendages are very beautiful in perfect specimens. M. rovenelii, Berk., ( Plate IV, Figs. 7 to 110 On Gleditchia tri- acanthos. This is certainly the same as my specimen in RavenePs exsiccati, but the mycelium is much more dense. In this respect it surpasses all I have seen. The leaves are very white. M. elevata, n. sp., ( Plate II, Fig. 4.) Upper sides of leaves of Ca- talpa bignouioides. Mycelium thin, web-like, rather evanescent. Concepta- cles 1-250 in., conspicuously reticulated, raised from the leaf ; appendages about twelve, colored at base, often simple, sometimes branched near the base, usually 2 to 4 times dichotomously forked, very long ; sporangia four, 17. Sachs’ Text Book of Botany, English Ed., 1875, p. 256. oval, strongly rostrate. This appears to be so distinct from any description given that I have named it as new. Not uncommon. Erysiphe, ( Plate IV, Fig. 1.) On Aster puniceus. One con- ceptacle alone found. E. lamprocarpa, Lev. On Phlox (Old Maid’s Pink.) E. mcirtii, Lk. Very common on leaves and stems of peas. The cultivation of garden peas in late summer and autumn is precluded from the effects of this fungus as much as from the weevil which infests them. Erotium herbariorum, Lk. On plants in cabinet. Common every- where. These are all that were found in these two families, except one of the latter on leaves of Liriodendron tulipifera , whbh was not matured enough to determine. Botry opium pulchrum should not have been given among the parasitic plants, as it is only found on decaying herbage. The figure is more slender and the branches longer than Cooke’s figure. The species may not*be correct. Fear of occupying too much space causes the omission of further notes. A LIST OF THE ORTHOPTERA OF ILLINOIS. By CYRUS THOMAS, PH. D. Fam. 1. FORFICULID^E. 1. Forficula aculeata, Scudd. Found in northern Illinois. It is probable that Lebia minor , Linn, may be found in the state, but I am not aware that it has been met with here. Fam. 2. BLATTID^E. 2. Phyllodromia germanica, Linn. Blatta germanica, Linn. Syst. Nat., II, 688. Ectobia germanica, West. Introd., I, 515. Phylladromia germanica, Serv. Orth., 187. 3. Isclinoptera unicolor, Scudd. Platamodes unicolor, Scudd., Bost Jour. Nat. Hist., VII, 417. Ectobia iithophila, Scudd., Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist , VII, 418. Ischnoptera uhleriana, Sauss., Rev. et Mag. Zool., 1862, 169. 4. I. pennsylvanica, Deg. Blatta pennsylvanica, Deg., 1773, Mem., Ill, No. 2, PI. 44, 4. Ischnoptera morio ?, Burm. Hanb., II, 500. conloniana, Sauss , Rev. et Mag. Zool., 1862, 169. Platamodes pennsylvanica, Scudd., Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist., VII, 417. This is the most common species in the southern part of the state. (60) 5. Periplaneta orientalis, Linn. Blatta orientalis, Linn., 1745, Faun. Suec., 862. “ culinaris, Deg., Ins., Ill, 334. Periplaneta orientalis, Burm. Hanb., II, 504. Kakerlak orientalis, Serv. Orth , 72. Stylopyga orientalis, Fisch. de W. Orth. Boss., 70. 6. P. americana, Linn. Blatta americana, Linn., 1766, Syst. Nat., II, 687. Kakerlak americana, Brulle, Hist. Nat. Orth., IX, 53. Periplaneta americana, Burm., Hanb., II, 503. It is probable that Ectobia Jlavocincta , Scudd., is found in the north- ern part of the state. Fam. 3. MANTID^E. 7. Stagmomantis Carolina, Linn. Gryllus carolinus, Linn., Amoen Acad., YI, 1763, 396. Mantis Carolina, Linn., Syst. Nat., II, 1767, 691. “ irrorata, Linn., Syst. Nat., II, 690. “ conspurcata, Serv., Orth., 1839, 190. “ inquinata, Serv., Orth., 1839, 191. u tolteca, Sauss., Bev. et Mag. Zool., XIII, 1861, 127. Stagmomantis toltecta, Sauss., Bull. Ent. Swiss., Ill, 1869. 66 Carolina, Sauss., Mem. Hist. Nat. Mex., I Y, 1871, 46. Found only in the southern part of the state. A species very closely allied to or identical with Stagmomantis ( Stagmatoptera ) minor , Scudd., is found in the state, but the specimens I have seen were so immature or so imperfect that I could not decide with certainty. Fam. 4. PHASMIDJE. 8. DiaDheromera femorata, Say. Spectrum femoratum, Say. Appd. to Long’s Exp., 1824, 297. (See Say’s Entom, Sec. Ed., 1, 82 & 197.) Diapheromera sayi, Gray, Synop. Phas., 18, 1835. Bracteria (Bacunculus) sayi, Burm. Hand., II, 566, 1838. 9. D- velii, Walsh, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila , III, 410. 10 ? Anisomorpha buprestoid.es, Stoll. Spectrum bivittatum, Say, Am. Ent., Sec. Ed., I, 82. Phasma buprestoides, Stoll, Bep. des Spec., 68, pi. XXIII, p. 87. Anisomorpha buprestoides, Gray, Synop. Phas., 19 This species is included with much doubt. It has been observed in Kentucky, and although I have no Illinois specimen at hand, I feel quite sure that I have seen a specimen captured in the extreme southern part of this state. (61) Fam. 5. ACRIDIDJE. Sub- f am. Acridine. Group Tryxalini. 11. Tryxalis brevicornis, Linn G-ryllus (Acrida) brevicornis, Linn., Syst. Nat., II, 692. Truxalis brevicornis, Fabr.. Ent. Syst., II, 27. (/.) viridulus, Pal. Beauv., Ins. Orth., 81, PI. 3, Fig. 4. (m.) notochlorus, Pal. Beauv., Ins. Orth., 80, PI. 3, Fig. 3. Acridium ensicornu, Beg. Ins., 3, 499, PI 42, Fig. 7. Opsomala punctipennis, Thos., Trans. III. St. Ag. Soc., V, 447. Pyrgomorpha brevicornis, Walk., Cat. Bermap. Salt., Ill, 500. punctipennis, Thos., Svnop. Acrid., 68. I have found this species at but one place in Illinois, and that a very small area in J ackson county. 12. T. viridis, Scudd. Chloealtis viridis, Scudd., Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist., 1862. VII, 455. Opsomala brevipennis, Thos., Trans. 111. Ag. Soc., V, 451. Chrysochraon viridis, Thos., Synop. Acrid., 71. Truxalis angusticornis, Stal., Recens. Orth., I, 105. Found throughout the state. 13. T. conspersus, Harr Chloealtis conspersa, Harr. Rep., Ed. 1862, 184. abortiva, Harr. Rep., Ed. 1862; 184. Stenobothrus melanopleurus, Scudd., Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist., 1862, VII, 456. Chrysochraon conspersum, Thos., Synop. Acrid., 76. Occasionally met with in various parts of the state ; not common. This and the preceding ( T. viridis ) are in all probability varieties of one species. 14. Stenobothrus admirabilis, TJhler. (/.) St. admirabilis, TJhler., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., 1864, 553. (m.) Thos , Synop. Acrid., 85, (1873.) Found throughout the state, but not abundant. 15. St. maculiDennis, Scudd., Bost. Jour. Nat Hist , 1862, VII, 458 Found in the northern portion of the state. St. aequalis and St. propinquans are but varieties of this species. 16. St. curtipennis, Harr Locusta curtipennis, Harr. Cat. Ins. Mass., 56. Chloealtis curtipennis, Harr. Rept., Ed. 1862, 184, PI. 3, Fig. 1. Stenobothrus longipennis, Scudd., Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist., VII, 457. (62) Quite common, especially in the northern and central parts of the state, the long-winged variety appearing to predominate in the central part of the state, at least as far as my observations have extended. Group Oedipodini. 17. Stetheophyma gracilis ?, Scudd. Arcyptera gracilis, Scudd., Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist., VII, 463. Stetheophyma gracilis, Thos., Synop. Acrid., 99. I have seen but a single specimen of this genus captured in Illinois ; it was taken in the extreme northern portion. I saw it but for a short time and am not positive as to the species. 18. Tragocephala viridifasciata, Harr 1. Variety virginiana , Fabr. Gryllus virginianus, Fabr. Syst. Ent., 291. (Locusta) virginianus, Goeze. Ent. Beitr., II, 106. Acridium virginianum, Oliv. Encyc. Meth., Ins. VI, 225. (Oedipoda) virginianum. BeHaan. Bijdr. Kenn. Orth., 143. Oedipoda virginiana, Burm. Hanb. Ent., II, 645. Gryllus (Locusta) viridifasciatus, Goez. Beitr., II, 115. Acrydium viridifasciatum, Beg., Mem., Ill, 498. Locusta viridifasciata, Harr., Cat. Ins., 56. (Tragocephala) viridifasciata, Harr. Rep., Ed. 1862, 182. Gomphocerus viridifasciatus, Uhler, in Harr., Ed. 1862, 181. Tragocephala viridifasciata, Scudd., Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist, VII, 461 . Gryllus (Locusta) chrysomelus, Gmel, Linn. Syst. Nat., IV, 2086. Acridium marginatum, Oliv. Encyc. Meth., Ins. YI, 229. hemipterum, Pal. Beauv., Ins., 145. 2. Variety infuscata , Harr. Locusta (Tragocephala) infuscata, Harr. Rep., Ed. 1862, 181. Gomphocerus infuscatus, Uhler, in Harr. Rep., 3d Edn., 181. Tragocephala infuscata, Scudd., Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist., VII, 466. 3. Variety radiata , Harr. Locusta radiata, Harr. Cat., 56. Tragocephala radiata, Harr. Rep., Ed. 1862, 183. Gomphocerus radiatus, Uhler, in Harr. Rep., 181. The green variety ( virginiana ) is very common throughout the state, the female being apparently more abundant than the male ; on the other hand, the male of the dusky or brown variety ( infuscata ) appears to be much more abundant than the female of that variety. It is this male that greets us first in the spring with his crackling notes. Variety radiata is occasionally met with in the southern and central parts of the state, and probably in the northern sections also. (63) 19. Tomonotus sulphureus, Pabr. 1. Variety sulphur eu^ Fabr. Gryllus sulphureus, Fabr. Sjst. Ent., II, 59. (Locusta) sulphureus, Gmel. Linn., Syst Nat. I, 2079. Acridium sulphureum, Oliv. Encyc. Meth. Ins., VI, 227. Oedipoda sulphurea, Burm. Hanb. Ent., II, 643. Locusta sulphurea, Harr. Rep., 177, PI. I, Fig. 6. Tomonotus sulphureus, Sauss.,Rev. et Mag. Zool , XIII, 1861 , 321. Arphia sulphurea, Stal. Recens. Orthop., I, 119. 2. Variety xanthopterus, Burm. Oedipoda xanthoptera, Burm. Hanb. Ent., II, 643. Acridium xanthopterum, De Haan. Bijdr. Kenn. Orth., 143. Tomonotus xanthopterus, Thos. Synop. Acrid., 105. Arphia xanthoptera, Scudd. Geol. Surv. N. Hamp., I, 377. 3. Variety carinatus , Scudd Oedipoda carinata, Scudd. Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., II, 306. Tomonotus carinatus, Thos. Synop. Acrid., 106. The first and second varieties ( sulphureus and xanthopterus ) are found, I believe, throughout the state, though the former largely pre- dominates, as far as my observations have gone ; but there is such a complete gradation from one to the other in all the characters by which they are supposed to differ, that very often it is impossible to tell to which a specimen belongs. The variety carinatus is found only in the north-west part of the state. 20. T. tenebrosus, Scudd. Oedipoda tenebrosa, Scudd. Hayden’s, Geol. Surv. Neb., 251. Tomonotus pseudo-nietanus, Thos. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1870, 80. tenebrosus, Thos. Syn. Acrid., 107. Arphia sanguinaria, Stal, Recens. Orth., I, 119, tenebrosa, Scudd. Bui. U. S. Geol. Surv., 1876. This is occasionally seen in the extreme north-western part of the state ; I have seen but one specimen collected in the state, and that was by Miss E. A. Smith, of Peoria. 21. Spharagemon aeqale, Sat. Gryllus aequalis, Say., Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., IV, 307. Locusta aequalis, Harr. Rep., 583 Oedipoda aequalis, Erichs., Archiv. f. Nat., IX, 230. Trimerotropis aequalis, Scudd., Geol. Surv. N. Hamp., I, 377. Spharagemon aequale, Scudd., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XVII, 1874-5. This species is found throughout the greater part of the state, yet many Illinois specimens referred to it do not belong to the species. I think Trimerotropis verruculata , although placed by Mr. Scudder in a different genus, is in fact but a variety of this species ; yet as there is some doubt on this point I give them as distinct. 22. S. collare, Scudd. Oedipoda collaris, Scudd., Geol. Surv. Neb., 250. Spharagemon collare, Scudd., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XVII, 1874-5. Has been taken in the northern part of the state, but I am inclined to think it is very rare. 23. Trimerotropis verruculata, Kirby. Locusta verruculata, Kirby, Faun. Bor. Am. Ins., 250. latipennis, Harr. Bep., 179. Acridium verruculatum, De Haan, Bijdr. Kenn. Orth., 250. Oedipoda latipennis, Uhler., Harr. Hep., 178. Trimerotropis verruculata, Scudd., Geol. Surv, N. Hamp., 1, 877. Limited chiefly to the northern section, but has been obtained in the southern. 24. Encoptolophus sordidus, Burm. Oedipoda sordida, Burm., Hanb. Ent , II, 648. Acridium (Oedipoda) sordidum, De Haan. Bijdr. Kenn. Orth., 148. Locusta nebulosa, Harr., Hep., 181. Oedipoda nebulosa, Erichs, Archiv. f. Nat. II, 230. Locusta periscelidis, Harr, Cat., 56. Tragocephala sordida, Stal., Becens. Orth., I, 119. Encoptolophus sordida, Scudd., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XVII, 1874-5. Found occasionally throughout the state. 25. Oedipoda Carolina, Linn. Gryllus (Locusta) Carolina, Linn, Syst. Nat. I., 701. carolinus, Fab., Ent. Syst., II, 58. Acrydium carolinum, Deg., Ins., Ill, 491, PI. 41, Figs. 2& 3. carolinum, Pal. Beav., Ins., 147, PI. 4, Fig. 6. Locusta Carolina, Harr. Bep., 176, PI. 3, Fig. 3. caroliniana, Catesby, Nat. Hist. Car., II, 89, Tab. 89. Common throughout the state. 26. Oe. neglecta, Thos. Oedipoda neglecta, Thos., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1870, 84. Hippiscus neglectus, Scudd, Bull. Geol. Surv. Terr., Vol. II, No. 3, 1876, 264. I have captured this species in southern Illinois, but think it is very rarely found here. 27. Oe- belfragii, Stal, Recens. Orth., 1, 129. As this species is described by Stal as new and as coming from Illinois, 1 give here his description in full for the benefit of Illinois naturalists : “ Fuscous-brown ; the head variegated with cinereous ; carina of the head and of the posterior femora, also the posterior margin of the pro- nOtum sprinkled with black ; antennae annulated with fuscous. Pro- notum with the posterior margin acute-angled ; crest somewhat prom- inent, profoundly incised between the lobes. Elytra pale grayish- brown, somewhat translucent toward the apex, where they are also clouded with fuscous. Wings pale yellow at base, with a broad black band across the disk arcuate and narrowed internally ; apex trans- parent, with fuscous veins. Anterior legs sub-annulated with fuscous 5 posterior femora with the fascia and apex black, the inferior margin and exterior side hairy; posterior tibiae pale yellowish, fuscous at the base, spine tipped with black, hairy. Female, length, 25 millimeters. Illinois. u In the structure of the head and pronotum similar to Oe. Carolina , but differs in being smaller, the elytra and wings less ample, and the former less densely reticulated ; the pronotum behind the middle being sub-alutaceous : and in the color of the wings. The posterior angle of the lateral lobe of the pronotum rounded.” I am unacquainted with this species, and think the locality given is a mistake, or that it is a variety of some of the trans-Mississippi species which occasionally visit Illinois. 28. Mestobregma? cincta, Thos Oedipoda cincta, Thos., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1870, 80. I have taken a few specimens of this species in southern Illinois, but it is by no means common. I place it in this genus with doubt. 29. Hippiscus corallipes, Hald Oedipoda corallipes, Hald , Stansb. Rep. Salt Lake, PI. X,Fig. 2. Hippiscus corallipes, Scudd. Bull. Geol. Surv. Terr., 1876, II, 264. Oedipoda rugosa, Scudd. Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist., VII, 469. Hippiscus rugosus, Scudd. Geol. Surv. N. Ilamp., I, 377. Oedipoda paradoxa, Thos. Geol. Surv. Terr. 1871, 457. (Hippiscus paradoxus.) Oedipoda haidemanii, Scudd. Geol Surv., Neb., 251. Hippiscus haidemanii, Scudd. Bull. Geol. Surv. Terr., 1876, II, 264. A close study of these forms for a number of years has satisfied me that they are all varieties <,f one species The specimens found in Illinois are chiefly of the varitey rugosus ; but 1 find some which approach very near to paradoxus , with red or partly red wings. (66) 30. Hip. discoideus, Serv. Oedipoda discoidea, Serv. Hist. Orthop., 724. Acridium tuberculatum, Pal. Beauv., Ins., 145, PI. 4, Fig. 1. Hippiscus discoideus, Stal. Recens. Orth., I, 121. This is occasionally met with in the extreme southern part of the state, Union county being as far north as 1 have positive evidence of its being found. 31. Hip. phoenicopterus, Germ. Locusta apiculata, Harr. Cat., 56. corallina, Harr. Rep., 176. Acridium phoenicopterum, He Haan. Bijdr. Kenn. Orth , 144. Oedipoda phoenicoptera, Germ., Burm. Handb. Ent., II, 643, obliterata ? Germ., Burm. Handb. Ent., II, 643. corallina, Erichs. Archiv. f. Nat., IX, 229. Hippiscus phoenicopterus, Scudd. Geol. Surv.N. Ilamp. I, 377. Found occasionally in various parts of the state ; but by no means common. 32. Camnula pellucida, Scudd. Oedipoda pellucida, Scudd. Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist., VII, 472. atrox, Scudd. Geol. Surv. Neb., 253. Camnula tricarinata ? Stal. Recens. Orth., I, 120. pellucida, Scudd. Geol. Surv. N. Hamp., 1,378. I have never, that I am aware of, met with this species in Illinois, but find this locality given by Mr. Scudder in the Geological Survey of New Hampshire. Group Acridini. 33- Pezotettix unicolor, Thos. Synop. Acrid., 151. Found in southern, and probably in central, Illinois. 34- Pez. minutipennis, sp. nov. Female. Head short, eyes approximate above ; the vertex very narrow between them, suddenly expanding to lateral angles just in front of them, slightly, sometimes scarcely, sulcate. Face, seen from the side, oblique and arcuate ; frontal costa somewhat prominent, continuous nearly or quite to the clypeus, sides parallel, not, or but very slightly, sulcate. Pronotum cylindrical, the median carina distinct, though it is but a very slender line ; lateral carina wholly obliterated ; sides nearly parallel, expanding very slightly posteriorly ; anterior margin squarely truncate ; posterior margin truncate, with a slight notch at the middle, sometimes scarcely distinct; the posterior transverse in- cision is situated much behind the middle, reducing the posterior lobe to but one-third the length of the pronotum ; the posterior lateral angle rounded, and the margin from thence up to the middle rounded (67) with no inward curve or notch except the one at the middle of the dor- sum. Elytra minute, not meeting on the back, the space between them being more than the width of one of them narrow, spatu'late, width about one-third the length ; extending over the second abdominal segment ; longitudinal nerves prominent and similar. Abdomen some- what prominent and carinated at the base, but suddenly decreasing in size posteriorly, so that near or a little beyond the middle it becomes cylindrical. Anterior femora slender ; posterior femora about as long as the abdomen ; upper carina distinct, and the upper external angle distinct and somewhat sharply defined ; the tibiae distinctly expanding below. Prosternal spine broad at base, transverse, bluntly rounded at the tip. Color. Head and thorax varying in different individuals from dull greenish-white to brown, with a clearly defined shining black line extending, on each side, from the eye to the posterior margin of the pronotum. Posterior femora bright pea-green, unspotted, except the tip, which is black ; tibiae greenish, with the spines black. Male. Much smaller than the female ; eyes very prominent, and so closely approximate above that the portion of the vertex between them is reduced to a mere thread ; the antennae comparatively large and reaching back to about the tip of the second abdominal segment. Tip of the abdomen strongly curved upward ; cerci somewhat elon- gate, slender, and narrowed in the middle ; tip of the last ventral seg ment somewhat conical, entire. Face quite oblique and arcuate. Color (of the single specimen.') Face and disk of the pronotum dull ash-brown; cheeks and space of the pronotum below the black stripe pale ash-brown or rufous; posterior femora greenish-yellow, deeply tinged with bright-rufous above. Dimensions. — Female, length .90 inch ; male, length .65 inch. Two females and one male, taken by Prof. Forbes, of Normal, in September. I have given this as a distinct species, but confess I have very little expectation that most of the recently described western species of Pezotettix and Caloptenus will withstand the test of future investiga- tions. It is more than probable that this will prove to be but a variety of Mr. Smith’s Fez. manca. This species, or variety, as it may prove to be, appears to be an intermediate link between Pez. manca , Sm., and Pez. alba , Hodge, the former of Maine, the latter of Nebraska. 35- Pez. SCudderi, Uhler, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., II, 555. This is given on the authority of Mr. Uhler, who states that he re- ceived it from Rock Island, through Mr. Walsh. I am not acquainted with it, but have before me some specimens received from Prof. Forbes, taken at Normal, which I am inclined to refer to it. They differ from (68) Uhler’s description as follows : The black stripe on the side of the female pronotum is distinct and broad ; whitish spots on the meta tho- rax distinct in the male ; posterior femora yellow or greenish-yellow, with distinct oblique dark bands ; posterior tibiae pale. 36. Pez. viola, sp. nov. Female. Rather large and robust, caloptenoid in appearance, and resembling somewhat Pez. dodgei. Vertex and frontal costa not, or but slightly, sulcate. Pronotum with the median carina slight; lateral carinae somewhat distinct ; sides flattened ; posterior margin rounded ; posterior lateral margins with a distinct inward curve or rounded notch at the humerus, the portion below the notch perpendicular. Elytra ovate-lanceolate, the externo-median nerve distinct, not always meeting at the base, but overlapping more or less toward the apex ; varying in length from about one-third to more than one-half that of the abdomen. Color. Varying from a dull olive-brown to ash-brown. Head and thorax brown ; elytra with the upper (or inner) half pale brown, lower (outer) half dark-brown or black, one or two dots sometimes broken off the black at the tip : posterior femora reddish with oblique brownish bands ; posterior tibiae rufous. Dimensions. Length 1. to 1.1 inch. Central and southern Illinois. 37. Caloptenus femur-rubrum, Deg. Acrydium femur-rubrum, Peg. Ins., Ill, 498, PI. 2, Fig 5. femorale, Oliv. Encyc. Meth. Ins., VI, 228. G-ryllus (Locusta) erythropterus, G-mel. Linn. Syst. Nat., I, 2086. Caloptenus femur-rubrum, Burm. Handb. Ent., II, 638. Pezotettix (Melanoplus) femur-iubrum,Stal. Recens. Orthop , I, 79 Our most common species ; found throughout the state. 38. C. atlantis, Riley, 1st Rept., 1875. 169. This is but a variety of the preceding species, and appears to be an intermediate link betwean C. femur-rubrum and C. spretus ; but in some respects approaches C. occidentals. 39 ? C. spretus, Thos. (The Rocky Mountain Locust.) Acridium spretum, Thos. Trans. 111. Ag. Soc., V, 450. Caloptenus spretus, Thos. Synop. Acrid , 164. A few stray specimens have perhaps been captured in Illinois, and hepce I include it with a mark of doubt prefixed. 40. Acridium differentiale, Thos., Trans. 111. Ag. Soc. ; V, 450. . Cyrtacanthacris differentials, Walk. Cat. Bermap. Salt., J.V, 610. Caloptenus differentialis, Thos. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1871. Common throughout the state, and has occasionally been seen mi- grating. (69) 41. Acridium rubiginosum, Scudd. Acridium rubiginosum, Scudd., Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist., VII, 467. damnificum, Sauss. Rev. et Mag. Zool., XIII, 1861, 164. Occasionally met with in southern Illinois, in the oak regions. 42. A. emarginatum, Scudd. Geol. Surv. Neb., 240. I have seen but a single Illinois specimen, which was captured by Prof. Forbes, at Normal. 43. A. americanum, Druky. Gryllus americanus, Drury, 111., II, 3, 128, PI. 49, Fig. 2, 1770. succinctus, Linn. Syst. Nat.., 12th Ed., I, 699, 1767. serialis, Thunb. Mem. Acad. Pet., V, 241, 1815. Locusta tartarica, West, in Drury 111., I, 121. Acridium americanum, Scudd., Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist., VII, 466. rusticum, G-lov. 111., PI. 1, Fig. 15. (Schistocerca) americanum, Stal. Recens. Orth., I, 66. ambiguum, Thos. Synop. Acrid., 173. Common in southern Illinois, and occasionally found as far north as Normal and Champaign. Sub-fam. Tettiginae. Group Tettigini. 44. Tettix ornata, Say. Acrydium ornatum, Say. Am. Ent., I, 10, PL Y, Fig. 1. Tetrix arenosa, Burm. Handb. Ent., II, 659. dorsalis, Harr. Rep., 186. quadrimaculata, Harr. Rep., 186. bilineata, Harr. Rep., 186. sordida, Harr. Rep., 187. Tettix ornata, Scudd. Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist., VII, 474. 45. Tettigidea lateralis, Say. Acrydium laterale, Say. Am. Ent., PI. Y, Figs. 2 & 3. Tetrix lateralis, Harr. Rep., 187. Tettigidea lateralis, Scudd. Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist., VII, 477. 46. T. polymorpha, Burm. Tetrix polymorpha, Burm. Handb. Ent., II, 659. parvipennis, Harr. Rep., 187, Fig. 82. Tettigidea polymorpha, Scudd. Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist., VII, 477. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. ILLINOIS CRUSTACEA. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, Crangonyx mucronatus , Forbes. 1. Head of female, with pedicels of antennae. 2. Posterior abdominal segments of male, with their appendages. 3. One of 1st pair of hands of male. 4. One of 2d pair of hands of male. 5. Telson and last pair of stylets of female. 6. One of 1st pair of hands of female. 7. One of 2d pair of hands of female. 8, 9, 10, 11, Asellus brevicauda , Forbes. 8. Hand of male, X 20. 9. One of 1st pair of genital plates of male, X 38. 10. One of 2d pair of genital plates of male, X 19. 11. One of caudal stylets. 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, Asellus intermedius , Forbes. 12. Hand ©f male, X 45. 13. Hand of female. 14. Last segment of abdomen, with caudal stylets, X 17. 15. One of 1st pair of genital plates of male, X 38. 16. One of 2d pair of genital plates of male, X 38. 17, 18, Asellus communis , Say. 17. One of 1st pair of genital plates of male, X 13. 18. . One of 2d pair of genital plates of male, X 13. 19, 20, Asellus stygius , Pack. 19. One of 1st pair of genital plates of male. 20. One of 2d pair of genital plates of male. 21, 22, 25, Eubranchipus serratus , Forbes. 21. Abdomen, X 3. 22. Frontal appendage of male, X 10. 25. Claspers of male, from before, X 0. 23, 26, 27, 31, Canthocamptus illinoisensis, Forbes 23. One of 5th pair of legs of female. 26. One of anterior maxillipeds, X 250. 27. One of 3d pair of legs of male. 31. One of posterior maxillipeds. 24, 28, 29, 30, Diaptomus sanguineus , Forbes. 24. One of posterior maxillipeds. 28. One of anterior maxillipeds, X 66. 29/ 5th pair of legs of male. 29a. Tip of inner ramus of left leg. 30. One of 5th pair of legs of female. PARASITIC FUNGI. PLATE I. 1, 2, 3 & 4, Cystopus candidus, Lev. 1. Portion of cabbage leaf with spots and holes caused by fungus. 2. Conidia, magnified 360 diam. After Cooke. 3a. Oogonium ; 3b, antheridium ; 3c, oospore, magnified 400 diam. 4. Oospore (the developed oosphere) ruptured, exhibiting zoo- spores, magnified 400 diameters. After De Barry. 4a. Free zoospores from oospore. 3 & 4 after De Barry. 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 & 11, Undetermined Parasite on Gr§en-house Plants. 5. Portion of petiole of geranium, with fungus- natural size. 6. Fertile hyphse and conidia, magnified about 175 diam. 7. Conidium magnified 650 diam 8. Conidium twelve hours after sowing in water, outer coat rup- tured and the inner protrud ng in the form of a tube, magnified 320 diam 9. Same conidium, thirty hours after sowing, magnified 325 diam. ; germinating tube issuing from two points. 10. Supposed oospore, Ssee text) magnified 390 diam. 11. Longitudinal section of stem of Achy ran thus, with mycelium, especially following the vascular bundles, a. Also seen penetrating cells of pith, c. PLATE II. 1. Melanispora populina , Lev. a, Portion of leaf of Populus monilifera, natural size ; b, Summer spores. 2, Botry opium pulchrum (?~) Corda. Magnified about 75 diam. (73) 3. Peronospora gangliformis , Berk. Lettuce mould. 4. Microsphseria elevata , n. sp. On leaves of Catalpa bignonioides ; mag- nified 75 diarn. 5. Sporangia of same. 6. Peronospora viticola , B. & C. On grape leaves. 7. Mycelium of same, with haustoria in pith of young stem.; magnified 350 diam. 8. Peronospora infestans , Mont. Magnified 350 diam. PLATE III. 1. Section of leaf of Pinus austriaca, with Pestalozzia . Magni- fied 20 diam. The leaves are probably dying from some other fungus. la. Spores of same, magnified 85 diam. 2. Podosphsera kunzev( [?) Lev. On cultivated cherry leaves ; magnified 75 diam. 2a. Sporangium of same. £b. Macrosporium-like or capnodium-like bodies on appendages. 2c. Appendage having moniliform divisions. 2d. Similar to c. Found mostly on mycelium. 3. Sphserotheca castagnei (?) Lev. On Erechtites hieracifolus ; magnified 75 diam. 4. Sporangia of same. 5. Rhytisma acerinum , Fr. On leaf of Acer dasycarpum ; natural size. 6. Vertical section of same. c. Asci with young spores. 7. Plycinidia of an Erysiphe on Verbena urticifolia. 7f. Macrosporium-like forms found with latter. PLATE IY. 1. Erysiphe , . On Aster puniceus. 2. Microsphseria extensa, C. & P. On Quercus rubra ; magnified 75 diam. 3. Appendage, magnified 300 diam. 4. Ruptured conceptacle of same ; a. sporangia. 5. Triposporium-like bodies on same mycelium. 6. Phylactinia guttata , Lev. On Fraxinus viridis. 7. 8, 9, 10 & 11. Microsphseria ravenelii , Berk. On Grleditchia triacanthos. 12. Macrosporium-like bodies, with Microsphseria fresii , Lev. On leaves of Syringa vulgaris. THE TREE IN WINTER. PLATE I. 1. Aesculus glabra, Willd. Buckeye. 2. Acer saccharinum, Wang. Sugar maple. 3. Acer dasycarpum, Ehrh. Soft maple. (74) 4. Negundo aceroides, Moench. Box elder. 5. Staphylea trifolia, L. Bladder nut. 6. Euonymus atropurpureus, Jacq. Burning bush. 7. Sambucus canadensis, L. Elder. 8. Fraxinus americana, L. White ash. 9 Fraxinus pubescens, Lam. Bed ash. 10. Fraxinus viridis, Michx., f. Green ash. 11. Fraxinus sambucifolia, Lam. Black ash. 12. Fraxinus quadrangulata, Michx. Blue ash. 13. Viburnum lentago, L. Sheep berry. 14. Viburnum dentatum, L. Arrow wood. 15. Cornus paniculata, L’Her. Panicled cornel. 16. Lonicera flava, Sims. Yellow honeysuckle. 17. Tecoma radicans, Juss Trumpet-creeper. 18. Catalpa bignonioides, Walt. Indian bean. 19. Cephalanthus occidentalis, L. Button bush. 20. Bhamnus laceolatus, Pursh Buck-thorn. 21. Horizontal cut of the bud of Fraxinus sambucifolia. 22. Horizontal cut of the bud of Acer dasycarpum. 23. Horizontal cut of the bud of Staphylea trifolia. 24. Horizontal cut of the bud of Cornus paniculata. 25. Horizontal cut of the bud of Euonymus atropurpureus. PLATE II. 1. Quercus alba, L. White oak. 2. Quercus macrocarpa, Michx. Burr oak. 3. Quercus bicolor, Willd. Swamp white oak. 4. Quercus prinus, L. (Var. acuminata, Michx.) Chestnut oak. 5. Quercus imbricaria, Michx. Shingle oak. 6. Quercus coccinea, Wang. Scarlet oak. 7. Quercus rubra, L. Bed oak. 8. Quercus nigra, L. Black-jack oak. 9. Populus monilifera, Ait. Cottonwood. 10. Populus heterophylla, L. Downy poplar. 11. Populus grandidentata, Michx. Large-toothed aspen. 12. Populus tremuloides, Michx. Aspen. 13. Corylus americana, Walt. Hazlenut. 14. Fagus ferruginea, Ait. Beech. 15. Ostrya virginica, Willd. Hop hornbeam. 16. Carpinus americana, Michx. Hornbeam. 17. Juglans cinerea, L. butternut. 18. Juglans nigra, L. Black walnut. 19. Carya alba, Nutt. Hickory. 20. Carya tomentosa, Nutt. Mockernut. 21. Carya olivaeformis, Nutt. Pecan. 22. Carya amara, Nutt Bitternut. 23. Liquidambar styraciflua, L. Sweet gum (75) PLATE III. 1. Gymnocladus canadensis, Lam. Coffee-bean tree. 2. Amorpha fruticosa, L. False indigo. 3. Platanus occidentalis, L. Sycamore. 4. Liriodendron tuiipifera, L. Tulip tree, (or wrongly, yellow poplar.) 5. Dirca palustris, L. Leatherwood. 6. Nyssa multiflora, Wang. Sour gum. 7. Sassafras officinalis, Nees. Sassafras. 8. Lindera benzoin, Meisn. Spice bush. 9. Cornus alternifolia, L. Alternate-leaved cornel. 10. Rhus glabra, L. Smooth sumach. 11. Rhus toxicodendron, L. Poison ivy. 12. Rhus aromatica, Ait. Fragrant sumach. 13. Zanthoxylon americanum, Mill. Prickly ash. 14. Ptelea trifoliata, L. Hop tree. 15. Robinia pseudacacia, L. Locust 16. Gleditsehia triacanthos, L. Honey locust. 17. Ribes rotundifolium, Michx. Wild goosebe.ry. 18. Ribes floridum, L. Black currant. 19. Crataegus tomentosa, L. Black thorn. 20. Prunus americana, Marsh. Plum. 21. Prunus serotina, Ehrh. Black cherry. 22. Pyrus coronaria, L. Crab apple. 23. Amelanchier canadensis, Torr. & Gr. June berry. 24. Salix discolor, Muhl. Glaucous willow. 25. Betula nigra, L. Red birch. 26. Diospyros virginiana, L. Persimmon. 27. Ilex verticillata, Gr. Black alder. PLATE IV. 1. Asimina triloba, Dun. Paw-paw. 2. Tilia americana, L. Linden. 3. Morus rubra, L. Mulberry. 4. Ulmus fulva, Michx. Slippery elm. 5. Ulmus americana, L. White elm. 6. Ulmus alata, Michx. Winged elm. 7. Celtis occidentalis, L. Hackberry. 8. Cercis canadensis, L. Red bud. 9. Hamamelis virginica, L. Witch hazel. 10. Celastrus scandens, L. Wax-work. 11. Ampelopsis quinquefolia, Michx. Virginia creeper. 12. Vitis riparia, Michx. Grape vine. 13. Smilax hispida, Muhl. Greenbrier. 14. Horizontal cut of the bud of Ulmus. / (76) 15. Horizontal cut of the bud of Celtis. 16. Horizontal cut of the bud of Populus. 17. Horizontal cut of the bud of Crataegus. 18. Horizontal cut of the leaf of Carya alba, 19. Diagram of the phyllotaxis of Quercus. 20. Diagram of the phyllotaxis of Juglans. 21. Diagram of the phyllotaxis of Ptelea. 22. Diagram of the phyllotaxis of Amorpha. Note. — In these drawings the chief characteristics of these species are exposed, but it must not be expected that every specimen compared with the figure must exactly agree; there is much variation in the form of the leaf-scars within certain limits in the form of the buds, in the pubescence, etc. Not every twig of the hazel is so glandular hairy as the figure shows, not in every twig of the blue ash or burning bush, do we find the wings as in our figures, these are often only faint lines. PLATEN PLA TE III PL A TE IV Ill ERRATA. Page 33, line 5, after Report, read 1853 and ’4. Page 34, insert Genus Poecilichthys , Ag. between numbers 1 and. 2. Page 38, second line, for 2 I -6 read 2$. Wherever, in this paper, two figures are separated by a hyphen, they should he written in the form of a common fraction. Page 40, line 11, for Aphredodereus read Aphredodtrus ; under No. 40, for gruuniens read grunniens. Page 44, No. 71, for chrysochrous read chrysoddoris ; for J. N. read J. W. Page 45, No. 74, for E. L. read F. L. Page 47, after 103 insert the following: — 103h C. analostoma, Grd., Silver-fin. Every where abundant through central Illinois. Occurs less commonly further north. Page 52, Note 2, for der read den; for Archiev. read Archiv. Note 3, for des read der; for Wein read Wien. Page 53, 8th line, for M. Bary read DeBary. Note 7, for der (Brandpilze) read die. Page 54, for Peronosporise read Peronosporese. Page 55, 8th line, for hauptoria read haustoria. 14th line, insert (12) after six, and add one to each of the three reference numerals following. 5th line from bottom, omit (15). 2d line from bottom, insert (16) after Common. Page 56, 10th line, 2d paragraph, in stead of ’75-6 read ’74-5. 15th line from bottom, for pappillate read papillate. 11th line from bottom, for Poltactis read Polyactis. Page 57, 7th line, for Peronosporice read Peronosporese. 21st line from bottom, insert European before vine. Page 58, 8th line, for Peronosporise read Peronosporese. 2d line, 2d paragraph, for 3 read 5. 7th and 8th lines, 2d paragraph, for one to three read twelve to fifteen. 4th line from bottom, for bignouioides read bignonioides. Page 68, No. 40, reduce Acridium differentiale, etc., to a synonym, and insert above it C. differentialis, Thos. Page 72, Plate II, fig. 1, for Melanispora read Melamspora. Page 73, Plate III, fig. 3, for 3 read 5. Plate III, fig. 5, for 5 read 3. Plate III, fig. 7, for Plycinidia read Pycnidia. Plate IV, fig. 12, for fresii read friesii. P ■ ' . v . * • • 3 • .dinMtt « ■ ■ ■ ■ • /. -i ' ■ . / • • . . . INTRODUCTION. I This is the second of a series of publications, issued by authority of the State Board of Education of Illinois, and designed especially to elucidate the natural history of this State. The first number was published in De- cember, 1876, as Bulletin No. 1 of the Illinois Museum of Natural History ; but a change in the title of the institution issuing them, necessitates a change in the title of the series. S. A FORBES, Director 111. State Lab. of Nat. Hist. Normal, 111., Dec. 12, 1877. . ' A List of the Species of the Tribe Aphidini, family Aphidae, found in the United States, which have been heretofore named, with descriptions of some New Species. By CYRUS THOMAS, Ph. D. Printed Dec. 13th, 1877. A Synoptical Table of the Sub-families of Aphidae, as GIVEN BY BuCKTON. I. Front wings with three discoidal veins, the third twice forked: hind wings with two discoidal veins. 1. Aphidinae. II. Front wings with three discoidal veins, third with one fork ; hind • wings with two discoidal veins. (One in Colopha.') 2. Schizoneurinae. III. Front wings with three discoidal veins, all simple : hind wings with one or two discoidal veins. 3. Pemphiginae. IV. Front wings with the third discoidal vein wanting ; sometimes never acquiring wings. 4. Chermesinae. The first sub-family, Aphidinae, is further divided by Buckton into two tribes as follows : I. Antennae seven-jointed, Tribe 1, Aphidini. II. Antennae six-jointed, Tribe 2, Lachnini. These characters, however, are calculated to deceive, as the sixth joint in many species of the second tribe consists of two parts, corresponding to the sixth and seventh joints in the first ; in fact, the author speaks of these antennae as seven-jointed. The first of these tribes corresponds to Passer- ini’s sub-family Aphidinae. (4) Tribe 1. APHIDINI. Genus Siphonophora, Koch. Antennae very long, on tubercles ; honey tubes long, cylindrical. 1. Siphonophora acerifoliae, new sp. Winged , viviparous female. General color light grey, varied with white and ash-brown. Antennae extending beyond the tip of the abdomen, nearly to the tips of the wings. The three ocelli distinct. Prothorax with depressed, expanded lateral margins. From the back of each of the first three or four abdominal segments, arise two distinct, slender, somewhat curved spines. Honey-tubes not extending beyond the tip of the abdomen. Most of the veins of the front wings, es- pecially the fourth and the forks of the third, expand at the tips, forming dusky spaces ; the subcostal vein is strictly parallel with the costa ; stigma short and rather small. Basal joints of the antennae dull yellowish, with a narrow darker ring at the apex of the third and fourth joints; more or less of the fifth of a transparent whitish color, forming an annulus ; sixth and seventh dusky. Head pale brownish, with a narrow white median line ; eyes red ; prothorax same color as the head, with more or less distinct, very nar- row, abbreviated, longitudinal white lines ; abdomen marked with a few white dots somewhat regularly arranged, powdered with white behind the honey-tubes. The white lines and spots appear to be formed by a very fine white powdery substance. The spines on the abdomen black. Honey-tubes brown, white at the immediate tips. Apterous individuals, ( probably not fully grown. ) Pale pea-green ; eyes dark ; apical portion of the antennae dusky ; tibiae dusky at the base ; honey-tubes pale green. The surface of the body smooth and shining. Found on leaves of Acer dasycarpum , chiefly on the under side, somewhat sporadic and not aggregated in large colonies. Winged specimens very active and apparently capable of leaping. Slightly above medium size, but less than JS. rudbrckiae. It is possible that this Aphis should be placed in Drepanosiphum , or a new genus be formed for its reception. 2. Siphonophora rudbeckiae, Fitch. Senate 30, 66, 1851. On Rudbeckia laeiniata, Ambrosia trifida , and Solidago serotina. 3. Siphonophora ambrosiae, new sp. Similar in size and appearance to S. rudbeckiae , but varying in color from a light brown to a dark seal brown. Winged individuals. Discoidal veins of the front wings strongly curved. Antennae passing the tip of the abdomen, light brown, dark at the apex. Honey-tubes long, cylindrical, reaching beyond the tip of the abdomen. Tail long and pointed. Body not tuberculate ; antennae with alternate hairs, which, under a high power, appear to be capitate. Apterous individuals. Body more or less covered with tubercles, out of which proceed hairs, which, in some specimens at least, are eapitate. A similar characteristic has been noticed by Buckton in Mi/zus ribis , a species found on the Bed Currant and the G-ooseberry. Honey-tubes dark, or the same color as the body, tail yellowish brown. Beak dark at the tip, reaching to the third coxae. Found September 1st, at Sioux City, Iowa, on the leaves and flower- stems of Ambrosia psilostachya. 4. Siphonophora rosae, Reaum. Aphis rosae, Reaum. Ins., iii, PI. 21, Fig. 1-4. Siphonophora rosae, Koch, Pflanz., 178. On the tender shoots, leaf-stalks and flower-stalks of various culti- vated and wild roses. 