<=,  -Hh  -c 


Bulletin   of  the   Museum   of  Comparative   Zoology, 
AT    HARVARD     COLLEGE. 

Vol.  XVIII. 


REPORTS  ON  THE  RESULTS  OF  DREDGING,  UNDER  THE  SUPER- 
VISION OF  ALEXANDER  AGASSIZ,  IN  THE  GULF  OF  MEXICO 
(1877-78)  AND  IN  THE  CARIBBEAN  SEA  (1879-80),  BY  THE  U.  S. 
COAST  SURVEY  STEAMER  "BLAKE,"  LIEUT.-COMMANDER  C.  D. 
SIGSBEE,  U.  S.  N.,  AND  COMMANDER  J.  R.  BARTLETT,  U.  S.  N., 
COMMANDING. 


[Published  by  Permission  of  Carlile  P  Patterson  and  J.  E.  Hilgard, 
Superintendents  of  the  U.  S.  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey.] 


XXIX.  — REPORT  ON  THE  MOLLUSCA. 

By   W.    IT.    DALL. 

PART  II— GASTROPODA  AND  SCAPHOPODA. 


With  Thirty-onb  Plates. 


CAMBRIDGE: 

PRINTED    FOR    THE    MUSEUM. 

Jcne,  1889. 

Reprinted  with  the  permission  of  the  original  publisher 

KRAUS  REPRINT  CORPORATION 

New  York 

1967 


5  -flA  -c 


Printed  in  U.S.A. 


Reports  on  the  Results  of  Dredging,  under  the  Supervision  of  Alex- 
ander Agassiz,  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  (1877-78)  and  in  the 
Caribbean  Sea  (1879-80),  by  the  U.  S.  Coast  Survey  Steamer 
"Blake"  Lieut.-Commander  C.  D.  Sigsbee,  U.  S.  N.,  and  Com- 
mander J.  E.  Bartlett,  U.  S.  N.,  Commanding. 

[Published  by  Permission  of  Caelile  P.  Patterson  and  J.  E.  Hilgard,  Super- 
intendents of  the  U.  S.  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey.] 

XXIX. 

Report  on  the   Mollusca,  by   W.   H.    Dall. — Part  II.  Gastropoda  and 

Scaphopoda. 

The  reader  of  this  Report,  for  various  details  as  to  its  origin,  progress, 
and  results,  is  referred  to  the  introductory  remarks  prefixed  to  Part  I. 
(Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool,  Vol.  XII.  No.  6,  pp.  171-186.)  His  attention 
is  especially  called  to  the  remarks  upon  nomenclature  (p.  175),  and  the 
acknowledgments  for  indebtedness  to  other  scientific  men  and  their 
publications. 

In  the  present  portion  of  the  Report,  the  material  offered  by  the 
Blake  Collection  has  been  materially  supplemented  by  the  southern 
dredgings  of  the  U.  S.  Fish  Commission  Steamer  "  Albatross,"  and  other 
material  collected  in  the  region  and  now  in  the  National  Museum.  It 
was  the  original  intention  of  the  writer  to  make  this  Report  a  summary 
to  date  of  deep-sea  research  and  fannal  exploration  of  the  geographical 
province  extending  from  Brazil  to  Cape  Hatteras.  But  the  material 
has  been  collected  so  rapidly,  and  the  study  of  it  leads  to  such  unex- 
pected conclusions,  in  many  cases,  that  it  has  been  impracticable  to  do 
this  for  all  the  families.  A  general  bathymetrical  review  may  be  at- 
tempted later ;  the  present  paper  contains  data  for  any  one  ambitious 
to  make  the  attempt  at  once,  but  the  writer  prefers  to  defer  it  until 
the  results  of  the  later  dredgings  of  the  Fish  Commission  and  of  the 
French  expeditions  are  at  hand,  to  be  combined  into  a  paper  which  shall 
represent  the  latest  information  on  the  subject. 

However,  in  the  following  Report  will  be  found  in  several  instances  a 
complete  though  brief  review  of  all   the  species  of  a  group  known  to 

VOL.  xviii.  1 


Z  BULLETIN   OF   THE 

inhabit  the  region  above  defined,  at  any  depth.  Especial  attention  has 
been  paid  to  an  enumeration  of  the  valid  species  of  our  southern  coasts, 
so  neglected  for  the  last  quarter  of  a  century.  But  in  families  or  gen- 
era comprising  a  large  multitude  of  species,  such  as  the  Pleurotomidae, 
this  has  been  impracticable,  and  has  not  been  attempted. 

The  Systematic  List  which  precedes  the  text,  while  it  enumerates 
those  species  which  are  new,  newly  named,  or  treated  of  at  length, 
whether  of  the  Blake  Collection  or  merely  illustrative  of  it,  does  not 
include  the  numerous  other  species  which  are  only  incidentally  referred 
to  or  enumerated  in  generic  summaries  of  the  southern  fauna. 

The  present  paper  includes  a  systematic  description  and  account  of 
the  Gastropods*  and  Scaphopods  comprised  in  the  Blake  Collection, 
(excepting  pelagic  species  which  float  on  the  surface,)  illustrated  by 
data  drawn  from  the  collections  of  the  U.  S.  Fish  Commission  made 
south  of  Cape  Hatteras.  In  the  course  of  this  account  the  nomencla- 
ture has  been  discussed  and  rectified  in  several  cases.  In  other  cases 
the  generic  names  and  arrangements  commonly  in  use  have  been 
adopted  as  they  are  found  in  the  text-books,  for  want  of  time  and  mate- 
rial to  revise  the  ordinary  classification  if  necessary.  Anatomical  de- 
tails have  been  supplied  whenever  the  material  was  available  and  the 
interest  of  the  subject  seemed  to  warrant  it.  These  details  will  be 
found,  as  in  Part  I,  under  the  heads  of  the  respective  genera  and  spe- 
cies. They  are  too  numerous  to  particularize.  Perhaps  those  of  most 
general  interest  relate  to  the  soft  parts  of  Pleurotomaria,  of  the  Volutidce 
of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  of  Pedicularia,  of  certain  forms  connected  with 
Cerithiopsis,  and  of  the  various  Limpets.  The  writer  has  been  handi- 
capped by  the  impossibility  of  getting  an  artist  competent  to  make 
suitable  drawings  from  the  magnified  camera  lucida  sketches  of  anat- 
omy, dentition,  etc.,  and  has  been  obliged  to  leave  unillustrated  many 
of  the  points  which  he  has  described  at  length  in  the  text.  It  has  been 
impossible,  with  his  official  engagements,  for  him  personally  to  elabo- 
rate these  drawings.  To  Dr.  J.  C.  McConnell  he  has  been  indebted  for 
admirable  renderings  of  the  shells,  as  heretofore. 

In  addition  to  the  acknowledgments  made  in  Part  T,  the  writer  de- 
sires to  .express  his  indebtedness  to  the  great  quarto  report  on  the 
Gastropoda  of  the  Challenger  Expedition,  by  the  Rev.  Robert  Boog- 
Watson ;  to  the  admirable  Manual  by  Dr.  Paul  Fischer,  recently  con- 
cluded ;  and  to  the  Manual  which  Mr.  George  W.  Tryon,  of  Philadelphia, 

*  The  few  Nudibranchs  collected  have  been  referred  to  Dr.  R.  Bergh,  who  will 
report  upon  them  separately. 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  3 

projected,  and  had  largely  carried   out  at  the   time  of  his   premature 
decease. 

In  the  course  of  this  Report  the  writer  has  freely  criticised  the  litera- 
ture which  he  was  required  to  consult,  not  with  any  desire  of  fault- 
finding, but  because  frank  and  free  criticism  is,  it  seems  to  him,  the 
most  desirable  way  of  getting  at  the  truth.  During  Mr.  Tryon's  life- 
time the  writer  felt  obliged  on  several  occasions  rather  sharply  to 
criticise '  the  execution  of  some  parts  of  that  gentleman's  Manual,  and 
it  gives  him  pleasure  to  say,  now  that  Death  has  intervened,  that  this 
criticism  never  interrupted  the  friendly  relations  which  mutually  ex- 
isted and  continued  to  exist.  Mr.  Tryon,  without  entering  into  contro- 
versy, took  steps  to  remedy  such  of  the  faults  as  he  felt  to  be  justly 
criticised,  and  a  comparison  of  the  later  volumes  of  the  Manual  with 
the  earlier  ones  will  sufficiently  illustrate  the  result.  The  work  is 
important,  and  almost  indispensable,  while  from  its  very  nature  it  is 
especially  liable  to  minor  inaccuracies.  For  this  reason  the  writer  has 
not  eliminated  any  of  the  criticisms  or  corrections  from  his  manuscript 
prepared  during  Mr.  Tryon's  lifetime,  and  which  now  is  printed.  He 
believes  that  his  friend  would  prefer  that  all  just  and  fair  corrections 
should  be  made,  and  that  the  science  to  which  he  was  thoroughly  de- 
voted should  thus  be  advanced.  Well  aware  that  he  himself  may  in 
turn  offer  a  fair  target  for  the  critic,  the  writer  invites  corrections  which 
may  suggest  themselves  to  other  malacologists. 

A  summary  of  the  numerical  results  of  this  investigation  into  the 
Antillean  and  Gulf  fauna  will  be  found  at  the  end  of  this  paper,  where 
it  is  placed  in  order  that  it  may  express  the  latest  and  most  accurate 
figures.  These  data  are,  as  every  one  knows,  liable  to  be  slightly 
modified  in  the  course  of  printing  and  proof-reading. 

In  this  Report  all  dimensions  are  given  in  millimeters  ;  all  tempera- 
tures are  bottom  temperatures,  and  expressed  in  degrees  Fahrenheit. 
The  measurements  of  a  shell  are  made  parallel  with  the  axis,  the  curve 
of  the  profile  not  being  taken  into  account.  The  term  longitudinal  in 
description  is  equivalent  to  spiral,  and  indicates  a  direction  parallel 
with  the  coil  of  the  whorl.  The  term  transverse  refers  to  sculpture 
crossing  the  whorls  in  general  parallelism  with  the  longitudinal  central 
axis  of  the  whole  shell.  The  nucleus  is  the  larval  shell,  be  the  same 
large  or  small.  The  apex  of  the  spire  is  considered  to  be  the  posterior, 
the  end  of  the  canal  to  be  the  anterior  end  of  the  shell,  and  all  terms 
indicating  direction  are  to  be  understood  in  harmony  with  this  defini- 
tion.    Right  and  left,  when  used,  are  used  as  if  the  animal  were  crawl- 


4  BULLETIN   OF  THE 

ing,  with  his  head  away  from  the  observer,  on  a  plane  at  right  angles  to 
the  line  of  sight. 

The  figures  after  the  references  to  the  plates  indicate  the  longest 
diameter  of  the  shell  in  the  position  in  which  it  is  figured,  whether  this 
be  height  or  diameter  actually,  unless  it  be  otherwise  stated.  As  a 
rule  "  alt."  is  prefixed  to  statements  of  dimension  which  refer  to  height 
of  the  spire,  and  "  lat."  or  "  diam."  to  the  measurements  taken  at  right 
angles  to  the  axis  of  the  spire. 

The  nomenclature  adopted  is  based  on  the  rules  of  the  British  Associa- 
tion, as  illustrated  by  the  Report  of  the  American  Association  in  1877, 
and  the  subsequent  contributions  of  De  Candolle  and  the  American 
Ornithologist's  Union.  I  have  not  seen  any  more  recent  discussions  of 
the  subject  which  go  far  enough  into  it  to  be  of  much  importance. 
Such  a  report  as  that  of  the  Bologna  Geological  Congress  is  so  inade- 
quate as  to  carry  no  weight ;  the  so-called  rules  being  essentially  su- 
perficial and  insufficient  to  meet  the  needs  of  the  conscientious  student 
of  nomenclature. 

The  relation  of  the  deep-sea  fauna  to  the  fauna  of  the  Tertiaries 
is  more  intimate  in  some  respects  than  that  of  the  Tertiaries  to 
the  recent  fauna  of  the  litorale.  A  number  of  genera  and  subordi- 
nate groups  hitherto  known  only  from  the  Tertiary  deposits  will  be 
found  enumerated  among  the  forms  collected  by  the  "  Blake "  and 
"  Albatross." 

The  Index  will  contain  references  to  the  species  mentioned  in  both 
Part  I  and  Part  II,  and  the  plates  are  continuously  numbered  in  the 
two  papers.  The  preliminary  descriptions  of  Bulletin  M.  C.  Z.,  Vol.  IX, 
No.  2,  1881,  which  are  not  reprinted,  were  provided  with  an  index  of 
their  own. 

For  the  student  interested  in  the  fauna  of  the  southern  coasts  of  the 
United  States,  this  report  will  contain  more  new  information  than  has 
appeared  in  any  single  publication  for  many  years.  The  writer  hopes 
that  it  may  stimulate  in  some  measure  the  interest  in  that  fauna  which 
its  richness,  its  possibility  of  novelties  to  come,  and  its  relations  with 
the  fauna  of  the  Antilles,  may  reasonably  lead  us  to  expect.  There  is  no 
department  of  biology  where  more  remains  to  be  done  than  among  the 
Mollusca,  and  it  is  in  the  power  of  any  good  observer,  whether  scientifi- 
cally trained  or  not,  to  add  to  the  sum  of  our  knowledge,  and  materially 
aid  in  the  reformation  of  the  present  unsatisfactory  systems. 

Washington,  D.  C,  June,  1888. 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY. 


SYSTEMATIC  LIST  OF  SPECIES. 


[Species  marked  with  an  asterisk  were  not  contained  in  the  Blake  Collection,  or  are 
referred  to  for  purposes  of  illustration,  etc.] 


Class   GASTROPODA. 
Subclass  ANISOPLEURA. 

Order   OPISTHOBRANCHIATA. 
Suborder  TECTIBRANCHIATA. 

Family  ACT^ONIDJE. 
Genus  ACTION  Montfoet. 

Actaeon  exilis  Jeffreys.* 
Actaeon  pusillus  Jeffreys. 
Actaeon  punctostriatus  Adams.* 
Actaeon  Cumingii  A.  Adams.* 
Actaeon  delicatus  Dall. 
Actaeon  melampoides  Dall. 
Actaeon  perforatus  Dall. 
Actaeon  Danaida  Dall. 
Actaeon  incisus  Dall. 

Genus  OVULACTJEON  Dall. 
Ovulactaeon  Meekii  Dall. 

Family  RINGICULID^. 

Genus  RINGICULA  Deshates. 

Section  RINGICULINA  Monterosato. 

Ringicula  nitida  Verrill. 
Ringicula  floiidana  Dall.* 
Ringicula  floridana  var.  Guppyi  Dall.* 


BULLETIN   OF   THE 

Family  TORNATINID^E. 

Genus  TORNATINA  A.  Adams. 

Subgenus  COLEOPHYSIS   Fischer. 
Coleophysis  perplicatus  Dall. 

Subgenus  CYLICHNELLA  Gabb. 
Cylichnella  bidentata  Orbigny. 

Genus  UTRICULUS  Brown. 

Utriculus  Mayoi  Dall.* 

Utriculus  Frielei  Dall. 

Utriculus  vortex  Dall. 

Utriculus  (vortex  var.  ?)  domitus  Dall. 

Utriculus  pervius  Dall.* 

Subgenus  RETUSA   (Brown)  Morch. 

Retusa  ovata  Jeffreys.* 
Retusa  obesiuscula  Brugnone.* 

Genus  VOLVULA  A.  Adams. 

Volvula  acuta  Orbigny. 
Volvula  oxytata  Busb.* 
Volvula  Bushii  Dall* 
Volvula  aspinosa  Dall.* 

Family   SCAPHANDRID^E. 

Genus  SCAPHANDER  Montfort. 

Scaphander  punctostriatus  Migbels,  var.  clavus  Dall. 
Scaphander  Watsoni  Dall. 

Subgenus  SABATIA  Bellardi. 
Sabatia  bathymophila  Dall. 

Genus  ATYS  Montfort. 
Atys  Sandersoni  Dall. 

Genus  CYLICHNA  Loven. 
Cylichna  Verrillii  Dall.* 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  7 


Family  BULLID^E. 

Genus  BULLA  Linne. 

Bulla?  eburnea  Dall. 
Bulla  occidentalis  A.  Adams. 
Bulla  abyssicola  Dall. 
Bulla  Krebsii  Dall. 
Bulla  clausa  Dall.* 

Genus  HAMINEA  Leach. 
Haminea  succinea  Conrad. 

Family  PHILLNID^E. 

Genus  PHILINE  Ascanias. 

Philine  infundibulum  Dall. 
Philine  planata  Dall. 
Philine  flexuosa  M.  Sars. 

Family  GASTROPTERIDtE. 

Genus  GASTROPTERON  Meckel. 
Gastropteron  sp.  indet. 

Family  UMBRACULID^. 

Genus  UMBRACULUM  Schumacher. 
Umbraculum  bermudense  Morch  ? 

Subgenus  HYALOPATINA  Dall. 
Hyalopatina  Rushii  Dall.* 

Super-Order    PROSOBRANCHIATA. 

Order  PECTINIBRANCHIATA. 

Super-Family  TOXOGLOSSA- 

Family  TEREBRID^E. 

Genus  TEREBRA  Lamarck. 
Section  EURYTA. 
Terebra  aciculata  Lamarck.* 


8  BULLETIN    OF   THE 

Section  HASTULA. 
Terebra  hastata  Gmelin.* 
Terebra  cinerea  Gmelin.* 

Section  SUBULA. 
Terebra  floridana  Dall.* 

Section  ACUS. 
Terebra  dislocata  Say.* 
Terebra  concava  Say.* 
Terebra  concava  var.  vinosa  Dall.* 
Terebra  protexta  Conrad.* 
Terebra  protexta  var.  lutescens  (Smith  ?)  Dall.* 
Terebra  nassuia  Dall. 
Terebra  limatula  Dall.* 
Terebra  limatula  var.  acrior  Dall. 
Terebra  benthalis  Dall. 
Terebra  Rushii  Dall.* 


Family  CONINE. 

Genus  CONUS  Linne. 

Conus  Mazei  Deshayes. 
Conus  cedonulli  Lamarck. 
Conus  proteus  Hwass. 
Conus  Pealei  Green.* 
Conus  Agassizii  Dall. 
Conus  Villepini  F.  &  B. 
Conus  daucus  Hwass. 
Conus  centurio  Born. 
Conus  flavescens  Gray. 
Conus  amphiurgus  Dall.* 

Family  PLEUROTOMID^E. 

Genus  PLEUROTOMA  Lamarck. 

Subgenus  PLEUROTOMA  s.  s. 

Pleurotoma  albida  Perry. 
Pleurotoma  albida  var.  tellea  Dall.* 
Pleurotoma  albida  var.  vibex  Dall. 
Pleurotoma  periscelida  Dall.* 

Subgenus  LEUCOSYRINX  Dall. 
Leucosyrinx  Verrillii  Dall. 
Leucosyrinx  Sigsbeei  Dall. 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY. 

Leucosyrinx  tenoceraa  Dall. 
Leucosyrinx  subgrundifera  Dall. 

Subgenus  ANCISTROSYRINX  Dall. 

Ancistrosyrinx  elegans  Dall. 
Ancistrosyrinx  radiata  Dall. 

Subgenus  GENOTA  Adams. 
Genota  mitrella  Dall. 

Section  DOLICHOTOMA  Bellardi. 
Genota  viabrunnea  Dall. 

Genus  DRILLIA  Gray. 
Drillia  ostrearum  Stearns. 
Drillia  Tryonii  Dall. 
Drillia  albicoma  Dall. 
Drillia  detecta  Dall. 
Drillia  alesidota  Dall.* 
Drillia  alesidota  var.  macilenta  Dall. 
Drillia  polytorta  Dall. 
Drillia  eucosmia  Dall. 
Drillia  eucosmia  var.  canna  Dall. 
Drillia  haliostrephis  Dall. 
Drillia  acestra  Dall. 
Drillia  pharcida  Dall.* 
Drillia  acrybia  Dall. 
Drillia  tristicha  Dall.* 
Drillia  ebur  Reeve. 
Drillia  fucata  Reeve.* 
Drillia  pagodula  Dall. 
Drillia  pagodula  var.  pentagonalis  Dall. 
Drillia  coccinata  Reeve. 
Drillia  thea  var.  carminura  Dall. 
Drillia  Simpsoni  Dall.* 
Drillia  lissotropis  Dall. 
Drillia  Dalli  Verrill. 
Drillia  Dalli  var.  acloneta  Dall. 
Drillia  Dalli  var.  cestrota  Dall. 
Drillia  nucleata  Dall. 
Drillia  Verrillii  Dall. 
Drillia  havanensis  Dall. 
Drillia  premorra  Dall. 
Drillia  oleacina  Dall. 
Drillia  smirna  Dall. 
Drillia  lithocolleta  Watson. 


10  BULLETIN   OF   THE 

Section  CYMATOSYRINX  Dall. 

Drillia  centimata  Dall. 
Drillia  eepynota  Dall.* 
Drillia  Moseri  Dall. 

Genus  BORSONIA  Bellardi. 

Subgenus  BORSONIA  s.  s. 
Borsonia  ceroplasta  Watson. 

Subgenus  CORDIERIA  Rouault. 
Cordieria  Rouaultii  Dall. 

Genus  MANGILIA  Risso. 

Subgenus  AFORIA  Dall. 

Aforia  circinata  Dall.* 
?  Aforia  hypomela  Dall.* 

Subgenus  CYTHARA  Schumacher. 
Cythara  Bartlettii  Dall. 
Cythara  cymella  Dall. 

Subgenus  DAPHNELLA  Hinds. 

Section  DAPHNELLA  s.  s. 
Daphnella  leucophlegma  Dall. 
Daphnella  corbicula  Dall. 
Daphnella  reticulosa  Dall. 
Daphnella  pompholyx  Dall. 
Daphnella  retifera  Dall.* 
Daphnella  morra  Dall. 
Daphnella  elata  Dall* 

Section  EUBELA  Dall. 
Daphnella  limacina,  Dall. 
Daphnella  calyx  Dall.* 
Daphnella  sofia  Dall. 
Daphnella  sofia  var.  hyperlissa  Dall.* 

Subgenus  GLYPHOSTOMA  Gabb. 

Glyphostoma  dentifera  Gabb. 
Glyphostoma  Gabbii  Dall. 
Glyphostoma  gratula  Dall. 
Glyphostoma  phalera  Dall.* 

Subgenus  MANGILIA  Risso  s.  s. 
Mangilia  caribaea  Orbigny. 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  11 

Mangilia  Lavalleana  Orbigny. 

Mangilia  atrostyla  Dall. 

Mangilia  quadrata  Reeve.* 

Mangilia  quadrata  var.  diminuta  Adams.* 

Mangilia  quadrata  var.  rugirima  Dall.* 

Mangilia  quadrata  var.  monocingulata  Dall. 

Mangilia  serga  Dall. 
?  Mangilia  halitropis  Dall. 
?  Mangilia  ipara  Dall. 
?  Mangilia  peripla  Dall. 
?  Mangilia  elusiva  Dall. 

Mangilia  bandella  Dall. 

Mangilia  antonia  Dall. 

Mangilia  comatotropis  Dall. 

Mangilia  scipio  Dall. 

Mangilia  pelagia  Dall. 
?  Mangilia  exaculpta  Watson. 
?  Mangilia  Pourtalesii  Dall. 
?  Mangilia  subsida  Dall. 

Mangilia  toreumata  Dall. 

Subgenus  PLEUROTOMELLA  Verrill. 
Pleurotomella  Packardi  Verrill.* 
Pleurotomella  Packardi  var.  formosa  Jeffreys. 
Pleurotomella  Packardi  var.  Benedicti  V.  &  S. 
Pleurotomella  leucomata  Dall. 

Pleurotomella  Agassizii  V.  &  S.  var.  mexicana  Dall.* 
Pleurotomella  Edgariana  Dall.* 
Pleurotomella  Emertonii  V.  &  S. 
Pleurotomella  chariessa  Watson. 
Pleurotomella  chariessa  var.  spica  Dall.* 
Pleurotomella  chariessa  var.  phalera  Dall.* 
Pleurotomella  chariessa  var.  tellea  Dall.* 
Pleurotomella  chariessa  var.  aresta  Dall* 
Pleurotomella  filifera  Dall. 
Pleurotomella  catasarca  Dall. 
Pleurotomella  hadria  Dall.* 

Section?  GYMNOBELA  Verrill. 

Pleurotomella  extensa  Dall. 
Pleurotomella  Blakeana  Dall. 
Pleurotomella  Blakeana  var.  agria  Dall. 
Pleurotomella  tornata  Verrill  var.  Malmii  Dall. 

Subgenus  TARANIS  Jeffreys. 
Taranis  cirrata  Brugnone.* 


12  BULLETIN   OF  THE 

Family  CANCELLARIID.E. 
Genus  CANCELLARIA  Lamarck. 

Subgenus  CANCELLARIA  s.  s. 

Cancellaria  reticulata  Linne. 
Cancellaria  venusta  Tuomey  &  Holmes.* 

Subgenus  TRIGONOSTOMA  Blainville. 

Trigonostoma  tenera  Pbilippi.* 
Trigonostoma  Smithii  DalL* 
Trigonostoma  Agassizii  Dall.* 
Trigonostoma?  microscopica  Dall.* 

Genus  BENTHOBIA  Dall. 
Benthobia  Tryoni  Dall.* 

Super-Family  RHACHIGLOSSA. 

Family  OLIVINE. 

Genus  OLIVA  Brugi£re. 

Oliva  reticularis  Lamarck. 
Oliva  literata  Lamarck. 

Genus  OLIVELLA  Swainson. 

Olivella  mutica  Say. 

Olivella  fuscocincta  Dall. 

Olivella  jaspidea  Gmelin. 

Olivella  jaspidea  var.  rotunda  Dall. 

Olivella  bullula  Reeve. 

Olivella  (bullula  var.  ?)  tubulata  Dall. 

Family  MARGINELLID^E. 

Genus  MARGINELLA  Lamarck. 

Marginella  apicina  Menke. 
Marginella  Watsoni  Dall. 
Marginella  amabilis  Red  field. 
Marginella  rostrata  Redfield. 
Marginella  cassis  Dall. 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  13 

Marginella  haematita  Kiener. 
Marginella  fusina  Dall. 
Marginella  yucatecana  Dall. 
Marginella  opalina  Stearns. 
Marginella  s  em  inula  Dall. 
Marginella  Redfieldii  Tryon. 
Marginella  fusca  Sowerby. 
Marginella  succinea  Conrad. 
Marginella  styria  Dall. 
Marginella  torticula  Dall. 

Subgenus  VOLVARINA  Hinds. 

Volvarina  avena  Val. 
Volvarina  avena  var.  guttula  Reeve. 
Volvarina  albolineata  Orbigny. 
Volvarina  subtriplicata  Orbigny. 
Volvarina  pallida  Donovan. 

Subgenus  VOLUTELLA  Swainson. 

Volutella  lacrimula  Gould. 
Volutella  hadria  Dall* 
Volutella  amianta  Dall.* 

Genus  PERSICULA  Schumacher. 
Persicula  catenata  Montagu. 

Subgenus  GIBBERULA  Swainson. 
Gibberula  minuta  Pfr. 


Family  VOLUTIDJE. 

Genus  VOLUTA  Linne. 

Voluta  musica  Linne.* 
Voluta  virescens  Solander.* 

Genus  SCAPHELLA  Swainson  (em.). 
Scaphella  junonia  Hwass. 

Subgenus  AURINIA  Adams. 

Aurinia  dubia  Broderip. 
Aurinia  robusta  Dall.* 
Aurinia  Gouldiana  Dall.* 


14  BULLETIN   OF   THE 

Family  MITRIDjE. 

Genus  MITRA  Lamarck. 

Mitra  Swainsoni  Broderip. 
Mitra  fulgurita  Reeve. 
Mitra  straminea  A.  Adams. 
Mitra  styria  Dull. 
Mitra  Deshayesii  Reeve  ? 
Mitra  Rushii  Dall. 
Mitra  trophonia  Dall. 
Mitra  Bairdii  Dall* 
Mitra  torticula  Dall. 

Subgenus  CONOMITRA  Conrad. 

Conomitra  Blakeana  Dall. 
Conomitra  Blakeana  var.  Imvior  Dall. 

Genus  MITROMORPHA  Adams. 
Mitromorpha  biplicata  Dall. 

Family  FASCIOLARIID.E. 

Subfamily  FUSING. 

Genus  FUSUS  Lamarck. 

Fusus  timessus  Dall.* 

Fusus  eucosmius  Dall. 

Fusus  Couei  Petit.* 

Fusus  distans  var.  closter  Philippi.* 

Fusus  halistreptus  Dall.* 

Fusus  benthalis  Dall. 

Fusus  amiantus  Dall. 

Fusus  aepynotus  Dall. 

Fusus  alcimus  Dall. 

Fusus  alcimus  var.  Rushii  Dall.* 

Fusus  ceramidus  Dall. 

Fusus  amphiurgus  Dall. 

Subfamily  FASCIOLARIIN^. 

Genus  FASCIOLARIA  Lamarck. 
Fasciolaria  distans  Lamarck. 

Subgenus  MESORHYTIS  Meek. 
Mesorhytis  Meekiana  Dall. 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  15 

Genus  MAZZALINA  Conrad, 
Mazzalina  pyrula  Conrad.* 

Genus  LIOCHLAMYS  Dall. 
Liochlamys  bulbosa  Heilprin.* 

Genus  LATIKUS  Montfort. 
Latirus  cingulifera  Lamarck.* 

Family  BUCCINID^E. 

Subfamily  CHRYSODOMIN.E. 

Genus  CHRYSOD03IUS  Swainson. 

Subgenus  SIPHO  Morch. 

Sipho  Rushii  Dall.* 
Sipho  globulus  Dall.* 

Genus  LIOMESUS  Stimpson. 
Liomesus  Stimpsoni  Dall.* 

Subfamily  BUCCININ.E. 

Genus  PISANIA  Bivona. 

Subgenus  TRITONIDEA  Swainson. 
Tritonidea  limbata  Philippi.* 

Genus  PHOS  Montfort. 

Phos  unicinctus  Say.* 
Phos  Beaui  F.  &  B. 
Phos  Candei  Orbigny. 
Phos  parvus  C.  B.  Adams* 
Phos  parvus  var.  intricatus  Dall.* 

Genus  NASSARIA  Link. 

Subgenus  NASSARINA  Dall. 

Nassarina  glypta  Bush.* 
Nassarina  Bushii  Dall. 
Nassarina  columbellata  Dall.* 
Nassarina  Grayi  Dall. 


16  BULLETIN   OF   THE 

Family  NASSID^E. 

Genus  NASSA  Lamabck. 

Nassa  ambigua  Montagu. 

Nassa  consensa  Ravenel. 

Nassa  Hotessieri  Orbigny. 

Nassa  scissurata  Dall. 

Nassa  scissurata  var.  jpernitida  Dall. 

Family  COLUMBELLIDtE. 
Genus   COLUMBELLA  Lamarck. 

Columbella  rusticoides  Heilprin.* 
Columbella  mercatoria  Lamarck. 

Subgenus  EUPLICA  Dall. 
Euplica  turturina  Duclos.* 

Subgenus  ANACHIS  H.  &  A.  Adams. 
Anachis  avara  Say.* 
Anachis  avara  var.  semiplicata  Stearns.* 
Anachis  avara  var.  translirata  Ravenel* 
Anachis  avara  var.  siviilis  Ravenel.* 
Anachis  catenata  Sowerby. 
Anachis  haliaeti  Jeffreys.* 
Anachis  albella  C.  B.  Adams.* 
Anachis  albella  var.  samanensis  Dall.* 
Anachis  pulchella  Kiener* 
Anachis  obesa  C.  B.  Adams. 
Anachis  obesa  var.  ostreicola  Melvill.* 
Anachis  Hotessieriana  Orbigny.* 
Anachis  amphissella  Dall. 

Subgenus  NITIDELLA  Swainson. 

Nitidella  nitidula  Sowerby .* 

Nitidella  moleculina  Duclos  var.  dicomata  Dall.* 

Subgenus  ASTYRIS  Adams. 

Astyris  lunata  Say.* 
Astyris  Raveneli  Dall.* 
Astyris  multilineata  Dall  * 
Astyris  rosacea  Gould.* 
Astyris  fusiformis  Orbigny.* 

January  2,  1889. 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  17 

Astyris  diaphana  Verrill. 

Astyris  profundi  Dall. 

Astyris  Verrillii  Dall. 

Astyris  Verrillii  var.  strix  Watson.* 

Astyris  Saintpairiana  Caillet. 

Astyris  Duclosiana  Orbigny. 

Subgenus  iESOPUS  GOULD. 

JEsopus  Stearnsii  Tryon.* 
JEsopus  Metcalfei  Reeve.* 


Family  MURICID^E. 

Subfamily  MURICIN^. 

Genus  MUREX  Linne. 

Subgenus  MUREX  s.  S. 
Murex  Beaui  F.  &  B. 
Murex  Cabritii  Bernardi. 
Murex  elegans  Beck. 
Murex  messorius  Sowerby. 
Murex  nodatus  Reeve. 
Murex  Cailleti  Petit. 

Subgenus  CHICOREUS  Montfort. 
Chicoreus  Hidalgoi  Crosse. 

Subgenus  PHYLLONOTUS  Swainson. 
Phyllonotus  fulvescens  Sowerby.* 
Phyllonotus  pomum  Gmelin. 
Phyllonotus  interserratus  Sowerby. 
Phyllonotus  Pazi  Crosse. 
Phyllonotus  hystricinus  Dall. 

Subgenus  PTERONOTUS  Swainson. 
Pteronotus  macropterus  Deshayes.* 
Pteronotus  phaneus  Dall.* 
Pteronotus  tristichus  Dall. 

Genus  EUPLEURA  H.  &  A.  Adams. 

Eupleura  caudata  Say.* 
Eupleura  Stimpsonii  Dall. 
VOL.  xviii.  2 


18  BULLETIN   OF  THE 

Genus  TROPHON  Montfort. 

Subgenus  BOREOTROPHON  Fischer. 

Boreotrophon  Dalli  Kobelt.* 

Boreotrophon  (aculeatua  Watson  var.?)  lacunella  Dall. 

Boreotrophon  ?  actinophorus  Dall. 

Subgenus  ASPELLA  Morch. 

Aspella  anceps  Lamarck.* 

Aspella  has  tula  Reeve.* 

Aspella  scalarioides  Blainville.* 

Aspella  scalarioides  var.  obeliscus  A.  Adams.* 

Aspella  scalarioides  var.  patiperculus  C.  B.  Adams.* 

Genus  OCINEBKA  Leach. 
Subgenus  FAVARTIA  Fischer. 

Favartia  cellulosa  Conrad. 

Favartia  levicula  Dall.* 

Favartia  intermedia  C.  B.  Adams.* 

Genus  MURICIDEA  (Swainson)  Morch. 

Muricidea  hexagona  Lamarck. 
Muricidea  floridana  Conrad.* 
Muricidea  multangula  Philippi.* 
Muricidea  Philippiana  Dall.* 

Genus  UROSALPINX  Stimpson. 

TJrosalpinx  cinereus  Say.* 
TJrosalpinx  tampaensis  Conrad.* 
TJrosalpinx  perrugatus  Conrad.* 
TJrosalpinx  ?  carolinensis  Verrill.* 
TJrosalpinx  ?  macra  Verrill.* 

Genus  TYPHIS  Montfort. 

Section  TYPHIS  s.  s. 
Typhis  floridanus  Dall.* 

Section  TRUBATSA  Dall. 
Typhis  longicornis  Dall. 

Subfamily  PURPURI1SM3. 

Genus  SISTRUM  Montfort. 

Subgenus  SISTRUM  s.  s. 
Siatrum  ferrugineum  Reeve  var.  rubidum  Dall.* 


MUSEUM  OF  COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY.  19 

Subfamily  CORALLIOPHILIN.E. 

Genus  CORALLIOPHILA  H.  &  A.  Adams. 

Coralliophila  Deburghiee  Reeve. 
Coralliophila  bracteata  Brocchi.* 
Coralliophila  galea  Chemnitz.* 
Coralliophila  lactuca  Dall. 

Super-Family  T^SNIOGLOSSA. 
Family  TRITONIID^E. 

Genus  DISTORTRIX  Link. 

Distortrix  reticulata  Link. 

Distortrix  reticulata  var.  clathrata  Bolten. 

Distortrix  reticulata  var.  reticulata  Link. 

Genus  GYRINEUM  Link. 

Gyrineum  affine  Broderip. 

Gyrineum  affine  var.  cubanianum  Orbigny. 

Genus  TRITONIUM  Link. 

Subgenus  COLUBRARIA  Schumacher. 
Colubraria  lanceolata  Menke. 
Colubraria  Swiftii  Tryon. 

Subgenus  RANULARIA  Schumacher. 
Ranularia  tuberosa  Lamarck.* 

Subgenus  LAMPUSIA  Schumacher. 
Lampusia  chlorostoma  Lamarck. 
Lampusia  pileare  Lamarck.* 
Lampusia  gracile  Reeve. 
Lampusia  pharcida  Dall. 

Family  OOCORITID^E. 

Genus  OOCORYS  Fischer. 
Section  OOCORYS  s.  s. 
Oocorys  sulcata  Fischer. 

Section?  BENTHODOLIUM  Dall. 
Oocorys  abyssorum  (V.  &  S.)  DalL* 


20  BULLETIN   OF  THE 


Family 


Genus  DALIUM  Dall. 

Daiium  solidum  Dull. 

Family  CASSIDID^E. 

Genus  CASSIS  Lamarck. 

Cassis  inflata  Shaw. 

Genus  GALEODEA  Link. 
Galeodea  Coronadoi  Crosse.* 

Genus  LAMBIDIUM  Link. 
Lambidium  oniscus  Linne.* 

Genus  ONISCIDIA  Swainson. 
Oniscidia  Dennisoni  Reeve.* 

Genus  SCONSIA  Gray. 
Sconsia  striata  Lamarck.* 

Family  DOLIIMI. 
Genus  DOLIUM  Lamarck. 

Subgenus  EUDOLIUM  Dall. 

Eudolium  Crosseanum  Monterosato. 
Eudolium  Verrillii  Dall.* 

Family  AMPHIPERASIDjE. 

Genus  AMPHIPERAS  Gronovics. 

Subgenus  SIMNIA  Rrsso. 

Simnia  acicularis  Lamarck. 
Simnia  piragua  Dall.* 

Section  NEOSIMNIA  Fischer. 
Simnia  intermedia  Sowerby. 
Simnia  uniplicata  Sowerby. 
Simnia  aureocincta  Dall. 

Genus  PEDICULARIA  Swainson. 
Pedicularia  decussata  Gould. 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  21 

Family  CYPRJEID^. 

Genus  CYPR^EA  Linne. 
Cyprsea  cinerea  Gmelin. 

Genus  TRIVIA  Gray. 

Trivia  pediculus  Linne.* 

Trivia  suffusa  Gray. 

Trivia  subrostrata  Gray. 

Trivia  nivea  Gray. 

Trivia  candidula  Gaskoin. 

Trivia  globosa  Gray. 

Trivia  quadripunctata  Gray  var.  rotunda  Kiener. 

Genus  ERATO  Risso. 
Erato  Maugeriae  Gray.* 

Family  TRIFORIDjE. 
Genus  TRIFORIS  Deshayes. 

Section  TRIFORIS  8.  s. 
Triforia  lilacina  Dall.* 

Section  MASTONIA  Hinds. 

(Subsection  A,  apex  acute.) 
Triforis  perversa  Linne  var.  nigrocindum  Adams. 
Triforis  decorata  Adams  var.  olivacea  Dall.* 

(Subsection  B,  apex  mammillary.) 
Triforis  turristhomae  Orbigny. 

Section  INELLA  Bayle. 
Triforis  longissima  Dall. 
Triforis  triserialis  Dall. 
Triforis  triserialis  var.  aspera  Jeffreys.* 
Triforis  triserialis  var.  intermedia  Dall. 
Triforis  sarissa  Dall. 
Triforis  colon  Dall. 
Triforis  Rushii  Dall* 

Section  SYCHAR  Hinds. 
Triforis  samanae  Dall.* 
Triforis  bigemma  Watson. 


22  BULLETIN   OF  THE 

Triforis  (bigemma  var.  1)  hircus  Dall. 
Triforis  abrupta  Dall. 
Triforis  torticula  Dall. 
Triforis  inflata  Watson. 
Triforis  inflata  var.  ibex  Dall. 
Triforis  inflata  var.  filata  Dall. 
Triforis  cylindrella  Dall. 


Family  CERITHIOPSID.&. 

Genus  SEILA  A.  Adams. 
Seila  terebralis  C.  B.  Adams.* 

Genus  CERITHIOPSIS  Forbes  &  Hanley. 
Section  EUMETA  Morch. 
Cerithiopsis  subulata  Montagu. 

Section  CERITHIOPSIS  s.  s. 

Cerithiopsis  crystallina  Dall. 
Cerithiopsis  Sigsbeana  Dall. 
Cerithiopsis  ma  tar  a  Dall. 
Cerithiopsis  Martensii  Dall. 
Cerithiopsis  acontium  Dall. 

Section  METAXIA  Monterosato. 

Cerithiopsis  metaxee  Delia  Chiaje. 
Cerithiopsis  metaxce  var.  tceniolata  Dall.* 
Cerithiopsis  abrupta  Watson. 

Family  CERITHIID^E. 

Genus  BITTIUM  Leach. 
Bittium  alternatum  Say. 

Section  DIASTOMA  Deshayes. 
Bittium  varium  Pfeiffer.* 

Genus  ALABA  A.  Adams. 

Alaba  tervaricosa  C.  B.  Adams.* 
Alaba  Adamsii  Dall.* 
Alaba  cerithidioides  Dall.* 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY.  23 

Family  VERMETID^. 
Genus  SILIQUARIA  Lamarck. 
Siliquaria  squamata  Blainville. 
Siliquaria  modesta  Dull. 

Genus  VERMICULARIA  Lamarck. 
Vermicularia  lumbricalis  Linne. 
Vermicularia  ?  nigricans  Dall. 

Genus  VERMETUS  (Adanson)  Morch. 
Section  PETALOCONCHUS  Lea. 
Vermetus  erectus  Dall. 

Genus  BIVONIA  Gray. 
Bivonia?  exserta  Dall. 

Family  TURRITELLID^. 

Genus  TURRITELLA  Lamarck. 

Section  TORCULA  Gray. 
Turritella  exoleta  Linne. 
Turritella  acropora  Dall. 

Section  HAUSTATOR  Montfort. 
Turritella  imbricata  Linne.* 

Family  MATHILDIID^E. 

Genus  MATHILDA  Semper. 

Mathilda  yucatecana  Dall. 

Mathilda  (elegantissima  var.  ?)  barbadense  Dall. 

Mathilda  Rushii  Dall.* 

Mathilda  scitula  Dall.* 

Subgenus  GEGANIA  Jeffreys. 
Qegania  Jeffrey  si  Dall.* 

Family  SEGUENZIIM:. 

Genus  SEGUENZIA  Jeffreys. 

Seguenzia  ionica  Watson. 
Seguenzia  monocingulata  Seguenza. 


24  BULLETIN   OF  THE 

Family  TRICHOTROPIDJE. 

Genus  TRICHOTROPIS  Sowerby. 

Subgenus  MESOSTOMA  Deshayes. 
Mesostoma  migrans  Dall. 

Genus?  DOLOPHANES  Gabb. 

Dolophanes  Gabbi  Dall. 
Dolophanes  columbella  Dall. 

Family  FOSSARID^E. 
Genus  FOSSARUS  Philippi. 

Subgenus  GOTTOINA  A.  Adams. 

Gottoina  bella  Dall. 
Gottoina  compacta  Dall. 

Family  SOLARIIDjE. 

Genus  FLUXINA  Dall. 
Fluxina  brunnea  Dall. 
Fluxina  discula  Dall. 

Genus  SOLARIUM  Lamarck. 
Solarium  granulatum  Lamarck. 
Solarium  peracutum  Dall. 
Solarium  Sigsbeei  Dall. 

Genus  OMALAXIS  Deshayes. 

Omalaxis  nobilis  Verrill. 

Family?  ADEORBID^E. 
Genus  SEPARATISTA  Gray. 
Section  HALOCERAS  Dall. 
Separatista  cingulata  Verrill.* 

Genus  ADEORBIS  Wood. 
Adeorbis  supranitidua  Wood. 
Adeorbis  supranitidua  var.  Orbignyi  Fischer. 

Subgenus  CLATHRELLA  Recluz. 
Clathrella  naticoidea  Dall.* 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY.  25 

Family  RISSOID^. 

Genus  RISSOA  Freminville. 
Rissoa  precipitata  Dall. 
Risaoa  acuticostata  Dall. 

Genus  RISSOINA  Orbignt. 
Rissoina  laevigata  C.  B.  Adams. 
Rissoina  albida  C.  B.  Adams. 
Rissoina  decussata  Montagu.* 
Rissoina  Chesnelii  Michaud. 

Genus  BENTHONELLA  Dall. 
Benthonella  gaza  Dall.* 
Benthonella  Fischeri  Dall* 
Benthonella  nisonis  Dall.* 

Family  CALYPTR^EID^E. 

Genus  MITRULARIA  Schumacher. 
Mitrularia  equestris  Linne. 

Genus  CRUCIBULUM  Schumacher. 
Crucibulum  auricula  Gmelin. 

Section  DISPOT^EA  Say. 
Crucibulum  striatum  Say. 

Genus  CALYPTR^EA  Lamarck. 
Calyptraea  Candeana  Orbigny. 

Genus  CREPIDULA  Lamarck. 
Section  J  AN  AC  US  Morch. 
Crepidula  protea  Orbigny. 

Section  SANDALIUM  Schumacher. 
Crepidula  aculeata  Gmelin. 

Family  CAPULID^. 
Genus  CAPULUS  Montfort. 

Section  KREBSIA  Morch. 
Capulus  intortus  Lamarck. 

Section  HYALORISIA  Dall. 
Capulus  galea  Dall. 


26  BULLETIN   OF  THE 

Family  AMALTHEID^. 

Genus  AMALTHEA  Schumacher. 
Amalthea  benthophila  Dall. 

Family  XENOPHORID^. 

Genus  XENOPHORA  G.  Fischeb. 
Section  XENOPHORA  s.  8. 
Xenophora  conchyliophora  Born. 

Section  TUGURIUM  P.  Fischer. 
Xenophora  caribaea  Petit. 

Family  NATICID^E. 

Genus  NATICA  Lamarck. 
Section  COCHLIS  Morch. 
Natica  maroccana  Dillwyn.* 
Natica  livida  Pfr. 

Section  NATICA  s.  s. 
Natica  canrena  Lamarck.* 
Natica  castrensis  Dall. 
Natica  perlineata  Dall. 

Subgenus  NEVEMTA  Risso. 
Section  PAYRAUDEAUTIA  B.  D.  &  D. 
Neverita  nubila  Dall. 

Subgenus  LUNATIA  Gray. 

Lunatia  tenuis  Recluz. 
Lunatia  leptalea  Watson. 
Lunatia  fringilla  Dall. 
Lunatia  fringilla  var.  perla  Dall. 

Subgenus  POLYNICES  Montfort. 
Polynices  uberina  Orbigny. 

Genus  SIGARETUS  Lamarck. 
Sigaretus  minor  Dall. 

Subgenus  EUNATICINA  Fischer. 
Eunaticina  carolinensis  Dall.* 

Genus  GYRODES  Conrad. 
Gyrodes  depressa  Seguenza.* 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPAKATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  27 


Family  LAMELLARIIDvE. 


Genus  LAMELL.ARIA  Montagu. 
Lamellaria  Rangii  Bergh.* 


Super-Family  PTENOGLOSSA. 

Family  SCALID^E. 
Genus  SCALA  (Humphrey)  Auctoeum. 

Scala  lineata  Say.* 

Scala  Sayana  Dall.* 

Scala  costulata  Mighels.* 

Scala  multistriata  Say.* 

Scala  scipio  Dall.* 

Scala  apiculata  Dall.* 

Scala  modesta  C.  B.  Adams.* 

Scala  permodesta  Dall.* 

Scala  clathrua  Linne.* 

Scala  babylonia  Dall.* 

Scala  retifera  Dall.* 

Scala  Frielei  Dall.* 

Scala  Rushii  Dall.* 

Scala  Rushii  var.  stylina  Dall.* 

Scala  sericifila  Dall.* 

Scala  nitidella  Dall.* 

Scala  muscapedia  Dall.* 

Scala  eburnea  Potiez  &  Michaud.* 

Scala  Dalliana  Verrill  &  Smith.* 

Scala  Dunkeriana  Dall.* 

Scala  pernobilis  Fischer  &  Bernardi. 

Scala  belaurita  Dall. 

Scala  centiquadra  Morch. 

Scala  Pourtalesii  Verrill  &  Smith. 

Scala  Krebsii  Morch. 

Scala  contorquata  Dall. 

Scala  uncinaticosta  Orbigny. 

Scala  polacia  Dall. 

Scala  formosissima  Jeffreys. 

Scala  hellenica  Jeffreys. 

Scala  hellenica  var.  pumilio  Morch. 

Scala  hellenica  var.  scceva  Morch. 

Scala  hellenica  var.  nodosocarinata  Dall. 

Scala  hellenica  var.  Leeana  Verrill. 


28  BULLETIN   OF   THE 

Scala  hellenica  var.  Morchiana  Dall. 
Scala  hellenica  var.  bicarinata  Sowerby. 
Scala  aurifila  Dall. 
Scala  concava  Dall. 
Scala  discobolaria  Dall. 

Genus  ACLIS  Lov£n. 
Aclis  lata  Dall. 
Aclis  egregia  Dall. 
Aclis  nucleata  Dall. 

Super-Family  GYMNOGLOSSA, 

Family  EULIMID^E. 

Genus  EULIMA  Risso. 

Section  EULIMA  s.  s. 
Bulima  intermedia  Cantraine. 
Eulima  jamaicensis  C.  B.  Adams. 

Section  MELANELLA  Bowdich. 

Eulima  arcuata  C.  B.  Adams. 
Eulima  elongata  Dautzenberg. 

Subgenus  LEIOSTRACA  H.  &  A.  Adams. 

Leiostraca  acuta  Sowerby. 
Leiostraca  fusus  Dall. 

Genus  NISO  Risso. 
Niso  splendidula  Sowerby.* 
Niso  interrupta  Sowerby.* 
Niso  interrupta  var.  albida  Dall. 
Niso  interrupta  var.  tricolor  Dall. 
Niso  interrupta  var.  ceglees  Bush.* 
Niso  interrupta  var.  circinata  Dall. 
Niso  Willcoxiana  Dall.* 

Family  PYRAMIDELLIDjE. 

Genus  PYRAMIDELLA  Lamarck. 
Section  LONCH^EUS  Morch. 
Pyramidella  crenulata  Holmes.* 
Pyramidella  Candida  Morch. 
Pyramidella  auricoma  Dall.* 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY.  29 

Section  PHARCIDELLA  Dall. 
Pyramidella  Folinii  Dall. 

Section  TIBERIA  Jeffreys. 
Pyramidella  nitidula  A.  Adams. 

Section  PYRAMIDELLA  8.  8. 
Pyramidella  dolabrata  Linne. 

Genus  TURBONILLA  Risso. 

Turbonilla  belotheca  Dall. 

Turbonilla  flavocincta  C.  B.  Adams. 

Turbonilla  interrupta  Totten  var.  fulvocincta  Jeffreys. 

Turbonilla  curta  Dall. 

Turbonilla  pusilla  C.  B.  Adams. 

Subgenus  EULIMELLA  Forbes. 
Eulimella  unifasciata  Forbes. 

Section  STYLOPSIS  A.  Adams. 
Eulimella  resticula  Dall.* 

Subgenus  CARELIOPSIS  Morch. 
Careliopsis  styliformis  Morch.* 

Genus  SYRNOLA  A.  Adams. 

Subgenus  OSCILLA  A.  Adams. 
Oscilla  nivea  Morch.* 

?  Genus  PERISTICHIA  Dall. 

Peristichia  toreta  Dall.* 
Peristichia  agria  Dall.* 

Order  SCUTLT3RANCHIATA. 

Sub-Order  RHIPHIDOGLOSSA. 

Super-Family  SCHISMATOBRANCHIA. 

Family  SCUTELLINID^E. 

Genus  SCUTELLINA  Gray. 
Scutellina  antillarum  Shuttleworth.* 


30  BULLETIN   OF  THE 

Family  ADDISONIID^E. 

Genus  ADDISONIA  Dall. 
Addisonia  lateralis  Requien  var.  paradom  Dall.* 

Family  COCCULINIM:. 

Genus  COCCULINA  Dall. 

Section  COCCULINA  Dall  s.  b. 
Cocculina  Rathbuni  Dall. 
Cocculina  Beanii  Dall. 

Section  COCCOPYGIA  Dall. 
Cocculina  spinigera  Jeffreys.* 

Family  PHASIANELLID^E. 

Genus  PHASIANELLA  Lamarck. 

Section  EUCOSMIA  Carpenter. 
Phasianella  brevis  Orbigny. 

Family  TURBINIDtE. 

Genus  LEPTOTHYRA  Carpenter. 
Leptothyra  induta  Watson. 
Leptothyra  induta  var.  tincta  Dall. 
Leptothyra  induta  var.  insculpta  Dall. 
Leptothyra  induta  var.  albida  Dall. 
Leptothyra  Philipiana  Dall. 
Leptothyra  Linnei  Dall. 
Leptothyra  Linnei  var.  limata  Dall. 

Family  TROCHID^. 

Genus  GAZA  Watson. 

Gaza  superba  Dall. 
Gaza  Fischeri  Dall. 

Subgenus  CALLOGAZA  Dall. 
Callogaza  Watsoni  Dall. 

Subgenus  MICROGAZA  Dall. 
Microgaza  rotella  Dall. 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  31 

Genus  UMBONIUM  Link. 
Umbonium  Bairdii  Dull. 

Genus  TEINOSTOMA  Adams. 

Subgenus  ETHALIA  H.  &  A.  Adams. 

Ethalia  reclusa  Dall. 
Ethalia  suppressa  Dall.* 
Ethalia  solida  Dall. 

Subgenus  DILLWYNELLA  Dall. 
Dillwynella  modesta  Dall. 

?  Subgenus  COCHLIOLEPIS  Stimpson. 
Cochliolepis  parasitica  Stimpson.* 
Cochliolepis  striata  Dall.* 

Genus  CALLIOSTOMA  Swainson. 

Section  CALLIOSTOMA  s.  s. 
Calliostoma  euglyptum  Adams. 
Calliostoma  Bairdii  Verrill  &  Smith. 
Calliostoma  Bairdii  var.  Psyche  Dall. 
Calliostoma  circumcinctum  Dall. 
Calliostoma  echinatum  Dall. 
Calliostoma  sapidum  Dall. 
Calliostoma  tiara  Watson. 
Calliostoma  corbis  Dall. 
Calliostoma  roseolum  Dall. 
Calliostoma  apicinum  Dall. 
Calliostoma  aurora  Dall. 
Calliostoma  orion  Dall. 

Section  EUCASTA  Dall. 
Calliostoma  indiana  Dall. 

Section  EUTROCHUS  A.  Adams. 
Calliostoma  jujubinum  Gmelin. 
Calliostoma  jujubinum  var.  tampaensis  Conrad. 
Calliostoma  jujubinum  var.  Rawsoni  Dall.* 
Calliostoma  yucatecanum  Dall. 
Calliostoma  Sayanum  Dall.* 
Calliostoma  Benedicti  Dall.* 
Calliostoma  cinctellum  Dall. 
Calliostoma  asperrimum  Dall. 
Calliostoma  asperrimum  var.  dentiferum  Dall. 
Calliostoma  asperrimum  var.  serifilatum  Dall. 


32  BULLETIN   OF  THE 

Genus  MARGARITA  Leach. 
Section  MARGARITA  s.  s. 

Margarita  erythrocoma  Dall. 

Margarita  erythrocoma  var.  samance  Dall.* 

Section  TURCICULA  Dall. 
Margarita  imperialis  Dall. 

Section  BAtTIYMOPHILA  Dall. 
Margarita  euspira  Dall. 

Subgenus  SOLARIELLA  A.  Adams. 

Solariella  amabilis  Jeffreys. 
Solariella  lamellosa  Verrill  &  Smith. 
Solariella  scabriuscula  Dall. 
Solariella  aegleis  Watson. 
Solariella  aegleis  var.  lata  Dall. 
Solariella  aegleis  var.  rhina  Watson. 
Solariella  aegleis  var.  clavata  Watson. 
Solariella  infundibulum  Watson. 
Solariella  Ottoi  Philippi. 
Solariella  lissocona  Dall. 
Solariella  lacunella  Dall. 
Solariella  lacunella  var.  depressa  Dall. 
Solariella  iris  Dall. 
Solariella  lubrica  Dall. 
Solariella  lubrica  var.  iridea  Dall.* 

Genus  EUCHELUS  Philippi. 

Euchelus  guttarosea  Dall. 

Genus  BASILISSA  Watson. 

Section  BASILISSA  s.  s. 

Basilissa  alta  Watson. 
Basilissa  alta  var,  delicahda  Dall. 

?  Section  ANCISTROBASIS  Dall. 
Basilissa  costulata  Watson. 

Family  DELPHINULIDiE. 

Genus  LIOTIA  Gray. 

Section  ARENE  H.  &  A.  Adams. 

Liotia  Briareus  Dall. 
Liotia  Briareus  var.  perforata  Dall. 
January  6,  1889. 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY.  33 

Liotia  Briareus  var.  aspina  Dall. 

Liotia  Bairdii  Dall. 

Liotia  Bairdii  var.  trullata  Dall. 

Liotia  tricarinata  Steams. 

Liotia  miniata  Dall. 

Liotia  variabilis  Dall. 

Subgenus  LIPPISTES  Montfort. 
Lippistes  acrilla  Dall.* 
Lippistes  amabilis  Dall. 


Family  CYCLOSTREMATLLXE. 

Genus  VITRINELLA  C.  B.  Adams. 

Vitrinella  Holmesii  Dall* 
Vitrinella  multicarinata  Dall  * 

Genus  CYCLOSTREMA  Marryat. 
Cyclostrema  turbinum  Dall. 
Cyclostrema  pompholyx  Dall. 
Cyclostrema  cistronium  Dall* 
Cyclostrema  granulum  Dall* 

Section  GRANIGYRA  Dall. 
Cyclostrema  limatum  Dall. 


Super-Family  DICRANOBRANCHIA. 

Family  HALIOTID^. 

Genus  HALIOTIS  Linne. 
Haliotis  Pourtalesii  Dall. 

Family  SCISSURELLID^. 

Genus  SCISSURELLA  Orbigny. 

Section  SCHIZOTROCHUS  Monterosato. 
Scissurella  crispata  Fleming.* 

Section  SCISSURELLA  s.  s. 
Scissurella  alta  Watson. 
vol.  xviii.  3 


34  BULLETIN   OF  THE 

Family  PLEUROTOMARIID^. 

Genus  PLEUROTOMARIA  J.  Sowerby. 

Section  PEROTROCHUS  Fischeb. 
Pleurotomaria  Quoyana  Fischer  &  Bernardi. 

Section  ENTEMNOTROCHUS  Fischeb. 
Pleurotomaria  Adansouiana  Crosse  &  Fischer. 

Family  FISSURELLID^. 

Genus  PUNCTURELLA  Lowe. 

Subgenus  PUNCTURELLA  s.  s. 
Puncturella  circularis  Dall. 
Puncturella  trifolium  Dall. 
Puncturella  Watsoni  Dall. 

Subgenus  FISSUEISEPTA  Sequenza. 
Fissurisepta  triangulata  Dall.* 

Subgenus  CRANOPSIS  A.  Adams. 

Cranopsis  asturiana  Fischer. 
Cranopsia?  erecta  Dall.* 

Genus  EMARGINULA  Lamabck. 

Subgenus  RIMULA  Defrance. 

Rimula  frenulata  Dall.* 

Subgenus  EMARGINULA  s.  8. 

Emarginula  cancellata  Philippi. 
Emarginula  compressa  Cantraine. 

Subgenus  SUBEMARGINULA  Blainville. 
Subemarginula  octoradiata  Gmelin. 

Genus  FISSURELLA  Brugiere. 
Section  CRKMIDES  H.  &  A.  Adams. 
Fissurella  alternata  Say. 

Subgenus  GLYPHIS  Carpenter. 
Glyphis  fluviana  Dall. 

Genus  FISSURELLIDEA  Orbignt. 
Fissurellid.  .  ','u  atula  Reeve. 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  35 

Suborder  DOCOGLOSSA. 

Super-Family  PROTEOBRANCHIA. 

Family  ACMtEID^E. 

Genus  PECTINODONTA  Dall. 
Pectinodouta  arcuata  Dall. 

Super-Family  ABRANCHIA. 
Family  ? 

Genus  PROPILIDIUM  Forbes  &  Hanley. 
Propilidium  ancyloide  Forbes  &  Hanley.* 

Genus  LEPETELLA  Verrill. 
Lepetella  tubicola  Verrill.* 

Subclass  ISOPLEURA. 
Super-Order  POLYCONCH^E. 

Order  POLYPLACOPHORA. 

Suborder  CHITONACEA. 
Super-Family  EOCHITONIA. 

Family  LEPTOCHITONID^E. 

Genus  LEPTOCHITON  Gray. 
Leptochiton  pergranatus  Dall. 

Genus  HANLEYIA  Gray. 
Hanleyia  tropicalia  Dall. 

Family  ISCHNOCHITONID^E. 

Genus  ISCHNOCHITON  (Gray)  Carpenter. 

Section  STENOPLAX  Carpenter. 
Ischnochiton  limaciformia  Sowerby. 


36  BULLETIN   OF  THE 

Super-Family  OPSICHITONIA. 
Family  MOPALIID^. 

Genus  NOTOPLAX  H.  Adams. 
Notoplax  floridanus  Dall. 

Class  SCAPHOPODA. 

Order  SOLENOCONCHA. 

Family  DENTALIID^. 
Genus  DENTALIUM  Linne. 

Dentalium  agile  M.  Sars. 
Dentalium  perlongum  Dall. 
Dentalium  filum  Sowerby.* 
Dentalium  callipeplum  Dall. 
Dentalium  matara  Dall.* 
Dentalium  leptum  Bush.* 
Dentalium  antillarum  Orbigny. 
Dentalium  calamus  Dall.* 
Dentalium  taphrium  Dall.* 
Dentalium  candidum  Jeffreys.* 
Dentalium  sericatum  Dall. 
Dentalium  carduus  Dall. 
Dentalium  disparile  Orbigny. 
Dentalium  ceratum  Dall. 
Dentalium  Gouldii  Dall. 
Dentalium  ceras  Watson. 
Dentalium  capillosum  Jeffreys. 
Dentalium  laqueatum  Yerrill. 
Dentalium  compressum  Watson. 
Dentalium  ophiodon  Dall. 
Dentalium  callithrix  Dall. 
Dentalium  ensiculus  Jeffreys. 

Genus  CADULUS  Philippi. 
Cadulus  quadridentatus  Dall. 
Cadulus  gequalis  Dall. 
Cadulus  spectabilis  Verrill. 
Cadulus  Watsoni  Dall. 
Cadulus  poculum  Dall. 
Cadulus  Jeffreysi  Monterosato. 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPAKATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  37 


Cadulus  carolinensis  Bush. 
Cadulus  Bushii  Dall. 
Cadulus  Agassizii  Dall. 
Cadulus  lunula  Dall. 
Cadulus  obesus  Watson. 
Cadulus  amiantus  Dall. 
Cadulus  cucurbita  Dall. 
Cadulus  acus  Dall.* 
Cadulus  minusculus  Dall.* 


This  list  contains  about  four  hundred  and  seventy  species  and  varieties  col- 
lected by  the  "  Blake,"  to  which  may  be  added  those  enumerated  in  Part  I, 
making  a  total  of  about  seven  hundred  species,  with  which,  in  both  papers, 
between  two  and  three  hundred  related  forms  are  compared  or  differentiated, 
making  a  total  of  nearly  one  thousand  species,  more  or  less  fully  discussed  in 
this  Report.  Of  those  in  Part  I,  eighty-one  species,  seven  varieties,  and  twelve 
groups  of  higher  value  were  regarded  as  new.  In  the  present  paper  three 
hundred  and  eighty-five  species  and  varieties,  and  thirty  higher  divisions,  are 
treated  as  new,  making  a  total  for  this  Report  of  four  hundred  and  seventy- 
three  species  and  varieties,  and  forty -two  genera,  subgenera,  or  sections  dis- 
criminated for  the  first  time  among  the  Brachiopods,  Pelecypods,  Gastropods, 
and  Scaphopods  collected  by  the  Blake,  or  illustrating  the  fauna  investigated 
in  the  work  of  the  Blake.  In  addition  to  these,  there  are  about  twenty  species 
of  Nudibranchs  in  the  hands  of  Dr.  R.  Bergh,  of  Copenhagen,  to  be  reported 
upon ;  the  Pteropods  and  other  floating  pelagic  forms  have  not  been  studied, 
while  the  report  by  Professor  Verrill  on  the  Cephalopods  has  been  some  time 
published,  and  includes  some  ten  or  twelve  species. 

The  magnitude  of  this  contribution  to  our  knowledge  of  the  Mollusks  of  the 
region,  due  to  the  exertions  of  Professor  Agassiz,  Pourtales,  Sigsbee,  Bartlett, 
and  their  co-workers,  is  very  evident.  But  the  writer  may  fairly  add  that  the 
value  of  the  work  consists  not  merely  in  having  added  nearly  five  hundred  new 
forms  to  the  known  fauna,  and  materially  enlarging  our  list  of  genera  ;  but, 
to  an  equal  or  greater  extent,  in  the  knowledge  gained  of  the  organization  and 
structure  of  some  of  the  most  interesting  Mollusks  known.  There  is  in  this 
Report  material  enough  to  reward  the  attention  of  naturalists,  both  of  the 
systematic  and  the  purely  morphologic  schools,  to  whose  appreciative  and 
impartial  criticism  it  is  respectfully  offered  by  the  writer. 


Class   GASTROPODA. 
Subclass  ANISOPLEUEA. 

Order   OPISTHOBRANCHIATA. 
Suborder  TECTIBRANCHIATA. 

Family   ACT^EONID^. 
Genus  ACTiEON  Montfort. 

Subgenus   ACTiEON  3.  s. 

Shells  rather  thin,  with  a  single  plait  on  the  columella,  which  passes 
continuously  into  the  anterior  margin  of  the  peristome.  Type  A.  tornatilis 
Linne. 

Actaeon   exilis  Jeffreys. 

Actceon  exilis  Jeffreys,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  4th  ser.,  VI.  p.  85,  1870.     Watson, 

Chall.  Rep.  Gastr.,  p.  024,  1886. 
Auriculina  insculpta  Verr.,  Proe.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  III.  p.  381,  1880. 
Actceon  nitidus  Verrill,   Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  V.  p.  540,  pi.  lviii.  fig.  21,  July,  1882. 
1  Actceon  exilis  Seguenza,  Form.  Terz.  Calabria,  p.  251. 

Habitat.  Off  east  coast  of  Florida,  150-200  fms.,  Dr.  Rush  ;  Campechc 
Bank,  Gulf  of  Mexico,  in  200  fms.,  Dr.  Rush  ;  off  Martha's  Vineyard  in  312- 
487  fms.,  U.  S.  Fish  Commission  ;  North  Atlantic,  Jeffreys,  227-1456  fms. 

The  Calabrian  fossils  in  the  Jeffreys  collection  seem  to  be  more  inflated 
anteriorly  than  the  recent  shells. 

Actseon  pusillus   (Forbes)  Jeffreys. 

Tornatella  pusilla  Forbes,  iEgean  Rep.,  p.  191,  1843. 

Actaeon  pusillus  Jeffreys,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  4th  ser.,  VI.  p.  84,  1870.     Watson, 
Chall.  Gastr.,  p.  627,  1880. 

Habitat.  Off  Havana,  Sigsbee,  in  450  fms.  Off  Sand  Key  at  Station  9,  in 
111  fms.,  bottom  temperature  55°. 5  F. 

The  description  of  Forbes  is  too  vague,  and  being  without  a  figure  the  spe- 
cies  may  be  regarded  as  rehabilitated  by  Jeffreys.     The  latter  considers  it 


40  BULLETIN   OF  THE 

identical  with  the  A.  depressus  of  Libassi,  which  is  unknown  to  me,  and  with 
the  A.  noce  J.  Sowerby,  from  the  Red  Crag  of  Britain,  an  opinion  which  I 
cannot  confirm  after  careful  comparison  of  specimens.  The  A.  noce  is  a  very 
ponderous  and  much  larger  species,  with  a  much  more  prominent  and  hori- 
zontal fold  on  the  columella,  as  well  as  a  thickened  and  striated  outer  lip. 

Actaeon  punctostriatus  Adams. 

Tornatella  punctostriata  C.  B.  Adams,  Bost.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.,  III.  p.  323,  pi.  iii. 

fig.  9,  1840.    Gould,  Inv.  Mass.,  p.  245,  fig.  188,  1841. 
Actceon  punctostriatus  Stimpson,  Shells  of  New  England,  p.  51,  1851. 
Actceon  cubensis  Gabb,  Top.  Geol.  San.  Domingo,  p.  245,  1873.     MSrch,  Malak. 

Blatt.,  XXII.  p.  170,  1875. 
Tornatella  punctata  Orbigny,  Moll.  Cuba,  I.  p.  230,  pi.  xvii.  figs.  10-12,  1842.     (Not 

of  Lea  or  Pie'tte. ) 

Habitat.  Buzzard's  Bay,  Mass.,  to  Florida,  Cuba,  and  Santo  Domingo,  in 
2-63  fms.  Pliocene  of  Florida.  Orbigny's  name  is  preoccupied  by  Lea  for  a 
fossil  species  (1833),  but  there  is  practically  no  doubt  that  his  shell  and 
Adams's  are  identical.  They  vary  from  pure  white  to  trifasciate  with  rose  or 
livid  brown,  usually  faint  and  nebulous.  The  height  of  the  spire,  elevation  of 
the  nucleus,  and  extent  of  shell  covered  by  the  punctate  lines,  vary  in  the 
different  specimens.  Usually  the  spire  is  rather  elevated,  the  nucleus  some- 
what depressed,  and  the  punctate  grooves  cover  about  half  of  the  last  whorl. 
There  may  be  one  or  several  subsutural  lines,  the  middle  of  the  whorl  is  gen- 
erally smooth  and  free  from  lines,  and  the  anterior  part  crowded.  The 
northern  ones  are  variegated  like  those  from  the  Antilles,  but  the  latter  are 
more  frequently  bright  colored.  The  very  young,  like  those  figured  by 
Adams  and  Orbigny,  are  usually  white  or  translucent.  The  colors,  when 
banded,  are  nearly  always  rather  nebulous,  and  the  number  of  bands  never 
exceeds  three,  the  anterior  one  most  often  absent.  The  shell  is  always  thin, 
and  often  nearly  translucent.  Actceon  turritus  Watson  (Chall.  Gastr.,  p.  628, 
pi.  xlvii.  fig.  1)  should  be  compared  with  this  species,  though  the  figures 
are  not  very  similar ;  the  locality,  Culebra  Island,  W.  I.,  is  suspicious. 

Actseon  Cumingii  A.  Adams. 

Actaon  Cumingii  A.   Adams,  P.  Z.  S.  1854,  p.  58.     Morch,  Malak.  Blatt.,  XXII.  p. 

169,  1875. 
Tornatella  Cumingii  Reeve,  Conch.  Icon.  Tornatella,  fig.  12,  1865. 
Tornatella  textilis  Guppy,  Geol.  Mag.,  1874,  p.  407,  pi.  xvi.  fig.  4. 

Habitat.  Rio  Janeiro,  Capt.  Martin ;  Porto  Rico,  Krebs  ;  five  miles  off 
Cape  Florida  in  eight  fathoms,  Dr.   Rush. 

This  differs  from  A.  delicatus  by  its  stumpier  form,  coarser  and  ruder  sub- 
vancellate  striation,  more  prominent  fold  on  the  columella,  and  particularly  by 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  41 

its  nucleus  which,  though  small,  is  swollen  and  set  on  the  peak  of  a  very  acute 
spire  like  a  swollen  terminal  bud  on  a  twig.  In  delicatus  the  nucleus,  instead 
of  appearing  larger,  is  considerably  smaller  than  the  whorl  in  front  of  it,  in 
which  it  is  also  partially   immersed. 

Actaeon  delicatus  n.  s. 

Plate  XVII.  Fig.  5. 
Actceonfasciatus?  Dall,  Bulletin  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  94, 1881,  not  of  Lamarck. 

Shell  ovate,  white,  or  suffused  with  rose  pink,  not  in  bands  but  generally,  or 
in  longitudinal  flammules,  with  usually  a  white  margin  in  front  of  the  suture ; 
there  are  six  or  seven  whorls,  the  last  more  than  half  the  length  of  the  shell, 
regularly  rounded  and  grooved  by,  on  the  last  whorl,  20-30  strong,  rather 
deep,  coarsely  punctate  grooves  between  rounded  interspaces  ;  lines  of  growth 
quite  perceptible,  suture  somewhat  appressed,  not  channelled  ;  aperture  more 
than  half  as  long  as  the  shell;  outer  lip  thin,  inner  lip  hardly  callous,  colu- 
mella straight,  without  any  chink  behind  it,  and  bearing  a  single  moderate  fold. 
Nucleus  small,  mostly  immersed  in  the  succeeding  whorl,  apex  not  acute, 
surface  usually  not  polished  but  a  little  less  coarsely  sculptured  than  that  of 
A.  Cumincjii  Adams.  Lon.  of  the  largest  specimen,  10.0;  max.  lat.  5.6; 
Ion.  of  aperture,  6.0  mm. 

Habitat.  Station  19,  310  fms.  ;  by  Sigsbee,  Station  50  (Lat.  26°  31'  and  Lon. 
85°  53'  W.),  in  119  fms.;  Station  290,  off  Barbados,  in  73  fms.,  coral,  bottom 
temperature  70°.75  F. ;  and  Station  100,  off  Morro  Light,  Havana,  in  250- 
400  fms. 

The  difference  between  the  nucleus  of  this  species  and  that  of  A.  Cumingii 
is  noted  under  the  latter  species.  It  is  just  possible  that  it  is  to  the  present 
species  that  is  to  be  referred  the  single  specimen  obtained  by  Gabb,  and  which 
he  referred  to  A.  tornatilis.     The  latter  is  not  known  from  this  region. 

Acteeon  melampoides  Dall. 

Plate  XVII.  Fig.  2. 

Actceon  melampoides  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  95,  1881. 

?  Actceon  hebes  Verrill,  Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  VI.  p.  428,  pi.  xliv.  fig.  15,  1885. 

Habitat.  Station  19,  310  fms.,  off  Bahia  Honda,  Cuba,  bottom  temperature 
52°. 5  F.  Station  2224  of  the  U.  S.  Fish  Commission,  in  2574  fms.,  off  the  east 
coast  of  the  United  States  (Verrill). 

I  have  not  seen  the  typical  specimen  of  A.  hebes,  but  the  figure  and  description 
agree  so  closely  with  A.  melampoides  that  I  have  little  doubt  of  their  identity. 

Only  one  specimen  was  obtained  by  the  Blake. 

Among  Antillean  shells  I  have  seen  nothing  which  I  could  identify  with  the 
A.  splendidulus  of  Morch  from  St.  Thomas,  or  the  biplicate  Cuban  A.  ovulum 
Pfr.     The  last  is  only  1.6  mm.  long,  and  may  be  an  immature  Marginella. 


42  BULLETIN   OF  THE 

Actaeon  perforatus  Dall. 

Plate  XVIII.  Fig.  3. 

Actceon  perforatus  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  96,  1881. 

Habitat.     Station  2,  805  fms. 

Only  one  specimen  of  this  species  has  been  received.  It  differs  from  A. 
exiguus  Dkr.  of  the  same  region  in  its  very  much  shorter  spire  and  globular 
proportions,  in  its  obsolete  columellar  fold,  and  the  strength  and  uniformity 
of  its  punctate  sulci. 

Actaeon  Danaida  Dall. 

Plate  XVII.  Fig.  13. 

Actceon  Danaida  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  96,  1881. 

Habitat.     Station  43,  339  fms.,  off  Tortugas,  bottom  temperature  45°.0  F. 
Only  one  specimen  and  a  fragment  were  obtained. 

Actaeon  incisus  Dall. 

Plate  XVII.  Figs.  1,  1  b. 

Actceon  incisus  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  95,  1881. 

Habitat.     Yucatan  Strait,  off  Cape  San  Antonio,  640  fms. 

In  this,  as  in  the  preceding  deep-water  species,  the  fold  or  ridge  on  the  colu- 
mella is  faint,  though  not  entirely  absent,  and  is  best  seen  from  the  side ;  in 
fact,  it  is  almost  invisible  in  all,  except  A.  melampoides,  from  in  front  as  the  fig- 
ures on  Plate  XVII.  are  viewed.  The  columella  in  these  figures,  however,  is 
drawn  as  straighter  and  broader  than  it  really  appears  ;  but  in  these  particu- 
lars it  is  very  difficult  to  get  a  draughtsman  who  knows  nothing  of  shells  to 
catch  the  characteristic  curves  in  every  instance. 

Genus  OVULACT^ON  Dall. 

Shell  cyprseiform,  involute;  with  an  apical  perforation,  as  in  Bulla;  colu- 
mella simple,  without  plaits  ;  margin  of  the  aperture  continuous,  simple,  thick- 
ened, the  callus  on  the  body  elevated,  parallel  with  the  outer  lip ;  aperture 
narrow,  almost  linear,  slightly  effuse  at  the  extremities,  as  long  as  the  shell. 
Type  0.  Meekii  Dall. 

This  interesting  form  resembles  an  involute  Globiconcha  *  with  perforate  apex 
and  thickened  aperture,  or  a  rounded  Actmonella  without  plaits.  In  the  im- 
plicate series  of  the  Acheonidm  it  holds  a  place  analogous  to  that  of  Cyprceartceon 
White  among  the  plicate  forms. 

*  The  G.  ovula  Orbigny,  which  I  have  not  seen,  but  which  has  been  referred  to 
as  an  immature  Cyprcea,  may  perhaps  belong  here. 


MUSEUM  OF  COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY.  43 

Ovulactseon  Meekii  n.  s. 

Plate  XXXIII.  Figs.  3,  4. 

Shell  with  the  outline  of  a  small  Cyprcea  like  C.  edentula,  widest  in  its  pos- 
terior third,  white,  polished  with  fine,  distinct,  impressed  incremental  lines, 
and  the  faintest  trace  of  spiral  linear  markings ;  a  depressed  line  or  sulcus 
indicates  a  previous  resting  stage  half  a  whorl  behind  the  present  thickened 
aperture  in  the  older  specimen ;  in  the  younger,  the  varical  sulcus  is  three 
quarters  of  a  whorl  behind  the  aperture.  The  apex  in  the  older  shell  is  per- 
forate, the  whorl  rounding  over  to  the  perforation,  and  the  spire  invisible ;  in 
the  younger  specimen  the  perforation  is  proportionally  wider,  and  about  half 
a  turn  can  be  seen.  The  lines  of  growth  become  stronger  and  more  regularly 
grooved  as  they  pass  over  the  summit  into  the  pit.  The  aperture  is  very 
narrow,  curved  with  the  profile  of  the  shell,  and  extending  beyond  the  sum- 
mit. Unlike  Cyprcea,  the  thickening  of  the  outer  lip  is  altogether  internal, 
simple,  and  smooth ;  the  callus  opposite  is  narrow,  with  a  sharply  defined 
abrupt  outer  margin,  and  the  inner  margin  raised  sharply  up  parallel  with  the 
outer  lip,  with  which  it  is  continuous  at  the  extremities ;  the  flat  part  of  the 
callus  is  widest  anteriorly,  polished  but  not  smooth,  but  the  raised  edge  is 
without  teeth  or  transverse  striation  of  any  sort.  The  extremities  of  the  aper- 
ture are  elevated  to  follow  the  profile  of  the  body  of  the  shell.  Lon.  of  largest 
specimen,  5.5  ;  max.  lat.  3.0  mm. 

Habitat.  Off  Havana,  Sigsbee,  in  450  fms.  West  of  North  Bernini,  Baha- 
mas, in  200  fms.,  sand,  Dr.  Rush  (U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  No.  61228). 

This  extremely  interesting  shell  is  well  shown  by  the  figure.  There  can  be 
little  question  as  to  its  probable  relations.  The  characters  of  the  aperture  are 
essentially  different  from  anything  among  the  Cyprceidce,  and  it  has  not  the 
polished  lacquer  which  species  of  that  family  owe  to  the  expanded  mantle- 
margin.     Only  one  specimen  was  obtained  at  either  locality. 

Family  RINGICULID^E. 

Genus  RINGICULA  Deshates. 

SectioD  KINGICULINA  Monterosato. 

Ringicula  nitida  Vekrill. 

Ringicula  nitida  Verrill,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.,   3d  series,  Vol.  V.  p.  16,   Jan.,  1873. 

(Extra  copies  sent  out  Dec.  13,  1872.)     Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  97,  1881. 
Ringicula  leptocheila  Brugnone,  Misc.  Malac,  p.  18,  fig.  11,  1873.     Agassiz,  Three 

Cruises  of  the  Blake,  II.  p.  70,  fig.  291,  1888. 
''.Ringicula  peracuta  Watson,  Journ.  T.inn.  Soc,  XVII.  p.  292,  1883.     Chall.  Gastr., 

p.  636,  pi.  xlvii.  fig.  11,  188B 

Habitat.  Fossil,  Pliocene  of  Italy,  Brugnone,  and  recent  in  the  Mediterra- 
nean.    Bed  of  the  Gulf  Stream,  Pourtales,  in  447  fms.     Yucatan  Strait,  640  fms. 


44  BULLETIN   OF  THE 

Station  43,  off  Tortugas,  in  339  fins.,  bottom  temperature  45°.0  F.  Station  211, 
off  Martinique,  in  357  fms.,  sand.  Station  264,  off  Grenada,  in  416  fms.,  gray- 
ooze,  bottom  temperature  42°. 5  F.  Atlantic  sea-bed,  Jeffreys.  Off  Bermuda, 
Culebra  Island,  West  Indies,  and  Pernambuco,  in  350  to  1075  fms.,  mud  and 
ooze,  bottom  temperature  38°. 2  F.,  Challenger  Expedition. 

I  have  satisfied  myself  by  a  comparison  of  authentic  specimens  that  the 
species  of  Verrill  and  Brugnone  are  the  same,  the  former  name  having  pri- 
ority. The  locality,  description,  and  figure  of  R.  peracuta  agree  well  with 
some  varieties  of  R.  nitida,  with  which  it  does  not  seem  to  have  been  com- 
pared. The  elevation  and  the  extent  of  the  spiral  grooving  differ  in  different 
individuals,  as  observed  with  species  of  Actceon. 

Although  fossil  in  the  Italian  Pliocene,  this  species  has  not  yet  been  recorded 
from  the  so-called  Pliocene  of  America. 

The  other  species  of  this  interesting  group  from  this  region  are  the  recent 
Ringicula  semistriata  Orb.,  R.  tridentata  Guppy  from  the  Miocene  of  Jamaica, 
and  two  forms  from  the  Florida  Pliocene.  R.  tridentata  resembles  R.  semistri- 
ata, but  wants  the  striations.  The  larger  Florida  species  (R.  floridana  n.  s.)  is 
about  1.5  mm.  wide  and  2.5  mm.  long,  with  five  whorls.  Its  aperture  is  like 
that  of  R.  semistriata,  but  the  whole  shell  is  covered  with  strong  spiral  grooving 
with  rounded  interspaces.  There  are  12-14  grooves  on  the  last  whorl.  The 
Miocene  tridentata  is  smooth  and  widest ;  the  Pliocene  floridana  is  narrower, 
and  wholly  striate ;  the  recent  semistriata  is  intermediate  in  width  and  half 
striate.  The  other  form  from  the  Caloosahatchie  Pliocene  is  like  R.  floridana, 
except  that  it  has  a  larger  nucleus,  four  whorls,  and  is  about  1.6  mm.  long  and 
1.0  mm.  wide.  It  may  be  a  dwarf  race  of  the  other,  and  for  the  present  will 
be  referred  to  as  R.  floridana  var.  Guppyi. 


Family   TORNATINID^. 
Genus  TORNATINA  A.  Adams. 

This  group  is  credited  by  Fischer  with  three  subgenera  beside  the  typical  one, 
for  the  first  of  which  he  adopts  Utriculus  Brown  (non  Schumacher)  for  species 
with  an  elevated  spire,  an  unchannelled  suture,  and  no  plication  on  the  col- 
umella ;  for  the  second,  Coleophysis  Fischer,  with  a  truncate  and  concave  apex, 
the  shell  attenuated  behind  with  the  columella  plicate  ;  lastly,  Sao  H.  &  A. 
Adams,  with  the  shell  pyriform,  greatly  dilated  in  front,  and  the  columella 
simple. 

It  is  not  clear  to  my  mind  that  it  would  not  be  better  to  follow  Adams  in 
his  original  arrangement  of  the  genus,  and  separate  Utriculus,  Brown,  alto- 
gether from  Tornatina,  thus  associating  with  the  latter  all  the  Tornatinidcs 
with  a  plicate  columella,  and  with  the  former  all  those  with  a  simple  columella. 
Thus,  for  the  region  under  consideration  we  should  have  the  species  arranged 
as  follows  :  — 


MUSEUM   OF  COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY.  45 

Genus   TORNATINA  A.  Adams. 
Spire  elevated.     Columella  uniplicate. 
T.  bullata  Kiener  (=  canaliculata  Orb.  non  Say). 
T.  recta  Orb.  (+  T.  coix-lacryma  Guppy,  Geol.  Mag.  1867,  p.  500). 
T.  canaliculata  Say  (non  Orbigny). 
T.  Candei  Orb.  (?  =  canaliculata  Say,  var.). 
T.  spatha  Watson. 

Subgenus  COLEOPHYSIS  Fischer. 
Spire  depressed.    Columella  uniplicate. 
C.  perplicatus  Pall. 

Subgenus  CYLICHNELLA  Gabb. 
Spire  depressed.    Columella  biplicate. 
C.  bidentata  Orb.    (+  biplicata  Lea). 
G.  oryza  Totten. 
C.  ovum-lacerti  Guppy  (Trinidad  Eocene). 

Genus   UTRICULUS. 

Spire  elevated  or  involute  ;  shell  subcylindrical  ;  columella  simple,  uni- 
plicate. 

U.  Gouldii  Couthouy. 

U.  pertenuis  Migbels. 

U.  Mayoi  Bull. 

U.  Frielei  DalL 

U.  vortex  Dall. 

U.  (vortex  var.  ?)  domitus  Dall. 

U.  pervius  Dall. 

Subgenus  KETUSA   (Brown)  Morch. 
Shell  pyriform,  transversely  sulcate,  spire  depressed,  concave. 
B.  sulcata  Orbigny. 
R.  cmlata  Bush. 
i2.  omphalis  Morch. 
B.  t  ovata  Jeffreys. 

Subgenus  COLEOPHYSIS  Fischer. 

Coleophysis  perplicatus  Dall. 

Shell  ivory  white  with  a  very  thin  translucent  epidermis,  marked  only  with 
delicate  lines  of  growth  and  a  few  faint  incised  spirals  near  the  columella ; 
anterior  half  of  the  shell  wide  and  rounded,  posterior  half  narrowing  toward 
the  apex  with  the  sides  somewhat  compressed  or  flattened ;  outer  lip  thin, 
straight  except  in  front  where  it  expands  a  little  before  rounding  to  the  rather 
thick  twisted  pillar;   behind  deeply  notched  and  behind  the  notch  arching 


46  BULLETIN   OF  THE 

over  and  turning  forward  to  meet  a  carina  which  revolves  about  the  apex ; 
apex  truncate,  carinated  by  a  line  which  forms  the  outer  boundary  of  the  path 
of  the  notch,  within  vorticiform,  about  one  and  a  half  whorls  visible  around 
the  central  perforation  and  descending  into  it;  body  with  hardly  any  wash 
of  callus;  pillar  strong,  with  a  large  horizontal  fold  and  a  minute  chink  behind 
it;  aperture  as  long  as  the  shell,  straight  and  narrow  behind,  wide  and  some- 
what oblique  in  front ;  max.  Ion.  of  shell,  5.0 ;  max.  lat.  3.0 ;  lat.  of  apex, 
1.75  mm. 

Habitat.  Station  20,  off  Bahia  Honda,  Cuba,  in  220  fms.,  bottom  tempera- 
ture 62°.0.    Barbados,  100  fms. 

It  is  difficult,  or  rather  impossible,  to  determine  the  generic  place  of  these 
small  Tectibranchs  without  a  knowledge  of  the  soft  parts.  They  are  referable 
to  Coleophysis,  Cylichna,  or  Diaphana,  or  even  Sao,  at  the  option  of  the  de- 
scribe^ guided  only  by  the  characters  of  the  shell.  The  presence  of  the  plait 
would  indicate  the  first-mentioned  section  for  the  present  species.  It  is  per- 
haps nearest  in  general  form  to  the  Cylichna  ovata  of  Jeffreys,  or  Diaphana 
gemma  of  Verrill,  which  has  no  plait  and  is  much  more  attenuated  behind. 

Subgenus  CYLICHNELLA  Gabb. 

Cylichnella  bidentata  Orbignt. 

Bulla  bidentata  Orbigny,  Moll.  Cuba,  I.  p.  125,  pi.  iv.  figs.  13-16,  1841. 

Bulla  biplicata  Lea,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  I.  p.  204,  1844  ;  Journ.  Nat.  Hist, 

V.  p.  286,  pi.  xxvi.  fig.  2,  1847. 
Utriculus  biplicatus  Tryon,  Am.  Mar.  Conch.,  p.  104,  pi.  xiii.  fig.  213,  1873. 
Cylichnella  bidentata  Gabb,  Proc.  Phila.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  p.  273,  pi.  x.  fig.  2,  1872. 

Geol.  San.  Domingo,  p.  246,  1873.    Morel),  Malak.  Blatt ,  XXII.  p.  171,  1875. 
Cylichna  biplicata  Busb,  Hatteras  Moll.,  Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  VI.  p.  467,  pi.  xlv. 
fig.  14,  1885. 

Habitat.  From  Hatteras  to  Santo  Domingo  in  7-168  fms.,  and  from  Florida 
to  Texas  near  low- water  mark.     Barbados,  100  fms. 

Miss  Bush  may  have  been  right  in  referring  this  to  Cylichna,  which  it  much 
resembles,  but  I  cannot  help  thinking  it  should  be  placed  in  this  family. 
Cylichna  oryza  Totten  belongs  in  the  same  subgenus,  but  is  more  inflated  and 
larger.  This  is  not  the  Cylichna  biplicata  Adams  described  in  1850  from  the 
Chinese  Seas. 

Genus  UTRICULUS   (Brown)  Adams. 

Utriculus  Mayoi  Dall. 

Shell  solid,  white,  with  a  yellowish  polished  epidermis  and  well  marked 
lines  of  growth,  spiral  striae  very  faint  and  few,  or  none ;  whorls  3&-4,  spire 
distinct,   little   elevated,   nucleus   small,  rounded,   not  prominent  ;   aperture 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY.  47 

long,  rather  wide  and  straight,  the  posterior  commissure  rounded,  the  anterior 
wide,  the  margin  spirally  curved  showing  the  axis  (though  this  is  not  per- 
vious) ;  umbilical  chink  none,  pillar  broad,  white,  oblique  without  any  trace 
of  a  plication ;  outer  lip  thin,  arched  forward  in  the  middle;  suture  very  deep-, 
inner  lip  with  a  wash  of  callus.  Lon.  of  shell,  8.3;  of  aperture,  7.0  ;  max. 
lat.  4.6  mm. 

Habitat.  Fish  stomach,  at  Portland,  Maine,  from  which  it  was  collected 
by  Mr.  Mayo  and  sent  to  Dr.  Jeffreys.  This  shell  recalls  Bulla  turrita  Mbller 
(Adams,  Thesaurus  Conch.,  pi.  cxxi.  fig.  28,  but  is  much  larger,  with  propor- 
tionately shorter  spire,  straighter  sides,  and  more  width  anteriorly). 

Utriculus  ?  Frielei  Dall. 

Plate  XVII.  fig.  4. 

Utriculus  ?  Frielei  Dall,  Bulletin  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  101,  1881. 

Habitat.    Off  Cape  San  Antonio,  Yucatan  Strait,  640  fms. 

Utriculus  leucus  Watson  seems  to  approach  this  species  as  nearly  as  any 
known  form,  but  has  sundry  distinctive  characters.  There  is  no  doubt,  how- 
ever, that  there  are  differences  of  form  and  development  of  the  tip  of  the  spire, 
in  these  enrolled  forms,  in  adult  individuals,  as  well  as  during  the  stages  of 
one  individual.  It  will  not  do,  therefore,  to  draw  the  specific  lines  too  taut  on 
this  sort  of  character. 

Utriculus  ?  vortex  Dall. 

Plate  XVII.  fig.  3. 

Utriculus  ?  vortex  Dall,  Bulletin  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  100,  1881. 

Cylichna  Dalli  Verrill,  Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  V.  p.  542,  1882 ;  VI.  p.  274,  pi.  xxix. 
fig.  15,  1884. 

Habitat.     Station  43,  339  fms. ;  Station  44,  539  fms. 

This  species  differs  remarkably  from  the  form  about  to  be  described.  With 
the  material  I  have  to  study,  I  am  obliged  to  separate  them.  But  in  the  few 
specimens  I  have  seen  there  is  a  good  deal  of  variability  indicated. 

lylichna  Dalli,  I  am  sorry  to  say,  agrees  perfectly  with  U.  ?  vortex  and  I  feel 
there  are  no  grounds  upon  which  I  could  attempt  a  rescue  of  its  specific  valid- 
ity.    I  have  compared  authentic  specimens. 

Utriculus  (vortex  var.  ?)  domitus  n.  8. 

Plate  XVII.  Fig.  8. 

Shell  solid,  yellowish  white,  short,  broad  and  squarely  truncate  in  front 
with  a  rather  blunt  mammiform  spire  exhibiting  about  three  turns;  surface 
transversely  marked  with  faint  lines  of  growth,  and  near  the  suture  with  fine 
well-marked  wrinkles  as  if  too  large  for  the  spire  around  which  the  posterior 


48  BULLETIN    OF   THE 

fourth  of  the  whorl  is  closely  wound  and  very  strongly  appressed,  giving  the 
posterior  edge  of  the  last  whorl  especially  a  bevelled  appearance ;  spiral  sculp- 
ture, extremely  fine  grooves,  not  puncticulate,  strong  on  the  posterior  aspect, 
obsolete  on  the  body  (which  appears  polished),  and,  except  in  the  young,  on 
the  anterior  extreme ;  the  sutural  wrinkles  are  prettily  shagreened  by  the  in- 
tersection of  these  fine  close  grooves ;  spire  very  obliquely  wound,  the  margin 
of  the  volutions  rounded  (notwithstanding  its  being  closely  appressed),  and 
the  rounded  edge  often  eroded  showing  the  inner  porcellanous  under  the  outer 
more  cretaceous  layer,  the  extreme  apex  eroded  in  all  the  specimens  obtained  ; 
aperture  very  wide  in  front,  extremely  narrow  behind  ;  the  margin  retreating 
from  the  columella  to  half-way  between  axis  and  exterior,  almost  straight  in 
front,  then  rising  and  continuing  backward  nearly  parallel  to  the  axis,  and  fall- 
ing away  again  obliquely  to  the  suture,  forming  an  extremely  narrow  and  deep 
notch  ;  body  with  a  thin  deposit  of  white,  callus,  columella  hardly  thickened, 
spiral,  passing  without  noticeable  interruption  into  the  anterior  margin ;  outer 
lip  sharp,  thin.  Lon.  of  shell,  9.0 ;  of  aperture,  7.5  ;  max.  lat.  of  shell,  5.25 ; 
of  aperture,  3.37  mm. 

Station  236,  off  Bequia,  in  1591  fms.,  ooze,  bottom  temperature,  39°.0 ;  Sta- 
tion 162,  off  Guadelupe,  in  734  fms.,  ooze,  bottom  temperature  40°.0  F. 

This  shell  has  a  distant  resemblance  to  an  Acteeon,  which  it  is  not,  as  is  evi- 
dent on  inspection.  It  may  prove  a  Cylichna  when  the  soft  parts  are  known, 
reference  until  then  being  necessarily  provisional.  It  is  peculiarly  bevelled 
off  behind  and  abrupt  in  front,  and  is  stouter  than  most  shells  of  this  group. 
It  is  posssble  that  in  the  young  at  some  stage  the  nucleus  may  be  entirely  en- 
rolled. It  is  quite  distinct  from  anything  recent  or  fossil  which  I  find  figured. 
It  is  most  nearly  allied  to  U.  ?  vortex  Dall,  which  is  a  smaller,  proportionally 
more  slender,  cylindrical  shell,  with  somewhat  different  sculpture  and  a  blunter 
spire.  In  the  figure  of  U.  ?  domitus  the  wrinkles  on  the  spire  are  not  suffi- 
ciently emphasized  as  compared  with  the  lines  of  growth,  nor  is  the  difference 
in  sculpture  between  the  body  and  the  posterior  aspect  as  sharply  defined  as  it 
appears  under  a  good  lens.  This  species  differs  from  Utriculus  spatha  Watson 
in  form  and  in  the  absence  of  folds  on  the  columella.  It  differs  from  U.  olivi- 
formis  Watson  in  the  proportion  of  the  spire  to  the  whole  length,  in  the  un- 
equal distribution  and  different  character  of  the  sculpture.  But  I  doubt  if 
these  species  do  not  vary  greatly,  and  the  discovery  of  intermediate  links  be- 
tween them  and  U.  vortex  would  not  surprise  me  in  the  least. 

Utriculus  pervius  Dall. 

Shell  short,  stout,  truncate  apically,  white,  polished,  sculptured  only  with 
faint  incremental  lines ;  form  subcylindrical,  larger  anteriorly,  a  little  com- 
pressed just  behind  the  middle;  aperture  long,  narrow  behind  and  rounded 
at  the  posterior  commissure,  where  it  has  a  shallow  rounded  notch,  the  outer 
boundary  of  whose  path  is  marked  on  the  summit  by  a  raised  line ;  anterior 
part  of  aperture  wider,  not  very  oblique,  rounded  in  front ;  outer  lip  straight, 
January  6,  1889. 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  49 

thin,  arched  forward  in  the  middle ;  pillar  thin,  simple,  with  no  trace  of  a 
plait;  body  without  perceptible  callus;  behind  the  pillar  a  small,  very  deep 
umbilical  perforation ;  apex  nearly  fiat,  bounded  by  the  above-mentioned  raised 
line,  within  which  the  fasciole  of  the  notch  is  rounded  over  but  does  not  reach 
the  level  of  the  line  referred  to  ;  nucleus  somewhat  depressed,  but  not  deeply ; 
about  three  and  a  half  whorls  are  visible  on  the  apex.  Max.  Ion.  of  shell, 
4.0 ;  max.  lat.  of  do.,  2.5  ;  lat.  of  apex,  1.5  mm. 

Habitat.  West  Indies,  U.  S.  Fish  Commission,  probably  from  near  Barba- 
dos, in  about  80  fms.,  sand. 

This  species  is  remarkable  for  its  deep  though  minute  umbilicus  and  it- 
dish-like  apex.  Its  general  form  is  not  unlike  U.  perplicatus,  but  the  sides 
are  straighter  and  the  other  characters  quite  different.  The  locality  is  unfor- 
tunately doubtful,  though  it  was  somewhere  in  the  Antilles. 

Subgenus  RETUSA  (Brown)  Morch. 
Retusa  ?  OVata  Jeffreys. 

Cylickna  ovata  Jeffreys,  Rep.  Brit.  Assoc,  1870,  Pore.  Exp.,  p.  156.    Ann.  Mag. 

Nat.  Hist.,  5th  ser.,  X.  p.  34,  1882.     Watson,  Chall.  Rep.,  p.  664,  pi.  xlix.  fig. 

9,  1885. 
Utriculus  conulus  G.  0.  Sars,  Moll.  Reg.  Arct.  Norv.,  p.  287,  pi.  17,  fig.  17,  1878. 
Cylichna  umbilicata  var.  conulus  Jeffr.,  Brit.  Condi.,  IV.  p.  414 ;  V.  p.  223. 
Not  Bulla  conulus  Deshayes,   Cylichna  conulus  of  Weinkauff,  or  Bulla  conulus  of 

Searles  Wood. 

Habitat.  North  Atlantic,  Porcupine  and  Triton  Expeditions;  Bay  of  Bis- 
cay, Travailleur  Expedition;  Azores,  Josephine,  Porcupine,  and  Challenger 
Expeditions  ;  West  Indies,  off  Culebra  Island,  Challenger  Expedition ;  off  Per- 
nambuco,  Challenger  Expedition;  Straits  of  Florida,  150-465  fms.,  Dr.  Rush; 
east  coast  of  North  America,  124-400  fms.,  U.  S.  Fish  Commission.  Range 
100-1000  fms.  over  a  muddy  bottom  in  all  parts  of  the  North  Atlantic,  with 
temperatures  from  40°.0  to  62°.0  F. 

Retusa  ?  obesiuscula  Brcgnone. 

Cylichna  obesiuscula  Brugnone,  Bull.  Soc.  Mai.  Ital.,  III.  p.  39,  pi.  i.  fig.  7,  1877. 
Diaphana  conulus  Verrill,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  HI.  p.  382,  1880 ;   Trans.  Conn 
Acad.,  V.  p.  543,  pi.  lviii.  fig.  25,  1882;  VI.  p.  273,  1884. 

Habitat.     Pliocene  of  Messina,  Seguenza ;   of  Palermo,  Brugnone.     U.  S 
Fish  Commission  Stations  870,  949,  2595,  2602,  and  2614,  in  63-168  fms 
living  in  about  100  fms.,  temperature  61°  F.,  over  a  sandy  bottom. 

This  species  is  quite  distinct  from  Bulla  conica  or  conulus  of  Deshayes,  Wood, 
Sars,  etc.,  from  C.  Hcernesi  and  C.  ovata,  with  all  of  which  it  has  been  con- 
founded by  various  authors,  especially  Jeffreys.  Professor  Verrill  in  referring 
to  it  noted  the  discrepancies. 

VOL.  xviii.  4 


50  BULLETIN   OF  THE 

In  the  absence  of  the  soft  parts,  which  have  not  been  preserved,  it  is  impos- 
sible to  fix  the  place  of  this  and  the  preceding  species.  If  they  belong  to  the 
Tornatinidce,  they  would  be  included  with  Retusa  as  I  have  used  it.  If  to  the 
Scaphandridce,  they  would  find  a  place  in  Monterosato's  section  Cylichnina. 
Further  knowledge  is  required  before  a  satisfactory  answer  can  be  given  to  this 
and  many  other  doubtful  questions. 

The  specimens  have  been  compared  with  Brugnone's  types  in  the  Jeffreys 
collection,  and  with  authentic  specimens  of  the  other  forms  mentioned.  The 
genuine  C.  conulus  seems  to  have  a  very  wide  range,  and  was  dredged  by  Cap- 
tain St.  Johnr  R.  N.,  in  Korea.  The  specimens  in  the  Jeffreys  collection  from 
the  Italian  Pliocene  collected  by  Seguenza,  and  named  conulus  or  ovata,  were 
of  this  species.  The  other  conulus  appeared  from  the  Tertiaries  of  France,  Bel- 
gium, and  Great  Britain. 

Genus  VOLVULA  A.  Adams. 
Volvula  acuta  Orbignt. 

Volvula  recta  Morch,  non  Orbigny,  Malak.  Blatt.,  XXII.  p.  179. 
Bulla  acuta  Orbigny,  Moll.  Cuba.  I.  p.  126,  pi.  iv.  figs.  17-20,  1841. 
iVolvula  minuta  Bush,  Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  VI.  p.  469,  pi.  xlv.  fig.  11,  1885. 

Habitat.  Barbados,  100  fms.  Off  Hatteras,  15-124  fms.,  U.  S.  Fish  Com- 
mission. 

This  species,  when  young,  seems  to  me  indistinguishable  from  V.  minuta 
Bush,  so  far  as  the  shells  are  concerned.  I  hare  not  seen  the  soft  parts. 
Northern  specimens  are  a  little  yellower  and  more  earthy  than  those  from 
the  Antilles,  as  in  the  case  of  many  other  species  having  a  wide  geographical 
range.  Miss  Bush's  figure  is  more  ovate  than  that  of  Orbigny,  and  I  find 
specimens  agreeing  with  both  figures  in  form,  with  others  which  appear  more 
or  less  intermediate.  This  species  differs  from  V.  acuminata  Brug.  in  being 
one  quarter  shorter  with  the  same  width,  in  having  a  well-marked  umbilical 
chink,  and  an  apical  process  averaging  shorter  in  specimens  of  the  same  size. 

Volvula  oxytata  Bush. 

Volvula  oxytata  Bush,  Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  VI.  p.  468,  pi.  xlv.  fig.  12,  1885. 

1  Volvula  persimilis  Morch,  Malak.  Blatt.,  XXII.  p.  179,  1875. 

1  Bulla  fucicola  (Chiereghini)  fide  Nardo,  Sinon.,  Veneto,  1847;  Brusina,  Contr.  p. 

Fauna  Dalm.,  p.  83,  1866. 
Volvula  acuminata  (Brug.)  Auct.  ex  parte. 

Habitat.  Mediterranean,  Jeffr.  Coll.  East  coast  of  the  United  States,  be- 
tween Hatteras  and  Cuba,  5-63  fms.,  U.  S.  Fish  Commission.    Antilles,  Krebs. 

In  examining  the  Jeffreys  collection  I  find  this  species  represented  from  the 
Mediterranean  from  various  collectors,  and  from  Adventure  Bank,  Porcupine 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE    ZOOLOGY.  51 

Expedition.  The  British  and  all  the  northern  specimens,  and  one  Mediterra- 
nean lot,  are  of  another  species,  shorter  and  stouter,  which  I  take  to  be  the  gen- 
uine acuminata  of  Brugiere.  It  in  its  turn  differs  somewhat  from  the  Crag  fossil 
which  has  been  called  by  the  same  name,  but  perhaps  not  specifically.  I  have 
not  had  access  to  the  work  of  Nardo  or  Chiereghini ;  but  if  the  name  given  by 
the  latter,  as  is  probable,  was  applied  to  the  Adriatic  form,  it  is  probably  this 
species,  as  I  have  not  seen  any  genuine  acuminata  from  the  Adriatic.  In  that 
case  it  would  take  precedence  of  the  names  given  by  Miss  Bush  and  Morch. 
I  have  not  seen  any  specimen  of  Morch's  shell  authentically  identified,  but 
his  comparative  remarks  render  it  highly  probable  that  he  had  the  V.  oxytata 
in  view. 

The  genus  Rhizorus  of  Montfort  has  been  referred  to  this  group,  but  it  seems 
to  be  too  uncertain  to  be  adopted,  and  in  some  particulars  would  rather  recall 
the  Cylichna  marmorata  of  Adams. 

Volvula  Bushii  n.  s. 

This  species  is  stouter,  and  its  posterior  process  more  acutely  pointed  than 
in  V.  acuta ;  its  posterior  end  is  more  inflated  and  blunt  than  in  V.  acuta  or 
acuminata,  and  the  little  sharp  spine  rises  more  abruptly  from  this  dome. 
The  anterior  part  of  the  shell  is  somewhat  narrower  than  the  posterior  part, 
with  very  straight  sides  and  columella,  toward  which  it  is  evenly  rounded  in 
front.  There  is  a  long  chink  behind  the  pillar,  a  faint  wash  of  callus  on  the 
body,  and  fine  microscopic  spiral  striae  over  the  polished  surface.  The  color 
is  greenish  white  of  a  cretaceous  quality.  The  columella  is  slightly  reflected, 
but  not  twisted.     Lon.  4.6 ;  lat.  2.3  mm. 

Habitat.  Station  2602,  36  miles  S.  %  W.  from  Cape  Hatteras,  N.  C,  in 
124  fins.,  sand,  bottom  temperature  61°.0  F.,  U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

Six  specimens  were  obtained. 

Volvula  aspinosa  n.  s. 

Shell  white  or  yellowish,  opaque,  the  young  translucent,  rather  stout,  ovate, 
the  aperture  as  long  as  the  shell,  very  narrow  behind,  wider  in  front,  the  outer 
lip  sharp-edged,  thickened  inside,  evenly  rounded  to  both  extremities,  its  mid- 
dle part  nearly  straight ;  the  left  or  opposite  side  of  the  shell  much  more  arched 
than  the  right  side ;  surface  with  well-marked  incremental  lines,  numerous 
spiral  microscopic  striae  a  little  stronger  toward  the  extremities ;  columella 
thick,  short,  straight,  with  a  very  minute  chink  behind  it  covered  mostly  by 
callus ;  apex  dome-like,  with  a  small  rising  in  the  centre,  which  in  the  most 
perfect  and  especially  young  specimens  is  pointed ;  callus  on  the  body  narrow, 
but  well  marked.     Lon.  4.0  ;  lit.  2.0  mm. 

Habitat.  Off  the  North  Carolina  coast,  in  18  to  168  fms.,  sand,  bottom 
temperature  61°-75°  F.,  U.  S.  Fish  Commission.  Straits  of  Florida,  150- 
200  fms.,  Dr.  Rush. 


52  BULLETIN   OF  THE 

This  very  interesting  species  nearly  bridges  the  gap  between  typical  Volvula 
and  Cylichna.  Many  of  the  worn  or  unfinished  specimens  show  hardly  a  trace 
of  an  apical  process ;  with  the  best  developed  ones  it  is  only  a  raised  point 
barely  as  high  as  the  elevation  of  the  outer  lip  beyond  the  apex,  and  never  a 
spine  as  in  the  other  species.  There  is  something  about  its  form  and  facies, 
however,  which  indicates  its  relationship  even  when  the  point  is  absent. 
Apart  from  the  spine  it  is  perhaps  nearer  V.  Bushii  than  any  of  the  others, 
but  is  more  cylindrical,  smaller,  and  has  a  narrower  aperture.  The  shell 
seems  unusually  heavy  for  its  small  size  when  a  perfectly  mature  specimen  is 
examined. 

Family  SCAPHANDRID^. 

Genus  SCAPHANDER  Montfort. 

Scaphander  punctostriatus  Mighels. 

Bulla  punctostriatus  Mighels,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  I.  p.  49,  1841 
Scaphander  librarius  Loven,  Index  Moll.  Scand.,  p.  10,  1846. 
Scaphander  punctostriatus  Verrill,  Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  VI.  p.  273. 

Habitat.  Station  48,  Gulf  of  Mexico,  Lat.  28°  47'.5  N.  and  Lon.  88°  41'.5  W., 
in  533  fms.;  bottom  temperature  41°. 7  F.,  and  Station  281,  near  Barbados,  in 
288  fms.,  ooze,  bottom  temperature  46°.5  F. 

A  single  specimen  was  collected  at  each  of  the  above  stations. 

These  specimens  exhibit  a  bluntness  at  the  apex  and  a  more  Bulla-like  form 
than  the  typical  ones,  and  may  form  a  variety  clavus,  distinguished  from  the 
type  by  the  above  features  and  by  the  simple  apex,  where  the  axis  is  prolonged 
into  the  outer  lip  directly  without  being  twisted  so  as  to  form  a  sort  of  cup,  as 
in  the  type  of  the  species. 

Scaphander  Watsoni  Dall. 

Plate  XVII.  Fig.  10. 
Scaphander?  Watsoni  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  99,  1881. 

Habitat.  Off  Sombrero  Island,  in  54-72  fms. :  Barbados,  100  fms. ;  Station 
20,  in  220  fms.,  off  Bahia  Honda,  bottom  temperature  62°.0  F. ;  Station  36,  in 
84  fms.,  bottom  temperature  60°.0  F.  ;  Station  45,  in  101  fms.,  bottom  temper- 
ature 61°. 7  F. ;  and  Station  290,  in  73  fms.,  Barbados,  bottom  coral  and  shell, 
temperature  70°.7  F.  Also  off  Hatteras,  in  63-124  fms.,  sand,  and  324  fms., 
sand,  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  bottom  temperature  46°  5,  by  the  IT.  S.  Fish 
Commission. 

Adults  of  this  species  were  taken  at  Station  2376  by  the  U.  S.  Fish  Com- 
mission in  324  fms.  The  shells  alone  were  received.  They  are  the  American 
analogue  of  the  European  Scaphander  lignarius,  which  they  resemble  more 
closely  than  any  other  species,  ^"t  from  which  they  can  be  distinguished  by 


MUSEUM  OF   COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY.  53 

their  uniformly  more  slender  and  cylindrical  form  and  greater  posterior  attenu- 
ation. These  differences  hold  good  for  the  young  as  well  as  the  adults.  The 
outer  lip  generally  rises  higher,  and  the  space  on  the  posterior  end  of  the  spire 
is  less  wide  and  excavated  in  S.  Watsoni  than  in  the  other  species,  but  these 
characters  vary  somewhat  in  both  species.  I  doubt  if  S.  Watsoni  ever  reaches 
the  size  of  the  Mediterranean  form  ;  the  largest  I  have  seen  measured  38.0  mm. 
long  by  19.0  mm.  in  greatest  diameter.  S.  lignarius  of  the  same  length  gen- 
erally measures  about  24.5  mm.  in  diameter. 

The  magnificent  S.  nobilis  Verrill,  first  dredged  in  1209  fms.,  off  Delaware 
Bay,  was  also  found  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  by  the  U.  S.  Fish  Commission  in 
1639  fms.,  at  Station  2127. 

Subgenus  SABATIA  Bellardi. 

Sabatia  Bellardi,  Bull,  della  Soc.  Malacol.  Italiana,  II.  fas.  iii.  p.  209,  1876. 
Sabalia  Bellardi,  1.  c.  sopra  tavola  C.  figs.  5-8. 

Type  Sabatia  Isseh  Bellardi,  1.  c,  p.  210. 
Bulla  plicata  Bellardi,  in  Sismonda,  Syn.  Meth.  Inv.  Pedemont.  Fos.,  1842  (non 

B.  plicata  Deshayes). 
Bulla  uniplicata  Bell.,  in  Sismonda,  ed.  ii.  1847.     (Nom.  inapp.) 


Sabatia  bathymophila  Dau. 

Plate  XVII.  Figs   9,  9  b. 

Atys  ?  bathymophila  Dall ,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  98,  1881. 

Habitat.  Station  33,  1,568  fms.;  Station  2,  805  fms.;  Yucatan  Strait,  in 
640  fms. ;  Station  162,  in  734  fms. 

The  exterior  of  this  species  has  the  general  form  of  Scaphander  nobilis,  but 
the  minute,  sculpture  and  the  characteristics  in  detail  are  alike  distinct. 

Additional  and  mature  specimens  of  this  species  appear  in  the  collections  of 
1878-79,  from  Station  162,  off  Guadelupe,  in  734  fms.,  fine  gray  mud ;  bot- 
tom temperature  40°.0.  These  specimens  show  that  the  truncation  of  the  axis 
is  a  character  of  the  immature  shell,  and  that  the  adult  shows  nothing  of  it, 
but  has  the  body  from  one  end  to  the  other  supplied  with  a  broad  solid  flat- 
tened callus,  which  is  especially  protuberant  (into  the  aperture)  at  the  begin- 
ning of  the  posterior  third.  The  outer  margin  of  the  callus  has  a  sigmoid 
curve  parallel  with  the  inner  outline  of  the  columella  and  body;  the  inner 
margin  is,  however,  somewhat  irregularly  transversely  wrinkled,  the  mass  of 
callus  is  much  thicker  in  the  middle  third,  and  its  surface  is  ornamented  with 
flattened  pustulae  irregularly  disposed.  This  gives  to  the  shell  an  abnormal 
appearance,  which  I  took,  in  the  single  large  (but,  as  we  now  know,  immature) 
specimen  referred  to  in  the  description,  as  an  indication  of  disease  in  the  indi- 
vidual. More  material  shows  these  characters  to  be  normal  and  constant  in 
their  general  features  in  the  adult  shells.     The  form  of  the  aperture  is  well 


54  BULLETIN    OF   THE 

shown  in  the  figures ;   its  anterior  portion  is  very  oblique,  —  a  feature  only- 
visible  in  a  side  view. 

The  type  species,  Sabatia  Isseli  Bellardi,  bears  no  special  resemblance  to  this 
shell ;  it  is  of  quite  different  shape,  sculpture,  and  proportions,  with  a  callus 
more  simple  and  proportionately  less  developed.  A  species  with  a  differently 
shaped  aperture  and  more  general  regularity  of  form  both  in  shell  and  callus, 
yet  closely  allied  to  the  present  species,  is  Bulla  grandis  Seguenza  (Form. 
Terz.  di  Reggio,  p.  250,  pi.  xvi.  fig.  4,  1880),  from  the  Astiano  division  of  the 
Calabrian  Pliocene,  collected  at  Reggio  and  Gallina.  It  is  even  larger  than  our 
species,  measuring  33  X  26  mm.,  while  the  largest  specimen  of  baihymophUa 
is  only  31  X  24  mm.  In  the  latter  a  minute  dimple  indicates  the  position 
of  the  wholly  immersed  apex  in  the  adult,  while  in  the  young  the  rough  callus, 
though  thin,  is  distinctly  apparent  in  a  specimen  only  4.0  mm.  long,  and  which 
has  the  nucleus  and  about  three  turns  visible  on  the  apex.  The  nucleus  is 
reversed  and  half  immersed,  smooth  and  translucent.  It  is  not  wholly  cov- 
ered by  callus  until  the  shell  is  more  than  7.0  mm.  in  length.  When  half 
covered  it  resembles  the  genus  Cryptaxis  of  Jeffreys.  The  sculpture  in  the 
very  young  is  the  same  as  in  the  adult.  Scaphander  niveus  and  gracilis  of 
Watson  probably  belong  to  this  group. 

Genus  ATYS   Montfort. 
Atys  ?  Sandersoni  Dall. 

Plate  XVII.  Fig.  7. 
Atys?  Sandersoni  Dall,  Bulletin  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  99,  1881. 

Habitat.  Station  2,  805  fms.  Off  Havana  (?),  Sigsbee,  a  fragment  in  450 
fms.  Station  20,  off  Bahia  Honda,  Cuba,  in  220  fms.,  and  at  Station  127,  near 
Santa  Cruz,  in  38  fms.,  sand,  bottom  temperature  76°. 7  F. 

Since  describing  this  species  I  have  found  it  in  collections  named  Atys 
caribaza  Orbigny,  but  the  real  A.  caribcea  which  I  have  from  Barbados  in  100 
fms.  is  a  more  pyriform,  less  cylindrical,  and  shorter  species.  I  have  seen  no 
authentic  specimen  of  Orbigny's  shell,  but  the  Barbados  form  agrees  very  well 
with  his  figure,  and  is  doubtless  the  same  as  he  described.  It  would  if  adult 
probably  closely  resemble  A.  naucum. 

Genus   CYLICHNA   LoviN. 

Cylichna  VerriUii  n.  s. 

Shell  similar  to  C.  alba  Brown  in  size  and  form  with  the  exceptions  follow- 
ing. It  is  bluish  white  and  never  has  the  brown  outer  coat  of  C.  alba,  though 
the  extremely  thin  epidermis  sometimes  shows  a  light  brown  line  marginating 
the  apex.  It  is  covered  all  over  with  fine  spiral  striae.  The  columella  is 
thickened  and  twisted  more  than  occurs  in  C.  alba,  and  in  C.  VerriUii  has  the 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY.  55 

effect  of  an  incipient  plait.  Lastly  the  aperture  extends  farther  behind  the 
spire  than  in  C.  alba,  and,  instead  of  the  margin  being  curved  over  to  a  slight 
callus  sealing  the  apex,  there  is  a  well  marked  perforation,  most  marked  in 
the  adult  shells.     Largest  specimen  7.5  long  by  3.0  mm.  wide. 

Habitat.  Off  the  coast  of  North  Carolina,  at  Stations  2592,  2595,  2596, 
2602,  and  2612  of  the  U  S.  Fish  Commission,  in  from  5U  to  124  fins.,  sand, 
bottom  temperature  58-75°  F. 

This  species  is  larger  and  more  cylindrical  than  C.  umbilicata  of  Europe. 
It  is  nearer  C.  cylindracea  var  lineata,  but  is  shorter  in  proportion  to  its 
width,  and  its  body  is  also  shorter  in  proportion  to  the  whole  length  and  more 
obliquely  attenuated  to  the  columella.  It  has  a  striking  similarity  to  C.  alba, 
when  decorticated,  until  closely  examined. 

The  other  species  common  to  the  region  are  C.  Auberi  Orbigny,  C.  occulta 
Mighels,  and  perhaps  C.  cylindracea  Pennant,  specimens  of  which  were  re- 
ceived from  Cuming  as  from  the  Antilles  (?).  C.  Krebsii  Morch  would  seem 
to  be  suspiciously  near  C.  alba,  but  I  have  seen  no  specimens,  and  the  locality 
(Anguilla,  etc.)  seems  very  far  south  for  that  species.  The  suspicion  arises 
that  the  specimens  may  have  been  derived  from  ballast  thrown  overboard  by 
New  England  trading  craft  or  New  York  fruit-carriers. 

Family   BULLID^E. 

Genus   BULLA  Linne. 

Bulla  ?  eburnea  Dall. 

Plate  XVII.  Fig.  6. 

Bulla  ?  eburnea  Dall,  Bulletin  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  98,  1881. 
1  Diaphana  gemma  Verrill,  variety. 

Habitat.     Station  43,  339  fms. 

I  have  seen  only  one  specimen  of  each  of  the  above  species,  and  they  certainly 
appear  very  different  in  some  respects;  but  the  range  of  variation  in  these  forms 
is  little  understood,  and  I  do  not  feel  confident  that  it  may  not  be  larger  than 
generally  supposed.  In  that  case  it  is  possible  that  the  two  forms  may  repre- 
sent the  extremes  of  one  species.  This  should  not  be  confounded  with  the 
Bulla  eburnea  of  A.  Adams,  which  is  a  member  of  the  genus  Volvula.  Not  pos- 
sessing the  soft  parts,  I  have  preferred  to  refer  this  species  to  the  genus  Bulla, 
though  it  may  belong  in  the  preceding  family. 

Bulla  occidentalis  A.  Adams. 

Bulla  occidentalis  A.  Adams,  Thes.  Conch.,  Part  ix.  Bulla,  p.  577,  No.  49,  pi.  cxxiii. 

figs.  72,  73,  1850. 
Bulla  alba  Turton,  Zool.  Journ.,  II.  p.  364,  pi.  xiii.  fig.  6. 

Habitat.  Antilles,  in  moderate  depths,  Adams  and  many  others.  Station 
10,  in  37  fms.,  Blake  expedition. 


56  BULLETIN   OF   THE 

This  extremely  common  shell,  under  the  influence  of  the  sun  and  weather, 
bleaches  white  or  nearly  so.  Two  specimens  of  this  kind  were  described  by 
Turton,  many  years  ago,  under  the  above  mentioned  name,  as  British.  They 
were  of  course  exotic,  and  West  Indian.  But  they  have  been  referred  to  B. 
striata  of  the  Mediterranean  and  West  Indian  faunas.  Turton's  types  in  the 
Jeffreys  collection  enable  me  to  correct  this  error. 

Bulla  abyssicola  Dall. 

Plate  XVII.  Fig.  11. 

Bulla  abyssicola  Dall,  Bulletin  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  97,  1881. 

Bulla  pinguicula  Jeffreys  MS.,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  Oct.  1880,  p.  318,  No.  140  (name 
only).     Watson,  Chall.  Rep.,  p.  638,  1886. 

Habitat.  Yucatan  Strait,  640  fms.  Station  43,  339  fms.  (young).  Station 
136,  off  Frederikstadt,  Santa  Cruz,  in  508  fms.,  ooze,  bottom  temperature 
42°.5  F. 

The  nearest  relative  of  this  species  appears  to  be  the  Bulla  utriculus  of  Europe, 
which  is  longer,  less  cylindrical,  and  has  a  deep  pit  at  the  apex. 

I  have  been  enabled  from  an  inspection  of  his  type  to  determine  that  the 
manuscript  name  of  Dr.  Jeffreys  applies  to  this  species.  It  was  obtained  by 
the  Travailleur  in  the  Bay  of  Biscay,  and  also  by  the  Challenger  in  450 
fms.,  mud,  off  Fayal,  Azores,  at  (Challenger)  Station  No.  75.  As  no  descrip- 
tion has  ever  been  attached  to  Dr.  Jeffreys's  name,  it  necessarily  falls  into 
synonymy. 

It  is  possible  that  this  species  also  is  more  nearly  related  to  the  preceding 
family,  but  the  soft  parts  are  as  yet  unknown. 

Bulla  Krebsii  n.  s. 

Shell  nearly  the  form  of  B.  occidentalis  A.  Adams,*  but  more  cylindrical  and 
of  an  ivory  porcellanous  white.  The  posterior  angle  of  the  aperture  is  more 
sharp  and  the  aperture  near  it  narrower,  while  on  the  columella  there  is  a  faint 
revolving  ridge  which  suggests  a  plait,  though  too  obscure  to  be  so  named. 
The  surface  is  brilliantly  polished,  with  perceptible  incremental  lines.  Callus 
on  the  body,  thin  with  a  very  minute  chink  behind  that  on  the  pillar.  Apex 
deeply  sunken,  pervious,  scalate,  showing  nearly  four  volutions,  the  margin  of 
the  vortex  rcmnded,  with  faint  indications  of  a  carinal  line.  Max.  Ion.  8.0; 
max.  lat.  5.0  mm. 

Habitat.  Station  163,  near  Guadelupe,  in  769  fms.,  sand,  bottom  temper- 
ature 39°.75  F 

I  cannot  make  this  fit  in  with  any  previously  known  species.  It  may  prove 
not  to  be  a  typical  Bulla. 

*  Thes.  Conch.,  Bulla,  pi.  cxxiii.  fig.  73. 


MUSEUM  OF  COMPAKATIVE  ZOOLOGY  57 

Bulla  clausa  n.  s. 

Shell  small,  subtranslucent,  solid,  of  the  form  of  B.  solida  (Gmelin,  non 
Brugiere),  pale  yellowish  brown  verging  toward  salmon  color  in  the  darkest 
parts;  surface  polished,  with  well  marked  incremental  lines  and  extremely  fine 
microscopic  wavy  spiral  striae  over  the  whole  surface.  Aperture  as  long  as  the 
shell;  wide  anteriorly  with  a  strongly  arched  callous  white  columella  having  a 
groove  behind  it  and  a  thin  callus  on  the  body.  Apex  imperforate,  meeting 
the  descending  outer  lip  with  hardly  a  dimple.  Max.  Ion.  11.5;  max.  lat. 
7.75  mm. 

Habitat.     Florida,  collector  unknown,  U.  S.  Nat.  Museum,  No.  55188. 

This  is  the  only  shell,  except  the  abyssal  species  like  eburnea  and  abyssicola, 
having  the  solidity  and  characteristic  form  of  typical  Bulla  which  I  have  found 
without  an  apical  perforation  or  distinct  pattern  of  coloration,  yet  it  seems  too 
heavy  and  porcellanous  to  be  referred  to  Haminea.  It  was  probably  collected 
by  Stimpson. 

Genus  HAMINEA  Leach. 

Haminea  succinea  Conrad. 

Bulla  succinea  Conrad,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  III.  p.  26,  pi.  i.  fig.  5,  1845 ; 
Dall,  Hemphill's  Shells,  p.  324,  1883. 

This  species  resembles  Haminea  Guildingi  Sowerby,  but  is  smaller,  much 
more  slender,  and  whiter.  It  is  common  in  shallow  water  on  the  coast  of 
Florida.  A  single  specimen  was  dredged  by  the  Blake  at  Station  247,  off 
Grenada,  in  170  fms.,  ooze,  bottom  temperature  53°. 5  F. 

This  form  is  quite  distinct  from  Haminea  solitaria  Say.  The  other  species 
belonging  to  the  region  are  H.  antillarum  Orb.  (4-  H.  cerina  Mke.  1853,  and 
H.  guadelupensis  Sby.  in  Reeve,  Conch.  Iconica)  ;  H.  Guildingi  Swains.  (?  = 
elegans. Gray  in  Suppl.  Wood,  Index  Testae);  and  H.  Pelitii  Orb.  (+  H.  glabra 
A.  Ad.  in  Thes.  Conch.). 


Family  PHILINID^E. 

Genus  PHILINE  Ascanius. 

Philine  infundibulum  n.  s. 

In  the  multiplicity  of  species  of  Philine  this  one  is  best  described  by  a  com- 
parative diagnosis.  The  soft  parts  externally  are  whitish,  and  resemble  P.  quad- 
rata  and  P.  finmarchica  as  figured  by  G.  O.  Sars.*  It  is  nearest  P.  quadrata 
so  far  as  shell  characters  go,  and  belongs  to  the  group  of  species  which  have 

*  Moll.  Reg.  Arct.  Nov.,  pi.  18,  figs.  9  d,  10  d. 


58  BULLETIN   OF   THE 

the  spire  entirely  immersed  and  the  posterior  junction  of  the  outer  lip  descend- 
ing upon  it  in  a  sort  of  spiral.  The  shell  is  thin,  pellucid,  and  finely  closely 
spirally  striate.  It  differs  from  that  of  P.  quadrata  chiefly  by  its  larger  size 
and  the  much  smaller  proportion  wrapped  in  the  body  whorl.  The  soft  parts, 
though  larger,  are  remarkably  like  those  of  P.  quadrata,  but  in  that  species  the 
ventricular  plates  are  wanting.  In  the  present  species  they  are  present  and  of 
large  size,  the  large  (right)  plate  being  lozenge-shaped,  whitish  and  slightly 
concave  on  the  side  of  insertion,  covered  with  a  convex  polished  nearly  smooth 
brown  coating  on  the  interior,  which  is  generally  worn  away  by  friction  toward 
the  center.  The  small  plates  are  nearly  the  shape  of  half  the  large  one,  partly 
hollow  and  without  granules.  They  resemble  on  the  whole  the  plates  of 
P.  angulata  Jeffreys  as  figured  by  Sars  (loc.  cit.,  t.  xii.  fig.  10  d),  but  are  larger, 
longer,  and  more  pointed  at  the  extremities.  The  adult  shell  comprises  about 
two  whorls,  maximum  length  12.0,  max.  breadth  9.0  mm.  The  large  plate 
measures  about  4.0  X  8.0  mm.  The  axis  of  the  shell  is  wound  in  a  wide  per- 
vious spiral,  and  the  body  whorl  viewed  from  below  extends  about  half-way 
across  the  base  from  side  to  side  and  two  thirds  the  distance  from  the  apex  to 
the  front  edge. 

Habitat.  Station  20,  in  220  fms.,  off  Bahia  Honda,  Cuba;  Station  146,  in 
245  fms.,  sand,  near  St.  Kitts;  Station  167,  off  Guadelupe,  in  175  fms.,  sand; 
Station  188,  off  Dominica  in  372  fms.,  sand;  Station  192,  off  Dominica,  in  138 
fms.;  Stations  274,  279,  291,  and  299,  near  Barbados,  in  118  to  209  fms. 
Bottom  temperatures  ranging  from  43°  to  64°  F. 

This  seems  to  be  a  rather  common  species  from  the  frequency  with  which 
it  was  taken.  It  differs  entirely  from  P.  sagra  Orbigny,  and  is  wider  and 
squarer  than  P.  Candeana  Orb.  in  which  moreover  the  spire  is  represented  as 
visible  for  two  turns  at  the  apex. 

Philine  planata  n.  s. 

Shell  resembling  that  of  P.  aperta  Linne,  but  flatter,  smaller,  more  quad- 
rangular, with  a  shorter  and  smaller  body  whorl,  more  polished  surface,  and 
with  an  impressed  spiral  line  near  the  apex  which  extends  to  the  margin  where 
it  marks  a  slight  sinus,  behind  which  the  posterior  margin  is  prolonged  into  a 
rounded  prominent  point.  The  shell  is  brilliantly  polished  and  smooth  except 
for  lines  of  growth,  but  near  the  apex  are  a  few  microscopic  faint  spirals  invis- 
ible without  a  lens.  Ths  spire  is  wholly  immersed  and  makes  in  all  about  one 
and  a  half  turns.  The  ventricular  plates  are  formed  like  those  of  P.  infandibu- 
lum,  and  not  like  those  of  P.  aperta.  The  outer  surface  of  the  right  plate  has 
two  longitudinal  blackish  lines.  The  two  small  plates  are  somewhat  more 
arched  than  in  P.  infundibulum.  The  inner  or  triturating  surface  is  similar 
in  both.  The  length  of  the  largest  shell  observed  is  11.5  and  its  breadth 
9.0  mm. 

The  soft  parts  are  in  general  much  the  same  as  in  P.  aperta,  but  the  cephalic 
lobe  extends  farther  back  and  the  foot  is  rounder,  flatter,  and  less  rolled  up  at 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  59 

the  sides.  As  seen  from  below  the  body  whorl  of  the  shell  equals  only  about 
one  sixth  of  the  total  width. 

Habitat.  Station  192,  off  Dominica,  in  138  fms. ;  Stations  274,  291,  and  299, 
off  Barbados,  in  140  to  209  fms.,  bottom  temperature  50°  to  56°. 5  F. 

This  species  is  readily  distinguished  from  any  other  of  the  group  by  the  pos- 
terior point,  which,  though  smaller,  recalls  that  of  Clielidonura  Adams.  The 
soft  parts,  however,  have  no  resemblance  to  the  very  peculiar,  and  perhaps  partly 
hypothetical,  figure  of  Quoy  and  Gaimard.  P.  amabilis  Verrill  is  much  nearer 
P.  aperta,  from  which,  as  far  as  the  shell  is  concerned,  it  chiefly  differs  by  being 
a  little  narrower  than  the  average  aperta.  The  species  are,  however,  quite 
variable  in  this  respect. 

Philine  flexuosa  M.  Sars. 

Philine  sp.  ind.  Ball,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  99,  1881. 

Philine  flexuosa  (M.  Sars)  G.  0.  Sars,  Moll.  Reg.  Arct.  Norv.,  p.  302,  1878. 

Habitat.     Yucatan  Strait,  640  fms. 

The  fragment  above  referred  to  was  identified  by  comparison  with  an  au- 
thentic specimen  received  by  Jeffreys  from  Sars,  and  contained  in  the  Jeffreys 
collection. 

Family  GASTROPTERID^. 
Genus  GASTROPTERON  Meckel. 

Gastropteron  sp.  ind. 

A  species  of  Gastropteron,  which  to  a  casual  inspection  did  not  differ  from 
the  Mediterranean  G.  Meckelii  Kosse,  was  obtained  at  Station  167,  near  Guade- 
lupe,  in  175  fms.,  sand,  the  bottom  temperature  being  55°  F.  Unfortunately, 
before  the  specimens  could  be  studied,  the  alcohol  in  which  they  were  pre- 
served evaporated  by  reason  of  a  defective  stopper,  and  it  only  remains  to 
chronicle  the  occurrence  of  the  genus  at  the  locality  mentioned. 


Family  UMBRACULID^E. 
Genus  UMBRACULU31  Schumacher. 

L'ombrelle,  Lam.,  Extrait  d'un  Cours,  1812.    Gray,  List  of  Gen.  P.  Z.  S.  1847,  p.  163. 

Umbruculum,  Schumacher,  Essai,  p.  177,  1817. 

Gastroplax,  Blainville,  Diet.  Sci.  Nat.,  XVIII.  p.  176.     Bull.  Soc.  Philom.,  p.  178, 

1819. 
Umbrella,  Lam.,  An.  s.  Vert.,  VI.  p.  339, 1819;  ed.  ii.,  VII.  p.  569.     Blainville,  Bull. 

Soc.  Phil ,  p.  178,  1819.    Fe'russac,  Tab.  Syst.,  p.  xxix.     Gray,  Lond.  Med. 


60  BULLETIN   OF   THE 

Rep.,  p.  232,  1821.     Cuvier,  Regne  An.,  ed.  ii.,  1830.     Swains.,  Mai.,  pp.  252, 

301, 1840.    Carpenter,  Lect,  ed.  ii.,  p.  86.    Chenu,  Man.  de  Conchyliogie,  I.  p 

398.     Gray,  Guide,  p.  204. 
Ombrella,  Blainville,  Diet.  Sci.  Nat.,  XXXII.  p.  267,  1824.     Mai.,  p.  174,  1825. 
Umbella,  Orb.,  Moll.  Cub.,  I.  p.  115,  1841.     Pal.  Franc.  Ter.  Cret,  II.,  1842.     (Not 

of  Griffith  and  Pidgeon.) 
Acardo,  Menke,  Syn.  olim,  1828. 
Operculatum,  H.  &  A.  Adams,  Gen.  Rec.  Moll.,  II.  p.  41,  1854.     (Linne',  Mus.  Tess., 

1753,  not  binomial.) 
Patella,  sp.  of  the  older  authors. 
Not  Acardo,  Lam.,  1801   (=  whale's  vertebra) ;   nor  of  Commercon,   Brugiere, 

Cuvier,  Muhlfeldt,  or  Swainson;  (=  genera  of  bivalves.) 

Type,  U.  umbrella  Gmelin,  East  Indies. 

The  name  Operculatum,  applied  by  the  brothers  Adams  to  this  genus,  was 
not  used  by  Linne  in  a  binomial  sense,  and  is  barred  by  the  rules  of  nomen- 
clature now  almost  universally  adopted. 

The  trivial  French  name  applied  by  Lamarck  was  first  Latinized  by  Schu- 
macher in  the  form  Umbraculum,  with  a  proper  diagnosis.  The  French  trivial 
name,  which  had  been  many  years  employed  among  collectors,  never  had  any 
scientific  standing  until  Latinized  by  Schumacher.  Subsequently,  Lamarck, 
in  1819,  Latinized  the  word  in  the  form  Umbrella,  and  Blainville  in  the  same 
year  used  the  form  Ombrella,  but  neither  of  these  has  any  just  claim  to  super- 
sede the  name  proposed  by  Schumacher,  which  is  the  first  Latin  binomial 
appellation,  accompanied  by  the  requisite  diagnosis,  which  appeared  in  scientific 
literature. 

Jmbraculum  bermudense  (Mokch?). 

Plate  XIV.  Figs.  9,  10. 

Shell  rounded  in  front,  subtruncate  behind  ;  thin,  translucent  yellowish, 
with  a  tint  of  orange  near  its  apex  ;  surface  polished  but  irregularly  malleated 
as  if  from  irregularities  of  station  ;  apex  disproportionately  pointed  compared 
with  the  rest  of  the  shell,  erect,  dwindling  rapidly  to  a  blunted  point  with  a 
slight  posterior  tendency  ;  on  the  back  of  this  is  apparently  an  obscure  scar  as 
of  a  dehiscent  embryonal  tip  or  nucleus ;  apex  about  the  beginning  of  the 
posterior  third  ;  interior  polished,  anterior  horns  of  the  pedal  muscles  reaching 
about  the  anterior  third'united  by  a  delicate  arched  line  marking  the  attach- 
ment of  the  mantle  ;  Ion.  10.00  ;  lat.  8.00  ;  alt.  4.00  mm. 

A  single  dead  specimen  was  obtained  by  Lieut. -Com.  C.  D.  Sigsbee  at 
Station  62,  off  Havana,  in  80  fms.,  while  in  search  of  Pentacrinus.  While,  in 
the  absence  of  the  soft  parts,  its  position  must  remain  a  little  uncertain,  yet  the 
correspondence  of  the  shell  with  the  young  of  Umbraculum  mediterraneum  is  so 
close  that  I  cannot  doubt  that  this  specimen  is  the  young  of  a  species  of  Um- 
braculum or  Tylodina.    Since  in  this  state  the  specific  relations  seem  indetermi- 


MUSEUM   OF  COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY.  61 

nable,  it  is  probable  that  the  species  is  that  referred  to  by  Dr.  George  Forbes 
of  Bermuda,  in  a  letter  to  John  Eaton  Dodsworth,  published  in  the  Philosophi- 
cal Transactions  in  1758,  and  figured  there.* 

As  to  the  question  whether  this  shell  (named  from  the  above  figures  by 
Morch  Operculatum  bermudense,  Mai.  Blatt.,  XXII.  p.  179,  1875)  is  distinct 
from  the  Mediterranean  species,  this  still  remains  to  be  investigated. 


Subgenus  HYALOPATINA  Dall. 
Shell  dextral,  flattened,  sculptured,  ovate.     Nucleus  sinistral,  immersed. 

Hyalopatina  Rushii  n.  s. 

Shell  oval,  translucent  bluish  white,  almost  perfectly  fiat,  extremely  thin. 
Nucleus  of  less  than  one  whorl,  half  immersed,  the  remainder  rising  above 
the  surface,  smooth,  not  polished.  Upper  surface  nearly  fiat,  except  near  the 
nucleus  which  is  situated  nearly  in  the  median  line  and  close  to  the  posterior 
margin  ;  concentrically  faintly  undulated  ;  with  faint  concentric  growth  lines, 
and  with  very  numerous  radiating  lines  of  extremely  minute  slightly  elevated 
points,  recalling  the  granules  of  Poromya  on  a  much  finer  and  more  minute 
scale.  They  are  so  small  as  to  hardly  appear  elevated,  but  more  like  radiating 
lines  of  opaque  dots  on  the  generally  translucent  surface.  Margin  regularly 
ovate,  entire,  extremely  thin.  Under  surface  of  shell  mostly  polished,  a  little 
domed  under  the  part  in  front  of  the  nucleus  ;  there  are  faint  markings  (in- 
terrupted on  the  right  side  about  the  middle)  which  appear  as  if  they  might 
represent  the  area  of  muscular  insertion,  but  the  polish  of  the  shell  is  such 
that  this  is  not  definitely  ascertained.  The  sides  of  the  shell  are  a  little  ele- 
vated, as  if  it  had  grown  on  a  slightly  concave  surface,  but  the  ends  are  de- 
pressed about  to  the  same  extent.  Max.  long.  9.3;  max.  lat.  7.5;  posterior 
margin  to  nucleus,  1.8  mm. 

Habitat.  Off  Great  Isaac  Light,  Bahamas,  in  30  fms.,  Dr.  W.  H.  Kush. 
U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Coll.  61222. 