5. Siphonophora avenae, Fab. Aphis avenae, Fab., Sp. Ins., ii, 386. “ granaria, Kirby, Linn. Trans., iv, 238. “ hordei, Kyber, Germ. Mag., Leit. ii. “ cerealis, Kalt., Mon. Pflanz., I, 16, 6. On Wheat, Oats and Barley leaves, stems and roots, according to the time of the year. 6. Siphonophora viticola, new sp. Apterous female. Rather broadly ovate, wide behind, about .08 of an inch long. Dusky brown, somewhat paler in front. Antennae scarcely as long as the body. Honey-tubes very long, slightly curved and slightly enlarged at the base, cylindrical, and fully one-fourth the length of the body. Honey-tubes, legs and antennae black, except that there appears to be a broad 'pale annulus on the last near the base, and in many specimens several pale rings. Tail distinct. Winged viviparous female . Similar to the wingless, somewhat more slender ; front parts darker, the head and central parts of the thorax being dark brown. The second discoidal vein more than usually distant from the third ; stigma dusky or brown, elongate, with sides parallel, pointed at the tip. In June and July, on the leaves near the tips of the branches, and also the tender twigs of cultivated grape vines. Whether this is the Aphis vitis of Scopoli or not, I have no means at present of ascertaining. 7. Siphonophora setariae, new sp. Winged viviparous female. Antennae about as long as the body or slightly longer ; general color brown or brownish, usually with a slight (6) olive tint. Subcostal- vein of the fore wings parallel with the costal ; the three discoidal veins about equidistant at their bases; stigma fusiform, opaque, brown. Apterous female. Honey-tubes extending slightly beyond the tip of the abdomen, black ; tail white ; legs yellow, except the joints, which are dusky ; the femora are generally pale at the base. Antennae about as long as the body, marked as in the pupa, except that the light portions are clear white. Beak reaching nearly to the hind coxae. Pupa. Oval, width about two-thirds the length ; length about .05 inch. Antennae nearly as long as the body ; first and second joints dusky, third and fourth bright yellow, apex dusky. Eyes black. Wing-pads greenish at the base. Found on the heads of Eetaria glauca and Panicum crus-corvi , Carbondale, Illinois, in August. It is possible that those found on Panicum belong to a different species, as the wingless specimens are of a lighter color, and have a distinct tubercle on the sides of the neck, which I failed to observe in those on Setaria. If it should appear that these are specifically dis- tinct, the species may be named & 'iphonophora panicola . 8. Siphonophora euphorbiae, new sp. Notes in reference to color lost. If I remember rightly, it was green or greenish, similar in color to the following species, but distinct. Antennae longer than the body, very slender ; the third and seventh joints very long ; a few regularly placed hairs on them. Honey- tubes long and slender, reaching beyond the tip of the abdomen, nearly one- third as long as the body, cylindrical. Tail very distinct, ensiform and slender, about half the length of the honey-tubes. Subcostal vein of the front wings diverging as it leaves the base, so as to leave the widest space between it and the costal vein opposite the insertion of the first discoidal vein, then approaching and joining it at the stigma. Found at Sioux City, Iowa, September 1st, on Euphorbia maculata. The specific name euphorbiae has already been used in Aphis, but this being in a different genus, it will not create confusion. 9. Siphonophora euphorbicola, new sp. Winged viviparous female . Antennae longer than the body ; general color pale pea-green ; honey-tubes long, extending beyond the tip of the abdomen, equal in length to about one-fourth of the body. Head pale glaucous, the two lateral ocelli distinct ; eyes dark ; antennae dusky, except the basal joints and base of the third joint, which are pale. Thorax with a slight purplish tint ; prothorax green ; abdomen pale green ; legs hyaline. Honey-tubes pale green at base, dusky at the tips; tail long, slender, sword-shaped, greenish. Veins of the wings slender and very straight, except the stigmatic, which is strongly curved. Beak reaches the hind coxae. Length to tip of abdomen .09 inch ; to tips of wings .15 inch. Apterous female. Pale green throughout, except the eyes, which are dark. Some specimens tuberculate. Closely allied to S cyparissiae , Koch, but that species has red eyes. Found at Sioux City, Iowa, about the 1st of September, on Euphor- bia marginata , on the leaves and leaf-stalks. 10. Siphonophora asclepiadis ? Fitch. Senate, No. 30, 65, 1851. On Asclepias cornuti. Referred with some doubt to this species. Dark green with dusky shadings. 11. Siphonophora erigeronensis, new sp. Winged viviparous female. Grreen, the antennae, eyes and honey- tubes black. Antennae as long as the body or rather longer ; honey- tubes very long, passing the abdomen, nearly equal in length to one- third the body ; cylindrical, deep black. Tail distinct, rather slender, and curved upwards. Legs long and slender, black, except the basal half of each femur, which is transparent green. Head and thorax deeper green than the abdomen. Length to tip of abdomen, .08 inch; to tips of the wings, .13 inch. The young are pale greenish-yellow. Fully grown wingless in- dividuals, pale pea-green. Found in August, at Carhondale, Illinois, upon the flower-stalks of Erigeron canadensis. 12. Siphonophora coreopsidis, new sp. Winged individuals. Antennae about two-thirds the length of the body; joints proportioned as usual. Honey-tubes long and cylindrical, length equal to about twice the distance to the tip of the abdomen. Head and thorax black ; abdomen greenish-yellow, with a grass-green spot on the back next the thorax, and three green spots along each side, one to a segment; antennae, legs and honey-tubes black; tail the color of the abdomen. The wings present a slightly smoky appearance; costal vein, stigma and discoidal veins, very dark, almost black ; subcostal with a yellowish tint Apterous female. Head pale yellow; thorax yellowish-green; ab- domen greenish-yellow, with a grass-green streak running from the thorax to the tip of the abdomen, also one running across near the thorax ; the hind margin of the abdomen from the base of one honey- tube to the other is of a reddish tint. Eyes black. Wing-cases of the pupa black. Found by Mr. Th. Pergande, in October, at St. Louis, Missouri, on Coreopsis aristosa> infesting the flower stalks. 13. Siphonophora lactucae, Kalt., Mou. Pflanz. On the garden lettuce. Buckton appears to think this distinct from Aphis lactucae , Linn., or S. lactucae , Koch. (8) 14. Siphonophora polygoni, Walk. Aphis polygoni, Walk., Zool., vi, 2249. On Polygonum persicariae. 15. Siphonophora salicicola, new sp. I have not seen this species living, hence cannot give the colors ; and I have some doubt as to its generic position, the antennal tubercles not being very distinct, and the plant on which it was found not the kind on which the species of this genus usually reside. Winged individual. Antennae seven-jointed, of the usual form in this genus ; apparently on tubercles ; all the joints transversely wrinkled. Beak of medium length. Tail distinct, curved upwards, expanding in the middle, and about half the length of the honey-tubes. Honey-tubes long, reaching beyond the tip of the abdou en, cylindrical. Wings with the neuration as usual in this genus, the second fork of the third discoidal vein very near the tip, the distance to the tip not more than one-sixth the distance to the junction of the first fork with third vein. Specimens in glycerine. Found in June, by Miss Emma A. Smith, at Peoria, Illinois, on willow. It is evidently not the Aphis salicicola , Uhler, (A. salicti , Harr.) which is a Lachnus. 16. Siphonophora verbenae, new sp. Wingless female. Of a bright pea-green color throughout, (some specimens yellowish-green ;) with two or thvfee deeper green, longitudi- nal stripes on the abdomen. Eyes black. Antennae about as long as the body, pale and colorless, except at the tips, where they are dusky. Honey tubes reaching to or slightly beyond the tip of the abdomen, cylindrical, pale. Tail rather short, whitish. Body regularly ovate, somewhat elongated ; medium size. Found at Carbondale, Illinois, November, on the leaves of Verbena. The following species are mentioned as probably found in the United States, introduced from Europe. 17. Siphonophora rubi, Kalt. Shining green and slightly pilose. On the Blackberry. 18. Siphonophora pisi, Kalt. Various shades of green. On the Pea. 19. Siphonoyhon tanaceti, Linn. Brown, with lighter shades. On the common Tansy. 20. Siphonophora fragariae, Koch. Green. On the Strawberry. (9) Genus Phorodon. Similar to Siphonophora in some respects, and to Aphis (restricted) in others. Chief distinguishing character, the spine-like prolongation of the inner side of the antennal tubercle, and of the first joint of the antennae. 21. Phorodon humuli, Schkank. Aphis humuli, Schrank, Faun. Boic., II, 110, 1199. pruni, Mahaleb, Fonscol., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., X, 175. Phorodon humuli, Passerini. The well known and injurious Aphis of the Hop-vine ; the cause of the “Blight.” Green. Genus Myzus. Too closely allied to Phorodon , the chief difference being that the frontal tubercles are not porrected in the female, and that the first antennal joint is only gibbous. 22. Myzus cerasi, Fab. Aphis cerasi, Fab., Syst. Ent., 734, 4. Myzus cerasi, Pass. Shining black. On cherry leaves. 23. Myzus? cerasicolens, Fitch. Aphis cerasicolens, Fitch, Senate, No. 30, 65, 1851. Pale greenish yellow. On Cerasus serotina. 24. Myzus ? cerasifoliae, Fitch. Aphis cerasifoliae, Fitch. Black, abdomen green. On leaves of Cerasus vir- giniana. 25. Myzus persicae, Sulz. Aphis persica, Sulz , Hist. Ins., 105, PI. II, Fig. 4, 5. institia, Koch, Pflanz., 58, Fig. 74, 75. persicaecola, Boisd. persicophila, Bondani. Myzus persicae, Pass. Red and brown On the Peach and Nectarine. 26. Myzus ribis, Linn. Aphis ribis, Linn., Syst. Nat., II, 733. Rhopalosiphum ribis, Koch, Pflanz., 39, Fig. 50, 51. Myzus ribis, Pass. Green to yellow. On leaves of Red Currant. (10) Genas Chaitophorus. Similar to Aphis (restricted) in form and antennae ; honey-tubes very short ; legs, antennae, and usually the body, hairy (hirsute). 27. Chaitophorus negundinis, new sp. Winged individual (in glycerine). — Wings very thin and delicate, and veins very slender ; the costal vein bends outward from the base to the insertion of the second discoidal vein ; the stigmatic vein starts from the stigma far back near the middle, curves slightly and grad ually for a short distance and is then almost straight to the apex of the wing ; stigma very long and slender ; veins and stigma pale yel- lowish. Antennae nearly as long as the body, sparsely covered with long stiff hairs. Honey- tubes short. Apparently greenish. Found at Peoria, Illinois, in June, by Miss Smith, on Negundo aceroides. 28. Chaitophorus populicola, new sp. Winged specimens. Antennae not very long, somewhat hairy. Wings transparent, but along each discoidal vein there is a broad smoky border ; stigma dark ; when examined by a strong power the wings appear to be covered with scales ; when examined by an ordi- nary pocket lens they present a very pretty appearance, as though marked by dark cross bands Head and thorax shining black: neck dull yellowish ; abdomen yellowish, with some irregular dusky patches toward the tip. Antennae, which reach about the middle of the abdo- men, dusky, the basal half paler ; legs dark, the bases of the femora pale ; beak short, reaching only to the middle coxae. Apterous female. Reddish-brown, or tortoise-shell color ; a large, yellowish, triangular or Y-shaped spot, (the forks pointing backwards) on the middle part of the abdomen ; honey-tubes reduced to simple tubercles, yellow. There is often a palish stripe along the middle of the head and thorax. Antennae pale yellowish at the base. Length about .05 of an inch Body more or less hairy ; and although my notes, made at the time, fail to mention the fact, I think that some, at least, of the apterous specimens were covered with tubercles. Found in July, at Carbondale, Illinois, and the first part of Septem- ber, at Dubuque, Iowa, on the under sides of the leaves of young sprouts of Popidus angulata. The remaining species of the tribe are placed in the genus Aphis. Those which are new and those heretofore described which 1 have been able to examine, appear to belong to the genus as restricted ; the others require further examination. 29. Aphis vernoniae, new ep. Winged individuals. — Rather small, .06 to .08 of an inch in length to the tip of the abdomen ; .12 inch to the tips of the wings. General (11) eral color bright lemon yellow ; thorax yellow, except the lobes, which are brown or blackish ; eyes black ; antennae pale or dusky ; abdomen yellow ; honey-tubes yellow or ochreous ; tail yellowish ; legs pale. In some specimens the thorax is dark ; the abdomen greenish- Antennae seven-jointed, nearly as long as the body. In some speci- mens (probably males) they appear to be on tubercles, which are pro- longed on the interior margin ; seventh joint about as long as the fifth and sixth united. Honey-tubes slender, cylindrical, and reaching about to the tip of the abdomen. Tail short and blunt. In some (wingless) specimens there is a distinct tubercle on each side of the prothorax, and another on each side just above the posterior coxae, but these were not observed on the winged individuals. Wingless individuals. — Color almost uniform greenish-yellow ; eyes black ; honey-tubes yellowish ; tail whitish ; legs pale. Found in June, at Carbondale, Illinois, on the under side of the leaves and stems of Vernonia fasciculata ; also about the first of Sep- tember, at Ft. Dodge, Iowa, on the flower stalks of the same plant. The latter presented some slight differences from the former. Is closely allied to A. beccabungae , Koch, and possibly identical with it. 30. Aphis mali, Fabr., Syst. Ent., 737. Aphis pyri, Reauin., Ins., Ill, 281,350. On the leaves and tender twigs of the Apple. 31. Aphis malifoliae, Fitch, Fourth Rep. N. Y. S. Cab., 49. Probably a variety of the preceding. On apple leaves. 32. Aphis cephalanthi, new sp. Wingless female . — Of a nearly uniform purplish color, the young quite pale, the older and mature individuals darker, but more or less translucent, with a slightly pruinose cast or covering ; head and tip of the abdomen dusky ; a slightly impressed line along each side of the abdomen near the margin. Honey-tubes cylindrical, reaching about to the tip of the abdomen ; tail distinct. Beak reaches rather beyond the middle coxae. Length about .05 inch. They give a reddish or dull orange color when crushed. Winged individual. — Head and thorax black, abdomen pale purplish, marked along the margin with pruinose spots. Two pruinose spots on the abdomen immediately behind the thorax ; tip of the abdomen dusky ; about four of the pruinose spots on each side anterior to the honey- tubes and two behind them Antennae very slender, dusky, reaching about to the middle of the abdomen. Legs pale, except the joints and tarsi, which are dusky. Wings transparent, but with a slightly smoky shade when seen erect in the living insect ; veins dark, except the subcostal or midrib, which is pale. Length to tip of abdomen about .05 ; to tip of the wings about .12 inch. Found in July, at Carhondale, Illinois, on the new growth of the twigs or stems of young plants of G phalanthus occidentalism occasion- ally on the midrib of the leaf near the base. It is possible that this should be placed in Callipterus , but the honey- tubes are rather long, and the antennae do not agree with characters as given by Koch, which, in fact, appear to be contradictory. 33. Aphis viburni ? Fabr., Syst. Ent., 737, 18. On the tender twigs of Viburnum opulus. Our species appears to be identical with the European. General color lilac-brown ; antennae shorter than the body ; the honey-tubes short ; legs usually pale honey yellow. Illinois, J une. 34. Aphis maidis, Fitch. On the tassel, ear-stalks and roots of Indian corn. Green through- out in apterous individuals ; winged with head and thorax shining black. 35. Aphis brassicae, Linn., Syst. Nat., II, 734. Aphis floris-rapae, Curt., Journ. Roy. Agr. Soc., Ill, 55. Pale greenish-yellow. On Cabbage. 36. Aphis impatientis, new sp. Winged individual. — Antennae extending about to the base of the honey-tubes, pale and dusky alternately ; head black ; prothorax pale brown, rest of the thorax shining black ; abdomen pale brownish ; honey-tubes not reaching the tip of the abdomen, black ; tail dull yel- lowish ; veins of the wings and stigma brown ; wings iridescent ;, legs dusky, tibiae pale yellow. Length to tip of abdomen about .10 inch, to tip of wings .18 inch. Apterous specimens. — Olive or purplish-brown. Found in August, at Carbondale, Illinois, on Impatiens fulva. Is an Aphis in the restricted sense. 37. Aphis symphoricarpi, new sp. Apterous individuals — "No winged specimens observed). There appear to be two varieties, but evidently belonging to the same colonies. One is pale, transparent green or yellowish green ; eyes black ; an- tennae pale, with a black ring a little beyond the middle, tips dusky ; honey-tubes and a small space around the base ochre yellow ; tarsi and tip of the beak black ; legs pale, transparent greenish. Bodies rather (13) broadly ovoid, and very convex ; abdomen very distinctly acuminate at the apex, but no tail apparent. The other variety is rather less convex, and the dorsal surface is more or less shaded with brown • in the darker specimens this color sometimes occupies most of the back ; there is usually a median line or stripe of green on the posterior half of the abdomen, which can of- ten be indistinctly traced to the thorax ; the thorax generally more or less shaded with pale brown ; tip of the abdomen usually pale or green- ish, and not acuminate as in the other variety ; tail distinct but short, whitish ; honey-tubes dark at the tips • remainder, and a space around the base, yellowish-brown. Legs rather short. Antennae reaching to the honey-tubes or nearly to the tip of the abdomen ; honey-tubes very short, almost reduced to tubercles, length about twice their diameter. Found at Ft. Dodge, Iowa, about the first of September, on the leaves of Symjohoricarpus vulgaris ; on the under side of the leaves near the ends of the branches. 38. Aphis pruni, Koch, Pflanz., 68, Figs. 88-90. Aphis prunifoliae, Fitch. Green, with more or less black. On the leaves of native and culti- vated plums. 39. Aphis rumicis, Linn., Syst. Nat., II, 734. For the numerous synonyms given by Walker, See Walker, List, Homop. Brit. Mus., 981. Also Trans., 111. St. Hort. Soc , 1876, 163. Some of these synonyms are erroneous. Black. On the Bean, Dock, &c. 40. Aphis cornifoliae, Fitch. Senate, No. 30, 65, 1851. Black. On the leaves of Cornus paniculata. 41- Aphis circaezandis, Fitch. Head and thorax black. On leaves of Galium circaezans. 42. Aphis crataegifoliae, Fitch. Senate, No. 30, 66, 1851. Black, abdomen green. On the leaves of Crataegus punctata. 43. Aphis betulaecolens, Fitch. Ibid. Sulphur-yellow. On the Beech. Probably belongs to Callipterus. 44. Aphis sambucifoliae, Fitch. Ibid. Black (probably greenish-black? . On Elder leaves. It is quite probable this is A. sambuci , Linn. (14) 45. Aphis pinieolens, Fitch. Ibid. Straw-yellow. On the Pine. 46. Aphis populifoliae, Fitch. Ibid. Chestnut-brown, pruinose. On leaves of Populus grandidentata. Probably belongs to Chaitophorus , and may be identical with the one one I have named Ch. populicola ; but Dr. Fitch’s description is too short and unsatisfactory to decide this point. 47. Aphis candicans, Fitch, On the leaves of Populus candicans. Probably belongs to Chaito- phorus. 48. Aphis gossypii, ? Pat. Off. Rep., 1855. Grreen or yellow, thorax striped with black. On the leaves of cotton. 49. Aphis ? caryella, Fitch. 50. punctatella, Fitch. 51. maculella, Fitch. 52. fumi pennella, Fitch. 53. marginella, Fitch. These species, according to Dr. Fitch, are found on the Hickory. It is more than probable that they are varieties of one species. They most likely belong to Passerini’s genus Pterocallis: at any rate they belong to the tribe under consideration. 54- Aphis acerisi Linn., Syst. Nat., II, 736. Occurs, according to Dr. Fitch, on Acer pennsylvanicum. If he is correct in his determination, it will belong to the genus Chaitophorus. The winged specimens black, the apterous yellowish and very hairy ; honey-tubes very short. Genus Rhopalosiphum. Similar to Siphonophora , but differs in having the honey-tubes en- larged in the middle. 55- Rhopalosiphum berberidis ? Kalt., Mou. Pflanz., 95. Aphis berberidis, Fitch, Senate, No. 30, 65, 1851. Black, abdomen yellow. On the leaves of Berberis vulgaris. I doubt the identity of Fitch’s and Kaltenbach’s species, although infesting the same plant ; the difference in color is too great. (15) I also give descriptions of some new species belonging to other tribes, with notes on a few species heretofore described. Lachnus quercifoliae ? Fitch. The following is a description of what I presume to be Dr. Fitch’s L. quercifoliae. Apterous individuals. — (apparently hardly full-grown). Antennae longer than the body ; third joint longest, the second about four-fifths the length of the third, thence decreasing regularly to the sixth, which is divided into two parts differing in diameter, or there is a seventh which is not more than half of the length of the sixth ; sparsely covered with hairs placed alternately. Honey tubes very short, the diameter exceeding the length, snowy white; tail short, semi- circular ; body slightly hairy. General color brown ; head paler and yellowish ; first two pairs of legs transparent white ; hind legs brown, except the tarsi, which are pale. Beak whitish, and reaching slightly beyond the third coxae. The young are yellowish white, with pale- brown patches ; as they increase in age, they grow darker, assuming a tortoise-shell appearance; the middle of the back and a spot each side of the abdomen at the shoulders pale. The older specimens show a distinct ridge along each side of the abdomen. Segments of the abdo 'men very distinctly marked. Nearly oval in form; length less than one-tenth of an inch. Tibiae hairy. Found on the upper suiface of the leaves of the White Oak, at Car- bondale, Illinois, in August. I have some doubt in reference to the position assigned this species by Dr. Fitch, if indeed it be his species. Rhizobius eleusinis, new sp. The body very broadly ovate and very convex, almost globular ; the abdomen abruptly rounded behind, the last segment small and conical, appearing in the older or completely grown specimens as a short tail ; tapering regularly from the middle of the abdomen forward to the head, the thorax and thoracic segments distinguished only by the deeper sutures and position. Eyes very minute, almost obsolete. Antennae very short, not reaching beyond the thorax, six-jointed, first and sec- ond thickest, rest cylindrical, of equal thickness ; third longest^ sixth next, fourth and fifth equal in length ; slightly hairy ( under strong magnifier) especially the sixth joint. Beak reaching fully to the hind coxae. General and almost entire color a milky white ; apical half of the antennae and tip of the beak dusky or black ; the older specimens have two or three transverse fuscous bands on the thorax and posterior part of the abdomen. The under side often presents, on the lateral margins, abbreviated, transverse, brownish stripes, but the middle part is smooth and white. The legs are dirty white, more or less touched with pale brown. ( 16) Length about .05 to .07 of an inch. The species of this genus, as far as known, never acquire wings. Found during September, at Carbondale, Illinois, on the roots of Eleusine indica. Tychea panici, new sp.* Antennae very short, in the specimens examined, which appear to be scarcely fully grown; not reaching beyond the prothorax, apparently five-jointed ; joints nearly equal to each other, sub-moniliform. Body ovate, very convex. Apparently without eyes, at least I failed to find them with a pretty high power, yet Mr. Pergande appears to have found specimens in which they were minutely represented, as shown in the figure drawn by him. Beak very short, reaching but little beyond the first coxae. Legs unusually short, the hind pair being scarcely longer than the others. Without honey- tubes of anything representing them. Divisions between the segments not well marked Uniform orange red or reddish-yellow ; beak tipped with fuscous. Length not more than about .04 of an inch. Found during October, by Mr. Th. Pergande, at St. Louis, Mo., on ' the roots of Panicum glabrum. This is probably a species of Tychea , which has, according to Koch, six-jointed antennae, but according to Passerini, only five. * The winged form of this species has probably been discovered by Mr. Per- gande since the above description was printed. It apparently belongs to the genus Schizoneura. A NEW SPECIES OF APHIS, OF THE GENUS COLOPHA. By MISS NETTIE MIDDLETON, ASST. ST. ENT., ILL. Printed March 20th, 1878. Colopha eragrostidis, new sp. Winged individual. — General color reddish-brown ; head black ; prothorax yellowish, rest of the thorax and abdomen reddish brown • veins of the wings dark ; stigma pale brown. Wings, when first seen horizontal, but becoming erect, formed and veined as usual ; the third vein in the anterior pair with only one fork and obsolete nearly half way to the base of the fork ; the first and sec- ond veins approximate very closely at the base. Posterior pair with but one discoidal vein. Antennae six jointed, with the sutures between the third and fourth and between fifth and sixth transparent ; first and second joints short ; third about equal to the fourth, fifth and sixth united : the fourth and fifth nearly equal in length ; sixth very short, but little exceeding the first and second united. The antennae as compared with the body are very short, scarcely reaching to the base of the front wings ; not tapering. Wingless individual. — Body covered with a cottony substance ; beak short, not extending to the base of the second pair of legs. No honey- tubes. Length of the body .06 of an inch; to tip of wings .10 of an inch. This species was found September 1st, 1877, on the upper leaves and fruit stems of a species of grass (Eragrostis poaeoides var. megastachya), the blades of the grass folding over the insects. It is also found on some species of Panicum. This evidently belongs to Mr. J. Monell’s new genus Colopha , as the third vein of the front wing is but once forked, the hind wings have but one discoidal vein, and the antennae are six-jointed. A LIST OF THE MOSSES, LIVERWORTS AND LICHENS OF ILLINOIS. By JOHN WOLF and ELIHU HALL. The specimens upon which the following list is based were nearly all collected by the writers ; those from Menard county by Mr. Hall, those from Fulton county by Mr. Wolf. Those from Southern Illinois were mostly obtained by Mr. Wolf, as botanical collector of a party from the State Laboratory which visited the counties of Union, Johnson and Jack- son, during July and August, 1877. We are under great obligation to Prof. Leo Lesquereux, Thomas P. James, Esq., Coe F. Austin, Esq., and Henry Willey, Esq., for the de- termination of species, and for many other favors. MTJSCI. A. ohioense, & 'clump.. Archidium, Brid, Menard. E. crassinervium, Schwseg Ephemerum, Hampe. Fulton, Menard, A. triquetrum, Spruce ., Acaulon, Mull. Menard A. muticum, Schreb., A. schimperianum, Sull., Fulton. Menard. A. wolfii, James , Fulton.. P. cuspidatum, Schreb Phascum, L. Fulton, Menard. Pleuridium, Brid. P. alternifolium, Brid. Fulton, Menard. A. crispum, Hedw., Astomum, Hampe. Fulton. A. sullivanti, Schimp., Menard. A. nitidulum, Schimp., Fulton, Menard. B. flexuosa, Schwsegr, Bruchia, Schwsegr. Fulton. B. beyrichiana, Hampe., 111. W. viridula, Brid., Weisia, Hedw. Fulton, Menard. W. mucronata, Br. & Schf., Fulton. Campylopus, Brid. 0. leanus, Sulliv., Fulton, Menard. T. longicollis, Rich., Trematodon, Rich. Union, Johnson. D. varium, Hedw., Bicranum, Hedw. Fulton, Menard. D. rufescens, Turner, D. heteromallum, Hedw., « (( ce t( D. flagellare, Hedw., Fulton, Menard, Johnson. D. scoparium, L Fulton, Menard. D. palustre, Brid., 111. I). undulatum, Turner, Menard. D. spurium, Hedw., var. condensatum, Menard. C. purpureus, Brid., Ceratodon, Brid. Fulton, Menard, Lee1 Leucobryum, Hampe. L. glaucum, Hampe, Fulton, Menard. L. minus, Hampe , Johnson. F. obtusifolius, Wils ., Fissidens, Hedw . Fulton. F. minutulus?/ Sidliv., Fulton, Menard. F. bryoides, Hedw., Fulton, Menard, McHenry. F. subbasilaris, Hedw., Fulton, Menard. F. taxifolius, Hedw., a a F. adiantoides, Hedw., Fulton, Kane, Menard. Conomitrium, Montague. C. julianum, Mont., C. hallianum, Sulliv. & Lesqx ., Fulton, Menard. Menard. (20) Trichostomum, Br. & Sch. T. tortile, Schrad ., T. pallidum, Hedw., Fulton, Menard, T. tophaceum, Brid ., Fulton, Menard. Union, Johnson. 111. T. rigidulum, Smith , 111. Barbula, Hedw. B. unguiculata, Hedw., B. caespitosa, Schwsegr, Fulton Menard. , Menard, S. 111. B. papillosa, Wils ., Menard. B. rigida, Schultz , u B. fallax, Hedw., Fulton. B. vinealis, Brid., Menard. B. subulata, Brid., 111. Desmatodon, Brid. D. flavicans, Br. & Schimp. Peoria Co. Didymodon, Br. & Sch. D. rubellus, Br. & Sch., Fulton. Pottia, Ehrh. P. subsessilis, Br. & Sch., Menard. P. exigua, Aust., 6i Tetraphis, Hedw. T. pellucida, Hedw., Menard. Encalypta, Schreber. E. ciliata, Hedw., Ogle. Drummondia, Hook. D. clavellata, Hook, Fulton, Menard. Orthotrichum, Hedw. 0. strangulatum, Beauv., Fulton, Menard. 0. canadense, Br. & Sch., 0. crispulum, Hornsc.h, Fulton. Fulton, Menard. Ptyciiomitrium, Br. & Sch. P. drummondi, Hook. & Wils., S. 111. Grimmia, Ehrh. G. apocarpuin, Br. & Sch., Menard. G. confertum, Br. & Sch., Fulton, Menard. G. ovata, V. & M., S- 111. H. ciliata, Ehrh., (21) Hedwigia, Ehrh. Fulton, Menard. Atrichium, Beauv. A. undulatum, Beauv., A..angustatum, Beauv., Pogonatum, Beauv. Fulton, Menard. Fulton, Menard, Johnson. P. brevicaule, Brid ., POLYTRTCHUM, Brid. Fulton, Menard. P. commune, Linn., P. formosum, Hedw., P. juniperinum, Hedw., Timmia, Hedw. Fulton, Menard. Menard, Union. Fulton, Menard. T. megapolitana, Hedw., Fulton, Menard. Aulacomnion, Schwsegr. A/heterostichum, Br. & Sch., Fulton, Menard. Bryum, Br. & Sch. B. pyriforme, Hedw., B. nutans, Schreb ., B. roseum, Schreb., B. albicans, Wahl, B. argenteum, Linn., B. cernuum, Hedw., B. bimum, Schreb., B. intermedium, Brid., B. caespiticium, L ., B. atropurureum, Web. & Mohr., B. obconicum, Hsch ., B. uliginosum, Br. & Sch., Fulton, Menard. a cc Fulton, Kane, Menard. Fulton, Menard. u (C U u u u a a u a u a Menard. Fulton Mnium, Br. & Sch. M. affine, Bland, M. punctatum, Hedw., M. serratum, Brid., M. stellare, Hedw., M. cuspidatum, Hedw., Bartramia, Hedw. Fulton, Menard. Menard. a Fulton, Menard. B. pomiformis, Hedw., B. fontana, Brid., B. marehica, Brid., B. radicalis, Beauv., Fulton, Menard. Menard. Fulton. Menard. (22) Fun aria, Schreb. F. hygrometrica, Hedw ., F. flavicans, Michx ., F. microstoma, Br. & Sch., Fulton, Menard, N. 111. Menard. a Discelium, Brid. D. nudum, Brid., Fulton. Physcomitrium, Brid. P. pyriforme, Br. & Sch., P. immersum, Sidl., Fulton, Menard. 111. Aphanorrhegma, Sulliv. A. serratum, Sulliv., Fulton, Menard. Fontinalis, Dill. F. biformis, Sulliv., F. filiformis, S. & L., F. dalecarlica, Bryol. Europ., Fulton. Fulton, Mason. Fulton. Dichelyma, Myrin. D. capillaceum, Bryol. Europi, Fulton. Leucodon, Schwseyr . L. julaceus, Sulliv. Fulton, Menard, S. 111. Leptodon, Mohr. L. trichomitrion, Web., var. immersum, S. & L., L. ohioense, Sulliv., Menard, S. 111. Pnlaski. Anomodon, Hook. & Tayl . A. obtusifolius, Br. & Sch., A. attenuatus, Hub., A. tristis, Cesati , A. rostra tus, Hedw., Fulton, Menard. U (C a tt Fulton, Menard, S. 111. Leskea, Hedw . ; Bryol. Europ. L. polycarpa, Hedw., L. obscura, Hedw., L. denticulata, Sulliv., L. austini, Sulliv., Fulton, Menard, S. 111. Fulton. 111. Fulton, Menard. Clasmatodon, Hook. & Wils. C. parvulus, Hampr, Fulton. (23) Thelia, Sulliv. T. hirtella, Hedw ., T. asprella, Schimp., T. lescurii, Sulliv. , Fabronia, Raddi. F. gymnostoma, Sulliv. & Lesqx., Anacamptodon, Brid. Menard. Fulton, Menard. Fulton. Fulton, Menard. A. splachnoides, Brid., Fulton, Menard, S. 111. Pylaisaea, Bryol. Europ. P. subdenticulata, W. P. Sch., Fulton, Menard. P. intricata, Bryol . Europ., u <£ P. polyantha, Schreb., Fulton. Homalothecium, Bryol. Europ. H. subcapillatum, Bryol. Europ., Fulton, Menard. Platygyrium, Bryol. Europ. P. repens, Bryol. Europ., Cylindrothecium, Bryol. Europ. C. cladorrhizans, Bryol. Europ., 0. seductrix, Bryol. Europ., C. compressum, Bryol. Europ., C. brevisetum, Bryol. Europ., Fulton, Menard. Fulton, Menard. a (c a (( Menard. Climacium, Web. & Mohr. C. americanura, Brid., Hypnum, Dill. II. delicatulum, Hedw., II. minutulum, Hedw., H. scitum, Beauv., H. gracile, Br. & Sch., H. triquetrum, L., H. alleghaniense, C. Mull., H. hians, Hedw., H. novaeangliae, S. & L. H. sullivanti, Spruce, H. diversifolium, Schimp, H. strigosum, Hoffm., II. boscii, Schwaegr, H. serrulatum, Hedw., II. deplanatum, W. P. Sch., Fulton, Menard. Fulton, Menard, u a (( (( Fulton, Kane, Menard. Fulton, Menard. S. 111. Fulton, Menard. 111. Fulton, Menard. • Menard. Marion, Menard. Menard. Fulton, Menard. (< u i (24) H. microcarpum, G. Mull., H. micans, Schwartz, var. albulum, ((7. if) Aust., H. cylindrocarpum, C. Mull., H. schreberi, Willd., H. aduncum, Hedw., H. crista-castrensis, L., H. imponens, Hedw., H. curvifolium, Hedw., H. haldanianum, Grev., H. collinum, Br. & Schf., H. salebrosum, Hoff., H. laetum, Brid., H. acutum, Mitten , H. acuminatum, Beauv., H. rivulare, Bryol. Europ., H. chrysophyllum, Brid., H. hispidulum, Brid., H. sommerfeldtii, Myrim, H. dimorphum, Brid., H. adnatum, Hedw., H. serpens, Hedw., var. radicale, Brid., var. orthocladon, Beauv., H. riparium, Hedw., var. cariosum, Sull., Menard. Fulton, Menard. Menard. Fulton, Menard. a a 66 66 66 66 66 , 66 66 66 111 Fulton, Menard Fulton, Menard. Menard, Fulton. Fulton, Menard. 66 66 66 6 6 Fulton, Menard, S. 111. Fulton. Fulton, Menard. 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 111 HEPATICAE. RICCIACEAE. IIlCOiA, Mich. It. sorocarpa, Bisch., Fulton, Menard. It. lescuriana, Aust., “ “ It. natans, L., “ ct It. lutescens, Schwein., ^ (t E. fluitans, L ., Fulton, var. canaliculata, Hoffm., “ var. sullivanti, Aust., Menard. It. frostii, Aust., Fulton. (25) A. punctatus, A., A. laevis, A., var. major, A. orbicularis, Schwein. M. polymorpha, A., C. conicus, A., A. hemisphaerica, A., D. barbifrons, Bisch F* tenella, Aees, A. pinguis, A., A. sessilis, Sjoreng., A. multifida, A., A. latifrons, C. ascendens, Bull, L. bidentata, A., L. heterophylla, A., L. macouni, Aust., L. minor, Aees, ANTHOCEROTEAE. Anthoceros, Mich. Fulton, Menard. Fulton, Menard, Union. Fulton. MARCHANTIACEAE. Marchantia, A. CONOCEPHALUS, Hill. Asterella, Beauv. Duyalia, JVees. Fimbriaria, JVees. JUNGERMANNIACEAE. Fulton, Menard. Fulton, Menard, Union. Fulton, Menard, Union. Fulton, Menard. Fulton, Menard. Aneura, Dumort. Fulton. Menard, Johnson. Fulton. Menard. Chiloscyphus, Corda. Fulton, Menard, Johnson Lophocolea, Nees. Fulton. a Fulton, Johnson. Menard, Fulton. (26) Blepharostoma, Dumort. B. trichophyllum, L ., Fulton. Cephalozia. C. sullivantiae, Aust ., C. divaricata, Engl, Dot ., J ohnson. Fulton. C. bicuspidata, L., C. curvifolia, Dicks., Fulton, Menard, Union, Johnson. C. connivens, Dicks., 111. C. albescens, Hook., a Harpanthus, Nees. H. scutatus, Mitt. , Union, Johnson JUNGERMANNIA, L. J. sehraderi, Mart., J. hyalina, Lyell, Fulton, Menard, Union Johnson. Fulton. Leptoscyphus. L. taylori, Hook., Fulton. Scaphania, Lindenberg. S. nemorosa, L., Johnson. Frullania, Raddi. F. gray ana, Mont., Menard. F. squarrosa, Nees, S. 111. F. aeolotis, Nees, Fulton, Menard. F. virginica, Goitsche, u ' : :,-H rH •'Bpod'Boap'Bj^x | : r-H H CO : "Bpod'BOQQ I : •vaovimaQ | ^ rH 1HO co»o • • rH rH CO •YaoAvnrAj\[ •9'Bpmqo'Bjp^fj • rH •0'Bpi0U'BJy CO rH CO YaiKHOvay H CO •,ei0ylo.m0jq 'sH r-H CO t-H COCOi— i i— Ii— i0500i— ICO CO SO •'BJ0^dlUI0JJ ^ : : lO H CO H H CO CO ''BIOyloejOQ iSZ • CO rH • rH "BJ0^di(j CH CM rH rH rH rH rH r— 1 coco CO • rH • -CO rH CO •oiivnby Ot> CM r-H r-H rH CM r-H r-H •^CCrH^rHOOOCQCO CO 1—1 CO SO •uieyliaiejj • CO •'Bj0^doq;.T0 rH rH rH • H •'B.I04dO0p0 CO • CO •uieyliQ; rH rH "BJ0^dopid0rj CO • CO •,ei0^dou0inAjj • rH •[VlWSdMdJ, T- rH ^ : • CO rH •sxoasMi O5C0i-HrHi-HC0rHi— 1 ^COHJ-OHOOO(N^ (M r-H CO SO •0A^Aig : CO •0A^AIUJ0 CO • CO • rH CO •SXSmTEOJ^ • CO rH rH CO •piojniig -4 t-H •piopAo lO rH CO H • •piOU0^0 CO • • CO coco • Ti^HCOH • • 'SHHSI^ t— 1— 1 r— ( ■'t1 r— 1 CO CO OOCOCOCOth • H •p0UItU'BX0 ‘Ojq 05(MrHHH(MHHt'HH'^H'^COHrHC0005(MlOHH CO r—i CO Names of Fishes. EtheostomatAdap. Pleurolepis pellucidus. . . . Alvorrlins rna.rnla.lvns .... Boleosoma maculatum. . . . Nanostoma zonale Poeeilichthys asprigenis. . . Etheostoma lineolatum . . . Boleichthvs elee-ans IPercidae Perea americana Stizostethium vitreum S. canadense p 02 a p M $ X o _N ’43 m 4 ■ g rC> a W P 0 X £ 1 C 0 1 J d H-= P H P t >-2 SO !>- 00 050H CO CO iO CD 00 05 O rH CO r— I rH I I— I *H HHHriHHW CO CO ■^siq; uo -o^[ * While these pages are being printed, I learn from Dr. Jordan that he finds no constant differences between the eastern and western forms of Aphododerus. •asvaav*) | •snrBSo^diCiQ | T— i 50 T-H 03 T-h T-h T-h ,SUI,BSOU0'Bqc[ | 03 * • 1— 1 T-H • • • rv. •sxNvaj | TH 00 rH CO r-H rH rH t-H ■voza'ioj | •SJVtHO^ •'eo'e^soiHcqug | t-h 1010 03 03 t-h 03 t-H •'Bpod'Boep'BJ^x | 03 t-h i— i • •'Bpod'BOQQ •yaovLLsnHQ rH it iO 03 03 t-h 03 t-h 1-1 ■vaoayiHAj\[ •a^piuqo'Bjp^jg o; ,0'Bpi0U'Biy •yaiNHOvay r-H r-H 03 ■^J0qdoan0j^ ^ : 03 rH "BI0^dlUI0JJ t-h •13.10^00103 r-H rH "BJ0^dlQ -^03 H H COCO 03 rH •oipmby rH CV] r-H t-H CO COiO CO rH rH •'eaoxdo.moxq "BJ0^diin0jj 03 t-H t-H •^©^doq^iQ "Ba0^do0{OQ 03 03 •^©^diQ CO 03 03 CO t-h 03 •rei0idopid0'q ,'BJ0^doU0lU^JJ Ith rH T-H • H CO-rtH CO r-H 03 lO 03 t-h 03 •sioasNq CO 03 CO 03 03 CO T-h COO 03 CO r-H 03 T-H t-H •©AX'BAig •©ApLYIUfX CO rH 03 t-h ,sxsnrno]j\[ COrH 03 -• •piojniig •piop^o C— •piOUOXQ CO 'SHHSig rH 00 rH rH •poniurBxo -o^i t-h iOlXNCON 03 0003 CO h ii5 id H CO H 03 CC H03HH Names of Fishes. \Gasterostidae Eucalia inconstans Atherinidae Labidesthes sieenlns Cyrinodontidae Fundulus dia/nha/nns !i re He ! e ' a i-S 1 c (t 1 > esa 1 ! i > j ! i & ! S 0^ IN Umbridae Melanura limi Esocidae Esox lneins E. salmoneus, (tadpoles 1) Ht/odontidae Ui P CQ :'S : & -4-3 § ts o > W Clupeidae Pomolobus chrysochloris . . Dorosoma cepedianum Cyprinidae Campostoma anomalum . . Hvborvnchus notatus J Hybognathus argyritis Luxilus cornutus : « 'i a . c rd f= re a ’§ c re i[p j'S i m : e ! g 1 ' 4H ihJ Notropis atherinoides Ericvmba buccata [Semotilus corporalis I *pn uo *o^[ 3 CIO 03 CO ■OOOJOHCQ 5 00 00^^^ \ •HOVaHYf) CO | CO • r . 03 C3 C3 i— i • CO H Yh • • • lO I o • • • _• _• • • • I 03 H • -HH CO | ^ O i-H i— I • 03 03 CO i—i • r-H ^H • • • lO I 1-0 • ■ • • • I CO ::::::::::::::::: 1 00 r-H »0 | t> OHH • • T— I CO T— l • • • • r-H • • • - | 10- lO . . . . .^1 . | CO ^ • • • • • : ; ' ■ i-l • • • r-H • • | 03 t-H • ~ CO r-H • *~r— H • i-H • r-H • lO | ® ^ : T: : : : T : ; | CO 1-" ::::::::::::::::: I ^ I o :N IS -h 03 | O ”oo T — I 1—1 ; • 1— I -Hf 03 • • ■ • • • • • lO I h • • I Ohh • -i— 1-^03 -CO • * t—h • • • lO I lO • • I c— ::::::::::::::: y : I : 1 10 | 03 r-H | 00 ::::::::::::::::: I 05 ::::::::::::::::: l03 1 10 :::::::: :::::: IS HHH • -00^03 -COr-H -r-H .... liO _r-H • • • | 05 05 03 03 CO *HH • • | 03 lO H 03 • • • ^03 ■ • ■ • • • ■ • • | 1— I 03 03 CO • H r-H 03 h • • • • • • ~ I 03 r-H • • I 03 ::::::::::::::::: I ^ I r- I r-H : : : : : : : 2 • • • • ; • • • • | cq : : : : ; ; : : : : : : r-: : : . i © I CO ^03C0C003COCO03 CO 03 1-1 r-H lO I O •sniu§ou0,Bq(j •sxmvtj •VOZA'TOJ •'Bour}sorao}iig[ •apod'Boap'Bj^x npodnoeQ •yaovxsiiaQ •vaojvmA]^ •QEpraqouipyCjq ‘oupiouniy ■vaiMHavay •aja^dojnejq •'Bjo^diraojj •uio^dig •oiivnhy •aae^dojna^; •'BJte^diraajj ■aj0^doq^jQ ••e.i0^do0p3 •'BI0^dlQ ,rBJ0^dopid0q *'Bi0^dou0aiiCjj ’l'DLllSdJ'J,dJJ •SJiOSSMl •0Ap3Aig •©AjaAIUg ■S5isimof •pioiniig •piop^o •piouoy) •SHHSig •poinurexo ’ojq rj CD 'a.g) rD fl co . o . "c§ : "8 ; Pi . O «5 p4js o Prg D ® O ft 2 co _ , r 3 CO r° • £ 3 C3 O! ^ CO _rj : r P 00*5^6 -2 22 K2 §3 o S -2 a> >» ."Ph : co " , O’. : -2 CO -o ,£) flrS cer?^ 2 ;WQ uo ’Oj^; I iO CO t'-opos rJH rcfH H!^ 2S Note. — I have just succeeded in obtaining, too late for previous notice, a copy of an elaborate paper on the Fisheries of the Great Lakes, by Mr. J. W. Milner, Asst. U. S. Fish Commissioner, published in the first report of the commissioner, 1872-3. It contains full notes on the food of the White Fish, Lake Trout, Lake Herring and Sturgeon. An article by Prof. A. E. Yerrill in the same report con- tains interesting matter for a comparison of the food of allied marine and fresh water species. APPENDIX. ON THE CRUSTACEA EATEN BY FISHES. I have recognized the following genera and species of Crustacea in the stomachs of the fishes of the preceding list, several of them being new to the state. The material afforded has been by no means exhaustively studied, and the list of species could probably be quadrupled. I have refrained^ from formal description of some species which are evidently new, preferring to wait for specimens in more perfect condition. Cambarus immunis , Hagen. This is the only craw-fish I have yet noticed in the stomachs of fishes, and this I have seen but once (in the short-nosed gar), unless young indi- viduals eaten by a small cat-fish ( Amiurus melas) also belonged to this com- monest of our species. Allorchestes dentata , (Smith) Faxon. Specimens of Lepiopomus pallidus, taken in Crystal Lake, McHenry Co., in June, were feeding -chiefly on this crustacean. It has also been found in the same species, in L. ischyrus and in Morone interrupta from the Illinois at Peoria. Orangonyx gracilis , Smith. The western form of this species (see Bull. No. 1, p. 6) occurs abund- antly throughout central and southern Illinois. It is a very agile and vora- cious creature, behaving in a jar of entomostraca like a tiger in a sheep-fold. I have noticed that ponds in which it is at all common are nearly or quite destitute of Eubranchipus. The “handiness” with which it uses its anterior feet in feeding is quite amusing. I have found it eaten only by the Top Minnow ( Zygonectes notatus. ) Asellus intermedins , Forbes. Eaten by Aphododerus from Union Co. A species of Asellus described by Mr. 0. P. Hay, in the paper following this, as A. militarise has recently been collected in the Illinois River, and has been noted in the stomachs of (88) ) Lepiopomus ischyrus and Eupomotis aureus. Another form which, from its variability, I have not yet ventured to describe as distinct from intermedium^ is very common in slow streams and fresh pools in McLean Co., especially in early spring, and has reached me also from La Salle *)p, and from Wis- consin. Its size is equal to that of communis , and it differs frokn typical in- termedins also in the much more robust development of all its apptfioJja^es, and in the large size of the second joint of the outer ramus of the second1 genital plates of the male. The form and proportions of these genital plates must be used with caution, however, in describing species, as they evidently vary greatly. Leptodora hyalina , Lilljeborg. This extremely curious crustacean, which may be known by its peculiar, slender form (that of a true cross, the arms of which are the swimming ap- pendages), by its extreme transparency and by the single eye in the front- end of its cylindrical head, has hitherto been observed in this country only • by Prof. S. I. Smith, by whom a single specimen was dredged in L. Su- perior in' 1871. * It evidently stands between the other Cladocera and the Phyllopoda in many respects, having no slight resemblance to a larval Eu- branchipus. It occurs in considerable numbers in Peoria Lake, a mere expansion of the Illinois River, the depth of which does not exceed eighty feet. Speci- mens taken in a small surface net, in June, I 877, were lost in transit, and it was not again seen until found in the stomachs of Polyodon , Dorosomo and Hyodon. It is not at all certain that this is identical with the European species, all the specimens yet studied being too imperfect to decide this point. Eurycercus lamellate, Muell. I Specimens apparently of this species appear in the stomachs of fishes from Crystal Lake, McHenry Co., ( Apeltes , Labidesthes , Fundulus ) and also in shovel fishes from Peoria Lake. It is likewise common in ponds in McLean Co. Bosmino , sp. ? This genus belongs to a section of Dapniadae ( Lyncodaphnia ) dis- tinguished by the long and strong anterior antennae and by the reduced im- portance of the posterior pair. The former are tapering, curved and cylin- drical, (containing in our species about 14 slightly spinulose joints, with a tuft of bristles on the front of the third) and project from the front of the head like a bifid beak. Occurs in myriads in food of shovel fish, in carp, buffalo, &c., and in Labidesthes from Crystal Lake. Ceriodaphnia angulata , (Say) Forbes. Very abundant in central Illinois, (McLean and Rock I. counties)1, but * Invertebrate Fauna of L. Superior, p. 696. (89) not hitherto reported. The following is Say’s description, in Jour. Acad. Nat. Science, Phil., Vol. I, p. 440, 1818 : “ D . angulata. Body viewed laterally, sub-oval, contracted before, gibbous above near the posterior edge, beneath ventricose in the middle ; back sub-ovate, acute behind and contracted before : sides striate with nu- merous minute, parallel, obliqe lines. Hind edge of the body with a prom- inent angle in the middle, which is obtuse at tip ; above the angle it is ciliated. Antennae, 4 filaments on the superior branch, and 5 on the in- ferior branch j color white or red. Length -jL- of an inch. Cabinet of the Academy. Very common in the stagnant marsh water of the forests of the Southern States.” In the Illinois specimens the head is marked off from the body by a dorsal indentation. The color is usually white. Found in the stomachs of carp, buffalo, sun-fish, &c. It constituted the principal part of the food of a number of croppies taken in April, from the Illinois R. The eggs be- neath the carapace were so numerous as to give an orange color to the whole mass of the food at this time. Daphnia pulex I L. The species referred to by Prof. Smith, under this name,* is our com- monest Daphnia , occurring everywhere in immense numbers. It is eaten by Polyodon and by many small fishes. Daphnia galeata , Sars. A species probably the same as that figured by Prof. Smith in the paper already cited, was found in Crystal Lake, — a shallow sheet of water about 2 miles long — and was eaten in numbers by the abundant little silversides ( Labidesthes .) Canthocamptus illinoisensis , Forbes. This minute crustacean was frequently found in carp, buffalo and shovel fishes from the Illinois R. Diaptomus sanguineus, Forbes. In Pomoxys nigro-maculatus. Numbers of the genus unrecognizable as to species were observed in a variety of fishes. Many Cyclops and Cypris, the species of which I have not attempted to discriminate, occurred in fishes from all waters and of a dozen families. Loc. cit. (90) DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF ASELLUS. By 0, P. HAY. Asellus militaris. (Sp. nov.) Length of male 17 mm., of female 11 mm. Color brown, ornamented with irregular shaped yellow spots, somewhat symmetrically arranged on each side of the median line. Feet and caudal stylets with a tinge of rose. Upper surface of the body covered with minute scattered hairs. All the free margins of the body abundantly furnished with slender spines ; these longest on the lateral margin. Head narrow, only about one-half the width of the first thoracic segment; the anterior margin concave; antero-lateral angles obliquely truncated ; lateral margins diverging posteriorly, with a small outwardly projecting lobe at the posterior angle ; this lobe furnished with several short spines. Eyes comparatively small. Anterior segments of thorax concave in front, convex behind ; becoming less so to fifth segment, whose anterior and posterior margins are nearly straight. Sixth and sev- enth segments convex in front, concave behind, the concavity being deepest in the seventh. All the thoracic segments after the second about the same width ; the second a little narrower than the succeeding segments ; the first about three-fourths as wide as the widest. Antero-lateral angles of first segment excavated and filled by the broad epimera. Second segment very slightly notched in front. In the succeeding segments this notch is pushed further back and becomes deeper, especially in the last three. As the notch becomes deeper, the antero-lateral angle is lengthened and turned back- ward. The epimera again make their appearance in the fifth, sixth, and seventh segments, only partially filling the lateral notches. Postero-lateral angles of all the thoracic segments rounded. Abdomen sub-orbicular ; width and length equal ; anterior and pos- terior angles quite well marked. Posterior margin excavated at insertion of caudal stylets, prolonged behind into a median lobe. This, in the male, reaches back scarcely one-third the length of the pedicel of the caudal sty- lets, but in the female about one-half the length of the pedicel. Width of abdomen less than that of any of the thoracic segments, except the first and second, about equal in width to second. Antennulae shorter than the pe duncle of the antennae ; basal segment short, a little curved and having a diameter nearly three times that of the next segment ; second segment (91) longer than the first; third sub-equal to the first. Flagellum equal to the peduncle and consisting of about twelve segments. First three segments of the antennae short ; fourth as long as the three preceding; fifth as long as the second, third and fourth together ; flagellum long, reaching back three-fourths the length of the thorax, and consisting of about seventy-five segments. Right mandible with a single dentigerous lamella furnished with four obtuse teeth. Left mandible with two dentigerous lamellae, each with four obtuse teeth Palpus consisting of three segments; the first clavate; the second widest in the middle, its inner margin being straight and its outer formed by two straight lines meeting at an obtuse angle at the middle of the segment ; last segment falcate, furnished with numerous plumose hairs along its outer concave margin. Palpus of maxilliped with five segments. The first very short. The second three times as long as the first and rather broader than long, with the inner margin straight and the outer curved. Third segment short, broadest just above the proximal articulation, becoming narrower distally. Fourth segment clavate and bent inward at the base. Last segment short and only half as wide as the preceding. All the segments provided with scattered hairs along their outer margin and crowded with similar hairs along the inner margin. Propodus of the first pair of legs in the male ovate, nearly two-thirds as wide as long ; the palmar margin slightly convex, armed with a stout conical tooth in the middle, and at the posterior angle with another short ob- tuse one, surmounting a rough process of the body of the propodus. There are thus really two stout teeth on this margin. Dactylus with its claw reaching beyond the palmar margin, curved strongly, and armed with about fifteen teeth appressed towards the tip. In the female the first propodus is more slender, being one-half as wide as long. Palmar margin nearly straight and armed with several slender spines, and near the posterior angle with one moderately strong acute tooth. Dactylus long, curved, and armed with about eight teeth longer than those of the male. Dactylus terminating in a claw, which extends beyond the palmar margin. Anterior genital appendages of the male consisting each of two seg ments, the first three-fourths the length of the second, sub-quadrate, with four curved spines along the inner margin ; the second segment ovate, with an obliquely truncated extremity, which, as well as the adjacent parts of the inner and outer margins, is sparsely cilated. Posterior genital ap- pendages consisting each of a peduncle and two rami. The peduncle about as broad as long, outer margin straight, inner margin approaching the outer distally by a broad curve. Inner ramus navicular, notched at the distal extremity. Outer ramus bi-artic.ulate ; first segment triangular ; sec- ond linguiform, twice as long as broad, with the outer margin and the lower portion of the inner margin furnished with long plumose hairs. Caudal stylets of the male as long as the abdomen ; the peduncle a little less than two-thirds as wide as long, expanding distally, where it is excavated for the insertion of the rami. The rami are ovate, moderately acute, width about one-third of the length ; the outer ramus about two-thirds as long as the (92) inner, and both tipped with a brush of long hairs, and fringed with numer- ous setite : as are also the margins of the peduncle Caudal stylets of the female only two- thirds the length of the abdo- men, peduncle wider proportionally than in the male, and obtriangular. Rami more lanceolate in outline, scarcely a fourth as wide as long ; the outer nearly as long as the inner, which is nearly a third longer than the peduncle. Found in large numbers in shallow pools of a slow prairie stream, near Abingdon, Knox county, Illinois. This fine large species is probably nearly related to Asellus intermedins, Forbes. It differs, however, from all the forms of this that I have seen, not only in its much greater size, but also in some other important respects. The head is much narrower in the present species than in intermedins. The abdomen is narrower in this than the species described by Prof. Forbes, as compared with the width of the thoracic segments. The thoracic segments in specimens of undoubted intermedins which I have, increase in width from the first to the last, while in A. militaris they are, after the second, of uni- form width. The two posterior segments in A . militaris are also much more deeply concave along their posterior margin than in the other species men- tioned. The propodus in the present species is broader than in intermedins, but I have specimens of an Asellus from Prof. Forbes, which he provisionally regards as A. intermedius, in which the propodus is rather broader than in my species. The genital plates, however, differ much from those of A. mil- itaris. The plates, again, are, in militaris , almost exactly as in the typical specimens of intermedius. The doubtful forms of intemedius , however, differ from the present species in the width of head, abdomen, concavity of pos- terior thoracic segments and in the form of the caudal stylets. My thanks are due Prof. Forbes for specimens of his two forms of A. intermedius and for the use of microscope slides. Scliizoneura panici. Thos. Siphonophora acericola. Thos. Bulletin of the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History. Vol. I., No. 3. STUDIES OF THE FOOD OF BIRDS, INSECTS, AND FISHES MADE AT THE ILLINOIS STATE LABORATORY OF NATURAL HISTORY, NORMAL, ILLINOIS. SECOND EDITION. The first edition of this bulletin was published at Normal, Illinois, November 1, 1880. It has been out of print for many years, and is lacking* in the series of many institutions and correspondents on the regular exchange list of the State Laboratory of Natural History. It is re- printed without change except for the correction of minor clerical and typographical errors. ON SOME INTERACTIONS OF ORGANISMS." By S. A. FORBES. While the structural relations of living organisms, as expressed in a classification, can best be figured by a tree — the various groups, past and present, being related to each other either as twigs to twigs, as twigs to branches, or as branches to the main stem — yet this illustration does not at all express their functional relations. W7hile the anatomical characters of the various groups may show that they are all branches of a common stock, from which they have arisen by repeated divisions and contin- ued divergencies, the history of their lives will show that they are now much more intimately and variously bound together by mutual interactions than are twigs of the same branch — that with respect to their vital activities they occupy rather the relation of organs of the same ani- mal body. If for a type of their classification we look to the vegetable world, for an illustration of their mutual actions and reactions we must look to the animal world. The serious modification of any group, either in num- bers, habits, or distribution, must modify, considerably, various other groups; and each of these must transmit the change in turn, or initiate some other form of change, the disturbance thus propagating itself in a far-extend- ing circle. While the whole organic world, viewed as a living unit, thus differs from the single plant by the much greater in- * As details accumulated relating to the food of animals and similar subjects, it was found that a proper discussion of them would necessarily lead, step by step, to a full review of certain parts of the general subject of the reactions between groups of organisms and their surroundings, organic and inorganic. Without such a review, the facts can not be safely generalized, nor the conclusions clearly apprehended to which they point; It has therefore seemed best to prepare the way for the discussion of special subjects by this general discussion of the subject at large. The practical importance of this larger view is illustrated by the fact that If the current ideas of the value of parasitic and predaceous insects are accepted, we must condemn the bluebird to extermination as a pest; while if the conclusions of this paper are essentially sound, this bird is a very useful species and should be carefully preserved. 4 On Some Interactions of Organisms. terdependence of its parts, on the other hand, it differs from the single animal in the fact that, notwithstanding this intimate and instant sympathy of part with part, it has an immense vitality. To cut off the leg of an animal is often sufficient to destroy its life, hut one might cut off the head of the animal world, so to speak, without seriously impairing its energy. Suddenly to annihilate every living vertebrate would doubtless set on foot some tremendous revolutions in the life of the earth, but it is certain that in time the wound would heal — that Nature would finish by readjusting her machinery and would then go on much as before. In fact, any subkingdom of animals or any class of plants might thus be struck out, without the slightest danger that terrestrial life would perish as a consequence. The functions of the missing member would be taken on in part by other members, and in part be rendered needless by new adjustments. We see many present illustrations of this fact, as in Australia, where there is but one native carnivorous ani- mal, and that probably not indigenous ; in several Pacific islands where mammals are unknown; and in New Zea- land and the Galapagos, where insects are extremely few and the flowers, therefore, chiefly colorless and odorless. We see, likewise, illustrations of the same truth in the conditions of vegetable and animal life in earlier geologi- cal periods. Plants and insects, for example, existed to- gether through vast periods of time when there were neither mammals nor birds on earth to supervise or regulate their relations. If this is true of such immense and revolutionary dis- turbances, it is all the more certain that this same spon- taneous action of natural forces must in time reduce the smaller disturbances of the primitive order caused every- where by civilized man, and must end by adjusting the whole scheme of organic relations to his interests as com- pletely as to the interests of any other species. It is also plain that if man understands clearly the disorders which arise in the system of Nature as a result of the rapid pro- gressive changes in his own condition and activities, and understands also the processes of Nature which tend to On Some Interactions of Organisms. 5 lessen and remove these disorders, he may, by his own in- telligent interference, often avoid or greatly mitigate the evils of his situation, as well as hasten their remedy and removal. Some general notion of the original order of Nature, which obtains where civilization has not penetrated, will be needful for an understanding of the most important consequences of the modifications of that order which man brings to pass — for an understanding of the rela- tions of our own industrial operations and interests to the general laws and activities of the organic world under whose constant influence we must live and work. There is a general consent that primeval nature, as in the uninhabited forest or the untilled plain, presents a settled harmony of interaction among organic groups which is in strong contrast with the many serious malad- justments of plants and animals found in countries occu- pied by man. This is so familiar a fact that I need not dwell upon it, but will cite the reader to the generally ac- cessible “Introduction to Entomology, ’ ’ toy Kirby & Spence, for a sufficient statement of it. It will be more to my purpose to discuss the subject from a different stand- point. To determine the primitive order of Nature by in- duction alone requires such a vast number of observa- tions in all parts of the world, for so long a period of time, that more positive and satisfactory conclusions may perhaps be reached if we call in the aid of first prin- ciples, traveling to our end by the a priori road. For the purposes of this inquiry I shall assume as established laws of life, the reality of the struggle for ex- istence, the appearance of variations, and the frequent inheritance of such as conduce to the good of the indi- vidual and the species — in short, the evolution of species and higher groups under the influence of natural selec- tion. I shall also postulate, as an accepted law of Nature, the generalization that the species is maintained at the cost of the individual — that, as a general rule, the rate of reproduction is in inverse ratio to the grade of individual development and activity; or, as Spencer tersely states this law, that “Individuation and Genesis are antagonis- 0 On Some Interactions of Organisms. tie.” Evidently a species cannot long maintain itself in numbers greater than can find sufficient food, year after year. If it is a phytophagous insect, for example, it will soon dwindle if it seriously lessens the numbers of the plants upon which it feeds, either directly, by eating them up, or indirectly, by so weakening them that they labor under a marked disadvantage in the struggle with other plants for foothold, light, air and food. The interest of the insect is therefore identical with the interest of the plant it feeds upon. Whatever injuriously affects the lat- ter, equally injures the former ; and whatever favors the latter, equally favors the former. This must, therefore, be regarded as the extreme normal limit of the numbers of a phytophagous species — a limit such that its depreda- tions shall do no especial harm to the plants upon which it depends for food, but shall remove only the excess of foliage or fruit, or else superfluous individuals which must either perish otherwise, if not eaten, or, surviving, must injure their species by overcrowding. If the plant- feeder multiply beyond the above limit, evidently the diminution of its food supply will soon react to diminish its own numbers ; a counter reaction will then take place in favor of the plant, and so on through an oscillation of indefinite continuance. On the other hand, the reduction of the phytophagous insect below the normal number will evidently injure the food plant by preventing a reduction of its excess of growth or numbers, and will also set up an oscillation like the preceding, except that the steps will be taken in reverse order. * I next point out the fact that precisely the same reason- ing applies to predaceous and parasitic insects. Their in- terests, also, are identical with the interests of the species they parasitize or prey upon. A diminution of their food reacts to decrease their own numbers. They are thus vi- tally interested in confining their depredations to the ex- cess of individuals produced, or to redundant or other- wise unessential structures. It is only by a sort of un- * See “Principles of Biology,” by Herbert Spencer, Vol II, pp. 397-478. On Some Interactions of Organisms . 7 lucky accident that a destructive species really injures the species preyed upon. The discussion has thus far affected only such organ- isms as are confined to a single species. It remains to see how it applies to such as have several sources of support open to them — such, for instance, as feed indifferently upon several plants or upon a variety of animals, or both. Let us take, first, the case of a predaceous beetle feeding upon a variety of other insects — either indifferently, upon whatever species is most numerous or most acces- sible, or preferably upon certain species, resorting to others only in case of an insufficiency of its favorite food. It is at once evident that, taking the group of its food- insects as a unit, the same reasoning applies as if it were restricted to a single species for food; that is, it is inter- ested in the maintenance of these food-species at the highest number consistent with the general conditions of the environment — interested to confine its own depreda- tions to that surplus of its food which would otherwise perish if not eaten — interested, therefore, in establishing a rate of reproduction for itself which will not unduly lessen its food supply. Its interest in the numbers of each species of the group it eats will evidently be the same as its interest in the group as a whole, since the group as a whole can be kept at the highest number possible only by keeping each species at the highest number possible. If the predatory insect prefer some species of the group to others, we need only say that whatever interest it has in any species of the group, will be an interest in keeping up its numbers to the highest limit; and any failure in this respect will injure it in precisely the ratio of the value of that species as an element of its food. It would be most injured by anything injuriously affecting the species it most preferred — the preferences of animals be- ing, according to the doctrine of evolution, like their in- stincts, inherited tendencies toward the things which have proved beneficial to their progenitors. This argument holds for birds as well as for insects, for animals of all kinds, in fact, whether their food be simple or mixed, animal or vegetable, or both. It also applies to 8 On Some Interactions of Organisms. parasitic plants. The ideal adjustment is one in which the reproductive rate of each species should he so exactly adapted to its food supply and to the various drains upon it that the species preyed upon should normally produce an excess sufficient for the species it supports. And this statement evidently applies throughout the entire scale of being. Among all orders of plants and animals, the ideal balance of Nature is one promotive of the highest good of all the species. In this ideal state, towards which Nature seems continually striving, every food-producing species of plant or animal would grow and multiply at a rate suf- ficient to furnish the required amount of food, and every depredating species would reproduce at a rate no higher than just sufficient to appropriate the food thus furnished. We must now point out how this common interest is naturally subserved — how the mutually beneficial balance between animals and their food is ordinarily maintained. Exact adjustment is doubtless never reached anywhere even for a single year. It is usually closely approached in primitive nature, but the chances are practically infinite against its becoming really complete, and maladjustment in some degree is therefore the general rule. All species must oscillate more or less. Even the more stable features of the organic environment are too unstable to allow the establishment of any perfectly uniform habit of growth and increase in any species. The most unvarying species will at one time crowd its boundaries vigorously, and at another, sensibly recede from them. That such an oscilla- tion is injurious to a species may be briefly shown. The most favorable condition of a species is that in which its numbers are maintained at the highest possible average limit ; and this, as already demonstrated, requires that its food supplies should likewise be maintained at the highest possible limit — that the species should, in fact, confine its appropriations to the unessential surplus of its food. But when the numbers of an oscillating species are above this average limit, it will devour more than this surplus of its food — its food supplies will be directly lessened. On the other hand, when the oscillating species falls below this limit, its food supplies, reacting, of course cannot in- On Some Interactions of Organisms . 9 crease beyond the highest possible limit, but will reach it and there stop. The average amount of food will there- fore be less than it might be if the species dependent upon it did not oscillate — and, the food being less, the average number of the species itself must be smaller. Our problem is, therefore, to determine how these innumerable small oscillations, due to imperfect adjustment, are usually kept within bounds — to discover the forces and laws which tend to prevent either inordinate increase or de- crease of any species, and also those by which widely os- cillating species are brought into subjection and reduced to a condition of prosperous uniformity. We may know in general that such laws and forces are constantly at work, and that the tendency of things is towards this healthful equilibrium, because we see substantially such an equilibrium widely established and steadily main- tained through long periods of time, notwithstanding the great number and kaleidoscopic variability of the forces by which each species is impressed. But this idea will repay more detailed elucidation. We will notice, first, some of the checks upon injurious oscillations arising out of the laws of the individual organism, and afterwards those which are brought to bear upon it from without. It will at once be seen that, in any case, the maladjust- ments possible are of only two kinds — the rate of repro- duction in the species must be either relatively too small or relatively too great. If it be relatively too small, if the species bring forth fewer young than could mature, on the average, under existing circumstances, whatever may be the oscillations arising, they will tend to disappear with the disappearance of the species. The average numbers of such a species being, in the most favorable event, less than they might be, it will be at a certain disadvantage in the general struggle for existence — it will eventually yield to some more prolific species with which it comes in competition. If, for any reason, its rate of multiplication be or become too high, the law of the antagonism between individuation and genesis will constantly tend to bring it within the proper limit. Reproduction being more active than is necessary, the individual force and activity will be less than it might be — the species will be at a disad- 10 On Some Interactions of Organisms. vantage in the search for food, and in all its other activi- ties, as compared with other species more exactly adjust- ed, or, as compared with members of its own species which tend to a better adjustment. As soon as a better- adjusted competitor appears, the other must begin to suf- fer, and in the long course of evolution will almost cer- tainly disappear. The fact of survival is therefore usual- ly sufficient evidence of a fairly complete adjustment of the rate of production to the drains upon the species. For the sake of illustration, let us take an instance— and the most difficult we can find for the application of these ideas — the case of a caterpillar and its hymenop- terous parasite. If the rate of increase of the parasite be relatively too great, that is, if more parasites are produced than can find places of deposit for their eggs in the bodies of the mere excess of caterpillars, some of them will deposit their eggs in caterpillars which would otherwise come to maturity — that is the number of caterpillars will be grad- ually diminished. With this diminution of their hosts the parasites will find it more and more difficult favorably to bestow all their eggs, and many of them will fail of devel- opment. The multiplication of the parasites will thus be checked, and their numbers will finally become so far re- duced that less than the then excess of caterpillars will be infested by them, in which case the caterpillars will com- mence to increase in numbers, and so on indefinitely. Briefly, the excessive rate of increase of the parasite will keep up an oscillation of numbers in both parasite and host which will cross and recross a certain average line. Let us now look at the method by which Nature may check this injurious fluctuation. Let us suppose two groups of a parasitic species at work on the same species of caterpillar, of which one (A) is distinguished by a tendency to an excessive reproductive rate, while the other (B) multiplies no faster than is con- sistent with the best interest of its host. A, producing more eggs than B , must either parasitize more caterpil- lars than B, or must deposit a greater number of eggs in each. It cannot parasite more caterpillars than B, be- On Some Interactions of Organisms. 11 cause this would require greater activity — a higher in- dividuation— and this is contrary to the law that individ- uation and genesis are antagonistic. Instead of being more active than B, it will then be less active, and will, therefore, deposit more eggs in each caterpillar. B , how- ever, cannot have acquired the habit of depositing too few eggs in each caterpillar, as that would compel it to search habitually for a greater number of larvae than necessary — to have acquired, that is, a habit of wasting energy — which is, as already said, contrary to evolution. A will therefore, sometimes deposit too many eggs in a caterpil- lar, and will then either lose the whole deposit, or bring forth a weakened offspring, which will, in the long run, give way to the more vigorous progeny of B . This regu- lar production of a wasted excess will constitute an un- compensated drain upon variety A, which will end, like any other radical defect, in its yielding to its better-ad- justed rival. Or if, notwithstanding the foregoing, we suppose this excessive reproductive rate to have become fully estab- lished, then the parasite-ridden species will evidently labor under such a disadvantage in the struggle for exist- ence that it will probably be crowded out, in time, by some more fortunate rival. If the pair are permanently ill-ad- justed, so that permanent loss of numbers follows, they will be treated by the laws of natural selection as a single imperfect animal — they will be pushed to the wall by some better-adjusted caterpillar and parasite, or by some insect free from troublesome companions. We may be sure, therefore, that, as a general rule, in the course of evolution, only those species have been able to survive whose parasites, if any, were not prolific enough sensibly to limit the numbers of their hosts for any length of time. We notice incidentally that it is thus made unlikely that an injurious species can be exterminated, can even be permanently lessened in numbers, by a parasite strict- ly dependent upon it — a conclusion which remarkably diminishes the economic role of parasitism. The same line of argument will, of course, apply, with slight modi- fications, to any animal or even to any plant dependent 12 On Some Interactions of Organisms. upon any other animal or any other plant for existence. From the foregoing argument we conclude that, since the interest of a species of plant or animal and the inter- est of its * 1 enemies’ ’ are identical, and since the opera- tions of natural selection tend constantly to bring about an adjustment of the species and its enemies which shall best promote this common interest, therefore the anni- hilation of all the established “enemies” of a species would , as a rule , have no effect to increase its final aver- age numbers. This being a general law, applying to all organisms, it is plain that the real and final limits of a species are the inorganic features of its environment — soil, climate, seasonal peculiarities, and the like. In treating of the external forces brought to bear upon an oscillating species to restrain its disastrous fluctua- tions, I shall mention only a part of the organic checks to which it is subject. It is a general truth, that those animals and plants are least likely to oscillate widely which are preyed upon by the greatest number of species, of the most varied habit. Then the occasional diminution of a single enemy will not greatly affect them, as any consequent excess of their own numbers will be largely cut down by their other ene- mies, and especially as, in most cases, the backward oscil- lations of one set of enemies will be neutralized by the forward oscillations of another set. But by the opera- tions of natural selection, most animals are compelled to maintain a varied food habit — so that if one element fails others may be available. Tlius each species preyed upon is likely to have a number of enemies, which will assist each other in keeping it properly in check. Against the uprising of inordinate numbers of insects, commonly harmless but capable of becoming temporarily injurious, the most valuable and reliable protection is un- doubtedly afforded by those predaceous birds and insects which eat a mixed food, so that in the absence or diminu- tion of any one element of their food, their own numbers are not seriously affected. Resorting, then, to other food supplies, they are found ready, on occasion, for imme- diate and overwhelming attack against any threatening On Some Interactions of Organisms. 13 foe. Especially does the wonderful locomotive power of birds, enabling them to escape scarcity in one region, which might otherwise decimate them, by simply passing to another more favorable one, without the loss of a life, fit them, above all other animals and agencies, to arrest disorder at the start — to head off aspiring and destruc- tive rebellion before it has had time fairly to make head. But we should not therefrom derive the general, but false and mischievous, notion that the indefinite multi - plication of either birds or predaceous insects is good. Too many of either is nearly or quite as harmful as too few. And this brings us to the application of these principles to the interests of civilized man. We must note how the new forces which he brings into the field expend them- selves among those we have been studying, and to what reactions they are in turn subjected. We must first see how far the primitive natural order of life lends itself to the supply of man’s needs, to the accomplishment of his purposes; and must determine, in a general way, where he may be content to leave it undisturbed, where he should address himself to its improvement, and where he is com- pelled to attempt wholly to set it aside, substituting arti- ficial arrangements of his own, devised solely in his own interest. Some of Nature’s arrangements man finds himself un- able to improve upon for his own benefit. No one thinks of cultivating the forest to hasten the growth of the wood, or of trimming the wild oak or the maple, or of planting artificially the nuts and acorns in the woods to increase the number of the trees. We are content to leave things there to go on essential- ly in the old way, merely anticipating the processes of natural death and decay by removing the trees before they spontaneously perish, and glad if the revolutions of or- ganic life which we set up in the country around do not penetrate to the forest, visiting the leaves and trunks of the trees with the scourge of excessive insect depredations. Usually, however, we find the ready-made system of Nature less to our liking, and all our cultures are at- 14 On Some Interactions of Organisms. tempts to set it aside more or less completely. In the pas- ture and meadow, it answers our purpose to substitute other species for the grasses growing there spontaneous- ly, and these adapt themselves easily to the circum- stances which have proved favorable to their native pre- decessors. But in the grain-field and fruit-garden the case is different. Not only do we bring in species often very unlike any aboriginal vegetation and still further altered by long cultivation, but we propose an end quite different from that for whose accomplishment all the ar- rangements of Nature have been made. According to the settled order, the whole economy of every fully-established plant and animal is directed to the production of one more plant or animal to take the place of the first one when it perishes. All the excess of growth and reproduction is a reward to friends or a trib- ute to powerful enemies, intended to make only this one end secure. But man is not content with this. He does not raise apple-trees for the sake of raising more apple-trees. He would cut off all excess not useful to himself, and all that is useful he would stimulate to the utmost, and ap- propriate to his own benefit. In carrying out this purpose he finds himself opposed and harassed at every step by rules and customs of the natural world established long ages before he was seen upon the earth — laws certainly too powerful for him wholly to defy, customs too deeply rooted for him to overturn without the most complicated consequences. And yet even here, we see that the primi- tive order is not an evil, it is simply insufficient. It is good as far as it goes, and must be carefully respected in its essence, however far it may be modified in detail. We find abundant reason for a belief in its usual beneficence and for a reluctance to disturb it without urgent necessity. At the best the disturbances we must originate will be tremendous. Old combinations will necessarily be broken up and new ones entered into. As in a country undergo- ing a radical change in its form of government, disorders will almost certainly break out — some of them fearfully destructive and temporarily uncontrollable ; but the gen- eral tendency towards a just equilibrium will make itself On Some Interactions of Organisms. 