This  remarkable  shell  has  been  some  time  in  the  National  Museum  and  has 
been  submitted  to  several  conchologists,  and  studied  with  much  care.  In  the 
absence  of  any  further  information,  I  have  come  to  the  conclusion  that  it  may 
be  related  to  Umbraculum,  from  which,  conch ologically,  it  is  separated  by  its 
oval  form,  posterior  nucleus,  and  granulated  surface.  The  discovery  of  a 
living  specimen,  however,  may  show  the  true  relations  of  the  creature  to 
be  elsewhere.  It  has  a  little  the  general  appearance  of  an  extremely  thin, 
flat  Crepidula  unguiformis  without  a  deck,  and  with  the  nucleus  within  the 
margin. 

*  Plate  XXXV.  ngs,  1,  2. 


62  BULLETIN   OF   THE 

Super-Order  PROSOBRANCHIATA. 

Order  PECTINIBRANCHIATA. 

I  have,  in  sum,  followed  Dr.  Fischer  in  the  arrangement  of  this  group,  mod- 
ifying slightly  the  values  and  some  details.  I  heartily  concur  in  his  expression 
of  opinion,  that  a  final  arrangement  of  the  groups  included  in  this  order  awaits 
much  fuller  knowledge  of  the  animals  than  we  now  possess. 

The  groups,  hardly  suborders,  based  on  the  dentition,  are  not  of  equal  value. 
Toxoglossa  and  Rhachighssa  are  certainly  more  closely  linked  than  either  or 
both  with  Tceuiogbssa.  The  latter  leads  the  way  toward  Rhiphidoglossa.  The 
place  of  Gymnoglossa  is  doubtful. 

Super-Family  TOXOGLOSSA. 

The  facts  now  known  warrant  us  in  believing  that  the  teeth  in  this  group 
represent  the  uncini  of  other  groups,  while  the  middle  part  of  the  radula  is 
only  known,  so  far,  to  occur  in  Spirotropis.  On  the  other  hand,  the  losses  in 
Rhachiglossa  have  been  at  the  edges  instead  of  the  middle,  and  the  uncini  and 
sometimes  the  true  laterals  or  admedian  teeth  are  the  ones  which  are  absent. 
Probably  a  fuller  knowledge  of  the  dentition  will  completely  bridge  the  gap 
now  existing  between  the  two  groups,  and  afford  us  examples  of  every  degree 
of  modification. 

In  separating  this  group  into  families  I  have  adopted  the  groups  rated  as 
subfamilies  by  Dr.  Fischer,  merely  assigning  them  a  somewhat  higher  value. 

Family  TEREBRID^E. 
Genus  TEREBRA  (Adanson)  Lamarck. 

Of  this  genus  the  type  is  T.  subulata  Linne",  and  no  species  known  to  belong 
to  the  typical  section  are  so  far  reported  from  the  region  we  are  discussing. 
The  subdivisions  of  the  genus  which  are  represented  are  Euryta  H.  &  A.  Adams, 
Subula  Schumacher,  Hastula  (Adams)  Troschel,  and  Acus  (Humphrey)  Tro- 
schel.  As  until  the  dentition  of  all  our  species  is  examined  the  place  they 
should  occupy  will  be  uncertain,  the  reference  here  to  the  subgenus  in  some 
cases  is  only  provisional. 

Euryta  aciculata  Lamarck  is  well  known,  and  has  been  received  from 
Venezuela  and  the  Bahamas  by  the  National  Museum,  as  well  as  from  the 
Antilles. 

Hastula  hastata  Gmelin  (+  casta  Hinds  and  obesa  Poulsen)  has  been  re- 
ceived from  Florida,  Aspinwall,  and  the  Bahamas,  beside  the  Antilles. 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  63 

Hastula  cinerea  Born  (+  salleana  Deshayes  and  jamaicensis  C.  B.  Adams), 
is  in  the  Museum  from  Corpus  Christi,  Texas,  from  Vera  Cruz,  Carthagena, 
and  the  West  Indies. 

Subula  floridana  Dall,  has  been  dredged  by  the  U.  S.  Fish  Commmission 
near  Key  West  in  45  fms.,  and  in  the  Straits  of  Florida  in  56  tins.,  sand.  It 
differs  from  S.  triseriata  Gray  (Indo-Pacific),  which  is  its  nearest  relative,  in 
the  absence  of  the  peripheral  nodules  forming  the  post-sutural  series,  and  of  the 
decussation,  beside  being  less  acutely  elongated.  It  reaches  a  length  of  70.0 
mm.  with  a  width  of  10.25  mm.  in  twenty-six  whorls  of  a  pale  straw  color. 

The  species  of  Acus  may  be  discriminated  as  follows :  — 

A.    Whorls  concave. 

Both  sides  of  the  suture  nodulous  ;  no  costae  ;  spirally  grooved ;  white. 
Lon.   19.0,  lat.  4.0  mm.,  whorls  13.     Acus  concavus  Say. 

Post-sutural  nodules  obsolete  ;  the  grooves  replaced  by  channels  separating 
raised  threads  ;  flexuous  obscure  costae  crossing  the  less  concave  whorl  ;  wine- 
colored  or  variegated.  Lon.  18.0,  lat.  3.5  mm.,  whorls  12.  A.  concavus  var. 
vinosus  Dall. 

B.   Whorls  flat  or  convex. 

a.  Shell  large,  columella  keeled. 

Shell  coarse,  white  to  dark  ash-colored  ;  strong,  straight  or  slightly  flexed, 
smooth,  numerous  costae,  with  their  interspaces  coarsely  threaded  or  grooved. 
Lon.  57.0,  lat.  11.0  mm.,  whorls  20.     Acus  dislocatus  Say. 

b.  Shell  small,  acute,  elongate,  columella  not  heeled. 

Whorls  convex,  periphery  destitute  of  nodules,  whorls  crossed  by  sharp- 
edged  very  flexuous  waves  ;  interspaces  with  crowded  spirals  and  sharp  grooves, 
which  last  do  not  cut  the  crests  of  the  waves.  Ashy  to  dark  purple  ;  band 
distinct.     Lon.  21.2,  lat.  4.7  mm.,  whorls  15.     Acus  protextus  Conrad. 

Waves  etraighter,  flatter,  fine  and  numerous,  their  edges  cut  by  the  spiral 
grooves,  sometimes  slightly  nodulous  at  the  intersections  ;  band  distinct  ;  color 
pale  brown  to  dark  ashy.  Lon.  15.5,  lat.  4.0  mm.,  whorls  13.  Acus  -protextus 
var.  lutescens  Dall. 

Larger;  pale  yellow  with  a  white  pre-sutural  area ;  the  young  sculptured 
like  the  preceding,  the  adults  with  the  sutural  band  nearly  obsolete ;  costse 
fine,  flexuous,  rounded,  numerous  (26-28),  with  six  to  ten  prominent  primary 
spirals  overriding  the  costae  and  with  the  interspaces  finely  striate  by  a  secon- 
dary series  of  spirals.  Lon.  55.0,  lat.  10.0  mm.,  whorls  IS.  Acus  nassulus 
Dall. 

Smaller;  strongly  cancellated  and  nodulous  at  the  intersections;  costae  about 
18-20,  straight;  one  faint  anterior  and  three  strong  spirals  between  the  sutural 
band  and  the  suture  in  front;  the  interstices  deep ;  band  obscure;  base  more 
finely  reticulated,  the  spirals  stronger  than  the  costse  ;  color  white  to  pale  buff. 
Lon.  18.0,  lat.  3.5  mm.,  whorls  14.     Acus  limatidus  Dall. 

Larger;  early  whorls  with  one  row  of  pointed  nodules,  later  whorls  with  a 


64  BULLETIN    OF  THE 

double  row  of  crowded  narrower  ones  in  front  of  the  suture  separated  by  a 
depression;  surface  wholly  finely  spirally  striate  with  (30-32)  crowded  narrow 
straight  costae  passing  clear  over  the  whorls  on  to  the  base ;  pale  brown.  Lon. 
21.0,  lat.  4.5  mm.,  whorls  12.     Acus  benthalis  Dall. 

Whorls  flat ;  band  smooth,  convex ;  sides  with  four  flat  spirals  decreasing 
forward  from  the  band  to  the  suture,  and  others  still  finer  on  the  base;  trans- 
verse sculpture  obsolete  except  on  the  earliest  whorls  except  faint  incremental 
lines  ;  shell  porcelain-white,  polished.  Lon.  15.0,  lat.  3.3  mm.,  whorls  13. 
Acus  Rushii  Ball. 

This  tabulation  is  the  result  of  a  study  of  a  large  collection  of  material  l'rom 
all  points  of  the  region.  The  number  of  forms  is  larger  than  was  anticipated, 
knowing  the  variability  of  the  species  of  this  group. 

Before  proceeding  to  enumerate  and  describe  the  species  obtained  by  the 
Blake,  a  few  words  on  the  other  species  may  be  of  interest.  The  typical 
Acus  concavus  has  been  received  only  from  the  coast  of  the  two  Carolinas.  The 
variety  vinosa  hays  been  obtained  in  from  two  to  thirty  fathoms  along  the  coast 
from  Hatteras  to  Florida.  It  is  abundant  in  Sarasota  Bay  and  Charlotte  Har- 
bor, West  Florida,  frequenting  the  fucoids  with  finely  divided  fronds,  the 
color  of  which  it  mimics.  The  operculum  is  somewhat  lozenge-shaped,  with 
an  apical  nucleus.  The  tentacles  are  mere  eye-pedicels,  and  when  not  especially 
active  the  animal  looks  as  if  the  eyes  were  sessile  on  the  front  of  the  head. 
The  siphon  is  more  than  half  as  long  as  the  foot,  which  is  squarely  truncate 
in  front  and  extends  far  in  advance  of  the  eyes.  The  front  margin  appeared 
to  be  double  and  the  tail  was  bluntly  rounded.  The  soft  parts  were  entirely 
white  in  the  white  variety.  The  proboscis  is  extremely  large  and  internally 
corrugated.  There  is  no  radula,  and  there  are  no  mandibles,  according  to 
Stimpson's  notes. 

The  common  Terebra  of  our  coast  is  the  well-known  Acus  dislocatus  of  Say. 
It  extends  from  Maryland  to  Florida,  Texas,  Venezuela,  the  Bahamas,  and  the 
Antilles.  It  has  a  number  of  synonyms,  of  which  the  most  common  are  T. 
rudis  Gray  and  T.  Petitii  Kiener.  It  is  found  fossil  in  the  Miocene  and  Plio- 
cene of  the  Southeastern  United  States.  Stimpson  states  in  his  unpublished 
notes  that  there  are  no  jaws  nor  radula,  but  in  the  constriction  of  the  pro- 
boscis (which  is  hourglass-shaped  when  half  withdrawn)  he  found  a  series  of 
grooved  prickles.  I  suspect  these  were  the  poison  fangs  of  the  animal,  which, 
as  in  some  other  Toxoglossa,  are  not  set  upon  a  radular  band.  If  this  suspicion 
be  confirmed,  this  species  will  probably  have  to  be  removed  from  Acus  (charac- 
terized by  absence  of  teeth)  and  referred  to  Hastula. 

The  proboscis  of  this  species  when  extended  is  of  portentous  magnitude. 
It  is  extruded  base  first  like  the  rostrum  of  Cyprcea.  It  is  very  muscular  and 
internally  corrugated,  funnel-shaped,  and  biggest  at  the  distal  end,  which  encloses 
the  victim,  who  is  squeezed,  smothered,  and  sucked  to  death  simultaneously. 
The  stomach  is  considerably  smaller  than  the  cavity  of  the  proboscis,  and  is 
connected  with  it  by  a  narrow  oesophagus.  From  the  posterior  end  of  the 
January  18,  1889. 


MUSEUM   OF  COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY.  65 

stomach  the  intestine  bends  downward  and  forward,  then  takes  a  sudden  turn 
backward.  The  eyes  are  seated  on  two  small  projections  of  the  front  margin 
of  the  head,  not  even  by  courtesy  to  be  called  tentacles.  The  foot  is  protruded 
as  on  a  sort  of  peduncle,  the  connection  with  the  body  being  constricted.  The 
soft  parts  are  white  with  traces  of  purple  and  yellow.  The  penis  is  recurved, 
sickle-shaped,  rounded,  with  a  small  conical  projection  at  the  side  of  the  tip. 
It  is  very  large  for  the  size  of  the  animal.  The  other  characters  are  much  as 
in  A.  concavus.  The  animal  is  very  sluggish  and  in  captivity  will  remain 
partly  protruded  for  forty-eight  hours,  apparently  without  stirring,  though 
perfectly  healthy.  On  the  shells  are  found  in  May  small  circular  ovicapsules 
adhering  by  the  whole  base  and  with  a  flat  circular  top  like  a  lid  a  little 
set  in.  They  are  about  one  mm.  in  diameter,  and  are  probably  the  ovicapsules 
of  this  species. 

Acus  protextus  Conrad  extends  from  Hatteras  to  Texas  in  2-50  fms.  I 
have  not  received  it  from  the  Antilles.  The  more  distinctly  reticulated 
variety  I  suppose  from  the  figures  to  be  T.  lutescens  E.  A.  Smith.  It  has 
been  obtained  in  2-20  fms.,  from  Cape  Fear,  North  Carolina,  to  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico. 

Acus  Rushii  Dall  was  dredged  in  8  fms.  by  Dr.  W.  H.  Rush,  TJ.  S.  N.,  five 
miles  off  Cape  Florida,  at  the  southwestern  extreme  of  the  peninsula.  With 
its  strongly  marked  flat  spiral  sculpture  and  brilliant  whiteness,  it  is  one  of  the 
most  marked  of  our  small  species. 

Three  species  only  were  collected  by  the  Blake,  but  all  of  these  appear  to 
be  undescribed. 


Terebra  (Acus  ?)  benthalis  Dall. 

Plate  XXIX.  Fig.  6. 

Shell  pale  brown,  fading  to  white  near  the  apex,  slender,  acute,  twelve- 
whorled  ;  nucleus  swollen,  glassy,  white,  smooth,  of  a  whorl  and  a  half;  suc- 
ceeding whorls  with  a  peripheral  row  of  pointed  tubercles,  behind  which  the 
whorl  is  smoothed  off  to  the  suture,  while  in  front  a  rib  proceeds  from  each 
tubercle  to  the  next  suture.  These  are  gradually  modified  from  whorl  to 
whorl,  by  the  increase  in  the  number  of  ribs  and  their  being  crowded,  and 
their  prolongation  backward  to  the  suture  where  they  end  in  a  second  fainter 
tubercle  ;  on  the  last  whorl  the  tubercles  have  become  little  more  than  faint 
swellings  on  parallel  crowded  riblets,  which  seem  to  have  been  ligatured  be- 
tween the  two  rows.  The  whole  surface  is  finely  spirally  striate,  the  base  is 
rounded  ;  the  canal  short  and  much  twisted,  the  mouth  narrow,  elongated,  and 
without  callus.  Max.  Ion.  of  shell,  21.0;  of  last  whorl,  8.2  ;  max.  lat.  of  shell, 
4.5  mm. 

Habitat.     Off  Morro  Light,  Havana,  in  100  to  400  fms. 

This  shell  has  a  deep-water  aspect,  and  though  the  soft  parts  were  not  ob- 
tained I  have  no  doubt  it  lived  at  the  depth  from  which  it  was  dredged. 

VOL.  XVIII.  5 


66  BULLETIN   OF   THE 

Terebra  (Acus  ?)  nassula  Dall. 

Plate  XXXVI.  Fig.  8. 

Shell  slender,  acute  ;  yellowish  white,  or  pale  buff  with  the  color  passing 
into  yellowish  white  in  the  region  of  the  sutural  band ;  whorls  eighteen,  nucleus 
inflated,  glassy,  smooth,  few  whorled  ;  remainder  of  the  shell  not  polished 
finely,  uniformly  sculptured  ;  in  the  early  whorls  the  band  is  defined  by  a 
constriction  in  front  of  the  suture,  which  does  not  interrupt  the  sculpture  ;  as 
the  shell  grows  this  becomes  less  pronounced  and  in  the  later  whorls  the  band 
is  often  very  feebly  defined.  The  spiral  sculpture  consists  of  primary  threads 
and  secondary  striae  ;  there  are  two  or  three  primaries  on  the  band  and  four  to 
eight  on  the  rest  of  the  whorl,  the  base  being  more  feebly  though  similarly 
sculptured;  the  spirals  override  the  very  numerous  close,  fine,  flexuous  trans- 
verse ribs,  there  being  in  these  characters  the  usual  tendency  to  variability  in 
strength,  etc. ;  the  aperture  is  narrow  and  elongated  with  a  faint  wash  of  callus 
on  the  pillar  ;  canal  short,  twisted  ;  the  siphonal  fasciole  very  pronounced,  its 
hinder  edge  marked  with  a  sharp  keel  which  does  not  enter  the  aperture  nor 
appear  on  the  columella.  Lon.  of  shell,  55.0;  of  last  whorl,  16.0;  of  aperture, 
10.0  ;  max.  lat.  of  shell,  10.0  mm. 

Habitat.  Station  32,  in  95  fms.,  Lat.  23°  32'  and  Lon.  88°  5'  W.,  north  of 
Yucatan  in  the  middle  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  ;  Station  36,  in  84  fms.,  west- 
ward of  the  last,  bottom  temperature  60°  ;  Station  206,  off  Martinique, 
in  170  fms.,  sand,  bottom  temperature  49°  ;  Yucatan  Strait,  640  fms.  (ad- 
ventitious?). 

The  only  described  species  which  seems  at  all  to  resemble  this  is  T.  flava 
Gray,  which  is  an  immature  shell  (referred  to  the  Indo-Pacific  T.  cancellata 
Quoy  by  Tryon)  and  might  be  the  young  of  this  or  a  good  many  other  species. 
T.  protexta  var.  lutescens  presents  similar  characters  on  a  minor  scale. 

Terebra  (Acus)  limatula  Dall. 

Habitat.  Barbados,  100  fms.;  Gulf  of  Mexico  at  Station  36,  in  84  fms.; 
Bahamas,  west  of  North  Bernini,  in  200  fms.  (Dr.  Rush);  U.  S.  Fish  Commis- 
sion Station  2402,  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  between  the  delta  of  the  Mississippi 
and  Cedar  Keys,  Fla.,  in  111  fms.,  mud;  and  Station  2610,  24  miles  S.  E. 
from  Cape  Lookout  on  the  Carolina  coast,  in  22  fms.,  sand,  bottom  temperature 
79°.0  F. 

The  sculpture  of  Antillean  specimens  tends  to  be  stronger,  the  alveoli  be- 
tween the  ridges  deeper,  and  the  spirals  fewer  than  in  the  northern  specimens. 
The  latter  usually  have  three  or  four  above  the  suture,  the  Antilleans  two  or 
three.  If  these  differences  are  worth  naming,  the  variety  may  be  called  T. 
limatula  var.  acrior. 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  67 

Family   CONID^. 

This  family,  being  chiefly  composed  of  littoral  or  comparatively  shallow 
water  forms,  is  hardly  represented  in  the  Blake  collections.  A  clean-up  of  a 
number  of  dead  shells  obtained  in  various  places  affords  some  notes  of  interest. 

Genus  CONUS  Linne. 

Conus  Mazei  Deshates. 

C.  Mazei  Deshayes,  Journ.  de  Conchyl.,  XXII.  p.  64,  pi.  i.  fig.  1, 1874.   Tryon,  Man., 

Conus,  p.  39,  pi.  ii.  fig.  10  (bad),  1884. 
1  C.  gracilis  Sowerby,  P.  Z.  S.  1875,  p.  125,  pi.  xxiv.  fig.  6. 

Station  262,  92  fms.,  Grenada,  bottom  of  coral  and  shells;  Barbados,  100 
fms. ;  Station  132,  115  fms.,  Santa  Cruz,  bottom  rock  and  broken  shells,  bottom 
temperature  65°  F. 

This  remarkable  cone,  recalling  in  its  normal  painting  Scaphella  Junonia,  as 
observed  by  Deshayes,  was  not  obtained  by  the  Blake  in  perfect  condition 
except  for  a  few  young  specimens;  broken  specimens,  however,  nearly  as  large 
as  the  figured  type,  are  included  in  the  collection,  and  afford  the  following 
observations. 

The  middle  surface  of  the  species  is  not  always,  nor  it  would  seem  gener- 
ally, smooth  as  in  the  type.  None  of  the  Blake  specimens  are  smooth.  All 
are  strongly  and  rather  uniformly  sulcate  all  over ;  the  revolving  ribs  flat  and 
smooth,  broadest  in  the  middle  of  the  whorl,  while  the  narrower  sulcations  are 
prettily  reticulated  by  raised,  close  transverse  threads.  The  nucleus  is  small, 
smooth,  glassy,  and  rather  loosely  coiled,  in  three  turns. 

The  nine  revolving  series  of  squarish  brown  spots  may  be  faint,  or  even  ab- 
sent. There  may  exist  with  them  a  series  of  three  obscure  pale  bands  begin- 
ning at  the  carina,  and  alternating  with  cloudy  brownish  bands  with  the  color 
more  or  less  distributed  in  the  shape  of  ill-defined  transverse  narrow  flam- 
mules.  The  spots  may  be  superposed  on  this,  or  absent.  It  may  also  be 
nearly  uniform  brown  with  whitish  spots.  The  anterior  end  of  the  columella 
may  also  be  of  a  darkish  brown.  The  width  varies  in  proportion  to  the  length. 
The  young  shells  are  proportionately  wider.  The  nearest  relative  of  G.  Mazei 
appears  to  be  C.  Orbignyi  Audouin  (planicostatus  Sowerby),  which  apparently 
differs  from  the  above  mentioned  banded  variety,  chiefly  in  being  wider. 
Sowerby's  C.  gracilis  may  perhaps  be  an  unusually  brown  specimen,  though 
of  this  I  am  not  confident. 

Conus  cedonulli  Lamarck. 

C.  cedonulli  Lamarck,  Reeve,  Conch.  Icon.  Conus,  pi.  ix.  fig.  46  f. 

Two  small  specimens  from  Barbados;  Station  290,  in  73  fms.,  coarse  coral 
bottom,  temperature  at  the  bottom  71°  F. 


68  BULLETIN   OF   THE 

Conus  proteus  Hwass. 

C.  proteus  Hwass  (1791),  Tryon,  Man.  Conus,  p.  12. 

C.  spurhis  Auct.  as  of  Grnelin. 

C.  leoninus  Hwass,  1791. 

C.  ochraceus  Lam.,  +  C  breviculus  Sow.,  +  C.  armillatus  C.  B.  Adams,  fide  Tryon,  I.  c. 

One  small  specimen,  painted  almost  exactly  like  Scaphella  Junonia  and  hardly 
to  be  recognized  as  identical  with  the  adult,  except  by  comparison  with  a 
series,  was  obtained  on  the  west  coast  of  Florida  in  19  frns. 

Conus  Pealii  Green. 

Conus  Pealii  Green,  Trans.  Alb.  Inst.,  I.  p.  123,  pi.  iii.  fig.  3,  1830;  Thes.  Conch., 

figs.  393,  394. 
Conus  Stearnsii  Conrad,  Am.  Journ.  Conch.,  V.  p.  104,  pi.  x.  fig.  1,  1869. 
Conus  Candidas  Kiener,  Coq.  Viv.,  tab.  xcvii.  fig.  l,fide  Tryon,  I.  c. 

This  shell  has  been  confounded  with  C.  floridanus  Gabb  by  Sowerby,  and 
by  many  collectors.  It  is  not  rare  on  the  west  coast  of  Florida  and  the  Keys. 
It  prefers  grassy  ground  in  shallow  water.  Of  late  years  it  has  been  found  by 
Jewett,  Stearns,  Velie,  and  others.  Mr.  Conrad  redescribed  it  in  ignorance  of 
Green's  paper  on  American  cones. 

Conus  Pealii  is  generally  about  three  quarters  of  an  inch  in  length,  the 
breadth,  at  the  sharply  keeled  shoulder,  less  than  half  the  length ;  smooth  be- 
hind, grooved  on  the  anterior  half;  with  gradate,  slightly  excavated  or  chan- 
nelled spire,  marked  only  by  arched  lines  of  growth;  livid  gray  color,  with 
chestnut  blotches,  the  sides  articulated  with  numerous  narrow  fillets  of  brown 
and  white,  the  brown  spots  always  smaller,  sometimes  obsolete,  the  wdiite 
sometimes  merely  translucent,  brightest  on  the  keel;  the  interior  of  the  mouth 
white  and  dark  brown;  epidermis  smooth  and  extremely  thin,  the  sides  nearly 
right  lines,  the  middle  of  the  outer  lip  arched  forward. 

C.  Pealii  was  not  collected  by  the  Blake,  but  I  have  introduced  a  notice 
of  it  here  on  account  of  its  relation  to  some  of  the  other  species  mentioned,  and 
because  it  has  been  so  generally  misunderstood. 

Conus  Agassizii  Dall. 

Plate  IX.  Figs.  8,  8  a. 

Conus  Afjassizii  Dall,  Report  on  Moll.  Blake,  Part  i.  pi.  ix.  figs.  8,  8  a,  and  expl.  to 
plate,  Sept.,  1886. 

This  shell  was  at  first  thought  to  be  a  transitional  form,  uniting  C.  pygmceus 
Reeve  and  C.  Pealii,  as  the  younger  specimens  first  studied  lent  themselves  to 
Mich  a  conclusion.  The  receipt  of  a  large  specimen  collected  at  Bermuda 
(45  X  23  mm.)  shows  that  this  idea  was  incorrect,  and  that  it  is  distinct  from 
either  of  them. 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPAEATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  69 

The  adult  is  elegantly  spindle-shaped,  falling  in  a  little  toward  the  keel 
which  is  more  or  less  regularly  minutely  dotted  with  reddish  brown  at  rather 
long  intervals.  The  suture  is  very  distinct,  almost  channelled.  The  spire  is 
without  revolving  sculpture,  the  sinus  deeply  concavely  arched.  There  are 
about  seven  strong  grooves  in  the  adult  anteriorly.  The  very  young  (tig.  8  a) 
is  deeply  grooved  all  over,  as  in  C.  verrucosus.  In  the  adolescent  shell  the 
epidermis  is  thin,  and  nearly  smooth  ;  it  is  a  little  rougher  but  still  thin  in  the 
adult.  The  former  has  a  somewhat  waxen  translucency,  the  adult  is  porcella- 
nous.  The  young  is  waxen  white  with  faint  pink  cloudy  suffusion  and  yel- 
lowish ill-defined  brown  patches.  These  colors  are  faint  at  all  ages  and  form 
no  definite  pattern,  except  the  dots  on  the  keel. 

In  the  young,  by  transmitted  light,  it  can  be  seen  that  there  are  articulated 
lines  of  opaque  and  more  translucent  character,  but  these  have  hardly  any  color 
and  are  lost  in  the  adult  state.  The  interior  of  the  aperture  is  white  or  nearly 
so,  the  mouth  is  rather  wide,  the  apex  of  the  spire  neatly  pointed.  The  adult 
has  about  ten  whorls,  with  a  total  length  of  45.0,  and  a  maximum  width  of 
23.0  mm.     The  spire  rises  10.0  mm.  behind  the  aperture. 

Specimens  were  dredged  by  the  Blake  at  Station  132,  in  115  fms.,  near 
Santa  Cruz  Island,  and  in  76  fms.  at  Station  272,  Barbados.  It  is  also  found 
at  Bermuda,  where  Prof.  G.  Brown  Goode  obtained  a  large  specimen,  and 
others  have  since  been  collected  by  Prof.  A.  Heilprin  of  Philadelphia. 

Conus   Villepinii  Fischer  &  Beenardi. 

C.  Villepinii  F.  &  B.,  Journ.  de  Conchyl.,  V.  p.  292,  t.  ix.  fig.  12,  1857. 

Station  167,  175  fms.,  sand,  Guadalupe,  bottom  temperature  55°  F.  Several 
small  specimens  apparently  of  this  species,  one  or  two  of  which  were  fresh.  The 
type  came  from  the  islet  of  Marie-Galante  near  Guadalupe.  This  species  has 
also  been  dredged  by  the  U.  S.  Fish  Commission  on  Little  Bahama  Bank  in 
338  fms.,  at  Station  2655.  It  is  very  close  to  and  possibly  identical  with 
C.  Cleryi  Reeve,  which  came  from  the  northern  shores  of  Brazil. 

Conus  daucus  Hwass. 
C.  daucus  Hwass,  Encycl.  Meth.  Vers,  I.,  Part  ii.  p.  651,  1791. 

One  or  two  dead  specimens  of  the  variety  ft  Reevei  Kiener,  from  Station  272, 
76  fms.,  coarse  sand,  Barbados. 

Conus  centurio  Born. 

C.  centurio  Born,  Mus.,  pi.  vii.  fig.  10,  1780. 

A  specimen  from  Station  127,  38  fms.,  sand,  Santa  Cruz  island,  is  identified 
as  belonging  to  this  species  by  Mr.  G.  W.  Tryon,  Jr.     It  is  a  young  shell,  and 


70  BULLETIN   OF  THE 

might  perhaps  be  referred  with  equal  probability  to  C.  fiavescens  Gray.    Bottom 
temperature,  where  found,  77°  F. 

Conus  centurio  is  however  found  in  the  Antilles  and  Gulf  of  Mexico.  A 
specimen  was  collected  by  the  U.  S.  Fish  Commission  at  Station  2373,  in  25 
fins.,  between  the  mouth  of  the  Mississippi  and  Cedar  Keys,  Florida. 

Conus  fiavescens  Gray. 

C.  fiavescens  Gray,  Sow.,  Conch.  111.,  fig.  68,  1841;  Reeve,  Conch.  Icon.  Conus,  pi. 
xxx.  fig  168,  1843. 

Specimens  agreeing  with  the  above  figures  have  been  received  from  Governor 
Rawson  and  two  other  sources,  from  the  Bahamas;  though  Try  on  in  his  mono- 
graph queries  Ceylon  and  Australia  for  the  species.  Young  specimens  are 
extremely  variable  in  painting,  but  generally  with  a  central  more  or  less  well 
defined  paler  band  ornamented  with  a  few  brown  blotches  or  dots.  One  is  pure 
white  with  a  faint  purplish  tinge  at  the  anterior  end  of  the  shell.  The  epider- 
mis is  thin,  nearly  smooth,  translucent.  Such  young  shells  were  collected  by 
the  Blake  at  Santa  Cruz,.  Station  132,  115  fms.,  hard  bottom;  Grenada,  Sta- 
tion 247,  170  fms.  ooze  ;  and  Barbados,  Station  290,  73  fins.,  coral;  bottom 
temperature  54-71°  F.  Some  of  them  were  quite  fresh,  and  though  not  con- 
taining the  animal  when  received  by  me,  looked  as  if  they  might  have  been 
living  when  collected.  Reeve's  figure  of  C.  magdlanicus  Hwass  looks  very 
much  like  some  of  these  young  shells. 

Among  the  species  which  are  definitely  known  to  inhabit  the  Floridian  re- 
gion and  Antilles  and  not  previously  mentioned  here,  are  the  numerous  vari- 
eties of  G.  pygmceus  Reeve,  one  of  which  has  been  named  C.  Melvilli  by  the 
late  Mr.  Sowerby.  C.  columba  Brug.,  C.  pusio  Lam.,  and  C.  papillosus  Kiener 
probably  belong  hereabouts. 

Conus  floridanus  Gabb  was  named  floridensis  by  Mr.  Sowerby,  who  mixed 
it  up  with  C  Pealii.  C.  verrucosus  and  C.  mus  are  among  the  commoner 
Antillean  species,  and  I  have,  from  various  parts  of  this  region,  C.  nebulosus 
Sol.,  which  indulges  in  some  extraordinary  variations,  C.  achatinus  Lam.,  and, 
most  interesting  of  all,  Conus  Delesserti  Recluz,  from  a  variety  of  stations. 
This  last  is  a  Red  Sea  species,  closely  related  to  C.  centurio  as  is  C.  daucus 
to  C.  fiavescens. 

A  beautiful  species  with  very  much  the  color  of  roseo-tinctus  Sowerby,  but 
with  the  form  and  size  of  suhcarinatus  Sowerby  (see  Thes.  Conch.  Conus,  pi. 
xxv.  figs  604  and  615),  the  dark  streaks  longer  and  darker  than  in  roseo-tinctus 
and  always  followed  by  an  equivalent  pale  area,  a  thickish  epidermis,  and  the 
top  of  the  whorls  excavated  and  striated,  was  dredged  in  27  fms.,  near  the 
coast  of  Yucatan,  by  the  Fish  Commission,  and  has  been  named  by  me  Conus 
amphiurgus. 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  71 


Family  PLEUROTOMIDCE. 

The  species  of  this  family  are,  as  is  well  known,  extremely  numerous;  and 
of  a  majority,  the  operculum,  if  present,  and  the  soft  parts  are  unknown.  A 
thorough  review  of  the  family,  recent  and  fossil,  would  be  a  work  of  some 
years,  well  worth  doing,  Lut  impossible  for  the  writer  at  the  present  time. 
Much  has  been  done  toward  bringing  together  the  material  by  Tryon,  Bellardi, 
Weinkauff,  and  others,  while  the  arrangement  of  the  subordinate  groups  adopted 
by  Dr.  Paul  Fischer  in  his  Manual  is  by  far  the  best  we  have.  It  will,  practi- 
cally, be  followed  here,  with  some  trifling  deviations ;  but  as  the  shells  with 
which  I  have  to  do  have  for  the  most  part  no  traces  of  the  soft  parts,  I  shall 
neglect  for  the  time  the  subordinate  divisions,  into  which  a  reference  would  be 
a  merely  tentative  character.  As  in  other  cases,  I  shall  not  adopt  names  which 
appear  in  the  works  of  authors  anterior  to,  or  who  did  not  adopt  the  binominal 
nomenclature  of  Linnaeus;  and  when  a  name  is  of  reasonably  euphonious  con- 
struction and  Latinity  of  form  I  cannot  follow  those  who,  after  many  years  of 
usage,  would  modify  it  into  conformity  with  an  arbitrary  standard  of  classical 
purity.  A  self-evident  misprint  or  an  error  of  spelling  in  a  proper  name 
which  has  not  become  fixed  by  usage  may  be  corrected,  but  the  essential  prin- 
ciple of  nomenclature  is  to  have  a  fixed  name  for  an  object,  and  this  principle 
should  not  be  violated  for  slight  cause.  It  is  much  more  important  that  names 
should  be  permanent,  than  that  they  should  be  elegant,  of  pure  Latinity,  or  of 
applicable  meaning. 

It  is  highly  probable  that,  when  the  eight  or  nine  hundred  species  of  Pleuro- 
tomidce  known  from  the  Tertiaries  of  Europe  are  compared,  a  number  of  the 
recent  species  about  to  be  described  will  be  found  represented.  But  even  the 
best  figures  are  not  satisfactory  for  critical  comparison,  and  the  last  great  work 
of  Bellardi  is  not  accessible  to  me;  so  that  the  final  correlation  of  the  recent 
and  fossil  forms  will  not  be  attempted  here,  though  such  comparisons  as  are 
practicable,  especially  with  the  Antillean  Tertiary  fauna,  have  been  carefully 
made. 

It  is  somewhat  curious  that  in  the  until  recently  three  most  available  manu- 
als, Woodward,  H.  &  A.  Adams,  and  Chenu,  under  the  head  of  Pleurotomidce 
no  references  are  made  to  the  office  or  function  of  the  "  notch,"  and  in  each 
case  there  is  said  to  be  a  "slit"  in  the  mantle  behind.  In  AVoodward  alone  is 
the  anal  or  excurrent  function  of  the  posterior  sinus  alluded  to,  and  by  him 
oidy  in  general  terms,  while  the  Pleurotomidce  are  not  mentioned  in  his  list  of 
examples.  It  is  now  known,  that  in  the  Fissur  ell  idee,  the  Pleurotomariidce,  the 
Pleurotomidce,  and  numerous  other  groups  of  Gasteropods,  the  anterior  sinus 
when  it  exists,  aided  by  an  extensile  fold  of  the  mantle  (siphon),  forms  the 
channel  of  water  to  the  gills,  while  the  secondary  or  posterior  sinus  serves  as  a 
sluice  for  the  ejection  of  water  (after  it  has  passed  over  the  gills)  and  the  renal 
and  intestinal  excretions.  In  this  way  pollution  of  the  inward  current  to  the 
gills  is  avoided.     In  very  few  species  of  Pleurotomidce  is  there  anything  which 


72  BULLETIN   OF   THE 

can  properly  be  called  a  "slit"  in  the  mantle.  There  is  a  sinuosity  of  the 
elastic  border  of  the  mantle,  which  often  disappears  after  death  or  immersion  in 
alcohol.  The  long  clavate  penis  of  the  male  lies  nearly  under  the  sinus  in 
most  species,  and  the  existence  of  the  sinus  may  facilitate  copulation,  but  this  is 
still  somewhat  doubtful. 

The  band  left  on  the  outer  surface  by  the  curves  of  the  lines  of  growth 
across  the  sinus  has  frequently  to  be  referred  to  in  descriptions,  and  some  term 
has  been  needed  which  shall,  without  too  much  circumlocution,  serve  to  in- 
dicate this  feature,  which  occurs  in  so  many  molluscan  shells.  I  have  else- 
where proposed  to  use  for  the  purpose  the  term  "  anal  fasciole,"  which  I  trust 
may  prove  as  convenient  as  the  term  "  siphonal  fasciole,"  introduced  some 
years  since  by  Gill,  has  been  for  a  similar  feature  on  the  outer  side  of  the  canal 
in  many  Gasteropods.  This  term  "  anal  fasciole"  for  the  band  or  trace  behind 
the  notch  has  been  approved  by  Dr.  Paul  Fischer  and  other  experts,  and  will 
be  used  when  necessary  throughout  this  Report. 

Genus  PLEUROTOMA  Lamarck. 

Subgenus  PLEUROTOMA  s.  s. 

Pleurotoma  albida  Perry. 

Pleurotoma  albida  Perry,  Conchology,  expl.  pi.  xxxii.  fig.  4,  1811. 

Pleurotoma  virgo  Lamarck,  An.  sans  Vert.,  VII.  p.  91,  1822;  ed.  Deshayes,  IX.  p. 

350,  1843 ;  Tryon,  Man.,  VI.  p.  168. 
Buccinum  sinuatum  Martyn,  Univ.  Conch.,  pi.  xciv.  right-hand  figure,  1789  (not  of 

Born). 
Turris  Candida  Humphreys,  Mus.  Calonnianum,  p.  34,  1797  {fide  Dillwyn). 
Murex  tornalus  Dillwyn,  Cat.  Shells,  II.  p.  715,  1822,  ex  parte. 
Murex  virgo  Wood,  Index  Test.  Murex,  No.  63,  pi.  xxvi.,  1818. 
Pleurotoma  kaitensis  Sowerby,  Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  Soc,  VI.  p.  50,  1849. 
Pleurotoma  virgo  Moore,  Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  Soc,  IX.  pp.  129,  130,  1853. 
Pleurotoma  Barretti  Guppy,  Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  Soc,  XXII.  p.  290,  pi.  xvii.  fig.  6 

(bonum),  1866. 
Pleurotoma  antillarum  Crosse,  Journ.  de  Conchyl.,  XIII.  p.  34,  pi.  i.  fig.  8,  1865,  not 

of  Orbigny  (young  shell). 
Pleurotoma  Jehlcii  Crosse,  op.  cit.,  p.  33,  pi.  i.  figs.  6,  7,  1865  (var.  young). 
Turris  virgo  Gabb,  Santo  Domingo,  p.  205,  1873. 

Habitat.  Off  Sombrero,  in  54-70  fms. ;  off  Havana,  in  250  fms.;  Barbados, 
100  fms. ;  Station  3G,  Gulf  of  Mexico,  in  84  fms. ;  Station  132,  near  Santa  Cruz, 
in  115  fms.;  Station  167,  in  175  fms.,  mud,  near  Santa  Cruz;  Station  206,  off 
Martinique,  in  170  fms.;  Station  2G2,  near  Grenada,  in  92  fms.  Also  at  U.  S. 
Fish  Commission  Station  2120,  in  73  fms.,  mud,  off  Grenada;  Station  2414, 
living,  in  26  fins.,  sand,  between  Tampa  Bay  and  Dry  Tortugas.  P.  albida  var. 
tellea  at  Stations  2402  and  2404,  in  60-1 1 1  fms.,  mud  and  sand,  between  the 
delta  of  the  Mississippi  and  Cedar  Keys,  Florida. 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  73 

This  shell  was  first  named  by  Martyn,  but  his  name  under  the  system  then 
prevailing  was  preoccupied.  Humphreys's  name  was  unidentifiable,  except  by 
Dillwyn,  who  saw  the  specimens,  and  he  gave  neither  description,  figure,  nor 
reference,  but  was  the  first  to  mention  the  West  Indies  as  its  true  habitat. 
Perry  names  it,  and  gives  a  description  and  a  better  figure  than  that  in  Reeve's 
Iconica,  but  a  wrong  habitat.  His  name  should  be  adopted.  Wood's  specific 
name  of  virgo,  adopted  by  Lamarck,  is  seven  years  later  in  date.  The  best 
figure,  singularly  enough,  is  that  of  Guppy,  who  figures  it  from  the  Tertiary  of 
Hayti. 

The  species  probably  lives  between  the  100  fm.  line  and  the  shore.  All  the 
specimens  above  cited  from  deeper  water  were  dead,  and  probably  disgorged  by 
fishes.  The  only  living  ones  I  have  seen  were  dredged  in  2G  fms.  by  the  Fish 
Commission.  The  operculum  is  much  like  that  of  Conus,  long,  narrow,  strong 
and  thick,  rounded  behind,  pointed  in  front,  with  an  impressed  line  running  its 
length  parallel  with  and  nearer  the  right  side,  which  is  straighter  than  the  left 
margin.  The  nucleus  is  apical,  the  area  of  attachment  covers  nearly  the  whole 
operculum,  having  a  smooth  narrow  raised  border  around  an  impressed  space 
concentrically  granosely  sculptured.  On  the  right  side  the  raised  margin  is 
very  narrow.  The  shell  reaches  a  length  of  105  mm.  or  more,  and  the  typical 
form  has  sharp-edged  strong  spirals,  a  narrow,  flat  anal  fasciole  more  prominent 
than  any  of  the  spirals,  faint  transverse  sculpture,  and  a  thick  pillar  with  a  ten- 
dency to  become  umbilicated.  The  young  shells  described  by  M.  Crosse  look 
very  different,  and  only  after  comparison  of  many  specimens  was  I  able  to  con- 
vince myself  that  Gabb  and  Try  on  were  right  in  regarding  them  as  synonyms. 
The  shell  is  always  of  a  pure  yellowish  white,  without  markings,  though  the 
apex  of  the  very  young  is  sometimes  tinged  with  reddish  brown.  The  nucleus 
is  inflated,  glassy,  translucent,  of  two  whorls,  which  are  smooth,  then  become 
marked  with  semilunar  riblets  which  pass  into  a  tubercular  keel  at  the  periph- 
ery which  becomes  smooth,  sharp,  and  takes  the  normal  character  very  soon. 

Pleurotoma  albida  var.  tellea  Dall. 

This  form  differs  from  the  normal  in  having  the  revolving  sculpture  fainter 
and  more  uniform,  the  transverse  sculpture  much  stronger  and  more  elevated, 
giving  a  finely  reticulated  appearance  to  the  surface.  The  anal  notch  is  more 
shallow,  the  canal  more  slender,  usually  without  any  umbilical  chink.  The 
shell  reaches  a  length  of  over  100  mm.  with  a  maximum  diameter  of  26.5  mm. 

Pleurotoma  (albida  var.?)  vibex  Dall. 

Shell  resembling  in  a  general  way  the  young  of  P.  albida  of  the  same  size ; 
the  nucleus  is  the  same,  the  spiral  sculpture  resembles  that  of  P.  albida  but  is 
flat-topped  instead  of  sharp;  the  transverse  sculpture  is  less  prominent,  the 
spirals  somewhat  more  numerous;  the  chief  character  which  strikes  one  on 
comparing  the  P.  vibex  with  P.  albida  is  that  the  shell  is  surrounded  with 


74  BULLETIN   OF  THE 

bands  of  olive-green  color,  polished,  narrow  and  resident  in  the  epidermis,  but 
visible  through  the  translucent  shell  in  the  aperture.  These  bands  sometimes 
fill  the  spiral  channels ;  sometimes  there  are  two  olive  bands  separated  by  a 
pale  one  between  two  of  the  elevated  spirals ;  sometimes  the  fiat  tops  of  the 
spirals  are  thus  colored;  in  general  there  will  be  about  ten  of  these  olive  stripes 
on  the  last  whorl.  They  extend  only  over  the  whorl,  the  pillar  from  its 
junction  with  the  body  is  destitute  of  them,  and,  when  fresh,  is  of  a  delicate 
rose  color,  which  is  apt  to  fade.  This  white  or  rosy  rostrum  contrasts  vividly 
with  the  striped  body  and  spire.  Lon.  of  shell,  19.0;  of  spire,  8.5;  of  white 
rostrum,  8.75;  max.  lat.  of  shell,  4.75  mm. 

Habitat.  Off  Havana  in  80-127  fms.,  Sigsbee;  Station  143,  off  Saba  Bank, 
in  150  fms.,  bottom  temperature  63°.2  F. 

This  may  be,  as  Mr.  Tryon  claimed  when  it  was  shown  him,  a  variety  of 
P.  albida,  but  I  incline  to  the  belief  that  it  is  a  good  species. 

Pleurotoma  periscelida  Dall. 

Plate  XXXII.  Fig.  2. 

Shell  stout,  fusiform;  covered  with  a  straw-colored  epidermis;  elaborately 
sculptured;  ten  whorled,  exclusive  of  the  nucleus;  spiral  sculpture  consisting 
of  (1)  a  cord  at  first  rounded  and  irregularly  constricted  at  short  intervals, 
later  flattened  with  numerous  transverse  waves  and  indentations ;  this  band  be- 
comes gradually  wider,  has  two  small  grooves  along  its  center,  and  at  the  sides, 
especially  the  sutural  side,  it  overhangs  the  channels  on  each  side  of  it;  from 
the  first  this  band  conceals  the  suture,  toward  the  end  of  the  last  whorl  it  be- 
comes less  prominent  and  descends  slightly;  (2)  a  broad  elevated  band  grooved 
centrally  and  covered  with  twin  nodules  in  pairs  one  above  the  other,  which 
on  the  later  whorls  are  somewhat  reniform ;  this  band  represents  the  fasciole 
or  pathway  of  the  square-cut  anal  notch;  (3)  in  the  channel  between  the  two 
last  are  two  small,  elevated,  rounded  nodulous  cords;  (4)  in  front  of  the  fas- 
ciole and  on  the  base  of  the  last  whorl  are  four  or  five  strong  spirals,  and  be- 
tween these  and  in  front  of  them  on  the  canal  are  numerous  smaller  ones,  all 
crossed  and  roughened  by  the  transverse  ridges  of  growth;  one  or  two  of  these 
spirals  are  visible  on  the  whorl  before  the  last,  the  earlier  ones  not  showing 
any  of  the  basal  spirals;  transverse  sculpture  of  coarse  elevated  incremental 
lines  more  or  less  visible  over  the  whole  shell;  aperture  rather  wide,  canal 
narrow  and  slightly  curved ;  outer  lip  with  a  deep  notch  squared  at  the  bottom, 
then  strongly  arched  forward,  later  contracted  for  the  canal;  margin  simple, 
sharp;  inner  lip  white,  smooth,  simple,  slightly  excavated;  inside  the  outer  lip 
are  six  or  eight  strong  lira  falling  short  of  the  margin;  pillar  nearly  straight, 
attenuated  and  twisted  in  front,  making  the  end  of  the  canal  flare  a  little;  there 
is  no  umbilical  trace.  Lon.  of  shell,  40.5  ;  of  last  whorl,  27.0;  of  aperture,  22.5; 
max.  lat.  of  shell,  15.0  mm.     Nucleus  defective  in  the  specimens. 

Habitat.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission  Station  2143,  living  in  155  fms.,  mud,  near 


MUSEUM   OF  COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  75 

Monosquillo.     Station  2601,  in  107  fms.,  sand,  off  Hatteras,  N.  Carolina,  dead 
and  worn. 

This  species  is  one  of  the  most  remarkable  and  elegant  of  any  from  the 
deeper  waters.  It  belongs  to  the  group  of  which  P.  speciosa  Reeve  forms  a 
member,  by  its  sculpture,  though  whether  the  nucleus  would  agree  with  that 
species  is  uncertain.  At  present  our  judgment  on  such  subdivisions  as  Gemmula 
Weinkauff,  founded  on  nuclear  characters,  must  be  held  suspended;  so  far  as 
our  knowledge  goes,  nuclear  characters  have  little  absolute  systematic  value  in 
this  group,  and  their  relative  value  remains  to  be  determined. 

Subgenus   LETJCOSYRINX   Dall. 

Shell  white  or  pale  without  color  pattern;  thin;  the  anal  notch  behind  the 
periphery  or  at  the  suture ;  sculpture  delicate,  of  spiral  keels  or  threads  and 
often  oblique  riblets  on  the  shoulder  of  the  whorls;  peripheral  keel  if  pres- 
ent not  recurved;  operculum  thin,  nucleus  apical,  scar  of  attachment  small; 
larval  shell  glassy,  rounded  or  keeled ;  other  shell  characters  as  in  Plcurotoma. 
Type  Pleurotomella  Verrillii  Dall. 

This  group  is  intended  to  contain  the  operculated  species  of  Pleurotomida 
which  are  so  characteristic  of  the  archibenthal  region.  They  are  distinctly 
contrasted  with  the  coarse,  spotted  or  maculated  shallow-water  species  of  Pleu- 
roma  proper,  by  their  thin,  white,  delicately  sculptured  shells  ;  they  are  apart 
from  Drillia  by  having  no  subtubular  projection  of  the  anal  notch  when  adult 
and  no  thick  varix  to  mark  their  maturity;  they  are  separable  from  the  archi- 
benthal Drillias  also  by  their  larger  shells,  longer  canal,  and  more  inflated 
habit.  The  anal  notch  is  generally  wider,  more  rounded  and  nearer  the  suture 
than  in  the  typical  Pleurotoma,  and  the  operculum  proportionally  wider  and 
more  delicate. 

Leucosyrinx  Verrillii  Dall. 

Plate  X.  Fig.  5. 

Pleurotoma  (Pleurotomella)  Verrillii  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  57,  August,  1881. 

Habitat.  Station  41,  860  fms.  ;  Station  173,  living  in  734  fins.,  ooze,  off 
Guadalupe,  bottom  temperature  40°  F.  ;  Station  46,  latitude  25°  43'  N.,  longi- 
tude 84°  47'  W.,  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  in  888  fms.,  ooze.  Also  at  U.  S.  Fish 
Commission  Stations  2623  a,  2626,  and  2628,  25  to  100  miles  off  Cape  Fear, 
North  Carolina,  in  150  to  528  fms.,  ooze,  temperature  39°  to  45°  F. ;  Stations 
2677  and  2678,  off  Cape  Fear,  in  478  and  731  fms.,  ooze,  temperature  about  39°  ; 
and  Station  2384,  in  940  fms.,  mud,  Gulf  of  Mexico,  between  the  Mississippi 
delta  and  Cedar  Keys. 

This  fine  species  appears  not  to  have  been  found  by  the  Challenger,  or  north 
of  Cape  Hatteras.  It  is  distinguished  among  several  allied  forms  by  the  dis- 
tinct fine  even  threads  on  the  fasciole,  the  form  and  number  of  its  riblets,  and 
the  absence  of  any  pre-sutural  wrinkles  or  coronating  band. 


76  BULLETIN   OF   THE 

Leucosyrinx  Sigsbeei  Dall. 

Plate  XI.   Fig.  10. 

Pleurotoma  (Pleurotomellal)  Sigsbeei  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  57,  August,  1881. 

Habitat.  Station  33,  1568  fms.,  Yucatan  Strait,  G40  fins,  (young).  Station 
236,  off  Bequia,  living  in  1591  tins.,  ooze,  bottom  temperature  39°.0  F. 

The  differences  between  this  and  the  last  species  were  noted  in  the  original 
description.  Both  species  have  moderately  small  subglobular  glassy  inflated 
nuclei,  not  large  enough  to  give  a  mamillary  look  to  the  apex,  but  larger  than 
in  the  average  Pleurotoma.  In  both,  the  fine  spiral  threads  cover  the  whole 
fasciole  and  there  is  no  coronet  in  front  of  the  suture. 

Leucosyrinx  tenoceras  n.  s. 

Plate  XXXVI.  Fig.  5. 

Shell  long,  very  slender,  the  aperture  longer  than  the  spire  behind  it  ;  white 
or  ashy,  the  nucleus  yellowish,  subglobular,  glassy,  smooth  ;  whorls  ten,  beside 
the  nucleus  ;  suture  appressed,  a  coronet  of  short,  elevated,  backward  pointing 
wrinkles  marginating  the  whorl  in  front  of  it;  fasciole  wide,  with  obsolete 
sculpture  or  smooth,  polished,  very  sloping,  subconcave  ;  shoulder  of  the 
whorl  angulated,  ornamented  (on  the  whorl  before  the  last)  with  about  four- 
teen nodular  riblets  ;  these  riblets  on  the  early  whorls  are  short,  stout,  and 
very  prominent,  later  they  become  more  slender  and  oblique,  and  on  the  last 
whorl  tend  to  become  obsolete  entirely  ;  the  whole  shell  except  the  fasciole  is 
covered  with  fine  flattened  threads,  not  prominent,  and  often  wavy  or  obliquely 
directed  from  irregularities  of  growth  ;  aperture  long,  rather  narrow  ;  canal 
narrow,  long,  flaring  a  little  at  the  end  ;  outer  lip  thin,  simple,  broadly  arched 
forward,  with  no  internal  lira  ;  notch  deep,  very  wide,  extending  from  the 
suture  to  the  shoulder  ;  pillar  lip  slightly  excavated,  white,  smooth ;  pillar 
straight,  attenuated  in  front ;  whorls  moderately  full,  having  a  drawn-out 
appearance ;  operculum  thin,  pear-shaped,  acutely  pointed,  with  a  thin  mar- 
ginal rib  ;  pale  horn-color.  Lon.  of  shell,  60.0  ;  of  last  whorl,  40.0  ;  of  aperture, 
33.0;  max.  lat.  of  shell,  14.0  mm. 

Habitat.  Station  161,  near  Guadalupe,  in  583  fms.,  sand,  temperature  41°. 0. 
Station  265,  near  Grenada,  in  576  fms.,  ooze,  temperature  about  40°. 0.  Also 
at  U.  S.  Fish  Commission  Station  2392,  in  724  fms.,  mud,  Gulf  of  Mexico 
between  the  Mississippi  delta  and  Cedar  Keys,  Florida,  temperature  40°.7 ; 
and  Station  2677,  off  Cape  Fear,  North  Carolina,  in  478  fms.,  mud,  temperature 
39°.3  F. 

This  is  more  slender  than  either  of  the  preceding  species,  and  has  a  smoother 
and  always  coronated  fasciole,  which  rarely  shows  spiral  sculpture. 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY.  77 

Leucosyrinx  subgrundifera  Dall. 

Plate  XXXVIII.  Fig.  1. 

Pleurotoma  subgrundifera  Dall,  in  Agassiz,  Three  Cruises  of  the  Blake,  II.  p.  66,  fig. 
283,  1888. 

Shell  fusiform  with  an  acute  spire,  nine  whorls,  and  a  globular  brownish, 
shining,  smooth  nucleus  of  about  two  whorls  ;  shell  with  a  polished  surface 
over  a  straw-colored  very  thin  outer  layer,  the  only  transverse  sculpture  being 
due  to  the  faint  incremental  lines  and  irregularities  of  growth  ;  spiral  sculp- 
ture of  an  extremely  sharp  and  wide  keel  nearer  to  the  suture  in  front  than  to 
the  one  behind,  and  in  some  cases  having  its  edge  actually  curved  forward  and 
overhanging  ;  the  margin  of  the  keel  is  smooth  and  a  little  rounded ;  it  is 
fainter  on  the  last  whorl  of  the  adult  ;  in  front  of  the  keel  on  the  base  is  a 
slight  angulation  or  hardly  elevated  thread  on  which  the  suture  coils ;  in  front 
of  this  are  some  faint  spiral  markings,  hardly  breaking  the  smoothness  of  the 
surface  ;  suture  distinct ;  aperture  narrow  ;  notch  deep,  wide,  extending  from 
the  suture  nearly  to  the  edge  of  the  keel  ;  outer  lip  thin,  arched  forward,  not 
internally  lirate  ;  pillar  lip  slightly  excavated,  white,  smooth ;  pillar  straight, 
attenuated  in  front,  canal  narrow,  straight,  shallow;  base  moderately  rounded 
in  the  adult,  flatfish  in  the  young ;  operculum  as  in  L.  tenoceras.  Lon.  of 
shell,  30.0  ;  of  last  whorl,  20.3;  of  aperture,  17.0;  max.  lat.  of  shell,  11.0  mm. 

Habitat.  Yucatan  Strait,  a  fragment  in  640  fms.  U.  S.  Fish  Commission 
Station  2384,  Gulf  of  Mexico,  in  940  fms.,  mud,  between  the  delta  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi and  Cedar  Keys,  Florida  ;  and  Station  2628,  in  528  fms.,  sand,  100 
miles  S.  E.  by  S.  from  Cape  Fear,  North  Carolina;  temperatures  38°. 7  and 
39°.6  F. 

Some  specimens  of  this  singular  shell  look  like  a  lot  of  successively  smaller 
umbrellas,  one  over  another. 

None  of  the  Challenger  species  approach  this  one.  The  Surcula  staminea 
and  S.  gonioides  of  Watson  are  carinated,  but  the  keel  is  far  less  pronounced 
than  in  the  present  species,  and  they  do  not  appear  to  have  that  curious  chalky 
outer  layer  like  a  coat  of  whitewash  varnished,  which  is  so  peculiar  in  L.  sub- 
grundifera. In  the  last  there  is  some  variation  in  the  strength  of  the  basal 
spirals,  but  in  none  of  them  do  the  latter  rise  much  above  the  surface. 

Subgenus  ANCISTROSYRINX  Dall. 

Ancistrosyrinx  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  IX  p.  53,  Aug.  12,  1881. 
Candelabrum  Dall,  1878,  non  Blainville,  1830. 
?  Columbarium  sp.  Tryon,  non  Von  Martens. 

This  very  elegant  section  of  the  family  extends  from  the  Eocene,  where  it 
has  been  found  at  Jackson,  Mississippi,  and  probably  in  Europe,  to  the  exist- 
ing fauna.  The  only  species  which  may  perhaps  be  referred  to  it  that  was 
known  before  the  writer  called  attention  to  it  is  Pleurotoma  cedonulli  Reeve, 


78  BULLETIN    OF   THE 

from  Panama.  It  is  impossible  to  determine  with  certainty  from  Reeve's 
figure  whether  his  species  is  a  true  Ancistrosyrinx  or  not,  but  it  looks  like 
one,  and  he  expressly  states  that  the  apex  is  sharp  and  the  sinus  large,  which 
would  exclude  it  from  Columbarium,  to  which  Tryon  referred  it.*  The  latter 
even  considered  it  a  synonym  of  the  Chinese  C.  pagoda  Lesson,  which  has  a 
bulbous  nucleus  and  no  sinus.  A  species  from  the  Eocene  of  Dry  Creek, 
Jackson,  Mississippi,  was  described  by  Mr.  T.  H.  Aldrich  in  1886  ;  it  is  dis- 
tinct from  the  recent  forms,  with  which  I  compared  it,  having  a  different  sculp- 
ture about  the  sinus,  and  was  named  Pleurotoma  (Ancistrosyrinx)  columbaria  by 
Mr.  Aldrich.  The  figures  of  P.  calliope  Brocchi  and  P.  controversa  Jan  from 
the  Italian  Tertiaries  recall  this  group,  but,  if  they  are  strictly  to  be  relied 
upon,  the  resemblance  is  superficial  and  consists  chiefly  in  the  dentate  carina. 
Nothing  referable  to  this  group  was  obtained  by  the  Challenger. 

Ancistrosyrinx  elegans  Dall. 

Plate  XXXVIII.  Fig.  3. 

Ancistrosyrinx  elegans  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  54,  1881.    Agassiz,  Three  Cruises 
of  the  Blake,  II.  p.  60,  fig.  282,  1888. 

Habitat.  Florida  Reefs,  Pourtales,  1870.  Station  2,  805  fms.,  four  mile3 
from  Havana,  Agassiz,  1877-78. 

In  this  species  the  anterior  part  of  the  whorls  is  covered  with  granulose 
spirals,  one  more  prominent  than  the  rest  in  front  of  which  the  suture  coils. 
The  sinus  is  comparatively  short  with  a  polished  flat  fasciole  bounded  outside 
by  an  elevated  strongly  undulate  keel,  between  which  and  the  outer  keel  is 
a  narrow  deep  sulcus  with  a  row  of  faint  nodules  at  the  bottom.  The  spines 
are  very  small  and  curved  toward  the  apex,  the  nucleus  brownish,  glassy,  and 
unicarinate.  There  are  indications  of  very  faint  axially  directed  fiammules  of 
pale  yellow  on  the  white  surface. 

Ancistrosyrinx  radiata  n.  s 

Plate  XII.  Fig.  12. 

Shell  irregularly  clouded  with  pale  brown  and  white,  or  of  a  diffuse  very 
pale  brown ;  nucleus  of  two  whorls,  the  first  very  small,  rounded,  obliquely  set 
and  partly  immersed,  arousing  on  casual  inspection  the  unfounded  suspicion 
that  it  is  sinistral;  apex  sharp,  the  subsequent  whorls  (nine  or  ten)  at  first 
with  a  sharp  dentate  peripheral  keel,  which  afterward  becomes  spinous  and 
more  or  less  posteriorly  directed;  spiral  sculpture  anteriorly  of  numerous  rather 
widely  separated  fine  threads,  not  granulose,  but  passing  over  rather  coarse  lines 
of  growth  and  less  crowded  near  the  keel;  carina  with,  on  the  tenth  whorl, 

*  Since  the  above  was  written  I  have  examined  Reeve's  type  In  the  British 
Museum,  and  it  proves  to  be  a  species  of  Ancistrosyrinx,  but  different  from  the  East 
American  forms. 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY.  79 

about  twenty-six  sharp  short  subtriangular  spines  more  or  less  upturned;  half- 
way between  the  keel  and  the  carina  is  an  elevated  second  keel,  not  undulate 
or  dentate  but  much  higher  than  in  A.  elegans  ;  behind  this  is  the  sinus,  which 
is  indented  about  one  eighth  of  a  turn;  the  fasciole  is  concave;  transverse 
sculpture  of  rather  coarse  prominent  lines  of  growth  which  are  often  strongly 
marked;  aperture  narrow,  elongate,  notched  for  the  sinus,  the  canal,  and  the 
carina;  canal  long,  narrow,  rather  open,  slightly  curved  at  the  tip;  base  of 
shell  subconic,  hardly  rounded,  whole  surface  of  the  shell  having  a  polished 
appearance  like  barley-sugar  candy.  Lon.  of  shell,  18.0;  of  last  whorl,  12.5; 
from  the  carina  to  the  anterior  end  of  the  canal,  10.0;  max.  lat.  of  shell,  8.0;  of 
aperture,  3.0  mm. 

Habitat.  Yucatan  Strait,  640  fms. ;  Station  132,  in  115  fms.,  rocky  bottom, 
off  Santa  Cruz;  Station  143,  in  150  fms.,  off  Saba  Bank;  Station  220,  in  116 
fms.,  rocky  bottom,  off  Santa  Lucia;  Station  206,  in  170  fms.,  near  Martinique, 
on  a  bottom  of  fine  sand;  Station  273,  in  103  fms.,  coral,  off  Barbados;  Station 
290  (living),  in  73  fms.,  coral,  bottom  temperature  about  71°  F. ;  Stations  296, 
297,  and  299,  off  Barbados,  in  84-140  fms.,  hard  or  coral  bottom.  The  Fish 
Commission  obtained  it  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  between  the  delta  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi and  Cedar  Keys  (dead),  at  Station  2373,  in  25  fms.,  coral;  and  at  Sta- 
tion 2646  (fresh),  in  85  fms.,  sand,  off  Cape  Florida. 

The  soft  parts  of  this  species  are  whitish  or  pale  straw-color.  The  tentacles 
are  small,  the  eyes  large  and  black.  The  operculum,  thin  and  yellow,  resem- 
bles that  of  Drillia.  The  sides  of  the  foot  are  plain,  the  gills  as  usual.  The 
single  living  specimen,  very  small,  was  so  far  retracted  that  the  shell  had  to  be 
wholly  sacrificed  to  get  him  out  unlacerated.  It  was  a  male  with  a  verge  of  pro- 
portionally enormous  size  set  on  the  right  side  behind  the  head,  smooth,  some- 
what sigmoid,  with  an  oval  tip,  without  any  appendix,  and  slightly  flattened. 

This  shell  was  at  first  confounded  with  A.  elegans,  but  a  comparison  shows 
them  to  be  perfectly  distinct,  the  sculpture  being  entirely  different.     The  pres 
ent  species,  though  not  so  slender,  is  more  like  A.  cedonulli,  Reeve,  than  is  the 
A.  elegans,  the  latter  in  several  respects  being  nearer  to  the  fossil  species  from 
the  Mississippi  Eocene. 

Subgenus  GENOTA  H.  &  A.  Adams. 
Genota  mitrella  Dall. 

Plate  XII.  Fig.  5. 

Pleurotoma  (Genota)  mitrella  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  56,  Aug.  12,  1881. 
Pleurotoma  (Genota)  didj/ma  Watson,  Journ.  Linn.  Soc,  XV.  p.  404,  Sept.  29,  1881 ; 
Chall.  Gastr.,  p.  299,  pi.  xxii.  fig.  5,  1885. 

Habitat.  Yucatan  Strait,  640  fms.;  off  Sombrero,  in  450  fms.,  ooze,  Chal- 
lenger Expedition. 

No  further  specimens  of  this  species  have  been  found.  It  is  referred  to 
Genota  on  purely  conchological  grounds. 


80  BULLETIN   OF  THE 

Section  DOLICHOTOMA  Bellaedi. 

Type,  Pleurotoma  cataphracta  Brocchi. 

The  folds  with  which  this  species  is  credited  are  merely  the  projecting 
margin  of  the  pillar,  and  an  obscure  thickening,  hardly  to  be  compared  to  a 
true  plait. 

Genota  viabrunnea  n.  s. 

Plate  XIII.  Fig.  K. 

Shell  solid,  fusiform;  with  a  smooth,  brown,  two-and-a-half-whorled  vitre- 
ous nucleus,  the  last  whorl  of  which  has  semilunar  riblets  ;  and  eight  slightly 
turrited  whorls;  spire  short,  conical,  rather  pointed;  the  early  whorls  deli- 
cately sculptured,  the  last  two  rather  rude ;  the  aperture  longer  than  half  the 
shell.  Transverse  sculpture  in  the  earlier  whorls  (which  are  pure  white)  con- 
sisting of  rather  crowded  flutings  depending  transversely  forward  from  the 
sutural  margin  for  a  third  of  the  width  of  the  (visible)  whorl,  which  then  swells 
outward,  marked  by  strong  growth  lines,  to  a  series  of  peripheral  angular 
nodulations  which  mark  the  course  of  the  anal  fasciole;  on  the  fourth,  fifth, 
and  sixth  whorls,  counting  from  the  nucleus,  the  flutings  are  more  regular  and 
elegant  than  in  the  earlier  or  subsequent  turns,  on  the  fifth  and  sixth  they  as 
well  as  the  growth  lines  are  elegantly  granulose  or  marked  with  small  round 
nodes,  the  resultant  of  transverse  and  spiral  sculpture;  the  peripheral  nodula- 
tions also  become  more  transverse  and  divided  into  three  smaller  nodules  each, 
from  the  same  cause;  on  the  seventh  and  eighth  whorls  the  lines  of  growth  be- 
come more  rude,  the  flutings  and  nodulation  gradually  vanish,  and  the  sculpture 
is  reduced  to  obscure  spiral  ridges,  finer  and  more  uniform  on  and  behind  the 
fasciole,  and  coarser,  with  a  certain  alternation  of  larger  and  smaller  in  size,  be- 
fore the  fasciole ;  the  last  three  and  a  half  whorls  take  on  a  warm  brownish  tint, 
the  fasciole  being  a  still  darker  and  somewhat  livid  madder  brown ;  the  later 
spiral  ridges  are  also  often  somewhat  darker  than  their  interspaces.  Aperture 
narrow,  canal  short,  broad,  slightly  recurved ;  outer  lip  pnMuced  in  advance 
of  the  sinus,  thin,  simple,  sharp;  body  polished,  slightly  excavated;  column 
slightly  twisted,  swollen,  white,  smooth,  attenuated  in  front,  with  no  callus,  as 
long  as  the  canal ;  suture  distinct,  appressed,  posterior  surface  of  the  whorls 
behind  the  fasciole  somewhat  concave.  Lon.  of  shell,  38.00;  of  aperture,  22.00; 
max.  lat.  of  shell,  16.5;  of  aperture,  6.5  mm. 

Habitat.  Off  Martinique,  at  Station  211,  in  357  fms.,  fine  yellow  sand,  liv- 
ing; and  near  Barbados,  at  Station  295,  in  180  fms.,  hard  bottom;  bottom 
temperature  50°.7  F.  Also  south  of  Cuba,  in  254  fms.,  coral,  at  U.  S.  Fish 
Commission  Station  2134. 

This  fine  shell  is  of  unusual  solidity  and  warm  coloration  for  a  deep-water 

species.     None  of  the   specimens   showed  any  indications  of  thickening   or 

striation  of  the  aperture.     Like  many  others,  in  the  present  unsettled  state  of 

the  classification  of  the  Pleurotomidce,  its  final  place  is  somewhat  uncertain,  but 

January  26,  1889. 


MUSEUM   OF  COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  81 

conchologically  it  belongs  with  Genota  as  defined  by  Dr.  Paul  Fischer  in  hi3 
invaluable  Manual. 

The  shell  is  closely  allied  to  Pleurotoma  cataphracta  Brocchi,  of  the  Miocene 
of  the  Paris  and  Vienna  Basins.  Though  the  sculpture  differs  in  detail,  and 
the  fossil  is  more  turrited,  beside  being  sharply  strongly  internally  Urate,  the 
G.  viabrunnea  may  be  regarded  as  the  descendant  of  the  fossil  in  a  more  or  less 
direct  line.  The  several  varieties  even,  so  beautifully  figured  by  Hoernes  in 
his  monograph  of  the  Vienna  Tertiary  mollusks,  are  reproduced  in  the  recent 
form.  Among  the  five  specimens  I  have  seen  there  is  a  variation  as  to  the 
sculpture  which  would  divide  them  into  two  groups,  just  as  Brocchi  originally 
divided  his  Murex  cataphracta.  One  has  the  spiral  sculpture  elegantly  alter- 
nated, a  stout  thread  and  a  slender  one,  all  over  the  body,  and  all  the  threads 
minutely  and  prettily  granulated.  The  other  has  the  spiral  sculpture  ill- 
defined,  sparser,  rude,  and  obsolete,  that  on  the  base  showing  no  granulations 
whatever. 

Soft  parts.  The  foot  is  double-edged  in  front,  rounded  at  the  corners  and 
behind.  It  is  nearly  smooth,  and  like  all  the  rest  of  the  integument  is  yellow- 
ish white  (in  alcohol).  The  tentacles  are  rather  long,  cylindrical,  stout,  and 
not  very  pointed.  The  eyes  are  small,  black,  situated  one  third  of  the  way 
from  the  base  toward  the  tips  of  the  tentacles.  The  verge  is  very  large,  re- 
curved, flattened  cylindrical,  bluntly  pointed;  gills  two,  the  lamellae  rather 
short,  the  organs  themselves  rather  long  and  of  a  dark  greenish  color.  The 
operculum  normally  is  as  in  Leucosyrinx,  thin,  horny,  elongated,  pointed  at 
the  anterior  end,  which  is  the  nucleus.  The  scar  of  attachment  is  large  and 
curiously  concentrically  engraved,  recalling  the  opercular  scar  in  Purpura, 
though  not  rotary-concentric  as  that  is. 

In  the  Fish  Commission  specimens  the  operculum  in  each  of  three  specimens 
was  abnormal,  being  more  or  less  truly  concentric  and  smaller  than  it  should 
have  been.  I  suppose  these  specimens  had  lost  the  original  operculum,  and 
the  subsequent  product  of  the  gland  was  deformed,  as  is  known  to  happen 
occasionally  in  Buccinum.  One  of  these  specimens  has  a  thickening  on  the 
pillar,  like  a  clumsy  reminiscence  of  a  plait.  I  noticed  that  the  upper  coils 
of  the  soft  parts  appeared  grooved  when  extracted,  and,  cutting  into  the  spire 
of  the  specimen,  found  that  the  outer  lip  must  have  been  internally  lirate 
when  the  specimen  was  young,  with  some  half-dozen  obscure  lira.  One  of  the 
specimens  has  obsolete  lirae  in  the  throat.  They  cannot  be  seen,  but  by  rub- 
bing the  interior  transversely  with  the  point  of  a  pin  the  invisible  elevations 
can  be  felt  as  the  pin  point  crosses  them.  It  is  possible  that  the  species  may 
be  regularly  lirate  when  perfectly  adult,  as  in  G.  cataphracta  Brocchi.  The 
specimens  indicate  rather  that  the  character  referred  to  has  become  obsolete 
in  the  species,  and  only  occasionally  exists  in  special  individuals. 

The  dentition  I  am  unfortunately  unable  to  describe.  The  soft  parts  within 
the  mouth  strongly  recalled  those  of  Bela  as  figured  by  Sars  (Moll.  Reg.  Arct. 
Norv.) ;  but  the  gland,  which  in  that  genus  is  supposed  to  secrete  venom  and 

VOL.   XVI.  —  NO.  3.  6 


82  BULLETIN   OF  THE 

which  empties  close  to  the  radula,  here  seemed  to  enter  the  oesophagus  some 
distance  behind  the  proboscis,  and  I  could  not  find  any  radular  sac  at  the  right 
side  of  the  proboscis  where  it  should  be.  On  dissolving  the  whole  buccal 
apparatus  in  boiling  caustic  potash,  the  residue  afforded  no  trace  of  any  teeth. 
Still  I  do  not  feel  entirely  confident  that  the  animal  is  normally  edentulous, 
or,  if  it  is,  that  the  gland  in  question  is  more  than  salivary.  It  would  seem 
absurd  that  an  edentulous  mollusk  should  have  a  venom-gland.  If  it  is  eden- 
tulous, probably  it  is  capable,  in  the  fanged  species,  of  producing  a  modified 
and  poisonous  secretion,  while  in  others  it  is  merely  salivary. 

A  related  species  is  Genota  atractoides  Watson,  from  the  Philippines;  it  is 
lighter  colored  and  the  details  of  sculpture  are  different  and  stronger  than  in 
our  species. 

It  will  be  observed  that  the  soft  parts  are  not  like  those  of  Conus.  The  soft 
parts  of  Adanson's  Genot  are  not  figured  by  him,  nor  described  except  by  saying 
that  they  resemble  those  of  the  Cones.  Unless  G.  mitriformis  Wood,  and  G. 
papalis  Reeve,  Adams's  types,  be  different  from  the  present  species,  it  is  evident 
that  Genota  can  rank  only  as  a  subdivision  of  Pleurotoma,  and  not  as  a  genus 
by  itself.  If  they  do  differ,  the  present  forms  must  be  separated  as  a  subgenus 
of  Pleurotoma  under  Bellardi's  name. 


Genus  DttiiXIA  Gray. 

The  species  of  this  group  are  so  varied  in  their  characters,  and  yet  so  closely 
connected  by  intermediate  forms,  that  at  present  no  absolute  conclusions  as 
to  their  arrangement  can  be  drawn.  I  shall  for  convenience  separate  those 
here  treated  of  into  three  groups:  A,  comprising  those  with  rough  sculpture, 
the  spiral  sculpture  being  present  and  usually  emphasized  ;  B,  nearly  smooth 
species  with  strong  transverse  ribs,  and  usually  colored,  the  spiral  sculpture 
faint  or  absent ;  and  C,  white,  polished  species,  without  spiral  sculpture,  and 
usually  with  the  spire  particularly  long  in  comparison  with  the  rest  of  the 
shell.  These* are  deep-water  forms,  and  shine  with  a  peculiar  lustre  like  rock 
candy.  This  is  a  character  shared  by  several  other  groups  of  deep-water 
shells,  and  undoubtedly  appears  in  response  to  some  unknown  factor  in  the 
environment. 

Section  A.     Roughly  sculptured  species. 

Drillia  ostrearum  Stearns. 

Drillia  ostrearum  Stearns,  Proc.  Boat.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  XV.  p.  22,  1872.    Tryon, 
Man.,  VI.  p.  197,  pi.  xxxiv.  fig.  79,  1884. 

Habitat.  Off  Sombrero,  in  54-72  fms.;  Station  142,  Flannagan's  Passage, 
in  27  fms. ;  Station  247,  near  Grenada,  in  170  fms. ;  Station  272,  in  76  fms.,  off 
Barbados.    Living,  in  15  fms.  to  low- water  mark,  from  Cape  Hatteras  to  Cape 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  83 

Florida,  and  westward  to  Cape  Catoche,  Yucatan,  U.  S.  Fish  Commission,  and 
other  authorities. 

The  deep-water  specimens  of  this  species  are  all  dead,  and  I  believe  them  to 
be  adventitious. 

Drillia  Tryonii  n.  s. 

Shell  recalling  D.  ostrearum,  but  white,  more  acutely  pointed,  smaller,  with 
a  more  gibbous  varix  in  the  adult,  an  umbilical  chink  on  the  pillar,  and  a 
spirally  threaded  fasciole  instead  of  a  smooth  one;  shell  eight- whorled,  with  a 
smooth  nucleus;  16-18  long  transverse  ribs  extending  across  the  whorls,  fas- 
ciole and  all;  crossed  by  numerous  (eleven  on  the  last  whorl  but  one)  ele- 
vated, even,  rounded  threads,  with  about  equal  or  wider  interspaces  ;  the 
threads  are  not  swollen  at  the  intersections  ;  suture  distinct,  the  fasciole  but 
slightly  excavated,  whorls  moderately  rounded  ;  on  the  last  whorl,  a  quarter 
of  a  turn  before  the  adult  aperture  is  formed,  is  a  prominent  swollen  rounded 
varix,  or  rib  ;  aperture  short ;  body  callous  ;  pillar  reflected,  forming  a  distinct 
pseudo-umbilicus;  outer  lip  thin,  not  lirate,  strongly  arched;  canal  short, 
curved.  Lon.  of  shell,  12.0;  of  last  whorl,  7.0;  of  aperture,  5.2  ;  max.  lat.  of 
shell,  4.3  mm. 

Habitat.  Station  231,  near  St.  Vincent,  in  95  fms.;  Station  262,  near  Gre- 
nada, in  92  fms.;  Station  272,  near  Barbados,  in  76-100  fms. 

I  regard  this  as  a  shallow-water  species,  adventitious  in  the  above  localities. 
All  the  specimens  are  injured,  but  from  the  lot  a  description  was  practicable. 
These  shells,  by  some  error  of  observation,  were  returned  to  me  as  a  variety  of 
D.  ostrearum  by  Mr.  Tryon.  They  are  a  well  marked  and  perfectly  distinct 
form,  having  only  the  most  general  resemblance  to  D.  ostrearum.  The  average 
dimensions  of  the  latter,  from  the  same  region,  are,  lon.  of  shell,  17.0  ;  of  last 
whorl,  10.0  ;  of  aperture,  7.5  ;  max.  lat.  of  shell,  7.0  mm. 

The  nearest  relative  among  the  Blake  shells  to  this  form  is  D.  albicoma,  from 
which  D.  Tryoni  will  be  distinguished  by  its  smaller  size,  its  more  numerous 
and  close-set  ribs,  and  by  its  strongly  differentiated  fasciole. 

Drillia  albicoma  n.  s. 

Plate  X.  Fig.  8. 

Shell  solid,  slender,  acute,  pure  white,  with  a  simple  polished  nucleus  of  a 
whorl  and  a  half,  followed  by  nine  normal  whorls ;  spiral  sculpture  of  ex- 
tremely fine,  close-set,  regular  threads,  uniform  over  the  entire  surface,  but 
scarcely  visibly  developed  in  the  first  four  whorls,  which  appear  polished  to 
the  naked  eye  ;  the  threads  on  the  last  whorl  are  about  nine  in  the  breadth  ol 
a  millimeter;  transverse  sculpture  of  rather  stout,  sharp  ribs  (on  the  seventh 
whorl  ten)  which  extend  from  suture  to  suture,  with  a  slight  fiexuosity  near 
the  suture,  but  no  marked  interruption  for  a  fasciole ;  on  the  last  whorl  there 
are  fourteen  of  these  ribs,  beside  the  large  shouldered  varix  behind  the  aper- 


84  BULLETIN   OF  THE 

ture ;  they  extend  well  over  the  periphery  of  the  whorl,  and  are  evanescent 
on  the  canal ;  other  transverse  sculpture  comprises  only  fine  lines  of  growth 
which  are  not  parallel  to  but  more  oblique  than  the  aforesaid  ribs,  and  reticu- 
late prettily  the  spiral  threads ;  whorls  but  little  inflated,  having  a  very  regular 
taper,  slightly  appressed  at  the  distinct  but  not  deep  suture  ;  aperture  more 
than  one  third  as  long  as  the  shell,  polished  within,  with  a  deep  broad  notch, 
slightly  in  advance  of  the  suture,  whose  edges  are  produced  and  considerably 
reflected  ;  the  fasciole  is  indistinct  and  little  depressed ;  the  outer  lip  smooth, 
in  the  middle  produced,  internally  somewhat  thickened,  not  lirate  ;  canal  short, 
rather  broad,  somewhat  recurved ;  a  broad,  not  very  thick,  continuous  band  of 
white  callus  from  the  end  of  the  pillar  over  the  body  passes  iuto  the  reflected 
margin  of  the  notch  ;  pillar  slightly  curved.  Lon.  of  shell,  25.7  ;  of  last  whorl> 
10.6 ;  of  aperture,  9.0 ;  lat.  of  last  whorl,  8.0  mm. 

Habitat.  This  shell  came  to  me,  labelled  Station  36,  84  fms. ;  that  is,  in  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico,  Lat.  23°  13'  and  Lon.  89°  16'  W. ;  bottom  temperature,  60°  F. 
But  the  facies  of  the  shell  is  that  of  deep,  or  at  least  of  cooler  water,  and  I  sus- 
pect some  error  has  occurred.  Perhaps  it  might  have  remained  in  the  dredge 
from  the  immediately  preceding  haul  from  804  fms. 

Fragments  have  since  turned  up,  in  material  dredged  in  100  fms.,  at  Bar- 
bados, by  the  Hassler  expedition.  This  would  tend  to  confirm  the  correctness 
of  the  original  label.    Another  fragment  was  dredged  in  101  fms.,  at  Station  45. 

The  species  is  very  elegant  in  its  slender  taper  and  snowy  whiteness. 


Drillia  ?  detecta  Dall. 

Plate  XII.  Fig.  11. 

Plenrotoma  {Drillia)  detecta  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  65,  August,  1881. 
Pleurotoma  (Defrancia)  circumvduta  Watson,  Journ.  Linn.  Soc,  XV.  p.  465,  Nov., 

1881. 
Clathurella  circumvoluta  Watson,  Rep.  Chall.  Gastr.,  p.  357,  pi.  xxi.  fig.  1,  1885. 

Habitat.  Station  43,  in  339  fms.,  Gulf  of  Mexico.  Off  Culebra  Island, 
in  390  fms.,  mud,  Challenger  expedition. 

Mr.  Watson's  figure  represents  an  immature  shell,  slightly  more  slender  than 
my  type  of  detecta.  It  is  quite  likely  that  he  may  be  right  in  his  generic 
reference,  as  my  specimen  does  not  show  the  Drillia  varix,  yet  its  form  and 
short  last  whorl  seem  to  me  more  like  that  of  a  Drillia  than  any  other  group. 
The  Blake  specimen  was  dead  and  lustreless. 

Drillia  alesidota  n.  s. 

Shell  large,  slender,  ashy  brown  or  light  brown,  pointed,  rudely  sculptured, 
ten-whorled,  with  a  nucleus  of  about  two  whorls,  round,  small,  glassy,  smooth 
and  inflated  ;  fasciole  slightly  concave,  nearly  smooth,  very  steep,  separated 


MUSEUM   OF  COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY.  85 

from  the  suture  by  a  smoothish  space,  marginated  by  a  slightly  raised  thread ; 
suture  appressed  ;  spiral  sculpture  of  numerous  subequal  little  elevated  re- 
volving threads  with  wider  interspaces;  they  are  strongest  on  the  summit 
of  the  riblets,  faint  in  the  interspaces ;  there  are  about  five  in  front  of  the 
fasciole  and  between  it  and  the  next  suture ;  they  are  fainter  on  the  canal ; 
transverse  sculpture  of  numerous  (on  the  penultimate  whorl  28)  narrow, 
little  elevated,  slightly  oblique  riblets,  beginning  and  strongest  at  the  fasciole, 
and  passing  over  the  whorl  to  fade  away  on  the  base  ;  the  thin  margin  of  the 
suture  is  sometimes  undulated  by  passing  over  them  ;  aperture  narrow,  long, 
notch  rounded,  not  deep ;  outer  lip  simple,  thin,  arched  forward,  not  constricted 
for  the  canal ;  inner  lip  simple  with  a  slight  callus,  thicker  at  the  posterior 
angle  opposite  the  notcli ;  pillar  straight,  attenuated  and  somewhat  twisted  in 
front,  canal  wide,  slightly  recurved.  Max.  Ion.  of  shell,  48.0 ;  of  last  whorl, 
26.5;  of  aperture,  21.0  ;  lat.  of  shell,  12.0  mm. 

Drillia  alesidota  var.  macilenta  Dall. 

Plate  XXXVI.  Fig.  1. 

Shell  more  slender,  the  sculpture  more  elegant,  the  spiral  element  prppor- 
tionally  stronger,  existing  on  the  fasciole  and  canal,  as  well  as  over  the  rest  of 
the  surface.  Lon.  of  shell,  36.5  ;  of  last  whorl,  20.0;  of  aperture,  15.0  ;  lat. 
of  shell,  8.2  mm. 

Habitat  of  type  form.  Off  Cape  Hatteras,  N.  C,  in  63  to  107  fms.,  sand, 
temperature  67°. 0  to  75°.0  F.,  at  Stations  2595  and  2601  of  the  U.  S.  Fish 
Commission. 

Habitat  of  var.  macilenta.  U.  S.  Fish  Commission  Station  2417,  in  95  fms., 
sand,  52  miles  S.  E.  of  Cape  Fear,  N.  C,  temperature  66°  F.  Station  2402, 
in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  between  the  delta  of  the  Mississippi  and  Cedar  Keys, 
Florida,  in  111  fms.,  mud.  Blake  expedition,  Station  273,  in  103  fms  ,  sand, 
Barbados,  temperature  59°. 5  F. 

This  is  a  very  plain,  simple-looking  species  of  a  dull  color.  It  is  quite  large, 
but  appears  not  to  have  been  heretofore  described  or  figured. 

Drillia  polytorta  Dall. 

Plate  X.  Fig.  «. 

Pleurotoma  (Drillia)  polytorta  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  61,  August,  1881. 

Habitat.     Off  Cape  San  Antonio,  413  fms. 

This  species  has  much  such  a  sculpture  as  the  last,  except  that  the  ribs  are 
larger,  rounder,  and  fewer,  the  whorls  shorter,  more  numerous,  and  more 
inflated. 


86  BULLETIN   OF   THE 

Drillia  eucosmia  n.  8. 

Plate  XIII.  Fig.  1. 

Shell  pale,  with  touches  of  pale  brown  and  a  peripheral  whitish  zone,  eight- 
whorled,  with  a  glossy,  rounded  nucleus  of  two  whorls ;  fasciole  rather  wide, 
excavated,  undulating  in  harmony  with  the  ribs,  marked  by  fine  revolving 
threads  and  marginated  at  the  appressed  suture  by  a  stout  elevated  line  ; 
spiral  sculpture  on  the  rest  of  the  shell  (1)  of  (on  the  whorls  preceding  the 
last)  two  or  three  prominent  white  stout  threads,  somewhat  swollen  where 
they  ride  over  the  ribs ;  on  the  last  whorl  there  are  about  fifteen  of  these 
primary  spirals  ;  between  the  fasciole  and  the  end  of  the  canal,  in  each  of  the 
wide  interspaces,  are  (2)  three  or  four  much  finer  hardly  elevated  flattish 
threads,  similar  to  those  on  the  fasciole,  and  on  the  last  whorl  the  marginating 
thread  behind  the  fasciole  is  wider  and  somewhat  crenulated  ;  transverse  sculp- 
ture of  (on  the  penultimate  whorl  9)  stout,  rounded  ribs,  beginning  at  the  fas- 
ciole and  obsolete  on  the  canal ;  beside  these  there  are  only  incremental  lines  ; 
the  brown  touches  are  on  these  ribs  above  and  below  the  white  zone,  which 
is  bounded  by  the  peripheral  pair  of  primary  spirals  ;  final  varix  stout  and 
rounded  ;  aperture  narrow,  notch  rounded,  strongly  marked  ;  outer  lip  thin, 
arched  forward,  not  lirate  within;  a  single  internal  thread  runs  parallel  with 
the  fasciole  deeper  in  the  throat ;  inner  lip  writh  a  thin  callus  with  elevated 
margin;  pillar  straight,  canal  short,  obliquely  truncate,  rather  wide.  Max.  lat. 
of  shell,  6.4;  Ion.  of  shell,  19.0;  of  last  whorl,  10.3;  of  aperture,  7.7  mm. 

Hahitat.    Station  2-47,  near  Grenada,  in  170  fms.,  ooze,  temperature  53°.5  F. 

Drillia  eucosmia  var.  canna  Dall. 

Shell  smaller,  more  slender ;  the  peripheral  primary  spirals  always  three  ; 
the  secondary  spirals  few  or  obsolete ;  ribs  six  or  seven,  rather  more  prominent. 
Lon.  of  shell,  15.25;  lat.  of  shell,  6.0  mm. 

Habitat.  With  the  last.  Also  west  of  Florida,  in  50  fms.,  Gulf  of  Mexico  ; 
and  off  Cape  Lookout,  N.  C,  in  52  fms.,  sand,  at  Station  2612,  by  the  U.  S. 
Fish  Commission. 

This  very  elegant  little  species  belongs  to  a  group  of  several,  which  possess 
characters  in  common,  and  which  appear  to  be  undescribed. 

Drillia  haliostrephis  n.  s. 

Plate  XIII.  fig.  3. 

Shell  pure  white,  eight-whorled,  with  a  glossy  rounded  vitreous  nucleus 
of  two  whorls  ;  spiral  sculpture  much  as  in  D.  eucosmia,  a  line  marginating  the 
suture  ;  two  or  three  strong  primaries  on  the  upper  whorls,  five  or  six  on  the 
body  whorl,  and  eight  or  ten  smaller  ones  on  the  canal ;  the  principal  pri- 


MUSEUM  OF   COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY.  87 

maries  are  strongly  marked  and  slightly  swollen  on  the  summits  of  the  ribs  ; 
the  secondary  spirals,  very  faint  or  absent  behind  the  periphery  but  present  in 
the  interspaces  in  front  of  it,  are  finer  than  in  the  last  species,  and  more  nu- 
merous ;  the  fasciole  is  wide,  nearly  smooth,  undulated,  and  little  excavated ; 
the  aperture  is  narrow  and  long,  the  notch  shallow,  the  interior  not  lirate,  the 
inner  lip  simple  with  a  thin  callus,  the  canal  wide,  straight,  rather  long;  the 
ribs  are  seven  on  the  penultimate  whorl,  narrower  and  less  prominent,  as  is 
the  varix,  than  in  the  last  species.  Lon.  of  shell,  19.5  ;  of  last  whorl,  11.0  ;  of 
aperture,  8.0  ;  max.  lat.  of  shell,  5.5  mm. 

Habitat.     Gulf  of  Mexico,  at  Station  36,  in  8-4  fms. 

This  shell  is  more  slender,  the  primary  spirals  stronger,  the  other  sculpture 
weaker,  than  in  D.  eucosmia.  The  color  is  also  different.  In  the  variety  canna 
the  last  whorl  is  stouter  in  proportion  to  the  spire  than  in  this  species. 

Drillia  acestra  n.  s. 

Plate  X.  fig.  7. 

Shell  long,  slender,  pale  olive-color  with  a  translucent  white  tip,  nine- 
whorled,  with  a  smooth  vitreous  rounded  two-whorled  nucleus  ;  fasciole  wide, 
steep,  excavated,  marked  with  close-set  fine  even  spirals  ;  it  is  bounded  be- 
hind by  a  sharply  cut  elevated  thread,  a  little  space  in  front  of  the  suture ; 
the  whorl  in  front  of  the  fasciole  is  covered  with  close-set,  strong,  subequal, 
flattish  spirals,  with  narrow  channelled  interspaces  ;  these  spirals,  from  two  on 
the  four  apical  whorls,  increase  to  seven  on  the  penultimate  whorl,  and  eleven 
(behind  those  on  the  canal)  on  the  last  whorl ;  here  they  are  a  little  more 
widely  separated,  and  have  one  or  two  intercalary  fine  threads  in  the  inter- 
spaces ;  on  the  canal  there  are  six  primary  threads  alternating  with  somewhat 
smaller  secondary  ones  ;  transverse  sculpture  of  gently  elevated  ribs  (eight  on 
the  penultimate  whorl),  which  vary  in  different  specimens  as  to  elevation  and 
strength  ;  in  the  type  specimen  figured  they  begin  at  the  fasciole  and  fade  on 
the  base ;  the  varix  is  strong  and  protrudes,  there  is  a  touch  of  livid  color  in 
front  of  it,  which  is  seen  nowhere  else  on  the  shell ;  aperture  whitish,  throat 
slightly  livid,  not  lirate  ;  notch  deep  and  strong,  outer  lip  thin,  contracted  for 
the  canal;  inner  lip  with  a  thin  elevated  callus,  pillar  straight,  canal  rather 
short,  recurved.  Max.  lon.  of  shell,  19.0;  of  last  whorl,  9.8  ;  of  aperture,  7.0; 
max.  lat.  of  shell,  5.5  mm. 

Habitat.  Station  101,  off  Havana,  in  400  fms.  Variety  (?),  Station  248, 
near  Grenada,  in  161  fms. 

The  specimen  I  have  referred  to  as  a  variety  may  be  distinct ;  it  has  twelve 
ribs,  a  narrower  and  less  marked  fasciole,  and  the  spiral  sculpture  is  much  less 
elevated  and  sharp.  But  the  general  aspect  is  so  similar  that  I  dare  not  sepa- 
rate them  without  a  larger  series  of  specimens. 


88  BULLETIN   OF  THE 

Drillia  pharcida  Dall. 

Plate  XII.  fig.  2. 

Pleurotoma  (Drillia)  exasperata  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  63,  August,  1881.     Not 
of  Reeve,  1843. 

Habitat.  Off  Cape  San  Antonio,  1002  fms. ;  Station  5,  in  229  fms.,  Gulf  of 
Mexico  ;  Barbados,  100  fms. 

The  specific  name  having  been  used  by  Reeve  for  a  species  conchologically 
related  to  Drillia,  I  am  obliged  to  substitute  another  name  for  the  one  at  first 
adopted. 

This  species  was  dredged  by  Dr.  Rush,  in  150-200  fms.,  off  the  Fowey  rocks, 
Florida  Strait. 

Drillia  acrybia  n.  s. 

Shell  closely  related  to  D.  pharcida  with  which  it  may  advantageously  be 
compared.  The  most  obvious  differences  are,  that  in  D.  pharcida  the  ribs  and 
their  intersecting  sharp  spirals  are  as  strong  on  the  last  whorl  as  on  the  others, 
in  D.  acrybia  the  ribs  on  the  last  whorl  are  obsolete  and  the  spirals  fainter  ; 
the  spire  of  D.  acrybia  is  shorter  in  proportion  to  the  last  whorl,  the  canal  is 
longer,  there  is  one  less  whorl  in  the  adult  shell,  the  fasciole  is  less  excavated, 
the  suture  more  appressed,  and  consequently  less  evident.  In  all  other  re- 
spects the  shells  closely  resemble  one  another.  Lon.  of  shell,  10.0;  of  last 
whorl,  6.0  ;  of  aperture,  4.0  ;  max.  lat.  of  shell,  4.0  mm.  The  same  measure- 
ments in  D.  pharcida,  of  the  same  maturity,  are,  lon.  of  shell,  11.75  ;  of  last 
whorl,  6.25  ;  of  aperture,  4.5  ;  max.  lat.  of  shell,  4.0  mm. 

Habitat.  U.  S.  Fish  Commission  Station  2668,  in  294  fms.,  sand,  off  Fer- 
nandina,  Florida,  temperature  46°. 3.  Also  in  136  fms.,  off  the  coast  of  Florida, 
Dr.  W.  H.  Rush. 

It  is  quite  possible  that  the  remarkable  variability  which  I  have  so  often 
referred  to  among  the  deep-sea  shells  may  have  been  operating  here,  and  that 
these  shells  are  merely  an  extreme  variety  of  D.  pharcida.  I  have  not  mate- 
rial enough  to  prove  this.  But  if  the  two  shells  were  dredged  from  shallow 
water,  they  would  not,  I  think,  be  questioned  as  distinct  species  by  any  one 
who  carefully  studied  them. 

Drillia  tristicha  n.  s. 

Shell  white,  elongated,  acute,  with  a  rounded  vitreous  white  two-whorled 
nucleus  and  nine  succeeding  whorls ;  spiral  sculpture  of  three  principal  strong 
threads,  enlarged  where  they  pass  over  the  ribs,  four  more  on  the  base  of  the 
last  whorl,  about  eight  somewhat  weaker  ones  on  the  canal,  and  a  single  one 
in  front  of  and  marginating  the  suture  ;  the  interspaces  are  wide,  and  upon 
them  and  over  the  fasciole  are  wound  numerous  fine,  sharp,  undulating,  secon- 


MUSEUM   OF  COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY.  89 

dary  spiral  threads  ;  all  these  cross  (on  the  penultimate  whorl)  fourteen  even, 
rounded,  narrow  riblets,  with  narrower  interspaces,  which  start  at  the  anterior 
edge  of  the  fasciole,  cross  the  whorl,  and  fail  on  the  canal ;  suture  distinct, 
wavy ;  fasciole  obscure,  not  excavated ;  whorls  rounded  ;  varix  stout,  thick, 
and  rounded  ;  aperture  narrow,  notch  strongly  marked,  round  ;  outer  lip  thin, 
without  lirae ;  inner  lip  with  a  thin,  smooth,  elevated  callus  ;  canal  distinct, 
rather  long  and  narrow,  not  recurved;,  pillar  straight.  Lon.  of  shell,  23.0;  of 
last  whorl,  12.5;  of  aperture,  9.7;  max.  lat.  of  shell,  5.5  mm. 

Habitat.  Gulf  of  Mexico,  between  the  delta  of  the  Mississippi  and  Cedar 
Keys,  Florida,  at  U.  S.  Fish  Commission  Stations  2377,  2399,  and  2402,  in 
210,  196,  and  111  fms.,  mud,  temperature  52°  to  67°  F. 

B.   Nearly  smooth  ribbed  species. 

Drillia  ebur  Reeve. 

Pleurotoma  ebur  Reeve,  P.  Z.  S.,  1845,  p.  116;  Conch.  Icon.,  pi.  xxx.  fig.  275,  Dec, 

1845. 
Clavus  ebur  Tryon,  Man.,  VI.  p.  188,  pi.  xiii.  fig.  56. 

Habitat.  Cape  Hatteras  to  Florida,  living,  in  14  to  50  fms.  Also  at  Station 
10,  Gulf  of  Mexico,  in  34  fms. ;  Station  22,  in  95  fms.;  Station  36,  in  84  fms.; 
off  Sombrero,  in  54  fms. ;  all  specimens  dead. 

These  shells  were  probably  adventitious  in  the  localities  where  found  by 
the  Blake,  having  perhaps  been  disgorged  by  fishes. 

This  species  forms  a  sort  of  transition  to  the  preceding  section.  The  nucleus 
is  peculiar  in  being  almost  entirely  sculptured  with  strong  radiating  riblets,  and 
a  little  later  with  close-set  fine  spirals.  This  character  varies  somewhat  in 
strength,  but  is  sufficiently  well  marked  in  all  the  specimens  I  have  examined 
to  be  regarded  as  characteristic  of  the  species  as  far  as  known. 

Drillia  fucata  Reeve. 

Pleurotoma  fucata  Reeve,  P.  Z.  S.  1845,  p.  110;  Conch.  Icon.,  fig.  169. 
Pleurotoma  paria  Reeve,  Conch.  Icon.,  fig.  334,  Jan.,  1846. 

Habitat.  Coast  of  North  Carolina,  off  Cape  Fear,  in  14  fms.,  sand,  to  St. 
Thomas  and  Haiti. 

This  is  the  variety  with  numerous  (about  16)  ribs,  which  is  the  typical 
form.  This  species  in  all  its  forms  is  larger  than  D.  ebur  Reeve,  and  has  the 
usual  smooth,  vitreous  Drillia  nucleus  ;  it  is  proportionally  shorter  and  has  the 
last  whorl  stouter  than  any  of  its  near  connections.  It  is  covered  with  fine 
spiral  threading,  which  in  well  developed  specimens  is  beautifully  reticulated 
by  very  close,  fine,  sharp,  elevated  incremental  lines,  visible  in  the  interspaces. 
The  number  and  stoutness  of  the  ribs  varies  greatly.  There  are  specimens 
without  any  ribs;  I  have  one  from  Samana  Bay,  Santo  Domingo.  The  variety 
paria  Reeve  has  six  or  eight  ribs,  is  pale  colored,  and  ranges  from  the  West 
Indies  to  Cape  Fear,  North  Carolina. 


90  BULLETIN   OF  THE 

Drillia  pagodula  n.  b. 

Plate  XIII.  Fig.  6. 

Shell  resembling  D.  fucata,  but  much  more  slender,  the  fasciole  less  im- 
pressed, the  spiral  sculpture  of  fine  engraved  lines  and  the  aperture  smaller 
and  much  more  narrow.  Nucleus  glassy,  rounded,  two-whorled  ;  shell  with 
eight  or  nine  strongly  ribbed  whorls;  spiral  sculpture,  sometimes  obsolete 
near  the  suture,  of  extremely  fine,  wavy,  close-set,  incised  lines;  transverse 
sculpture  of  (on  the  penultimate  whorl  9  to  11)  nearly  straight  stout  ribs  ex- 
tending from  the  suture  over  the  periphery  and  lost  on  the  base ;  fasciole  not 
well  marked;  suture  distinct,  somewhat  appressed,  undulated  by  passing  over 
the  ribs;  surface  more  or  less  lustrous;  color  white,  spirally  banded  with  rich 
yellow  brown,  sometimes  on  the  periphery,  sometimes  on  the  base,  etc.,  but 
the  fasciole  is  usually  white  and  the  ribs  are  apt  to  show  white,  wholly  or  in 
part  on  the  yellow,  when  present.  Aperture  short,  narrow,  with  hardly  any 
canal;  notch  large  and  deeper  than  wide;  outer  lip  thin,  not  internally  lirate; 
throat  white;  inner  lip  a  little  callous;  pillar  short,  simple;  canal  very  short, 
not  differentiated  from  the  aperture ;  varix  stout  and  prominent.  Max.  Ion.  of 
shell,  18.0;  of  last  whorl,  9.0;  of  aperture,  6.3;  max.  lat.  of  shell,  5.8  mm. 

Habitat.  West  of  Florida,  in  50  fms. ;  off  Havana,  Sigsbee,  in  119-175  fms. ; 
Station  177,  in  118  fms.,  sand,  off  Dominica,  temperature  65°. 0  ;  Stations  273, 
282,  and  290,  near  Barbados,  in  73  to  154  fms.,  coral  and  sand,  temperature 
56°  to  71°  F. 

This  species  may  be  pure  white,  banded  with  yellow  brown  or  spotted  be- 
tween the  ribs  with  pink  or  brown. 

A  young  shell,  similar  to  the  above  but  stouter,  with  the  tip  white,  the 
whorls  whitish  and  the  summits  of  the  five  ribs  brownish,  was  dredged  by  the 
Fish  Commission  in  49  fms.,  off  Cape  Hatteras,  N.  C.  The  ribs  are  continuous 
from  base  to  summit  and  the  cross-section  of  the  shell  forms  an  exact  pentagon 
with  rounded  angles.  The  ribs  are  not  continuous,  except  accidentally,  in 
those  previously  described;  but  this  may  perhaps  be  an  extreme  variety  (for 
which  the  name  ■pentagonalis  may  be  used)  of  D.  pagodula.  The  indications 
are  that  it  is  the  young  of  a  distinct  species.  Ldn.  of  shell,  7.0  ;  of  last  whorl 
(there  are  four  beside  the  nucleus),  5.0 ;  max.  lat.  of  shell,  3.0  mm.  There  are 
two  similar  specimens.  The  Manyilia  pentagonalis  (Gray)  Reeve  is  a  smaller 
and  much  more  slender  shell. 

Drillia  coccinata  Reeve. 
Pleurotoma  coccinata  Reeve,  P.  Z.  S.,  1845,  p.  118  ;  Conch.  Icon.  sp.  299,  Dec,  1845. 

Habitat.  Station  128,  off  Santa  Cruz,  in  180  fms. ;  Station  272,  in  76  fms., 
Barbados.     Living,  in  16  fms.,  Samana  Bay,  Santo  Domingo,  Couthouy. 

The  shell  varies  from  white  to  brown  or  rose-pink,  and  may  be  stout  or 
slender,  with  8  or  10  ribs  on  the  last  whorl.  The  fasciole  is  always  well 
excavated  and  smooth. 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  91 

Drillia  thea  var.  carminura  Dall. 
Drillia  thea  Dall,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  VI.  p.  328,  pi.  x.  fig.  5,  Dec,  1883. 

Habitat.  Barbados,  100  fms.  Coasts  of  Florida,  Dall,  Hemphill,  and  Dr. 
Rush. 

Since  the  original  dusky  type  was  described,  the  color  of  wet  tea  leaves, 
Hemphill  has  sent  a  paler  variety  with  a  narrow  peripheral  brown  band. 
This  was  found  at  Cedar  Keys,  and  by  Dr.  Rush  also  at  Turtle  Harbor.  A 
still  paler  form  without  any  band  was  dredged  by  the  U.  S.  Fish  Commission 
in  111  fms.,  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  at  Station  2402.  In  this  specimen  the 
nucleus  was  of  a  lovely  bright  carmine  color.  This  form,  which  is  probably 
peculiar  to  deep  water,  may  take  the  varietal  name  of  carminura.  It  has  seven 
whorls  beside  the  nucleus,  of  a  lemonade  color,  with  nine  ribs  on  the  penulti- 
mate whorl,  rather  straighter  than  in  the  type  and  less  swollen  on  the  periph- 
ery. Lon.  11.5,  lat.  4.0  mm.  The  Barbados  specimens  appear  to  be  of  the 
same  sort,  but  are  dead  and  faded. 

Drillia?  Simpsoni  Dall. 

Pleurotoma  {Mangilia?)  Simpsoni  Dall,  Proc.  Davenport  Acad.  Sciences,  V.  p.  54, 
Nov.,  1887. 

Habitat.  U.  S.  Fish  Commission  Stations  2607  and  2619,  off  the  coast  of 
North  Carolina,  in  15  to  18  fms.,  sand,  fifteen  to  twenty-five  miles  off  shore. 
Tampa  Bay,  Florida,  Simpson. 

Fragments  of  this  pretty  little  species  and  a  nearly  adult  specimen  were 
obtained  as  above,  thus  greatly  increasing  its  known  geographical  range.  Its 
genus  is  still  uncertain,  but  I  think,  in  my  second  specimen,  through  the 
translucent  shell,  I  can  distinguish  an  operculum  attached  to  the  dried  animal. 

Drillia  lissotropis  Dall. 

Plate  XI.  Figs.  3,  4. 

Pleurotoma  (Mangilia)  lissotropis  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  58,  August,  1881. 
?  Pleurotoma  (Manyelia)  hypsela  Watson,  Journ.  Linn.  Soc,  XV.  p.  433,  Oct.,  1881. 
Chall.  Gastr.,  p.  341,  pi.  xxi.  fig.  4,  1885. 

Habitat.  Station  20,  220  fms.,  Gulf  of  Mexico;  off  Havana,  in  127  fms.  ; 
Station  273,  near  Barbados,  in  103  fms. ;  Stations  282  and  290,  off  Barbados,  in 
154  and  73  fms.,  coral;  Station  134,  near  Santa  Cruz,  in  248  fms.,  coarse  sand. 
Range  of  temperatures,  54°. 5  to  71°  F. 

Mr.  Watson's  specimen  is  not  sufficiently  perfect  to  decide  with  certainty, 
but  it  looks  very  much  like  the  present  species.  The  examination  of  better 
material  since  the  first  description  was  made  shows  this  species  to  have  the 


92  BULLETIN  OF  THE 

regular  Drillia  aperture  and  nucleus,  and  it  is  therefore  referred  to  that  genua. 
The  curvature  and  number  of  the  ribs  vary  slightly,  and  the  spaces  between  are 
indifferently  perfectly  smooth,  or  finely  spirally  striate,  especially  toward  the 
anterior  end  of  the  shell. 

This  species  differs  from  D.  Verrillii,  with  which  it  has  many  points  in  com- 
mon, in  the  absence  of  the  angulation  of  the  ribs  at  the  periphery,  the  longer 
and  more  slender  form  of  both  shell  and  riblets,  and  in  D.  Verrillii  the  absence 
of  any  spiral  sculpture  except  the  fasciole  and  a  few  coarse  threads  on  the 
canal.  These  shells  are  so  very  small  and  polished  that  it  is  extremely  diffi- 
cult for  an  artist  in  pure  line-work  to  represent  them  adequately.  Only  lithog- 
raphy with  its  delicate  mutations  of  shade  can  do  it  properly.  For  this  reason 
our  figures  of  this  species  and  D.  Verrillii  are  less  satisfactory  than  most  of 
these  which  represent  rougher  and  larger  shells. 

Drillia?  Dalli  Verriix. 

Pleurotoma  Dalli  Verrill,  Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,V  p.  451,  pi.  lvii.  figs.  1,  la,  April,  1882. 

Habitat.  Variety  acloneta,  Station  206,  near  Martinique,  in  170  fins.,  fine 
sand,  temperature  49°  F. ;  U.  S.  Fish  Commission  Station  2668,  in  294  fms., 
gray  sand,  off  Fernandina,  Fla.,  temperature  46°.3.  Variety  cestrota,  Station 
2399,  in  196  fms.,  mud,  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  between  the  delta  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi and  Cedar  Keys,  Fla.,  temperature  51°. 6.  Typical  form,  off  Martha's 
Vineyard,  in  94  to  143  fms.,  and  off  Delaware  Bay,  in  104  fms. 

This  species,  recognizable  by  its  large  blunt  tip  and  brownish  livid  streaks 
or  tint,  is  notably  variable.  The  type  is  obscurely  ribbed;  on  the  upper  whorls 
the  ribs  are  a  little  stronger.  The  variety  which  I  have  called  acloneta  is 
totally  without  ribs,  and  for  this  reason  the  fasciole  is  less  apparent.  The 
variety  cestrota,  on  the  other  hand,  has  the  ribs  much  stronger  than  in  the 
typical  form,  and  closer  set;  they  even  undulate  the  fasciole  a  little.  The  three 
forms  of  this  species,  with  their  connecting  varieties,  illustrate  in  a  character- 
istic manner  the  mutability  of  these  archibenthal  species. 

Drillia  nucleata  Dall. 

Plate  XI.  Fig.  1. 

Pleurotoma  (Drillia)  nucleata  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  62,  Aug.  12,  1881. 

?  Pleurotoma  (Drillia)  amblia  Watson,  Journ.  Linn.  Soc,  XVI.  p.  249,  March,  1882. 

1  Clionella  amblia  Watson,  Chall.  Gastr.,  p.  373,  pi.  xxii.  fig.  12,  1885. 

Habitat.  Gulf  of  Mexico,  Station  5,  in  229  fms.,  and  Station  43,  in  339 
fms.  Antilles,  ^  Ccmbrero,  in  54  fms.,  an1  Station  230,  off  St.  Vincent,  in 
464  fms.,  ooze.  U.  S.  Fish  Commission  Station  2644,  off  Cape  Florida,  in 
193  fms.,  sand,  temperature  43°.4  F.  1  Challenger  expedition,  off  Culebra 
Island,  in  390  fms.,  ooze. 


MUSEUM  OF  COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY.  93 

It  would  seem,  from  the  figure  of  Mr.  Watson's  imperfect  type  specimen,  as 
if  it  must  approach  very  closely  to  one  of  the  varieties  probably  of  D.  nucleata, 
or  possibly  of  D.  Dalli. 

There  are,  however,  in  the  Fish  Commission  dredgings,  half  a  dozen  ex- 
tremely puzzling  forms  of  this  general  character,  which  further  study  and 
material  are  needed  to  elucidate. 


Drillia  Verrillii  Dall. 

Plate  XI.  Fie.  3. 

Pleurotoma  (Drillia)  Verrillii  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  68,  August,  1881. 

Habitat.  Station  19,  310  fms.;  Station  20,  in  220  fms.  ;  both  in  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico. 

This  small,  but  very  elegant  species,  is  referred  to  under  the  head  of  D.  lis- 
sotropis,  to  which  it  is  related.  It  differs  in  its  smaller  size,  shorter  whorls, 
absence  of  fine  spiral  striae,  and  in  the  short  stout  ribs,  swollen  and  angulated 
at  the  periphery. 

Drillia  havanensis  Dall. 

Plate  XI.  Fig.  5. 

Pleurotoma  [Drillia)  havanensis  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  67,  August,  1881. 

Habitat.  Station  16,  262  fms. ;  Station  19,  310  fms. ;  Sigsbee,  off  Havana, 
450  fms.  ;  Yucatan  Strait,  640  fms. 

No  more  specimens  of  this  species  have  been  found  in  the  collection.  Clio- 
nella  aglaophanes  Watson  should  be  compared  with  it. 

Drillia  premorra  n.  s. 

Plate  XI.  Fig.  18. 

Shell  waxen  white,  with  a  vitreous  white  smooth  rounded  nucleus  of  nearly 
two  whorls  and  eight  subsequent  sculptured  whorls.  Spiral  sculpture  of  an 
undulated  more  or  less  nodulous  narrow  band  in  front  of  the  suture,  separated 
by  the  fasciole  from  an  angulation,  which  in  the  upper  whorls  is  peripheral, 
and  on  the  last  whorl  forms  a  well  marked  shoulder ;  in  front  of  this  on  the 
upper  whorls  are  one  to  three,  and  on  the  last  whorl  between  the  angle  and 
the  anterior  end  of  the  canal  about  a  dozen,  small  sharply  elevated  threads 
with  much  wider  interspaces,  threads  which  are,  where  they  intersect  the  trans- 
verse ridges,  modified  by  small  sharp  noduktions.  Transverse  sculpture  of 
(on  the  last  whorl  14  to  18)  sharp-edged  low  narrow  oblique  strongly  bent 
ridges  rather  than  ribs,  evanescent  on  the  base  and  fasciole,  but  corresponding 


94  BULLETIN   OF  THE 

to  the  elevations  on  the  presutural  band  ;  these  are  proportionally  stronger  and 
more  prominent  near  the  apex,  and  become  obsolete  on  the  last  part  of  the 
last  whorl ;  suture  distinct ;  whorls  moderately  full ;  base  subconic,  slightly 
constricted  for  the  short  canal ;  incremental  lines  distinct,  stronger  on  the  last 
whorl;  fasciole  somewhat  excavated,  smooth  except  for  the  curved  incremental 
lines  ;  surface  of  the  shell  rather  vitreous  ;  aperture  of  the  (not  adult)  shell 
rather  wide  ;  anal  notch  wide,  rather  shallow ;  outer  lip  arched ;  canal  hardly 
differentiated,  short,  narrow;  pillar  straight,  anteriorly  attenuated.  Max.  Ion. 
of  shell,  9.5  ;  of  last  whorl,  5.2  ;  of  aperture  (not  quite  adult),  3.5  ;  max.  lat. 
of  shell,  3.5  mm. 

Habitat.     Gulf  of  Mexico,  at  Station  100,  off  Morro  Light,  in  400  fms. 

This,  after  thorough  study,  seems  distinct  from  any  described  form,  and, 
though  not  adult,  is  without  doubt  a  Drillia.  Specimens  on  which  the  trans- 
verse sculpture  is  exceptionally  strong  have  a  somewhat  different  aspect,  and 
are  rougher  than  the  one  figured.  The  sculpture  is  sharp,  and  the  angle  of  the 
bent  ridges  is  peculiarly  abrupt.  The  surface  is  not  shagreened,  though  the 
aspect  of  the  shell  recalls  that  of  some  of  the  shagreened  Mangilias. 

C.   Shells  smooth,  vitreous. 
Drillia  oleacina  Dall. 

Plate  XI.  Fie.  8. 

Pleurotoma  (Drillia)  oleacina  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z  ,  IX.  p.  66,  August,  1881. 

Habitat.  Gulf  of  Mexico,  at  Station  21,  in  287  fms.,  and  off  Morro  Light, 
Havana,  in  292  fms.     Antilles,  Station  261,  riear  Grenada,  in  340  fms. 

The  most  perfect  specimens  of  this  form  under  magnification  show  fine 
spiral  incised  lines  over  the  last  whorl,  but  to  the  naked  eye  the  vitreous  glis- 
tening surface  appears  perfectly  polished.  It  is  possible  that  these  species 
would  belong  to  the  group  of  Spirotropis,  to  which  similar  shells  have  been 
referred,  but'it  is  hardly  worth  while  to  put  them  there  until  the  dentition  is 
known. 

Drillia  smirna  Dall. 

Plate  XI.  Fig.  7. 
Pleurotoma  {Drillia)  smirna  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  66,  August,  1881. 

Habitat.  Gulf  of  Mexico,  off  Cape  San  Antonio,  413  fms.,  and  Station  100, 
off  Morro  Light,  Havana,  in  400  fms.  Also  at  U.  S.  Fish  Commission  Station 
2150,  near  Old  Providence,  W.  L,  in  382  fms.,  ooze,  temperature  46°. 0  F. 

With  the  exception  of  the  type,  the  specimens  found  so  far  are  all  quite 
young.. 


MUSEUM  OF  COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  95 

Drillia  lithocolleta  Watson. 

Plate  XI.  Fig.  6. 

Pleurotoma  {'fyphlomangelia)  lithocolleta  Watson,  Journ.  Linn.  Soc,  XV.  p.  441,  Oct., 
1881.     Chall.  Gastr.,  p.  320,  pi.  xxiv.  fig.  6,  1885. 

Habitat.  Station  163,  near  Guadelupe,  in  769  fms.,  sand,  temperature 
39°.75  F.  Also  at  U.  S.  Fish  Commission  Station  2384,  in  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico,  between  the  delta  of  the  Mississippi  and  Cedar  Keys,  Florida,  in  940 
fms.,  mud ;  Stations  2676  and  2677,  off  Cape  Fear.  North  Carolina,  in  407  and 
478  fms.,  mud  and  sand,  temperature  39°  to  46°  F.  Off  Sombrero,  in  450  fms., 
ooze,  Challenger  Expedition. 

This  very  beautiful  species,  of  which  some  specimens  reach  a  length  of 
27.0  mm.,  seems  to  have  a  wide  distribution.  The  operculum  is  rather  thin 
and  wide,  shaped  like  that  of  Drillia.  The  specimen  figured,  the  only  one  col- 
lected by  the  Blake,  is  immature.  Subsequently,  the  Fish  Commission  sent  in 
much  finer  specimens.  The  larger  ones  show  a  tendency  to  a  flesh  or  salmon 
tint  in  the  columellar  region. 

Section  CYiMATOSYRINX  Dall. 

We  now  come  to  a  group  of  Drillias  which  have  a  family  resemblance  to 
Pleurotoma  lunata  Lea,  of  the  Miocene  of  Virginia,  and  are  doubtless  derived 
from  the  same  sto^k.  That  species,  of  which  the  type  is  before  me  as  I  write, 
is  larger,  stouter,  and  finer  in  development  than  any  of  its  recent  relatives,  but 
there  is  a  singularly  uniform  facies  to  them  all.  D.  pallida  Sowerby,  from  the 
west  coast  of  America  at  Panama,  is  apparently  to  be  included  in  the  same 
group.  For  these,  should  a  sectional  name  be  required,  since  they  are  dis- 
tinctly not  typical  species  of  Crassispira,  the  name  Cymatosyrinx  might  be 
applied.     The  type  would  be  Lea's  species  above  referred  to. 

Drillia?  centimata  n.  s. 

Plate  XXXVI.  Fig.  9. 

Shell  pure  white,  with  a  pointed  turrited  spire,  a  brownish  glossy  rounded 
nucleus  of  two  and  a  half  whorls,  and  nine  or  ten  subsequent  whorls ;  fasciole 
wide,  sloping,  reaching  to  the  somewhat  appressed  suture,  smooth  except  for 
the  deeply  arched  incremental  lines  ;  transverse  sculpture,  aside  from  lines  of 
growth,  of  thirteen  or  fourteen  peripheral  nodules,  well  elevated,  and  on  the 
last  whorl  somewhat  elongated  and  obliquely  set ;  there  is  no  spiral  sculpture 
even  on  the  canal ;  the  fasciole  is  so  wide,  and  the  whorls  increase  so  rapidly, 
that  the  shell  has  a  peculiarly  conical  aspect ;  base  moderately  rounded;  aper- 
ture moderately  wide,  with  a  very  wide  and  deep  anal  notch,  and  the  outer 


96  BULLETIN   OF   THE 

lip  correspondingly  curved  forward,  arched,  and  thin  ;  inner  lip  with  a  moder- 
ate callus  ;  pillar  simple,  slender,  much  twisted,  the  canal  short,  rather  wide, 
and  flaring  a  little  at  the  end.  Max.  Ion.  of  shell,  22.5;  of  last  whorl,  12.5; 
of  aperture,  including  the  canal,  9.5;  max.  lat.  of  shell,  9.0  mm.  There  is  no 
varix  behind  the  aperture. 

Habitat.  Station  31,  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  in  1920  fins.,  lat.  24°  33', 
Ion.  84°  23'  W.,  temperature  39°.5.  U.  S.  Fish  Commission  Station  2383, 
between  the  delta  of  the  Mississippi  and  Cedar  Keys,  Florida,  in  1181  fms., 
mud;  Station  2678,  off  Cape  Fear,  North  Carolina,  in  731  fms.,  ooze,  tem- 
perature 38°. 7  F. 

This  fine  but  rather  rude-looking  species  is  particularly  characterized  by 
the  prominence  of  its  nodules,  and  the  long  slope  back  from  them  to  the  su- 
ture, and  its  pointed  spire.  The  absence  of  the  varix  suggests  that  it  may 
eventually  prove  not  to  be  a  Drillia ;  the  soft  parts  in  our  specimens  having 
contracted  so  far  into  the  spire  as  to  be  inaccessible. 


Drillia  sepynota  n.  s. 

Plate  XXXVI.  Fig.  10. 

Shell  short,  stout,  with  a  smooth  rounded  whitish  inflated  nucleus  of  two 
whorls  and  eight  subsequent  whorls;  color  whitish  or  pale  madder  brown  ; 
spiral  sculpture  of  obsolete  spiral  striae,  generally  a  little  wavy,  and  often 
absent  from  a  part  or  the  whole  of  the  shell ;  they  are  strongest  on  the  base, 
but  are  generally  so  faint  as  not  to  interrupt  the  apparent  smoothness  of  the 
surface  nor  to  be  perceptible  without  a  lens  ;  suture  appressed,  undulated 
over  the  ribs ;  fasciole  narrow,  excavated,  smooth  except  for  lines  of  growth 
and  the  undulations  due  to  the  ribbing ;  transverse  sculpture  of  rather  faint 
growth  lines  and  of  (on  the  last  whorl  12)  strong,  stout  rounded  ribs,  strongest 
in  front  of  the  fasciole  where  they  end  bluntly,  extending  across  the  whorl 
and  disappearing  only  on  the  canal ;  the  interspaces  are  about  equal  to  the 
ribs,  which  are  slightly  obliquely  set;  varix  large,  stout,  simple;  outer  lip  in 
front  of  it  thin,  arched,. not  internally  Urate;  aperture  rather  narrow;  notch 
subcircular  ;  inner  lip  and  pillar  with  an  elevated  rather  thick  callus  ;  pillar 
concave  ;  canal  short,  distinct,  deep,  curved  to  the  right  in  the  adult;  siphonal 
fasciole  distinct.  Max.  Ion.  of  shell,  15.5  ;  of  last  whorl,  8.75 ;  of  aperture, 
5.5  ;  max.  lat.  of  shell,  6.2  mm. 

Habitat.  Off  Cape  Hatteras,  N.  C,  at  U.  S.  Fish  Commission  Stations  2592, 
2595,  2600,  2601,  2602,  and  2606,  in  from  25  to  120  fms.,  mud  and  sand,  tem- 
perature ranging  from  58°  to  77°  F. 

This  strongly  marked  little  species  may  be  readily  distinguished  from  D. 
ebur  Reeve,  found  with  it,  and  of  somewhat  similar  appearance,  by  the  absence 
of  the  spiral  threads,  the  more  prominent  whorls,  the  stouter  ribs,  and  the  more 
deeply  excavated  suture.     It  is  a  miniature  edition  of  D.  lunata  Lea. 

February  11,  1889. 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  97 

Drillia  Moseri  n.  8. 

Plate  XXXVI.  Fig    3. 

Shell  varying  from  a  rich  rose  color,  with  paler  bands  on  the  base,  fasciole, 
etc.,  to  yellowish  white  ;  nucleus  as  usual  in  Drillia  with  two  whorls  followed 
by  nine  or  ten  subsequent  whorls ;  spiral  sculpture  of  numerous  very  shallow 
grooves  with  wider  flat  interspaces  ;  the  grooves  are  cross-striated  by  close-set 
fine  elevated  incremental  lines  ;  this  sculpture  is  very  easily  eroded  and  some- 
times nearly  absent ;  transverse  sculpture  of  about  eleven  strong  wave-like  ribs 
with  wider  interspaces,  the  crests  rounded  ;  these  extend  from  the  suture  to  the 
base,  -and  are  narrowed  and  curved  like  the  top  of  an  interrogation  point 
when  they  pass  over  the  fasciole  ;  the  fasciole  is  constricted  rather  than  exca- 
vated, the  grooving  is  closer  and  finer  than  on  the  rest  of  the  shell,  and  if  the 
shell  is  colored  the  fasciole  is  paler;  the  whorl  is  strongly  appressed  at  the 
suture  and  a  little  undulated  by  the  ribs  ;  the  aperture  is  rather  narrow  ; 
the  notch  large  and  rounded;  the  callus  thick  and  elevated,  the  pillar  nearly 
straight;  the  canal  short,  wide,  turned  to  the  right,  the  siphonal  fasciole  strong  ; 
the  varix  large  and  stout.  Max.  Ion.  of  shell,  30.0  ;  of  last  whorl,  15.5 ;  of 
aperture,  11.0  ;  max.  lat.  of  shell,  10.0  mm. 

Habitat.  West  of  Florida,  in  15  fms.;  St.  Martin's  Reef,  South  Florida,  in 
3  fms.,  Lieut.  J.  F.  Moser,  U.  S.  N.  ;  Sarasota  Bay,  one  specimen,  H.  Hemp- 
hill ;  U.  S.  Fish  Commission  Station  2596,  17  miles  E.  S.  E.  of  Cape  Hatteras, 
N.  C,  in  49  fms.,  sand,  temperature  75°  F. 

This  shell,  when  pink,  is  one  of  the  prettiest  of  the  small  shells  on  our 
southeastern  coast.  It  is  respectfully  dedicated  to  Lieut.  Moser,  whose  collec- 
tions while  engaged  on  surveys  in  Florida  often  contributed  material  of  much 
interest  for  the  study  of  the  Floridian  marine  fauna. 

Genus   BORSONIA   Bellardi. 

Borsonia  Bellardi,  Bull.  Soc.  Ge'ol.  de  France,  X.  p.  30,  1838.    Mon.  Pleurotome  del 
Piemonte,  p.  83,  tav.  iv.  fig.  13  (D.  prima  Bell),  1847. 

Shell  pleurotomoid,  with  a  single  plication  of  the  columella  near  the  middle 
of  the  inner  lip. 

Subgenus   BORSONIA  s.  s. 

Borsonia  ceroplasta  and  B.  sericea  Watson,  the  former  from  390  fms.,  mud, 
near  Culebra  Island,  and  the  other  from  off  Pernambuco,  in  350  fms.,  red 
mud,  belong  to  the  typical  section  of  the  genus. 

vol.  xvur.  7 


98  BULLETIN   OF  THE 


Subgenus  CORDIERIA  Rouault. 

Cordieria  Rouault,  Bull.  Soc.  Ge'ol.  de  France,  2me  ser.,  V.  p.  207,  February,  1848. 
fAphanitoma  Bellardi,  Moll.  Terz.  Piemonte,  pt.  ii.  p.  241,  1877. 
?  Scobinella  Conrad,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  2d  ser.,  I.  p.  120,  August,  1848. 
Type,  5.  ccelata  Conr.,  /.  c,  pi.  xii.  figs.  8,  9. 

The  type  of  Scobinella  has  the  anal  sinus  of  a  Pleurotoma  and  the  plaits  of  a 
Mitra  (4  or  5)  diminishing  in  size  forward.  Cordieria  has  two  plaits,  which 
are  high  up,  not  anterior,  like  those  of  Mitra.  In  some  specimens  the  second 
plait  is  not  deposited  until  a  little  later  than  the  first,  and  lags  behind  it,  so 
that  it  is  not  always  visible.  From  this  fact  has  been  derived  the  erroneous 
assumption  that  the  same  species  may  have,  indifferently,  one  or  two  plaits.  I 
have  not  seen  Aphanitoma,  which  Tryon  unites  with  Scobinella  ;  but,  whether 
this  be  just  or  not,  it  appears  to  me  that  Scobinella  is  different  from  Cordieria 
and  sufficiently  distinct  from  Borsonia.  As  far  as  I  can  judge,  Tryon  was  right 
in  suspecting  that  none  of  the  Borsonias  in  his  Manual  belong  to  the  genus. 
They  probably  belong  to  Eucheilodon,  Glyphostoma,  or  Clathurella.  The  pres- 
ent species,  however,  is  genuine,  and  typical  to  a  very  high  degree.  The  genus 
remounts  to  the  Cretaceous. 

Cordieria  Rouaultii  n.  s. 

Plate  XXXVI.  Fie.  11. 

Shell  yellowish  white  with  a  pink  vertex  and  the  interspaces  between  the 
ribs  of  a  pink  brown,  generally  rather  pale  ;  whorls  seven  or  eight,  two  of 
which  belong  to  the  nucleus ;  nucleus  glassy  polished,  smooth,  swollen,  rounded, 
its  second  whorl  with  an  obsolete  peripheral  keel ;  remainder  of  the  shell  with 
rather  strong  sculpture  ;  spiral  sculpture  of  three  or  four  strong  and  a  few 
much  finer  ridges  between  the  sutures  and  in  front  of  the  anal  fasciole ;  on  the 
last  whorl  these  continue  over  the  base  and  canal ;  the  anal  fasciole  shows  only 
traces  of  the  finer  spiral  threads;  transverse  sculpture  (1)  of  nine  stout  short 
waves,  or  rounded  ribs,  with  narrower  interspaces,  beginning  in  front  of  the 
fasciole  and  obsolete  in  front  of  the  whorl  toward  the  canal ;  (2)  of  rather 
coarse,  strong,  and  somewhat  irregular  incremental  lines  ;  (3)  where  the  fasci- 
ole borders  on  the  suture,  the  arched  incremental  lines  are  crowded  into  a 
series  of  not  very  regular  plications,  which  form  a  band  or  series  in  front  of 
the  suture  ;  the  fasciole  is  slightly  excavated  ;  the  surface  of  the  shell  carries 
a  yellowish  opaque  thin  epidermis ;  whorls  moderately  rounded  ;  base  sub- 
conical  ;  canal  short,  rather  large,  slightly  recurved  and  flaring  at  the  tip  ; 
anal  sinus  rounded,  rather  shallow  ;  outer  lip  convexly  arched,  sharp-edged, 
with  or  without  a  rib  behind  it,  according  to  the  stage  of  growth,  with  no 
varix;  aperture  narrow,  long  Urate  in  the  throat;  columell  a  straight,  near 
its  junction  with  the  body  having  two  strong  plaits,  which  continue  in- 
ternally to  the  apex  of  the  shell ;  inner  lip  with  a  coat  of  callus,  somewhat 


MUSEUM   OF  COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY.  99 

reflected  anteriorly  in  the  adult.  Max.  Ion.  of  shell,  13.6;  of  last  whorl,  8.0  ; 
max.  lat.  of  shell,  5.0  mm. 

Habitat.  Stations  272  and  273,  at  Barbados,  in  76-103  fms.,  over  a  bottom 
of  coral  and  broken  shells,  bottom  temperature  59°  to  65°  F. 

This  shell,  owing  to  the  coarseness  of  its  sculpture,  has  a  somewhat  rude 
appearance,  and  is  very  characteristic.  Except  for  the  plaits  on  the  pillar,  it 
recalls  Pleurotoma  (Drillia)  pagoda,  Reeve. 

Genus   MANGILTA   (Leach)   Risso. 

This  genus  is  used  in  a  manner  which  includes  all  the  Pleurotomidce  with- 
out opercula,  as  adopted  by  Dr.  Paul  Fischer;  though  this,  of  course,  is  a 
much  wider  sense  than  that  in  which  it  was  originally  employed.  Cythara 
Schumacher  is  an  older  name,  but  it  was  applied  to  a  particularly  modified 
species  and  will  better  be  retained  with  its  original  limits.  For  the  purposes 
of  this  paper  the  following  groups  have  been  admitted:  — 
Subgenus  Aforia  Dall. 

Shell  large,  strong,  fusiform  ;  anal  notch  large,  away  from  the  suture. 
Type,  Pleurotoma  circinata  Dall  (insignis  Jeffreys),  Bering  Strait  and 
Aleutian  Islands. 
Subgenus  Cythara  Schumacher  (C.  striata  Schum.). 
Subgenus  Daphnella  Hinds. 

Section  Daphnella  s.  s.  (D.  lymnceiformis  Kiener). 
Section  Eubela  Dall  (D.  limacina  Dall). 
Subgenus  G-lyphostoma  Gabb  (G.  dentifera  Gabb). 
Subgenus  Mangilia  Risso  s.  s.  (M.  costulata  Risso). 
Subgenus  Pleurotomella  Verrill  (P.  Packardi  Verrill). 

1  Section  Gxjmnobela  Verrill  {G.  curta  Verrill). 
Subgenus  Taranis  Jeffreys  (T.  Mbrchii  Malm). 

Subgenus  AFORIA  Dall. 

This  group  has  the  shell  of  a  typical  Pleurotoma,  but  has  no  operculum;  the 
typical  species  reaches  three  or  four  inches  in  length,  is  strongly  carinated  above 
the  periphery,  and  the  wide  rather  deep  anal  sulcus  is  nearer  to  the  carina 
than  to  the  suture.  The  following  species  is  only  provisionally  referred  to 
this  group,  as  the  soft  parts  are  unknown. 

?  Aforia  hypomela  Dall. 

Shell  thin,  white,  fusiform,  with  a  very  thin  straw-colored  epidermis ;  nu- 
cleus white,  vitreous,  of  one  and  a  half  turns,  polished,  nearly  smooth  with 
faint  spiral  lines  and  lines  of  growth ;  subsequent  whorls  seven,  spirally  sculp- 
tured with  (1)  a  moderate  angulation  just  behind  the  periphery  of  the  last  whorl, 
which  becomes  sharper  and  peripheral  on  the  earlier  whorls  ;  in  front  of  this 
the  whorls  are  ornamented  with  numerous  rounded  threads,  separated  by  much 


100  BULLETIN   OF  THE 

wider  somewhat  channelled  interspaces;  on  the  upper  whorls  there  are  3-6  of 
these  threads,  on  the  last  whorl  they  extend  to  the  anterior  end  of  the  canal, 
becoming  more  crowded  anteriorly;  behind  the  carina  the  shell  is  smoother, 
there  are  faint  spirals,  hardly  raised,  and  sparser  over  the  centre  of  the  fasciole 
than  on  each  side  of  it;  there  is  no  distinct  secondary  striation;  transverse 
sculpture  of  faint  incremental  lines,  which  rise  more  or  less  into  little  wrin- 
kles at  the  suture,  and  sometimes  undulate  the  peripheral  angulation  on  the 
apical  whorls  ;  suture  distinct ;  whorls  moderately  full ;  aperture  ovate  ;  canal 
nearly  straight,  not  wide;  pillar  so  twisted  as  to  form  a  pervious  coil  ex- 
tending the  whole  length  of  the  axis,  thin,  simple ;  outer  lip  thin,  modified  by 
the  sculpture;  notch  wide,  shallow,  half-way  between  the  suture  and  the  carina; 
outer  lip  strongly  arched  forward.  Max.  Ion.  of  shell,  47.0 ;  of  last  whorl,  34.0; 
max.  lat.  of  shell,  15.6  mm. 

Habitat.  South  of  Cuba  at  U.  S.  Fish  Commission  Station  2127,  in  1639 
fins.,  mud. 

This  fine  and  fragile  shell  recalls  Pleurotoma  Catherines  Verrill,  which  has 
the  fasciole  at  the  suture,  and  probably  belongs  to  a  different  section.  There 
is  nothing  like  it  in  the  Challenger  collection. 


Subgenus  CYTHARA   Schumacher. 

Cythara  Schumacher,  Essai,  p.  245,  1817.     Type,   Cancel/aria  citharella  Lamarck 

(not  Cithara  Klein). 
Mangelia  Reeve,  Conch.  Icon  ,  III.,  18J6.     (Same  type.)     Not  Mangelia  Leach  and 

Risso,  1826. 
Eucithara  Fischer,  Manual,  p.  593,  1883. 

Cithara  Klein,  1753,  is  not  binomial,  and  is  a  synonym  of  Harpa  Rumphius, 
1705,  if  pre-Linnean  names  are  to  be  considered.  Whether  we  consider  them 
or  not,  Cithara  Klein,  being  itself  a  synonym,  cannot  stand  in  the  way  of  a 
proper  use  of  the  name  such  as  that  made  by  Schumacher.  Mangelia  Reeve 
is  founded  on  the  same  identical  type  as  Cythara  Schumacher,  and  is  not  the 
same  as  the  Mangelia  of  Risso  and  Leach,  properly  spelled  Mangilia.  There 
are  several  species  known  from  our  southern  waters.  Of  these  there  is  some 
doubt  as  to  their  absolute  pertinence  to  the  group  of  C.  striata  Schum.  (=  C. 
citharella  Lam.),  which  cannot  be  cleared  up  until  the  soft  parts  of  both  are 
known ;  but,  so  far  as  the  shell  is  concerned,  they  appear  to  be  closely  related. 
The  shells  which  are  known  from  our  coasts  and  seem  to  be  appropriately  re- 
ferred here  are  C.  astricta  Reeve,  which  has  been  found  by  Hemphill  in  Florida 
among  the  Keys.  C.  balteata  Reeve  (non  Auct.),  which  extends  from  North 
Carolina  southward  and  is  far  from  rare  in  Florida,  is  a  very  variable  shell,  es- 
pecially in  regard  to  slenderness  and  number  of  ribs.  It  can  usually  be  deter- 
mined by  the  microscopic  character  of  its  surface,  covered  with  fine,  close,  even 
frosted  spirals,  and  by  its  general  aspect.  The  brown  band  present  in  so  many 
of  this  group  is  not  invariably  present  in  any  species.    C.  biconica  C  B.  Adams 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  101 

has  the  same  distribution,  hut  is  more  abundant.  It  is  a  good  and  well-marked 
species.  Of  the  group  having  a  polygonal  cross-section  and  translucent  glassy 
shells  on  which  the  sharp  transverse  ribs  run  from  canal  to  nucleus  without 
a  break  across  all  the  whorls,  there  are  several  forms.  These  perhaps  should 
be  referred  to  a  particular  section  of  typical  Mangilia  rather  than  to  any 
part  of  Cythara,  but  I  will  mention  them  here.  Mangilia  psila  Bush,  when 
fresh,  is  pink-tipped  and  transparent.  It  is  the  northern  representative  of 
M.  lanceolata  Adams,  which  in  the  Antilles  grows  much  larger  and  has  spiral 
color  lines.  M.  muricoides  Adams,  a  species  of  the  same  general  characters,  is 
larger  and  stouter.     I  have  seen  in  only  from  Barbados. 

Cythara  Bartlettii  n.  s. 

Plate  XII.  Fig.  6.     Plate  XIV.  Figs.   5,  8. 

Shell  oval,  spire  rather  acute  ;  nucleus  glassy,  dark  Lrovvn,  inflated,  of  a 
whorl  and  a  half,  followed  by  five  normal  whorls  ;  color  pale  yellowish,  with 
irregular  touches  of  pale  brown  especially  on  the  varix ;  spiral  sculpture  of 
numerous  fine  subequal  rounded  little-raised  threads,  with  wider  interspaces, 
covering  the  whole  shell  and  stronger  on  the  canal;  transverse  sculpture  of 
(1)  extremely  fine  close  parallel  hardly  raised  incremental  lines,  visible  only 
with  the  glass,  and  traversing  the  spiral  interspaces  with  great  regularity  and 
perfect  uniformity ;  (2)  on  the  antepenultimate  whorl  about  twenty  narrow, 
little  raised,  long  rounded  riblets,  starting  from  the  suture  and  fading  away  on 
the  base ;  the  spirals  run  smoothly  over  the  ribs ;  fasciole  only  visible  in  the 
curve  of  the  incremental  lines;  notch  narrow,  rounded,  not  deep  ;  outer  lip  re- 
inforced in  the  adult  by  a  rather  thick  rounded  varix  from  which  the  thin  sharp 
edge  of  the  lip  stands  out  prominently,  arched  forward  in  the  middle,  and  is 
not  contracted  for  the  canal ;  inner  lip  simple,  pillar  obliquely  trimmed  off  in 
front,  otherwise  straight ;  canal  short,  wide,  not  differentiated  from  the  aper- 
ture.    Max.  Ion.  of  shell,  10.0 ;  of  last  whorl,  7.5  ;  lat.  of  shell,  4.75  mm. 