15 felt, and intelligent effort will mitigate some evils and avoid others. Without attempting to go into deatils — which would be quite unnecessary for my purpose — I will endeavor briefly to show the bearing of some of these ideas upon practical conduct. To man, as to nature at large, the question of adjust- ment is of vast importance, since the eminently destruc- tive species are the widely oscillating ones. Those insects which are well adjusted to their environments, organic and inorganic, are either harmless or inflict but moderate injury (our ordinary crickets and grasshoppers are ex- amples) ; while those that are imperfectly adjusted, whose numbers are, therefore, subject to wide fluctuations, like the Colorado grasshopper, the chinch-bug and the army- worm, are the enemies which we have reason to dread. Man should then especially address his efforts, first, to prevent any unnecessary disturbance of the settled order of the life of his region which will convert relatively sta- tionary species into widely oscillating ones; second, to destroy or render stationary all the oscillating species injurious to him ; or, failing in this, to restrict their oscil- lations within the narrowest limits possible. For example, remembering that every species oscillates to some extent, and is held to relatively constant num- bers by the joint action of several restraining forces, we see that the removal or weakening of any check or barrief is sufficient to widen and intensify this dangerous oscilla- tion; may even convert a perfectly harmless species into a frightful pest. Witness the maple bark-louse, which is so rare in natural forests as scarcely ever to be seen, lim- ited there as it is by its feeble locomotive power and the scattered situation of the trees it infests. With the multi- plication and concentration of its food in towns, it has in- creased enormously, and if it has not done the gravest injury it is because the trees attacked by it are of com- paratively slight economic value, and because it has finally reached new limits which hem it in once more. We are therefore sure that the destruction of any spe- cies of insectivorous bird or predaceous insect is a thing to be done, if at ail, only after the fullest acquaintance 16 On Some Interactions of Organisms. with the facts. The natural presumptions are nearly all in their favor. It is also certain that the species best worth preserving are the mixed feeders and not those of narrowly restricted dietary (parasites, for instance) — that while the destruction of the latter would cause in- jurious oscillations in the species affected by them, they afford a very uncertain safeguard against the rise of such oscillations. In fact, their undue increase would be finally as dangerous as their diminution. Notwithstanding the strong presumption in favor of the natural system, when we remember that the purposes of man and what, for convenience’s sake, we may call the purposes of Nature do not fully harmonize, we find it in- credible that, acting intelligently, we should not be able to modify existing arrangements to our advantage — especially since much of the progress of the race is due to such modifications made in the past. We should observe, in passing, that the principal gen- eral problem of economic biology is that of the discovery of the laws of oscillation in plants and animals, and of the methods of Nature for its prevention and control. For all this, evidently, the first, indispensable reouisite is a thorough knowledge of the natural order — an intelli- gently conducted natural history survey. Without the general knowledge which such a survey would give us, all our measures must be empirical, temporary, uncertain, and often dangerous. Next we must know the nature, extent, and most im- portant consequences of the disturbances of this order necessarily resulting from human interference — we must study the methods by which Nature reduces these dis- turbances, and learn how to second her efforts to our own best advantage. But far the most important general conclusion we have reached is a conviction of the general beneficence of Nature, a profound respect for the natural order, a belief that the part of wisdom is essentially that of practical conservatism in dealing with the system of things by which we are surrounded. On Some Interactions of Organisms. 17 Summary. The argument and conclusions of this paper may be thus briefly recapitulated: — We find a mutual interdependence of organic groups and a modifiability of their habits, numbers, and distribu- tion which brings them under the control of man. We also see that, after the most violent disturbances of their internal relations, a favorable readjustment eventually occurs. Starting with the general laws of multiplication and natural selection, it is first observed that every spe- cies of plant or animal dependent upon living organic food is interested to establish such a rate of reproduction as will, first, meet all the drains to which it is itself sub- jected, and still leave a sufficient progeny to maintain its own numbers, and, second, leave a sufficient supply of its own food-species to keep them undiminished, year after year. That is, we find that the interests of any destruc- tive plant or animal are identical with the interests of its food supply. This common interest of the organisipand its organic food is continually promoted by natural selection, by which those that unduly weaken the sources of their own support are eventually crowded out by others with a better-adjusted rate of increase; but, because of the im- mense number, variability, and complexity of the forces involved, a complete adjustment is never reached. Whether the rate of multiplication of the food-producing species be relatively too great or relatively too small, the result is to cause an oscillation of numbers of both depre- dating species and its food. These oscillations of a spe- cies are both directly and indirectly injurious to it, and tend, in various ways, to diminish the average of its num- bers, especially by lessening the general average amount of the food available for it. By the operations of natural selection, therefore, widely oscillating species, thus placed at a marked disadvantage as compared with more . stable ones, are either eliminated, or else reduced to or- der more or less completely. They tend to become so adjusted to their food supplies as to appropriate only their surplus and excess. 18 On Some Interactions of Organisms. Hence, as a general thing, the real limits of a species are not set by its organic environment, but by the inor- ganic; and the removal of the organic checks upon a species would not finally diminish its average numbers. Among the external checks upon the oscillations of spe- cies of insects, the most important are those predaceous insects and insectivorous birds which eat a varied food, using most freely those elements of their dietary which are, for the time being, most abundant. When we compare the results of the primitive natural order with the interests of man, we see that, with much coincidence, there is also considerable conflict. While the natural order is directed to the mere maintenance of the species, the necessities of a man usually require much more. They require that .the plant or animal should be urged to excessive and superfluous growth and increase, and that all the surplus, variously and widely distributed in nature, should now be appropriated to the supply of human wants. From the consequent human interferences with the established system of things, numerous disturb- aiice^arise — many of them full of danger, others fruitful of positive evil. Oscillations of species appear, not less injurious to man than to the plants and animals more directly involved. Indeed, most of the serious insect in- juries, for example, are due to species whose injurious oscillations have resulted from changes of the organic balance initiated by man. To avoid or mitigate the evils likely to arise, and to adapt the life of his region more exactly to his purposes, man must study the natural order as a whole, and must understand the disturbances to which it has been subject. Especially he must know the forces which tend to the re- duction of these disturbances and those which tend to perpetuate or aggravate them, in order that he may rein- force the first and weaken or divert the second. The main lesson of conduct taught us by these facts and reasonings is that of conservative action and ex- haustive inquiry. Reasoning unwarranted by facts, and facts not correctly and sufficiently reasoned out, are equally worthless and dangerous for practical use. THE FOOD OF FISHES. By S. A. FORBES. For a clear conception of the general and intricate in terdependence of the different forms of organic life upon the earth, one cannot do better than to study thoroughly the life of a permanent body of fresh water — a river or smaller stream, or, better than these, a lake. The animals of such a body of water are, as a whole, curiously isolated — closely related among themselves in all their interests, but so far independent of the life of the land about them that if every terrestrial plant and animal were annihi- lated it would doubtless be long before the general multi- tude of the inhabitants of the lake or stream would feel the effects of this event in any very important way. Further, the greater difficulty of communication be- tween the different parts of a water system as compared with the different regions of the land, is such that the former are much the more sharply limited. There is very much less interchange of all kinds between two branches of the same stream, for example, than between the tracts of land which they separate. Consequently, one finds in a single body of water a far more complete and independ- ent equilibrium of organic life and activity than in any equal body of land. It forms a little world within itself — a microcosm within which all the elemental forces are at work and the play of life goes on in full, but on so small a scale as to bring it easily within the mental grasp. Nowhere can one see more clearly illustrated what may be called the sensibility of such an organic complex — ex- pressed Hy the fact that whatever affects any species be- longing to it, must speedily have its influence of some sort upon the whole assemblage. He will thus be made to see the impossibility of studying any form successfully out of relation to the other forms — the necessity for taking a comprehensive survey of the whole as a condition to a sat-, isfactory understanding of any part. If one wishes to be- 20 The Food of Fishes. come acquainted with the black bass, for example, he will learn but little if he limits himself to that species. He must evidently study also the species upon which it de- pends for its existence, and the various conditions upon which these depend. He must likewise study the species with which it comes in competition, and the entire system of conditions affecting their prosperity. Leaving out any of these, he is like one who undertakes to make out the construction of a watch, but overlooks one wheel ; and by the time he has studied all these sufficiently, he will find that he has run through the whole complicated mechan- ism of the aquatic life of the locality, both animal and vegetable, of which his species forms but a single ele- ment.* In such a general survey of the plants and animals of a region, the study of their food relations will be found to afford an admirable objective point. Doubtless, of all the features of the environment of an individual, none affect it at the same time so powerfully, so variously and so in- timately as the elements of its food. Even climate, sea- son, soil and the inorganic circumstances generally, influ- ence an animal through its food quite as much as by their direct action. It is through the food relation that animals touch each other and the surrounding world at the great- est number of points, here they crowd upon each other the most closely, at this point the struggle for existence becomes sharpest and most deadly; and, finally, it is through the food relation almost entirely that animals are brought in contact with the material interests of man. Both for the student of science and for the economist, therefore, we find this subject of peculiar interest and value. It includes many of the most important relations * I cannot too strongly emphasize the fact — frequently illustrated, I venture to hope, by the papers of this series — that a comprehensive sur- vey of our entire natural history is absolutely essential to a good working knowledge of those parts of it which chiefly attract popular attention, —that is, its edible fishes, its injurious and beneficial insects, and its parasitic plants. Such a survey, however, should not stop with a study of. the dead forms of Nature, ending in mere lists and descriptions. To .have an applicable value, it must treat the life of the region as an organic unit, must study it in action, and direct principal attention to the laws of its activity. The Food of Fishes. 21 of a species, and may properly be made the nucleus about which all the facts of its natural history are gathered. In a paper on the food of Illinois fishes published in the second bulletin of this Laboratory, the subject was treat- ed in a general and cursory way, the amount of material upon which that paper was based being insufficient for exact or detailed description. The favor with which that preliminary notice was received, has made it possible to undertake a more serious investigation; and this paper contains an account of the food of the Acanthopteri of the State which I believe to be nearly or quite sufficient for the student of science and for the ymactical fish-cul- turist. It is still necessary only to study the food of specimens under a half-inch length, and to test the value of the general conclusions here reached, by occasional examinations of fishes taken from other waters at other seasons of the year. Among the results of this study, those relating to the food of the young are especially worthy of attention, and these have therefore been summed up separately. The explanation of certain structural conditions about the mouth, throat and gills, has proceeded so far as to make it very likely that a number of definite general cor- respondences between structure and food will be made out, which will enable us to tell with considerable ac- curacy and detail what the food of an unknown fish must be, by a mere inspection of the fish itself ; provided, of course, that we know what food is accessible to it in its habitat. It seems likely to prove to be a general rule that a fish makes scarcely more than a mechanical selection from the articles of food accessible to it, taking almost indifferently whatever edible things the water contains which its habitual range and its peculiar alimen- tary apparatus enable it to appropriate, and eating of these in about the ratio of their relative abundance and the ease with which they can be appropriated at any time and place. If this is so, knowing the structure of a fish and the contents of a body of water, we shall be able to tell, a priori , what the fish will eat if placed therein. This is, in fact, the objective point of the present inves- tigation— to arrive at a knowledge of the correlations of 22 The Food of Fishes. structure and food habits sufficiently detailed and exact to make the tedious and difficult labor of examining the contents of stomachs unnecessary hereafter. Some gen- eralizations of this sort are given in the following pages, and others relate to genera not included in this report. The method of this paper differs from that of the pre- vious one referred to by the calculation of the ratios of the different kinds of food for each species or group of individuals. These ratios were obtained by averaging careful estimates of the relative amounts of the different food elements found in each stomach. It is proposed to follow a similar method hereafter down through the remaining orders of the class. Most of the material has been collected for this purpose, and much of it has been already studied. Order TELEOCEPHALI. Suborder ACANTHOPTEBI. This suborder includes all Illinois fishes which have the anterior dorsal fin (where there are two) or the first rays of the dorsal (where there is but one) stiff, spinous, and sharp, and united by an evident membrane; excepting only the remarkable 1 1 brook silversides,” which is placed by Drs. Gill and Jordan in another group. It embraces all our game fishes except those belonging to the pickerel family (Esocidce) and the salmon family (Salmonidce) . Its principal members are the darters, the various spe- cies of perch and bass, the sunfishes, and the sheepshead. Forty-six species of the order have been collected in the State, but only thirty-four of these are common enough to form features of any importance in our fish fauna. The most numerous family of the group is the Centrar- chidce (sunfishes) ; the most important species are the two kinds of black bass, the pike-perch or “wall-eyed pike,”* * It is generally to be desired that the absurd names of “Salmon” and “Jack Salmon” for these species should be suppressed. They might as well be called suckers or catfishes or minnows, as far as accuracy is con- cerned. Common names are many times harder to kill than the cat of the proverb, however ; and it is probable that unnumbered generations will continue to call the pike-perch “salmon” ; the sunfishes, “perch” ; and the black bass, “trout.” The Food of Fishes. 23 the common perch, the white bass, and the cr^ppie or silver bass. The following account of the food of this suborder is based upon the careful microscopic study of the contents of four hundred and twenty-five stomachs, representing six families, twenty genera* and thirty-three species. These were all collected by myself or one of my assist- ants (Mr. W. H. Garman), and labeled at the time with name of species, locality, and date. While the northern half of the State is most fully represented, several trips to southern Illinois contributed to the material studied and it is believed that the results arrived at are substan- tially true for our whole area. Family ETHEOSTOMATIDAE. The Darters. What the humming-birds are in our avifauna, the “darters” are among our fresh-water fishes. Minute, agile, beautiful, delighting in the clear, swift waters of rocky streams, no group of fishes is more interesting to the collector ; and in the present state of their classifica- tion, none will better repay his study. Notwithstanding their trivial size, they do not seem to be dwarfed so much as concentrated fishes — each carrying in its little body all the activity, spirit, grace, complexity of detail, and per- fection of finish to be found in a perch or a “wall-eyed pike. ’ J They are generally distributed, in suitable streams throughout the State ; but we have found them much the most abundant in northern Illinois — in the upper Galena River, in Yellow Creek near Freeport, and in tributaries of the Kishwaukee at Belvidere. A short and strong minnow-seine of very fine mesh is needed in collecting them. Rapid hauls, made almost on the run, down stream, in swift and shallow water, will be found the most successful. Two or three species, of wider range, will be taken in ordinary situations, in collecting for minnows generally: but the brightest and most char- acteristic forms can only be got by special effort.! * The classification of this paper is substantially that of Jordan’s Man- ual of the Vertebrates of North America, etc., Ed. 2. 1878. t For a very entertaining- and instructive account of these fishes, the reader is referred to papers in the American Naturalist, by Messrs. Jordan and Copeland, Vol. X, pp. 335-341, and Vol. XT, pp. 86-88. 24 The Food of Fishes. I shall give here a description of the food of the family, based upon a study of the contents of seventy stomachs representing fifteen species, collected in all parts of Illi- nois, in several months of four successive years. These indicate much more than their number would imply, since from those collected at each time and place, as many were commonly studied as were necessary to give a full idea of the food of the species then and there. The different in< dividuals from the same date and locality usually agreed so closely in food, that the study of from two to five gave all the facts obtainable from several times as many. The data here given, therefore, really exhibit the food of the family at different seasons in twenty-nine localities with- in the State. The genus Pleurolepis is comparatively rare in Illinois as there are few of the sandy streams in the State, which it inhabits. Seven individuals were examined — four of P. pellucidus and three of P. asprellus. The food of these specimens was remarkably uniform — the only elements found being the larvae of small Diptera and ephemerids. Eighty-one per cent, of the food of all consisted of the larvae of Chironomus* — a small, gnat-like insect — twelve per cent, of the larvae of other small Diptera, and the re- maining seven per cent, of ephemerid larvae (May -flies). Twelve specimens of the genus Alvordius were studied — seven of maculatus and five of phoxocephalus. These represented five different localities and dates. This is a larger species than the preceding, and to this fact is prob- ably due the predominance (seventy-five per cent.) in its food of the larvae and pupae of May-flies (Ephemeridae). These included four per cent, of the larvae of Palingenia hilineata, Say, one of the largest ephemerids in our streams. The remaining kinds were larvae of dragon- flies (Agrionidae), four per cent., larvae of Chironomus, seven per cent., Corixa tumida, Uhl., thirteen per cent., and Cyclops, one per cent. • The larvae of Chironomus are among the most important elements of fish food in our waters, appearing in abundance in the stomachs of the young of a great variety of species. They have been too little studied in this country to allow specific determination. The Food of Fishes. 25 The genus Boleosoma, regarded by Dr. Jordan as the typical darter, was represented by twelve specimens from eight localities — nine of maculatum, two of olmstedi and one of camurum * These specimens show but slight food differences from other darters of similar size, the only notable variation being the appearance of fifteen per cent, of case-worms (larvae of Phryganeidae). Sixty-six per cent, of the food was Chironomus larvae, seven per cent, larvae of other minute Diptera, and the remaining twelve per cent, was larvae of small ephemerids, and a few Cyclops. I studied the food of two specimens of Pa’dlichthys variatus, four of P. spectabilis, and two of P. asprigenis — making eight of the genus, representing six localities. Fifty-eight per cent, of small larvae of Diptera (forty- nine per cent, of Chironomus), thirty- two per cent, of larvae and pupae of small ephemerids, and ten per cent, of case-worms made up the entire bill of fare. Pereina caprodes , the largest of the group, departs from all the foregoing species by the prominence given to crustacean food — thirty per cent, of Entomostraca and three per cent, of the smallest of our Amphipoda, Allor- chestes dentata (Smith), Faxon. Most of the Entomos- traca were Cladocera, including Daphnia, Eurycercus, and Daphnella.f Here occurred the only instance of molluscan food in the group. One specimen had taken a few individuals of Ancylus rivularis, Say. Reduced ratios of Chironomus and ephemerid larvae, and a few Corixa tumida complete the list. Of Ncmostoma zonale, less common than the others, but two individuals were examined, and these had eaten nothing but larvae of small Diptera, including sixty-five per cent, of Chironomus. * Boleosoma maculatum and B. olmstedi should undoubtedly be united. Specimens in the laboratory collection present the extremes of both forms, together with numerous intermediate stages of each character used to distinguish them. This whole group exhibits a surprising variability, perhaps due to its comparatively recent origin. t Daphnella was found in a Pereina from the Calumet River, at South Chicago, but not in condition to permit the determination of the species. 26 The Food of Fishes. Six specimens of Etheo stoma flabellare var. lineolata, from four localities, had eaten sixty-one per cent, of Chi- ronomus larvae, twenty-seven per cent, larvae of small ephemerids, and twelve per cent, of Copepoda (Cyclops). Boleichthys elegans , found only in the southern part of the State (three specimens examined), had eaten only dipterous larvae (thirty-seven per cent.) and ephemerid larvae (sixty- three per cent.). This is a larger, heavier species than most of the others, and, therefore, like Alvordius, prefers ephemerids to gnats. Last and least comes Microperca punctulata , repre- sented by nine specimens from four localities in northern Illinois. This smallest of the darters shares with Per- cina, the largest, the peculiarity of a large ratio of crus- tacean food, which made up sixty-four per cent, of the total. The principal kinds were Cyclops, Chydorus, young Gammarus fasciatus, Say, and young C rang onyx gracilis, Smith. The remaining elements were Chironomus larvae (thirtv-four per cent.) and a trace of ephemerids (two per cent.). It will be seen that the family, taken as a whole, divides into two sections, distinguished by the abundance or de- ficiency of crustacean food. This is easily explained by the fact that Percina and Microperca range much more freely than the other genera, being frequentlv found among weeds and algae in comparatively slow water with muddy bottom, while the others are rather closely con- fined to swift and rocky shallows. In discussing the food of the whole group, taken as a unit, it may best be compared with the food of the young of other percoids. It is thus seen to be remarkable for the predominance of the larvae of Chironomus and small Ephemeridae — the former of these comprising forty-four per cent, and the latter twenty-three per cent, of the whole food of the seventy specimens. In young black bass (Micropterus pallidus), on the other hand, the averages of nine specimens, ranging from five-eighths inch to one and a half inches in length, were, in general terms as fol- lows: Cladocera forty-two per cent., Copepoda seven per cent., young fishes twenty per cent., Corixa and young The Food of Fishes. 27 Notonecta twenty-nine per cent., and larval Chironomus only two per cent. The search for the cause of this differ- ence leads naturally to an examination of the whole econ- omy of these little fishes, and opens up the question of their origin as a group. The close relation of the Etheostomatidse to the Perci- dae requires us to believe that the two groups have but re- cently diverged, if, indeed, they are yet distinctly sep- arate. We must inquire, therefore, into the causes which have operated upon a group of percoids to limit their range to such apparently unfavorable situations, to diminish their size, to develop unduly the paired fins and reduce the air- bladder, to remove the scales of several species more or less completely from the head, breast, neck, and ventral region, and to restrict their food chiefly to the few forms Mentioned above. No species can long maintain itself anywhere which cannot, in some way, find a sufficient supply of food, and also protect itself against its enemies. In the contest with its enemies it may acquire defensive structures or powers of escape sufficient for its protection, or a reproductive capacity which will compensate for large losses, or it may become adapted to some place of refuge where other fishes will not follow. What better refuge could a harassed fish desire than the hiding-places among stones in the shal- lows of a stream, where the water dashes ceaslessly by with a swiftness few fish can stem? And if, at the same time, the refugee develops a swimming power which en- ables it to dart like a flash against the strongest current, its safety would seem to be insured. But what food could it find in such a place? Let us turn over the stones in such a stream, sweeping the roiled water at the same time with a small cloth net, and we shall find larvag of Chironomus and small ephemerids and other such prey, and little else — food too minute and difficult of access to support a large fish, but answering very well if our immigrant can keep down his size. Here the principles of natural selection assert their power. The limited supply of food early ar- rests the growth of the young; while every fish which passes the allowable maximum is forced for food to brave 28 The Food of Fishes. the dangers of the deeper waters, where the chances are that it falls a prey. On the other hand, the smaller the size of those which escape this alternative, the less likely will they be to attract the appetite of the small gar or other guerilla which may occasionally raid their retreat, and the more easily will they slip about under stones in search of their microscopic game/ Like other fishes, the darters must have their periods of repose, all the more urgent because of the constant struggle with the swift current which their habitat im- poses. Shut out from the deep, still pools and slow ed- dies where the larger species lurk, they are forced to spend their leisure on or beneath the bottom of the stream, resting on their extended pectorals and anal, or wholly buried in the sand. Possibly this fact is correlat- ed with the absence or rudimentary condition of the air- bladder; as it is a rule with many exceptions — but still, probably, a rule — that this organ is wanting in fishes which live chiefly at the bottom. Doubtless the search for food has much to do with this selection of a habitat. I have found that the young of nearly all species of our fresh-water fishes are competi- tors for food, feeding almost entirely on Entomostraca and the larvae of minute Diptera.f As a tree sends out its roots in all directions in search of nourishment, so each of the larger divisions of animals extends its various groups into every place where available food occurs, each group becoming adapted to the special features of its situation. Given this supply of certain kinds of food, nearly inaccessible to the ordinary fish, it is to be expect- ed that some fishes would become especially fitted to its utilization. Thus the Etheostomatidae as a group are ex- plained, in a word, by the hypothesis of the progressive adaptation of the young of certain Percidae to a peculiar place of refuge and a peculiarly situated food supply. Perhaps we may, without violence, call these the moun- taineers among fishes. Forced from the populous and fer- tile valleys of the river beds and lake bottoms, they have • In Boleosoma, which is normally scaled in front of the dorsal fin. we often find the skin of this region bare in large specimens, and showing evident signs of rubbing. t Several of the Catostomidae (suckers) are an exception to this rule, feeding when young chiefly on algae and Protozoa. The Food of Fishes. 29 taken refuge from their enemies in the rocky highlands where the free waters play in ceaseless torrents, and there they have wrested from stubborn nature a meager living. Although diminished in size by their continual struggle with the elements, they have developed an activ- ity and hardihood, a vigor of life and glow of high color almost unknown among the easier livers of the lower lands. The following table (see page 30) will facilitate a com- parison of the records of the different genera. The per- centages were obtained by estimating carefully the ratios of each element of the food of each individual, and aver- aging these ratios for all the individuals of a species. Family PERCID/E. The Perches. This family consists, in this State, of three species — the common yellow perch and the two species of pike-perch or “wall-eyed pike.” I have examined the food of seven- ty-five specimens of this family, so distributed in time and space as to give a satisfactory idea of the usual food. Perca americana, Schrank. The Common Perch. Ringed Perch. This exceedingly well-known species is most abundant along the shores of Lake Michigan and in the small streams and lakes of the northeastern part of the State, becoming less common to the south and west. In the Illi- nois River at Peoria and Henry it occurs in limited num- bers, but in southern Illinois disappears so completely that even its name (there generally pronounced “pearch”) is transferred to a different family, the sun- fishes (Centrarchidae). My knowledge of the food of this species is derived from the study of the contents of forty-nine stomachs, of which thirty were from adults and the remaining nine- teen from fishes ranging from 13/16 inch to four inches in length. Ten localities and as many dates are repre- sented by these specimens. Some were taken in the Illi- nois River, others in Lake Michigan and its southern tributaries, and still others in Fox R. at McHenry, and in the lakes connected with that stream. One lot included 30 The Food of Fishes. Details of the Food of the Etheostomathle. Pleurolepis. Alvordius. Boleosoma. Pcecilichthys. 03 .£ u K PL. Nanostoma. Etheostoma. Boleichthys. Microperca. Number of specimens 7 12 12 8 II OI 01 65 43 02 4i 05 05 03 02 2 6 3 9 I. Mollusca Ancylus rivularis Say II. Insecta 100 93 12 81 99 07 01 06 13 13 96 73 07 66 100 58 09 49 100 100 35 65 88 61 61 100 37 10 27 36 34 34 I . Dip ter a Undetermined larvae. Chironomus larvae . . 2. Hemiptera Corixa Undetermined Larvae 07 06 79 3 63 04 04 C. tumida Uhl 3. Neuroptera 07 07 23 08 08 42 32 14 18 17 0<* 27 27 63 63 02 02 Ephemeridae Pupae Larvae 07 09 .... 27 63 02 Palingenia Agrionidae (pupae) . . Phryganeidae (larvae) III. Crustacea. . . 15 04 10 08 33 03 01 12 .... 64 12 06 06 1. Amphipoda Gammarus, yg Crangonyx n Allorchestes dentata Sm. 03 24 06 07 05 05 01 2. C) 'adorer a 27 Undetermined Daphniidae Daphnia Sididae Daphnella Lynceidae 03 24 Chydorus . Eurycercus 01 OI ?I 61 3. Ostracoda Cyprididae 06 06 Undetermined Cypris 4. CoPePoda 01 01 44 ot 05 05 O! 12 12 19 19 Cyclops Coniervoid Alcae in these notes was bought in the Chicago market. They were evidently of the river form of the species, and judg- ing from the contents of their stomachs, which included a crustacean* not known to occur in Illinois hut found abundantly in Michigan, I conclude that they were from that state or from Wisconsin. * Mancasellus tenax, Harger. The Food of Fishes. Food of the Young. Finding that the food of most fishes differs with age, T have grouped the young according to size, and averaged the food for each group separately — the first group con- sisting usually of those under an inch in length, the second of those from one to two, etc. Two perch under an inch in length had eaten nothing but Entomostraca — about equal quantities of Cyclops and Daphnias. It was not until the specimens reached an inch and a half in length that insects of any considerable size appeared in the food. A single smaller fish had eaten a few minute larvae of Chironomus, but otherwise the food at this age consisted wholly of Entomostraca. About thirty-four per cent, of the food of nine speci- mens ranging from II to two inches in length consisted of insects, and sixty-six per cent, of crustaceans. The only insects recognized were the larvae and pupae of Chirono- mus (eleven per cent.), small water-bugs — Corixa tumi- da, Uhl., C. alternata, Say, etc. (twenty-three per cent.) — and a trace of larvae of May-flies (Ephemeridae). The Crustacea were chiefly Cladocera and Copepoda — thirty- six per cent, and twenty-four per cent, respectively. Four of the nine had eaten small quantities of a small amphi- pod crustacean, Allorchestes dentata, which is very abun- dant north, and has, in fact, about the same distribution in the State as the perch itself. The Cladocera were chiefly Daphniidae (twenty-seven per cent.), including Daphnia pidex, L., Simocephalus americamis, Birge, and Bosmina longirostris. Specimens of Chydorus and Pleu- roxus made up the principal part of the nine per cent, of Lynceidae eaten. The Copepoda were all Cyclops and Diaptomus. Four specimens two and a half inches long, all taken at Peoria in November, 1878, had eaten nothing but Hemip- tera (twelve per cent.) and Neuroptera ( eighty-eight per cent.). The Hemiptera were all Corixa alternata, and the Neuroptera were nearly all the extremely common larva of one of our most abundant May-flies (Paling enia hilin- eata, Say). Larvae of small dragon-flies (Agrionini) made five per cent, of the food. The simplicity of the The Food of Fishes. 32 food of these specimens is probably due partly to the fact that they were all caught at the same time and place, and partly to the wintry weather when they were taken. Four specimens, from three and a half to four inches long, representing two localities and dates, had eaten a greater variety of articles, the food, in fact, now closely approaching that of the adult. Forty-five per cent, of the food was insects — chiefly larvae of May-flies — and fifty- five per cent. Crustacea — chiefly Amphipoda and Cladoc- era. Other insect elements were larvae of Chironomus, six per cent., and four per cent, of Corixas. The Cladoc- era were all Daphnia, and the Amphipoda were Allor- chestes dentata. A single specimen from Long L., near Pekin, 111., had eaten an isopod crustacean (Asellus). Cyprididae, another family of minute crustaceans, formed eight per cent, of the whole food of these specimens. Food of the Adult. The thirty mature individuals may best be treated in two groups, the first from streams and the second from Lake Michigan. Four of the first group were bought in the Chicago market, in March, 1880; six were taken from the upper Fox, in May; four were from Calumet R. at South Chi- cago, taken in August, 1878, and four were caught in October of that year, from the Illinois at Peoria. We notice, first, the entire disappearance of Entomos- traca, which are thus seen to be food proper to the young. We next observe the appearance of Mollusca (nineteen per cent.), which are evidently no insignificant food re- source of the species. Unio, Cyclas, Succinea, Physa het- erostropha, Say, and Valvata tricarinata , Say, are the mollusks recognized. Notwithstanding the lack of Ento- mostraca, Crustacea are the most important resource of these river specimens, constituting forty-eight per cent, of their food. Crawfishes (Cambarus) and our common little fresh-water shrimp (Palcemonetes exilipes, St.) compose ten per cent, of the whole; the previously no- ticed Allorchestes amounts to fifteen per cent. ; and spe- cies of Asellus, and Mancasellus tenax to twenty-three per cent. The Mancacelli were all from the specimens The Food of Fishes. 33 from the Chicago market. Insects are also an important item — amounting to twenty-four per cent., nearly all be- ing the larvse of Neuroptera — Mayflies (Ephemeridse), dragon-flies and case-flies (Phryganekke). A single spec- imen from Peoria Lake had eaten one small fish---a “darter” of the genus Poecilichthys. The second group, twelve specimens from Lake Mich- igan, presents a curious and instructive contrast in food to the foregoing. Mollusks and insects wholly disappear, and Crustacea are limited to the commonest crawfish of the lakes (Cambarus virilis, Hagen), which forms four- teen per cent, of the food. The remaining eighty-six per cent, consisted wholly of fishes, all minnows (Cyprinidse) so far as recognized except one, and that was some unde- termined percoid — probably itself a perch. It will thus be seen that the common perch has a food history of three periods — the periods of infancy, youth, and mature age. In the first it lives wholly on Entomos- traca and the minutest larvse of Diptera; in the second,, commencing when the fish is about an inch and a half in length, it takes up first the smaller and then the larger kinds of aquatic insects in gradually increasing ratio, the cntomostracan food at the same time diminishing in im- portance; and in the third it appropriates, in addition, mollusks, crawfishes and fishes — in the lake specimens depending almost wholly on the last two elements. We have here the first instance of a fact which we shall see again and again illustrated — that the young, having at first an alimentary apparatus too small and delicate to dispose of any insects but the minutest larvse, live almost wholly on minute crustaceans. It is proper to note that the lake and river perch are by some good authorities regarded as separate species — the latter being much more highly colored than the former. I have not found so strict a separation of the two forms as that described by Mr. E. W. Nelson, but have frequently taken both in the same haul of the seine in different parts of Calumet R. and in Lake George, Ind. — a body of water communicating with Lake Michigan by an outlet three or four miles long. Occasional pale specimens are also tak- en far from the lakes, in the Fox and Illinois rivers. The 34 The Food of Fishes. difference in color is probably due partly to the smaller amount of light to which those inhabiting the deeper wa- ters of the lake are exposed, and partly to their pisciv- orous habit combined with the comparatively few lurking places afforded them. There is some evidence that fish food bleaches a fish directly, and a good deal that it does so indirectly, by increasing the importance of an incon- spicuous appearance. Stizostethium canadense, Smith. Gray Pike-Perch. Sauger. “ Jack-salmon/ 9 Fourteen specimens of this excellent fish were exam- ined, all of which were from the Illinois R., ten taken in October, 1878, one in June, 1877, and three in November, 1877. It is evidently a very destructive species. These specimens had eaten nothing but fishes. In three cases these were unrecognizable, and in two others I could only tell that they were Acanthopteri. Four of the remaining ‘‘pike” had eaten hickory-shad {Dory soma cepedianum) , two had eaten catfish (Siluridse) of which one was an Amiurus, two had eaten sheepshead {Haploidonotus grunniens ) , and one had taken a black bass and some sun- fish (Centrarchidse). The presence in the stomach of one of these fishes, of a catfish of medium size, with its poison- ous pectoral and dorsal spines unbroken, was a striking illustration of the gastric energy of this species. Stizostethium vitreum, Mitch. Pike-Perch. Wall-eyed Pike. “Salmon.” This is far the finest of our river fishes — second to no fresh-water species except, possibly, some of the salmon family. It occurs in the great lakes, and throughout the State generally in the larger streams. It is a much larger fish than the preceding, not infrequently reaching a weight of twenty pounds. Certainly no fish of our waters is better deserving of attention than this. The only draw- back to its increase is in its voracity ; but, although it de- vours an immense number of other fishes, there is no evi- dence that it is wantonly destructive or that it eats more in proportion to its weight than the black bass. The Food of Fishes. Twelve of this species were examined, two of which were under three inches in length, and the others adult. Food of the Young. A specimen two inches long, taken in the Illinois R., at Pekin, June 2, 1880, had eaten only a minute fish. One, two and a half inches long, taken at the same place in June, 1878, had also eaten a small fish and a few Ento- mostraca (Cypridkke and Daphniidae). The appearance of these Entomostraca in the food of a fish of this size, makes it altogether probable that Stizostethium, like Perea, wholly depends on these minute Crustacea, when very young. Food of the Adult. The remaining specimens, taken from three localities, had eaten nothing but fishes, one-half of them only the hickory-shad or skip-jack (Dory soma cepedianum) . In one other specimen, this species was associated witli a min- now (Cyprinidae), and in still another with a small sun- fish with three anal spines (Centrarehidae). One of the remaining stomachs contained only an unrecognizable fish, and the other two contained Cyprinidae, including the creek chub, Semotilus corporalis . The two species of this genus agree so closely in food that they may well be discussed together. Apart from their exclusively piscivorous habit, the most interesting fact shown is the importance of the hickory-shad as food for this fish. We shall find accumulating evidence that this shad, utterly useless for human food, is, notwith- standing, one of the most valuable fishes in our streams. Nevertheless, not the slightest attention is paid to its preservation, much less to its encouragement. The fisher- men commonly regard these fishes as a mere nuisance, and leave them to die on the bank by hundreds, rather than take the trouble to return them to the water. They are a very delicate species, and are easily killed by rough handling in the seine, but the majority of those captured might be saved with a little care. The abundance of these fishes as compared with some other species in the river might seem to indicate that they 36 The Food of Fishes. are common enough as it is. Few realize, however, the number of fishes needed to feed a pike-perch to maturity. Two or three items from my notes will furnish the basis for an intelligent estimate of this number. From the stomach of a Stizostethium canadense caught in Peoria Lake October 27, 1878, I took ten well-pre- served specimens of Dorysoma, each from three to four inches long; and from a Stizostethium vitreum I took seven of the same species, none under four inches in length. As the Dorysoma is a very thin, high fish, with a serrate belly, these were as large as a pike-perch can well swallow ; and we may safely suppose that not less than five of this species would make a full meal for the pike- tperch. The species is a very active hunter, and it is not at all probable that one can live and thrive on less than three such meals a week. The specimens above mentioned were taken in cold autumn weather, when most other fishes were eating but little; but, since fishes generally take relatively little food in winter, we will suppose that the pike-perch eats, during the year, on an average, at this rate per week for forty weeks, giving us a total per annum of six hundred Dorysomas destroyed by one pike- perch. We cannot reckon the average life of a Stizo- stethiura at less than three years, and it is probably near- er five. The smallest estimate we can reasonably make as to the food of each pike-perch would therefore be some- where between eighteen hundred and three thousand fishes like Dorysoma. A hundred pike-perch, such as should be taken each year along a few miles of a river like the Illinois, would therefore require one hundred and eighty thousand to three hundred thousand fishes for their food. Finally, when we take into account that a number of other species also prey upon Dorysoma, and that the whole number destroyed in all ways must not ex- ceed the mere surplus reproduced — otherwise the species would be extinguished — we can form some approximate idea of the multitudes in which the food species must abound if we would support any great number of preda- ceous fishes. Dorysoma, being a mud-eater and a vegeta- rian, taking animal food only during the entomostraean The Food of Fishes. 37 period, can probably be more readily maintained in large numbers in our muddy streams than any other fish. It is evident that the increase of edible fishes without a corresponding supply of food will be largely time and labor thrown away. Probably if protected from wanton and ignorant destruction, the Dorysoma would abound sufficiently, as it is enormously prolific. The following table is similar to that given for the pre- ceding family. The mark j* is used to indicate the occur- rence of an element in too small an amount to figure in the ratios. 38 The Food of Fishes. Table of the Food of the Percid;e. [ Perca. One inch and under. One to two inches. Two to three inches. Three to four inches. River specimens. Lake specimens. Stizostethium. Number of specimens examined 2 9 4 4 18 12 26 I. Fishes | 06 86 50 08 08 1 00 Undetermined 'J'l Acanthopteri 1 9 r Undetermined | 08 Poecilichthys °6 Centrarchidae oc Undetermined nl Micropterus OJ 02 Haploidonotus 08 A T Dorysoma . Cyprinidae • 00 oc • N C 4 1 00 Undetermined l oc Semotilus i Siluridae u4 08 0/1 Undetermined Amiurus u4 Ol II. Mollusca 19 0 c w4 Physa heterostropha .... t Succinea 01 Valvata 3-carinata w4 01 Cyclas OC Unio 04 24 t III. Insecta 34 100 45 Pupae 1. Diptera (larvae) 10 06 1 01 Undetermined 01 Chironomus 09 23 23 11 06 01 2. Hemiptera 12 04 04 04 Corixa Undetermined C. alternata 12 C. tumida 12 3. Neuropterci (larvae) 01 88 35 35 35 23 08 O'* Ephemeridae 01 83 Undetermined Palingenia 83 05 '■'J nC • • • Agrionidae 04 08 O'* - Libellulidae Phryganeidae The Food of Fishes. Table of the Food of Percid^: — Continued. 39 Perca. Stizostethium. One inch and under. One to two inches. Two to three inches. Three to four inches. j River specimens. Lake specimens. Number of specimens examined 2 9- 4 4 18 12 26 IV. Crustacea 66 55 48 10 04 06 15 14 14 14 t .... T t i . Decapoda Cambarus Palaemonetes 2. Amphipoda 06 02 04 24 Undetermined . Allorchestes 24 01 01 15 23 11 12 .... 3. IsoPoda . „ Asellus Mancasellus 4. Entomostraca 100 55 55 55 60 36 27 13 t 12 02 09 07 t 02 24 24 t t . . • . 30 22 22 Cladocera .... Daphniidae Undetermined Simocepbalus Daphnia 22 Bosmina Lynceidae Undetermined Pleuroxus Chydorus t 45 45 Cope pod a Cyclops Diaptomus Ostracoda (Cypris) .... 08 t V. Vegetation ............ 03 Family LABRAC'IDiE. The Bass. We have but two species of this family, the white bass and the brassy bass ( Roccus chrysops and Morone inter- rupted. As far as their food is concerned, these are evi- dently equivalent species, agreeing closely in their gen- eral relations, and differing only in their distribution. 40 The Food of Fishes. Roccus chrysops, Raf. White Bass. This species is of medium abundance throughout the northern half of the State — most common in Lake Mich- igan. A curious fact of its distribution is its rarity in Fox River and the lakes connected with that stream. In- deed, during several days’ active collecting in this region we did not see a single specimen, neither could we hear of the occurrence of the species in those waters, although we made careful inquiry for it among experienced fisher- men. My notes on its food relate only to eleven specimens, of which three, taken at South Chicago, in August, were young, but of unknown size. Two of these had eaten only Chironomus larvae and the larvae of a remarkable ephem- erid? not yet determined, and the stomach of the third contained only a minute fish. The remaining eight indi- viduals had depended chiefly on the larvae of May-flies x (sixty-nine per cent.). The other important articles of their food were twenty per cent, fishes (including one sunfish — Centrarchidae) and eight per cent, isopod Crus- tacea (Asellus). Several attempts to secure food from Lake Michigan specimens were unsuccessful, as, being taken in pound-nets, their stomachs were always empty. Those studied were from various interior situations in the northern third of the State. Morone interrupta, Gill. Striped Bass. Brassy Bass. This fish replaces the preceding in the southern half of the State, the Illinois River forming a neutral zone be- tween the respective territories of the two species. The food of six specimens of this species was studied, all taken from the Illinois River from May to October. Four of these were young. The smallest, one and a fourth inches long, taken at Peoria, in June, .1878, had eaten about equally of small Dorysoma cepedianum and Entomostraca — forty per cent. Leptodora and ten per cent. Cyclops. One, an inch and a half in length, taken at the same time and place, had eaten only Dorysoma, with a trace of Cyclops. The next, one and five-eighths inches in length, had eaten a small undetermined fish and The Food of Fishes. 41 a few Daplmias. The fourth, one and seven-eighths inches long, caught at Peoria, in October, had eaten only larvae and pupae of Chironomus. The two adult specimens were feeding chiefly upon the larvae of Neuroptera — especially May-flies. An Allor- chestes dentata and a few small grasshoppers also ap- peared in the food. It will be seen that this species apparently agrees closely with the preceding in its food. The large amount of crustacean food in the smallest specimen shows that we should probably find still smaller Labracidae depend- ing upon these as strictly as the Percidae. Family CENTRARCHIDAE. The Sunfishes. This interesting group, known, in some of its members, to every one who has ever seen a dozen fishes, is repre- sented in Illinois by sixteen species, as the species of this family are now understood. The two black bass, included in this family for technical reasons, are, of course, the most important species. The rock bass, the croppie and the common sunfish (Lepiopomus pallidus), although not fishes of the first class, would be seriously missed if we were to lose them; and boyhood in the country would be quite another thing if it were not for the “pumpkin- seed” in the mill-pond, whose barbaric splendor thrills the heart of the youthful fisherman as the more delicate beauties of the trout or salmon do those of tougher fibre. I have studied the food of thirteen species of this group, as indicated by two hundred and thirty-seven specimens, well distributed in time and area. Decided differences in food made out in the various genera, have been found to coincide with differences in a few structures about the mouth in such a way that one may predict, from an examination of these structures, what the leading peculiarities of the average food of any genus will be. Micropterus pallidus, Raf. Large-mouthed Black Bass. This famous species is too well known to require ex- tended comment. The ordinary fishermen rarely distin- 42 The Food of Fishes. guish it from the following; and, indeed, sportsmen do not always recognize the difference. I have examined the food of thirty-one specimens of this species, fourteen of which were adults, and the re- mainder young, of different ages. Food of the Young. The first group, consisting of five specimens under one inch in length (ranging from f to fin.), represents three localities — Crystal Lake, in McHenry county, the Illinois River at Pekin, Tazewell county, and the same stream at Starved Rock, in LaSalle county. They were taken in June, July and August of three different years. It is evi- dent, therefore, that the common features of their food cannot well be attributed to any other than their similar size. The entire food of these fishes consisted of small Crus- tacea— all Entomostraca except seven per cent., eaten by a single fish, which consisted of the very young of some undetermined amphipod — probably Allorchestes. Eighty- seven per cent, of the food was Cladocera, principally Bosmina longirostris. Mull. Simocephalus americcnus , Birge, was also an important element ; and traces appear of Chydorus, Pleuroxus and Eurycercus lamellatus. About six per cent, of Cyclops had been eaten. In the food of the next group — six specimens, from If to If inches long — minute fishes and insects appear. The fishes (twenty-nine per cent.) were not large enough to determine. The insects (forty-six per cent.) were mostly young water-bugs (Corixa), the principal part of which were about half grown. The adults were all Corixa tumida, Uhl. The Entomostraca drop to twenty-five per cent., about equally Cladocera and Cyclops. Among the former were many specimens of Simocephalus anierica- nus, and a few of the rare and curious Leptodora men- tioned in a previous paper.* The specimen in which this was found was taken at Peoria, in June, 1878. All of this group were taken from the Illinois River, but at different places and dates. Some, taken at the same place and * See Bull. No. 2. 111. State Lab. Nat. Hist., p. 88. The Food of Fishes. time as others of the preceding group, .differed from them in the smaller number of Entomostraca eaten, and the larger number of insects — differences evidently only to be explained as due to the different sizes of the fishes. The next two specimens, between two and three inches long, had eaten only insects, chiefly Corixci tumida. Four specimens, ranging from three to three and a half inches in length, all taken from a lake in the Illinois River bottom, in October, 1879, had eaten nothing but in- sects— almost wholly Corixas and the larvae of May-flies (Ephemeridae). The Corixas were C. alternate, Say, and C. tumida, Uhl. Food of the Adult. Turning to the food of the fourteen adults, we note the total disappearance of Entomostraca, the merely acci- dental occurence of insects, the appearance of crawfishes ( Cambarus immunis ), which amount to seven per cent, of the whole food, and the great predominance of fishes (eighty-six per cent.). These were of sufficient variety to show that no group is safe from the appetite of the bass unless it be the gar. Perch, minnows, catfish and hickory-shad were recog- nizable. The last were much the most abundant, occurring in eight of the specimens, and constituting fifty-eight per cent, of the food of the whole number. They ranged from three to six in each stomach, and were from three to four inches long. It should be noted, however, that these were all eaten by fishes taken at the same place and time. A large mouse was found in the stomach of one bass from the Illinois River. We may generalize these data by saying that this black bass lives, at first, wholly on Entomostraca; that it com- mences to take the smallest aquatic insects when about an inch in length, and that minute fishes appear in its diet almost as early. From this forward, the Entomos- traca diminish in importance, and the insects and fishes become larger and more abundant in the food. The adults eat voraciously of a great variety of fishes — especially fhe hickory-shad (Dorysoma.) — and feed upon crawfishes also to some extent. 44 The Food of Fishes. Micropterus salmoides, Lac. Small-mouthed Black Bass. >v This species, called also tiger bass, river bass, etc., is the black bass par excellence. It ranges usually in deeper and clearer water than the preceding ; but both are often taken together. I have made full notes of the food of twenty-seven spec- imens—three adult and the others young. I had none of this species under an inch in length; but, judging from the general resemblance of the food of this and the pre- ceding bass at later ages, I do not doubt that this will also be found to feed at first on Entomostraca, although insect food is possibly more important to it from the beginning. Seven individuals, from one to two inches in length, were all taken in July from rocky ripples in the Fox River, at Dayton, 111., a few miles above the mouth of the stream. These had eaten only five per cent, of Entomos- traca— the whole remainder of the food consisting of in- sects, of which Corixa tumida, young and adult, and larvae of May-flies and darning-needles (Agrionidae) were the most important kinds. Four per cent, of the larvae of Chironomus are worthy of notice. The scarcity of Ento- mostraca in the food of fishes as small as these is prob- ably due to the situation in which these specimens oc- curred, as few Entomostraca are to be found in swift water. The same fact will account for the presence of Chironomus larvae — found abundantly under stones in rapid streams. The next ten specimens, between two and three inches long, were taken in July, partly at the same place as the preceding, and partly from the Illinois River, a few miles below the mouth of the Fox. These differed from the smaller specimens chiefly in the appearance of fishes in the food (five per cent.) and in the absence of Neurop- tera. Probably the last of these differences, at least, was accidental. A few larvss of aquatic Coleoptera (Hyd.ro- philidic and Dytiscidae) were noticed. Corixas, including C. tumida , Uhl, and C. signata, Ficb.,* amounted to eighty-two per cent, of the food. In those ranging from three to four inches in length (seven individuals), the fishes eaten rise to fourteen per Determined by Mr. Uhler. The Food of Fishes. 45 cent., but the insects drop away to seven per cent., and the Crustacea rise to seventy-nine. Here,, however, dif- ference of locality interferes to prevent any satisfactory comparison with other ages — as these specimens were all taken in August, from Calumet River, at South Chicago. This slow stream, clogged with Algse and a great variety of other aquatic plants in midsummer, also swarms with Crustacea — especially the little Allorchestes dentata. This species made sixty-three per cent, of the food of these specimens ; and an undetermined species of Asellus, four- teen per cent. A few Gammarus fasciatus were also found. The insects were Corixa and larvse of Agrionidse. It will be seen that, excepting the gradual increase of the number of fishes eaten, these data show no especial difference in the young of different ages. Smaller speci- mens and a larger number from a greater variety of situ- ations, would be necessary to exhibit this difference. The food of the young as a whole, apparently, does not differ essentially from that of the large-mouthed species, except in the probably greater importance of the insect element — especially Corixas, which in these twenty-four specimens amounted to fifty per cent, of the food — and the inferior importance of fishes. This peculiarity is expressed in a slightly different manner in the food of the adult. The three specimens ex- amined had eaten only fishes ( Noturus flavus and Percina caprodes) and crawfishes ( Gambarus propin- quus) — thirty-eight per cent, of the former and sixty- two per cent, of the latter. This is the first of several instances in which the ratio of fishes in the food of allied species and genera was found to correspond to the size of the mouth, being larg- est in those with the largest oral opening.* *The frequency with which these two species of black bass are con- founded makes it desirable that a single reliable character should be selected by which they can be invariably distinguished, whatever the age of the specimen. This character is afforded by the size of the scales, the small-mouthed species having the smaller scales. In this species there are eleven longitudinal rows of scales between the dorsal fin and the row of perforated scales running along the middle of the side, called the lateral line. In the large-mouthed species, there are never more than nine such rows. The young are easily distinguished by the longitudinal black stripe along the side of the large-mouthed bass, which is wanting in the young of the other species. 40 The Food of Fishes. Table of the Food of Micropterus. M. PALL1DUS. M. SALMOIDES. Under one inch. One jnch to two. | Two to three inches. Three to four inches. Adults. One inch to two. Two to three inches. Three to four inches. Adults. Number of specimens 5. 6 2 4 M 7 10 7 3 29 86 15 05 14 "38" 13 08 5* 06 06 07 05 25 II Insects 46 100 5° 100 t 95 89 07 T I n ^ 0 f p r m i n pH la 02 04 05 01 Culirifizp P V| i n a rn nc 02 04 M ncri H jp N N -t — N •OOO 00 • *y Cnlpn'hfprti W vH rnnVi i 1 2 f-ffwiifttpm. r . . . . 44 50 57 t .71 5i 03 HP prrpctnQ 1 7 q i t h ^ t Corixa 42 C2 5° 57 5i 82 03 43 43 t 07 07 . 07 39 28 1 1 05 t t 04 17 r»|ip m p r i H op A err inn idpp 04 79 62 02 62 III. Crustacea j t Decapoda 100 25 t 04 2. Amphipoda 07 . ... 65 02 63 14 .... 4. Entojnosti'aca Cladocera 93 87 26 18 60 25 14 12 06 05 05 05 t t 04 04 L^aphniidap Bosmina T pninnon 02 1 1 Copepoda (Cyclops). . . . T \7 AT1HM 06 t | 02 02 t IV. V buJc/lAIiUli ... A 1 trip . t 07 .... AT icrrr t a v | 1 — — The Food of Fishes. 47 Ambloplites rupestris, Raf. Rock Bass. This favorite and widely distributed species does not differ from the other fishes mentioned in respect to the food of the young. The smallest specimen examined, five- eighths of an inch long, contained only a few Cladocera (Pleuroxus). Another, three-fourths of an inch long, had eaten Daphnids (seventy-five per cent.), Cyclops (ten per cent.), and larvae of Chironomus. A third, seven-eighths of an inch long, contained only minute fragments of a few larvae of Neuroptera. These specimens were all taken from Fox River in July, 1879. The remaining young of the year were living chiefly on Corixa (eighty- three per cent.), as were also the young of the year preceding (ninety per cent.), so far as could be judged from the food of two specimens, from three to four inches in length. Some land insects, ephemerids, water-beetles, and a few Allorchestes were also found in the food. Four adult specimens, taken at Ottawa on the 8th of July, had eaten some minute fishes (fifteen per cent.), a few water-beetles, including Tropisternus limbatus , over forty per cent, of Neuroptera larvae, and about thirty per cent, of small crawfishes. The Neuroptera included Baetis and other ephemerids (twenty per cent.), Agricn idae and large Libellulidae, and fifteen per cent, of case- flies (Phryganeidae). Pond-weed (Potamogeton) found in two stomachs, had probably been taken accidentally. Ch^nobryttus gtjlosus, C. & V. Wide-mouthed Sunfish. This fine species is among the commonest of the family in the lakes and ponds of southern Illinois, where it is commonly known as the 4 ‘ goggle-eye. ” The northern limit of its range, so far as known, is the Illinois River valley. In number and habitat it replaces in the south the Eupomotis aureus of the north ; but this equivalence is only apparent as the two species differ widely in food. From its size and abundance, it is no in- significant food resource. Food of the Young. My smallest specimens were from lakes in the Mississip- 4-8 The Food of Fishes. pi bottom., near Bird’s Point, Missouri. Two of these, one inch long and under, taken in September 1879, had eaten only Bosmina longirostris and Cyclops. Insect food first appears in specimens one and one-half inches long. Eight specimens, between one and three inches long, six of which were taken from a lake in the Illinois bottoms, near Pekin, in October, 1879, and two from a lake in Kentucky, near Cairo, Illinois, had eaten about forty per cent. Entomostraca, thirty per cent. Neurop- tera larvae, and thirty per cent. Corixas and Diptera larvae. Daphnia pulex, Simocephalus americanus, Bos- mina longirostis , Chydorus, Pleuroxus and Cyclops, were among the Entomostraca. Corixa alternata was found among the Hemiptera. Most of the Diptera (i. e., fifteen per cent.) were larval Chironomus. Food of the Adult. Six adults from rivers, streams and lakes in central and southern Illinois, show the usual change in food, carried farther than in the preceding species. Entomos- traca disappear — except a few Chydorus in a single spec- imen— and fishes become the principal reliance, amount- ing to forty-seven per cent, of the food. Corixas, larvae of Palingenia bilineata, and some terrestrial Coleoptera — Anomala binotata — which made half the food of one specimen, are the remaining items. The especially piscivorous habit of this species is probably related to the size of its mouth, which is much the largest among the sunfishes proper. A similar rela tion has already been noticed between the two black bass. The Food of Fishes. 49 Table of Food of Ambloplites and Chjenobryttus. Ambloplites. Chasnobryttus. 23 u .5 G rt 23 , 0 G < Number of specimens examined 3 3 2 4 2 4 4 6 I. Fishes 15 52 01 47 53 11 Insects 39 99 16 17 03 03 97 57 64 Undetermined larvae Caterpillars i. Diptera (larvae) 05 05 06 32 26 04 04 10 10 Chironomus 2. Coleoptera 02 Of 01 01 03 Terrestrial Aquatic 03 01 02 Dytiscidae Hydrophilidae , . . . . 3. Ilemiptera 63 63 95 90 05 20 20 18 18 Corixa Hygrotrechus tyoung^ 4. Neuroptera (larvae) 34 42 21 25 03 40 12 25 25 25 Ephemeridae Palingenia Baetis 01 01 05 15 t 31 31 Agrionidae 10 28 Llbellulidae Phryganeidae HI.' ARACHNiDA(Hydrachna) IV. Crustacea 61 03 100 43 34 t Decapod a (Cambarus) Amphipoda 03 Entomostraca 61 58 01 IOO 70 43 24 34 34 21 t t Cladocera Daphnia Bosmina 70 Pleuroxus 33 t Chydorus t t Copepoda 03 01 30 19 V. Vegetation 02 02 .... 02 Potamogeton Al +»>-<-. M ~ ~ ~ • 02 Coptotomus GyrinidfP (larva1) Ol 0 [ 01 Hydrophilidae Undetermined 05 Tropisternus 3 Hemiptera OI 16 03 t t 25 02 01 I Indefermineri Corixa OI 16 03 25 01 01 04 N pna R a natra 01 20 Neuroptera 33 33 08 01 07 14 62 14 24 T (unHplprrninpH i 1 ■« Cl 1 V (A. ( UliviL IL * 111 1 li V. U / .• Ephemeridae (larvae),... Baetis 29 27 02 02 05 03 Pa 1 i ncrpn la 01 06 02 04 t 02 02 10 02 Agrionidjp (larvae) 14 11 4i • Libellulidae (larvae) 04 56 The Food of Fishes. Table of Food of Apomotis and Leptopomus — Continued. Number of specimens.. Sialidae Sialis Corydalus (larvae) . . Phryganeidae IV. Arachnjda. Spiders Hydrachnidae V. Crustacea Decapoda Undetermined Cambarus Palaemonetes Ampbipoda Undetermined Allorchestes Isopoda (Asellus) Entomostraca Ciadocera Daphniidae Lynceidae Ostracoda Copepoda VI. Vermes Undetermined Polyzoa Lumbricus VII. Vegetation. . . Phsenogamous Algae Apomotis. 98 98 03 95 10 Lepiopomus. 04 04 04 59 02 02 55 14 12 02 06 35 01 05 05 01 01 t 20 t 11 09 01 01 27 27 27 15 07 07 52 t 06 02 02 32 t 04 03 03 3i 19 12 24 06 06 03 18 01 11 06 02 24 16 08 Xenotis megalotis, Raf. Long-eared Sunfish. This little species is not at all common in the State, but has been taken by us from the middle course of Pox R., from tributaries of the Illinois R., and from ponds in Union county and southern Illinois. Unfortunately, the three specimens examined had not lately taken food, and only a very imperfect notion of their usual aliment can be given. Corixa, Ephemeral The Food of Fishes . 57 larvae, Chironomns larvae, the tube of a case-worm, a few fish-scales and an indeterminable aquatic beetle were the only objects found. Xenotis peltastes, Cope.* This beautiful little fish, hitherto taken in this State only in very small number from Fox R., was found quite abundant in the 4 4 slip” at South Chicago, in June, 1880. The three opened had eaten more larvae of Chironomus than anything else (sixty percent.). Next came sixteen per cent, of mollusks, then Allorchestes and Asellus, Co- rixa, Gyrinid larvae and a few terrestrial larvae (Chryso- melidae). The large percentage of Chironomus was prob- ably owing to the situation — a foul and muddy little bay, serving as a harbor for fishing boats. Eupomotis aureus, Walil. Pumpkin-seed. Bream. This species swarms in the lakes and ponds of north- eastern Illinois, but is much less abundant in the Illinois R., and in the southern part of the State is almost un- known. The cause of this limitation of its range is ap- parently climatic, as there is certainly nothing in its food, nor, apparently, in any of its habits, to exclude it from our southern waters. Indeed, I do not see that its place is taken by any other fish to the southward. No other, unless Eupomotis pallidus , resembles it in food, and this is too infrequent to replace it. My knowledge of its food is based upon the study of twenty-five specimens ranging from one and one-half inches upward, taken from the Illinois, Fox and Calumet rivers, and from Long, Crystal and Nipisink lakes and Lake George, in central and northern Illinois and Indiana. The months of May, June, July, August and October are represented by these specimens. Food of the Young. The nine smaller specimens, from one and one-lialf to two inches long, show at once two prominent peculiarities of the food. The larvae of Chironomus compose fifty-one * It is considered doubtful, by Dr. Jordan, if this species and the pre- ceding are distinct. 58 The Food of Fishes. per cent, of the food, and Entomostraca of the order Ostracoda (Cyprids), twenty-six. As both these iare found most abundantly in muddy bottoms, it is evident that the fish is, at least at first, a bottom feeder. Traces of mollusks appear thus early, as well as a few Ephem- erid larvae (five per cent.). The remainder of the food was insects * eggs and Daplmids — chiefly Simocephalus americanus — (twelve per cent.). Chydorus was found in five specimens, but in too small quantity to figure in the averages. Five specimens were studied between two and three inches long. In these the same food characters continue, modified somewhat by the introduction of larger objects. The Chironomus larvae stand at forty-four per cent., and the Cyprids at eighteen per cent. Fourteen per cent, ot' Allorchestes and eleven per cent, of Neuroptera larvae are the only important elements remaining. Two per cent, of young TJnios were noticed. Nearly half of the food of two larger specimens, between two and three inches long, consisted of mollusks — chiefly Physa. A few Chironomi and about equal quantities of Ephemerid larvae and Allorchestes were all the remaining food. Entomostraca therefore disappear at this point. Food of the Adult. Forty-six per cent, of the food of the nine adults con- sisted of Mollusca, including Planorbis, Amnicola and Valvata tricarinata, and six per cent, of undetermined bivalves. The insect food was twenty per cent, of the whole. Crustacea twenty-two per cent., and vegetation twelve per cent. Half of the last was Chara, and the remainder chiefly Myriopliyllum and Algae. The Crustacea were all Allorchestes and Asellus. The insects included a trace of Chironomus larvae and a few water-beetles (Hydrophili- dae), and the usual Neuroptera larvae, among which case- flies of the genus Leptocerus were noticed. Not a trace of fishes was found in the stomachs of these specimens ; and this fact, together with the large percent- age of inolluscan food, constituted the leading alimentary peculiarities of the species. The Food of Fishes. 59 The first of these is doubtless related to the small mouth ■ — the second to the stout, blunt pharyngeal teeth— -a character used in defining the genus. In all the preced- ing species the pliaryngeals are set with more slender, pointed teeth. Eupomotis pallidus, Ag. Pale Sunfish. Having but few specimens of this rather uncommon species, I have examined the food of but one — enough to indicate that it probably agrees closely with the preced- ing species. This fish, taken in Clear Lake, Ky., had eaten largely of small Mollusca— young Unionidae, Planorbis, Amnic- ola, etc. These amounted to seventy-five per cent, of the food. The remaining elements were Chironomus larvae, several small water-beetles, {Hyd^oporus hybridus, Cnemidotus Yl-punctatus , and Haliplus, sp.), an un- known aquatic pupa and a little pond-weed. Centrarchus irideus, Lac. This little species is found in considerable numbers in ponds and streams in the southern hill-country of Illi- nois. My specimens, all taken in July, are from ponds and streams in the Mississippi bottoms in Union and Jackson counties, and from Cache R. and its tributaries in Johnson county. Five of the young, from three-fourths of an inch to an inch in length, had eaten seventy-one per cent, of Ento- mostraca and twenty-one per cent, of larvae of Chirono- mus, and, for the rest, about equal quantities of Eph- emerid larvae and young Allorchestes, with a trace of water mites (Hydrachnidae). Thirty-eight per cent, of the food was Cyclops ; Cyprids amounted to twenty-one per cent. ; and twelve per cent, of Simocephalus completed the ratio of Entomostraca. The smallest specimen, three-fourths of an inch long, had eaten sixty per cent. Simocephalus and forty per cent. Cyclops. About a fifth of the food of one specimen, an inch and an eighth in length, consisted of minute young Corixas, the remainder being about equally Cyclops and Cyprids. 60 The Food of Fishes. Table of Food of Eupomotis and Centrarchus. Eupomotis. Cen- trarchus. One inch to two. Two to three inches. Three to four inches.l to XJ < One inch and under. 1 1 One inch to two. c n X5 Number of specimens examined 9 01 5 04 2 45 9 46 07 33 04 1 1 01 5 2 I. Mollusc a . Undetermined Gasteropoda 01 02 45 Amnicoia Vi vi para Planorbis Physa 40 3° . 05 05 A oepkala * 02 61 03 45 44 02 02 06 20 01 01 02 02 II. Insecta 60 03 52 51 24 21 21 20 91 07 06 06 Undetermined i. Diptera (larvae) Chironomus 2 Coleoptera . Hvdrophilidae 3. H erniptera 20 20 23 23 55 55 Corixa 4. Neuroptera (larvae) 05 05 11 05 25 25 17 03 03 03 03 Enhemeridae Palingenia Agrionidae 06 Libeilulidae 08 02 Phryganeidae III. Arachnida 01 01 75 04 Hydrachnidae IV. Crustacea 39 35 H 25 25 22 *3 09 80 Amphipoda (Allorchestes) Isopoda (Asellus) Entomostraca 39 13 12 26 21 03 01 18 7i 12 12 21 38' 80 Ciadocera Simocephalus Ostracoda 35 45 09 Copepoda V. Vegetation t 12 04 06 02 Myriophyllum Chara Algae t Only two specimens were ' examined which could be classed as adults — one three and a fourth inches long, the other smaller. These indicate that the food of full-grown individuals differs from that of the young chiefly in the The Food of Fishes. 61 addition of considerable quantities of terrestrial and aquatic insects. The gill-rakers of this species are numerous, long and slender — a fact reflected in the food. Fifteen per cent, of the contents of the stomach of the largest specimen consisted of Cyclops and five per cent, of Chironomus larvae. Consistently with the small mouth and pointed pharyngeal teeth, no traces of fishes or mollusks were found in the food. PoMOXYS .NIGROMACULATUS, Lac. BLACK CrOPPIE. Lake Croppie. Silver Bass. Butter Bass. Pomoxys annularis, Baf. White Croppie. Timber Croppie. Silver Bass. These two species, often not distinguished even by ex- perienced fishermen, agree so closely in food that I have not thought it worth while to treat them separately. In the Illinois and Mississippi rivers they are much the most valuable and important of the family, excepting the black bass. They are nowhere else so abundant in the State, al- though occurring in the larger rivers generally and in the Great Lakes. The first species is commonest to the north, and the second southward, so far as my observation goes. In the Illinois they are about equally abundant. These fishes are everywhere great favorites, and rank among the most important and promising of our smaller species. They are rarely found in creeks or small ponds, but seem to require deeper water for their maintenance. The gill-rakers of this species are numerous, long, and finely toothed, constituting the most efficient straining apparatus to be found among the sunfishes. The pharyn- geal teeth are sharp, and the mouth is rather wide and considerably enlarged bv the lengthening of the lower jaw. Consistently with the hypothesis concerning the mean- ing of the gill-rakers which I had already formed from a study of the preceding species, before I came to this, I found that the young continued to feed almost exclusively upon Entomostraca much longer than the other sun- fishes. Six specimens between three and four inches long, 62 The Food of Fishes. had eaten little else than Entomostraca and the larvae of minute Diptera (Chironomus Corethra). Even full- grown specimens were found eating Cladocera more free- ly than any other food. As might be inferred from the pharyngeals, not a trace of molluscan food was found in the forty-two specimens examined, while fishes formed nine per cent, of the food of the twenty-seven adults. Most of these were eaten late in the season, when Ento- mostraca and insect larvae became less abundant. Food of the Young. The smallest specimen, three-fourths of an inch long, had eaten about equal quantities of Cyclops and Simo- cephalus, with only a few Pleuroxus beside. Three, an inch long and under, had confined their food entirely to Entomostraca and Chironomus larvae — the latter form- ing about a fourth of th& whole. A third of the Entomos- traca were Cyclops, the remainder chiefly Simoceplialus. Six specimens between one and three inches long, dif- fered especially in the introduction of about eighteen per cent, of Corixas and three per cent, of small Ephemerid larvae. Chironomus larvae were reduced to seven per cent. The Entomostraca were about equally divided be- tween Cyclops and Cladocera. One specimen taken in July, 1879, from the canal near Ottawa, had taken a large number of Daphnella. Six specimens between three and four inches long were examined. Eighty-three per cent, of their food was En- tomostraca, about tliree-fourths of this amount being Cy- clops, and the remainder nearly all Simocephalus. Twelve per cent, of larvae of Chironomus and Corethra, three per cent. Corixas and two per cent, larvae of small Ephemerids were the insect elements. Chydorus, Pleu- roxus and Cypris were present in small numbers. These fifteen young, agreeing so closely in food, irre- spective of size, were nevertheless from a variety of situ- ations and dates. All were from the Illinois River, its lakes and tributaries, from Ottawa to Pekin, but ranged in time from June to October of three different years. Six were P. nigromaculatus, seven were P. annularis f and two were not identified specifically. The Food of Fishes. 