Habitat.  Off  Havana,  in  127  to  450  fms.;  Barbados,  100  fms. ;  Station  132, 
near  Santa  Cruz,  in  115  fms.,  rocky  bottom,  temperature  65°  F. ;  also  at  Key 
West,  between  tides,  on  algoe,  H.  Hemphill. 

The  sculpture  of  this  form,  when  fresh,  is  very  inconspicuous,  and  the  shell 
looks  almost  smooth.  It  is  perhaps  the  smoothest  of  the  group,  and  may  be 
distinguished  in  this  way  from  the  others. 

The  young  shell  has  very  much  the  aspect  of  some  of  the  northern  species 
of  Bela. 

Cythara  cymella  n.  s. 

Plate  XII.  Fig.  4. 

Shell  long,  slender,  subhyaline,  polished,  having  a  small  subglobular,  vitre- 
ous, tilted  nucleus  of  one  and  a  half  whorls,  and  five  and  a  half  subsequent 
whorls  ;  color  translucent,  with  a  faint  yellowish  band  in  front  of  the  suture, 


102  BULLETIN   OF  THE 

visible  between  the  ribs,  and  two  or  three  spiral  series  of  faint  spots  on  the 
ribs  in  front  of  the  yellow  on  the  last  whorl,  or  all  whitish ;  spiral  sculpture  of 
numerous  fine  impressed  lines,  strongest  on  the  ribs  of  which  they  faintly  crenu- 
late  the  crests,  and  well  marked  on  the  canal  where  the  interspaces  are  slightly 
raised  and  rounded ;  transverse  sculpture  of  (on  the  last  whorl  ten)  elevated 
ribs,  not  continuous  from  whorl  to  whorl,  extending  from  suture  to  canal,  thin 
and  slightly  curved  behind  the  periphery,  a  little  swollen  on  the  periphery  and 
in  front  of  it  again  diminishing;  suture  somewhat  appressed,  undulated  by  the 
ribs;  aperture  long,  narrow;  notch  rounded,  not  deep  ;  varix  behind  the  outer 
lip  resembling  a  stronger  rib;  outer  lip  strongly  arched  forward,  thin;  canal 
long,  rather  narrow ;  inner  lip  simple ;  columella  straight,  obliquely  trimmed  off 
in  front ;  whorls  moderately  rounded  under  the  ribs.  Max.  Ion.  of  shell,  12.5  ; 
of  last  whorl,  9.0  ;  max.  lat.  of  shell,  4.5  mm. 

Habitat.  Gulf  of  Mexico,  at  Station  20,  in  220  fms.  ;  Barbados,  100  fms.  ; 
Station  259,  near  Grenada,  in  159  fms.,  bottom  temperature  53°. 5  F. 

This  elegant  species  recalls  the  smooth  C.  funiculata  of  Reeve,  from  the 
Philippines.  Like  the  other  species  spoken  of,  when  absolutely  adult  the  lips 
of  the  aperture  are  probably  finely  crenulated,  but  none  of  the  specimens  re- 
ceived show  this  stage  of  growth. 

Subgenus  DAPHNELLA  Hinds. 

Section  Daphnella  s.  s.  Shell  generally  brightly  colored,  cancellated,  or  re- 
ticulated ;  the  outer  lip  slightly  thickened  internally  in  the  adult.  Type,  Pleu- 
rotoma  lymiveiformis  Kiener.     West  Indies. 

These  forms  are,  in  the  main,  shallow-water  species.  I  have  been  unable  to 
find  a  specimen  of  the  type  with  the  larval  shell  intact.  Most  of  the  other 
species  have  the  Sinusigera  nucleus,  but  some  have  a  glassy  one.  The  sinus 
may  be  shallow  or  deep. 

Section  Eubela  Dall.  Shell  smooth,  glossy,  with  a  sutural  band,  the  outer 
lip  sharp,  a  shallow  anal  sinus,  and  a  short  angular  canal  recalling  that  of 
Trichotropis.     Type,  Daphnella  limacina  Dall. 

These  forms  are  few,  and  the  type  is  a  deep-water  mollusk  widely  distributed. 

Section   DAPHNELLA  s.  s. 
Daphnella  leucophlegma  Dall. 

Plate  IX.  Fig.  9. 

Pleurotoma  (Daphnella?)  leucophlegma  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  70,  1881. 

Habitat.     Station  2,  805  fms. 

This  species  is  the  only  one  of  the  typical  Daphnellas  which  is  white.  Its 
nucleus  is  small  and  glassy.  The  shell  has  a  resemblance  to  some  varieties  of 
Dolophanes  Gabbii,  but  has  a  different  nucleus  and  canal,  while  there  in  no  trace 
of  a  siphonal  fasciole. 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  103 

Daphnella  corbicula  n.  s. 

Plate  XIV.  Fig.  7. 

Shell  yellowish  with  pale  brown  flammules,  with  a  brown  Sinusigera  nucleus 
of  three  whorls,  high  and  slender,  and  five  or  more  subsequent  whorls  ;  sculp- 
ture on  the  early  whorls  of  two  very  strong  elevated  threads,  at  a  later  time 
there  are  two  intercalary,  not  quite  so  strong ;  on  the  last  whorl  there  are 
about  ten  strong  primaries  in  all,  partly  on  the  back  of  the  canal,  about  five 
intercalaries  on  the  body  of  the  whorl,  and  on  all  the  unoccupied  area  very 
fine  numerous  granulous  or  frosty  spiral  threads ;  on  the  fasciole  there  are  no 
other  spirals ;  transverse  sculpture  (1)  of  fine  sharp  incremental  lines,  which 
produce  the  shagreening  of  the  tertiary  spirals  ;  (2)  of  numerous  elevated 
rounded  threads,  which  reticulate  the  stronger  spirals,  induce  little  nodes 
at  the  intersections,  and  extend  from  the  front  margin  of  the  fasciole  for- 
ward over  the  whole  whorl,  disappearing  only  on  the  back  of  the  canal ;  the 
interstices  are  deep,  and  nearly  square  ;  whorls  rounded,  shouldered  by  the 
strong  posterior  primary  spiral  thread  ;  canal  nearly  straight,  very  wide,  hardly 
differentiable  from  the  aperture ;  pillar  nearly  straight  with  little  callus ;  outer 
lip  thin,  crenulated  by  the  sculpture ;  notch  at  the  suture  narrow,  and  about 
1.0  mm.  deep  ;  suture  appressed,  not  very  distinct.  Max.  Ion.  of  shell,  11.2; 
of  last  whorl,  8.0;  max.  lat.  of  shell,  4.7  mm. 

Habitat.  Barbados,  100  fms.  U.  S.  Fish  Commission  Stations  2595  and 
2596,  in  49-63  fms.,  sand,  20  miles  off  Cape  Hatteras,  N.  C,  bottom  tempera- 
ture 75°. 0  F. 

The  specimen  figured  is  from  Hatteras.  The  bold  sculpture  of  this  species 
is  very  recognizable,  —  even  a  small  fragment  can  be  easily  identified,  —  and 
it  is  not  very  much  like  any  of  the  other  described  species. 

Daphnella  reticulosa  n.  s. 

Plate  X.  Fie.  10. 

Shell  small,  translucent  white  or  yellowish,  of  porcellanous  texture,  with  a 
Sinusigera  nucleus,  followed  by  five  and  a  half  normal  whorls ;  general  shape 
elegantly  fusiform,  but  with  a  rather  blunt-ended  canal  ;  spiral  sculpture  of 
fine  even  rounded  elevated  threads,  nearly  uniform  all  over  the  shell,  about 
half  as  wide  as  the  interspaces  in  most  of  which  run  an  extremely  fine  inter- 
calary thread ;  the  primary  threads  average  about  eight  in  the  breadth  of  a 
millimeter;  transverse  sculpture,  first,  of  very  fine  distinct  uniform  lines  of 
growth  about  twice  as  numerous  in  the  same  space  as  the  primary  spiral  threads, 
which  last  are  beautifully  reticulated  and  to  some  extent  rendered  nodulous,  or 
rather  minutely  wavy,  by  the  intersections  ;  secondly,  on  the  earlier  whorls,  of 
rather  stout  distant  rounded  riblets  or  waves  seven  or  eight  to  a  whorl,  most 
distinct  on  the  first  whorl  and  entirely  evanescent  on  the  last  two  whorls  ; 


104  BULLETIN   OF  THE 

these  are  slightly  oblique,  and  extend  from  the  anterior  margin  of  the  anal  fas- 
ciole  to  the  suture  in  front;  whorls  a  little  irregular  in  form;  suture  strongly 
appressed;  sculpture,  as  usual,  less  strong,  but  still  perfectly  distinct,  on  the 
fasciole;  the  notch  rather  deep,  semicircular  behind.  Aperture  longer  than 
half  the  shell,  moderately  narrow,  with  the  canal  well  defined  and  somewhat 
curved  to  the  right ;  outer  lip  thickened  within,  slightly  dentate  at  the  margin 
from  the  spiral  sculpture ;  a  slight  callus  on  the  body  and  pillar,  well  inside 
the  aperture  ;  pillar  nearly  straight.  Lon.  of  shell,  11.5;  of  last  whorl,  9.0; 
of  aperture,  7.0  ;  lat.  of  shell,  5.2  ;  of  aperture,  2.0  mrn. 

Habitat.  Station  272,  in  76  fms.,  off  Barbados,  hard  bottom,  coarse  sand 
and  shell ;  temperature  of  bottom  water,  65°.0  F. 

This  is  an  extremely  pretty  little  shell,  not  properly  of  the  deep-sea  fauna, 
perhaps,  but  apparently  undescribed  and  (except  for  its  stronger  sculpture) 
bearing  a  curious  resemblance  in  miniature  to  Pleurotomella  Emerto  lii. 

Daphnella  pompholyx  n.  s. 

Plate  XXXVI.  Fig.  4. 

Shell  thin,  inflated,  polished,  with  a  brown  Sinusigera  nucleus  of  three 
whorls,  and  five  subsequent  whorls  ;  color  yellowish  white,  with  faint  axially 
directed  streaks  and  blotches  of  olive  brown,  and  articulating  dots  of  the  same 
in  the  region  of  the  canal ;  spiral  sculpture  of  faint  close-set  scratches  or  half- 
obsolete  minute  threads  more  or  less  visible  over  the  whole  surface,  and  on 
the  last  whorl  in  front  of  the  fasciole  about  twenty-five  channelled  sharply 
cut  grooves  separated  by  considerably  wider  flat  interspaces  ;  the  grooves  are 
nearer  together  on  the  canal,  and  the  interspaces  there  become  rounded,  almost 
thread-like ;  transverse  sculpture  of,  on  the  fasciole,  numerous  little-elevated 
arched  regularly-spaced  ripples,  with  slightly  wider  interspaces  ;  these  fade 
away  in  front  of  the  fasciole,  or  appear  only  as  irregularities  of  growth  which 
punctuate  the  channels  but  are  obsolete  on  the  interspaces  ;  whorls  rounded, 
fasciole  only  slightly  excavated,  the  posterior  edge  appressed  at  the  suture  ; 
aperture  large,  outer  lip  rather  straight  in  the  middle,  contracted  suddenly  to 
form  the  canal,  the  edge  sharp,  the  sculpture  transvisible,  the  notch  shallow 
and  its  corners  rounded  off ;  columella  straight,  simple,  rather  long,  canal 
distinct,  not  recurved  ;  the  periphery  of  the  last  whorl  a  little  flattened.  Max. 
lon.  of  shell,  12.5  ;  of  last  whorl,  9.2  ;  max.  lat.  of  shell,  6.0  mm. 

Habitat.  Station  273,  near  Barbados,  in  103  fms.,  coral  and  shells,  bottom 
temperature  59°. 5  F.  Station  299,  near  Barbados,  in  140  fins.,  coral,  temper- 
ature 56°. 5  F. 

This  shell  has  somewhat  the  same  outline  as  I),  reticulosa,  but  its  sculpture 
is  entirely  different ;  it  is  larger,  thinner,  and  has  a  different  nucleus.  The 
dry  animal  in  one  specimen  is  destitute  of  an  operculum. 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY.  105 

Daphnella  retifera  n.  s. 

Shell  small,  thin,  oval,  short-spired,  yellowish  with  pale  cloudy  markings  of 
brownish  ;  nucleus  of  the  Sinusigera  type  to  begin  with,  but  not  strongly  sculp- 
tured, and  the  larval  shell  after  2|  turns  of  the  usual  sort  becomes  smooth  and 
continues  for  2£  whorls  more,  quite  smooth  and  rounded,  before  the  normal 
sculpture  begins  ;  the  latter  continues  in  the  largest  specimen  for  Z\  turns 
more.  The  fasciole  is  hardly  discernible  except  by  following  the  incremental 
lines  ;  it  is  sculptured  like  the  rest,  and  not  excavated  ;  the  suture  is  distinct ; 
the  sculpture  is  composed  of  numerous  fine  sharp  spiral  threads  with  slightly 
wider  interspaces,  crossed  by  somewhat  less  prominent  transverse  threads, 
making  a  very  regular  reticulation  over  the  whole  surface;  at  most  of  the 
intersections  a  small  point  elevates  itself,  giving  a  peculiarly  rasp-like  appear- 
ance to  the  dull  unpolished  surface  of  the  shell;  notch  shallow,  situated  at  the 
suture;  aperture  pointed  behind,  outer  lip  arched  well  forward,  hardly  con- 
tracted for  the  broad  short  canal  ;  edge  thin,  interior  not  lirate ;  columella 
not  callous,  nearly  straight,  simple,  very  slightly  recurved  ac  the  end  of  the 
canal;  whorls  moderately  rounded.  Lon.  of  shell,  6.5;  of  last  whorl,  5.0  ;  lat. 
of  shell,  3.0  mm. 

Obtained  by  the  U.  S.  Fish  Commission  at  Stations  2595  and  2596,  twenty 
miles  E.  S.  E.  from  Cape  Hatteras,  in  49-63  fms.,  sand,  bottom  temperature 
75°.0. 

This  is  a  very  delicate  and  elegant  little  shell,  remarkable  for  the  number 
and  size  of  its  larval  whorls  and  the  prickly  reticulation.  In  color,  though 
less  decided,  it  recalls  D.  hjmnceiformis  Kiener. 

Daphnella  morra  Dall. 

Plate  XII.  Fig.  1. 

Pleurotoma  (Drillia)  morra  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  69,  1881. 

Habitat.  Sigsbee,  off  Havana,  450  fms.  U.  8.  Fish  Commission  Stations 
2595,  2596,  2608,  and  2614,  in  22  to  168  fms.,  sand,  off  the  coast  of  North 
Carolina,  temperature  75°.0  F. 

The  examination  of  more  material  has  shown  that  this  should  be  placed  in 
Daphnella.  When  fresh  it  is  of  a  glistening  translucent  rich  brown ;  the  spire 
is  often  quite  lax,  in  other  cases  more  compactly  coiled,  so  that  at  first  the 
specimens  would  seem  unrelated,  especially  if  one  was  fresh  and  the  other  dead 
and  opaque.  This  little  shell  has  some  general  resemblance  to  Lachesis  minima, 
but  in  details  of  nucleus  and  aperture  the  difference  is  conclusive. 

?  Daphnella  elata  Dall. 

Shell  small,  Mangilia-like,  elongated,  narrow,  translucent  white  with  streaks 
and  lines  of  dark  brown  or  yellow  ;  nucleus  with  the  first  whorl  minute,  tilted, 


106  BULLETIN   OF  THE 

glassy,  the  subsequent  turns  translucent,  smooth,  or  with  oblique  transverse 
sculpture  which  almost  imperceptibly  passes  into  the  ribbing  of  the  adult ;'  in 
all  there  are  seven  whorls  including  the  nucleus  ;  the  early  ones  are  rounded, 
and  soon  take  on  an  angulation  just  in  front  of  the  fasciole  ;  spiral  sculpture 
of  three  or  four  fine  threads  on  the  fasciole,  and  three  or  four  stronger  threads 
between  the  fasciole  and  the  suture  in  front ;  on  the  last  whorl  there  are 
fifteen  or  twenty  of  these  between  the  shoulder  of  the  whorl  and  the  front  end 
of  the  canal ;  they  are  not  perfectly  uniform  in  size,  and  between  them  are 
frequently  much  finer  lines  ;  these  cross  about  (on  the  last  whorl)  fifteen 
transverse  rounded  riblets,  which  extend  from  near  the  suture  forward  to  the 
canal ;  the  last  whorl  is  rather  compressed  ;  the  aperture  elongated  and  nar- 
row ;  the  outer  lip  angulated  at  the  shoulder,  with  a  broad  shallow  rounded 
anal  notch,  thin  edge,  and  smooth  interior;  inner  lip  nearly  straight,  anteriorly 
a  little  oblique,  canal  short,  hardly  differentiated,  not  recurved.  Lon.  of  shell, 
4.75  ;  of  last  whorl,  3.25  ;  lat.  of  shell,  2.0  mm. 

Habitat.  Twelve  miles  east  of  Frying  Pan  Shoals,  in  12  fms.,  Dr.  Rush. 
U.  S.  Fish  Commission,  at  Stations  2608,  2610,  2616,  and  2619,  in  15-22  fms., 
sand,  off  the  coast  of  North  Carolina,  bottom  temperature  78°. 5  F. 

This  pretty  little  shell  may  be  a  Mangilia,  but  its  form  seems  more  like  that 
of  a  Daphnella;  conch ologically  it  is  intermediate  between  the  two.  It  is  re- 
lated to  the  group  containing  such  forms  as  M.  cerina  and  M.  citronella,  and  to 
many  of  the  forms  from  the  tropics  included  by  Tryon  in  Daphnella. 


Section  EUBELA  Dall. 
Daphnella  limacina  Dall. 

Plate  IX.  Fig.  10. 

Pleurotoma  (Bela)  limacina  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  55,  August  12,  1881. 

Daphnella  limacina  Dall,  op.  cit.,  p.  102,  Oct.  31,  1881. 

Pleurotoma  (Defrancia)  hormophora  Watson,  Linn.  Soc.  Journ.,  XV.  p.  457,  Nov.  3, 

1881. 
Clathurella  hormophora  Watson,  Chall.  Gastr.,  p.  351,  pi.  xxi.  fig.  9,  1885. 
Daphnella  limacina  Verrill,  Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  V.  p.  452,  1882;  VI.  p.  265,  1884. 

Habitat.  Station  2,  805  fms.,  Gulf  of  Mexico  ;  Yucatan  Strait,  640  fms. ; 
bed  of  the  Gulf  Stream,  in  447  fms.  ;  Station  136,  near  Santa  Cruz,  in  508  fms., 
ooze,  bottom  temperature  42°.5  F.  U.  S.  Fish  Commission  Station  994,  in 
368  fms.,  off  Martha's  Vineyard ;  and  Station  2646,  in  85  fms.,  sand,  off  Cape 
Florida.  Challenger  Expedition  Stations  23  and  24,  off  Sombrero  and  Culebra 
Islands,  West  Indies,  in  390-450  fms.,  pteropod  ooze;  and  Station  122,  off 
Pernambuco,  Brazil,  in  350  fms.,  red  mud. 

This  lovely  little  shell  has  a  well-marked  Sinusigera  nucleus,  which  is  figured 
by  Watson,  but  it  is  often  more  depressed  than  in  the  specimen  he  figures, 
especially  at  the  vertex. 


MUSEUM  OF   COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY.  107 

Daphnella  calyx  n.  s. 

Shell  decollate  and  with  the  aperture  imperfect,  having  evidently  the 
general  form  of  the  preceding,  but  with  a  slightly  more  differentiated  canal ; 
surface  smooth,  polished,  with  a  distinct  suture  in  front  of  which  the  fasciole 
appears  as  a  narrow  raised  band,  with  an  incised  line  in  front  of  it  and  mark- 
ing its  edge ;  the  only  other  sculpture  consists  of  six  or  seven  sharply  incised 
lines  on  the  canal  near  its  anterior  end  ;  whorls  and  base  full  and  rounded  ; 
incremental  lines  visible  but  faint ;  color  yellowish  white  with  about  ten  spiral 
bands  of  alternate  whitish  and  reddish  brown  rectangles  on  the  last  whorl 
arranged  like  the  squares  on  a  checkerboard,  except  that,  the  white  rectangles 
bein<T  longer  than  the  brown  ones  and  the  latter  being  symmetrically  arranged, 
the  angles  of  the  brown  rectangles  in  one  line  do  not  generally  connect  with 
those  of  the  lines  in  front  and  behind  it;  on  the  curve  of  the  base  the  rec- 
tangles are  drawn  somewhat  lozenge-shaped.  Lon.  of  the  last  whorl,  3.75; 
lat.  of  same,  2.75  mm. 

Habitat.  Station  2602  of  the  U.  S.  Fish  Commission,  36  miles  S.  £  W. 
from  Cape  Hatteras,  N.  C,  in  124  fms.,  sand,  bottom  temperature  61°.0  F. 

This  specimen  is  but  a  fragment,  yet  its  characters  are  so  remarkable  that  a 
much  smaller  fragment  would  be  recognizable  at  once,  so  I  have  decided  to 
name  it. 

A  fragment  of  a  perfectly  white  shell  closely  related  to  D.  calyx,  but  finely 
spirally  striate  and  with  a  somewhat  depressed  fasciole,  smooth  and  not  bounded 
by  a  groove,  the  columella  much  arched  and  the  form  slender,  was  dredged  at 
Station  2,  in  805  fms.  It  is  too  imperfect  to  describe,  but  belongs  to  no  spe- 
cies known  from  the  region. 

?  Daphnella  sofia  n.  s. 

Plate  X.  Fig.  11. 

Shell  small,  delicate,  whitish,  with  a  four-whorled  brown,  trochiform.  Sinusi- 
gera  nucleus  and  four  subsequent  rather  slender  whorls  ;  transverse  sculpture 
consists  of  faint  delicate  lines  of  growth,  which  are  puckered  or  gathered  into 
a  sort  of  narrow  frill  or  band,  appressed  against  the  suture  and  bounded  in 
front  by  the  smooth  anal  fasciole,  on  which  the  anterior  ends  of  the  wavelets 
become  obsolete;  spiral  sculpture  rather  strong  on  the  periphery  of  some  of 
the  earlier  whorls,  but  elsewhere  consisting  of  faint  threads  and  grooves  which 
are  extended  forward  more  or  less  distinctly  to  the  end  of  the  canal ;  notch 
small,  not  deep,  close  to  the  suture  ;  fasciole  smooth,  slightly  impressed  ;  aper- 
ture elongated,  simple  (the  specimen  being  adolescent) ;  pillar  without  callus, 
thin,  its  edge  slightly  reflected  and  so  twisted  as  to  make  the  axis  of  the  shell, 
viewed  from  the  anterior  end,  minutely  pervious  ;  canal  narrow,  rather  long, 
outer  lip  thin,  arched  forward.  Lon.  of  shell,  8.0;  of  last  whorl,  5.5  ;  lat.  of 
shell,  3.0  mm. 

Habitat.    Station  163,  off  Guadelupe,  in  769  fms.,  sand,  temperature  39°.75  F. 


108  BULLETIN   OF  THE 

Daphnella  sofia  var.  hyperlissa  Dall. 

Shell  shorter,  stouter,  with  a  shorter  and  wider  canal ;  the  axis  more  widely 
pervious  ;  suture  appressed  without  the  puckered  band,  but  with  a  few  faint 
arched  wavelets  which  nearly  cross  the  fasciole,  not  forming  a  band  ;  there  are 
three  normal  and  three  or  four  Sinusigera  whorls,  all  of  which  are  more  in- 
flated, while  the  fasciole  is  less  sloping.  There  are  no  strong  threads  on  the 
periphery  of  the  early  whorls.     Lon.  8.5  ;  lat.  4.2  mm. 

Habitat.  U.  S.  Fish  Commission  Station  2678,  off  Cape  Fear,  N.  C,  in  731 
fms.,  ooze,  bottom  temperature  39°.8  F. 

The  shell  (adolescent)  much  resembles  D.  sofia,  except  in  the  particulars 
mentioned. 

Subgenus  GLYPHOSTOMA  Gabb. 


■'b 


?  Eucheilodon  Gabb,  Joum.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  2d  ser.,  IV.  p.  379,  1860. 
Glyphostoma  Gabb,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  for  1872,  p.  270.   Type,  G.  dentifera 

Gabb,  /.  c,  p.  271,  pi.  xi.  fig.  4,  Feb.,  1873. 
Glyphostoma  Fischer,  Manual,  p.  573,  1883 ;  as  a  section  of  Mantilla. 
Lienardia  Jousseaume,  Bull.  Soc.  Zool.  de  France,  VIII.  xl.  1884  {fide  Tryon,  Man. 

Pleurotomidce,  pp.  271,  353,  1884). 

This  group,  described  from  the  Miocene  of  Santo  Domingo,  appears  in  the 
recent  state  in  the  Antillean  seas.  A  peculiarity  not  mentioned  by  Gabb  is 
that  the  surface  of  the  whole  shell  is  covered  with  a  very  delicate  microscopic 
granulation  or  shagreening. 


Glyphostoma  dentifera  Gabb? 

Glyphostoma  dentifera  Gabb,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  for  1872,  p.  271,  pi.  xi.  fig. 
4,  Feb.,  1873.     Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc,  XV.  p.  210,  1873. 

Habitat.     Sand  Key,  in  15  fms. 

A  single  imperfect  specimen  of  Glyphostoma  was  obtained  as  above.  It  does 
not  agree  with  any  of  the  others,  but  is  so  like  Gabb's  figure  of  his  type,  that 
I  refer  it  provisionally  to  G.  dentifera.  The  shagreening  is  extremely  fine,  and 
gives  a  faint  dusty  appearance  to  the  surface  under  an  ordinary  hand  magnifier 
of  8-10  diameters. 


Glyphostoma  Gabbii  n.  s. 

Plate  XIII.  Figs.  4,  5,  7,  8. 

Shell  white,  with  a  peripheral  and  a  basal  brown  band  with  ill-defined  boun- 
daries, and  a  blotch  of  brown  on  the  canal ;  the  transverse  ribs  show  lighter 
through  the  peripheral  band  and  the  glassy  nucleus  is  brownish  ;  nucleus 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  109 

acute,  three-whorled,  the  first  whorl  smooth,  rounded,  tilted,  minute;  the 
others  smooth,  polished,  keeled  on  the  periphery,  after  -which  the  remaining 
seven  whorls  become  sculptured  ;  spiral  sculpture  of  numerous  regular  rather 
coarse  rounded  threads  with  equal  or  wider  interspaces,  the  three  most  promi- 
nent on  the  peripheral  brown  band  more  widely  separated  than  the  others; 
on  the  anal  fasciole  the  threads  are  finer  and  closer ;  when  passing  over  the 
transverse  ribs  the  threads  are  rarely  swollen  or  nodulous,  nor  do  they  weaken 
between  the  ribs  ;  transverse  sculpture  of  (1)  numerous  small,  gathered  up 
nodulosities,  forming  a  row  coronating  the  whorl  at  the  anterior  edge  of  the 
suture  ;  (2)  thirteen  or  fourteen  stoutish  ribs,  beginning  in  front  of  the  anal 
fasciole,  extending  over  the  periphery,  under  the  spirals,  bifurcating  or  even 
trifurcating  on  the  base,  and  becoming  obsolete  toward  the  canal;  whorls 
rounded,  turrited  by  the  fasciole  ;  base  rounded-conic ;  canal  rather  long, 
sharply  curved  to  the  right,  slightly  funnel-shaped  at  its  extremity;  sinus,  in 
the  young,  shallow ;  in  the  adult,  strongly  marked,  not  deep,  but  roundly  ex- 
cavated in  the  thick  varix,  nearly  closed  by  a  parietal  lump  of  callus  and  a 
projection  from  the  outer  lip,  which  are  rounded  and  smooth  at  first,  but  later 
are  transversely  ridged  or  Urate  ;  aperture  narrow,  backed  by  a  stout  varix, 
arched  forward  in  the  middle,  behind  which  the  shell  is  deeply  indented  ;  outer 
lip  thin,  standing  out  from  the  inner  edge  of  the  varix,  transversely  lirate  ; 
inner  lip  generally  smooth,  except  for  the  parietal  lump  above  mentioned,  but, 
when  completely  adult,  furnished  in  the  middle  with  two  small  oblique  trans- 
verse ridges,  rather  distant  from  each  other,  and  from  a  series  of  eight  or  nine 
close-set  similar  ridges  on  the  columella  extending  nearly  to  the  end  of  the 
canal,  recalling  the  ridges  in  the  aperture  of  a  Trivia ;  these  are  very  short  and 
do  not  coincide  with  the  spiral  sculpture.  Max.  Ion.  of  shell,  17.5  ;  max.  Ion. 
of  last  whorl,  11.0  ;  max.  lat.  of  shell,  7.8  mm. 

Habitat.  Station  36,  Gulf  of  Mexico,  in  84  fms. ;  Station  65,  off  Havana, 
in  127  fms. ;  Station  132,  in  115  fms.,  off  Santa  Cruz,  on  rocky  bottom  ;  Station 
147,  off  St.  Kitts,  in  250  fms.,  sand;  Station  155,  off  Montserrat,  in  88  fms.  ; 
Station  220,  near  Santa  Lucia,  in  116  fms.,  rocky  bottom  ;  off  Barbados,  in 
100  fms.  ;  at  Stations  272  and  282,  in  76-154  fms.,  coral  ;  and  Station  296,  in 
84  fms.,  hard  bottom.  Also  by  the  U.  S.  Fish  Commission  at  Station  2405, 
in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  west  of  Florida,  in  30-50  fms.,  sand  and  coral. 

This  elegant  species  was  submitted  to  Mr.  Tryon  when  engaged  upon  his 
monograph  of  the  Pleurotomidce,  and  regarded  by  him  as  new.  Though  beauti- 
fully fresh,  not  a  single  specimen  came  to  hand  with  the  soft  parts  included. 
The  surface  is  covered  with  a  beautiful  minute  shagreening,  which  to  be  seen 
requires  a  magnification  of  six  or  eight  diameters.  The  figures  do  not  show  the 
peculiar  denticulation  of  the  inside  of  the  aperture.  Most  of  the  specimens 
were  without  it,  and  the  only  adult  specimen  figured  is  turned  so  that  the 
outer  lip  would  hide  this  peculiar  feature.  As  the  specimens  for  figuring  were 
selected  long  before  they  could  be  critically  studied  in  some  cases,  it  was  im- 
possible always  to  avoid  such  omissions. 


110  BULLETIN    OF   THE 

Glyphostoma  gratula  Dall* 

Plate  XII.  Fig.  10. 

Pleurotoma  (Drillia)  gratula  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z  ,  IX.  p.  64,  August,  1881. 
Pleurotoma  (Drillia)  incitis  Watson,  Linn.  Soc.  Journ.,  XV.  p.  425,  October,  1881. 
Report  Chall.  Gastr.,  p.  304,  pi.  xxiv.  fig.  5,  1885. 

Shell  similar  to  the  last,  but  white,  with  the  spiral  sculpture  sharp  instead 
of  rounded  and  the  intervals  wider  and  more  irregular;  the  shell  is  more 
slender  in  proportion  to  its  length,  and  the  last  whorl  smaller  in  proportion 
to  the  spire  ;  the  ribs  (about  16)  are  sharp  and  the  spirals  minutely  nodu- 
lous where  they  cross  the  crests  of  the  ribs  ;  the  latter  cross  over  the  periph- 
ery and  grow  gradually  smaller  to  the  canal,  never  bifurcating;  the  varix 
is  much  thinner,  and  the  indentation  behind  it  much  less  marked  ;  there 
is  no  gathering  up  of  nodulations  at  the  suture,  and  the  anal  fasciole  is 
smoother  or  even  quite  free  from  spiral  threads.  The  largest  specimen  had 
not  completed  its  lirations  in  the  aperture  and  on  the  inner  lip,  but  they 
seemed  fewer,  coarser,  and  more  irregular  than  in  G.  Gabbii.  Max.  Ion.  of 
shell,  17.5  ;  of  last  whorl,  10.5  ;  max.  lat.  of  shell,  6.0  mm.  There  are  seven 
normal  and  three  nuclear  whorls. 

Habitat.  Gulf  of  Mexico,  at  Station  2398,  in  227  fms.,  mud,  between  the 
Mississippi  delta  and  Cedar  Keys,  Florida;  and  Station  2150  in  382  fms.,  ooze, 
near  Old  Providence,  U.  S.  Fish  Commission.  Off  Culebra  Island,  in  390  fms., 
Challenger  Expedition.  Station  43,  Gulf  of  Mexico,  in  339  fms.  ;  Station  19, 
in  310  fms.  Off  Havana,  in  292-805  fms.,  Blake  Expedition.  Bed  of  the  Gulf 
Stream,  Pourtales,  in  447  fms. 

Both  the  specimen  figured  by  Mr.  Watson  and  that  here  figured  are  not 
quite  mature,  and  do  not  show  the  adult  mouth  characters.  Indeed,  it  was 
not  until  I  had  examined  the  Fish  Commission  specimens  that  I  realized  the 
true  position  of  the  species.  The  species  varies  considerably  as  regards  the 
height  of  the  spire  in  proportion  to  the  last  whorl.  Perhaps  Mr.  Watson's 
name  may  be  retained  for  the  shorter  ones  as  variety  incile. 

Glyphostoma  phalera  n.  s. 

Shell  white,  acute,  seven-whorled  ;  nucleus  glassy,  rounded,  not  keeled,  hav- 
ing about  1|  whorls  ;  remainder  of  the  shell  solid,  finely  granulated  with  micro- 
scopic granules,  which  are  arranged  in  close,  even  transverse  lines  between  the 
spirals;  spiral  sculpture  of  numerous  rather  coarse  flatfish  threads  with  about 

*  This  is  one  of  a  few  species  of  Pleurotoma  in  which,  publishing  almost  simul- 
taneously, my  friend  Mr.  Watson  and  myself  have  unintentionally  both  named 
the  same  species.  Our  manuscripts  went  to  the  printer  about  the  same  time  ;  but 
mine  were  published  immediately,  while  his  were  several  months  delayed.  I  had 
thought  of  resigning  my  names  in  favor  of  his,  as  first  figured,  but  have  been  ad- 
vised by  several  naturalists  that  this  was  not  admissible,  and  would  cause  confusion 
in  the  nomenclature. 


MUSEUM  OF  COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY.  Ill 

equal  or  narrower  interspaces,  the  fasciole  with  much  finer  threads  or  nearly 
smooth  ;  transverse  sculpture  of  faint  waves  or  obsolete  ribs  (about  nine  on  the 
last  whorl)  with  a  tendency  to  bifurcate  toward  the  canal ;  suture  strongly 
appressed  with  obscure  undulations  on  the  margin  of  the  fasciole  bordering  the 
suture ;  base  rounded  conic ;  spire  acute  ;  whorls  below  the  fasciole  moderately 
rounded;  varix  thick,  broad,  and  strong,  with  a  slight  depression  behind  it; 
canal  short,  slightly  recurved ;  anal  sulcus  shallow,  rounded  ;  aperture  very 
narrow,  about  nine  lira?  inside  the  outer  lip,  stronger  posteriorly  ;  lirse  on  the 
inner  lip  and  pillar  (mature  ?)  less  strong  and  not  so  numerous.  Max.  Ion.  of 
shell,  12.3;  of  last  whorl,  8.0;  max.  lat.  of  shell,  5.3  mm. 

Habitat.  U.  S.  Fish  Commission  Station  2123,  near  the  island  of  Trinidad, 
in  117  fms.,  mud,  bottom  temperature  59°. 5  F. 

This  species  is  smoother  than  any  yet  described,  but  it  is  possible  the  strength 
of  the  transverse  sculpture  may  be  greater  in  some  individuals.  The  most 
prominent  characters  beside  the  weak  transverse  sculpture  are  the  appressed 
fasciole  at  the  suture,  and  short  sharp  spire.  It  has  a  much  shorter  canal, 
narrower  mouth,  and  less  channelled  fasciole  than  G.  Gabbii. 

Subgenus  MANGILIA  (Leach)  Risso. 

Many  of  the  species  referred  to  this  group  are  only  known  from  the  shells. 
Except  in  cases  where  it  is  otherwise  stated,  the  reference  must  be  understood 
as  provisional. 

Mangilia  caribsea  Orbignt. 

Pleurotoma  caribcea  Orb.,  Moll.  Cuba,  II.  p.  172,  pi.  xxiii.  figs.  32,  34,  1846. 
Habitat.     Barbados,  100  fms.     Martinique,  Guadelupe,  and  Cuba,  Orbigny. 

Mangilia  Lavalleana  Orbignt. 

Pleurotoma  Lacalleana  Orbigny,  Moll.  Cuba,  II.  p.  174,  pi.  xxiv.  figs.  7,  0,  1846. 
Pleurotoma  Vespuciana  Orbigny,  op.  cit.,  p.  175,  pi.  xxiv.  figs.  13,  15. 

Habitat.     Barbados,  100  fms.     Antilles,  Orbigny. 

The  two  forms  named  by  Orbigny  would  appear  to  differ  only  in  age.  P. 
antillarum  Orbigny,  which  grows  half  an  inch  long,  is  probably  another  species. 

Mangilia  atrostyla  Dall. 

iDrillia  limonitella  Dall,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus„  1883,  p.  329,  pi.  x.  fig.  10,  Dec,  1883. 
Daphnella  atrostjla  (Dall,  MS.)  Tryon,  Man.,  VI.  part  3,  p.  310,  pi.  xxxiv.  fig.  100, 

October,  1884  (as  var.  of  cerina). 
Mangilia  ephamilla  Bush,  Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  VI.  p.  457,  pi.  xlv.  figs.  4,  4  a,  June, 

1885. 

Habitat.  Barbados,  100  fms.  Station  185,  near  Dominica,  in  333  fms.,  sand, 
bottom  temperature  44°.0  F.  Northward  to  the  coast  of  North  Carolina,  U.  S. 
Fish  Commission. 


112  BULLETIN   OF  THE 

There  are  several  closely  allied  small  forms  found  on  our  southern  coast 
which  it  may  be  well  to  differentiate,  as  without  careful  discrimination  and 
study  they  are  liable  to  be  confounded,  as  by  Mr.  Tryon,  though  they  are 
separated  by  what  appear  to  be  very  constant  characters.  The  species  are 
M.  cerina  Kurtz  &  Stimpson,  M.  cerinella  Dall,  M.  citronella  Dall,  M.  serga 
Dall,  M.  atrostyla  Dall,  M.  limonitella  Dall,  and  M.  ephamilla  Bush.  I  have 
been  able  to  study  typical  specimens  of  all  of  them.  They  all  have  transverse 
ribs,  fine  granulous  or  frosty  spiral  sculpture,  and  are  distributed  over  very 
much  the  same  region.  In  order  of  size  they  run  from  citronella,  which  is  the 
smallest,  through  cerina,  limonitella,  serga,  and  atrostyla,  to  cerinella,  which  is 
the  largest.  They  have,  in  the  same  order,  omitting  the  nucleus,  five  whorls, 
up  to  atrostyla  which  has  six,  and  cerinella  which  has  seven.  M.  citronella  is  of 
a  brilliant  yellow,  cerina  of  a  waxen  white  tending  to  ash  color  on  the  upper 
whorls,  but  no  lines  of  color  or  any  tint  on  the  columella  or  lip  ;  limonitella  is 
whitish,  lineated  spirally  with  yellow  brown  and  often  with  some  brown  on 
the  outside  of  the  canal  or  on  the  pillar;  serga  as  far  as  known  is  pure  white  ; 
atrostyla  is  variable  as  to  its  colors,  ranging  from  yellowish  white  to  dark 
brown,  wholly  or  in  stripes  and  bands ;  but  the  most  typical  form  has  a  dark 
purple  brown  shade  just  in  front  of  the  suture,  the  rest  of  the  shell  ashy,  or 
waxen  white,  except  the  pillar,  which  is  very  dark  purple  or  almost  black.  All 
the  Antillean  specimens  I  have  seen  are  colorless.  It  may  prove  to  be  a  larger 
form  of  limonitella,  which  is  the  older  name.  M.  cerinella  is  whitish  toward 
the  vertex,  ashy  on  the  intermediate  whorls,  and  with  a  tendency  to  orange  or 
flesh-color  for  the  body  whorl;  it  is  never  striped  or  spotted,  and  the  pillar  is 
always  like  the  rest  of  the  last  whorl. 

M.  citronella  has  a  very  minute  brown  tilted  nucleus  followed  by  three  tro- 
choid larval  whorls;  a  spire  markedly  shorter  than  the  last  whorl,  with  inflated 
whorls  ;  twelve  riblets,  no  varix,  and  a  very  faint  sutural  notch,  while  the  suture 
is  distinct  and  not  appressed.  The  four  larval  whorls  are  prettily  marked 
with  transverse  concave  ripples.  Lon.  6.25  ;  last  whorl,  4.25  ;  lat.  2.5  mm. 
(See  Plate  IX.  fig.  5.)     Off  Sombrero,  in  70  fms. 

M.  cerina  has  a  smaller  larval  shell  with  a  less  acute  apex,  the  spire  nearly 
equal  to  the  last  whorl,  with  flattish  whorls  angulated  at  the  periphery,  nine 
swollen  riblets,  no  varix,  the  notch  well  marked  and  away  from  the  suture 
which  is  broadly  appressed  and  undulated  ;  the  canal  is  very  short  and  the  ribs 
arched  when  they  extend  over  the  fasciole.  where  they  usually  fail.  The  nu- 
clear whorls  are  smooth  except  the  last,  which  has  three  or  four  nodulous  spiral 
lines  on  it.  Lon.  6.75;  last  whorl,  3.75  ;  lat.  2.1  mm.  North  Carolina  to 
Florida. 

M.  limonitella  has  the  spire  but  a  trifle  shorter  than  the  last  whorl,  the 
whorls  rounded,  and  angulated  behind  the  periphery,  twelve  narrow  riblets,  no 
varix  ;  the  notch  shallow,  deepest  near  the  angulation  ;  suture  hardly  appressed 
or  undulated;  canal  not  differentiate  from  the  aperture  ;  ribs  obsolete  on  the 
fasciole,  or,  if  present,  arched  in  harmony  with  the  lines  of  growth.  Lon.  7.1 ; 
last  whorl,  3.7  ;  lat.  2.5  mm.  Florida.  Fresh  specimens  show  this  to  be  a 
February  11,  1889. 


MUSEUM   OF  COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY.  113 

Mangilia,  and  I  suspect  it  to  be  a  differently  colored  dwarf  form  of  what  I 
afterward  called  atrostyla. 

M.  serga  has  a  larger  and  differently  sculptured  larval  shell,  a  much  sharper 
and  more  rasp-like  sculpture  with  a  few  spirals  larger  than  the  rest;  the  angu- 
lation more  peripheral  and  less  marked,  the  last  whorl  longer  and  narrower 
proportionally,  the  notch  wide  but  not  quite  sutural;  the  suture  distinct,  not 
appressed,  marginated  by  a  thread;  ribs  thirteen,  no  varix;  canal  longer;  ribs 
narrow,  not  strong  except  on  the  periphery  and  almost  spinose  at  the  intersec- 
tion of  the  primary  spirals.  Lon.  of  shell,  9.0;  last  whorl,  5.12;  lat.  3.1  mm. 
Antilles  and  Straits  of  Florida. 

M.  atrostyla  differs  from  limonitella  by  larger  size,  stronger  shoulder,  deeper 
suture,  having  only  eight  ribs,  the  last  of  which  forms  a  strong  varix;  and  in 
its  usual  color  markings.  Lon.  8.75  ;  last  whorl,  5.0;  lat.  3.1  mm.  Hatteras  to 
the  Antilles.  M.  ephamilla  Bush  is  an  immat"*?  color  variety  of  atrostyla 
proper. 

M.  cerinella  recalls  cerina  by  its  color,  is  much  larger  than  the  genuine  cerina, 
more  drawn  out  and  slender ;  it  has  only  six  or  at  most  seven  ribs,  a  short 
aperture,  no  canal  to  speak  of,  and  hardly  any  indentation  for  a  notch;  the 
suture  is  less  appressed  and  undulate  ;  while  the  ribs  are  almost  obsolete  in 
the  fasciolar  region  ;  the  angulation  is  nearly  at  the  periphery  and  the  slopes 
either  way  from  it  are  nearly  equal.  Lon.  11.75 ;  last  whorl,  5.87;  lat.  3.75  mm. 
North  Carolina  to  Florida  and  Texas. 

Mangilia  quadrata  Reeve. 

Pleurotoma  quadrata  Reeve,  P.  Z.  S.  1845,  p.  114;  Conch.  Icon.  Pleurotoma,  pi.  xxviii. 

fig.  253  (magnified),  1845. 
Clathurella  quadrata  Tryon,  Man.,  VT.  p.  278,  pi.  xviii.  fig.  31,  1884. 

Habitat.     West  Indies,  Krebs,  Tryon. 

I  have  no  doubt  that  Krebs  and  Tryon  are  right  in  identifying  Reeve's  species 
with  P.  diminuta  C.  B.  Adams,  a  name  proposed  for  the  West  Indian  shell 
should  it  prove  to  be  different.  This  species  differs  from  the  group  of  which 
atrostyla  is  a  type  chiefly  in  its  stronger  sculpture  and  consequently  prominent 
outer  lip  at  the  resting  stages.  It  has  similar  nucleus,  habits,  granular  spiral 
sculpture,  and  distribution. 

There  are  several  forms  which  may  be  treated  as  varieties,  being  connected, 
though  the  extremes  seem  widely  separated  by  intermediate  forms. 

Mangilia  quadrata  var.  quadrata. 

Shell  resembling  Reeve's  figure,  which  is  three  times  magnified,  though  this 
is  not  stated  in  the  text.  Miss  Bush's  M.  eritima,  judged  by  an  author's  speci- 
men before  me,  agrees  well  with  this  variety.  The  red  color  mentioned  by  her, 
on  the  pillar  and  throat,  is  very  rarely  developed ;  I  find  it  on  only  one  speci- 
men out  of  many.     Range,  North  Carolina  to  Yucatan  and  the  West  Indies. 

VOL.  XVIII.  8 


114  BULLETIN   OF  THE 

Mangilia  quadrata  var.  diminuta  Adams. 

These  differ  from  the  type  in  the  greater  strength  of  the  sculpture.  The 
mouth  and  pillar  are  white.  Same  range  as  the  preceding.  I  have  distributed 
some  specimens  of  this  under  the  manuscript  name  of  corticaria  before  recog- 
nizing its  relations. 

Mangilia  quadrata  var.  rugirima  Dall. 

This  differs  from  diminuta  in  being  smaller  and  shorter  proportionally,  and 
with  the  strength  of  the  sculpture  even  more  exaggerated.     Key  West. 

Mangilia  quadrata  var.  monocingulata  Dall. 

Plate  XI.   Figs.  15,  16. 

This  variety  ditters  from  diminuta  by  having  one  more  rib  (nine  in  all)  and 
in  having  the  basal  cingulum  obsolete  so  that  the  prominence  of  the  posterior 
nearly  peripheral  angulation  though  not  enlarged  is  much  more  apparent.  This 
is  shown  in  Figure  15.  Figure  16  shows  a  further  modification,  in  which  the 
number  of  primary  spirals  is  diminished,  and  those  that  are  left  are  less  prom- 
inent, thus  making  the  whorls  appear  more  rounded.  Both  of  the  specimens 
figured  are  not  quite  adult,  and  hence  do  not  show  the  aperture  fully  formed. 

Habitat.     Barbados,  100  fnis. 

Mangilia  serga  Dall. 

Plate  IX.  Fig.  4. 

Pleuroloma  (Drillia)  serga  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  65,  August,  1881. 
Pleurotoma  (Mangelia)  acanthodes  Watson,  Linn.  Soc.  Journ.,  XV.  p.  433,  Oct.,  1881. 

Chall.  Gastr.,  p.  342,  pi.  xxiii.  tig.  3,  1886. 
Pleurotoma  serga  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  XII.  pi.  ix.  fig.  4,  expl.,  1886. 

Habitat.  Bed  of  the  Gulf  Stream,  Pourtales,  447  fms..  Also  by  the  TJ.  S. 
Fish  Commission,  at  Station  2150,  near  Old  Providence,  in  382  fms.,  ooze 
bottom  temperature  56°.  F.    Off  Bermuda,  in  1075  fms.,  Challenger  Expedition. 

This  species  would  appear  to  be  identical  with  acanthodes,  while  M.  corallina 
Watson  evidently  belongs  to  this  group,  though  I  do  not  find  its  exact  equiv- 
alent among  my  specimens.  It  is  within  the  bounds  of  possibility  that  it  may 
be  an  extreme  variety  of  M.  serga,  especially  as  between  my  two  specimens 
of  M.  serga  there  is  a  notable  a  mount  of  variation. 

Mangilia  ?  halitropis  n.  e. 

Shell  with  eight  whorls  and  a  small  Sinusigera  nucleus,  white  or  ashy,  with 
a  pointed  spire  and  broad  body^  whorl ;  surface  microscopically  granose  or 


MUSEUM   OF  COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY.  115 

shagreened  ;  fasciole  wide,  smooth  except  for  faint  arched  incremental  lines,  ex- 
cavated, extending  from  the  appressed  suture  to  the  angle  of  the  whorls  ;  spiral 
sculpture  of  slender  elevated  threads,  tending  to  run  in  pairs,  with  wide  inter- 
spaces, and  extending  from  the  fasciole  to  the  suture  in  front;  there  are  five 
or  six  on  the  whorl  next  to  the  last  and  20-22  on  the  last  whorl  including  the 
canal;  these,  without  becoming  swollen,  run  over  (on  the  last  whorl  16)  nu- 
merous oblique  riblets,  beginning  at  the  angle  of  the  whorls  where  they  are 
largest,  crossing  the  whorl  and  becoming  obsolete  on  the  base  ;  mouth  rather 
narrow,  outer  lip  thin,  arched  ;  notch  at  the  suture  moderately  deep,  rounded ; 
inner  lip  slightly  excavated,  pillar  straight,  attenuated  in  front ;  canal  short, 
slightly  twisted.  Lon.  of  shell,  17.0;  of  last  whorl,  11.0;  of  aperture,  7.0; 
max.  lat.  of  shell,  6.8  mm. 

Habitat.  Station  136,  near  Santa  Cruz,  in  508  fms.,  ooze,  temperature 
42°.5  F. 

This  looks  a  little  like,  a  Drillia  not  mature,  but  from  the  character  of  its 
surface  is  probably  allied  to  the  preceding  species. 

Mangilia  ?  ipara  Dall. 

Plate  XI.  Fig.   14. 
Pleurotoma  (Mangilia'')  ipara  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  57,  August,  1881. 

Habitat.  Yucatan  Strait,  640  fms.  ;  Station  195,  near  Martinique,  a  frag- 
ment, in  502  fms. 

Mangilia  ?  peripla  Dall. 

Plate  XI.  Fig.  17. 

Pleurotoma  (Drillia)  peripla  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  68,  August,  1881. 
Pleurotoma  (Defrancia)  chyta  Watson,  Journ.  Linn.  Soc,  XV.  p.  466,  Nov.,  1881. 
Chall.  Gastr.,  p.  358,  pi.  xviii.  fig.  4,  1885. 

Habitat.     Yucatan  Strait,  640  fms. 

As  observed  elsewhere,  this  species  is  very  closely  related  to  elusiva.  The 
spiral  sculpture  is  equally  composed  of  two  sets  of  threads,  a  coarse  and  a  fine 
series.  M.  ipara  and  its  connections  have  only  one  kind  of  spirals,  but  in 
other  respects  they  approach  peripla,  etc.  very  nearly. 

Mangilia  ?  elusiva  Dall. 

Plate  XII.  Fig.  7. 
Pleurotoma  (Drillia)  elusiva  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  69,  August,  1881. 
*  Pleurotoma  (Defrancia)  perpanxilla  Watson,  Linn.  Soc.  Journ.,  XV.  p.  468,  Not., 
1881.     Chall.  Gastr.,  p.  359,  pi.  xxii.  fig.  7,  1885. 

Habitat.  Yucatan  Strait,  640  fms.  Off  Culebra  Island,  in  390  fms.,  Chal- 
lenger Expedition. 


116  BULLETIN  OF  THE 

I  am  inclined  to  think  that  Mr.  Watson's  PL  perpauxilla  is  a  young  specimen 
of  this  species.  At  all  events  it  is  evidently  immature  and  closely  related  to 
elusiva  and  its  connections. 

Mangilia  bandella  Dall. 

Plate  X.  Fit.  3. 

Pleurotoma  (Mangilia)  bandella  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z  ,  IX.  p.  59,  August,  1881. 
Pleurotomella  diomedeoz  Verrill  &  Smith,  Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  VI.  p.  152,  pi.  xxxi. 

figs.  5,  5  a,  1884. 
Pleurotomella  bandella  Verrill,  Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  VI.  p.  250. 

Habitat.  Station  47,  Gulf  of  Mexico,  in  321  fms.,  bottom  temperature  47°.0; 
Station  236,  off  Bequia,  in  1591  fms.,  ooze,  temperature  39°. 0.  U.  S.  Fish 
Commission,  at  numerous  Stations  off  the  east  coast  of  the  United  States,  in 
1200  to  2100  fms. 

The  metropolis  of  this  species  would  appear  to  be  in  the  northern  waters. 

Mangilia  antonia  Dall. 

Plate  X.  Fig.  4.    Plate  XI.  Fig.  11. 

Pleurotoma  (Mangilia)  antonia  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  59,  August,  1881. 

Habitat.  Cape  San  Antonio,  640  fms.  ;  Station  163,  near  Guadelupe,  in 
769  fms.,  sand,  temperature  39°.7  F. 

This  species  or  race  may  be  distinguished  from  the  preceding  by  the  absence 
of  the  raised  pre-sutural  band,  the  more  elevated  and  slender  form,  and  its 
Bparse  widely  separated  and  rather  strong  spirals  as  compared  with  the  rather 
faint  and  close-set  fiat  spirals  of  M.  bandella. 

Mangilia  comatotropis  Dall. 

Plate  XI.  Fig.  12. 

Pleurotoma  (Mangilia)  comatotropis  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  58,  August,  1881. 
Pleurotoma  (Mangilia)  tiara  Watson,  Journ.  Linn.  Soc,  X.  p.  440,  Oct.,  1881;  Chall. 

Gastr.  p.  347,  pi.  xxi.  fig.  7,  1885. 
Pleurotoma  comatotropis  Verrill,  Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  V.  p.  452. 
Taranis  pulchella  Verrill,  Tran9.  Conn.  Acad.,  V.  p.  487,  pi.  lvii.  fig.  17  (young), 

June,  1882 ;  op.  cit.,  VI.  p.  267,  pi.  xxix.  fig.  8,  1884. 

Habitat.  Off  Cape  San  Antonio,  Yucatan  Strait  in  640  fms. ;  Barbados, 
100  fms.  U.  S.  Fish  Commission,  off  the  east  coast  of  North  America  from 
New  England  to  Florida,  in  50-500  fms.,  and  south  of  Cuba,  at  Station  2135,  in 
250  fms.  Challenger  Expedition,  off  Bermuda  and  Culebra  Island,  390-1075 
fms.,  mud.     It  has  been  found  in  temperatures  from  38°. 5  to  75°.0  F. 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  117 

Mangilia  scipio  n.  s. 

Plate  X.  Fig.  18. 

Shell  extremely  slender,  thin,  white,  with  nine  or  ten  delicately  rounded 
whorls  ;  transverse  sculpture  consisting  only  of  the  delicate  yet  evident  lines 
of  growth  ;  nucleus  very  small,  not  differentiated  from  the  rest  of  the  shell  by 
color  or  texture;  three  nuclear  whorls  marked  by  a  distinct,  apparently  finely 
serrate  equatorial  carina,  which  soon  becomes  obsolete;  fasciole  slightly  con- 
cave, smooth,  except  for  lines  of  growth  ;  remainder  of  whorl  covered  with 
fine  slightly  raised  spiral  threads  separated  by  nearly  equal  interspaces  and 
continued  to  the  anterior  end  of  the  canal;  last  whorl  more  than  half  the 
length  of  the  shell ;  aperture  simple,  the  notch  broad,  not  very  deep,  and  lying 
upon  the  preceding  whorl ;  outer  lip  moderately  arched  forward,  simple  ;  col- 
umella hardly  washed  with  callus;  canal  rather  narrow  and  unusually  long; 
Lon.  of  shell,  14.0;  of  last  whorl,  8.0  ;  max.  lat.  of  shell,  3.2  mm. 

Habitat.  Station  269,  off  St.  Vincent,  in  124  fms.,  bottom  temperature  57°.5. 
Station  180,  near  Dominica,  in  982  fms.,  ooze,  temperature  39°.5  F. 

This  is  a  remarkably  delicate  and  singular  shell ;  the  mouth  being  broken,  the 
characters  of  the  lip  were  made  out  from  the  lines  of  growth.  It  is  not  like 
any  other  species  known  to  me.  The  nearest  relative  seems  to  be  Daphnella 
monoceros  Watson,  which  is  much  larger  and  less  attenuated  in  proportion  to 
its  size.  The  long  narrow  canal  of  the  present  species  forbids  its  reference  to 
Daphnella,  and  it  is  not  improbably  related  nearly  to  the  Pleurotomella  group, 
and  to  M.  pelagia  Dall. 

Mangilia  pelagia  Dall. 

Plate  XI.  Fig.  9. 
Pleurotoma  (Mangilia)  pelagia  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z ,  IX.  p.  61,  August,  1881. 

Habitat.     Station  44,  539  fms.,  Gulf  of  Mexico,  bottom  temperature  39°.5  F. 
There  seems  to  be  no  described  species  at  all  nearly  related  to  this  one. 

Mangilia?  exsculpta  Watson. 

Plate  XV.  Fig.  9. 

Pleurotoma  (Drillia)  exsculpta  Watson,  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.,  XVI.  p.  247,  March,  1882. 
Clionella  exsculpta  Watson,  Chall.  Gastr.,  p.  371,  pi.  xxiv.  fig.  2,  1885. 

Habitat.  Yucatan  Strait,  640  fms.,  fragment.  Station  134,  near  Santa 
Cruz,  in  248  fms.,  coarse  sand,  temperature,  54°. 5  F  Challenger  Expedition, 
390  fms.,  ooze,  north  of  Culebra  Island,  West  Indies. 

The  nucleus  of  this  species  is  white,  glassy,  globular  and  nearly  smooth, 
composed  of  about  two  whorls,  not  swollen  beyond  the  size  of  those  that  follow 


118  BULLETIN   OF   THE 

them.  It  looks  like  the  nucleus  of  Taranis  on  a  larger  scale,  and  is  bigger  than 
that  of  Mr.  Watson's  specimen  as  figured.  But  the  difference  is  not  sufficiently 
important  to  be  of  any  systematic  value. 

Mangilia  ?  Pourtalesii  Dall. 

Plate  IX.  Fig.  6. 
Pleurotoma  (Mangilia)  Pourtalesii  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  60,  August,  1881. 

Habitat.  Bed  of  the  Gulf  Stream,  Pourtales,  in  447  fins-  Off  Fernandina, 
Fla.,  in  294  fms.,  sand,  temperature  46°. 3,  at  U.  S.  Fish  Commission  Station 
2668. 

This  is  related  to  M.  exsculpta,  though  easily  distinguishable.  If  either  is  a 
Clio7iella,  both  seem  likely  to  be.  But  both  seem  to  me  to  want  the  siphonal 
fasciole  of  Clionella,  and  to  be  more  probably  Fleurotomoid  or  Mangilioid.  The 
nucleus  is  globular,  polished,  smooth,  of  two  rather  large  whorls.  It  resembles 
the  most  common  form  of  the  nucleus  in  Drillia,  to  which  it  may  perhaps  b* 
removed  when  more  is  known. 

Mangilia?  subsida  Dall. 

Plate  XII.  Fig.  3. 
Pleurotoma  (Drillia)  subsida  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  62,  August,  1881. 

Habitat.     Station  43,  in  339  fms. 

This  conies  nearest  to  P.  toreumata,  but  is  much  stouter  and  more  solid,  re- 
calling Drillia  Kennicottii.  The  sculpture  too  is  less  varied  and  elegant.  It 
is  possible  that  its  true  place  is  near  where  I  originally  referred  it  rather  than 
here,  but  I  have  preferred  to  put  it  next  its  nearest  relation,  conchologically,  in 
the  absence  of  any  knowledge  of  the  animal. 

Mangilia  toreumata  n.  s. 

Plate  XII.  Fig.  8. 

Shell  seven-whorled,  the  nucleus  lost,  the  fragment  of  it  remaining  is  smooth 
and  colored  like  the  rest  of  the  shell,  a  pale  straw  color ;  spiral  sculpture 
(1)  of  a  large  undulate  thread,  or  continuous  series  of  undulations,  fiat  behind, 
sloping  forward,  sixteen  or  seventeen  on  the  whorl  next  to  the  last;  these  give  the 
whorl  a  turrited  appearance;  (2)  of  a  strong  simple  thread  revolving  a  short 
distance  in  front  of  the  suture  and  forming  the  posterior  margin  of  the  fasciole; 
(3)  of  a  dozen  or  more  similar  threads  on  the  last  whorl,  extending  from  the 
periphery,  where  the  interspaces  are  wide,  to  the  canal,  where  they  are  narrow ; 
on  the  first  three  whorls  of  the  spire  none  of  these  threads  are  visible  ;  on  the 
whorl  next  the  last  there  are  two  between  the  suture  and  the  shoulder  of  the 
whorl;  transverse  sculpture  of  rather  strong,  even,  irregularly  spaced,  concavely 
arched  waves,  which  cross  the  fasciole  from  side  to  side  like  a  succession  of 
irregularly  huddled  parentheses;  also  of  a  few  faint  ridges  on  the  base  due  to 


MUSEUM  OF  COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY.  119 

incremental  irregularities.  Base  subconic,  slightly  constricted  for  the  canal; 
notch  wide,  squarely  cut,  rounded  at  the  bottom,  not  touching  the  suture,  a 
little  deeper  than  wide ;  outer  lip  arched  forward,  thin,  not  lirate  within  ; 
inner  lip  smooth,  simple  :  pillar  straight ;  canal  short,  wide,  very  slightly  re- 
curved, leaving  a  fasciole  behind  the  pillar  which  is  slightly  obliquely  trimmed 
off  anteriorly ;  aperture  long,  narrow,  shorter  than  the  spire.  Max.  Ion.  of 
shell,  10.2  ;  of  last  whorl,  6.0;  lat.  of  shell,  4.0  mm. 

Habitat.  Station  176,  near  Dominica,  in  391  fms.,  ooze,  temperature 
43°.5  F. 

The  sculpture  of  this  shell  is  of  remarkable  elegance  ;  its  general  form  recalls 
Genota,  but  the  aperture  is  rather  short  for  that^group. 

Subgenus  PLEUROTOMELLA  Verrill. 

Pleurotomella  Verrill,  Am.  Joum.  Sci.,  V.  p.  15,  Dec,  1872.     Type,  Pleurotomella 
Packardi  Verrill,  /.  c. 

This  group  is  blind  and  without  operculum ;  the  teeth  resemble  those  of  Bela. 
The  type  has  the  Sinusigera  nucleus,  turbinate  and  beautifully  obliquely  retic- 
ulate, dark  colored  and  differing  in  texture  from  the  succeeding  shell.  It  is 
short,  inflated,  and  very  thin,  with  a  rather  deep  anal  sulcus.  It  is  impossible  at 
present  to  say  whether  this  assemblage  of  forms  is  homogeneous  or  should  bear 
the  name  of  Pleurotomella.  Pending  further  knowledge  of  the  nomenclature 
in  this  family  and  of  the  animals  which  have  been  referred  to  this  subgenus, 
it  forms  a  convenient  resting  place  for  a  number  of  large  archibenthal  species 
having  some  characters  in  common. 


'o 


Pleurotomella  Packardi  Verrill. 

Pleurotomella  Packardi  Verrill,  Am.  Joum.  Sci.,  V.  p.  15,  Dec,  1872;  Trans.  Conn. 
Acad.,  V.  x).  453,  pi.  xliii.  fig,  9,  pi.  lvii.  fig.  1 ;  VI.  p.  265. 

P.  Packardi  var.  formosa  Jeffreys. 

Defrancia  formosa  Jeffreys,  P.  Z.  S.  1883,  P.  397,  pi.  xliv.  figs.  9,  9  a,  9  b,  1883; 

Watson,  Chall.  Gastr.,  p.  349,  1885. 
Pleurotomella  Saffordi  Verrill  &  Smith,  Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  VI.  p.  151,  pi.  xxxi. 

figs.  4,  4  a,  1884. 

P.   Packardi  var.  Benedicti  Verrill  &  Smith. 

Plate  XIV.  Fig.  4. 

fClathurella  cala  Watson,  Chall.  Gastr.,  p.  361,  pi.  xxvi.  figs.  21  a-c,  1885. 
Pleurotomella  Benedicti  Verrill  &  Smith,  Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  VI.  p.  148,  pi.  xxxi. 
figs.  2,  2  a,  1884. 

Habitat.     Station  235,  off  Bequia,  in  1507  fms.,  ooze,  temperature  39°  F. 
The  typical  form  is  thin,  brown,  with  a  somewhat  depressed  nucleus.     The 


120  BULLETIN   OF  THE 

variety  formosa  has  the  sculpture  stronger,  and  is  a  little  thicker;  the  nucleus 
intermediate  between  the  type  and  the  variety  Benedicti.  The  latter  has  the 
sculpture  somewhat  sharper,  and  is  more  elevated  proportionally,  the  nucleus 
being  taller  and  with  one  more  whorl.  The  differences  are  not  greater  than 
those  observed  in  other  cases,  both  among  the  larval  and  the  adult  shells.  I 
have  compared  typical  specimens  of  all  the  named  forms.  The  height  and  size 
of  the  larval  shell  depends  upon  its  original  size  in  the  ovicapsule,  where,  it  is 
well  known,  some  individuals  are  much  larger  than  others,  and  upon  the  length 
of  time  the  animal  continues  in  the  larval  state,  which  differs  according  to 
temperature  and  other  factors  of  the  environment.  The  differences  spoken 
of  by  Jeffreys  in  the  nucleus  of  his  Defrancia  formosa  are  well  illustrated  by 
the  specimens  in  his  collection,  which  are  fully  as  variable  as  the  adult  shells, 
and,  as  far  as  depressed  or  elevated  form  is  concerned,  much  more  discrepant 
among  themselves.  In  this  connection  I  would  refer  to  my  introductory 
remarks,  Part  I.  p.  183. 

Pleurotomella  leucomata  Dall. 

Plate  XI.  Fig.  13. 

Pleurotoma  {Drillial)  leucomata  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  63,  1881. 

Shell  brilliant  white,  with  a  trochoid  brown  glassy  nucleus  of  four  whorls,  the 
last  of  which  has  a  sharp  peripheral  keel ;  subsequent  whorls  seven,  with  a 
peripheral  row  of  (on  the  last  whorl  14)  short  prominent  subnodular  waves 
which  on  the  last  two  whorls  tend  to  become  a  little  elongated  and  oblique  ; 
they  do  not  form  ribs  or  pass  on  the  last  whorl  before  the  periphery;  between 
them  and  the  suture  the  whorl  is  excavated  somewhat  and  marked  with  very 
fine  spiral  grooves  crossed  by  the  arched  incremental  lines  ;  over  the  nodules 
run  a  few  small  spiral  threads,  strongest  on  the  early  whorls  ;  on  the  base  are 
five  or  six  flattened  threads  with  wide  interspaces,  on  the  canal  are  about  a 
dozen  smaller  threads,  closely  set ;  the  whole  surface  appears  polished  and  the 
fasciole  smoooth  ;  notch  deep  and  wide,  abutting  on  the  preceding  whorl  at 
the  suture  ;  outer  lip  arched  forward  about  a  quarter  of  a  turn,  thin,  simple  ; 
inner  lip  smooth,  pillar  short,  obliquely  twisted;  canal  wide,  distinct,  flaring  at 
the  end,  slightly  recurved  ;  aperture  narrow,  shorter  than  the  spire.  Max.  Ion. 
of  shell,  13.75  ;  of  last  whorl,  8.2  ;  lat.  of  shell,  6.0  mm. 

Habitat.  U.  S.  Fish  Commission  Station  2384,  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  be- 
tween the  delta  of  the  Mississippi  and  Cedar  Keys,  Florida,  in  940  fms.,  mud, 
temperature,  39°.6  F.  Blake  Station  48,  in  533  fms.,  Gulf  of  Mexico,  bottom 
temperature,  41°. 75  F. 

Though  small,  this  is  one  of  the  most  elegant  of  the  American  species,  and 
does  not  accord  in  the  details  of  its  sculpture  with  any  other  known  to  me. 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY.  121 

Pleurotomella  Agassizii  Verrill  &  Smith. 

Pleurotomella  Agassizii  V.  &  S.,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.,  XX.  p.  394,  1880;  Trans.  Conn. 

Acad.  Sci.,  V.  p.  454,  pi.  lvii.  figs.  3,  3  a. 
?  Pleurotomella  Sandersoni  Verrill,  Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  VI.  pp.  149,  26G,  pi.  xxxi. 

figs.  3,  3  a,  1884. 

This  remarkably  fine  species,  peculiar  in  its  colored  columella,  is  ruder  and 
larger  and  more  thick-skinned  in  the  north  ;  smaller,  more  elegantly  sculp- 
tured, whiter,  and  with  less  epidermis  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  This  form, 
which  rarely  exceeds  25  mm.  in  length,  and  has  the  color  on  the  pillar  very 
faint  or  absent,  may  take  the  varietal  name  of,  mexicana.  After  a  careful  com- 
parison of  the  young  of  this  species  with  an  authentic  specimen  of  P.  San- 
dersoni, I  am  much  inclined  to  the  opinion  that  the  latter  is  merely  a  more 
slender  variety  with  the  transverse  ripples  on  the  anal  fasciole  finer  and  more 
numerous.  I  can  see  no  other  differences.  The  name  may  be  retained  in  a 
varietal  sense. 

This  form,  though  apparently  not  rare  in  the  mainland  arcbibenthal  region, 
was  not  obtained  among  the  Antilles  on  the  Blake  Expedition. 

Pleurotomella  Edgariana  n.  s. 

Plate  XXXVI.  Fig.  6. 

Shell  large,  straw-colored  with  a  tinge  of  rufous  about  the  margin  of  the 
anal  sulcus  outside  ;  whorls  10-1 1  (seven  remaining,  nucleus  and  first  normal 
turn  broken  away)  ;  whorls  keeled  or  angulated  at  the  periphery,  the  keel  not 
riblike  or  sharp,  but  lightly  rounded ;  in  the  first  small  whorls  it  is  undulated 
or  obscurely  nodulous,  but  in  the  last  four  or  five  whorls  not  so  ;  from  it  the 
posterior  part  of  the  whorl  ascends  to  the  suture  almost  in  a  straight  line  or 
section  of  a  cone,  the  anterior  slope  is  full  and  rounded;  the  anal  fasciole 
is  polished  and  marked  only  by  the  fine  silky  incremental  strife;  the  other 
transverse  sculpture  solely  of  fine  incremental  lines  ;  spiral  sculpture,  beside 
the  keel,  of  fine,  rather  angular  threads  (about  seven  in  a  space  of  3.0  mm.) 
with  a  single  finer  thread  generally  present,  on  the  last  whorl,  in  the  inter- 
spaces ;  these  cover  the  whole  shell,  which  appears  when  quite  perfect  to 
have  a  thin  dark  olive-colored  epidermis,  of  which  only  traces  remain  on  the 
type  ;  aperture  very  large,  the  notch  being  one  quarter  of  a  volution  in  extent, 
very  wide,  and  gently  rounded  into  the  outer  lip,  which  is  correspondingly 
curved  forward  ;  canal  short,  wide,  hardly  differentiated  from  the  aperture; 
columella  nearly  straight,  a  broad  (in  the  type  specimen)  rather  thick  mar- 
ginated  callus  extending  from  in  front  of  the  notch  around  on  the  body,  well 
around  behind  the  columella,  and  so  on  to  the  canal ;  in  the  type  the  edge  of 
the  callus  is  somewhat  thickened  and  raised,  but  this  seems  to  be  due  to  senile 
degeneration.  Max.  Ion.  of  shell  (tip  lost),  58.0  ;  of  last  whorl,  45.0;  of  aper- 
ture, 35.0;  diameter  at  broken  tip,  1.5;  max.  diameter,  25.0  nun. 


122  BULLETIN   OF  THE 

Habitat.  Station  2125  of  the  U.  S.  Fish  Commission,  near  Curasao,  in  208 
fms.,  sand,  bottom  temperature  51°  F. 

This  fine  shell  in  its  simplicity  of  sculpture  and  wide  sweep  of  the  peristome 
from  the  notch  along  the  outer  lip  is  quite  unparalleled  by  any  of  the  known 
species.  Its  nearest  relative  is  P.  Bairdii  Verrill,  which  is  stouter,  with  a 
much  shorter  spire  and  coarser  spirals,  beside  having  a  shallow  notch,  distinct 
transverse  ribbing,  and  no  distinct  carina.  P.  Edguriana  is  much  more  spindle- 
shaped.  It  is  named  in  honor  of  Mr.  Edgar  A.  Smith,  the  well  known  con- 
chologist  of  the  British  Museum.  Gymnobela  engonia  Verrill,  and  some  other 
forms  which  are  considerably  smaller,  have  somewhat  the  general  aspect  of 
this  species,  but  all  are  stouter  in  proportion. 

Pleurotomella   Enaertonii  Verrill  &  Smith. 

Plate  X.  Fig.  9. 

Pleurotomella  Emertonii  V.  &  S.,  Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  VI.  p.  154,  pi.  xxxi.  fig.  6, 
April,  1884. 

Habitat.  Station  121,  between  St.  Thomas  and  Santa  Cruz,  in  2393  fms., 
gray  globigerina  ooze,  bottom  temperature  39°. 5  F. 

This  fine  specimen,  which  measured  34.0  mm.  in  length,  is  one  of  the  most 
delicate  and  beautiful  shells  obtained  by  the  expedition,  and  was  obtained  from 
the  deepest  water  of  any  of  the  Blake  shells. 

Pleurotomella  chariessa  Watson. 

Pleurotoma  (Defrancia)  chariessa  Watson,  Linn.  Soc.  Journ.,  XV.  p.  458,  Nov.,  1881. 
Clathurella  chariessa  Watson,  Cliall.  Brach.,  p.  352,  pi.  xx.  fig.  6,  1885. 
Pleurotomella  Jeffreysii  Verrill,  Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  VI.  p.  411,  pi.  xliv.  fig.  3,  1885. 

Habitat.  Station  163,  off  Guadelupe,  in  769  fms.,  sand ;  Station  173,  near 
the  last,  in  734  fins.,  ooze  ;  Station  230,  off  St.  Vincent,  in  464  fms.,  fine  sand; 
Station  236,  in  1591  fms.,  ooze,  near  Bequia.  Bottom  temperatures  39°  to  41°  F. 
Also  off  Martha's  Vineyard,  in  1537  fms.;  off  Delaware,  in  1168  fms.  ;  east 
from  George's  Banks,  in  1710  fms.;  off  North  Carolina,  in  731  fms.,  and  off 
Jamaica,  W.  I.,  in  966  fms.;  U.  S.  Fish  Commission.  North  Atlantic  sea-bed 
in  350  to  1125  fms.,  from  western  Europe  to  the  American  shores. 

This  is  another  one  of  those  species  which  appear  to  luxuriate  in  variation, 
and  which,  if  we  had  only  material  enough,  would  make  the  student  pause 
to  inquire  what  common  criterion  of  species  he  is  to  adopt  for  conditions  so 
different  as  those  of  the  shallow  water  and  the  archibenthal  forms  respectively. 

Among  those  forms  in  the  collection  before  me  which  I  regard  as  too 
closely  connected  to  be  separable  as  species,  the  following  varieties  can  be 
recognized  :  — 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY.  123 

Pleurotomella  chariessa  Watson,  typical.  From  this  Verrill's  PL  Jeffreysii 
cannot  be  separated. 

PI.  chariessa  var.  spica  Dall.  Shell  more  slender  and  elongate,  58  X  18  mm., 
with  eleven  whorls,  not  counting  the  lost  nucleus ;  966  fms.,  Jamaica,  W.  I. 

PI.  chariessa  var.  phalera  Dall.  Slender  like  the  last ;  the  transverse  riblets 
fewer,  longer,  and  stronger,  the  plaits  in  front  of  the  suture  on  the  anal  fasciole 
fewer  or  obsolete  ;  the  canal  shorter  and  wider;  38  X  14  mm.;  nine  whorls 
and  the  nucleus.     Off  Cape  Fear,  N.  C,  in  731  fms.,  ooze. 

PI.  chariessa  var.  tellea  Dall.  Shorter,  much  like  the  typical  form,  but  the 
transverse  riblets  and  sutural  plaiting  strong  only  on  the  early  whorls,  absent 
or  obsolete  on  the  last  two  or  three  ;  the  spiral  lines  absent  or  obsolete ;  the 
shell  glossy ;  29  X  1 1  mm ;  six  and  a  half  whorls  and  the  nucleus  ;  with  the 
preceding. 

PI.  chariessa  var.  aresta  Dall.  Shell  shaped  like  variety  phalera  but  with 
the  suture  less  excavated,  and  therefore  looking  more  compact,  the  spiral  sculp- 
ture more  deeply  cut,  and  the  transvere  riblets  more  elongated  forward,  a  little 
more  numerous  and  more  distinctly  defined ;  the  canal  is  also  a  little  narrower; 
28  X  10  mm.  ;  eight  whorls  and  the  nucleus;  with  the  preceding. 

It  is  possible  that  a  good  many  conchologists  might  regard  the  above  vari- 
ations as  of  specific  value,  but  I  cannot  bring  myself  to  believe  that  they  are 
equivalent  to  species  or  what  we  are  accustomed  to  regard  as  species  among 
shallow-water  forms,  where  variation  is  more  limited  by  the  intensity  of  the 
struggle  for  existence. 

Pleurotomella  filifera  Dall. 

Plate  XII.  Fig.  9. 

Pleuroloma  (Bela)  Jilifera  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  56,  August,  1881. 

Habitat.     Station  47,  in  331  fms.,  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

This  species  is  chiefly  separated  from  P.  chariessa  by  its  stronger  spiral  sculp- 
ture and  proportionally  shorter  canal.  The  nucleus  also,  though  eroded,  seems 
to  have  been  considerably  smaller  than  that  of  chariessa  when  perfect.  A 
larger  amount  of  material  might  perhaps  connect  the  two,  but  I  do  not  see 
my  way  clear  to  unite  them  at  present. 


There  now  follow  a  few  species  which  are  intermediate  between  Pleuroto- 
mella, especially  such  forms  as  P.  Bairdii  Verrill,  and  those  called  Gymnobela 
by  Verrill.  I  am  unable  to  see,  either  in  the  shells  themselves  or  in  the 
diagnoses,  any  differences  of  generic  value  between  Pleurotomella  and  Gymno- 
bela, except  that  the  small  and  short  stout  forms  are  placed  by  Professor  Verrill 
in  the  latter  group.  The  animals  have  similar  dentition,  similar  larval  shells, 
and  are  similarly  destitute  of  operculum  and  generally  of  eyes.     It  does  not 


124  BULLETIN   OF  THE 

seem  to  me  that  they  can  be  separated,  except  in  a  merely  sectional  sense.  But 
so  capricious  are  the  characters,  that,  until  each  species  has  been  thoroughly 
examined  as  to  its  anatomical  relations,  it  will  not  be  possible  finally  to 
determine  its  systematic  place. 

It  is  just  as  well  here  to  call  attention  to  a  peculiarity  which  is  liable  to 
deceive  students.  The  nuclear  or  larval  shells  of  the  Pleurotomidce  may  be 
broadly  classified  in  two  groups.  In  one  the  shell  is  horny,  dark  colored,  and 
in  a  very  large  number  of  cases  has  the  pretty  oblique  reticulation  of  curved 
lines  which  distinguish  what  I  have  called,  after  Orbigny,  the  Sinusigera 
nucleus.  In  the  other  group  the  larval  shell  is  glassy  or  porcellanous,  much 
like  the  rest  of  the  shell,  except  that  it  is  usually  more  translucent.  Both 
kinds  of  nucleus  have  a  very  similar  series  of  subordinate  modifications,  of 
which  one  might  construct  a  whole  systematic  classification.  Neither  sort  of 
larval  shell  is  confined  to  this  family. 

Now,  after  the  larva  has  assumed  the  adolescent  features  of  the  species,  the 
thin  horny  kind  of  nucleus  is  a  weak  point,  easily  abraded  or  drilled,  and  liable 
to  decay.  So,  at  an  early  stage,  the  animal  begins  to  deposit  a  shelly  layer 
inside  of  the  horny  one  and  closely  imitating  its  coils,  but  of  course  smoothly 
rounded  like  the  inside  of  the  original  shell,  and  always  destitute  of  the  exter- 
nal Sinusigera  striation  or  other  sculpture.  It  often  happens  that  the  shell  is 
filled  solidly  with  the  new  deposit,  and  that  the  horny  envelope  decays,  leaving 
no  trace,  while  there  will  be  no  sign  of  erosion,  and  the  internal  deposit  will 
have  all  the  effect  of  being  an  original  nucleus  of  the  shelly  sort.  This  being 
accomplished,  it  only  needs  a  few  of  the  superficial  variations  of  sculpture  and 
relative  slenderness  to  make  very  fair  grounds  for  the  description  of  a  new 
species.  "It  has  such  and  such  differences,"  the  observer  will  reason,  "but 
above  all  the  nucleus  is  totally  distinct."  As  the  writer  has  been  several  times 
nearly  taken  in  in  this  way,  he  thinks  a  warning  may  be  useful  for  others. 


?  Pleurotomella  catasarca  n.  s. 

Shell  small,  fusiform,  compact,  with  a  turbinate  Sinusigera  nucleus  of  three 
whorls  and  seven  succeeding  whorls,  a  keeled  periphery  and  no  ribs;  exterior 
pale  straw-color  with  darker  axially  directed  cloudings,  following  the  incre- 
mental lines ;  spiral  sculpture  of  a  well-marked  but  not  sharp-edged  keel  at 
the  periphery,  which  on  the  earlier  whorls  is  minutely  undulated;  the  fasci- 
ole  extends  forward  from  the  suture  nearly  to  the  keel,  but  falls  short  a  little, 
and  is  bounded  by  an  obscure,  little  elevated  ridge  parallel  Vvith  the  keel, 
marked  by  one  or  two  especially  prominent  fine  revolving  threads;  the  whole 
space  between  the  keel  and  the  suture  behind  it  is  covered  with  these  fine 
threads  with  slightly  wider  interspaces,  and  crossed  by  delicate  arched  ripples, 
neatly  and  uniformly  spaced.  In  front  of  the  keel  the  spirals  are  divisible 
into  primary  (10-15)  and  secondary;  the  latter,  much  finer  than  the  others, 
run  in  the  interspaces  in  groups  of  two  or  three  in  each  interspace,  except  on 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  125 

the  canal,  where  the  threads  become  nearly  uniformly  coarse.  Whorls  pre- 
ceding the  last  extending  in  a  nearly  straight  line  from  the  keel  to  the  suture 
before  and  behind,  the  incremental  lines  distinct  but  not  coarse;  suture  simple, 
not  appressed;  base  neatly  rounded,  canal  moderately  long  and  wide;  sinu3 
rather  deep,  outer  lip  arched  forward,  thin,  sharp ;  inner  lip  with  a  thin  layer 
of  white  callus ;  pillar  and  canal  nearly  straight.  Max.  Ion.  of  shell,  20.25 ; 
of  last  whorl,  13.25  ;  max.  lat.  of  shell,  9.0  mm. 

Habitat.  Station  117,  off  Porto  Rico,  northward,  in  lat.  17°  47'  N.  and 
Ion.  67°  3'  W.,  in  874  fms.,  gritty  ooze,  bottom  temperature  40°.  Station  291, 
near  Barbados,  in  200  fms.,  stony  bottom,  temperature  50°.0  F. 

Tins  shell  recalls  Surcula  gonioides  Watson,  but  is  more  compact,  with  a 
proportionally  shorter  last  whorl  and  canal  ;  the  young  of  Pleurotomella  Ed- 
gariana  Dall  has  fewer  whorls  in  the  same  length  ;  Typhlomangelia  Tamieri, 
which  has  a  good  deal  the  same  general  form,  is  ribbed,  has  the  fasciole  more 
excavated,  and  the  keel  or  shoulder  behind  the  periphery.  In  fact,  I  have  not 
been  able  to  find  anything  which  closely  resembles  it  among  figured  species, 
and  its  nearest  relative  seems  to  be  the  next  species. 

?  Pleurotomella  hadria  n.  s. 

Shell  resembling  the  preceding  in  its.  general  features,  but  larger  and  stouter, 
and  differing  in  details  of  sculpture,  etc.  It  is  best  described  by  comparing 
it  with  the  P.  catasarca.  The  nucleus  is  similar  and  there  are  seven  subse- 
quent whorls ;  the  keel  is  less  prominent,  there  is  a  narrow  shallow  groove 
behind  it,  and  then  two  sharp  threads  marginating  the  fasciole,  which  are  more 
distinct  on  the  earlier  whorls  ;  the  spiral  threads  on  the  fasciole  are  crossed, 
as  in  P.  catasarca,  b}r  fine  arched  ripples,  but  in  P.  hadria  these  ripples  are 
more  numerous,  finer  and  closer  together,  they  follow  the  incremental  lines, 
and,  as  the  sinus  is  less  profound  in  P.  hadria,  they  are  less  deeply  concave; 
one  of  the  most  marked  differences  is  a  series  of  small  oblique  riblets,  which 
begin  in  front  of  the  fasciole  or  on  the  keel  itself,  especially  on  the  earlier 
whorls,  cutting  its  continuity,  and  continued  obliquely  in  front  of  it  nearly  or 
quite  to  the  suture  as  threads  reticulating  the  spirals ;  this  feature  becomes 
obsolete  on  the  last  whorl  or  half-whorl,  and  is  stronger  in  archibenthal  speci- 
mens from  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  than  in  those  from  off  the  Carolina  coast ;  on 
the  base  of  P.  hadria  the  threads  are  hardly  divisible  into  two  series,  and  the 
alternations  of  size  are  very  slight,  and  occur  in  every  other  thread  if  at  all, 
instead  of  several  fine  ones  intercalated  between  two  primaries  ;  the  aperture, 
roundness  of  the  base,  outer  lip,  etc.,  are  much  as  in  P.  catasarca,  but  the 
notch  is  not  so  deep,  the  pillar  is  not  quite  so  straight,  and  the  canal  is  a  little 
twisted  and  plainly  somewhat  recurved.  Max.  Ion.  of  shell  (of  same  number 
of  whorls  as  the  specimen  previously  described  under  P.  catasarca),  27.0  ;  of 
last  whorl,  19.0;  max.  lat.  of  shell,  13.0  mm. 

Habitat.  U.  S.  Fish  Commission  Stations  2676,  off  Cape  Fear,  N.  C,  in 
407  fms.,  sand,  temperature  45°.8;  2678,  in  the  same  vicinity,  in  731  fms., 


126  BULLETIN   OF  THE 

ooze;  and  2383,  in  tfte  Gulf  of  Mexico,  in  1181  fms.,  mud,  between  the  delta 
of  the  Mississippi  and  Cedar  Keys,  Florida. 

The  Gulf  specimens,  as  usual,  show  a  thinner  and  more  glistening  epidermk 
over  a  sharper  and  more  delicate  sculpture  and  a  thinner  shell.  Gymnobela 
engonia  Verrill  may  belong  in  this  vicinity,  but  it  has  much  more  the  aspect 
of  a  genuine  Bela. 

Section   GYMNOBELA   Verrill. 
Pleurotomella  (Gymnobela)  extensa  Dall. 

Plate  X.  Fie.  2- 

Pleurotoma  {Bela)  Blaheana  var.  extensa  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  55,  August,  1881. 
Pleurotoma    (Defrancia)  streptophora  Watson,  Linn.  Soc.  Journ.,  XV.  p.  4G4,  Nov., 
1881 ;  Chall.  Gastr.,  p.  366,  pi.  xix.  figs.  8  a-b,  1885. 

Habitat.  Yucatan  Strait,  off  Cape  San  Antonio,  in  640  fms. ;  Gulf  of  Mex- 
ico, Station  35,  in  lat.  23°  52'  and  W.  Ion.  88°  58',  in  804  fms.,  bottom  tem- 
perature 40°. 5  F.  Challenger  Expedition,  North  Atlantic,  in  over  1000  fms. 
Station  not  noted. 

It  will  seem  extraordinary  to  many  concnologists,  that  in  my  preliminary 
paper  I  separated  this  form  and  the  one  which  follows  only  as  varieties.  The 
extremes  look  very  unlike,  but  I  separate  them  for  convenience,  and  not  be- 
cause I  am  at  all  certain  that  all  these  Gymnobela;,  excepting  G.  engonia  Verrill. 
and  G.  lotto;  Verrill,  do  not  belong  to  one  and  the  same  species.  The  single 
characters  which,  in  general,  are  common  to  them  all,  may  be  all  or  only  in 
part  exhibited,  may  be  absent,  or  each  single,  character  may  be  weak  or  in- 
tensified in  strength,  and  the  combinations  of  a  few  sculptural  elements  in  this 
way  may  exhibit  an  incredible  number  of  forms,  which  in  total,  until  carefully 
analyzed,  will  seem  very  different  from  each  other.  The  absence  of  struggle 
which  characterizes  life  in  the  deeps  as  opposed  to  that  of  the  shores,  and  which 
is  illustrated  by  the  absence  of  the  protective  operculum  in  so  many  species, 
does  not  limit  the  variations  of  external  form  as  they  are  limited  by  econom- 
ical and  other  reasons  where  the  struggle  is  intense.  In  estimating  the  archi- 
benthal  fauna  this  must  be  steadily  kept  in  view. 

Pleurotomella  (Gymnobela)  Blakeana  Dall. 

Plate  X.  Fig.  1. 

Pleurotoma  {Bela)  Blakeana  var.  normalis  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  54,  August, 

1881. 
Gymnobela  brevis  Verrill,  Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  VI.  p.  417,  pi.  xliv.  fig.  8,  1885. 

Habitat.  Yucatan  Strait,  640  fms.  Gulf  of  Mexico,  at  Station  43,  in  339 
fms.,  mud,  off  Tortugas,  bottom  temperature  40°.0  F. ;  Station  136,  near  Santa 
Cruz,  in  508  fms.,  soft  ooze,  temperature  42°. 5.     U.  S.  Fish  Commission,  off 


MUSEUM   OF  COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY.  127 

George'3  Bank,  off  Nantucket  Shoals,  off  Maryland,  and  off  Hatteras,  North 
Carolina,  in  100  to  1608  fins. 

In  the  typical  form  the  transverse  riblets  are  sharp-edged,  the  spirals  are 
faint  or  tend  to  become  so,  the  spire  is  low,  and  there  is  a  tendency  to  corona- 
tion or  the  formation  of  a  wrinkled  band  in  front  of  the  suture.  When  perfect, 
the  notch  is  cmite  shallow,  as  in  Bela.  The  epidermis  is  pale,  glistening,  and 
Bmooth. 

Pleurotomella  (Gymnobela)  Blakeana  var.  agria  Dall. 

Shell  in  general  resembling  P.  Blakeana,  but  differing  by  more  elevated 
6pire,  by  the  much  stronger  closely  set  spiral  threads,  which  cover  the  whole 
shell,  by  the  rounder  and  more  oblique  riblets  confined  to  the  vicinity  of  the 
angulation  in  the  adult  and  nearly  absent  on  the  spire,  and  the  columella  so 
arched  and  twisted  as  to  make  the  axis  nearly  pervious.  The  epidermis  is 
rougher  and  darker  than  in  the  type  and  there  are  six  whorls  without  the  nu- 
cleus.    Lon.  of  shell,  10.0  ;  of  last  whorl,  7.5  ;  lat.  of  shell,  6.0  mm. 

Habitat.  U.  S.  Fish  Commission  Station  2723,  125  miles  off  the  mouth  of 
Chesapeake  Bay,  in  1685  fms.,  gray  ooze. 

The  typical  form  and  a  specimen  of  this  well-marked  variety  were  collected 
together. 

A  much  larger  shell  with  the  surface  much  eroded  was  collected  by  the 
Blake  at  Station  173,  in  734  fms.,  near  Guadelupe.  In  this  the  general  form 
has  become  more  oval,  the  angulation  a  sharp  keel  forming  a  notch  in  the 
outer  lip,  and  when  perfect  probably  marked  with  vaulted  scale-like  projec- 
tions. There  is  a  sulcus  in  front  of  this  keel.  The  slope  from  the  suture  to 
the  keel  is  much  steeper  than  in  var.  agria,  and  even  a  little  rounded.  Before 
the  sulcus  the  whorl  is  covered  with  coarse  primary  threads,  over  and  among 
which  are  a  finer  secondary  series.  The  columella  is  callous  and  twisted,  there 
is  a  short  but  evident  canal,  slightly  recurved,  and  followed  by  a  siphonal  fasci- 
ole.  The  transverse  riblets  appear  to  have  been  well  marked  only  on  the 
periphery.  There  are  five  whorls,  but  the  apex  is  eroded ;  there  were  perhaps 
two  and  a  half  more  beside  the  nucleus.  I  regard  this  as  probably  the  adult 
form  of  the  var.  agria,  but  it  is  too  imperfect  to  decide  with  certainty. 


Pleurotomella  (Gymnobela?)  tornata  Verrill 
var.  Malmii  Dall. 

Taranis  Morchii  Dall,  Bull.,  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  70,  1881 ;  Verrill,  Trans.  Conn.  Acad., 
V.  pp.  486,  487,  1882  ;  not  of  Jeffreys. 

Habitat,     Station  2,  in  805  fms. 

This  is  the  form  with  subspinose  sculpture.     The  variety  with  the  spiral 
sculpture  strongest  is  the  variety  tomatus  Verrill  (op.  cit.,  VI.  p.  251,  1884), 


128  BULLETIN   OF  THE 

and  his  varietal  name  will  have  precedence,  since  the  shell  is  not  the  Taranis 
Morchii  as  we  supposed.  See  under  the  head  of  Taranis  cirrata  Brugnone, 
immediately  following. 

Subgenus   TAEANIS   Jeffreys. 

Taranis  cirrata  Brugnone. 

Pleurotoma  cirratum  Brugnone,  Mem.  Pleur.  Fos.,  p.  17,  fig.  9,  1862. 

Trophon  Morclui  Malm.  Giitlieborgs  Vet.  Samml.  Handl.,  1863,  p.  130,  pi.  ii.  fig.  15, 

1863. 
Bela  demersa  Tiberi,  Journ.  de  Conchyl.,  XVI.  p.  179,  1868. 
Taranis  Morchii  Jeffreys,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  V.  p.  10,  1870. 
Taranis  cirrata  Monterosato,  En.  e  Sin.  Med.,  p.  41. 

Habitat.  U.  S.  Fish  Commission  Station  2602,  in  124  fms.,  sand,  off  Cape 
Hatteras,  N.  C.  Also  off  Fowey  Eocks,  Straits  of  Florida,  in  150-200  fms., 
Dr.  Rush. 

This  is  not  the  shell  referred  to  under  the  name  of  Taranis  Morchii  in  my 
Preliminary  Report.  Nor  is  it  the  shell  called  Taranis  Morchii  by  Prof.  Verrill 
in  Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  V.  pp.  486,  487,  1882. 

I  have  carefully  studied  the  types  of  the  genuine  Taranis  in  the  Jeffreys 
collection,  including  original  types  of  Jeffreys,  Brugnone,  Tiberi,  Malm,  Monte- 
rosato, etc.  They  all  belong  to  one  species,  characterized  among  other  things 
by  a  swollen  smooth  white  bulbous  nucleus  of  about  two  whorls,  which 
when  the  shell  is  young  and  thin  sometimes  shows  brownish  from  the  con- 
tained animal  matter.  It  recalls  the  nucleus  of  some  species  of  Sipko,  which 
was  doubtless  the  reason  Malm  referred  it  to  Trophon. 

As  I  have  not  seen  Prof.  Verrill's  types,  I  cannot  say  whether  his  specimens 
are  all  of  one  species,  but  presume  they  are,  and  in  their  characters  they  agree 
very  well  with  the  single  specimen  dredged  by  the  Blake,  which  has  the  usual 
brown  Sinusigera  nucleus  of  so  many  Pleurotomidce.  It  has  very  much  the 
sculpture  of  T.  cirrata  or  Morchii,  but  the  transverse  sculpture  is  as  strong  as 
the  spirals  and  tends  to  become  prickly  at  the  intersections.  A  variety  of  this 
form  with  the  spiral  sculpture  predominant  is  the  Taranis  Morchii  var.  tornatus 
of  Verrill,  Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  VI.  p.  251,  1884.  Both  of  these  probably 
belong  to  Mangilia,  somewhere  in  the  vicinity  of  Pleurotomella  or  Gymnobela, 
and  the  former  is  referred  to  above  as  Pleurotomella  (Gymnobela  ?)  tornata  var. 
Malmii  Dall. 

The  name  of  cirratum  given  by  Brugnone  to  this  species  is  not  preoccupied 
by  Pleurotoma  cirrata  of  Bellardi,  as  the  latter  is  a  genuine  Pleurotoma  and 
not  a  Mangilia,.  As  it  is  a  year  older  than  Malm's  name,  I  follow  Monte- 
rosato in  giving  it  precedence.  The  brown  color  of  the  nucleus  of  his  Bela 
demersa,  referred  to  by  Tiberi,  is,  according  to  his  specimen  in  the  Jeffreys 
collection,  an  accidental  tincture  due  to  a  deposit  of  extraneous  matter,  per- 
haps iron  oxide. 

February  16,  1889. 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY.  129 

Genus  CANCELLARIA  Lamarck. 

Cancellaria  reticulata  Linne. 

Voluta  reticulata  Linne',  S.  N.,  XII.  p.  1190,  1767. 

Cancellaria  reticulata  Lamarck,  Prodrome,  p.  71,  1799;  An.  s.  Vert.,  VII.  p.  112, 
1822;  Sowerby,  Thes.,  II.  p.  442,  pi.  xcii.  fig.  17,  1848. 

Habitat.  South  Carolina  (Gibbes  and  Kavenel)  to  West  Indies.  Sarasota 
Bay,  Sanibel  Island,  Punta  Rasa,  Long  Key,  and  Charlotte  Harbor  (Stearns, 
Hemphill,  Mastin,  and  others).  Nassau,  N.  P.,  U.  S.  Fish  Commission.  West 
Florida,  30  fins.,  (a  fragment,)  U.  S.  Steamer  Bache. 

This  is  the  type  and  most  common  species  of  the  genus.  It  is  abundant  in 
South  and  West  Florida,  and  somewhat  less  so  on  the  shores  of  the  Antilles. 
It  is  reported  from  the  Pliocene  and  Post-pliocene  by  Tuomey  and  Holmes, 
and  is  found  rarely  on  the  coast  of  the  Carolinas.  The  fossil  Cancellaria  de- 
pressa  of  Tuomej7  and  Holmes  is  hardly  more  than  an  extreme  variety  of  this 
species.  Their  C.  venicsta  of  the  Pliocene  beds  is  evidently  a  different  thing. 
So  is  the  Pliocene  C.  Conradiana  Dall,  from  Florida,  a  slender  form,  of  which 
the  Fish  Commission  seems  to  have  dredged  a  few  fragments  in  a  recent 
state ;  but  the  C.  venusta  of  Holmes  in  the  Post  Pliocene  volume  is  not  a  Can- 
cellaria at  all,  but  a  Tritonidea,  probably  T.  cancellaria  Conrad.  Beside  these 
there  are  only  six  recent  species  of  Cancellaria  proper  yet  known  from  the  An- 
tillean  region.  These  are  C.  reticulata,  C.  rugosa  Lamarck,  C.  tenera  Philippi, 
and  three  others  discovered  recently  by  the  Fish  Commission. 

I  find  among  some  shells  supposed  to  be  from  Nassau,  New  Providence,  two 
specimens  of  C.  similis  Sowerby,  and  one  of  C.  piscatoria  Gmelin,  both  West 
African  species  and  probably  adventitious.  I  think  it  worth  mentioning,  how- 
ever, for  one  would  expect  to  find  some  West  African  species  on  the  outer  line 
of  the  Antilles.  C.  rugosa  has  obstinately  been  referred  to  China  by  the 
Monographers,  except  Tryon,  but  it  is  a  rather  common  West  Indian  species. 
Perhaps  it  has  a  Chinese  analogue  with  which  it  has  been  confounded. 
C.  Slimpsoni  Calkins  is  a  very  distinct  form,  somewhat  analogous  to  C.  bullata 
of  West  America,  but  the  species  described  from  Yucatan  by  Philippi  under 
the  name  of  C.  tenera,  from  the  description,  must  be  very  like  it.  It  has 
not  been  figured,  but,  if  identical  with  C.  Stimpsoni,  as  I  believe  it  to  be, 
Philippi's  name  has  many  years  priority. 


Subgenus  TRIGONOSTOMA  Blainville. 
Trigone-stoma  Smithii  Dall. 

Plate  XXXVII.  Fig.  1. 

Cancellaria  Smithii  Dall,  Agassiz,  Three  Cruises  of  Blake,  II.  p.  70,  fig.  292,  1888. 

Shell  reddish  brown,  turrited,  scalar,  with  8-9  corded  varices;  the  interior  of 
the  aperture  darker  and  redder,  the  outer  lip  arched,  6harply  internally  lirate; 
VOL.  xviii.  9 


130  BULLETIN   OF  THE 

pillar  lip  with  a  moderate  callus  and  about  the  middle  two  strong  plications  ; 
anterior  notch  shallow ;  umbilicus  none  in  young  shells,  and  very  small  in 
adult  specimens.  This  shell  has  a  depressed  polished  brown  nucleus  of  about 
two  and  a  half  whorls,  and  our  largest  specimen  has  four  sculptured  whorls 
with  about  (on  the  last  whorl)  nine  rounded  strong  varices  crossing  the  whorl. 
At  the  beginning  of  the  last  whorl  there  are  about  eight  spiral  strong  threads 
between  the  sutures,  equally  strong  on  and  between  the  varices  ;  there  is 
also  a  single  fine  thread  between  each  two  coarse  ones.  The  epidermis  is 
coarse,  fibrous,  and  dehiscent.  The  sutures  are  very  deep,  the  mouth  ovate 
trigonal,  with  about  eight  strong  lira?  within  the  outer  lip  and  two  well- 
marked  plaits  on  the  inner  lip;  the  margin  of  the  aperture  is  continuous; 
there  is  a  very  small  umbilical  chink  in  the  adult,  but  none  in  the  young.  The 
throat  is  of  a  ruddy  brown.  The  largest  specimen  measures  10.5  by  less  than 
6.0  mm.,  and  the  aperture  less  than  5.0  mm.  in  length. 

Habitat.  U.  S.  Fish  Commission  Station  2610,  living,  in  22  fms.,  sand, 
off  Cape  Lookout;  and  at  Station  2596,  seventeen  miles  E.  S.  E.  from  Cape 
Hatteras,  North  Carolina,  in  49  fms.,  sand,  bottom  temperature  75°. 0  F. 

This  interesting  species  is  named  in  honor  of  Mr.  Sanderson  Smith  of  the 
U.  S.  Fish  Commission.  It  is  related  to  the  Miocene  C.  scalatclla  Guppy, 
from  which  it  is  distinguished  by  its  more  attenuated  form,  fewer  varices,  and 
smaller  aperture.  It  differs  from  C .  funiculata  Hinds,  by  the  continuous  spiral 
stria?  between  the  varices,  greater  attenuation,  and  its  chestnut  (fading  to  a 
lighter)  brown  color.  C.  minima  Reeve  is  very  like  it,  but  wants  the  very 
deep  sutures,  is  smaller,  and  has  a  larger  number  of  varices. 

Trigonostoma  Agassizii  n.  s. 

Plate  XXXV.  Fig.  4. 

Shell  small,  orange  brown,  turrited,  six-whorled  ;  nucleus  finely  irregularly 
reticulated,  polished,  nearly  smooth,  of  one  and  a  half  whorls;  adult  with  (on 
the  last  whorl)  about  fourteen  small  even  little-elevated  ribs,  which  pass  clear 
over  the  whorl,  and  are  sharply  nodulous  on  the  edge  of  the  shoulder  of  the 
whorl,  which  they  cross  obliquely  to  the  suture  ;  beside  these  there  are  very 
evident  crowded  incremental  lines  which  reticulate  the  finer  spirals ;  spiral 
sculpture  of  on  the  last  whorl  eight  or  more  primary  spirals,  with  finer  and 
still  finer  intercalary  threads,  the  primary  ones  somewhat  swollen  as  they 
override  the  ribs.  The  whorls  are  strongly  shouldered  in  front  of  the  suture, 
the  shell  being  covered  when  fresh  with  a  hispid  epidermis ;  tufts  of  this  stand 
up  from  the  nodules  on  the  carina  of  the  whorl,  coronating  the  shell;  aperture 
subpentagonal,  orange  brown,  outer  lip  internally  lirate,  rather  thin;  anterior 
notch  quite  small,  pillar  excavated  in  the  middle,  bearing  three  strong  folds,  a 
moderate  callus  on  the  body ;  siphonal  fasciole  distinct,  arched,  but  the  umbili- 
cus a  mere  chink,  hardly  perceptible  in  the  young.  Lon.  of  shell,  13.5;  of 
last  whorl,  9.5 ;  of  aperture,  7.0 ;  max.  lat.  of  shell,  8.3  mm. 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  131 

Habitat.  U.  S.  Fish  Commission  Station  2607,  off  the  Carolina  coast,  in  18 
fms.,  sand,  temperature  73°. 5;  and  Station  2373,  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  in  25 
fms.,  coral,  between  the  delta  of  the  Mississippi  and  Cedar  Keys,  Florida. 

This  little  species  belongs  to  the  same  general  group  as  C.  minima  Reeve, 
C.  Smithii  Dall,  and  C.  subangulata  Scacchi,  but  differs  by  good  characters  from 
them  all.  It  has  one  more  columellar  fold  than  C.  Smilhii,  which  has  fewer 
and  corded  varices  and'  no  carina  on  the  shoulder  of  the  whorl.  Its  nearest 
relative  is  the  Miocene  C.  scalarina  Conrad  (non  Deshayes)  which  is  less 
turrited  and  has  a  different  pillar. 

Cancellaria  (Trigonostoma?)  microscopica  n.  s. 

Shell  minute,  five-whorled  ;  upper  whorls  gray,  the  last  whitish;  nucleus 
inflated,  glassy,  polished,  remaining  whorls  shouldered  near  the  suture  ;  last 
whorl  spirally  sculptured  with  subequal  rather  coarse  threads  (which  on  the 
preceding  whorls  alternate  large  and  small)  crossed  by  evident  little  elevated 
lines  of  growth  ;  the  earlier  whorls  are  crossed  by  small  rounded  riblets,  most 
evident  at  the  shoulder,  which  become  obsolete  on  the  last  whorl  ;  umbilicus 
distinct,  moderate,  with  no  bounding  carina  or  siphonal  fasciole  ;  aperture 
rounded  behind  and  hardly  angular  in  front,  the  outer  lip  faintly  Urate  within, 
not  thickened-,  the  inner  lip  moderately  callous  with  one  (or  more?)  extremely 
faint  folds  about  the  middle  ;  epidermis  hispid,  thin,  yellowish.  Max.  Ion.  of 
shell,  4.3  ;  of  last  whorl,  3.3  ;  of  aperture,  2.0  ;  max.  lat.  of  shell,  2.0  mm. 

Habitat.  Campeche  Bank,  off  Yucatan,  in  200  fms.,  and  off  Cuba,  in  780 
fms.,  mud,  Dr.  W.  H.  Rush,  U.  S.  N.  Station  2668,  off  Fernandina,  Florida, 
in  294  fms.,  sand,  U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

This  is  probably  the  smallest  species  known,  and,  notwithstanding  the  faint- 
ness  of  the  folds,  which  may  be  an  incident  of  its  stage  of  growth,  it  has  the 
aspect  of  a  Cancellaria  rather  than  an  Admete.  Its  nearest  ally  is  perhaps 
C.  minima,  which  has  a  different  sculpture,  no  umbilicus,  and  is  about  twice 
as  large.  C.  subangulosa  S.  Wood,  an  Eocene  fossil,  now  living  in  the  waters 
of  Madeira  and  the  Canary  Islands,  is  more  elongated  in  the  spire  and  has  a 
proportionally  smaller  body  whorl  ;  it  is  strongly  ribbed,  red  brown  in  color, 
and  has  a  well-marked  siphonal  fasciole.  It  is  but  little  larger  than  the  present 
species.  None  of  the  Italian  Tertiary  forms  appear  closely  related  to  the  present 
species.  Admete  nodosa  Verrill  is  totally  different,  and  perhaps  not  even  an  Ad- 
mete; and  the  northern  species  need  not  be  compared  with  C.  microscopica. 

Of  species  erroneously  referred  to  this  region  are  the  West  American  C.  bre~ 
vis,  corrugata,  and  tessellata ;  C.  scalarina  Reeve,  or  Thomasiana  Crosse,  is 
Chinese,  and  C.  Candcana  Orbigny  is  a  young  Phos. 

Genus  BENTHOBIA  Dall. 

Shell  6mooth,  short-spired,  resembling  Admete,  or  an  imperforate  smooth 
Trichotropis,  with  a  broad  concave  columella  destitute  of  plaits,  shorter  than 


132  BULLETIN   OF  THE 

the  aperture,  and  not  forming  a  canal ;   outer  lip  sinuous  but  not  notched ; 
epidermis  thin  and  smooth.     Soft  parts  ? 
Type,  Benthobia  Tryonii  Dall. 


Benthobia  Tryonii  n.  s. 

Plate  XXXV.  Fig.  6. 

Shell  with  a  pale  brown,  thin  smooth  epidermis,  under  which  is  a  thick 
easily  eroded  chalky  layer,  recalling  that  of  some  fresh-water  shells;   spire 
short,  eroded  in  all  the  specimens,  but  seemingly  originally  acute  ;  whorls 
about  six,  exclusive  of  the  (decollate)  nucleus,  full,  rounded ;  sculpture  of  sin- 
uous lines  of  growth,  not  disturbing  the  polish  of  the  surface,  and  faint  micro- 
scopic spiral  scratches  ;  in  front  of  the  suture  the  margin  of  the  whorl  is  pinched 
up  into  ten  or  twelve  obliquely  radiating  short  waves,  which  may  be  either 
sharp-edged  or  flattened,  and  become  obsolete  toward  the  end  of  the  last  whorl ; 
they  are  slightly  constricted  near  the  suture  ;  base  rounded,  without  any  um- 
bilicus or  siphonal  fasciole ;  the  eroded  apices  seeming  perforate,  it  is  possible 
that  the  very  young  may  be  umbilicate  ;  aperture  longer  than  wide,  pointed 
behind  and  in  front,  but  not  canaliculate;  outer  lip  simple,  receding  from  the 
suture,  then  running  parallel  with  the  axis  for  a  short  distance,  then  again  re- 
ceding and  arching  round  in  front  of  the  end  of  the  pillar;  inner  lip  callous; 
columella  thick,  broad,  concavely  arched,  subtruncate  and  rounded  at  the  end, 
behind  which  is  a  shallow  groove  and  in  front  of  which  the  peritreme  is  ex- 
tended in  a  rounded  point.     Lon.  of  shell  (tip  eroded),  13.0;  Ion.  of  last 
whorl,  10.0  ;  lat.  of  shell,  7.5  mm. 

Habitat.  U.  S.  Fish  Commission  Station  2678,  off  Cape  Fear,  North  Caro- 
lina, in  731  fms.,  ooze,  bottom  temperature  38°. 7  F. 

This  is  a  very  remarkable  shell,  with  its  brownish  smooth  surface  and  eroded 
chalky  substratum  it  recalls  a  fresh-water  animal  and  its  aperture  resembles 
to  some  extent  that  of  Pyrgulifera  or  Melanopsis,  but  there  is  no  canal.  It  is 
somewhat  like  Trichotropis  except  that  it  is  smooth  and  has  an  arched  columella. 
It  recalls  Cancellaria  or  Admete,  but  has  no  umbilicus  and  is  perfectly  destitute 
of  plaits  on  the  axis.  It  is  impossible  to  determine  its  place  until  the  soft 
parts  are  known,  but  it  is  equally  impracticable  to  place  it  in  any  known 
genus  from  the  shell  characters.  I  suspect  it  is  related  to  Admete,  and  leave 
it  temporarily  in  that  vicinity.  Tritia  integra  Conrad,  also  referred  by  him  to 
Buccinum  and  to  Bulliopsis  (subgenus  of  Nassa),  from  the  Calvert  Cliffs  Mio- 
cene of  Maryland,  may  perhaps  belong  to  this  group,  but  I  have  not  seen  an 
authentic  specimen  and  judge  chiefly  from  the  figure  in  the  Proceedings  of  the 
National  Institute,  Plate  III.  Fig.  5,  1842. 

It  is  dedicated  to  the  memory  of  that  indefatigable  conchologist,  the  late 
G.  W.  Tryon,  Jr. 


MUSEUM  OF  COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  133 


Super-Family  RHACHIGLOSSA. 

The  connection  of  this  group  with  the  Toxoglossa  has  been  already  shown 
to  be  intimate,  as  illustrated  by  the  radula  of  Spirotropis,  at  once  Toxoglossate 
and  Rhachiglossate.  Doubtless  the  two  series  should  be  combined  under  one 
head,  and  thus  opposed  to  the  Tsenioglossa.  But  until  more  is  known,  I  prefer 
to  leave  the  nominal  arrangement  undisturbed. 


Family  OLIVIDjE. 

Genus  OLIVA  Brcgi£re. 

Oliva  reticularis  Lamarck. 

Oliva  reticularis  Lam.,  Ann.  du  Muse'um,  XVI.  p.  314.    Tryon,  Man.  Oliva,  p.  83, 
pi.  xxx.  figs.  90-100,  1-4. 

A  fresh  specimen  was  obtained  in  73  fms.,  at  Station  290,  near  Barbados, 
and  a  young  dead  specimen  in  54  fms.,  near  the  island  of  Sombrero. 

This  beautiful  shell  lives  in  the  sand,  for  the  most  part  too  deep  to  be 
reached  by  tbe  trawl,  which  may  explain  their  comparative  absence  from  the 
collection  while  so  common  in  the  region  visited. 

Oliva  litterata  Lamarck. 

Plate  XXXIV.  Figs.  8  a-o,  8'. 

Oliva  litterata  Lam.,  Ann.  du  Muse'um,  XVI.  p.  315 ;  Say,  Am.  Conch.,  III.  p.  152, 

1830. 
Oliva  Sayana  Ravenel,  Cat.,  p.  19,  1834. 

Fragments  occurred  in  several  dredgings,  but  the  specie3  lives  in  shallow 
water,  on  sand  fiats. 

Genus  OLIVELLA  Swainscw. 
Olivella  mutica  Sat. 

Plate  XXXIV.  Figs.  1  a-r,  2. 

Oliva  mutica  Say,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  II.  p.  228,  1822. 
Olivella  zonalis  Conrad,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  VII.  p.  153,  1834. 

This  species  occurs  in  fragments,  evidently  disgorged  by  fishes  in  deep 
water,  but  lives  only  on  the  shores,  in  shallow  sandy  places. 

The  animal  has  the  posterior  filament  to  the  mantle,  like  Oliva,  but  wants 
eyes  and  tentacles,  while  possessing  an  operculum  which  is  denied  to  Oliva. 
According  to  Stimpson,  there  does  not  seem  to  be  any  proboscis  in  Olivella 


134  BULLETIN  OF  THE 

mutica,  or  else  it  is  extremely  short.  It  is  very  voracious,  and  will  swallow 
whole  a  young  mussel  one  third  its  own  length.  The  respiratory  siphon  re- 
sembles that  of  Oliva.  The  species  occurs  from  Cuba  to  North  Carolina,  and 
is  fossil  in  the  Post-pliocene  of  our  Atlantic  coast. 

Olivella  fuscocincta  Dall. 
Olivella  nilidula  Dillwyn  (Tryon,  Man.,  p.  64),  var.  ?? 

It  is  evident  that  nothing  but  a  study  of  a  much  larger  series  of  individuals 
of  each  species  than  has  yet  been  discussed  will  have  to  be  made  before  we 
can  define  the  species  of  Olivella.  Meanwhile,  though  of  the  nitidula  form, 
I  can  find  nowhere  any  figure  or  description  corresponding  to  this  shell,  while 
the  (some  fifty)  specimens  which  have  been  examined  show  hardly  any  trace 
of  variation  among  themselves  except  what  is  evidently  due  to  differing  stages 
of  growth.     I  have  come  to  the  conclusion  that  it  is  best  to  name  it. 

Shell  stout,  subcylindrical,  short-spired  ;  form  about  that  of  Fig.  298  in 
Sowerby,  Thes.  Conch.  Mon.  Oliva,  by  Marrat ;  free  from  any  spots,  streaks,  or 
zigzag  markings  whatever;  body  pale  fawn-color,  with  a  white  revolving  band 
about  two  fifths  of  the  way  from  the  suture  to  the  anterior  end  of  the  shell; 
this  band  is  always  present,  and  in  some  specimens  another  fainter  one  is 
visible  anterior  to  the  former ;  the  nucleus,  the  anterior  edge  of  the  suture, 
the  posterior  edge  of  the  outer  fasciole,  and  the  callosities  of  the  mouth,  are 
translucent  white ;  the  callus  on  the  spire  and  the  anterior  part  of  the  outer 
fasciole  are  uniform  dark  brown;  the  interior  fasciole  or  anterior  callus  is 
white  with  from  two  to  five  ridges,  in  the  gap  between  this  and  the  posterior 
callus  are  about  five  ridges,  while  the  posterior  callus  is  smooth.  Lon.  of 
shell,  10.0  ;  of  aperture,  8.0 ;  max.  lat.  of  shell,  5.0  mm. 

Dredged  at  Barbados,  in  100  fms.,  and  near  by,  at  Stations  273  and  292,  in 
103  and  56  fms. ;  at  Station  36,  in  84  fms. ;  at  Station  147,  near  St.  Kitts,  in 
250  fms.  There  were  apparently  living  specimens  in  all  of  these  hauls  ;  the 
bottom  temperature  varied  from  52°. 5  to  74°.5  F.  at  the  stations  mentioned. 

Olivella  jaspidea  Gmelin. 

Voluta  jaspidea  Gmel.,  S.  N.,  p.  3442,  No.  21,  1788. 

Oliva  conoidalis  Lam.,  An.  s.  Vert.,  VII.  p.  437,  1822. 

Olivella  exigua  "  Martini,"  Marrat,  Sby.,  Thes.  Oliva,  p.  33,  pi.  xxiii.  figs.  39y-401, 

1871. 
Cylinder  tenuis,  longus  exiguus,  variis  coloribus,  etc.    Martini,  Neues  Syst.  Conch.  Cab., 

II.  p.  186,  pi.  1.  fig.  556,  1773. 

Variety  rotunda. 

Among  the  specimens  brought  back  by  the  Blake  were  a  number  belonging 
to  what,  for  safety's  sake,  it  is  more  prudent  to  call  a  variety  of  Olivella  jas- 
pidea, as  it  goes  through  much  the  same  series  of  color  varieties,  and,  excepting 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY.  135 

the  absence  of  spots  or  dots,  has  much  the  same  color  markings.  It  differs 
from  the  typical  form  in  having  a  much  shorter  spire,  a  stouter  olive-seed-like 
form,  and  especially  in  the  denticulation  of  the  body  callus,  which,  beginning 
anteriorly,  has  two  strong  and  a  number  of  small  not  very  regular  ridges,  be- 
hind which  is  a  marked  depression,  and  then  an  even  uniform  series  of  about 
ten  fine  ridges,  the  posterior  of  which  is  on  the  same  line  as  the  most  posterior 
ed^e  of  the  outer  fasciole  ;  the  callus,  throat,  and  nucleus  are  white  ;  the  size 
is  larger  than  that  of  any  jaspidea  I  have  been  able  to  find,  and  the  shape  is 
that  of  0.  fuscocincta  on  a  giant  scale.  The  colors  are  usually  pale,  the  whorls 
transversely  streaked  with  rather  broad  soft  lines  of  pink  or  brown,  which  vary 
from  straight  to  zigzag,  or  may  be  more  or  less  broken ;  the  glaze  of  the  fasciole 
and  spire  tends  to  brownish.  Lon.  of  two  specimens,  22.6  and  25.0  mm.;  of 
the  aperture  of  the  same,  16.6  and  17.0  mm. ;  max.  diam.,  10.2  and  10.5  mm. 
They  are  very  thick  and  solid,  but  most  of  the  specimens  are  smaller. 

Dredged  by  the  Blake  at  Station  2,  in  805  fms. ;  Station  57,  in  177  fms. ; 
Station  20,  in  220  fms.  ;  Station  36,  in  84  fms.  ;  Station  34,  in  400  fms. ;  all 
near  Cuba;  Station  132,  115  fms.,  off  Santa  Cruz;  and  Station  147,  in  250 
fms.,  near  St.  Kitts  ;  Station  167,  in  175  fms.,  off  Guadelupe;  Stations  248, 
259,  and  262,  near  Grenada,  in  161,  159,  and  92  fms. ;  in  72  fms.,  near  Som- 
brero ;  and  at  Stations  261,  272,  273,  282,  and  299,  near  Barbados,  in  340,  76, 
103,  154,  and  140  fms. ;  the  bottom  temperatures  ranging  from  40°  to  65° 
and  averaging  57°  F.  Some  very  zigzag-marked  specimens  were  obtained  at 
Station  152,  in  27  fms.,  bottom  temperature  67°. 5  F. 

Some  of  the  specimens  were  almost  white,  none  of  them  showed  any  very 
dark  coloration;  the  most  intense  markings  were,  as  usual,  the  terminations 
of  the  transverse  lines  just  in  front  of  the  suture,  where  there  is  a  tendency  to 
form  a  band  of  fasciculated  streaks,  as  in  many  Olivellas. 

Olivella  bullula  Reeve. 
Olivella  bullula  Reeve,  Conch.  Icon.  Oliva,  pi.  xxx.  fig.  96. 

A  few  poor  specimens  were  obtained  at  Station  5,  in  229  fms. ;  Station  50, 
in  119  fins.;  and  Station  20,  in  220  fms.  ;  all  off  Cuba;  also  off  Sombrero 
Island,  in  72  fms.,  living;  and  at  Station  230,  near  St.  Vincent,  in  464  fms., 
sand. 

These  specimens  were  all  poor,  and  only  by  studying  them  in  connection 
with  material  from  the  same  region  in  better  condition,  brought  by  the  U.  S. 
Fish  Commission,  could  anything  be  made  of  them.  Though  varying  much 
in  characters,  in  the  present  confused  state  of  the  genus  it  is  perhaps  most 
advisable  to  refer  them  to  this  species.  The  differences  between  the  different 
stages  of  growth  in  Olivella  require  much  study,  and  are  doubtless  of  much 
importance.  Differences  in  proportion  of  the  length  of  the  spire  to  the  whole 
length,  in  stoutness  or  slenderness,  and  in  color,  may  occur  within  the  same 
species  to  a  very  marked  extent.     As  soon  as  we  can  determine  the  differences 


136  BULLETIN   OF   THE 

due  to  growth-stages  in  one  or  two  species,  it  will  become  much  easier  to 
assign  a  place  to  some  at  present  very  puzzling  forms. 

Olivella  (bullula  var.  ?)  tubulata  Dall. 

This  form  varies  from  moderately  stout,  or  a  little  more  slender  than  Reeve's 
figure,  to  extremely  attenuated.  It  is  in  the  last  case  about  the  shape  of 
0.  nyrnpha  Adams  &  Angas,  but  more  cylindrical,  pure  white,  the  walls  and 
spire  sometimes  translucent ;  the  broader  form  recalls  0.  floralia  (Duclos) 
Tryon,  from  the'  white  varieties  of  which  it  is  at  once  distinguishable  by  the 
large  size  of  its  nuclear  whorls.  The  soft  parts  dried  up  in  one  specimen  show 
no  sign  of  an  operculum.  The  slender  form  is  11.3  mm.  long  and  3.5  mm.  in 
greatest  diameter,  with  five  whorls.  The  length  of  the  aperture  is  almost  ex- 
actly half  that  of  the  shell.  The  stouter  form  is  13.3  mm.  long,  5.0  mm.  in 
diameter,  with  five  whorls,  and  the  aperture  8  mm.  in  length.  The  suture  in 
both  is  deeply  channelled,  except  between  the  two  nuclear  whorls,  which  are 
rounded  and  flattened  on  the  summit.  A  specimen  was  obtained  at  Station 
20,  in  220  fms.,  off  Cuba,  and  another  by  the  Fish  Commission  in  225  fnis., 
off  the  northeastern  end  of  the  same  island. 


Family   MARGINELLIDiE. 
Genus  MARGINELLA. 

This  group  has  been  absurdly  over-divided.  The  species  melt  into  one  an- 
other, as  it  were,  as  soon  as  plenty  of  material  is  brought  together ;  bo  that 
most  of  the  subgenera  quietly  efface  themselves.  For  the  species  of  the  Blake 
Expedition,  which  comprise  only  a  small  part  of  those  native  to  the  region,  1 
adopt  for  the  occasion  the  following  subgenera  :  — 

Marginella,  with  Sections  Volvarina  and  Volutella;  Persicula,  with  Section 
Gibberula. 

Marginella  apicina  Menke. 

Marginella  apicina  Mke.,  Syn.  Moll.,  p.  87,  1828. 

Marginella  conoidalis  Kiener  (1840),  Auctorum. 

Marginella  caribata  Orbigny,  Moll.  Cuba,  II.  p.  97,  pi.  xx.  figs.  24-26,  1845. 

Marginella  livida  Hinds,  P.  Z.  S.  1844,  p.  73. 

Marginella  flavida  Redfield,  Ann.  New  York  Lye  Nat.  Hist.,  IV.  p.  163,  pi.  x.  fig.  4 

a-b,  1846;  Cat.  Marg.,  p.  223,  1870. 
1  Marginella  borealis  Verrill,  Trans.  Conn.  Acad. 

One  specimen  of  this  common  West  Indian  form  was  collected  by  the  Bache 
in  100  fms.,  south  of  Inagua  Id.,  Bahamas,  1872. 

Specimens  of  undoubted  apicina  have  been  collected  by  the  U.  S.  Fish  Com- 
mission near  Cape  Hatteras,  in  1885,  which  fact  renders  it  highly  probable 
that  Verrill's  borealis  is  at  most  a  northern  race  of  this  protean  species,  or  of 
M.  limatula  Conrad.  The  specimens  I  have  seen  seem  intermediate  between 
these  two. 


MUSEUM   OF  COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY.  137 

Marginella  "Watsoni  Dall. 

Plate  XIX.  Fig.  3.    Plate  XXXVIII.  Fig.  2. 

Marginella  Watsoni  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  71,  Aug.  25,  1881.    Agassiz,  Three 
Cruises  of  the  Blake,  II.  p.  70,  fig.  290,  1888. 

Habitat.  Sigsbee,  off  Havana,  480  fms.  ;  Station  2,  805  fms.;  bed  of  the 
Gulf  Stream,  Pourtales,  447  fms.  ;  Yucatan  Strait,  640  fms. ;  Station  20,  220 
fms.  (young). 

Although  taken  at  several  stations,  this  species  appears  to  be  rare,  and  in 
most  cases  was  represented  by  a  single  specimen,  or  by  fragments  only. 

Marginella  amabilis  Redfield. 

Marginella  amabilis  Redfield,  Ann.  N.  Y.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.,  V.  p.  225, 1852 ;  Cat.  Marg., 

p.  246,  1870,  note. 
Marginella  carnea  Shy.,  not  Storer,  Thes.  Conch,  I.  p.  398,  pi.  Ixxvi.  figs.  102,  114, 

1846. 
Marginella  oblonga  (Swains.)  Auct.,  in  part. 

Habitat.  Sand  Key,  125  fms.  ;  off  Sombrero  Island,  72  fms. ;  Sigsbee,  off 
Havana,  in  119  fms. 

This  seems,  as  Mr.  Redfield  suggests,  sufficiently  distinct  from  M.  rostrata 
and  oblonga  to  retain  its  separate  name. 

Marginella  rostrata  Redfield. 

Marginella  rostrata  Redfield,  Am.  Journ.  Conch.,  VI. ;  Cat.  Marg.,  p.  246,  note.  1870. 
Marginella  oblonga  Sby.,  pars,  Thesaurus,  pi.  Ixxvi.  figs.  106,  107. 

Habitat.  Station  36,  in  lat.  23°  13'  N.  and  Ion.  89°  16'  YV.,  Gulf  of  Mexico, 
north  of  Yucatan,  in  84  fms. ;  bottom  temperature  60°  F. 

This  seems  a  well-characterized  form,  and  among  the  specimens  compared 
there  did  not  seem  to  be  any  intermediate  specimens  as  between  this  species 
and  arnabilis  or  oblonga. 

Marginella  cassis  n.  s. 

Plate  XXXV.  Fig.  8. 

Shell  cassidiibrm,  smooth,  white  or  pale  flesh-color,  with  a  brown  spot  just 
above  the  posterior  sinus,  the  anterior  edge  of  the  anterior  sinus  brown,  and 
three  faint  touches  of  brown  above  and  outside  of  the  callus  of  the  outer  lip. 
There  are  also  opaque  streaks  or  delicate  lineations  coincident  with  the  lines  of 
growth  and  very  perceptible  under  a  lens.  Nucleus  translucent  whitish,  rather 
blunt;  shell  with  five  and  a  half  turns;  spire  depressed  conical,  sutures  dis- 
tinct; columella  with  four  strong  squarely  cut  plaits  diminishing  backward; 
columella  lip  with  a  heavy  white  callus,  forming  a  prominent  lump  on  the 


138  BULLETIN   OF  THE 

inner  side  of  the  posterior  sinus  ;  outer  lip  considerably  thickened,  with  a  sul- 
cus above  and  outside  of  the  callus,  extending  backward  as  far  as  the  tip  of  the 
spire ;  posterior  sinus  deep ;  outer  lip  with  its  inner  edge  irregularly  trans- 
versely grooved  and  with  numerous  rounded  denticles  ;  nearly  parallel  with 
the  body  whorl,  and  with  the  anterior  sinus  shallow.  Length  of  shell,  15.00  ; 
greatest  width  of  shell,  11.20  ;  width  of  aperture  in  adult,  1.75  mm. 

Habitat.  Station  45,  in  101  fms.,  Gulf  of  Mexico,  west  of  the  Tortugas,  in 
lat.  25°  33'  N.,  Ion.  84°  21'  W.,  bottom  temperature  61°.75  F. 

This  species  is  readily  recognized  by  its  triangular  form,  callous  Cypraea-like 
aperture,  and  denticulated  outer  lip.  I  have  not  been  able  to  find  figured  any 
species  which  seems  to  approach  it  very  closely.  A  young  specimen  was  ob- 
tained by  the  Blake,  and  an  older  one,  affording  the  above  description,  by  the 
Albatross,  in  1884,  while  off  the  coast  of  Cuba. 

Marginella  hfcematita  Kiener. 

Marginella  hcematita  Kiener,  Coq.  Viv.,  p.  11,  pi.  vii.  fig.  31,  1834.     Dall,  Bull.  M.  C. 

Z.,  IX.  p.  137,  Dec.  5,  1881. 
Erato  hematina  Reeve,  Conch.  Icon.  Erato,  pi.  xi.  fig.  8  a-b,  1865. 

Habitat.  Stations  10  and  11,  in  37  fms. ;  Station  247,  in  170  fms.,  off  Gre- 
nada ;  Station  276,  in  94  fms.,  Barbados. 

One  of  the  most  lovely  little  shells  of  the  region. 

Marginella  fusina  Dall. 

Plate  XIX.  Fig.  4. 
Marginella  fusina  Dall,  Bull.  it.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  72,  Aug.  25,  1881. 

Habitat.     Yucatan  Strait,  640  fms. 

Marginella  yucatecana  Dall. 

Plate   XIX.  Fig.  5. 

Marginella  (var.  ?)  yucatecana  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  72,  Aug.  25,  1881. 

Habitat.     Yucatan  Strait,  640  fms.  ;  off  Sand  Key,  South  Florida,  125  fms. 

As  no  more  material  has  come  to  hand  in  regard  to  this  species  the  question 
of  its  relations  to  M.  seminula  remain  unsettled,  but  it  appears,  on  mature 
consideration,  probably  distinct. 

Marginella  opalina  Stearns. 

Marginella  opalina  Stearns,  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  XV.  p.  21,  Jan.  17,  1872. 

Habitat.  West  Florida,  in  14  fms. ;  Barbados,  in  100  fms. ;  Tampa,  Fla., 
Stearns. 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  130 

The  researches  of  Mr.  Hemphill  in  Florida,  and  of  the  U.  S.  Fish  Commis- 
sion in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  have  brought  together  material  which  seems  to 
bridge  the  gap  between  this  species  and  M.  denticulata  Conrad,  described  many- 
years  previously  as  a  fossil.  We  find  that  the  shell  varies  from  wholly  rich 
amber  brown  to  a  lighter  brown  with  obscure  light  and  dark  bands,  to  white 
or  pale  yellow  with  darker  yellow  or  brown  cinctures,  and  finally  to  pure 
white.  The  last  form  is  what  is  here  reported  from  Barbados,  and  has  since 
been  found  on  the  eastern  coast  of  the  United  States  nearly  to  Hatteras.  The 
shape  of  the  shell  is  quite  constant,  and  does  not  vary  with  the  color.  The 
M.  aureocincta  Stearns  is  a  constantly  smaller  and  more  slender  species,  run- 
ning through  a  similar  range  of  color.  It  has  been  called  M.  Smithii  by  Prof. 
Verrill. 

Marginella  seminula  Dall. 

Plate  XIX.  Fig.  3. 
Marginella  seminula  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  p.  72,  Aug.  25,  1881. 

Habitat.     Yucatan  Strait,  640  fins. 

Marginella  (Glabella)  elata  Watson,  from  Culebra  Island,  in  390  fms.,  be- 
longs to  this  group,  and  should  be  carefully  compared  with  M.  aureocincta,  the 
young  of  which  it  appears  closely  to  resemble,  and  which  has  been  abundantly 
dredged  in  deep  water  by  the  Fish  Commission. 

Marginella  Redfieldii  Tkyon. 
Marginella  Redjieldii  Tryon,  Manual  of  Conch.,  V.  p.  34,  pi.  x.  fig.  99,  1883. 

Habitat.  Station  5,  near  Havana,  Cuba,  in  latitude  24°  15'  N.  and  lon- 
gitude 82°  13'  W.,  in  229  fms.,  soft  bottom,  temperature  about  50°  F. 

This  species  in  this  haul  was  found  rather  numerous,  with  M.  succinea  and 
M.  turticula.  It  seems  sufficiently  distinguished  by  its  very  narrow  straight 
mouth,  thin  outer  lip,  and  anterior  attenuation. 

Marginella  fusca  Sowerby. 

Marginella  fusca  Sowerby,  P.  Z.  S.  1846,  p.  95.     Redfield,  Cat.  Marg.,  p.  234,  1870. 

Habitat.  North  of  Cuba,  in  lat.  24°  43'  N.  and  Ion.  83°  25'  W.,  in  37 
fms.  (dead). 

Marginella  succinea  Conrad. 

Plate  XIX.  Fig.  6. 

Marginella  succinea  Conr.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  III.  p.  26,  pi.  i.  fig.  17,  1846. 
Marginella  {avena  var.?)  avenella  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  73,  Aug.  25,  1881. 

Habitat.  Off  Sombrero  Island,  in  70  fms.  (dwarfs);  Sand  Key,  125  fms.; 
Station  5,  north  of  Cuba,  in  lat.  24°  15'  N.  and  Ion.  82°  13'  W.,  in  229  fms., 


140  BULLETIN  OF  THE 

abundant;  Station  2,  off  Morro  Light,  Cuba,  in  805  fms. ;  and  off  Cape  San 
Antonio,  in  1002  fms.  Bottom  soft  ooze,  with  temperatures  between  40°  and 
50°  F.  where  recorded. 

This  species,  which  I  was  led  to  think  a  possible  deep-water  race  of  M.  avena, 
is  found  more  or  less  abundantly  in  shallow  water  in  South  and  West  Florida. 
Specimens  have  been  compared  with  Conrad's  type,  by  the  kindness  of  Mr. 
G.  W.  Tryon,  Jr.,  at  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences,  Philadelphia.  Conrad's 
species  has  never  been  figured  in  a  satisfactory  manner.  The  figure  we  give 
represents,  considerably  enlarged,  a  rather  blunt-tipped  deep-water  specimen. 
They  vary  somewhat  in  the  height  and  acuteness  of  the  spire.  The  color  is 
usually  light  fawn  or  amber  of  the  yellow  shade,  or  a  mixture  of  the  two  with- 
out color  pattern.  I  have  from  Florida  some  small  pure  white  specimens  which 
are  only  differentiated  by  color  and  size  from  the  typical  form,  though  the  ab- 
sence of  color  gives  them  quite  a  distinct  aspect.  This  species  as  a  whole  is 
distinguished  from  M.  Redfieldii  Tryon,  by  its  more  flexuous  and  callous  outer  lip 
and  wider  aperture;  from  M.  torticula,  by  its  greater  width  and  straight  axis; 
from  the  Volvarina  group,  by  the  higher  spire  and  posteriorly  angulated  outer 
lip.  The  deep-water  form  is  larger  and  less  pellucid  than  those  found  in  shal- 
low water,  but  hardly  distinct  enough  to  retain  a  separate  name.  Mr.  Tryon 
unites  this  with  nitida  Hinds,  described  in  1844  without  locality.  I  confess 
myself  unable  to  see  the  exact  correspondence  between  them  which  he  men- 
tions, even  by  his  own  figures.  The  color  and  form  seem  to  me  quite  as 
different  as  in  any  two  valid  species  of  the  same  group.  If  nitida  is  to  sup- 
plant a  later  name,  it  would  seem  that  Marginella  paxillus  Reeve  is  much  more 
like  M.  nitida  than  is  Conrad's  species.  The  species  described  by  Hinds  is  of 
a  deep  brown,  like  the  dark  varieties  of  M.  opalina  Stearns.  In  looking  over 
a  great  many  specimens  which  have  come  to  me,  I  have  never  seen  a  specimen 
of  M .  succinea  of  this  color,  though,  knowing  how  variable  this  section  of  the 
genus  is  in  its  coloration,  there  seems  to  be  no  reason  why  it  should  not 
occasionally  be  of  a  dark  color. 

Marginella  styria  n.  e. 

Shell  slender,  extremely  lucid,  glassy  or  colored  by  the  soft  parts  showing 
through  ;  whorls  four  and  a  half;  spire  conical,  rounded,  and  rather  blunt; 
suture  visible,  whiter  than  the  rest  of  the  shell,  being  thicker  and  more  opaque; 
shell  subfnsiform,  the  convexity  of  the  left  side  somewhat  greater  than  that 
of  the  right;  aperture  very  narrow;  outer  lip  hardly  thickened,  produced 
and  impressed  toward  its  middle  part;  columella  four-plaited,  without  callus  ; 
aperture  less  than  two  thirds  the  length  of  the  shell.  Length  of  shell,  5.55;  of 
aperture,  3.50;  greatest  width  of  shell,  2.00  mm. 

Habitat.  Dredged  near  Sombrero  Island,  in  54  fms.,  also  at  Station  5,  in 
229  fms.,  with  the  preceding. 

This  little  shell  has  somewhat  the  shape  of  Marginella  torticula  in  miniature, 


MUSEUM   OF  COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  141 

but  is  less  asymmetrical.  I  have  not  found  any  species  described  or  figured 
which  is  so  small,  slender,  and  lucid  as  this  one,  though  there  are  a  number 
of  species  which  approach  it  in  general  outline  on  a  larger  scale. 

Marginella  torticula  Dall. 

Plate  XIX.  Fie.  7. 

Marginella  torticula  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  73,  Aug.  25,  1881. 

Habitat.  Station  5,  lat.  24°  15'  N.,  Ion.  82°  13'  W.,  in  152  fms.,  soft  coral 
ooze  ;  also  in  229  fms.,  near  Havana,  bottom  temperature  about  50°  F.  These 
two  hauls  seem  to  have  had  but  one  station  number. 

The  number  of  specimens  obtained,  and  their  uniformity  of  character,  suffi- 
ciently indicate  that  the  bent  axis  of  this  species  is  not  an  individual  or 
pathological  character.  The  color  is  about  the  same  as  in  if.  succinea  and 
M.  Redfieldii. 

Section?  VOLVARINA  Hinds. 

Volvarina  avena  Valenciennes. 

Marginella  avena  (Val.  MS.)  Kiener,  Coq.  Viv.,  p.  17,  pi.  vi.  fig.  24,  1834. 

Marginella  avenacea  Deshayes,  in  Lam.,  X.  p.  455,  1844. 

Marginella  Beyerleana  Bernard!,  J.  de  Conchyl.,  IV.  p.  149,  pi.  v.  figs.  15,  16,  1853. 

Marginella  livida  Reeve,  Condi.  Icon.,  pi.  xx.  fig.  100,  1865. 

Marginella  avena  Redfield,  Cat.  Marg.,  p.  223,  1870. 

Dredged  dead  off  Cuba,  in  200  fms.,  and  at  Station  2,  in  805  fms.,  probably 
from  shallower  water. 


Volvarina  avena  var.  guttula  Reeve. 

Marginella  guttula  Reeve,  Conch.  Icon.  Marginella,  pi.  xx.  fig.  101,  1865. 

Dredged  living  off  Sombrero  Island,  in  72  fms.  Mr.  Tryon  confirms  my 
identification  of  the  above  "  species,"  described  by  Reeve  without  a  habitat,  and 
evidently  a  variety  of  M.  avena. 

Volvarina  albolineata  Orbignt. 

Marginella  albolineata  Orbigny,  Moll.  Cuba,  II.  p.  99,  pi.  xx.  figs.  27-29,  1845. 
Marginella  varia  (partly)  Sowerby,  P.  Z.  S.  1846,  p.  97. 

Habitat.     Barbados,  100  fms. ;  Sigsbee,  off  Havana,  in  80  fms. 

Volvarina  varia  of  Sowerby  comprised  two  species,  according  to  Messrs.  Red- 
field  and  Tryon ;  namely,  the  Californian  species  known  to  Carpenter  and  the 
West  Coast  conchologists  as  V.  varia  (which  Tryon,  following  Redfield,  con- 


/ 


142  BULLETIN   OF  THE 

siders  to  equal  albolineata),  and  V.  arena.  The  latter  has  not  heen  found  on 
the  western  coast,  but  the  specimens  of  varia  and  West  Indian  albolineata  are 
very  similar  to  one  another. 

Volvarina  subtriplicata  Orbignt. 