6: > > Food of the Adults. An examination of the notes on the twenty-seven adults shows material differences of food at different parts of the year. As all but one were taken from the Illinois River, I have not the means of noting* the corre- spondence of food with locality. Five specimens taken at Peoria, in March, were found feeding* most freely upon Oladocera, which composed fifty-five per cent, of tlieir food. These were chiefly of the two species Simocephalus vet ulus and S. americanus. These little Entomostraea were taken at that time in such quantity as visibly to distend the stomach when seen from the outside, and the immense number of their eggs gave a reddish color to the contents of the alimentary canal. The larvae of Neuroptera, both u darning-needles 9 9 and May-flies (Palingenia), were also eaten in consider- able numbers (thirty-nine per cent.). A small Hybopis, a little darter ( Boleosoma metadata) and an unrecog- nizable fish were found in these stomachs, making about six per cent, of the food. Only trivial numbers of Ento- mostraca appear after this time. Nine specimens, taken in April, likewise at Peoria, were feeding chiefly upon Neuroptera larvae (eighty-six per cent.), especially upon that almost invaluable ele- ment of fish food, the larvae of Palingenia bilineata (six- ty-six per cent.). A few larvae of (fyrinidae and Dytis- cidae were noted (three per cent.), and a few Corixas also. A Gammarns fasciatus and a little Ceratophyllum, etc., were noticed ; and also the flower of an elm and the feather of a bird. A single specimen from Pistakee Lake, in McHenry county, taken in May, gave evidence of a similar reliance upon Neuropterous larvae (eighty-five per cent.). Here, however, in the absence of Palingenia, Agrions and the larger dragon-flies were resorted to. A little vegetation had been taken with these ( Ceratophyllum denier sum and Lenina trisulca ten per cent.), probably by accident, as this lake was full of aquatic plants, and it would hardly have been possible for a fish to catch living food from the water without getting more or less vegetation at the same time. A single Hymenopter — the only land insect 64 The Food of Fishes. found eaten by this species — was taken from this stom- ach. A specimen taken in June at Peoria had .3aten about equally of minute unrecognized fish-fry and Palingenia larvae. One caught at Ottawa, in J uly, had eaten only insects — Corixa twenty-five per cent., Palingenia larvae seventy-five per cent. Table of Pood of Pomoxys. One inch and under. I 1 One inch to three. Three to four inches. March, Peoria. April, Peoria. May, Pistakee L. June, Peoria. July, Ottawa. October, Peoria. November, Henry. Total adults. Mo. of specimens I. Fishes 3 6 6 5 06 9 1 1 50 1 5 39 10 5 28 08 ~ / 15 03 Acanthopteri Boleosoma. 01 04 04 04 39 Cycloid 1 1 11 Cyprinidae .... 03 01 73 OI Hybopsis 28 28 17 90 II. Insects.. 90 05 50 100 61 01 01 72 02 i. Hymenoptera 2. Diptera (larvae) .... Corethra. 28 07 t 07 12 03 09 Chironorrius 28 t 03 02 01 01 01 86 72 66 14 t t 000 U) Ul w 3. Coleoptera (larvae) Gyrinidae 01 Dytiacidae 4. Hemiptera 18 18 03 03 03 03 02 02 39 15 !5 24 25 25 75 0 1 01 68 54 52 12 01 '01 12 Corixa 5. Neuroptera (larvae) F.phemeridae. t 85 50 60 44 44 67 67 Palingenia . . 55 30 50 75 Agrionidae Libel lulidae Sialidae (Corydalis) t 16 III. Crustacea . . . Gamroarus 72 72. 83 57 10 t 10 10 t Kntnmostraca . . . 72 49 46 03 72 33 18 01 14 83 1 7 i7 t 55 55 55 12 12 12 Ciaclocera Daphniidae Lynceidae Sididae Ostracoda 01 65 t "t t t t Cope poda 23 39 10 t t IV Vegetation t — Five croppies from Peoria, in October, 1878, and five from Henry, thirty miles above, in November, 1877, indi- cate that the autumnal food of the species is again differ- The Food of Fishes. 65 cut. These had eaten, respectively, thirty-nine per cent, and twenty-eight per cent, of small fishes — partly Cy- prinidae and partly undetermined Acanthopteri. The re- mainder of their food was composed chiefly of Palingenia larvae. One October specimen had eaten two larvae of the large “helgramite”, Corydalus cornutus. Although these fishes were taken directly from the seine, and opened upon the spot, the food in their stomachs did not average more than a fourth of the quantity in those taken in early spring. The weather during both these months was un- comfortably cold, with falling snow, and the food of these specimens probably gives a correct hint of the win- ter food of the species. Fourteen of the above were Pomoxys nigromaculatus and twelve P. annularis — one not having been deter- mined. Summary of the Family. For the purpose of a comparative recapitulation of the above data respecting the food of the sunfishes,. I have prepared three condensed tables, showing, upon the same page, the food of the different genera in parallel columns. The first table exhibits the food of the youngest speci- mens, the second, of those of intermediate size, and the third, of those which may properly be regarded as ma- ture. By an inspection of the first table, it will be seen that the thirty specimens, one inch long and under, represent- ing eight genera, which appear thereon, have eaten little else than Entomostraca and larvae of Chironomus — these* two elements amounting to ninety -three per cent, of the food. The only exception to this rule (that of the rock bass) is apparent rather than real. The large percentage of Neuropterous larvae appearing under the name of that species is a technical ratio, inserted only for the sake of consistency, being based upon the fact that one of the specimens examined contained no food except a few traces of some indeterminable minute larvae of that older. The minor differences in the food of the generic groups are doubtless due to differences of locality, and the like. That Ostracoda, for example, were found only 66 The Food of Fishes. in the stomachs of Centrarchus, is accounted for by the fact that the youngest specimens of this genus were taken from small mud-holes, favorable to the occurrence of Entomostraca of that order. The uniformity of food at this time implies that the selective apparatus of these fishes, whatever its construction, has not yet grown be- yond the size of these minute animal forms. From the second table of one hundred and six speci- mens we learn that with a general change of food from Entomostraca and Chironomus to larger Crustacea and insects, there appear certain differences — notably the continuance of Entomostraca as the most important ele- ment in Pomoxys, and the occurrence of mollusks in Eu- pomotis and of fishes in Micropterus. It is important to recall, at this point, that Pomoxys has the largest, finest and most numerous gill-rakers of the group — the best straining apparatus, in short — that Eupomotis has stout, blunt pharyngeal teeth, and that the black bass have relatively the widest mouths of all. It is also to be noted that the large-mouthed-bass commenced to take fish when an inch and a quarter long, and the small-mouthed spe- cies not until it reached a length of two and a half inches. It will also be observed that Entomostraca are least abundant in the food of the small-mouthed black bass and the rock bass— species found usually in swift and shallow water, when of this size. The importance of water-bugs (Corixa) to the first three species of this table is evident. From the table of adult food we find that these com- mencing peculiarities of the preceding table become here more prominent. All the Entomostraca of this table, ex- cept insignificant traces, now appear in the food of Po- moxys ; the molluscan food of Eupomotis is nearly five times that of any other genus ; and the ratios of fish food, running from eighty-six j)er cent, down to nothing, when arranged in a series, are seen to correspond, with curious exactness, to a series of the species themselves arranged according to the relative sizes of their mouths. I was disappointed in being unable to find any food characteristics corresponding to such minor differences in the length of the gill-rakers of the anterior arch as ap- The Food of Fishes. 67 pear in Lepiopomus, Apomotis, etc., on the one hand, and Xenotis and Eupomotis on the other. If such peculiarities exist, they can probably be determined only by taking at one time and place a number of specimens of unlike char- acter in this particular. While I believe that the generalizations made above will hold good, at least for fishes of similar form and in- ternal structure among the Acanthopteri, I do not wish to be understood as extending them at present beyond this order. Doubtless, while the characters mentioned must assist greatly in determining the food of a species a priori, they are not by any means sufficient for this pur- pose when taken by themselves. The discussion of other features, external and internal, bearing upon this subject must be postponed to a later period of the investigation. Table of Food of Young Centrarchidje. (One inch and under.) Number of specimens I. Insects 1. Diptera (larvae) Chironomus 2. Hemiptera Corixa (young) 3. Neuroptera{ larvae) II. Arachnida (Hydrachna), III. Crustacea Tetradecapoda Entomostraca Cladocera Ostracoda Copepoda . C/3 3 cu V) 3 u ~r-£w'v»u The Food of Birds. 93 less completely. The methods of this spontaneous resto- ration of the unsettled balance of natural forces, are, of course, worthy of the most careful study. It is only by working in harmony with them that we ourselves can help to readjust the disturbed order. A fuller treatment of this matter may best be postponed until the general discussion of results obtained by the investigation. Enough has been said to show that the subject, although complicated and difficult, will richly repay the study nec- essary to its mastery. A full and accurate knowledge of the mutual relations of the various forms of organic life of a region, both normal and abnormal, is certainly quite as essential to the general welfare as a knowledge of the chemistry and geology of its soils, the peculiarities of its meteorology, or any other part of the inorganic en- vironment. Concerning the special subject of this paper the knowl- edge we need is such that we shall be able to afford for every species a tolerably correct answer to the questions, What would be the main consequences if this species were exterminated! if it were reduced to half its present num- bers! What if it, were doubled in number! if it were quadrupled! When this is known, we shall evidently be able to act wisely and with the best results. That these questions are not unanswerable, I shall undertake to prove by answering them in substance, for several spe- cies, in this paper, and by demonstrating the sufficient accuracy of the answers. Methods. Three methods are possible in determining the food of birds. The birds may be fed in confinement, and the kinds of food apparently preferred and the amount eaten may be noted. This evidently shows only what the bird will eat when restrained of its liberty, of such food as may be placed before it, and furnishes few data which we can use with safety in making up an account of its food in free- dom, when foraging for itself. The state of confinement is so abnormal for a bird that on this account, also, we can rarely reason from its habits in "that state to its or- dinary habits. This method is, therefore, available only 94 The Food of Birds. for the solution of a few separate questions. A far more useful method, and, in fact, the usual one, is that of watching birds while taking their natural food in the free state. Now and then a fact may be learned in this way which would escape detection in any other — such as the perforation of cocoons of Cecropia by the downy wood- pecker reported by F. M. Webster* — but usually this method is of wholly secondary usefulness. The difficulty is very great of telling with certainty, in the great majority of cases, just what a bird is eating, even if one watches it with a glass. The notion of the food resulting must be distorted, as the species will be seen much more frequently and clearly in some of its haunts than in others. It is impossible by the use of this method, even to guess intelligently at the ratios of the different elements of the food — a matter of the first im- portance to an understanding of the subject. It yields very few facts for the time expended, and these, in nearly every instance, could have been learned in much less time, with far greater certainty, and in far greater detail by the following method. Finally, it affords no means of reviewing observations, but the impressions received from the hasty and imperfect glance of a moment must either be rejected wholly or must stand as verified ob- servations. By the third method, however, that of examining the contents of the stomachs after death, each bird usually affords a large number of objects which can be studied critically, and in detail, and can be indefinitely pre- served for reference. These objects give a nearly or quite complete and impartial record of the food for some hours past — those elements taken in a thicket or a tree-top be- ing as evident as those taken on open ground. They are usually identifiable by the skilled student. Even very minute fragments will tell as much as the out-of-door ob- server can learn under the most favorable circumstances. Tn the great majority of cases it is possible so far to fix the kinds of food as to bring every element clearly into one of the three classes, beneficial, injurious or neutral. * In an unpublished paper read at the meeting of the Illinois State Nat. Hist. Soc., at Bloomington, Feb. 1880. The Food of Birds. 95 And here opportunity is afforded for careful and trust- worthy estimates of the ratios each element bears to the other, so that the average significance of the food can be discovered. Practically, this is indispensable. Whatever method fails of this, while its results may be interesting, and may have a certain general value, can never afford a basis for anything better than indefinite opinion. It can never settle the case for or against the birds. This method, while by far the best of the threei has its slight disadvantages. Some things eaten by birds leave no appreciable trace in- the stomach. For example, it is difficult, by this method, to determine with certainty those birds which greatly injure grapes by breaking the skin of the fruit and sipping the juice. This difficulty applies only to liquid food. Other errors may arise from the shorter or longer periods for which different kinds of food will last in the stomach; but of this we have no proof. I have depended almost wholly on this third method of investigation, because it is evidently the most profitable and reliable, and because the method of cur- sory observation having been resorted to heretofore, most of the recorded facts are due to it. So far as one method could correct the deficiencies of the other, it was desirable that this more tedious and laborious but more fruitful one should be given greater prominence. ^onc The stomachs of birds shot at all times of the year/and in all parts of the State, have been preserved in alcohol, each labeled with name, date and localilty. The contents of these stomachs were afterwards transferred, for per- manent preservation, to separate vials, bearing copies of the original labels. They were then examined, bit by bit, with the microscope, with whatever powers were neces- sary to the fullest possible understanding of each frag- ment. It has been no uncommon thing to spend half a day over a single bird. Full notes of the materials found in each stomach were made on separate slips, and after this careful examination an estimate was made and re- corded of the ratios of the different elements to the whole mass of the food of each individual. Objects which I was. not able to identify have usually been sent to some more 96 The Food of Birds. experienced specialist, except where determination was evidently impossible.* These memoranda were afterwards classified and the data arranged in tabular form, so as to give a complete recapitulation and summary of the food of each species for each month. The tables thus constructed have fur- nished the basis for the discussion of the food of the spe- cies; and a similar tabular summary of the food of the family has been used in a similar way. Thus every fact observed appears in the final conclusion, and receives, there, its due weight. Family TUBDID^E. The Tlirushes.f This family consists, in Illinois, of nine species of birds ; the robin, the catbird, the brown thrush, the wood thrush, the hermit thrush, Swainson’s thrush, the Alice thrush, the mocking-bird and Wilson’s thrush or the Veery. The first four of these stay with us in this lati- tude during the summer; the others emigrate beyond our borders, except the mocking-bird, and that only reaches the southern third of the State in any considerable num- bers. I have now carefully studied the food of three hun- dred and fifteen specimens of this family, shot in various parts of Illinois, and in all months from February to October. Turdus migratorius, L. The Bobin. This bird, as familiar to every one as the domestic cat, is the most abundant of the thrushes, and plays so large a part in the economy of the farm and garden as to make the question of its food one of unusual importance. The species ranges from the Atlantic to the Pacific and from the Mexican plateau to the Arctic circle, at home in all the latitudes and longitudes of this vast and varied coun- try. I cannot, of course, attempt to determine, at present, the food of the species throughout this immense area, * For assistance of this sort, I am indebted above all others to Prof. C. V. Riley, Chief of the U. S. Entomological Commission at Washington, D. C. I have called upon him especially for the identification of larvae, and my drafts have never been dishonored. t The general reader is referred to the “recapitulations” and the dis- cussions of “the economic relations” of each species for the most im- portant facts of these papers. The Food of Birds. 97 but shall endeavor to show only what it eats under ordi- nary circumstances within the limits of Illinois. The spe- cies is not strictly migratory, but is reported as winter- ing, sometimes in considerable numbers, as far north as the White Mountains, in New Hampshire. It occurs but very rarely in winter in central or northern Illinois, as there is at that season not sufficient food to tempt it to brave our prairie winds. On the other hand, it is com- paratively rare in southern Illinois in summer, but us- ually abundant there in autumn and winter, so that as far as this State is concerned, it is practically a migrant within our limits. In the latitude of Bloomington its ad- vent depends on the forwardness of the season, but it us- ually appears not far from the first of March, and the last of the species are gone by October 15th or November 1st. The nesting habit of this species is so varied that no* special provision need be made by those wishing to en- courage its multiplication. The lower branches of orchard trees are probably its favorite situation, but it selects the most various places and uses little art or cau- tion in the concealment of its nest. February. The robin appeared at Bloomington, this year, in con- siderable numbers, about the middle of February, the spring being an unusually early and open one. Eleven specimens were shot at Normal on the 27th and 28th, and their stomachs carefully searched for food. We first note that ninety-nine per cent, of the food of these birds was insects, the remaining one per cent, being spiders. About fourteen per cent, of the food of these early birds consisted of caterpillars, all of them eaten by three birds, while seventy-six per cent, taken by every bird, was the larva of a slow, torpid fly, abundant in early summer, closely related to the Tipulids or crane- flies ( Bibio albipennis , Say). Prof. J. W. P. Jenks, now of Brown University, found this same larva to constitute about nine-tenths of the food of the robins examined by him in Massachusetts, in February and March, 1858 — a 98 The Food of Birds. fact which indicates a remarkable fixity of food habits, unaffected by twenty years of time and a distance of a thousand miles. The caterpillars were partly cutworms, about one-third of them being recognized as the “ speck- led cutworm” ( Mamestra subjuncta, G. &R.), a species supposed to be injurious to cabbages.* Coleoptera oc- curred in the stomachs of these birds only in small num- bers, comprising about four per cent, of the food. Half of these were Carabidae, eaten by six of the eleven birds, a fourth were scavenger beetles ( Aphodius inquinatus) and a fourth were larvae of Lampyridae, including one of Chauliognathus. A few fragments of curculios were also found. Grasshoppers were present in about the same quantity as beetles, but only two birds had eaten them. One had taken Tragocephala infuscata and another a Tettigidea. The Hemiptera (one per cent.) were chiefly soldier- bugs (Pentatomidae), eaten by five of the birds. The spiders had been taken by two birds, and one had eaten a small thousand-legs (lulus). The striking feature of the month is the great predom- inance of the larva of Bibio in the food, a fact which will seem of small or great importance according to our views of the habits of this larva. By Dr. Fitch, former state entomologist of New York, as quoted by Prof. Jenks,f it was believed to be especially injurious to grass lands, and the robin was therefore credited with an indispen- sable service to the farmer. Dr. Fitch gave no actual ob- servations, however, and his opinion was apparently speculative. Mr. Walsh t and Prof. Riley have since re- ported that the larva feeds only on decaying vegetation and is therefore harmless, if not indeed useful. Prof. Riley has, in fact, reared it in rotten leaves where no liv- ing vegetation was accessible. Finding tlie robin feeding on it so excessively in spring, I took some specimens from among the roots of grass and weeds in a raspberry garden and others from the stomach of a robin, examined * Prof. Riley, by whom my specimens were determined, says that he reared the larvae on cabbage, which it ate voraciously. t .Journal of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, Poston, March, 1859, p. 152. % The Practical Entomologist, Vol. 2, No. 4, p. 45, January, 1867. The Food of Birds. 99 the contents of the intestine with a microscope, and mounted the material for permanent preservation. These larvae were filled with vegetation, some of which was recognized as the leaves and rootlets of the grass-like weeds of the vicinity, while the remainder evidently con- sisted of the leaves of net-veined plants, probably trees, by which the ground was overshadowed. The frequency with which these tissues were found penetrated by fungi showed that this vegetation was in a decaying condition. I next looked through my notes of the contents of the stomachs of meadow-larks shot at the very time when the robins were stuffing themselves with this Bibio larva, and found that the meadow-larks had not eaten so much as one. As they search the ground more closely than the robin, relying almost as fully on insect food, this seemed good evidence that the larva occurs here chiefly in situa- tions frequented by the robin and not by the meadow- lark— that is, in gardens, groves and the like. It was only in such situations that I was able to find it myself. There is, therefore, no present evidence that this larva is now injurious even in the slightest degree, and the robin is not entitled to any very positive credit for its destruc- tion. There is some probability, however, that if the in- sect were allowed to increase indefinitely, it would be- come injurious to living vegetation; and if so, the high rate of its multiplication would make it a seriously de- structive pest. The immense numbers annually destroyed by the robin may be inferred from the fact that I have counted as many as one hundred and seventy-five from the stomach of a single bird ; and as fully half of the food of the robin for a month consists only of this insect, fifty larvae a day for each robin, or one thousand five hun- dred for the month, will be a very moderate estimate. About five per cent, of the food of February consisted of beneficial insects. March. Nine birds were shot on four different days of March, between the 9th and 31st, six of them in McLean county, and three at Galena. Four of these had eaten Bibio larvae again, which amounted to thirty-seven per cent, of the 100 The Food of Birds. food of the month. Four birds are to he credited with the thirty per cent, of caterpillars destroyed. Abont two- thirds of these were cutworms, among which Agrotis messoria* was recognized. A few were the larvae of Arc- tiidse, probably Callimorpha. Eighteen per cent, of the food eaten by seven of the birds, was made np of Cole- optera, two-thirds of which were scavenger beetles (. Aphodius fimetarius and A. inquinatus) . Carabidae and their larvae made but two per cent, of the food. Harpalus was the only genus distinguished. A few Histeridae, a few wireworms (larval Elateridse), a soldier-beetle (Teh ephorus bilineatus ), and traces of long-snouted curcu- liosf were the remaining beetles. Hemiptera were found in somewhat larger number and variety than in the pre- ceding month. Among these were the raptatorial species, Coriscus ferus, and also Phytocoris lineolaris, Coenus d.elius and Euschistus servus. The soldier-bugs (Penta- tomidae) made about two-tliirds of the three per cent, of Hemiptera taken in this month. Grasshoppers were present in about the same amount as before, and the same species appeared in the food. A few spiders and thousand-legs and berries of sumach (Rhus glabra) com- plete the list. The large percentages of cutworms, Bibio larvae and dung-beetles are thus seen to be the principal features of the food of these birds. Excluding the Bib- ionidae, about thirty-seven per cent, of the food was com- posed of injurious insects and six per cent, of beneficial species. April. The robin is represented in my notes of this month by seventeen birds shot at Normal, Warsaw, Elizabeth and Hanover (JoDaviess county), Waukegan and Evanston, at various dates between the 2d and 27tli. The high insect averages are maintained. Caterpillars are nearly as * All the cutworms but one mentioned in this paper were determined by Prof. Riley. t I have used throughout this paper the somewhat artificial divisions of Longirostres and Brevirostres as applied to the Rhynchophora, because nearly all the especially injurious species belong to the former section. In fact, I have not hesitated to use an obsolete classification wherever the groups thus formed correspond better to the differences of food habit or of economic value than those made by the highest modern authorities. The Food of Birds . 101 abundant as before and make about a fourth of the food. Arctikke and Phalaenidae (measuring-worms) appear in some quantity, but of unrecognized species. The larvae of Bibio fall to eight per cent, and do not again appear in the food during the year. A strong upward jump in the ratio of Coleoptera, which rise in this month to forty-two per cent., is doubt- less due to the greater activity of beetles during this sea- son of their amours. The effect is clearly seen by run- ning along the line of averages for Coleoptera from Feb- ruary to October, viz. : 4, 18, 42, 44, 15, 9, 7, 5, 3. The up- ward swell which commences in March and dies away in June, corresponds to the time when the procreative im- pulse overcomes the usual discretion of these insects, and draws them out more freely into the open air. It is in this month that the bird makes its principal attack on the predaceous beetles, which are represented by an av- erage of seventeen per cent., eaten by eleven of the birds. Thirteen heads of Harpahis herhivagus, for example, were taken from the stomach of a single robin. Other species of Harpalus, Brachylobus lithophilus, Aniso- dactylus baltimorensis, Geopinus incrassatus , Pteros- tichus and Amara were observed. Scarabaeidae also oc- cur in unusual abundance at this time (fifteen per cent.), as might be anticipated by one who recalls the numbers in which they are now seen flying in the air. May-beetles (Laclmosterna) make about half of these, and Aphodii the other half. A single bird had happened upon an in- teresting store of water-beetles (Hydrophilidae) which included a specimen of Hydrocharis obtusatus. several of Philhydrus cinctns, and a number of Helopliori unknown to me. Rhynchophora amount to about three per cent, of the food. Only Centrinus and Graphorhinus vadosus were recognized. Minor items were the traces noticed of Elateridae, Lampyridae and Chrysomelidae. Hemiptera stand at about the ordinary average (three percent.), as usual chiefly Pentatomidae. Coriscus ferns , some indeterminable Reduviid, Podisus 1 modestus and Hy~ menarcys nervosa were the principal forms. The Orthop- tera (five per cent.) call for no especial remarks, neither 102 The Food of Birds. do the Araclmida (one per cent.). One bird had eaten a predaceous thousand-legs (Geophilus), and two had eat- en earthworms (five per cent.) The infrequent occur- rence of the last in the stomachs of robins surprised me. It is probably due partly to the greater digestibility of these soft worms as compared with the chitinized skins of insect larvae, and partly to the fact that the greater part of those taken by the robin are fed to the young. A few sumach berries eaten by the woodland robins shot in northern Illinois complete the dietary of the month. The April food of the robin is, therefore, especially noticeable for the greatly diminishing number of Bibio larvae and the excessive number of beetles eaten, espe- cially of the Carabidae and Scarabaeidae. May. Fourteen birds were studied for this month, all but two of them from various parts, of northern Illinois. The rec- ord of May is substantially a duplicate of the April list, except in a few particulars. The Bibio larvae are re- placed by seven per cent, of adult crane-flies (Tipulidae) and the Carabidae drop to four per cent., the balance be- ing almost exactly replaced by the scavenger beetles and leaf-chafers added. Chlaenius and Agonoderus partiarius are among the captures of these birds. Lachnosterna rises to its highest point in May, and is represented by seventeen per cent, of the food. Wireworms (Flateridae) are likewise unusually abundant, for some unexplained reason, amounting to eight per cent. A single robin had eaten a single potato beetle ( Chrysomela 10 -lineata), and one had taken a specimen of Prometopia 6-maculata . Coenus delius appears among the Pentatomidae and Polydesmus among the thousand-legs; and sumach ber- ries again occur. June. With June the robin revolutionizes his commissariat. The insect ratios, which have averaged ninety-five per cent, during the preceding months, now drop to forty- two, and remain at or below this point for the rest of the year; and this lack is compensated by the appearance of The Food of Birds. 103 fifty-five per cent, of cherries and raspberries. The loss falls chiefly upon the Diptera and Coleoptera, the former dropping from eleven per cent, to less than one, and the latter from forty-four per cent, to fifteen. Among the families of Coleoptera we see from the table that it is the Scarabaeidae which benefit chiefly by this diversion of the robin ’s activities; for, while the other families remain about as before, this family drops from twenty-two per cent, in the preceding month to one in this. Taking up the details of the food of the thirteen June robins, ranging from the 10th to the 29th, all shot at Nor- mal, we first notice the larger percentage of ants. These have hitherto occurred in but trifling numbers — (three per cent, in the preceding month) — but are now more than twice as common in the food. This fact is doubtless due to the same cause as the still greater relative abun- dance of the ants in June in the food of the bluebird — to the abundance of the winged perfect forms of some spe- cies at this time. Caterpillars stand at seventeen per cent., seven per cent, being cutworms. Carabida^ form six per cent, of the food. Among the adults were Callida punctata , Cratacanthus dubius, Agonoderus and Aniso- dactylus. Wireworms were again numerous, four per cent, being eaten by seven of the birds. Forty-seven per cent, of the food of these birds was cherries and eight per cent, raspberries. July. The fourteen July birds were evidently reveling in the fruit garden, raspberries, blackberries, and currants forming seventy-nine per cent, of the food.* On the other hand, but twenty per cent, of the food was insects and one per cent, was spiders. The caterpillars furnish only four parts of the food, and beetles but nine parts, of which two-thirds were Carabidae. Evarthrus, Pterostichus and Amara were noticed among these. Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Rhynchophora each one per cent., a mere trace of Hemiptera, four per cent, of Or- thoptera (chiefly crickets), eaten by two of the birds, and * I have not ordinarily attempted to distinguish raspberries from black - berries in the stomachs of birds, but have set down either one or the other, according- to the advancement of the season. 104 The Food of Birds . one per cent, each of Arachnida and Myriapoda are the remaining trivial details. August. This month is represented by twenty birds, all shot at Normal,* at repeated intervals from the fourth to the thirtieth. With the disappearance of blackberries, the food of this bird returns substantially to the status of June. Insects increase again to forty-three per cent, and fruits fall to fifty-six. Ants remain at the usual point of insignificance, caterpillars rise again to seventeen per cent., about two-thirds of them Noctuidae. Coleoptera figure at seven per cent., only two per cent, being Carab- idae, Bhynchopliora rise to four per cent., eaten by nine of the birds; and, except a stray Nepa picked up by one robin, Hemiptera appear in trifling quantity. Crickets and grasshoppers are more abundant, amounting to ten per cent, of the food. The cherries made forty-four parts of the food of the month, eaten by fourteen of the birds, but two-thirds of these cherries ivere tvild. Tame grapes make three per cent, of the food, berries of the mountain-ash about four per cent., and blackberries from the woods not far from five per cent. September. Twelve birds, all but one shot at Normal September 25th, and that one at Aurora on the 13th, show no more remarkable peculiarity than the substitution of ants for most of the caterpillars, the former composing now fif- teen per cent, of the food, and the latter but five. The ants were largely winged, but of different species from those taken most freely in June.f The Carabidae of this month were chiefly larvae. Among the Hemiptera (throe per cent.) were found Mormidea lugens and Camus * The general cessation of taxidermist’s field work in midsummer has prevented the supply of any material for this month and the preceding, except that obtained by ourselves in McLean county. t Examining the tables of food of the bluebird, brown thrush and robin, I1 find throughout a curious inverse relation between the ratio* of ants and caterpillars, the latter falling away in June to about the sa mo degree that ants increase during the time of their most conspicuous activity. I cannot even guess why ants should thus replace caterpillars in the food. The Food of Birds. 105 delius. No trace of spiders or myriapods was found, and only two per cent, of grasshoppers. The fruits stand at seventy per cent., fifty-two per cent, being grapes and the remainder berries of the mountain-ash and moonseed ( Menispermum) . October and December. The robin commences to withdraw to the south in Octo- ber, and his operations in central Illinois have little in- terest during this month. At Normal the species became rare earlier than usual this year, and but three speci- mens were secured. These were feeding largely on wild grapes (fifty-three per cent.) and ants (thirty-five per cent.). Six per cent, of the food was caterpillars and two per cent, wireworms (Elateridae). I have seen the bird eating apples in all the autumn months, but have never found the remains of this fruit in the stomach, and doubt if any special harm is done in this way. A single bird shot at Cairo in December, piping loudly from a tree-top for company, the only one of the entire family seen during a week’s winter shooting in southern Illinois, had evidently been feeding on the berries of the mistletoe. By the inhabitants of that region, troops of robins which commonly winter there were said to have gone south in November, a fact attributed by them to the failure of the wild grapes in the woods that year. Recapitulation. The food of the robin, as indicated by the stomachs of one hundred and fourteen specimens, consists almost en- tirely of insects from February to May inclusive, but from that time forward these make but little over a third of its food, the remainder (sixty-four per cent.) being composed of fruits, tame and wild, in varying propor- tions, according to the local situation and surroundings. Insects make almost precisely two-thirds of the food of the year, taken as a whole. In early spring the bird depends chiefly for food upon the larvae of a single species of fly ( Bibio albipennis, Say), which it jacks from among the leaves and roots of grass and weeds in gardens, and similar situations. In 106 The Food of Birds. February this made three-fourths of the food of eleven specimens, and in March more than a third of the food of nine. While this larva is not at present injurious, but feeds ordinarily on decaying* vegetation, it might possi- bly do injury to meadows and pastures if allowed to multiply without restraint. But few ants are eaten by this bird until late in the fall, when the swarming of the sexual forms of some of the species seems to attract its appetite, in the relative dearth of other insects. Caterpillars make up, in March, April and May, fully a fourth of its food, about half of these being cutworms and other similar forms. Later, these are largely given up for fruit, and in the latter half of the season make only about one-tentli of the food. The average of cater- pillars for the year is seventeen per cent. Beetles, commencing at four per cent, in February, when but few specimens have yet been aroused from their cold winter’s sleep, rise to forty-four per cent, in April and May, when their procreative energies are most active and urge them out into the air in swarms. TV ith the appearance of the small fruits, beetles, also, are neg- lected by the robin, and the average for the last four months of the season falls away to six per cent., eighteen being that for the year. This discrimination affects chiefly the scavenger beetles and the “June beetles,” the other families main- taining about their original numbers throughout, with only an upward* wave in April. The predaceous beetles average six per cent, of the food of the year, the leaf- chafers three per cent., the wi reworms two per cent., and the snout-beetles one per cent. The robin’s depredations upon the true bugs (Hemip- tera) are but trivial, amounting only to three per cent, of the food, but nearly all of these belong to species re- garded more or less positively as beneficial. The ratio of grasshoppers and crickets (four per cent.) seems trivial at first sight. We note, however, that these were eaten by twenty-six of the birds, and that, conse- quently, at least twenty-six of the insects must have been destroyed. Remembering that these figures are based The Food of Birds. 107 upon a single day’s food, or even less, for each bird, we see that these robins were eating at an average rate of at least twenty-six grasshoppers or crickets a day, for seven months, giving us a minimum total of 5,500 Orthoptera for the year. Only one per cent, of the food was spiders. Thousand- legs were eaten by eight of the birds, and by these in merely trivial quantity. Coming now to the fruits, we find that tame cherries, blackberries, raspberries, currants and grapes, excluding wild fruit of all descriptions, make about one-fourth of the food of the species for the year, the wild fruits mak- ing another tenth. In the absence of the latter, the robins would doubtless attack the garden fruits more vigor- ously.* Concerning these general statements, the all-important question is, of course, the sufficiency of their basis. Granting that the observations have been exactly made and correctly generalized, how far may the conclusions reached be expected to hold good in the future! These conclusions actually rest upon the food of a hundred and fourteen birds for probably about half a day each. Can we safely reason from these to the food of the thousands and hundreds of thousands of robins of the State, day after day, the whole season through! In a paper published last winter in the Transactions of the Illinois Horticultural Society, I made the following reply to substantially the same question : “If the same species will eat substantially the same food, year after year, in the same situation, then, of course, a good deal may properly be inferred fiom comparatively few data; but if the food varies widely, either arbitrarily or under slight changes of condition, then we can infer but little. Upon this fundamental question I have two suggestions to make. “First, if several species allied in structure, occupy- ing the same territory at the same time, living side by * No man should needlessly sacrifice a wild cherry-tree or a fruiting1 vine or shrub of any "kind. Ordinary common sense would teach the preservation of as much of the worthless natural food of frugivorous birds a 0 £ cj V Q < s H Ratio of each ele- ment .to whole of food. Number of specimens II 9 17 14 13 14 20 12 3 1 I*4 Kinds of Food. Number of specimens, and ratio in which each element of food was found. Lygaeidae (Blissus). 1 t 1 2 26 26 5 20 14 8 2 6 2 65 12 4 24 6 10 1 2 5 1 .02 .04 .01 •°3 .01 •34 .07 .02 .11 .02 .07 .01 .01 Coreidae 1 t 5 .01 2 .04 t 3 .02 2 •05 Pentatomidae 6. Orthoptera Gryllidae 5 7 .05 i 4 .04 5 .04 i t i .OI t 2 .04 .O'* 3 t 6 . 10 3 .06 3 .04 3 .01 4 .02 2 .02 Acrididae III. Arachnida IV. Myriapoda 2 .04 2 .01 t 2 .05 I .01 3 .01 I t 3 •03 3 .01 3 .OI .01 5 .04 t .02 i .01 2 .01 4 .CI 2 .02 Geophilus Polydesmus t I .01 Iulidae I t I t 2 .01 2 .OI 2 T 2 .05 i .01 V. Earthworms ( Lutnbricus ) VI. Fruits and Seeds Blackberries 3 .04 13 .58 •79 12 17 .56 .70 •56 100 Raspberries 3 •05 6 Cherries 10 ai4 • 44 Currants Grapes 1 7 •52 b2 •53 Mistletoe (Phorodendron) Mountain-ash 100 1 I .08 Sumach (Rhus) 2 I .01 2 .04 Hackberry (Celtis; 1 ot; "28 per cent, wild, b All wild. The Food of Birds. 115 Table of the Pood of the Robin. ( Turclus migratorius, L.) — Concluded. c 03 Feb. March April May 0 Z u Uh March V o. < M ay June July August Sept. 0 O > 0 £ Dec. Total Ratio of each element to whole of food. Number of specimens. . 22 19 11 12 6 70 Kinds of Food. Number of specimens and ratio in which each element of food was found. Diplopoda 6 • °7 2 ■03 13 •45 2 4 • 04 10 •74 1 t 12 •54 2 63 ■ 76 i5 43 2 9 18 I 10 1 2 2 3 •03 .52 .01 .04 .20 .01 12 •03 .01 .01 03 IV. Fruits Strawberries 2 .07 Raspberries 9 .21 Blackberries 10 .64 8 •35 Currants 1 .04 Cherries 6 . 16 1 • OT 3 .40 1 • M Grapes Sumach 2 .07 Ampelopsis I .02 1 .04 3 •15 Elderberries Percentages for each month. Beneficial elements ni 1 ^ 7m 10 a 1 Injurious elements 20 DO 1 21 / D 07 16 *7 04 Neutral elements 58| 26 181 39 77 1 j 44 Harporhynchus rufus, L. Brown Thrush. Tlie brown thrush, although not so common a bird as the two preceding species, is still abundant enough to make its habits a matter of economic interest, both to the gardener and the farmer. It is reported by Baird, Brew- er and Ridgway to reside and breed all over the United States east of the Rocky Mountains, but in this State it is, like the robin and catbird, practically a strict migrant. Mr. E. W. Nelson reports its occasional occurrence in southern Illinois in midsummer. It reaches Bloomington 128 The Food of Birds. a little earlier than the catbird, and, like that species, leaves ns in September. It is a shyer bird than either of the preceding, shrubbery and thickets being its favorite haunts and nesting-places. April. The record opens with fourteen specimens taken from the 8th to the 28th of April. Five of them were from cen- tral Illinois and nine from the northern part of the State in Lake and JoDaviess counties. Fifty-one per cent, of the food of these birds consisted of insects, two per cent, of spiders and six per cent, of thousand-legs. Seven per cent, of the food was Hymenoptera, nearly all ants ; five parts were caterpillars and five were grubs of Diptera — apparently crane-flies. Beetles make about one-fourtli of the food, and one-fifth of these were Carabkke. Pla- tynus, Agonoderus and Harpalus were the only genera recognized. A remarkable feature of the food was the occurrence of four per cent, of carrion-beetles, chiefly Silpha lapponica and S. americana. Thirteen per cent of the food of the month consisted of Scarabseidse, about three-fourths of these belonging to the genus Euryomia, which eats the leaves of fruit trees later in the season. A few June beetles were also taken at this time. A trace of wireworms, three per cent, of snout-beetles (about two-tliirds of them Brevirostres), one per cent, of Hemip- tera and two per cent. Orthoptera were the remaining insect elements. We come next to the distinctive feature of the food of this bird among all the thrushes. Forty- one per cent, of the food consisted of seeds and frag- ments of grain, of which about one-seventh was acorns taken by woodland specimens, and nearly all the remain- der corn. The appearance and odor of the contents of these stomachs left no doubt that the fragments men- tioned were picked from the excrement of animals. May. The month of May is represented also by fourteen spec- imens, taken at various dates from the 1st to the 27th, chiefly early in the month. Eleven of these were shot in the northern part of the State, between Galena and Wau- The Food of Birds. 129 kegan. The large percentage of insect food in May re- minds us of the corresponding rise, in this month, of the insect averages of the food of the robin and the catbird. Seventy-nine per cent, of the food of these birds consist- ed of insects proper, only one per cent, of spiders and three per cent, of thousand-legs. Ants now amount to four per cent., caterpillars to twelve per cent, (one-third of them distinguishable as cutworms), and Coleoptera to precisely one-lialf the food, one-tenth of it being Carab- idae. Scarabaeidae rise to thirty-five per cent., chiefly June- beetles of the genus Lachnosterna, wireworms to three per cent, and Hemiptera and grasshoppers likewise to three per cent. The Hemiptera were all soldier-bugs. Among the predaceous beetles Pterostichus, Anisodac- tylus and Harpalus were recognized. A single specimen of Cytilus sericeus was the only representative of the family Byrrhidae found in the food of any of these birds. Corymbetes and Monocrepidius auritus were among the spring-beetles taken. In this month, as in the preceding, the snout-beetles were chiefly Brevirostres. The Scarabae- idae included Onthophagus hecate , Aphodius fimetarius, inquinatus and granarius, and Euryomia inda. Seven- teen per cent, of the food of the month consisted of frag- ments of grain. June. The birds of June, fifteen in number, taken from the 1st to the 29th, all from the northern part of the State but two, had eaten about equally of insects and vegetable substances. Ants rise in this month to eleven per cent., caterpillars fall to three, about one-third of these being cutworms. Diptera fall to one, and Coleoptera to twenty- seven per cent., and Carabidae drop likewise to four per cent. Scarabaeidae return to seventeen, thirteen of these being leaf-cliafers ; wireworms fall to one, snout-beetles rise to four, and plant-beetles are represented by a single Chrysomela suturalis. Among the snout-beetles occur Sphenophorus parvulus and S. sculptilis. Several speci- mens of Epiccerus imhricatus were eaten by three birds. Phcmceus carnifex, Onthophagus hecate and Aphodius 130 The Food of Birds. fimetarms appear among the Scarabaeidae. The com- mencement of the fruit season is here distinctly discern- ible. Twenty-two per cent, of the food of these birds con- sists of raspberries, five per cent, of strawberries and one per cent, of cherries, making a total of twenty-nine per cent, of fruits. Fragments of corn and oats amount to nineteen per cent. July. But seven birds were examined in July; all from the vicinity of Normal. All of these had eaten insects, which amounted to only about one-fourth of the food. Both ants and caterpillars were present in trifling quantity. Only about half as many Coleoptera had been taken as in the month preceding. Hemiptera and Orthoptera each make up four per cent, of the food, and Arachnida and Myriapoda are entirely wanting. Carabidae stand at four per cent., as in June, spring-beetles continue at three and snout-beetles amount to two per cent. Evarthrus colossus was found among the Carabidae. Heteraspis pu- bescens, Colaspis hrunnea and Diabrotica 12 -guttata rep- resented the plant-beetles. The fruits of July amounted to sixty-two per cent, of the food — all blackberries. Twelve per cent, consisted of fragments of corn. August. Twelve birds were shot in August, all from McLean county, at various times in the month from the 7th to the 30tli. The insect averages rally again in August, return- ing now to fifty-one per cent. Hymenoptera rise to four- teen per cent. — the highest average of the season — a fact due doubtless to the swarming of certain species of ants at tins time of the year. Caterpillars amount to eleven per cent, of the food ; Coleoptera fall away to ten, and all but one of these are Carabidae. Cratacanthus dubius seems to be especially abundant in the later summer and early autumnal months. Four per cent, of the food of these birds con- sists of this species, and it has likewise been found prom- inent in the food of the bluebird and the catbird at the same season of the year. A small percentage of snout- The Food of Birds. 131 beetles and plant-beetles call for no special remark. Hemiptera now make one-tentli of the food — an excep- tional occurrence due to the. fact that this was one of the chinch-hug years in central Illinois and that three of these birds had eaten freely of that insect. Orthoptera stand at six per cent., about equally distributed between the three families of the crickets, locusts and grasshop- pers. A specimen of Tridactylus was noticed among the first and one of the common katydids among the second. The fruits of this month amount to thirty per cent., eaten by nine of the birds. Half of these were cher- ries, and the remainder were blackberries, grapes, elder- berries, and the berries of the mountain-ash. Fragments of corn amounted to eighteen per cent, of the food. September. But two birds were shot in September, too few to give any correct idea of the food of the month. It is only nec- essary to say that these had eaten more largely of grass- hoppers than the birds of the preceding month, and to about the same extent of fruits, all of which were grapes. Summary for the Year. Taking the food of the year together, we find that al- most precisely one-half of it consisted of insects. Spiders amounted to but one per cent, and thousand-legs to but three. The remainder of the food consisted equally of the smaller garden fruits and the fragments of seeds and grain. Thirteen per cent, of the food of these sixty-four birds consisted of blackberries, four per cent, of raspber- ries, one per cent, of strawberries and three per cent, of cherries. The ants of the year stand at seven per cent., caterpillars at six, and Diptera at only one. Coleoptera amounted to precisely one-fourth of the food, predaceous beetles to six per cent, and Scarabseidse to thirteen per cent., nearly all of these being leaf-chafers. Spring- beetles and snout-beetles each average two per cent., and Hemiptera and Orthoptera each stand at four. In the paper previously cited, published in the Trans- actions of the Illinois Horticultural Society for 1879, I 132 The Food of Birds. gave a table of the food of this species based upon twen- ty-eight specimens shot in April, May, June and July. A test of the substantial correctness of the conclusions of the present paper may be made by comparing the aver- ages of the table printed herewith with the table on page 150 of the Transactions cited. If the important ratios of the present table, covering the food of sixty-four speci- mens, shot during six month^of the year, agree substan- tially with that table of the food of twenty-eight speci- mens, covering but four months of the year, this will be sufficient evidence of their general correctness. I will give these averages alternately, first for the former table and then for the present. The twenty-eight specimens of 1879 had eaten insects to the amount of fifty-nine per cent., and sixty-four specimens of the table of 1880 had eaten insects to the amount of fifty-one per cent. Hymenoptera are seven in the first and eight in the second ; ants are seven in the first and also in the second; Lepidoptera seven and seven, Diptera a trace and one, Coleoptera twenty-nine and twenty-five, Carabkhe six and six, Sil- phidse two and one; leaf-chafers nine and ten, spring- beetles one and two, snout-beetles three and two. Hemip- tera two and four, Orthoptera four and four, Arachnida one and one, Myriapoda four and three, and fruits twen- ty-two and twenty-four. A larger percentage of Hemip- tera is due to the much greater abundance of chinch- bugs in 1880. Recapitulation. The brown thrush, arriving in April, finds nearly one- half of its food in fragments of corn and other grains and seeds picked from the droppings of animals. This curious habit it maintains throughout the year, evidently taking this food from preference as well as from neces- sity. In fact I have often found these vegetable frag- ments associated with blackberries in the food. After April this element averages about sixteen per cent, throughout the season. Insects amount to about half the food for each month, except in May when they rise to three-fourths and in July when they drop to one- fourth. The excess in May occurs at the time of the I The Food of Birds. 133 greatest number and activity of the beetles, and tlie dim- inution in July coincides with the period of the greatest abundance cf the small fruits. One-half the insects eaten are beetles, which stand at one-fourth of the food in April and June, rise to one-half in May and fall to about one-eighth in July and August. Half the beetles of the year are Scarabaeidae, chiefly June beetles and Euryomia, all taken previous to July. Nearly one-fourth of the beetles are Carabidae, which remain at about five per cent, of the food, except in May, when they rise to ten per cent. Although the ratios of spring-beetles and snout-beetles are but two per cent., the numbers eaten are of some significance. My notes show that these birds were eating each at the daily rate of about li curculios, and consequently had averaged a total of about 250 to each thrush for the season. The brown thrush takes ants more freely than the robin, but eats comparatively few caterpillars ; seven per cent, of each were found in the food of the year. Diptera are taken in very trivial quan- tity and Hemiptera in moderate number only. This bird eats thousand-legs more freely than the robin, especially in the early spring. In the garden it plays a part very similar to that of the other thrushes, but is less mischiev- ous, on the whole. Its average of the edible fruits for June, July and August is thirty-eight percent, as against sixty per cent, of the robin, and forty-nine per cent, of the catbird. It relishes the whole list of garden fruits, and later in the season resorts, like the other thrushes, to the wild fruits of the woods and thickets. Compared with the robin, this bird is seen to be especially peculiar in the copropliagous habit already mentioned as dis- tinguishing it from all the other thrushes. It takes about one-half as many Lepidoptera, about half as many again Coleoptera, nearly twice as many Carabidae and three times as many leaf-chafers; but eats comparatively few grapes and cherries. From the catbird it is further dis- tinguished by taking half as many ants, a trivial number of Diptera, twice as many Coleoptera and twice as many Carabidae, five times as many leaf-chafers and more spring-beetles, snout-beetles, Hemiptera and Orthoptera. 134 The Food of Birds. It eats two-thirds as many berries and one-third as many cherries and grapes as the catbird. Economic Value. Compared with the robin for corresponding months, this species seems to show very similar economic rela- tions. In both, the totals of beneficial elements eaten during this period are to the injurious about as four to three ; but with the brown thrush as with the catbird, its later arrival and earlier departure are to its disadvan- tage. Balancing as carefully as I can its seven parts of Lepidoptera, ten of leaf-cliafers, two of spring-beetles, two of snout-beetles, one of chinch-bugs and four of Ortlioptera on the one hand, against its six parts of Carabidse, two of predaceous Hemiptera, one of spiders, one of predaceous thousand-legs and twenty-one of small fruits on the other, I cannot see that, so far as the im~ •mediate consequences of its food habits are concerned, it does more good than harm. In short, its Ortlioptera must pay for its garden fruits ; that is to say, eliminating these two elements, I judge that the predaceous insects eaten would destroy during the year about as many in- jurious insects as the bird itself has taken. However, I must repeat the suggestion that they could hardly de- stroy the same hinds as the bird, and that, if allowed to live, they would probably decimate some species already sufficiently restricted by existing checks, and permit an unrestrained increase of others now kept down by the thrush. That the disturbances thus set up would soon lead us to regret this bird if its numbers were greatly lessened, is therefore very probable, and I believe the species should be preserved. We must not overlook the special services of the brown thrush in devouring a much larger number of June-beetles than any other of the species examined. The Food of Birds. 135 Table of the Food of the Brown Thrush. (Harporhynchus rufus, L.) 6* N c ct jd CD Li_ March £ April May CJ G G G 7 £ I August a CD c n 2 ' u 0 > 0 Z u ID Q ■J < O b1 64 1 Ratio of each element to whole of food. Number of specimens. . 14 15 Kinds of Food. Number of specimens and ratio in which each element of food was found I. Mollusca * I t 14 •79 10 .04 10 .04 12 . 12 12 . 12 4 I t 12 •5i I I .14 1 1 • 14 2 62 45 42 3 33 29 6 3 56 29 3 1 7 29 12 4 I 15 t •5i .08 .07 .07 .06 .01 .01 .25 .06 .01 t t t t •13 .08 .02 t .02 t II. Insecta 14 . ^ 1 15 •49 1 1 . 12 10 . 1 1 1 t 6 •03 4 .02 2 .01 2 .01 14 .27 5 .04 7 .26 4 .02 3 .0 ± i. Hymenofitera Formicidae Ichneumonidae 9 .07 8 .06 2 t 6 .05 6 2. Lepidofitera Caterpillars 2 •03 7 . 11 7 .11 Noctuidae 3. Diptera 1 05 14 .50 7 . 10 4. Coleoptera 12 7 •13 3 .04 9 . 10 5 .09 Carabidae . Silphidae 9 • o5 3 Nitidulidae 1 Staphylinidae 1 t 3 .01 1 t 11 •35 6 . .26 2 •03 Histeridae 2 t 1 t 1 t Bvrrhida* Scarabaeidae 9 • 13 8 • i 7 4 •13 t Melolonthinae . . . 2 .0*1 Euryomia 2 .09 Buprestidae t 3 .01 Elateridae • Ol 8 ■03 3 •03 1 Tenebrionidae m The Food of Birds. Table of the Food of the Brown Thrush. ( Harporhynchus rufus, L.) Continued. c cti si U-( March April May June July August Sept. 0 O > 0 £ Dec. Total Ratio of each element to whole of food. Number of specimens. . 14 14 15 7 12 1 2 64 Kinds of Food. Number of specimens and ratio in which each element of food was found Lampyridae 1 t 7 .04 3 .02 2 .01 t. 1 t .01 1 25 9 7 1 4 21 3 10 14 2 1 8 5 19 2 17 24 7 6 3 2 t .02 .01 t t .01 .04 .01 .01 .04 .01 t .02 .01 •03 .01 .02 .24 •13 .04 .01 t Rhynchophora Brevirostres 7 •03 3 .02 5 .01 t 3 .02 1 .01 3 .01 2 .01 1 t Longirostres 3 .01 Brenthidae Chrysomelidae 2 .01 5 .04 1 t 6 . 10 06 5. Hemiptera Blissus 3 .01 6 •03 Pentatomidae 6 1 .01 3 .05 3 .02 2 .04 1 .02 6. Orthoptera Gryllidae .02 4 .04 .06 1 .02 1 01 Locustidae Acrid id ae 1 01 3 .02 6 .06 3 .03 1 .01 7 •03 '.3 .04 .01 5 .03 1 .01 1 .01 1 01 III. Arachnida IV. Myriapoda Geophilidae Iulidae 5 .oq 7 •03 5 •03 9 .29 V, Fruits Blackberries . . 6 .62 6 .62 9 •30 1 •05 Raspberries 6 . 22 .Strawberries 3 oq Grapes 2 The Food of Birds. 137 Table of the Food of the Brown Thrush. ( Harporhynchus rufus, L.) Concluded. •UEf II ! March April | May June >■ 3 August II *id9S 0 O Nov. 0 a Total Ratio of each element to whole of food. Number of specimens . . 14 14 15 7 12 2 64 Kinds of Food. Number of specimens and ratio in which each element of food was found. Cherries .01 3 •15 .04 4 1 34 2 2 21 1 1 .03 .01 .01 .21 .01 t . 16 t t E Iderberries IMnnntain-asb 1 VI. Seeds and Grain. Acorns 12 .41 2 .06 7 1 7 9 .18 1 . 12 Is Oats 2 .01 Corn Wheat 9 •34 1 .01 6 • 17 1 . 12 ,5s Buckwheat 1 t Percentages for each month. Beneficial elements 9 21 70 14 49 37 74 701 ifi 33 26 4i Injurious elements Neutral elements . 25| 40 13 24I 17I 40I Turdus mustelinus, Gm. Wood Thrush. The remaining members of this family are much less important than the preceding species, and their food is of relatively little interest. I shall therefore treat them much more briefly, especially as I have comparatively few specimens of them. The wood thrush is essentially a woodland bird, but occurs not infrequently in groves and gardens and in other situations where trees and shrubbery .are accessible. It reaches central Illinois in April, and retires usually in October, spending its winter in the Southern States. I have studied the food of out twenty-two specimens of this species, ranging from 138 The Food of Birds. April to September. Two of these birds were taken in April, live in May, six in June, six in July, two in August and one in September. I shall not attempt to follow the food of the species through these months, or to give its seasonal variations; but will content myself with a gen- eral statement of the food of the year as indicated by the contents of the stomachs of these twenty-two birds. Seventy-one per cent, of their food consisted of insects and twenty per cent, of fruit, a small ratio of spiders and mollusks and an unusually large percentage of Myriapoda making up the remainder. The four higher orders of insects occur in about equal quantities, the pro- portion of ants and crane-flies being extraordinary. Blackberries, strawberries, cherries and gooseberries appear among the fruits. Myriapoda amount to twelve per cent. — nearly all Polydesmus and lulus. The two parts of Arachnida included a few harvest-men. Orthop- tera and Hemiptera are respectively six and one per cent.; and snout-beetles and wireworms thirteen per cent. A few June-beetles had been taken, and one of the birds from northern Illinois had stuffed itself with rose- beetles {Macro dactylus subspinosus). Geotrupes and Onthophagus were noticed among the other Scarabaeidae. The Carabidae amounted to six per cent, of the food, in- cluding Evarthrus, Pterostichus, Harpalus, Anisodac- tylus and Bradycellus. Coleoptera make eighteen per cent, of the food and Diptera twelve per cent,, chiefly crane-flies and the larvae of Bibio albipennis. Lepidop- tera were taken in about the same amount, one-third be- ing recognized as cutworms, while ants reached the un- usual average of fifteen per cent. Helix labyrinthica, Papilla fallax and a few other univalve mollusks made one per cent, of the food. Compared with other Turdidse we find the general insect average unusual, exceeding that of the robin. It agrees with, and even surpasses, the catbird in its preference for ants ; and with the robin in the ratios of Lepidoptera, Diptera, Coleoptera, Carab- idae and Scarabaeidae. It differs from the robin in its taste for ants and in the smaller ratio of fruits; and far surpasses all the other thrushes in the number of The Food of Birds. . 139 Myriapoda eaten in spring. In fact, the midsum- mer fruits seem to replace these spring Myriapoda, instead of insects proper as in the species already dis- cussed. This bird apparently contrasts more directly with the brown thrush in food than with any other mem- ber of the family. The large percentage of Orthoptera is misleading, being due to the fact that a single bird had taken nothing but grasshoppers and locusts. This species seems to do more good and less harm than the preceding thrushes, having the lowest fruit ratio and eating the highest number of insects, with only the average of pre- daceous species. Its advances, therefore, are to be cor- dially encouraged by the gardener and farmer — a fact which must be especially agreeable to every lover of bird music, who has learned to recognize the full, clear, rich and exquisite strains of this songster. ITylocichla pallasi, Cab. Hermit Thrush. The hermit thrush is strictly a migrant, passing us in May and October. It is reported by Mr. Ridgway as a rare winter resident in southern Illinois, but otherwise appears in the State only during its passage to and fro. Considering the fact, however, that all these birds travel slowly the whole length of the State, merely keeping pace with the advancing and retreating seasons, and also that the species is a very abundant one at the period of the mi- grations, it will be seen that its food has great economic significance. There is reason to suppose that these mi- grants, in passing north and south, follow, year after year, about the same route ; do not vary, that is, far to the east or west. Consequently, occupying as we do a state that lies in five and one-half degrees of latitude, we can do much to protect this species in its wanderings, or can, if we choose, almost entirely eliminate that part of it passing over our territory. Twenty-one hermit thrushes were taken during the year, two in October and the re- mainder during the spring migrations. All but five of these birds were shot in extreme northern Illinois, at Waukegan, Evanston and Blue Island. Eighty-four per cent, of the food consisted of insects, four per cent, of 140 The Food of Birds. spiders and twelve per cent, of thousand-legs. Ants amounted to fifteen per cent., Lepidoptera to nineteen per cent., including a few Phalaenidae, and Diptera only to three — chiefly the larvae of Bibio. Coleoptera make thir- ty per cent, of the food, eleven per cent, being Carabidae. Dyschirius glohulosus , Platynus, Evarthrus, Pterosticlius, Amara, Anisodactylvs discoidens, Bradycellus and Sten- olophus are mentioned in my notes. Four per cent, are water-beetles, five per cent, scavenger-beetles, two per cent, curculios and two per cent, plant-beetles. Leaf- chafers and spring-beetles amount to one per cent, each • — flie latter chiefly of the genus Melanotus. Lixus con- cavus and Listronotus incequalipennis occur among the curculios, and Chrysomela suturalis, Gastrophysa dis- similis and Plagiodera viridis among the plant-beetles. Eight per cent, of the food was Hemiptera, nearly all of which were predaceous. Podisus spinosus was the only species determined. Grasshoppers (Tettix and Tettigi- dea) make seven per cent, of the food. Respecting the number of beetles eaten by this bird, we have to remem- ber that it passes us at the time of that great outpouring of insect life connected with the pairing of the spring Coleoptera which we have already seen to have a very significant relation to the food of birds. It. rides north- ward, in fact, on the crest of this Coleopterous wave, and we find the same excess of predaceous Coleoptera in its food which occurs in the food of the other thrushes at the same season. Concerning the two October specimens taken in northern Illinois I need only say that they had eaten ants, caterpillars, Carabidae, curculios, Pentatomi- dae and Orthoptera, spiders, Iulidac and the larvae of Bibio. The habits of this bird suggest that the principal drain on the numbers of predaceous beetles may be due to the depredations of the migrants, at the season of the greatest exposure of these insects ; and that the complete destruction of resident birds would affect the number of these carnivorous insects mucli less than would at first seem likely. The reader curious to see the points in which this species contrasts with the other thrushes, may consult the table of the food of the family on page 147. The Food of Birds. 141 Turbus alici^:, Bel. Alice Thrush. The Alice thrush is a bird of frequent occurrence (lur- ing the migrations. It breeds far to the north, rare sum- mer stragglers occurring in northern Illinois, according to Mr. E. W. Nelson, and probably winters quite beyond our limits. By Dr. Coues this is regarded merely as a variety of the following species. I have ten specimens of this bird shot in May, but none from the fall migration. This number is probably sufficient, however, to give a fairly correct idea of its food in spring. Five per cent, of the food of the month consisted of mollusks, chiefly Suc- cinea and Helix labyrinthica; ninety-three per cent, was insects and nearly half of these were ants, which reached the astonishing ratio of forty-three per cent., eaten by every one of the birds. Fifteen per cent, of the food was caterpillars; nine per cent, consisted of crane-flies and their larvae; Coleoptera amounted to eighteen per cent, (one-lialf Aphodiidse), and the remainder were wire- worms, curculios and plant-beetles. Carabidae amounted only to one per cent., the lowest average of these bene- ficial insects found in the food of any thrush. Among the species of Coleoptera we find Stelidota geminata, Onthophagus j anils, Conotrachelus anaglypticus, Chry- somela suturalis and C. similis. Grasshoppers make three per cent, of the food and Myriapoda two per cent., all Polydesmus serratus and undetermined Iulidav Of spiders merely a trace was found in the stomachs of two birds. The striking feature of the food of this bird is evidently its enormous appetite for ants, its high insect average and the almost total absence of beneficial ele- ments in its food giving to this little thrush an enviable status in relation to the farm and garden. Turdus swaixsoxi, Cab. Swainson's Thrush. This is a migrant of which I have too few specimens for generalization. Six in April and May were taken at Warsaw, Waukegan and Normal, and five in September from the vicinity of Cairo, in extreme southern Illinois and northern Kentucky. The food in spring is verv like that of the preceding species, its especial features beiiu>* the large number of ants and caterpillars and Coleop- tera. The September specimens, on the other hand, were 112 The Food of Birds. feeding largely upon fruits, which constituted sixty per cent, of their food. Wild grapes, wild cherries, elderber- ries and blackberries were all eaten by them, grapes alone making more than half their food. Hymenoptera amounted to nineteen per cent, of the whole; ants to seven, caterpillars to twelve, crane-flies to four, and Coleoptera to eighteen per cent. ; five per cent, were Carabidae (including Anisodactylus), three per cent, were leaf-chafers and two per cent, were cureulios. One of the birds, taken at Warsaw in April, had eaten little else than Scolytus muticus. Two per cent, of the food was Hemiptera, chiefly Pentatomidae and Reduviidae; Rhyn- cliophora and Hemiptera made two and one per cent, respectively. Of spring-beetles and Aphodiidae, only a trace had been eaten by two of the birds. Mimus polyglottus, L. Mocking-bird. This famous bird, not many years ago regarded as a rarity in the State, is evidently becoming more abundant, and is also extending its habitat northward. Collector! in the southern part of the State agree to its increasing numbers there. Three specimens were seen this year in the vicinity of Bloomington, two of which were secured. One of these, shot in August, was of this year’s brood, and as the other two seemed thoroughly habituated, it is likely that they had nested in this vicinity this season. It may be worth wdiile to note that sixty per cent, of the food of these two specimens consisted of Ortlioptera, in- cluding the climbing cricket (CEcantlius). Besides these, they had eaten spiders and harvest-men, Coleoptera, Hemiptera and ants. Among the Coleoptera were speci- mens of Ontliopliagus, Epicauta vittata and long-snouted cureulios. The Hemiptera were undetermined Coreidae and Pentatomidae. These birds had not eaten fruit, al- though the species is reported to be especially fond of grapes. Conclusion. As a very general statement of the peculiarities of the food of the resident species, we may say that the robin is characterized by its destruction of caterpillars (especial- ly cutworms) and the larvae of Bibio, by its neglect of The Food of Birds. 143 ants, spiders and Myriapods, and by its taste for black- berries, grapes and especially cherries; that the catbird is distinguished by the large number of ants, blackberries and cherries eaten, and by the small number of insects generally, and of Lepidoptera, Coleoptera and Hemip- tera in particular ; that the brown thrush is noted for its coprophagous habit, for the small number of caterpillars and Diptera taken, for the large percentage of phytoph- agous Scarabaeidse and the moderate ratio of small fruits ; and that the wood thrush differs from the others chiefly in the large percentage of insects (especially ants, caterpillars and crane-flies), its indifference to Hemip- tera and preference for Ortlioptera and Myriapoda, and its smaller ratios of fruits. The migrants can be properly compared only with the residents’ during the migrating season. I have conse- quently made a table of the percentages of the food of the four resident species for April and May in compari- son with the spring food of the three migrants. From this we learn that the hermit thrush is distinguished at this season by the moderate ratio of ants and Coleoptera, the large number of Lepidoptera, Hemiptera, Orthop- tera, spiders and Myriapoda, and the small percentage of Diptera taken. The Alice thrush eats mollusks,. an enormous number of ants, a moderate number of Lepi- doptera, Diptera and Scarabaeidm, and a small number of Carabidm and Coleoptera generally, while Hemiptera are almost wanting in its food. Swainson’s thrush takes large ratios of ants, Lepidoptera and Coleoptera, and small ratios of Hemiptera, Orthoptera, Arachnida and Myriapoda. It is not to be supposed that the number ex- amined of the last two species is sufficient to give more than an approximate and doubtful outline of the food. Indeed the reader may not unlikely receive with in- credulity the precise statements made concerning the food characteristics of the resident species, and ask how it can be known that these peculiarities are specific and constant instead of local and accidental. To this very reasonable query I am able to make a definite answer. In the paper already frequently cited, I published a compar- ative table of food of the species of this family, based on 144 The Food of Birds. the contents of the stomachs of one hundred and forty- nine birds,* upon which table certain differences of food are clearly shown. Now, if these differences were local and accidental, they would undoubtedly tend to disappear when larger numbers of specimens were examined; but if they are specific and constant, they should be made the more evident, on the whole, the larger the number of specimens taken. The table on page 147 presents data derived from three hundred and fifteen specimens, cover- ing considerably more time and area than the table in the Transactions. If the difference between the food records of the various species are now greater than before, we may conclude that the differences noted are real and not artificial. If they are less, on the other hand, the whole question is still unsettled. The differences apparent in the later table may be specific, but there is no proof of it. In order to apply this crucial test as fully as possible, I have selected twelve food elements in which the differ- ences were most apparent, and, taking the species in pairs, have ascertained the sum of the differences of the ratios of these elements for each pair separately, first from the old table and then from the new. In every case but one the sum of these differences has been much larger by the new table than by the old, thus proving conclusive- ly that the species appear to diverge in food habits the more widely the greater the number of specimens studied. For example, the differences of the selected elements as shown in the original table of seventy-eight robins and catbirds, amounted to sixty-four per cent.; and by the new table of one hundred and eighty-four birds, to eighty-two per cent. A similar comparison of the food of the catbird and hermit thrush gives one hundred and twenty-five as the sum of the differences of the old table of fifty-five birds, and one hundred and fifty-five as the sum of the differences of the new table of ninety-one birds. Taking the catbird and the brown thrush, we have sixty-four and ninety-nine parts for the old and new ta- bles respectively, the first for sixty-five birds and the second for one hundred and thirty-four; while the brown thrush and wood thrush give seventy-eight and eighty- * Trans. 111. Hort. Society. 1879, N. S.r Vol. 13, p. 163. The Food of Birds. 145 eight parts for thirty-nine and eighty-six birds respective- ly, and the catbird and wood thrush give seventy parts for eighty-five birds and eighty-three parts for ninety- two birds. It is not until we reach the last two migrants that. we find any exception to these results; and of these, as already said, probably too few have been examined, even yet, to justify settled conclusions. Finally, we must consider the family as a unit, must discuss the actual effect of the thrushes as a group upon the plants and animals of the State. A determination of this interesting question involves three elements ; the av- erage character of the food of each species as shown by the preceding calculations, the comparative abundance of the species, and the length of its stay in Illinois. I find the estimates of the second of these elements, as made by various collectors, to differ rather widely ; and on this ac- count only an approximate conclusion can be reached. Using the figures most satisfactory to myself, I present the following as a tolerably fair statement of the general food of the family: Sixty-one per cent, of the food con- sists of insects, one per cent, of spiders, two per cent, of Myriapods, and thirty-two per cent, of fruits, eleven per cent, being blackberries, eight per cent, cherries, one per cent, currants and five per cent, grapes. The fragments of grain eaten by the brown thrush will amount to four per cent, of the food of the family, and ants compose eight per cent. Lepicloptera, Diptera and Coleoptera are eaten in about equal ratios, the first forming thirteen, the sec- ond eleven and the third twelve per cent, of the entire food. Carabidae amount to five per cent., June beetles to four per cent., wireworms to two per cent, and snout- beetles to two per cent. Hemiptera stand at three per cent., about two-thirds of them predaceous, and Orthop- tera at four per cent. Five per cent, of the food was recognized as cutworms. More briefly, thirty parts of the food consist of injurious insects, including the larvae of Bibio, and eight parts of beneficial species, while twen- ty-six parts consist of edible fruits ; or we may say that injurious insects compose about one-third, the edible fruits about one-fourth and the beneficial insects about one-twelfth of the food of the family, the remaining elements being of neutral value. 146 The Food of Birds. Table of the Food of Thrushes in April and May. No. of specimens examined Kinds of Food. 1. Mollusc a 2. Insecta Hymenoptera Ants Lepidoptera Noctuidae Diptera Tipulidae Bibionidae ■ Coleoptera Carabidae Scarabaeidse Coprophagous Phytophagous Elateridae Khynchophora Chrysomelidae . Hemiptera Predaceous Herbivorous Orthoptera 3. Arachnida 4. Myriapoda 5. Fruits and Seeds 6. Fragments of Grain x: C/3 JX C/3 3 c~; C/3 3 3 .G T3 H -G H H Robin 6 aj u G O u PQ 1 5: g 03 X 3i 22 28 8 18 Ratio in which each element of food was found. 29 .87 . 16 •13 .19 30 . 1 1 .06 .05 .01 .01 .02 .02 .08 .06 .08 .04 .09 .98 •3i .28 .22 .07 .07 ■3? .05 .06 .06 t •03 .02 .01 .01 The Food of Birds. Tabt.e of Pood of FaxMIly Turdid^e. (The Thrushes.) 147 Kinds of Food. Ratio in which each element of food was found. 1. Mollusca 2. Insecta . .65 •43 •51 Hymenoptera .04 •13 .08 Ants .04 . 12 .07 Lepidoptera • 17 .07 .07 Noctuidas .08 .Ol .OI Diptera •1 7 .05 .OI Tipulidae .01 .05 Bibionidae • 1 5 Coleoptera .18 . 12 •25 Carabidae .06 .04 .06 Melolonthidae • 03 .02 . IO Elateridae .02 02 Rhynchophora .02 .01 .02 Chrysomelidae .01 t Hemiptera • 03 .02 .04 Predaceous .02 .01 .OI Herbivorous .01 .01 Orthoptera .04 •03 .04 3. Arachnida .01 .02 .01 4. Myriapoda .ot .03 5. Fruits •34 • J • 51 • J • 24 Strawberries .01 Blackberries .09 .24 • 17 Cherries . 1 1 . 12 •03 Currants .02 .01 Grapes .07 •03 t 6. Fragments of Grain .21 72 15 15 13 04 12 12 84 16 04 .05 •93 •47 •43 •15 .04 .09 .08 .62 .19 •1 7 . 12 .04 .04 18 .29 .18 06 03 03 03 .01 .02 . 10 .01 01 01 10 ... . 07 ... . 06 01 07 07 .03 04 ... . 12 .02 •05 •03 t .02 .01 .01 .01 .02 .01 .06 .27 .61 .09 .08 •13 •05 . 1 1 •03 .07 . 12 •05 • 04 .02 .02 03 02 .04 .01 .02 •32 :ii- .08 .01 •05 .04 148 The Food of Birds. Family SAXICOLIDLE. (The Stonechats\ Si ali a sialis, L. The Bluebird. This beautiful and beloved bird, endeared to the stu- dent of n autre by every particular of its plumage, song and way of life, is also one of the most popular of all birds with farmers and gardeners. Living under the eyes of men from the first yielding days of the later winter until the year grows chill and dark with the retreat of autumn, it has been praised most warmly for its tireless service of man by those who knew it best. A cursory ob- servation of its feeding habits will strongly support the general impression of its usefulness. Most frequently it takes a short, quick flight to the ground from a fence-post or a low branch of a tree, and, after a momenta pause, returns to its perch with a caterpillar or a grasshopper or some other insect in its beak, which it devours at its leisure, repeating this operation so frequently that none can doubt its enormous destructiveness to insect fife. It is true that a little reflection will suggest that, > Feb. March j April May | June | August Sept. 0 O 2 Nov. 0" o> Q 12 5 c H Ratio of each ele- ment to whole of food. Number of specimens IO 21 13 10 9 12 10 108 7i Kinds of Food. Number of specimens, and ratio in which each element of food was found. I. Insects i. Hymenoptera Formicidae IO .92 7 .22 21 .88 5 .04 2 t 2 .04 20 •38 4 .04 11 •39 13 .88 5 .02 5 .02 9 .76 3 .02 3 .02 9 •7i 7 .21 6 .20 9 .89 $ .04 6 • C4 12 .91 4 .01 4 .01 10 .91 4 .04 4 .04 5 .16 98 41 30 8 7i 5 32 2 4 78 54 1 1 2 1 32 21 5 1 2 1 •78 .07 .04 •03 .26 .01 . 12 .01 .20 .07 .09 .06 •03 Tchneumonidae 6 .22 2. Lepidoptera Arctiinae 8 .28 1 02 9 .21 7 •39 5 •13 7 .27 7 •27 7 •37 1 .02 Noctuidae Phalaenidae 6 .24 5 • 17 3 .19 2 .06 1 . 10 2 •05 4 • 14 3 Diptera 1 t 9 .22 6 .05 1 .01 16 .19 16 . IO 1 t 13 •5i IO .08 8 .18 5 • 12 t .28 ,06 1 .01 4. Cole op ter a Carabidae Dytiscidae 10 .26 4 .09 7 • oS 6 .03 4 .02 2 .01 ‘ 4 • 13 2 . 10 Staphylinidae 1 t 1 t 1 .01 Histeridae 1 t Byrrhidae Scarabaeidae Aphodi us 3 .09 3 09 4 .04 2 .03 IO .33 IO • 31 2 .05 1 •03 5 . 12 4 .04 3 ■ 14 3 .02 1 t 1 t 1 .03 Geotrupes 1 Phy 1 lophaga I .02 1 .02 1 .08 2 . 12 TT n rvnm i a 1 01 F laterida? 