Marginella  subtriplicata  Orbigny,  Moll.  Cuba,  II.  p.  99,  1845. 

Marginella  triplicata  Orbigny,  Moll.  Cuba,  pi.  xx.  figs.  30-32,  1842,  not  of  Gaskoin. 
Marginella  lactea  Reeve,  Conch.  Icon.,  pi.  xvii.  fig.  81,  and  pi.  xxiv.  fig.  135;  not  of 
Kiener. 

Habitat.  Station  9,  seven  miles  S.  by  W.  from  Sand  Key,  in  111  fms., 
bottom  temperature  55°. 5  F. 

The  fourth  plait  is  often  quite  perceptible,  and  I  confess  to  some  doubt  of 
the  validity  of  this  species.  I  have  not,  however,  enough  authentically  named 
material  to  decide  on  its  relations  with  confidence.     It  seems  to  be  rare. 

Volvarina  pallida  Donovan. 

Bulla  pallida  Donovan  (not  Linne'),  Brit.  Shells,  pi.  lxvi.  fig.  527,  1800. 
Voluta  pallida  Montagu,  Brit.  Test.,  p.  232,  1803. 
Volvaria  pallida  Lamarck,  An.  s.  Vert.,  VII.  p.  363, 1822. 
Marginella  pallida  (Kiener)  Redfield,  Cat.  Marg.,  p.  247, 1870. 

Habitat.     West  Indies  ;   one  dead   specimen  dredged  at  Station  247,  off 
Grenada,  in  170  fms.,  soft  gray  ooze,  bottom  temperature  53°.5  F. 
This  species  probably  lives  in  shallower  water. 

Section'?  VOLUTELLA  Swainson. 

Volutella  lacrimula  Gould. 

Marginella  (Gikberula)  lachrimula  Gould,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  Vni.  p.  280, 
Feb.,  1862.     Otia,  p.  238,  1865. 

Habitat.  Off  the  coast  of  Georgia,  in  400  fms.,  Gould.  Off  the  coast  of 
North  Carolina  in  17  to  124  fms.,  sand,  U.  S.  Fish  Commission.  Lon.  of 
shell,  2.8  ;  lat.  2.0  mm. 

Volutella  (lacrimula  var.?)  hadria  Dall. 
Volutella  lacrimula  Dail,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  VI.  p.  324,  1883. 

Habitat.     Mud  fiats  at  Cedar  Keys,  Florida,  Hemphill. 

Shorter,  wider,  and  with  the  lip  less  prominent  on  top  of  the  spire,  than 
in  the  typical  lacrimula  Gould.  The  two  anterior  plaits  are  subequal  and 
much  larger,  and  extended  outside  the  aperture  beyond  the  two  subequal  small 
posterior  plaits  in   V.  hadria,  while  in   V.  lacrimula  they  diminish  evenly 


MUSEUM   OF  COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY.  143 

backward  and  the  anterior  pair  is  not  prolonged  over  the  pillar  outside  the 
aperture.  They  have  been  compared  with  Gould's  original  type.  The  lat- 
ter is  quite  pyriforra,  the  shell  being  widest  near  the  posterior  third.  The 
V.  hadria  is  more  stumpy  though  still  a  little  pyril'orm,  and  has  a  remarkably 
thick  outer  lip.     Lon.  2.0;  lat.  1.50  mm. 

Volutella  (lacrimula  var.  ?)  amianta  Dall. 

Habitat.  Off  the  coast  of  North  Carolina,  in  14  to  52  fms.,  sand,  U.  S.  Fish 
Commission. 

Shell  more  cylindrical,  sides  more  parallel,  longer,  narrower,  thinner,  plaitB 
subequal,  all  small  and  confined  to  the  aperture,  which  is  narrower.  The 
greatest  diameter  is  about  in  the  middle.  The  callus  where  the  outer  lip 
rounds  over  the  spire  is  not  prominent.     Lon.  2.75;  lat.  1.75  mm. 

The  above  all  have  four  plaits.  V.  ovuliformis  Orbigny,  from  the  Antilles, 
has  a  much  narrower  aperture  and  only  three  plaits. 

V.  agger  Watson,  from  Culebra  Island,  in  390  fms.,  Challenger  Expedition, 
is  somewhat  peculiarly  produced  behind  in  the  young  state,  and  does  not  agree 
exactly  with  any  of  the  preceding  forms. 

Subgenus  PERSICULA  Schumacher. 
Persicula  catenata  Montagu. 

Marginella  catenata  Montagu,  Brit.  Test.,  p.  236,  (Suppl.,  p.  104,)  pi.  vi.  fig.  2,  1803. 

Redfield,  Cat.  Marg.,  p.  227,  1870. 
Marginella  alba  C.  B.  Adams  (worn),  Contr.  Conch.,  p.  66,  1850. 

Habitat.     Off  Grenada,  Station  262,  in  92  fms. 

Two  dead  and  worn  hermit-crab  specimens  were  found  as  above,  and  referred 
to  this  species. 

Section?  GIBBERULA  Swainson. 
Gibberula  minuta  Pfeiffer. 

Marginella  minuta  Pfr.,  Arch,  fur  Naturg.,  I.  p.  259,  1840. 

Marginella  Lavalleana  Orbigny,  Moll.  Cuba,  II.  p.  101,  pi.  xx.  figs.  36-38, 1845.  Red- 
field,  Cat.  Marg.,  p.  240,  1871. 

Marginella  minima  Sby.,  Thes.  Conch.,  I.  p.  388,  pi.  lxxviii.  fig.  220,  1846;  not  of 
Guilding. 

Habitat.     Barbados,  100  fms.,  one  fresh  specimen. 

It  is  probable  that  this  little  shell  will  be  found  to  inhabit  the  Mediterra- 
nean, the  southeast  coast  of  the  United  States,  and  the  coast  of  California,  as 
well  as  the  West  Indies.  The  specimens  from  these  three  regions  seem  to  be 
identical,  but  more  material  should  be  compared  before  making  a  final  decision. 


144  BULLETIN   OF  THE 


Family  VOLUTIDJE. 

This  family  has  submitted  to  many  classifications,  and  contains  several  nat- 
ural groups.  Yet,  as  might  be  expected  when  we  take  into  consideration  the 
fossil  as  well  as  the  recent  forms,  the  lines  of  demarcation  begin  to  grow  less 
sharp,  and  characters  are  interchanged,  so  that  it  becomes  almost  impracticable 
to  distinguish,  in  the  group  separated  from  V.  musica,  which  for  present  pur- 
poses we  may  call  Scaphella,  features  which  may  serve  as  a  basis  for  sectional 
arrangement  as  opposed  to  those  which  possess  merely  specific  value.  It 
would  not  fall  in  with  the  purpose  of  this  paper  to  discuss  the  classifications 
which  have  been  proposed  for  the  entire  family,  but  to  pass  over  the  con- 
dition of  those  belonging  to  the  fauna  of  the  United  States  would  be  equally 
undesirable. 

The  American  Volutidce  begin  in  the  Cretaceous.  The  direct  progenitor  of 
the  recent  Scaphella  of  the  east  coast  of  the  United  States  is  found  in  the  Eocene 
(Vicksburg  and  Red  Bluff  deposits),  and  has  been  described  under  the  name  of 
Caricella  demissa  by  Conrad.  It  is  not  a  Caricella,  but  a  Valuta,  belonging 
to  the  group  of  V.  junonia.  There  is  a  fine  species  named  V.  Newcombiana  by 
Whitfield,  in  the  Eocene  of  Bells  Landing,  Alabama,  about  the  middle  of  the 
Lignitic  series.  It  recalls  V.  angulata,  and  there  is  no  recent  species  on  our 
coasts  which  resembles  it.  Valuta  demissa  has  the  tip  or  nucleus  of  Aurinia 
(Eopsephosa  Fischer),  but  strong  rounded  plaits.  The  shell  is  small  and 
thick.  The  other  so-called  Volutes  of  the  Eocene  seem  more  closely  to  ap- 
proach Volutilithes.  In  the  Miocene  there  are  but  two  *  species  of  the  Scaphella 
section  yet  known ;  namely,  V.  Trenholmii  T.  &  H.  and  V.  mutabilis  Conrad. 
The  former  is  exactly  like  V.  demissa  in  its  general  features,  but  has  become 
large  and  well  developed.  It  persists  into  the  Pliocene  ;  a  variety  from  the 
Caloosahatchie  Pliocene  is  intermediate  between  Trenholmii  and  the  recent 
junonia.  It  has  been  named  fioridana  by  Heilprin.  Its  descendant  is  the 
living  junonia  of  Floridian  waters.  The  V.  mutabilis  of  Conrad  was  described 
from  the  Miocene  of  Maryland.  I  have  not  seen  any  specimen  exactly  agreeing 
with  Mr.  Conrad's  figure.  All  those  specimens  labelled  Voluta  mutabilis  which 
have  come  under  my  observation  are  indistinguishable  from  S.  (Aurinia)  dubia 
of  Broderip,  still  found  living  in  Florida.  Some  of  my  specimens  are  from 
the  original  locality.  If  Mr.  Conrad's  figure  properly  represents  his  type,  it 
is  certainly  a  very  strongly  marked  variety  of  or  possibly  distinct  from  the 
S.  dubia.  This  group  seems  to  be  an  offshoot  from  the  demissa-junonia  series, 
and  is  continued  into  the  Pliocene  of  South  Carolina,  where  two  varieties  of 
dubia  are  figured  by  Tuomey  and  Holmes  under  the  name  of  mutabilis,  though 
they  are  possibly  not  Conrad's  mutabilis.  In  recent  seas  this  line  of  descent  is 
represented  by  S.  dubia,  S.  Qouldiana,  and  S.  robusta. 

*  V.  obtusa  Emmons  is  a  young  V.  mutabilis ;  V.  solitaria  is  more  of  the  type  of 

Volutilithes. 

February  18,  1889. 


MUSEUM    OF   COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY.  145 

The  true  Volutes  of  the  V.  musica  type  appear  in  the  Red  Bluff  Eocene. 
Voluta  mississippiensis  Conrad,  of  this  age,  is  identical  with  V.  costata  Sow- 
erby,  from  the  English  Eocene.  These  species  are  directly  derived  from 
Volutilithes.  They  are  small,  and  would,  if  recent,  be  placed  in  the  subgenus 
Lyria.  Their  Miocene  descendants  begin  to  diverge  from  one  another,  some 
taking  on  the  large  form  of  recent  Volutes,  others  remaining  small.* 

None  are  yet  known  from  the  Pliocene,  but  V.  musica  and  V.  virescens 
inhabit  the  waters  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  the  Caribbean  region  at  the  pres- 
ent day.  Lyria,  which  is  not  distinguishable  generically  from  the  small  Mio- 
cene forms,  exists  in  the  shore  fauna  of  subtropical  West  America,  and  Voluta 
or  Scaphella  will  doubtless  be  found  when  the  depths  are  dredged,  though  the 
latter  is  not  known  at  present  north  of  Chile.  The  single  Alaskan  species, 
S.  Slearnsii,  belongs  to  the  group  of  S.  ancilla,  with  which  the  late  Mr.  Sowerby 
absurdly  united  it.  Its  nearest  congener  in  the  North  American  region  seems 
to  be  the  S.  Newcombiana  of  the  Eocene,  before  referred  to,  but  they  are  not 
very  closely  related.  V.  Lamberti  of  the  English  Crag  and  some  Continental 
Miocene  species  are  nearer  to  it  than  any  one  from  our  own  strata  yet  known. 

Judged  by  the  recent  species  the  shells  of  the  junonia  group  are  readily 
separable  from  those  of  the  dubia  group.  When  the  fossils  are  consulted,  it  is 
evident  they  are  genetically  connected.  I  shall,  however,  retain  the  sectional 
distinction  of  Scaphella  proper  and  Aurinia  for  the  two  series,  respectively. 

There  can  be  no  doubt  that  the  genus  Lyria  is  very  closely  related  to  Voluta 
as  restricted  ;  and  the  one  is  doubtless  an  offshoot  from  the  other,  both  exist- 
ing, well  characterized,  in  the  Ballast  Point  Miocene  of  Tampa  Bay. 

That  Volutomitra  belongs  in  this  family  is  certain,  and  I  give  (Plate  XXXIV. 
Figs.  6  and  7)  some  unpublished  drawings  of  Stimpson  showing  the  shell  and 
dentition  of  V.  gronlandica.  The  shell  figured  is  apparently  young  ;  those 
which  I  have  received  from  Copenhagen  are  larger,  and  have  a  proportionally 
longer  canal  and  a  little  more  of  the  Mitra  form  about  them  than  these 
figures. 

The  other  forms  of  Volutidce  (excluding  Lyria)  belonging  to  the  Antillean 
region  are  all  rare  shells,  and,  from  their  rarity,  have'  been  little  studied. 
The  U.  S.  National  Museum  possessed  five  fairly  good  adult  specimens  of 
S.  junonia,  beside  several  much  more  interesting  specimens  of  the  very  young. 
Several  specimens  of  S.  junonia  and  A.  dubia  were  obtained  by  Pourtales  in 
the  Floridian  region.  The  U.  S.  Fish  Commission  in  the  same  vicinity  ob- 
tained an  adult  A.  robusta,  old  and  young  A.  dubia,  and  eight  or  nine  A.  Gould- 
iana  in  various  stages,  including  one  adult  living  specimen.  The  very  young 
of  A.  robusta  were  dredged  by  the  Blake.  In  this  way,  probably  for  the  first 
time,  a  sufficient  number  of  these  extremely  interesting  shells  for  satisfactory 
study  has  been  brought  together. 

*  This  subject  will  be  more  fully  discussed  in  my  forthcoming  Report  on  the 
Tertiary  Paleontology  of  Florida,  to  be  published  by  the  Wagner  Free  Institute  of 
Science,  Philadelphia. 

VOL,,  xviii.  10 


146  BULLETIN   OF   THE 

Genus  VOLUTA  Linn£. 

Voluta  Linne",  Syst.  Nat.,  ed.  x.,  1758. 

Voluta  Lamarck  (circumscr.),  Prodr.  Nouv.  Class.  Coq.,  p.  70,  1799;  type,  Voluta 

musica  Linne. 
Phjona  (Bolten)  Link,  Beschr.  Rost.  Samml.,  p.  110,  1807;  type,  V.  hebrcea  L. 
Voluta  Gray,  On  the  Volutidoz,  P.  Z.  S.  1855,  p.  59;  type,  V.  musica  Linne". 
Voluta  H.  &  A.  Adams,  Gen.  Rec.  Moll.,  I.  p.  164,  1863;  type,  V.  musica  Linne'. 
Volutolyria  Crosse,  Journ.  de  Conchyl.,  XXV.  p.  99,  1877;  type,  V.  musica  Linne'. 

The  type  and.  sole  example  cited  of  the  genus  Voluta  when  restricted  by 
Lamarck  was  the  V.  musica.  which  consequently  cannot  be  separated  from  the 
generic  name,  whatever  be  the  fate  of  other  species.  Among  the  numerous 
names  which  have  been  applied  to  the  various  sections  of  the  Lamarckian 
Volutes,  the  name  Scaphella  of  Swainson  appears  to  be  the  earliest  which  will 
be  appropriate  for  those  which  differ  (as  M.  Crosse  and  Dr.  Gray  have  shown) 
from  the  type  by  the  absence  of  an  operculum  and  other  characters,  including 
their  dentition. 

The  Volutes  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  the  Antillean  region  are  compara- 
tively few  in  number,  but  among  them  is  found  the  type  of  the  genus  in  sev- 
eral very  elegant  varieties.  Among  other  peculiarities  of  V.  musica  the  form 
of  the  nuclear  whorls  is  very  noticeable.  They  comprise  a  stout  rather  blunt 
coil  of  four  or  five  compact  regular  well-shaped  whorls,  somewhat  like  the  tip 
of  a  Megaspira,  generally  of  a  brilliant  orange-yellow  or  its  complement,  a  livid 
purple,  with  its  initial  whorl  perfectly  regular,  its  tip  in  perfect  unworn  speci- 
mens about  0.3  mm.  in  diameter.  In  a  large  series,  varying  greatly  in  other 
respects,  I  have  found  only  trifling  modifications  of  the  nuclear  whorls,  which 
present  a  marked  difference  from  the  blunt  irregular  mammillate  tip  of  most  of 
the  species  generally  included  under  the  old  signification  of  Voluta.  The  young 
shell  with  two  or  three  whorls  and  its  nucleus  I  have  found  more  uniform  in 
its  characteristics,  when  not  modified  by  wear  or  acid,  than  the  adult  shells  in 
this  family.  Unfortunately  I  have  never  been  able  to  examine  a  very  young 
specimen  of  tfcis  species,  which  would  doubtless  give  us  the  normal  number  of 
plaits  (five '?),  which  cannot  be  determined  from  the  adults. 

Among  the  specimens  in  the  U.  S.  National  Museum  are  three  which  were 
referred  by  Dr.  Carpenter  with  a  query  to  a  variety  of  Voluta  musica,  but  which 
on  careful  study  present  characters  which  seem  incompatible  with  that  hypoth- 
esis. All  are  beach  shells.  Two  were  collected  by  Berlandier  in  1 847,  on  the 
coast  of  Texas,  near  a  place  called  Mesquital.  The  other  was  obtained  by 
Arthur  Schott,  at  Carthagena,  New  Grenada,  during  Lieut.  Michler's  expedi- 
tion to  Darien.  It  measures  about  32.0  by  53.0  mm.,  and  the  length  of  the 
aperture  is  45.0  mm.  The  shell  is  lighter  than  a  Voluta  musica  of  the  same 
size  ;  the  columellar  lip  is  straighter,  with  smaller  and  more  numerous  plaits  ; 
the  outer  lip  is  marked  with  six  purple  brown  spots,  the  throat  is  of  a  yellow- 
ish cream-color.  The  exterior  of  the  whole  shell  is  marked  with  sharp  distant 
grooves  ;  toward  the  canal  the  interspaces  rise  aa  rather  strong  threads.     The 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  147 

color  and  painting  of  the  shell  are  unlike  any  of  the  described  varieties  of 
V.  musica.  The  gr6und  is  pretty  uniformly  clouded  with  a  livid  purple  hrown, 
with  three  or  four  paler  bands,  which  in  the  young  are  narrow,  distinct,  and 
articulated  with  rectangular  brown  spots  rather  distant  from  one  another  ;  the 
surface  generally  is  dotted  over  with  a  profusion  of  brown  dots,  and  there  is  a 
tendency  toward  a  band  of  the  dark  body  color  just  in  front  of  the  ribs,  which 
gives  the  appearance  of  a  succession  of  large  squarish  spots,  one  in  front  of  each 
rib.  There  are  eleven  ribs  on  the  last  and  twelve  on  the  preceding  whorl  ;  they 
are  shorter,  more  pinched  up,  and  much  less  prominent  than  in  the  short- 
spired  varieties  of  V.  musica,  which  generally  have  seven  or  eight  very  promi- 
nent ribs,  almost  like  spines.  They  are  in  the  present  species  smaller  behind 
and  more  inconspicuous  than  in  any  V.  musica  I  have  seen,  coronating  the 
suture,  and  occupying  less  than  half  the  exposed  part  of  the  whorls  on  the 
spire.  In  the  adult  they  are  very  short,  but  in  the  young  they  are  extended 
nearly  to  the  canal. 

The  most  important  feature,  however,  and  that  which  leads  me  to  believe 
that  the  Texas  shell  is  specifically  distinct  from  V.  musica,  lies  in  the  nucleus. 
This  is  composed  of  two  turns,  of  which  the  first  is  white  and  inflated,  as  in 
most  Volutes  of  the  Scaphclla  group,  and  is  itself  larger  than  the  first  two  turns 
of  the  nucleus  of  V.  musica  taken  together.  The  second  turn  is,  if  anything, 
slightly  smaller,  giving  a  papillary  appearance  to  the  nucleus.  The  adult  shell 
has  four  and  a  half  whorls,  which  with  the  nucleus  form  six  and  a  half,  against 
seven  and  a  half  of  the  V.  musica  of  similar  length.  The  youngest  specimen 
of  the  Texas  shell  shows  seven  plaits  on  the  columella,  the  largest  fifteen,  of 
which  each  alternate  one  is  smaller.  I  have  not  been  able  to  find  more  than 
twelve  plaits  on  the  largest  V.  musica  in  the  collection.  This  interesting  form, 
the  only  true  Voluta  known  from  the  coast  of  the  United  States,  should  bear 
the  name  of  Voluta  virescens  Solander,  though  Lamarck's  later  name  of  V.  poly- 
zonalis  is  more  appropriate.  According  to  various  authorities,  V.  virescens 
would  also  have  as  synonyms  V.  fulva  and  chlorosina  of  Lamarck  and  V.  pusio 
of  Swainson  ;  the  latter  a  broad  variety.  The  West  African  habitat  assigned 
to  Voluta  virescens  is  probably  erroneous,  but  at  all  events  there  can  be  no 
question  as  to  its  American  habitat. 

Genus   SCAPHELLA   Swainson  (em.) 

> Scaphclla  Swainson,  Zool.  111.,  2d  ser.,  II.,  No.  19, 1832  ;  Malacology,  pp.  103,  318, 

1840. 
Caricella  sp.  Conrad,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  2d  ser.,  I.  p.  120. 

It  seems  evident  that  Voluta  and  Lyria  on  the  one  hand  and  the  rest  of  the 
Volutes  on  the  other  are  separated  by  a  greater  gap  than  divides  either  group 
above  indicated  within  itself.  Some  name  must  be  adopted  from  among  those 
which  have  been  applied  to  the  shells  not  included  in  Voluta  proper  to  cover 
the  genus,  of  which  most  names  in  use  are  indicative  of  merely  sectional  di- 


143  BULLETIN   OF  THE 

visions.  Cymbium  being  eliminated,  the  next  name  is  Fulgoraria,  which  has  a 
too  evidently  limited  application  to  be  adopted  for  the  whole  group  left  anony- 
mous by  tbe  abstraction  of  Voluta.  The  classification  of  Swainson  comes  next 
in  order,  and  by  treating  his  nomenclature  according  to  the  accepted  rules  we 
find  ourselves  with  three  names  to  select  from,  Cymbiola,  Harpula,  and  Sca- 
phella.  It  would  seem  at  the  first  glance  as  if  this  might  be  decided  by  tbe 
types,  but  on  thorough  examination  it  appears  that  Swainson  was  not  strict  in 
his  vise  of  the  expression  "  type,"  and  named  a  number  of  different  species  as 
"  types"  of  a  single  genus  in  different  parts  of  tbe  same  work.  His  reasoning 
is  so  entangled  with  his  peculiar  theory  of  representative  groups,  as  to  make 
his  meaning  'frequently  obscure.  However,  of  the  names  above  referred  to, 
Harjpula  may  be  eliminated,  as  he  figures  V.  vexillum  as  the  example  of  the 
genus,  and  moreover  this  section  is,  as  it  were,  somewhat  intermediate  in  its 
characters,  and  some  day  may  prove  to  belong  in  the  vicinity  of  Voluta  proper. 
Of  the  two  remaining  names,  Cymbiola  is  more  restricted  in  the  forms  referred 
to  it.  In  one  place  V.  aucilla  is  cited  with  a  query  as  to  whether  this  is  the 
type  or  not  (p.  317)  ;  at  another  place  the  author  queries  whether  V.  ancilla 
should  not  form  a  separate  division  (p.  106),  and  on  the  same  page  refers  to 
V.  vespertilio  as  the  type  of  the  whole  genus.  Yet  we  find  V.  ancitki  referred 
to  as  the  type  of  Cymbiola  by  authors  of  distinction.  \^ 

The  "  best  known  type"  also  figured  (p.  107)  by  Swainson  for  his  genus 
Scaphella  is  the  S.  undulata.  This  group  includes  a  larger  variety  of  forms 
than  the  other,  and  recommends  itself  to  us  as  on  the  whole  the  better  for  our 
purpose,  and  will  be  here  adopted. 

Scaphella  junonia  Hwass. 

Plate  XXXIV.  Figs.  5,  5  c,  5d,  5e. 

Voluta  junonia  Hwass,  Chemnitz,  Conchyl.  Cab.,  XI.  p.  16,  pi.  clxxvii.  figs.  1703, 

1704  ;  1795.     Swainson,  Exotic  Conchology,  pi.  xxxiii. 
Scaphella  junonja  Swainson,  Malacology,  p.  108,  1840. 

Habitat.  Pass-a-Grille,  Florida,  on  the  beach,  Hemphill ;  Florida  Keys, 
Jewett ;  Florida  Reefs,  Pourtales;  Station  2608,  U.  S.  Fish  Commission,  17 
miles  S.  E.  by  E.  ^  E.  from  Cape  Lookout,  North  Carolina,  in  22  fms.,  sand 
and  shell,  bottom  temperature  78°.2  F.  ;  Station  2414,  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico, 
between  Tampa  Bay  and  Dry  Tortugas,  lat.  25°  4'  N.,  Ion.  82°  59'  W.,  in  26 
%is.,  sand  ;  and  near  Nassau,  New  Providence,  dead  in  shallow  water. 

The  adult  shell  is  well  known  and  has  been  repeatedly  figured.  It  has  no 
overglaze.  The  characters  of  the  nucleus  and  the  young  have  been  less  pre- 
cisely stated,  except  as  might  be  inferred  from  a  study  of  the  adult.  Chemnitz 
pointed  out  that  the  early  whorls  are  sculptured,  and  that  a  coarse  spiral  stria- 
tion  is  faintly  visible  toward  the  anterior  end.  The  anterior  plaits  are  less 
strong  than  those  behind  them,  especially  in  the  young,  a  feature  which  was 
the  chief  character  relied  upon  by  Swainson  in  his  division  of  the  Volutidse.    A 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  149 

young  shell  of  (in  all)  three  and  a  quarter  turns,  perfectly  fresh,  affords  the 
following  notes. 

Color.  —  The  beginning  of  the  nucleus  livid  purple  ;  the  second  whorl  (which 
is  post-embryonic)  pale  waxen  white  ;  the  rest  of  the  shell  waxen  white  with 
five  series  of  rectangular  dark  purple-brown  spots ;  two  other  series  begin  on 
the  last  half-whorl ;  the  spots,  at  first  angular,  become  rounded  at  the  corners ; 
throat,  plaits,  and  siphonal  fasciole  of  varying  pale  shades  of  salmon-color; 
epidermis  very  thin,  smooth,  very  pale  brown. 

Sculpture.  — Embryonic  part  of  the  shell  finely  granulous  and  with  a  slightly 
irregular  surface,  its  initial  point  rounded  and  folded  in  laterally ;  next  half-turn 
polished,  finely  spirally  striate;  then  small  narrow  longitudinal  ribs  begin  to 
appear,  which  are  most  developed  on  the  third  whorl  and  begin  to  die  out  at 
the  end  of  that  whorl.  These  when  most  developed  extend  entirely  across 
the  whorl,  their  centres  a  little  more  than  a  millimeter  apart,  on  the  average. 
There  are  in  this  specimen  about  twenty-four  well-developed  ribs,  and  a  num- 
ber more  or  less  incomplete  or  obsolete.  They  are,  on  the  body  of  the  whorl, 
crossed  by  fine  threads,  more  prominent  in  the  interspaces  between  the  ribs,  and 
on  the  anterior  part  by  about  ten  stouter  threads,  which  ride  over  the  ribs  and 
reticulate  them ;  these  threads,  however,  become  obsolete  on  the  siphonal  fas- 
ciole. The  pillar  has  four  strong  plaits  on  its  posterior  half;  they  increase  in 
size,  from  in  front  backward.  The  length  of  the  shell  is  23.0 ;  the  length  of 
the  last  whorl,  19.0;  the  maximum  diameter  of  the  shell,  12.0  mm.  The  form 
of  the  nuclear  (embryonic)  part  is  globose,  with  the  initial  point  rounded  and 
slightly  inflated,  or  protruding  laterally  from  the  general  orb  of  the  nucleus. 

From  the  appearance  of  the  nucleus  in  these  forms  of  the  genus  I  am  im- 
pressed with  the  idea  that  the  earliest  shell  substance,  under  which  a  shelly  nu- 
cleus is  secreted,  is  soft  and  cuticular,  and  that  this  protoconch  is  lost,  perhaps 
while  still  in  the  ovicapsule.  In  this  respect  th6y  differ  strongly  from  the 
true  Volutes  typified  by  V.  musica,  which  look  as  if  their  regularly  coiled  nu- 
cleus was  shelly  from  the  outset.  Another  point  is  worthy  of  attention,  and 
that  is  that  the  young  shells  appear  to  show  the  plaits  much  more  characteris- 
tically and  normally  than  do  the  adults,  especially  in  the  section  which  follows 
(Aurinia).  It  should  also  be  noted  that  the  characters  of  the  nucleus  cannot 
be  as  well  studied  in  the  adult  shell  as  in  the  very  young,  for  the  shelly  matter 
of  and  about  the  nucleus  seems  softer  than  that  secreted  by  the  adult,  and  all 
the  characteristic  features  are  liable  to  be  worn  away,  leaving  a  smooth  mammil- 
lary  tip  which  might  readily  be  taken  as  normal.  It  would  seem  that  the 
Volutes,  as  they  grow,  rapidly  fill  the  cavity  of  the  nucleus  with  solid  shell, 
from  which  the  original  surface  is  in  adults  often  entirely  worn  away,  without 
appearing  denuded  to  the  observer. 

It  is  perhaps  worth  mentioning  that  a  very  intelligent  waterman  with  whom 
I  cruised  on  the  west  coast  of  Florida,  and  who  had  found  a  living  Scaphella 
junonia  on  the  beach  after  a  heavy  storm,  insisted  that  it  had  an  operculum. 
He  cleaned  the  shell  and  sold  it  to  a  tourist,  but  did  not  preserve  the  oper- 
culum, which  he  alleged  resembled  that  of  Fulgur,  but  was  proportionally 


150  BULLETIN   OF  THE 

smaller.  I  give  this  information  for  what  it  may  be  worth,  and  am  by  no 
means  certain  that  the  memory  of  my  informant  is  to  be  wholly  trusted  ; 
though  I  believe  the  statement  was  made  in  entire  good  faith. 

Subgenus   AURINIA   H.  &  A.  Adams. 

=  Aurinia  H.  &  A.  Adams,  Gen.  Rec.  Moll.,  I.  p.  166,  1853. 

<  Aurinia  H.  &  A.  Adams,  Ibid.,  II.  p.  617,  1858. 

<  Livonia  Gray,  fide  H.  &  A.  Adams,  /.  c,  p.  617,  1858. 

==  Volutifusus  Conrad,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  563,  1862;  Meek,  Check-List 
Inv.  Fos.  N.  Am.  Miocene,  p.  19, 1864.  Conrad,  Am.  Journ.  Conch.,  II.  p.  66, 
1866.     Tryon,  Struct.  &  Syst.  Conch.,  II.  p.  166,  1883. 

<  Megaptygma  Gabb,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  1876,  p.  292 ;  Tryon,  Struct,  and 

Syst.  Conch.,  II.  p.  166,  1883  (not  Megoptygma  Conrad,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 
Phil.,  1862,  p.  563,  type  V.  sinuosa  Gabb). 
Aulica  sp.  Tryon,  Man.,  IV.  p.  90,  1882. 

Shell  fusiform,  thin,  columellar  plaits  obsolete  in  the  adult,  external  surface 
finely  sculptured  sometimes  beneath  an  overglaze ;  permanent  nucleus  begin- 
ning with  a  sharp  erect  point  ;  operculum  and  radula  absent.  Type,  Volula 
dubia  Broderip. 

The  subgenus  Aurinia  was  first  proposed  by  H.  &  A.  Adams  for  V.  dubia. 
In  the  supplement  to  their  work  they  included  with  it  an  entirely  distinct 
form  with  a  lateral  nucleus,  which  would  seem  to  have  been  named  Livonia 
by  Gray,  and  afterward  Mamillana  by  Crosse.  Volutifusus  Conrad  was  based 
on  V.  mutabilis,  V.  dubia,  and  allied  forms  purely  identical  with  Aurinia. 
Megaptygma  Conrad,  which  has  been  united  with  Volutifusus  by  Gabb  and 
Tryon,  has  directly  antithetical  characters,  as  the  name  implies,  and,  while 
perhaps  not  valid,  is  not  a  synonym  of  Aurinia  or  Volutifusus.  All  these 
forms  have  been  referred  to  Aulica  by  Tryon,  but  the  nucleus  oi  Aulica  is  of 
an  entirely  different  character. 

The  type  is  one  of  the  most  remarkable  shells  of  the  family.  It  is  accom- 
panied in  the  Miocene  Tertiary  by  Aurinia  mutabilis  Conrad,  and  is  itself  not 
uncommon  in  the  Post  Pliocene. 

It  may  be  observed,  that  the  Scaphella  (Pseph&a)  concinna  Broderip,*  of 
which  a  fairly  preserved  specimen  was  dredged  by  Stimpson  in  Hakodadi  Bay, 
Japan,  is  closely  related  to  Aurinia  in  its  conchological  characters.  The  ex- 
treme tip  of  the  nucleus  appears  to  be  lost  in  all  the  specimens,  but  is  very 
likely  to  resemble  that  of  Aurinia.  The  Eocene  species  of  the  Paris  Basin 
referred  to  by  Dr.  Fischer  (Man.,  p.  607,  ex.  V.  muricina),  and  to  which,  on 
account  of  their  Aurinia-like  nucleus,  he  has  given  the  name  of  Eopsephoza, 
may  be  paralleled  in  the  Scaphella  demissa  of  our  own  Eocene,  which  has, 
however,  the  plaits  of  normal  Scaphella.  It  is  evident  that  the  gaps  are 
bridged  by  the  fossils,  and  too  many  names  will  prove  little  less  than  a  burden. 

*  Of  which  5.  lyriforrm's  Kiener  (not  Swainson)  and  S.  Prevostiana  Crosse  are 
perhaps  varieties,  and  all  possibly  referable  to  5.  megaspira  Sby. 


MUSEUM   OF  COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY.  151 

It  may  also  be  noted  that  the  peculiar  thick  anterior  plait  in  S.  Prevostiana 
and  concinna  is  almost  paralleled  in  the  S.  Stearnsii  of  Alaska,  though,  if  the 
description  given  in  the  Manual  by  Dr.  Fischer  of  the  dentition  of  S.  concinna 
be  correct,  the  two  species  are  very  properly  subgenerically,  or  even  generi- 
cally  separated.  Still,  the  free  interchange  of  characters  in  the  known  species 
would  lead  us  to  suspect  a  similar  state  of  things  with  those  species  whose 
soft  parts  are  not  yet  known,  and  it  will  not  be  until  all  have  been  examined 
that  we  can  feel  confident  that  any  present  arrangement  will  not  have  to  be 
modified. 

Aurinia  dubia  Brodebip. 

Voluta  dubia  Brod.,  Zool.  Journ.,  III.  p.  81,  pi.  in.  fig.  1,  1828. 

Fusus  tessellatus  Sdmbert  &  Wagner,  Suppl.  Bd.  Mart,  und  Chemn.  Conchyl.  Cab., 

p.  24,  pi.  ccxix.  figs.  3048,  3049,  1829.     Kiener,  Icon.  Kec.  Shells,  Fusus, 

p.  39,  pi.  xxix.  fig.  1,  copied  in  Reeve,  Conch.  Icon.,  IV.  Fusus,  pi.  xiv.  fig. 

53,  1847.     (Not  of  Zekeli  and  Pictet,  Fos.  Gosaugeb.,  1852.) 
Voluta  dubia  Sby.,  Thes.  Conchyl.,  pi.  lv.  fig.  115, 1847  ;  Reeve,  Conch.  Icon.  Voluta, 

pi.  xxii.  fig.  59,  1849. 
Voluta  (Aurinia)  dubia  H.  &  A.  Ad.,  Gen.  Ree.  Moll.,  I.  p.  166,  1853. 
Voluta  ( Volutifusus)  dubia  Conrad,  Am.  Journ.  Conch.,  II.  p.  66,  1866. 
Voluta  mutabilis  Tuomey  &  Holmes,  Plioc.  Foss.  S.  Car.,  p.  128,  pi.  xxvii.  figs.  5,  6, 

1856.    Not  of  Conrad,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  VII.  p.  135,  1838,  and 

Am.  Journ.  Sci.,  XLI.  p.  346,  pi.  xi.  fig.  7,  1841. 
Voluta  (Aulica)  dubia  Tryon.  Man.,  IV.  p.  90,  pi.  xxvii.  figs.  77,  81,  1882. 
Voluta  dubia  Dohrn,  Jahrb.  D.  Mai.  Ges.,  VI.  pp.  150-156,  pi.  iv.  figs.  1-3,  1879. 

Habitat.  Florida  Reefs,  Pourtales ,  south  and  west  coast  of  Florida,  Dohrn  ; 
U.  S.  Fish  Commission,  at  Station  2402,  between  the  mouth  of  the  Mississippi 
and  Cedar  Keys,  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  lat.  28°  36'  N.,  Ion.  85°  33'  W.,  in  111 
fins.,  gray  mud,  two  living  specimens  ;  Station  2603,  thirty-six  miles  S.  £  W. 
from  Cape  Hatteras,  N.  C,  in  124  fms.,  sand ;  Station  2604,  thirty-nine  miles 
S.  by  W.  h  W.  from  Cape  Hatteras,  in  34  fms.,  yellow  sand,  bottom  tempera- 
ture 79°  F.  (dead  fragment) ;  and  Station  2614,  thirty-six  miles  S.  E.  ^  S. 
from  Cape  Lookout,  N.  C,  in  168  fms.,  gray  sand,  bottom  temperature  48°. 5  F. 
(fresh  young  specimen). 

This  is  probably  the  most  slender  species  of  the  genus,  and  one  of  the  thin- 
nest, though  the  specimens  figured  by  Dohrn  seem  to  have  been  heavier  than 
any  of  those  I  have  seen,  or  than  are  represented  by  any  of  the  other  figures 
extant.  It  is  covered  all  over  by  fine  spiral  sculpture,  no  coarser  in  front  than 
elsewhere ;  it  has  also  the  peculiarity  noted  in  some  species  of  Cymba,  of 
sometimes  being  covered  all  over  by  a  sort  of  whitish  glaze,  which  obscures  the 
suture,  the  sculpture,  and  the  coloration.  Dohrn's  figures  look  as  if  the  shells 
had  been  artificially  cleaned,  to  the  advantage  of  their  appearance  but  the  loss 
of  scientific  value.  This  species  has  normally  only  two  plaits,  which,  in  the 
adult,  are  generally  obsolete ;  one  of  Dohrn's,  however,  had  the  columellar  edge 
grooved,  as  if  possessing  two  additional  minor  plaits. 


152  BULLETIN   OF   THE 

A  young  specimen,  of  the  same  age  as  the  young  S.junonia  before  described, 
presented  the  following  characters. 

Colors.  —  Nucleus  and  first  turn  purplish  brown  (this  fades  with  wear  and 
exposure  to  an  orange  or  buff)  ;  ground  color  pale  salmon,  or  like  the  inside 
of  a  ripe  canteloupe  melon ;  spots  smaller,  more  angular,  and  more  uniform 
than  in  S.  junonia,  and  arranged  in  six  series ;  the  peripheral  series  had  twelve 
spots,  in  S.junonia  only  nine  ;  pillar  like  the  basal  color. 

Sculpture.  —  The  nucleus,  larger  than  the  next  turn,  is  finely  granulous  as  in 
junonia,  but  is  shaped  like  Natica  mamilla ;  the  initial  point  is  a  point,  dis- 
tinctly elevated  above  the  rest.  When  its  original  surface  is  worn  away,  the 
hard  core  with  which  it  is  filled  forms  a  sharper  and  more  elevated  point  than 
there  was  originally.  The  spiral  striation  is  uniform  ;  the  whorls  are  com- 
pressed in  front  of  the  suture  ;  the  ribs  therefore,  which  do  not  become  obsolete 
as  soon  as  in  S.  junonia,  have  their  shoulders  some  distance  in  front  of,  instead 
of  at,  the  suture,  as  in  that  species ;  there  are  seventeen  of  them  on  the  last  turn, 
and  they  become  obsolete  immediately  in  front  of  the  periphery  as  a  rule  ;  tbe 
epidermis,  smooth  in  the  adult,  is  distinctly  hispid  in  the  young;  there  are 
two  clear  cut  but  small  plaits  on  the  remarkably  straight  columella  at  its  pos- 
terior end.  The  shell  is  32.0  mm.  long,  the  last  whorl,  27.0  mm.,  and  the 
maximum  diameter,  12.0  mm.  In  an  adult  of  90.0  mm.  long,  the  maximum 
diameter  is25.0  mm. 

A  very  good  figure  of  this  species  is  that  (fig.  5)  given  by  Tuomey  and 
Holmes,  above  cited.  It  represents  a  specimen  from  the  Post  Pliocene  beds  of 
the  Peedee  River,  S.  C.  Casts  are  said  to  be  abundant  in  the  marl  of  Goose 
Creek.  Neither  of  the  figures  on  this  plate  represents  the  typical  S.  mutabilis, 
as  they  differ  remarkably  from  Conrad's  original  figure. 

Two  specimens  of  this  species  were  obtained  in  a  living  state  at  Station  2402, 
by  the  U.  S.  Fish  Commission,  but  were  not  discovered  in  the  alcoholic  col- 
lection until  after  the  preceding  and  succeeding  remarks  on  this  family  had 
been  some  time  concluded.  They  were  both  males,  and  afforded  the  following 
notes. 

The  animal  is  of  a  pinkish  white  color,  the  anterior  parts  more  orange  or 
reddish,  the  sides  granular,  with  stellate  black  markings,  and  a  certain  amount 
of  dark  pigment  aggregated  toward  the  tip  of  the  proboscis,  siphonal  fold,  and 
margin  of  the  foot.  The  foot  is  somewhat  auriculated  at  its  anterior  corners, 
double  across  its  front  edge,  and  folded  longitudinally.  The  tentacles  are 
large  with  acute  tips,  and  their  bases,  laterally  angulated,  continuous  with 
the  veil  and  not  notched,  are  separated  in  the  median  line  by  a  deep  sulcus. 
The  eyes  are  small  and  black,  on  small  pretty  well  differentiated  peduncles, 
outside  of  and  behind  the  bases  of  the  tentacles.  There  are  two  well-developed 
gills,  and,  on  the  opposite  side,  on  the  dome  of  the  mantle,  a  large  transversely 
corrugated  slime-gland.  The  anus  is  in  the  nuchal  commissure  and  incon- 
spicuous. The  penis  is  not  sickle-shaped,  but  small,  subrectangular,  with  an 
inconspicuous  lateral  tip,  the  whole  laid  back  on  the  neck  and  pointing 
caudally.     There  is  a  small  squarish  appendicle  to  the  siphonal  fold  which 


MUSEUM   OF  COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY.  153 

resembles  that  of  A.  Gouldiana.  There  is  no  jaw,  nor  any  radula,  so  this  fea- 
ture may  be  taken  as  diagnostic  of  Aurinia.  There  are  two  little  cartilaginous 
pads  near  the  tip  of  the  proboscis.  There  is  no  opercular  pad  or  operculum, 
nor  was  there  any  visible  color  gland. 

On  the  whole,  the  general  characters  of  the  soft  parts  agree  well  with 
A.  Gouldiana,  though  differing  in  some  minor  details. 

Aurinia  robusta  n.  s. 

Plate  XXXV.  Fig.  2. 

Shell  large,  stout,  with  a  chalky  external  layer  under  a  thin  pale  yellow  epi- 
dermis, and  an  internal  porcellanous  white  layer  ;  a  strongly  curved  and  re- 
curved canal  ;  four  columella  plaits,  nearly  obsolete  in  the  adult;  the  surface 
finely  spirally  striated;  earlier  whorls  with  the  suture  appressed  and  numerous 
(on  the  fourth  whorl  about  25)  small  short  transverse  riblets  mounted  on  the 
periphery  ;  outer  lip  sharp ;  throat  pure  white ;  pillar  lip  merely  glazed,  ex- 
terior spotted  with  squarish  brown  spots  with  less  regularity  of  size  and  posi- 
tion and  more  distant  than  in  S.  junonia  ;  whorls  six  beside  the  nucleus,  fully 
rounded,  somewhat  irregularly  coiled.  Lon.  of  shell,  119.0;  of  last  whorl, 
100.0  ;  of  aperture,  8S.0  mm.     Max.  diameter  of  shell,  52.0  mm. 

Nucleus  small,  of , one  and  a  half  concave  whorls,  with  the  acute  initial  point 
central,  rising  above  the  margin  of  the  concave,  which  is  formed  by  the  sharp 
posterior  edge  of  the  first  post-embryonic  whorl ;  this  whorl  is  sculptured 
with  very  low  flat  striated  transverse  riblets  with  narrower  channelled  inter- 
spaces, extending  clear  across  the  whorl  and  both  crossed  by  about  eight  dis- 
tinct spiral  threads  between  the  two  sutures  ;  after  the  first  turn  the  transverse 
bands  become  narrower,  the  interspaces  about  equal  to  them,  and  he  spiral 
threads  wider  and  flattened  so  that  a  fine  and  exceedingly  elegant  trellising  is 
the  result.  The  second  whorl  begins  to  be  spotted  with  squarish  brown  spots 
with  fainter  edges,  of  which  seven  series  appear  at  the  end  of  the  second  turn  ; 
interior  yellowish  white  with  four  sharp  plaits  on  the  pillar,  very  oblique,  and 
growing  stronger  backward  ;  epidermis  smooth,  thin,  not  polished  ;  suture 
very  closely  appressed.  Lon.  of  this  young  shell,  with  nucleus  and  two  whorls 
12.0  ;  of  second  whorl,  11.0  ;  max.  diarn.,  5.0  mm. 

Habitat.  Station  55,  off  Havana,  in  lat.  22°  9' .5  and  lon.  82°  21'.5,  in  242 
fms.;  Station  50,  lat.  26°  31'  and  lon.  85°  53',  in  119  fms ;  U.  S.  Fish  Com- 
mission Station  2397,  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  lat.  28°  42',  lon.  8G°  36',  in 
280  fms.,  gray  mud,  bottom  temperature  40°.  1  F. 

This  fine  and  remarkable  species  is  peculiarly  distinguished  by  its  chalky 
outer  layer,  under  a  pale  epidermis,  which  becomes  eroded,  like  that  of  a  fresh- 
water shell.  The  form  of  the  nucleus,  if  the  hypothesis  of  a  membranous  em- 
bryonic first  shell  be  admitted,  would  be  due  to  a  calcification  which  did  not 
extend  to  the  dome  of  the  membrane,  while  the  acute  initial  point  of  the  cal- 
cified part  may  be  supposed  to  occupy  the  vicinity  of  the  pillar  in  the  soft 


154  BULLETIN   OF  THE 

shell.  The  posterior  margin  of  the  first  post-embryonic  whorl  might  easily  be 
rounded  off  by  erosion,  when  the  solid  nucleus  within  after  a  little  wear  would 
put  on  quite  a  different  appearance.  The  pattern  of  coloration,  resembling 
S.junuiiia  and  S.  duhia,  also  resembles  that  of  young  Cojius  Jioridanus,  Co7ius 
Mazei  Deshayes,  and  other  not  related  archibenthal  species.  The  pillar  is 
more  flexuous  than  in  either  of  the  other  species.  The  riblet  sculpture  resem- 
bles not  only  that  of  S.  dubia  and  S.  Gouldiana  in  a  general  way,  but  also  that 
of  the  fossil  5.  mutahilis,  perhaps  the  precursor  of  all  the  Gulf  species.  The 
Blake  dredged  only  fragments  of  this  shell,  the  Fish  Commission  a  single 
adult. 

Aurinia  Gouldiana  n.  s. 

Plate  XXIX.  Fi£.  3. 

Voluta  Gouldiana  Dall,  Conch.  Exchange,  II.  p.  10,  July,  1887. 

Shell  rather  small,  solid,  slender,  white,  brownish  plum-color,  or  spirally 
banded  with  whitish  and  claret-color,  rarely  square-spotted  in  spiral  series; 
whorls  moderately  full,  five  and  a  half  beside  the  nucleus  ;  sculpture  of  fine 
close  distinct  spiral  threads  covering  the  whole  surface  except  the  anterior  part 
of  the  last  whorl,  where  they  gradually  give  way  to  much  stronger  and  more  dis- 
tant threads,  which  in  some  specimens  wind  into  the  aperture,  as  if  simulating 
small  plaits  ;  the  nucleus  is  nearly  flat,  whitish,  consisting  of  one  whorl  rising 
a  little  above  the  posterior  edge  of  the  first  post-embr}-onic  whorl,  and  having 
a  central  projecting  initial  point,  hut  less  prominent  than  in  V.  robusta.  The 
suture  is  appressed  and  in  the  early  whorls  a  little  marginated ;  the  first  whorl 
is  only  strongly  spirally  striated  and  convexly  rounded;  the  succeeding  whorls 
have  the  periphery  rippled  by  a  succession  of  (on  the  third  whorl  22)  small 
waves,  with  their  anterior  slope  steeper  than  the  other,  and  which,  in  some 
specimens,  extend  to  the  last  third  of  the  last  whorl  before  becoming  obsolete, 
though  ceasing  sooner  in  others  ;  these  waves  are  generally  confined  to  the 
periphery  and  vary  in  strength  and  number  in  different  specimens,  one  speci- 
men having  only  eighteen  on  the  third  whorl ;  the  color  varies  from  yellowish 
white  to  a  ruddy  brown  with  a  suggestion  of  purple  in  it,  which  is  usually 
stronger  at  the  suture  along  the  pillar  and  outer  lip,  and  especially  toward  the 
end  of  the  canal.  The  fresh  specimens  nearly  all  show  a  tendency  to  spiral 
banding;  one  beautiful  but  half-grown  specimen  has  six  narrow  pale  bands,  the 
second  from  the  suture  being  on  the  periphery,  with  the  much  wider  inter- 
spaces of  a  brownish  claret  color;  this  fades  slightly,  but  the  white  ones  do  not 
seem  faded.  The  outer  lip  is  sharp  with  a  dark  margin,  the  throat  whitish, 
the  pillar  callus  yellowish  white  ;  there  are,  in  the  very  young,  four  plaits,  of 
which  the  first  and  third,  counting  backward,  are  fainter  than  the  other  two; 
in  adult  shells  rarely  are  more  than  two  visible  and  those  are  quite  faint  ; 
there  is  only  a  light  glaze  on  the  body  whorl;  in  the  adults  the  nucleus  and 
first  whorl  are  generally  so  worn  as  to  resemble  one  of  the  common  round 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  155 

mammillate  tips  seen  normally  in  many  Volutes.  Lon.  of  shell  (largest  adult), 
69.0;  of  last  whorl,  55.0;  of  aperture,  45.0;  max.  diameter  of  shell,  25.0  mm. 
Habitat.  U.  S.  Fish  Commission  Station  2316,  off  Key  West,  in  50  fms., 
coral,  a  unique  spotted  fragment ;  Station  2415,  off  Georgia,  in  440  fms.,  sand; 
Station  2314,  off  South  Carolina,  lat.  32°  43',  lon.  77°  51',  in  159  fms.,  coarse 
sand,  bottom  temperature  47°.4  F.  ;  Stations  2624  and  2625,  seventy-five 
miles  S.  by  E.  ^  E.  from  Cape  Fear,  North  Carolina,  in  258  and  247  fms.,  gray 
sand,  bottom  temperature  46°.0  F. ;  also  at  Stations  2659  and  2661,  off  Cape 
Canaveral,  Florida,  in  509  and  455  fms.,  bottom  temperature  45°.2  and  45°.5  ; 
Station  2665,  off  St.  Augustine,  in  263  fms.,  sand,  temperature  45°.2  ;  and  Sta- 
tion 2668,  off  Fernandina,  in  270  fms.,  sand,  temperature  48°.3  F.  (living). 

This  species  is  the  only  one  of  the  group,  except  V.  vexillum,which.  has  a 
normal  color  pattern  of  unmodified  spiral  bands.  Out  of  twelve  specimens 
seen,  only  one  had  the  bands  broken  into  squarish  distant  spots.  Its  surface, 
in  some  specimens,  shows  a  very  thin  chalky  layer,  but  it  does  not  seem  to  be 
subject  to  erosion.  Though  a  comparatively  small  species,  it  offers  in  its  color- 
ation an  agreeable  variety  from  the  brown  spotted  pattern  presented  by  the 
others,  and,  with  the  exception  of  V.  Stearnsii  which  outrivals  all  others,  is 
one  of  the  most  northern  species  of  the  genus.  It  is  named  in  honor  of  the 
late  Dr.  A.  A.  Gould,  author  of  the  Report  on  the  Shells  of  the  Wilkes  Ex- 
ploring Expedition. 

This  species  is  entirely  without  trace  of  an  operculum,  opercular  gland,  or 
pad.  To  better  make  comparisons  I  took  the  oportunity  of  examining  the 
corresponding  soft  parts  of  Scaphella  Stearnsii  Dall,  from  Alaska,  in  lat.  55°  N., 
lon.  160°  W.  Gr. 

In  S.  Stearnsii  there  was  a  small  but  distinct  opercular  pad,  but  with  no 
operculum  on  it.  I  should  not  be  surprised  if  at  some  future  time  specimens 
of  this  species  were  found  with  a  small  operculum.  The  surface  of  the  foot  in 
S.  Stearnsii  is  coarsely  granulous,  whitish  with  spots  and  streaks  of  vermilion. 
The  color  gland  produced  an  abundance  of  a  beautifully  pure  blue  secretion. 
In  Aurinia  Gouldiana  the  surface  of  the  foot  is  velvety,  smooth  with  very 
fine  granulations,  white,  with  shades  of  olive  tipping  the  stronger  granulations. 
The  sole  of  the  foot  in  Stearnsii  (as  contracted  in  alcohol)  showed  a  spongy 
layer  with  reticulated  structure,  evidently  very  distensible,  the  front  edge  of  the 
foot  was  double,  the  groove  not  deep,  and  the  front  edge  seemed  to  show  no 
tendency  to  indentation  in  the  median  line,  or  lobulation  at  the  anterior  cor- 
ners ;  Gouldiana  seemed  to  be  somewhat  indented,  otherwise  the  foot  did  not 
differ  from  Stearnsii  except  that  the  spongy  sole  was  of  finer  texture.  In  both, 
in  retracting  it  into  the  shell,  the  foot  was  folded  longitudinally.  In  Gouldiana 
the  secretion  of  the  color  gland  is  pale  violet  and  scanty.  There  are  two  gills 
in  both  species,  the  lower  or  outer  (left  hand)  one  the  smaller.  In  Gouldiana 
the  outer  gill  is  a  blackish  olive-color,  the  other  one  whitish  like  the  body. 
The  former  doubtless  performs  the  function  of  an  osphradium,  but  I  question 
whether  it  has  not  also  something  of  a  respiratory  function.  In  Stearnsii  the 
gills   seemed  coarser  and   the   lamellae   proportionally   less  numerous.     The 


156  BULLETIN   OF  THE 

penis  in  Gould iana  is  stout,  long,  and  twisted  back,  circularly  wrinkled 
with  a  small  pointed  appendage  at  the  tip.  In  Stearnsii  the  penis  is  broader 
and  shorter,  folded  under  and  backward,  and  shaped  like  the  distal  end  of  a 
flattish  bean-pod,  transversely  striated  and  thicker  on  its  anterior  than  on 
its  hinder  edge.  In  Stearnsii  there  are  two  appendages  like  tentacula  at  the 
posterior  end  of  the  siphonal  fold,  one  on  each  side,  which  must  project  forward 
when  the  animal  is  expanded ;  in  Gouldiana  there  is  a  median  ridge  in  the 
gutter  of  the  siphonal  fold,  which  projects  more  and  more  as  one  follows  it 
backward,  and  at  its  posterior  end  has  a  single  appendage,  shorter  and  broader 
than  the  lateral  appendages  of  Stearnsii.  which  last  has  no  median  ridge  in  the 
fold.  There  is  something  like  this  ridge  in  the  siphonal  fold  of  Turbinella 
pyrum. 

In  Stearnsii  the  siphonal  fold  when  developed  by  the  animal  must  resemble 
that  of  Cymbiola  Irasiliana  as  figured  by  H.  and  A.  Adams  (Gen.  Rec.  Moll., 
pi.  xviii.  fig.  1),  and  the  rest  of  that  figure  would  do  very  well  for  the  soft  parts 
of  Scaphella  Stearnsii  except  in  two  particulars.  The  first  is,  that  the  flap, 
upon  the  anterior  outer  corner  of  which  the  eyes  are  situated,  ceases  a  little 
distance  behind  the  eye,  and  its  outer  edge  rounds  inward  to  the  body  wall. 
The  second  is,  that  between  the  tentacula  and  separated  from  them  by  a  deep 
notch  on  each  side  is  a  broad  flap  or  veil,  very  thin  and  rounded  in  front  with- 
out indentation.  From  under  this  the  stout  long  proboscis  is  extruded.  This 
flap  in  a  contracted  state  is  as  long  as  the  tentacles.  The  teeth  are  precisely 
like  those  of  Scaphella  scapha  L.,  as  figured  by  various  authorities  (Troschel, 
Gebiss  der  Schnecken,  Bd.  II.  pi.  v.  fig.  3). 

In  Aurinia  Gouldiana  the  front  of  the  head  is  somewhat  different.  The  eye 
flaps  are  small  and  subtriangular,  instead  of  rounded  rectangular.  The  tenta- 
cles are  proportionally  flatter,  larger,  and  longer,  and  are  divided  from  the  veil 
by  only  a  slight  notch.  The  veil  itself  is  divided  into  two  lobes  by  a  deep 
median  fissure,  and  these  lobes  have  each  a  sort  of  blunt  point  in  the  middle  in 
front.  I  was  unable  to  discover  any  radula  after  careful  search.  There  cer- 
tainly was  no  sign  of  it  in  its  proper  place. 

It  will  be  seen  from  these  observations,  that,  so  far  as  the  head  and  foot  are 
concerned,  Aurinia  is  very  much  like  Lyria.  The  siphonal  fold,  penis,  and 
operculum  differ;  the  last  being  wholly  absent  in  Aurinia.  From  Scaphella 
proper  it  is  also  separated  by  marked  differences  of  the  soft  parts.  I  hope 
that  in  time  I  shall  be  able  to  examine  the  soft  parts  of-  V.  junonia.  The  late 
Colonel  Jewett  told  a  story,  which  might  well  make  a  conchologist  shudder,  of 
coming  upon  a  Floridian  "Cracker,"  by  the  beach,  just  as  he  had  broken  the 
roasted  shell  of  a  fine  V.  junonia,  and  was  about  to  swallow  the  contents  ! 

Genus  MITRA  Lamarck. 

The  Mitre-shells  of  the  "West  Indies  have  never  been  revised,  though  a  list 
of  the  species  known  or  supposed  to  belong  to  the  fauna  was  included  by  Krebs 
in  his  Catalogue,  and  the  species  referred  to  in  the  general  literature  were 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY.  157 

indexed  by  me  in  the  "  List  of  Marine  Mollusca."  Some  species  have  been 
wrongly  referred  to  this  fauna,  such  as  exilis  Reeve,  and  tiarella  Lamarck, 
through  erroneous  identifications  or  labels.  Some  species  have  been  so  poorly 
described  that  no  identification  is  possible,  such  as  obliquata  Lam.  (perhaps  a 
variety  of  nodulosd)  and  exigua  C.  B.  Adams.  M.  interpunctata  Carpenter,  I 
find  catalogued  by  Morch  in  Poulsen's  list ;  but  I  can  find  no  other  reference 
to  it,  or  any  description  anywhere,  so  I  suppose  it  to  be  unpublished. 

There  can  be  no  question  that  the  group,  generally  called  by  the  untenable 
name  of  Turricula,  Klein,  is  entitled  to  be  generically  separated  from  the  true 
Mitras  ;  but  being  unable  to  procure  the  soft  parts  of  the  species  which  I  have 
for  study,  I  prefer  for  the  present  to  retain  them  under  the  general  name  of 
Mitra,  even  when  the  contour  is  that  of  species  known  to  be  Turriculate,  since 
the  form  of  the  shell  in  this  matter  is  far  from  decisive. 

There  are  but  two  common  species  of  Mitra  in  the  West  Indies ;  namely, 
M.  nodulosa  Gmelin  (nucleoid  Krebs,  obliquata  Pfr.,  granulosa  Brugiere,  La- 
marck, and  the  majority  of  authors)  and  M.  barbadensis  Ginel.  (striatula  La- 
marck, tessellata  Kiener,  picta  Reeve,  and  perhaps  cozligena  (Rve.?)  Krebs). 
Neither  of  these  was  obtained  by  the  Blake,  and  both  are  usually  seen  in  a 
more  or  less  worn  or  rolled  condition.  There  is  a  close  connection  between 
Mitra  lens  of  the  western  coast  of  America  and  M.  nodulosa ;  the  character- 
istic pits  may  frequently  be  seen  in  undoubted  nodulosa.  There  is  a  variety, 
referred  to  M.  lens,  by  the  name  of  Dupontii  Kiener,  which  is  said  to  come 
from  the  Red  Sea,  a  locality  which  Tryon  and  others  have  doubted.  It  may 
be  erroneous,  but  there  is  nothing  a  priori  unlikely  in  it ;  as  I  have  a  speci- 
men half-way  from  nodulosa  to  lens  which  every  one  would  say  was  an  imma- 
ture lens  if  it  came  from  Panama ;  and  it  is  well  known  how  Red  Sea  species 
are  constantly  turning  up  about  the  West  Indies,  especially  those  from  rather 
deep  water. 

Other  ancient  species  which  are  certainly  West  Indian  are  M.  sulcata 
Gmelin  (microzonias  Lam.,  monilifera  C.  B.  Adams),  and  its  variety  cavea 
Reeve  ;  M.  dermestina  Lamarck  (of  which  speciosa.  pulchella,  and  histrio,  Reeve, 
are  mere  variations)  and  ebenus  Lamarck,  which  I  have  also  under  the  names 
of  M.  chelonia  Reeve  and  M.  nitilina  Duclos.  M.  semicostata  Anton,  I  have 
not  seen,  but  from  the  figure  it  might  be  a  ribbed  variety  of  ebenus.  Of  more 
lately  described  species  we  have  M.  albocincta  C.  B.  Adams,  a  good  species 
(miscalled  M.  albicostata  Ad.  in  my  list  of  "  Hemphill's  Shells"),  which  on  a 
very  dwarfish  scale  recalls  M.  sulcata,  and  is  a  native  of  the  Florida  Keys  and 
Cuban  waters;  M.puella  Peeve,  Florida  and  the  Antilles  (alveolus  Reeve  is 
perhaps  synonymous)  ;  M.  Candida  Reeve  (of  which  straminea  A.  Adams,  may 
be  an  elongated  variety)  ;  M.  Hanlcyi  Dohrn  (1862),  not  of  Sowerby  (1874) 
nor  Hanleyana  Dunker  (1877);  this  is  a  pale  and  delicately  marbled  species, 
varying  from  nearly  pure  white  to  mottled  gray  with  dark  columella,  and 
which  has  a  nearly  black  variety  with  white  ribs  that  has  received  the  name  of 
M.  gemmata  from  Sowerby.  The  difficulty  attending  the  generic  determina- 
tion of  these  small  sheli3  in  the  absence  of  the  soft  parts  is  illustrated  by  the 


158  BULLETIN   OF   THE 

fact  that  Tryon  puts  one  of  these  varieties  in  Mitra  proper  and  the  other  in 
Turricula.  It  abounds  in  the  Florida  Keys.  Mitra  fioridana  Dall,  a  little 
black  (sometimes  pale  brown)  species,  is  found  with  it. 

The  Blake  collection  furnishes  several  interesting  forms,  and  a  new  one  has 
recently  been  obtained  from  the  same  region  by  the  U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

Mitra  Swainsoni  Broderip. 

Plate  XXXVIII.  Fig.  7. 

Mitra  Swainsoni  Broderip,  P.  Z.  S.  1835,  p.  193.  Reeve,  Conch.  Icon.  Mitra,  pi.  i. 
fig.  4,  1844.  (Not  Sby.l)  Agassiz,  Three  Cruises  of  the  Blake,  II.  p.  70, 
fig.  293,  1888. 

Habitat.  "  Monti  Christi,  West  Columbia,"  in  7  fms.,  sandy  mud,  Cuming. 
Variety  antillensis  Dall,  Blake  Station  250,  in  421  fms.,  off  Grenada,  broken 
shell.  U.  S.  Fish  Commission  Station  2354,  off  Arrowsmith  Bank,  Yucatan, 
in  130  fms.,  coral  bottom  ;  Station  2614,  thirty-six  miles  S.E.  ^  S.  from  Cape 
Lookout,  N.  C,  in  168  fms.,  gray  sand. 

The  shells  dredged  by  the  Fish  Commission  which  retain  their  epidermis 
and  are  nearly  perfect  agree  very  well  with  Reeve's  figure ;  the  later  figure  of 
Sowerby  seems  to  be  taken  from  a  different  species,  perhaps  a  variety  of 
M.  maura  as  suggested  by  Tryon.  The  shouldered  whorls  and  black  epi- 
dermis are  quite  different  from  the  regular  convex  series  of  whorls  and  olive- 
gray  epidermis  of  the  specimens  before  me.  I  have  been  able  to  compare  my 
shells  with  a  specimen  of  M.  Swainsoni  in  the  British  Museum,  and  find  them 
very  similar.  The  color  in  the  Antillean  shells  is  a  little  more  gray,  and  the 
shell  not  quite  so  rude  in  its  general  aspect.  The  range  thus  indicated  is 
extraordinary,  but  not  more  so  than  that  of  Amusium  Mortoni  or  Conus  Deles- 
sertii  Recluz.  There  is  an  almost  identical  species  in  the  Miocene  of  Maryland, 
of  which  I  have  only  seen  fragments. 

Mitra  fulgurita  Reeve. 
Mitra  fulgurita  Reeve,  Conch.  Icon.  Mitra,  pi.  ix.  fig.  61,  1844. 

Habitat.  Sigsbee,  off  Havana,  in  119  fms.  ;  near  Barbados,  at  Stations  282, 
290,  and  299,  73-154  fms.,  bottom  temperature  56°. 5  to  73°. 5  F.,  coral  bottom  ; 
also  at  Station  220,  near  Santa  Lucia,  in  116  fms-.  rocky  bottom,  bottom  tem- 
perature 58°,5  ;  Station  247,  off  Grenada,  in  170  fms.,  ooze,  bottom  temper- 
ature 53°. 5  F.  Also  by  the  U.  S.  Fish  Commission  at  Station  2646,  off  Cape 
Florida,  in  85  fms.,  gray  sand. 

The  habitat  of  this  species  according  to  Tryon  has  been  hitherto  unknown. 
The  specimens  were  mostly  rather  young.  The  longitudinal  white  fiammules 
are  exceptional,  the  tendency,  at  least  in  the  young,  seems  to  be  toward  a  pale 
zone  at  the  periphery,  with  darker  brown  on  each  side  of  it,  especially  in  front 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPAKATIVE  ZOOLOGY.  159 

of  the  sutures.     The  epidermis  is  well  marked ;  the  interior  of  the  aperture  is 
white,  with  one  obscure  and  three  well-marked  plaits,  in  the  Blake  specimens. 

Mitra  straminea  A.  Adams. 

Mitra  straminea  A.  Adams,  P.  Z.  S.  1851,  p.  132;  Sby.,  Thes.  Conch.  Mitra,  pi.  xxv. 

fig.  561,  1874. 
?  M.  pia  (Dohrn  MS.)  Sby.,  /.  c,  fig.  550  (an  adult  ?). 
1  M.  Malleti  Petit,  Journ.  de  Conchyl.,  III.  p.  58,  pi.  ii.  figs.  1  a-b,  1852. 

A  single  specimen  of  what  appears  to  be  this  species  was  dredged  off  Cuba, 
at  Station  36,  in  84  fms.  It  looks  as  if  it  might  be  a  young  stage  of  M.  pia, 
but  figures,  however  good,  are  to  be  trusted  only  with  all  reserves. 

Mitra  (Costellaria  ?)  styria  n.  s. 

Plate  XV.  Fig.  6. 

Shell  pale  yellowish,  white,  or  pinkish,  sometimes  with  a  faint  peripheral 
brownish  band,  or  mottled  brown  and  white;  elongated,  acute,  cancellately 
sculptured  ;  nucleus  elongated,  pointed,  glassy,  pale  brownish,  smooth,  of  about 
three  and  a  half  whorls  ;  other  whorls  10-14,  subconvex,  with  a  distinct  but 
not  channelled  suture;  sculpture  of  about  (on  the  last  whorl)  25  slightly 
flexuous  regular  narrow  even  transverse  ribs  separated  by  wider  interspaces, 
extending  clear  over  the  whorl  ;  spiral  sculpture  of  (behind  the  suture  about 
6-10)  even  threads,  separated  by  squarely  channelled  narrower  interspaces, 
crossing  the  ribs  and  with  a  tendency  to  form  a  nodule  at  the  intersection ; 
canal  rather  slender,  with  seven  or  eight  strong  spiral  threads  externally,  which 
are  crossed  only  by  incremental  lines  ;  the  tip  of  the  canal  is  slightly  recurved ; 
internally  the  outer  lip  is  thin,  unreflected,  and  smooth;  deeper  in  the  throat 
are  6-10  tine  spiral  elevated  lirge,  ending  in  the  adult  in  as  many  little  knobs. 
On  the  body  whorl  near  the  angle  with  the  outer  lip,  at  certain  stages,  is  a 
single  small  elevated  callus  ;  over  the  surface  and  on  the  column  the  callosity 
is  thin  ;  the  pillar  has  three  well-defined  plaits  behind  its  own  margin,  the 
posterior  the  largest;  the  completely  adult  may  have  two  more.  Lon.  of  shell, 
19.0  ;  of  aperture,  7.0  ;  max.  diam.  of  shell,  5  0  mm. 

Habitat.  Gulf  of  Mexico,  off  Havana,  in  1 19  fms.  ;  at  Station  32,  in  95  fms. ; 
Station  36,  in  84  fms.  ;  at  Barbados,  in  73-100  fms.;  off  St.  Domingo,  at 
Station  185,  in  333  fins.  ;  Station  262,  in  92  fms.,  near  Grenada  ;  and  by  the 
U.  S.  Fish  Commission  at  Station  2646,  near  Cape  Florida,  in  85  fms.,  sand. 
Bottom  temperatures  at  the  above  stations,  44°. 0  to  70°. 75  F.  Specimens  dead, 
but  in  most  cases  fresh,  and  probably  lived  at  the  depth  stated. 

This  species  varies  in  the  relative  strength  of  the  ribs  and  spiral  threads,  and 
the  prominence  of  the  intersections  ;  some  specimens  are  more  attenuated  than 
others.  The  measurements  of  the  description  are  taken  from  the  most  perfect 
specimen,  but,  judging  from  fragments,  it  attains  a  size  one  third  larger,  and 
the  adult  will  be  proportionally  somewhat  stouter. 


1G0  BULLETIN   OF   THE 

This  species  recalls  M.  (Turriculal)  longispira  and  nasuta  Sby.,  and  casta 
A.  Adams.  It  has  less  ilexuous  ribs,  which  are  not  shouldered  against  the 
suture,  more  rounded  whorls  and  a  longer  canal  than  any  of  the  above  as  far 
as  one  can  determine  by  the  figures  in  the  Thesaurus.  A  pale  pinkish-white 
variety  has  the  maximum  number  (10)  of  spiral  riblets  behind  the  termination 
of  the  suture,  and  in  this  form  the  cancellation  is  less  marked  than  in  the 
majority,  which  have  the  spiral  about  equal  to  the  transverse  ribs. 

Mitra  (Costellaria  V)  Deshayesii  Reeve? 

Mitra  Deshayesii  Reeve,  Conch.  Icon.,  fig.  170,  1844. 

Mitra  rustica  Sowerby,  non  Reeve ;  Thes.  Conch.,  fig.  143,  1874. 

The  single  imperfect  specimen  which  I  refer  with  much  doubt  to  the  above 
species,  while  strongly  resembling  Sowerby's  figure,  differs  from  it  in  having 
the  aperture  strongly  internally  lirate,  and  between  the  ribs  spiral  threads, 
hardly  visible  on  the  ribs ;  there  is  an  impressed  line  before  the  suture,  which 
indents  the  ribs,  forming  a  sort  of  margination  to  the  suture  ;  there  are  half 
a  dozen  strong  spiral  threads  on  the  canal;  the  color  is  chestnut  with  a  pale 
band  above  the  periphery,  and  there  are  three  plaits  on  the  columella.  The 
original  Deshayesii  is  reported  from  the  Eed  Sea. 

Mitra  (Costellaria?)  Rushii  n.  a. 
Mitra  Rushii  Dall,  Conch.  Exchange,  II.  p.  9,  July,  1887. 

Shell  small,  evenly  fusiform,  dark  brown,  bleaching  to  pale  brown  or  yellow- 
ish; nucleus  smooth,  large,  obtuse,  of  one  and  a  half  brown  glassy  whorls;  other 
whorls  about  six,  not  convex,  the  last  more  than  half  the  length  of  the  shell ; 
suture  well  marked  but  not  channelled ;  sculpture  of  narrow  even  numerous 
flexuous  ribs  (about  four  to  1.0  mm.)  extending  clear  across  the  whorl  and  hav- 
ing about  equal  interspaces ;  spiral  sculpture  of  fine  even  close-set  lines  which 
do  not  cross  or  are  obsolete  on  the  ribs,  and  a  few  impressed  lines  cutting  the 
ribs  near  the  anterior  end  of  the  last  whorl ;  aperture  short  and  rather  wide, 
the  outer  lip  simple,  not  thickened  or  reflected,  the  throat  strongly  lirate  ;  a 
small  callosity  near  the  angle  of  the  outer  lip  on  the  body  whorl,  and  three 
stout  plaits  on  the  short  columella.  Lon.  of  shell,  8.75  ;  max.  lat.  of  shell,  3.0; 
Ion.  of  aperture,  3.75  mm.  The  majority  of  specimens  are  about  half  as  long 
as  this  one,  and  proportionately  stouter. 

Habitat.  Near  Sand  Key,  Cuba,  in  about  80  fms.  Dredged  by  the  U.  S. 
Fish  Commission  at  Station  2372,  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  in  27  fms.,  gravel, 
and  off  the  Carolinas  at  Stations  2595,  2596,  2607,  2608,  2612,  2616,  2617,  and 
2619,  in  from  14  to  63  fms.,  gravel,  bottom  temperature  from  67°. 0  to  75°.5  F. 

This  little  shell  resembles  no  recent  species  I  find  figured ;  perhaps  M.  cethi- 
opica  Jickeli,  from  the  Red  Sea,  comes  as  near  as  any.  Volutomitra  wandoensis 
February  25,  1889. 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  1G1 

Holmes,  of  the  Carolina  Post  Pliocene,  would  seem  to  be  related  to  it.  The 
simplicity  and  elegance  of  the  sculpture  are  remarkable.  It  is  named  in  honor 
of  Dr.  W.  H.  Rush,  U.  S.  N.,  who  has  made  praiseworthy  collections  of  shells 
in  the  Antillean  region. 

Mitra  (Costellaria?)  trophonia  n.  s. 

Shell  elongated,  with  a  Stilifer-like  nucleus  of  five  or  more  whorls,  acute, 
yellowish  brown,  polished,  glassy,  and  about  eight  other  normal  moderately 
rounded  whorls  ;  the  last  whorl  forms  more  than  half  the  shell  ;  sculpture 
of  about  (on  the  last  whorl)  fourteen  sharp  little-elevated  ridges,  which  are 
rounder  on  the  earliest  whorls  and  obsolete  on  the  last  half  of  the  (adult)  last 
whorl ;  incremental  lines  irregularly  prominent ;  spiral  sculpture  of  fine  faint 
grooves,  most  visible  between  the  ridges,  three  or  four  ill-defined  distant  re- 
volving ridges  on  the  anterior  part  of  the  last  whorl  which  make  a  sort  of  arch 
in  the  transverse  ridges  when  the  latter  cross  them,  and  two  to  four  ridges 
on  the  canal  corresponding  to  the  plaits ;  siphonal  fasciole  prominent  and 
well  marked ;  suture  distinct,  not  deep,  waved  by  the  ends  of  the  transverse 
ridges  ;  color  from  pale  yellow  to  deep  orange,  with  a  narrow  opaque  white 
band  a  little  way  behind  the  suture,  which  swells  a  little  where  it  crosses  the 
transverse  crests,  and  may  in  some  specimens  be  represented  by  a  series  of  spots 
on  the  crests;  surface  rather  glossy  ;  aperture  narrow,  outer  lip  thin,  sharp, 
with  faint  fine  lirse  in  the  throat;  a  small  callus  at  the  posterior  angle  on  the 
body  whorl  ;  plaits  four,  the  first  rather  small  ;  canal  nearly  as  wide  as  the 
aperture,  somewhat  recurved.  Lon.  of  adult  shell,  20.0;  of  last  whorl,  12.0: 
of  nucleus,  2.0;  max.  lat.  of  shell,  6.75  mm. 

Habitat.  Station  132,  in  115  fms.,  broken  shell,  off  Frederickstadt,  Santa 
Cruz,  bottom  temperature  65°.0  ;  Station  247,  off  Grenada,  in  170  fms.,  ooze, 
bottom  temperature  53°. 5  F. 

The  peculiarly  rude  aspect  resulting  from  the  irregular  incremental  lines 
and  the  sharp-edged  transverse  ridges  is  characteristic,  and  resembles  some- 
what that  of  certain  species  of  Trophon  or  Anachis.  I  have  not  been  able  to 
find  in  the  monographs,  or  elsewhere,  any  species  which  could  well  be  com- 
pared to  this  one  in  sculpture.     It  is  quite  possible  that  its  color  varies. 

The  nearest  species  to  M.  trophonia  is  M.  albocincta  C.  B.  Adams,  which  is 
much  stouter  and  stumpier,  with  wider  and  rounder  transverse  ridges,  rounder 
form,  and  less  acute  and  laterally  flattened  spire.  It  is  also  considerably  smaller, 
with  a  shorter  canal  in  propoi-tion,  and  is  black  in  all  the  specimens  I  have 
seen,  without  exception,  and  shows  no  tendency  to  paler  variations.  M.  trophonia 
has  also  a  faint  distant  resemblance  to  M.  Defrancei  Payraudeau. 

Mitra  (Turris  ?)  Bairdii  Dall. 

Shell  waxen  gray  or  greenish,  elongated,  acute,  with  ten  or  eleven  flattened 
whorls;  nucleus?  (wanting);  sculpture  consisting  on  the  earlier  whorls  of  up 

VOL.  XVIII.  11 


162  BULLETIN   OF  THE 

to  fourteen  little  raised  hardly  fiexuous  transverse  waves  extending  clear  across 
the  whorls,  rounded,  equal  throughout  their  length,  and  separated  hy  shallow 
slightly  wider  interspaces;  this  transverse  sculpture  becomes  gradually  fainter, 
and  entirely  obsolete  on  the  last  whorl,  which  in  the  adult  seems  only  marked 
by  the  fine  and  slightly  irregular  incremental  lines  which  give  to  the  thin 
smooth  pale  brown  and  slightly  fibrous  epidermis  a  silky  appearance  ;  spiral 
sculpture  of  numerous  very  fine  close  half-obsolete  grooves  or  scratches,  and 
six  or  seven  deeper  stronger  grooves  encircling  the  canal ;  whorls  mostly 
flattened,  the  last  slightly  rounded  ;  suture  distinct,  appressed;  aperture  white, 
the  outer  lip  thin,  sharp,  with  no  lira?  on  the  typical  specimen  ;  column  with 
three  plaits,  the  anterior  one  faint;  canal  short,  nearly  as  wide  as  the  aperture, 
hardly  recurved  ;  siphonal  fasciole  distinct ;  soft  parts  whitish,  with  no  oper- 
culum. Lon.  of  shell  (nuclear  whorls  lost),  35.0;  of  last  whorl,  17.-0;  of 
aperture,  12.0  ;  max.  lat.  of  shell,  9.0  mm. 

Habitat.  100  miles  S.  E.  by  S.  i  S.  from  Cape  Fear,  N.  C,  in  528  fins., 
yellow  mud,  bottom  temperature  38°. 7  F.  Dredged  by  U.  S.  Fish  Commission 
steamer  Albatross,  one  living  specimen,  at  Station  2628. 

The  soft  parts  are  so  contracted  that  they  could  not  be  extracted  without 
breaking  the  shell.  This  species  looks  a  good  deal  like  a  Terebra  in  form. 
None  of  the  described  species  at  all  resemble  it. 

Mitra  (Thala  ?)  torticula  n.  s. 

Plate  XV.  Fig.  8. 

Shell  elongated,  acute,  pale  yellowish,  paler  toward  the  extremities,  with  a 
dehiscent  thin  fibrous  epidermis,  its  axial  line  somewhat  convex  toward  the 
right  ;  nucleus  glassy,  white,  mammillate,  of  two  whorls  ;  other  whorls  about 
six,  of  which  the  last  forms  more  than  half  the  shell  ;  sculpture  of  (on  the  last 
whorl)  12  rounded  straight  ribs,  widest  near  the  periphery,  extending  across 
the  whorls  and  fainter  near  the  suture  and  on  the  canal ;  these  are  crossed  by 
about  (on  the  last  whorl)  16  rounded  even  threads,  wdiich  pass  over  the  ribs 
and  interspaces  without  any  marked  nodulation  and  are  separated  by  wider 
interspaces;  suture  not  impressed  ;  aperture  narrow  ;  outer  lip  thin  and  simple 
except  for  slight  crenulation  due  to  the  sculpture;  columella  straight,  acute 
anteriorly  ;  no  callus  on  the  body  or  pillar ;  plaits  two,  distinct  but  not  strong. 
Lon.  of  shell,  12.2;  max.  lat.  of  shell,  4.0  mm.  Soft  parts  dried  up  within 
the  shell,  inaccessible,  but  apparently  without  an  operculum. 

Habitat.  One  living  specimen  from  off  Havana,  Cuba,  in  400  fins.,  bottom 
and  temperature  not  determined. 

The  form  of  this  shell  (apart  from  its  departure  from  a  straight  line)  recalls 
Mangilia  more  than  Mitra  ;  the  two  plaits  are  well  inside,  so  that  they  would 
seem  to  be  true  plaits,  and  not  mere  callosities.  It  is  possible  that  it  should 
he  referred  to  Cordicria,  but  the  aspect  is  more  like  Mitra.  Its  permanent 
place  will  depend  on  the  results  of  the  future  dismemberment  of  the  doubtless 
now  heterogeneous  group  named  Thala  by  H.  &  A.  Adams. 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  163 

Subgenus  CONOMITRA  Conrad. 
?  Conomitra  Conrad,  Am.  Journ.  Conch.,  I.  p.  25,  1865. 

Shell  stout,  short,  like  a  short  Beta;  spire  obtuse  with  a  relatively  large 
shelly  mammillate  nucleus  ;  outer  lip  straight,  simple,  smooth  inside ;  colu- 
mella nearly  straight  with  3-5  rather  strong  plaits  enlarging  backward;  no 
posterior  notch  ;  siphonal  notch  deep ;  surface  smooth  or  axially  plicate  or 
reticulated. 

This  group  resembles  Microvoluta  Angas,  but  in  that  the  siphonal  notch 
is  wanting  or  obsolete,  and  the  general  form  more  elongated  ;  in  Strigatella 
and  Zierliana  the  outer  lip  is  armed,  and  the  dentition  of  the  columella  is 
quite  different.  It  differs  from  the  type  of  Conomitra  Conrad  in  its  apex,  in 
its  simple  outer  lip,  and  in  the  absence  of  the  peculiar  anterior  attenuation. 
I  have  not  been  able  to  find  any  other  group  into  which  it  would  fit  in  a 
satisfactory  manner,  and  have  decided  to  use  Conrad's  undescribed  name  for 
it  ;  I  do  not  feel  positive  that  it  really  belongs  in  the  Mitrida*,  yet  its  form, 
plaits,  and  nucleus  seem  more  allied  to  such  forms  as  M.  Hanleyi  Dohrn  than 
to  Enceta  and  the  other  connections  of  Voluta.  The  colors  are  exactly  those 
of  Enceta.  It  is  possible  that  there  may  be  a  caducous  nucleus,  and  that  the 
mammillary  tip  is  merely  the  consolidated  base  thereof ;  this  cannot  be  deter- 
mined until  quite  young  specimens  have  been  obtained.  My  impression  is, 
however,  that  the  apex  is  naturally  mammillate,  as  in  Mitra  Hanleyi.  The 
species  like  M.  (?)  styria  have  an  elongated  rather  acute  translucent  nucleus  of 
three  or  four  whorls,  like  a  little  Assiminea,  which  is  usually  lost.  This  may 
be  a  character  of  Turricula. 

The  type  of  Conomitra  Conrad,  on  which,  in  default  of  any  diagnosis,  the 
subgenus  must  rest,  is  Mitra  fusoides  Lea  (Contr.  to  Geol.,  p.  169,  t.  vi.  fig.  176, 
1833).  C.  staminea  and  C.  vicksburgensis  Conrad,  the  latter  being  unfigurecl, 
are  probably  mere  varieties  of  Lea's  shell,  which  was  derived  from  the  Clai- 
borne beds.  The  differences  between  them  are  such  as  I  observe  between  my 
specimens  of  C.  Blaheana.  The  simple  unlirate  outer  lip  of  the  latter  may  be 
due  to  the  period  of  growth;  at  all  events.  I  prefer  to  retain  the  recent  form 
with  Conomitra  until  there  is  more  material  available  upon  which  to  base  a 
final  decision.  This  is  the  more  desirable  since  the  Miocene  C.  angulata  Heil- 
prin,  from  the  Tampa  silex  beds,  with  the  smooth  outer  lip  of  the  recent  form 
has  the  small  pointed  apex  of  the  Eocene  type. 

Conomitra  Blakeana  n.  s. 

Shell  columbelliform,  short,  stout,  the  aperture  equalling  or  exceeding  half 
the  shell ;  apex  large  for  the  shell,  mammillate ;  whorls  about  six,  their  pos- 
terior faces  well  rounded  and  somewhat  turrited  between  the  sutures ;  the 
elevation  of  the  spire  different  in  different  specimens  ;  sculpture  of  numerous 
close  stout  transverse  ribs  with  very  narrow  interspaces,  incremental  lines 


1G4  BULLETIN   OF  THE 

rather  well  marked ;  spiral  sculpture  of  rather  strong  threads,  strongest  on  the 
anterior  part  of  the  whorl  and  obsolete  behind  the  periphery ;  aperture  nar- 
row, outer  lip  thickish,  not  reflected,  smooth  inside;  body  whorl  free  from 
callus  ;  columella  with  four  strong  subequal  plaits  and  one  or  two  obscure 
anterior  folds ;  color  whitish  or  brownish  when  faded,  plum  color  and  white 
variegated  when  fresh.  Lon.  (of  two  specimens)  of  shell,  10.0  and  8.0;  of 
aperture,  6.25  and  5.50;  max.  lat.  of  shell,  5.0  and  4.6  mm. 

Habitat.     Yucatan  Strait,  640  i'ms.,  two  dead  specimens. 

This  form  is  related  to  Gonomitra  minima  Seguenza,  Form.  Terz.  Reggio, 
p.  101,  pi.  xi.  fig.  4,  1879,  but  is  about  twice  as  large.  The  latter  is  from  the 
Tortonian  division  of  the  Sicilian  Miocene. 

Conomitra  Blakeana  var.  laevior. 

Plate  XXXV.  Fig    10. 

Shell  resembling  the  preceding  in  form  and  size,  but  smooth  or  with  but 
few  faint  plaits  on  the  apical  whorls;  color  orange,  or  flaked  and  clouded  with 
opaque  white,  or  marbled  like  Meta  cedomdli;  the  spiral  threads  are  absent 
except  a  few  on  the  canal ;  the  whorls  are  more  appressed  and  the  appearance 
of  the  spire  less  stumpy.     Lon.  of  shell,  9.75  ;  max.  lat.  4.6  mm. 

Habitat.  Stations  57,  in  177  fms.,  and  62,  in  80  i'ms.,  off  Havana;  dredged 
by  Sigsbee  while  in  search  of  Pentacrinus.  Also  in  300  fms.,  mud,  off  Cape 
San  Antonio,  by  Dr.  Rush. 

This  must  be  a  charming  shell  when  in  good  order,  and  apparently  must 
inhabit  moderate  depths  of  water. 


Genus  MITROMORPHA  Adams. 

Mitromorpha  A.  Adams  (Cpr.),  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  3d  ser.,  XV.  p.  182,  March, 
1865.     (M.Jilosa  Cpr.) 

This  group,  though  indicated,  seems  not  to  have  been  characterized  by  either 
Adams  or  Carpenter,  and  it  may  be  well  to  indicate  its  chief  features.  The 
form  of  the  typical  species  is  biconic  with  a  globose  nucleus,  a  narrow  aperture 
very  slightly  or  not  at  all  notched  behind,  a  nearly  straight  columella  on 
which  (1)  the  spiral  riblets  of  the  sculpture  may  run  into  the  interior;  or 
(2)  may  be  overlaid  with  a  smooth  layer  of  callus ;  or  (3),  while  in  either  con- 
dition, may  have  two  faint  oblique  ridges  on  the  column,  which,  however,  are 
not  continuous  within  the  shell.  The  outer  lip  is  thickened,  but  not  reflected, 
and  lirate  or  denticulate  a  little  way  within  the  margin.  The  nucleus  is  like 
that  of  some  of  the  small  Mitras,  the  shell  (as  in  M.  dormitor  Shy.)  recalls 
Columbella,  Conus,  Cithara,  etc.  The  spiral  sculpture  is  usually  stronger  than 
the  transverse.  My  own  impression,  subject  to  modification  with  greater 
knowledge,  is  that  these  shells  are  related  to  Mitra  rather  than  Daphnella,  etc. 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  165 

The  species  about  to  be  described  is  more  like  Mitra  conchologically  than  are 
the  Californian  species. 

The  genus  is  known  from  Japan,  California,  and  the  Antilles. 

Mitromorpha  biplicata  n.  s. 

Plate  XXXV.  Fig.  1. 

Shell  small,  biconic,  cancellated,  yellowish  or  whitish  or  with  brown  flam- 
mules;  nucleus  glassy,  white,  globose,  of  one  and  a  half  turns;  other  whorls 
five  or  six,  hardly  rounded;  sculpture  of  about  (on  the  last  whorl)  sixteen 
spiral  squarish  riblets  with  about  equal  interspaces,  in  which  near  the  aper- 
ture of  the  adult  a  fine  intercalary  thread  appears;  the  spiral  sculpture  is 
crossed  by  incremental  lines  and  numerous  faint  rounded  transverse  ribs  which 
go  nearly  across  the  whorl,  but  which  are  chiefly  evident  through  the  rounded 
waves  they  form  on  the  spiral  riblets,  especially  behind  the  periphery  of  the 
whorls;  suture  hardly  distinguishable;  aperture  narrow,  outer  lip  lirate  within, 
a  little  patulous;  inner  lip  plain,  with  two  strong  plications  near  its  middle, 
the  posterior  the  largest.  Lon.  of  shell,  7.0;  of  aperture,  3.5;  max.  lat.  of 
shell,  3.0  mm. 

Habitat.     Barbados,  in  100  fms. 

None  of  the  specimens  had  completed  the  thickening  of  the  outer  lip  and 
the  glazing  of  the  columella  which  mark  the  adult  state,  but  several  were  very 
near  it.  The  surface  of  the  shell  is  glossy  except  for  the  incremental  lines. 
The  colors  much  resemble  in  variations  those  exhibited  by  Mitra  fulgurita 
Reeve. 


Family   FASCIOLARIID^E. 

Subfamily  FUSING. 

Genus  FUSUS  Lamarck. 

The  Fusacea  of  the  West  Indies  appear  to  be  few  in  number  of  species,  and 
rare  as  individuals.  Omitting  those  already  known  to  belong  to  other  genera 
though  described  as  Fusus,  the  following  species  appear  to  be  known  to  inhabit 
the  Antillean  region:  Fusus  closter  Philippi;  F.  Couei  Petit  (very  close  to 
tenuiliratus  Dunker  and  probably  a  variety  of  it);  F.  distans  Lamarck;  F.  gra- 
datus  Reeve  (+  Hartvigii  Shuttlew'orth)  ;  F.  muricoides  C.  B.  Adams;  F.  nitens 
C.  B.  Adams;  Fusus  Schrammi  Crosse;  and  F.  sinistralis  Lamarck.  F.  mult- 
angulus  Philippi  is  a  Muricidea,  F.  limbatus  Dunker  a  dwarf  species  of  Trito- 
nidea ;  both  are  good  species.  The  two  species  of  C.  B.  Adams  are  in  need  of 
more  study.  They  have  not  been  figured,  but  both  were  noted  by  me,  when 
going  over  the  Amherst  collection,  as  rather  peculiar.  F.  muricoides  looks  as  if 
it  might  belong  to  the  Purpuracea.  It  is  colored  somewhat  like  Pleuroioma 
albocincta,  and  the  canal  is  closed  and  twisted  up  as  in  Tritonium.     F.  nitens 


1G6  BULLETIN    OF   THE 

reminded  me  of  a  young  Phos.  Fusus  perrugatus  Conrad  (Florida,  1846)  is 
better  classified  in  the  genus  Urosalpinx.  On  the  other  hand,  Urosalpinx  caro- 
linensis  Verrill  appears  much  like  a  Fusus  of  short  and  compact  form.  The 
species  of  Fusus  described  as  new  by  Holmes,  in  the  "  Post  Pleiocene  Fossils 
of  South  Carolina,"  are  all  young  shells  of  Nassa,  Columbella,  etc.  The  Colus 
exilis  of  Conrad,  figured  in  the  Pliocene  part  of  the  same  work,  is  not  known 
to  me  in  a  recent  state.  The  species  dredged  by  the  U.  S.  Fish  Commission 
along  the  eastern  coast,  with  the  exception  perhaps  of  Sipho  glyptus  Verrill, 
belong  to  Chrysodomus  and  its  subdivisions,  or,  at  all  events,  not  to  Fusus 
proper.  The  researches  of  the  Blake  and  the  Albatross  in  the  Gulf  and  An- 
tillean  region  enable  me  to  add  several  interesting  forms  to  the  list  of  known 
species,  and  new  localities  for  some  which  have  been  regarded  as  rare. 


Fusus  tirnessus  n.  s. 

Shell  solid,  waxen  white,  with  nine  and  a  half  inflated  whorls.  Nucleus  of 
two  whorls,  swollen,  polished,  the  last  whorl  with  sharp  transverse  riblets. 
Sculpture  of  sharply  carinate  spiral  ridges,  6-8  on  the  earlier  whorls,  11-15  on 
the  last  whorl,  beside  about  20  on  the  canal.  On  the  last  whorl,  the  four  or 
five  ridges  in  front  of  the  suture  are  smaller  than  the  others ;  there  is  generally 
a  small  sharp  ridge  between  the  pairs  of  large  ones  which  becomes  a  fine  thread 
if  we  follow  it  up  the  spire;  on  the  canal  all  the  ridges  become  less  prominent 
anteriorly.  On  the  apical  whorls  there  are  10-12  transverse  ribs,  rounded,  and 
only  prominent  toward  the  periphery;  the  ridges  run  over  these  without  much 
change  and  the  transverse  riblets  become  fainter  on  the  later  whorls  and  usually 
vanish  on  the  last  one.  The  only  other  transverse  sculpture  is  formed  by  the 
lines  of  growth,  which  are  rather  sharp  and  scalloped  between  the  ridges,  cor- 
responding to  serrations  of  the  outer  lip;  the  whorls  increase  rapidly  in  diam- 
eter, and  the  suture  is  deep  but  not  channelled.  The  base  of  the  last  whorl  is 
rather  suddenly  constricted,  while  the  canal  tapers  rapidly.  The  aperture  is 
small,  surrounded  by  a  continuous  sharp  lip-lamina  which  extends  to  the  end 
of  the  canal.  The  outer  lip  is  strongly  serrate,  corresponding  to  12-14  strong 
internal  lirse;  the  inner  lip  is  also  Urate,  but  the  lirse  are  often  broken  up  irreg- 
ularly toward  their  outer  ends.  In  the  immature  shell  the  lamina  about  the 
mouth  and  the  lirations  on  the  inner  lip  are  of  course  absent.  Max.  Ion.  of 
shell,  88.0;  of  last  whorl,  60.0;  of  aperture,  20.0;  of  aperture  and  canal, 
55.0;  max.  lat.  of  shell,  33.0;  of  aperture,  15.0  mm. 

Habitat.  U.  S.  Fish  Commission  Stations  2134,  south  of  Cuba,  in  254  fms., 
sand;  2316,  off  Key  West,  in  50  fms.,  coral  bottom,  temperature  74°.0;  2404, 
in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  between  the  delta  of  the  Mississippi  and  Cedar  Keys, 
Florida,  in  60  fms.,  sand;  and  2411,  between  Cedar  Keys  and  the  Dry  Tortugas, 
in  27  fms.,  sand. 

This  is  a  very  remarkable  species;  in  the  short  and  rapidly  increasing  spire, 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY.  167 

large  body  whorl,  and  rapidly  tapering  canal,  it  has  no  parallel  among  recent 
species.  Its  nearest  relative,  and  doubtless  ancestor,  is  the  Fusus  Caloosaensis 
Heilprin,  from  the  Pliocene  of  the  Caloosahatchie  River,  Florida,  which  has 
very  much  such  a  spire,  but  the  whorls  are  appressed  to  the  suture  and  the 
sculpture  is  markedly  different  in  detail ;  the  lira?  of  the  outer  lip  are  double, 
and  the  shell  is  usually  smaller  than  in  the  present  species. 

In  Fusus  timcssus  the  soft  parts  are  white,  the  operculum  thick  and  solid. 
Neither  appears  to  differ  from  those  ordinary  to  the  genus. 

Fusus  eucosmius  n.  s. 

Plate  XXXV.  Fig.  5. 

This  shell  is  close  to  Fusus  turriculus  Kiener,  from  the  Chinese  coast,  and  i3 
best  described  by  a  comparison  with  it.  The  nucleus  of  turriculus  is  brown 
and  swollen,  the  first  whorl  being  larger  than  the  one  which  succeeds  it ;  in 
eucosmius  it  is  smaller,  white,  and  the  second  turn  is  larger  than  the  first. 
F.  turriculus  with  eleven  whorls  measures  110.0  mm.  long  and  30.0  in  diam- 
eter. F.  eucosmius  with  eleven  whorls  measures  85.0  by  23.5  mm.  It  has  its 
mouth  relatively  as  well  as  actually  smaller  than  the  Chinese  species;  the 
maximum  diameter  of  the  aperture  in  the  latter  enters  6.1  times  into  the  total 
length,  while  in  F.  eucosmius  it  will  enter  6.6  times.  The  average  number  of 
transverse  ribs  in  F.  turriculus  is  ten,  in  F.  eucosmia  eight,  while  in  the  latter 
they  are  usually  more  prominent,  especially  at  the  periphery,  and  the  inter- 
spaces are  deeper.  The  color  of  the  Chinese  form  is  yellowish  white,  but  most 
of  the  Antillean  specimens  tend  toward  an  orange  hue  like  that  of  a  ripe  apri- 
cot. In  other  features  the  two  species  are  very  similar,  except  that  the  inner 
lip  of  eucosmius  is  always  smooth,  while  in  adult  specimens  of  the  Chinese 
shell  the  equivalent  surface  is  strongly  irregularly  lirate. 

Habitat.  West  Florida,  in  60  fms.  ;  Station  11,  in  37  fms.,  near  Cuba; 
Station  290,  in  73  fms.,  sand,  off  Barbados,  bottom  temperature  70°. 7.  Also 
at  U.  S.  Fish  Commission  Stations  2316,  2317,  2318,  off  Key  West,  in  45-50 
fms.,  sand,  temperature  75°. 0,  and  2402,  in  111  fms.,  and  2411  in  27  fms.,  sand, 
in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

The  specimens  obtained  by  the  Blake  were  all  very  young  and  imperfect. 
The  characters  of  the  species  could  not  have  been  made  out  without  an  exam- 
ination of  the  Fish  Commission  specimens,  most  of  which  were  adult  and 
living. 


o 


FUSUS   Couei  Petit. 
Fusus  Couei  Petit,  Journ.  de  Conchyl.,  IV.  p.  249,  pi.  viii.  fig.  1,  1853. 

Habitat.     U.  S.  Fish  Commission  Stations  2411  and  2414,  in  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico  between  Tampa  and  Dry  Tortugas,  in  26-27  fms.,  sand. 


168  BULLETIN   OF   THE 

This  extremely  neat  little  species  is  closely  approached  by  F.  tenuiliratus 
Dunker,  of  unknown  habitat,  which  may  prove  to  be  a  mere  variety  or  abnormal 
form  of  our  species. 

Fusus  distans  Lamarck  var.  closter  Philippi. 

I  can  fully  corroborate  the  remarks  of  Mr.  Tryon  in  regard  to  this  variety. 
It  is  absolutely  indistinguishable  from  specimens  from  the  Philippine  Islands 
known  to  be  varieties  of  F.  distans.  F.  Dupetit-thouarsi  of  Kiener  runs  through 
a  parallel  series  of  variations. 

Fusus  halistreptus  n.  s. 

Plate  XXXV.  Fig.  7. 

Shell  pure  white,  of  about  ten  whorls.  Nucleus  decollate  in  the  specimen; 
early  whorls  with  10-12  faint  rounded  transverse  ribs  which  become  nearly 
obsolete  on  the  later  whorls ;  lines  of  growth  elevated,  sharp,  fluted  and  retic- 
ulated by  the  spiral  sculpture,  giving  the  surface  a  rasplike  character;  they 
are  also  gathered  into  a  frilled  band  just  in  front  of  the  suture,  which  they  cut 
obliquely  ;  spiral  sculpture  of  numerous  fine  threads,  and  on  each  whorl  three 
to  five  stronger  ones,  more  prominent  and  sharp-edged  on  the  ribs;  aperture 
small,  surrounded  with  an  elevated  border;  outer  lip  delicately  lirate  within, 
inner  lip  perfectly  smooth,  a  distinct  notch  in  the  callus  on  the  body  at  the 
posterior  commissure  of  the  aperture  ;  canal  long,  slender,  subcylindrical. 
Max.  Ion.  of  shell,  80.0  ;  of  last  whorl,  51.0  ;  of  aperture,  15.0  ;  of  canal  in 
front  of  the  aperture,  28.0;  max.  lat.  of  shell,  20.0  mm. 

Habitat.  U.  S.  Fish  Commission  Station  2655,  living,  in  338  fms.,  Little 
Bahama  Bank,  bottom  sandy,  temperature  47°. 5  F. 

This  species  recalls  F.  Schrammi  Crosse,  being  about  the  same  size  and  other- 
wise similar,  but  it  is  more  drawn  out,  the  whorls  are  rounded  and  full,  and 
they  are  not  angulated  by  the  prominent  peripheral  thread  which  replaces  the 
carina  of  F.  Schrammi.  The  gathered  oblique  lamellae  at  the  suture  are  also 
peculiar. 

The  soft  parts  are  white  except  the  eyes,  which  are  remarkably  large  and 
black,  and  some  of  the  internal  organs.  The  tentacles  are  very  short  and 
small.  The  operculum  and  other  features  seem  to  resemble  those  of  F.  colus 
as  figured  by  H.  &  A.  Adams. 

Fusus  benthalis  n.  s. 

Plate  XV.  Fig.   10. 

Shell  small,  yellowish  white,  eight-whorled.  Nucleus  milk-white,  polished, 
two-whorled,  smooth.  Spiral  sculpture  of  (on  the  last  whorl  about  12)  rather 
strong  rounded  threads,  of  which  three  appear  on  the  upper  whorls  about  equal 
and  equidistant,  riding  over  and  becoming  a  little  swollen  upon  the  transverse 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY.  1G9 

ribs;  between  tbese  are  numerous  small  subequal  close-set  spiral  threads  ; 
transverse  sculpture  of  (on  the  last  whorl  about  12)  equal  even  ribs,  which 
fall  away  toward  the  sutures  and  on  the  canal;  these  ribs  are  wider  than  their 
interspaces,  with  a  tendency  to  become  nodulous  where  crossed  by  the  strong 
spirals  ;  both  margins  of  the  suture  are  bordered  by  a  thread  and  appressed  to 
each  other  in  a  wavy  line  ;  canal  and  aperture  moderate  ;  the  outer  lip  lirate 
within  ;  inner  lip  simple,  with  a  light  wash  of  callus ;  whorls  moderately 
rounded.  Max.  Ion.  of  shell,  15.0;  of  last  whorl,  10.0;  of  aperture,  4.0;  of 
canal  in  front  of  the  aperture,  4.0  ;  max.  lat.  of  shell,  5.5  mm. 

Habitat.  Off  Cape  San  Antonio,  living,  in  1002  fins.  Station  5,  near  Cuba, 
in  152-229  fins.,  ooze,  temperature  49°.5;  off  Sand  Key,  15-128  fms;  off 
Sombrero,  in  54  fms. 

This  little  shell  appeals  to  be  abundant,  and  to  have  a  very  wide  bathy- 
metrical  range. 

Fusus  amiantus  n.  s. 

Plate  XV.  Fig.  11. 

Shell  pure  white,  with  a  straw-colored  nucleus,  ten-whorled.  Spire  rather 
acute,  whorls  obliquely  smoothed  off  in  front  of  the  sutures.  Nucleus  four- 
whorled,  above  smooth,  below  sculptured  with  semilunar  transverse  ripples 
and  a  basal  carina;  spiral  sculpture  of  very  fine  spiral  threads,  lightly  decus- 
sated by  wavy  lines  of  growth  ;  there  are  also  two  strong  threads  near  the 
periphery,  one  lower  which  is  obscured  by  the  suture,  and  on  the  last  whorl 
three,  more  anterior,  beside  the  usual  spiral  sculpture  of  the  canal;  these 
strong  threads  become  much  more  prominent,  stronger,  and  sharply  keeled,  as 
they  pass  over  the  transverse  riblets  ;  transverse  sculpture  of  eight  rounded 
ribs,  which  appear  near  the  periphery  and  extend  over  it  on  to  the  base  ;  they 
are  crossed  by  the  spiral  sculpture ;  suture  appressed,  wavy  ;  the  absence  of 
ribs  near  the  suture  and  the  flattening  of  the  shell  there  give  this  species  a 
somewhat  Pleurotomoid  aspect,  but  there  is  no  notch  ;  canal  moderate,  strongly 
twisted  ;  aperture  smooth  within,  edges  sharp,  simple.  Max.  Ion.  of  shell,  17.0; 
of  last  whorl,  ,10.3  ;  of  aperture  and  canal,  8.0;  max.  lat.  of  shell,  6.6  mm. 

Habitat.  Gulf  of  Mexico,  at  Station  2,  off  Havana,  in  805  fms.,  bottom  tem- 
perature 39°.75  F. 

The  nucleus  of  this  little  shell  is  peculiar,  and  the  aperture  is  imperfect,  but 
it  is  clearly  different  from  any  of  the  known  species.  There  is  something  in 
the  texture  of  the  shell  and  the  finer  sculpture  which  recalls  Sipho  ghjptus 
Verrill. 

Fusus  gepynotus  n.  s. 

Shell  small,  slender,  white,  eight-whorled  ;  nucleus  milk-white,  strongly 
transversely  plicate  below,  above  smooth,  rounded  ;  spiral  sculpture  of  (on  the 
last  whorl  18)  strong  rounded  threads,  of  which  four  or  five  are  visible  on  the 


170  BULLETIN   OF   THE 

upper  whorls;  these  are  slightly  swollen,  but  not  keeled,  where  they  pass  over 
the  ribs  ;  between  these  are  numerous  fine  close-set  threads  slightly  marked, 
by  inconspicuous  lines  of  growth.  The  transverse  sculpture  consists  of  (on 
the  last  whorl  10)  rounded  rather  close  stout  ribs  which  pass  clear  over  the 
whorl  and  are  straight  and  slightly  larger  behind  ;  suture  appressed  and  wavy, 
conspicuous  ;  canal  stout,  slightly  twisted,  aperture  subovate,  marginated  ;  outer 
lip  internally  lirate  with  two  or  three  strong  denticles  anteriorly  ;  inner  lip 
smooth,  or  slightly  granulous.  Max.  Ion.  of  shell,  24.0  ;  of  last  whorl,  16.5  ; 
of  aperture  and  canal,  12.5;  max.  lat.  of  shell,  9.0  mm. 

Habitat.  Station  36,  in  84  fms.,  Gulf  of  Mexico;  off  Sombrero,  in  70  fms. 
U.  S.  Fish  Commission  Station  2648,  off  Cape  Florida,  in  84  fms.,  green  mud. 

This  species  recalls  F.  Bocayei  Fischer,  dredged  by  the  Travailleur  in  about 
500  fms.,  but  that  species,  from  an  authentic  specimen,  is  shorter,  stouter,  with 
only  seven  transverse  ribs  and  three  principal  spiral  threads  on  the  spire.  The 
fine  spirals  in  F.  Bocagei  are  also  more  conspicuous.  F.  wpijnotus  has  a  little 
the  aspect  of  Fusus  carolinensis  Verrill,  especially  the  young  ones,  while  differ- 
ing in  many  details,  especially  the  number  and  straightness  of  the  ribs.  Its 
nearest  relative  would  seem  to  be  a  form  named  by  Borson  Fusus  lamellosus, 
from  the  Tertiary  of  Modena;  but  this  is  merely  the  young  of  F.  rostratus,  and 
the  adult  has  very  different  characters. 

Fusus  alcimus  n.  s. 

Shell  resembling  the  last  species,  but  shorter  and  more  acute  at  both  ends, 
with  only  six  much  more  oblique  and  proportionally  stouter  ribs,  coarser  re- 
volving spirals,  and  none  of  the  fine  spiral  striation  which  exists  between  the 
primary  threads  of  F.  cepynotus.  It  has  eight  whorls;  the  nucleus  is  strongly 
plicate  below;  the  interspaces  between  the  ribs  are  deep,  and  in  them  the 
spirals  are  much  closer  together  than  they  are  on  the  summit  of  the  ribs;  on 
the  last  whorl  there  is  sometimes  an  intercalary  single  fine  spiral  thread.  The 
color  is  yellowish  with  touches  of  dark  brown ;  the  canal  is  very  short ;  the 
aperture  is  contracted,  the  lips  much  thickened,  the  outer  one  strongly  inter- 
nally lirate,  the  inner  one  smooth ;  the  suture  is  inconspicuous  and  very  much 
waved.  Max.  Ion.  of  shell,  15.0;  of  last  whorl,  9.2;  of  aperture  and  canal,  7.0; 
max.  lat.  of  shell,  7.0  mm. 

Habitat.  Station  32,  in  95  fms.,  100  miles  north  of  Yucatan,  in  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico. 

Fusus  alcimus  var.  Rushii  Dall. 

Shell  smaller,  pure  white,  nucleus  hardly  plicate,  depressions  between  the 
ribs  less  deep,  ribs  less  prominent  and  hardly  oblique.  Lon.  of  shell,  8.5; 
lat.  4.0  mm. 

Habitat.  West  of  North  Bernini,  Bahamas,  in  200  fms.,  Dr.  W.  H.  Kush, 
U.  S.  N. 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  171 


Fusus  ceramidus  n.  s. 

Shell  of  a  waxen  or  brownish  yellow  color,  of  a  peculiar  waxen  subtranslu- 
cency,  nine-whorled,  strongly  transversely  ribbed,  with  obscure  spiral  sculp- 
ture and  an  imbricated  band  in  front  of  the  suture.  Nucleus  white,  smooth, 
small  but  swollen.  Transverse  sculpture  of  seven  or  eight  rounded  ribs, 
stouter  and  more  prominent  on  the  early  whorls,  and  on  most  of  them  not 
quite  reaching  the  suture;  also  sharpish  lines  of  growth  whicli  in  front  of  the 
6uture  are  elevated  into  flattish  somewhat  irregular  imbricated  scales,  forming 
a  narrow  band  in  front  of  the  suture.  Spiral  sculpture  of  primary  and  finer 
secondary  threads,  one  or  two  of  the  former,  near  the  periphery,  becoming 
sharper  and  more  prominent  as  they  pass  over  the  ribs ;  on  the  later  whorls 
all  the  spiral  sculpture  has  a  worn  or  partially  obsolete  appearance.  Aperture 
large,  canal  moderate,  curved  to  the  left;  outer  lip  not  much  thickened,  inter- 
nally lirate  ;  a  callous  ridge  on  the  body,  near  the  outer  lip ;  the  inner  lip 
smooth,  or  with  a  few  liree  near  the  canal.  Max.  Ion.  of  shell,  46.5;  of  last 
whorl,  32.0;  of  aperture  and  canal,  26.0;  max.  lat.  of  shell,  18.7  mm. 

Habitat.  Stations  272,  273,  and  290,  at  Barbados,  in  73-103  fins.,  sand, 
bottom  temperature  60°  to  71°.0  F. 

This  is  a  peculiar  species  and  easily  recognized  by  the  color  and  imbricated 
band  before  the  suture. 


Fusus  amphiurgus  n.  s. 

Shell  small,  eight-whorled ,  yellowish,  translucent,  with  spiral  touches  of 
reddish  brown;  nucleus  polished,  smooth,  brownish,  two-whorled;  transverse 
sculpture  of  fine  sharp  distinct  incremental  lines,  and  9-10  narrow  rounded 
subequal  ribs,  with  wider  interspaces,  and  somewhat  broader  anteriorly  than 
near  the  suture;  spiral  sculpture  of,  on  the  periphery,  two  primary  threads 
stronger  than  any  of  the  others,  swollen,  keeled,  and  opaque  white  where  they 
pass  over  the  ribs;  between  these  and  the  suture  behind  are  three  or  four 
smaller  threads  with  touches  of  brown  in  the  interspaces;  in  front  of  the 
periphery  and  between  it  and  the  canal  are  about  six  more  smaller  primary 
threads,  and  others  which  cover  the  canal ;  between  these  on  the  whorl  are 
from  one  to  four  extremely  fine  secondary  threads.  Owing  to  the  difference 
in  the  size  of  the  primaries  the  upper  surface  of  the  whorls  slopes,  roof-like,  to 
the  periphery,  and  this,  with  the  white  noduled  peripheral  threads,  is  the  most 
striking  feature  of  the  shell;  the  aperture  is  rounded,  the  outer  lip  internally 
lirate,  the  canal  slender  and  well  differentiated.  Max.  Ion.  of  shell,  14.0;  of 
last  whorl,  9.0;  of  aperture  and  canal,  7.3;  max.  lat.  of  shell,  6.5  mm. 

Habitat.  Gulf  of  Mexico,  at  Station  45,  in  101  fins.,  bottom  temperature 
62°  F. 

This  little  shell  is  immature,  and  is  described  with  some  hesitation  for  that 
reason,  yet  it  does  not  show  characters  like  those  exhibited  by  the  young  of 


172  BULLETIN   OF   THE 

any  of  the  known  species,  and  it  seemed  best  to  put  it  on  record  by  giving  it  a 
name.  Its  nearest  relative  is  Fusus  pulchellus  Philippi,  of  the  Mediterranean, 
from  which  its  most  obvious  distinction  lies  in  its  lighter  color,  more  delicate 
texture,  and  the  peculiar  bevel  of  the  upper  surface  of  the  whorls.  In  F.  pul- 
chellus the  whorls  are  rounded  and  full,  and  the  spiral  sculpture  coarser  and 
sharper. 


Subfamily   FASCIOLARIIN^E. 

Genus  FASCIOLARIA  Lamarck. 
Fasciolaria  distans  Lamarck. 

Two  young  shells  were  dredged  off  Sombrero,  in  54  fms. 

The  more  southern  specimens  of  this  shell  are  paler  than  those  from  the 
United  States.  A  specimen  received  from  Balize  is  almost  destitute  of  re- 
volving color  lines  and  is  of  a  very  pale  salmon-color.  The  species  is  perfectly 
distinct  from  any  of  the  varieties  of  F.  tulipa. 

Subgenus  MESORHYTIS  Meek. 

Mesorhytis  Meek,  Inv.  Pal.  Upper  Missouri,  pp.  356,  364,  1876 ;  type,  Fasciolaria 
gracilentis  Meek ;  Cret. 

Mesorhytis  Meekiana  n.  s. 

Plate  XXXVI.  Fig.  7. 

Shell  elongate-fusiform,  thin,  pale  waxen  or  brownish,  glossy;  nucleus  blunt, 
globose,  of  about  one  whorl ;  other  whorls  seven  or  more,  little  rounded,  the 
second,  third,  and  fourth  showing  8-10  sharp  high  transverse  ribs,  a  little 
shouldered  behind,  and  crossed  by  fine  spiral  threads  and  grooves  most  distinct 
on  the  posterior  side  of  the  whorl;  one  of  the  threads  is  stronger  than  the 
others  and  angulates  the  ribs  in  crossing  them;  the  sculpture  becomes  obsolete 
or  nearly  so  on  succeeding  whorls,  the  fine  distant  grooves  persisting  longest ; 
specimens  differ  in  this  respect ;  usually  the  succeeding  whorls  are  smooth  except 
for  incremental  lines,  appressed  toward  the  suture  and  with  a  little  fine  spiral 
grooving  on  the  canal;  aperture  elongated,  acute  behind;  outer  lip  smooth, 
thin,  and  sharp;  canal  about  half  as  wide  and  nearly  as  long  as  the  aperture, 
slightly  recurved;  columella  without  callus,  somewhat  flexuous  ;  at  its  middle 
are  three  plaits,  the  largest  being  posterior,  very  thin,  elevated,  and  somewhat 
oblique.     Lon.  of  shell,  15.5;  of  aperture,  9.0;  max.  lat.  of  shell,  5.0  mm. 

Habitat.  Off  Morro  Light,  Cuba,  250-400  fms.;  Gulf  of  Mexico,  Station 
16,  292  fms.,  and  Station  20,  in  220  fms.,  bottom  temperature  62°.0  F. 
Though  not  containing  the  soft  parts,  the  specimens  were  fresh,  and  probably 
lived  at  these  depths.     They  seem  not  completely  mature. 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  173 

The  very  young,  owing  to  its  sculpture,  might  be  taken  for  an  immature 
Mitra,  but  the  shell  when  older  is  very  characteristic.  It  is  the  first  living 
species  of  the  subgenus  which  has  been  reported. 

Genus  MAZZALINA   Conrad. 

This  group  is  known  only  from  a  single  Eocene  species,  M.  pyrula  Conrad, 
which  I  agree  with  Messrs.  Fischer  and  Tryon  in  regarding  as  nearly  related  to 
Lagena,  having  recently  examined  the  original  type.  Another  shell,  which 
has  recently  been  referred  to  this  group,  is  of  a  good  deal  of  interest,  and 
represents  without  dcubt  a  new  generic  type. 

Genus   LIOCHLAMYS  Dall. 

Shell  resembling  a  Fasciolaria  of  the  type  of  F.  distans,  but  short  and  glo- 
bose, with  a  short  curved  canal,  three  plaits  on  the  column,  and  the  usual 
features  of  Fasciolaria,  but  entirely  covered  over  in  the  adult  with  a  coat  of 
enamel  which  obscures  the  sutures,  and  as  it  were  varnishes  the  whole  shell. 
The  mantle  in  this  form  must  have  been  prolonged,  as  in  Dipsaccus  or  Cyprcea, 
so  as  entirely  to  hide  the  shell. 

Type,  L.  bulbosa  Dall  =  Mazzalina  bulbosa  Heilprin,  Trans.  Wagner  Free 
Inst.,  I.  p.  76,  plate  ii.  fig.  7,  1887.  Pliocene  of  the  Caloosahatchie  beds, 
Florida. 

The  original  specimen  of  Prof.  Heilprin  was  somewhat  decorticated,  and  the 
usual  spiral  sculpture  of  the  canal  and  anterior  part  of  the  shell  running  into 
the  aperture,  where  the  enamel  had  been  lost,  gave  somewhat  the  aspect  of  the 
grooving  of  Lagena  or  Mazzalina.  In  perfect  specimens  nothing  of  this  sort 
is  to  be  seen.  The  shell  is  a  short  bulbous  Fasciolaria,  covered  with  a  coat  of 
enamel  brilliantly  polished.  This  species  is  found  with  many  other  rather 
deep-water  species,  of  which  several  are  in  the  Albatross  dredgings.  It  would 
not  be  very  extraordinary  if  future  dredgings  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  should 
bring  it  to  light  in  the  recent  state. 

Genus  LATIRUS  Montfort. 

The  following  species,  though  not  obtained  by  the  Blake,  form  part  of  the 
fauna  of  this  region.  Leiicozonia  cingulifera  Lamarck  (sometimes  70.0  mm.  in 
length)  which  extends  from  the  Florida  Keys  to  the  Isthmus  of  Darien.  By 
a  typographical  error  transplanted  into  Mr.  Tryon's  Manual  (Vol.  III.  p.  96),  it 
was  referred  to  as  L.  cingulata  by  Mr.  W.  W.  Calkins.  The  latter  is  a  West 
American  species,  of  which  no  trace  has  ever  been  found  in  Florida.  L.  occllata 
Gmelin  also  reaches  the  Keys,  though  rare  ;  L.  dubia  Petit  is  a  variety  of  it 
L.  triscrialis,  to  which  Tryon  refers  L.  dubia,  is  confined  to  the  eastern  Atlantic. 
L.  multangulus  of  Tryon  (after  Philippi),  as  we  have  elsewhere  shown,  is  a 


174  BULLETIN   OF   THE 

Muricidea.     In  the  genus  Latirus,  L.  infundibulum  Gmelin,  L.  brevicaudatus 
Reeve,  and  L.  cayohuesonicus  Sowerby  are  Antillean,  the  last  named  bein"  the 
only  one  known  to  reach  the  Keys.    L.  maderensis  Watson,  L.  fastigium  Reeve 
and  L.  contemptus  A.  Adams  are  stated  to  be  West  Indian,  but  I  have  not  seen 
any  authentic  specimens  of  them  from  that  region. 


Family  BUCCINID^E. 

Subfamily  CHRYSODOMIN.E. 
Genus   CHRYSODOMUS   Swainson. 

Subgenus  SIPHO  Morch. 

The  name  Chrysodomus  is  the  first  which,  according  to  the  rules  of  nomen- 
clature, can  be  properly  adopted  for  the  group  typified  by  Fusus  antiquus  of 
Lamarck,  Neptunea  and  other  names  in  common  use  never  having  been  de- 
fined or  diagnosed  for  this  group  until  long  after  Chrysodomus  had  been  pro- 
posed by  Swainson.  This  group  has  been  united  with  the  Buccinidce,  and  there 
are  many  points  of  resemblance,  but  it  is  a  question  whether  it  would  not  be 
more  correctly  regarded  as  a  subordinate  part  of  a  family  which  shall  include 
the  genus  Fusus  properly  so  called,  with,  on  the  one  hand,  Chrysodomus  and 
its  allies,  and,  on  the  other,  Fasciolaria  and  its  allies,  each  group  being  rated 
as  a  subfamily.  Numerous  characters  link  these  subfamilies  together  ;  and 
the  features  of  the  dentition,  which  formerly  seemed  so  remarkable,  and  which 
were  assigned  as  a  sufficient  reason  for  uniting  the  group  with  the  Buccinidte, 
now  that  we  begin  to  know  of  the  dental  characters  in  a  much  larger  number 
of  species,  seem  less  and  less  distinctive. 

There  are  a  large  number  of  arctic  and  archibenthal  forms  of  the  Sipho 
group.  None  of  them  are  known  to  inhabit  very  warm  water,  where  they  are 
replaced  by  Fusus  and  Fasciolaria.  In  the  deep  water,  however,  a  few  mostly 
small  species  reach  quite  far  south.  A  number  of  interesting  forms  have  been 
described  by  Prof.  Verrill,  while  some  described  from  the  other  side  of  the 
Atlantic  have  turned  up  here  without  being  at  first  recognized.  Such  are 
Sipho  Bocagei  Fischer,  which  has  been  described  by  Messrs.  Yerrill  and  Smith 
as  Sipho  ccelatulus,  and  of  which  a  specimen  36  mm.  long  was  dredged  in  966 
fms.,  off  Jamaica,  W.  I.,  by  the  Fish  Commission.  The  adult  operculum 
shows  that  it  is  not  a  typical  Mohnia,  though  that  appendage  is  less  pointed 
and  acute  than  in  most  of  the  genus  Sipho.  Another  species  is  the  Sipho  Sarsii 
of  Jeffreys,  which  has  been  named  Fusus  ahyssnrum  by  Fischer  from  the  Talis- 
man dreclgings,  and  Siptho  profundicola  V.  &  S.,  from  the  Fish  Commission 
dredgings.  What  seems  to  be  a  very  slender  variety  of  this  species  was  also 
obtained  at  the  same  station  off  Jamaica,  and  very  young  specimens  off  the 
Floridian  and  Georgian  coast. 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  175 

Sipho  Rushii  n.  s. 

Shell  small,  thin,  white,  elongated,  with  a  furfurescent  epidermis  and  six 
whorls.  Nucleus  regular,  white,  smooth,  but  becoming  gradually  spirally 
striate  ;  whorls  well  rounded,  suture  distinct ;  spiral  sculpture  of  (between  the 
sutures  5)  primary  threads,  with  a  smaller  thread  in  the  intervals  and  finer 
ones  on  the  anterior  part  of  the  last  whorl  and  canal ;  these  are  crossed  by  fine 
flexuous  lines  of  growth  which  decussate  the  threads,  or  give  them,  in  strongly 
sculptured  specimens,  a  somewhat  beaded  look  ;  there  are  also  12-15  faint 
flexuous  ribs  crossing  the  whorl,  tending  to  become  obsolete  on  the  last  half  of 
the  last  whorl,  and  more  marked  on  some  specimens  than  on  others  ;  these  are 
quite  concave  at  and  behind  the  periphery ;  canal  short,  narrow,  twisted  to  the 
left;  columella  rather  concave  ;  aperture  entirely  simple,  with  no  visible  cal- 
lus ;  operculum  rather  wide  and  short.  Max.  Ion.  of  shell,  11.0;  of  last  whorl, 
7.5;  of  aperture  and  canal,  5.5  ;  max.  lat.  of  shell,  4.5;  of  aperture,  1.25  mm. 

Habitat.  Station  264-4  of  the  U.  S.  Fish  Commission,  off  Cape  Florida,  in 
193  fins.,  sand,  bottom  temperature  43°.4  F.  Also  in  205  fms.,  off  Fowey 
Rocks,  in  the  Straits  of  Florida,  by  Dr.  W.  H.  Rush,  U.  S.  N. 

This  is  a  delicate  and  pretty  little  shell,  which  is,  in  its  general  characters, 
very  much  like  the  young  state  of  Tritonidea  limbata  Philippi  ( +  Fitsus  pul- 
chellus  Pfr.  non  Phil.) ;  but  that  is  more  strongly  sculptured  and  hao  a  different 
nucleus,  beside  being  clouded  with  color. 

Sipho?  (Ptychosalpinx?)  globulus  n.  s. 

Plate  XXXV.  Fig.  13  a. 

Shell  stout,  short,  white,  spirally  channelled,  with  about  six  whorls;  spire 
short,  whorls  moderately  rounded,  apex  rather  blunt ;  nucleus  small,  depressed, 
glassy,  smooth  ;  spiral  sculpture  of  (between  the  sutures)  about  a  dozen  broad 
flattened  cinguli  separated  by  narrower  channelled  interspaces,  and  covering 
very  equally  the  whole  shell ;  there  are  also  a  few  faint  spiral  stria?,  especially 
in  the  channelled  interspaces  near  the  aperture;  transverse  sculpture  only  of 
rather  strong  lines  of  growth,  most  evident  in  the  channels.  Suture  very  dis- 
tinct; aperture  elongate,  arched,  the  outer  lip  thin,  smooth,  and  hardly  thick- 
ened inside;  a  little  callus  in  the  commissure  and  on  the  body  and  pillar; 
canal  wide,  very  short,  deeply  notched,  strongly  twisted  to  the  left;  siphonal 
fasciole  narrow  but  distinct,  sharp-edged,  producing  false  plaits  under  the 
columellar  enamel ;  columella  arched,  its  anterior  edge  sharply  keeled.  Oper- 
culum rather  bluntly  pointed.  Max.  Ion.  of  shell,  31.0;  of  last  whorl,  25.0; 
of  aperture  and  canal,  21.5;  max.  lat.  of  shell,  20.0;  of  aperture,  9.5  mm. 

Habitat.  Station  2655  of  the  U.  S.  Fish  Commission,  in  338  fms.,  ooze,  on 
the  Little  Bahama  Bank,  the  bottom  temperature  47°. 5  F. 

This  shell  is  thin,  and  recalls  Odcorys  as  well  as  Liomesus.  The  nearest  rel- 
atives, conchologically,  are  Chrysodomus  ventricosus  Gray,  from  Newfoundland, 
which  is  a  much  larger  shell  with  a  strong  epidermis  and  longer  canal,  and  the 


176  BULLETIN   OF   THE 

fossil  shells  named  Ptychosalpinx  by  Gill,  in  1867,  of  which  Buccinum  Escheri 
Mayer  and  B.  altile  Conrad  are  types. 

The  animal  is  pure  white,  and  destitute  of  eyes.  The  tentacles  are  small,  the 
proboscis  extremely  long ;  the  verge  is  long,  sigmoid,  flattened,  and  has  a  small 
pointed  process  at  the  tip.  The  dentition  resembles  that  of  Chrysodomus 
(Mohnia)  Mohni  Friele  (North  Atlantic  Exp.,  Eeport,  Part  I.,  plate  v.  fig.  14, 
1882),  but  the  teeth  are  wider,  the  laterals  more  arched,  and  it  is  certain  that 
the  rhachidian  tooth  has  only  one  prong  or  cusp,  while  the  laterals  have  no 
small  denticles  between  the  two  terminal  ones.  If  this  specimen  had  not  re- 
tained the  soft  parts  I  should  have  supposed  it  to  be  a  Liomesus.  The  keeled 
columella  is  peculiar,  though  this  feature  is  common  to  Liomesus,  but  the  faint 
plait-like  ridges  above  are  merely  the  raised  edges  of  the  siphonal  fasciole, 
showing  through  the  enamel,  and  they  disappear  in  adult  specimens  and  are 
not  present  in  some  young  ones. 

Genus  LIOMESUS   Stimpson. 

Buccinopsis  Jeffreys,  not  Conrad. 

Liomesus  was  defined  before  Buccinopsis  Jeffreys,  and  would  take  precedence 
of  it  even  if  the  name  Buccinopsis  had  not  been  long  preoccupied. 

Liomesus  ?  Stimpsoni  n.  s. 

Plate  XXXV.  Fig.  11. 

Shell  solid,  strong,  porcellanous;  suffused  with  flesh  color,  lighter  toward 
the  apex;  short-fusiform  with  the  extreme  apex  a  little  flattened;  six-whorled; 
nucleus  minute,  somewhat  sunken,  with  the  shell  for  two  and  a  half  whorls 
smooth  polished  and  white  ;  after  this  the  sculpture  gradually  appears,  and 
consists  of  spiral  threads,  or  cinguli,  smaller,  rounder,  and  more  distant  an- 
teriorly, wider,  flatter,  and  closer  posteriorly,  except  that  in  front  of  the  suture 
there  are  one  or  two  rather  wider  interspaces;  beside  this  there  are  obsolete 
spiral  strise  and  rather  strong  lines  of  growth  passing  equally  over  the  whole 
shell;  epidermis  thin,  yellowish;  the  whorls  are  slightly  flattened  behind  and 
squared  off  to  the  suture,  producing  a  slightly  turrited  aspect,  but  the  suture 
is  not  channelled;  canal  short,  wide,  deepby  notched,  producing  a  strongly 
marked  but  not  swollen  fasciole;  aperture  rather  elongated,  not  wide,  thick- 
ened within;  on  the  pillar  a  moderate  whitish  callus,  which  is  microscopically 
punctate,  a  thin  wash  on  the  body;  the  outer  lip  thick  from  the  thickness  of 
the  shell,  a  little  lirate  by  the  sculpture  close  to  the  sharp  edge,  but  not  re- 
flected; canal  short,  not  recurved;  pillar  obliquely  truncate,  arcuate,  keeled 
on  the  front  edge.  Max.  Ion.  of  shell,  32.5;  of  last  whorl,  26.5;  of  aperture, 
20.0;  max.  lat.  of  shell,  18.7;  of  aperture,  9.0  mm. 

Habitat.  U.  S.  Fish  Commission  Stations  2314  and  2625,  off  the  Carolina 
coast,  in  159  and  247  fms.,  sand,  bottom  temperature  46°  to  47°. 5  F. 

February  28,  1889. 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY.  177 

The  specimens  were  perfectly  fresh,  but  did  not  contain  the  soft  parts.  The 
generic  place  therefore  remains  a  little  doubtful.  So  far  as  the  shell  is  con- 
cerned, it  does  not  differ  from  Liomesus,  unless  in  the  somewhat  narrowed  aper- 
ture. In  some  respects  the  shell  recalls  Dalium,  but  wants  the  prominent  band 
in  front  of  the  suture  and  is  of  a  much  more  Buccinoid  form.  It  is  dedicated 
to  the  memory  of  Dr.  Wm.  Stimpson,  the  author  of  the  genus,  which  was 
long  erroneously  included  with  the  Buccinums. 

Subfamily  BUCCININjE. 

Genus   PISANIA   Biyona. 

Subgenus  TRITONIDEA  Swainson. 

Pisania  pusio  Lin.  (non  Auct.)  is  widely  spread  through  the  Antilles,  and 
was  collected  at  Key  West  from  the  hermit  crabs  by  Captain  Pickering,  U.  S.  N. 
It  has  many  synonyms,  and  when  young  is  strongly  striated.  These  young 
with  the  epidermis  on  resemble  P.  striata  Gmelin  very  much,  and  have  been 
so  labelled  in  collections,  but  the  true  striata  (+  maculosa  Lam.  Tryon)  is  a 
Mediterranean  form.  To  the  dark  striated  variety  of  pusio  are  to  be  referred 
P.  wthiops  Phil,  and  P.  janeirense  Phil. 

The  transition  between  Pisania  proper  (P.  pusio)  and  Tritonidea  is  easy. 
Take  P.  pusio  var.  cethiops  and  compare  it  with  a  small  specimen  of  T.  varie- 
gata,  or  a  smooth  variety  of  T.  iincta,  from  which  there  is  no  difficulty  in  reach- 
ing T.  auritula  via  the  ribbed  varieties  of  T.  tincta.  I  can  only  regard  Tritonidea 
as  a  subgenus  of  Pisania. 

Of  the  group  Tritonidea,  the  region  under  consideration  affords  T.  cancellaria 
Conrad  (-+-  T.  floridanus  Petit),  T.  tincta  Conrad,  T.  auritula  Link  (+  T.  coro- 
mandelianus  Lam.,  +  T.  ringens  Tryon  non  Reeve,  -f-  lauta  Reeve,),  T.  vari- 
egatus  Gray  (+  T.  vivcrratoides  Orb.),  T.  UOrbignyi  Payr.  (21  fms.,  off  Cape 
Catoche,  Yucatan),  and  T.  limbata  Phi].,  provided  this  last,  elsewhere  referred 
to  in  this  paper,  really  belongs  to  this  group.  Of  this  list  T.  auritula  is,  so 
far  as  we  know,  Antillean ;  T.  cancellaria  extends  from  the  Caribbean  to  Texas 
and  Florida;  T.  tincta  extends  from  Cape  Hatteras  southward  to  Mexico  and 
the  northern  Antilles ;  T.  variegatus  is  rare  everywhere,  but  reaches  the  Florida 
Keys ;  while  T.  limbata  and  D"1  Orbignyi  are  known  to  me  by  specimens  from 
only  one  or  two  localities.  The  T.  Haneti  of  (Petit  according  to)  Tryon  is  not, 
in  my  opinion,  a  Tritonidea.  The  T.  ringens  of  Calkins  and  Tryon,  from 
specimens  submitted  by  those  gentlemen,  is  T.  tincta,  pure  and  simple,  and  has 
no  particular  resemblance  to  T.  ringens,  which  is  a  West  American  species. 

Genus  PHOS  Montfort. 

Notwithstanding  the  error  of  Mr.  Tryon's  statement  that  this  genus  is  sepa- 
rated by  good  conchological  characters  from  Nassa,  I  do  not  doubt  its  validity, 
but  the  differences  are  to  be  found  in  the  soft  parts  and  the  operculum,  not  in 
vol.  xvm.  12 


178  BULLETIN  OF  THE 

the  shell.  The  oblique  basal  fold  of  the  columella,  regarded  as  characteristic 
by  Mr.  Tryon,  can  be  observed  in  nearly  every  species  of  Nassa  which  one  may 
.examine,  and  is,  in  fact,  conspicuous. 

But  a  very  small  amount  of  investigation  in  this  case,  as  in  many  others,  will 
show  that,  apart  from  the  bare  shells,  there  is  much  yet  to  be  learned  about 
almost  all  these  animals. 

Phos  ?  unicinctus  Sat. 

Nassa  unicincta  Say,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  V.  p.  211,  1826;  Tryon,  Mar. 

Conch.,  p.  35,  fig.  55. 
Nassa  guadeloupensis  Petit,  Journ.  de  Conchyl.,  III.  p.  56,  pi.  ii.  figs.  3,  4,  1852 

Krebs,  Cat.,  p.  32  ;  Beau,  Cat.,  p.  11. 
Nassa  textilina  Morch,  Jide  Tryon,  Man.,  p.  220. 
Phos  guadeloupensis  Arango,  Fauna  Mai.  Cubana,  p.  201, 1878;  Tryon,  Man.,  III.  p. 

219,  pi.  lxxxiii.  figs.  612,  620. 

Habitat.  St.  Thomas,  C.  B.  Adams.  St.  Croix,  Rawson.  Shore  at  Curacao, 
U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

The  South  Carolinian  habitat  assigned  by  Say  was  doubtless  accidental  or 
erroneous.  This  shell  has  more  the  aspect  of  a  Nassa  than  of  a  Phos,  as  these 
go,  though  considerably  resembling  the  specifically  distinct  Phos  pallidus  of 
the  west  coast  of  America.  But  it  has  the  operculum  neither  of  a  Nassa  nor  of 
a  Phos  !  The  operculum  is  lozenge-shaped,  pointed  in  front  and  behind,  with 
a  nearly  central  nucleus  and  concentric  elements  much  like  those  of  Buccinum 
except  in  outline.  In  our  present  ignorance  as  to  the  character  of  the  opercu- 
lum in  nearly  all  the  species  of  Nassa  and  most  of  the  species  of  Phos,  I  do  not 
think  it  advisable  to  propose  a  new  sectional  name  for  this  form,  as  it  may  very 
probably  turn  out  to  be  characteristic  of  some  of  the  sections  of  Nassa  already 
named  on  conchological  grounds. 

Phos  Beaui  Fischer  &  Berkardi. 

Phos  Beaui  F.  &  B.,  Journ.  de  Conchyl.,  V.  p.  358,  pi.  xii   figs.  8,  9,  1860 ;  Krebs, 
Cat.,  p.  32 ;  Fischer,  Cat.  Beau,  p.  10. 

Habitat.  Barbados,  in  73-82  fms.,  at  Stations  272,  290,  and  293,  bottom 
temperature  65°  to  71°  F. 

The  soft  parts  of  this  species  are  white,  dotted  with  blackish  toward  the 
middle  line  of  the  foot  above,  and  with  the  end  of  the  siphon  very  dark  brown. 
The  eyes  are  very  large  in  proportion  to  the  size  of  the  animal,  are  mounted 
on  large  long  stout  peduncles,  from  the  inner  side  of  the  distal  end  of  which  pro- 
ceed very  slender  acute  tentacles.  The  foot  is  large,  thin,  with  an  entire  edge 
and  pointed  linguiform  tail-end.  In  withdrawing  it  into  the  shell  it  is  doubled 
transversely  in  the  middle.  The  operculum  is  like  that  of  Phos  as  figured  by 
H.  &  A.  Adams.  When  entirely  perfect  the  point  terminates  in  a  little  claw- 
shaped  process.     The  surface  of  the  body  is  smooth  and  without  accessory  flla- 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  179 

ments  or  other  processes.  The  specimen  was  not  a  male.  The  tentacles  are 
not  "  connate  at  their  bases  "  in  this  or  the  next  species,  any  more  than  in  any 
other  Gastropod  with  retractile  proboscis.  The  tail  end  of  the  foot  had  no  fila- 
ment, but  was  (in  spirits)  merely  narrow  and  pointed.  Fragments  of  this 
fine  species,  readily  recognized  by  its  polished  surface,  were  obtained  as  above, 
and  one  broken  but  living  specimen  at  Station  293. 

Phos  Candei  Orbignt. 

Cancellaria  Candei  Orbigny,  Atlas  to  Moll.  Cub.,  pi.  xxi.  figs.  23-25,  1842 ;  text  of 
the  same,  II.  p.  129,  1847.     (Not  Nassa  Candei  Orbigny,  op.  cit.) 

Phos  erectus  Guppy,  Geol.  Mag.,  1874,  pi.  xvi.  fig.  1  (extra  copies,  p.  8). 

Phos  Candei  Arango,  Fauna  Mai.  Cub.,  p.  201,  1878. 

Phos  antillarum  Petit,  Journ.  de  Conchyl.,  IV.  pp.  238,  242,  418,  pi.  viii.  fig.  9,  1853. 

Phos  grateloupianus  Petit,  op.  cit.,  p.  243,  pi.  viii.  fig.  4,  1853. 

t Phos  veraguaensis  Hinds,  Ann.  Nat.  Hist.,  XI.  p.  257,  1843;  Voy.  Sulph,  p.  37, 
pi.  x.  figs.  13,  14,  1844;  Tryon,  Man.,  III.  p.  219. 

?  Buccinum  zonale  Krebs,  Cat.,  p.  31,  1864,  as  of  Brugiere. 

Habitat.  Off  Sombrero,  54-70  fms.;  Barbados,  80-100  fms.;  Station  36,  off 
Cuba,  in  84  fms.,  bottom  temperature  60°.  F. ;  Station  128,  off  Santa  Cruz,  in 
180  fms.,  sand,  and  Station  132,  in  115  fms.,  rocky  bottom,  temperature 
60°  to  65°  F.;  Station  143,  off  Saba  Bank,  in  150  fms.,  temperature  63°.5; 
Station  167,  off  Guadelupe,  in  175  fms.,  sand,  temperature  55°. 0;  Station  155, 
off  Montserrat,  in  88  fms.,  temperature  69°.0,  and  Station  247,  off  Grenada,  in 
170  fms.,  ooze,  bottom  temperature  53°. 5  F.  Also  at  U.  S.  Fish  Commission 
Stations  2145,  near  Aspinwall,  in  25  fms.,  mud;  2403,  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico, 
between  the  delta  of  the  Mississippi  and  Cedar  Keys,  Florida,  in  88  fms.,  mud ; 
and  2601,  in  107  fms.,  sand,  36  miles  S.  \  W.  from  Cape  Hatteras,  North 
Carolina,  bottom  temperature  67°. 4  F. 

I  doubt  the  identity  of  this  species  with  that  of  Hinds  from  West  America, 
but  in  any  case  the  name  and  excellent  figure  of  Orbigny  have  precedence, 
though  the  text  of  his  description  was  delayed.  I  have  no  doubt  that  Mr.  Tryon 
was  correct  in  uniting  the  Phos  grateloupianus  of  Petit  with  his  P.  antillarum. . 
Most  of  the  Antillean  specimens  are  more  like  the  figure  of  the  former,  said  to 
be  from  Senegal,  than  like  the  pattern  of  that  from  the  West  Indies.  There 
is  probably  some  error  about  the  figure  or  the  habitat. 

There  is  a  small  variety  of  this  shell  which  is  brighter  colored  and  more 
finely  sculptured  than  the  more  common  form,  but  they  intergrade.  There  is 
much  variation  in  regard  to  the  presence  and  position  of  varices,  which  are 
often  entirely  absent  on  the  upper  whorls.  The  operculum  is  like  that  of 
Chrijsodomus  or  Phos  senticosus. 

The  nucleus  is  glassy,  sharply  peripherally  carinate,  and  has  three  to  five 
otherwise  nnsculptured  whorls.  The  soft  parts  and  operculum  are  exactly  like 
those  of  Phos  Beaui,  but  there  is  less  of  the  blackish  dotting,  even  the  siphon 
has  not  much. 


180  BULLETIN   OF   THE 


Phos  parvus  C.  B.  Adams. 

Triton  parvus  C.  B.  Adams,  Contr.  to  Conch.,  p.  59,  Jan.,  1850. 
Triton  eximium  Rawson,  Carpenter  in  litt.  as  of  Reeve. 

Phos  intricatus  Dall,  Hemphill's  Shells,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Bull.,  VI.  p.  325,  pi.  x. 
fig.  9,  1883. 

Habitat.  West  coast  of  Florida,  to  Key  "West.  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico,  Strebel. 
Progreso,  Mexico,  Mex.  Sci.  Commission.  Bahamas,  Rawson.  Jamaica,  Rum 
Cay,  and  Turk's  Island,  C.  B.  Adams.  St.  Thomas  and  Anguilla,  in  two  feet 
of  water  among  stones  and  corals,  Krebs. 

A  visit  to  Amherst,  where  I  was  able  to  consult  Prof.  Adams's  types,  has  en- 
abled me  to  identify  my  P.  intricatus  with  his  Triton  parvus.  The  eximium  of 
Reeve  is  subsequent  to  Adams's  name,  and  was  described  as  from  the  Indo- 
Pacific  region.  They  are  probably  not  identical,  though  similar.  The  Flo- 
ridian  specimens  are  short,  compact,  with  very  prickly  sculpture,  and  of  a 
white  or  muddy  gray  color.  The  Antillean  specimens  are  more  slender  and 
elongated,  less  prickly,  and  of  a  clear  white,  or  banded  prettily  with  light  yel- 
low brown  or  purplish,  in  a  spiral  direction. 

Perhaps  the  less  attractive  Floridian  kind  may  retain  the  name  of  intricatus 
in  a  varietal  sense. 

I  have  what  is  either  a  distinct  species  or  a  very  marked  variety  of  P.  parvus 
in  the  National  Collection,  from  the  West  Indies,  but  the  specimen  is  not  per- 
fect enough  for  description.  It  has  much  the  appearance  and  color  of  Phos 
Beaut,  but  is  more  sharply  sculptured  and  is  very  little  larger  than  the  largest 
specimens  of  undoubted  P.  parvus.  The  sculpture  has  nothing  of  the  imbri- 
cated prickly  quality  so  marked  in  that  of  P.  })arvus. 

Genus  NASSARIA   (Link)  H.  &  A.  Adams. 

<  Nassaria  Link,  Beschr.  Rostock  Samml.,  p.  123,  May,  1807. 

=  Hindsia  A.  Adams,  P.  Z.  S.,  1853,  p.  182;  Fischer  Man.,  p.  631. 

=  Nassaria  H.  &  A.  Adams,  Gen.  Rec.  Moll.,  I.  p.  123,  1853. 

The  name  Nassaria  of  Link,  like  the  Nassarius  of  Dumeril,  was  originally  in- 
tended as  a  verbal  emendation  or  improvement  of  the  name  Nassa  of  Lamarck. 
It  was  not  intended  as  a  new  genus,  but  as  an  equivalent  of  one  already  exist- 
ing. It  was  divided  into  two  sections  by  Link,  of  which  Section  A  contains 
as  examples,  in  the  order  given,  Buccinum  niveum  Gmelin,  Nassa  papillosa  La- 
marck, N.  reticulata  Lamarck,  N.  ornata  Kiener,  N.  exilis  Gmelin,  Phos  sen- 
ticosus  Montfort,  and  Pleurotoma  buccinoides  of  Lamarck  (=P.  sinuata  Born); 
Section  B  contains  Pisania  tranquebarica,  P.  coromandeliana,  and  P.  undosa  of 
Lamarck. 

It  will  be  seen  that  the  larger  number  of  the  species  were  Nassas,  and  all  of 
them  looked  like  Nassa,  as  the  name  was  used  in  those  days. 

But  if  we  regard  the  name  as  hiving  any  right  to  stand  in  nomenclature,  and 


MUSEUM    OF   COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY.  181 

proceed  by  a  process  of  elimination,  we  find  very  soon  that  in  1853  the  onlj 
unappropriated  unit  of  this  heterogeneous  assembly  is  the  first  species.  Rafi- 
nesque  in  1815  had  adopted  Nassaria,  but  he  did  not  define  it,  merely  putting  it 
next  to  Nassa  and  among  the  genera  of  his  subfamily  Buccinidia.  Pfeiffer  does 
not  regard  the  Buccinum  niveum  of  Gmelin  as  identifiable,  and  the  figure  is 
certainly  far  from  good,  but  later  the  Adams  brothers  concluded  that  it  rep- 
resented a  shell  which  one  of  them  had  just  placed  in  a  new  genus,  Hindsia  A. 
Adams.  It  would  doubtless  have  been  better  to  have  left  Nassaria  as  an  ab- 
solute synonym  of  Nassa,  and  retained  Hindsia  for  the  new  group.  But  the 
brothers  Adams  were  the  first  to  revise  it,  and  the  most  interested  in  the  later 
name,  and  they  did  not  adopt  this  plan*;  so  perhaps  science  will  best  be  served 
by  accepting  their  decision,  though  much  might  be  said  on  both  sides. 

The  investigations  of  the  Fish  Commission  and  the  Blake  in  Antillean  waters 
and  along  the  coasts  of  the  United  States  have  brought  to  light  several  species 
of  a  group  nearly  related  to  Nassaria,  but  which  it  seems  necessary  to  distin- 
guish by  a  subgeneric  name.  None  of  the  typical  Nassarias  have  so  far  been 
found  in  the  region  under  consideration,  but  the  present  group  seems  to  replace 
the  typical  genus  in  East  American  waters. 


Subgenus  NASSARINA  Dall. 

Shell  with  the  general  characters  of  Nassaria,  but  more  compact,  spindle- 
shaped  and  small,  and  with  the  aperture  long  and  narrowed  anteriorly,  and  the 
columella  margin  elevated  and  prominent,  and  united  in  the  adult  by  an  ele- 
vated callus  with  the  outer  lip  on  the  body  whorl.  Soft  parts  unknown. 
Type,  N.  Bushii  Dall. 

To  this  group  belong  N.  Bushii,  N.  Grayii,  N.  columbellata,  all  new  species, 
and  N.  glypta  Bush,  which  was  described,  with  doubt,  as  a  Mangilia.  The 
group  goes  to  the  Miocene,  if  Columbella  arnbigua  Guppy  proves  to  belong  to 
it.     N.  glypta  is  fossil  in  Floridian  Pliocene. 


Nassarina  glypta  Bush. 

Mangilia?  glypta  Bush,  Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  VI.  p.  461,  pi.  xlv.  figs.  5,  5a,  1885. 

This  is  the  smallest  species  of  the  group,  and  the  figure  above  referred  is  un- 
fortunately not  a  good  one,  the  specimen  being  imperfect.  In  an  adult  speci- 
men the  aperture  is  a  little  more  than  two  thirds  as  long  as  the  whole  of  the 
last  whorl.  In  the  figure  it  is  only  about  half  as  long  as  the  whorl,  and  in  so 
far  does  not  well  represent  the  mature  shell,  nor  the  peculiar  anteriorly  pinched 
aperture.  This  species  has  been  found  at  TJ.  S.  Fish  Commission  Stations 
2276,  2595,  2596,  2597,  2607,  2608,  2610,  2612,  2615,  2616,  2617,  and  2619, 
off  the  coast  of  North  Carolina,  in  14-63  fms.,  sand,  bottom  temperature 
67°  to  803  F. 


182  BULLETIN   OF  THE 

Nassarina  Bushii  Dall. 

Plate  XV.  Fig.  12. 

Shell  white,  strongly  sculptured,  six-whorled;  nucleus  shining,  large,  swol- 
len, of  one  and  a  half  whorls,  at  first  smooth,  later  assuming  fine  spiral  striation  ; 
the  remaining  whorls  with  (on  the  last  whorl  8-10)  strong  sube<|ual  equidis- 
tant spiral  threads  nodulous  on  the  summit  of  9  or  10  strong  rounded  trans- 
verse ribs  which  cross  the  whorls;  on  the  earlier  whorls  only  three  or  four  of 
the  spirals  appear,  and  the  one  nearest  the  suture  is  fainter  than  the  others; 
the  rib  behind  the  aperture  of  the  mature  shell  is  somewhat  swollen;  the  base 
of  the  last  whorl  is  constricted  at  the  beginning  of  the  canal,  which  is  short  and 
sharply  recurved;  aperture  contracted,  surrounded  with  a  thin  elevated  not 
reflected  continuous  margin,  interrupted  in  the  adult  only  by  the  canal;  outer 
lip  smooth,  inner  lip  with  three  or  four  strong  nodulous  teeth;  whorls  rounded; 
suture  distinct  but  not  channelled.  Max.  Ion.  of  shell,  9.0;  of  last  whorl,  5.5; 
of  aperture,  4.0;  max.  lat.  of  shell,  3.6  mm. 

Habitat.  Barbados,  100  fms.;  Sand  Key,  Florida,  15-128  fms.;  Station  5, 
Gulf  of  Mexico,  near  Cuba,  in  152-229  fms.,  ooze,  bottom  temperature  49°.5  F. 

This  species  is  extremely  like  N.  glyjita  Bush,  on  a  larger  scale,  and  without 
the  pretty  brown  and  white  spiral  coloration  of  that  species. 

Nassarina  columbellata  Dall. 

Shell  pure  white,  attenuated  anteriorly,  rather  acutely  conical  behind,  with 
eight  whorls.  Nucleus  two-whorled,  polished,  smooth,  milk-white,  rather  large; 
spire  flatly  conical  with  a  conspicuous  suture,  upper  whorls  with  about  five 
strong  close-set  equal  threads,  most  conspicuous  in  the  interspaces  between  the 
numerous  (on  the  last  whorl  18)  flattened  transverse  ribs,  which  cross  the 
whorls  but  stop  short  before  the  sutures,  giving  a  grooved  aspect  to  the  latter, 
which  is  increased  by  the  existence  of  a  peripheral  line  or  space  wider  than 
any  of  the  others  between  the  two  spirals  nearest  the  periphery;  last  whorl 
attenuated  toward  the  long  canal,  but  not  constricted  as  in  the  last  species; 
aperture  long,  narrow,  contracted,  with  an  elevated  continuous  margin,  inter- 
rupted only  by  the  canal,  which  is  recurved  near  its  termination;  outer  lip 
with  four  or  five  internal  teeth;  inner  lip  with  five  or  six  finer  smaller  ones; 
whorls  not  rounded  above.  Max.  Ion.  of  shell,  12.2;  of  last  whori,  8.0;  of 
aperture,  6.0;  max.  lat.  of  shell,  4.5  mm. 

Habitat.  U.  S.  Fish  Commission  Station  2367,  off  Cape  Catoche,  Yucatan, 
in  124  fms.,  sand. 

The  upper  whorls  of  this  shell  are  flattened  and  sculptured  much  like  those 
of  Columbella  similis  or  translirata. 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY.  183 

Nassarina  Grayi  Dall. 

Plate  XXXII.  Fig.  12  a. 

Shell  solid,  strong,  yellowish  white  with  darker  brown  spiral  lines  and  about 
six  whorls.  Nucleus  smooth  brown ;  sculpture  of  numerous  close-set  spiral 
threads,  of  which  about  every  third  or  fourth  is  stronger  and  darker  colored  than 
the  others;  transverse  sculpture  of  stout  ribs  becoming  obsolete  behind  the 
periphery,  thus  giving  the  whorl  a  shouldered  aspect,  there  are  nine  or  ten  of 
these  on  the  last  whorl,  extending  well  forward;  the  rib  behind  the  aperture  is 
varicoid  and  swollen;  the  spiral  sculpture  passes  over  the  ribs,  which  are  a 
little  angulate  at  the  periphery  ;  the  whorl  is.  appressed  to  the  suture,  which  in 
the  upper  whorls  is  more  or  less  waved  by  the  ends  of  the  ribs  behind  it;  the 
aperture  is  long,  narrow,  and  somewhat  contracted,  the  continuous  margin  less 
elevated  than  in  the  preceding  species;  the  base  of  the  last  whorl  is  somewhat 
constricted,  the  canal  is  twisted,  recurved,  and  with  a  strong  siphonal  fasciole; 
the  outer  lip  has  about  seven  teeth  of  which  the  hinder  ones  are  the  stronger; 
there  is  a  rounded  callus  on  the  body  and  also  a  few  denticulations  on  the 
anterior  part  of  the  columella.  Max.  Ion.  of  shell,  12.0;  of  last  whorl,  9.0;  of 
aperture,  6.0;  max.  lat.  of  shell,  5.8  mm.  A  larger  but  imperfect  specimen  is 
15.5  mm.  long. 

Habitat.  Station  152,  off  St.  Kitts  in  122  fms.,  bottom  temperature  67°. 5. 
Stations  272  and  290,  off  Barbados,  in  73-76  fms.,  coarse  sand,  bottom  tempera- 
ture 65°  to  71°  ;  and  U.  S.  Fish  Commission  Station  2354,  in  130  fms.,  coral, 
off  the  Arrowsmith  Bank,  Yucatan. 

This  is  a  rather  short  broad  species,  and  has  a  little  the  aspect  of  a  Tritoni- 
dea,  but  the  pinched  aperture  suggests  its  reference  to  this  group. 


Family   NASSIML 

Genus   NASSA   Lamarck. 

The  species  of  this  genus  are  well  known  to  be  extremely  variable,  and  a 
large  number  of  names  have  been  applied  to  the  varieties  of  the  genus  indige- 
nous to  the  Antilles. 

With  a  large  series  of  specimens  it  is  less  difficult  to  set  specific  bounds  as 
the  varietal  relations  rapidly  become  evident.  There  may  be  a  larger  number 
of  species  in  the  region,  but  all  the  specimens  I  have  seen  are  referable  to  one 
of  six  littoral  or  two  deeper- water  species  of  this  genus.  Curiously  enough,  of 
this  small  number  four  have  fallen  into  neglect  of  late  years,  and  one  appears 
to  be  undescribed.  N.  trivittata  does  not  appear  to  exist  in  a  living  state  much 
south  of  Cape  Hatteras,  and  does  not  appear  in  the  Antilles.  The  species  which 
occur  are  Nassa  vibex  Say,*  N.  acuta  Say,  N.  consensu  Ravenel,  N.  Hotessieri 

*  N.  unicincta  Say  will  be  referred  to  under  Pkos. 


184  BULLETIN   OF   THE 

Orbigny,  and  N.  ambigua  Montagu,  llyanassa  obsoleta  Say,  confined  to  the 
continental  shore  and  noc  reaching  the  southernmost  extreme  of  Florida,  and 
an  undescribed  species  mentioned  later,  make  up  the  list.  The  deep-water 
Nassa  nigrolabra  of  Verrill  has  not  turned  up  in  these  waters  yet,  and  I  doubt 
the  propriety  of  referring  it  to  this  genus.  Indeed,  it  has,  judging  from  the 
figure,  the  appearance  of  a  larval  shell,  though  without  examining  a  specimen 
I  would  lay  no  stress  on  this  suggestion.  Its  smooth  unsulcate  pillar,  however, 
removes  it  from  the  genus  Nassa,  if  it  is  adequately  figured. 

Nassa   ambigua  Montagu. 

Buccinum  ambiguum  Mont.,  Brit.  Test.,  pi.  ix.  fig.  7,  1803. 

Nassa  alba  Say,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  V.  p.  212,  1826. 

Nassa  antillarum  Orbigny  (not  Philippi),  Moll.  Cuba,  II.  p.  141,  pi.  xxiii.  figs.  1-3 

1815  (dark  variety). 
Nassa  ambigua  Orbigny,  Moll.  Cuba,  II.  p.  142. 

Nassa  Candei  Orbigny,  op.  cit.,  p.  142,  pi.  xxiii.  figs.  4-6,  1845  (voung  shell). 
Nassa  candidissima  C.  B.  Adams,  Krebs,  Cat.  p.  32. 
1  Nassa  obtusata  Marrat,  Argo  Exp.,  pp.  16,  17, 1876  (not  of  A.  Adams,  an  E.  Indian 

species). 
1  Nassa  incrassata   Guppy,  Geol.  Mag.,  p.  447,  1874  (not  of  Strom,  a  European 

species). 
1  Nassa  pura  Marrat,  New  Forms  of  Nassa,  p.  13,  1877. 
Nassa  annellifera  Reeve,  Conch.  Icon.  Nassa,  pi.  xxv.  fig.  168,  1853 ;  Marrat,  Argo 

Exp.  p.  8. 
Not  N.  ambigua  Dunker,  W.  Africa,  =  N.  incrassata  Strom. 

Habitat.  Yucatan  Strait,  640  fms.;  Station  2,  805  fms.;  Barbados,  76-103 
fms.,  including  Stations  273  and  276;  Station  142,  Flannegan  Passage,  in  27 
fms.;  Station  155,  off  Montserrat,  in  88  fins.;  Station  210,  near  Martinique, 
in  191  fms.;  off  Sombrero,  in  54  fms.;  Sigsbee,  off  Havana,  in  80  and  177  fms.; 
Bahamas;  Bermuda;  Dominica;  Florida,  Lower  Matacumba  Key,  in  grass 
below  low-water  mark  (Hemphill);  Key  West,  Goodland  Point,  and  other 
localities  in  Florida  from  low  water  to  2  fms.  (Hemphill).  ■ 

The  shells  dredged  by  the  Blake  were  all  dead,  and  most  of  them  occupied 
by  Paguri ;  none  of  them  probably  lived  below  a  depth  of  a  few  fathoms,  above 
which  it  would  seem  that  this  must  be  one  of  the  most  abundant  and  widely 
spread  of  the  Antillean  species. 

This  is  the  commonest  littoral  species  of  Nassa,  and  its  varieties  have  received 
many  names.  It  has  a  different  nucleus  from  the  very  similar  N.  incrassata 
of  Europe  and  "West  Africa.  It  varies  in  the  number  of  its  ribs,  their  angula- 
tion in  front  of  the  suture,  in  being  white  or  banded  or  speckled  with  brown, 
and  in  the  strength  of  its  spiral  threads.  The  typical  ambigua  has  numerous 
rounded  ribs,  not  angulated,  and  evenly  reticulated.  The  variety  antillarum 
has  the  ribs  fewer  and  stronger,  and  with  a  marked  angulation  which  tur- 
riculates  the  whorls. 


MUSEUM    OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  185 

It  is  entirely  different  from  N.  acuta  Say,  which  has  been  referred  to  it  by 
Tryon.  N.  acuta  extends  on  the  southern  coast  from  South  Carolina  to  Texas, 
and  I  have  received  it  from  Barbados;  it  appears  to  be  rare  everywhere. 

Nassa  consensa  Ravenel. 
Nassa  consensa  Ravenel,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  1861,  p.  43. 

Habitat.  Off  Charlotte  Harbor,  W.  Florida,  twenty  miles,  in  13  fms.  (Blake). 
Off  the  coast  from  Florida  to  North  Carolina  living  at  moderate  depths,  8-49 
fms.,  and  dead  in  8-150  fms.  (U.  S.  Fish  Commission). 

This  species,  as  identified  by  Prof.  Verrill,  seems  to  me  well  defined  and 
worthy  of  acceptation.  Though  its  general  form  is  very  much  the  same  as 
that  of  ambigua,  its  spiral  sculpture  is  of  an  entirely  different  character ;  and 
its  color  painting,  though  variable  in  both  species,  has  a  distinctive  character 
for  each  of  them. 

Nassa  Hotessieri  Orbignt. 

Nassa  Hotessieri  Orbigny,  Moll.  Cuba,  II.  p.  142,  1845. 

Nassa  Hotessieriana  Orbigny,  op.  cit.,  Atlas,  pi.  xxi.  figs.  40-42. 

Nassa  Hotessieri  Orbigny,  Voy.  dans  l'Am.  Mer.  Moll.,  1840. 

Habitat.  Gulf  of  Mexico,  Station  36,  in  84  fms.;  off  Sombrero,  54-72  fms.; 
off  Sand  Key,  80  fms. ;  Station  2,  in  805  fms. ;  U.  S.  Fish  Commission  Station 
2596,  seventeen  miles  E.  S.  E.  from  Cape  Hatteras,  N.  C,  in  49  fms.;  and 
Station  2646,  off  Cape  Florida,  in  85  fms.,  gray  sand.  None  of  the  specimens 
were  living,  though  nearly  all  were  perfectly  fresh. 

The  specimen  figured  by  Orbigny  was  quite  young.  The  species  grows  even 
larger  than  N.  ambigua,  and  is  perfectly  distinguishable  from  it,  the  chief 
and  most  obvious  characters  being  the  flattened  whorls  turrited  by  the  appli- 
cation of  the  suture  below  a  peripheral  band,  the  close  and  uniform  transverse 
riblets  prickly  nodulated  by  the  revolving  sculpture,  which  is  weak  or  absent 
between  the  riblets,  and  the  clean-cut  channel  behind  the  siphonal  fasciole 
margined  in  front  by  a  small  sharp  keel. 

On  the  base  of  large  specimens  the  spiral  sculpture  shows  as  grooves  deep 
on  one  side  and  running  out  on  the  other,  like  those  on  a  flat  file,  instead  of  the 
rounded  threads  characteristic  of  ambigua.  In  some  specimens  the  transverse 
riblets  become  obsolete  or  irregular  on  the  last  whorl.  The  aperture  is  like 
that  of  ambigua. 

Nassa  scissurata  Dall. 

Shell  short,  conical,  glistening,  white  clouded  with  light  brown  or  buff;  whorls 
stout,  well  rounded;  nucleus  of  two  translucent  turns,  smooth  or  transversely 
slightly  wrinkled;  remainder  comprising  five  or  six  turns  separated  by  a  deep 


186  BULLETIN   OF  THE 

but  not  channelled  suture ;  sculpture  of  (on  the  last  whorl  about  fourteen) 
stout  rounded  ribs  with  wider  interspaces,  completely  crossing  the  whorls,  and 
fine  incremental  striae;  spiral  sculpture  of  (on  the  last  whorl  about  ten)  re- 
volving ridges,  faint  in  the  interspaces,  strongly  ovally  noduled  on  the  ribs, 
three  rows  showing  on  the  upper  whorls;  ribs  interlocking  at  the  sutures; 
aperture  rounded,  with  its  edge  continuous  and  raised,  contracted  in  front  of 
a  stout  varix,  Urate  on  both  sides,  a  stout  tooth  on  the  body  and  another  at  the 
base  of  the  pillar;  a  deep  groove  behind  the  siptional  fasciole;  canal  short, 
strongly  twisted.  Operculum  serrate  at  the  sides.  Lon.  of  shell,  12.0;  of  last 
whorl,  8.0;  of  aperture,  5.0. ;  max.  lat.  of  shell,  7.5  mm. 

Habitat.  Station  272,  at  Barbados,  in  76  fins.;  Station  132,  near  Santa  Cruz, 
in  115  fins.,  rocky  bottom,  temperature  65°. 0  F.  (living);  Station  2,  in  805 
fms. ;  Station  206,  near  Martinique,  in  170  fins.;  Station  220,  off  Santa  Lucia, 
in  116  fms.,  rocky  bottom,  bottom  temperature  58°.5  F. 

Nassa  scissurata  var.  pernitida  Dall. 

Shell  more  slender  and  elongated,  spiral  sculpture  weaker,  hardly  nodu- 
lating  the  ribs;  ribs  becoming  obsolete  on  the  last  whorl.  Lon.  16.5;  max. 
lat.  7.5  mm. 

Habitat.     Station  299,  near  Barbados,  in  140  fms. 

This  species  is  clearly  distinguished  from  N.  Hotessieri,  which  is  its  nearest 
relative,  by  the  character  of  the  sutures  which  are  not  channelled,  by  its  fewer 
strongly  nodulated  ribs,  and  by  the  curve  of  the  ribs,  which  in  Hotessieri,  as  in 
most  ribbed  univalves,  are  convex  forward  on  the  periphery  and  then  curve 
a  little  backward,  while  in  N.  scissurata  the  curve  is  in  a  contrary  sense,  as  is 
at  once  evident  on  comparing  two  specimens.  The  total  curve  is  not  great, 
but  quite  sufficient  to  form  a  marked  distinction. 

This  species  has  the  bright  waxen  lustre  of  a  deep-water  shell,  and  probably 
lives  in  between  75  and  200  fms.  depth.  Its  sculpture  recalls  that  of  N.  spi- 
nulosa  Phil. 


Family   COLUMBELLID^. 
Genus  COLU3IBELLA  Lamarck. 

Of  the  genuine  typical  Columbellas  there  are  two  abundant  species  in  this  re- 
gion, C.  mercatoria  Lamarck  and  C.  rustica  Linne.  The  Antillean  and  Floridian 
specimens  of  the  latter,  though  probably  conspccific,  have  a  markedly  different 
facies  from  the  Mediterranean  variety,  and  have  been  called  rusticoides  by 
Heilprin  in  a  recent  paper  on  the  Pliocene  of  the  Caloosahatchie  beds  of  South 
Florida.  C.  rustica  is  found  in  these  beds  precisely  like  the  recent  Florida 
form,  for  which  it  may  be  well  to  retain  Heilprin's  name  in  a  varietal  sense. 

Most  of  the  other  species  can  be  referred  to  one  of  five  subgenera  or  sections 


MUSEUM   OF  COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY.  187 

of  the  genus,  as  follows:  Anachis,  Astyris,  Nitidella,  JEsopus,  and  Conidea. 
There  is  no  doubt  that  the  number  of  subdivisions  in  this  group  has  been  mul- 
tiplied in  excess  of  the  needs  of  science  or  the  indications  of  nature,  while 
several  subdivisions  of  importance  have  not  been  recognized.  Even  the  above 
mentioned  groups,  or  at  least  the  first  three  of  them,  are  connected  closely  by 
intermediate  species.  On  the  other  hand,  such  a  remarkable  form  as  C.  turtu- 
rina  Duclos,  with  internal  plaits  as  pronounced  as  in  Turbinella,  has  not  been 
separated.     For  it  I  propose  the  sectional  name  of  Euplica. 

Subgenus  ANACHIS  H.  &  A.  Adams. 
Anachis  avara  Say. 
Columbella  avara  Say,  Journ.  Phil.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  II.  p.  230, 1822. 

This  abundant  and  well-known  shell  extends  from  Massachusetts  Bay  to 
Cape  Florida,  always  in  shallow  water.  It  is  found  in  the  Miocene  of  Mary- 
land and  Virginia  (Conrad),  and  the  Pliocene  and  Post  Pliocene  of  the  more 
southern  coast.  The  variety  translirata  has  been  collected  on  the  coast  of 
Yucatan,  but  I  have  seen  no  specimens  from  the  Antilles.  Notwithstanding 
the  common  occurrence  of  this  species,  its  range  and  typical  form  have  not 
been  very  clearly  realized  by  conchologists,  judging  from  the  labels  of  specimens 
received  from  many  different  sources. 

The  type  is  rather  small,  dull-colored,  smooth,  few  (10)  ribbed  and  spindle- 
shaped.  Longer  slender  greenish  specimens  with  these  characters  form  the 
Floridian  variety  semiplicata  of  Stearns ;  many-ribbed  acute  bright-colored 
specimens  are  the  (var.)  translirata  of  Eavenel,  more  commonly  regarded  as 
the  typical  form  of  the  species,  as  it  is  the  most  common,  largest,  and  wide- 
spread; the  dwarf  form  common  to  all  species  of  Columbella,  especially  in  this 
subgenus,  is  C.  similis  Ravenel,  which  is  almost  distinct  enough  to  rank  as  a 
species,  but  differs  only  in  size  from  var.  translirata.  It  extends  from  Cape 
Fear  to  Yucatan,  the  Florida  Keys,  and  probably  to  Cuba.  I  have  seen  no 
Antillean  specimens. 

Among  the  absolute  synonyms  of  this  species  are  C.  terpsichore  Greene, 
Columbella  Gouldii  Reeve  (Conch.  Icon.,  XXII.  fig.  135),  not  Stimpson,  and 
Fusus  minor  Holmes  (Post  Pliocene,  S.  Carolina). 

Specimens  dredged  at  New  Bedford,  Mass.,  had  the  foot  long  and  slender, 
square  cut  in  front,  a  little  indented  in  the  median  line,  linguiform  behind. 
The  tentacles  are  contractile,  not  sharp-pointed,  but  quite  slender  when  extended, 
the  eyes  small,  black,  extending  laterally  without  any  peduncle  at  the  outer 
bases  of  the  tentacles.  The  siphon  is  rather  large,  subcylindric,  without  ap- 
pendages, about  one  third  as  long  as  the  foot,  the  proboscis  more  slender,  taper- 
ing, and  about  the  same  length  when  fully  protruded.  The  verge  is  sickle- 
shaped,  slender,  sharply  pointed,  flattened,  and  with  its  outer  edge  sharp.  It  is 
thrown  back  above  the  neck,  the  point  lying  at  the  right  of  the  base  under  the 


188  BULLETIN   OF   THE 

dome  of  the  mantle.  The  dentition  is  as  usual,  an  edentulous  obsolete  central 
plate  with  a  single  broadish  tridentate  sigmoid  lateral  tooth  on  each  side.  The 
operculum  resembles  that  of  Chrysodomus  in  miniature,  but  the  point  is  usually 
defective.  It  is  attached  to  the  surface  of  the  foot  by  about  half  its  own  sur- 
face, which  exhibits  an  ovate  scar.  Stimpson  found  the  ovicapsules  in  3  fath- 
oms, on  Sertularians,  at  Great  Egg  Harbor,  New  Jersey,  August  7,  1864.  They 
are  about  1.0  mm.  long  and  half  as  wide,  on  the  ovate  base;  they  are  shaped 
like  a  compressed  volcano  or  balanus,  the  crater  of  which  is  represented  by  a 
fiat  subcircular  smooth  apical  disk,  from  the  peripherj7  of  which  radiate  to  the 
base  about  ten  elevated  thin,  sometimes  bifurcating  ribs.  There  were  about 
thirty  ova  in  each  capsule,  which  had  already  assumed  the  larval  shell. 

Beside  this  species,  the  following  are  known  from  the  eastern  and  southern 
coast  of  the  United  States  and  adjacent  waters,  though  the  list  is  not  claimed 
to  be  complete. 

Anachis  catenata  Sowerby,  Antilles,  Yucatan,  Vera  Cruz. 

Anachis  haliceeti  Jeffreys  (costulata  Jeffreys,  Verrill,  not  of  Cantraine),  New 
England  and  northward,  in  deep  water. 

Anachis  albella  C.  B.  Adams  (from  type  described  as  Pleurotoma,  +A.  iontha 
Ravenal  and  A.  acuta  Stearns),  Cape  Hatteras  to  Florida,  low  water  to  50  fms. 
There  is  a  variety  {A.  samanensis  Dall)  which  differs  from  the  commoner  form 
by  its  fewer  ribs,  slightly  longer  canal,  larger  vanx  behind  the  outer  lip,  and 
smoother  back  to  the  last  whorl.  It  has  been  received  from  Florida  and  the 
Keys,  and  Samana  Bay,  St.  Domingo.  The  typical  albella  is  smaller  than  the 
northern  variety  called  iontha  by  Ravenel. 

Anachis  pulchella  Kiener.  (C.  costulata  C.  B.  Adams,  not  Cantraine,  from 
type.  This  is  wrongly  referred  to  catenata  Sowerby  by  Tryon.)  Antilles  and 
Florida  Keys. 

Anachis  obesa  C.  B.  Adams  (C.  ornata  Ravenel,  C.  cancellata  Gaskoin, 
C.  ostreicola  Melvill),  North  Carolina  to  Florida,  Texas,  and  Vera  Cruz  ;  also 
the  Antilles  generally.     The  dark  brown  or  black  ones  are  var.  ostreicola. 

Anachis  Hotcssieriana  Orbigny,  has  been  obtained  in  30  fms.  near  the  Ba- 
hamas, and  would  appear  to  be  a  good  species.  It  is  the  smallest  of  all,  and 
has  been  reported  from  Cuba  and  Guadelupe. 

When  one  reaches  such  species  as  C.  Verrillii  it  is  impossible  to  tell  by  the 
shell  in  which  subgenus  they  should  be  located. 

Anachis  amphissella  Dall. 

Plate   XIX.  Fig.  10  c. 

Columbella  (Astyrisl)  amphissella  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  91,  1881. 

Habitat.     Yucatan  Strait,  413-640  fms. 

A  variety  (which  may  take  the  name  of  Rushii)  of  this  species  was  dredged 
by  Dr.  Rush,  U.  S.  N.,  off  Fowey  Rocks,  Florida  Straits,  in  465  fms.     It  is 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY.  189 

distinguished  from  the  type  by  the  absence  of  the  undulations  or  transverse 
riblets;  the  fine  sculpture  alone  is  left.  Both  have  a  notably  large  and  translu- 
cent nucleus,  much  bigger  proportionally  than  is  found  in  any  of  the  shallow- 
water  forms.  Its  nearest  relative  seems  to  be  A.  obesa.  These  shells  stand 
about  midway  between  the  subgenus  Astyris  (like  A.  rosacea)  and  the  small 
forms  of  Anachis,  and  might  equally  well  be  referred  to  either  section. 

Subgenus   NITIDELLA   Swainson. 

In  the  subgenus  Nitidella  we  have  in  this  region  N.  nitidula  Sby.,  N.  cribra. 
ria,  Lamarck,  N.  laevigata  Linne,  N.  parvula  Dunker,  and  JV.  dichroa  Sowerby, 
the  last  two  being  somewhat  uncertain  as  to  their  subgeneric  affinities.  Most 
of  these  species  have  numerous  varieties  and  synonyms.  Columbella  idalina 
Duclos,  a  beautiful  Antillean  species,  and  G.  moleculina  Duclos,  which  extends 
to  the  Florida  Keys  where  it  was  abundantly  collected  by  Hemphill,  have 
much  the  aspect  of  Nitidella,  and  perhaps  should  be  referred  there.  To  the 
last  mentioned  species  I  refer,  as  a  variety,  dicomata,  a  very  pretty  little  form 
collected  by  Hemphill  on  the  reefs  at  Key  West.  It  differs  from  G.  moleculina 
in  being  smaller,  more  distinctly  spirally  grooved  all  over,  and  in  having  the 
brown  color  (on  a  translucent  ground)  concentrated  in  two  revolving  brown 
bands,  one  above  and  the  other  below  the  periphery,  the  upper  one  alone  being 
visible  on  the  older  whorls. 

Subgenus   ASTYRIS   (H.  &  A.  Adams)  Dall. 

Astyris  (H.  &  A.  Adams,  1853)  Dall,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  1870,  p.  242;  Am. 
Journ.  Conch.,  VII.,  1871,  p.  115. 

Out  of  a  number  of  superfluous  names,  the  present  one  was  selected  by  me, 
nineteen  years  ago,  to  be  used  for  sundry  colored,  small,  mostly  polished  little 
Columbellids  which  have  been  scattered  through  a  variety  of  sections  which 
form  phases  of  a  continuous  series  and  cannot  be  strictly'  diagnosed.  Of  this 
group  there  is  a  goodly  number  on  both  coasts  of  North  America  and  in  the 
Antilles.  The  species  on  the  east  coast  of  the  United  States  would  repay  more 
study  than  they  have  received. 

Astyris  lunata  Sat. 

Columbella  lunata  Say,  Journ.  Phil.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  V.  p.  213,  1826 ;  Tryon,  Am. 
Mar.  Conchology,  p.  38,  fig.  61,  1873. 

This  very  common  little  shell  has  several  absolute  synonyms,  among  which 
are  C  Gouldiana  (Agassiz  MS.)  Stimpson  and  TVheatleyi  DeKay.  It  has  also 
several  marked  varieties.  G.  dissimilis  Stimpson,  of  which  the  U.  S.  National 
Museum  possesses  typical  examples,  is  a  rude  purplish  brown  rather  large 
northern  form  of  lunata.     None  of  the  specimens  so  labelled  by  Stimpson 


190  BULLETIN   OF   THE 

have  any  trace  of  white  on  them,  or  any  light  coloration.  A  form  in  which 
the  hrown  coloration  of  the  ordinary  lunata  coalesces  to  form  two  or  more 
dark  bands  with  lighter  interspaces  is  the  zonale  of  Linsley,  but  the  banded 
specimens  from  off  ftatteras  in  deep  water,  which  have  been  referred  to  zonale 
by  Prof.  Verrill  and  Miss  Bush,  appear  to  me  to  be  a  distinct  species,  and  have 
nothing  to  do  with  lunata.  An  unusually  dark,  stout,  and  stumpy  variety 
from  the  Carolina  coast  has  been  determined  from  authentic  specimens  to  be 
the  C.  spizantha  of  Ravenel.  The  coloration  is  much  like  that  of  the  ordinary 
lunata,  but  the  spots  are  more  disconnected  and  squarer.  A  smaller,  brighter, 
more  polished,  and  elegantly  colored  pale  variety  is  that  which,  following  the 
general  rule  of  species  having  a  wide  distribution,  is  found  toward  its  southern 
limit  in  South  Florida,  Cuba,  etc.,  northward  to  the  Carolinas,  and  which  has 
received  the  name  of  C.  Duclosiana  Orbigny.  The  typical  A.  lunata  is  abun- 
dant in  Florida  but  does  not  extend  south  of  it,  and  in  South  Florida  is  largely 
replaced  by  the  variety  Duclosiana.  The  latter  farther  north,  as  off  the  coast 
of  the  Carolinas,  is  found,  not  along  the  shore,  like  the  typical  form,  but  in 
15-50  fms.  water,  in  a  temperature  of  65°  to  80°  F. 

The  genuine  deep-water  or  archibenthal  species  are  distinguished,  as  far  as 
I  have  been  able  to  examine  them,  by  a  larger  and  more  inflated  nucleus  than 
that  carried  by  the  littoral  species.  It  is  possible  that,  in  the  absence  of  violent 
struggle  characteristic  of  life  in  the  depths  as  compared  with  the  shores,  a  large 
number  of  young  in  each  capsule  may  become  less  necessary  and  the  size  of 
the  individuals  more  important.  Of  these  speiies  we  have  A.  Raveneli  Dall 
(C  nivea  Ravenel,  not  Sowerby),  larger,  more  elongated  than  A.  pura,  and 
recalling  a  minute  A.  rosacea  Gould.  Dr.  Rush  dredged  it  in  205  fms.,  off 
the  coast  of  Florida,  and  the  U.  S.  Fish  Commission  at  Station  2602,  in  124 
fms.,  sand,  off  Hatteras,  the  bottom  temperature  being  61°.0  F.  So  far  as 
known,  A.  pura  Verrill  is  more  northern  in  its  distribution,  having  been 
obtained  in  the  deep  water  off  the  southeast  coast  of  New  England. 

Another  species  is  Astyris  multUineata  Dall,  which  has  been  referred  to 
A.  lunata  var.  zonale  by  some  writers.  It  is  longer,  and  proportionally  more 
slender  and  acute,  than  any  form  of  A.  lunata.  The  whorls  are  less  rounded, 
the  spire  has  a  somewhat  flattened  appearance,  and  the  periphery  is  obscurely 
angulated,  even  in  the  last  whorl  of  the  adult.  But  the  character  which  most 
clearly  distinguishes  it,  in  its  typical  form,  is  the  coloration ;  which  consists  of 
five  or  six  pale  brown  narrow  even  spiral  lines,  alternating  with  straw-colored 
interspaces,  on  the  last  whorl.  From  its  uniformity  in  a  large  number  of 
specimens  this  character  seems  to  be  stable  and  diagnostic.  In  dead  shells  the 
brown  lines  fade,  and  among  live  ones  there  is  a  pure  white  variety  which  is 
distinguishable  from  A.  Raveneli  by  its  form  and  smaller  size  (4.5  mm.  long  by 
2.0  mm.  wide,  while  A.  Raveneli  measures  5.5  by  2.2  mm.,  and  A.  pura  about 
4.0  by  2.5  mm.),  and  from  A. pura,  which  is  still  smaller,  by  its  more  polished 
compact  appearance  and  more  slender  form.  A.  multUineata  has  been  ob- 
tained from  U.  S.  Fish  Commission  Stations  2592,  2595,  2601,  2602,  and  2614, 
in  from  63  to  168  fms.,  sand,  with  a  bottom  temperature  of  61°  to  78°  F. 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  191 

Adult  specimens  have  four  or  five  well-developed  denticles  inside  the  outer  lip, 
and  a  larger  one  at  the  beginning  of  the  canal  opposite  a  tooth-like  callus  on  the 
pillar.     The  other  characters  are  much  like  those  of  A.  Raveneli. 

Among  the  widely  distributed  forms  which  appear  in  deep  water  on  our 
eastern  coast  is  the  Astyris  rosacea  of  Gould.  After  examining  a  very  fine 
geographical  series,  I  have  been  unable  to  separate  the  Greenland  shells  from 
those  of  Norway,  New  England,  or  Alaska,  all  the  characters  which  have  been 
relied  upon  as  diagnostic  being  mutable  and  interchangeable.  The  name 
Holbbllii  of  Mdller  will  therefore  fall  into  synonymy.  However,  the  slender 
shell  called  diaphana  by  Prof.  Verrill  I  regard  as  entitled  to  specific  rank, 
although  the  spiral  lines  are  quite  variable,  and  are  distinctly  visible  on 
some  of  the  specimens  of  diaphana  received  from  him.  The  nucleus,  as  stated 
by  him,  is  more  compact,  but  this  is  a  difference  which  alone  could  hardly  be 
regarded  as  of  specific  value.  The  shell,  however,  has  other  characters,  which 
are  enumerated  below. 

Before  leaving  this  topic,  I  may  mention  as  an  addition  to  our  fauna  the 
Astyris  fusiformis  Orbigny,  an  Antillean  form,  which  was  obtained  in  6-10  fms. 
at  Turtle  Harbor,  Florida,  by  that  zealous  collector,  Dr.  W.  H.  Rush,  U.  S.  N. 

Astyris  diaphana  Verrill. 

Plate  XXXV.   Fig.  9. 

Astyris  rosacea  (pars)  Verrill,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  III.  p.  408  (non  Gould). 
Astyris  diaphana  Verrill,  Trans.  Conn..Acad.,  V.  p.  513,  pi.  lviii.  fig.  2,  1882. 

Shell  of  the  form  and  general  appearance  of  A.  rosacea  Gld.  (Holbollii  Moll.), 
but  more  slender,  with  a  prominent  swollen  varix  behind  the  outer  lip,  which 
is  slightly  thickened  and  finely  lirate  within.  In  front  of  the  varix  the  suture 
descends  quite  sharply,  or  bends  forward.  The  nucleus  is  white  and  like  that 
of  A.  profundi,  and  there  are  five  other  whorls,  which  are  marked  with  ob- 
scure elevated  spiral  lines,  with  irregular  interspaces,  which  look  as  if  scratched 
with  a  pin  on  the  inside  of  the  shell  and  showing  through.  These  give  the 
surface,  which  is  polished  and  lightly  marked  with  lines  of  growth,  a  malleated 
appearance.  The  anterior  half  of  the  last  whorl  is  grooved,  the  grooves  being 
stronger  and  wider  in  proportion  as  they  are  anterior;  the  interstitial  eleva- 
tions on  the  canal  are  like  rounded  threads.  The  suture  is  distinct  but  not 
channelled;  on  some  of  the  whorls  it  is  accompanied  by  a  fine  groove  just  in 
advance  of  it.  The  general  color  of  the  shell  is  pale  straw-color,  and  the  epi- 
dermis is  not  hispid  like  that  of  rosacea.  Lon.  of  shell,  9.0;  of  last  whorl,  5.6; 
of  aperture,  4.0;  max.  lat.  of  shell,  3.3  mm. 

Habitat.  U.  S.  Fish  Commission  Stations  876,  off  Newport,  R.  I.,  in  65 
to  487  fms.,  and  2399,  in  196  fms.,  mud,  between  the  Mississippi  delta  and 
Cedar  Keys,  Florida,  bottom  temperature  51°.6  F. 

It  recalls  A.  profundi  Dall,  but  is  more  elegant,  slender,  and  has  more 
rounded  outlines.     There  are  no  traces  of  transverse  ribbing. 


192  BULLETIN   OF  THE 

Astyris  profundi  n.  s. 

Plate  XXXV.  Fig.  3. 

This  shell  has  nearly  the  same  form  as  Astyris  Holbollii  or  rosacea  as  figured 
by  Sars  (Moll.  Reg.  Arct.  Norv.,  t.  16,  fig  1),  but  is  proportionally  a  little 
wider  anteriorly,  and  when  immature  has  a  peripheral  angulation,  not  sharp 
but  distinct  enough  to  be  readily  observed.  It  differs  from  that  species  in 
(1)  being  more  solid  and  strong;  (2)  having  no  transverse  riblets  anywhere,  but 
a  very  fine  close  spiral  striation  on  the  early  whorls;  (3)  having  a  firm  smooth 
polished  epidermis  showing  no  lines  of  growth ;  (4)  having  a  more  regular, 
acute,  and  smaller  apex,  and  less  swollen  apical  whorls ;  (5)  having  the  outer 
lip  thickened,  strengthened  by  a  varicoid  swelling,  internally  strongly  lirate 
with  six  or  eight  raised  lira?,  the  inner  lip  with  a  raised  callus  and  nine  or  ten 
deeply  incised  grooves  on  the  canal.  The  color  of  the  deep-sea  species  is  a 
little  more  pink  and  its  appearance  more  elegant  owing  to  the  polished  epider- 
mis. It  averages  about  the  same  size  as  the  G.  rosacea.  The  specimen  figured 
is  8.0  mm.  long  and  3.5  mm.  in  maximum  width.  From  C.  diaphana  Verrill, 
it  differs  in  most  of  the  above  characters  as  well,  but  especially  in  being  still 
broader  in  proportion.  From  a  dwarf  specimen  of  C.  Saintpairiana  the  present 
form  would  differ  by  its  less  constricted  canal,  more  regularly  ovate  whorls, 
less  conspicuous  varix,  and  especially  by  its  less  acute  spire  without  traces 
of  ribs  anywhere.  The  very  oblicpae  edge  of  the  columella  is  extended  into  a 
sharp  plait,  which  appears  to  project  like  a  tooth  behind  the  columellar  callus, 
and,  being  so  far  up,  would  at  first  sight  be  taken  as  unconnected  with  the 
pillar  margin,  which  is  masked  by  a  false  edge,  in  front,  of  labial  callus. 

Habitat.  Station  2,  off  Morro  Light,  Havana  in  805  fms.,  bottom  tempera- 
ture 39°.  7  F.  Also  by  the  U.  S.  Fish  Commission  at  Station  2601,  thirty-six 
miles  S.  ^  W.  from  Cape  Hatteras,  North  Carolina,  in  107  fms.,  sandy  bottom, 
temperature  67°.  4  F. 

Astyris  Verrillii  Dall. 

Plate   XIX.  Fig.  8. 

Columbella,  (Astyris)  Verrillii  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  91,  Sept.  26,  1881. 
Columbella  (Pyrene)  strix  Watson,  Linn.  Soc.  Journ.,  XVI.  p.  339,  June  12,  1882; 
Challenger  Gastr.,  p.  237,  pi.  xiii.  fig.  2  a-d,  1885. 

Habitat.  Sculptured  variety,  Station  2,  805  fms.;  Station  19,  310  fms.; 
Station  43,  339  fms. ;  Station  47,  331  fms.  Figured  variety,  Station  43,  339  fms. ; 
Station  47,  331  fms.  Challenger  Expedition,  Stations  23,  off  Sombrero,  in 
450  fms.,  ooze;  24,  off  Culebra,  in  390  fms.,  ooze;  and  122,  off  Pernambuco,  in 
350  fms.,  red  mud. 

No  more  specimens  have  turned  up.  The  specimen  figured  happens  to  be 
the  smoothest  of  the  lot;  the  more  strongly  sculptured  specimens,  taken  by 
themselves  and  without  the  connecting  links,  would  be  thought  by  most  natu- 
March  8,  1889. 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY.  193 

ralists  to  be  distinct ;  the  smooth  ones  have  rounder  whorls,  a  feature  result- 
ing mechanically  from  the  absence  of  the  ribs.  For  these  reasons  the  name 
given  by  my  friend  Mr.  Watson  to  the  sculptured  form  would  better  be  re- 
tained in  a  varietal  sense.  His  variety  subacta  does  not  differ  from  his  type 
more  than  many  of  my  individuals  differ  from  each  other.  The  outer  lip  is 
immature  or  broken  in  both  of  the  specimens  he  figures. 

Astyris  Saintpairiana  Caillet. 
Columbella  Saint- Pairiana  Caillet,  Journ.  de  Conchyl.,  XII.  p.  279,  pi.  ii.  fig.  4,  186-1. 

Habitat.  Station  247,  off  Grenada,  in  170  fms.,  ooze;  and  Station  259,  near 
by,  in  159  fms.,  ooze,  bottom  temperature  53°.5  F.  Marie- Galante,  W.  I., 
Caillet. 

It  is  possible  that  this  rare  and  pretty  species  may  be  a  large,  smooth  form 
of  C.  Lafresnayei  F.  &  B.,  described  from  the  same  locality  in  1856.  The  latter 
differs  chiefly  in  having  the  transverse  ribbing  continued  on  to  the  last  whorl, 
and  in  somewhat  smaller  size.  One  of  the  Blake  specimens  of  C.  Saintpairiana 
in  addition  to  the  rosy  tint  shows  pale  yellow  brown  mottlings  over  the  sur- 
face, strongest  near  the  suture,  recalling  the  coloration  in  pale  specimens  of 
0.  lunata  Say. 

Astyris  (lunata  var.?)  Duclosiana  Okbignt. 

Columbella  {Astyris)  Duclosiana  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  91, 1881. 
Columbella  Duclosiana  Orb.,  Moll.  Cuba,  II.  136,  pi.  xxi.  figs.  31-33,  1842. 

Habitat.     Station  20,  220  fms.;  Sigsbee,  off  Havana,  in  450  fms. 

This  pretty  little  species  is  closely  related  to  Astyris  lunata  Say,  of  which  it 
is  with  little  doubt  only  a  southern  color-variety.  The  National  Museum  has 
it  from  Samana  Bay,  St.  Domingo,  and  Tampa  Bay,  Florida,  where  it  occurs 
abundantly.     It  has  also  been  received  from  Barbados. 


Subgenus  ^ESOPUS  Gould. 

jEsopus  Gould,  Otia  Conchologica,  p.  138,  Dec,  1860;  type,  jE.  japonicus  Gould. 

Little  attention  seems  to  have  been  paid  to  this  peculiar  and  interesting 
group  since  it  was  described  by  Dr.  Gould.  Several  species  have  been  de- 
scribed that  should  be  referred  to  it,  beside  JE.  filosus  Angas  which  according 
to  Tryon  should  not  be  referred  to  it,  but  this  opinion  I  am  not  in  a  position 
to  discuss  for  want  of  material.  Beside  the  type  which  is  now  under  my 
eyes,  and  was  collected  by  Dr.  Win.  Stimpson  in  Japan,  there  is  a  Californian 
species  called  Amycla  ?  chrysalloidca  by  Dr.  P.  P.  Carpenter,  and  also  the  species 
about  to  be  referred  to  from  the  eastern  coast  of  America. 

VOL.  XVIII.  13 


194  BULLETIN   OF  THE 

^3E3sopus  Stearnsii  (Trton)  Dall. 

Plate  XXIX.  Fig.  5. 

Nitiddla  filosa  Steams,  Proc.  Phil.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  1873,  p.  345,  figure.    Not  Alsopus 

filosus  Angas,  1867. 
?  Columbella  peculiaris  Guppy,  Geol.  Mag.,  1874,  pi.  xviii.  fig.  20  (extra  copies,  p.  9). 
Seminella  Stearnsii  Tryon,  Man.  Conch.,  V.  p.  179,  1882. 

This  species  was  described  from  bleached  specimen-^  collected  by  Dr.  Stearns 
at  Tampa  Bay,  Florida.. 

Instead  of  being  white,  it  is,'  when  fresh,  of  a  handsome  warm  brown,  with 
an  articulated  presutural  band  of  white  and  darker  brown.  Occasionally  there 
are  faint  articulations  of  the  color  on  the  spiral  riblets  of  the  body  whorl. 
The  operculum  is  like  the  Japanese  one.  Beside  those  collected  by  Dr.  Stearns 
in  West  Florida,  it  was  obtained  by  the  U.  S.  Fish  Commission  at  Stations 
2616,  2617,  2619,  and  2622,  in  15-17  fms.,  sand,  off  the  North  Carolina  coast, 
and  by  Dr.  Rush,  in  12  fms.,  off  Frying  Pan  Shoals. 

Beside  the  above  mentioned  species,  another,  in  which  there  is  no  spiral 
striation,  has  been  collected  at  Samana  Bay,  St.  Domingo,  many  years  since, 
by  Capt.  J.  P.  Couthouy.  This  I  have  identified  as  Terebra  Metcalfei  of  Reeve; 
it  is  of  course  not  a  Terebra  at  all,  but  belongs  to  the  subgenus  JEsopus  of  the 
Columbellidce. 

In  taking  leave  of  this  family,  I  may  observe  that,  though  Conidia  ovulata 
has  not  been  taken  nearer  than  the  Bahamas,  it  is  highly  probable  it  will 
eventually  be  found  in  South  Florida  or  among  the  Keys. 


Family   MURICIDiE. 
Subfamily   MURICIN^E. 

In  variety  of  form  and  variability  within  the  species-limit,  probably  no  group 
of  Gastropods  surpasses  the  present  family.  Few  have  suffered  more  at  the 
hands  of  the  splitter-up  of  genera ;  the  number  of  names  proposed,  in  most 
cases  without  any  reference  to  the  rules  of  nomenclature  or  any  investigation 
into  the  history  of  the  species,  is  astonishing.  I  do  not  know  a  more  discredit- 
able exhibition  of  pseudo-science  and  very  real  mischief  of  this  kind  than  that 
which  may  be  found  in  the  recent  treatment  of  Murex  and  Typhis  by  certain 
authors,  who,  it  is  almost  unnecessary  to  observe,  have  not  been  known  to 
contribute  anything  of  value  to  real  biology,  to  atone  for  the  unnecessary 
confusion  they  have  created  in  biological  nomenclature. 

Fischer,  Tryon,  and  the  majority  of  those  who  have  treated  the  modern 
genus  Murex,  have  reduced  the  number  of  subgenera  to  six  or  seven,  leaving 
the  further  subdivision  into  sections  optional.     The  subgenera  of  Murex,  as  in 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  195 

all  "roups  when  sufficient  material  is  studied,  are  found  to  fade  into  one  an- 
other by  moderate  degrees.  In  studying  the  group  it  will  be  found,  if  the 
student  is  possessed  of  material  enough  and  from  a  sufficiently  wide  geograph- 
ical range,  that  the  number  of  varices,  while  generally  constant,  is  not  an  in- 
variable character;  that  the  same  species  has  many  and  long,  or  few  and  short, 
spines  within  the  range  of  its  variation,  and  that  the  young  of  nearly  related 
species,  especially  of  the  same  faunal  region,  are  often  indistinguishable  one 
species  from  another,  while  the  adults  present  fairly  tangible  characters. 
The  Murices  of  the  fauna  we  are  considering  may  be  arranged  as  follows. 

Genus  MUKEX  Linne. 

Subgenus  MUREX  s.  s. 

This  group  has  been  badly  handled  in  Tryon's  Manual,  the  text  of  which 
indicates  haste  and  insufficient  material,  while,  the  figures  are  extremely  poor 
and  very  badly  colored.  There  is  no  doubt  that  Tryon  was  right  in  reducing 
the  number  of  species,  but  a  proper  reduction  can  only  be  made  by  the  exer- 
cise of  great  care  and  the  thorough  study  of  a  large  multitude  of  specimens. 
Without  committing  myself  to  the  distinctness  of  all  the  species  here  included 
under  this  group,  I  can  say  that  they  appear  to  be  distinguishable  from  the 
rather  full  material  I  have  been  able  to  examine. 

Murex  Beaui  Fischer  &  Bernardi. 
Murex  Beaui  F.  &  B.,  Journ.  de  Concliyl.,  V.  p.  295,  pi.  viii.  fig.  1,  1856. 

Habitat.  On  the  Florida  Reefs,  in  119  fms.,  Sigsbee;  Station  300,  at  Barba- 
dos, in  82  fms.;  Station  132,  in  115  fms.,  rocky  bottom,  off  Frederikstadt, 
Santa  Cruz;  Station  144,  on  the  Saba  Bank,  in  21  fms.;  Station  171,  off 
Guadelupe,  in  183  fms.,  bottom  temperatures  ranging  from  55°.5  to  65°. 0  F. 
Also  at  U.  S.  Fish  Commission  Stations  2134,  south  of  Cuba,  in  254  fms.,  sand 
(remarkably  fine);  and  2402,  in  111  fms.,  mud,  between  the  delta  of  the 
Mississippi  River  and  Cedar  Keys,  Florida. 

This  fine  and  remarkable  species  was  obtained  in  large  numbers  at  Station 
2402  of  the  Fish  Commission.  It  is  unquestionably  a  distinct  form,  though 
the  very  young  are  hardly  to  be  distinguished  from  those  of  M.  nodatus  and 
M.  clcgans.  The  adult  of  the  frilled  or  webbed  variety  in  perfection  is  a  mag- 
nificent shell.  It  is  curious,  however,  that  the  webbing  which  is  so  remark- 
able a  character  is  only  found  in  specimens  from  deep,  clean,  and  quiet  waters. 
Those  from  muddy  bottom,  and  all  the  young  ones,  show  only  traces  of  it, 
and  in  the  adults  there  is  often  not  even  a  trace  of  it,  the  varices  being  as 
rounded  and  spinous  as  if  it  never  had  a  web.  The  most  prominent  and  con- 
stant characters  are  the  height  of  the  spire,  deep  suture,  and  peculiarly  rounded 
whorls. 


196  BULLETIN   OF   THE 

Murex  Cabritii  Bernardi. 
Murex  Cabritii  Bernardi,  Journ.  de  Concbyl.,  VII.  p.  301,  pi.  x.  fig.  3,  1858. 

Habitat.  Off  Sombrero,  50-72  fms. ;  Station  36,  Gulf  of  Mexico,  in  84  fms. ; 
Station  132,  off  Santa  Cruz,  in  115  fms.,  rocky  bottom;  Station  143,  off  Saba 
Bank,  in  150  fms.;  Station  155,  off  Montserrat,  in  88  fms.;  Stations  253,  254, 
off  Grenada,  in. 92-164  fms.,  coral;  and  Station  272,  off  Barbados,  in  76  fms. 
Bottom  temperatures  57°  to  69°  F. 

This  is  a  fine  species,  of  which  the  adults  are  a  fine  uniform  pink,  or  pinkish 
white,  with  no  dots  or  other  color  markings  whatever.  They  may  be  luxu- 
riantly spinous,  or  nearly  destitute  of  spines. 

Magnificent  specimens  were  dredged  in  25  fms.,  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  in 
various  places  by  the  Fish  Commission,  and  off  shore  it  was  found  even  as  far 
north  as  Stations  2595  and  2604,  in  34-63  fms.,  sand,  20-40  miles  east  and 
south  from  Cape  Hatteras,  North  Carolina.  Murex  Tryoni  Hidalgo,  from  the 
figure  and  description,  seems  to  be  a  young  specimen  of  this  species. 

Murex  elegans  Beck. 
Murex  elegans  (Beck)  Sowerby,  Conch.  Illustrations,  fig.  84. 

Habitat.  Off  Sombrero,  in  54  fms.;  Station  290,  at  Barbados,  in  73  fms., 
coral,  bottom  temperature  71°.0  F. 

This  seems  a  strictly  Antillean  species  with  which  trilineatus  Reeve  is  sy- 
nonymous, but  which  seems  perfectly  distinct  from  the  genuine  recurvirostris, 
which  name  has  been  made  to  cover  a  heterogeneous  collection  in  Tryon's 
Manual. 

Murex  messorius  (Sbt.)  Reeve. 
Murex  messorius  Reeve,  Conch.  Icon.  Murex,  fig.  90,  1845  (not  of  Tryon). 

Habitat.  Station  142,  Flannegan  Passage,  living  in  27  fms.,  .sand.  Dead 
specimens  at  Station  220,  off  St.  Lucia,  in  116  fms.,  rocky  bottom;  Station  247, 
in  170  fms.,  ooze,  off  Grenada;  bottom  temperature  78°  F.,  at  the  first  station. 
In  shallow  water  near  the  shore  on  the  coast  of  Florida  and  the  mainland 
round  to  Aspinwall. 

This  form  is  almost  without  spines,  has  one  faint  and  two  strong  intervarical 
ribs,  and  has  no  color  dots  or  lineations.  It  has  a  hispid  epidermis,  while 
that  of  M.  Cabritii,  its  nearest  relative,  is  smooth.  The  latter  has  a  perfectly 
straight  and  much  longer  canal,  unless  it  has  met  with  some  injury.  The 
Florida  specimens  are  often  of  a  deep  rose-pink.  They  are  usually  less  hooked 
and  spinose  than  the  discolored  specimen  figured  by  Reeve,  and  have  been 
well  figured  as  Murex  Gundlacld  by  Dunker. 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  197 

Murex  nodatus  Reeve. 
Murex  nodatus  Reeve,  Conch.  Icon.  Murex,  fig.  107,  1845. 

Habitat.  Station  132,  off  Santa  Cruz,  in  115  fms.,  rocky  bottom;  Station 
142,  Flannegan  Passage,  in  27  fms.,  sand;  Station  155,  off  Montserrat,  living, 
in  88  fms.,  bottom  temperature  69°.  F. ;  Station  272,  off  Barbados,  in  76  fms., 
sand. 

This  is  a  solely  Antillean  species,  so  far  as  known.  It  is  distinguished  from 
the  preceding  as  more  light  and  spinose,  by  the  more  numerous  inter-varical 
plicae,  the  inter-nodular  brown  spiral  lines,  and  a  tendency  to  pale  brown 
spiral  zones.  It  is  related  to  M.  elegans,  but  from  the  material  at  hand  appears 
to  be  distinct. 

Murex  Cailleti  Petit. 
Murex  Cailleti  Petit,  Journ.  de  Conchyl.,  V.  p.  87,  pi.  ii.  figs.  1,  2,  1856. 

Habitat.  Off  Santa  Cruz,  dead  but  fresh  specimen,  in  248  fms.,  sand,  at 
Station  134. 

I  feel  a  good  deal  of  doubt  as  to  whether  this  is  distinct  from  recurvirostris, 
but  have  not  the  material  to  determine  the  fact.  It  seems  to  differ  in  its 
longer  canal,  lighter  texture  of  shell,  more  elaborate  sculpture,  and  brown- 
spotted  coloration.     It  is  also  rather  more  spinose. 

Beside  the  above  mentioned  species  of  this  subgenus  the  National  Museum 
possesses,  from  the  Antillean  region,  specimens  of  Murex  chrysostoma  Gray 
and  M.  concinnus  Reeve. 

Subgenus  CHICOREUS  Montfort. 


o 


The  species  figured  to  represent  this  genus,  and  which  must  determine  its 
typical  form  in  subdividing  the  group,  is  not  the  true  Murex  ramosus  to  which 
the  text  makes  reference  in  Montfort's  work,  but  a  species  related  to  M.  rufus, 
palmarosce,  and  adustus.  Montfort  doubtless  would  have  included  all  the 
species  like  pomum  and  brassica  in  his  Chicoreus,  as  would  Swainson  have 
done  in  his  group  named  Phyllonotus  ;  but  as  the  latter  figures  a  species  of  the 
pomum  type  as  his  example,  if  we  divide  the  two  series  the  name  of  Phyllonotus 
must  be  adopted  for  the  latter,  while  Muricanthus  stands  only  for  the  few 
species  like  M.  radix,  which  possess  a  tooth  or  spine  on  the  outer  lip  at  the 
base  of  the  aperture.  Through  such  species  as  M.  quadrifrons,  etc.,  there  is  a 
gradual  passage  from  Chicoreus  to  Phyllonotus,  but  for  most  purposes  it  will  be 
convenient  to  retain  the  distinction. 

Of  the  group  comprehended  under  the  name  Chicoreus,  the  most  prominent 
species  of  the  region  under  consideration  is  Murex  rufus  of  Lamarck,  which 


198  BULLETIN    OF   THE 

has  many  synonyms,  but  in  regard  to  which  Mr.  Tryon's  manual  is  in  hopeless 
confusion.  It  is,  as  far  as  plentiful  material  permits  a  judgment,  perfectly 
distinct  from  M.  adustus.  It  varies  greatly  in  its  frondosity.  The  most  pro- 
fuse, long,  and  subdivided  processes  are  found  in  the  variety  M.  florifer  Reeve, 
which  is  found  at  Nassau,  N.  P.  The  typical  form  reaches  as  far  north  as 
within  25  miles  of  Cape  Fear,  N.  C,  where  it  is  found  in  15  fms.,  off  shore,  in 
the  warmer  water.  It  is  abundant  in  Florida,  the  Keys,  and  the  Bahamas. 
I  have  seen  no  Antillean  specimens.  M.  brevifrons  Lamarck  has  been  found 
as  far  north  as  South  Carolina,  and  is  firmly  established  from  Florida  to  Vene- 
zuela, and  in  the  Antilles.  A  specimen  of  M.  quadrifrons  Lamarck,  from  the 
West  Indies,  is  also  in  the  National  Museum.  To  this  group,  rather  than  to 
Phyllonotus,  the  following  species  may  be  also  referred. 


Chicoreus  Hidalgoi  Crosse. 

Plate  XVI.  Fig.  3. 

Murex  Hidalgoi  Crosse,  Journ.  de  Conchyl.,  XVII.  p.  408,  1869 ;  XIX.  p.  68,  pi.  i. 
fig.  4,  1871. 

Habitat.  Stations  155  and  158,  off  Montserrat,  in  88  and  148  fms.,  sand, 
bottom  temperature  64°  to  69°.0  F. ;  Station  272,  in  76  fms.,  off  Barbados. 

This  is  an  extremely  pretty  and  distinct  species  which  seldom  attains  much 
more  than  an  inch  in  length.  It  has  been  found  in  several  places  in  the  Lesser 
Antilles,  and  always  in  deep  water. 


Subgenus  PHYLLONOTUS  Swainson. 

The  most  remarkable  American  species  of  this  group  is  also  rather  north- 
ern in  its  distribution.  P.  fulcescens  Sowerby*  is  in  the  National  Museum 
from  the  coast  of  North  Carolina  and  also  from  Texas.  It  grows  to  a  large 
size  and  is  the  largest  American  species,  but  probably  inhabits  shallow  water, 
as  none  of  the  off-shore  dredgings  show  any  specimens.  I  have  not  seen  any 
specimens  from  the  Antilles. 

The  second  species  of  this  group  found  on  the  shores  of  the  United  States  is 

Phyllonotus  pomum  Gmelin. 

Plate  XVI.  Fig.  2. 

Murex  pomum  Reeve,  Conch.  Icon.,  sp.  85 ;  Gmelin,  Syst.  Nat.,  p.  3527,  no.  6. 
Murex  oculatus  Reeve,  op.  cit.,  sp.  36,  1845. 

*  Conch.  111.,  p.  7,  fig.  30,  1840.  It  was  afterward  published  as  M.  spinacosta 
Val.  (MS.)  in  Kiener,  Icon.  Murex,  p.  49,  pi.  xli.  fig.  1,  1843,  which  has  been 
amended  to  spinicostata. 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  199 

Murex  mcxicanus  Petit,  Journ.  de  Conchyl.,  III.  p.  51,  pi.  ii.  fig.  9,  1852. 
Murex  asperrimus  Lam.,  Orbigny,  Moll.  Cuba,  II.  p.  158,  1853. 
Murex  pomiformis  (Martini)  Auctorurn. 
?  Murex  imperialis  Tryon,  ex  parte. 

Habitat.  Station  152,  Flannegan  Passage,  in  27  fms.,  sand,  temperature 
78°  F.,  one  very  young  specimen,  which  I  have  figured. 

This  species  extends  its  range  from  the  warm  water  off  the  coast  of  North 
Carolina  to  Florida,  the  mainland  round  to  Venezuela,  etc.,  and  the  Antilles. 
One  of  the  brightest-colored  specimens  I  have  seen  came  from  near  Beaufort, 
N.  C.  The  colors  are  variable,  and  I  suspect  the  Murex  imperialis  from  the 
island  of  Margarita,  West  Indies  (if  not  an  error  for  Margarita  in  the  Gulf  of 
California),  referred  to  by  Mr.  Tryon,  is  merely  a  very  large,  pale,  bright- 
mouthed  M.  pomum.  The  typical  color  of  the  mouth  is  pale  salmon-color 
picked  out  with  dark  brown,  but  in  some  specimens  the  brown  becomes  a 
tolerably  lively  yellow,  and  the  salmon-color  a  pale  pink,,  while  in  still  others 
the  mouth  is  white,  especially  at  inter-varical  periods.  The  number  of  varices 
is  usually  three,  but  this  is  not  invariable;  there  may  be  four,  or  the  number 
may  be  irregular.  The  young  shell  sometimes  looks  like  a  little  stumpy  Fusus, 
of  a  vivid  pink.  Varices  are  inconspicuous  in  the  early  whorls,  which  are 
reticulated,  while  the  nucleus  is  deep  pink,  or  brown,  smooth,  small,  and  about 
two-whorled.     The  epidermis  of  the  young  shell  is  quite  hispid. 


Phyllonotus  interserratus  Sowerby. 

Murex  interserratus  Sowerby,  Tlies.  Conch.  Murex,  p.  39,  no.  180,  fig.  204,  1879. 
Murex  Pazi  Sby.,  op.  cit.,  fig.  208,  not  of  Crosse. 

Habitat.  Station  273,  off  Barbados,  in  103  fms.,  coral;  and  Station  156,  off 
Montserrat,  in  88  fms.,  sand,  bottom  temperatures  60°  to  69°  F. 

This  is  a  very  neat  and  pretty  little  species,  which  combines  characters  re- 
minding one  of  Ocinebra,  Paziella,  Trophon,  and  Phyllcmotus.  No  habitat 
was  given  for  it  by  the  describer,  and  it  is  now  determined  as  Antillean  for 
the  first  time. 


Phyllonotus  Pazi  Crosse. 

Plate  XV.  Fig.  1. 

Murex  Pazi  Crosse,  Journ.  de  Conchyl.,  XVII.  p.  183,  1869;  XVIII.  p.  99,  pi.  i. 
fig.  7,  1870.     Not  of  Sowerby,  Thes.  Conchyl.  Murex,  fig.  208,  1879. 

Habitat.  Station  20,  off  Bahia  Honda,  Cuba,  in  220  fms.,  bottom  tempera- 
ture 62°  F.  Also  at  U.  S.  Fish  Commission  Station  2655,  on  the  Little 
Bahama  Bank,  in  338  fins.,  sand,  temperature  47°. 5  F. 

This  is  a  remarkable  little  shell,  which  takes  a  long  step  toward  uniting 


200  BULLETIN    OF   THE 

Murex  with  Trophon.  It  has  been  called  Paziella  by  one  of  those  gentlemen 
who  employ  themselves  in  inventing  superfluous  names  for  these  animals. 
He  also  called  Murex  zelandicus  (which  only  differs  from  M.  Pazi  in 
wanting  the  spines  on  the  canal)  Perrieria.  I  do  not  know  which  name  is 
prior,  and  neither  of  them  are  particularly  worth  retaining.  Sowerby  has 
figured  what  seems  to  be  a  specimen  of  M.  interserralus  for  this  shell.  No 
figure  of  the  genuine  M.  Pazi  appears  in  the  Thesaurus.  The  figure  we  give 
is  of  the  young -shell  dredged  by  the  Blake.  A  fine  specimen,  32  by  32  mm., 
was  afterward  obtained  from  the  Fish  Commission.  It  differs  from  M.  Crosse's 
figure  only  in  wanting  the  revolving  lines  on  the  base  of  the  last  whorl. 

Phyllonotus  hystricinus  Dall. 

Plate  XV.  Fig.  4. 

Shell  yellowish  white,  thin,  translucent  when  young,  nine-whorled.  Spire 
pointed,  turrited;  nucleus  white,  smooth;  remainder  of  the  whorls  with  close- 
set  varices,  crimped  by  the  intersection  of  three  principal  posterior  and  several 
smaller  anterior  spiral  ribs,  the  largest  being  the  most  posterior  and  angulat- 
ing  the  whorls.  The  ribs  are  prolonged  on  the  varices  into  guttered  recurved 
spines,  of  which  the  posterior  series  is  much  the  longest,  the  next  pair  smaller 
and  subequal,  those  in  front  much  smaller  and  more  recurved;  there  are  nine 
of  these  varices  on  the  last  whorl  and  more  on  the  earlier  whorls ;  with  each 
varix  a  new  canal  is  formed,  much  recurved,  so  that  the  base  shows  a  vortex  of 
four  radiating  canal  spines  with  a  deep  chink  in  their  midst.  The  canal  re- 
mains always  open;  with  this  exception  the  margin  of  the  aperture  is  con- 
tinuous; it  is  elevated,  a  little  thickened  and  with  three  or  four  nodular 
denticles  in  the  adult  within  the  outer  lip.  Max.  Ion.  of  shell,  21.0;  of  last 
whorl,  15.0;  of  aperture,  6.3;  and  of  the  canal,  8.5;  max.  lat.  of  aperture, 
5.5;  of  shell,  including  spines,  16.5  mm. 

Habitat.  Station  158,  in  148  fms.,  rocky  bottom,  off  Montserrat ;  Station 
206,  off  MartinH}ue,  living  in  170  fins.,  sand,  bottom  temperature  49°. 0  F. ; 
also  at  U.  S.  Fish  Commission  Station  2134,  south  of  Cuba,  in  254  fms., 
sand. 

This  singular  shell  belongs  to  the  group  of  M.  carduus  Broderip  and  fimbria- 
tus  Hinds  (=  luculentus  Reeve).  All  of  them  might  be  or  have  been  referred 
to  Trophon,  where  I  should  have  placed  them,  except  that  the  operculum  is 
tvpically  Muricoid  and  the  interior  of  the  lip  dentate.  Multiply  the  series  of 
spines  and  varices  on  Murex  Pazi  and  you  will  have  a  shell  of  this  kind,  which 
is  directly  connected  with  Trophon,  as  far  as  shell  characters  go,  by  such  species 
as  T.  actinophorus.  But  no  linear  arrangement  can  express  the  relationship  of 
these  groups  or  species. 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  201 


Subgenus  PTERONOTUS   Swainson. 

This  group  has  been  regarded  as  rather  characteristic  of  the  shores  of  the 
Southwestern  Pacific  Ocean,  but  we  now  have  several  species  to  add  to  the 
Atlantic  fauna,  where  a  few  were  already  known. 

Pteronotus  macropterus  Deshayes. 

Murex  macropterus  Deshayes,  Mag.  tie  Zocil.,  1841,  pi.  xxxviii. 
Pteropurpura  macroptera  Jousseaume,  1880.     Fischer,  Man.,  p.  641,  1884. 

Habitat.  U.  S.  Fish  Commission  Station  2595,  22  miles  E.  S.  E.  from  Cape 
Hatteras,  N.  C,  in  63  fins.,  sand,  bottom  temperature  75°  F. 

Two  living  specimens  of  the  above  species  were  obtained  by  the  Albatross. 
The  operculum  is  as  figured  by  Deshayes  in  his  original  paper,  the  nucleus 
nearly  lateral,  but  also  nearly  apical,  as  in  M.  rufus  and  M .  pomum,  though  of 
course  on  a  smaller  scale.  This  species  has  had  a  generic  or  subgeneric  name 
applied  to  it,  but  as  for  differential  characters  there  are  none  alleged  of  a 
permanent  and  definite  character. 

Pteronotus  phaneus  n.  s. 

Shell  ashy  white,  elongated,  thin,  six-whorled.  Nucleus  translucent,  smooth, 
polished,  of  about  one  and  a  half  whorls ;  whorls  slightly  convex,  appressed  to 
the  suture  behind  them,  connected  by  three  continuous  fin-like  varices  which 
in  descending  the  spire  make  about  half  a  revolution  around  it;  these  varices 
on  the  upper  whorls  were  extended  backward  into  a  little  wing-like  point  with 
dentate  edges ;  on  the  last  whorl  the  lines  of  growth  indicate  that  the  thin 
margin  was  rounded,  parallel  with  the  whorl.  Transverse  sculpture  of  fine 
growth-lines,  and  on  the  last  two  whorls  at  the  periphery  three  short  little 
narrow  pinched-up  riblets  between  the  varices;  spiral  sculpture  of  fine  rather 
faint  striae  and  wider  undulations,  hardly  visible  except  on  the  varices;  of  these 
there  are  nine  or  ten  on  the  last  varix.  Aperture  elongate-oval,  internally 
white,  thickened,  smooth;  canal  rather  long,  open,  bent  back.  Max.  Ion.  of 
shell,  17.0;  of  last  whorl,  13.5;  of  aperture,  5.0;  max.  lat.  of  aperture,  3.0;  of 
shell,  8.0  mm. 

Habitat.  U.  S.  Fish  Commission  Station  2662,  off  St.  Augustine,  Florida, 
in  434  fms.,  sand,  temperature  43°. 7  F. 

This  species  agrees  more  nearly  with  the  Indo-Pacific  species  by  having  three 
inter-varical  ribs,  while  the  Atlantic  species  hitherto  known  have  only  one.  It 
is,  however,  more  nearly  related  to  the  next  species  than  to  any  hitherto  de- 
scribed, as  far  as  I  have  been  able  to  ascertain.  The  body  of  the  shell  is  not 
unlike  that  of  P.  cordismei  Watson,  figured  in  the  Challenger  Report,  but  the 
present  species  has  none  of  the  semitubular  spines  which  give  the  Australian 
shell  the  look  of  a  Typhis. 


202  BULLETIN   OF  THE 

Pteronotus  tristichus  n.  s. 

Plate   XV.  Fig.  3. 

Shell  pure  white,  thin,  polished,  delicate,  with  six  rather  loosely  coiled, 
rounded  whorls  ;  body  more  slender  than  in  the  last  species,  sutures  much 
deeper  and  not  appressed.  Nucleus  large,  loosely  coiled,  glassy,  white  ;  varices 
making  about  one  quarter  of  a  revolution  around  the  spire,  very  thin,  edges 
dentate,  prolonged  on  the  shoulder  of  the  whorls  into  a  long  pinna  with  a  flat 
central  rib;  below  there  are  three  other  less  prominent  ribs,  which  project  at  the 
edge  of  the  varix  on  the  last  whorl;  there  is  no  transverse  sculpture  except 
incremental  lines,  nor  any  inter- varical  ribs;  the  spiral  sculpture  is  obscure  and 
very  faint,  except  the  ribs  on  the  varices ;  aperture  small,  pear-shaped ;  canal 
open,  rather  long,  bent  to  the  right,  the  canal  belonging  to  the  preceding  varix, 
behind  it,  persistent  and  bent  to  the  left.  Max.  Ion.  of  shell,  15.5;  of  last 
whorl,  11.0;  of  aperture,  3.3;  max.  lat.  of  aperture,  2.0;  of  shell,  10.0  mm. 

Habitat.  Station  51,  off  Havana,  in  243-450  fms.,  Sigsbee.  Station  5, 
152-229  fms.,  off  Cuba. 

This  is  a  very  elegant  little  shell,  and  not  like  any  of  the  shallow- water 
species. 

Genus  EUPLEURA  H.  &  A.  Adams. 

This  genus,  separated  from  the  Tritoniidw  by  Stimpson,  with  the  type 
Eupleura  caudata  Say,  is  a  Pteronotus  with  irregular  and  more  numerous 
varices.  It  has  been  referred  to  Trophon  as  a  subgenus  by  Kobelt,  but,  while 
admitting  that  some  of  the  Trophons  are  more  nearly  related  to  Eupleura  than 
to  the  type  of  Trophon,  I  think  the  dentate  aperture  and  heavy  primary  varices, 
the  texture  and  habits  of  the  shell,  the  station  occupied  by  the  animal  on  the 
shores,  and  its  subtropical  preferences  as  to  habitat,  all  point  to  a  distinction 
wortlry  of  preservation.  I  would,  therefore,  rather  remove  the  muricoid  Tro- 
phons, or  rather  the  muricoid  species  which  have  been  included  with  the  real 
Trophons,  to  the  vicinity  of  Eupleura,  than  sink  the  differences  by  a  transfer  in 
the  opposite  direction.  I  should  not  retain  among  the  typical  Trophons  any  of 
the  species  with  a  contracted  callus  and  dentate  aperture,  or  with  varices'  of 
which  part  are  distinguished  from  the  others  by  a  heavy  deposit  of  shell 
substance. 

Eupleura  caudata  Sat. 

Ranella  caudata  Say,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  II.  p.  236,  1822. 
Eupleura  caudata  Stimpson,  Am.  Journ.  Conch.,  I.  p.  58,  pi.  viii.  fig.  5,  1865. 

The  range  of  this  species,  as  exhibited  by  the  specimens  of  the  National 
Museum,  extends  from  Cape  Cod  to  Charlotte  Harbor,  Florida.  The  northern 
specimens  are  rather  larger,  rougher,  with  the  longitudinal  sculpture  more  equal 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  203 

to  the  transverse,  and  taking  on  in  this  way  a  more  reticulated  appearance.  It 
has  been  confounded  with  a  closely  related,  but  quite  distinguishable,  West 
American  species,  Eupleura  muriciformis  Broderip,  or  clathrata  Gray.  The 
latter  (A)  is  a  considerably  larger  shell  when  adult,  and  may  be  distinguished 
from  E.  caudata  (B)  by  the  following  characters. 

A.  Larger  (circa  40.0  mm.);  strongly  three-noduled  on  the  back  of  the  last 
whorl,  the  middle  nodule  most  prominent,  giving  the  shell  a  trigonal  aspect 
when  viewed  from  the  apex  of  the  spire ;  a  second  primary  varix  frequently 
found  behind  this  middle  nodule,  or  near  it ;  line  of  the  nodules  represented 
by  a  keel  on  the  varix,  which  terminates  in  a  strong  recurved  hook,  grooved 
in  front,  with  no  teeth  behind  this  groove,  or  between  it  and  the  body  whorl, 
inside  the  aperture;  aperture  tapering  gradually  into  the  canal,  and  therefore 
ovate-pyriform. 

B.  Smaller  (max.  circa  28.0  mm.),  with  two  strong  or  several  obscure  nod- 
ules on  the  back,  all  the  varices  nearly  in  the  same  plane,  so  that  the  shell  is 
not  trigonal  but  flattened-ovate  viewed  from  the  apex;  the  keel  from  the  line 
of  the  nodules  does  not  materially  interrupt  the  rounding  over  of  the  varix  to 
the  body,  though  the  young  have  a  small  spine  here,  which  is  not  grooved  in 
front,  and  the  denticulations  of  the  aperture  extend  quite  up  to  the  body,  and 
there  is  even  one  on  the  callus  overlaying  the  body  whorl  itself;  the  varices 
are  broader,  the  mouth  shorter  and  rounder,  and  more  contracted  at  the  begin- 
ning of  the  canal. 

The  comparison  should  be  made  in  all  cases  with  fully  adult  specimens;  the 
young,  and  those  specimens  in  which  the  callosity  of  the  mouth  is  not  fully 
complete,  are  very  close  to  one  another,  especially  if  Floridian  specimens  are 
compared  with  those  from  the  west  coast  of  America.  This  is,  however,  only 
what  we  should  anticipate  with  two  forms  which  in  all  probability  are  de- 
scended from  the  same  ancestors,  and  have  become  differentiated  within  a 
comparatively  short  geological  time.  The  soft  parts  of  Eupleura  caudata  are 
of  a  yellowish  white  color  with  opaque  white  dots  and  mottlings.  The  ten- 
tacula  taper  from  base  to  tip,  with  the  eyes  about  midway,  not  showing  any 
enlargement.  The  foot  is  short,  truncate  in  front,  rounded  behind.  The  verge 
is  behind  the  right  tentacle,  turned  back  in  a  curve  like  the  outline  of  the 
concha  of  the  human  ear.  It  is  compressed  at  the  base,  thick,  rounded  and 
blunt  at  the  tip,  the  transverse  diameter  subequal  throughout.  The  egg  cap- 
sules, like  those  of  many  Muricidaz,  are  pedunculate  on  a  long  slender  pedicel, 
like  a  three-sided  prism,  swelling  above,  one  keel  rounding  off  and  sending 
bifurcations  to  the  other  two,  which  are  unequally  prominent,  the  right  or 
highest  one  terminating  in  a  minute  circular  aperture,  the  left  in  an  acute 
point.  There  are  12  to  20  very  minute  dark  eggs  in  each  capsule.  They  were 
taken  by  Dr.  Stimpson  at  Beaufort,  S.  C.  The  wide  difference  between  these 
and  the  flattened  circular  capsules  of  Trophon  (see  Jeffreys,  Brit.  Conch.,  IV. 
pi.  viii.  fig.  2)  is  apparent.  The  operculum  is  chestnut-brown,  and  like  that  of 
Murex  or  Pteronotus,  not  like  that  of  Trophon. 


204  BULLETIN   OF  THE 

Eupleura  Stimpsonii  n.  s. 

Shell  small,  thin,  whitish,  not  polished,  with  four  varices  to  the  whorl  and 
five  whorls;  nucleus  smooth,  white;  spiral  sculpture  of  extremely  fine  faint 
striae,  and  of  (on  the  last  whorl)  five  low  keels,  most  prominent  on  the  back  of 
the  varices.  The  posterior  keel  is  produced  at  the  shoulder  as  a  spine,  which 
on  the  front  side  of  the  varix  looks  as  if  it  were  holding  up  the  webbing  of  the 
varix  as  a  tent-pole  holds  a  tent;  the  other  keels  are  represented  on  the  front 
of  the  varix  only  by  shallow  grooves.  The  transverse  sculpture  is  composed  of 
well  marked  incremental  lines;  above  the  spine  on  the  last  whorl  the  web 
of  the  varix  extends  to  the  fifth  preceding  varix;  below  the  spine  it  follows 
the  outline  of  the  aperture,  nearly,  and  terminates  midway  down  the  canal; 
the  margin  is  even  except  at  the  spine  and  the  ends  of  the  grooves;  aperture 
rounded,  continuously  marginate  except  at  the  open  narrow  canal;  there  are 
four  teeth  inside  the  outer  lip  in  front  of  the  spine,  and  three  near  the  front  of 
the  inner  lip ;  the  canal  is  slightly  recurved,  the  end  of  the  antecedent  canal 
projecting  from  it  at  the  left;  suture  well  marked.  Max.  Ion.  of  shell,  12.0; 
of  last  whorl,  9.0;  of  aperture,  3.0;  of  canal,  4.0;  max.  lat.  of  aperture,  2.2; 
of  the  varix  at  the  spine,  2.8;  of  the  shell,  7.0  mm. 

Habitat.  Barbados  in  100  fms.  A  fragment  in  1002  fms.,  off  Cape  San 
Antonio. 

This  is  a  very  short  and  triangular  little  species,  which  was  dredged  alive ; 
but  the  alcohol  spoiled,  and  the  soft  parts  and  opercula  were  lost  before  I 
received  the  jar. 

Genus   TROPHON   Montfort. 

This  genus  has  been  very  properly  divided  by  Fischer  and  others  into  sec- 
tions, sufficiently  well  characterized  for  the  most  part* 

*  In  connection  with  this  genus  it  may  be  as  well  to  clear  up  the  synonymy  of 
a  West  Coast  species  which  has  fallen  into  confusion. 

Trophon  (Boreotrophon)  Dalli  Kobelt. 
Trophon  muriciformis  Dall,  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Sci.,  VIII.,  extras,  p.  4,  March  19, 1877  ; 

Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  IX.  302,  pi.  iv   fig.  6. 
Trophon  Dalli  Kobelt,  Mar.  &  Chemn.,  ed.  Kuster,  N.  Ausg.,  t.  lxxiv.  fig.  1. 
Trophon  Gondridgri  Forbes,  MS.  name  on  tablet  in  British  Museum. 
Trophon  Gooderichii  Sowerby,  Thes.  Conch.,  pi.  ccccv.  figs.  25,  26, 1880,  as  of  Forbes ; 

in  error. 
Trophon  coronatus  Sowerby,  not  of  A.  Adams. 

Not  Trophon?  ("  Buccinum")  muriciformis  King,  Zoiil.  Journ.,  V.  p.  348,  1831. 
Not  Eupleura  ("  Ranella  ")  muriciformis  Broderip,  P.  Z.  S.  1832,  p.  179. 
Not  Trophon  muriciformis  Sowerby,  Thes.,  sp.  38,  pi.  ccccv.  fig.  40,  1880,  wrongly  as 

of  Philippi  (=  Fusus  albidus  Phil.  =  Trophon  Gerversianus  Pallas,  testa  jun.). 

The  blunders  of  Mr.  Sowerby  in  this  connection  are  almost  incredible.  There 
is  no  Trophon  Gooderichii  Forbes,  nor  T.  muriciformis  Philippi.     The  Buccinum  muri- 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY  205 

The  deep-water  species  off  the  American  coast  would  all  appear  to  be  refer- 
able to  Borcotropkon  Fischer,  with  the  exception  of  one  of  the  species  about  to  be 
described.  This  presents  in  some  respects  such  analogies  with  species  of  Murex 
like  M.  hyutricina,  that  I  have  doubts  as  to  whether  the  specimens  I  have  seen 
are  fully  adult,  and  whether  they  might  not,  when  more  mature,  develop  an 
aperture  of  the  muricoid  type.  For  this  reason  I  forbear  to  suggest  any  sectional 
name  for  the  form  in  question  until  more  data  shall  have  been  obtained. 

The  species  known  from  the  eastern  coast  (excluding  the  ordinary  Arctic 
forms)  are  few.  They  comprise  T.  vaginatus  C.  &  J.  (+  clavatus  Sars); 
T.  abyssorum  Verrill,*  and  the  following  species.  All  of  them  are  closely 
related,  and  the  range  of  variation  is  not  yet  well  determined. 

Boreotrophon  (aculeatus  Watson  var.?)  lacunellus  n.  s. 

Plate  XV.  Fig.  4. 

Shell  solid,  white,  turrited,  with  about  eight  whorls,  carrying  each  twelve 
to  fourteen  slightly  vaulted  lamellae,  which  are  angulated  on  the  smaller  whorls 
at  about  the  middle  of  their  visible  surface;  nucleus  smooth,  white,  with  about 
one  and  a  half  turns;  subsequent  coils  sculptured  only  by  the  stout  lamellae, 
moderately  strong  lines  of  growth,  and  rather  numerous  irregular  scratches  or 
ill-defined  ridges  directed  in  a  spiral  sense  here  and  there  on  the  shell.  The 
angulation  of  the  (aperture  and  consequently  of  the)  varices,  though  distinct,  is 
not  sufficiently  produced  to  form  spines;  suture  distinct  but  not  deep;  posterior 
surface  of  the  whorls  oblique,  here  and  there  slightly  concave ;  anterior  surface 
(or  base)  rounded,  produced  and  prolonged  into  a  slender  canal  somewhat 
curved  to  the  left ;  aperture  narrow,  long,  rather  sharply  angulated  at  the 
suture,  in  front  passing  without  any  very  marked  constriction  into  the  tapering 
canal ;  inner  and  outer  lips  reflected  and  connected  over  the  body  by  a  contin- 
uous callus;  the  inner  lip  has  a  chink  behind  it  at  the  beginning  of  the  beak; 
the  outer  portion  of  the  reflection  of  the  outer  lip  is  angulated  about  one  third 
of  the  way  from  the  suture  toward  the  beak;  the  lips  are  polished,  white,  and 
slightly  thickened  within.  Max.  Ion.  of  shell,  41.0  (?)  ;  of  last  whorl,  29.0 ;  of 
aperture,  24.5;  lat.  of  shell,  15.5;  of  aperture,  7.5  mm. 

Habitat.  Station  163,  off  Guadelupe,  in  769  fms.,  sand,  bottom  tempera- 
ture 39°.  75  F. 

I  am  in  some  doubt  in  regard  to  this  shell,  which  presents  several  differences 
from  any  of  a  number  of  closely  allied  forms,  to  none  of  which  does  it  yet  seem 
quite  safe  to  refer  it.  It  is  larger  and  has  a  longer  and  more  even  spire,  less 
angulated  whorls,  and  angles  much  less  produced,  than  in  T.  multilamellosus 
Philippi.     It  is  nearer  T.  clavatus  of  Sars,  but  still  with  similar  differences, 

ciformis  King,  which  he  tried  to  quote,  is  probably  a  variety  of  T.  Gerversianus ;  but 
owing  to  the  confusion  and  doubt  attending  the  specific  name,  it  is  probably  better 
to  adopt  that  of  Dr.  Kobelt. 

*  Trophon  Lintoni  Verrill  strongly  suggests  Coralliophila  rather  than  Trophon. 


206  BULLETIN    OF   THE 

and  is  three  times  as  large  as  T.  clavatus,  with  nearly  the  same  number  of 
whorls.  It  is  most  closely  related  to  T.  aculeatus  Watson,  from  deep  water  off 
Pernambuco,  and  I  am  disposed  to  consider  them  the  same,  though  our  shell 
has  fewer  whorls  in  the  same  length  and  a  proportionally  longer  canal.  But 
the  types  of  T.  aculeatus  are  evidently  quite  young. 

Younger  specimens  of  what  I  suppose  to  be  the  same  species  have  been  taken 
by  the  U.  S.  Fish  Commission  at  Stations  2677,  2678,  off  Cape  Fear,  N.  C, 
in  478  and  731' fms.,  mud,  bottom  temperature  49°. 3  and  3S°.  7.  Also  in 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  at  Station  2398,  in  227  fms.,  mud,  bottom  temperature 
48°. 6  F. 

Boreotrophon  actinophorus  n.  s. 

Plate  XV.  Fig.  2. 

Shell  translucent  white,  very  thin,  glassy,  seven-whorled  ;  nucleus  white, 
smooth,  two-whorled  ;  spiral  sculpture  of  very  fine  faint  irregular  spiral  lines; 
transverse  sculpture  of  the  incremental  lines  and  a  keel  or  angulation  at  the 
shoulder  of  the  whorl  which  is  produced  into  long  nearly  horizontally  extended 
triangular  spines,  deeply  guttered  out,  and  having  the  upper  or  posterior  side 
shorter  in  the  direction  of  rotation  than  the  other,  so  that  looked  at  from  the 
apex  the  spines  recall  the  paper  whirligigs  or  wind-wheels  used  as  children's 
toys.  There  are  six  of  these  spines  on  the  last  whorl  and  thirty-one  on  the 
whole  shell  figured.  Spire  elevated ;  suture  distinct,  not  channelled  ;  aperture 
narrow,  long,  angulated  at  the  spine,  continuous  with  the  open  canal  which  is 
curved  to  the  right;  at  the  left  of  the  canal  projects  a  whorl  of  three  or  more 
tips  of  antecedent  canals  (often  broken  away).  Interior  of  aperture  simple,  not 
thickened.  Max.  Ion.  of  shell,  17.5;  of  last  whorl,  12.3;  of  aperture  and  canal, 
10.0;  max.  lat.  of  aperture,  3.0;  of  the  shell  exclusive  of  spines,  6.0;  of  the 
whole  shell,  14.0  mm. 

Habitat.  Station  134,  off  Santa  Cruz,  in  248  fms.,  sand;  Station  206,  off 
Martinique,  in  170  fms.,  sand;  and  Station  299,  near  Barbados,  in  140  fms., 
coral;  temperatures  from  49°. 0  to  56°. 5  F. 

This  is  a  very  remarkable  shell,  and  if  immature,  as  I  suspect,  it  is  singular 
that  an  adult  was  not  taken  at  one  of  the  three  stations.  Whether  a  Murex  or 
a  Trophon  it  is  entirely  distinct  from  anything  I  have  been  able  to  find  any 
record  of.     It  has  in  all  respects  the  appearance  of  a  truly  abyssal  species. 


Subgenus  ASPELLA   Morch. 

Aspella  Morch,  Malak.  Bliitt,  XXIV.  p.  24,  1877.     (No  description.) 
Poweria  Monterosato,  Norn.  Gen.  Conch.  Medit,  p.  113,  1884.     Not  Poiveria  Bona- 
parte, Ichthyology,  1841. 
Murex,  Triton,  Ranella,  etc.,  Auct.  var. 

The  name  suggested  by  Morch  for  Ranella  anceps  Lamarck,  was  not  accom- 
panied by  any  diagnosis  or  differential  characters.     There  is,  however,  no  reason 


MUSEUM   OF  COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY.  207 

why  it  should  not  be  retained,  in  the  absence  of  any  fully  established  name  of 
other  date.  It  is  somewhat  uncertain  in  the  absence  of  definite  information 
as  to  the  nucleus  of  A.  anceps,  its  operculum,  dentition,  and  soft  parts,  to  know 
whether  it  belongs  to  the  group  of  which  Murex  scalarioides  would  form  a 
type.  But  A.  anceps  presents  so  many  analogies  with  A.  hastula,  especially  as 
to  form  and  quality  of  surface,  while  A.  hastula  has  the  nucleus  and  surface 
identical  with  and  is  otherwise  so  closely  like  certain  forms  of  A.?  scalarioides, 
that  I  do  not  think  it  judicious  to  separate  them. 

Aspella  anceps  Lamarck. 

Ranella  anceps  Lamarck,  An.  s.  Vert.,  VII.  p.  154,  1822. 

Ranella  (Aspella)  anceps  Morch,  Malak.  Blatt,  XXIV.  p.  24,  1877. 

Ranella  pyramidalis  Broderip,  P.  Z.  S.  1832,  p.  194 ;  Sowerby,  Conch.  111.  Ranella, 

fig.  2. 
Ranella  producta  Pease,  P.  Z.  S.  1860,  p.  397. 

Habitat.     St.  Thomas,  Riis  and  Morch.     West  Indies,  Tryon. 

This  species  has  been  reported  several  times  from  the  West  Indies.  It  is 
doubtful,  however,  whether  the  shell  referred  to  is  really  T.  anceps  or  the  fol- 
lowing species.  At  least  there  is  no  reason  why  it  should  not  be  found  in  the 
Antilles,  since  I  have  seen  specimens  from  Ceylon,  Mauritius,  Panama,  Aca- 
pulco,  and  the  Sandwich  Islands. 

The  identity  of  Pease's  shell  with  the  ordinary  anceps  is  determined  from  a 
specimen  received  from  the  author. 

This  shell  is  almost  always  found  in  collections  dead  and  worn,  with  the 
secondary  varices  worn  down,  the  calcareous  layer  which  should  clothe  the 
surface  eroded,  and  the  nucleus  lost.  I  have  never  been  able  to  examine  a 
perfectly  fresh  specimen.  I  have  no  doubt,  however,  of  its  distinctness  from 
the  next  species. 

Aspella  hastula  Reeve. 
Ranella  hastula  Reeve,  Conch.  Icon.  Ranella,  fig.  42,  1844. 

Habitat.  China  Seas,  Stimpson.  Station  2617,  in  14  fms.,  sand,  twenty- 
five  miles  S.  E.  from  Cape  Fear,  North  Carolina,  U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

This  curious  little  species  is  of  a  chestnut-brown  under  the  spongy  calcareous 
layer.  It  has  3-5  varices  to  the  whorl;  A.  anceps,  always  six.  The  revolving 
lines  are  less  elevated  than  "is  usual  with  A.  anceps,  and  never  nodulated,  as  is 
often  the  case  with  the  latter.  The  nucleus  is  exactly  that  of  the  following 
species,  and  the  amount  of  compression  varies  very  greatly,  some  specimens 
showing  almost  none. 


208  BULLETIN   OF  THE 


Aspella?  scalarioides  Blainville  (em.). 

Murex  scalaroides  Blainville,  Fauna  Fran9aise,  p.  131,  pi.  5  a,  figs.  5,  6,  1826  ;  Monte- 

rosato,  Bull.  Soc.  Mai.  It.,  V.  p.  227,  1879. 
Murex  scalarinus  Bivona-Bernardi,  Nuovo  Gen.  Moll.,  p.  27,  pi.  iii.  fig.  11,  1832. 
Murex  distinotus  Cristoforis  e  Jan,  Cat.  No.  4,  pi.  xi.  fig.  2,  1833  (or  later)  ;  Phi- 

lippi,  Moll.  Sicil.,  I.  p.  209,  pi.  xi.  fig.  32,  1836  ;  Reeve,  Conch.  Icon.  Murex, 

fig.  161,  1845. 
Murex  Itucoderma  Scacchi,  Cat.  Concliyl.  Reg.  Nap.,  p.  12,  fig.  16,  1836. 
Ocinebra  scalaroides  Kobelt,  Jahrb.  Mai.  Ges.,  IV.  p.  244,  1877. 
Murex  (Muricidea)  scalarioides  Brugnone,  Bull.  Mai.  Ital.,  III.  p.  29,  1877. 
Poweria  scalarina  Monterosato,  Nom.  Gen.  Conch.  Medit.,  p.  113,  1884. 

Habitat.     Mediterranean  and.  Adriatic. 


Aspella  scalarioides  var.  paupercula  C.  B.  Adams. 

Murex  pauperculus  C.  B.  Adams,  Contr.  Conch.,  p.  60,  1850. 

Triton  Cantrainei  Recluz,  Journ.  de  Conchyl.,  IV.  pp.  246,  418,  pi.  viii.  fig.  10,  1853; 

and  V.  p.  156,  1856.     Krebs,  Cat.,  p.  21. 
Ocinebra  Cantrainei  Kobelt,  Jahrb.  Mai.  Ges.,  IV.  p.  244,  1877. 

Habitat.     West  Coast  of  Florida,  in  50  fms. 


Aspella  scalarioides  var.  lamellosa  Dunker. 
Ranella  lamellosa  Dunker,  P.  Z.  S.  1862,  p.  240. 
Habitat.     Florida  Keys,  Bermuda,  Antilles. 

Aspella  scalarioides  var.  obeliscus  A.  Adams. 

Murex  obeliscus  A.  Adams,  P.  Z.  S.  1851,  p.  269;  Sowerby,  Thes.  Conch.  Murex,  fig. 

233,  1879. 
Murex  alveatus  Reeve,  Conch.  Icon.  Murex,  figs.  157,  163,  1845. 
1  Murex  alveatus  Kiener,  Icon.  Murex,  p.  24,  pi.  xlvi.  fig.  2. 

Habitat.     St.  Thomas,  W.  I.,  Adams;  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico,  Strebel. 

The  characters  which  I  take  to  be  of  more  than  specific  value  in  this  poly- 
morphic form  are  as  follows:  — 

Nucleus  small;  at  first  obliquely  and  loosely  wound,  like  a  "stranded"  rope, 
giving  the  appearance  at  first  sight  of  a  reversed  nucleus ;  its  material  not 
different  from  that  of  which  the  rest  of  the  early  whorls  are  formed. 

Shell  with  a  tendency  to  lateral  compression,  as  in  Gyrincum,  which  may  be 
more  or  less  constant  in  the  same  species  or  vary  during  the  ages  of  the  same 
specimen. 

Operculum  elongated,  acute,  with  an  apical  nucleus,  resembling  the  opercu- 

March  13,  1889. 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY.  209 

lum  of  Sipho  or  Boreotrophon.  Favarlia,  which  is  nearest  in  form  to  this 
among  the  Murices,  has  a  muricoid  operculum  with  its  nucleus  not  apical. 

Dentition  like  that  of  typical  Murex,  not  resembling  Muricidea,  Ocinebra,  or 
Trophon. 

Superficies  of  the  shell  with  a  cellulose  or  finely  vermiculated  cretaceous  white 
layer ;  beneath  this  chalky  layer  a  harder  shell-substance,  sometimes  colored. 
Epidermis  seemingly  absent. 

Canal  short,  recurved,  always  open;  aperture  denticulated  in  the  adult. 

The  soft  parts  of  a  specimen  of  A.  scalarioides  var.  paupercula  Adams,  taken 
at  Key  West  by  Hemphill,  were  white  with  very  distinct  black  eyes.  The  ten- 
tacles were  small  and  close  together,  the  eyes  situated  on  their  outer  sides 
half-way  toward  the  tip.  The  foot  is  large  for  the  size  of  the  animal,  rounded 
behind,  double-edged  in  front,  and  auriculated  at  the  anterior  corners.  As  far 
as  one  could  judge  from  the  contracted  alcoholic  specimen,  the  auriculation 
must  have  been  very  marked  and  the  anterior  median  indentation  deep.  The 
proboscis  moderately  long,  the  radula  long  but  very  small,  its  formula  1+^4-1. 
It  much  resembled  that  of  M.  trunculus  and  M.  brevispina  as  figured  by  Tro- 
schel  in  his  Gebiss  der  Schnecken.  There  were  the  usual  two  gills  on  the  left 
side.  The  oesophagus  was  rather  long,  with  no  post-oral  dilatation,  and  much 
contorted.  There  seemed  to  be  a  small  appendix  to  the  right  margin  of  the 
siphonal  extension  of  the  mantle. 

The  shell  of  this  species  when  quite  young  looks  like  a  small  inflated  Boreo- 
trophon. As  it  gets  older,  a  tendency  is  often  exhibited  in  two  of  the  normal 
six  varices  to  grow  bigger  than  the  others,  beside  which  the  intermediate  part 
of  the  whorl  actually  becomes  somewhat  flattened.  A  specimen  of  this  sort, 
especially  if  the  flattening  is  pronounced,  as  it  sometimes  is,  looks  much  like  a 
large  white  Aspella  hastula,  and  one  such  was  described  by  Dunker  as  Ranella 
lamellosa.  For  this  state  or  stage,  sometimes  permanent,  I  reserve  the  varietal 
name  lamellosa. 

Generally  the  second  stage  passes,  later  on,  into  what  may  be  called  the  nor- 
mal form,  which  is  not  flattened  but  muricoid  or  like  a  small  Tritonium.  This 
I  call  variety  paupercula,  as  it  is  what  was  described  as  Murex  pauper  cuius  by 
Adams,  and  later  as  a  Triton  by  Recluz. 

This  may  be  stout  or  slender,  and  is  usually  pure  white.  The  slender  form 
is  apt  to  have  the  spiral  lines  stronger.  When  very  long  and  with  some 
touches  of  light  brown  on  the  under  layer  of  the  varices  it  becomes  variety 
obeliscus,  described  as  a  species  by  A.  Adams.  This  may  be  the  same  as 
Murex  alceatus  Kiener  (if  that  is  not  a  Favartia),  and  is  certainly  the  shell 
figured  under  that  name  by  Reeve. 

The  typical  form  is  that  from  the  Mediterranean,  which,  in  a  full  series,  I  find 
to  be  generally  more  elevated,  with  rounder  whdrls,  less  prominent  varices,  and 
obscurer  spirals.  Still  there  are  some  Mediterranean  specimens  exactly  like 
the  Floridian  variety  paupercula.  Blainville's  specific  name  seems  to  be  gen- 
erally accepted,  and  I  have  used  it,  but  have  not  been  able  to  consult  the  original 
work.     Monterosato  adopts  Bivona's  specific  name  and  separates  the  shell  under 

vol.  xviii.  14 


210  BULLETIN   OF  THE 

a  generic  name  which  had  been  used  for  a  fish  some  time  previously  by  Bona- 
parte.   For  reasons  already  stated,  I  refer  the  species  provisionally  to  Aspella. 

Aspella  hastula  has  exactly  such  a  surface  as  this  shell,  and  so  when  perfect 
does  A.  anceps.  The  nucleus  of  A.  hastula  is  precisely  that  of  A.  scalarioides. 
I  have  not  seen  any  specimen  of  anceps  which  retains  the  nucleus.  But  the 
more  perfect  the  specimens,  the  nearer  their  general  character  agrees  with  that 
of  hastula  and  scalarioides,  though  I  admit  that  the  commonly  worn  and  defect- 
ive beach  specimens  of  anceps  would  usually  convey  a  different  impression. 

Murex  erosus  Broderip  has  been  compared  with  this  species,  and  much  re- 
sembles M.  intermedius  C.  B.  Adams.  Both  belong  to  the  group  which  follows. 
It  is  destitute  of  an  external  cretaceous  layer,  and  has  a  different  operculum. 

In  the  Jeffreys  collection  I  find  a  "  Murex  distinctus  var.  acanthopterus" 
labelled  by  Monterosato.  This  shell  is  a  young  and  slender  whitish  specimen 
of  a  Muricidea,  like  M.  hexagona.  I  have  not  seen  it  referred  to  elsewhere, 
and  the  name  may  be  a  manuscript  one. 

Genus  OCINEBRA  Leach. 

There  does  not  seem  to  be  any  good  reason  why  this  name  should  be  mis  - 
spelled,  as  it  is  so  often,  and  as  I  find  it  in  the  "  Mollusques  Marins  du  Roussil- 
lon,"  for  example ;  but  it  probably  arises  from  the  fact  that  it  is  easier  to  look 
at  Dr.  Gray's  P.  Z.  S.  list  of  genera  of  1847,  than  it  is  to  correct  the  numerous 
errors  contained  in  that  list  by  going  to  the  original  authority. 

There  are  several  species  on  our  coasts  which  belong  to  this  group  if  we 
regard  the  shell  only ;  but  in  0.  erinacea  the  operculum  is  that  of  typical 
Murex,  anterior  but  not  apical,  and  somewhat  laterally  situated.  In  the 
American  species  the  nucleus  is  apical,  and  I  suppose  them  to  bear  somewhat 
such  a  relation  to  Ocinebra  proper  as  Boreotrophon  Fischer  does  to  the  typical 
Trophon.  I  have  not  been  able  to  examine  the  operculum  of  Murex  breviculus 
Sowerby,  to  which  the  name  of  Favartia  was  applied  in  1880,  according  to 
Fischer. 

But  the  shell  of  M.  breviculus  has  so  many  points  in  common  with  that  of 
our  little  Ocinebras,  that  I  suspect  it  belongs  to  the  same  group,  which  would, 
in  that  case,  form  a  subgenus  of  Ocinebra  rather  than  of  Phyllonotus. 

For  the  present  T  shall  adopt  the  name  referred  to  for  the  shells  in  question. 

Subgenus  FAVARTIA  Fischer. 
Favartia  cellulosa  Conrad, 

Plate  XVI.  Fig.  1. 

Murex  cellulosa  Conrad,  Proc.  Phil.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci .,  III.  p.  25,  1846. 
Murex  nuceus  Morch,  Cat.  Kierulf,  p.  14,  no.  343,  pi.  i.  fig.  9,  1850. 
Ocenebra  nuceus  Morch,  Cat.  Yoldi,  p.  95,  1852. 

Habitat.     Coast  of  the  United  States  from  the  vicinity  of  Cape  Fear,  N.  C  , 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  211 

to  Florida,  Vera  Cruz,  Bermuda,  and  the  Antilles.     Off  Sombrero  in  54  fms., 
Blake  Expedition. 

I  found  this  form  together  with  Urosalpinx  tampaensis  and  varieties  of 
U.  cinereus  on  the  oyster-beds  in  Tampa  Bay,  exactly  as  described  by  Conrad 
nearly  half  a  century  ago.  The  Tampa  specimens  have  spots  of  purplish  brown 
inside  the  mouth,  but  most  of  the  specimens  from  other  localities  have  the 
mouth  whitish  with  a  brownish  throat.  It  has  been  received  from  the  Antilles 
under  the  name  of  M.  casta  A.  Adams;  it  is  probably  the  same  as  Sowerby's 
M.  jamaicensis,  which  appears  to  be  a  young  shell,  and  it  is  without  doubt  the 
shell  whose  varieties  are  catalogued  by  Melvill  in  his  list  of  Florida  shells 
under  the  names  of  Murex  tetrarjonus  and  cycloslomus.  The  very  slender  and 
strongly  recurved  canal  is  almost  always  broken  off  in  cabinet  specimens. 

Favartia  (cellulosa  var.  ?)  levieula  Dall. 

This  form  differs  from  the  typical  cellulosa  in  being  somewhat  smaller  and 
more  slender,  with  one  less  varix  on  the  average  and  with  the  varices  thinner, 
6omewhat  more  branched,  and  each  forming  a  sharp-edged  rather  than  a  broad- 
ish  rounded  ridge.  The  revolving  ribs  are  feebler,  and  in  nearly  all  the  speci- 
mens entirely  obsolete  over  most  of  the  space  between  the  varices  on  the  last 
whorl.  This  gives  the  shell  a  very  different  aspect,  but  a  tendency  to  such  a 
condition  is  seen  in  some  specimens  of  cellulosa  and  other  apparently  allied 
species.  I  regard  it  as  a  variety  of  cellulosa,  and  Sowerby's  figure  (Thes. 
Murex,  pi.  xxiii.  fig.  223)  of  his  jamaicensis  would  fairly  well  represent  a 
specimen  in  which  the  ribs  had  not  become  obsolete. 

This  form  was  obtained  by  the  U.  S.  Fish  Commission  off  Cape  Lookout, 
N.  C,  at  Station  2609,  and  in  25-40  fms.  at  various  stations  in  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico,  including  Key  West. 

Favartia  intermedia  C.  B.  Adams. 
Murex  intermedins  C.  B.  Adams,  Contr.  Conch,  p.  60,  1850;  not  of  Tryon. 

This  species  is  found  from  the  Florida  Keys  to  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico,  is  abun- 
dant at  Bermuda  (Hamlin),  and  has  been  received  from  Cuba  and  St.  Thomas. 

It  is  entirely  distinct  from  the  shell  called  Triton  Cantrainei  by  Recluz  and 
M.  paupcrculus  by  C.  B.  Adams.  That  species  may  be  identical  with  M.  alve- 
olus Kiener,  as  claimed  by  Tryon,  but  he  is  wrong  in  referring  the  present 
species  to  it.  It  may  be  distinguished  from  M.  cellulosa  Con.  by  being  more 
slender,  elevated,  and  having  in  the  adult  the  last  varix  proportionally  larger 
thon  any  of  the  others.  M.  pauperculus  C.  B.  Adams,  which  is  in  the  National 
Museum  from  Vera  Cruz  and  St.  Thomas,  is  remarkable  for  having  a  sort  of 
calcareous  whitish  outer  coating,  like  that  seen  on  Ranella  hastula  Reeve, 
which  is  easily  removed,  and  under  which  the  shell  is  often  of  a  darker  color. 


212  BULLETIN   OF   THE 


Genus  MURICIDEA  (Swainson)  Morch. 

<  Muricidea  Swainson,  Malac,  p.  296,  1840. 
=  Muricidea  Morch,  Cat.  Yoldi,  p.  95,  1852. 

=  Muricopsis  Bucquoy  et  Dautzenberg,  Moll.  Marins  du  Roussillon,  p.  19,  pi.  i. 
figs.  5,  6,  1882  ;  Fischer,  Man.,  p.  642. 

Swainson's  genus  contained  a  heterogeneous  assembly  After  eliminating  the 
forms  which  had  already  been  separated  from  Murex  by  Montfort  as  Trophon, 
Phos,  etc.,  there  remained  M.  hexagona  Lamarck  and  allied  species  to  conserve 
Swainson's  name.  This  revision  was  indicated  by  Morch  as  above  cited,  who 
gives  M.  hexagona  and  M.  Blainvillei  Payr.  as  examples.  This  revision  has 
been  accepted  by  Carpenter  and  others  without  comment,  but  appears  to  have 
been  overlooked  by  the  authors  of  the  Marine  Mollusca  of  Roussillon,  who  in 
1882  proposed  the  subgenus  Muricopsis  for  the  same  two  species.  Numerous 
species  which  have  been  referred  to  Pseudomurex,  etc.,  doubtless  belong  in  this 
group,  which  is  so  intimately  related  to  the  genus  Murex  as  to  raise  grave  doubts 
as  to  its  right  to  rank  higher  than  a  subgenus.  The  chief  characters  of  the 
group  are  the  absence  of  primary  varices,  or  those,  so  characteristic  of  Murex, 
Tritonium,  Ranella,  etc.,  which  dominate  over  the  ordinary  system  of  ribs; 
the  operculum,  like  that  of  Fusus  rather  than  Murex,  with  its  apical  or  almost 
apical  nucleus;  the  tallish  spire,  and  the  always  open  canal.  Some  species 
have  only  ribs;  in  the  typical  species  there  are  spiny  varices  instead  of  ribs; 
in  others  again  it  is  difficult  to  say  whether  the  structure  is  a  rib  or  a  varix. 

Muricidea  hexagona  Lamarck. 

Fragments  of  this  species  were  found  in  several  of  the  dredgings.  It  is  not 
rare  on  the  Mexican  coast  and  among  the  Antilles. 


n 


Muricidea  floridana  Conrad. 

Urosalpinx  floridanus  Conrad,  Am.  Journ.  Conch.,  V.  p.  106,  pi.  xii.  fig.  4,  1869. 
?  Murex  ostrearum  Conrad,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  III.  p.  25,  1846. 
Muricidea  floridana  Dall,  Hemphill's  Shells,  p.  326,  1883. 

This  species  is  well  named,  as  I  have  never  seen  a  specimen  except  from 
Florida.  I  have  little  doubt,  from  all  the  circumstances,  that  this  is  Murex 
ostrearum  of  Conrad.  Conrad's  description  was  very  short,  loose,  and  insuffi- 
cient for  purposes  of  identification,  so  it  is  just  as  well  to  let  it  alone  and  re- 
tain the  name  about  which  no  doubt  exists.  This  species  is  very  liable  to  be 
confounded  with  Urosalpinx  perrugatus  Conrad,  which  is  found  with  it,  among 
the  oysters.  That  species  is  best  distinguished  by  the  longer,  more  sculptured, 
and  less  excavated  shoulder  to  the  whorl,  the  shorter  and  wider  canal,  and  the 
purpuroid  operculum.  M.  floridana  has  a  totally  different  fusoid  operculum 
with  apical  nucleus,  as  I  showed  in  1883. 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY.  213 

Muricidea  multangula  Philippi. 

Fusus  multangulus  Philippi,  Zeitsclir.  fiir  Mai.,  V.  p.  25,  1819 ;  Abbild.  u.  Beschr., 

III.  p.  117,  t.  xxiv.  1,  fig.  6,  1850. 
Muricidea  HemphiUii  Dall,  Hemphill's  Shells,  p.  327,  1883. 

This  fine  species  ranges  from  Cape  Fear  to  Florida,  Yucatan,  and  the  West 
Indies.  It  varies  greatly  in  color  and  often  has  a  rich  pink  mouth.  When 
in  its  highest  state  of  perfection  the  epidermis  is  rendered  hispid  by  little 
triangular  projecting  points.  In  most  specimens,  even  when  taken  alive, 
the  epidermis  is  smooth,  the  points  having  been  rubbed  off.  There  is  a  raised 
anterior  edge  to  the  pillar  in  the  adult.  The  operculum  is  fusoid.  I  have 
not  examined  the  dentition,  but  think  it  possible  that  its  true  place  may  per- 
haps be  with  Fusus,  in  spite  of  the  short  canal.  It  is  one  of  our  most  elegant 
species. 

Muricidea  Philippiana  n.  s. 

Shell  short,  acutely  fusiform,  solid,  with  about  five  whorls;  spire  acute, 
suture  flexuous,  appressed;  slope  of  the  spire  nearly  flat,  the  turns  being  flat- 
tened or  even  slightly  excavated  above  the  periphery;  transverse  sculpture  of 
lines  of  growth,  and  of  (on  the  last  whorl  nine)  peripheral  undulations  or  ribs 
with  about  equal  interspaces;  these  are  almost  confined  to  the  periphery;  in 
one  specimen  these  are  crossed  by  three  or  four  about  equidistant  spiral  ridges, 
faint,  becoming  prominent  and  keeled  or  nodulous  on  the  ribs;  this  one  has 
also  two  strong  ridges  on  the  canal,  and  is  pure  white ;  another  specimen  has 
only  faint  spiral  strise  on  the  canal,  the  periphery  is  smooth,  the  ribs  lumpy, 
the  color  white  with  spiral  brown  lines  toward  the  periphery;  in  still  another 
the  posterior  row  of  nodulations  becomes  short,  sharp,  and  spinous,  the  revolv- 
ing threads  seem  more  numerous  on  the  base;  canal  short,  rapidly  tapering, 
open,  pointed;  a  well  marked  siphonal  fasciole  is  normal,  one  hardly  shows  it, 
another  has  it  funicular;  aperture  elongate  oval,  outer  lip  with  5-7  strong 
lirae  within;  margin  simple,  acute;  throat  porcelain-white  with  a  tendency  to 
rosy  or  purple;  columella  smooth  with  a  dash  of  rose  or  purple  in  some  speci- 
mens, and  two  or  three  faint  granulations,  in  the  perfectly  adult,  near  its  an- 
terior edge.  Max.  Ion.  of  shell,  17.4;  of  last  whorl,  12.4;  of  aperture,  10.0; 
max.  lat.  of  aperture,  4.5;  of  shell,  10.5  mm. 

Habitat.  U.  S.  Fish  Commission  Stations  2362,  2363,  off  Cape  Catoche, 
Yucatan,  in  20-25  fms.,  coral  sand ;  and  by  Hemphill  at  Key  West,  among 
coral  at  low  water. 

This  is  a  singular  shell,  over  which  I  have  puzzled  for  some  time.  It  has 
features  recalling  Latirus,  Tritonidca,  etc.,  but  seems  most  fairly  placed  here. 
It  is  almost  always  overgrown  with  calcareous  algae;  one  has  had  this  coat 
gnawed  off  by  some  vegetarian  mollusk,  the  result  of  which  is  a  pretty  ver- 
micular surface  sculpture,  which  looks  as  if  it  might  be  natural.  The  most 
characteristic  feature  of  the  shell  is  the  peculiar  half  translucent  milk-and-water 
whiteness  of  its  substance. 


214  BULLETIN   OF   THE 


Genus  UROSALPINX  Stimpson. 

This  genus  differs  from  Muricidea  by  its  operculum,  which  is  externally  like 
that  of  typical  Murex  and  internally  shows  gyratory  Furpura-like  scars.  The 
nucleus  is  within  the  edge  about  midway  between  the  ends,  not  apical  or  sub- 
apical  as  in  the  preceding  group.  In  other  respects  they  do  not  greatly  differ. 
The  genus  is  of  economic  importance,  as  it  destroys  millions  of  young  oysters 
in  all  our  seaboard  States,  holding  the  destructive  eminence  here  which 
Ocinebra  erinacea  is  accorded  in  Europe.  There  are  three  American  species 
known  to  belong  to  it;  U.  cinereus  Say,  ranging  from  Massachusetts  to  Florida; 
U.  tampaensis  Conrad,  known  only  from  the  west  coast  of  Florida,  and  which 
has  been  referred  to  Eupleura  by  Tryon ;  lastly  U.  perrugatus  Conrad,*  a 
species  not  included  in  Tryon's  list,  and  of  which  the  distinctive  characters 
have  already  been  referred  to.  It  is  also  an  inhabitant  of  West  Florida  from 
Cedar  Keys  to  Key  West. 

Beside  these  shallow-water  species,  we  have  two  species,  described  by  Prof. 
Verrill,  from  120-938  fins.,  off  Hatteras,  U.  carolinensis  and  U.  macra  Verrill. 
There  is  some  question  as  to  the  generic  place  of  these  shells,  but,  pending  an 
examination  of  the  soft  parts,  they  seem  as  properly  placed  here  as  anywhere. 
The  first  mentioned,  however,  looks  much  like  a  Muricidea  or  short  Fusus, 
closely  related  to  Fusus  Pfeifferi  Philippi. 

Genus  TYPHIS  Montfort. 

This  genus,  founded  by  Montfort  on  a  fossil  species,  is  composed  of  a  very 
compact  little  group  of  shells  containing  about  a  dozen  recent  and  a  few  fossil 
species.  These  have  accordingly  been  divided  into  twelve  subdivisions  by 
Jousseaume,  to  each  of  which  he  has  applied  a  name,  generic  or  subgeneric  as 
the  reader  may  prefer.  It  is  perhaps  no  more  than  we  should  expect  of  a 
mind  capable  of  laying  such  a  performance  before  the  scientific  world,  that  he 
has  selected  invariably  the  most  superficial  and  trivial  specific  characters  upon 
which  to  base  his  subdivisions,  and  has  missed  entirely  the  only  shell  character 
in  the  whole  group  upon  which  a  rational  subdivision  can  be  founded. 

The  authors:  who  have  monographed  this  genus  have  called  attention  to  the 
fact  that  the  tube  which  is  the  chief  characteristic  is  sometimes  situated  between 
the  varices  and  is  sometimes  continuous  with  them.  A  careful  study  of  the 
surface  of  the  shell  shows  that  the  fold  of  the  mantle  around  which  the  tube  is 
formed  is,  like  the  siphon,  a  fold,  and  not  a  continuous  cylinder,  although  its 
edges  are  appressed  so  closely  that  the  shelly  secretion  forms  a  perfect  cylinder. 
It  would  seem  that  in  the  typical  species  of  Typhis,  as  figured  by  Montfort,  the 
tubes  are  wholly  disengaged  from  the  varices.  In  the  recent  species  of  this 
sort  a  continuous  sutural  line  will  be  found  to  pass  from  the  anterior  side  of 
the  tube  to  the  aperture,  in  the  direction  of  rotation.     Sometimes  at  the  point 

*  Fusus  perrugatus  Conrad,  Am.  Journ.  Science,  n.  ser.,II.  p.  397, 1846.    Collected 
at  the  Manatee  River,  West  Florida. 


MUSEUM   OF  COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY.  215 

where  this  line  crosses  the  varix  there  is  merely  an  angle,  at  others  we  find  a 
hook  or  recurved  even  sigmoid  spine,  which,  however,  does  not  retain  its  origi- 
nally excavated  character.  In  species  of  the  other  type,  like  T.  arcuatus  Hinds, 
T.  duplicatus  Sovverby,  T.  japonicus  A.  Adams  (very  probably  all  varieties  of 
a  single  species),  T.  fistulosus  Brocchi,  and  the  one  about  to  be  described,  we 
find  that  the  varix  commences  with  and  at  the  tube,  though  mostly  developed 
beyond  it,  giving  the  completed  shell  the  appearance  of  having  had  its  tubes 
bent  backward.  Now  in  the  common  Mediterranean  T.  tetrapterus  Bronn 
(+  T.  Sowerbyi  Auct.)  a  sinus  was  observed  and  is  figured  by  A.  Adams,  though 
there  are  no  permanent  processes  on  the  mantle-edge.  It  is  absolutely  certain, 
however,  that  at  times  when  the  shell  is  being  secreted  there  must  be  a  sinus 
in  the  mantle-edge  analogous  to  that  in  Drillia,  and  the  subtubular  projection 
at  the  bottom  of  the  sinus  observable  in  many  Drillias  is  analogous  in  its  for- 
mation to  the  tube  of  Typhis.  Both  are  doubtless  avenues  of  escape  for  effete 
matter  voided  from  the  intestine.  In  Typhis  of  the  typical  section  (like 
T.  tetrapterus)  there  must  be  in  the  portion  of  the  mantle  which  secretes  this 
part  of  the  shell  an  alternation  of  functions  daring  the  period  of  growth  from 
one  varix  to  another.  In  the  other  section  (which  may  be  called  Trubatsa) 
there  is  only  a  resting  time  and  a  renewal  of  identical  functions. 

It  is  of  course  true,  that,  in  taking  a  general  survey  of  the  genus,  certain 
somewhat  intermediate  species  may  be  found  ;  but  this  is  what  we  must  ex- 
pect everywhere  when  we  know  all  the  species  of  any  genus  in  their  numer- 
ous variations.  The  worker  who  has  the  interest  of  science  really  at  heart 
will  in  such  cases  avoid  undue  subdivision,  either  specific  or  generic;  and 
when  he  finds  that  a  division  is  advisable,  he  will  give,  not  merely  a  few 
lines  of  description  in  more  or  less  canine  Latin,  but  a  differential  description 
showing,  not  only  the  characters  on  which  he  relies,  but  the  way  in  which 
they  differ  from  the  characters  exclusive  to  other  groups,  and  to  groups  of  less 
value,  such  as  species.  If  all  the  specific  characters  were  eliminated  from  his 
consideration,  and  he  had  been  obliged  to  give  differential  diagnoses,  it  is 
likely  that  the  author  of  the  eleven  unnecessary  synonyms  of  Typhis  would 
have  paused,  and  probably  thought  better  of  it. 

The  length  of  both  the  tube  proper  and  the  tubular  canal  is  greater  when 
it  is  first  formed  than  later.  It  seems  to  be  soon  dissolved  by  the  water,  or 
broken  off.  The  last  tube,  until  it  is  broken,  is  therefore  always  longer  than 
the  others.  Specimens  from  the  quiet  abyssal  waters  occasionally  preserve  the 
tubes,  or  part  of  them,  in  a  way  to  make  this  evident. 

There  is  only  one  species  of  Typhis  known  in  the  recent  state  from  the 
Antillean  region.  A  species  of  Murex  or  Eupleura  (M.  cancellata  Sby.)  is 
reported  by  Krebs,  and  has  been  catalogued  as  a  Typhis  by  Try  on.  I  doubt 
whether  it  can  properly  be  referred  to  this  genus.  In  1849  Sowerby  described 
a  fine  species,  T.  alatus,  from  the  Miocene  Tertiary  of  St.  Domingo  (Geol. 
Journal,  VI.  p.  48,  pi.  x.  fig.  4),  which  is  so  much  resembled  by  the  Typhis 
expansus  of  the  junior  Sowerby,  a  recent  species  described  without  habitat  in 
1874,  that  I  cannot  help  suspecting  that  they  are  the  same,  and  that  the  species 


216  BULLETIN   OF  THE 

still  exists  in  a  living  state  among  the  Antilles,  like  many  of  the  other  Tertiary- 
fossils.  Both  are  very  similar  to  the  Mediterranean  tetrapterus,  and  I  have 
another  species  of  the  same  type  from  the  Pliocene  Caloosahatchie  beds  of 
South  Florida.  It  differs  from  the  Haitian  fossil  in  its  more  elongated  form 
and  narrower  varix,  and  from  the  Mediterranean  species  in  being  much  more 
acute  anteriorly  and  destitute  of  the  linguiform  anterior  varical  expansion 
found  in  T.  tetrapterus.  In  my  report  on  the  Caloosahatchie  Pliocene  it  is 
named  T.  floridanus. 

In  the  Thesaurus,  the  younger  Sowerby  describes  this  genus  as  trivaricose, 
and  also  in  his  continuation  of  the  Conchologia  Iconica.  How  inaccurate  this 
is  may  be  observed  by  any  one  who  will  examine  a  specimen.  Whether  there 
are  any  three-varixed  species  I  do  not  know,  as  in  the  specific  diagnoses  of 
the  monographs  the  number  is  not  stated,  but  in  all  I  have  ever  seen  there 
were  four  varices  in  each  whorl. 

Typhis  (Trubatsa)  longicornis  Dall. 

Plate  XV.  Fig.  7.    Plate  XXXVIII.  Fig.  5. 

Typhis  longicornis  Dall,  Agassiz,  Three  Cruises  of  the  Blake,  II.  p.  70,  fig.  294,  1888. 

Shell  translucent  white  when  young,  waxen  with  areas  of  pale  rosy  brown 
between  the  varices  in  the  adult ;  varices  four,  ascending  the  spire  nearly  in  a 
straight  line;  tubes  tapering,  recurved,  usually  broken  off  short,  but  originally 
long;  nucleus  subglobular,  glassy,  followed  by  seven  gradually  increasing 
whorls,  obscured  by  the  varices,  but  somewhat  scalar  behind;  surface  with 
extremely  fine  spiral  striation,  stronger  lines  of  growth,  and  on  the  tips  of 
the  tubes  and  canals  when  fresh  a  glassy  polish;  varices  not  fimbriated,  with 
rounded  edges,  strongly  arched  forward,  subconcave  behind;  aperture  small, 
subcircular,  margin  detached  from  the  body,  elevated,  not  sharp;  with  simple 
edge  and  smooth  interior;  canal  long,  slender,  nearly  straight,  but  bent  back  as 
a  whole,  with  three  antecedent  canals  surrounding  a  sort  of  umbilical  chink. 
Operculum  muricoid.  Max.  Ion.  of  shell,  23.0;  of  last  whorl,  19.0;  of  aper- 
ture, 4.0;  of  canal  before  the  aperture,  11.5;  max.  lat.  of  aperture,  3.0;  of 
shell,  10.0  mm. 

Habitat.  Off  Havana,  Sigsbee,  in  127-400  fins.,  mud,  bottom  temperature 
49°.5  to  55°.5  F. 

This  species  is  allied  to  T.fistulosus  Brocchi,  T.  arcuatus  Hinds,  and  the 
related  forms  above  mentioned.  It  has  wider  varices  than  the  former,  and  a 
proportionally  smaller  aperture;  T.  fistulosus  appears  to  be  destitute  of  the  fine 
spiral  striation,  has  a  more  distorted  appearance,  and  does  not  reach  so  large 
a  size.  T.  longicornis  is  much  more  fusiform,  attenuated,  and  has  longer  tubes 
and  canal  than  T.  arcuatus.  By  the  distribution  of  the  species,  the  forms 
belonging  to  this  section  of  the  genus  Typhis  are  found  in  all  the  northern 
oceans,  apparently  one  species  each  in  the  Mediterranean,  North  Atlantic, 
Antilles,  North  Pacific,  and  China  Sea. 


MUSEUM   OF  COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  217 

Subfamily  PURPURIN.E. 

The  species  of  Purpura  inhabiting  the  region  under  consideration  are  P.  pa- 
tula  Linne,  P.  deltoidea  Lamarck,  and  P.  hcemastoma  L.,  varieties  undata  Lam., 
floridana  Conrad,  and  trinidadensis  Gupp}r.  They  are  all  littoral  species. 
There  are,  of  the  Ricinula  group,  Sistrum  nodulosum  C.  B.  Adams,  S.  ferrugi- 
neum  Reeve,  a  beautiful  variety  of  which  has  the  spiral  nodules  small,  elon- 
gated, and  scarlet,  while  the  rest  of  the  surface  is  of  a  dark  vernicose  brown. 
The  columella  in  this  form  is  also  of  a  fine  red  color,  and  it  seems  worthy  of 
separation  as  a  variety  rubidum.  S.  roseum  Reeve  appears  to  derive  its  color 
from  a  crimson  hydrozoon  so  common  on  West  Indian  shells.  I  should  not 
refer  it,  if  H.  Cuming's  identification  be  correct,  to  Engina,  as  Tryon  does, 
though  from  the  shell  alone  it  is  impossible  to  be  certain.  None  of  these 
forms  were  collected  by  the  Blake. 

Subfamily  CORALLIOPHILINiE. 
Genus  CORALLIOPHILA  H.  &  A.  Adams. 

Coralliophila  H.  &  A.  Adams,  Gen.  Rec.  Moll.,  I.  p.  135,  1853. 

Pseudomurex  Monterosato,  Conch.  Medit,  p.  48,  1872  (name  only) ;  type,  Murex 

laceratus  Deshayes. 
? Latiaxis  Svvainson,  Man.,  p.  206,  1840.     (L.  Mawece  Gray.) 

This  genus  should  probably  be  called  Latiaxis,  as  the  type  of  Swainson  is 
with  little  doubt  only  a  specimen  abnormally  loosely  coiled.  It  was  regarded 
as  abnormal  by  Gray,  who  described  it.  But  I  have  not  examined  a  specimen 
of  Latiaxis  Mawece,  and  hence  refrain  from  taking  a  step  with  regard  to  which 
there  is  still  some  doubt,  though  fortified  by  the  opinion  of  Sowerby,  Deshayes, 
Jeffreys,  and  Tryon. 

The  name  of  Coralliophila  was  illustrated  by  a  large  number  of  examples  by 
the  brothers  Adams,  but  they  selected  no  type. 

However,  as  the  C.  madreporarum  of  Sowerby  was  not  included  in  this  list, 
and  differs  somewhat  from  the  genuine  typical  species,  it  should  not  be  taken 
as  an  example  of  the  genus,  as  has  been  done  bj'  some  excellent  authorities. 
From  this  error  probably  has  arisen  the  complication  that  the  true  Corallio- 
phila has  been  renamed  Pseudomurex,  while  a  form  which  probably  does  not 
differ  from  Rhizocheilus  except  in  living  upon  corals  with  large  stems  instead 
of  gorgonians  with  small  stems  has  been,  in  the  latest  manuals,  cited  as  an 
example  of  Coralliophora.  A  good  many  species  which  have  no  natural  rela- 
tion to  Coralliophila  have  been  included  with  it  in  the  monographs.  This  has 
added  to  the  confusion. 

There  can  be  no  doubt  whatever,  in  the  mind  of  any  one  who  has  examined 
a  proper  series  of  specimens  with  unprejudiced  judgment,  of  the  specific  iden- 
tity of  certain  typical  Pseudomurices  with  certain  typical  Coralliophilas.     The 


2-18  BULLETIN   OF   THE 

operculum  is  identical,  the  shell  characters  shade  indefinitely  into  one  another 
from  one  specimen  to  another,  the  soft  parts  differ  in  nothing,  the  texture, 
character,  color,  and  habitat  of  the  shells  are  the  same. 

In  considering  such  animals  as  are  given  to  parasitism  or  commensalism,  it 
is  a  truism  that  we  must  expect  great  variations  of  parts  which  in  non-parasitic 
species  would  be  of  high  systematic  importance,  and,  secondly,  great  variation 
as  between  individual  specimens  of  the  species.  Furthermore,  if  we  have 
certain  individuals  of  the  species  which  take  on  a  parasitic  habit,  and  others 
which,  whether  voluntarily  or  perforce,  do  not,  we  shall  find  the  nearest 
approach  to  the  perfect  norm  of  the  species  in  the  non-parasitic  specimens. 

Now,  it  is  the  writer's  opinion  that  such  forms  as  have  been  figured  and 
described  as  Latiaxis  elegans,  cariniferus,  and  Deburghiie  in  Sowerby's  Thesau- 
rus are  merely  the  most  perfect  and  luxuriant  development  of  a  species  which, 
in  its  parasitic  individuals,  presents  us  with  forms  superficially  very  different, 
stunted,  modified,  or  deteriorated.  The  operculum  of  Coralliophila  galea  of 
authors  is  precisely  that  of  Latiaxis  Dcburghice,  and  of  Rhizocheilus  madrepora- 
rum  of  Sowerby.  The  loss  of  the  operculum  and  other  modifications  exhibited 
by  the  type  species  of  Rhizocheilus  are  exactly  what  we  might  expect  in  a 
species  in  which  degeneration  and  specialization  have  proceeded  very  far  from 
long  continued  parasitism.  Still,  I  should  expect  to  find  an  operculum  in  the 
free  young  of  R.  antipathicus.  The  form  of  the  Antipathes  upon  which  it 
lives  is  so  slender  that  the  shell  must  submit  to  greater  changes  in  form  than 
a  species  like  Coralliophila  madreporarum,  which  habitually  rests  upon  a  broad 
pillar  of  coral,  or  like  Coralliophila  bracteata  (Brocchi)  Tryon,  which  rarely  does 
so,  but  is  genei'ally  found  free.  Owing  to  these  modifications,  we  may  retain 
Steenstrup's  name  in  a  sectional  sense,  as  it  cannot  (though  of  earlier  date) 
be  fairly  applied  to  typical  Coralliophila.  In  so  variable  a  group,  it  goes  with- 
out saying  that  the  specific  determinations  are  very  difficult  to  make  with 
confidence,  and  are  here  made  with  all  reserves. 

Coralliophila  Deburghise  Keeve. 

Plate  XVI.  Fig.  5. 

Latiaxis  Deburghia:  Reeve,  P.  Z.  S.  1857,  pi.  xxxviii.  figs.  3,  6 ;  Sby.,  Tlies.  Conch. 
Latiaxis,  No.  2,  fig.  5,  1882. 

Habitat.  Sigsbee,  off  Havana,  in  80-119  fms. ;  Barbados,  100  fms.;  Stations 
164  and  166,  off  Guadelupe,  in  150  fms.,  hard  bottom,  temperature  59°. 75; 
Station  134,  off  Santa  Cruz,  in  248  fms.,  sand,  bottom  temperature  54°. 5;  Sta- 
tion 174,  off  Guadelupe  (living),  in  878  fms.,  bottom  temperature  39°. 75; 
Station  262,  off  Grenada,  in  92  fms.,  sand,  bottom  temperature  62°;  Station 
292,  off  Barbados,  in  56  fms.,  sand,  bottom  temperature  74°. 5  F.  Northward 
to  Hatteras,  U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

The  extraordinary  range  in  depth  and  temperature  which  this  animal  sustains 
will  be  remarked.     The  largest  and  most  foliaceous  specimens  are  from  the 


MUSEUM  OF   COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY.  219 

greatest  depth.  The  specimen  figured  (max.  Ion.  20.0  mm.)  is  young,  and  has 
the  expansions  of  the  periphery  much  turned  up.  The  older  ones,  which  reach 
a  length  twice  as  great,  or  more,  have  the  flat  spines  nearly  horizontal.  There 
may  he  ten  or  twelve  of  them  on  the  last  whorl.  After  careful  comparisons,  I 
conclude  that,  though  it  passes  through  a  series  of  variations  parallel  to  those 
of  0.  bracteata,  it  is  sufficiently  distinct  from  it  to  be  easily  recognized  as  differ- 
ent, when  in  good  condition.  It  has  the  typical  or  spiny  form,  with  flat  ex- 
pansions; another  (var.  spinosa)  in  which  the  spines  are  thorn-like  and  slender; 
a  form  (var.  fusiformis)  in  which  there  are  no  spines,  yet  there  are  no  trans- 
verse ribs;  and  finally  a  form  (var.  Lintoni  Verrill)  in  which  numerous  rounded 
transverse  ribs  of  greater  or  less  strength  appear  under  the  limose  spiral  ridges. 
The  last  was  very  naturally  described  as  a  Trophon.  There  may  be  between 
the  above-mentioned  varieties  almost  any  graduation  or  interchange  of  charac- 
ters, but  usually  the  vigor  which  in  one  case  expends  itself  in  the  formation  of 
flat  spines,  in  their  absence  is  more  or  less  devoted  to  the  formation  of  trans- 
verse ribs. 