1 t 1 .01 Tenebrionidae I The Food of Birds. Ml Table of the Food of the Bluebird. ( Sialia sialis, L.) — Concluded. s Feb. March April May June July Cfi 3 be 3 • < Sept: ll Oct. > 0 £ Dec. Total • 0 jJJ Q rt — qj O XS O ^ Number of specimens 10 21 13 9 10 9 12 10 2 12 108 .2 2 Kimps of Food Number of specimens, and [ ratio in which each element of food was found. ^ s s - 3 2 Telephorus .08 .04 c .01 j 1 1 3 2 1 3 Curculionidae t t .01 .01 .01 .01 1 1 Ceramhycidae 1 .01 1 .02 2 T f Tetraopes 1 .01 1 .02 2 4 10 7 2 3 2 1 1 1 5. Hvmiptera .07 .04 .04 .02 •05 .05 .01 t .01 3i .04 * 4 1 Coriscus t .01 5 1 Alydus 1 .04 3 7 4 2 3 1 1 1 Pentatomidae .07 .04 .02 .02 ■05 .01 .01 .01 22 •03 7 13 5 6 2 5 12 9 6. Orthoptera •13 .21 .08 ■13 •03 .27 •57 • 48 59 . 2 L 1 2 I 1 6 2 Gryllidae .04 •03 .02 .01 .28 . 1 1 13 .05. 1 4 I Locustidae V .07 1 c 02 6 •03 6 1 1 5 5 2 5 * 1 J 4 6 Acrididae .09 .18 .08 . 1 1 • 03 .19 • 14 •33 44 .13 6 16 9 6 5 2 6 \3 1 11. Arachnida .04 •°5 .09 .21 .18 .05 .06 .02 t 54 .oS 6 8 2 1 2 III. IULIDAi .04 .01 .01 .01 02 In .or J 3 4 3 5 6 3 1 12 IV. Vegetable Food .04 .02 .02 . 1 1 .04 •03 .07 .84 37 •13 Percentages > for each month cn O Beneficial elements 46 28 21 ■ic *18 Id 10 O'* J J 22 Injurious elements 41 60 23 O D cc 26 67 80 8r 02 do Neutral elements 13 12 56 JJ 10 34 19 10 12 87 4S/ 29 * Includes 8 per cent, fruit. NOTES UPON THE FOOD OF PREDACEOUS BEETLES.* By F. M. Webster. Pliny thought it nothing to the credit of the philoso- phers of his day, that while they were disputing about the number of heroes by the name of Hercules, and the site of the sepulcher of Bacchus, they should not have been able to decide whether or not the queen bee pos- sessed a sting.* 1 While the problem of the bee sting has long been de- cided, and heroes by the name of Hercules have ceased to trouble the minds of men, there are problems of vital im- portance regarding the habits of the insects which, dur- ing the greater portion of the year, we meet daily in abundance, that still remain unsolved. The most important as well as the most abundant of these insects are the beetles. While found in almost every conceivable situation, while our naturalists count the species in their cabinets by the thousands, it would be difficult to point out a single species, the food habits of which we fully under- stand, when both the larvae and imago state are taken under consideration. True, we have a sort of ritual laid down by entomolo- gists, based upon the fact that certain species have been known to feed upon certain substances, but this can no more be considered as proof that nothing else entefr; into their natural diet, than does the meat of which we may partake at dinner prove us to be strictly carnivorous, or the bread or fruit, that we are exclusively vegetarians. An illustration of this double diet of beetles is found in the case of the European Silpha opaca, Linn., the larva of which has been known to feed to an injurious extent upon the leaves of the beet and mangel-wurzel.2 But one of the most fortunate in getting the benefit of our ignorance is the family Carabidac, to utter a word against which is almost considered a sacrilege. * Although this paper does not belong with the studies made at the Laboratory, but is based entirely upon the author’s personal observations, it is included with this series, with his permission, because it relates to the same subject. These observations precede, in point of time, those of the following paper. — S. A. F. 1 Pliny, Hist. Nat., 1. xi, c. 17. 2 Curtis, “Farm Insects,” p. 388. Notes upon the Food of Predaceous Beetles. 163 But, true to the adage “ murder will out”, occasionally a species is found feeding upon vegetation with a vorac- ity that would do credit to a Chrysomelid. Of these in Europe, besides the Zabrus gibbus in both stages, some of the Pterosticlii, Amar<>, Omopliron and Calathus latus Westw., are said to injure grain by eating oft the young shoots or destroying the seed.3 Two species of Bembidium ( lampos and monticola) have been destructive to the forests of upper Austria.4 Broscus cephalotes attacks the growing grain, and Aristus bucephalus devours the seeds of grass.5 * In our own country the Omophron labiatum Fab. in- jures the shoots of young corn in the Southern States. Harpalus caliginosus Fab. is suspected of feeding upon grain in stack in Maryland, and also of eating timothy seeds from the heads/’ E. T. Dale, of Jasper, Mo., forwarded to the editors of the American Entomologist specimens of an insect found by him feeding upon the seeds of a plant unknown to him. Upon examination they proved to be H. caliginosus. 7 8 According to Mr. Mather, of Marshalltown, Iowa, the larvae of some species of Harpalus are destructive to his evergreens, he having found them eating off the roots/ The foregoing is a synopsis of all facts relating to the vegetable-feeding Carabidse, so far as known to the author of this paper. A number of years ago the writer commenced the study of the food of beetles, correctly judging from what was then known, that either natural- ists were in error in their suppositions or else that inno- cent insects were wrongly accused. And he is free to confess his partiality to the former theory as being the most correct. But 'after several years of study and ob- servation, I have found to my astonishment not only the species accused but others also of this family feeding largely upon vegetable substances, both useful and nox- ious. Among my earliest observations on this subject I s Report U. S. Agr. Dept., 1868, pp. 79-80. 4 Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 1879, p. 417. 5 Westwood’s Introduction, I, p. 61. ^ € Report U. S. Agr. Dept., 1868, p. 80. 7 Am. Ent. Vol. I, p. 80. 8 Am. Ent. Vol. III. p. 26. 164 Notes upon the Food of Predaceous Beetles. noted the abundance of Carabidse about the shocks of wheat in a field where a violent wind storm had blown down a large number of sheaves, under which, upon their being replaced, large numbers of Harpalus caliginosus , pennsylvanicus and herbivagus, Pterostichus lucublandus and Anisodactylus baltimorensis were observed. The wheat was drawn in and threshed directly from the field, and a large percentage of the kernels were badly eaten. Previous to the threshing, in another field, a specimen of H. pennsylvanicus was captured with a par- tially eaten grain of wheat in its mandibles. The eaten grains of the threshed wheat seemed to agree with the fragments found in the jaws of the beetle, and as no other destructive agencies were noted, the facts seemed to sug- gest that the damage was done by the before-mentioned Carabidae. A few days after, H. pennsylvanicus was found eating the now fully ripe seeds from a head of up- right timothy grass, and was observed to detach them from the glumes. The same species has since been seen feeding largely upon ragweed, Ambrosia art emisice folia Linn., during September, the seeds apparently being the favorite part. A short time after it was found upon tim- othy grass it was observed eating the seeds of prairie grass, Panicum crus- g alii L. ; and the same day another individual was found devouring an Ips fasciatus Oliv., one of the Nitidulidae, thus proving its carnivorous pro- pensities also. H. caliginosus is likewise found eating the seeds of Ambrosia artemisicef olia. H. herbivagus feeds largely upon the tender shoots of grass during March, cutting them off just below the sur- face ; but later it selects the tender blades and the discol- ored parts usually found under boards, etc. Amaru angustata Say is found quite abundantly upon the heads of June grass, Poa pratensis L. But the most voracious Carabid enemy of this grass is the Anisodac- tylus sericeus Harris. Early in June, 1878, vast numbers of these beetles were noted upon the heads of this grass ; in fact, spots several yards in area were literally covered with them. After patient watching — for they are very timid — the proof Notes upon the Food of Predaceous Beetles. 165 was conclusive that the unripe seeds were what they were after and not microscopic insects as was at first supposed. The insect is not only cunning, drawing up its legs and dropping to the ground upon the least disturbance, after the manner of a Chrysomelid, but also shows consider- able ingenuity. It grasps the lower extremity of the glume tightly in its mandibles, then relaxing slightly, passes upward and again tightens its grasp — a series of movements which finally force the seed, which is now of the consistency of cream, out at the apex. This it at once proceeds to devour with an appetite which reminds one quite forcibly of a tramp who has been obliged to earn his dinner in advance. Later in the season it is found feeding in the same manner upon the seeds of Agrostis vulgaris Witt. Specimens of Anisodactylus baltimoren- sis Say were observed feeding upon the marrow and fatty matter clinging to the tibia of some dead animal, probably that of an ox. Attention is called to this as be- ing in perfect accord with microscopic observations re- ported by Mr. Forbes in the following paper, upon an- other specimen found upon grass a few months later. Calathus gregarius Say may be found abundantly upon the heads of timothy grass during the early mornings of the first of July. Of the genus Platynus only a single ob- servation has been obtained, and this was during the lat- ter part of June of the present year, when two specimens of P. cupripennis Say wTere seen harassing a half -grown cricket, which they had already disabled. The carnivor- ous habits of beetles are often as difficult to discover as their vegetarian. Usually they are not at all in favor of public dinners, and, like beasts or birds of prey, prefer to drag their victims to some secluded nook to devour them; hence, if the observer gets any insight into this part of their domestic affairs he must take them by sur- prise. In this manner a Staphylinus cinnamopterus Grav. was surprised while in the act of devouring an Anomoglossus pusillus Say, having first, to guard against its escape, eaten off four of its legs. In another instance a Dyschirius globulosus Say was observed to spring upon a small salmon-colored maggot- 166 Notes upon the Food of Predaceous Beetles. like larva, and, after disabling it, to start off to select a proper place to devour it. After the lapse of several minutes, it returned to drag its victim under a small clod of dirt and leisurely feast upon it. After the same manner a Bradycellus rupestris Say was surprised under a stone while eating a small white thread-like worm. Another family of beetles whose hitherto almost untar- nished reputation it seems to have fallen to my lot to soil is the Coccinellidae. With the exception of Epilachna borealis Fab. the larva of which feeds upon the vines of the gourd family,9 these insects in our country have been considered strictly carnivorous, although several Euro- pean species are known to deviate from this rule. This season, specimens of Megilla maculata DeG. have been taken while feeding upon the pollen of the dande- lion, Taraxacum dens-leonis , and it is not at all improb- able that the pollen of other plants also forms a part of their diet, as they are rather common upon the blossoms of plants and fruits. No accurate estimation of the value of the Coleoptera could be obtained without including the Telephoridce. Be- sides Chauliognathus pennsylvanicus Forst., which has been found feeding upon the larvae of the Conotrachelus nenuphar Hbst.,10 and Telephones bilineatus Say, which is such a powerful auxiliary in checking the ravages of the western locust,11 Podabrus tomentosus Say has been observed feeding upon the cottonwood gall-lice, Pemphi- gus populivenae Fitch, and the P. populicaulis Fitch. These beetles sometimes place themselves at the opening of the gall, occasionally as many as four together, and catch the mature lice as they attempt an egress, and sometimes plunge their flat head and thorax into the cav- ity and draw forth and devour large and small indis- criminately. During the latter part of June and the first of July these beetles are very abundant, not only upon trees affected by gall-lice, but upon other plants also. 9 Am. Ent., Vol. II, p. 373. 10 Am. Ent., Vol. I, pp. 35 and 51. 11 Report U. S. Ent. Comm., Vol. T, p. 302. NOTES ON INSECTIVOROUS COLEOPTERA. By S. A. FORBES. Mouth Structures of Carabjd^. In studying tlie food of birds, I found it necessary to construct a key to tlie genera of the Carabidae, based pri- marily upon the mouth structures, and prepared for this purpose a large number of slides of the mouth parts of Illinois species. In studying these, two characters were noted, which proved to be of considerable service for classification. The first of these is the frequent oblitera- tion of the suture between the mentum and the gula (called the “gular suture”, by Dr. LeConte, in his Classi- fication, Pt. I, pp. X, XIII, 14, 15 and 16), the mentum being, in such cases, connate with the gula. This is true of Bleclirus, although in Trechicus and Metabletus of the same group the suture is distinct. The mentum is again connate in many species, at least, of several genera of Papti and Eurytrichi ; viz., Geopinus, Anisodactylus, Xestonotus, Spongopus and Amphasia; but is not con- nate in Nothopus, Piosoma, Discoderes or Anisotarsus. This character was noticed nowhere else except in Amara cingustata, which differs in this respect from all the other Amarae m the Laboratory collection. This species is also peculiar in the very great development of the muscular ridges on the upper surface of the mentum. In the Lebiae this mental suture is distinct in the middle but obsolete at the ends. The second character referred to is found in the stipes of the maxilla. This body is covered with three plates — an outer, closely connected with the palpus, a lower, from which the two lobes of the maxilla spring, and an upper plate, which is applied to the under surface of the mandi- ble. The last of these usually presents, in the Harpalidae, a more or less prominent angle at about the anterior third of the outer margin, although this margin is sometimes regularly curved. In two genera, Agonoderus and Sten- 168 Notes on Insectivorous Coleoptera. olophus, this plate is produced forward and outward be- yond the articulation with the palpus (which thus seems to spring from beneath it), forming an oblique lamina with a rounded outer angle and an acute tip. This char- acter seems to distinguish Stenolophus from Harpalus, as far as I have been able to compare the species. Food of the C'arabhle. The large numbers of Carabidae eaten by several of our common birds make it important that the somewhat doubtful food habits of this family should be more thor- oughly studied; and I have undertaken the microscopic examination of the contents of stomachs and intestines as one branch of this investigation. The facts thus obtain- able perhaps cannot give us a complete idea of the food of these insects, but should probably be taken in connec- tion with field observations, as these beetles are said fre- quently only to suck the juices of their prey, rejecting the solid parts ; and where this has been done the fact will be only obscurely indicated by the contents of the alimen- tary canal. Where this contained an abundance of fatty chyme with no solid tissues to fix its source, I have some- times doubtfully inferred such an event; but usually liquid food will escape detection. The results of the examinations thus far made are sq interesting that I am impelled to give the method I have found most successful and convenient, with the hope that others may turn their attention to the same subject. The dissection should be made as soon as possible after the beetle is taken — within a few days at farthest — as the more unstable elements of the food are apparently soon changed, even in strong alcohol. If the beetle is as large as Megilla maculata, the elytra and wings may be cut off and then, while the insect is held between the thumb and finger of the left hand, the edges of the abdomen may be carefully trimmed away with a pair of fine scissors (those with curved blades are best) leaving the soft dorsal cov- ering attached only at the base and tip. If one blade of the scissors be now carefully passed under this dorsal in- tegument, it may be cut across and reflected (with the Notes on Insectivorous Coleoptera. 169 forceps and a mounted needle) forwards and backwards and cut entirely away. It will next be necessary to un- roof the meso- and meta-tlioracic segments, which usually contain at least a part of the crop. It will not be difficult to cut through the crusts of these segments at each side with the scissors-points. The terga may then be removed as before, with forceps and needle. The specimen (if not tod large) should now be transferred to a watch crystal, covered with glycerine and placed on the stage of the microscope; (a dissecting microscope is a convenience, but not indispensable). With mounted needles- the repro- ductive organs, urinary tubes, etc., can be pushed out of the way, when the crop, stomach and intestine will be seen, variously arranged according to the family and genus. It is an easy matter to cut the alimentary canal loose at either end and to remove it from the body, plac- ing it upon a slide in a shallow cell, with glycerine enough to mount the contents. Here the superfluous structures should be picked away, as far as possible, and then the stomach and intestines may be torn open with needles, and their contents spread out and picked in pieces upon the slide. After the removal of the remnants, the cell may be covered and the contents studied with any power necessary. The cover should, of course, be finally ce- mented down and the slide preserved for verification and repeated examination. Galerita janus. — A specimen of this insect, taken at Bloomington, in September, contained but little food. All that was recognized consisted of insect fragments, one of which was a spinose tibia. It was impossible even to tell the order of the insect eaten. Loxopeza atriventris. — Four specimens of this species were examined, three of which were taken in June and the other in September. The alimentary canal of the first was entirely empty. The second, sent me by Mr. A. S. McBride, from DeKalb county, had eaten immense num- bers of minute, oval bi-nueleate cells, which, believing them to be spores of fungi, I referred to Prof. T. J. Bur- rill, of the Illinois Industrial University. He reported them to be “ spores of Sphseronemei, probably Phoma” — 3 70 Notes on Insectivorous Coleoptera. a fungus which forms small, black specks on dead wood, stems of weeds, etc. A third specimen from the same source had eaten some undetermined insect and about equal quantities of three elements ; viz., the above spores of Phoma, pollen and the anthers of grass (doubtless blue-grass upon which the insect was taken). A few clavate bodies were also noticed, consisting of a single row of nucleated cells — evidently the acrospores of some fungus. A September specimen was taken at Normal. Its crop was distended with an oily liquid, but contained no other visible food except a few acrospores of a fungus. This specimen had evidently been feeding upon animal food of some sort. Caiathns gr eg arius— Three individuals of this species were examined, all caught on blue-grass in blossom, by Mr. Webster, of Waterman, and Mr. McBride, of Free- land. The crop and oesoxjhagus of the first were dis- tended with a brown mass which proved to be wholly made up of the pollen and fragments of the anthers of grass. A second specimen contained a smaller amount of pollen and anthers of blue-grass, with minute frag- ments of a black and sparsely hairy insect. An antenna proved that it was a larva — probably a young caterpillar. The third contained traces of a similar larva and the fragments of the cornea of a perfect insect — evidently a remnant of some former repast. Anisodactylus baltimorensis. — The single specimen of this species had not recently taken food. The stomach was empty; but in the intestines was a large amount of chyme which possibly indicated liquid animal food. A specimen of A. ritsticus gave only similar negative re- sults. Anisodactylus sericeus. — A specimen taken in June showed fragments of anthers and pollen of grass, with other vegetable tissues, apparently derived from the seeds of grass. A small insect had also been eaten, as shown by particles much too few and minute for deter- mination. A second specimen had taken precisely similar food — the insect here being represented by a few facets of the cornea. Notes on Insectivorous Coleoptera. 171 Amara angustata. — One of this species, likewise taken in June, liad also fed on vegetation, as indicated by a few particles of parenchyma too far digested for recognition; but fully nine-tenths of its food consisted of spherical eggs, in different stages of development, many of them easily recognizable as the eggs of mites. The most ad- vanced embryos had six legs and a pair of large palpi; and, by the shape of the abdomen and the position of the legs, recalled the larvae of the spinning mites (Tetra- nychi). Harpalus penns ylvanicus DeG. — A specimen of this species taken running in the road, at Normal, August 31st had the alimentary canal well filled with vegetable tis- sues, some of which were evidently derived from the ovules and roots of grass. Among these were the tips of an ovule with the styles unbroken and the tip of a rootlet with the root-cap entire. A single mite was found, and a few acrospores of fungi. This beetles was infested by a large number of intestinal parasites of the genus Greg- arina. A second specimen had eaten similar vegetable food. Here a piece of the epidermis of a rootlet, still cov- ered with tricliomes, was noted, as well as several root- tips and fragments from the growingtips of grass. Pieces of the epidermis of grass with their peculiar zigzag cell boundaries, confirmed these determinations. A detached stigma of a grass floret and a few stylospores completed the food. A third specimen, taken at Normal on the 5tli of September, contained some vegetable tissues with spiral cells, the mandible and maxilla of an ant and vast numbers of minute, spherical corpuscles, which Professor Burrill regarded as forms of bacteria such as occur on stagnant water. This beetle had apparently skimmed this minute vegetation from the surface of some pool. The fourth specimen of this species, received in September, from Mr. Webster, who collected it from the blossoms of ragweed, I found to have eaten large quantities of vege- table tissue, the fragments of which showed branched bundles of spiral ducts with parenchyma between. These were evidently the bracts or other floral organs of the ragweed. 172 Notes on Insectivorous Coleoptera. Harpalus caliginosus. — A single individual, running free upon the ground, had gorged itself with plant and animal food — apparently about three times as much of the former as of the latter. In the crop were a few hairs of a caterpillar and much half-digested muscle, with spores of fungi, a little epidermis of some graminaceous plant and a few pollen grains of Composite. In the stom- ach was a great deal of chyme, with fragments of the wings and tarsi of some minute dipter, more pollen of Composite and some vegetable parenchyma, apparently derived from unripe seeds of grass. In the ileum and colon these last-mentioned tissues predominated, al- though the latter contained also a large quantity of pol len of Composite indistinguishable from that of ragweed (Ambrosia). Here were also found two feet of a larva — possibly of the previously mentioned caterpillar. It is worthy of notice that these Harpali were full of eggs, of which there were about six in each abdomen. The crop of the second specimen, taken at Normal, in September, was distended with a brown, oily fluid, containing no recogniz- able material. In the intestine was a small mite and con- siderable vegetable parenchyma, apparently derived from some young seeds or ovules of plants. A little par- allel-veined vegetable tissue was also seen, evidently derived from grass. Harpalus herbivagus. — A specimen of this beetle, taken by Mr. McBride in July, was filled with cryptogamic veg- etation which had the form of a dense mat of slender branching tubes enclosing many spherical cells. This, Professor Burrill, to whom one of the slides of this ma- terial was referred, regarded as a fleshy or cartilaginous fungus with Palmella cells, although lie thought that it might have been derived from a lichen. A second speci- men, obtained by Mr. Webster, in March, had evidently been feeding on the young shoots of grass. C rat acanthus dubius. — One of this species, taken at Normal, in August, contained no apparent food except a few spores of fungi. In the stomach were great numbers of Gregarina, apparently of the same species as those found in Harpalus pennsylv aniens. In the colon, espc- Votes on Insectivorous Coleoptera. 173 cially, scores of these parasites in the “ resting state’ 9 formed considerable masses which half filled the intes- tines. Evarthrus colossus. — One of this species, taken in Sep- tember, had eaten a brown beetle of medium size, the fragments of which filled the whole alimentary canal. From the general appearance of these, from the tips of one anterior and one middle tibia and from a maxillary palpus, it was inferred that this beetle was one of the Scarabaeidse. A fragment of a mandible showing a ridged masticatory surface, made it likely that it was a vege- table feeder. There was no trace of vegetable food in this Evarthrus. Another specimen, taken at Normal, in Sep- tember, had eaten a large Coleopterous larva and two minute, indeterminable insects. Traces of confervoid Algae were also discovered in the intestine. Pterostichus sayi. — A specimen of this species, taken at Normal, in September, was full of the remains of an unrecognized hairy insect with two tarsal claws. Pterostichus lucublandus. — This specimen, taken like- wise at Normal, in September, contained a multitude of fragments of some Hymenopterous insect, .including a maxillary palpus and a labrum nearly entire, with pieces of the legs and tarsi. This beetle had also eaten a small mite and a few acrospores of fungi. Chlcenius tomentosus. — One of this species, taken at Normal, in September, contained traces of insect food not otherwise determined, and a nematoid parasite. Chlcenius difinis. — A specimen of this species, taken under a log, near Normal, in September, contained traces of some crustaceous insect, with pieces of vegetable tis- sue (apparently wood) penetrated by the mycelium of a fungus. Large vegetable fragments were also seen, which Professor Burrill determined as pieces of a large, fleshy fungus. The stomach likewise contained acrospores of Dematiei. Bradycellus dichrous. — A specimen, taken at Bloom- ington, in September, had eaten insect food not other- wise determinable. 174 Notes on Insectivorous Coleoptera. Twenty-eiglit specimens of Carabidse, representing sev- enteen species, are here reported. It will be seen that twenty-one specimens, belonging to fifteen species, had eaten animal food, and that twenty specimens, belonging to eleven species, had eaten vegetation of some sort. I estimated as carefully as possible the relative amounts of these two kinds of food in the alimentary canal of each insect, and from these data concluded that about half the food of these twenty-eight specimens consisted of vegeta- tion, and that one-tliird of it consisted certainly of in- sects— the remainder being made up of doubtful animal matter. About one-third of the vegetable food had been derived from cryptogamic plants and another from the different structures of grasses, Composite and other miscellaneous vegetation making up the remainder. Con- sidering the fact, however, that the commonest species were found feeding upon vegetation far the most gen- erally, it is likely that, taking the Carabidse as a group, not more than one-third or one-fourth of their average food consists of animal matter. Food of Podabrus. The contents of three stomachs of Podabrus tomen- tosus were examined; and all these had eaten only the spores of Phoma mentioned under Loxopeza. The speci- mens were all sent .me in July, by Mr. A. S. McBride, of Freeland*, 111. Food of CoccinellidtE. Coccinella novem-notata. — Two specimens which were taken at Normal, in August, were examined, agreeing very closely in their food, each having eaten various spores of fungi (about ninety per cent.) and plant-lice (ten per cent.). Among the fungus spores, Professor Burrill, to whom they were submitted, recognized spores of Ustilago and Helminthosporium; and a few lichen spores were also noticed. Brachyacantha ursina. — The stomach of one individual of this species contained only a few fungus spores.* * I have assured myself that none of the fungi found in the alimentary canals of these beetles were entophytes. Notes on Insectivorous Coleoptera. 175 Hippodamici convergens. — A specimen, captured in August, at Normal, had eaten great quantities of fungus spores, which composed about three-fourths of its food. Fragments of a mite and a plant-louse and a little pollen of Composite were also found. In a second specimen, taken in September, the remains of a myriapod belong- ing to the family Geopliilidae, acrospores of a fungus, the pollen of Composite and the remains of a plant-louse were the only elements noticed. Megilla maculata. — Three specimens of this species were dissected — one received from Mr. Webster in May, one from Mr. McBride in July, and one taken at Normal in September. The specimen from Mr. Webster was cap- tured on the flowers of dandelions. Its entire alimentary canal was closely packed with hexagonal, spinose pollen cells, doubtless taken from that plant. A second had eaten the anthers and pollen of grass with a few spores of Myxogastres.* The third specimen contained pollen and fungus spores in about equal quantities. While these Coccinellidae had made good their usual reputation as enemies of plant-lice, it should be noticed that these con- stituted only about ten per cent, of their food. If these specimens of the various families of preda- ceous beetles are fair examples of their class, the above facts imply that the individual carnivorous insect is much less valuable than has usually been supposed, while predaceous insects as a class are much more beneficial. If these species are predaceous, as a rule, not more than from one-fourtli to one-third of the time, the injury done by the destruction of one of them is very much less than if they were, as is usually supposed, almost wholly car- nivorous. But, on the other hand, if they can live on the soft parts of plants when animal food becomes scarce, their numbers will be maintained at a far higher figure than would be possible if they were dependent upon ani- mal food alone. Preferring animal food to vegetable, as they doubtless do when equally obtainable, they operate as a much more effective check on the undue increase of other insects than if their number were at all times strict- * Burrill. 176 Notes on Insectivorous Coleoptera. ly limited by the numbers of their food species. We should remember, in this connection, that we cannot or- dinarily expect of any predaceous animal that it will do more than to eliminate the excess of the species it preys upon, keeping their numbers down within certain con- stant limits. As a prudent sovereign finds it worth while to maintain a much larger fighting force than is neces- sary to the ordinary administration of his government, in order that he may have always a reserve of power with which to meet aspiring rebellion, so it is to the general advantage that carnivorous insects should abound in larger numbers than could find sustenance in the ordi- nary surplus of insect reproduction. They will then be prepared to concentrate an overwhelming attack upon any group of insects which becomes suddenly superabun- dant. It is evidently impossible, however, that this reserve of predaceous species should be maintained un- less they could be supported, at least in part, upon food derived from other sources than the bodies of living animals. A REVISED CATALOGUE OF THE BIRDS Ascertained to Occur in Illinois. X By ROBERT RIDGWAY. Bloomington, III. : PANTAGRAPH PRINTING ESTABLISHMENT. 1881. PREFACE. The present catalogue, although based essentially upon the list published in 1874, in the Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York (vol. x. pp. 364-94) is rendered much more complete by the addition of nearly thirty species, and many facts which have been brought to light by subsequent investigations. The most important sources from which this additional information has been derived are the several lists of Illinois birds published by my friend Mr. E. W. Nelson,1 of Chicago (now II. S. Signal Observer at St. Michaels, Alaska), but I have also been furnished with many interesting facts through correspondence with persons actively engaged in the study of the ornithology of the state, among whom I may especially mention Dr. J. W. Yelie, of the Chicago Academy of Sciences, Mr. H. K. Coale, of Chicago, and Mr. C. K. Worthen, of Warsaw; the information thus derived being duly acknowl- edged in the proper places. To the 311 species of the catalogue of 1874, there are here added 31, which would bring the total number known to occur in Illinois up to 342 were it not for the fact that one species ( Podiceps cristatus ) was included upon erroneous information, and is therefore eliminated. Of the 341 species enumerated herein, no less than 213 are positively ascertained to breed within the limits of the state. Not a single species has been included except upon good authority, while, on the other hand, several are excluded on account of not having been actually cap- tured within the state, though some of them have been secured near Racine, Wisconsin, in the extreme southeastern corner of Wisconsin, rendering it therefore extremely probable that individuals of the species in question have at one time or another iFor the titles of these, see pp. 168-170. Preface. 164 visited Illinois territory. A few species ( e . y. Picarustica hud- sonica and Lagopus albus) are given upon the authority of Mr. Robert Kennicott, but have not been noted by any subsequent observer. They may not now occur in Illinois, but this does not, however, affect the validity of Mr Kennicott’ s record, which cannot be passed over on the strength of purely negative evidence. In the catalogue of 1874 I gave a list of 48 species “to be looked for” in Illinois, and which it was stated would “no doubt be yet found to occur within the limits of the state.” Of these no less than 15 have already been taken or observed, besides four ( D ichro m ana-ssa rufa , Ajaja rosea , Pelecanus fuscus and Stercorarius parasiticus') whose occurence had not been antici- pated. We may therefore look with confidence tathe capture of the remaining species of the list, when the extreme southern and northwestern borders of the state have been more thoroughly explored. As may be seen from an examination of the following cata- logue, the avian-fauna of Illinois is exceedingly rich and varied, probably no inland state or territory, not traversed by lofty mountain ranges, being equal to Illinois in this respect. This great richness and diversity of bird-life results primarily from two causes, — the central position of the state geographically, and its great extent from north to south. The variety of surface which the state presents in different sections, notwithstanding the prevalence of large prairies, is also an important factor, no state, perhaps, east of the Pacific slope presenting greater contrasts of this kind. Stretching through nearly six degrees of latitude, the climates of the northern and southern portions are very diverse, the advent of spring, as determined by the first flowering and leafing of identical plants, averaging fully six weeks earlier near the Ohio river than in the vicinity of Chicago.* §The difference in climate between Cairo and Chicago, as determined by the U. S. Signal Bureau, is as follows: An. mean. Av. of hottest month. Av. of coldest month. An. range. Latitude. Cairo 57.3 80.2 (August.) 31.3 (January.) 37.00 Chicago 46.7 72.8 (July.)' 20 (December.) 41° 52’ Preface. 165 The two opposite sections of the state also differ essentially in the natural products of the soil, — the southern being clothed with almost continuous forests, which in the bottom-lands are remarkable for massiveness of growth and great variety of species, while in the central and northern portions extensive prairies largely prevail. Indeed, it is difficult to conceive of more com- plete contrast than that afforded by the cypress swamps, cane- brakes, and almost tropical luxuriance of vegetation of the southern bottom forests, on the one hand, and the extensive, mon- otonous northern prairies on the other. Intervening districts pre- sent every conceivable combination of prairie and woodland, while particular sections possess special features, such as the line of high precipitous bluffs along part of the western border, the romantic, almost mountainous range of rugged hills traversing the southern portion, from east to west, and the hilly region northwestward. The prairies of central and northern Illinois being a modified continuation of the “Great Plains,” a consid- erable number of birds characteristic of, or peculiar to, the “Campestrian District,” together with others common to the whole of the Western Region, are thus brought into contact with eastern woodland forms; while the proximity of the Great Lakes, on the northeast, secures the presence of many species formerly considered of purely maritime or littoral habitat, but which in reality occur, at one season or another, on many of the larger streams of this inland state. Considering also in this connection the very large preponderance of the southern element in that portion of the state lying south of the parallel of 39° (approximately), and also the influx of northern forms during the winter season, it may be seen that no less than five distinct faunae overlap on the area included within the boundaries of the state of Illinois, — the eastern, which, in its purity, of course largely predominates; the maritime and littoral, by way of the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence ; the boreal, coming down from the high north in winter ; the western, extending eastward across the prairies to the border of the wooded country; and, lastly, the southern, or “Austroriparian” fauna, a very considerable element of which extends up the Mississippi valley to at least the 38tli parallel of north latitude. 166 Preface. The* bird-fauna of Illinois, as at present understood, embraces members of IT “orders” (according to the latest and most improved classifications), 51 families, 225 genera, and 339 species. The subjoined tables are intended to show the relative number of species by which each family is represented, in numerical order. Table of Families of Birds represented in the Avian-fauna of Illinois , given in order of numbers of species. 1. Fringillidae 41 2. Anatidae 40 3. Mniotiltidae 37 4. Scolopacidae 25 5. Falconidae 24 6. baridae 18 7. Icteridae 11 8. Strigidae . . . ■ 11 9. Ardeidae 11 10. Tyrannidae 10 11. Turdidae 9 12. Picidae 9 13. Rallidae 8 14. Vireonidae 7 15. Troglodytidae 7 16. Hirundinidae 6 17. Charadriidae 5 18. Paridae 4 19. Corvidae 4 20. Tetraonidae 4 21. Podicipitidae 4 22. Sylviidae 3 23. Caprimulgidae 3 24. Phalaropodidae 3 25. Colymbidae 3 26. Saxicolidae 2 27. Sittidae 2 28. Laniidae 3 29. Ampelidae 2 30. Tanagridae 2 31. Cuculidae 2 32. Cathartidae 2 33. Columbidae 2 34. Ibididae 2 35. Recurvirostridae 2 36. Gruidae 2 37. Pelecanidae 2 38. Phalaerocoracidae 3 39. Stercorariidae 2 40. Ptilogonatidae 1 41. Certhiidae 1 42. Motacillidae 1 43. Alaudidae 1 44. Trochilidae 1 45. Cypselidae 1 46. Alcedinidae 1 47. Psittacidae 1 48. Meleagridae 1 49. Perdicidae 2 50. Ciconiidae 1 51. Plataleidae 1 52. Strepsilidae 1 53. Ploteidae 1 Total number of species and races, 352 The number of Species belonging to each Family which breed in the state are as follows : Mniotiltidae . . . . Fringillidae . . . . ... 23 66 Falconidae ... 17 66 Anatidae ... 15 66 Ardeidae ... 9 66 Scolopacidae . . . . ... 9 66 Icteridae ... 9 66 Rallidae ... 8 66 Turdidae ... 7 66 Tyrannidae . .. . 7 6 6 Picidae ... 7 Strigidae 66 Hirundinidae . . . . ... 6 Vireonidae ... 6 66 Troglodytidae . . . . Charadriidae . . . . Laridae ... 4 “ Paridae Corvidae ...... Tetraonidae ... 3 Caprimulgidae . . . . Sittidae ... 2 Laniidae 2 “ Tanagridae <} “ Cuculidae .... .... 2 species Cathartidae . . . Columbidae . . . .... 2 .... 2 66 Recurvirostridae . . .... 2 66 Gruidae g 66 Podicipitidae . . . Saxicolidae .... .... 2 .... 1 66 66 Sylviidae .... 1 66 Laniidae Ampelidae .... .... 1 66 Alaudidae .... .... 1 Trochilidae .... .... I Cypselidae .... .... 1 Alcedinidae .... .... 1 66 Psittacidae .... 66 Meleagridae .... Perdicidae .... .... 1 66 66 Ciconiidae . . . . . . . . 1 66 Phalaropodidae . . Phalaerocoracidae . .... 1 .... 1 66 66 Ploteidae . . . . 1 66 Colymbidae . . . . .... 1 Total, 213 species BIBLIOGRAPHY. The following list of papers referring particularly to Illinois ornithology is believed to be nearly complete up to date. 1853-4. 1. Le Baron, Dr. Wm. — Observations upon some of the birds of Illinois most interesting to the agriculturist.