Coralliophila  bracteata  Beocchi. 
C.  bracteata  Tryon,  Man.,  II.  p.  210,  pi.  lxvi.  figs.  378-380,  384,  386,  1880. 

A  specimen  which  seems  to  belong  to  this  species  as  existing  in  the  Jeffreys 
collection,  and  to  be  distinct  from  the  preceding,  was  collected  by  the  U.  S. 
Fish  Commission,  in  17  fms.,  near  Cape  Fear,  North  Carolina;  another  at  Key 
West,  in  45  fms.  The  first  belonged  to  the  variety  C.  lamellosa  Jan,  the 
second  to  the  variety  C.  lacerata  Deshayes.  The  former  was  adult,  the  latter 
quite  young. 

Coralliophila  galea  Chemnitz. 

Coralliophila  galea  Tryon,  Man.,  p.  207,  pi.  Ixv.  figs.  362,  363,  364,  1880. 
C.  abbieviata  ~La.m.,Jide  Tryon. 

Lamarck's  name  should  probably  take  precedence,  but  I  have  not  had  time 
to  devote  to  the  synonymy. 

This  species  has  a  nearly  world-wide  distribution  in  the  tropics,  and  in  our 
region  extends  throughout  the  Antilles  and  northward  along  the  coast  from 
Florida  to  Cape  Hatteras.  It  is  generally  white,  but  specimens  with  a  purple 
mouth  are  not  rare  in  the  Windward  Islands.  The  young  are  known  under 
many  names,  and  generally  are  sharply  keeled  at  the  shoulder  and  shortly 
acutely  conical  at  both  ends,  having  a  very  different  aspect  from  the  rounded 
adults.  The  Fish  Commission  has  dredged  this  species  in  15-100  fms.,  living 
among  coral.  The  shore  specimens  are  carried  there  by  Paguri;  I  do  not  know 
of  a  single  specimen  ever  collected  above  low- water  mark  in  a  living  state. 


220  BULLETIN   OF  THE 

Coralliophila  lactuca  Dall. 

Plate  XVI.  Fig.  6. 

Shell  white  or  grayish,  short  conic  above,  widely  fasciolated  at  the  anteriorly 
pointed  base.  Nucleus  small,  white,  smooth;  whorls  eight,  rather  inflated, 
transverse  sculpture  of  fine  lines  of  growth,  and  nine  or  ten  thin  sharp-edged 
varices  crisped  by  the  spiral  sculpture;  the  surface  is  generally  shelly  like  that 
of  Iioreotrophon,  but  if  the  shell  be  absolutely  perfect  there  is  an  external  finely 
shagreehed  thin  calcareous  layer  of  an  opaque  creamy  white,  which  is  almost 
always  eroded  except  in  protected  spots  ;  spiral  sculpture  of  six  or  more  strong 
revolving  primary  ridges;  other  secondary  ones  to  an  irregular  extent  are  found 
between  the  primaries ;  the  posterior  primary  spiral  forms  a  sort  of  shoulder 
to  the  whorl;  suture  undulating  with  the  sculpture,  obscure;  base  subconic, 
the  young  with  a  small,  the  adult  with  a  large  umbilical  funnel,  bounded  by 
the  prominent  siphonal  fasciole;  aperture  within  white,  smooth,  rounded  and 
continuous  behind,  acute  in  front,  the  anterior  end  being  more  like  an  angular 
gutter  than  a  canal;  margins  irregular,  corresponding  probably  with  the  asperi- 
ties of  its  station  on  some  coral.  Max.  Ion.  of  shell,  21.0;  of  last  whorl,  16.3; 
of  aperture,  13.0;  max.  lat.  of  shell,  14.6  mm.  The  figured  specimen  is  young, 
and  measures  11.0  mm.  in  length. 

Habitat.  Station  5,  Gulf  of  Mexico,  off  the  shore  of  Cuba,  in  152-229  fms., 
coral  ooze,  bottom  temperature  49°. 5  ;  off  Fernandina,  Florida,  at  U.  S.  Fish 
Commission  Station  2669,  in  352  fms.,  sand,  bottom  temperature  43°.7  F. 

This  species  differs  by  its  surface  from  any  of  the  previously  mentioned 
species,  or  any  others  of  the  genus  which  I  have  examined.  Its  sculpture  is 
more  like  that  of  the  young  Magilus  than  that  of  the  other  species.  The  fig- 
ured specimen  shows  best  the  fresh  sculpture  and  form  of  the  young;  an  adult 
afterward  received  from  the  Fish  Commission  enables  me  to  describe  the 
mature  shell.  The  soft  parts  were  not  obtained,  but  the  specimens  were  per- 
fectly fresh,  and  probably  lived  at  the  depth  from  which  they  were  obtained. 

I  may  add,  on  the  authority  of  H.  Cuming,  that  Iihizocheilus  madreporarum 
Sby.  is  found  in  the  West  Indies. 

Super-Family  T^ENIOGLOSSA. 
Family  TRITONIID^E. 

Genus  DISTORTRIX  Link. 

Distortrix  Link,  Beschr.  Rostock  Samml.,  p.  122,  May,  1807. 
Persona  Montfort,  Conchyl.,  II.  p.  603,  1810;  type,  P.  anus  L. 
Distorta  Perry,  Conchology,  pi.  x.,  and  expl.  fig.  1,  2,  1811. 

Distorsio  Bolten,  Cat.  Con.,  p.  133,  1798, pro  parte;  ed.  1819,  p.  94.     (No  descrip- 
tions or  figures.) 

This  genus  was  first  eliminated  from  all  the  other  Linnean  Murices  by  Link. 
Bolten's  Distorsio  was  a  pure  catalogue  name,  and  the  species  cited  under  it 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  221 

comprised  Nassas,  a  Tritonium,  etc.,  neither  the  genus  nor  the  species  being 
described  or  figured. 

Link  gives  a  proper  diagnosis  for  the  group,  and  cites,  with  references  to  fig- 
ures, the  two  species,  and  only  the  two  species,  of  which  it  is  composed,  even 
at  the  present  day. 

Distortrix  reticulata  Link. 

Cassis  vera,  Distorsio  reticulata,  alba.     Martini,  II.  p.  85,  figs.  405,  406,  1771. 
Buccinum  reticulatum  Humphrey,  Mus.  Calonnianum,  p.  34,  No.  620,  1797. 
Murex  anus  L.,  Gmelin,  Auctorum,  pro  parte. 
Distorsio  reticulata  Bolter),  op.  cit.,  p.  133,  No.  1674.    No  description  or  figure.    Ed. 

ii.  p.  94,  No.  1689,  1819. 
Distorsio  clatrata  Bolten,  op.  cit.,  No.  1675. 
Distorta  acuta  Perry,  Conch.  Expl.,  pi.  x.  fig.  1,  1811. 
Distortrix  reticulata  Link,  op.  cit.,  p.  123,  1807. 
Murex  mulus  Dillwyn,  Cat.  Sh.,  II.  p.  704,  No.  45,  1817. 
Triton  clathratum  Lamarck,  Enc.  Meth.,  t.  413,  fig.  4;  An.  s.  Vert.,  IX.  p.  186, 1822; 

ed.  Deshayes,  IX.  p.  637,  1843. 
Triton  cancellinus  Deshayes  (non  Roissy)  in  Lam.,  IX.  p.  637,  note,  1843;  Reeve, 

Conch.  Icon.  Triton,  pi.  xii.  fig.  45,  1844. 
Distorsio  cancellinus  Tryon,  Man.,  p.  35,  III.,  1881. 
>Distorsio  clathrata  (Lam.)  Morch,  Malak.  Blatt,  XXIV.  p.  34. 
<Distorsio  acuta  Perry  (var.)  occidentalis  Morch,  op.  cit.,  1877. 

The  name  of  this  species  has  suffered  from  a  slip  of  the  memory  by  Deshayes, 
who  stated  in  the  note  on  p.  637,  above  referred  to,  that  Roissy  had  named 
this  species  cancellinus.  A  glance  at  Roissy's  work  (Sonnini,  Suites  de  Buf- 
fon,  Hist.  Nat.  Moll.,  VI.  p.  56,  1805)  will  show  that  this  is  an  error.  He  de- 
scribes his  Murex  cancellinus,  and  then  goes  on  to  say  that  it  is  "  found  fossil  at 
Grignon,"  and  that  "according  to  M.  Lamarck  this  Murex  is  the  very  remark- 
able analogue  of  the  grimace  blanche  (our  present  species)  which  has  been  re- 
garded as  forming  a  variety  of  the  Murex  anus  of  Linnasus,  but  which  forms  a 
very  distinct  species,  now  living  in  the  Southern  Ocean."  He  gives  a  reference 
to  Lamarck's  figure  of  the  Grignon  fossil,  and  also  a  reference  to  Martini's 
figure  of  the  recent  shell,  but,  as  the  citation  shows,  did  not  confound  them  or 
name  the  latter.  Reeve  and  others  have  followed  this  note  of  M.  Deshayes, 
without  referring  to  Roissy,  and  so  this  error  has  been  perpetuated  for  nearly 
half  a  century ! 

Link  merely  followed  Humphreys  and  Bolten  in  adopting  the  specific 
name  of  reticulata,  suggested  by  Martini's  phrase  many  years  before.  As 
both  appropriate  and  ancient,  it  seems  to  have  preponderating  claims  to 
be  adopted. 

The  Cassis  or  Cassida  penita  of  Meuschen  in  the  Museum  Gerversia- 
nium,  which  I  have  not  been  able  to  consult,  is  probably  the  oldest  bino- 


222  BULLETIN   OF   THE 

mial*  name  for  this  species,  if  it  really  belongs  to  it.  The  doubtful  citations 
of  different  authors  would  indicate,  however,  that  Meuschen's  name  is  not  dis- 
tinctive, and  that  he,  like  others  before  and  since,  confounded  the  two  species 
of  Distortrix  with  each  other. 

The  specimens  of  Distortrix  which  I  have  seen  from  the  West  Indies,  etc., 
when  young,  are  clearly  divisible  into  two  series.  The  first  form  or  variety, 
clathrata,  is  wider  in  tbe  last  whorl,  more  distorted,  more  pointed  at  the  spire, 
with  fewer  transverse  riblets,  a  decidedly  longer  and  more  oblique  canal,  and 
generally  some  brown  or  orange  on  the  callus,  which  is  more  developed  at  the 
varical  periods. 

The  second  form,  which  may  be  named  variety  reticulata,  is  evenly  can- 
cellated, more  regular  in  its  shape,  with  a  larger  mouth,  a  smaller  and  always 
white  callus,  a  shorter  and  straighter  canal,  and  a  more  densely  hispid  epider- 
mis. I  have  seen  no  adults  that  I  could  positively  refer  to  this  variety. 
Mdrch  separates  two  forms,  but  without  explanation,  and  his  synonymy  does 
not  bear  him  out.  Still,  it  is  possible  that  the  forms  he  had  in  view  were 
those  I  have  discriminated. 

The  variety  reticulata  was  dredged  by  the  Blake  at  Station  157,  in  120  fms., 
off  Montserrat;  Station  164,  in  150  fms.,  hard  bottom,  near  Guadelupe  ;  Sta- 
tion 177,  in  118  fms.,  sand,  off  Dominica;  Station  262,  in  92  fms.,  sand,  off 
Grenada;  and  Station  282,  in  154  fms.,  sand,  near  Barbados;  bottom  tempera- 
tures ranging  from  56°  to  65°  F. 

The  variety  clathrata  seems  to  be  more  common,  and  was  found  at  Station 
164,  above  mentioned;  at  Station  247,  in  170  fms.,  ooze,  off  Grenada;  at  Sta- 
tions 273  and  300,  near  Barbados,  in  from  82  to  103  fms.;  and  by  the  U.  S. 
Fish  Commission  at  many  stations  off  Hatteras,  in  22  to  124  fms.,  in  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico  about  Key  West,  and  elsewhere,  in  water  varying  from  52°  to  80°  F. 
It  has  also  been  found  and  sent  to  the  Museum  from  Tortola. 

The  nucleus  is  low  and  trochiform  compared  with  that  of  many  related 
forms.  It  is  smooth  and  of  rather  horny  consistency,  and  comprises  about 
three  turns.  It  might  readily  be  taken  for  a  little  Vitrinella  or  Adeorbis,  if 
detached. 

Genus  GYRINEUM  Link. 

Rana  Humphrey,  Cat.  Calonn.,  p.  33, 1797,  not  of  Linne'.    (No  description  or  figure. ) 

No  type  mentioned. 
Bursa  Bolten,  Mus.  Bolt.,  p.  128,  1798.     (No  description  or  figure.)     Ed.  ii.  p.  91, 

1819.    No  type  mentioned. 
Gyrineum  Link,  Beschr.  Rostock  Samml.,  p.  123,  1807.     First  species,  Murex  rana 

Linne  (spinosa  Reeve). 

*  Since  this  was  written  I  have  seen  a  copy  of  the  Museum  Gerversianum  at 
the  British  Museum,  and  to  my  astonishment  find  that  it  has  no  claims  to  be  con- 
sidered binomial,  though  it  has  often  been  cited  for  specific  names. 


MUSEUM    OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  223 

Buffo  Montfort,  Concliyl.,  II.  p.  575,  1810.     (?  Err.  pro  Bufo?    Non  Bufo  Daud.) 

Type,  Ranella  crumena  Lam.  ? 
Biplex  Perry,  Conch.,  Expl.  pis.  iv.  and  v.,  1811.     First  species,  Biplex  rosa  Perry 

(=  Ranella  siphonata  Reeve).  ' 

Ranella  Lamarck,  Extrait  d'un  Cours,  etc.,  1812.     Type,  Mnrex gyrinus  L. 

Rejecting  the  nomina  nuda  of  Humphrey  and  Bolten,  as  required  by  the 
rules  of  nomenclature,  the  first  name  applied  to  this  group  was  that  of  Link, 
who  gave  a  proper  diagnosis,  and  included  in  his  genus  only  species  of  Ranella, 
as  they  have  been  more  commonly  called.     Buffo  Montfort,  Biplex  Perry,  and 
Ranella  Lamarck,  were  subsequent,  and  synonymous.     Perry's  ill-constructed 
name  has  been  retained  in  a  sectional  sense  for  the  singular  B.  perca,  which  he 
included  in  his  genus  and  was  the  first  to  describe.     According  to  the  rules  of 
nomenclature,  Lamarck's  name  must  be  entirely  suppressed  if  the  genus  be 
regarded  in  the  old  sense.     The  species  cited  by  him  in  his  Extrait  d'un  Cours 
(p.  118,  1812)  is,  according  to  Gray,  Murex  gyrinus  Linne.     But  the  older 
authors  confounded  under  this  name  half  a  dozen  entirely  distinct  shells,  and 
it  is  impossible  to  know  which  of  them  he  had  in  view.     If  the  Ranellas  with- 
out a  sutural  canal  be  transferred,  as  has  been  done  by  Dr.  Paul  Fischer,  to 
Tritonium  as  a  subgenus,  the  Ranella  of  Lamarck  would  simply  be  a  synonym 
of  it.     For  this  subgenus,  in  violation  of  all  rules,  Argobuccinum  Klein  has 
been  widely  adopted,  though  Apollon  Montfort,  recognized  by  Cuvier,  will 
probably  have  to  be  accepted.     It  must  be  borne  in  mind,  that  Montfort's 
synonymy  is  not  to  be  accepted  without  strict  confirmation  and  comparison 
with  his  figures.    His  identification  with  Linnean  names  of  the  shells  he  figures 
is  frequently  wrong.     What  is  certain  is,  that  in  1810  he  divided  these  shells 
(afterward  combined  under  the  name  of  Ranella  by  Lamarck)  into  two  genera, 
Buffo  comprising  those  with  a  sutural  canal,  and  Apollon  those  without  it. 
This  amounted  to  a  division  of  Gyrineum  Link  into  two  groups.     But  the 
name  Gyrineum  must  be  retained  for  one  of  these,  as  prior.     Buffo  is  probably 
only  a  lapsus  for  Bufo,  already  in  use  for  Batrachians  at  that  date,  so  that,  two 
groups  being  admitted,  they  would  necessarily  be  Gyrineum  and  Apollon,  both 
of  which  have  numerous  subsequent  synonyms,  including  Ranella  Lamarck, 
Biplex  Perry,  Bufonaria  Schumacher,  etc. 

We  are  so  destitute  of  exact  information  as  to  the  soft  parts,  dentition,  etc. 
of  these  animals,  that  it  is  not  possible  at  present  to  arrive  at  a  permanent 
settlement  of  the  recognizable  subdivisions. 

I  cannot  help  feeling  that  the  wholesale  transfer  of  the  Apollon  group  to 
Tritonium  is  hardly  justified  as  yet.  There  are,  doubtless,  some  species  which 
should  be  so  eliminated ;  others  will  be  associated  with  the  Muricidce,  but  the 
absolute  identity  in  the  opercula  of  numerous  canaliferous  and  non-canaliferous 
species,  the  close  similarity  of  sculpture,  habit,  and  conchological  characters, 
except  the  sutural  canal,  between  various  species  of  Apollon  and  Gyrineum, 
and  the  very  slight  difference  which  exists  between  a  shallow  sutural  canal 
and  the  ordinary  groove  between  the  outer  lip  and  the  labial  tubercle  on  the 


224  BULLETIN   OF  THE 

body  whorl,  as  exemplified  in  various  gradations  by  the  several  species,  —  all 
these  reasons  call  lor  more  thorough  determination  of  all  the  facts  to  be  con- 
sidered for  each  species,  before  the  transfer  is  fully  adopted. 

Tryon  states,  in  his  monograph  of  Ranella,  that  Apollon  gyrinus  Montfort  is 
Ranella  gigantea  Linne,  which  is,  of  course,  entirely  inaccurate,  as  a  glance  at 
Montfort's  figure  is  sufficient  to  prove. 

The  number  of  species  actually  inhabiting  the  Antillean  region  is  disputed, 
and  I  have  not  the  material  to  determine  it.  The  sculpture  and  size  are  ex- 
tremely variable. 

Gyrineum  affine  Broderip  var.  cubanianum  Orbignt. 
Ranella  affinis  Broderip,  P.  Z.  S.  1832,  p.  179. 

Habitat.  Off  Havana,  Sigsbee,  in  80-100  fms.  (dead  shells  of  the  very 
young).  Cuba,  Arango,  Orbigny.  Arrowsmith  Bank,  Yucatan,  and  off  Key 
West  in  50  fms.,  coral,  U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

All  the  shells  I  have  seen  from  the  Antilles  under  the  names  of  Ranella 
cubaniana  Orb.,  ponderosa  Reeve,  (homos.  Orb.,  crassa  Desh.,  granulata  Lam., 
gram/era  Lam.,  Grayana  Dkr.,  livida  Reeve,  and  rhodostoma  Beck,  have  been 
referable  to  varieties,  more  or  less  pronounced,  of  Gyrineum  affine,  and  are  en- 
tirely indistinguishable  from  similar  varieties  brought  from  the  Indo-Pacific 
region.  I  would  not  be  understood  as  asserting  that  but  one  species  is  found 
in  the  West  Indies,  but,  so  far,  I  have  seen  no  conchological  evidence  for  more 
than  one. 

The  larval  shell  of  this  species  is  extremely  pretty,  and  worthy  of  description, 
since  it  is  usually  lost  or  eroded  at  an  early  period.  It  consists  of  a  narrowly 
umbilicated  naticoid  shell  of  three  and  a  half  whorls.  The  nucleus  is  very 
small,  smooth,  and  formed  of  half  a  whorl  abruptly  differentiated  from  the 
next  stage,  which  has  three  spiral  keels  with  the  interstices  beautifully  decus- 
sated by  elevated  sharp  oblique  transverse  lines.  The  keels  gradually  fade 
out,  and  the  last  whorl  and  a  half  are  polished,  with  traces  of  the  transverse 
sculpture.     The  whole  is  of  a  fine  warm  brown  color,  lighter  toward  the  apex. 

The  numerous  whorls  and  the  indications  of  a  regular  growth  in  this  larval 
shell,  continued  for  the  greater  part  of  its  coil,  show  that  the  larval  period  is 
prolonged.  The  well  known  ability  of  the  floating  larvae  to  sustain  themselves, 
like  Pteropods,  near  the  surface,  and  the.  length  of  time  during  which  this  may 
continue,  afford  a  sufficient  explanation  of  the  world-wide  distribution,  in  warm 
latitudes,  of  the  species  of  this  family.  The  young  may  easily  be  taken  for 
adult  shells,  and  the  genus  Brugnonia  of  Jeffreys,  among  others,  has  been 
referred  to  the  larva  of  a  mollnsk  of  this  sort. 

The  Ranella  anceps,  hastula,  and  their  allies,  do  not  belong  in  this  genus. 

March  18,  1889. 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  225 


Genus  TRITONIUM  Link. 

Tritonium  Bolten,  Mus.  Bolt.,  p.  125,  1798;  ed.  ii.  p.  88,  1819.     (No  descr.) 
Tritonium  Link,  Beschr.  Rostock  Samml.,  p.  121,  May,  1807.     First  species,  Murex 

tritonis  Linne. 
Tritonium  Cuvier,  Regne  Anim.,  II.  p.  440, 1817.    First  species,  Murex  tritonis  Linne'. 
Triton  Montfort,  Concliyl.,  II.  p.  487,  1810;  not  of  Linne,  1768  (Crust.),  nor  of 

Laurenti,  1768  (Batrachia). 
Not  Tritonium  O.  F.  Miiller,  Prodr.  Zool.  Dan.,  p.  243,  1776. 

The  genus  Tritonium  of  0.  F.  Miiller  was  not  a  separation  of  incongruous 
material  from  a  heterogeneous  assembly  and  its  discrimination  apart,  but  the 
compounding  out  of  genera  already  existing  of  a  new  heterogeneous  combina- 
tion about  equivalent  to  the  Pectinibrancldata  as  now  understood.  It  fell 
deservedly,  and  the  name  was  left  unemployed.  Though  the  second  use  of  such 
names  is  not  to  be  commended,  and  is  by  common  consent  at  present  aban- 
doned, it  would  create  immense  confusion  and  difficulty  if  one  were  to  apply 
such  an  ex  post  facto  law  impartially  to  the  older  writers.  There  is  no  good 
reason  why  we  should  not  adopt  the  name  proposed  by  Bolten,  given  a  scien- 
tific standing  by  Link,  and  adopted  by  Cuvier. 

The  original  group  has  been  considerably  divided;  in  fact,  Bolten,  Mont- 
fort, and  others  began  the  work  of  division.  The  whole  matter  is  worth  an 
exhaustive  discussion  for  which  the  present  paper  does  not  afford  the  most 
appropriate  opportunity. 

Tritonium  tritonis  L.  var.  nobilis  Conrad  is  found  in  this  region,  but  was 
not  collected  by  the  Blake. 


Subgenus  COLUBRARIA  Schumacher. 

Colubraria  Schurn.,  Essai,  p.  251,  1817.    Fischer,  Man.,  p.  654.     Type,  Tritonium 

maculosum  Gmel. 
Epidromus  Morch,  Cat.  Yoldi,  p.  107,  1852. 
Cumia  Bivona-Bernardi,  Nuovo  Gen.,  1838.     Type,  Tritonium  lanceolatum  Menke. 

Colubraria  lanceolata  Menke. 

Ranella  lanceolata  Menke,  Synopsis,  ed.  i.,  p.  87,  1828  (excl.  syn.).    Morch,  Malak. 
Blatt.,  XXIV.  p.  25,  1877. 

Habitat.  Off  Sombrero,  in  54  fms.  Station  2596,  of  the  TJ.  S.  Fish  Com- 
mission, 17  miles  E.  S.  E.  from  Cape  Hatteras,  N.  C,  in  49  fms.,  sand,  bottom 
temperature  75°.0  F.  Bahamas,  Rawson;  Antilles,  Morch ;  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico, 
Strebel. 

VOL.  xviii.  15 


226  BULLETIN   OF   THE 

Colubraria  Swiftii  Teton. 
Triton  (Epidromus)  Swiftii  Tryon,  Man.,  III.  p.  31,  pi.  xvi.  fig.  168,  1881. 

Habitat.  Station  272,  in  76  fms.,  Barbados;  also  in  100  i'ms.,  off  Barbados 
(fragment).  Antigua,  Swift;  Samana  Bay,  Santo  Domingo,  Couthouy;  Ba- 
hamas, Rawson;  Bermuda,  Goode. 

There  are  also  known  from  this  region  Colubraria  testacea  Morch  (obscurus 
Tryon  pars);  and  C.  reticulatus  Blainville.  Specimens  of  C.  eximius  Reeve, 
a  Pacific  species,  have  been  distributed  under  the  name  of  Triton  parvus  0.  B. 
Adams,  which  is  a  Phos,  so  that  Tryon  has  been  led  into  the  error  of  regarding 
Adams's  species  as  a  synonym  of  Reeve's,  and  assigning  the  latter  to  the  West 
Indies,  a  habitat  as  yet  not  confirmed.  It  is  not  unlikely  that  Triton  lineolatus 
Conrad  (Phila.  Proc,  1846,  p.  26,  pi.  i.  fig.  18)  may  have  been  a  young  speci- 
men of  T.  parvus,  but  Conrad's  figure  and  description  are  alike  totally  in- 
sufficient and  unrecognizable,  the  type  being  lost,  and  the  species  should  be 
dropped  from  the  lists. 

Subgenus  RANULARIA   Schumacher. 


o 


Ot  tnis  group  T.  cynocephalus  Lamarck  and  T.  olearium  L.,  the  latter  reach- 
ing nearly  to  Hatteras,  are  known  from  the  region,  together  with  the  following 
species. 

Ranularia  tuberosa  Lamarck. 

Triton  tuberosum  Lam.,  An.  s.  Vert.,  VII.  p.  185,  1822. 
Triton  antillarum  Orbigny,  Moll.  Cuba,  II.  p.  161,  pi.  xxiii.  fig.  20,  1847. 
1  Triton  pyr  if  or  mis  Conrad,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  2d  ser.,  1849. 
Triton  nodulus  Morch,  Cat.  Yoldi,  p.  109,  1854. 

Habitat.  Florida,  at  Key  West  and  Tortugas,  Hemphill.  Bermuda,  Goode. 
Antilles,  Orbigny.     Vera  Cruz,  Strebel. 

This,  like  several  others,  is  found  in  the  East  Indies,  and  in  spite  of  the  efforts 
of  various  naturalists  to  separate  it,  I  am  quite  in  harmony  with  Mr.  Tryon  in 
his  consolidation  of  the  various  synonyms.  The  several  varieties  are  not  geo- 
graphically limited,  and  therefore  cannot  be  regarded  as  anything  more  than 
varieties. 

Subgenus  LAMPUSIA  Schumacher. 

Lampusia  chlorostoma  Lamarck. 

Triton  chlorostomum  Lam.,  An.  s.  Vert.,  VII.  p.  185,  1822. 

Triton  pulchellus  C.  B.  Adams,  Centr.  Conch.,  p.  60,  1850  (testa  jun.). 

Habitat.  Off  Sombrero,  in  54  fms.;  Station  142,  Flannegan  Passage,  in  27 
fms.;  Stations  272  and  287,  in  50-76  fms.,  Barbados.  (Mostly  young  speci- 
mens.)    Bermuda,  Goode.     Antilles  and  Mexican  coast  generally,  Morch. 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  227 

Lampusia  pileare  Lamarck. 

Triton  pileare  Lamarck,  An.  s.  Vert,  VII.  p.  182,  1822  (syn.  excl.). 
Murex  costatus  Born,  fide  Morcli,  Malak.  Blatt.,  XXIV.  p.  28,  1877. 
Triton  americanum  Orbigny,  Moll.  Cuba,  II.  p.  163,  pi.  xxiii.  fig.  22,  1846. 
Triton  brasilianum  Gould,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  III.  p.  142,  1849. 
Triton  Martinianum  Orbigny,  Moll.  Cuba,  II.  p.  162,  1847. 

Triton  Vetiei  Calkins,  Proc.  Davenport  Acad.  Sci.,  II.  p.  235,  pi.  viii.  figs.  1,  2,  1878 
(ex  typ.). 

Habitat.  Florida,  Velie,  Calkins.  Antilles,  Mexican  coast,  Bahamas,  vari- 
ous collectors.     Bermuda,  Goode. 

The  Murex  pileare  of  Linne  was  insufficiently  described,  and  illustrated  by 
erroneous  references,  as  shown  by  Hanley.  Consequently  the  name  should 
stand  as  of  Lamarck.  Born's  name  is  involved  in  doubt.  The  later  synonyms 
are  not  doubtful.  It  is  a  very  variable  species,  and  suffers  from  wear  on  the 
beaches  so  as  materially  to  change  its  appearance.  Hence  the  numerous  re- 
descriptions  under  new  names. 

Lampusia  gracile  Reeve. 

Plate  XXIX    Fig.  2. 

Triton  gracile  Reeve,  Conch.  Icon.  Triton,  fig.  58,  1845. 

Habitat.  Barbados,  100  fms.  Cape  Catoche,  Yucatan,  in  24  fms.,  U.  S.  Fish 
Commission.     Aspinwall,  Dall.     St.  Thomas,  Riis. 

I  cannot  agree  with  Mr.  Tryon  in  referring  this  rather  rare  and  elegant  form 
to  T.  vcspaceus  Lamarck  as  a  synonym. 

Lampusia?  pharcida  Dall. 

PI  ate  XXXVI.  Fig.  2. 

Shell  yellowish  white  touched  or  tinted  with  brown,  aperture  pure  white; 
spire  roughly  three-sided,  with  four  whorls  and  a  four-whorled  subcylindrical 
nucleus;  nucleus  smooth  with  rounded  subequal  whorls  and  a  rather  blunt 
apex;  spiral  sculpture  of  eight  to  ten  subequal  flattened  riblets,  with  wider 
channelled  interspaces  and  a  larger  thread  on  the  periphery,  five  or  six  moderate 
threads  on  the  canal,  and  occasional  intercalary  finer  threads ;  four  of  the  rib- 
lets  are  above  the  periphery;  transverse  sculpture  of  faint  lines  of  growth,  and 
stronger  impressed  lines  which  indent  the  spirals  and  give  their  own  interspaces 
the  effect  of  obscure  ribs;  beside  these  there  are  about  three  lumpy  elevations 
between  each  pair  of  varices,  the  middle  one  largest;  and  every  two  thirds  of  a 
whorl  a  prominent  rather  flattened  rounded  varix,  sculptured  by  the  spirals 
and  incremental  lines,  only  moderately  concave  behind;  aperture  relatively 
small,  ovate,  Urate,  and  thickened  all  round;  the  outer  lip  with  about  six  lira1. 


228  BULLETIN    OF   THE 

the  largest  posterior ;  suture  deep,  distinct ;  canal  broad  and  hardly  recurved, 
rather  short;  operculum?  Epidermis  polished,  close  fitting,  and  not  hispid. 
Max.  Ion.  of  shell,  23.6;  of  nucleus,  2.7;  of  last  whorl,  15.5;  of  aperture,  7.0; 
max.  lat.  of  shell,  11.5;  of  aperture,  3.8  mm. 

Habitat.  Station  293,  in  82  fms.,  sand,  Barbados,  bottom  temperature 
64°.5  P. 

A  shell  with  somewhat  the  general  form  of  T.  gcmmatum  Eeeve,  and  a  mouth 
and  terminal  varix  recalling  that  of  T.  Lcebbeckii  Lischke.  It  is  less  broad 
and  short  than  the  latter,  and  not  nearly  related  to  the  former.  I  am  unable  to 
find  in  Tryon  or  elsewhere  any  closely  related  species  described,  and  so  am 
obliged  to  treat  it  as  new. 

Of  other  species  of  Triton iidce,  T.  labiosus  Wood  (+  Loroisii  Petit)  extends 
its  range  to  within  a  few  miles  of  Cape  Hatteras.  T.  vespaceris  Lam.  and 
T.  rubecula  L.  are  more  or  less  positively  reported  from  the  Antilles,  while 
T.  (Lotorium)  fcmorale  L.  is  found  in  Florida  and  southward.  The  presence 
of  several  other  species  is  surmised. 


Family   OOCORITIDiE. 

Genus  OOCORYS  Fischer. 

Oocorys  Fischer.  Journ.  de  Conchyl.,  XXXI.  p.  392,  Oct.,  1883. 
Benthodolium  Verrill,  Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  VI.  p.  177,  May,  1884. 

?  Section  OOCORYS   s.  s. 
Columella  simple,  twisted,  shell  imperforate. 

Oocorys  sulcata  Fischer. 

0.  sulcata  Fischer,  Journ.  de  Conchyl.,  XXXI.  p.  392,  Oct.,  1883  ;  Watson,  Chall.  Rep. 
Gast,  p.  412,  pi.  xvii.  figs.  11  a-c;  Fischer,  Man.,  p.  769,  fig.  536,  1884. 

Habitat.  Station  173,  off  Guadelupe,  in  734  fms.,  ooze,  bottom  temperature 
40°.0;  Station  227,  off  St.  Vincent,  in  573  fms.,  sand,  bottom  temperature 
40°.5;  Station  268,  off  Grenada,  in  955  fms.  ooze,  bottom  temperature  39°. 5  F. 
Atlantic  Ocean  at  great  depths,  Fischer,  and  Challenger  Expedition. 

In  this  singular  mollusk  we  have  another  instance  of  the  comparatively 
limited  value  of  the  form  of  the  operculum,  or  even  its  presence.  Tritonium, 
Cassis,  Dolium,  Oocorys,  are  all  nearly  related,  yet  the  operculum  is  absent  in 
one  group  and  in  the  others  assumes  most  varied  forms.  By  its  dentition,  its 
nucleus,  and  its  thickened  reflected  lip  and  body  callus,  as  well  as  its  (occa- 
sional?) repetition  of  the  varices,  it  approaches  Cassis  more  nearly  than  Dolium, 
and  perhaps  such  species  as  Tritonium  (Linatella)  Poulsenii  Morch,  of  which 
the  operculum  is  unknown,  more  nearly  than  either. 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  229 

In  one  of  the  Blake  specimens  there  are  two  distinct  varices  ahont  a  quarter 
of  a  whorl  apart.  The  lip  and  body  are  pretty  well  thickened,  and  the  faint 
reflection  of  the  outer  sculpture  in  the  callus  within  the  outer  lip  is  perceptible. 
There  is  a  presutural  band  caused  by  the  failure  of  one  or  two  spiral  ridges  in 
that  region,  leaving  a  flattish  space.  There  is  no  umbilicus  nor  fasciole  in  any 
sense.  The  nucleus  is  very  minute,  and  does  not  differ  in  texture  from  the 
succeeding  whorls.  Our  shells  agree  well  with  Fischer's  figure  and  that  given 
by  Watson,  but  are  evidently  older  and  have  a  more  prominent  reflected  lip  and 
callous  surface  around  the  mouth.  They  have  six  whorls,  and  are  37-38.5  mm. 
long,  and  28.0  wide,  of  which  31.5  to  32.5  mm.  are  comprised  in  the  length  of 
the  last  whorl.  None  retained  the  soft  parts,  but  larger  specimens  were  ob- 
tained of  this  or  the  next  form  by  Prof.  Verrill. 

I  have  not  seen  the  Anura  Craveni  referred  to  in  this  connection  by  Fischer, 
but  the  name  Anura  has  long  been  in  use  in  another  sense  among  Vertcbrata 
and  cannot  be  properly  used  at  all  in  the  nomenclature  of  Mollusks.  I  doubt 
very  much  if  the  genus  Anura  has  any  relation  to  the  present  form. 

?  Section   BENTHODOLIUM. 

Columella  with  a  groove  behind  it,  forming,  with  the  callus,  a  narrow  but 
deep  and  pervious  umbilicus,  and  distinct  siphonal  fasciole. 

Oocorys  abyssorum  (V.  &  S.?)  Dall. 

Benthodollum  abyssorum  Verrill  &  Smith,  Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  VI.  p.  177  (pro  parte  ? 
excl.  figures),  1884. 

Habitat.  U.  S.  Fish  Commission  Stations  2400,  in  169  fms.,  mud,  in  the 
northern  part  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico;  and  2676,  2677,  and  2678,  in  407-731  fms., 
mud  and  ooze,  off  the  Carolina  coast,  bottom  temperature  38°  to  46°  F. 

This  shell  is  amazingly  like  0.  sulcata,  except  that  the  spire  tends  to  be  a 
little  more  elevated,  the  callus  of  the  lips  and  the  shell  in  general  seem  heavier, 
and  behind  the  columella  is  a  well-marked  groove  about  a  millimeter  wide 
bounded  externally  by  a  siphonal  fasciole,  very  distinct  in  the  young  and 
partly  obscured  by  callus  upon  it  in  the  adult.  The  umbilicus  is  about  the 
size  of  the  "  lead"  of  a  pencil,  a  bristle  will  penetrate  nearly  to  the  apex  of 
the  shell.  It  is  possible  that  the  callus  on  the  columella  may  in  some  ex- 
tremely old  specimens  extend  over  and  close  this  umbilicus,  but  in  0.  sulcata 
there  is  absolutely  nothing  of  the  kind  in  old  or  young.  I  can  hardly  conceive 
that  a  single  species  can  vary  to  the  extent  of  having  such  differences  as  sepa- 
rate this  from  the  latter.  Although  in  his  description  of  Benthodolium  Prof. 
Verrill  says,  "  not  umbilicated,"  yet  in  his  specific  description,  speaking  of  the 
callus  on  the  columella,  he  says,  "  turning  outward  so  as  to  nearly  conceal  a 
narrow  umbilical  chink."  This  leads  me  to  think  that  both  species  may  have 
been  represented  in  his  material,  and  while  he  figured  one  he  described  the 


230  BULLETIN    OF   THE 

other.  At  all  events,  it  can  do  no  harm  to  retain  the  name  in  the  manner  I 
have  done  until  more  extensive  material  can  be  studied,  and  in  this  way  pre- 
vent the  distinction  from  being  lost  sight  of. 

One  young  specimen  measures  39  by  25.5  mm.,  but  the  outer  lip  is  not  perfect. 
An  adult  measures  37.5  by  27.0  mm.,  the  last  whorl  being  30.0  mm.  long.  The 
soft  parts  were  lost  from  all  the  specimens.  The  nucleus  was  as  in  0.  sulcata, 
and  there  were  six  whorls.  In  all  respects  not  noted,  the  shell  was  extremely 
like  0.  sulcata.     The  outer  lip  was  obscurely  lirate,  or  rippled,  within. 

I  am  uncertain  whether  the  following  group  should  be  referred  to  this 
family,  or  to  the  vicinity  of  Liomesus. 

DALIUM   n.  g. 

Shell  solid,  spirally  sculptured,  short-fusiform,  with  an  unexpanded  aperture, 
outer  lip  thickened,  simple ;  body  whorl  smooth  with  a  well  marked  smooth 
callus;  nucleus  not  differentiated;  pillar  twisted,  simple,  shorter  than  the 
aperture;  canal  short,  obliquely  truncate,  nearly  straight,  not  deeply  notched. 

This  shell  recalls  Doliurn  or  Sconsia  in  its  sculpture  and  texture,  but  is 
heavy  and  solid,  has  a  much  more  produced  spire,  and  a  different  outer  lip  and 
columella;  it  is  perhaps  most  like  Lagena,  but  without  plaits  on  the  pillar,  lirse, 
or  teeth  on  the  outer  lip;  its  relations  are  probably  in  this  direction,  or  with 
Liomesus.  It  bears  some  resemblance  to  Liomesus,  especially  to  such  forms  as 
L.  canaliculars  Dall,  but  the  unexpanded  aperture,  the  marginated  suture, 
the  facies  of  the  shell,  and  its  habitat  are  rather  against  this  allocation.  In  the 
absence  of  the  soft  parts  and  operculum  its  systematic  position  cannot  be 
determined.     The  type  is 

Dalium  solidum  n.  s. 

Plate  XIX.  Fig.  10  d. 

Shell  heavy,  solid,  porcellanous,  six-whorled,  with  a  rather  obtusely  pointed 
spire  ;  suture  inconspicuous,  njarginated  by  the  sculpture,  slightly  channelled; 
nucleus  minute,  smooth;  shell  sculpture  consisting,  first,  of  transverse  ruga?, 
due  almost  wholly  to  irregularities  of  growth  and  evanescent  or  absent  on  the 
nucleus;  secondly,  of  spiral  ridges  with  channelled  interspaces,  of  which  four 
narrow  ridges  with  about  equal  interspaces  are  found  immediately  in  front  of 
the  sutural  margin;  these  are  separated  from  a  single  narrow  thread  in  front  of 
them  by  a  broad  shallow  channel  about  equal  in  width  to  two  of  the  preceding 
narrow  ridges  and  their  attendant  interspaces;  before  these  again  lie  (on  the 
last  whorl)  about  twenty-five  broad  flat-topped  ridges  separated  by  channels 
of  less  than  half  their  width,  the  whole  very  uniform,  though  as  usual  a  little 
coarser  near  and  on  the  pillar;  aperture  rather  small,  attenuated  anteriorly, 
pointed  behind,  with  a  short,  wide,  nearly  straight  canal  in  front;  outer  lip 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  231 

slightly  thickened  inside,  smooth,  simple  except  for  vague  indications  of  the 
external  sculpture  in  the  less  mature  state;  body  with  a  smooth  evenly  spread 
callus  extending  considerably  in  advance  of  the  aperture  and  over  the  inner 
half  of  the  pillar;  the  latter  perfectly  smooth,  evenly  twisted  (the  siphonal 
fasciole  distinct,  not  prominent),  with  the  anterior  end  obliquely  truncate  or 
falling  away  roundly  into  the  short  canal.  The  nucleus  is  filled  in  the  speci- 
mens examined  with  a  solid  mass  of  shelly  matter,  the  epidermis,  if  any,  is 
extremely  thin,  and  there  seems  to  be  a  tendency  to  erosion  of  the  thin  outer 
more  calcareous  layer,  as  in  Buccinum.  Lon.  of  shell,  41.25;  of  aperture,  25.00; 
max.  lat.  of  shell,  23.00;  of  aperture,  10.00  mm. 

Habitat.  Off  Grenada,  Station  265,  in  576  fins.,  bottom  temperature  39°. 7  F. 
Bottom  of  graj'  ooze. 

The  specimens  of  this  singular  shell  were  fresh,  but  without  the  soft  parts. 
The  ante-sutural  band  at  first  sight  suggests  a  pleurotomoid  notch,  but  a  careful 
inspection  shows  that  there  are  no  grounds  for  this  suspicion,  as  the  lines  of 
growth  cross  the  band  without  the  slightest  sinuosity. 

The  habit  of  the  shell  is  very  different  from  that  of  Oocorys,  which  in  outline 
and  spiral  sculpture  somewhat  resembles  Valium,  and  the  present  species  can 
best  be  compared  to  a  compact,  solid,  simple  Sconsia  (Gray),  with  a  plain 
unsculptured  columella,  unrefiexed  lip,  and  elevated  spire  without  varices. 


Family   CASSIDID^E. 

Genus  CASSIS  Lamarck. 

Without  going  into  the  synonymy  of  those  shells  ordinarily  referred  to  this 
genus,  C.  cameo  Stimpson  and  tuberosa  Linne  reach  the  southern  coast  of  the 
United  States,  and  perhaps  as  far  north  as  Beaufort,  N.  C.  ;  C.  fiammea  L. 
reaches  the  Florida  Keys;  G.  testiculus  L.,  and  C.  inflata  Shaw  (with  many 
synonyms)  and  its  very  distinct-looking  smooth  variety,  are  found  on  the 
Florida  coast;  the  variety  and  both  the  typical  forms  go  northward  to  within 
a  few  miles  of  Hatteras,  in  15-125  fms.  The  young  of  G.  inflata,  which  is  a 
remarkably  pretty  little  shell,  was  dredged  by  the  Blake  in  54  fms.,  near  Som- 
brero, W.  I.  Lastly,  Galeodea  Coronadoi  Crosse,  of  which  a  single  specimen 
has  hitherto  been  known,  from  Matanzas,  Cuba,  has  been  dredged  by  the  U.  S. 
Fish  Commission  at  Station  2603,  in  124  fms.,  sand  and  gravel,  forty  miles 
from  Cape  Fear,  N.  C.  Oniscia,  or,  more  properly,  Lambidium  oniscus  L., 
has  not  yet  turned  up  from  north  of  the  West  Indies.  L.  strombiformis  Reeve 
I  have  never  seen,  but  the  beautiful  Oniscidia  Dcnnisoni  of  Reeve  was  dredged 
in  130  fins.,  coral,  on  the  Arrowsmith  Bank,  Yucatan,  by  the  U.  S.  Fish 
Commission. 

I  am  quite  convinced  that  some  startling  modifications  of  nomenclature  and 
ideas  respecting  what  constitutes  a  species  of  Cassis  will  follow  a  study  of  a 
sufficient  number  of  specimens  of  the  three  larger  species  above  mentioned. 


232  BULLETIN   OF   THE 

Finally,  what  appears  to  be  an  undoubted  specimen  of  Sconsia  striata  La- 
marck has  been  dredged  by  the  U.  S.  Fish  Commission  at  Station  2646,  in 
85  fms.,  sand,  off  Cape  Florida.  I  have  exactly  the  same  shell  from  the  East 
Indies,  where  it  was  collected  by  the  Wilkes  Exploring  Expedition,  and  it  is 
very  doubtful  if  there  is  more  than  one  species  yet  known,  those  which  have 
been  named  seeming  to  differ  but  varietally.  Like  other  shells  of  this  family, 
the  adults  differ  very  widely  in  their  size  at  maturity,  having  a  range  in  this 
respect  fully  equal  to  that  of  the  various  species  of  Cyprcea. 


Family   DOLIID^E. 

It  is  probable  that  this  should  form  only  a  subfamily  under  Cassididce,  but 
is  bet 
action. 


it  is  better  to  await  fuller  knowledge  of  all  the  forms  before  taking  decisive 


Genus  DOLIUM  Lamarck. 

Doliiim  galea  L.  and  D.  perdix  L.  extend  their  range  northward  to  Florida, 
and  the  former  has  even  been  reported  from  Beaufort,  N.  C.  It  has  several 
synonyms,  especially  D.  antillarum  Morch,  which  does  not  differ  from  the  type. 
I),  perdix  is  widely  known  under  the  names  oipennatum  Martini  and  phimatum 
Green,  while  its  greenish  yellow  horny  larval  shell  was  described  as  Helix 
sulfurea  by  Prof.  C.  B.  Adams. 

Subgenus  EUDOLIUM  Dall. 

Doliopsis  Monterosato,  non  Conrad. 

Eudolium  Crosseanum  Monterosato. 
Plate  XV.  Fig.  5. 

D.  Crosseanum  Allery  de  Monterosato,  Journ.  de  Conchyl.,  XVII.  p.  228,  pi.  xii. 

fig.  1,  1869. 
D.  Bairdii  Verrill  &  Smith,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.,  XXII.  p.  296,  Oct.  1881.    Trans.  Conn. 

Acad.,  V.  p.  515,  VI.  p.  253,  pi.  xxix.  figs.  2  a-b,  1884. 

Habitat.  Station  192,  off  Dominica,  in  138  fms.,  sand.  Station  291,  off 
Barbados,  in  200  fms.,  stony  bottom,  temperature  49°. 7  F.  Off  Havana,  in 
292  fms.  Northward  to  Martha's  Vineyard,  in  89-234  fms.,  Verrill.  Deep 
water  off  Palermo,  Italy,  Monterosato. 

A  living  specimen  taken  off  Delaware  Bay  by  Captain  Tanner  might  have 
served  as  a  model  for  the  figure  in  the  Journal  de  Conchyliologie.  But  most 
of  the  specimens  I  have  seen  from  the  Antilles,  dredged  by  the  Fish  Commis- 
sion, are  smaller,  though  adult.  There  is  a  tendency  for  the  primary  spirals  to 
be  darker  brown,  and  even  articulated  with  dark  and  light  brown.  The  nucleus 
is  very  large,  olive  greenish,  but  in  the  adult  lined  with  white  shelly  matter, 
which,  when  the  horny  larval  shell  is  peeled  off,  as  often  happens,  reproduces 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  233 

it  in  polished  white  shell  substance.  The  spirals  are  usually  prettily  crenu- 
lated  by  lines  of  growth.  They  vary  in  number  and  relative  size.  The  suture 
is  sometimes  more,  sometimes  less  clearly  defined  by  the  meeting  of  the  whorls. 
It  is  not  channelled.  The  callus  of  the  outer  lip  varies  from  pure  white  to 
livid  rose-color.  It  is  strongly  lirate,  reflected,  and  thickened.  The  canal  is 
very  shallow.  In  the  adult  a  more  or  less  thickened  callus  extends  from  the 
posterior  commissure  to  the  canal,  somewhat  irregularly  distributed,  and  except 
on  the  keel  of  the  pillar  (where  it  is  a  little  tubercular)  reproduces  in  its  ele- 
vated ridges  the  sculpture  of  the  surface  under  it.  This  callus  on  the  body 
agrees  with  the  notches  on  the  rhachidian  tooth  in  indicating  a  relationship 
with  Cassis  nearer  than  that  exhibited  by  most  of  the  genus.  For  it  Montero- 
sato  proposed  a  section  Doliopsis,  a  name  preoccupied  by  Conrad,  but  there 
would  seem  to  be  good  grounds  here  for  a  sectional  or  subgeneric  subdivision. 

Eudolium  Verrillii  n.  s. 

Plate  XXXV.  Fig.  12. 

Shell  resembling  D.  Crosseanum,  and  best  described  by  comparison  with  a 
specimen  of  the  latter  of  equal  size. 

D.  Verrillii  is  sculptured  with  strong  revolving  ribs  without  the  finer  inter- 
calary thread  of  D.  Crosseanum.  At  the  beginning  of  the  last  whorl  there  are 
five  ribs  between  the  sutures  in  D.  Verrillii,  and  eight  primary  ribs  in  the  same 
place  in  D.  Crosseanum.  The  nucleus  in  D.  Verrillii  has  no  trace  of  the  horny 
larval  shell  characteristic  of  the  genus,  but  it  may  have  been  decorticated  after 
having  been  filled  with  shelly  matter.  The  spire  ascends  more  evenly  in 
D.  Verrillii,  and  the  suture  is  deeply  channelled.  There  are  nineteen  ribs  at 
the  end  of  the  last  whorl,  of  which  five  are  above  the  periphery.  The  ribs  are 
coarsest  near  the  suture  and  decrease  gradually  forward.  Behind  the  very 
broad  thick  and  strong  lip  is  a  deep  sulcation.  Inside,  the  outer  lip  is  much 
reflected  and  has  about  sixteen  coarse  crenulations.  On  the  body  and  pillar 
is  a  thick  callus  deeply  grooved  and  much  thickened  on  the  body,  and  almost 
making  tubular  the  posterior  commissure.  On  the  pillar  the  callus  is  ver- 
miculate.  The  pillar  is  formed  like  that  of  D.  Crosseanum,  but  shorter  and  with 
the  callus  arched  like  Odcorys.  The  outer  surface  of  the  specimen  has  the 
grayish  white  of  a  "  dead"  shell,  and  the  surface  has  lost  its  polish.  It  has, 
however,  a  transverse  sculpture  granulating  the  spirals  and  reticulating  the 
channels,  like  the  sculpture  on  the  shoulder  of  specimens  of  Cassis  inflata 
Shaw.  It  has  five  whorls,  the  last  being  rounder  than  in  D.  Crosseanum,  and 
all  very  thick  and  solid.  Max.  alt.  of  the  shell,  32.0;  of  last  whorl,  27.0;  of 
aperture,  22.0;  max.  lat.  of  shell,  24.3  mm. 

Habitat.  U.  S.  Fish  Commission  Station  2120,  in  73  fms.,  mud,  near 
Grenada,  bottom  temperature  67°.0  F. 

This  shell  is  easily  distinguished  from  Oo-orys  by  its  callus  and  broad  lirate 
outer  lip  with  a  sulcation  behind  it,  as  well  as  by  its  coarser  more  Cassis-like 
sculpture.     Only  one  dead  specimen  was  obtained. 


23-4  BULLETIN   OF  THE 

Family  AMPHIPEKASID^. 
Genus  AMPHIPERAS  Gronovius. 
Subgenus  SIMNIA  Risso. 
Simnia  Risso  (Leach  MS.),  Hist.  Nat.,  IV.  p.  235,  1826. 

This  genus  was  not  proposed  on  the  character  of  a  sharp  outer  lip,  as  stated 
by  Tryon  and  others.  In  fact  Risso's  figure  of  his  type  species  shows  the 
smooth  narrow  thickening  of  the  lip  exactly  as  it  occurs.  It  was  rather  the 
general  form  of  the  shell,  elongate  and  without  the  thick  and  dentate  peritreme 
characteristic  of  Ovula  carnea  Risso  and  related  species. 

In  a  valuable  paper  in  the  American  Journal  of  Conchology  (VI.  p.  183) 
Prof.  Theodore  Gill  has  treated  of  the  relations  of  Amphiperasidce.  Here  he 
characterizes  the  group  as  having  a  shell  simply  rolled  upon  itself  and  thus  not 
spiral ;  and  in  this  respect  he  associates  with  them  the  genus  Pedicularia.  Now 
I  have  already  shown,  and  elsewhere  figured  in  this  paper,  the  young  spiral 
shell  of  Pedicularia,  and  a  happy  accident  has  enabled  me  to  discover  that  the 
young  (not  embryonic)  shell  of  Si?nnia  (Neosimnia)  uniplicata  Sby.  is  also 
spiral,  and  so  continues  for  some  four  whorls  before  putting  on  the  involved 
roll  of  the  adult.  Of  course  Prof.  Gill's  merit  in  discriminating  the  distinction 
between  the  enrolment  of  the  adult  Amphiperas  and  Cypr&a,  which  had  been 
overlooked  by  conchologists,  is  not  affected  by  this  discovery,  and  he  expressly 
excluded  the  embryonic  shells  from  his  generalization,  as  they  were  at  that 
time  unknown. 

I  suspect  that  the  type,  of  Radius  Montfort  will  be  found  to  differ  from  the 
Simnia  group,  otherwise  the  name  Radius  has  priority.  Neosimnia  Fischer 
forms  a  convenient  section  of  Simnia,  but  the  distinction  between  the  two  is 
very  slight  in  some  species,  and  it  sometimes  happens  that  one  might  easily 
assign  the  same  species  to  one  or  the  other  according  to  the  stage  of  growth 
which  it  has  attained. 

There  is  no  reason  to  think  that  the  genus  Rhizorus  Montfort  has  anything 
to  do  with  Simnia,  as  claimed  by  Mbrch. 

Simnia  acicularis  Lamarck. 

Ovma  acicularis  Lam.,  Ann.  du  Mus.,  XVI.  p.  112,  No.  9;   Anim.  s.  Vert,  VII. 

p.  369,  1822;  ed.  Desh.,  X.  p.  472. 
Ovulum  aciculare  Sowerby,  Thes.  Conch.  Ovulum,  No.  31,  p.  477,  pi.  c.  figs.  43-46, 

1848;  Reeve,  Conch.  Icon.  Ovulum,  pi.  xii.  figs.  53  a,  53  b,  May,  1865. 

Habitat.  Brazil  and  South  Carolina,  Sby.  Florida,  Hemphill.  North  and 
South  Carolina,  Kurtz  &  Stimpson.  Sigsbee,  off  Havana,  in  80  fms.,  and 
off  Sombrero,  in  70  fms.  Twenty-five  miles  off  Cape  Fear,  North  Carolina, 
U.  S.  Fish  Commission,  at  Station  2619,  in  15  fms.,  sand. 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY.  235 

Simnia  piragua  n.  s. 

Shell  remarkably  slender,  narrow  and  long,  tapering  regularly  toward  the 
posterior  end  from  a  point  about  one  third  of  (he  whole,  length  behind  the  an- 
terior end.  Viewed  from  above  the  left  profile  is  gently  arched  like  a  bow,  on 
the  right  there  is  a  shallow  emargination  behind  the  end  of  the  canal,  and  the 
rest  of  the  right-hand  profile  is  almost  in  a  straight  line.  The  back  is  pale 
coffee-brown,  the  tips  and  slightly  thickened  margin  white.  Below,  the  aper- 
ture is  seen  to  be  very  narrow  except  for  a  short  space  anteriorly,  behind  the 
above  mentioned  emargination.  There  is  a  slight  callus  on  the  body;  the  colu- 
mella, if  it  may  be  so  called,  is  tinged  with  rose-pink.  Both  ends  of  the  shell 
are  slightly  recurved;  the  surface  is  marked  only  by  lines  of  growth  and  a  very 
few  faint  spiral  striae  toward  the  ends.  The  extreme  anterior  end  of  the  canal 
is  sharp-edged,  the  rest  is  thickened  but  not  reflected.  Max.  Ion.  of  shell, 
23.0;  max.  lat.  of  shell  (7.0  mm.  back  from  anterior  end  of  canal),  3.0;  max. 
lat.  of  body,  2.6;  of  aperture,  1.6  mm. 

Habitat.  Living  on  Gorgonian  coral,  in  23  fins,  water,  at  U.  S.  Fish  Com- 
mission Station  2138,  between  Jamaica  and  Hayti. 

The  soft  parts  appear  in  the  dried  animal  to  have  been  nearly  black. 

This  is  the  most  slender  and  evenly  tapered  species  known,  though  not  very 
large.  The  nearest  to  it  is  S.  lanceolata  Sowerby,  from  Luzon,  and  S.  piragua 
is  much  more  slender,  especially  toward  the  extremities,  which  are  also  much 
longer  in  proportion  to  the  enrolled  portion  of  the  shell. 

Section  NEOSIMNIA  Fischer. 

Simnia  (Neosimnia)  intermedia  Sowerby. 

Ovulum  intermedium  Sby.,  Spec.  Conch.,  No.  1,  p.  9,  figs.  32,  33;  Tlies.  Conch.  Ovu- 
lum,  No.  40,  p.  479,  pi.  c.  figs.  61,  G2,  1848.  Reeve,  Conch.  Icon.  Ovuium,  pi. 
vii.  figs.  33  a,  33  b,  March,  1865. 

Habitat.  Station  247,  off  Grenada,  in  170  fms.  Honduras  Bay  (Sowerby). 
Vera  Cruz,  Mexico  (Strebel).  Off  Hatteras,  in  50-65  fms.,  sand,  U.  S.  Fish 
Commission  Stations  2595  and  2596. 

This  species  is  reasonably  constant  in  form,  but  varies  very  much  in  size  and 
in  the  acuteness  of  the  extremities  of  the  shell.  Older  specimens  have  these 
more  blunt.  The  largest  and  smallest  adult  shells  I  have  examined  measured 
27.0  and  15.0  mm.  in  length  respectively.  Tryon  refers  0.  obionga  of  Martini 
and  0.  spelta  Dillwyn,  non  Linne,  to  this  species  as  synonyms. 

Simnia  (Neosimnia)  uniplicata  Sowerby. 

Ovulum  uniplicatum  Sowerby,  Thes.  Conch.,  p.  478,  pi.  c.  figs.  30, 31, 32,  1848 ;  P.  Z.  S. 

1848,  p.  135.     Reeve,  Conch.  Icon.  Ovulum,  pi.  ix,  figs.  51  a,  51  b,  May,  1865. 
Amphiperas  canadinensis  "  Morch,"  Weinkauff,  Jalirb.  Mai.  Ges.,  IX.  p.  178,  1882, 

=  err.  typog.  for  carolinensis. 


236  BULLETIN   OF  THE 

Ovulum  antillarum  Reeve,  Conch.  Icon.  Ovula,  fig.  64,  1865. 
Ovula  carolinensis  Murch,  Malak.  Blatt.,  XXIV.  p.  54,  1877. 
Ovulum  subrostratum  Sowerby,  P.  Z.  S.  1848,  p.  136  ;  Tlies.  Conch.,  p.  477,  pi.  c. 

figs.  39,  40,  1848. 
Ovulum  arcuatum  Reeve,  Conch.  Icon.  Ovulum,  fig.  58,  1865. 

Habitat.  Dead  at  Station  2,  in  805  fms.  Living  in  2-20  fms.,  dead  in 
12-100  fms.,  from  the  Antilles  northward  to  within  twenty  miles  of  Cape 
Hatteras,  North  Carolina. 

The  adolescent  shell  is  beautifully  spirally  wavy-striate ;  in  the  adult  the 
stria)  are  near  the  ends  only,  or  wholly  absent.  It  varies  from  fine  deep  plum- 
color  or  sulphur-yellow  to  white.  The  yellow  ones  are  found  on  the  yellow, 
and  the  purple  ones  on  the  purple  Gorgonias  or  sea-fans,  respectively.  The 
larval  shell  has  four  whorls,  while  one  or  two  more  turns  may  be  made  by  the 
adolescent  shell  (about  3.5  mm.  long)  before  the  former  is  entirely  hidden. 
The  apex  of  the  nucleus  is  blunt  and  of  a  reddish  color,  while  the  surface  of  the 
rest  is  paler  and  covered  with  sharp  lirae,  close  set  and  parallel  with  the  lines 
of  growth.  The  sutures  are  evident  but  not  pronounced.  The  adolescent 
shell,  exclusive  of  that  which  is  truly  larval,  is  of  a  whitish  color  in  the  speci- 
men examined,  and  has  only  fine  spiral  Cylichna-\ike  striation.  It  has  a  dis- 
tinct columella,  sharply  truncate  in  front,  and  a  wide  canal,  while  at  the  apex 
the  shell  is  wound  obliquely  back  over  the  nucleus,  hiding  about  one  half  of  it, 
and  is  produced  in  a  short  canal  beyond  the  extreme  tip.  There  appears  to  be 
a  little  over  a  whorl  and  a  half  subsequent  to  the  original  larval  shell,  and  it 
would  require  just  about  one  whorl  more  wholly  to  enclose  it.  The  larval 
shell  would  seem  to  have  been  about  a  millimeter  long,  or  perhaps  somewhat 
less,  before  the  adolescent  part  was  begun. 


Simnia  (Neosimnia)  aureocincta  n.  s. 

This  shell  is  the  Antillean  analogue  of  S.  spelta  (Linn.)  Tryon,  and  is  best 
described  by  comparison  with  it. 

Its  surface  is  almost  entirely  destitute  of  the  fine  spiral  striations  of  S.  spelta; 
its  base  is  much  more  arched,  the  canals  at  either  end  are  broad,  blunt,  and  re- 
curved, instead  of  pointed  and  straight;  the  color  is  pure  white  with  a  golden 
yellow  band  winding  round  the  shell  just  behind  the  periphery,  and  a  yellow 
brown  line  bordering  the  outer  edge  of  the  callus  on  each  side.  S.  spelta  varies 
from  waxy  white  to  purple,  without  bands  or  margination.  On  the  base  in  the 
present  species  the  body  is  more  symmetrically  fusiform,  the  body  callus  more 
diffused,  the  aperture  narrower,  especially  in  front,  and  the  posterior  fold 
stronger  and  larger.  The  back  of  spelta  from  end  to  end  forms  a  low  nearly 
uniform  arch,  in  aureocincta  the  ends  are  abruptly  turned  up  and  heavily 
thickened  with  callus.     Max.  Ion.  of  shell,  18.5;  max.  lat.  of  shell,  8.0  mm. 

Habitat.  Living  on  Gorgonia,  off  Sombrero,  in  70  fms.  Also  at  U.  S.  Fish 
Commission  Station  2334,  near  Havana,  Cuba,  on  white  coral,  in  67  fms. 


MUSEUM    OF   COMPAEATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  237 

In  this  connection  it  may  be  observed  that  S.  spelta,  which  is  the  common 
Mediterranean  form,  when  young  does  not  appear  to  resemble  the  shell  figured 
by  Risso,  which  has  by  many  naturalists  been  taken  to  be  the  young  of  it. 
His  <S.  niceensis  seems  to  me  to  be  a  species  more  like  S.  lanceolata.  His 
S.  purpurea  also,  as  represented  in  the  Weinkauff  collection,  contained  in  that 
of  Jeffreys  now  in  the  National  Museum,  is  a  distinct  and  different  shell  from 
the  young  of  the  purple  variety  of  S.  spelta  L.  (not  Reeve  &  Sby.)  which  has 
commonly  been  so  referred.  I  do  not  find  the  genuine  S.  purpurea  of  Risso 
figured  in  the  monographs,  or  at  least  the  shell  so  identified  by  Weinkauff  and 
which  is  a  native  of  the  Mediterranean. 

The  only  other  member  of  this  family  from  this  region  so  far  known  is 
the  Amphiperas  (Ultimas)  gibbosus  Linne,  which  is  common.  The  animal  has 
the  sides  of  the  mantle  enveloping  the  shell  and  is  very  gaudy,  being  of  a  sal- 
mon or  golden  yellow  with  large  black  circles  and  fine  black  dots  scattered 
over  it.  It  is  found  on  corals  and  Gorgonias  from  Florida  to  Jamaica,  and  prob- 
ably throughout  the  Antilles.  It  varies  much  in  size,  relative  proportions, 
and  brilliancy  of  color.  The  color  of  the  brightest  specimens  will  fade  very 
much  in  a  few  years,  even  when  kept  in  the  dark.  Fresh  specimens  are  of  a 
charming  orange-color. 

A  specimen  of  Amphiperas  aperta  Sby.  is  in  the  collection  of  the  National 
Museum  from  Barbados,  and  A.  birostris  Linne,  which  Tryon  regards  as  the 
adult  form  of  aperta,  was  recorded  from  Cuba,  in  1840,  by  Pfeiffer.  I  feel 
some  doubt  as  to  these  specimens,  and  suspect  they  may  be  imported,  but  it  is 
possible  this  shell  does  exist  in  the  Antilles. 

The  British  species,  Ovula  patula  of  authors,  has  a  larval  shell  similar  to  the 
one  described  under  Simnia  uniplicata,  but  it  is  smaller  and  shorter,  with  a 
smooth  whitish  globular  nucleus. 


Genus   PEDICULARIA   Swainson. 
Pedicularia  decussata  Gould. 

Plate  XIX.  Figs.  9  a-b. 

Pedicularia  albida  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  39,  1881. 

Pedicularia  decussata  Gould,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  V.  p.  127,  1855;   Otia, 
p.  215,  1862. 

Habitat.  Barbados,  Hassler  Exp.,  100  fms.  Off  Havana,  Sigsbee,  450 
fins.,  on  Solenosmilia  variabilis  Duin.  fide  Pourtales.  Yucatan  Strait,  640  fms. 
U.  S.  Fish  Commission  Stations  2342,  off  Havana,  Cuba,  in  201  fms.,  coral, 
and  2416,  off  the  coast  of  Georgia,  in  27  fms.,  coral,  bottom  temperature 
53°.8  F.     Off  Georgia  and  Florida  in  400  fms.,  Gould. 

When  I  described  this  species  its  characters  did  not  seem  in  accord  with  the 


238  BULLETIN    OF   THE 

brief  diagnosis  of  Dr.  Gould's  unfigured  species.  Since  then  I  have  visited 
Albany,  and  examined  Dr.  Gould's  type,  which  leaves  no  doubt  of  their  iden- 
tity. The  reception  of  more  material  from  the  Fish  Commission  and  from  the 
Mediterranean  enables  me  to  enlarge  my  description  of  this  species,  and  to 
compare  it  with  P.  sicula. 

In  regard  to  the  shell,  it  is  noteworthy  that  the  spiral  nucleus,  which,  as 
Gould  observed,  is  always  visible,  is  practically  identical  in  form  and  sculp- 
ture with  that  of  Simnia,  just  described.  In  fact,  Pedicularia  would  seem  to 
be  a  form  of  Amphiperas,  modified  for  the  habitat  upon  a  coral,  and  made 
irregular  by  its  habitat,  as  in  the  case  of  Ehizocheilus,  etc.  From  Simnia, 
living  on  Gorgonians,  to  Pedicularia,  living  on  stony  corals,  is  a  very  short 
step.  The  dentition  is  not  dissimilar,  and  I  see  no  reason  for  separating 
Pedicularia  from  the  Amphiperasidoe. 

The  decussated  sculpture  is  characteristic  of  the  young,  and  of  the  period 
before  the  animal  has  permanently  settled  down  to  one  roost.  At  the  end  of 
this  period  the  margin  is  usually  reflected,  thickened,  and  internally  lirate. 
After  this  the  spiral  (or,  as  the  shell  stands,  vertical)  sculpture  becomes 
stronger,  the  transverse  fainter,  and  the  former  has  a  wavy  irregularity,  while 
the  surface  takes  on  a  peculiar  faint  sagrination,  recalling  the  surface  of  the 
coral  on  which  it  lives.  The  largest  specimen  I  have  seen —  which  is  13.0  mm. 
long  by  8.5  from  back  to  base,  and  6.0  mm.  in  maximum  width  —  is  suffused 
toward  the  aperture  with  a  delicate  rosy  blush.  The  sculpture  is  constantlv 
different  from  that  of  P.  sicula,  which  has  the  revolving  threads  in  the  young 
alternately  faint  and  very  strong  instead  of  regularly  decussated,  has  not  nearly 
as  many  whorls,  and  has  its  nucleus  always  wholly  concealed  except  in  the 
very  youngest  specimens.  The  young  shell  has  not  the  form  of  Trivia,  nor 
is  the  columella  plicate,  as  stated  by  Tryon  (Man.,  VII.  241). 

In  the  very  large  specimen  referred  to,  the  mantle  margin  was  thickened 
and  papillose,  notched  in  the  middle  line  behind;  the  foot  oval,  rounded  be- 
hind, more  pointed  in  front ;  the  head  small,  the  tentacles  narrow,  short,  and 
without  eyes  or  eye  pedicels.  The  cavity  of  the  mantle  is  very  large  and  deep; 
there  is  the  ordinary  pectinibranch  gill  stretching  across  the  dome  of  this  cav- 
ity, with  the  anal  papilla  at  its  distal  extreme  on  the  left  side  of  the  head. 
What  would  seem  to  be  the  sexual  papilla,  large,  prominent,  globulose,  is  situ- 
ated at  the  other  extreme  on  the  right,  almost  as  far  back  as  the  posterior  end 
of  the  foot.  The  soft  parts  make  a  coil  of  two  whorls.  The  space,  upon  the 
bi\anch  of  coral  (generally  a  Madrepore)  where  the  animal  roosts,  and  the  edge 
of  which  the  aperture  of  the  shell  exactly  fits,  is  smoothed  away  and  marginated, 
looking  as  if  the  animal  had  secreted  a  pavement,  like  Capulus,  with  a  centrally 
situated  rougher  area.  This,  however,  is  not  really  the  case,  but  the  coral  has 
been  so  eroded  as  to  present  much  the  same  appearance,  at  least  with  P.  sicula., 
as  I  have  not  yet  received  P.  decussata  in  situ. 

The  eggs  are  very  numerous  and  small.  They  are  impregnated  within  the 
ovisac,  which,  when  ready  to  discharge,  seems  to  comprise  a  very  large  per- 
centage of  the  total  mass  of  the  viscera.     In  the  specimen  examined,  the  young 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPAEATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  239 

shells  within  the  mother  had  about  three  quarters  of  a  whorl  formed,  were  of 
a  brownish  color,  and  covered  by  a  thin  smooth  pellucid  membrane.  They 
seemed  to  be  massed  in  the  ovisac  with  no  regularity  or  attachment,  but  like  a 
lot  of  peas  in  a  bag,  and  could  be  distinctly  observed  through  the  transparent 
integument. 


Family  CYPR^EIDiE. 

Genus   CYPR^EA  Linne. 

Cypraea  cinerea  Gmelin. 
Cyprcea  cinerea  Gmelin,  Roberts  in  Tryon,  VII.  p.  166,  pi.  ii.  figs.  15,  16,  1885. 

Habitat.  Station  2,  805  fms.  Sigsbee,  off  Havana,  Lat.  22°  9'  and  Lon. 
82°  2",  in  177  fathoms.  Station  278,  in  69  fathoms,  Barbados,  all  young  dead 
specimens. 

This  species  extends  from  the  vicinity  of  Cape  Hatteras  to  and  throughout 
the  Antilles,  and  the  adjacent  continental  shores,  in  suitable  localities.  It  was 
found  living  among  the  corals,  at  low  water,  on  the  reefs  about  Key  West,  by 
Hemphill. 

It  varies  very  much  in  size.  One  adult  specimen  from  near  Havana  meas- 
ures 17.5  by  11.0  mm.  Others  from  the  Arrowsmith  Bank,  near  Yucatan,  38.5 
by  24.0  mm.  It  changes  color  a  good  deal  by  exposure,  and  varies  among 
individuals. 

Among  the  other  Cyprseas,  C.  mus  L.  and  C.  lurida  L.  are  certainly  West 
Indian,  although  Mr.  Roberts  does  not  mention  it  in  his  latest  monograph. 
C.  cervus  L.  reaches  South  Florida,  and  is  more  or  less  spread  among  the 
Antilles.  It  is  undoubtably  synonymous  with  C.  exanthema,  and,  curiously 
enough,  of  a  very  large  and  fine  East  American  series,  chiefly  from  Florida, 
nearly  all  are  typical  cervus,  which  is  supposed  to  be  the  West  American  form, 
while  the  typical  exanthema  supposed  to  be  the  Antillean  type  is  much  less 
abundant.  As  a  rule,  however,  the  West  American  specimens  of  cervus  are  a 
little  paler  and  thinner  than  the  eastern  ones. 

C.  spurca  L.  and  its  variety  flaveola  are  common  in  the  West  Indies,  and 
extend  northward  to  the  Florida  Keys.  The  bright-colored,  white-based,  few- 
toothed  variety  is  more  common,  especially  northward,  than  the  typical  form 
characteristic  of  the  Mediterranean.  Some  of  the  specimens  from  Florida  and 
the  Swan  Islands  are  wider  and  more  lozenge-shaped  than  any  I  find  figured. 
Cyprasa  bicallosa  Gray  and  Aubryana  Jouss.  appear  to  be  Antillean.  0.  nebulosa 
Kiener  (Cape  of  Good  Hope),  0.  stercoraria  L.  (probably  mxis,  junior,  was 
mistaken  for  it),  and  G.  picta  Gray  (Cape  Verde  Isl.)  are  exotic,  and  have 
been  wrongly  credited  to  this  region,  like  C.  moneta,  etc. 


240  BULLETIN   OF   THE 

Genus  TRIVIA   Gray. 

Trivia  pediculus  Linne. 

This  species  was  not  obtained  by  tbe  Blake,  but  ranges  from  St.  Augustine 
southward  to  and  among  the  Antilles,  varying  greatly  in  size  and  brilliancy 
of  coloration.  It  is  fossil  in  the  pliocene  clays  of  Costa  Rica  and  the  Caloosa- 
hatchie  pliocene  of  South  Florida.  T.  labiusa  Gaskoin  and  21  cimex  H.  Owen 
are  synonyms. 

Trivia  suffusa  Gray. 
Trivia  suffusa  Gray,  Roberts  in  Tryon,  Man.,  p.  201,  pi.  xxi.  figs.  1,  2,  100,  1885. 

Habitat.  Off  Havana  in  80  fins,  (dead),  Sigsbee.  Cedar  Keys,  Florida, 
living  on  the  reefs  in  1-3  fins.,  and  southward  to  and  among  the  Antilles  at 
moderate  depths.     Fossil  in  the  Caloosahatchie  pliocene. 

This  species  is  sometimes  deep  rose  with  blackish  mottlings,  varying  from 
rosy  or  madder  brown  without  black  markings  to  nearly  totally  blackish 
brown.  On  the  mainland  it  has  been  received  from  Vera  Cruz  and  the  coast 
of  Yucatan.  T.  armandina  Duclos  is  synonymous  according  to  Roberts,  and 
the  dark  variety  mentioned  above  is  on  the  same  authority  the  same  as 
T.  pullata  H.  Owen. 

Trivia  subrostrata  Gray. 

Trivia  subrostrata  Gray,  Roberts,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  137,  1881.     Tryon,  Man., 
VII.  p.  203,  pi.  xxii.  figs.  38,  39,  1885. 

Habitat.  Sigsbee,  off  Havana,  80  and  175  fms.  Station  12,  177  fms.;  Sta- 
tion 2,  805  fms.  (dead).    Southeastward  to  Barbados,  living  at  moderate  depths. 

Trivia  nivea  Gray. 

Trivia  oryza  Roberts,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  137,  1881,  non  Lam. 

Trivia  nivea  Gray,  Roberts,  Tryon,  Man.,  VII.  p.  199,  pi.  xxi.  figs.  80,  81,  1885. 

Habitat.  Station  2,  in  805  fms.  Station  272,  at  Barbados,  in  76  fms., 
dead.     South  Florida  reefs,  Greegor,  living. 

Trivia  candidula  Gaskoin. 

Trivia  candidula  Gaskoin,  Roberts,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  137,  1881.     Tryon,  Man., 
VII.  p.  203,  pi.  xxii.  figs.  33,  34,  1885. 

Habitat.     Yucatan  Strait,  640  fms.;   Station  21,  287  fms.;   Barbados,  100 
fms.;  Sigsbee,  off  Havana,  119  fms.;  Station  177,  living,  in  18  fms.,  at  Domin- 
March  23,  1889. 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY.  241 

ica;  Station  272,  in  76  fms.,  near  Barbados;  also  in  94-140  fras.,  at  Barbados, 
all  dead.  Near  Cape  Hatteras,  in  25-50  fins.,  U.  S.  Fish  Commission.  Co- 
runna,  Spain,  McAndrew. 

This  species  ranges  farther  north  than  any  other  yet  known,  on  the  eastern 
coast  of  the  United  States.  It  is  easily  recognized  by  the  continuous  trans- 
verse lines,  uninterrupted  by  any  dorsal  groove,  and  its  white  color.  It  is 
T.  olorina  Duclos  and  T.  approximans  Beck. 

Trivia  globosa  Gray. 

Trivia  globosa  Gray,  Roberts,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  137,  1881. 
T.  pilula  Kiener,  and  T.  sphwrula  Mighels,^We  Roberts,  1885. 

Habitat.  Station  2,  805  fms.;  Station  247,  near  Grenada,  in  170  fms.;  Sta- 
tion 276,  near  Barbados,  in  94  fms.  All  dead.  U.  S.  Fish  Commission  Sta- 
tion 2373,  in  23  fms ,  coral  bottom,  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  living.  Station 
2330,  dead,  in  121  fms.,  at  Key  West.     Fossil  in  the  Caloosahatchie  pliocene. 

Roberts  thinks  that  Krebs's  Trivia  subrostrata  var.  alba  is  referable  to  this 
species. 

Trivia  quadripunctata  Gray,  var.  rotunda  Kiener. 

Trivia  quadripunctata  Gray,  Roberts,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  137,  1881.    Tryon,  Man., 
VII.  p.  201,  pi.  xxii.  figs.  5,  6. 

Habitat.  Yucatan  Strait,  1  living,  640  fms.;  Station  2,  805  fms.;  Station 
12,  177  fms.;  Barbados,  living,  100  fms.;  Sigsbee,  off  Havana,  80  fms.  Flor- 
ida Keys,  in  2-4  fms.,  living,  and  abundant  in  the  Antilles,  in  similar 
situations. 

I  do  not  understand  how  living  specimens  found  their  way  into  jars  labelled 
100  and  640  fms.  I  do  not  believe  the  shells  lived  at  that  depth,  and  suspect 
they  may  have  remained  in  the  dredge  or  sieve,  unseen,  from  a  previous  dredg- 
ing in  shallow  water.  The  specimens,  except  the  two  living  ones,  are  all  of 
the  variety  rotunda  Kiener,  which  differs  from  the  type  in  being  shorter, 
rounder,  paler,  and  with  the  spots  obsolete.  As  with  the  other  species,  the 
identifications  have  been  confirmed  by  Mr.  S.  R.  Roberts,  who  has  made  a 
special  study  of  the  Cyprceidce. 

Genus  ERATO  Risso. 
Erato  Maugeriee  Gray. 

This  species  extends  from  Cape  Hatteras  to  Jamaica,  and  from  Florida  to 
Vera  Cruz  and  Aspinwall.  It  is  the  only  species  known  from  the  region.  It 
is  fossil  in  the  pliocene  of  the  Caloosahatchie  River,  Florida.  Erato  cypraoides 
C.  B.  Adams  is  not  in  the  least  like  it,  being  white,  cyprseiform,  with  an  im- 

VOL.  xvin.  16 


242  BULLETIN   OF  THE 

mersed  spire  and  both  lips  transversely  grooved.  It  is  probably  not  an  Erato 
at  all,  and  is  perhaps  an  Ovulactceon.  The  Erato  vitellina  cited  by  Marrat  in 
his  list  of  shells  collected  by  the  party  on  board  the  Argo,  undoubtedly  came 
from  California,  and  it  should  have  been  so  stated,  as,  placed  as  it  was  without 
comment  in  a  paper  treating  otherwise  only  of  Antillean  shells,  it  was  certain  to 
lead  to  misconception.  Although  Mr.  Marrat  says  it  was  a  gift  from  Mr.  Red- 
field  at  Philadelphia,  it  follows  the  Abaco  list  without  sufficient  discrimination. 


Family  TRIFORID^E. 
Genus  TRIFORIS  Deshates. 

The  character  of  the  openings  in  this  group  seem  to  have  been  misunderstood 
by  Mr.  Tryon  in  his  recent  monograph.  He  referred  (Man.,  IX.  p,  121)  to 
the  "  occasional  preservation  of  a  second  canal  upon  the  back  of  the  body  whorl, 
showing  the  termination  of  a  former  aperture."  I  have  never  seen  anything  of 
the  kind  in  this  genus,  nor  does  Mr.  Tryon  figure  any  such  formation.  The 
case  of  Triforis  is  not  unlike  that  of  Pleurotoma,  except  that  in  the  latter  group 
the  seclusion  of  the  individual  foramina  is,  so  far  as  I  know,  never  carried 
quite  so  far  as  in  typical  Triforis.  In  both  there  is  an  aperture  with  a  canal 
and  a  presutural  (doubtless  anal)  notch  in  the  adult.  In  some  forms  of 
Drillia,  when  fully  mature,  the  notch  becomes  nearly  tubular,  but  the  siphonal 
canal  is  not  closed  and  seldom  if  ever  has  a  tubular  appearance.  In  Triforis, 
however,  the  canal  and  anal  opening,  in  certain  species,  become  completely 
tubular,  and  the  last  whorl  after  they  are  closed  is  continued  for  a  quarter  of 
a  turn  more  before  the  final  adult  aperture  is  completed.  Between  this  state 
of  things  and  that  in  which  the  canal  remains  permanently  open  and  the  anal 
notch  becomes  obsolete,  there  are  all  varieties  of  gradation,  many  of  which 
represent  stages  of  growth  in  the  most  specialized  forms.  There  are  probably 
some  dextral  forms,  though  such  are  apt  to  be  referred  to  Cerithiopsis  ;  and 
probably  son^e  of  those  referred  to  this  group  would,  if  we  knew  all  the  charac- 
ters of  the  soft  parts,  operculum,  etc.,  be  naturally  placed  with  Cerithiopsis,  as 
reversed  species  of  that  genus. 

I  have  felt  that  the  differences  of  the  soft  parts,  dentition,  and  operculum 
were  sufficient  to  authorize  the  use  of  the  family  name  for  this  group,  as  has 
been  proposed  by  other  naturalists.  A  great  number  of  sectional  names  have 
been  proposed  in  this  group.  Most  of  them  are  without  sufficient  reason  for 
existence.  We  may  conveniently  recognize  India  Bayle  (+  Ino  Hinds,  thrice 
preoccupied),  for  the  elongated  species  with  flattened  whorls,  open  anal  aper- 
ture, and  sharp  apex ;  Sychar  Hinds,  for  similar  shells  having  a  swollen  nucleus 
and  more  rounded  whorls;  Mastonia  Hinds,  for  the  short,  swollen  fusiform 
species*  with  the  same  character  of  aperture;  and  Triforis  s.  s.,  for  those  in  which 
the  anal  sinus  is  closed,  and  all  the  foramina  have  a  more  or  less  tubular  form, 
when  completely  adult.     These  shells  are  so  frequently  decollate,  rubbed,  or 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPAEATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  242 

not  perfectly  adult,  that  the  proper  section  to  which  they  are  to  be  referred, 
except  in  the  case  of  species  collected  alive  and  in  large  quantities,  will  neces- 
sarily often  remain  doubtful. 

The  variety  in  the  sculpturing  is  very  remarkable,  and  the  range  of  varia- 
tion in  this  direction  is  as  yet  but  little  understood. 

Section   TRIFORIS  s.  s. 

The  only  species  definitely  referable  to  this  section  within  our  limits  is  the 
Triforis  mirabilis  C.  B.  Adams,  which  extends  southward  from  the  Carolina 
coast  to  the  Antilles,  apparently  not  abundant  anywhere.  It  has  been  errone- 
ously confounded  with  T.  turris-thomce  Orbigny. 

Trnoris  lilacina  Dall. 

Shell  corpulent,  acutely  pointed,  characterized  by  two  spiral  rows  of  round, 
pointed,  large  elevated  tubercles,  about  twenty-five  on  the  last  whorl;  there 
they  are  separated  by  a  fine  undulated  line,  while  on  the  earlier  whorls  this  is 
obsolete  or  absent;  there  is  a  very  fine  post-sutural  thread;  whorls  about  18, 
of  a  rich  pink  lilac  color,  the  tubercles  a  little  lighter;  base  protuberant,  with 
four  or  five  regularly  beaded  spiral  threads;  canal  closed,  much  recurved,  short; 
anal  notch  deep,  probably  eventually  tubular;  mouth  contracted,  anterior  edge 
produced,  aperture  sharp-edged,  simple.  Max.  Ion.  of  shell,  9.0;  max.  lat.  of 
shell,  2.9  mm.     (Nucleus  lost,  probably  pointed.) 

Habitat.     Turtle  Harbor,  Florida,  in  6  fms.,  Dr.  Rush. 

This  beautiful  shell  is  nearest  to  ruber  Hinds,  which  has  smaller  tubercles 
and  proportionally  larger  aperture.  This  and  violacea  Quoy  (with  five  rows 
of  tubercles)  are  Indo-Pacific  species. 

Section  MASTONIA  Hinds. 

A.     Apex  acute,  trocnoid. 

Triforis  perversa  Linn£,  var.  nigrocincta  Adams. 

Trochus  perversus  Linne',  S.  N.,  ed.  xii.  p.  1231. 
Cerithium  perversum  Jeffreys,  Brit.  Conch.,  IV.  p.  261,  1867. 
Cerithium  adcersum  Forbes  &  Hanley,  Brit.  Moll.,  p.  195,  pi.  xci.  figs.  5,  6. 
Triforis  perversa  Jeffreys,  P.  Z.  S.  1885,  p.  67. 

Cerithium  nigrocindum  C.  B.  Adams,  Boston  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.,  H.  p.  286,  pi.  iv.  fig 
11,  1839. 

Habitat.  Barbados,  100  fms.  Northward  to  Massachusetts.  British  Isles 
to  the  Mediterranean.     California  1 

After  a  careful  study  of  specimens  from  both  sides  of  the  Atlantic,  i  con- 
clude that  the  differences  which  exist  are  far  less  than  those  which  Beparate 


244  BULLETIN    OF   THE 

the  large  pale-tubercled  Mediterranean  variety  from  the  small  British  variety 
adversa  Montagu,  and  cannot  be  claimed  as  of  more  than  varietal  importance. 

The  British  shell  is  usually  more  solid  and  uniformly  dark,  but  there  are 
paler  individuals  with  dark  base,  differing  from  typical  nigrocincta  only  in  be- 
ing a  little  heavier.  But  nearly  all  British  individuals  are  heavier  than  those 
of  the  same  species  from  the  American  shores.  The  sculpture  of  many  of  the 
British  individuals  is  a  little  coarser,  and  they  probably  average  a  little  bigger 
than  American  specimens. 

The  variety  nigrocincta  is  usually  brown  with  a  dark  brown  base ;  this  shin- 
ing through  the  sides  of  the  shell  below  the  suture  gives  the  effect  of  a  brown 
presutural  band.  Individuals  in  which  the  base  is  no  darker  than  the  sides 
do  not  show  it.  T.  modesta  C.  B.  Adams  is  a  small  uniformly  dark  specimen, 
and  his  T.  intermedia  is  (from  a  typical  specimen)  a  form  in  which  the  middle 
spiral  has  its  nodules  paler  colored  than  the  rest  of  the  shell. 

Two  or  three  genera  or  subgenera  have  been  founded  on  this  species,  as  hav- 
ing the  canal  open  and  the  whorls  flattened,  but  the  canal  is  often  closed  in 
both  foreign  and  American  specimens,  and  the  form  is  precisely  that  of  Masto- 
nia,  sometimes  flattish,  but  most  generally  moderately  inflated  and  fusiform. 

Triforis  decorata  C.  B.  Adams  var.  olivacea  Dall. 
Cerithium  decoratum  Adams,  Contributions  to  Conch.,  p.  177,  1850. 

Habitat.  Gulf  of  Mexico,  west  of  Florida,  in  50  fms.  Key  West,  Hemp- 
hill.    Antilles,  Adams. 

This  species  does  not  show  the  anal  notch  tubular  when  perfectly  adult,  con- 
sequently it  should  not  be  placed  in  the  typical  section  of  Triforis,  as  has  been 
done  in  Mr.  Tryon's  Manual.     It  is  closely  related  to  T.  ornata  of  Deshayes. 

The  Floridian  specimens  are  of  a  more  olive  and  brown  tendency,  and  are 
also  larger  and  have  a  greater  proportional  diameter  than  the  types  of  Adams 
or  any  of  the  Antillean  specimens  I  have  seen.  The  latter  all  tend  to  a  macu- 
lation  of  blackish  brown  and  white,  are  smaller,  and  more  slender.  The  dis- 
tinction seems  of  varietal  importance,  though  it  would,  doubtless  shade  off 
imperceptibly  in  a  full  geographical  series. 

B.    Apical  nucleus  swollen,  mammillary . 
Triforis  turris-thomas  Orbignt. 

Triforis  turris-thomoz  (Chemnitz)  Orb.,  Moll.  Cub.,  II.  p.  155  (pi.  xxiii.  figs.  10-12  f), 

1842.     Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  81,  1881. 
Triforis  intermedins  Tryon,  Man.,  p.  188,  1887,  not  of  C.  B.  Adams,  1850. 

Hab'itat.  Station  2,  805  fms.,  one  dead  specimen,  probably  drifted  from 
ehoaler  water.  Reported  by  Orbigny  in  shell  sand  from  Cuba  and  Guadelupe 
Island. 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY.  245 

This  species  is  not  distinguishable  from  Chemnitz's  figures,  and  his  work  is 
only  accidentally  now  and  then  binomial.  Its  name  rests  upon  Orbigny's 
figure  and  description.  Doubtless  he  would  have  confounded  it  with  T.  mira- 
bilis,  but  his  figure  identifies  the  species  sufficiently.  Adams  may  have  con- 
founded it  with  his  own  intermedins,  and  so  named  it,  but  his  type  specimens  of 
the  latter  are  of  a  not  rare  variety  of  perversa.  His  description  is  eight  years 
later  than  the  publication  of  Orbigny's  Atlas,  and  his  name  would  in  any  case 
be  out  of  court  on  that  account,  if  they  were  identical. 

Section  INELLA  Bayle. 

Nucleus  acute,  conical,  trochoid ;  whorls  flattened. 

The  following  schema  of  the  species  of  this  section  may  serve  to  assist  the 
student  in  identifying  material  which  may  come  into  his  hands.  In  case  of 
any  discrepancy  between  the  figure  and  the  diagnosis,  the  latter  is  always,  in 
this  Report,  to  be  regarded  as  the  more  correct. 

A.    With  three  principal  spirals. 

T.  longissima  Dall.  Three  spiral  rows  of  very  prominent  tubercles;  middle 
tubercles  opposite  interspaces  of  the  two  outer  rows;  anterior  row  most  promi- 
nent of  the  three;  a  fine  thread  behind  the  suture;  no  transverse  ribs. 

T.  triserialis  Dall.  Three  spiral  tuberculated  threads;  tubercles  axially 
parallel;  posterior  row  strongest;  a  fine  thread  behind  suture;  no  ribs;  shell 
somewhat  short  and  swollen. 

T.  triserialis  var.  aspera  Jeffreys.  Last  whorl  but  one  of  adult  with  20 
broadish,  rather  straight  transverse  ribs,  overrun  by  two  sharp  not  nodulated 
threads  with  their  posterior  slope  shortest;  the  ribs  nodulous  under  the  threads; 
a  nodulous  smaller  thread  in  front  of  the  suture,  a  still  smaller  simple  thread 
behind  the  suture;  whorls  flat,  shell  elongate.  The  Antillean  specimens  have 
more  convex  whorls.  A  specimen  from  the  quaternary  of  Messina  shows  no 
post-sutural  thread. 

T.  triserialis  var.  intermedia  Dall.  Two  rows  of  not  prominent  apically 
inclined  nodules,  a  smaller  undulated  thread  between  them,  a  still  smaller  one 
behind  the  suture;  undulations  of  the  medial  thread  opposite  the  interspaces 
between  the  nodules;  no  ribs:  young  with  proportionally  stronger  nodules; 
shell  rather  elongated. 

T.  sarissa  Dall.  Three  rows  of  strong  tubercles,  with  their  longest  slope 
toward  the  middle  of  the  whorl,  posterior  row  largest,  anterior  next  in  size,  the 
third  close  to  the  posterior  row  and  smallest;  suture  not  bordered  by  threads 
and  nearly  invisible. 

B.    With  two  principal  spirals. 

T.  colon  Dall.  Two  spiral  rows  of  equal  nodules  overrun  and  connected  by  a 
sharp  line;  a  very  fine  undulate  line  on  each  side  the  suture;  no  ribs,  whorls 
very  short  and  flat;  base  flatfish;  shell  slender  and  small. 


246  BULLETIN   OF  THE 

C.    With  one  principal  spiral. 

T.  Eushii  Dall.  An  anterior  row  of  16  very  large  and  pointed  (almost 
spinous)  tubercles  next  the  suture;  behind  this  three  much  finer  and  lower 
undulated  equal  threads;  no  ribs;  whorls  flat  except  for  the  garland  of  tuber- 
cles; shell  milk-white,  small. 

The  last  mentioned,  though  only  a  fragment  of  four  and  a  half  whorls,  pre- 
sents such  a  remarkable  and  peculiar  sculpture  that  I  have  no  hesitation  in 
applying  a  name  to  it.  The  length  along  the  axis  from  the  garland  of  tuber- 
cles on  one  whorl  to  its  fourth  return,  thus  including  three  whorls,  is  2.6  mm.; 
the  width  over  the  tubercles  at  the  apical  end  (decollate)  was  1.5  mm.,  and  at 
the  other  end  (of  four  whorls)  it  was  1.75  mm.  The  turns  are  rather  oblique, 
and  the  undulations  of  the  fine  threads  form  oblique  transverse  series.  It  was 
collected  by  Dr.  W.  H.  Rush,  in  200  fms.,  west  of  North  Bernini  Island, 
Bahamas,  and  kindly  donated  by  him  to  the  National  Museum. 

Triforis  (Inella)  longissima  Dall. 

Plate  XX    Fig.  10. 

Triforis  (Ino)  longissimus  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.(  IX.  p.  80,  1881.     Agassiz,  Three 
Cruises  of  the  Blake,  II.  p.  71,  fig.  295,  18S8. 

Habitat.     Sigsbee,  off  Havana,  in  175-450  fms. 

In  this  and  several  other  cases  I  was  led,  by  the  careless  practice  of  authors 
who  have  erroneously  treated  the  name  Triforis  as  masculine,  to  give  the  spe- 
cific names  in  my  Preliminary  Report  a  masculine  termination. 

Triforis  (Inella)  triserialis  Dall. 

Plate  XX.  Figs.  5  a,  6  a. 

Triforis  triserialis  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  84,  1881. 

Habitat.  Yucatan  Strait,  640  fms.  Off  Cape  San  Antonio,  640  fms.  Sta- 
tion 2,  in  805:  fms.  Station  282,  near  Barbados,  in  154  fms.,  sand,  bottom  tem- 
perature 56°. 0  F. 

Triforis  (IneLla)  triserialis  var.  aspera  Jeffreys. 

Triforis  aspera  Jeffreys,  P.  Z.  S.  1885,  p.  58,  pi.  vi.  figs.  7,  7  a. 

Habitat.  North  Atlantic,  Porcupine  Expedition.  Mediterranean,  Jeffreys. 
Florida  Straits,  off  the  Samboes,  Pourtales,  in  125  to  731  fms.  Off  Georgia 
in  440  fms.,  sand,  U.  S.  Fish  Commission.  I  have  compared  Jeffreys's  types 
with  the  type  of  T.  triserialis,  and  consider  the  differences  varietal. 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY.  247 

Triforis  (Inella)  triserialis  var.  intermedia  Dall. 

Plate  XX.  Fig.  8. 

Triforis  intermedins  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  85,  1881. 
Not  T.  intermedins  C.  B.  Adams,  1850. 

Habitat.     Station  2,  in  805  fms.     Barbados,  in  100  fms. 

Triforis  (Inella)  sarissa  Dall. 

Shell  glossy  white,  elongated,  subcylindrical,  with  about  twenty-four  pecu- 
liarly sharp-pointed  tubercles  on  the  last  whorl;  whorls  about  24,  sculpture 
(see  schema,  p.  245)  sharp,  clear-cut,  and  limose;  base  flattish  with  a  strong  keel, 
two  less  strong  spiral  threads,  and  one  or  two  fainter  ones  on  the  canal;  canal 
rather  long,  moderately  recurved;  anal  notch  marked,  but  probably  not  tubular; 
aperture  subrectangular,  modified  by  the  spirals;  inner  lip  thickened,  project- 
ing.    Lon.  of  shell,  15.5  ;  of  last  whorl,  3.0;  max.  lat.  of  shell,  2.5  mm. 

Habitat.  Station  290,  near  Barbados,  in  73  fms.,  coral,  bottom  temperature 
71°.0F. 

This  shell  recalls  T.  (Si/char)  inflata  Watson,  in  its  general  appearance,"  but 
the  details  of  the  sculpture  are  quite  different,  and  the  shell  is  more  cylindrical. 
Its  differential  characters  in  its  own  section  are  referred  to  in  the  schema. 

A  notable  peculiarity  is  the  way  in  which  a  large  part  of  the  tubercular 
sculpture  seems  to  incline  toward  the  apex. 

Triforis  (Inella)  colon  Dall. 

Plate  XX.  Fig.  12. 

Triforis  colon  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  86,  1881. 

Habitat.  Off  Havana,  in  450  fms.,  Sigsbee.  Off  Cape  San  Antonio,  in 
640-1002  fms. 

Section  SYCHAR  Hinds. 

Nucleus  mammillary,  swollen,  whorls  convex. 

The  following  schema  may  be  useful  for  the  species  referred  to. 

A.  With  three  strong  spirals. 

T.  samanaz  Dall.  Spirals  crowded,  with  crowded  tubercles,  rope-like;  an- 
terior largest,  posterior  smallest,  so  that  each  whorl  at  the  suture  overhangs 
the  succeeding  whorl;  base  flattish,  with  three  tuberculate  cords;  shell  white, 
strong. 

B.  With  tivo  strong  spirals. 

T.  bigemma  "Watson.  Two  strong  spirals  nodulating  over  transverse  hardly 
rib-like  waves;  a  fine  undulated  thread  in  front  of  the  suture;  both  lips  of  the 
suture  appressed,  often  thread-like;  base  and  sutures  brownish,  shell  otherwise 
white ;  subcylindrical,  elongated. 


248  BULLETIN   OF   THE 

T.  (bigemma  var.  ?)  hircus  Dall.  Two  sharp  peripheral  threads  reticulating 
short  peripheral  transverse  ribs,  nodose  at  the  intersections;  the  space  between 
the  anterior  spiral  of  one  whorl,  and  the  posterior  one  of  the  next  whorl  ex- 
cavated, smooth,  with  the  sutural  lips  appressed,  but  no  pre-sutural  thread; 
eubconic;  otherwise  like  bigemma. 

T.  abrupta  Dall.  Sculpture  similar  to  bigemma,  but  shell  smaller,  shorter, 
more  inflated  and  Mastonia-like;  with  a  well  marked  thread  behind  the  suture, 
and  the  transverse  waves  obsolete. 

T.  torticula  Dall.  Two  strong  not  nodulous  spirals  undulated  by  numerous 
shallow  transverse  sulci;  a  line  post-sutural  thread;  in  front  of  the  suture, 
between  it  and  the  posterior  primary  spiral,  one  or  two  fine  strongly  undulate 
or  subtuberculate  threads,  the  anterior  one  fainter;  base  convex  with  three 
threads  in  the  young;  base  smooth,  flat  and  keeled  in  large  not  quite  adult 
individuals;  shell  large,  subcylindric,  white. 

T.  inflata  Watson.  Two  spiral  rows  of  equal  tubercles  on  flat  whorls  with- 
out ribs  or  waves;  a  marked,  hardly  undulate  thread  behind,  and  a  still  smaller 
one  before  the  suture ;  shell  white,  elongated. 

T.  inflata  var.  ibex  Dall.  Like  the  last,  but  tubercles  more  sparse  and 
obliquely  set,  anterior  sutural  thread  obsolete. 

T.  inflata  var.  filata  Dall.  Like  ibex,  but  with  three  fine  threads  at  the 
suture;  shell  less  cylindrical  and  proportionally  wider. 

C.    Without  primary  spirals. 
T.  cylindrellus  Dall.     One  small  post-sutural  thread;  two  or  three  shallow 
spiral  grooves,  cutting  numerous  oblique  transverse  sulci;   whorls  swollen, 
constricted  behind;  base  very  convex;  shell  small,  slender,  white. 

Triforis  (Sychar)  samanse  Dall. 

Shell  white,  opaque,  solid,  of  12-14  whorls;  main  body  of  the  shell  subcylin- 
drical,  but  the  apex  more  rapidly  tapered.  Sculpture  of  (on  the  last  whorl) 
three  coarse  cJose-set  spirals,  covering  the  whole  whorl,  each  with  about  thirty 
closely  packed  tubercles,  like  buns  strung  on  a  cord,  longer  axially  than  in  the 
other  direction ;  base  similarly  tubercularly  corded  with  three  cords,  the  inter- 
spaces deep;  canal  very  short,  aperture  short,  squarish,  modified  by  the  sculp- 
ture.    Max.  Ion.  of  shell,  10.0 ;  of  last  whorl,  2.7;  max.  lat.  of  shell,  2.8  mm. 

Habitat.     Samana  Bay,  Santo  Domingo,  in  dredgings  from  about  16  fms. 

This  recalls  T.  decorata  C.  B.  Adams,  but  in  that  species  the  sculpture  is  not 
crowded,  the  tubercles  are  strictly  intersectional,  and  the  whorls  do  not  over- 
hang each  other. 


■a 


Triforis  (Sychar)  bigemma  Watson. 

Triforis  bigemma  Watson,  Journ.  Lin.  Soc,  XV.  p.  101,  1880  ;  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z., 
IX.  p.  81,  1881 ;  Watson,  Chall.  Gastropods,  p.  5G2,  pi.  xliii.  fig.  6,  1885. 

Habitat.     Yucatan  Strait,  in  640  fms.     Near  St.  Thomas,  in  390  fms.,  Chal- 
lenger Expedition. 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  249 

Triforis  (bigemma  var.?)  hircus  Dall. 

Plate  XX.  Fig.  11. 
Triforis  hircus  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  83,  1881. 

Habitat.     Yucatan  Strait,  640  fms. 

Triforis  (Sychar)  abrupta  Dall. 

Plate  XX.  Fig.  9. 

Triforis  (bigemma  Watson  var.?)  abruptus  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z ,  IX.  p.  84,  1881. 
Habitat.     Cape  San  Antonio,  640  fms. ;  Yucatan  Strait,  640  fms. 

Triforis  (Sychar)  torticula  Dall. 

Plate  XX.   Fig.  lib. 
Triforis  torticulus  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  82,  1881. 
Habitat.     Yucatan  Strait,  640  fms. 

Triforis  (Sychar)  inflata  Watson. 

Cerithium  (Triforis)  infatum  Watson,  Journ.  Lin.  Soc,  XV.  p.  101, 1880;  Dall,  Bull. 
M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  81,  1881 ;  Watson,  Chall.  Gastropods,  p.  564,  pi.  xl.  fig.  1, 
1885. 

Habitat.  Yucatan  Strait,  640  fms.  Off  Culebra  Island,  in  390  fms.,  Chal- 
lenger Expedition.  Off  Georgia,  in  440  fms.,  sand,  bottom  temperature  45°. 6  F., 
at  Station  2414;  and  at  Station  2662,  in  434  fms.,  sand,  off  St.  Augustine, 
Florida,  bottom  temperature  43°.7  F.,  U.  S.  Fisb  Commission. 

Triforis  (Sychar)  inflata  var.  ibex  Dall. 

Plate  XX.  Fig.  12  b. 
Triforis  ibex  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  86,  1881. 

Habitat.  Yucatan  Strait,  off  Cape  San  Antonio,  in  640  fms.  Off  Havana,  in 
450  fms.,  Sigsbee. 

Triforis  (Sychar)  inflata  var.  filata  Dall. 

Habitat.  Station  136,  near  Santa  Cruz,  in  508  fms.,  soft  ooze,  bottom  tem- 
perature 42°.  5  F. 


250  BULLETIN   OF  THE 

Triforis  (Sychar)  cylindrella  Dal^ 

Plate  XX.  Fig.  6. 

Triforis  cylindrellus  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  83,  1881. 
Habitat.     Cape  San  Antonio,  640  fms. 

Family    CERITHIOPSID^E. 

The  existence  of  a  retractile  proboscis  in  Cerithiopsis  and  Seila  is  quite 
ground  enough,  were  there  no  other  characters,  for  separating  this  group  as  a 
family  from  the  Cerithiidaz. 

Genus  SEILA  A.  Adams. 

Seila  A.  Adams,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  VH.  p.  130, 1861 ;  type  5.  dextroversus  Ad.  & 

Reeve.     (China  Seas.) 
Viriola  Jousseaume,  1884,  not  of  Tryon,  1887. 
Cinctella  Monterosato,  Nom.  Conch.  Medit.,  p.  123,  1884;  type  C.  trilineatum  Phi- 

lippi.     (Mediterranean.) 

The  close  resemblance  of  S.  dextroversa  to  the  C.  terebralis  C.  B.  Adams,  so 
far  as  shell  characters  are  concerned,  is  warrant  in  default  of  negative  evidence 
for  combining  the  two  forms  in  one  group.  The  characters  of  C.  terebralis,  as 
worked  out  by  Stimpson  and  independently  by  myself,  are  sufficient  to  elevate 
Seila  to  the  rank  of  a  genus,  and  separate  it  entirely  from  Cerithiopsis,  of  which 
it  has  been  regarded  as  a  synonym.  Jousseaume,  whose  work  on  Triforis  I 
have  been  unable  to  consult,  would  apparently,  judging  from  Tryon 's  remarks, 
regard  Seila  as  a  dextral  Triforis,  but  this  is  an  erroneous  assumption,  as  I 
shall  proceed  to  show,  and  the  peculiar  dentition  and  shell  characters  of  Trifo- 
ris are  in  my  opinion  a  justification  for  according  to  it  family  rank  by  itself. 

Seila  terebralis  C.  B.  Adams. 

Cerithium  terebrale  C.  B.  Adams,  Bost.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.,  III.  p.  320,  pi.  iii.  fig.  7, 
1840. 

C.  terebellum  C.  B.  Adams,  Cat.  Coll.,  p.  19,  note,  1847. 

Cerithiopsis  terebellum  Stimpson,  N.  Engl.  Shells,  p.  45,  1851. 

Cerithiopsis  terebralis  H.  &  A.  Adams,  Gen.,  I.  p.  241,  1853. 

1  Cerithium  trilineatum  Pliilippi,  En.  Moll.  Sicil.,  I.  p.  195,  pi.  xi.  fig.  13,  1836;  Jef- 
freys, P.  Z.  S.  1885,  p.  61. 

Habitat  in  America.  Massachusetts,  southward  to  Florida  and  the  Antilles. 
?  Europe,  in  the  Mediterranean,  extremely  rare. 

I  have  carefully  examined  Dr.  Jeffreys's  series  of  trilineatum,  recent  and  fossil, 
and  do  not  feel  that  it  justifies  the  consolidation.     The  fossil  is  a  much  more 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY.  251 

slender  cylindrical  and  less  conical  shell  with  shorter  whorls  than  S.  terebralis, 
and  so  far  as  the  specimens  indicate  never  attains  the  size  which  adult  tere- 
bralis commonly  exhibits.  Otherwise  the  sculpture  is  very  similar.  The 
recent  Sicilian  shell  is  extremely  rare  and  much  more  like  terebralis,  which 
Philippi,  who  had  received  the  American  shell  from  Pfeiffer,  identified  with  it. 
The  recent  and  fossil  forms  seem  to  differ  from  each  other  in  a  sufficiently 
marked  way  to  render  it  most  desirable  to  limit  trilineatum  to  the  fossil  to 
which  it  was  originally  given,  and  retain  Adams's  name  for  the  recent  shell. 

The  characters  of  the  animal  of  Sella  terebralis  are  such  as  definitely  to  sepa- 
rate it  from  Cerithiopsis. 

The  tentacles  are  short  and  stout;  the  eyes  are  situated  on  their  outer  bases. 
The  foot  is  very  short,  Indented  in  the  median  line  in  front,  bluntly  rounded 
behind,  and  hardly  more  than  one  half  longer  than  its  own  breadth.  There  is 
a  narrow  mentum  and  the  animal  possesses  a  retractile  proboscis.  The  oper- 
culum is  very  peculiar,  being  subtriangular,  its  front  edge  arched,  the  lateral 
margins  thin,  the  posterior  angle  free,  stout,  hard,  not  spiral,  but  its  tip  curved 
to  the  left.  It  is  a  little  longer  than  wide,  and  when  retracted  the  little  hook 
at  the  apex  is  caught  under  the  twisted  pillar.  The  opercular  lobe  is  simple. 
There  are  stout  jaws  composed  of  numerous  scale-like  pieces.  The  rhachidian 
tooth  is  sub-rectangular,  tridentate,  the  median  denticle  of  the  cusp  much 
smaller  and  shorter  than  the  others;  there  is  a  squarish  median  boss  on  the 
base  below  the  cusp.  The  major  lateral  is  broad  and  rather  high,  with  a  wide 
and  very  short  cusp,  bidentate  near  its  inner  extreme.  The  two  minor  laterals 
are  narrow,  long,  wider  at  the  base  and  bidentate  at  the  narrow  tip. 

In  a  general  way  the  radula  is  more  like  that  of  Cerithiella  metula  Loven,  as 
figured  by  Sars  (Moll.  Arct.  Norv.,  pi.  vii.  figs.  4  a,  4  b),  than  any  other  species 
of  the  Cerithiacea  whose  dentition  I  have  seen  figured.  The  details  above 
given  show  it  to  be  quite  different  even  from  that  form. 

Genus  CERITHIOPSIS  Forbes  &  Hanlet. 

The  type  of  this  group  is  C.  tubercularis  Montagu,  with  which  our  most 
common  species,  ft  Greenii  Adams,  agrees  in  the  superficial  characters  of  its 
soft  parts.  I  have,  however,  not  been  able  to  distinguish  in  our  species  any 
such  median  pore  and  subsequent  groove  as  is  figured  by  Jeffreys  for  C.  tuber- 
cularis (Brit.  Conch.,  IV.,  pi.  iv.  fig.  5).  The  foot  of  the  American  species 
seems  longer  and  narrower,  as  do  the  tentacles. 

Cerithiopsis  Greenii  C.  B.  Adams  has  been  referred  to  C.  tubercularis  Mon- 
tagu, and  to  C.  minima  Brusina.  It  has  a  nucleus  which,  allowing  for  all 
variation,  is  larger  and  less  styliform  than  that  of  C.  tubercularis,  while  the 
aperture  of  ft  minima  is  contracted  in  .a  way  different  from  that  of  any  speci- 
mens of  C.  Greenii  I  have  ever  examined.  It  would  seem  preferable  to  keep 
them  distinct,  though  the  sculpture  and  its  range  of  variation  in  tubercularis 
and  Greenii  are  very  similar.     The  name  of  C.  Greenii  is  much  older  than  that 


252  BULLETIN    OF   THE 

of  C.  minima,  and  if  they  were  identical  would  take  precedence  of  it.  Further- 
more, from  Florida  I  have  received  specimens  collected  by  H.  Hemphill  at 
Key  West,  which  seem  to  be  the  same  as  the  British  tubercularis  except  that  the 
tubercles  form  spiral  bands  of  pale  medium  and  dark  brown  color.  These 
differ  from  the  G.  Gh-eenii  collected  in  the  same  region  just  as  the  British  and 
Mediterranean  specimens  do.  The  range  of  C.  Greenii  extends  from  Massa- 
chusetts Bay  to  Florida,  Bermuda,  and  Santo  Domingo.  Cerithium  iota  C.  B. 
Adams  is,  from  typical  specimens,  merely  a  rather  small  variety  of  G.  Greenii. 

The  operculum  of  Cerithiopsis  is  paucispiral,  somewhat  concave,  with  three 
or  four  whorls,  rather  translucent  and  smooth  outside.  I  have  not  seen  any 
figure  of  the  dentition  of  C  tubercularis,  but  gather  from  the  statements  of  Gray, 
Tryon,  and  Jeffreys  that  the  central  or  rhachidian  tooth  is  large  and  bifid,  the 
major  laterals  with  bidentate  cusps,  and  the  other  laterals  elongate,  simple,  and 
smooth,  without  denticles. 


Subgenus?  EUMETA   (Morch)  Fischer. 

Eumeta  Morch,  Faunula  Moll.  Islandia?,  Vid.  Medd.,  p.  208,  1868;  Fischer,  Man., 
p.  684,  1883;  Jeffreys,  P.  Z.  S.  1885,  p.  61  (ex  parte). 

The  name  of  Morch  was  simply  inserted  without  any  comment.  Dr.  Fischer, 
I  believe,  first  gave  it  a  definition,  basing  this  on  the  dentition.  Dr.  Jeffreys 
united  Metaxia  with  it,  and  used  Eumeta  to  designate  the  blunt-tipped  as  dis- 
tinguished from  the  typical  acute  Cerithiopsides. 


Cerithiopsis  (Eumeta  ?)  subulata  Montagu. 

Plate  XX.  Fig.  4. 

??  Trochus  punctatus  Linne,  Syst.  Nat.,  ed.  xii.,  p.  1231,  No.  603,  1766.     Hanley, 

Test.  Lin.,  pp.  324,  52D,  1855. 
Cerithium  punctatum  (L.)  Philippi,  Zeitschr.  fur  Mai,  V.  p.  23, 1848 ;  not  of  Brugiere, 

Enc.  Meth.,  p.  463,  1789. 
Murex  subulaius  Montagu,  Test.  Brit.  Suppl.,  p.  115,  pi.  xxx.  fig.  6,  1808.     Turton, 

Conch.  Diet.,  p.  96,  1819.     Dillwyn,  Cat.,  II.  p.  759,  1817. 
Cerithium  subulatum  Jeffreys,  Brit.  Conch.,  IV.  p.  264,  1867 ;   not  of  Potiez  and 

Michaud,  Gal.  Douai,  1838. 
Cerithium  metula  Dan.  (no'n  Loven)  in  Jeffreys,  Brit.  Conch.,  IV.  p.  257,  1867. 
Cerithium  Emersnnii  C.  B.  Adams,  Bost.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.,  II.  p  284,  pi.  iv.  fig.  10, 

1838.     Gould,  Inv.  Mass.,  p.  275,  fig.  180,  1841. 
Cerithium  punctatum  Philippi,  Abbild.  und  Reschr.,  III.  p.  99  (Cerithium,  p.  6,  pi.  i.), 

pi.  xx.  4,  figs.  16,  18,  1849.     Sowerby,  Thes.  Conch.  Cerith.,  p.  880,  pi. 

clxxxiv.  fig.  240,  1855. 
Cerithiopsis  punctatum  Tryon,  Man.,  IX.  p.  170,  pi.  xxxv.  fig.  34,  1887. 
Cerithium  elegans  Blainville,  Faune  Franc^  Moll.,  p.  159,  pi.  lxii.  fig.  9,  1827  (fide 

Tryon) ;  not  of  Petit,  1853. 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPAKATTVE   ZOOLOGY.  253 

Cerithiopsis  Emersonii  H.  &  A.  Adams,  Gen.  Rec.  Moll.,  I.  p.  240,  1858.  Binney's 
Gould's  Inv.,  p.  387,  fig.  649.  Verrill,  Rep.  Inv.  Vineyard  Sound,  p.  648, 
pi.  xxiv.  fig.  151,  1873. 

Habitat.  Cape  Cod  southward  to  the  Antilles.  Station  247,  off  Grenada, 
dead,  in  170  fms. 

The  Trochus  punctatus  of  Linne  is  admitted  by  Hanley  and  Deshayes  to  be 
unrecognizable.  Philippi  thought  he  recognized  it  in  our  American  shell. 
Others  have  followed  him,  including  Tryon.  If  there  were  nothing  else  in  the 
way,  we  might  recognize  the  name  as  of  Philippi,  objectionable  and  wholly 
inapplicable  as  it  is  if  the  meaning  of  the  word  be  considered.  But  Linne 
stated  that  his  shell  came  from  South  Europe ;  Hanley  intimates  that  it  was 
a  variety  of  C.  tubercularis,  and  Brugiere  described  an  identifiable  Cerithium 
punctatum  long  before  the  publication  of  Philippi. 

The  first  name  recognizable  as  belonging  to  our  species  was  given  by  Mon- 
tagu, under  the  supposition  that  the  shell  was  British.  In  this  way  a  number 
of  Antillean  species  were  first  described.  Since  we  have  to  give  up  the  famil- 
iar name  of  Emersonii,  it  is  fortunate  that  the  new  name  is  appropriate,  and 
there  is  no  necessity  for  resorting  to  guesswork  in  order  to  fix  an  unsuitable 
name  upon  our  shell. 

The  southern  specimens  are  lighter  colored,  except  the  base,  which  is  visible 
in  the  purple  brown  line  which  distinguishes  the  suture  in  fresh  specimens. 
As  we  go  northward,  the  specimens  are  ruder  and  more  olivaceous.  By  a 
study  of  the  nuclei  I  have  become  convinced  that  they  are  little,  if  at  all,  less 
variable  than  the  rest  of  the  shell.  Considerable  variations  do  occur  in  the 
sculpture,  size,  and  prominence  of  the  nuclear  whorls.  The  reliance  of  some 
authors  on  the  nuclear  characters,  as  something  fundamentally  constant,  is 
certainly  ill  founded. 

I  have  figured  the  specimens  from  Grenada  as  an  example  of  the  elegance 
of  tropical  individuals  of  this  species,  and  the  contrast  of  its  tints  is  not  less 
attractive  than  its  sculpture. 

The  soft  parts  and  dentition  of  this  species  have  been  examined  by  Stimpson, 
whose  drawings  and  notes  are  in  my  hands.  They  indicate  that  the  external 
appearance  of  the  animal  is  much  like  that  of  Cerithiopsis  tubercularis  given 
by  Jeffreys,  previously  cited,  except  that  the  foot  is  broader  and  shorter,  and 
the  tentacles  more  slender  and  acutely  pointed.  The  operculum  of  C.  subulata 
is  paucispiral,  of  three  whorls,  thin,  horny,  and  externally  concave.  The  ele- 
ments of  the  jaw  are  partly  scale-like,  and  partly  raised  and  pointed.  But  the 
dentition  is  quite  peculiar.  The  median  tooth  is  wide,  with  a  narrow  five- 
toothed  cusp,  and  a  cuspdike  projection  from  the  middle  line  of  the  base.  The 
major  lateral  is  extremely  wide  and  short,  its  outer  portion  slightly  curved  and 
simple,  the  inner  part  with  eight  or  nine  small  denticles;  subequal,  like  those 
on  the  median  tooth.  The  outer  laterals,  two  in  number,  are  long  and  narrow, 
the  base  notched,  the  cusp  suddenly  narrowed  like  a  claw,  and  the  inner  edge 
of  the  claw  with  five  or  six  fine  denticulations. 


254  BULLETIN    OF   THE 

It  is  entirely  evident  that  this  does  not  agree  with  the  accounts  given  us 
of  the  radula  of  C.  tubercularis.  On  the  other  hand,  Stimpson's  drawing  does 
agree  in  the  main  with  the  dentition  of  Eumeta  costulata  Moller  (C.  arctica 
Mdrch)  as  figured  by  Sars  (Moll.  Arct.  Nov.,  pi.  vii.  fig.  5  b).  The  details 
differ,  but  the  main  features  of  the  radulae  must  be  much  alike. 

In  the  absence  of  better  data  as  to  the  teeth  of  C.  tubercularis,  I  prefer  to  let 
the  species  remain  in  the  genus,  merely  calling  attention  to  the  fact  that  this 
species  must  be  removed  from  Cerithiopsis,  and  united  with  its  congeners  in  a 
distinct  group,  if  the  differences  of  dentition  above  signalized  are  confirmed. 

Section  CERITHIOPSIS  s.  s. 
Cerithiopsis  crystallina  Dall. 

Plate  XX.  Flff.  3. 

Cerithiopsis  1  crystallina  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  89,  1881. 

Habitat.  West  of  Florida  in  50  fms. ;  off  Havana  in  450  fms.,  Sigsbee ; 
Barbados,  in  100-103  fms. ;  Station  2,  in  805  fms. ;  Station  20,  off  Bahia  Honda, 
in  220  fms.;  Station  36,  in  84  fms. ;  Station  128,  near  Santa  Cruz,  in  180  fms., 
sand;  Stations  132  and  134,  off  Frederikstadt,  Santa  Cruz,  in  115-248  fms., 
sand;  Station  176,  off  Dominica,  in  391  fms.;  Station  192,  off  Dominica,  in 
138  fms.;  Station  210,  near  Martinique,  in  191  fms.;  Station  220,  off  Santa 
Lucia,  in  116  fms.,  rocky  bottom;  Station  290,  near  Barbados,  in  73  fms., 
coral.  Bottom  temperatures  ranging  from  43°.5  to  71°.0  F.  Gulf  of  Mexico, 
Stations  2400  and  2403;  south  of  Cuba,  at  Stations  2131  and  2135;  Little 
Bahama  Bank,  at  Station  2655,  in  88-250  fms.,  U.  S.  Fish  Commission.  Cedar 
Keys,  Florida,  washed  on  the  beach,  dead,  Hemphill. 

This  very  abundant  shell  is  remarkably  uniform  in  its  characters;  the  only 
difference  I  have  observed  in  examining  several  hundred  specimens,  from  dif- 
ferent places,  is  that  some  are  a  little  more  slender  and  cylindrical  than  others. 
The  tip  of  the  larval  nucleus  is  invariably  lost,  though  a  good  part  of  the 
larval  shell  is  usually  preserved 

The  animal  is  pale  brown  (in  alcohol),  with  large  long  tentacles,  very  black 
well  developed  eyes,  a  broad  short  head,  short  rounded  foot,  and  an  externally 
concave,  red-brown,  few-whorled  circular  operculum.  The  opercular  lobe 
appears  to  have  several  short  processes  on  each  side. 

Cerithiopsis  Sigsoeana  Dall. 

Plate  XX.  Fig.  1. 
Cerithiopsis  1  Sigsbeana  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z ,  IX.  p.  87,  1881. 

Habitat.     Station  5,  229  fms. ;  Station  20,  220  fms. 

This  is  nearest  C.  Martensii,  but  the  whorls  do  not  overhang,  and  the  arched 
lamellae  or  incremental  lines  so  prominent  on  the  latter  have  no  parallel  in 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  255 

C.  Sigsbeana.     It  is  smaller  and  more  cylindrical  also,  and  the  whorls  are 
much  less  marked  off  by  the  sutures. 

Neither  for  this  nor  for  the  preceding  species,  C.  crystallina,  are  the  details 
of  sculpture  satisfactorily  rendered  on  the  figures.  But  the  difficulty  of  getting 
a  characteristic  drawing  of  so  minute  an  object  from  an  unscientific  artist  is 
very  great. 

Cerithiopsis  matara  n.  s. 

Shell  pale  brown,  straight-sided,  conical,  with  sixteen  compact  whorls. 
Nucleus,  beginning  glassy,  smooth,  and  saccular,  in  the  second  whorl  becomes 
strongly  transversely  ribbed  and  swollen;  the  next  whorl  is  a  little  smaller 
than  the  second,  and  takes  on  the  normal  characters  of  the  shell;  sculpture 
consisting  of  two  principal  nodulated  spirals  with  a  smaller  undulated  thread 
between  them,  and  a  still  smaller  waved  thread  in  front  of  and  marking  the 
suture ;  the  transverse  sculpture  consists  of  concave  waves  (20-23)  under 
the  spirals,  which  cross  the  whorls  but  are  not  conspicuous;  base  smooth 
or  radiately  striate,  somewhat  concave,  bounded  by  a  small  double  keel  of 
two  threads  which  are  covered  up  in  the  suture;  canal  strong,  short,  wide, 
twisted;  aperture  squarish,  small;  sides  of  the  shell  flattened,  the  sutures  not 
conspicuous.  Max.  Ion.  of  shell,  9.75;  of  last  whorl,  2.5;  max.  lat.  of  shell, 
2.25  mm. 

Habitat.     Barbados,  100  fms. 

This  shell  was  found  mixed  with  C.  crystallina,  from  which  it  was  easily 
picked  out,  owing  to  its  straighter  sides,  brown  color,  less  rounded  base,  and 
turban-like  nucleus. 

Cerithiopsis  Martensii  n.  s. 

Plate  XX.  Fig.  3. 

Shell  slender,  thin,  whitish,  elongated,  truncated,  sharply  but  not  strongly 
sculptured;  remaining  whorls  about  thirteen  in  number;  transverse  sculpture 
of  well  marked  lines  of  growth  curved  backward,  toward  the  middle  of  the 
whorl,  most  strongly  in  the  later  whorls;  also  of  (on  the  last  whorl  about 
twenty-four)  ill  defined  riblets  extending  across  the  whorl;  spiral  sculpture 
composed  of  the  usual  anterior  marginal  thread,  and  two  others  of  which  the 
anterior  is  the  strongest;  these  rather  poorly  defined  threads  rise  over  the 
transverse  sculpture,  but  are  rarely  nodulous,  though  raised  at  the  intersec- 
tions; suture  moderately  distinct;  base  hardly  flattened,  with  well  marked 
striae  of  growth,  but  no  spiral  ridges;  canal  short;  aperture  more  rounded  than 
in  the  last  species.  Lon.  of  shell,  11.25;  of  last  whorl,  3.0;  lat.  of  last  whorl, 
2.75;  of  spire  at  truncation,  1.0  mm. 

Habitat.  Station  5,  lat.  24°  15'  N.,  lon.  82°  13'  W.,  in  229  fms.,  bottom 
temperature  49°.5.  Gulf  of  Mexico,  in  1181  fins.,  mud,  a  worn  specimen, 
IT.  S.  Fish  Commission. 


256  BULLETIN   OF   THE 

I  take  much  pleasure  in  dedicating  this  neat  little  species,  agreeing  with  no 
other  in  the  collection,  to  Dr.  E.  von  Martens,  the  distinguished  and  erudite 
conchologist  of  Berlin. 

The  character  of  the  sculpture  of  this  species  is  quite  close  to  that  of  Cerithi- 
ella  melula,  hut  that  shell  is  proportionally  less  cylindrical,  much  wider,  larger, 
and  stronger.  Whether  the  more  slender  species  will  agree  with  Loven's  type 
in  their  dentition  remains  to  he  seen.  There  is  nothing  in  the  shell  of  any  of 
them  to  separate  them  from  Cerilkiopsis. 

Cerithiopsis  acontium  n.  s. 

Shell  small,  dark  brown,  columnar,  with  sixteen  whorls  beside  the  nucleus. 
Whorls  flattened,  with  three  nodulous  spirals,  of  which  the  middle  one  is  most 
prominent,  crossing  about  twenty  narrow  straight  transverse  riblets,  extending 
from  suture  to  suture ;  base  marked  by  an  untubercled  keel  which  is  buried  iu 
the  suture,  remainder  flattened-concave  with  radiating  striae;  canal  short,  re- 
curved; aperture  small,  squarish,  simple.  Lon.  of  shell,  8.0 ;  max.  lat  of  shell, 
1.4  mm. 

Habitat.     Barbados,  100  fms. 

The  specimen  has  lost  the  nucleus,  which  appears  to  have  been  styliform  or 
elongated.  It  recalls  C.  abrupta  in  the  general  features  of  color  and  sculpture, 
but  is  immediately  differentiable  by  its  straight-sidedness,  particular  sculpture, 
and  different  nucleus  and  base.  The  interstices  and  sutures  are  deep,  the 
base  concave,  and  the  canal  very  short  but  distinctly  twisted.  It  would  not  be 
a  Metaxia. 

Section  METAXIA  Monterosato. 
Cerithiopsis  metaxse  Della  Chiaje. 

Murex  metaxa  Della  Chiaje,  Mem.,  III.  p.  222,  pi.  xlix.  figs.  29-31,  1829. 
Cerithiopsis  melaxce  Jeffreys,  Brit.  Conch.,  IV.  p.  271 ;  V.  p.  217,  pi.  lxxxi.  fig.  4 

(P.  Z.  S.  1885,  p.  61,  ex  parte).     Watson,  Linn.  Soc.  Journ.,  XIX  p.  94,  pi. 

iv.  figs.  10,  10  a,  1885. 

This  species,  which  inhabits  the  British  Isles  and  extends  thence  to  the  Ca- 
naries and  the  Mediterranean,  was  found  by  the  Blake  at  Station  20,  in  220 
fms.,  and  has  recently  been  collected  by  the  U.  S.  Fish  Commission  on  the 
coast  of  North  Carolina,  and  by  Hemphill  at  Key  West  in  Florida. 

Cerithiopsis  metaxse  var.  taeniolata  Dall. 

A  very  beautiful  variety,  if  indeed  it  be  not  a  distinct  species,  was  obtained 
at  Stations  2612,  2615,  and  2619  by  the  U.  S.  Fish  Commission,  off  the  Caro- 
lina coast,  in  15-52  fms. 

In  general  it  resembles  the  C.  metaxce,  but  the  longitudinal  ribs  are  stronger 
than  the  spirals,  —  there  are  about  a  dozen  of  them  as  against  twenty-five  in 
March  28,  1889. 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  257 

metaxce,  —  the  shell  is  translucent  white  with  a  single  narrow  brown  band  appear- 
ing in  the  interspaces  between  the  ribs  just  in  front  of  the  suture;  the  whorls 
are  shorter,  rounder,  and  less  scalar  than  in  C.  metaxce,  and  the  four  nuclear 
whorls  are  dark  brown,  forming  a  styliform  dark  tip  to  the  shell,  with  a  sudden 
change  to  the  normal  color  at  the  junction.  The  sculpture  of  the  nucleus  is 
composed  of  concave  transverse  narrow  ripples  regularly  and  closely  set,  and 
one  or  two  peripheral  fine  lines,  all  of  which  it  requires  a  good  glass  to  observe. 
In  C.  metaxce  I  find  the  elongated  nucleus  white  and  merging  insensibly  into 
the  rest  of  the  shell,  while  in  the  present  variety,  which  I  propose  to  name 
tceniolata,  the  nucleus  "appears  to  be  composed  of  a  totally  different  sort  of 
shelly  matter  from  the  adult  portion.  The  specimens  average  smaller  and 
more  slender  than  C.  metaxce  of  the  same  number  of  whorls,  and  the  spirals 
are  rounder  and  the  interspaces  less  channelled  than  in  most  specimens  of  that 
shell. 

In  examining  the  specimen  referred  to  by  Dr.  Jeffreys  as  presented  to  him 
by  De  Stefanis  from  the  Bay  of  Naples  (P.  Z.  S.  1885,  p.  61,  line  18),  I  find 
that  it  is  an  individual  of  the  form  called  Bittium  abruptum  by  Mr.  Watson, 
and  another  tip  referred  in  the  Jeffreys  collection  to  "  C.  angustissimwn  Forbes, 
Jr.,"  shows  the  characteristic  apex  of  C.  abruptum.  It  is  from  Tunis,  and  was 
dredged  by  Captain  Nares,  in  50-100  fms. 

Cerithiopsis  abrupta  Watson. 

Plate  XX.  Fig.  5. 

Bittium  abruptum  Watson,  Linn.  Soc.  Journ.,  XV.  p.  119,  1880;  Rep.  Chall.  Gastr., 
p.  551,  pi.  xli.  fig.  4,  1885. 

Habitat.  Barbados,  100  fms.  Gulf  of  Tunis,  50-100  fms.,  Nares.  Gulf  of 
Naples  (Stefanis),  Jeffreys. 

This  closely  resembles  C.  metaxce,  and  is  distinguishable  by  having  a  low 
rather  large  nucleus  of  two  whorls,  which  has  at  first  a  decollate  appear- 
ance. The  shell  is  on  the  whole  smaller  and  more  slender  than  the  genuine 
C.  metaxce,  and  has,  in  the  specimens  I  have  seen,  one  less  spiral  thread  than 
C.  metaxce  of  the  same  size. 

It  seems  to  me,  in  the  absence  of  any  data  as  to  the  soft  parts,  that  this 
species  is  better  placed  next  to  C.  metaxce  than  anywhere  else. 


Family   CERITHIIDJE. 

The  genus  Bittium  was  mentioned  in  my  Preliminary  Report,  but  further 
study  and  better  material  show  that  the  supposed  Bittium  yucatecanum  belongs 
to  Semper's  genus  Mathilda.  Of  genuine  Bittium  within  our  region,  Bittium 
altcrnatum  Say  (as  Turritella)  is  better  known  as  B.  nigrum  Totten  or  Ce- 
rithium  Sayi  Menke.  This  creature  has  a  short  contractile  muzzle,  and  a 
narrow,  medially  grooved,  anteriorly  truncate  foot,  like  the  true  Cerithia  to 

VOL.  XVIII.  17 


258  BULLETIN   OF   THE 

whose  family  it  belongs.  I  have  been  somewhat  surprised  to  find  that  all  the 
specimens  in  the  National  Museum  belonging  to  this  species  come  from  be- 
tween Cape  Cod  and  Sandy  Hook.  All  the  specimens  marked  B.  nigrum  from 
south  of  the  harbor  of  New  York,  beginning  with  those  from  Crisfield,  Md., 
are  of  another  species,  B.  varium  Pfr.  The  latter,  rather  small  at  the  north, 
southward  grows  larger  as  the  climate  becomes  more  congenial,  and  its  variety 
pallidum  of  Pfeiffer  includes  several  later  synonyms.  It  has  been  rather  widely 
distributed  as  B:  gibberulum  C.  B.  Adams,  and  belongs  to  the  section  Diastoma 
of  Deshayes.*  Closely  related  to  these  shallow-notched  Bittiums  are  the 
Rissoa  tervarico'sa  and  (its  variety)  melanura  of  C.  B.  Adams,  which  have  been 
referred  to  Alaba.  Whether  congeneric  with  the  original  Alaba  A.  Adams,, 
I  have  not  the  material  for  determining;  but  they  differ  from  Bittium  in 
having  the  notch  nearly  or  quite  obsolete,  move  delicate  sculpture,  and  the 
nucleus  more  slender  and  with  more  whorls.  A.  tervaricosa  C.  B.  Adams  is 
found  in  South  Florida  and  the  Antilles.  A  typical  specimen  of  A.  melanura 
differs  only  in  having  the  nucleus  dark  colored,  a  variable  character. 

A.  Adamsi  Dall  is  a  smaller  species,  opaque  white  with  usually  a  brown  tint 
on  the  early  whorls;  an  anteriorly  rounded  aperture;  about  nine  rounded 
whorls  ;  an  acute  nucleus  and  subfeticulate  sculpture,  the  spirals  being  stronger 
than  the  transverse  waves  or  threads.  It  is  found  from  Hatteras  southward;  it 
has  few  varices,  an  imperforate  base,  and  not  a  trace  of  a  notch  or  truncation 
anteriorly.  A  still  smaller  form,  A.  cerithidioides  Dall,  is  distributed  through 
abont  the  same  range.  It  is  much  more  elegant  in  appearance  than  the  others, 
though  only  three  millimeters  long  and  one  and  a  quarter  in  diameter.  The 
shell  has  an  acute  nucleus  of  three  and  a  body  of  seven  whorls,  which  are  trans- 
lucent with  delicate  brown  painting.  The  nucleus  is  pale  and  glassy;  the  early 
whorls  have  one  or  two  well  marked  peripheral  threads,  the  later  ones  have 
spiral  threads  in  front  of  the  periphery  and  on  the  base.  The  transverse  sculp- 
ture which  crosses  the  whorls  is  composed  of  fine  regular  even  elegantly  con- 
cavely  arched  riblets,  to  the  number  of  at  least  thirty;  these  become  obsolete 
on  the  rounded  base,  and  there  is  a  minute  chink  or  even  a  perforation  behind 
the  pillar,  and  a  patulous  suggestion  of  a  notch  at  the  anterior  margin  of  the 
aperture.  The  shell  suggests  a  minute  Cerilhidea  which  has  not  begun  to  form 
its  lip,  and  is  one  of  the  most  elegant  of  our  minute  species.  It  has  only  one 
faint  varix. 

The  genus  Mathilda,  which  might  be  placed  in  a  variety  of  situations  sys- 
tematically, and  which  is  to  some  extent  recalled  by  these  little  shells,  I  have 
placed  provisionally  next  to  the  Turri/ellida;. 

A  list  of  the  species  of  Cerithium,  positively  identified  as  from  this  region, 
from  the  collection  of  the  National  Museum,  may  be  useful,  omitting  reference 
to  subdivisions  and  most  of  the  synonyms. 

We  have  our  largest  and  most  distinct  American  species  in  the  C.  floridanwm 

*  Diastoma  was  considered  a  Rissoid  by  Deshayes.  I  cannot  doubt  its  pertinence 
to  this  group  of  Bittium,  which  can  hardly  be  separated  by  the  shell  from  Alaba. 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  259 

of  Morch,  which  extends  its  range  from  Cape  Fear,  North  Carolina,  to  Cuba; 
C.  algicola  C.  B.  Adams,  is  found  from  South  Florida  to  Jamaica;  C.  uncinatum 
Gmelin  {fide  Tryon),  from  the  Florida  Keys  to  the  Bahamas  and  Eastern  An- 
tilles ;  it  is  frequently  called  atratum  Born,  and  antillarum  Dkr.  C.  eburneum 
Brugiere  extends  throughout  the  Bahamas  and  Antilles;  C.  literatum  Born,  and 
its  variety  semiferrugineum  Lamarck,  from  Florida  southward.  C.  muscarum 
Say,  inhabits  the  north  shores  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  West  Florida,  and  south- 
eastward to  Jamaica;  C.  var labile  C.  B.  Adams  (+  C  ferrugineum  Say,  non 
Brugiere,  C.  versicolor  C.  B.  Adams,  non  Philippi,  etc.),  Florida  and  the  An- 
tilles. C.  minimum  Gmelin  (+  C.  nlgrescens,  septemstriatum,  etc.)  I  have  not 
seen  from  north  of  Florida,  but  it  is  common  in  the  Antilles  and  on  the  Ba- 
hamas. It  has  been  reported  from  Georgia,  but  this  remains  unconfirmed, 
though  it  reaches  Venezuela.  There  is  a  species  of  Vertagus,  like  V.  Kochii,  in 
the  National  collection,  which  was  collected  at  Barbados  in  1864  by  Lieut.  Fitz- 
gerald. C.  Rawsoni  Krebs  is  a  peculiar,  nearly  smooth,  variegated  species, 
which  looks  remarkably  like  a  small  Buccinum  hydrophanum.  It  is  found  in 
the  salt  lagoons  of  the  Bahamas.  There  are  a  number  of  other  species,  like 
C.  Sagrce  Orbigny,  which  are  known  to  inhabit  the  Antilles,  and  a  vast  num- 
ber of  synonyms  for  the  species  I  have  already  cited,  but  I  refer  only  to  species 
which  I  have  confirmed  by  satisfactory  series  of  specimens  to  have  come  from 
the  region. 

In  Ceritlddea  there  are  five  or  six  well  marked  species  known  from  this  re- 
gion, and  several  doubtful  species.  C.  costata  Wood  extends  from  West  Flor- 
ida to  the  island  of  Jamaica;  C.  scalar  ij arm  is  Say,  from  Georgia  to  Key  West; 
C.  varicosa  Sowerby  has  been  received  from  Texas,  Cuba,  and  Jamaica; 
C.  lurrila  Stearns,  from  West  Florida  and  the  Bahamas;  C.  tenuis  Pfr.,  or 
ambigua  C.  B.  Adams,  is  a  common  species  in  the  Bahamas  lagoons,  and  has 
been  received  from  Jamaica.  C.  scalata  Heilprin  has  been  collected  at  Egmont 
Key  and  Stump  Pass,  on  the  west  coast  of  Florida,  but  it  is  not  certain  that 
the  specimens  were  recent.  It  was  described  as  a  Pliocene  fossil  from  South 
Florida. 

Family  VERMETID^E. 

Genus   SILIQUAItIA   (Brugiere)  Lamarck. 
Tenagodes  Fischer,  Tenagodus  Guettard,  etc. 

As  Guettard  did  not  adopt  the  Linnean  nomenclature,  there  is  no  occasion 
for  uprooting  a  name,  like  Siliquaria,  which  has  been  familiar  to  naturalists 
for  a  century. 

There  are  two  species  of  this  genus  in  the  Antilles,  which  come  from  deep 
water,  and  one,  S.  ruber  Schumacher,  which  appears  to  inhabit  the  shores,  near 
or  not  far  from  low-water  mark.  The  latter  species  was  not  collected  by  the 
Blake,  but  may  be  recognized  by  its  slit,  largely  undulated  so  as  to  present  the 
appearance  of  a  chain. 


260  BULLETIN   OF   THE 


Siliquaria  squamata  Blainvillb. 

Siliquaria  squamata  Blainv.,  Diet.  Sci.  Nat.,  XLIX.  p.  213;  Morch,  Malak.  Blatt., 
XXIV.  p.  110,  1877. 

Habitat.  Off  Havana,  in  80-163  fms.;  Barbados,  100  fms.;  Stations  72  and 
292,  at  Barbados,  in  76  and  56  fms. ;  Station  127,  off  Santa  Cruz,  in  38  fms.; 
and  Station  203,  near  Martinique,  in  76  fms. 

These  mollusks  are  said  to  live  in  sponges,  but  those  above  noted  certainly 
showed  no  signs  of  such  a  habitat.  Only  one  specimen  showed  any  signs  of  an- 
nulation  along  the  slit,  and  in  that  the  appearance  was  confined  to  the  part  of 
the  slit  near  the  apex,  which  had  long  been  closed.  The  shell  in  perfect  con- 
dition should  have  nine  squamous  carina?,  the  scales  being  vaulted  or  folded 
into  tubes.  The  most  perfect  spires  I  have  seen  showed  no  sign  of  a  regularly 
spiral  nucleus.  Some  of  the  deep-water  specimens  are  white  and  striated,  the 
6cales  nearly  obsolete,  and  the  shell  extremely  thin ;  but  the  ordinary  form  is 
pale  brown,  darker  along  the  edges  of  the  slit,  which  always  opens  downward. 
The  soft  parts  had  disappeared  from  all  the  specimens  I  have  seen. 

Siliquaria  modesta  Dall. 

Plate  XXVI.  Fig.  4. 

Siliquaria  modesta  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  39,  1881.     Agassiz,  Three  Cruises 
of  the  Blake,  II.  p.  71,  fig.  296,  1888. 

Habitat.  Off  Havana,  80-150  fms.;  Station  2,  805  fms.;  Station  9,  125 
fms.;  Station  20,  220  fms. ;  Stations  132  and  136,  near  Santa  Cruz,  115  to  508 
fms.;  Station  177,  off  Dominica,  in  118  fms.;  Station  206,  near  Martinique,  in 
170  fms.;  Station  231,  off  St.  Vincent,  in  95  fms.;  Station  241,  in  163  fms., 
near  Curacoa;  Station  248,  off  Grenada,  in  161  fms. ;  Station  276,  at  Barbados, 
94-100  fms. ;  Gulf  of  Mexico,  in  163-169  fms.,  mud,  U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 
Total  range,  94-805  fms.,  mud,  sand,  or  coral  bottom,  with  a  bottom  tempera- 
ture of  40°  to  65°  F. 

This  species  is  always  small  and  white,  has  only  incremental  sculpture,  has 
the  slit  usually  annulated  except  at  the  anterior  extremity,  and  shows  no  sign 
of  a  regularly  formed  spiral  nucleus. 


Genus  VERMICULARIA  Lamarck. 

Vermicularia  Lam.,  Prodr.,  p.  78,  1799 ;  Systeme  des  An.  s.  Vert.,  p.  97,  1801. 

The  genus  Vermetus  of  Adanson,  not  being  proposed  in  Linnean  nomencla- 
ture, would  have  no  claims  to  be  retained  had  it  not  been  emended  and  adopted 
by  other  naturalists.  If  we  are  to  adopt  names  proposed  by  naturalists  who 
did  not  use  binomial  nomenclature,  there  are  other  names  for  these  shells  pro- 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  261 

posed  by  Grew,  Lister,  Klein,  Browne,  and  others,  anterior  to  that  of  Adanson. 
However,  not  to  go  into  the  briery  nomenclature  of  this  group,  it  is  sufficient 
to  say  that  the  first  scientifically  to  name  the  genus,  and  a  type  for  it,  wa3 
Lamarck,  in  1799.  The  Vermetus  of  early  authors  is  generally  an  absolute 
synonym  of  Lamarck's  Vermicularia,  but  more  lately  the  name  has  been  re- 
tained to  contain  those  Vermettdce  which  have  internal  laminae  projecting  from 
the  sides  of  their  tube. 

The  most  common  species  of  our  coast  belongs  to  the  original  group,  for 
which  it  served  as  a  type. 

Vermicularia  lumbricalis  Linne. 

Serpula  lumbricalis  Linn.,  S.  N ,  p.  1266. 

Vermicularia  lumbricalis  Lamarck,  Prodr.,  p.  78,  1799;  Syst.,  p.  97. 

Vermetus  lumbricalis  Lamarck,  An.  s.  Vert.,  VI.  Part  II.  p.  225,  1822. 

Habitat.  Station  10,  in  37  fins.;  off  Havana,  in  175  fms.,  Sigsbee;  Station 
127,  near  Santa  Cruz,  in  38  fms.;  Station  36,  in  84  fms.,  Gulf  of  Mexico. 
Northward  to  New  England. 

The  turritelliform  young  of  this  species  are  distinguished  by  their  peripheral 
keel  and  brown  color.  The  length  of  the  regular  part  of  the  coil  varies  in 
different  individuals.  The  deep-water  specimens  are  paler  and  less  sculptured 
than  those  from  shallow  water. 

Vermicularia  ?  nigricans  Dall. 

Vermetus  lumbricalis  var.  nigricans  Dall,  Hemphill's  Shells,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus  , 

VI.  p.  334,  1883. 
1  Vermetus  irregularis  var.  Tryon,  non  Orbigny,  Moll.  Cuba,  I.  p.  235,  pi.  xvii.  figs. 

16,  18,  1842 ;  nee  Mbrch,  P.  Z.  S.  1861. 
■?  Vermetus  varians  var.  Tryon,  Man.,  VIII.  p.  170,  not  of  Orbigny. 

Shell,  when  young,  loosely  and  laxly  coiled,  except  at  the  extreme  tip;  lon- 
gitudinally irregularly  ridged,  circularly  roughened  with  strong  irregular  incre- 
mental lines.  The  young  are  often  irregularly  reticulated  from  the  two  series 
of  lines.  The  older  shell  is  nearly  destitute  of  the  longitudinal  lines.  The 
aperture  is  smooth,  sharp-edged,  and  circular.  The  interior  is  of  a  chestnut 
or  blackish  brown  brilliantly  polished.  The  exterior  is  rude,  contorted,  dark 
or  even  reddish  brown.  The  animal  is  of  a  dark  purple  brown,  almost  black, 
with  reddish  dots.  It  is  much  like  that  of  V.  lumbricalis  L.  in  general  fea- 
tures, but  smaller  in  proportion  to  the  smaller  size  of  the  shell.  The  operculum 
is  concave,  externally  smooth  and  smooth-edged,  translucent,  and  of  numerous 
turns.  Average  length  of  adults,  the  contortions  not  included,  about  100.0 
mm.;  average  diameter  of  aperture  in  the  adult,  2.0  mm.  The  operculum  is 
about  1.0  mm.  in  diameter. 

Habitat.     West  Florida,  2-14  fms. 


262  BULLETIN    OF   THE 

This  is  the  species  forming  the  so-called  "  worrnrock  "  of  West  Florida,  or  at 
least  all  of  the  "  worrnrock  "  which  I  actually  examined.  It  would  seem  to 
belong  in  the  same  group  with  V.  lumbricalis,  but  forms  much  more  compact 
masses,  with  the  upper  portions  of  the  tubes  parallel  to  each  other  and  erect, 
close  together,  recalling  Tubulipora.  It  forms  masses  which  are  really  as  dan- 
gerous as  coral  reefs  to  boats  navigating  the  shallow  water  in  which  they  flour- 
ish. I  observed  patches  of  twenty  or  thirty  feet  radius,  with  the  top  nearly 
level  and  barely  dry  at  ordinary  low  water.  The  same  species  is  found  in 
deeper  water,  but  there  it  is  not  combined  in  large  colonies,  but  is  clustered  in 
small  bunches  on  stones  and  shells.  The  young  is  sculptured  in  a  way  very 
similar  to  the  two  species  of  Orbiguy  above  cited,  and  with  which  it  has  been 
erroneously  combined.  Both  these  belong  to  the  group  with  strong  internal 
laminae;  on  the  other  hand,  the  present  species  is  apparently  without  laminae. 

I  have  Petaloconchus  irregularis  Orbigny,  from  27  i'ms.,  sand,  between  the  Mis- 
sissippi delta  and  Cedar  Keys,  Florida.  It  is  more  prone  than  our  species,  the 
laminae  are  extremely  prominent  except  near  the  aperture,  and  there  are  three 
of  them.  I  do  not  believe  it  ever  stands  erect  in  large  masses  so  as  to  form 
"  rock "  comparable  to  that  of  V.  tiigricans,  but  I  have  found  specimens  en- 
tangled with  the  V.  nigricans  in  the  small  scattered  bunches.  The  variations 
in  this  group  are  immense.  Many  hundred  specimens  of  V.  nigricans  which 
I  have  examined  are  totally  devoid  of  laminae;  in  a  few,  which  in  their  en- 
tanglement I  cannot  distinguish  from  the  others  (though  they  may  be  distinct), 
I  have  thought  I  saw  traces,  near  the  apex,  of  a  faint  median  ridge.  However 
this  may  be,  it  is  just  as  well  to  have  a  specific  name  undeniably  applicable 
to  our  Floridian  shell,  and  the  others  are  in  such  a  confused  state  that  they 
cannot  be  safely  used.  Of  course,  if  it  should  prove  that  the  faint  lamina 
mentioned  is  normally  present  in  this  species,  and  is  of  systematic  importance, 
V.  nigricans  would  have  to  be  referred  to  Vermelus  proper,  as  used  by  Tryon 
and  Fischer. 


Genus  VERMETUS    (Adanson)  MSrch. 

Subgenus  PETALOCONCHUS  Lea. 

Vermetus  (Petaloconchus)  erectus  Dall. 

Plate   XXXVIII.   Fig.  4. 

Vermetus  erectus  Dall,  in  Agassiz,  Three  Cruises  of  the  Blake,  II.  p.  71,  fig.  297, 

1888. 

Nucleus  smooth,  milk-white,  polished,  bulimoid,  two-whorled ;  when  the 
irregular  growth  commences  the  nucleus  may  be  turned  upside  down  or  take 
almost  any  other  position,  most  appear  to  lie  on  their  sides.  Early  part  of  the 
shell  prone,  irregularly  contorted;  as  the  whorls  lie,  the  normal  sculpture 
appears  to  be  a  single  minutely  undulated  longitudinal  ridge  on  the  middle  of 


MUSEUM   OF  COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY.  263 

the  back  with  a  space  either  side,  then  four  or  five  similar  ridges,  parallel, 
close-set,  and  becoming  obsolete  as  the  tube  begins  to  be  erect.  Between  the 
longitudinal  ridges  are,  in  fine,  specimens,  fine  elevated  transverse  lirse.  The 
sculpture  is  very  variable  in  strength  and  often  more  or  less  obsolete.  When 
the  tube  begins  to  rise  vertically  it  loses  all  its  sculpture  except  irregular  incre- 
mental lines,  and  its  calibre  perceptibly  diminishes.  The  color  is  yellowish  or 
grayish  white.  The  height  of  the  erect  part  is  usually  about  an  inch,  and  the 
diameter  of  the  aperture  1.75  mm.  The  greatest  diameter  of  the  same  tube 
(distortions  apart)  would  be  about  2.0  mm. 

Internally,  very  near  the  apex,  are  two  laminae.  The  right  one  is  large, 
arched  over  with  a  thickened  edge,  the  left  one  lower,  thinner,  and  over- 
shadowed by  the  other.  Both  are  subtransparent,  with  opatpue  whitish  streaks. 
These  laminae  are  however  very  irregular;  they  seem  to  be  altogether  absent 
in  some  individuals,  and  are  perhaps  sexual.  They  are  obsolete  or  nearly  so 
in  most  specimens,  and  I  have  had  to  break  many  before  finding  a  single  per- 
fect example  of  these  appendages.  The  animal  is  soft  and  whitish.  I  could 
see  no  eyes  or  tentacles.  The  operculum  was  translucent,  spiral,  as  large  as 
the  aperture,  with  a  smooth  flexible  edge,  the  outside  concave  and  polished. 
Owing  to  the  fact  that  the  last  whorl  of  the  operculum  seems  to  cover  up  the 
others  with  its  inner  edge  except  toward  the  centre,  it  is  difficult  to  ascertain 
the  number  of  turns.  Very  few  of  the  numerous  specimens  contained  the 
animals,  many  were  occupied  by  parasitic  sipunculoids,  chaetopods  of  several 
species,  and  even  Crustacea. 

This  species  is  usually  nearly  solitary,  or  but  few  individuals  are  associated 
in  the  clusters  obtained  by  the  Blake. 

Habitat.  The  Antilles,  at  Stations  2,  11,  32,  45,  139,  206,  208,  220,  247, 
290,  and  300,  in  37  to  805  fins.,  on  small  solid  objects,  bottom  temperature 
from  40°  to  71°  F. 

The  species  has  not  been  found  northward  on  the  coast  of  the  United 
States. 


Genus   BIVONIA   Gray. 

This  group  is  characterized,  according  to  Tryon  and  other  authors,  by  a 
rudimentary  operculum,  an  interior  free  from  laminae,  and  a  dorsal  carina  on 
the  shell.  It  much  resembles  the  cases  of  some  Annulosa,  from  which  it  is 
distinguishable  by  its  less  calcareous  more  porcellanous  shell,  and  usually  by 
its  larger  size. 

In  the  absence  of  the  soft  parts,  and  with  the  nucleus  lost  from  the  speci- 
mens in  hand,  I  refer  the  following  species  to  this  group  with  some  uncer- 
tainty, and  chiefly  on  account  of  the  shell  structure,  which  is  certainly  more 
like  that  of  Vermetus  than  any  of  the  worm-shells  known  to  me. 


264  BULLETIN    OF   THE 

Bivonia  ?  exserta  Dall. 

Plate  XXVI.  Fig   6. 

Bivonia  exserta  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  39,  1881. 

Habitat.  Station  20,  220  fms.  Off  Cape  San  Antonio,  in  1002  fins.  Bar- 
bados, 100  fms.  Off  Cape  Lookout,  N.  C,  in  31  fms.,  sand,  U.  S.  Fish 
Commission. 

The  figured  type  is  young.  The  Fish  Commission  specimen  shows  that, 
after  the  portion  annulated  like  the  figure  is  complete,  the  sculpture  changes; 
the  dorsal  carina  becomes  prominent  and  notched  Hke  the  upper  edge  of  an 
alligator's  tail,  and  projects  forward  like  a  spine  over  the  aperture.  The  rest 
of  the  shell  loses  its  sculpture,  except  incremental  lines,  the  lateral  carina 
disappear,  but  are  represented  by  short  spines  at  the  aperture.  The  shell  is 
of  a  greenish  white. 

Family   TURRITELLID^E. 
Genus  TURKITELLA  Lamarck. 

Section  TORCULA  Gray. 

This  group  is  composed  of  species  which  have  the  appearance  of  the  tips  of 
Vermicularia  before  the  latter  begins  to  go  astray.  But  the  more  timid  Tor- 
cula never  gets  its  courage  up  to  the  point  of  departure  into  devious  ways. 
They  are  readily  distinguished  by  the  excavated  appearance  of  the  base  and 
the  sinuous  outer  lip.  There  are  three  species  on  the  southern  coast  of  the 
United  States.  One  is  very  slender,  nearly  smooth,  and  much  drawn  out.  I 
have  never  seen  more  than  fragments  of  it,  which  came  from  the  coast  of  Texas 
and  of  North  Carolina,  in  40-50  fms.     The  others  follow  in  their  order. 

Turritella  (Torcula)  exoleta  Linne. 
Turriteila  exoleta  Linne,  Syst.  Nat.,  ed.  x.,  No.  561.    Tryon,  Man.,  VIII.  p.  205,  1886. 

Habitat.  "West  of  Florida,  in  50  fms. ;  off  Havana,  in  SO  fms.  ;  off  Sombrero, 
in  54  fms.;  Station  152,  in  122  fms.,  off  St.  Kitts;  Station  247,  in  170  fms., 
near  Grenada.  Coast  of  Texas  and  the  Florida  Keys,  45-80  fms.,  U.  S.  Nat. 
Museum. 

This  pretty  species  is  rather  variable  in  sculpture  at  different  ages  and  in 
different  individuals.  The  apical  angle  varies  slightly,  some  specimens  being 
more  slender  than  others.     The  nucleus  is  dextral  and  sculptured. 

Turritella  (Torcula)  acropora  n.  s. 

Nucleus  white,  polished,  loosely  coiled,  small,  with  about  two  very  rounded 
whorls.     Shell  whitish,  violet,  or  pale  rose-color,  with  longitudinal  fiammules 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  265 

of  darkreddish  brown,  and  light  colored  primary  spiral  threads  articulated  with 
elongated  distant  brown  spots.  Whorls  about  fifteen,  those  after  the  nucleus 
with  a  distinct  median  keel  and  obscure  suture,  the  later  ones  with  less  promi- 
nent median  or  perhaps  several  indistinct  keels;  the  last  two  whorls  less  closely 
coiled  in  the  adult,  showing  the  posterior  edge  overhung  by  the  preceding 
whorl  at  the  suture.  Sculpture  of  primary  and  secondary  spirals  very  close 
set,  the  primaries  flatter  and  polished  above;  the  finer  or  secondary  spirals  very 
fine;  both  have  a  tendency  to  articulation,  and  the  epidermis  in  the  interspaces 
bridges  over  fine  sharp  incremental  lines.  Irregularities  of  growth  sometimes 
simulate  faint  longitudinal  waves.  Base  similarly  sculptured,  slightly  exca- 
vated, bordered  by  a  rounded  not  carinated  edge;  columella  thin,  arched; 
outer  lip  thin,  sinuous,  subangulate  anteriorly;  aperture  subquadrate,  varying 
with  the  sculpture  and  individual.    Max.  Ion.  of  shell,  31.0;  max.  lat.,  8.0  mm. 

Habitat.  West  of  Florida,  14-50  fms. ;  off  Cape  San  Antonio,  413  fms. ; 
off  Sombrero,  in  54  fms.  Coast  of  North  Carolina,  near  Hatteras,  to  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico,  Texas,  and  Yucatan,  and  the  Antilles,  in  3-73  fms.,  not  living 
deeper  than  25  fms.,  U.  S.  Fish  Commission.     Fossil  in  Florida  Pliocene. 

This  interesting  species  is  variable  in  color,  and  also  in  the  form  of  the 
whorls.  Sometimes  the  latter  are  perfectly  flat,  at  other  times  rounded.  The 
brown  flammulse  are  occasionally  absent.  The  striation  appears  very  fine  to 
the  naked  eye.  It  is  only  under  a  magnifier  that  the  separation  into  primary 
and  secondary  spirals  becomes  evident.  This  fine  striation  will  enable  the 
species  to  be  recognized,  whatever  its  color  or  form,  which  last,  though  variable, 
is  not  remarkably  so.  This  shell  is  sometimes  bleached  pure  white,  but  I 
have  seen  no  white  specimens  which  were  fresh.  It  is,  not  rarely,  of  a  delicate 
rose  or  violet  tint.  That  what  appears  to  be  so  common  a  shell  should  have 
gone  unnamed  until  now  would  be  singular,  but  it  has  probably  been  taken 
by  those  who  have  collected  it  for  the  tip  of  a  Vermicularia,  or  the  young  of 
T.  imbricata  L.  Complete  and  adult  specimens  are  rare,  fragments  common. 
I  find  nothing  like  it  in  the  monographs. 

Section  HAUSTATOR  Montfort. 
Turriteiia  (Haustator)  yucatecana  Dall 

Plate  XXVI.  Fig.  3. 
Turriteiia  yucatecanum  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  93,  1881. 

Habitat.     Yucatan  Strait,  640  fms. 

No  other  specimens  of  this  interesting  species  nave  been  received.  Its 
nearest  relative  would  be  T.  pagoda  Reeve,  from  New  Zealand. 

The  only  other  species  of  this  group,  which  is  known  from  this  region  is 
T.  (Haustator)  variegata  Linne,  of  which  the  T.  imbricata  is  generally  regarded 
as  merely  a  variety.     It  has  been  collected  in  Texas  and  the  Antilles. 

Mesalia  caribea  Orbigny  is  reported  from  the  Antilles,  and  has  been  united 
with  M.  varia  Kiener,  of  West  Africa.     I  have  never  seen  a  specimen. 


266  BULLETIN   OF  THE 

Family  MATHILDIID^E. 
Genus  MATHILDA   Semper. 

In  form  these  shells  recall  Bittium  and  Turritella ;  they  have  a  blunt  apex 
upon  which  the  little  heterostrophe  Adeorbis-shaped  nucleus  is  set  on  its  edge, 
and  often  on  one  side  of  the  axis.  The  operculum  is  said  to  be  multispiral  and 
externally  concave,  the  soft  parts  are  externally  not  unlike  those  of  Turritella, 
the  dentition  is  unknown. 

This  group  is  represented  abundantly  in  the  Eocene  Tertiary  of  the  Paris 
Basin.  There  are  a  few  recent  species  widely  distributed,  of  which  two  or 
three  are  Mediterranean,  and  one  has  been  described  from  the  West  Indies,  by 
Morch,  under  the  name  of  M.  trochlea.  This  is  bicarinate,  and  measures  only 
2.0  mm.  long  by  0.5  mm.  wide. 

In  the  subgenus  Gegania  Jeffreys  the  shell  is  more  trochoid  in  form,  and  the 
heterostrophe  nucleus  is  sunken,  showing  only  a  small  part  of  one  of  its  whorls. 
His  supposition  that  it  is  dextral  is  erroneous,  as  his  typical  specimens  show 
plainly. 

Mathilda  yucatecana  Dall. 

Plate  XX.  Fig.  7. 
Bittium  ?  yucatecanum  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  90,  1881. 

Habitat.  Yucatan  Strait,  640  fms.  Also  at  U.  S.  Fish  Commission  Stations 
2415,  in  440  fms.,  sand,  off  the  coast  of  Georgia,  bottom  temperature  45°. 6  ; 
and  2668,  in  294  fms.,  gray  sand,  off  Fernandina,  Florida,  temperature  46°. 2  F. 

Nearly  all  the  species  of  this  genus  have  a  patulous  extension  of  the  anterior 
part  of  the  peristome  resembling  the  obsolete  notch  of  Bittium.  The  absence 
of  varices,  and,  when  not  decollate,  the  heterostrophe  nucleus  asymmetrically 
set  on  edge,  are  distinctive  characters.  There  are  some  features  strongly  sug- 
gesting relations  with  Triptychus. 

Mathilda  (elegantissima  var.?)  barbadense  Dall. 

Plate  XXVI.  Fig.  10. 

Shell  resembling  M.  elegantissima  Costa,  but  proportionally  more  elongated, 
with  a  nucleus  only  about  one  fourth  as  large  as  that  of  the  Mediterranean 
species;  with  the  peripheral  spiral  so  large  and  sharp  compared  with  the  others 
as  to  carinate  the  whorls;  and  with  the  disk  of  the  base  covered  with  small 
spirals  and  proportionally  smaller.  Shell  brownish  with  seven  whorls,  exclu- 
sive of  the  nucleus,  the  anterior  edge  of  the  peristome  somewhat  produced, 
columella  simple  without  any  chink  behind  it.  Max.  Ion.  of  shell,  6.2;  of 
last  whorl,  2.7  ;  max.  lat.  of  shell,  2.5  mm. 

Habitat.     Barbados,  100  fms. 

This  is  perhaps  a  variety  of  elegantissima,  but  I  doubt  their  identity. 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  2G7 

Mathilda  Rushii  Dall. 

Shell  white,  seven-whorled,  with  the  transverse  sculpture  stronger  and 
sharper  than  the  spirals ;  consisting  of  elevated  thickish  sharp-edged  lamellae 
like  those  of  some  Scalce,  the  edges  of  which  rise  above  the  whorl,  and  cross 
it  from  the  suture  to  the  margin  of  the  basal  disk,  the  surface  of  which  is 
nearly  smooth.  The  whorls  are  somewhat  shouldered  by  an  obscure  spiral,  in 
front  of  which  are  three  others;  the  space  between  the  first  and  second  is 
slightly  greater  than  that  which  separates  the  others.  The  spirals  are  indicated 
rather  by  nodulation  of  the  edges  of  the  lamellae  than  by  any  positively  raised 
thread  under  them,  except  on  the  last  whorl.  Columella  thin,  arched,  mouth 
rounded,  base  flattened  on  the  disk,  imperforate,  nucleus  small,  lucid.  Max. 
Ion.  of  shell,  5.0;  max.  lat.  of  shell,  2.0  mm. 

Habitat.  Bed  of  the  Gulf  Stream,  in  351-465  fms.,  Florida  Straits,  Dr. 
W.  H.  Rush,  U.  S.  N.  Also  off  Fernandina,  in  294  fms.,  sand,  temperature 
46°.3,  U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

This  pretty  little  species  has  a  particularly  sharp-edged  surface,  recalling  the 
laminae  on  the  surface  of  a  file.  It  looks  very  much  like  an  Acrilla,  except 
for  the  nucleus  and  the  subangular  aperture.  Some  specimens  show  one  or 
two  old  apertures,  like  varices,  projecting  above  the  other  sculpture. 

Mathilda  scitula  Dall. 

Shell  light  brown,  eight-whorled,  beside  the  nucleus,  which  is  large,  helicoid, 
and  of  two  or  three  whorls;  including  the  carina  of  the  basal  disk  there  are 
five  spirals;  counting  forward  from  the  suture  on  the  last  whorl,  No.  1  is  of 
moderate  size  and  nodulous;  No.  2,  very  fine  and  undulated;  No.  3,  strongest 
of  all,  and  evenly  nodulous;  Nos.  4  and  5  are  smaller,  subequal,  and  nearer 
each  other  than  No.  4  is  to  No.  3;  the  basal  disk  is  flattened-concave,  with 
curved  radiating  incremental  lines,  and  fine  spiral  threads,  of  which  one  near 
the  pillar  and  one  near  the  carina  are  larger  than  the  others;  the  carina  is 
buried  in  the  suture  as  the  shell  grows,  above  it  the  surface  of  the  whorls 
under  the  spirals  is  crossed  by  numerous  strong  narrow  elevated  lamellae,  the 
interstices  of  the  reticulation  thus  formed  being  deep  and  squarely  cut.  The 
aperture  is  nearly  square,  except  as  modified  by  the  sculpture;  the  peristome 
is  thin,  the  pillar  thin,  simple,  and  somewhat  reflected.  Max.  Ion.  of  shell, 
5.25;  of  last  whorl,  1.8;  max.  lat.  of  shell,  1.7  mm. 

Habitat.  Off  Cape  Hatteras,  in  49-63  fms.,  sand,  at  U.  S.  Fish  Commission 
Stations  2595  and  2596,  bottom  temperature  75°.  0  F. 

This  is  more  slender  and  elongated  than  either  of  the  other  species,  and  its 
sculpture  is  different.  It  has  a  larger  and  more  globular  nucleus  than  M.  bar- 
badense  or  M.  yucatecana,  though  both  of  these  are  larger  shells.  It  is  per- 
haps most  nearly  related  to  M.  sinensis  Fischer,  which  it  resembles  in  general 
form  though  not  in  the  minor  details  of  sculpture.  In  M.  scitula,  sculpture 
aside,  the  whorls  are  rounded  and  the  sutures  distinct;  there  is  no  trace  of  any 
umbilicus. 


268  BULLETIN   OF   THE 


Subgenus   GEGANIA  Jeffreys. 
Gegania  Jeflreysi  Dall. 

Shell  white,  four-whorled,  with  the  nucleus  immersed  in  the  coil  of  the  first 
dextral  whorl ;  sculpture  like  that  of  G.  pinguis  Jeffreys,  reticulate,  with  three 
or  four  strong  spirals,  as  many  finer  intercalary  ones,  and  numerous  fine  trans- 
verse threads,  strongest  behind  the  periphery.  Whorls  full  and  rounded,  suture 
distinct;  base  a  little  flattened,  with  six  or  seven  primary  spirals;  perforate; 
the  aperture  rounded,  effuse  at  the  end  of  the  straight  thin  slightly  reflected 
pillar;  outer  lip  thin.     Alt.  of  shell,  5.0 ;  max.  lat.  of  shell,  3.0  mm. 

Habitat.  U.  S.  Fish  Commissi  on  Station  2668,  off  Fernandina,  Florida,  in 
294  fms.,  sand,  temperature  46°. 3  F. 

This  is  proportionally  more  elevated  and  slender  than  G.  pinguis,  which 
also  has  the  umbilicus  open  when  young.  It  is  probably  closed  in  both  when 
adult,  the  present  specimen  being  not  fully  grown.  G.  pinguis  also  has  the 
whorls  more  angulate,  the  aperture  more  effuse  in  front,  and  is  a  larger  and 
frailer  shell.  Both  suggest  Trichotropis  by  the  shell  characters,  except  as  to 
the  nucleus. 


Family   SEGUENZIIDJE. 

Genus  SEGUENZIA  Jeffreys. 

Seguenzia  Jeffreys,  Proc.  Roy.  Soc.  p.  200,  1876. 

Seguenzia  ionica  Watsox. 

Seguenzia  ionica  Watson,  Lin.  Soc.  Journ.,  XIV.  p.  589,  1879;  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z., 
IX.  p.  48,  1881 ;  Watson,  Chad.  Rep.  Gastr.,  p.  107,  pi.  vii.  fig.  3. 

Habitat.     Station  33,  in  1568  fms. 

Of  the  fragments  referred  to  this  species  in  1881,  one  proves  to  belong  to 
B.  alta  Watson,  and  the  other  went  to  powder  while  being  transferred  from 
one  tube  to  another.  There  can  be  no  doubt,  however,  as  to  the  correct 
identification  of  the  last  mentioned. 

A  specimen  of  S.  trispinosa  Watson  was  dredged  by  the  U.  S.  Fish  Commis- 
sion in  deep  water  off  the  east  coast  of  the  United  States,  south  of  Hatteras ; 
but  the  label  showing  the  exact  locality  was  unfortunately  lost  before  the 
bottle  containing  it  reached  my  hands. 

Seguenzia  monocingulata  Seguenza. 

Seguenzia  monocingulata  Seguenza,  Bol.  Com.  Geol.,  VII.  p.  188,  May,  1876 ;  Watson, 

Chall.  Rep.  Gastr.,  p.  105,  1886. 
Seguenzia  formosa  Jeffreys,  Rep.  Valorous  Cruise,  June  15,  1876,  p.  200;  Dall,  Bull. 

M.C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  47,  1881. 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  2G9 

Seguenzia  formosa  and  var.  nitida  Verrill,  Conn.  Acad.  Trans.,  VI.  p.  186,  pi.  xxxi. 

figs.  14,  14  a,  14  b,  May,  1884. 
t  Seguenzia  eritima  Verrill,  loc.  cit.,  VI.  p.  189,  pi.  xxxi.  fig.  15. 

Habitat.  Station  16,  292  fms.;  Station  20,  220  fras.;  Barbados,  100  fms. 
Off  the  Florida  coast,  in  205  fins.,  Dr.  Rush. 

In  examining  the  specimens  of  Seguenzia  in  the  Jeffreys  collection,  including 
types  of  Seguenza's  "  Trochocochlea  monocingulata,"  as  well  as  specimens  ob- 
tained by  the  Blake  and  the  U.  S.  Fish  Commission  at  various  points,  I  find 
myself  in  a  dilemma.  Either  each  separate  individual  is  to  be  regarded  as  a 
species,  or  the  variability  of  the  shells  is  very  great.  Persistent  study  of  the 
specimens  has  convinced  me  that  the  latter  is  the  true  solution,  and  that  the 
most  evident  characters,  such  as  the  umbilicus  (in  some  adult  specimens)  may 
be  present  or  absent;  that  the  number  of  spiral  threads,  their  strength  and 
sharpness  on  the  basal  disk,  are  entirely  inconstant,  and,  while  in  the  typical 
formosa  the  ridge  next  to  the  suture  is  waved  or  granulate,  in  many  it  is  per- 
fectly plain. 

It  is  for  this  reason,  and  having  several  specimens  apparently  intermediate 
between  the  type  and  the  form  named  eritima  by  Prof.  Verrill,  that  I  have 
been  led  to  suggest  their  identity,  though  I  have  not  seen  Prof.  Verrill's  types. 
In  any  case,  his  name  would  hold  for  a  well  marked  variety. 


Family  TRICHOTROPIDJE. 

Genus  TRICHOTROPIS  Sowerbt. 

None  of  the  typical  forms  of  the  genus  are  found  in  the  tropics.  The  de- 
gree of  affinity  which  Mcsostoma,  Dolophanes,  etc.  bear  to  the  original  type  of 
the  family  yet  remains  to  be  determined. 

Subgenus  MESOSTOMA  Deshates. 

Mesostona  Desh.,  An.  s.  Vert.  Bas.  Paris,  II.  p.  416;  1st  sp.  M.  pulchra  Desh.,  loc. 
cit.,  pi.  xxviii.  figs.  13-16,  1864.     Eocene,  Paris  Basin. 

ICerithioderma  Conrad,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  2d  ser.,  IV.  p.  295;  sole  ex- 
ample, C.  prima  Con.,  loc.  cit.,  p.  295,  pi.  xlvii.  fig.  30,  Feb.,  1860.  Eocene, 
Alabama. 

It  is  impossible  to  say  from  Conrad's  figure  whether  his  Cerithioderma  is 
identical  with  Mesostoma  Deshayes,  or  not.  There  is  nothing  to  separate  the 
two  shells  as  far  as  the  figures  go,  but  Conrad  in  his  diagnosis  says  of  the  canal, 
"  beak  very  short,  narrow,  recurved."  The  last  epithet  will  in  no  wise  apply 
to  our  shell,  nor  to  Deshayes's  Mesostoma.  I  suspect  it  to  be  an  error,  notwith- 
standing which  I  prefer  not  to  adopt  Conrad's  name,  which  has  priority,  with- 
out inspecting  his  type  if  it  be  accessible. 


270  BULLETIN   OF   THE 

I  have  no  doubt  that  the  shell  about  to  be  described,  and  most  if  not  all 
of  Deshayes's  Mcsostoma  species,  belong  to  the  family  Trichotropidce,  though 
hitherto  placed  elsewhere. 

Mesostoma  migrans  Dall. 

Plate  XXIX.  Fig.  8. 
Trichotropis  migrans  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  71,  1881. 

Habitat.     Station  36,  near  Havana,  80  fins.,  Sigsbee. 

So  far  only  the  original  specimen  has  turned  up,  and  that  does  not  retain  its 
epidermis. 

Genus?   DOLOPHAXES   Gabb. 

Dolophanes  Gabb,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  1872,  p.  273  ;  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc, 
XV.,  Geol.  St.  Domingo,  p.  234,  1873. 

This  genus  was  referred  to  the  Struthiolariidce  by  its  author,  a  reference 
which  has  been  questioned  by  all  those  who  have  had  occasion  to  refer  to  it 
since.  The  occurrence  of  a  specimen  in  the  Blake  dredgings,  which,  if  not 
identical  with  Gabb's  type  is  evidently  closely  related  to  it,  enables  me  to 
state  that  its  proper  position  is  probably  in  this  family.  Unhappily  the  oper- 
culum and  soft  parts  are  wanting,  so  that  I  cannot  confirm  my  opinion  by  ref- 
erence to  the  details  of  its  organization.  I  am  inclined  to  believe  that  another 
form,  also  represented  in  the  Blake  dredgings,  is  a  representative  of  a  shell 
described  as  a  Melanopsis  by  Guppy,  which  Gabb  himself  suspected  to  be 
closely  related  to  his  Dolophanes  melanioides.  All  these  specimens  are  fresh, 
but  the  slight  traces  of  epidermis  which  they  retain  are  not  of  the  character  of 
the  northern  species  of  Trichotropis.  Their  variations  are  such  that  I  am  led 
to  believe  all  three  may  be  merely  mutations  of  one  specific  form.  If  this  be 
confirmed,  the  specific  name  of  cupula,  given  by  Guppy,  is  the  oldest.  Whether 
the  differences  are  sufficient  to  constitute  for  Dolophanes  a  rank  higher  than 
that  of  a  mere  section  of  the  genus  Trichotropis,  a  more  thorough  knowledge  of 
its  characters  is  needed  to  determine. 

Dolophanes  (melanoides  Gabb  var.?)  Gabbi  Dall. 

Plate  XXIX.  Fig.  7. 

?  Dolophanes  melanoides  Gabb,  Proc.  Phil.  Acad.  Sci.  1872,  p.  273,  pi.  xi.  fig.  7 ;  Geol. 
St.  Domingo,  p.  235,  1873. 

Shell  small,  thin,  white,  (epidermis  lost,)  with  rather  acute  turrited  spire 
and  eight  whorls;  nucleus  smooth,  polished,  somewhat  inflated  and  turned  a 
little  to  one  side;  second  turn  also  smooth,  all  the  others  strongly  sculptured; 


MUSEUM  OF  COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY.  271 

transverse  sculpture  of  (on  the  sixth  whorl  twenty-six)  uniform  rounded  riblets 
which  fail  about  the  middle  of  the  whorl,  but  appear  from  suture  to  suture 
across  the  visible  part  of  the  earlier  whorls;  tabulated  posteriorly,  showing  a 
small  nodule  at  the  angle,  slightly  waved  and  oblique;  lines  of  growth  obso- 
lete on  the  base  but  appearing  as  ruga?  on  the  siphonal  fasciole;  spiral  sculp- 
ture of  very  fine  rounded  raised  threads,  uniform  and  continuous  over  the 
whole  surface;  aperture  simple,  slightly  channelled  in  front;  outer  lip  rounded, 
thin,  slightly  produced  in  the  middle;  inner  lip  reflected,  nearly  covering  the 
umbilical  chink,  polished;  a  few  particles  of  light  yellow  fugacious  epidermis 
visible  in  the  chink.  Lon.  of  shell,  9.0;  of  aperture,  3.75;  max.  lat.  of  shell, 
4.0  mm. 

Station  228,  off  St.  Vincent,  in  785  1ms.,  sand  and  ooze,  bottom  temperature 
39°.0  F.     1  Miocene  of  Santo  Domingo,  Gabb. 

This  pretty  and  peculiar  form  is  named  in  honor  of  the  late  W.  M.  Gabb,  to 
whom  the  generic  name  is  due.  I  cannot  be  certain  without  a  comparison  of 
specimens  whether  the  present  shell  is  the  same  as  that  described  by  Prof. 
Gabb,  or  not.  But  the  figure  is  so  much  like  our  shell  tht.t  I  can  hardly  doubt 
they  are  very  closely  related,  if  not  the  same. 


Dolophanes  (melanoides  var.?)  columbella  Pall. 

Pleurotoma  (Mangilia)  columbella  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  60,  1881. 
?  Melanopsis  capula  Guppy,  Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  Soc,  XXII.  p.  580,  pi.  xxvi.  fig.  14, 
1866.     Gabb,  St.  Domingo,  p.  235,  1873. 

Habitat.  Station  20,  220  fms.;  off  Havana,  Sigsbee,  158  fms.  ?  Upper 
Miocene,  Cumana,  Guppy. 

Two  specimens  of  this  form  are  in  the  collection.  Guppy's  specimen,  from 
the  figure,  was  evidently  deformed.  These  differ  from  it,  due  allowances  being 
made  for  deformity,  in  being  narrower  and  in  the  narrow  shoulder  in  front  of 
the  suture. 

The  specimen  originally  serving  as  type  of  M.  columbella  is  the  roundest,  and 
the  groove  behind  the  siphonal  fasciole  is  reduced  to  a  mere  chink.  In  the 
Havana  specimen  the  chink  is  considerably  larger  and  the  shoulder  more  prom- 
inent. It  seems  to  stand  about  one  third  of  the  way  from  D.  columbella  to 
D.  Gabbi.  I  cannot  be  sure,  with  so  little  material,  but  I  suspect  this  gap 
might  be  filled  up  by  a  graduated  series  of  specimens  if  we  had  material 
enough. 

Still,  as  the  forms  are  not  yet  connected,  and  have  already  been  named,  it 
seems  best  to  leave  them  separate  for  the  present. 


272  BULLETIN  OF  THE 

Family  FOSSARID.E. 

Genus  FOSSARUS  Philippi. 

The  name  Maravignia  given  by  Aradas  and  Maggiore  has  been  preferred  by 
some  naturalists  to  that  of  Philippi,  proposed  in  the  same  year.  I  have  not 
yet  seen  any  evidence  of  priority  of  actual  publication  which  should  oblige  us 
to  make  this  substitution.  A  name  so  universally  adopted  should  not  be 
changed  without  absolutely  conclusive  evidence. 

Of  Fossarus  properly  speaking,  two  species,  F.  Orbignyi  Fischer  (F.  sulcatus 
Orbigny,  non  S.  Wood)  and  F.  elcgans  Verrill  (F.  latcriceus  Verrill  olim)  are 
known  from  the  Antilles  and  the  Eastern  United  States. 

Isapis  anomala  C.  B.  Adams,  was  described  from  Jamaica.  "We  have  now 
to  add  two  small  species,  which  seem  to  range  from  Florida  to  Cape  Hatteras, 
having  been  obtained  off  the  coast  of  North  Carolina,  in  less  than  100  fms.,  by 
the  U.  S  Fish  Commission.  They  appear  to  belong  to  the  subgenus  Gottoina 
of  A.  Adams,  which  is  described  as  imperforate,  solid,  and  ornamented  with 
spiral  sculpture.  I  have  not  seen  a  typical  specimen  of  Gottoina,  which,  more- 
over, has  not  been  figured,  so  I  refer  these  species  to  it  on  account  of  their  ap- 
parent relation  to  Fossarus  and  the  description  of  Gottoina  aforesaid. 

Subgenus  GOTTOINA  Adams. 
Gottoina  bella  n.  s. 

Plate  XXVIII.  Fig.  10. 

Shell  small,  white,  solid,  shaped  much  like  Litorina  litorea,  having  four  und 
a  half  whorls  and  a  minute  glassy  rounded  nucleus.  Radiating  sculpture  con- 
sisting of  fine  incremental  striae  and  occasional  irregularities  of  growth.  Spiral 
sculpture  of  two  sorts;  —  1st,  fine  spiral  grooving  covering  the  whole  shell 
evenly  and  always  present;  2d,  strong  spiral  ridges,  generally  nine  or  ten  on 
the  last  whorl,  but  sometimes  smaller  and  more  numerous,  sometimes  partly 
absent,  sometimes  so  arranged  as  to  tabulate  the  part  of  the  whorl  next  the 
suture,  and  almost  invariably  smaller  and  weaker  as  they  approach  the  base 
and  the  centre  of  the  base.  Suture  distinct,  not  channelled;  aperture  simple, 
nearly  circular,  but  the  outer  margin  of  its  thickened  edge  angulated  at  the 
junction  with  the  body;  callus  continuous;  columella  arched,  with  a  small 
chink,  but  no  umbilicus  behind  it;  this  chink  varies  in  size  with  different 
specimens.  Aperture  oblique,  its  upper  margin  a  little  depressed.  Alt.  3.5 
mm. ;  max.  diam.  3.5  mm. 

Habitat.     Sand  Key,  15  fms. 

This  pretty  little  shell  sometimes  has  the  raised  riblets  reddish  brown  against 
the  waxen  white  of  the  rest.     The  nucleus  is  smaller  and  less  elevated  than  in 
Fossarus  ambiguus,  from  which,  by  the  way,  Gould's  F.  pusillus  does  not  ap- 
pear to  differ  specifically. 
March  30,  1889. 


MUSEUM  OF  COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY.  273 

I  hesitated  for  some  time  as  to  whether  this  species  should  he  described 
where  I  have  placed  it,  or  under  Cyclostrema.  In  the  absence  of  the  operculum 
and  of  the  soft  parts,  it  is  evident  that  the  question  as  to  its  proper  classifica- 
tion can  only  be  decided  provisionally,  and  with  due  reserve. 

Gottoina  compacta  n.  s. 

Plate  XXVIII.  Fig.  6. 

Shell  small,  white,  compact,  elevated,  spirally  sculptured,  of  about  four  and 
a  half  whorls  including  the  nucleus ;  outline  of  the  spire  convex  with  hardly 
any  rounding  in  of  the  whorls  toward  the  suture,  which  is  nevertheless  distinct 
and  finely  channelled.  Radiating  sculpture  none,  lines  of  growth  not  visible; 
spiral  sculpture  of  fine,  close,  even,  rounded  threads,  growing  gradually  smaller 
from  the  suture  forward ;  there  is  no  secondary  grooving ;  there  are  about 
twenty-five  threads  on  the  last  whorl,  but  they  vary  in  number  and  strength 
with  the  individual  specimen;  base  full  and  rounded,  imperforate;  aperture 
rounded,  pointed  behind,  and  the  angle  filled  with  callus;  callus  continuous, 
thinnest  on  the  columella.     Alt.  2.3  mm.;  max.  diam.  2.0  mm. 

Habitat.  Off  Havana,  in  84  fms.,  Sigsbee.  Off  the  coast  of  North  Carolina, 
U.  S.  Fish  Commission,  at  Stations  2595,  2596,  and  2612. 


Family   SOL  ARUM}. 

Genus  FLUXINA  Dall. 

Fluxina  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  51, 1881. 

Fluxina  brunnea  Dall. 

Plate  XXII.  Figs.  6,6a. 
Fluxina  brunnea  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  52,  1881. 

Habitat.  Station  2,  in  805  fms. ;  Sigsbee,  off  Havana,  in  80  fms. ;  both  dead 
specimens. 

A  careful  examination  of  the  nucleus  in  these  specimens  indicates  that  it  is 
sinistral  and  immersed  as  in  other  Solariidce. 

An  examination  of  the  data  relating  to  the  section  Episcynia  Morch,  which 
has  a  dextral  nucleus,  leads  to  the  impression  that  it  does  not  belong  in  this 
family,  but  perhaps  near  Adeorbis,  or  a  Vitrinella  like  multicarinata;  at  least  I 
can  discover  no  Solariid  characters  in  figure  or  description. 

Fluxina  discula  n.  s. 

Plate  XXIII.  Figs.  5,  6. 

Shell  small,  whitish,  polished,  of  about  five  whorls,  the  base  of  the  immersed 
nucleus  looking  exactly  like  a  dextral  nucleus;  surface  marked  by  the  fine 
VOL.  xviii.  18 


274  BULLETIN   OF  THE 

flexuous  incremental  lines,  which  do  not  interrupt  the  polish,  and  by  faint  oc- 
casional indications  of  spirals;  upper  surface  of  the  whorls  concave  near  the 
sutures,  elsewhere  flattened,  so  that  the  sutural  junction  is  slightly  elevated; 
periphery  sharply  carinated,  base  moderately  rounded,  not  impressed  near  the 
carina;  umbilicus  moderate,  scalar,  its  walls  smooth  and  vertical;  umbilical 
margin  carinate,  an  impressed  line  just  outside  the  carina;  aperture  wide,  mar- 
gins thin,  columella  straight,  a  little  thickened,  a  wash  of  callus  on  the  body; 
apparently  little  if  any  notch  at  the  end  of  the  umbilical  carina.  Max.  diam. 
6.5;  min.  diam.  5.5;  alt.  3.0  mm. 

Habitat.  Off  Dominica,  at  Station  180,  in  982  fms.,  fine  brown  ooze,  bottom 
temperature  39°. 7  F. 

This  little  shell  differs  from  the  type  of  the  genus  in  its  want  of  color,  and  its 
scalar  instead  of  funicular  umbilicus.  It  resembles  a  smooth  depressed  Basi- 
lissa  in  its  general  aspect,  but  is  not  nacreous,  and  the  flexuosity  of  the  margin 
of  the  mouth  is  that  of  Fluxina  rather  than  of  Basilissa. 

Dr.  Paul  Fischer  has  placed  the  Solariidce  in  the  Tsenioglossate  division  of 
the  Gastropods,  rather  than  with  the  Ptenoglossa.  This  arrangement  seems 
more  satisfactory  than. the  old  one  on  several  accounts,  though  the  question  is 
beset  with  difficulties,  chief  among  which  is  our  ignorance  of  the  real  characters 
of  the  great  majority  of  mollusks,  a  fact  which  most  systematists  are  only  too 
ready  to  overlook.  In  revealing  the  Tsenioglossate  character  of  Seguenzia, 
Prof.  VerriH'  has  done  excellent  service,  though  I  should  be  disposed  to  approx- 
imate the  family  to  which  Seguenzia  belongs  to  the  Turritellidce,  rather  than  to 
forms  like  Aporrhais.  A  short-conic  partly  nacreous  Turritella  would  be  very 
close  to  Seguenzia,  many  species  exhibiting  similar  fiexuosities  about  the  mar- 
gin, while  others,  like  Tachyrynchus,  show  traces  of  a  canal,  and  still  others 
marginal  sulci.  There  is  no  assemblage  of  species,  however,  if  we  include  the 
small  trochiform  tropical  species  which  have  been  referred  to  so  many  groups 
and  mostly  are  not  known  positively  to  belong  to  any,  which  will  better  repay 
thorough  investigation  than  those  forms  which  have  been  referred  to  the  Sola- 
riidce.  Until  they  have  been  so  investigated,  all  our  classification  of  them  is 
and  will  remain  unsatisfactory  and  provisional. 

Genus  SOLARIUM  Lamarck. 

Solarium  granulatum  Lamarck. 

Solarium  granulatum  Lam.,  An.  s.  Vert.  (ed.  Desh.),  IX.  p.  98.    Sby.,  Thes.  Solarium, 

No.  8,  figs.  1,  2. 
Solarium  nobile  (Bolter.)  Hanley,  Sby.,  Thes.  Solarium,  fig.  36,  p.  230,  No.  7,  1866. 
Solarium  verrucosum  Philippi,  Zeitschr.  Malak.,  1848,  p.  72.     Sby.,  Thes.  Solarium, 

fig.  35. 

A  single  broken  specimen  was  dredged  off  Sombrero,  in  54  fms. 

The  East  and  West  American  forms  differ  very  slightly.  If  the  specimens 
were  found  in  the  same  waters,  no  one  would  think  of  distinguishing  them  by 
different  names. 


MUSEUM  OF  COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY  275 

Solarium  peracutum  n.  s. 

Plate  XXXIII.  Figs.  2,  5. 

Shell  whitish  or  yellowish,  thin,  very  depressed,  conic,  extremely  sharply 
keeled  at  the  periphery;  sculpture  faint,  base  rounded,  excavated  just  within 
the  periphery;  umbilicus  large,  scalar,  the  walls  in  each  whorl  deeply  concave, 
bordered  below  by  a  very  strong  nodulous  rib,  terminating  in  a  sulcus  at  the 
base  of  the  columella.  Nucleus  sinistral,  immersed,  whorls  six  or  seven  without 
the  nucleus;  sculpture  above  consisting  of  numerous  radiating  somewhat  flexu- 
ous  fine  incremental  lines  crossed  at  the  periphery  by  one  strong  flattened  spiral 
thread,  nodulous  on  the  earlier  whorls  and  articulated  faintly  with  yellowish 
brown.  Inside  this  is  a  much  finer  simple  spiral,  and  within  this  again  another 
large  one,  also  nodulous  on  the  early  whorls.  Hence  to  the  suture  are  four  or 
five  smaller  flattened  spirals,  uniform,  but  fainter  on  the  later  whorls  and  sepa- 
rated by  somewhat  wider  faintly  but  distinctly  channelled  interspaces.  Periph- 
ery of  the  shell  brought  to  a  thin  but  rounded  carinal  edge,  which  is  however 
about  the  sharpest  of  any  known  in  the  genus.  Base  sculptured  by  numerous 
fine  spirals,  by  strong  but  irregular  radiations  from  the  umbilical  margin,  which 
is  marked  on  its  edg%  vith  about  22  strong  nodules,  and  bordered  by  two  grooves 
enclosing  a  wider  subnodulous  spiral  space,  becoming  less  marked  with  age. 
Columella  short,  thickened,  with  a  sulcus  at  its  base;  basal  margin  thickened 
near  the  sulcus ;  the  remainder  of  the  apertural  margin  thin  and  sharp,  the 
aperture  itself  almost  triangular.  Max.  diameter  of  shell,  17.5;  min.  diam., 
15.0;  altitude,  6.0  mm. 

Habitat.  Barbados,  100  fms.;  Station  290,  off  Barbados,  in  73  fms.,  coral 
and  shell,  bottom  temperature  about  71°.0  F.  ;  Station  128,  off  Frederikstadt, 
in  180  fms.,  gray  ooze,  bottom  temperature  about  60°.0  F. 

This  species  does  not  much  resemble  any  of  the  living  forms.  It  is  most 
like  S.  hcmisphericuvi  Seguenza,  a  fossil  from  the  Tertiaries  of  Messina.  This 
has  the  same  form,  except  that  it  is  sub-excavated  above  near  the  periphery  as 
well  as  below.  The  details  of  sculpture  differ  considerably,  but  the  incon- 
spicuous character  and  slight  prominence  of  the  sculpture  is  much  the  same  in 
both.  The  fossil  has  a  much  smaller  umbilicus,  and  the  rib  about  it  is  feebly 
marked,  though  the  edge  is  nodulous. 

Solarium  Sigsbeei  n.  s. 

Plate  XXIII.  Figs.  3,  3  a. 

This  shell  was  supposed  at  first  to  be  the  young  of  S.  peracutum;  further 
study  and  comparison  with  young  specimens  of  the  same  size  show  that,  though 
related,  they  are  not  identical.  The  sculpture  is  much  more  prominent  and 
granular,  the  whorls  are  more  elevated  and  much  less  discoid.  The  details  of 
sculpture  are  also  quite  different,  as  will  be  seen  by  the  figure.  The  color  is 
pale  yellowish  or  waxen.  Max.  diameter  of  the  shell  figured,  5.5  mm.;  alti- 
tude, 2.3  mm. 


276  BULLETIN   OF  THE 

Habitat.     Off  Bahia  Honda,  Cuba,  at  Station  19,  in  310  fms.,  one  specimen. 

The  other  recent  species  most  like  this  is  the  S.  borealis  of  Verrill,  in  which 
the  sculpture  of  the  umbilical  margin  is  -wholly  dissimilar,  and  quite  faint  in 
comparison. 

Genus  OMALAXIS  Deshates. 

Omalaxis  Deshayes,  Encyc.  Me'th.,  Tabl.,  1830.     (Solarium  bifrons  Lamarck.) 

Omaloxon  (Desh.  em. !)  Agassiz,  Nomenclator  Zobl.,  1846. 

Omalaxon  (Agassiz  em.)  Herrmannsen,  Ind.  Gen.,  II.  n.  l/l4. 

Omalalaxis  (Desh.?)  Herrmannsen,  loc.  cit.,  p.  144. 

Bifrontia  Deshayes,  Encyc.  Me'th.  TTI.  D.  659,  1832.    Lam.,  Hist.  An.  s.  Vert.,  IX. 

p.  103. 
Orbis  Lea,  Contr.  to  Geol.,  p.  123,  1833.     (0.  rotella,  pi.  iv.  fig.  112.) 
Discohelix  Dunker,  Pal.,  p.  132,  1849;  Handb.  Conch.,  p.  500. 
Homalaxis  (Desh.  em.),  Fischer,  Manual,  p.  715,  1885. 
Homolaxon  (as  of  Agassiz)  Watson,  Chall.  Rep.  Gastr.,  p.  137. 
Not  Omalaxis  Tryon,  Syst.  Conch.,  II.  p.  219  (?=  Adeorbis). 

The  above  partial  list  of  synonymy  gives  a  pretty  fair  idea  of  what  happens 
when  authors  take  it  upon  themselves  to  modify  generic  names  in  the  supposed 
interest  of  grammatical  accuracy.  Unless  there  is  a  palpable  typographical 
error,  or  the  form  of  the  word  is  essentially  incompatible  (apart  from  its  mean- 
ing) with  a  Latiniform  nomenclature,  there  is  no  sufficient  reason  for  reforming 
it.  It  is  of  no  consequence  whatever,  that  Omalaxis  is  erroneously  constructed. 
It  is  of  serious  consequence  that  the  nomenclature  of  biology  should  not  be 
burdened  with  eight  or  ten  unnecessary  synonyms. 

Omalaxis  is  divided  by  Dr.  Fischer.  0.  zanclea  Philippi,  which  has  a 
Torinia-like  operculum,  is  placed  under  Torinia  with  the  name  of  Pseudo- 
malaxis  (possibly  identical  with  Ilaira  H.  &  A.  Adams),  while  the  original 
name  is  kept  for  those  having  a  simple  thin  operculum  of  many  whorls.  To 
the  latter  group  belongs  the  following  species. 

Omalaxis  nobilis  Verrill. 

Omalaxis  nobilis  Verrill,  Third  Cat.  Moll.,  Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  VI.  p.  423,  pi.  xliv. 
fig.  12,  1885. 

Habitat.  Off  Chesapeake  Bay,  v  errill,  in  70  fms.  Off  Cuba,  near  Morro 
Light,  in  119-292  fms.,  Sigsbee;  off  Sand  Key,  in  128  fms.;  at. Barbados,  in 
103  fms.;  and  at  Station  45,  in  101  fms.,  Lat.  25°  33'  N.,  Lon.  84°  21'  W., 
bottom  temperature  about  62°.0  F. 

This  species  should  be  compared  with  Bifrontia  rochettina  Michelotti  of  the 
Italian  Tertiaries,  and  with  B.  (Orbis)  Pingdii  Morch  (Forst  Tert.  i  Dan., 
p.  24,  1874)  from  the  older  sands  of  Copenhagen,  but  I  have  not  the  specimens 
accessible  for  this  purpose.  The  nucleus  in  0.  nobilis  is  sinistral,  as  in  other 
members  of  the  family,  though  some  care  is  necessary  to  observe  this,  the  plane 
of  the  shell  being  verv  uniform. 


MUSEUM  OF   COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY.  277 

Family?  ADEORBID^. 

Genus   SEPARATISTA   Gray. 

Section  HALOCERAS  Dall. 

Separatista  (Haloceras)  cingulata  (Verrill)  Dall. 
Cithna  cingulata  Verrill,  Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  VI.  p.  184,  pi.  xxxii.  fig.  7,  May,  1884. 

Habitat.  Off  Nantucket  Shoals  and  George's  Bank,  on  the  coast  of  New 
England,  and  120  miles  S.  E.  from  Delaware  Bay,  in  906  to  1497  fins.,  sand 
and  mud,  at  U.  S.  Fish  Commission  Stations  2043,  2076,  2084,  and  2733, 
temperature  38°.0  F. 

Cithna  cingulata  Verrill  was  described  and  figured  from  an  immature 
specimen.  The  adult  shell  has  the  form  of  Separatista,  is  flattened  on  the 
upper  surface  of  the  whorls,  aixl  has  a  strongly  bicarinate  periphery,  so 
that  the  spire  is  scalar,  ending  in  a  dark  brown  dextral  larval  shell  originally 
furnished  with  a  spirally  fringed  epidermis-.  This  nucleus  is  smooth,  but  the 
rest  of  the  shell  is  strongly  spirally  grooved,  and  covered  with  a  light  rather 
fugacious  epidermis.' 

I  was  unable  to  extract  the  animal  without  destroying  the  only  perfect  speci- 
men, but  it  was  of  a  dark  reddish  color,  and  bore  a  very  remarkable  operculum 
of  a  subtriangular  shape  not  unlike  that  of  Xenophora,  but  laterally  elongated, 
and  at  the  small  end  of  the  triangle,  which,  in  the  retracted  state,  is  close  to 
the  columella,  there  is  a  small  spiral  portion  of  about  2^  whorls.  The  general 
outline  is  that  of  a  half-open  fan  rising  from  a  small  circle.  The  exterior  of 
the  operculum  is  roughly  lamellose  and  of  a  dull  brown,  like  the  operculum 
of  Buccinum,  but  less  horny  and  thinner.  The  only  operculum  at  all  similar 
which  I  remember  is  that  of  Atlanta,  which,  however,  is  ovate,  smooth,  pellifcid, 
and  dextral.  There  are  certain  points  about  the  shell  and  opercle  which  recall 
Dolium  and  Persona.  The  shell  is  holostomate  with  the  base  prolonged  at  its 
inner  lower  angle.  The  whorls  are  coiled  almost  as  in  Scala.  The  umbilicus 
is  small  but  deep.  An  examination  of  the  type  of  Separatista  in  the  British 
Museum  shows  that,  so  far  as  the  shell  is  concerned,  its  earlier  whorls  are  not 
dissimilar  to  our  shell.  The  latter  has  the  last  whorl  not  separated  from  its 
predecessor,  but  I  doubt  if  this  character  is  of  generic  value.  Delphinula  laxa 
Say,  referred  by  Adams  to  this  genus,  is  doubtless,  as  suggested  by  Say,  a  de- 
formed Lunatia.  In  view  of  the  conchological  differences  and  our  ignorance 
of  the  operculum  and  soft  parts  of  the  original  Separatista,  I  feel  justified  in 
proposing  a  new  sectional  name  for  it,  as  it  has  nothing  to  do  with  Cithna 
properly  so  called.  For  the  future,  then,  it  may  be  termed  Separatista 
(Haloceras)  cingulata  (Verr.)  Dall. 


278  BULLETIN   OF   THE 

Genus  ADEORBIS  Wood. 
Adeorbis  supranitidus  Wood. 

Adeorbis  supranitidus  Wood,  Cat.  1842  ;  Crag.  Moll.,  p.  137,  pi.  xv.  figs.  5  a,  5  b,  1848. 
Skenea  trilix  Bush,  Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  VI.  p.  464,  pi.  xiv.  figs.  7,  7  a,  1885. 

Adeorbis  supranitidus  var.  Orbignyi  Fischer. 

Adeorbis  Orbignyi  Fischer,  Journ.  de  Conchyl.,  VI.  pp.  173,  286,  1857. 
Omalaxisl  lirata  Verrill,  Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  V.  p.  529,  1882. 
Skenea  lirata  Verrill,  he.  cit.,  VI.  p.  452  ;  Bush,  VI.  p.  464,  1885. 

Habitat.  Station  23,  off  Bahia  Honda,  Cuba,  in  193  fms.  Eastern  coast  of 
the  United  States  from  Florida  to  Cape  Cod,  U.  S.  Fish  Commission.  Crag  of 
Britain,  Wood.  Norway,  Lofoten  Isl.,  G.  0.  Sars.  Tangier  Bay,  Porcupine 
Expedition.     Cedar  Keys,  Florida,  Hemphill. 

This  is  a  very  interesting  and  variable  little  shell.  The  normal  form  figured 
by  Wood  and  Bush  may  be  taken  as  the  type,  from  which  we  have  the  follow- 
ing divergent  varieties:  1.  With  one  or  more  of  the  carinse  missing,  some- 
times all.  When  the  latter  is  the  case,  some  fine  spiral  striae  remain,  and  we 
have  A.  striatus  Wood.  2.  The  carina?  maybe  indefinitely  multiplied;  those 
with  numerous  cinguli  on  the  upper  surface  and  the  base  normal  are  A .  lirata 
Verrill.  Those  where  the  base  is  also  invaded  are  A.  Orbignyi.  A.  Beaui 
Fischer,*  which  is  found  in  Florida,  is  a  gigantic  repetition  of  A.  lirata,  but  they 
can  hardly  be  united. 

Subgenus  CLATHRELLA   Recluz. 


-  o 


Clathrella  Recluz,  Journ.  de  Conchyl.,  1864,  p.  251. 

The  difference  between  the  animals  described  by  Recluz  shows  that  Cla- 
thrella cannot  belong  to  the  same  group  as  Fossarus,  and  a  careful  study  of 
F.  depressus  Seguenza,  fragilis  O.  Sars,  reticulata  S.  Wood,  and  naticoides  n.  s., 
has  nearly  converted  me  to  Dr.  Jeffreys's  opinion  that  they  are  related  to 
Adeorbis,  being  elevated  and  turbinate  forms  of  that  group.  Whether  Phasi- 
anema  S.  Wood  is  identical  with  Clathrella,  or  Fossarus,  or  Isapis,  I  do  not 
feel  ready  to  decide,  and  leave  that  question  open. 

Clathrella  naticoides  n.  s. 

Shell  minute,  white,  naticoid,  recalling  Lunatia  heros  in  shape,  but  with 
rounder  whorls  and  deeper  sutures;  whorls  four,  the  nucleus  minute,  inflated 
and  obliquely  set,  polished  and  glassy;  remainder  of  the  whorls  of  a  greenish 

*  This  is  also  named  Cyclostrema  bicarinatum  by  Guppy,  Geol.  Journ.,  XXII.  291, 
1866. 


MUSEUM   OF  COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY.  279 

opalescent  white,  with  an  unpolished  surface;  the  earlier  whorls  show  minute 
Scala-\ike  transverse  ribbing,  the  later  ones  are  smooth  except  for  silky  incre- 
mental lines;  last  whorl  much  the  largest;  aperture  rounded  ovate,  margin 
simple,  sharp;  columella  straight,  forming  the  front  edge  of  a  very  deep  nar- 
row vertically  striated  umbilicus;  umbilicus  with  a  strong  serrate  carina 
which  does  not  angulate  the  margin  of  the  aperture.  Alt.  2.75 ;  max.  diam. 
2.50  mm. 

Habitat.  U.  S.  Fish  Commission  Station  2610,  off  the  North  Carolina 
coast,  in  22  fins.,  gravel,  bottom  temperature  79°. 0  F. 

This  species  is  related  to  A.  (C.)  depressus  Seguenza,  but  has  not  the  beau- 
tiful surface  shagreening  of  that  species  and  is  rounder,  fuller,  and  generally 
more  compact  and  naticiform. 


Family  RISSOID^E. 

Genus  RISSOA  Freminviixe. 

A  vast  number  of  small  shells  are  included  under  this  genus.  Without 
doubt  a  reasonable  classification  of  them  will  render  a  separation  into  sub- 
genera and  sections  advisable  and  convenient.  But  many  of  the  attempts  to  do 
this  have  been  so  bungling,  and  the  naming  of  subordinate  groups  has  been 
carried  to  such  an  excess,  as  practically  to  oblige  one  who  has  not  especially 
studied  the  family  either  to  select  unguided  from  a  chaos  of  names  or  to  fall 
back  upon  the  original  generic  name.  As  I  have  only  two  species  from  the 
Blake  collection  to  consider,  I  prefer  the  latter  course.  The  arrangement 
adopted  by  Mr.  Watson  in  the  Challenger  Report  is  clear  and  rational;  it  is  to 
be  hoped  that  the  subject  will  be  taken  up  by  some  conservative  person,  not 
afraid  of  drudgery,  and  permanent  order  brought  out  of  the  present  chaos. 

Rissoa  precipitata  n.  s. 

Plate  XIX.  Fig.  1. 

Shell  conical,  blunt,  thin,  translucent  or  milky-white,  with  four  and  a  half 
whorls;  nuclear  whorl  and  a  half  depressed,  large,  opaque  white,  smooth, 
polished;  remainder  polished,  transversely  sculptured  with  about  twenty-two 
close-set  well-defined  ribs,  extending  from  suture  to  suture,  and  on  the  last 
whorl  to  the  periphery,  beyond  which  they  become  obsolete  or  merge  into  the 
lines  of  growth;  just  before  the  suture  is  an  impressed  line  or  constriction,  be- 
hind which  on  the  later  whorls  the  ribs  are  nodulous;  near  the  periphery  the 
shell  is  marked  by  more  or  less  distinct  grooves,  and  where  the  intercalary 
ridges  are  intersected  by  the  ribs  there  is  often  a  slight  nodulation;  these 
grooves  and  approximately  equal  ridges  between  them  are  evident  over  most  of 
the  rounded  base;  aperture  rounded  in  front,  angulated  behind;  pillar  with  a 
slight  callus  and  an  (accidental?)  minute  perforation  behind  it;  outer  lip  thin, 


280  BULLETIN   OF   THE 

simple;  suture  distinct,  not  deep.  Lon.  of  shell,  4.0;  of  last  whorl,  3.0;  of 
aperture,  1.8;  max.  lat.  of  shell,  2.5  mm. 

Habitat.     Yucatan  Strait,  670  fms. ,  one  dead  specimen. 

This  form  is  related  to  R.  xanthias  and  pyrrhias  of  Watson,  from  both  of 
which  it  differs  in  its  white  and  unsculptured  depressed  nucleus,  as  well  as  in 
the  fine  and  close  character  of  its  sculpture,  its  larger  size,  and  relatively 
thinner  shell. 

The  shell  is  not  umbilicated  when  adult,  but  either  the  young  shell  differs 
in  this  character,  or  there  is  a  variety  of  the  species  which  has  a  well  marked 
umbilical  furrow  behind  the  outer  lip,  and  wants  the  spiral  grooving  on  the 
base,  though  agreeing  with  the  type  in  other  respects.  A  not  quite  mature 
shell  of  this  description  was  dredged  by  Dr.  Rush  in  498  fms.,  off  Gun  Cay,  in 
the  path  of  the  Gulf  Stream. 

Rissoa  (xanthias  Watson  va.  ?)  acuticostata  Dall. 

Plate  XIX.  Fig.   10. 

Rissoa  xanthias  Watson,  Challenger  Gastr.,  p.  588,  pi.  xliv.  fig.  5,  1885. 

This  form  has  a  yellow  nucleus  of  three  whorls  regularly  conical,  and  with 
the  last  whorl  finely  spirally  grooved  and  crossed  by  fine  elevated  incremental 
lines.  The  adult  has  strong  sculpture,  fourteen  very  sharp  suturally  tuber- 
culated  ribs;  the  whorls  spirally  minutely  striate,  with  three  to  five  or  more 
stronger  threads  before  the  periphery,  no  umbilicus,  and  a  strong  varical  rib. 
Alt.  3.7;  lat.  2.0  mm. 

Habitat.  Off  Cape  San  Antonio,  in  640  fms.;  Barbados,  100  fms.;  Station 
20,  Gulf  of  Mexico,  in  220  fms.  Also  at  U.  S.  Fish  Commission  Station  2117, 
off  Hatteras,  N.  C,  in  683  fms.,  mud;  and  Station  2387,  in  32  fms.,  sand,  Gulf 
of  Mexico,  between  the  Mississippi  delta  and  Cedar  Keys. 

Were  I  convinced  that  the  characters  of  the  nucleus  are  invariable  in  this 
group,  I  should  not  hesitate  to  regard  this  as  a  new  species.  As  I  strongly  sus- 
pect they  vary,  as  do  the  characters  of  the  adult  shell,  and  I  have  not  sufficient 
material  to  decide  that  point,  I  prefer  for  the  present  to  regard  this  as  a  variety 
of  Mr.  Watson's  species,  from  which  its  apical  portion  differs  in  a  marked 
manner. 

Among  the  other  species  of  this  genus  which  have  been  found  in  deep  water 
off  our  coast  are  R.  pelagica  Stm.  (carinata  Mighels  non  Da  Costa  nee  Phi- 
lippi) ;  a  form  not  named,  extremely  like  R.  (Setia)  australis  Watson ;  another, 
R.  arenaria  Mighels,  extremely  close  to  R.  castanea  M  oiler;  R.  tenuisculpta 
Wats.;  R.  deliciosa  Jeffreys;  R.  pyrrhias  and  xanthias  Watson;  R.  Jan-mayeni 
Friele,  and  its  smooth  variety  R.  brychia  Verrill;  R.  synyenes,  leptalea,  apicina, 
Sandersoni,  and  harpa  of  Verrill ;  R.  areolata  Stm. ;  R.  turyida  ?  Jeffreys,  and 
R.  (Cingula)  aculeus  Gould. 

The  proper  classification  and  confirmation  of  these  species  must  await  a  larger 
supply  of  fresh  material,  and  a  thorough  revision  of  the  whole  group. 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPAKATIVE  ZOOLOGY.  2S1 


Genus  RISSOINA  Oebignt. 

Of  this  group,  so  abundant  in  moderate  depths  in  the  West  Indies,  only  a 
few  were  collected  by  the  Blake,  and  these  were  doubtless  adventitious,  and 
were  never  found  living  in  the  region  of  deep  water  below  the  zone  of  corals. 


Rissoina  laevigata  C.  B.  Adams. 

Rissoina  laevigata  C.  B.  Adams,  Contr.  Conch.,  p.  114,  1850. 

Habitat.  Barbados,  100  fras.  Northward  to  the  Carolina  coast,  iu.  15-22 
fms.,  U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

Rissoina  albida  C.  B.  Adams. 
Rissoina  albida  C.  B.  Adams,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  1845,  p.  6. 
Habitat.     Barbados,  100  fins.     Utilla  Island,  Honduras,  Simpson. 

Rissoina  decussata  Montagu. 
Turbo  decussatus  Montagu,  Test.  Brit.,  p.  399,  1803. 

Habitat.  Florida,  Hemphill.  Near  Cape  Fear,  N.  C,  in  17  fms.,  sand,  at 
Station  2617,  U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

Not  obtained  by  the  Blake.  This  is  R.  striosa  C.  B.  Adams,  and  R.  striato- 
costata  Orbigny. 

Rissoina  Chesnelii  Michaud. 
Rissoa  Chesnelii  Mich.,  Descr.  Gen.  Rissoa,  p.  15,  figs.  23,  24. 

Habitat.  Barbados,  100  fms.  Florida  (Rush  and  Hemphill)  northward  to 
North  Carolina,  U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

This  is  R.  Catesbyana  Orbigny,  and  R.  scalarella  C.  B.  Adams. 

Other  species  reaching  the  coast  of  the  United  States  are  R.  bryerea  Montagu 
(+  scalaroides  Ad.);  R.  multicostata  C.  B.  Adams;  and  R.  cancellata  Philippi 
(4-  pulchra  Ad.,  and  Philippiana  Pfr.);  all  of  which  reach  the  Florida  Keys, 
while  R.  Sagraiana  Orbigny  will  probably  be  added  to  the  list,  as  it  is  known 
from  Cuba  and  is  in  the  National  Museum  from  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico. 

Genus  BENTHONELLA  Dall. 

Shell  shaped  like  Niso,  but  without  peripheral  or  umbilical  keels;  umbil- 
icated ;  with  a  regular  dextral  nucleus  of  several  whorls,  of  a  different  color 
and  texture  from  the  succeeding  growth;  early  whorls  often  slightly  trans- 


282  BULLETIN   OF  THE 

versely  ribbed,  but,  in  general,  there  is  no  sculpture  or  but  little;  peristome 
slightly  reflexed,  rounded  in  front,  simple,  sharp,  not  continuous  over  the 
body.     Surface  brilliantly  polished  and  apparently  without  epidermis. 

This  group  is  instituted  to  contain  a  few  species  which  I  cannot  find  any 
place  for  in  existing  groups.  The  soft  parts  are  unfortunately  unknown.  If 
Verrill's  Cingula  apicina  should  belong  here,  as  seems  possible,  the  animal 
would  be  blind  and  the  operculum  paucispiral ;  but  the  nucleus  of  that  species 
is  styliform  while  in  all  ours  it  is  trochiform,  and  I  do  not  feel  confident  that 
they  belong  together.  There  are  several  of  the  deep-water  Rissom  which  have 
a  small  brown  trochiform  nucleus,  somewhat  like  the  present  group ;  but  there 
is  little  which  cari  be  depended  upon  in  the  general  character  of  the  larval 
shell  to  determine  generic  or  even  specific  affinities,  in' the  absence  of  other 
confirmatory  evidence,  as  a  student  soon  finds  out  who  examines  into  the  mat- 
ter thoroughly.  But  neither  in  Aclis,  nor  in  any  of  the  Eulirnidce,  have  I  so 
far  discovered  any  such  discrepancy  between  the  material  and  color  of  the  nu- 
cleus and  the  rest  of  the  shell  as  is  here  presented.  All  the  species  are  very 
thin. 

Benthonella  gaza  n.  s. 

Shell  elongated,  glistening  opaque  white,  extremely  thin,  with  two  and  a 
half  larval  and  five  later  whorls.  Nucleus  trochiform,  brown,  polished,  with  a 
single  carina  above  the  periphery;  other  whorls  full,  rounded,  the  earlier  ones 
marked  with  a  few  faint  flexuous  transverse  waves,  the  rest  with  only  lines  of 
growth.  The  whorls  are  full  and  rounded,  the  .suture  distinct;  base  full, 
rounded,  with  a  small  umbilicus,  in  front  of  which  is  reflected  the  thin  inner 
lip;  aperture  rounded,  lip  slightly  reflected,  not  thickened.  Lon.  of  shell,  6.5; 
of  last  whorl,  3.6;  max.  lat.  of  shell,  3.5  mm. 

Habitat.  Station  2352,  west  of  Cuba,  in  463  fms.,  coral,  U.  S.  Fish  Com- 
mission. 

This  species  may  be  regarded  as  the  type.  Its  polished  white  rounded 
simple  whorls  and  brown  tip  present  an  elegant  appearance. 

Benthonella  Fischeri  n.  s. 

Shell  resembling  the  last,  but  shorter  and  more  trochiform  and  with  a  smaller 
umbilicus.  Nucleus  of  three  brown  polished  whorls,  rather  flattened  on  the 
apex,  and  smooth  or  with  two  faint  carina?,  the  lower  one  against  the  suture, 
the  other  behind  the  periphery ;  subsequent  whorls  four  or  five,  rapidly  enlar- 
ging, smooth,  polished,  inflated,  with  a  few  small  transverse  waves  behind  the 
suture  in  some  specimens ;  in  the  early  whorls  these  waves  do  not  extend  back 
from  the  suture  more  than  half  the  width  of  the  whorl,  and  in  other  specimens 
are  absent;  incremental  lines  which  do  not  affect  the  polish  of  the  surface  are 
the  only  other  sculpture;  base  full  and  rounded;  umbilicus  minute,  partly 
but  not  wholly  covered  by  the  reflected  inner  lip ;  peristome  thin,  sharp,  broken 


MUSEUM  OF   COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY.  283 

in  all  the  specimens.  Max.  Ion.  of  shell,  5.3;  of  last  whorl,  3.2;  max.  lat.  of 
shell,  3.25  mm. 

Habitat.  Gulf  of  Mexico,  in  940  fms.,  mud,  bottom  temperature  39°.6  F., 
at  U.  S.  Fish  Commission  Station  23S4,  between  the  delta  of  the  Mississippi 
and  Cedar  Keys,  Florida. 

This  shell,  though  shorter  and  wider,  evidently  belongs  with  the  last.  It  is 
named  in  honor  of  Dr.  Paul  Fischer,  whose  admirable  Manual  is  so  useful,  and 
in  fact  indispensable,  to  all  students  of  mollusks. 

Benthonella  nisonis  n.  8. 

Shell  waxen  white,  with  a  (slightly  damaged)  brown  nucleus  of  (more  than 
two)  dark  polished  whorls  and  eight  adult  whorls  succeeding  the  larval  ones. 
The  shell  is  almost  exactly  the  shape  of  a  Niso,  and  if  the  nucleus  were  gone 
would  seem  to  need  only  the  keels  to  make  it  one.  The  whorls  are  less  rounded 
than  in  the  preceding  species,  the  suture  is  distinct  and  slightly  appressed. 
There  is  no  sculpture  except  that  occasionally  an  emphatic  incremental  incised 
line  indicates  a  previous  resting  stage.  Base  full  and  rounded;  umbilicus 
small;  aperture  beautifully  rounded  in  front,  peristome  thin,  discontinuous, 
slightly  reflected,  especially  at  the  inner  lip,  which  is  arcuated.  Max.  Ion.  of 
shell,  9.0;  of  last  whorl,  4.6;  max.  lat.,  4.0  mm. 

Habitat.     With  the  last,  in  940  fms.  muddy  bottom. 

This  shell  remarkably  resembles  a  Niso  without  keels,  and  I  should  not 
hesitate  so  to  refer  it  were  it  not  for  the  nucleus.  The  figure  of  Aclis  lata 
(Plate  XVIII.  Fig.  8),  if  the  differences  of  dimension  be  taken  into  account, 
would  pretty  fairly  represent  this  shell. 


Family   CALYPTR^EIDiE. 

Genus  MITRULARIA  Schumacher. 

Mitrularia  Schumacher,  Essai,  pp.  56,  183,  1817. 
Calyptrcea  Lamarck,  1801 ;  not  of  Lamarck,  1799. 

Mitrularia  equestris  Linne. 
Mitrularia  Neptuni  Schumacher,  loc.  cit. 

Habitat.  Station  2,  in  805  fms,  Gulf  of  Mexico;  Station  32,  in  95  fms.; 
Station  155,  near  Montserrat,  in  88  fms.;  and  Station  273,  near  Barbados,  103 
fms.     Northward  to  Cape  Hatteras,  in  15-34  fms.,  U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

This  group  seems  to  me  decidedly  nearer  Crucibulum,  etc.,  than  to  Avial- 
thea,  notwithstanding  it  occasionally  secretes  a  shelly  pedestal. 


284  BULLETIN   OF  THE 

Genus  CRIJCIBULUM  Schumacher. 

Crucibulum  auricula  Gmelin. 

Patella  auricula  Gmelin,  Dillwyn's  Cat.,  II.  p.  1017,  1817. 
Crucibulum  planatum  Schumacher,  Essai,  p.  182,  1817. 

Habitat.    Off  Sombrero,  in  54  fms.     Gulf  of  Mexico,  U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

The  above  is  the  first  specific  name  in  binomial  form,  and  it  was  applied 
to  the  West  Indian  shell.  It  should,  therefore,  take  precedence  of  all  others, 
including  that  of  Gray  adopted  by  Tryon. 

Section  DISPOT^A  Sat. 

Crucibulum  striatum  Sat. 

Habitat.  Northward  from  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico,  and  the  Antilles,  to  Grand 
Manan  Island,  Bay  of  Fundy.     Off  Sand  Key,  Florida,  in  128  fms. 

Genus   CALYPTR.EA  Lamarck. 

Calyptrcea  Lamarck,  Essai,  p.  78,  1799  (not  of  Syst,  1801). 
Galerus  Humphrey,  Mus.  Calonnianum,  p.  6,  1797  (undescribed). 

Calyptraea  Candeana  Orbignt. 

Infundibulum  Candeanum  Orbigny,  Moll.  Cuba,  II.  p.  190,  pi.  xxiv.  figs.  28,  29,  1842. 
Galerus  Candeanus  Dall,  Hemphill's  Shells,  p.  335,  1883. 
Galerus  parvulus  Dunker,  Jahrb.  Deutsch.  Mai.  Ges.,  1875,  p.  244. 

Habitat.  Yucatan  Strait,  dead,  in  640  fms.  Province  of  St.  Catherine, 
Brazil,  northward  to  the  Antilles,  Florida,  and  the  coast  of  North  Carolina, 
living,  in  12-50  fms. 

This  species  appears  never  to  attain  a  greatest  diameter  of  over  12.0  mm.; 
most  of  the  specimens  I  have  seen  are  less  than  half  this  diameter.  It  is  more 
elevated  than  C.  chinensis  and  the  spirality  is  more  conspicuous,  while  there 
are  numerous  strong  incremental  lines,  and  an  absence  of  the  pustules  charac- 
teristic of  the  European  species. 

Genus  CREPIDULA  Lamarck. 

Crepidula  Lam.,  Essai,  p.  78,  1799. 

Proscenula  Perry,  Conch.,  pi.  liii.  and  expl.  text,  1811. 

In  most  manuals  and  books  of  reference  the  animals  of  this  family  are  said 
to  protect  their  eggs  "under  the  foot"  while  developing.  I  have  examined 
Crucibulum  imbricatum  and  Calyptrcea  conica  Broderip,  as  well  as  Crepidula 


MUSEUM  OF   COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY.  285 

(Sandalium)  aculeata  Gmelin  and  C.  adunca  Sowerby,  all  of  which  agree  very 
fairly  in  general  characters.  The  foot  is  rather  small,  with  a  thin  front  edge  ; 
the  neck  and  muzzle  are  long,  thin,  narrow,  and  vertically  compressed,  with 
short  stout  tentacles,  with  the  eyes  about  midway  from  their  outer  bases 
toward  the  tips  ;  behind  the  right  tentacle,  and  just  above  the  epipodial  line, 
is  the  slender  cylindrical  verge,  in  the  male  ;  this  organ  is  sometimes  as  long 
as  the  tentacle,  sometimes  only  half  as  long,  but  always  more  slender.  On  each 
side  of  the  neck  is  a  broad  thin  lamina,  extending  back  to  the  junction  of  the 
neck  and  foot.  This  is  epipodial  in  origin,  and  usually  flat  or  slightly  puck- 
ered by  the  alcohol.  When  the  eggs  are  deposited,  tbey  appear  in  irregular 
groups,  enclosed  in  pedunculated  gelatinous  masses  (Crepidula  adunca),  or  in 
a  single  large  gelatinous  mass.  At  this  time  the  epipodial  lamina  on  each  side 
becomes  enlarged,  puffed  up  like  a  hood  or  dome,  between  its  outer  margin 
and  the  neck,  while  the  corners  of  the  foot  project,  each  in  a  large  thin  lingui- 
form  flat  process.  The  inner  edges  of  these  processes  overlap,  and  form  a  floor, 
which  is  roofed  in  by  the  neck  with  its  exaggerated  lateral  pouches  on  each 
side.  In  this  shelter  the  egg  masses  are  protected  (C.  adunca)  until  the  young 
are  hatched.  There  is  some  variation  of  details  in  different  species,  but  in 
general  the  process  is  about  the  same,  at  least  in  all  I  have  examined. 

The  gills  in  this  family  are  much  more  like  Pelecypod  gills  than  are  those 
of  most  Gastropods.  The  lamina?  are  long,  almost  filamentous,  and  sustained 
by  chitinous  rods.  Their  tips  are  slightly  enlarged  and  opaque  whitish,  while 
the  rest  is  translucent.  The  osphradium,  like  small  short-laminated  gill,  is 
situated  by  the  side  of  the  ctenidium. 

Section  JANACUS  Morch. 
Crepidula  protea  Orbigny. 

Crepidula  protea  Orbigny,  Moll.  Cuba,  II.  192,  pi.  xxiv.  figs.  30-33,  1842 ;  Dall, 
Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  80,  1881. 

Habitat.  Off  Havana,  at  several  stations,  varying  in  depth  from  80  to  450 
fathoms. 

This  is  probably  identical  with  C.  unguiformis  Lam. 

Section  SANDALIUM  Schumacher. 

In  adopting  the  name  Crepidula  of  Lamarck,  Schumacher  divided  the  group 
into  two  genera,  each  of  which  contains  two  sections,  in  this  manner :  — 
Genus  X.    Sandalium  Schumacher. 

Section  a,  type  Patella  porcellana  Lin.  (=  Crepidula  s.  s.) 

Section  /3,  type  Patella  aculeata  Chemn. 
Genus  XL    Trochita  Schumacher. 

Section  a,  type  Patella  chinensis  Lin.  (=  Cahjptrcea  Lam.,  1799). 

Section  /3,  type  Patella  trochiformis  Gmel. 


286  BULLETIN  OF  THE 

It  i9  evident  from  the  above  table  that  the  two  previously  unnamed  sections 
6hould  bear  the  names  applied  by  Schumacher,  instead  of  those  given  to  the 
same  things  at  a  later  time.  Thus  the  section  of  Crepidula,  called  Crypta 
(Gray)  by  Dr.  Fischer  in  his  Manual,  should  take  the  name  of  Sandalium 
if  the  section  is  to  be  retained;  and  the  Trochatella  of  Lesson  (1830,  not  of 
Swainson,  1840)  must  give  way  to  Trochita  of  Schumacher.  In  this  way  only 
can  the  rules  of  nomenclature  be  satisfied,  even  if  it  were  not  due  to  the  very 
remarkable  ability  shown  in  his  system  by  Schumacher.  He  was  by  far  the 
most  clear-headed  of  the  early  conchological  systematists  except  Lamarck.  The 
reference  of  this  group  to  the  Infundibulum  of  Montfort  by  several  naturalists 
is  an  error.  Montfort  would  doubtless  have  referred  a  Trochita  to  his  genus 
Infundibulum ;  but  his  type,  distinctly  figured  and  unmistakable,  is  no  Trochita, 
as  he  recognizes  in  his  remarks,  but  the  shell  called  Carinidea  by  Swainson, 
as  Dr.  Fischer  has  correctly  stated  (Manual,  p.  817). 

Crepidula  (Sandalium)  aculeata  Gmelin. 
C.  aculeata  Gmelin,  Tryon,  Man.,  VIII.  p.  129,  pi.  xxxix.  figs.  61-65,  1886. 

Habitat.  Gulf  of  Mexico,  near  the  Tortugas,  at  Station  44,  in  539  fms., 
bottom  temperature  39°.5  F. 

One  living  but  dwarfed  and  white  specimen  was  found  at  the  above  depth. 
The  species  extends  to  Cape  Hatteras  in  a  northerly  direction,  and  is  abundant 
below  tides  on  the  Florida  Keys.    It  is  common  in  the  Southern  Pliocene. 

Beside  the  above,  Crepidula  convexa  Say  and  C.  fornicata  Linne  enter  this 
region  from  the  north;  though  I  have  seen  no  typical  fornicata  except  from 
the  mainland,  the  variety  C.  navicula  Dunker  replacing  it  among  the  islands. 
C.  glauca  Say  i»  only  a  particular  form  of  juvenile  C.  fornicata.  There  are 
innumerable  synonyms. 

Family  CAPULID^. 
Genus  CAPULUS  Montfort. 

An  investigation  of  the  literature  in  regard  to  this  genus  shows  how  little  is 
known  in  regard  to  some  of  the  commonest  mollusks,  and  how  necessary  to 
a  proper  understanding  of  their  relations  is  a  reliable  account  of  their  most 
prominent  anatomical  features. 

In  nearly  all  manuals  or  works  relating  to  this  genus  we  find  the  type  spe- 
cies C.  hungaricus  Linn4  represented  as  having  the  "  rostrum  lengthened " 
(Tryon),  "mufle  allonge"  (Fischer),  "head  broad  and  thick  with  produced 
lips  so  as  to  make  the  extremity  of  the  muzzle  appear  cloven  "  (Jeffreys),  and 
"head  snout-like"  or  with  "extensile  snout"  (Jeffreys).  In  1858  Bretherton 
stated  in  the  Zoologist,  that  "  the  proboscis  or  rostrum  (like  that  of  Cyproza  it 
appears  to  be  of  an  intermediate  character)  is  capable  of  extension,  and  can  be 


MUSEUM  OF  COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY.  287 

produced  beyond  the  shell."  Troschel  states  (Gehiss  der  Sehnecken,  I.  p.  1G1, 
1863)  that  the  external  mouth  parts  exhibit  "ein  vorstehender  nissellbrmiger 
Theil "  which  cannot  be  retracted  and  extended,  and  is  not  a  true  proboscis. 
He  compares  it  to  an  elongated  lower  lip,  and  states  that  it  is  fissured  on  the 
upper  side  lengthways  with  a  deep  incision.  Lastly,  Gray,  in  Mrs.  Gray's  Fig- 
ures of  Molluscous  Animals  (Vol.  III.  pi.  cclxviii.  figs.  12  a,  12  b,  from  a  manu- 
script sketch  by  Curtis,  cf.  Vol.  IV.  p.  83,  1859),  shows  a  long  slender  pointed 
proboscis  or  tubular  unforked  organ,  protruding  from  between  the  tentacles  to 
a  distance  equal  to  the  whole  length  of  the  animal  behind  the  head.  Troschel 
could  find  no  jaws;  another  authority  states  that  the  jaws  are  rudimentary. 

A  small  specimen  of  C.  hunyaricus,  taken  by  the  Fish  Commission  off 
Martha's  Vineyard  in  458  fms.,  has  a  bilobed  muzzle  so  short  and  retracted 
by  the  alcohol  as  to  be  hardly  more  than  a  gash  in  the  median  line  between 
the  tentacles.  The  figures  given  by  Jeffreys,  Forbes  and  Hanley,  etc.,  which 
have  been  copied  by  Tryon  and  others,  show  a  moderately  extended  bilobed 
muzzle,  in  no  respect  resembling  Curtis's  sketch.  What  is  the  explanation  of 
these  discrepancies  1  Simply  that,  in  opposition  to  the  old  statements,  by 
whomsoever  made,  this  animal  has  a  long  retractile  proboscis,  which  can  be 
completely  exserted  so  that  it  shows  no  line  of  division  between  it  and  the 
head;  this  is  pulled  in  by  the  tip,  and  when  nearly  retracted  its  sides  near  the 
base  resemble  a  muzzle  vertically  cleft,  as  there  is  on  each  side  under  the  skin 
a  sort  of  nearly  cartilaginous  buttress  more  solid  than  the  proboscis,  and  which 
projects  when  the  latter  is  withdrawn.  These  buttresses,  however,  contract 
strongly  in  alcohol,  and  then  of  the  oral  aperture  only  a  vertical  slit  is  visible 
between  the  tentacles.  In  the  Rhacbiglossa  the  proboscis  is  pulled  in  by  the 
base,  in  this  group  retracted  by  the  tip;  in  Cyprcea  it  is  usually  rather  short, 
in  Capulus  it  is  very  long,  its  distal  half  split  on  the  upper  side,  so  that  it  can 
be  expanded  into  a  sort  of  plaque,  which,  I  imagine,  in  life  could  envelop  any 
Bmall  soft  thing,  so  that  the  Capulus  could  smother  it  and  suck  up  its  juices  at 
leisure,  much  as  a  starfish  envelops  a  young  oyster  by  projecting  the  mem- 
branes of  its  stomach  out  of  its  mouth  and  about  the  victim. 

I  regard  the  group  as  forming  a  family  with  the  following  characters:  — 

Shell  patelliform,  without  internal  processes ;  the  nucleus  spiral,  posteriorly 
directed;  the  muscular  impression  horseshoe-shaped;  the  mentum  prolonged 
for  use  as  an  oviphorus;  the  gill  composed  of  laminae,  each  basally  attached  to 
the  under  side  of  the  dome  of  the  mantle  over  the  head  and  proceeding  from 
left  to  right;  the  proboscis  long,  retractile  from  the  tip,  split  above  and  ex- 
panded at  the  distal  extremity;  foot  not  secreting  any  shelly  base;  young 
undergoing  all  larval  changes  within  the  ovioapsule. 

In  regard  to  the  species  mentioned  in  Tryon's  Monograph  of  the  group,  it 
may  be  added  that  Hipponyx  Danieli  Crosse  is  almost  certainly  Patella  calyptra 
of  Martyn,  described  in  the  last  century.  A  magnificent  specimen  from  the 
Fiji  Islands  is  in  the  National  Museum.  It  is  a  Capulus,  and  not  a  Hipponyx. 
Hipponyx  crystallinus  (Gould)  Tryon  is  a  Thyca,  and  should  be  transferred  to 
Capulus,  where  Gould  originally  placed  it.     It  lives  parasitic  on  starfishes. 


288  BULLETIN   OF  THE 

Section  KREBSIA  Morch. 

Capulus  illtortus  Lamarck. 

Capulus  intortus  Lamarck,  Orb.,  Moll.  Cuba,  I.  p.  186,  pi.  xxiv.  figs.  22,  23,  1842. 

This  species  was  dredged  by  the  Blake  at  Station  5,  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico, 
in  229  fms.  The  Fish  Commission  has  obtained  it  off  Hatteras,  in  63-107 
fms.,  sand,  at  Stations  2595  and  2601 ;  and  it  was  collected  by  Hemphill  on 
the  reefs  at  Key  West.  It  is  also  in  the  Museum  from  the  Bahamas  Banks 
and  Barbados.     The  deep-water  specimens  were  all  dead. 

Section  HYALORISIA  Dall. 
Capulus  galea  n.  s. 

Plate  XIV.  Fig.  3. 

Shell  thin,  white,  ovate ,  depressed,  with  a  fine  thin  nearly  smooth  yellowish 
epidermis  which  projects  beyond  the  margin.  The  apex  is  nearly  medially 
placed,  and  extends  but  little  behind  the  margin.  The  whole  shell  comprises 
about  two  whorls,  of  which  the  nucleus  comprises  one  and  a  half;  it  is  very 
small,  dextral,  and  obliquely  set;  the  exterior  of  the  shell  is  smooth,  almost 
polished,  with  fine  concentric  little-elevated  lines  and  faint  radiating  stria?; 
margin  thin,  aperture  ovate ;  interior  polished,  white;  the  muscular  impression 
faint,  extending  well  forward ;  in  front  of  the  nucleus  and  nearly  on  a  level 
with  it  is  a  narrow  arched  lamina,  horizontal,  its  greatest  width  about  1.0  mm. 
in  the  median  line;  the  distance  in  a  straight  line  between  the  ends  of  the  arc 
is  about  8.0  mm. ;  the  cavity  of  the  shell  extends  above  this  lamina  and  behind 
it  into  the  narrower  part  of  the  spire.  Max.  Ion.  of  shell,  18.5 ;  max.  lat.,  15.5; 
alt.,  5.5  mm. 

Habitat.  Station  275,  near  Barbados,  in  218  fms.,  sand,  bottom  temperature 
52°.5  F. 

Soft  parts:  foot  originally  rounded  and  somewhat  pointed  behind,  squared 
off  and  narrower  in  front;  mentum  large,  thin,  smooth-edged,  extending  be- 
yond the  foot;  head  large,  swollen;  tentacles  subulate,  eye  pedicels  present 
but  destitute  of  pigment  or  eyes;  excretory  papillae  in  the  sinus  over  the 
head,  on  the  right  side;  gill  laminae  numerous,  large;  proboscis  long,  slender, 
split  above  and  expanded  near  the  tip;  mantle  edge  smooth  or  not  papillose; 
no  epipodial  filaments  behind  the  foot;  body  conical,  the  upper  part  crammed 
with  unextruded  ova  of  a  yellowish  buff  color.  Not  wishing  to  destroy  the 
beautiful  exhibition  of  its  proboscis  made  by  this  specimen,  I  have  refrained 
from  dissecting  it. 

The  lamina  above  described  is  not  an  independent  formation,  like  the  deck 
of  a  Crepidula,  which  to  some  extent  it  recalls  at  first  sight,  but  rather  a  sort 
of  fold  of  the  shell  under  the  apex,  the  like  of  which  I  have  observed  in 
April  10,  1889. 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  289 

C.  hungaricus  on  some  occasions,  and  sometimes  in  specimens  of  Hipponyx. 
It  may  be  a  purely  individual  character,  but  is  very  regular,  and  therefore  has 
been  fully  described. 

This  species  recalls  the  C.  obliquus  of  the  Crag,  and  some  of  the  species  called 
Brocchia  from  the  Italian  Tertiaries.  Brocchia  is  always  stated  to  be  sinistral, 
and  the  spire  viewed  from  behind  is  certainly  twisted  to  the  left  of  a  vertical 
plane  more  than  usual ;  but  I  have  yet  to  see  a  single  specimen  in  which  there 
is  a  sinistral  nucleus,  or  any  genuine  sinistrorsity  of  the  ,rest  of  the  shell. 
Possibly  such  may  exist,  but  I  doubt  it. 


Family  AMALTHEID.E. 

Genus  AMALTHEA  Schumacher. 

Amalthea  Schum.,  Essai,  pp.  56,  181,  pi.  xxi.  fig.  4,  1817. 
Hipponyx  Defrance,  Bull,  des  Sciences,  p.  9,  1819. 

Amalthea  benthophila  n.  s. 

Plate  XIV.  Fig.  1  a-b. 

Shell  stout,  white,  smooth,  with  a  smooth  straw-colored  epidermis  and  a 
coil  of  about  two  whorls;  apex  elevated,  nucleus  glassy,  rather  large,  of  about 
one  whorl ;  surface  smooth,  often  polished,  showing  only  irregularities  due  to 
growth  and  a  few  microscopic  spiral  scratches ;  aperture  subcircular,  interior 
white,  glossy ;  basal  plate  sometimes  quite  thin,  as  when  the  mollusk  is  seated 
on  a  fiat  stone  or  another  Amalthea,  or  quite  thick,  as  when  it  roosts  on  a 
Cidaris  spine.  It  is  marked  with  two  diverging  impressions  corresponding  to 
the  position  of  the  adductors.  Lat.  of  aperture,  8.0;  Ion.  of  aperture,  8.0; 
alt.,  6.0  mm. 

Habitat.  Off  Sand  Key,  dead,  in  50  fms.;  Station  146,  off  St.  Kitts,  in  245 
fins.,  on  flat  stone;  Station  150,  near  Nevis,  in  373  fms.,  on  shells;  Station 
167,  near  Guadelupe,  in  175  fms.,  on  spines  of  Echini;  Station  206,  off  Mar- 
tinique, in  170  fms.,  on  Echinus  spines;  Station  223,  off  St.  Vincent,  146  fms., 
on  shells.     Bottom  temperatures  45°  to  55°  F. 

This  species  by  its  smooth  surface  is  easily  distinguished  from  any  other. 
The  irregularities  of  the  Echinus  spines  are  not  reproduced  on  the  surface  of 
the  shell,  as  its  pedestal,  secreted  by  the  foot,  covers  all  such  inequalities.  I 
cannot  help  doubting  if  there  is  any  such  connection  between  the  base  and  the 
adductors  as  exists  between  the  latter  and  the  shell.  The  irregularities  of  the 
specimens  living  on  a  smooth  surface  indicate  that  they  are  not  absolutely 
fixed  to  one  spot,  at  least  not  more  than  Gadinia  or  Crepidula  when  young. 
If  the  adductors  were  organically  attached  to  the  base,  of  course  it  would  be 
death  to  the  animal  to  move. 

The  young  shells,  to  the  number  of  twenty  or  so,  are  protected  by  the 
mother,  and  attain  a  size  of  more  than  one  whorl  before  leaving  their  capsules. 

VOL.  XVIII.  19 


290  BULLETIN   OF  THE 

The  other  species  of  this  group  which  belong  to  the  fauna  under  consider- 
ation are  Amalthea  antiquata  Linne,  which  occurs  in  South  Florida  and  so 
southward;  Amalthea  effodiens  Cpr.,  which  from  a  typical  specimen  in  the 
Museum  looks  distinct  from  any  of  the  others,  and  seems  to  be  confined  to  the 
Lesser  Antilles ;  and  Amalthea  barbata,  vars.  tuberculata  Cpr.  and  costellata  Cpr., 
found  with  the  last  species,  certainly  varieties  of  each  other,  and  probably  both 
bearing  a  varietal  relation  to  A.  barbata.  They  are,  however,  much  coarser 
and  stronger  than  any  genuine,  barbata  I  have  seen,  are  brown  instead  of  white, 
and  less  elevated  in  habit  than  barbata,  so  they  may  well  be  distinct,  in  which 
case  the  name  of  costellata  would  better  be  retained  for  the  species.  Lastly, 
there  is  Amalthea  subrufa  Lamarck,  which  I  have  from  Key  West  in  50  fms., 
sand  and  coral,  living  on  dead  shells  and  corals.  It  extends  from  this  point 
southward.  The  Piliscus  (Allerya)  Krebsii  Morch  is  a  Williamia,  closely 
related  to  W.  Gussoni  Costa,  and  belongs  to  the  family  Siphonariidce.  It  is 
probably  widely  distributed  on  floating  objects. 


Family  XENOPHORID^. 

Genus  XENOPHORA  G.  Fischer. 

Xenophora  G.  Fischer,  Tableau  Synopt.  de  Zoognosie,  p.  113,  Moscow,  1808.    Type 
X.  conchylioplmra  Born. 

Section  XENOPHORA  s.  s. 

Xenophora  conchyliophora  Born. 

Trochus  conc/tyliophorus  Born,  Index  Mus.  Cass.,  p  333. 
Xenophora  laevigata  G.  Fischer,  op.  at ,  p.  113,  1808. 

Habitat.  West  Indies  generally,  and  northward  to  the  vicinity  of  Cape 
Hatteras,  where  it  is  found  in  30-40  fms.  The  Blake  obtained  it  at  Stations 
5,  10,  and  12,  in  the  southern  part  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  in  36-229  fms.,  ooze, 
bottom  temperature  about  50°. 0  F.  The  Fish  Commission  has  dredged  it, 
living,  in  from  14  to  111  fms.,  mud,  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  the  Antilles, 
as  well  as  along  the  Carolina  coast. 

This  is  the  only  identifiable  species  among  those  cited  and  described  by 
Fischer.  Therefore,  the  typical  section  of  the  genus  must  be  composed  of 
those  species  agreeing  with  it.     Phorus  Montfort  is  precisely  synonymous. 

This  species  is  easily  recognized  by  its  brown  base,  not  umbilicated,  or  with 
a  mere  chink  in  occasional  young  specimens,  and  the  margin  of  the  base  not 
produced  into  a  thin  lamina.  It  does  not  reach  as  deep  water  as  X  caribaa, 
and  generally  carries  a  much  heavier  load.  Stones,  corals  (sometimes  even 
alive),  oysters,  chamas,  and  worn  remains  of  heavy  gastropod  shells,  cover  and 
conceal  its  surface.     This  species  reachea  back  to  the  Eocene,  under  various 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  291 

names,  but  the  shells  show  no  differential  characters.  A  fine  specimen  in  the 
Museum,  from  the  Miocene  silex-beds  of  Tampa,  Florida,  was  carefully  cleaned 
of  all  its  load  by  a  youthful  assistant,  under  the  impression  that  he  was 
relieving  the  fossil  from  extraneous  matter ! 

Section  TUGURIUM  P.  Fischer. 

Xenophora  caribeea  Petit. 

Xenophora  caribcea  Petit,  Journ.  de  Conchy liologie,  V.  p.  248,  pi.  x.  figs.  1,  2,  1856. 

Habitat.  Stations  12,  32,  and  36,  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  in  36-95  fms.; 
Station  156,  off  Montserrat,  in  88  fms.;  Station  174,  off  Guadelupe,  dead,  in 
878  fms. ;  Station  300,  near  Barbados,  in  82  and  100  fms.;  bottom  temperatures 
60°-69°  F.  U.  S.  Fish  Commission  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  Antilles,  in 
14-274  fms.,  living,  and  northward  to  the  vicinity  of  Cape  Hatteras,  in  30-40 
fms.,  usually  on  a  muddy  bottom. 

This  species  arranges  small  shells,  usually  bivalves,  in  a  fringe  around  the 
marginal  lamina.  One  specimen  from  very  deep  water  had  appropriated  several 
small  pieces  of  coal  thrown  overboard  with  ashes  by  some  steamship.  The 
open  umbilicus  is  frequently  occupied  by  a  tubicolous  annelid,  which  lives 
in  good  fellowship  with  its  involuntary  host.  In  this  species  the  habit  of 
cementing  shells  to  its  margin  is  evidently  merely  a  habit,  as  the  projecting 
shells  must  be  inconvenient  in  moving  about,  and  have  no  protective  value. 
The  practice  is  a  reminiscence  of  a  time  when  it  was  really  useful,  and  Ave  can 
assume  with  confidence  that  this  species  is  of  later  development  and  origin 
than  the  preceding  one. 

The  separate  objects  appear  to  be  selected  with  a  certain  taste  and  care,  as 
they  are  usually  of  nearly  the  same  size,  separated  from  one  another  by  about 
the  same  space,  and  the  convex  side  of  the  object  is  always  downward. 

The  soft  parts  are  small  in  proportion  to  the  shell,  whitish,  with  large  eye8 
and  long  tentacles.  In  alcohol  the  opercular  lobe  is  larger  than  the  foot.  The 
operculum  is  more  lozenge-shaped  than  that  of  A',  caperata  as  figured  by  Petit, 
and  the  nucleus  is  less  central.  The  operculum  is  smooth  outside,  with  an 
obscure  central  rib  on  the  base,  and  striated  both  ways  on  that  side. 

It  is  worthy  of  note  that  the  operculum  of  A',  caperata  Phil,  resembles  that 
of  X.  conchy! iophora  in  being  subsymmetrical  and  subtriangular,  while  that  of 
the  present  species  is  asymmetrical.  If  this  feature  holds  good,  it  would  add 
another  to  the  characters  by  which  the  two  sections  of  the  genus  may  be 
separaLcd. 

From  the  appearance  of  a  number  of  specimens  of  this  species,  I  have  been 
led  to  suspect  that,  when  young,  the  animal  may  have  the  power  of  extruding 
a  purplish  fluid,  not  unlike  that  of  Trophon  and  some  other  gastropods. 

On  dead  fragments  of  this  species  were  found  nearly  all  the  specimens  of 
Dimya  dredged  by  the  Blake,  and  they  afford  an  excellent  perch  for  the  ser- 
pulse,  sertularians,  and  polyzoa  which  inhabit  the  depths. 


292  BULLETIN   OF  THE 

Family  NATICID^. 
Genus  NATICA  Lamarck. 
Section  COCHLIS  Morch. 
Operculum  shelly,  with  a  single  marginal  rib. 

Natica  maroccana  (Chemnitz)  Dillwyn. 

Nerita  maroccana  Chemn.,  Conch.  Cab.,  V.  p.  270,  pi.  clxxxviii.  figs.  1905-1910  ex 
parte.  Ulysses'  Travels,  p.  474.  Dillwyn,  Cat.  Kec.  Shells,  II.  p.  983,  No.  13, 
1817.     (West  Indies,  W.  Africa,  Mediterranean.) 

Natica  Dillwynii  Payr.,  Moll.  Corse,  p.  120,  pi.  v.  figs.  27,  28,  1826. 

Natica  proxima  C.  B.  Adams,  Contr.  Conch.,  p.  Ill,  1850.  Reeve,  Conch.  Icon. 
Natica,  fig.  126.     (West  Indies.) 

Habitat.  Mediterranean,  West  Africa,  West  Indies,  and  northward  to  Cape 
Hatteras,  N.  C. 

This  species,  as  eliminated  from  the  mixture  of  species  called  maroccana  and 
marochiensis  by  Dillwyn,  should  stand  as  the  genuine  maroccana.  That  the 
N.  proxima  Adams  is  identical  with  authentic  N.  Dillwynii  Payr.,  I  have  deter- 
mined by  the  comparison  of  types.  The  West  American  maroccana  is  a  differ- 
ent species,  and  has  a  different  operculum.  N.  proxima  has  an  entirely  different 
operculum  from  N.  canrena,  with  which  Tryon  unites  it  (as  the  young),  and 
belongs  to  a  different  section  of  the  genus,  as  already  pointed  out  by  Morch. 
On  the.  other  hand,  N.  Dillwynii  and  avellana  Philippi,  which  are  identical 
with  N.  proxima,  are  regarded  by  Tryon  as  distinct.  He  refuses  the  name 
maroccana  or  marochiensis  to  the  Mediterranean  form,  which  is  really  identical 
with  that  of  the  West  Indies,  and  unites  with  the  latter  the  West  American 
species,  which  is  perfectly  distinct.  This  group,  in  fact,  is  in  great  need  of 
thorough  study  by  some  one  who  will  treat  the  subject  with  care,  and  work 
from  the  specimens,  and  not  jump  to  conclusions  from  the  inspection  of  more 
or  less  inaccurate  figures.  This  group  and  that  of  N.  canrena  are  particularly 
muddled,  and  inconsiderate  wholesale  lumping  of  species  can  in  the  present 
state  of  our  knowledge  do  nothing  but  harm.  I  have  not  pretended  to  give 
even  a  small  proportion  of  the  synonymy.  The  operculum  of  this  species  has 
a  double  marginal  rib,  the  outer  half  higher  than  the  inner,  and  the  whole,  in 
adult  specimens,  separated  from  the  central  area  by  a  rather  broad  flat-bottomed 
channel.  The  nucleus  of  the  operculum  is  usually  overlaid  by  a  thin  irregular 
callus,  often  of  a  dark  color. 

Natica  livida  Pfeiffer. 

Natica  livida  Pfr.,  Wiegm.  Arch.,  VI.  p.  254,  1840.     Morch,  Malak.  Blatt.,  XXIV. 

p.  64,  1877. 
Natica  jamaicensis  C.  B.  Adams,  Contr.  Conch.,  p.  Ill,  1850. 


•1 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY.  29 

Natica  proximo,  Sowerby,  Thesaurus,  Nalica,  pi.  viii.  fig.  Ill,  not  of  C.  B.  Adams. 
'(  Nalica  rujilabris  Reeve,  Conch.  Icon.  Natica,  fig.  103,  1855. 

Habitat.  Barbados,  100  fms.  Key  West,  »Pickering.  Gulf  of  Mexico,  be- 
tween Mississippi  delta  and  Cedar  Keys,  in  20  fins.,  U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

This  form  is  generally  more  elevated  than  maroccana,  and  its  coloring  more 
like  Lunatia  triseriata.  The  nucleus  is  always  minute,  and  generally  dark 
brown.  It  is  related  to  N.  maroccana,  but  its  operculum  has  only  a  single 
narrow  undivided  marginal  rib  separated  by  a  narrow  groove  from  the  inner 
area,  so  that  I  can  assert  that  the  name  is  not  a  synonym.  It  will  probably 
include  N.  Hmacina  Jousseaume,  but  of  that,  again,  I  have  seen  no  authentic 
specimen,  while  rujilabris  is  in  the  same  category.  N.  lacemula  Orbigny  is 
doubtless  synonymous  wTith  livida,  and  probably  N.  pulchdla  Pfr.  also  belongs 
here. 

Section  NATICA  s.  8. 
Operculum  shelly,  externally  multisulcate. 

Natica  canrena  Lamarck. 

This  well  known  and  characteristic  species  was  not  obtained  by  the  Blake, 
but  is  known  from  authentic  sources  to  extend  from  Rio  Janeiro  to  the  An- 
tilles, and  from  the  Antilles  to  Cape  Hatteras.  It  has  a  large  and  pellucid 
nucleus,  which  will  always  serve  to  distinguish  it  from  species  of  the  maroccana 
group  in  the  absence  of  the  very  characteristic  operculum. 

Natica  castrensis  n.  s. 

Shell  four-whorled,  thin,  light,  white  painted  with  yellow  brown.  Nucleus 
large,  lucid ;  an  opaque  white  band  in  front  of  the  suture  with  irregular,  brown 
flammules;  a  peripheral  series  of  distant  small  obscure  brown  spots  ;  base, 
callus,  umbilicus,  and  aperture  opaque  spotless  white,  remainder  translucent 
white  with  a  network  of  extremely  fine  lines  and  spaces,  so  disposed  as  to  form 
spirally  directed  "  tent "  shaped  white  markings  on  a  brownish  ground,  re- 
calling the  pattern  of  Conus  gloria-maris,  the  apices  of  the  little  white  triangles 
all  pointing  toward  the  aperture;  whorls  extremely  round,  the  suture  conse- 
quently well  marked,  and  almost  channelled;  general  form  about  like  that  of 
N.  canrena ;  umbilicus  with  a  single  moderate  funicular  cord,  with  subequal 
grooves  above  and  below  it,  ending  in  a  small  callus  with  a  notch  behind  it, 
and  a  bigger  body  callus  behind  that.     Alt.  12.5,  lat.  12.5  mm. 

Habitat.  Barbados,  100  fms.  Off  Sombrero,  in  54  fms.  Station  152,  Flan- 
negan's  Passage,  in  27  fms.     Key  West,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Coll. 

The  painting  of  this  species  recalls  that  of  N.  vittata  Gmelin  (which  is  a  Lu- 
natia'), but  is  much  more  delicate  and  elegant.  The  netted  painting  can  only 
be  seen  by  close  inspection.     The  umbilical  region  differs  from  that  of  N.  can- 


294  BULLETIN    OF   THE 

rena,  the  callus  especially  being  much  less  conspicuous;  the  whorls  are  less 
flattened  above  than  in  canrena,  while  the  present  species  probably  never 
attains  anything  like  the  size  of  the  adult  N.  canrena.  The  radiating  wrinkles 
are  finer  and  closer,  as  well  as  less  evident  before  the  suture,  than  in  N.  canrena, 
and  often  almost  obsolete. 

Natica  (?castrensis  var.)  perlineata  Dall. 

Shell  in  form,  size,  and  nucleus  resembling  closely  N.  castrensis,  but  the 
coloration  consists  of  very  fine  slightly  waved  transverse  brown  lines.  The 
white  band  near  the  suture  is  obsolete,  the  brown  lines  cross  it  almost  to  the 
suture,  there  are  no  spots  or  flammules.  The  base  is  white,  the  lines  ceasing 
abruptly.  In  the  largest  specimen  there  is  a  white  band,  extending  from  the 
suture  over  the  periphery  to  the  base,  as  if  the  color  glands  had  taken  a  resting 
spell  for  a  short  time.     Alt.  18.5,  lat.  19.5  mm. 

Habitat.  Sigsbee,  off  Havana,  in  119  fms.  Barbados,  in  70-140  fms.  Sta- 
tion 5,  in  229  fms. 

This  species  is  less  elevated,  and  the  lineation  is  much  finer  and  closer  than 
in  N.  lineata  Lam.,  in  which  the  basal  white  area  is  proportionally  smaller,  and 
the  umbilical  callus  proportionally  much  larger.  It  differs  greatly  from  the 
"West  American  lineated  species  N.  elence  Recluz,  and  if  not  a  variety  of  the 
preceding,  from  which  its  system  of  coloration  totally  differs,  must  be  regarded 
as  distinct.     I  have  not  seen  the  operculum. 

Subgenus   NEVERITA  Risso. 
Section  PAYRAUDEAUTIA  Bccq.,  Dautz.,  &  Dollf. 
Neverita  nubila  n.  s. 

Shell  small,  polished,  grayish  white,  with  transverse  narrow  streaks  of  very 
pale  brown,  five-whorled,  with  radiating  grooves  and  wrinkles  in  front  of  the 
suture  as  in  N.  livida.  Apex  acute,  nucleus  rather  large,  lucid ;  whorls  very 
round,  flatfish  in  front  of  the  suture,  which,  near  the  aperture  only,  is  a  little 
appressed.  Surface  pretty  well  covered  with  very  fine  spiral  markings,  too 
fine  and  faint  to  be  called  striae.  Aperture  semilunar,  with  a  thick  white  callus 
on  the  body.  Umbilical  opening  bearing  about  the  same  proportion  to  the 
size  of  the  shell  as  in  N.  intricata,  but  the  respective  components  dissimilar; 
in  N.  intricata  the  margin  of  the  umbilicus  is  bounded  by  a  rounded  rib,  sepa- 
rated from  another  similar  rib  above  by  a  deep  channel.  Above  these  two  is 
a  wider  and  deeper  furrow,  above  which  is  the  larger  umbilical  rib,  which  lies 
very  close  to  the  preceding  whorl.  In  iV.  nubila  the  umbilicus  is  bordered  by 
a  sharp  groove,  within  which  is  a  broad  nearly  flat  band  corresponding  to  the 
two  lower  ribs  of  intricata,  above  which  are  the  larger  furrow  and  rib,  which 
last  is  not  so  close  to  the  preceding  whorl  as  in  intricata.    The  umbilical  region 


MUSEUM   OF  COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  295 

is  entirely  white.  The  operculum  has  not  been  seen,  but  is  doubtless  horny. 
Max.  alt.  of  shell,  13.0;  of  aperture,  9.0;  max.  lat.  of  shell,  12.3  mm. 

Habitat.  Station  23,  Gulf  of  Mexico,  in  190  fms.  Station  299,  near  Bar- 
bados, in  140  fms. 

In  one  of  the  specimens  the  cloudy  brown  color  was  diffused,  and  most  evi- 
dent above  the  periphery.  In  the  other  it  was  more  in  the  form  of  faint 
transverse  streaks.  The  shell  is  especially  different  from  N.  intricata  in  its 
turrited  spire  and  rounded  whorls  with  radiating  grooves  above,  and  in  the 
peculiarities  of  the  umbilical  region  below. 

Subgenus   LUNATIA  Gray. 

Lunatia  tenuis  Recluz. 
Natica  tenuis  Recluz,  Journ.  de  Conchyl.,  I.  p.  388,  pi.  xii.  fig.  7,  1850. 

Habitat.  Off  Cape  San  Antonio,  in  640  fms.  Off  Cape  Florida,  in  84  fms., 
green  mud,  U.  S.  Fish  Commission,  at  Station  2648;  also  at  Station  2626, 
eighty-seven  miles  S.  by  E.  ^  E.  from  Cape  Fear,  N.  O,  in  353  fms.,  sand, 
bottom  temperature  40°. 0  F.     Valparaiso,  Recluz. 

The  specimens  agree  admirably  with  Recluz's  figure  and  description,  but 
are  smaller  than  the  dimensions  he  gives.  There  may  have  been  an  error  or 
misprint  in  those  figures. 

Lunatia  leptalea  Watson. 

Natica  leptalea  Watson,  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.,  XV.  p.  261,  March,  1880 ;  Dall,  Bull. 
M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  93,  1881;  Watson,  Chall.  Rep.  Gastr.,  p.  441,  pi.  xxvii. 
fig.  7, 1885. 

Habitat.  Yucatan  Strait,  640  fms.  Sombrero  Island,  W.  I.,  450  fms., 
Challenger  Exp.     Bed  of  the  Gulf  Stream,  off  Gun  Cay,  in  500  fms.,  Dr.  Rush. 

A  comparison  of  specimens  leads  me  to  believe  that  this  species  is  identical 
with  one  named  by  Dr.  Jeffreys  N.  spliceroid.es,  in  his  Report  on  the  Valorous 
Mollusca  (Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  April,  1876,  p.  319).  But  Dr.  Jeffreys  did  not 
describe  his  shell  sufficiently,  or  figure  it,  and  subsequently  doubted  whether 
it  was  not  the  young  of  a  species  he  described  in  1885  as  N.  operculata  (P.  Z.  S. 
1885,  p.  35).     His  name  has  therefore  no  claim  to  be  adopted. 

Lunatia  fringilla  Dall. 

Plate  XXI.  Fig.  12. 

Natica  fringilla  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  93,  Sept.,  1881. 

1  Natica  radiata  Watson,  Prel.  Rep.  Chall.  Moll.,  Pt.  VII.  p.  258,  March,  1881. 

Habitat.  Yucatan  Strait,  640  fms. ;  off  Cape  San  Antonio,  640  fms. ;  near 
Old  Providence,  at  Station  2150,  in  382  fms.,  ooze,  bottom  temperature  46°. 0  F., 
U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 


296  BULLETIN    OF   THE 

Natica  fringilla  var.  perla  Dall. 

Plate  XXI.  Fig.  11. 

Differs  from  the  type  of  the  species  in  the  absence  of  the  radiating  wrinkles 
in  front  of  the  suture,  and  in  having  somewhat  rounder  whorls  and  a  decidedly 
smaller  umbilicus.     Alt.  6.5  mm. 

Habitat.  Station  226,  in  424  fms.,  sand  and  ooze,  near  St.  Vincent,  bottom 
temperature  42°. 5  F. 

The  Lunatia  subplicata  Jeffreys  is  less  elevated,  has  merely  faint  irregular 
wrinkles  instead-  of  the  strong,  regularly  spaced,  spoke-like  radiations  of  this 
species,  and  is  a  much  lighter  shell.  It  recalls  L.  gronlandica  Beck,  of  which 
it  might  be.  a  small  deep-water  race.  If  identical  with  fringilla  it  would  be  a 
synonym  of  it. 

The  N.  radiata  Watson,  from  435  fms.,  near  Bermuda,  recalls,  by  the  de- 
scription, our  species.  The  figure,  however,  has  a  more  pointed  apex  and 
rounder  whorls.  This  plate,  howrever,  is  less  well  executed  than  most  of  the 
Challenger  plates,  and  may  not  be  reliable.  In  case,  on  comparison  of  speci- 
mens, they  should  prove  to  be  the  same,  Mr.  Watson's  name  has  priority. 

Subgenus  POLINICES  Montfort. 

Polinices  uberina  Orbignt. 

Natica  uberina  Orbigny,  Moll.  Cub.,  II.  p.  31,  pi.  xvii.  fig.  19,  1842.     Miircli,  Malak- 
Blatt.,  XXIV.  p.  60,  1877. 

Habitat.  Off  Sombrero,  in  54-70  fms.  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  on  the  west 
coast  of  Florida,  14-40  fms.,  living,  U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

This  may  be  only  a  small  race  of  N.  lactea  Guilding.  I  have  not  the 
material  to  determine  the  matter  positively,  and  prefer  to  refer  to  a  name 
which  exactly  applies  to  our  specimens. 

When  fresh  they  are  covered  with  a  rather  dark  yellow  epidermis,  which  is 
thickened  to  a  reddish  brown  in  the  furrow  of  the  umbilicus.  N.  caribcca 
Phil.,  N.  Pfeifferi  Phil.,  N.  porcellana  (Orb.)  Morch,  and  N.  ochrostoma  Recluz, 
are  probably  synonymous. 

Judging  by  the  specimens  dredged  by  the  U.  S.  Fish  Commission,  •  this 
species  is  rather  common  in  moderate  depths  of  water  off  the  Carolina  coast. 

Among  the  Naticidce  characteristic  of  the  Antillean  region,  but  not  above 
referred  to,  are  N.  (Lunatia)  semisulcata  Gray  (recently  named  iV  Fordiana 
by  an  inadvertence),  which  was  collected  at  Sarasota  Bay,  West  Florida,  by 
Mr.  C.  T.  Simpson,  living,  between  tides  on  a  sand-bar;  N.  (Stigmaidax)  sulcata 
Born;  and  N.  (Polinices)  brunnea  Link  (+  mamillaris  Lam.),  N.  (Neverita) 
duplicata  Say  (+  campechiensis  Recluz,  -\-fossata  Gould,  +  texasiana  Edmer) 
and  Ar.  (Cochlis)  pusilla  Say  are  more  northern  in  their  distribution ;  the  latter 
may  not  pass  south  of  the  Florida  Keys. 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  297 

Genus   SIGARETUS  Lamarck. 

Sigaretus  maculatus  Say  (+  S.  zonatus  Orb.,  1842,  -+-  5.  martinianus  PhiL 
1844)  and  S.  perspectivus  Say  (4-  S.  depresshs  Phil.,  1844,  +  S.  haliotoideus 
Reel.,  Orb.,  non  Linne,  +S.  antillarum  Reel.,  1851)  are  the  two  large  well 
known  species  of  this  region.  In  the  latter,  which  I  have  seen  alive,  and  in 
alcohol,  a  good  many  times,  I  have  never  been  able  to  observe  any  operculum. 
It  is  probable  that  it  is  generally  lost  at  an  early  age. 

Sigaretus  minor  n.  s. 

Shell  small,  moderately  inflated,  white,  three  or  four  whorled,  spirally  striate. 
Nucleus  small,  dark  brown,  and  glassy  for  one  whorl,  very  finely  striate  spi- 
rally and  white  for  another  whorl,  when  the  normal  adult  sculpture  begins 
abruptly.  Epidermis  extremely  thin,  nearly  transparent,  colorless;  spiral 
sculpture  alternately  of  a  large  and  a  small  thread,  separated  by  a  distinct, 
sharp,  but  very  narrow  groove ;  on  the  base  the  threads  are  less  crowded  and 
more  uniform,  but  not  flattened;  shell  perforate,  little  callus  on  the  body,  the 
pillar  barely  reflected  at  its  junction  with  the  body;  aperture,  regarded  in  its 
own  plane,  nearly  circular.  Max.  alt.  of  shell,  4.0;  max.  diam.  of  shell,  6.0; 
of  aperture,  3.5  mm. 

Habitat.  Off  Sombrero,  in  54  fms. ;  Station  36,  in  84  fms. ;  U.  S.  Fish  Com- 
mission Station  2648,  in  84  fms.,  mud,  off  Cape  Florida. 

This  shell  differs  from  the  two  other  species  in  sculpture.  The  young  of 
S.  maculatus  is  brown,  and  has  a  much  larger  umbilicus  and  nearly  smooth  base, 
with  a  sculpture  of  uniform,  round,  widely  separated  threads  on  a  flat  ground. 
The  young  of  S.  perspectivus  is  flatter,  has  a  thick  epidermis,  and  has  broad 
flat  spirals  separated  by  broad  shallow  channels. 

The  soft  parts  of  S.  minor  have  not  been  observed,  but  it  is  a  genuine 
Sigaretus  though  of  small  size. 

Subgenus  EUNATICINA  Fischer. 

Eunaticina  carolinensis  n.  s. 

Shell  naticiform,  small,  white,  spirally  striate,  with  an  ample  but  not  flaring 
umbilicus;  four-whorled.  Nucleus  brown  at  the  apex,  then  glassy,  of  two 
whorls.  Remainder  of  the  shell  white,  with  a  polished  straw-colored  epider- 
mis; spire  moderately  elevated,  suture  channelled;  spiral  sculpture  of  fine 
sharp  grooves,  more  distant  toward  the  periphery,  about  nine  between  the 
periphery  and  suture  on  the  last  whorl;  base  full  and  rounded,  rounding  into 
the  umbilicus  without  any  keel;  transverse  sculpture  of  incremental  lines, 
weaker  and  stronger  irregularly,  reticulating  the  earlier  whorls  in  a  faint 
manner  and  crenulating  finely  the  margin  of  the  sutural  channel;  these  lines 
are  fainter  on  the  last  whorl  and  on  the  periphery;  aperture  somewhat  oblique, 


298  BULLETIN  OF  THE 

semilunar,  entire,  not  reflected,  the  pillar  connected  with  the  outer  lip  by  a 
white  callus  over  the  body,  with  its  boundaries  sharply  defined.  Alt.  of  shell, 
5.5;  of  aperture,  4.5;  max.  lat.  of  shell,  5.75  mm. 

Habitat.  U.  S.  Fish  Commission  Stations  2595  and  2602,  off  the  coast  of 
North  Carolina,  in  63-124  fms.,  sand,  bottom  temperature  61°  to  75°  P. 

This  pretty  little  shell  has  a  deep-water  aspect,  and  is  not  sufficiently  like 
the  shallow-water  species  to  need  comparison  with  them.  According  to  the 
latest  catalogue  of  the  subgenus,  there  is  no  other  species  known  from  this 


Genus  GYRODES   Conrad. 

Gyrodes  Conrad,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  IV.  p.  289,  1860.     Stoliczka,  Pal. 
Indica,  II.  p.  297,  1868.     Type  Gyrodes  crenata  Conrad. 


Gyrodes  depressa  (Seguenza)  Dall. 

Fossarus  depressus  Seguenza,  Bull.  Real.  Com.  Geol.  I  tab,  1874,  fasc.  ii.  p.  382. 

Fossarus  Crossei  Weinkauff  (in  coll.)  non  Kleciak. 

Adeorbis  depressus  Jeffreys,  P.  Z.  S.  1885,  p.  41,  pi.  iv.  figs.  8,  8  a. 

Habitat.  Pliocene  of  Messina,  Seguenza.  Mediterranean,  Jeffreys.  North 
Atlantic,  100-1360  fms.,  Porcupine  Expedition.  Off  Cape  Lookout,  at  U.  S. 
Fish  Commission  Stations  2612  and  2619,  in  15-52  fms.,  sand,  bottom  temper- 
ature 67°.0  F. 

This  little  shell  is  the  same  as  that  figured  by  Jeffreys  under  the  name  of 
Adeorbis  depressus.  It  has  an  operculum  like  that  of  Sigaretus  (Fischer,  Man., 
fig.  535,  p.  768).  The  A.  fragilis  of  Sars  has  a  multispiral  operculum,  and 
belongs  to  a  different  family,  though  the  shells  have  several  features  in  com- 
mon. The  Fossarus  Crossei  Kleciak,  the  F.  Petitiana  of  Tiberi,  and  the  Sto- 
matia  azonea  of  Brasilia,  from  authentic  specimens  in  the  Jeffreys  collection, 
appear  to  belong  to  a  different  group  and  certainly  to  a  different  species.  These 
shells  have  every  feature  of  Conrad's  Gyrodes,  except  that  they  are  smaller 
than  his  type.  The  ridge  near  the  suture  in  the  type  is  very  inconstant,  and 
often  entirely  absent.  These  shells  are  also  somewhat  variable  in  the  com- 
pactness with  which  they  are  wound.  The  nucleus  is  glassy,  minute,  globu- 
lar, and  stands  up  from  the  apex  with  great  prominence.  The  shell  is 
remarkably  elegant,  and  the  largest  American  specimen  has  fully  twice  the 
diameter  of  any  of  the  Mediterranean  specimens  I  have  seen,  though  otherwise 
indistinguishable  from  them.  Sigaretus  problematicus  Deshayes  (An.  s.  Vert. 
Bas.  Paris,  III.  p.  90,  pi.  lxiv.  figs.  7-9)  is  doubtless  a  young  Gyrodes,  which 
thus  is  carried  back  in  Europe  to  the  Eocene. 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  299 


Family  LAMELLARIID^. 

In  this  group  Lamellaria  Rangii  Bergh  and  Marsenina  ompla  Verrill  are 
known  from  the  region  under  consideration,  but  neither  of  them  is  included  in 
the  Blake  collection. 


Super-Family  PTENOGLOSSA. 

Family  SCALID^E. 

Genus  SCALA  (Humphrey)  Auctorum. 

Le  scalata  Auct.  (Favart  d'Herbigny,  Diet.  d'Hist.  Nat.  Test.,  III.  p.  296,  1775). 

Turbona  Browne,  Hist.  Jamaica,  p.  403,  1756  (not  binomial). 

—  Scala  Klein,  Meth.  Test.  Ostracol.,  p.  52,  1753  (not  binomial). 

=  Scala  Humphrey  (apud  Hvass),  Mus.  Calonnianum,  p.  23,  1797  (anonymous  and 

undescribed). 
=  Epitonium  Sect.  I.  Bolten,  Mus.  Bolt.,  ed.  i.,  pars  2  a,  p.  91,  1798;  ed.  ii.,  p.  64, 

1819  (undescribed). 
=  Cyclostoma  Lamarck,  Prodrome,  Mem.  Soc.  d'Hist.  Nat.  de  Paris,  No.  32,  p.  74, 

1799.    Type  and  sole  example  Turbo  scalaris  L.    "Le  scalata,"  Cuvier,  Anat. 

Comp.,  1800. 
=  Cyclostoma  Bosc,  Hist.  Nat.  des  Coquilles,  IV.  p.  84, 1802.    Type  Turbo  scalaris  L. 

>  Cyclostoma  Schumacher,  Essai,  p.  196,  1817.     Type  Turbo  clathrus  L. 

Not  Cyclostoma  Lam.,  Syst.  des  An.  s.  Vert.,  p.  87,  1801,  =  Defphinula  Lam.,  1804, 

nor  Cyclostoma  Lam.,  1804  =  various  Pulmonates  and  Valvata. 
=  Scalaria  Lamarck,  Syst.  des.  An.  s.  Vert.,  p.  88,  1801.     Type  Turbo  scalaris  L. 

Fossiles  des  Env.  de  Paris,  in  An.  du  Museum,  IV.  p.  212, 1804.   Roissy,  Hist. 

Nat,  Gen.  Moll.,  V.  p.  390,  1805.    Froriep,  Lam.  Neues  Syst.  Conch.,  p.  17, 

1808.     Type  T  scalaris  L. 
=  Scalatarius  Dumeril,  Zool.  Analyt,  p.  164,  1806. 
=  Scalaria  Link,  Beschr.  Rostock  Samml.,  III.  p.  131,  May,  1807;  Fischer,  Tabl, 

p.  119,  1808.     Blainville,  Mai.,  p.  431,  1825.     Type  Turbo  scalaris  L. 
=  Sealants  Montfort,  Conch.  Syst.,  p.  295,  1810. 
=  Scalaria  Perry,  Conchology,  expl.  pi.  xxvi.,  1810;  not  Trigona  Perry  =  Cancel- 

laria  sp. 

>  Scalaria  Leach,  Zool.  Miscel.,  II.  p.  79,  1815  (Turbo  clathrus  L.).     Bowdich, 

Conch.,  I.  p.  33,  pi.  ix.  fig.  6,  1822. 

>  Aciona  Leach,  /.  c,  II.  p.  79,  1815  (Turbo  scalaris  L.).    Bowdich,  Conch.,  I.  p.  33, 

pi.  ix.  fig.  5,  1822.     Morch,  Cat.  Yoldi,  p.  48,  1852. 
><  Clathrus  Oken,  Lehrb.  Zool.,  p.  256,  1815  (Turbo  clathrus  L.). 
=  Scalaria  Lamarck,  Hist.  An.  sans  Vert.,  VI.  Pt.  II.  p.  225,  1817  (S.  pretiosa). 

>  Clathrus  Agassiz,  in  German  edition  Sowerby's  Min.  Conch.,  pp.  35,  413,  1840 

(Turbo  clathrus  L.). 

>  Acyonee  Blainville,  Malac,  p.  431,  1825  ;  example  Scalaria  communis  (vernacular 

for  Aciona  Leach). 
Acyoncea  Deshayes,  Encycl.  Meth.,  II.  p.  6,  1830  (error  for  Aciona  Leach). 


300  BULLETIN   OF  THE 

>  Clathrus  Gray,  Syn.  Brit.  Mus.,  1840;  type  Scalaria  australis  Lam.  (?no  descrip- 

tion). 

>  Cirsotrema  Morch,  Cat.  Yoldi,  p.  49,  1852  (S.  varicosa  Lam.). 

>  Scala  H.  &  A.  Adams,  Gen.  Rec.  Moll.,  I.,  Nov.,  1853,  p.  220  (5.  scalaris  L.),  with 

subgenera  Clathrus,  p.  222  (S.  clathrus  L.) ;  Opalia,  p.  222  (S.  australis  Lam.) ; 
Amaia,  p.  223  (S.  mngnijica  Sby.)  ;  and 

>  Cirsotrema  (Morch)  H.  &  A.  Adams,  /.  c,  II.  p.  223,  Nov.,  1853  (S.  varicosa  Lam.). 
=  Scalaria  Woodward,  Man.  Ree.  &  Foss.  Shells,  1854  (S.  petiosa). 

>Acirsa  Morch,  -Prodr.  Moll.  Gronl.,  1857;  H.  &  A.  Adams,  Gen.  Rec.  Moll.,  II. 
p.  621,  Nov.,  1858  (S.  Eschrichtii  Holb.). 

=  Scalaria  Chenu,  Manual  de  Conchyl.,  1.  p.  217,  1859  (S.  pretiosa  Lam.),  with  sec- 
tions Clathrus  (S.  communis  Lam.) ;  Opalia,  p.  218  (S.  australis  Lam.)  ;  A?neea, 
p.  218  (S.  mngnijica  Sby.)  ;  and  Cirsotrema,  p.  218  (S.  i-aricostata  Lam.). 

1  Constantia  A.  Adams,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  3d  ser.,  VI.  p.  120, 1860  ( C.  elegans  Ad.). 

>  Acrilla  H.  &  A.  Adams,  P.  Z.  S.  1800,  p.  241  (S.  acuminata  Sby.). 

<><Sca/a  A.  Adams,  Sculidai  of  Japan,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  3d  ser.,  VIII.,  1861, 
p.  479;  with  Amaia,  p.  482 ;  Clathrus,  p.  482 ;  Cirsotrema,  p.  482;  Constantia 
(elegans),  p.  483  ;  and  Scaliola  (bella),  p.  484  * 

>  Sthenorytis  (Conrad)  Meek,  S.  I.  Check  List  Miocene  Foss.,  p.  18, 1864.     Conrad, 

S.  I.  Check  List  Eocene  Inv.  Foss.,  p.  15,  No.  200,  1866;  also  in  Am.  Journ. 
Conch.,  III.  p.  259,  pi.  xxi.  fig.  4,  Jan.,  1868.  (.S-.  pachgpleura  Conrad,  =  Scala- 
ria pachypleura  Conr.,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philadelphia,  VIII.  p.  565, 1862.) 

>  Opalia  H.  &  A.  Adams  (emend.),  in  Carpenter,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  3d  ser., 

XIV.  p.  31,  Jan.,  1865  (S.  australis  Lam.). 

>  Scalina  Conrad,  Am.  Journ.  Conch.,  I.  p.  27,  1865;  S.  I.  Check  List  Eocene  Iny. 

Foss.,  pp.  14,  29,  1866.  (S.  triquintinaria  Conr.  =  Scalaria  triquintinaria  Conr., 
Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philadelphia,  2d  ser.,  I.  p.  114,  pi.  xi.  fig.  14,  1848.) 
Not  Compsopleura  Conrad,  S.  I.  Cheek  List  Eocene  Inv.  Foss.  p.  15, 1866.  (C.  trino- 
dusa  Conr.  =  Scalaria  trinodosa  Conr.,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philadelphia, 
2d  ser ,  IV.  p.  288,  pi.  xlvii.  fig.  43.  This  shell  belongs  to  the  Melaniidaz 
probably.) 

>  Cirostrema  Tate,  App.  Woodward,  Man.,  1870,  p.  26,  =  Cirsotrema  Morch- 
=  Scalaria  Nyst,  Tabl.  Synopt,  p.  12  (1871),  1873. 

>  Scala  Morch,  Vidensk.  Medd.  Nat.  Foren.  Kjobenhavn,  1874,  p.  252 ;  with  sec- 

tions Aciona,  p.  252  (S.  scalaris  L.)  ;  Scala,  p.  252  (S.  clathrus  L.);  T'urbona 
"Browne,"  p.  259  (S.  unifasciata  Sby.);  Amaa,  p.  262;  Opalia,  p.  266; 
Cirsotrema,  p.  268  (S.  cochlea  Sby.). 
Scala  Morch,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philadelphia,  2d  ser.,  VIII.  p.  192,  1876 ;  with 
sections  Aciona,  -p.  192;  Turbona,  p.  198;  Amaa,  p.  200 ;  Ianthoscala,  p.  190 
(Scalaria  inconspicua  Sby.  =  Janthoscala,  p.  203) ;  Opalia,  p.  203  ;  Cirsotrema, 
p.  205. 

>  Psychrosoma   Tap.  Canefri,  Journ.  de  Conchyl.,   XXIV.  p.   154,   April,   1870 

(=  Opalia  H.  &  A.  Adams). 
XScalidaz  Stoliczka,  Pal.  Indica,  Cret.  Gastropoda,  p.  229,  1868,  with  the  follow- 
ing "genera":  Funis  (Seeley),  p.  229;    Crossea  (Adams),  p.  229;    Amcoia 
(=  lapsus  pro  Amaia  Adams),  p.  229 ;  Acirsa,  p.  229 ;  Acrilla,  p.  229;  Cirsotrema, 

*  Referred  in  1862  to  the  Rissoidaz  by  Adams,  from  an  examination  of  the  soft 
parts. 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  301 

p.  229;  Scala,  p.  230;  Eglisia  (Gray,  1840,  not  of  Desliayes  whose  Eglisias 
are  stated  to  =  Mathilda   Semper,   while  his   Pyrgiscus  are  true  Eglisia;), 
p.  230;  Chilocyclus  (Bronn),  p.  230;  Scoliostoma  Bronn,  p.  230;  Constantia 
(A.  Ad.),  p.  230;   Compsopleura  and  Sva/ina,  p.  230. 
=  Scala  De  Boury,  Monographie  des  Scalidae,  Ft.  I.,  Paris,  1886. 

Insertce  sedis. 
Scoliostoma  Braun,  Leonli.  &  Bronn,  Jahrb.,  p.  291,  1838,  Jide  Herrmannsen. 
Constantia  A.  Adams,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  3d  ser.,  VI.  p.  120,  1800  ( C.  elegans 

Adams,  /.  c). 
Eglisia  Gray,  Syn.  Brit.  Mus.,  1840:  H.  &  A.  Ad.,  Gen.  Rec.  Moll.,  I.  p.  354. 
Pyrgiscus  Desliayes,  An.  s.  Vert.  Bassin  de  Paris,  II.,  2me  e'd.,  p.  330,  1  not  of  Phi- 

lippi,  Wiegm.  Arch.,  I.  p.  50,  1840. 
Cochleana  Minister,  Beitr.  zur  Petr.,  IV.  p.  104,  1841  (C.  carinata  Braun,  I.  c,  pi.  x. 

fig.  27).     Syn.  Chilocyclus  Bronn,  Lethea,  c.  i.  75,  1851. 
Crossea  A.  Adams,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat  Hist.,  XV.  p.  323,  1865  ( C.  miranda  Ad.,  /.  c). 
Funis  Seeley,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  3d  ser.,  VII.  p.  285,  1861  {F.  elongatus  Seeley, 

I.  c,  pi.  xi.  fig.  7).     Cretaceous. 
Holopella  McCoy,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist,  VII.  p.  47, 1851.    Brit.  Pal.  Foss.,  II.  p.  303, 

1855.     (Type  Turritella  gregaria,  Sil.  Syst.,  pi.  iii.  fig.  1.) 
Hoplopteron  Fischer,  Journ.  de  Conchyl.,  XXIV.  p.  232,  1876.      (H.  Terquemi  F., 

p.  234,  pi.  ix.  figs.  1-8.) 

The  determination  of  the  proper  name  to  be  adopted  for  this  well  known 
genus  is  beset  with  difficulties  for  the  conscientious  systematise  It  is  one  of 
the  few  cases  where  a  faithful  adherence  to  the  rules  recommended  by  the 
British  Association  would  result  in  several  very  annoying  changes  in  the  names 
of  well  known  and  accepted  genera. 

The  precious  "ladder  shell,"  " wentle-trap,"  or  "scalata"  was  known  to 
early  English,  Dutch,  and  Italian  naturalists  chiefly  as  le  scalata,  a  name 
attributed  to  the  Italians.  It  is  the  Turbo  scalaris  of  Linne,  and  the  Sca- 
laria  pretiosa  of  authors.  The  common  Mediterranean  form  (S.  clathrus)  was, 
from  its  abundance,  small  size,  and  inferior  beauty,  known  as  le  fausse  sca- 
lata, or  false  wentle-trap.  Early  authors  even  considered  them  as  varieties 
of  one  kind  of  shell,  and  as  late  as  1817  discussed  gravely  whether  the  precious 
sort  really  came  from  the  Indies,  as  the  Dutch  dealers  and  naturalists  had 
always  claimed. 

Among  the  authors  who  antedated  binominal  nomenclature,  Browne  named  a 
West  Indian  species  Turbona,  in  his  Natural  History  of  Jamaica,  and  Klein 
called  the  group  Scala,  or  staircase  shell,  from  the  vernacular  scalata.  Some 
conchological  authors,  disregarding  the  usual  limitations  of  nomenclature,  have 
imposed  some  of  Klein's  names  on  modern  genera,  and  this  among  them. 

Linne  included  the  wentle-trap  among  his  species  of  Turbo.  The  first 
binominal  author  to  distinguish  the  group  by  name  was  Hvass,  a  noted  con- 
chologist  residing  in  Paris,  from  whose  manuscripts  (by  the  aid  of  E.  M. 
Da  Costa,  an  English  writer  on  shells)  an  anonymous  catalogue  was  compiled 
for  George  Humphrey,  an  auctioneer  of  London,  who  was  intrusted  with  the 


302  BULLETIN   OF   THE 

sale  of  the  magnificent  collection  of  M.  de  Calonne,  The  catalogue  was  printed 
in  May,  1797.  A  few  copies  were  sent  by  Hvass  to  his  correspondents,*  and 
others  were  distributed  or  sold  by  Humphrey.  It  is  one  of  the  rarest  of  con- 
chological  books,  among  those  which  have  influenced  nomenclature.!  In  the 
present  case  there  can  be  no  possible  doubt  whatever  as  to  the  group  intended. 
It  is  placed  between  Phasianella  and  Turritella  (Eutropia  and  Terebra  of 
Humphrey),  and  divided  into  two  sections  with  three  species  each.  The  first 
species  (Scala  maculata)  is  stated  to  come  from  Normandy,  and  Turbo  clathrus 
L.  is  given  as  a  synonym.  The  second  (S.  notha)  is  the  "Bastard  Wentle- 
trap,"  from  the~West  Indies  (Scalaria  lamellosa  L.?);  the  third  is  not  identifia- 
ble. The  second  section  is  stated  to  be  "umbilicated,"  an  approach  toward  a 
diagnosis.  Two  of  the  species  cannot  be  determined,  the  last  (5.  grandis)  is 
the  "  Great  or  true  Wentle-trap,"  from  "  Japan  ?  " 

The  next  discrimination  of  the  group,  as  such,  appears  in  a  posthumous  pub- 
lication, also  for  an  auctioneer's  purposes,  —  a  catalogue,^  supposed  to  be  by 
Dr.  J.  F.  Bolten  of  Hamburg,  of  the  collection  of  shells  belonging  to  him  which 
his  family  desired  to  dispose  of  after  his  death,  but  which  at  that  time  (1798) 
was  not  sold.  This  catalogue,  of  which  only  three  or  four  copies  are  known 
to  exist,  was  reprinted  in  1819,§  when  the  collection  was  again  offered  for  sale. 

*  The  copy  in  my  possession  was  sent  to  Spengler,  and  given  by  one  of  his  heirs 
to  Beck,  and  from  him,  through  other  hands,  to  the  late  0.  A.  L.  Morch.  By  a  con- 
temporary note  of  Beck,  it  appears  not  to  have  existed  in  the  public  libraries  of 
either  London  or  Paris,  in  1835-36.  The  genera  are  not  characterized,  nor  is  any 
6pecies  mentioned  as  type,  but  some  Linnean  names  without  references  are  intro- 
duced as  synonyms  of  the  names  of  the  author. 

t  As  a  bibliographical  curiosity  the  collation  may  be  of  interest :  — 

Museum  Calonnianum.  |  Specification  |  of  the  I  various  articles  |  which 
compose  the  |  Magnificent  Museum  |  of  |  Natural  History  |  collected  by  |  M.  De 
Calonne  in  Frar.ce,  |  and  lately  his  property  :  |  consisting  of  an  assemblage  |  of  the 
most  |  beautiful  and  rare  subjects' |  in  |  entomology,  conchology,  ornithology,  |  min- 
eralogy, &c.  |  Among  which  are  |  [etc.,  10  lines]  |  all  of  which  are  now  exhibiting 
at  Saville  House  on  the  north  side  of  |  Leicester  Square,  previous  to  the  sale 
thereof.  |  London,  May  1,  1797.  |  8vo,  pp.  viii,  84.  At  end  of  last  page,  "  End  of 
the  first  part."  The  generic  and  specific  names  in  Latin,  French,  and  English  ;  re- 
marks in  English  only.  There  is  a  copy  with  annotations  in  Humphrey's  own 
writing  in  the  Smithsonian  Library,  deposited  in  the  Library  of  Congress. 

X  The  first  part  I  have  never  seen,  and  it  related  to  the  anatomical  and  alco- 
holic collection  ;  the  remainder  is  entitled  :  Museum  Boltenianum  |  sive  | 
Catalogus  cimeliorum  |  e  tribua  regnis  natura  |  quae  |  olim  collegerat  |  Joa.  Fried. 
Bolten,  M.  D.  p.  d.  |  per  XL.  annos  protophysicus  Hamburgensis.  |  Pars  secunda  | 
continens  |  Conchylia  sive  Testacea  univalvia,  |  bivalvia  &  multivalvia.  |  Ham- 
burg*', |  Typis  Johan.  Christi.  Trappii.  |  Sm.  8vo,  n.  d.,  pp.  viii,  199.  The  Preface 
is  dated  September,  1798. 

§  Museum  Boltenianum.  |  Verzeichniss  |  der  |  von  dem  verstorbenen  | 
Herrn  Joachim  Friedrich  Bolten  |  M.  D.  und  physicus  in  Hamburg  |  hinterlassenen  I 
vortrefflichen    Sammlung  |  Conchylien,    Mineralien  |  und  |  Kunstsachen  |  die  |  am 


MUSEUM   OF  COMPAEATIVE  ZOOLOGY.  303 

This  edition  is  also  extremely  rare.  Its  contents  (excepting  the  prefatory  re- 
marks) are  the  same  in  both  editions,  and  have  a  more  scientific  appearance 
than  those  of  the  catalogue  of  Humphrey,  as  characters  corresponding  to  the 
divisions  adopted,  are  mentioned  in  a  number  of  places,  though  there  are  no 
diagnoses,  properly  speaking,  or  special  types  selected.  The  references  for 
6ynonyms  of  the  author's  species  are  to  page,  plate,  and  figure,  in  many  cases, 
instead  of  bare  names,  as  in  the  Museum  Calonnianum.  The  divisions  are 
often  rational  and  satisfactory,  though  frequently  much  the  reverse  if  judged 
by  modern  standards.  The  author  seems  to  have  had  no  hesitation  in  changing 
names  which  he  did  not  like,  even  when  his  substitute  was  in  our  sense  an 
absolute  synonym.  In  regard  to  the  present  genus  his  course  was  retrograde 
compared  with  Humphrey,  for  he  makes  Scdla  (Humphrey)  merely  the  first 
section  of  his  genus  Epitonium,  which  contained  Scalaria  (Lam.,  1801),  Turri- 
tella  (Lam.),  and  Terebra  (Lam.).     The  first  species  is  Turbo  scalaris  L. 

By  the  strict  construction  of  the  rules  of  nomenclature,  none  of  the  names 
yet  mentioned  should  be  adopted,  for  they  all  fail  to  meet  the  requirements  of 
a  binominal  appellation  and  a  diagnosis  or  a  figure. 

The  epoch-making  work  for  malacology,  after  Linne",  is  without  doubt  the 
"  Prodrome  d'une  nouvelle  Classification  des  Coquilles"  of  Lamarck  (1799),  in 
which  a  large  number  of  genera  were  proposed,  appropriately  characterized, 
and  a  single  species  in  each  case  mentioned  as  an  example  or  type.  It  would 
seem  unquestionable  that,  for  genera  first  proposed  in  it,  the  name  should 
follow  the  fortune  of  the  particular  type  mentioned.  On  page  68  the  author 
states  that  he  has  adopted  the  names  cydostoma  and  pleurotoma,  composed  by 
citizen  Richard,  for  two  of  his  genera  to  which  he  had  intended  to  give  other 
names.  This  statement,  which  had  reference  merely  to  the  formation  of  the 
words,  and  not  of  the  genera  they  were  intended  to  denominate,  has  been  mis- 
understood to  indicate  Richard  as  the  author  of  the  two  genera  mentioned. 
On  page  74  the  genus  Cyclostoma*  is  proposed,  and  placed  between  Monodonta 
and  Turritella.  This  genus  was  adopted  the  following  year  by  Cuvier  (Anat. 
Comp.),  and  by  Bosc  in  his  "  Histoire  Naturelle  des  Coquilles,"  published  in 
1802.f  Bosc  remarks:  "One  of  the  shells  which  forms  this  genus  is  very 
celebrated  under  the  name  of  scalala,  on  account  of  its  rarity  and  high  price. 
Naturalists  have  differed  much  on  the  place  in  the  conchological  order  which 
it  should  have  (on  account  of  the  absence  of  a  columella).  .  .  .  Lamarck  at  last 
has  just  made  a  particular  genus  of  it,  into  which  the  question  of  the  presence 

26.  April  d.  J.,  Morgens  um  10  Uhr  |  offentlich  verkauft  werden  sollen  |  durch  den 
Makler  |  Johs.  Noodt.  |  Hiixter  No.  68  |  Cat.  XXXIII.  |  mit  vier  auf  stein  gezeich- 
neten  Flatten  seltener  Conchylien  |  Hamburgischen  Steindrucks.  |  Hamburg  1819.) 
Gedruckt  bei  Conrad  Muller,  Bolinenstrasse  No.  151.  |  8vo,  4  1.  unp.,  156  pp.,  4 
plates.     Preface  dated  January,  1819. 

*  "  32.  Coquille  de  diverse  forme,  l'ouverture  ronde  ou  presque  ronde  :  les  deux 
bords  reunis  circulairement.     Turbo  scalaris  Lin.     Le  scalata." 

t  Vol.  IV.  p.  84,  1802.  Another  identical  edition  (from  unsold  sheets?)  with  a 
new  title  page  appeared  in  1830. 


304  BULLETIN   OF  THE 

or  absence  of  a  columella  does  not  enter.  The  cyclostoma  is  a  very  elegant 
shell,  of  seven  whorls,  elongated,  and  separated  by  a  distinct  interval  from  one 
another,  with  ten  or  twelve  longitudinal  elevated  costae  which  unite  them- 
selves to  form  a  reflected  margin  around  the  lip.  It  has  no  columella,  the 
costse  take  the  place  of  one  externally."  Following  this  is  a  list,  with  descrip- 
tions and  references,  of  four  well  known  species  of  Scalaria,  two  species  of 
Turbonilla,  and  two  unidentifiable  new  species,  of  which  one  (probably  a  Val- 
vata)  is  from  the  warm  springs  of  Pisa.  The  type,  Turbo  scalaris  L.,  is  figured, 
pi.  xxxii.  fig.  3.  Had  matters  stopped  here,  all  would  have  been  well.  But 
in  1801  Draparnaud  in  his  "Tableau  des  Moll,  de  la  France"  (p.  40)  assigns 
a  large  number  of  land  and  fresh-water  shells  to  Cyclostoma,  at  the  instance, 
according  to  Cuvier,  of  Lamarck,  who  in  that  year  published  his  "  Systeme  des 
Animaux  sans  Vertebres,"  in  which  several  arbitrary  and  unexplained  changes 
are  made.  The  name  Cyclostoma  is  applied  (p.  87)  to  a  new  genus,  of  which 
the  sole  example  offered  is  the  Turbo  delphinus  of  Linne,  and  a  new  name, 
Scaluria,  is  proposed  (p.  88)  for  the  group  typified  by  Turbo  scalaris  L.  As 
if  this  were  not  enough,  two  years  later,  in  a  memoir  on  the  fossil  shells  of  the 
environs  of  Paris  (An.  du  Museum,  IV.  p.  108,  1804),  after  saying  that  in  the 
"  Systeme"  there  were  still  marine  and  terrestrial  shells  in  his  Cyclostoma,  La- 
marck proposes  to  eliminate  the  marine  ones,  and  takes  the  Turbo  delphinus  L. 
as  the  type  of  a  new  genus,  Delphinida.  The  Cyclostoma  then  remaining  is 
a  heterogeneous  collection  of  Vicipara,  Valvata,  Cyclostoma  (elegans),  Cyclo- 
phorus,  etc.,  a  number  of  which  do  not  agree  with  the  original  diagnosis  of 
1799.  Draparnaud  adopted  this  classification  in  his  "  Terrestrial  and  Fluvia- 
tile  Mollusks  of  France"  (p.  25),  in  1805,  and  Roissy  in  his  "History  of 
Moilusca"  (V.  p.  300),  in  the  same  year.  Dumeril  also  adopted  it,  changing 
the  orthography  and  making  it  masculine  in  termination,  as  it  was  his  hobby 
to  do  with  all  generic  names. 

Scalaria  for  the  Turbo  scalaris  group  was  adopted  by  Link  in  1807,*  Fischer 

*  Beschreibung  |  der  |  Naturalien-Sammlung  |  der  |  TJniversitat  zu  Rostock.  | 
Erste  Abtheilung.  |  Von  |  D.  H.  F.  Link,  |  Professor  der  Naturgeschicbte,  Chemic 
und  Botanik  und  verschiedener  |  Gelehrten-Gesellschaften  Mitgliede.  |  Zugleich  | 
empfiehlt  derselbe  als  jetziger  Rector  der  Universitat  |  die  j  wiirdige  Feyer  des 
Weihnachtsfesies.  |  Rostock  den  25sten  December,  1806.  |  Gedruekt  bey  Adlers 
Erben.  |      8vo.     1  pr.  1.,  pp.  1-50.     (Covers  Mammals  and  Birds.) 

Zweyte  Abtheilung :  Rostock  den  20sten  Marz,  1807.  1  pr.  1.,  pp.  51-100.  (Cov- 
ers Amphibians,  Snakes,  Fishes,  Crustacea,  Insects,  and  part  of  the  Moilusca.) 

Dritte  Abtheilung:  Rostock  den  17ten  May,  1807.  1  pr.  1.,  pp.  101-165.  (Re- 
mainder of  Mollusks,  with  Echinoderms  and  Corals.) 

Vierte  Abtheilung:  Rostock  den  25sten  December,  1807.  1  pr.  1.,  pp.  1-30. 
(Fossils  of  all  sorts.) 

Fiinfte  Abtheilung :  Rostock  den  17ten  April,  1808.  1  pr.  1.,  pp.  1-38.  (Min- 
eralogie.) 

Sechste  und  letzte  Abtheilung :  Rostock  den  5ten  Junius,  1808.  1  pr.  ].,  pp 
1-38.    (Metals  and  Ores,  together  with  Errata,  etc.) 

No  apology  is  needed  for  giving  the  collation  of  this  rare  work,  of  which  only 
April  12,  1889. 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPAKATIVE  ZOOLOGY.  305 

in  1808,  and  Montfort  in  1810  (under  the  masculine  form).  The  last  very 
justly  observes  (Vol.  II.  p.  287),  that  Cyclostoma  elegans  (which  seemed  to  have 
become  generally  accepted  as  the  type  of  the  genus)  is  always  without  the  re- 
flected lip  called  for  by  the  diagnosis;  still  he  preserves  the  name  and  separates 
under  the  name  of  Cyclophorus  the  forms  with  the  broadly  reflected  border  to 
the  aperture. 

Scientific  news  did  not  travel  rapidly  in  those  days,  and  we  find  the  careful 
Schumacher,  evidently  puzzled  by  Lamarck's  different  values  for  Cyclostoma, 
trying  to  reconcile  them  by  retaining  Cyclostoma  for  the  Turbo  clathrus  sort, 
and  Scalaria  for  Turbo  scalaris,  etc.  This  distinction,  more  apparent  than 
real,  had  previously  been  recognized  by  Leach,  who  in  1815  proposed  the 
name  Aciona  for  the  umbilicated  kinds  like  T.  scalaris,  and  retained  the  name 
Scalaria  for  the  clathrus  group.  Both  sections  have  since  received  quite  a 
number  of  names. 

It  is  evident  that  on  the  face  of  the  record,  and  from  the  action  of  various 
naturalists  at  the  time,  the  name  Cyclostoma,  if  retained  at  all,  should  be 
used  for  Scalaria  Lam.,  as  commonly  understood.  Pfeiffer,  in  rejecting  it  al- 
together from  the  nomenclature  of  Pulmonata,  has,  it  seems  to .  us,  taken  the 
proper  course,  so  far  as  that  group  is  concerned.  We  can  fairly  claim  that  the 
record  should  decide  these  matters,  and  that  possible  mental  reservations  and 
traditions  must  be  excluded  from  consideration.  But  the  old  naturalists 
were  very  loose  in  their  treatment  of  nomenclature,  as  may  be  inferred  from 
the  remarks  of  Cuvier  as  late  as  1817  (Mem.  sur  la  Vivipare,  p.  3):  "  Dra- 
parnaud  in  accordance  with  the  indication  of  Lamarck  ranges  it  {Vivipara) 
among  the  Cyclostomas.  .  .  .  Nothing  doubtless  prevents  us  from  taking  the 
vivipara  for  the  type  of  the  genus  cyclostoma,  but  it  is  probable  that  then  we 
should  be  obliged  to  exclude  several  species  which  have  so  far  remained  there, 
and  notably  all  the  terrestrials."  The  fact  that  Vivipara  does  not  agree  with 
the  original  diagnosis  and  type  of  Cyclostoma,  does  not  seem  to  have  occurred 
to  him.  Deshayes,  in  his  edition  of  Lamarck's  "  Histoire  des  Animaux  sans 
Vertebres  "  (1836),  tries  to  justify  the  process  by  which  Cyclostoma  has  come 
to  represent  something  quite  different  from  its  original  type ;  but  I  do  not  con- 
sider that  his  remarks  give  a  fair  statement  of  the  history  of  the  case  as  it  ap- 
pears in  the  printed  record,  though  they  may  correctly  convey  traditions  with 
which  those  who  desire  impartially  to  apply  the  rules  of  nomenclature  cannot 
legitimately  concern  themselves. 

The  question  then  remains  what  name  to  adopt,  and  it  is  evident  that  Sca- 
laria is  out  of  the  question.     Klein  can  by  no  stretch  of  courtesy  in  which  the 

two  or  three  copies  are  known,  most  of  the  edition,  according  to  Herrmannsen,  hav- 
ing been  destroyed  by  fire.  The  genera  proposed  in  it  are  often  well  conceived 
and  properly  characterized,  with  references  to  the  place  of  description,  etc.  of  the 
species  included  under  them.  If  the  work  is  to  be  considered  as  published,  there  is 
no  doubt  that  the  new  genera  proposed  in  it,  other  things  being  equal,  must  be 
admitted  to  nomenclature. 

VOL.  xviii.  20 


306  BULLETIN   OF  THE 

truth  abides  be  considered  as  a  binomial  author.  His  names,  when  adopted  by 
some  one  who  recognizes  the  Linnean  nomenclature,  may  stand,  but  not  as  of 
Klein,  w*ho  opposed  Linnaeus  and  all  his  works.  Humphrey  is  the  first  to 
adopt  the  Kleinian  Scala  for  the  genus,  and,  though  he  gave  no  definition,  yet 
in  this  case  there  is  no  doubt  as  to  the  species  referred  to.  It  would  seem,  there- 
fore, as  if  the  interests  of  science  would  be  better  served  by  adopting  the  name 
of  Humphrey,  than  by  stickling  for  the  exact  letter  of  the  law.  This  is  the 
course  I  have  decided  to  follow. 

The  dentition  of  the  Scalidse  is  little  known,  only  a  few  species  having  been 
examined.  It  varies  from  a  series  of  perfectly  simple,  rather  short,  arcuate 
la  ,erals,  to  those  in  which  the  tip  of  the  tooth  is  denticulated,  and  the  shaft 
is  long,  slender,  and  nearly  straight,  except  at  the  base  and  tip.  These  differ- 
ences do  not  march  with  the  conchological  characters,  S.  communis  Lamarck 
having  simple  teeth  (Troschel),  and  S.  Sayana  Dall  (S.  clathrus  Say  pro  parte), 
so  similar  as  to  shell  that  Say  united  it  with  communis  under  the  name  of 
clathrus,  having  denticulate  teeth.  The  foot  in  some  species  is  bifid  and  doubly 
carinate  behind  the  operculum,  as  in  S.  Sayana,  but  this  is  also  the  case  in 
species  like  S.  Trevelyana  with  a  widely  different  shell.  On  the  other  hand, 
S.  communis  has  the  foot  tapering  to  a  point  behind  (Jeffreys),  and  S.  lineata 
Say  has  it  rounded  (Stimpson).  The  operculum  may  be  either  stout  and  black, 
or  pellucid  horny.  The  animal  has  a  gizzard  provided  with  horny  plates  having 
a  reticulated  grinding  surface.  The  Scalidce  are  carnivorous,  and  have  separate 
sexes. 

The  soft  parts  of  but  few  species  are  known,  and  the  fact  that  their  differ- 
ences as  far  as  observed  do  not  correspond  to  differences  of  the  shell  as  between 
one  species  and  another,  renders  the  task  of  assorting  the  very  numerous  forms 
into  an  orderly  and  natural  arrangement  still  more  difficult.  The  number  of 
subgenera  or  sections  which  have  been  proposed,  in  the  light  of  present  knowl- 
edge, seems  extraordinary,  in  so  compact  a  group.  Several  of  them,  as  those 
of  Conrad,  seem  to  have  been  offered  in  the  absence  of  any  differential  charac- 
ters, and  for  that  reason  without  a  diagnosis,  while  on  the  other  hand  some 
minute  forms,"  at  first  referred  to  this  family,  such  as  Scaliola  A.  Adams,  have 
proved,  on  investigation  of  the  soft  parts,  to  belong  to  a  totally  different  family. 
In  regard  to  some  of  the  fossil  forms,  such  as  Funis  Seeley,  Holopella  McCoy, 
and  Cochlearia  Munster,  all  of  which  have  been  referred  to  this  family,  the 
decision  in  any  case  must  be  hypothetical  and  unsatisfactory.  Hoplopteron 
Fischer,  at  first  sight  most  extraordinary,  seems  on  further  investigation  to  be 
related  rather  to  the  Eulimidat.  Opalia  anomala  Stearns  has,  however,  a 
similar  lateral  arrangement  of  the  varices,  which  in  form  are  paralleled  in  sev- 
eral species  of  Scala  provided  with  a  larger  number  than  is  the  type  of  Hoplo- 
pteron. Other  species  of  Scala  have  quite  as  compact  a  spire.  Still  it  may 
prove  eventually,  as  Scaliola  did,  to  belong  to  quite  an  unexpected  group  when 
the  soft  parts  are  known,  a  contingency  which  is  rendered  more  probable  by 
its  minute  size  (1.15  mm.).  This, is  also  the  opinion  of  Dr.  Fischer,  who,  in 
his  latest  work,  has  referred  Hoplopteron  to  the  Eulimidoz. 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  307 

Since  the  above  was  written  M.  E.  de  Boury  has  undertaken  the  laudable 
project  of  monographing  the  Scalidce  on  a  scale  and  in  a  manner  which  leave 
nothing  but  the  speedy  completion  of  the  work  to  be  desired.  I  therefore  re- 
sign with  pleasure  the  discussion  of  the  various  groups  into  which  the  family 
may  be  divided,  and  which  I  had  partially  carried  out  before  M.  de  Boury's 
project  was  made  known  to  me.  I  do  this  the  more  readily,  as  I  am  convinced 
the  task  is  one  of  no  little  difficulty,  and  well  worthy  of  special  research. 

The  Antillean  species  of  Scala  number  some  forty  or  fifty,  of  which,  so  far 
as  known,  but  few  ascend  the  eastern  coast  of  the  United  States  northward 
from  the  Floridian  peninsula  except  in  deep  water.  In  working  up  the  Blake 
species,  notes  were  made  in  regard  to  several  points  connected  with  the  littoral 
fauna,  some  of  which  seem  worthy  of  record. 

Scala  lineata  Sat. 

Scala  lineata,  Say,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  II.  p.  242,  1822.     Not  of  Binney's 
Gould,  p.  312,  fig.  580,  =  S.  Sayana  Dall. 

It  appears  that  Kiener  has  fallen  into  some  confusion  in  regard  to  this  very 
characteristic  species;  but  as  I  have  no  means  of  referring  to  Kiener's  work, 
I  am  unable  to  clear  it  up.  A  sketch  by  Lieut.  Kurtz,  among  Stimpson's 
MSS.,  shows  that  the  animal  has  a  short  foot,  rounded,  like  the  small  end  of 
an  egg,  behind;  its  anterior  edge  strongly  convexly  arcuated  forward,  with  the 
anterior  angles  projecting  in  an  auriculate  manner.  The  tentacles  are  two 
thirds  as  long  as  the  foot,  and  very  slender,  while  the  median  line  of  the  head 
is  not  indented. 

This  species  is  found  in  the  Caloosahatchie  Pliocene  of  Florida.  A  curious 
error  is  contained  in  Mr.  Binney's  edition  of  Dr.  Gould's  Report  on  the  Inver- 
tebrata  of  Massachusetts,  p.  312,  where  what  appears  to  be  Say's  S.  clathrus 
(=  Sayana  Dall)  is  figured  for  S.  lineata  Say,  a  totally  .different  species  with 
irregular  varices,  some  much  larger  than  others,  and  a  very  sharply  cut  basal 
disk  bordered  by  a  purple  line  referred  to  by  Say  in  his  description.  The 
description  in  Binney  refers  to  the  genuine  S.  lineata;  it  was  written  by 
Dr.  Gould,  but  the  figure  does  not  represent  that  species.  This  error  has  been 
copied  with  the  figure  into  the  Fish  Commission  Report  for  1871-72,  in  Prof. 
Verrill's  article  on  the  Invertebrates  of  Vineyard  Sound  (p.  660,  pi.  xxi. 
fig.  123). 

Scala  (Acirsa)  costulata  Migfiels. 

Turritella  costulata  Mighels,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  I.  p.  50,  Nov.,  1841. 

This  species  has  been  generally  known  as  Acirsa  borealis  Beck,  but,  as 
Prof.  Verrill  has  already  indicated  (Proc  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1882,  p.  332,  Sept., 


308  BULLETIN   OF  THE 

1882),  the  earliest  name  for  it  is  that  of  Mighels,  who  not  unnaturally  de- 
scribed it  as  a  Turritella. 

The  history  of  the  name  borealis  for  this  species  is  somewhat  curious.  In 
1835  Sir  Charles  Lyell  figured  this  species  in  a  paper  on  "  The  Rising  of 
Sweden,"  (Phil.  Trans.,  1835,  pi.  ii.  figs.  11,  12,)  but  applied  no  specific  name 
to  it,  and  referred  to  it  as  "  ?  Scalaria."  It  seems  that  Dr.  Beck,  who  was  in 
correspondence  with  Sir  Charles  at  the  time,  in  regard  to  the  stratigraphical 
classification  of  the  later  tertiaries,  must  have  applied  a  manuscript  name  to  this 
figure,  though  there  i6  no  published  evidence  of  this  until  long  afterward.  In 
the  proceedings  of  the  Geological  Society  of  London  (Vol.  III.  p.  120),  Lyell 
mentions,  among  other  shells  identified  for  him  by  Dr.  Beck,  from  the  St.  Law- 
rence tertiaries  near  Quebec,  Scalaria  borealis  and  Erycina  labradorica.  No 
author  is  mentioned  foT  either,  nor  is  there  any  reference  to  a  description  oi 
figure,  even  to  Lyell's  figure  above  cited.  Upon  these  circumstances  is  founded 
the  claim  of  Beck  to  be  considered  the  first  describer  of  the  species,  which  has 
also  Been  assigned  by  Bronn  (Index  Pal.,  III.  p.  1114,  1848)  and  others  to 
Lyell.  All  this  gave  no  one  any  claim  to  the  name  as  established.  In  fact, 
Beck  never  described  or  figured  the  species,  and  the  only  means  by  which  his 
name  became  connected  with  it  is  by  the  citation  of  his  manuscript  name  by 
Lyell,  in  a  paper  on  Captain  Bayfield's  fossils  from  the  Gulf  and  River  of  St. 
Lawrence  (Geol.  Trans.,  2d  ser.,  VI.  p.  136),  and  a  suggestion  of  its  identity 
with  the  figure  referred  to,  as  published  in  the  Philosophical  Transactions. 
The  part  of  the  Transactions  containing  the  reference  was  published  in  the 
winter  of  1841-42,  the  exact  date  being  inaccessible,  but  the  matter  is  of  little 
importance.  The  only  description  of  the  species  published  (with  the  exception 
about  to  be  noted)  until  many  years  afterward,  so  far  as  I  have  been  able  to 
find  out,  was  that  of  Dr.  Mighels,  which  should  therefore  take  precedence. 

In  1842,  Moller,  working  at  the  Copenhagen  Museum  in  cooperation  with 
Beck,  a  number  of  whose  MS.  species  he  published  in  his  Index  to  the  Mollusca 
of  Greenland,  publishes  this  species  as  named  in  MS.  by  Holboll  S.  Eschrichtii. 
But  Mighels's  specific  name  antedates  that  of  Holboll,  and  the  S.  costnlata 
of  Kiener  (according  to  Nyst  a  synonym  of  S.  tenuis)  only  dates  from 
1842.  Consequently,  the  species  must  retain  the  name  -given  by  Mighels. 
There  are  some  further  consequences  connected  with  the  establishment  of 
Mighels's  name.  On  the  ground  that  Beck's  name  was  valid,  and  that  Opalia 
Adams  (1853)  is  synonymous  with  Acirsa  Mbrch  (1857),  Mbrch  in  1874  re- 
named Opalia  borealis  Gould  0.  Wroblewskyi ;  and,  in  ignorance  of  this,  two 
years  later  Tapparone-Canefri  gave  it  the  specific  name  of  Gouldii  on  the  same 
grounds,  and  even  went  further  and  renamed  Opalia,  the  ranking  generic  or 
subgeneric  name,  Psychrosoma,  on  account  of  some  confusion  of  ideas  on  his 
own  part  in  relation  to  the  revision  (in  a  paper  of  Carpenter's)  by  the  Messrs. 
Adams  of  their  subgenus  Opalia:  a  revision  which  they  thought  necessary  on 
account  of  the  establishment  of  the  subgenus  Acirsa  by  Mbrch  subsequent  to 
the  institution  of  Opalia,  which  wpuld  have  included  both.  As  a  result,  Dr. 
Gould's  subgeneric  name  will  stand,  and  the  others  fall  into  synonymy. 


MUSEUM   OF  COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY.  309 

Scala  multistriata  Sat. 
Hicularia  multistriata  Say,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  V.  p.  208,  1826. 

In  regard  to  this  species,  also,  some  confusion  has  prevailed.  An  authentic 
specimen  preserved  by  Stimpson  enables  us  to  differentiate  the  shell.  It  is 
especially  characterized  by  the  pointed  apex,  with  a  pale  glassy  few-whorled 
nucleus,  followed  by  a  few  faintly  sculptured  turns,  the  varices  becoming  close, 
uniform,  small,  and  flattish  over  strong  spiral  sculpture.  About  the  fifth  whorl 
the  varices  become  less  crowded,  gradually  sparser  though  still  regular,  and  on 
the  last  whorl  one  or  two  may  be  distinctly  larger  than  the  others.  With 
these  changes  the  spiral  sculpture,  pari  passu,  has  become  finer  and  fainter, 
at  last  nearly  obsolete.  Kiener,  according  to  Stimpson's  notes,  has  confounded 
this  species  with  S.  clathratula,  a  specimen  of  which  he  may  have  received 
under  this  name. 

Specimens  received  from  the  U.  S.  Fish  Commission  under  the  name  of 
S.  leptalea  Bush  are  young  specimens  of  this  species.  According  to  Stimpson, 
who  collected  it  at  Beaufort,  N.  C,  the  animal  is  of  pure  hyaline  bluish  white, 
spotted  with  opaque,  white  on  the  front  of  the  head  and  foot.  The  tentacles 
are  very  slender,  the  evertible  proboscis,  which  pulls  in  from  the  tip,  is  very 
large  and  oval  when  protruded.  The  front  edge  of  the  foot  is  double  and 
rectilinear  from  side  to  side,  not  perceptibly  auriculate. 

Scaia  Sayana  Dall. 
S.  clathrus  Say  pro  parte,  non  Auct.  or  Linne. 

Say  described  in  1831,  supposing  it  to  be  the  European  clathrus  (S.  communis 
Lam.),  a  shell  from  which  he  separated  as  a  variety  angulata,  the  well  known 
species  afterward  named  S.  Humphreysii  by  Kiener  and  S.  turbinata  by  Conrad. 
The  typical  clathrus  of  Say,  however,  has  never  been  elucidated  or  named. 
It  is  a  white  shell  with  nine  well  marked  varices  continuous  to  the  apex,  which 
has  a  smooth  translucent  pale  brown  nucleus  of  about  three  whorls.  It  has 
none  of  the  coloration  of  S.  communis,  from  pale  specimens  of  which  it  differs 
by  its  greater  slenderness  and  delicacy,  by  the  deeper  notch  where  the  varices 
of  one  whorl  join  those  of  the  preceding  whorl,  by  the  longer  curve  which  the 
combined  varices  describe  around  the  spire  in  the  same  length,  and  by  the  ab- 
sence of  the  prolongation  of  the  anterior  margin  of  the  lip,  which  is  so  marked 
a  feature  of  S.  communis.  In  S.  Sayana  the  interstices  are  polished,  smooth, 
with  occasional  faint  microscopic  spiral  striae.  It  never  attains  the  size  of 
S.  communis;  the  largest  specimen  I  have  seen  has  nine  whorls,  and  measures 
18  by  7  mm. 

The  National  Museum  has  specimens  from  Virginia  to  Key  West,  and  also 
from  Corpus  Christi,  Texas. 

In  a  male  specimen  there  were  six  slender  nearly  straight  teeth  on  each  side 


310  BULLETIN   OF   THE 

of  the  edentate  rhachis,  the  tip  of  the  largest  tooth  showing  two  deep  notches, 
separating  two  very  sharp  curved  denticles  from  three  much  smaller  denticles 
below  the  lower  notch.  The  foot  is  nearly  five  times  as  long  as  wide,  grooved 
below  in  its  posterior  half,  bifid  behind,  double  and  nearly  straight  across  the 
front  edge,  which  is  a  little  wider  than  the  sole  behind  it.  The  tentacles  are 
long  and  slender.  The  crop  is  armed  on  each  side  by  a  coriaceous  plate, 
opaque  white  inside,  black  outside,  backed  by  a  thin  subovate  horny  plate, 
having  a  minutely  cellular  or  reticulated  surface. 

Scala  scipio  n.  s. 

Shell  livid  flesh-color,  brilliantly  polished,  smooth,  with  nine  to  fifteen 
whiter  thin  low  varices,  curved  and  appressed  at  the  suture,  where  they  are 
slightly  expanded;  here  and  there  one  is  of  double  size.  The  varices  are  often 
but  not  always  continuous;  the  whorls  are  rounded,  ten  or  fifteen  in  number, 
of  which  three,  hardly  distinguishable  from  the  rest  except 'by  their  paleness, 
are  nuclear  ;  mouth  ovate,  lip  thin,  narrow,  reflected ;  base  rounded  without  a 
disk  or  cordon ;  suture  distinct  but  partly  filled  by  the  expanded  tips  of  the 
appressed  varices.     Lon.  16.0,  max.  lat.  4.0  mm. 

A  specimen  of  eleven  whorls,  without  the  nucleus  and  with  the  aperture 
broken,  was  collected  by  Strebel  at  Vera  Cruz,  in  1866.  A  tip  with  the  nucleus 
from  Station  2597,  in  fifteen  fathoms,  twenty  miles  S.  W.  by  S.  from  Cape 
Hatteras,  N.  C,  was  sent  in  by  the  U.  S.  Fish  Commission,  and  one  from 
12  fms.,  near  Frying  Pan  Shoals,  by  Dr.  Rush,'U.  S.  N.,  both  of  which  are  in 
the  U.  S.  National  Museum.  This  is  the  most  slender  recent  species  I  have 
seen,  and  is  readily  recognized  by  its  livid  pink  color,  glassy  polish  and  thin 
varices,  compactly  rolled  spire,  and  absence  of  umbilicus,  fasciole,  or  disk  on 
the  base.  It  is  nearest  to  S.  aciculina  Hinds,  but  still  more  slender  and  drawn 
out. 

Scala  apiculata  n.  s. 

Shell  white,  with  three  smooth  nuclear  whorls,  then  three  whorls  each  with 
15-20  close  low  even  varices,  then  two  whorls  with  about  ten  strong  high 
hardly  reflected  varices;  interspaces  on  the  early  three  whorls  strongly,  after- 
ward less  strongly  spirally  grooved,  the  interspaces  on  the  last  two  whorls 
quite  smooth;  shell  imperforate,  lip  broad,  not  dentate  behind,  obsolete  on  the 
body  whorl,  and  produced  and  somewhat  scooped  out  anteriorly,  the  inner 
angle  of  this  edge  making  a  narrow  fasciole  around  the  axis.  Lon.  5.0,  lat. 
2.5  mm. 

Habitat.  Off  the  coast  of  North  Carolina,  Stations  2596  and  2616  of  the 
U.  S.  Fish  Commission,  in  17-50  fms.,  sand. 

This  interesting  little  shell  presents  certain  analogies  with  S.  multistriata  Say. 
It  is  much  smaller  and  more  turbinate,  the  spiral  sculpture  and  the  numerous 
varices  exist  on  fewer  whorls,  the  spiral  sculpture  fails  entirely  on  the  later 


MUSEUM   OF  COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY.  311 

whorls,  and  the  varices  are  more  erect  and  lamellar,  and  the  suture  less  dis- 
tinct than  in  S.  multistriata  of  the  same  length.  The  fasciole  is  quite  absent 
in  the  last  mentioned  form,  but  they  both  agree  in  having  more  varices  and 
stronger  striae  on  the  early  whorls  than  on  later  ones. 

Scala  modesta  Adams. 
Scala  modesta  C.  B.  Adams,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  II.  p.  7,  1845. 

The  shell  described  by  Morch  (Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  VIII.  p.  203,  1876) 
under  this  name,  and  serving  as  the  type  of  his  subgenus  Ianthoscala,  is  not 
the  shell  described  by  Prof.  Adams,  as  a  comparison  of  diagnoses  shows  at 
once.  S.  modesta,  from  the  author's  types,  is  solid,  white,  with  eleven  continu- 
ous varices,  and  is  engraved  all  over  with  fine  sharp  spiral  striae,  which  even 
ascend  the  varices.  Moreh's  shell  is  smooth  and  has  twenty-one  varices,  and, 
as  I  do  not  find  any  name  for  it,  may  be  called  S.  permodesta.  S.  modesta  is 
well  distinguished  from  S.  centiquadra  Morch  by  the  absence  of  decussation  in 
the  fine  sculpture,  and  by  its  much  stouter  build  and  stronger  varices  of  trian- 
gular rather  than  lamellar  section.  It  has  no  resemblance  to  S.  venosa  Sby., 
but  S.  undecimcostata  Morch  is  very  likely  a  synonym  of  modesta. 

Scala  clathrus  Linne. 

Scala  clathrus  Linne',  Syst.  Nat.,  ed.  xii.,  p.  1237.    (S.  lamellosa  Lam. pro  parte,  Morch, 
Scalida,  loc.  cit.,  p.  109.) 

I  am  entirely  in  accord  with  Morch  as  to  the  propriety  of  separating  the 
West  Indian  shell  from  S.  lamellosa  (=  S.  commutata  Mts.)  of  the  Mediterra- 
nean. With  a  fine  series  of  both  before  me,  I  can  find  no  approach  to  the 
transition  spoken  of  by  Mr.  Tryon  in  his  Manual.  The  two  forms  are  as  dis- 
tinguishable as  the  vast  majority  of  species,  and  would  very  likely  be  put  in 
two  "  genera "  by  the  so  called  "  new  school "  conchologists ;  not  that  this, 
however,  would  form  much  of  an  argument. 

As  the.  only  clathrus  of  Linne  which  can  be  identified  is  the  present  species, 
it  would  seem  as  if  his  name  should  be  retained  for  it,  otherwise  it  must  have 
a  new  one,  the  available  synonyms  all  referring  to  the  Mediterranean  form. 

Scala  babylonia  n.  s. 

Shell  thin,  white,  elongate,  with  fifteen  rounded  whorls  (nucleus  lost)  each 
ornamented  with  about  twenty-five  thin  sharp  varices  each  of  which  has  a 
small  triangular  sharp  point  half-way  from  the  suture  to  the  periphery;  behind 
these  the  interspaces  are  smooth  to  the  suture;  in  front  of  the  varical  points 
the  surface  is  sculptured  with  raised  flat-topped  threads  with  wider  intervals 
between  them  and  numerous  still  finer  spiral  strias;  the  spiral  sculpture  does 


312  BULLETIN    OF    THE 

not  crenulate  the  varices;  shell  imperforate,  without  basal  disk  or  cordon; 
aperture  small,  lip  thin,  narrow,  hardly  reflected,  tortuous  and  a  little  patulous 
at  the  anterior  end  of  the  axis;  suture  very  deep.  Lon.  30.0,  max.  lat. 
6.5  mm. 

Habitat.  U.  S.  Fish  Commission  Station  2678,  in  731  fms.,  light  gray  ooze, 
bottom  temperature  38°.7  F. 

The  specimen  procured  was  fresh,  but  without  the  soft  parts.  This  beautiful 
species  somewhat  resembles  Verrill's  figure  of  S.  Dalliana,  but  is  longer,  much 
more  cylindrical,  and  has  strong  spiral  sculpture  which  is  wanting  in  that 
species.  The  upper  fourth  of  S.  babylonia,  which  would  about  correspond  in 
size  to  S.  Dalliana,  has  the  costa?  more  sparse,  thin  and  erect,  the  whorls  much 
rounder,  and  the  suture  much  deeper  than  in  that  species.  None  of  the  other 
species  described  from  deep  water  are  much  like  it. 

Scala  (Acrilla)  retifera  n.  s. 

Shell  small,  thin,  yellowish  or  grayish,  with  ten  ordinary  and  three  pol- 
ished dark  brown  smooth  nuclear  whorls;  apex  acute,  whorls  well  rounded, 
suture  distinct;  whorls  closely  reticulated  by  (on  the  last  about  twenty-five) 
little-elevated  thin  transverse  lamella?,  and  five  strong,  even,  regular  revolving 
or  spiral  ribs  over  which  the  lamella?  are  fluted  and  frilled  with  great  regularitj'. 
The  lamella?  pass  from  the  suture  to  the  margin  of  the  very  large  basal  disk, 
over  the  edge  of  which  they  pass  as  slightly  raised  lines  centring  at  the  axis  of 
the  shell,  and  giving  a  wheel-like  appearance  to  the  disk,  which  is  also  sculp- 
tured by  fine  radiating  and  stronger  revolving  threads;  the  disk  is  a  little  con- 
cave, and  like  the  rest  of  the  shell  tinged  with  brownish  yellow,  but  the 
columella  or  axis  is  pure  white,  polished,  and  shows  a  single  strong  spiral  fas- 
ciole;  the  lip  is  thin,  hardly  at  all  reflected,  the  margin  is  angulated  by  the 
carina  of  the  disk  and  at  the  somewhat  projecting  columella  so  that  the  aper- 
ture has  a  squarish  appearance.  The  whole  base  from  the  suture  down  is 
occupied  by  the  disk.     Lon.  12.5,  max.  lat.  4.3  mm.,  of  the  largest  specimen. 

Habitat.  "Seventeen  to  twenty-five  miles  off  the  coast  of  North  Carolina,  at 
U.  S.  Fish  Commission  Stations  2595  and  2596,  in  49  to  63  fms.,  sand,  bottom 
temperature  75°.0  F. 

This  very  pretty  species  is  related  to  Acrilla  decussata  of  Lamarck  as  iden- 
tified by  M.  de  Boury.  This  differs  from  S.  retifera  in  its  smaller  and  less 
emphasized  basal  disk,  its  much  more  numerous  and  less  regular  spiral  stria?, 
and  raised  threads  which  do  not  flute  the  transverse  lamella?.  S.  decussata 
appears  also  to  reach  a  much  larger  size.  There  is  no  other  recent  species 
which  is  at  all  like  S.  retifera,  so  far  as  I  have  been  able  to  discover.  Sowerby's 
figure  of  decussata  is  not  unlike  S.  retifera,  but  it  does  not  represent  the  origi- 
nal decussata  of  Lamarck,  which  is  a  fossil  species. 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPAKATIVE  ZOOLOGY.  313 

Scala  Frielei  n.  B. 

Shell  small,  thin,  whitish,  acute  at  the  apex,  rapidly  enlarging,  perforate; 
spirally  sculptured  with  distinct  regularly  evenly  disposed  raised  threads 
without  interstitial  striae ;  these  are  crossed  by  close-set  fine  incremental  lines, 
and  by  (in  the  last  whorl  about  twenty-two)  hardly  raised,  sharp,  very  thin, 
irregularly  disposed  lamella?,  which  are  highest  near  the  suture  but  not  ap- 
pressed  or  continuous  over  it,  and  are  weakest  on  the  periphery ;  there  are 
three  pale  smooth  polished  nuclear,  and  four  ordinary  well  infiated  whorls 
with  a  deep  but  not  channelled  suture;  the  base  is  rounded,  the  perforation 
small  and  oblique ;  there  is  no  basal  disk  or  cordon ;  the  mouth  is  rounded 
oval,  with  a  thin  sharp  edge;  the  lamella?  are  not  crenulated  by  the  spiral 
lines.     Lon.  4.75,  lat.  2.5  mm. 

Habitat.  Off  Hatteras,  at  Station  2595  in  63  fins.,  sand,  U.  S.  Fish 
Commission. 

This  pretty  species  has  a  good  deal  the  aspect  of  S.  dubia,  as  figured  by 
Sowerby  (Thes.,  pi.  xxxiii.  fig.  41),  but  has  a  more  acute  apex  and  unobstructed 
suture.  It  is  named  in  honor  of  Mr.  Herman  Friele  of  Bergen,  distinguished 
for  his  excellent  researches  on  the  Mollusks  of  the  Norwegian  North  Atlantic 
Expedition.  The  varices  hardly  rise  above  the  surface,  and  are  extremely  thin 
and  sharp. 

Scala  Rushii  n.  s. 

Shell  resembling  in  details  of  sculpture  the  preceding  species,  but  yellowish 
or  livid  with  a  pale  peripheral  zone;  shell  much  more  elongated  and  slender, 
with  three  nuclear  and  six  ordinary  well  rounded  whorls  ;  the  twenty-five 
lamellae  on  the  last  whorl  a  little  more  elevated  and  more  regularly  dispose-.  , 
and  with  a  tendency  to  cross  the  suture;  the  base  is  rounded  and  imperforate, 
the  mouth  rounded  oval,  the  columellar  part  of  the  lip  alone  thickened,  the 
rest  sharp,  hardly  reflected;  the  sutures  are  deep  and  the  spiral  sculpture  very 
regularly  disposed.     Lon.  6.25,  max.  lat.  2.5  mm. 

Habitat.  Off  Hatteras,  U.  S.  Fish  Commission  Stations  2595  and  2596,  in 
49  to  63  fms.,  sand  ;  and  at  Samana  Bay,  St.  Domingo,  a  white,  rather  more 
slender  variety,  stylina. 

This  elegant  little  species  is  not  unlike  a  S.  decussata  in  miniature,  with 
fainter  varices  or  lamella?,  smoother  surface,  and  no  basal  disk.  It  is  dedicated 
to  Dr.  W.  H.  Rush,  U.  S.  N. 

In  the  U.  S.  National  Museum  there  are  two  species  of  Scala  of  this  general 
character,  which  appear  to  be  undescribed,  but  which  I  reserve  for  more  ma- 
terial if  possible,  as  they  are  quite  small,  and  represented  bjr  one  or  two 
specimens  each. 

Scala  sericifila  n.  s. 

Shell  slender,  solid,  pure  white,  with  three  translucent  apical  and  six  opaque 
whorls,  obtusely  angulated  at  and  a  little   concave   behind   the   periphery. 


314  BULLETIN  OF  THE 

Nuclear  turns  glassy,  smooth,  the  others  engraved  throughout  with  extremely 
fine,  sharp,  well  marked  spiral  striae  crossed  by  about  (on  the  last  whorl 
twenty-five)  rounded  smooth  moderately  elevated  strong  transverse  ribs,  very 
obliquely  set,  appressed  a  little  at  the  suture,  but  with  no  sharp  angles,  spines, 
or  irregularities.  These  ribs  are  separated  by  interspaces  no  wider  than  the 
ribs  themselves,  nearly  hiding  the  spiral  sculpture ;  base  handsomely  rounded, 
without  disk  or  cordon,  imperforate;  aperture  subcircular,  lip  thickened  but 
not  varicose.     Lon.  5.1,  max.  lat.  2.0  mm. 

Habitat.     Coast  of  Honduras,  Simpson. 

The  appearance  of  this  little  shell  is  extremely  elegant,  owing  to  the  com- 
pact, neat,  clean-cut  sculpture,  and  the  peculiar  manner  in  which  the  side  of 
the  whorl  next  the  suture  is  flattened  away  from  the  periphery.  I  have  been 
unable  to  find  any  figure  resembling  it.  The  upper  figure  of  Jeffreys's  S.  semi- 
disjuncta  (P.  Z.  S.  1884,  pi.  x.  fig.  V),  if  the  whorls  were  closer  together  and 
the  varices  solid  and  smooth  instead  of  lamellar  and  angulate,  would  look  a 
little  like  it.  It  recalls  a  piece  of  "  stranded "  cable  in  which  the  separate 
twines  stand  out  clearly. 

Scala  nitidella  n.  s. 

Shell  thin,  delicate,  with  nine  well  rounded  and  four  nuclear  whorls,  hav- 
ing the  most  brilliant  polish;  shell  white  or  more  generally  liberally  blotched 
with  cloudy  spots  of  light  brown  disposed  in  an  irregularly  spiral  manner 
along  the  whorl.  Varices  nine,  frequently  continuous,  low,  narrow,  smooth, 
white,  recurved,  the  tip  appressed  at  the  suture  on  to  the  preceding  whorl. 
Base  rounded,  umbilicate,  with  no  spiral  sculpture,  cordon,  or  disk;  whorls  in 
contact  at  the  suture,  which  is  deep  and  distinct ;  on  each  whorl,  or  nearly 
every  one,  one  of  the  varices  is  markedly  larger  than  the  others;  aperture 
egg-oval,  lip  moderately  reflected,  a  little  expanded  toward  the  axis  anteriorly. 
Apex  acute,  whitish,  glassy.     Lon.  13.5,  max.  lat.  5.0  mm. 

Habitat.  Fifteen  to  thirty  miles  off  the  North  Carolina  coast,  in  about  50 
fins.,  sandy  bottom,  U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

This  pretty  species  recalls  S.  lineolata  Kiener,  from  which,  however,  it  is 
more  than  sufficiently  separated  by  the  great  difference  in  the  number  of  ribs, 
the  form  of  the  lip,  etc.  It  is  remarkable  for  the  brilliant  polish  of  its  surface, 
and  is  separated  from  the  whole  clathrus  group  by  the  absence  of  any  basal 
cordon. 

Scala  muscapedia  n.  s. 

Shell  thin,  elongated,  eight-whorled  (without  the  nucleus)  with  deep  sutures, 
inflated  whorls,  and  imperforate  base;  color  white  with  three  rows  of  brown 
spots,  about  one  spot  to  a  varix,  those  on  the  base  roundish,  those  on  the  periph- 
ery elongate  pyriform,  and  laid  on  obliquely  frontwise  and  to  the  right,  the 
posterior  series   between  the  last  and  the  suture  resembling  a  faint  band; 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY.  315 

surface  spirally  sculptured  with  numerous  strong  raised  lines  between  which 
are  2-4  much  finer  ones,  all  reticulated  by  well  marked  elevated  incremental 
lines,  and  crossed  by  (on  the  last  whorl  thirteen)  solid  smooth  white  recurved 
varices,  mostly  continuous  over  the  spire,  though  descending  deeply  into  the 
suture  and  not  appressed  to  the  preceding  whorl.  Close  to  the  suture  is  a 
notch  in  each  varix,  over  which  is  recurved  a  very  short  sharp  spine  (usually 
broken  off) ;  base  sculptured  like  the  rest,  with  no  cordon  or  disk,  imperforate 
with  a  very  narrow  axial  fasciole;  aperture  roUnded  ovate;  lip  reflected,  rounded, 
not  very  wide,  slightly  anteriorly  expanded  but  not  patulous.  On  the  last 
whorl  one  or  two  varices  are  larger  than  the  rest.    Lon.  17.5,  max.  lat.  5.5  mm. 

Habitat.  U.  S.  Fish  Commission  Station  2619,  twenty-five  miles  off  Cape 
Fear,  N.  C,  in  15  fms. 

This  beautiful  species  is  nearest  to  S.  centiquadra  Morch,  from  which  it 
differs  by  its  more  numerous,  smaller,  and  differently  shaped  varices,  which 
are  compact  and  rounded,  while  in  centiquadra  they  are  sharp  and  blade-like  ; 
by  its  color,  the  last  mentioned  being  white ;  and  lastly  by  the  different  char- 
acter of  the  reticulation,  which  is  much  more  even  in  both  directions  in  centi- 
quadra than  in  the  present  species,  resulting  in  a  finer  and  more  square  network 
in  the  former,  which  when  worn  remains  in  the  shape  of  punctures. 

Scala  eburnea  Potiez  &  Michaud,  is  among  the  species  dredged  south  of  Hat- 
teras  by  the  U.  S.  Fish  Commission.     It  is  said  to  be  the  S.  fragilis  of  Gray. 

Scala  Dalliana  Verrill  &  Smith. 

Scalaria  Dalliana  Verrill  &  Smith,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.,  XX.  pp.  391,  395,  Nov.,  1880; 

Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  V.  p.  527,  pi.  lvii.  fig.  33,  1882. 
Scalaria  clathratula  Jeffreys,  P.  Z.  S.  1884,  p.  136,  not  of  Adams. 

Off  Martha's  Vineyard,  in  100-200  fms. ;  off  the  coast  of  North  Carolina  at 
Stations  2592,  2595,  and  2614,  in  63-168  fms.,  U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

This  species  was  referred  by  Dr.  Jeffreys  to  S.  clathratula,  from  which  it  is 
perfectly  distinct.  In  examining  the  Scalidm  of  the  Jeffreys  collection,  I  came 
upon  the  specimen  received  by  Dr.  Jeffreys  from  Prof.  Verrill,  and  still  retain- 
ing his  label,  upon  which  the  erroneous  opinion  was  based.  To  my  surprise 
it  proved  to  be  a  specimen  of  clathratula,  quite  as  different  from  the  genuine 
Dalliana  as  any  of  the  European  specimens.  I  mention  this  here,  because,  if  no 
accidental  substitution  has  taken  place,  it  adds  one  species  to  our  fauna,  and 
explains  what  would  otherwise  seem  an  extraordinary  blunder  to  those  who 
are  acquainted  with  the  two  species. 

Scala  (Cycloscala)  Dunkeriana  Dall. 

Scalaria  soluta  Dunker,  Morch,  Malak.  Bliitt.,  XXII ,  1874,  p.  145;  Cat.  W.  I.  Sca- 
lida,  No.  10,  p.  195,  pi.  xxix.  fig.  5,  1876.  Not  S.  soluta  A.  Adams,  1862,  nor 
S.  soluta  Tiberi,  1863. 

Habitat.     St.  Thomas,  W.  I.  Krebs;  Garden  Key,  Tortugas,  Simpson;  No 


316  BULLETIN   OF  THE 

Name  Key,  Florida,  in  grass  below  low  water,  Hemphill;  Turtle  Harbor, 
Florida,  in  6  fms.,  Dr.  Rush;  Samana  Bay,  Santo  Domingo,  Couthouy. 

This  remarkable  and  beautiful  little  species,  now  first  announced  as  a  mem- 
ber of  the  fauna  of  the  Southern  United  States,  requires  a  new  name,  as  that 
given  to  it  by  Dunker  and  Mdrch  was  already  preoccupied  both  by  Adams 
and  Tiberi. 

These  cycloid  Scalidce,  with  the  later  whorls  disjoined  and  the  varices  scal- 
loped, like  S.  hyalina,  Dunkeriana,  etc.,  will  probably  require  a  section  to 
themselves,  which  might  well  be  called  Cycloscala. 

Scala  (Sthenorhytis)  pernobilis  Fischer  &  Bernardi. 

Scalaria  pernobilis  Fischer  &  Bernardi,  Journ.  de  Conchyl.,  V.  p.  293,  pi.  viii.  figs.  2 

3,  1856. 
Scala  pernobilis  Morch,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  new  ser.,  VIII.  p.  196,  1876. 

Habitat.  Islet  of  Marie  Galante,  near  Guadelupe,  with  a  hermit  crab,  taken 
in  a  fisherman's  net,  Beau;  four  miles  off  Morro  Light,  Havana,  Cuba,  at 
Station  No.  2,  in  805  fms.,  Blake  Expedition;  at  Station  2601  of  the  U.  S.  Fish 
Commission,  thirty-six  miles  S.  \  W.  from  Cape  Hatteras,  in  107  fms.,  gray 
sand  with  pebbles,  bottom  temperature  67°. 4  F. 

This  is  the  finest  known  species  of  the  group.  The  only  specimen  taken 
alive  and  perfect  is  that  of  the  U.  S.  Fish  Commission,  which  measures  28  by 
38  mm.  The  operculum  is  black,  five  or  six  whorled,  concave,  with  a  slightly 
ragged  margin,  dull  outside,  polished,  with  a  small  central  prominence  on  the 
inside.  The  animal  exuded  a  vast  quantity  of  dark  purple  fluid,  and  was  white 
in  color. 

Scala  (Sthenorhytis)  belaurita  n  s. 

Plate  XVIII.  Fig.  lib. 

Shell  solid,  white,  smooth,  with  a  short  and  sharply  pointed  spire  of  ten  or 
eleven  rounded  whorls  and  widely  expanded  pointed  varices;  the  last  whorl 
forming  more  than  half  the  length  of  the  shell;  nucleus  glassy,  thin,  smooth; 
whorls  closely  adjacent,  axis  imperforate;  spiral  sculpture  consisting  of  a  single 
elevated  thread  passing  from  the  posterior  end  of  the  aperture  around  the  base; 
whorls  smooth  and  shining,  their  surface  overshadowed  by  the  expanded  vari- 
ces, of  which  there  are  thirteen  on  the  last  whorl,  which  seem  to  be  continu- 
ously joined  to  those  of  the  preceding  whorls;  varices  thin,  broad,  oblique, 
sharp,  concave  behind,  extending  directly  outward  from  their  attachment  lie- 
hind  near  the  suture  to  a  linguiform  point,  from  which  they  round  to  the  base 
of  the  aperture,  and  passing  that  are  welded  together  in  a  semilunate  twisted 
callus  en  the  axial  side  of  the  aperture ;  the  basal  area  would  be  well  marked 
were  not  the  varices  continued  over  it  in  such  a  way  as  to  screen  it;  the  aper- 
ture is  entire  and  almost  circular,  its  margin  even  with  the  anterior  plane  of 
the  varix,  which,  though  polished,  is  irregularly  lightly  dimpled  or  malleated ; 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  317 

interior  white,  polished.  Lon.  of  shell,  8.3;  of  last  whorl,  4.4;  of  last  varix, 
3.1;  of  aperture,  2.5;  max.  lat.  of  last  whorl,  6.75;  of  varix,  aperture,  and 
callus  taken  together,  4.75;  of  aperture,  2.3  mm. 

Station  290,  off  Barbados,  in  73  fms.,  sand  and  shell,  bottom  temperature 
71°.0  F. 

This  very  lovely  species  does  not  resemble  closely  any  of  those  described  in 
the  monographs.  The  form  of  the  varices  recalls  those  of  Hoplopteron.  In  its 
turbiniform  shape  it  resembles  S.  pernobilis,  the  young  of  which,  judging  from 
the  apex  of  the  beautifully  preserved  Fish  Commission  specimen,  have  much 
more  solid,  hardly  alate  varices.  It  most  resembles  S.  Diana  Hinds,  as  figured 
by  Reeve,  but  in  this  species,  which  comes  from  the  Philippines,  the  alee  are 
situated  on  a  different  part  of  the  varix,  and  are  of  a  distinctly  different  shape. 

One  would  think  the  sharp  close-set  varices  an  excellent  defence,  but  the 
specimen  described  has  been  drilled  by  a  carnivorous  gastropod. 

Scala  centiquadra  Murch. 

S.  centiquadra  Morch,  Cat.  Scalidas,  he.  cit.,  p.  195,  pi.  xxix.  fig.  4,  1876  (ref.  excl.), 
non  Malak.  Blatt,  XXII.  p.  145,  1874. 

Habitat.  Station  2,  in  805  fins.,  one  dead  specimen;  Bahamas,  Rawson;  off 
Hatteras,  in  49  fms.,  U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

There  is  no  doubt  that  the  species  which  Mbrch  described  in  1876,  and  fig- 
ured as  <S.  centiquadra  is  entirely  distinct  from  the  shell  figured  by  Sowerby 
under  the  name  denticulata.  Why  Morch  should  have  confounded  them  does 
not  seem  plain,  nor  why  he  should  have  referred  to  the  name  denticulata  as 
preoccupied  by  Montagu,  when  Montagu's  species  is  a  well  known  West  In- 
dian Rissoina.  S.  denticulata  Sowerby  is  a  good  species,  and  has  been  obtained 
at  U.  S.  Fish  Commission  Stations  2595  and  2596,  in  49-63  fms.,  about  twenty 
miles  off  the  coast  of  North  Carolina.  It  is  striated  spirally,  but  not  decussated 
like  &  centiquadra.  A  variety  (?)  sent  by  Governor  Rawson  from  the  Bahamas 
shows  great  irregularity  in  the  varices,  of  which  there  are  six  on  the  last  whorl, 
two  or  three  of  which  on  each  whorl  are  much  stouter  than  the  rest,  and 
rounder  than  in  the  typical  dentiadata.  The  others  are  fainter  than  the  nor- 
mal, and  the  sutures  are  deeper  than  in  the  type,  which  has  about  twice  as  many 
varices.  This  variety  I  have  named  S.  bahamensis,  but  I  am  not  confident  that 
a  larger  series  would  not  establish  it  as  a  good  species. 

Scala  Pourtalesii  Vebeill  &  Smith. 

Scalaria  fourtalesii  V.  &  S.,  Am.  Journ.  of  Science,  pp.  391,  395,  Nov.,  1880 ;  Trans. 
Conn.  Acad.,  V.  p.  527,  pi.  lvii.  fig.  32,  1882. 

Habitat.  Off  Martha's  Vineyard,  in  85-115  fms.,  Verrill;  fourteen  miles 
west  of  Gun  Cay,  Bahamas,  in  351  fms.,  Dr.  Rush:  off  Sombrero,  West  In- 
dies, in  72  fms.,  Blake  Expedition. 


318  BULLETIN   OF  THE 

This  pretty  species  is  very  near  S.  centiquadra,  but  is  more  turbiniform,  has 
a  looser  coil  and  a  perceptible  umbilicus,  and  is  distinctly  striated  only  in  a 
spiral  direction. 

Scala  Krebsii  Morch. 

Scala  Krebsii  Morch,  Malak.  Blatt.,  XXII.  p.  142, 1875 ;  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila., 
new  ser.,  VIII.  p.  192,  pi.  xxix.  figs.  1,  2,  1876. 

Habitat.  St.  Martin  and  St.  Thomas,  in  60  fins.,  mud,  Krebs;  off  Sombre- 
ros, in  54  fms.,  Blake  Expedition. 

The  single  specimen  obtained  is  rather  young. 

Scala  contorquata  n.  s. 

Plate  XVIII.  Fig.  9. 

Shell  small,  short,  broad,  acute,  umbilicate,  with  rotund  whorls  loosely  coiled, 
the  later  ones  only  joined  by  the  fused  varices;  pure  white,  nucleus  of  four 
and  a  half  translucent,  flattened,  smooth,  shining  whorls;  the  first  extremely 
minute,  the  whole  (in  the  type)  set  on  obliquely  to  the  axis  of  the  adult,  which 
has  four  and  a  half  whorls,  apparently  smooth  between  the  varices,  but  with  ex- 
tremely fine  sharp  spiral  striae  scattered  here  and  there  sparsely;  aperture  very 
slightly  longer  than  wide,  rounded;  peristome  slightly  cancellately  rugose  on 
its  anterior  face  ;  varices  on  the  last  whorl  twelve,  attached  to  the  front  edges  of 
those  on  the  next  above,  thin,  sharp,  not  wide,  edge  (when  not  chipped)  simple, 
slightly  produced  behind  near  the  sutures;  base  without  rib  or  carina,  with  a 
narrow  but  deep  umbilicus,  around  which  the  edges  of  the  varices  are  not  fused 
with  one  another.  Lon.  of  shell,  4.7;  of  last  whorl,  3.2;  lat.  3.5;  max.  diam. 
of  aperture,  1.6  mm. 

Habitat.  Station  248,  off  Grenada,  in  161  fms.,  fine  gray  ooze,  bottom  tem- 
perature 53°.  5. 

This  shell  is  shorter  and  more,  pointed  than  any  of  the  species  described  in 
Morch's  Monpgraph  of  West  Indian  Scalidce.  Its  nearest  described  relative  is 
S.  Swiftii  Morch,  which  is  much  more  elongate,  with  the  peristome  anteriorly 
effuse,  an  almost  closed  axis,  broader  varices,  and  a  shorter,  stouter,  and  larger 
nucleus.  A  large  series  might  indicate  a  relatiou  closer  than  can  be  assumed 
from  the  few  specimens  in  hand. 

Scala  uncinaticosta  Orbigny. 

Scalaria  uncinaticosta  Orb.,  Moll.  Cuba,  p.  19,  IT.  pi.  xi.  figs.  25-27,  1842. 
Scala  uncinaticosta  Morch,  Cat.  W.  I.  Scalidaz,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  2d  s-er., 
VIII.  p.  201,  1876. 

Habitat.  St.  Thomas,  Krebs;  Guadelupe,  Cande;  Barbados,  in  100  fms., 
Hassler  Expedition. 

This  little  species  is  like  a  diminutive  S.  turricida,  with  proportionally  strong 
varices  and  finer  spiral  lirae. 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  319 

Scala  polacia  n.  s. 

Plate  XVIII.  Fig.   10. 

Shell  grayish  white,  thin,  cylindrical  with  abruptly  sharpened  apex,  twelve 
rounded  whorls  and  numerous  slightly  elevated  thin  sharp  varices;  nucleus 
translucent,  white,  polished,  three-whorled ;  subsequent  whorls  spirally  sculp- 
tured with  ten  to  twenty  slightly  raised  extremely  fine  flattened  threads  about 
half  as  wide  as  their  interspaces,  uniformly  distributed  over  the  surface  and  of 
uniform  size;  transverse  sculpture  composed  by  the  fine  sharp  thin  reflected 
and  anteriorly  convex  varices,  numbering  about  twenty-eight  on  the  last  whorl 
and  slightly  marked  on  their  concave  posterior  faces  by  the  extension  of  the 
spiral  sculpture;  whorls  and  base  beautifully  rounded ;  suture  distinct  but  not 
deep;  lip  not  continuous  over  the  body;  line  of  the  varices  from  one  whorl  to 
another  in  most  cases  continuous,  over  the  whorl  arched  forward  a  little;  aper- 
ture nearly  circular,  pillar  very  thin  and  not  differentiated  from  the  rest  of 
the  margin.     Lon.,  7.25;  of  last  whorl,  2.5;  max.  lat.,  2.5  mm. 

Habitat.  Lat.  24°  15'  K,  Lon.  82°  13'  W.,  Station  5,  off  Cuba,  in  229  fms., 
soft  ooze,  bottom  temperature  49°.5  F. 

But  for  the  regularity  of  the  varices  and  the  fact  that  they  are  not  crenulated, 
this  lovely  little  species  might  be  referred  to  Cirsotrema. 

Scala  formosissima  Jeffrets. 

Plate  XVIII.  Fig.   11. 

?  Scalaria  formosissima  Jeffreys,  P.  Z.  S.  1884,  p.  140,  pi.  x.  fig.  10. 

Shell  small,  thin,  elongated,  with  a  brown  opaque  sculptured  nucleus  of 
three  and  a  half  whorls  and  five  and  a  half  (or  more)  white  normal  whorls; 
imperforate,  but  with  a  chink  behind  the  inner  reflection  of  the  peristome;  the 
later  whorls  rounded,  but  with  the  periphery  slightly  flattened,  giving  a  faint 
angulation  to  the  base  and  posterior  aspect  of  the  whorl;  the  earlier  turns  do 
not  show  this;  spiral  sculpture  between  the  sutures  of  some  8-12  flattened 
strong  riblets,  with  channelled  interspaces  which  grow  wider  toward  the  aper- 
ture but  in  general  are  narrower  than  the  riblets;  there  are  also  some  faint 
spiral  lines;  the  apical  turn  of  the  nucleus  is  smooth  and  slightly  asymmetri- 
cal, proportionally  rather  large  and  inflated,  the  remainder  of  the  nucleus  is 
strongly  marked  with  flexuous  riblets  extending  from  suture  to  suture;  the 
later  whorls  are  marked  with  very  fine  transverse  threads,  hardly  visible,  and 
with  thin,  short,  sharp,  somewhat  oblique,  numerous  crenulated  or  finely 
fluted  varices,  partly  continuous  with  those  of  the  preceding  whorl  and  partly 
intercalary;  the  margins  of  the  varices,  though  nowhere  spinous,  are  slightly 
angulated  in  harmony  with  the  above  mentioned  faint  angulation  of  the  last 
whorl  or  two  ;  they  become  obsolete  on  the  somewhat  flattened  base,  which  is 
marginated  by  a  slender  elevated  thread  proceeding  from  the  suture;  the  peri- 


320  BULLETIN   OF   THE 

stome  is  (in  the  type)  not  more  reflected  than  the  other  varices,  hut  may  be  so 
in  older  specimens;  the  aperture  is  somewhat  oblique  and  nearly  circular. 
Lon.  of  shell,  8.05;  of  nucleus,  0.5;  of  last  whorl,  2.75;  of  aperture,  1.87; 
max.  lat.  of  shell,  2.75;  of  aperture,  1.87  mm. 

Habitat.  Station  43,  Lat.  24°  8'  N.,  Lon.  82°  51'  W.,  in  339  fms.,  off  Tor- 
tugas  Keys,  bottom  temperature  45°. 0. 

The  nucleus  in  this  species  is  markedly  different  from  that  of  any  of  the 
other  forms  I  have  examined,  not  only  in  its  relatively  strong  and  peculiar 
sculpture,  but  in  its  solid  and  opaque  consistency  and  deep  color.  I  have  re- 
ferred this  shell  to  Jeffreys's  species  with  some  doubt.  The  fragments  which 
represent  his  shell  in  the  Jeffreys  collection  are  much  more  drawn  out,  and 
can  hardly  be  the  same  thing;  but  the  figure  in  the  P.  Z.  S.,  though  still  some- 
what, more  slender  than  the  Blake  shell,  is  intermediate,  and  I  do  not  feel  justi- 
fied under  the  circumstances  in  proposing  a  new  specific  name  for  the  latter. 
I  retain,  however,  the  diagnosis  and  figure,  which  were  prepared  before  the 
publication  of  Dr.  Jeffreys's  paper,  as  perhaps  serving  to  throw  a  little  addi- 
tional light  on  the  subject. 


Scala  (Dentiscala)  hellenica  Forbes. 

Scalaria  hellenica  Fbs.,  Rep.  iEgean  Moll.,  pp  137,  189,  1843. 

Rissoa?  coronata  Scacchi,  Phil.  Moll.  Sicil.,  II.  p.  127,  pi.  xxiii.  fig.  7,  1844. 

Scalaria  crassilabrum  Sowerby,  Thes.  Conch.  Scalaria,  p.  105,  pi.  xxxv.  figs.  115, 116, 

1847.     Tryon,  Man.,  IX.  p.  82,  pi.  xvii.  fig.  32,  1887. 
Scalaria  Scaccltii  Homes,  Moll.  Wienerbeck.,  I.  p.  479,  pi.  xlvi.  fig.  12,  1856.     Jef- 
freys, P.  Z.  S.  1884,  p.  140,  No.  20. 
Scala   (Ojialia)   sceeva  Morch,  Cat.  W.   I.  Scalidce,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila , 

VIII.  Part  II.,  1876,  p.  204,  No.  38. 
Scala  (Opalia)  suhvaricosa  Dunker,  in  Morch, /oe.  cit.,  p.  204,  No.  39;  var.  pumilio 

Morch,  he.  cit.,  p.  205.     Not  S.  suhvaricosa  Cantraine,  1842. 
Scalaria  "  crassilabris  Sowerby,"  Morch,  loc.  cit.,  p.  205. 
Scularia  hellenica  Watson,  Chall.  Gastrop.,  p.  143,  1886.     Tryon,  Man.,  IX.  p.  73, 

pi.  xv.  fig.  71,  1887. 
«  Scalaria  Leeana  Verrill,  Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  V.  p.  526,  pi.  lvii.  fig.  34, 1882.    Tryon, 

Man.,  IX.  p.  82,  pi.  xvii.  fig.  31,  1887. 
1  Scalaria  hic.arinata  Sby.,  P.  Z.  S.  1844,  p.  30;  Thes.  Conch.  Scalaria,  p.  104,  pi. 

xxxv.  figs.  113,  114,  1847. 

Habitat.  iEgean  Sea,  Forbes;  Mediterranean,  Philippi  and  Jeffreys;  Ma- 
deira, AVatson ;  Canary  Islands,  40-1260  fms.,  Jeffreys,  MacAndrew;  Fernando 
Noronha,  7-25  fms.,  Challenger  Expedition;  Central  America,  Sowerby;  West 
Indies,  St.  Thomas,  Anguilla,  Bahamas,  Morch;  Philippines,  Cuming;  1  Sand- 
wich Islands,  Pease;  off  Havana,  in  80  and  119  fms.,  Sigsbee;  8  fms.,  in  Strait 
of  Florida,  Dr.  Rush;  off  Frying  Pan  Shoals,  N.  C,  in  12  fms.,  Dr.  Rush; 
Samana  Bay,  Couthouy;  off  coast  of  North  Carolina,  40-168  fms.,  U.  S.  Fish 
Commission;  Vienna  Miocene  and  Pliocene  of  Piedmont,  Homes  and  Nyst. 
April  16,  1889. 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  321 

This  interesting  species  should  be  studied  with  a  large  series,  for  individual 
specimens  of  the  varieties  above  referred  to  it  would  seem  sufficiently  distinct 
for  specific  rank,  in  the  absence  of  the  connecting  links.  The  shell,  as  originally 
described  by  Forbes,  Philippi,  &c,  is  small,  slender,  and  very  obliquely  twisted. 
It  is  characterized  by  a  spiral  sculpture  of  flattened  delicately  vesicular  threads, 
by  two  revolving  ridges,  and  by  ix-xv  transverse  ribs.  In  the  typical  hel- 
lenica  the  ridges  are  obsolete,  the  ribs  rather  strong,  weakest  on  the  periphery, 
with  pits  between  their  extremities  at  the  suture.  There  are  usually  a  few 
ribs,  irregularly  distributed,  which  are  larger  and  more  varicose  than  the 
others. 

In  the  variety  pumilio  (subvaricosa  Dkr.,  non  Cantraine),  the  anterior  re- 
volving ridge  is  basal,  the  posterior  forms  a  peripheral  carina;  the  ribs  have 
disappeared,  leaving  only  nodules  on  the  two  ridges  and  at  the  suture;  there 
is  at  most  one  extra  varix,  and  usually  none. 

The  variety  scceva  Mbrch  differs  from  the  typical  hellenica  in  its  larger  size, 
the  more  oblique  ribs,  strongest  on  the  periphery,  the  absence  of  the  revolving 
ridges,  especially  the  anterior  one,  and  the  greater  prominence  of  the  extra 
varices.  It  is  proportionately  stouter,  and  the  sutural  pits  are  smaller  and 
more  numerous,  even  nearly  obsolete  at  times. 

In  the  variety  nodosocarinata  the  ridges  are  strong,  as  in  var.  pumilio,  but 
both  are  more  posterior,  and  the  ribs  in  the  intervening  space  are  strong,  regu- 
lar, and  oblique.  In  size  this  variety  is  between  pumilio  and  scceva.  There 
are  usually  no  extra  varices. 

In  what  I  suppose  to  be  variety  Lccana  of  Verrill,  but  of  which  I  have  not 
seen  adult  and  perfect  examples,  the  ridges  are  obsolete,  the  ribs  more  nearly 
axial  in  direction  and  rather  irregular  in  breadth,  stronger  on  the  periphery 
in  the  last  whorl  only ;  the  sutural  line  irregular  and  not  foveolate,  the  extra 
varices  numerous,  sometimes  one  to  each  whorl,  the  spiral  threads  rather  finer 
than  in  var.  scceva.  The  shell  is  somewhat  larger,  and,  as  might  be  expected 
from  its  northern  habitat,  less  porcellanous  and  more  earthly  in  color  than 
southern  varieties.  All  the  varieties  have  a  smooth  shining  subcylindric 
nucleus,  which  is  generally  brownish,  or  if  light  colored  has  a  brownish  line 
near  the  suture. 

In  the  variety  Morchiana  the  shell  is  more  slender;  the  ribs  are  fewer,  stronger 
at  the  periphery,  obsolete  at  the  sutures,  which  are  regular,  and  form  an  even 
spiral  without  pits,  the  whorl  in  front  of  them  being  evenly  marginated;  there 
are  no  revolving  ridges  nor  basal  carina;  the  spiral  sculpture  is  as  in  var. 
•pumilio. 

In  the  variety  bicarinata  the  carina;  are  present  and  very  strong,  but  not 
nodose  on  the  last  whorl ;  from  the  figure  the  ribs  would  seem  to  be  wholly 
absent,  but  the  suture  is  conspicuously  punctate.  Reeve's  figure  in  the  Iconica 
looks  as  if  the  type  was  a  worn  or  beach  specimen. 

VOL.  XVIII.  21 


o 


22  BULLETIN   OF   THE 

Scala  hellenica  var.  Morchiana  Dall. 

Plate  XVIII.  Fig.  1. 

Shell  small,  slender,  acute,  solid,  finely  reticulate,  imperforate,  with  seven 
and  a  half  normal  and  three  and  a  half  thin,  translucent,  smooth,  shining,  nu- 
clear whorls;  spiral  sculpture  of  twelve  to  fifteen  flattened  crowded  threads, 
a  broader  one  marginating  the  anterior  edge  of  the  suture  to  which  it  is  closely 
appressed;  these  cross  (on  the  last  whorl  9-10)  rather  angular  transverse  ribs, 
which  on  the  last  whorl  are  a  little  elbowed  on  the  periphery,  but  in  general 
are  pretty  even,  becoming  obsolete  toward  the  sutures.  The  spiral  threads  are 
crossed  by  a  multitude  of  extremely  fine,  rather  even  sharply  defined  lira?, 
which  extend  from  suture  to  suture,  neatly  reticulating  the  spiral  sculpture, 
and  giving  to  the  extremely  narrow  interspaces  a  punctate  aspect;  there  are 
very  few  varices  on  the  shell ;  in  the  type  the  last  whorl  begins  and  ends  with 
one;  the  aperture  is  nearly  circular,  with  a  groove  around  its  inner  margin, 
outside  of  which  is  the  cancellated  anterior  face  of  the  very  thick  varix,  which 
is  somewhat  excavated  behind;  base  rounded  without  carina  or  special  sculp- 
ture. Lon.  of  shell,  6.87;  of  last  whorl,  2.5;  of  aperture,  1.25;  max.  lat.  of 
last  whorl,  2.0  mm. 

Habitat.     Barbados,  100  fms. 


j> 


Scala  (Dentiscala)  aurifila  n.  s. 

Plate  XVIII.  Fig.  4. 

Shell  slender,  solid,  white,  evenly  tapered,  with  about  thirteen  moderately 
rounded,  rather  strongly  sculptured  whorls.  Nucleus  ?  (missing  in  the  type)  ; 
longitudinal  sculpture  consisting,  first,  of  five  or  six  uniform  strong  rounded 
threads  having  a  light  yellowish  color,  which,  when  the  shell  is  fresh,  contrasts 
distinctly  with  the  opaque  whiteness  of  the  rest  of  the  surface;  these  threads 
pass  over  the  transverse  sculpture  without  Modulation,  and  are  at  a  nearly 
uniform  distance  from  each  other,  but  the  space  between  the  posterior  thread 
and  the  suture  behind  it  is  nearly  twice  as  wide  as  the  others;  the  remaining 
spiral  sculpture  is  composed  of  very  much  finer,  even,  uniform  rounded  threads, 
four  to  six  between  each  two  large  ones,  and  (on  the  last  whorl)  ten  or  eleven 
between  the  posterior  strong  thread  and  the  suture;  these  are  on  the  later 
whorls  reticulated  by  similar  but  transverse  threads,  which  pass  over  the  whole 
sculpture  from  suture  to  suture,  but  which  are  obsolete  or  absent  on  the 
smaller  whorls;  in  addition  to  these  there  are  on  each  whorl  about  twelve 
strong  rounded  costse  or  elevated  waves,  extending  backward  from  the  pe- 
riphery of  the  base  to  the  suture,  which  is  coronated  by  their  stout  rounded 
terminations  with  the  appearance  of  pits  between  them;  these  ribs  have  a 
slightly  fiexuous  outline,  and  upon  nearly  every  whorl  there  is  one  or  more  of 
them  stouter,  more  elevated,  and  more  oblique  than  the  others,  having  the 
character  of  a  varix;  the  base  is  rounded,  the  basal  area  is  small,  margined  by 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  323 

a  strong  rounded  elevated  thread  under  which  the  anterior  ends  of  the  trans- 
verse costae  appear  to  be  inserted,  forming  pits  between  them  and  rendering  the 
outline  of  the  basal  surface  somewhat  stellate;  within  the  margin  there  are  one 
or  two  strong  and  numerous  fine  spiral  threads,  but  the  transverse  sculpture 
seems  obsolete;  the  aperture  is  rounded  to  the  right,  slightly  flattened  on  the 
basal  side,  and  narrowed  behind;  inside  white  and  polished  and  with  a  slightly 
projecting  margin  behind  which  is  the  broad  face  of  the  thickened .varix,  over 
which  the  sculpture  of  the  whorl  is  continued  to  meet  the  aforesaid  margin; 
the  aperture  is  entire,  but  the  axis  is  imperforate  and  the  whorls  closely  adja- 
cent; the  operculum  is  pale  translucent  yellow,  of  about  three  turns.  Lon.  of 
shell,  11.0;  of  last  whorl,  3.6;  of  aperture,  1.5;  max.  lat.  of  last  whorl,  2.75; 
of  the  basal  area,  1.5  mm. 

Habitat.  Station  206.  off  Martinique,  in  270  fins.,  fine  sand  and  mud,  bot- 
tom temperature  49°.()  F. 

This  beautiful  little  species  has  quite  a  different  aspect  from  the  S.  crcnalata 
group,  to  which  it  is  most  nearly  allied.  The  yellowish  color,  which  was  quite 
marked  when  fresh,  has  in  a  year  faded  considerably,  though  the  shell  has  not 
been  exposed  to  the  light.  The  operculum  differs  from  that  of  the  northern 
and  extreme  southern  Opalire  in  being  thin,  yellow,  and  translucent,  instead  of 
opaque  and  black. 

Scala  (Opalia)  concava  n.  s. 

Shell  dead  and  brown,  with  the  nucleus  and  basal  whorl  imperfect ;  the  color 
is  probably  grayish  or  brownish  white  when  in  good  condition;  whorls  12-14, 
excluding  the  nuclear  whorls;  transverse  sculpture  of  about  eleven  strong,  nar- 
row, elevated,  round-topped  ribs  extending  across  the  whorls,  which  last,  in  the 
young  stages,  are  somewhat  rounded,  but  near  maturity  are  quite  flattened; 
the  ribs  are  not  continuous  nor  exactly  alternate  from  whorl  to  whorl,  but  fall 
in  with  some  irregularity;  beside  the  ribs  there  are  many  close,  fine,  even, 
slightly  elevated  threads  covering  the  whole  surface  and  corresponding  appar- 
ently to  the  incremental  lines;  longitudinal  sculpture  consisting  of  similar  but 
less  uniform  revolving  threads  which  cover  the  whole  surface,  but  which  a 
short  distance  before  the  suture  are  for  a  little  space  more  distant,  coarser,  and 
more  prominent  than  elsewhere;  the  intersection  of  these  with  the  transverse 
threads  gives  the  surface  a  decayed  or  porous  appearance  under  strong  magni- 
fication; beside  this  there  is  a  single  strong  not  much  elevated  carinal  rib 
which  revolves  at  the  periphery  of  the  base,  and  between  the  whorls  forms  a 
cord-like  ridge  separating  the  transverse  ribs  on  one  whorl  from  the  same  on 
the  next  whorl;  the  anterior  margin  of  the  suture  is  appressed  toward  this 
carina  very  closely;  the  base  of  the  shell  is  smooth,  and  in  the  type  quite  con- 
cave from  the  carina  to  the  pillar,  but  in  the  last  adult  whorl  when  perfect  it 
is  probably  nearly  flat;  aperture  rather  small,  angulated  by  the  end  of  the 
carina,  squarish.     Lon.  of  shell,  14.0;  max.  lat.,  4.0  mm. 

Habitat.     Sand  Key,  15  fins.,  with  Pagurus. 


32-i  BULLETIN   OF   THE 

This  shell  had  been  occupied  by  a  minute  hermit  crab,  and  had  the  aspect 
of  belonging  in  deeper  water  than  that  from  which  it  was  dredged.  Notwith- 
standing its  imperfect  state,  its  characters  are  sufficiently  distinct  from  any 
described  species  belonging  to  the  region  to  identify  it  under  any  circumstances. 
Its  superficial  aspect  is  not  unlike  a  small  slender  brown  Opalia  Wroblewskyi 
(=  0.  borealis  Gould,  non  Beck),  though  the  ribs  are  more  regular  and  more 
elevated,  but  placed  under  a  strong  lens  the  minute  sculpture  comes  out  with 
distinctness,  and  the  resemblance  to  0.  Wroblewskyi  is  lost.  It  is  related  to 
0.  longissiina  Seguenza,  of  the  Italian  Tertiary,  but  is  more  cylindrical  and 
slender,  with  fewer  more  pronounced  and  straighter  transverse  ribs. 

Scala  (Opalia)  discobolaria  n.  a. 

Plate  XVIII.  Fig.  3. 

Shell  with  six  or  more  stout  rounded  whorls,  rather  rapidly  enlarging; 
sculpture,  in  a  transverse  sense,  consisting  of  (on  the  sixth  whorl  sixteen) 
stout  rounded  ribs,  with  interspaces  not  channelled,  and  extending  from  suture 
to  suture ;  surface  granulose  or  porous,  with,  in  the  (somewhat  worn)  type, 
no  indication  of  distinct  spiral  or  reticulate  sculpture;  base  solid,  thickened, 
flattish  or  slightly  convex,  with  a  distinct  margin,  diskdike,  granulose  like  the 
rest;  the  margin  is  buried  in  the  suture  so  that  it  is  invisible  except  on  the 
last  whorl ;  aperture  rounded,  small ;  color  whitish  externally,  brownish  be- 
neath the  white  layer.     Lon.,  6.5;  max.  lat.,  3.0;  Ion.  of  last  whorl,  3.0  mm. 

Habitat.  Station  20,  off  Bahia  Honda,  in  220  fms.,  bottom  temperature 
62°.0  F.     Lat.  23°  2'.5,  Lon.  83°  10'.5  W. 

The  type  is  considerably  worn  and  has  lost  its  nuclear  whorls,  but  is  per- 
fectly distinct  from  any  of  the  species  hitherto  described  from  the  region.  Its 
strong  numerous  rounded  costal,  disk-like  base,  rounded  whorls,  granular  sur- 
face, and  unniarginated  suture  will  suffice  to  distinguish  it  whenever  perfect 
specimens  may  be  obtained. 

Genus  ACLIS  Lov£n. 

The  position  of  this  group  does  not  seem  very  well  established.  I  have 
serious  doubts  as  to  whether  it  should  be  placed  in  the  Seal  idee,  or  referred  to 
the  Pyramidellidce,  as  Jeffreys  would  have  it.  The  nucleus  looks  as  if  it  might 
be  in  reality  sinistral,  but  turned  over  so  completely  and  at  such  an  early  date 
as  to  appear  dextral.  Observations  on  the  extreme  young  are  necessary  to 
settle  tin'  question.     All  that  is  at  present  known  leaves  the  matter  doubtful. 

Aclis  (supranitida  Wood  var.  ?)  lata  Dall. 

Plate  XVIII.  Fig.  8. 

Shell  like  A.  supranitida  but  proportionally  wider  and  with  a  wider  umbili- 
cus, with  the  suture  less  distinct  and  the  whorls  less  incurved ;  color  greenish 
white;  whorls,  13.     Max.  lon.  of  shell,  5.5;  max.  lat.,  2.25  mm. 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  325 

Habitat.     Barbados,  in  100  fms. 

This  shell  has  a  different  aspect  from  the  European  species,  but  when  the 
differences  are  formulated,  as  above,  they  do  not  sound  very  important.  I 
presume  it  to  be  distinct. 

Aclis  egregia  n.  s. 

Plate  XVIII.  Fig.  18. 

Shell  thin,  not  polished,  whitish,  rather  acute,  eleven- whorled ;  whorls 
neatly  rounded,  with  distinct  but  not  open  or  channelled  sutures;  nucleus 
smooth,  translucent,  a  little  pinched  or  turned  up;  the  first  three  or  four  whorls 
nearly  smooth,  the  next  two  or  three  with  about  twenty  somewhat  irregular 
costse  which  are  more  prominent  posteriorly ;  the  subsequent  whorls  are  nearly 
smooth,  except  for  rather  coarse  lines  of  growth,  with  occasional  faint  indica- 
tions of  costse;  spiral  sculpture  none  or  very  little;  aperture  pointed  behind, 
somewhat  produced  in  front,  completed  by  a  thin  callus  on  the  body;  margins 
hardly  thickened,  that  of  the  columella  slightly  reflected,  forming  a  deep  chink 
but  no  umbilicus;  without  teeth,  plaits,  or  folds  of  any  kind.  Operculum  and 
soft  parts  unknown.  Lon.  of  shell,  13.0;  of  aperture,  4.0;  max.  hit.  of  shell, 
4.7  mm. 

Habitat.  Station  228,  off  St.  Vincent,  in  785  fms.,  fine  gray  sand  and  ooze, 
bottom  temperature  39°. 5  F.  Station  163,  off  Guadeloupe,  in  769  fms.,  fine 
sand,  bottom  temperature  39°.75. 

This  species  is  very  large  for  a  true  Aclis,  and  may  possibly  belong  to  another 
group,  but  agrees  in  all  particulars  with  the  European  A.  supranitida  and 
others  of  the  group,  with  which  I  have  compared  it.  In  the  absence  of  the 
soft  parts,  some  doubt  must  remain  on  the  subject. 

Aclis  nucleata  n.  s. 

Plate  XVIII.  Fig.  7. 

Shell  white,  polished,  shining,  elongated,  with  a  blunt  apex  and  minutely 
perforate  base;  whorls  eleven  and  a  half,  less  inflated  and  more  uniform  in  size 
than  in  A .  egregia  ;  nucleus  immersed,  oblique,  much  larger  than  in  the  last 
species  ;  sculpture  indistinct,  consisting  of  irregular  indefinite  transverse  very 
slightly  elevated  ridges  crossed  here  and  there  by  obscure  spiral  lines,  the 
whole  only  visible  under  a  lens  and  giving  the  surface  a  slightly  malleated  as- 
pect; suture  slightly  appressed,  distinct,  not  deep;  aperture  much  as  in  the 
last  species  but  not  quite  so  much  produced  anteriorly ;  pillar  thin,  lightly  re- 
flected part  way  over  a  very  minute  axial  perforation;  outer  lip  thin,  sharp, 
very  little  callus  on  the  body  between  the  posterior  corners  of  the  aperture. 
Lon.  of  shell,  9.3;  of  aperture,  2.25;  max.  lat.  of  shell,  3.0  mm. 

Habitat.  Station  230,  off  St.  Vincent,  in  464  fms.,  gray  ooze,  bottom  tem- 
perature 41°.  5  F. 


326  BULLETIN    OF   THE 

This  little  shell  has  a  general  resemblance  to  A.  egregia  except  in  the  par- 
ticulars noted,  is  about  one  third  less  in  length  and  two  fifths  less  in  maximum 
diameter.  The  nucleus  is  nevertheless  about  four  times  larger  than  that  part 
in  A.  egregia.  In  both  it  is  partially  turned  up,  and  more  or  less  immersed 
in  the  first  normal  whorl,  like  the  European  species,  with  which  I  have  com- 
pared it. 

Super-Family  GYMNOGLOSSA. 

Family   EULIMIDJE. 

Genus   EULIMA   Kisso. 

Eulima  Risso,  Hist.  Eur.  Merid.  Moll.,  IV.  p.  123,  1826.     First  species,  E.  polita 
Limie. 

The  first  discrimination  of  any  part  of  this  genus  was  the  separation  by 
Bowdich,  in  1822  (Elem.  of  Conchology,  p.  27),  of  the  genus  Melania,  as  then 
understood,  into  six  groups,  one  of  which,  Melanella,  was  described  as  "  semi- 
transparent,  mouth  invaded  by  the  last  whorl,  white,  turrited,  spire  curved, 
marine."  The  type,  M.  Dufresnei  (pi.  vi.  fig.  17),  is  fairly  well  figured,  and 
is  probably  the  shell  generally  known  as  Eulima  major  Sowerby,  noted  for  its 
distorted  spire.  The  genus  is  assigned  to  M.  Dufresne,  but  this  is  evidently  a 
mere  compliment,  as  Bowdich  in  his  foot-note  says,  "  I  have  ventured  to  sepa- 
rate the  marine  Melaniee,  under  the  name  of  Melantho,  the  Melanella  (in  the 
cabinet  of  M.  Dufresne),"  etc. 

In  addition  to  the  disagreeableness  of  doing  away  with  a  name  so  universally 
adopted  and  appropriate  as  Eulima  after  sixty-two  years  of  almost  undisputed 
use,  it  is  particularly  annoying  to  be  called  upon  to  apply  to  a  genus  remarka- 
ble for  the  snowy  whiteness  of  its  species  a  name  which  implies  that  they  are 
black.  There  is,  however,  a  way  out  of  the  difficulty,  though  not  strictly  reg- 
ular, which  the  circumstances  seem  to  justify.  The  principal  character  of 
Melanella  Bowdich  is  that  the  spire  is  curved.  Risso's  species,  on  the  other 
hand,  are  those  with  straight  spires ;  the  only  one  he  figures  is  a  Liostraca,  and 
his  first  species  is  E.  polita.  We  may  then  retain  the  objectionable  name  of 
Melanella  for  the  humpbacked  Eulimas,  and  Risso's  name  for  the  more  normal 
and  elegant  species.  In  this  way  the  laws  of  nomenclature  will  not  be  in- 
fringed, and  our  feelings  will  be  less  outraged.* 

Melanella  was  indicated  by  Blainville  in  1825  as  Subdivision  C  of  his  genus 
Phasianella,  ami,  he  figures  the  same  species  as  the  type  (Manual,  pi.  xxxv. 
fig.  5)  under  the  name  of  Phasianella  inflexa. 

There  are  many  species  in  the  West  Indies,  but  only  a  few  were  collected  by 
the  Blake.     Beside  those  herein  enumerated,  the  following  species  are  known 

*  Since  the  above  was  written,  the  subject  has  been  discussed  by  Dr.  Paul  Fis- 
cher in  the  Journal  de  Conchyliologie,  Vol.  XXVII.  p.  192. 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY.  327 

from  the  southern  and  eastern  coasts  of  the  United  States:  Eulima  conoidea 
Kurtz  &  Stimpson  (Carolina  coast  to  the  Florida  Keys  and  fossil  in  the 
Pliocene  of  South  Carolina) ;  Eulima  gracilis  C.  B.  Adams  (Antilles  and  Yu- 
catan to  Cape  Fear,  N".  C.)  ;  Eulima  subcarinata  Orbigny  (18-12,  +  E.  oleacea, 
Tryon,  Man.,  VIII.  pi.  lxix.  fig.  36,  non  Kurtz  &  Stimpson,  Antilles  to  Flor- 
ida and  Hatteras);  Eulima  Varolii  Dull  (E.  affinis  C.  B.  Adams,  1850,  non 
Philippi,  1841,  Jamaica,  Florida  to  North  Carolina,  in  8-63  this.,  sand);  and 
Eulima  (Melanella)  gibba  De  Folin  (63  fras.,  sand,  off  Cape  Hatteras),  origi- 
nally from  West  America. 

The  "  Odostomia"  alba  of  Calkins  (Davenport,  Iowa,  Acad.  Sci.,  p.  239, 
pi.  viii.  fig.  3,  1878;  non  Jeffreys,  1857);  described  from  Florida,  on  a  compari- 
son of  the  original  type  kindly  lent  me  by  Mr.  T.  H.  Aldrich  of  Cincinnati, 
proves  to  be  Eulima  conoidea  Kurtz  &  Stimpson.  Both  the  original  figure 
and  Tryon's  copy  of  it  look  very  little  like  the  specimen  itself. 

Section  EULIMA  s.  s. 
Eulima  intermedia  Cantraine. 

Eulima  oleacea  Kurtz  &  Stimpson,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  IV.  p.  115,  1851. 
Eulima  intermedia  Cantraine,  Bull.  Acad.  Bruxelles,  p.  14,  1835.     Jeffreys,  P.  Z.  S. 
1884,  p.  366 ;  Brit.  Conch.,  IV.  p.  503,  V.  p.  214,  pi.  lxxvii.  fig.  4. 

Habitat.  Barbados,  in  100  fms.  Northward  to  New  England.  Mediterra- 
nean, British  Seas,  etc. 

It  is  probable  that  the  name  of  intermedia  ought  not  to  stand,  as  the  original 
description  would  have  applied  to  any  Eulima  and  many  other  shells.  It 
would  have  been  impossible  to  identify  Cantraine's  shell  except  with  his  speci- 
mens. On  the  other  hand,  the  name  has  come  into  use,  and  the  shell  has  been 
identified,  while  the  American  name  and  species  are  little  known.  I  have 
compared  authentic  specimens  of  both  species,  and  have  no  doubt  of  their 
identity. 

Eulima  jamaicensis  C.  B.  Adams. 
Eulima  jamaicensis  C.  B.  Adams,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  II.  p.  6,  1845. 

Habitat.  Gulf  of  Mexico,  Station  20,  in  220  fms.;  also  Barbados,  in  100 
fms.     Florida,  Hemphill  and  Jewett. 

For  some  time  Mr.  Tryon  identified  this  species  with  Eulima  pusilla  Sow- 
erby.  In  his  Manual  he  does  not  unite  them,  but  unites  two  equally  dis- 
similar species  under  that  name  (cf.  figs.  6,  7,  pi.  lxviii.,  Man.,  Vol.  VIII.).  He 
also  identified  for  the  Museum  Eulima  gracilis  C.  B.  Adams  as  E.  pusilla  Sby., 
but  gracilis  is  very  easily  distinguishable  from  jamaicensis.  These  errors  are 
not  repeated  in  the  Manual,  but  are  worth  mentioning,  for  the  sake  of  numer- 
ous collectors,  for  whom  the  above  identifications  were  made,  and  who  may 
not  be  aware  that  Mr.  Tryon  finally  came  to  a  different  opinion.  The  speci- 
mens in  the  National  Museum  were  received  from  Prof.  Adams,  and  have 
lately  been  compared  with  his  original  type. 


328  BULLETIN   OF  THE 

Section  MELANELLA  Bowdich. 
Eulima  arcuata  C.  B.  Adams. 

Plate  XIX.  Fig.  11. 

Eulima  arcuata  C.  B.  Adams,  Contr.  Concli.,  p.  110,  1850. 

Eulima  curva  (Jeffr.  MS.)  Monterosato,  Journ.  de  Concliyl.,  XXII.  p.  269,  1874. 
Not  described.     Tryon,  Man.,  VIII.  pi.  lxix.  fig.  49. 

Habitat.  Barbados,  100  fms.  Jamaica,  C.  B.  Adams.  Mediterranean,  Ara- 
das,  Monterosato. 

The  types  of  Jeffreys  and  C.  B.  Adams  have  been  compared,  and  are  iden- 
tical. E.  arcuata  Sovverby  (in  Reeve,  1866)  is  a  synonym  of  E.  major  Sow- 
erby (1834),  which  in  turn  is  a  synonym  of  Melanella  Dufresnei  Bowdich 
(1822)  and  Phasianella  inflexa  Blainville  (1825).  It  is  a  totally  distinct  and 
very  much  larger  species. 

Eulima  elongata  (Dautzenberg)  Dall. 

Eulima  curva  var.  elongata  Bucquoy,  Dollfuss,  and  Dautzenberg,  Moll.  Mar.  de 

Roussillon,  I.  p.  21,  pi.  xxi.  fig.  15. 
Eulima  distorla  Verrill,  Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  V.  p.  526,  not  of  Philippi. 

Habitat.  Barbados,  100  fms.  Key  Largo,  Florida,  in  fine  mossy  alga?  at 
low  water,  rare,  Hemphill.  Off  the  Carolina  coast,  22-63  fms.,  sand,  bottom 
temperature  73°. 5  to  75°. 0  F.,  U.  S.  Fish  Commission.  Norway  (Sars)  to 
the  Mediterranean  and  Canary  Islands. 

This  form  seems  to  retain  its  characters  so  faithfully,  that  I  can  see  no 
reason  why  it  should  not  be  considered  as  good  a  species  as  most  others  in  the 
genus. 

Subgenus  LEIOSTRACA  H.  &  A.  Adams. 

I  can  see  no  reason  why  Leiostraca  and  Leiostracus  should  not  exist  simul- 
taneously in  nomenclature,  any  more  than  Cyprina  and  Cyprinus.  To  reject 
these  established  names  in  favor  of  Subularia  and  Venilia,  as  has  been  pro- 
posed, is  contrary  to  the  spirit  of  scientific  nomenclature,  and  serves  to  retard 
rather  than  advance  science.  If  it  be  thought  impracticable  to  adopt  for 
Melanella  the  arrangement  above  suggested,  the  name  of  Eulima  must  be 
conserved  for  this  group,  and  Leiostraca  be  abandoned. 

Eulima  (Leiostraca)  acuta  Sowerby. 

Eulima  acuta  Sowerby,  P.  Z.  S.  1834,  p.  8.     Tryon,  Man.,  VIII.  p.  280,  pi.  Ixx. 

fig.  82,  1886. 
Eulima  bifasciata  Orbigny,  Moll.  Cuba,  I.  p.  216,  pi.  xvi.  figs.  1-3,  1842. 
1  Eulima  stenostoma  Verrill  (Jeffreys),  Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  V.  p.  536,  1882. 

Habitat.  Barbados,  100  fms.  Samana  Bay,  St.  Domingo,  Dall.  Off  Frying 
Pan  Shoals,  in  12  fms.,  Dr.  Rush.     Off  Cape  Lookout,  North  Carolina,  in  22 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  329 

fms.,  sand,  bottom  temperature  78°. 2,  U.  S.  Fish  Commission.  ?  Gulf  of 
St.  Lawrence  (fide  Jeffreys).     West  coast  of  Central  America,  Sowerby. 

This  species  when  in  fine  condition  sometimes  shows  a  pale  yellow  spiral 
line  or  two,  on  the  last  whorl,  but  it  is  usually  white  or  translucent. 

The  other  species  of  the  subgenus  known  from  our  southern  coast  are 
E.  (L.)  Hemphillii  Dall,  from  the  Florida  Keys,  and  E.  (L.)  b'dineata  Alder 
(1848,  +  fulvocincta  C.  B.  Adams,  1850),  which  extends  from  Jamaica  and 
St.  Domingo  to  Florida,  North  Carolina,  the  Mediterranean,  British  Isles,  and 
Norway.  There  is  also  a  species  with  brown  varices  and  a  brown  peripheral 
line,  which  I  have  only  fragments  insufficient  fully  to  characterize. 

Eulima  (Leiostraca)  fusus  n.  s. 

Plate  XIX.   Fig.  11  b. 

Shell  very  acute  at  hoth  extremities,  smooth,  polished,  white,  without  sculp- 
ture except  the  trifling  inequalities  due  to  growth;  whorls  (tip  of  two  or  three 
whorls  gone)  about  ten,  slightly  angulated  at  the  periphery,  flattened  behind, 
anteriorly  subcorneal;  suture  distinct  but  shallow ;  aperture  narrow,  before  and 
behind  rather  acute,  almost  canaliculate  in  front;  the  pillar  straight,  slightly 
callous;  outer  lip  thin,  simple.  Lon.  of  shell,  13.3;  of  last  whorl,  6.0;  of 
aperture,  3.8;  max.  lat.  of  shell,  3.0  mm. 

Habitat.  Station  100,  off  Morro  Light,  Havana,  Cuba,  in  400  fms.,  bottom 
temperature  39°. 75.     Yucatan  Strait,  640  fms. 

A  remarkably  spindle-shaped  shell,  with  the  aperture  almost  channelled  in 
front. 


Genus  NISO  Risso. 

NisO   splendidula  Sowerby. 

Niso  splendidula  A.  Adams,  Tlies.  Conch.  Niso,  p.  801,  No.  4,  pi.  clxx.  fig.  8,  1854. 
Eulima  splendidula  Sowerby,  P.  Z.  S.  1834. 

Habitat.  U.  S.  Fish  Commission  Station  2619,  off  the  coast  of  North  Caro- 
lina, 25  miles  S.  E.  from  Cape  Fear,  in  15  fms.,  sand.  Station  2402,  in  111 
fms.,  mud,  between  the  delta  of  the  Mississippi  and  Cedar  Keys,  Florida,  in 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  St.  Elena,  west  coast  of  Central  America  in  6-8  fms., 
sandy  mud,  Cuming.     Pliocene  of  Florida. 

This  magnificent  shell  can  be  identified  at  once  by  the  chestnut  articulations 
of  the  white  bands  behind  the  suture  in  the  young,  and  on  both  sides  of  it  in 
the  adult.  It  has  an  extremely  fine  brown  line  at  the  keel,  and  at  the  com- 
pleted margin  of  each  varix.     The  body  color  is  a  handsome  yellow  brown. 


330  BULLETIN   OF  THE 

Niso  interrupta  Sowerby. 

Plate  XVIII.   Figs.   5,  6. 

Niso  interrupta  A.  Adams,  loc.  cit.,  pi.  clxx.  fig.  9. 
Eulima  interrupta  Sby.,  P.  Z.  S.  1834,  fig.  9. 

Niso  ceglees  Bush,  Trans.  Conn.  Acad.  Sci.,  VI.  p.  465,  pi.  xlv.  figs.  10,  10  a,  1885; 
Annual  Rep.  U.  S.  Fish  Commission  for  1883,  p.  83,  1885. 

Habitat.  Gulf  of  Mexico  at  Station  36,  in  84  fms.  Barbados,  100  fms. 
Station  220,  near  Santa  Lucia,  in  116  fms.,  rocky  bottom,  temperature  58°.5  F. 
East  coast  of  the  United  States,  south  of  Hatteras,  U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 
West  coast  of  Central  America,  Cuming.     Japan,  Dimker. 

All  the  species  of  Niso,  so  far  obtained  from  the  east  coast  of  the  United 
States  and  Central  America,  are  probably  derivable  from  one  species.  They 
differ  only  by  trifling  distinctions  of  form  and  by  their  colors.  The  northern 
specimens,  whatever  their  color,  have  the  whorls  slightly  flatter  than  those 
from  the  Antilles  or  the  Gulf. 

The  variations  are  as  follows:  — 

White,  with  traces  of  color  at  the  varical  angles.  (Sta.  Lucia.)  N.  interrupta 
var.  albida,  Dall,  PI.  XVIII.  figs.  5,  6. 

White,  with  brown  keel.     (Barbados.)     Var.  circinata  Dall. 

Pale  brown,  with  narrow  dark  brown  keel,  no  white  bands.  (Gulf  of  Mexico 
and  West  America.)     N.  interrupta  s.  s. 

Pale  brown,  with  broad  brown  band  between  two  white  bands  at  periphery. 
(Hatteras,  N.  C,  15-107  fms.)     N.  interrupta  var.  tricolor  Dall. 

Brown,  more  or  less  suffused  with  purple,  brown  band  narrow,  no  white 
bands,  flushes  of  purple  brown  on  base  and  behind  varices.  (Carolina  coast, 
7-100  fms.)     N.  interrupta  var.  ceglees  Bush. 

Umbilical  keel  with  white  band  on  eacli  side,  other  colors  like  var.  tricolor, 
but  all  the  white  bands  articulated  with  chestnut  spots.  N.  (var.  1)  splen- 
didula  Sby. 

All  of  these  forms  exhibit  transverse  evenly  distributed  sharp  straight 
scratches,  extending  forwajd  from  the  suture.  In  general,  they  are  difficult  to 
see  on  account  of  the  polish  of  the  surface.  The  proportions  are  the  same  in 
all,  but  the  young  are  more  sharply  keeled  at  the  periphery.  The  keel  is 
obsolete  in  .the  adult  shell.  The  length  and  number  of  whorls  of  the  largest 
specimen  of  each  variety  I  have  been  able  to  examine  are  as  follows  :  — 

1.  N.  splendidula.     Lon.  27.0,  lat.  10.0  mm.,  whorls  17. 

2.  N.  interrupta  var.  tricolor.     Lon.  18.5,  lat.  8.0  mm.,  whorls  14. 

3.  N.  interrupta  var.  ceglees.     Lon.  12.0,  lat.  4.8  mm.,  whorls  12. 

4.  N.  interrupta  var.  albida.     Lon.  8.1,  lat.  3.5  mm.,  whorls  11. 

5.  N.  interrupta  var.  circinata.     Lon.  6.6,  lat.  3.0  mm.,  whorls  9. 

6.  N.  interrupta  s.  s.     Lon.  14.3,  lat.  5.6  mm.,  whorls  14. 

In  the  above  list  the  nuclear  whorls  are  not  counted  in  any,  since  they  are 
lost  from  some  of  the  examples.     Only  numbers  1 ,  2,  and  6  were  sufficiently 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  331 

adult  to  have  lost  the  peripheral  keel  on  the  last  whorl.  I  have  never  seen  an 
adult  of  the  var.  ceglees,  though  my  specimens  are  much  larger  than  Miss 
Bush's  types.  The  greater  size  of  N.  splendidula  probably  entitles  it  to  spe- 
cific distinction,  at  least  until  the  adult  extreme  of  N.  interrupta  is  known. 
The  transverse  engraving  is  present  on  all,  though  varying  with  individuals  as 
to  strength;  the  section  Volusia  of  Adams  does  not  therefore  seem  required  for 
iV.  imbricata,  which  differs  only  by  the  extent  to  which  these  are  emphasized. 

A  fine  Niso,  which  seems  to  differ  from  N.  splendidula  only  in  being  slightly 
wider,  and  in  having  more  numerous  whorls  near  the  apex  in  the  length,  is 
found  in  the  Caloosahatchie  Pliocene  of  Florida.  Without  the  nuclear  whorls, 
and  perhaps  one  or  two  post-nuclear  ones,  the  fossil  has  14  whorls,  with  a  length 
of  31  and  a  breadth  of  13  mm.  The  markings,  so  far  as  visible,  indicate  a 
pattern  like  that  of  splendidula ;  the  last  whorl  has  no  keel  on  the  periphery, 
and  the  umbilical  funnel  seems  a  little  wider  proportionally  than  in  N.  splen- 
didula. This  shell,  which  is  doubtless  the  ancestor  of  the  last  mentioned 
species,  is  not  rare  in  the  Caloosahatchie  beds,  and  may  be  called  N.  Willcox- 
iana  after  Mr.  Joseph  Willeox  of  Philadelphia,  who  assisted  me  in  the  most 
cordial  manner  to  investigate  that  fossil  fauna. 


Family  PYRAMIDELLIDiE. 

Genus  PYRAMIDELLA  Lamarck. 

Section  LONGCH^EUS  Morch. 

Shell  elongated,  with  a  peripheral  sulcus  and  the  umbilicus  closed  or  nearly 
closed,  a  distinct  notch  in  the  aperture  anteriorly,  which  is  followed  by  a  well 
marked  fasciole  bounding  the  umbilical  chink. 

The  species  of  this  group  have,  in  my  opinion,  been  inconsiderately  lumped 
together  by  Mr.  Tryon  in  his  Manual  of  1886. 

Pyramidella  crenulata  Holmes. 

Obeliscus  arenosa  Tuoiney  &  Holmes,  Pliocene  Foss.  S.  C,  p.  12G,  p.  p.  1857,  not 

of  Conrad. 
Obeliscus  cremdatus  Holmes,  Post  PI.  Foss.,  p.  88,  pi.  xiii.  figs.  14,  14  a,  1859. 
Pyramidella  alveata  Conrad,  Silliman's  Am.  Journ.  Sci.,  2d  ser.,  II.  p.  398,  1846. 

(Tampa  Bay,  not  described.) 
Obeliscus  floridauus  Morch,  Malak.  Blatt,,  1875,  p.  158. 
Syrnola  pulchella  var.  ?  Morch,  Malak.  Blatt.,  1875,  p.  159,  probably. 
Pyramidella  tessellata  Adams  (fide  Poey),  Arango,  Malac.  Cubana,  p.  161,  1880; 

not  of  Adams. 
Obeliscus  tesselatus  Dall,  Hemphill's  Shells,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1883,  p.  330;  not 

of  Adams. 
Pyramidella  conica  Tryon,  Man.,  VIII.  p.  302,  1886  ;  not  of  C.  B.  Adams. 
Pyramidella  hastata  Tryon,  op.  cit.,  p.  302 ;  not  of  A.  Adams. 


332  BULLETIN   OF  THE 

Pyramidella  variegata  Tryon,  op.  cit.,  p.  302;  not  of  Carpenter  or  A.  Adams. 
Pyramidella  Candida  Tryon,  op.  cit.,  pp.  302,  373  ;  not  of  Morch  or  Meusclien. 

Habitat.  Carolina  coast  southward  to  Florida  and  Cuba.  St.  Thomas, 
Cuming.  West  Florida,  low  water,  to  2  frus.,  in  the  sea-weed  or  on  muddy 
flats,  Hemphill. 

The  first  person  to  observe  this  species  was  Conrad,  in  1846,  during  his  visit 
to  Tampa,  where  he  found  it  living,  rare,  on  the  shores  of  the  bay.  He  named, 
but  unfortunately  did  not  describe  it,  though  there  is  no  doubt  that  his  obser- 
vations can  apply  only  to  this  species.  Subsequently,  after  being  at  first  con- 
founded with  its  precursor,  the  Pliocene  P.  arenosa  Conrad,  it  was  described 
bv  Holmes  from  the  Post  Pliocene,  its  existence  in  a  recent  state  being  also 
referred  to.  The  differences  between  arenosa  and  crenulala  lie  chiefly  in  the 
more  elegant  sculpturing  and  crenulation  of  arenosa.  The  differences  in  the 
teeth  and  folds  alluded  to  by  Holmes  are  not  constant.  Subsequently,  the  living 
shell  was  dredged  by  Stimpson,  at  Beaufort,  N.  C. 

The  west  coast  representative  of  this  species  is  P.  conica  C.  B.  Adams.  A 
pale  rosy  specimen  of  this  was  apparently  described  a  little  later  by  A.  Adams 
under  the  name  of  Obeliscus  hastatus.  Another  beautiful  color  variety  of  this 
species  is  P.  variegatus  Cpr.  (non  A.  Adams).  These  have  dark  and  light 
varieties  like  the  crenulata.  All  these  and  the  next  species  have  been  lumped 
together  by  Mr.  Tryon  under  the  name  of  P.  conica  C.  B.  Adams.  They  are 
nearly  related,  but  in  my  opinion  distinct  species.  P.  crenulalus  has  the  two 
anterior  small  plaits  dark  brown,  even  in  its  light  colored  varieties.  In  P.  con- 
ica they  are  always  white  like  the  large  posterior  plait,  even  in  the  darkest 
specimens.  It  is  possible  that  the  original  hastatus  A.  Adams  may  be  distinct 
from  P.  conica,  but  the  specimens  I  have  seen  labelled  hastata  seemed  to  be 
merely  a  pale  pinkish  slender  variety  of  conica.  The  variegatus  Cpr.  is  ele- 
gantly marbled  and  mottled  with  brown,  white,  and  pearl  gray.  There  is 
another  very  delicate  Californian  species  belonging  to  the  typical  section  of  the 
genus  which  does  not  seem  to  have  been  named.  It  is  about  10.0  mm.  long, 
and  4.0  mm.  wide;  white,  with  numerous  golden  brown  dotted  or  hairlike 
spiral  lines;  a  smooth  or  lightly  spirally  striate  surface;  moderately  rounded 
whorls,  about  nine  in  number,  without  the  usually  decollate  nucleus;  the  su- 
ture distinct  but  not  channelled;  the  umbilicus  reduced  to  a  mere  puncture  or 
even  absent;  the  pillar  with  one  large  and  two  anterior  small  folds,  more  trans- 
verse than  in  P.  conica  and  stronger;  fasciole  obsolete;  the  outer  lip  sharp 
with  three  or  four  lirse  in  the  throat.  This  species,  which  stands  about  mid- 
way between  the  two  sections  of  the  genus,  was  collected  near  the  mouth  of 
the  Colorado  River,  at  the  head  of  the  Gulf  of  California,  by  Dr.  E.  Palmer, 
and  may  be  called  P.  auricoma.  It  is  like  P.  monilifera  on  a  much  smaller 
scale. 

Stimpson  observed,  and  I  have  confirmed  it,  that  the  operculum  of  P.  crenu- 
lata is  thin  and  corneous,  with  a  reniform  outline.  It  consists  of  about  two 
turns,  the  spiral  part  being  very  minute  and  within  the  margin.     It  has  a 


MUSEUM   OF  COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY.  333 

median  spiral  double  rib,  and  is  often  notched  by  rubbing  against  the  colu- 
mellar  plaits.  The  animal  is  pale,  the  tentacles  fiat  and  triangular  with  the 
black  eyes  rather  close  together,  between  rather  than  on  the  bases  of  the  ten- 
tacles. Below,  the  mentum  extends  in  two  triangular  flaps,  rather  smaller  than 
the  tentacles.  The  front  of  the  foot  is  also  triangularly  auriculate  at  the 
corners.  The  animal  is  sluggish.  Stimpson  could  find  no  radula.  The  pale 
variety  is  probably  what  Morch  has  doubtfully  referred  to  "  Syrnola"  pulchella, 
which  is  not  a  Syrnola. 

Pyramidella  Candida  Morch. 

Obeliscus  (Longchceus)  Candidas  (Meusclien)  Morel),  Malak.  Blatt.,  1875,  p.  158. 

<  Pyramidella  conica  Tryon,  non  C.  B.  Adams. 

?  Pyramidella  Gundlachi  Dunker  MS.,  Arango,  Mai.  Cuban,  p.  161, 1880  (name  only). 

Habitat.  Barbados,  100  fms.,  northward  to  the  Carolina  coast,  in  15-200 
fins.,  U.  S.  Fish  Commission.  Samana  Bay,  St.  Domingo,  Dall.  Turtle 
Harbor,  Florida,  in  6  fms.,  Dr.  Rush. 

I  have  never  been  able  to  obtain  a  copy  of  Meuschen's  work.  It  is  impossible 
to  say  how  much  probability  there  is  of  an  identification  of  the  present  shell 
with  the  poor  figures  of  the  last  century.  The  name  must  stand  as  of  Morch. 
The  P.  Gundlachi  of  Dunker  does  not  seem  to  have  been  described,  but  is 
probably  this  species.  P.  crenulata  is  larger,  wider,  with  less  sharply  cut  and  less 
distinctly  crenulated  suture,  and  is  rarely  light  colored,  the  brown  columella 
and  anterior  plaits  remaining  dark  even  in  pale  specimens,  which,  like  the 
varieties  of  conica  on  the  west  coast  of  America,  are  usually  pinkish  and  deli- 
cately maculated  with  brown.  P.  Candida  is  pure  white;  it  sometimes  has  an 
opaque  white  spiral  line  on  the  middle  of  the  whorl,  and  two  large  and  one  or 
two  small  lirse  in  the  throat,  usually  one  less  than  a  P.  crenulata  of  the  same 
size.  The  specimens  sent  by  Dr.  Rush  show  how  curiously  growth  takes 
place  in  the  different  parts.  Some  have  a  perforate  umbilicus,  no  lirse,  and  a 
simple  columella  without  a  plait  or  tooth ;  a  little  later  in  the  stage  of  growth 
the  large  and  then  the  two  small  folds  are  developed  on  the  pillar,  and  lastly 
the  lirse  opposite.  A  person  without  the  intermediate  stages  would  hardly 
dream  that  the  toothless  and  the  toothed  shells  belonged  even  to  the  same 
genus,  though  of  course  the  folds  on  the  pillar  exist  behind  it  and  in  the 
antecedent  whorls. 

Section  PHARCIDELLA  Dall. 

In  Fischer  and  Tryon's  Manuals  the  section  Amoura  De  Folin  is  referred  to 
as  constituted  for  Pyramidella}  with  longitudinal  spirals  on  the  base  and  sides 
and  faint  transverse  ribbing.  But  Amoura  is  merely  a  misprint  for  Amaura 
Mbller,  and  the  type  is  a  shell  which  should  be  referred  to  Syrnola  as  a  section, 
or  to  Careliopsis,  if  separated  at  all.     There  is  really  but  one  columellar  fold, 


334  BULLETIN    OF   THE 


the  second  is  merely  the  projection  of  one  of  the  basal  spirals,  like  those  of 
Triptychus.  If  this  misprint  is  to  be  elevated  to  the  dignity  of  a  section  or 
subgenus,  it  should  not  be  placed  with  the  true  Pyramid  el  las  at  all,  for  it  evi- 
dently is  but  distantly  related  to  them.  But  among  the  minutiae  of  the  Alba- 
tross dredgings  in  the  Antilles  I  find  a  specimen  of  a  genuine  Lonrjchceus  with 
strong  transverse  plaits  or  ribs  across  the  whorls,  a  peripheral  sulcus,  and  the 
other  characters  as  in  Longchceus.  If  this  is  worth  distinction  as  a  section,  it 
may  take  the  name  of  Pharciddla. 

Pyramidella  (Pharcidella)  Folinii  n.  s. 

Shell  small,  pinkish  white,  eight-whorled;  form  much  like  that  of  P.  Candida, 
with  a  strong  deep  peripheral  sulcus;  the  posterior  margin  of  the  sulcus  with 
a  strong  keel,  the  anterior  margin  lower,  with  a  faint  keel ;  base  rounded, 
finely  spirally  striate  with  evident  incremental  rugosities;  space  between  the 
sutures  flattish,  with  twenty  or  more  strong  transverse  equal  ribs;  suture  deep, 
channelled,  not  crenulate;  aperture  quadrate,  the  pillar  with  three  folds,  the 
outer  lip  with  three  internal  line;  the  anterior  teeth  are  oblique;  there  is  a 
chink  and  a  strong  fasciole  behind  the  pillar;  the  nucleus  is  lost.  Max.  Ion. 
of  shell,  5.0;  max.  lat.  of  shell,  2.0  mm. 

Near  Barbados,  in  98  fins.,  sand,  U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

?  Section  TIBERIA  Jeffreys. 
Pyramidella  nitidula  A.  Adams. 

Syrnola  nitidula  A.  Adams,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  355,  18G0. 
Pyramidella.  (Tiberia)  nitidula  Jeffreys,  P.  Z.  S.  1884,  p.  3u"-j,  pi.  xxvii.  fig.  8. 
Odostomia  (Obeliscus)  nitidulus  Watson,  Pep.  Chall.  Gastr.,  p.  487,  1885. 
Pyramidella  minuscula  Monterosato,  P.  mediterranea  Monterosato,  Obeliscus  sufarci- 
7iatus  Watson,  and  O.  tinctus  Watson,  Jide  Jeffreys,  luc.  cit. 

Habitat.  Barbados,  100  fms.  Japan,  A.  Adams.  Mediterranean,  Jeffreys, 
etc.,  25  to  1095  fms. 

This  shell  may  not  belong  with  Pyramidella.  It  is  very  near  Eulimella 
Smithii  except  for  the  plaits  on  the  pillar.  I  am  in  doubt  whether  Mr.  Adams's 
first  reference  was  not  the  most  correct.  Still,  the  pillar  is  very  like  that  of 
Pyramidella.  It  is  very  widely  distributed,  both  in  area  and  depth.  I  cannot 
see  sufficient  reason  for  referring  it  to  Odostomia. 

Section   PYRAMIDELLA  s.  s. 

Pyramidella  dolabrata  Linne. 

This  beautiful  and  well  known  shell  is  found  in  Florida  and  the  Antilles. 
I  can  see  no  sufficient  reason  for  separating  the  Antillean  and  Indo-Pacific 


MUSEUM    OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  335 

specimens,  even  as  varieties.  It  is  not  among  the  Blake  species,  but  has  been 
received  from  the  Bahamas,  Key  West,  Cuba,  Guadelupe,  St.  Thomas,  Porto 
Plata,  St.  Martin's,  Anguilla,  and  other  West  Indian  localities,  including  the 
Swan  Islands  off  Yucatan.  It  is  the  type  of  the  genus  and  also  of  Humphrey's 
undescribed  genus  Obeliscus,  which  thus  becomes  an  exact  synonym  of  Py- 
ramiddla. 

A  species  of  Syrnola  or  Styloptigma,  under  the  name  of  S.  turritus  A.  A. 
Adams,  has  been  received  from  H.  Cuming,  as  from  the  West  Indies,  but  this 
locality  requires  confirmation.     The  original  locality  fov.S.  turritus  was  Japan. 

Genus  TURBONILLA  Risso. 

Turbonilla  (Leach  MS.)  Risso,  Hist.  Eur.  Me'r.  Moll.,  p.  224,  1826.     Type,  Turbo 

lacteus  Linne. 
Chemnitzia  Orbigny,  1839,  not  1850. 
Turbonella  (Leach)  Gray,  1857. 

Fortunately  for  the  present  completion  of  this  Report,  and  owing  to  the  use 
of  the  trawl  rather  than  the  dredge,  very  few  of  this  genus  were  obtained.  I 
have  been  collecting  material  for  some  years,  and  have  most  of  the  described 
American  species  represented  in  the  collection  under  my  charge,  and  beside 
those  which  I  can  identify  there  are  at  least  fifteen,  and  perhaps  twenty, 
diagnosable  forms  which  appear  to  be  undescribed.  It  is  impracticable  to  at- 
tempt, therefore,  any  revision  or  review  of  the  species  belonging  to  our  region 
in  this  paper. 

Those  who  would  go  further  are  referred  to  Prof.  Verrill's  papers,  Mr. 
Tryon's  very  praiseworthy  account  in  his  Manual,  and  the  other  literature  on 
the  subject.  Bulletin  No.  24  of  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey  enumerates  the 
species  which  have  been  mentioned  in  connection  with  the  area  under 
discussion. 

Turbonilla  belotheca  n.  s. 

Plate  XXVI.  Fig.   7  d. 

Shell  white,  like  polished  ivory,  with  a  faint  yellowish  broad  band  behind 
the  periphery,  or  all  pale  yellow  brown  fading  toward  the  apex;  nucleus  lost 
but  apparently  small  and  smooth;  remainder  (fifteen)  of  the  whorls  solid, 
strong  with  a  slightly  malleated  aspect;  spiral  sculpture  of  the  finest  and  most 
delicate  scratches  above  the  periphery,  not  constant  or  prominent  anywhere, 
entirely  absent  from  the  rounded  base  and  obsolete  on  the  ribs;  transverse 
sculpture  of  about  twenty  broad  rounded  ribs  or  waves,  which  disappear  without 
reaching  either  suture,  except  on  the  early  whorls;  they  are  nearly  straight, 
especially  near  the  apex;  incremental  lines  evident  and  somewhat  irregular; 
aperture  longer  than  wide;  pillar  incurved  to  form  a  single  well  marked  plica- 
tion.    Lon.  of  shell,  14.0;  lat.  of  last  whorl,  3.0;  Ion.  of  last  whorl,  4.0  mm. 


336  BULLETIN   OF   THE 

Habitat.  West  of  Florida,  in  50  fms.  Gulf  of  Mexico,  at  Station  32,  in  95 
fins.     Barbados,  in  100  fms. 

This  species  recalls  T.  paucistriata  Jeffreys,  which  is  smaller,  smoother,  and 
much  less  strongly  ribbed.  It  does  not  resemble  any  of  the  northern  species 
dredged  by  the  Fish  Commission,  and  it  is  more  solid,  and  has  a  sleeker  ap- 
pearance than  any  of  the  shallow-water  species  of  our  coast. 

Turbonilla  flavocincta  C.  B.  Adams. 
Chemnitzia  jlavocincta  Adams,  Contr.  Conch.,  p.  74,  1852. 

Habitat.  Barbados,  100  fms.  Jamaica,  C.  B.  Adams.  Samana  Bay,  Santo 
Domingo,  Couthouy. 

This  pretty  and  characteristic  species  has  not  yet  been  collected  on  the  coast 
of  the  United  States. 

Turbonilla  interrupta  Totten  var.  fulvocincta  Jeffreys. 

Plate  XXVI.  Figs.  3,  2  b. 

Melanin  rufa  Philippi,  Moll.  Sicil,  I.  p.  156,  pi.  ix.  fig.  7,  1836. 

Odostomia  rufa  Phil.  var.  fulvocincta,  Jeffreys,  P.  Z.  S.  1884,  p.  356. 

Turritella  interrupta  Totten,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.,  1st  ser.,  XXVIII.  p.  352,  fig.  7,  1835. 

Turbonilla  rufa  Jeffreys,  etc. 

Habitat.  Barbados,  in  100  fms.  Massachusetts,  southward  on  the  American 
coast.  Shediak  Bay,  Nova  Scotia,  Whiteaves.  Fossil  in  the  Post  Pliocene  of 
Wando,  South  Carolina. 

This  species  is,  as  claimed  by  Jeffreys,  identical  with  Philippi's  rufa.  The 
specimens  pass  through  the  same  series  of  varieties.  The  form  reported  under 
this  name  from  Nova  Scotia  by  Whiteaves  is  remarkably  distinct,  taken  by 
itself,  but  I  suspect  a  connecting  series  could  be  obtained.  T.  Riisei  Morch 
is  probably  identical.  Extremely  fine,  large,  delicately  brown  banded  and 
finely  sculptured  southern  specimens  constitute  my  T.  viridaria.  The  forms 
virga  and  punieea,  described  and  queried  by  me  as  varieties  of  viridaria,  are 
distinct.  I  have  examined  many  hundred  specimens  from  all  parts  of  the 
coast,  and  find  the  modifications  brought  about  by  temperature  are  wider  and 
more  marked  than  any  that  occur  among  individuals  from  a  single  locality, 
and  usually  of  a  different  kind.  The  northernmost  specimens  will  always  ex- 
hibit a  tendency  to  loss  of  sharpness  in  sculpture,  a  rudeness  in  the  general 
aspect,  a  thinner  shell,  and  thicker  and  darker  epidermis;  sometimes  a  marked 
decrease  in  size.  Specimens  far  south  from  the  metropolis  of  a  species  are 
apt  to  be  smaller,  more  sharply  sculptured,  brighter  colored,  with  a  thinner  or 
indistinct  epidermis,  and  a  tendency  to  abnormality  about  the  coil  of  the  last 
whorl  and  the  peritreme  of  the  aperture. 

These  small   shells,  when   collected  from  a  sufficiently  wide  geographical 

April  18,  1889. 


MUSEUM  OF  COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY.  337 

range,  will  tell  the  story  quite  as  well  as  the  large  ones,  if  not  better,  as  the 
small  species,  not  living  too  close  to  the  beach,  have  a  wider  average  geographi- 
cal range  than  the  large  ones  from  any  depth  of  water.  The  present  species 
affords  an  excellent  example  of  this  rule,  and  a  study  of  its  variations  is  most 
instructive. 

The  figure  of  the  soft  parts  of  this  species  which  appears  herewith  is  from 
the  unpublished  manuscript  of  Dr.  Wm.  Stimpson,  who  observed  it  at  Charles- 
ton, S.  C;  and  collected  specimens  in  Massachusetts  Bay.  The  Chemnitzia 
speira  of  Eavenel  figured  by  Holmes  in  his  Post  Pliocene  Fossils  of  South  Car- 
olina (p.  82,  pi.  xiii.  figs.  1,  1  a)  is  with  little  doubt  a  synonym  of  interrupta. 
The  species  figured  by  Holmes  as  interrupta  is,  however,  probably  something 
else. 

Turbonilla  curta  n.  a. 

Plate  XXVI.  Fig.  7  c 

Shell  waxen  white,  acute,  with  nine  or  ten  rather  inflated  whorls ;  nucleus 
inflated,  globose,  sinistral,  polished,  mostly  immersed ;  remaining  whorls  sculp- 
tured with  (on  the  last  whorl)  about  twenty-five  close-set  rounded  ribs,  extend- 
ing from  suture  to  suture,  and  but  little %  curved;  also  a  few  faint  lines  of 
growth;  no  spiral  sculpture;  base  smooth,  except  for  a  few  lines  of  growth; 
general  surface  polished;  aperture  subquadrate;  pillar  slender  with  a  faint 
spiral  ridge;  suture  very  distinct.  Lon.  of  shell,  8.3;  of  last  whorl,  2.9;  max. 
lat.  of  shell,  2.75  mm. 

Habitat.  Yucatan  Strait,  640  fms.  Off  Hatteras,  in  15-124  fms.,  sand, 
temperature  61°  F.;  U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

This  shell  may  not  be  perfectly  mature,  but  in  any  case  is  unusually  short 
for  its  breadth.  The  figure  appears  slightly  less  acute  than  the  shell  itself, 
and  the  anterior  prolongation  of  the  aperture  is  due  to  a  fracture.  It  differs 
from  all  the  species  figured  by  Orbigny,  Jeffreys,  Watson,  and  Verrill,  and  I 
cannot  identify  it  with  any  of  the  unfigured  species  of  this  puzzling  group. 

The  ridge  or  plica  on  the  pillar  is  undoubtedly  variable  among  individuals 
in  some,  if  not  all,  of  the  species  of  this  group.  When  apparently  absent  near 
the  mouth  it  can  usually  be  found  on  the  pillar  of  the  more  apical  whorls. 

Turbonilla  pusilla  C.  B.  Adams. 
Chemnitzia  pusilla  Adams,  Contr.  Conch.,  p.  74,  1852. 

Habitat.  Barbados,  in  100  fms.  Jamaica,  Adams.  Northward  to  the 
vicinity  of  Cape  Hatteras,  N.  C,  in  15-63  fms.,  sand,  U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

A  single  well  preserved  specimen  of  this  species  was  obtained  from  the 
Blake  collection.     It  seems  to  be  rather  rare  everywhere. 

vol.  xviii.  22 


338  BULLETIN   OF  THE 

Subgeims  EULIMELLA  Forbes. 
Eulimella  unifasciata  Forbes. 

Plate  XIX.  Fig.  lie. 

Eulima  unifasciata  Forbes,  Rep.  JEgean  Inv.,  p.  188,  1843. 
Odostomia  unifasciata  Jeffreys,  P.  Z.  S.  1884,  p.  351,  pi.  xxvi.  fig.  8. 
Eulimella  Smithii  Verrill,  Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  V.  p.  538,  pi.  lviii.  fig.  18,  1882. 
Turbonilla  Smithii  Verrill,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  III.  p.  380,  1880. 

Habitat.  Barbados,  in  100  fms.  Northward  to  the  vicinity  of  Martha's 
Vineyard,  in  85-120  fms.,  living,  U.  S.  Fish  Commission.  European  seas,  the 
Mediterranean,  ^Egean,  the  Bay  of  Biscay,  and  the  Azores,  30-1622  fms., 
Jeffreys. 

Eulimella  scMcb  Scacchi  is  found  in  the  Antilles,  Florida,  and  North 
Carolina. 

Section  STYLOPSIS  A.  Adams. 
Eulimella  (Stylopsis)  resticula  n.  s. 

Shell  extremely  small  and  thin,  with  a  minute  upturned  sinistral  nucleus 
and  eight  swollen  yet  laterally  flattened  whorls.  The  shell  is  without  lustre, 
of  a  waxen  white,  translucent,  the  gray  mottled  with  black  and  yellow  of  the 
dried  animal  shining  through  the  shell.  Sculpture  entirely  of  even  fine  spiral 
close-set  microscopic  grooves,  covering  the  entire  surface.  Coil,  as  it  were, 
pulled  out  and  closely  wound  like  a  "stranded"  rope;  whorls  laterally  slightly 
compressed,  but  swollen  in  front  of  the  suture  and  so  having  a  turrited  look ; 
base  elongated;  aperture  rounded  in  front,  narrow  but  rounded  behind,  the 
margins  and  slightly  arched  pillar  simple  and  continuous  except  over  the  body. 
There  is  no  umbilical  chink  or  depression,  nor  any  plait  on  the  pillar.  Lon.  of 
shell,  3.5;  lat,  0.7  mm. 

Habitat.     Rare  on  the  sand  flats  between  tides  at  Key  West,  Hemphill. 

A  singularly  frail  and  odd-looking  little  shell. 

Subgenus   CARELIOPSIS  Morch. 
Careliopsis  styliformis  Mokch. 

Monoptygma  (Careliopsis)  styliformis  March.,  Malak.  Blitt.,  XXII.  p,  169,  1874. 
Type  of  the  subgenus. 

Habitat.     St.  Thomas  (Riise),  Morch.     Beach,  Sarasota  Bay,  W.  H.  Dall. 

This  curious  little  shell  is  like  a  minute  slender  but  few-whorled  Turbonilla, 
thin,  white,  with  no  ribs,  spirally  closely  grooved.  Watson's  figure  of  his 
Mucronalia  xanthias  is  a  good  representation  of  our  shell,  except  the  mouth, 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  339 

which  is  entirely  different.  The  present  species  has  the  mouth  of  a  Turbonilla. 
It  is  now  for  the  first  time  reported  from  the  United  States. 

This  group  is  related  to  the  ordinary  Turbonillae,  much  as  Cingida  aculeus 
Gould  is  to  the  species  of  Alvania,  or  as  ^sopus  is  to  Ahachis. 

Amaura  (Amoura  by  ?*■«•.  typ.)  anguliferens  De  Folin,  probably,  and  Jaminea 
Duponti  De  Folin,  from  -.lauritius,  certainly,  belong  to  this  section. 

?  Genus   SYRNOLA   A.  Adams. 
Subgenus  OSCTLLA  A.  Adams. 

This  group  was  according  to  Tryon  proposed  for  forms  of  the  Syrnola  type, 
with  strong  spiral  sculpture  and  a  single  strong  spiral  parietal  plait.  I  have 
not  seen  the  type,  or  even  a  good  figure  of  it,  if  the  above  statement  be  cor- 
rect, for  Adams's  figure  in  the  Thesaurus  (pi.  clxxi.  fig.  26)  shows  distinctly 
three  plaits,  which  are  even  perceptible  in  Tryon's  copy  of  it  (pi.  lxxiv.  fig. 
28).  Then  Mdrch  in  the  Malak.  Blatter  (Vol.  XXII.  p.  158,  1875)  proposes 
a  new  subgenus  Triptychus,  which  is  said  to  differ  from  Oscilla  by  "  columella 
triplicata  nee  uniplicata."  I  presume  that  the  diagnosis  in  the  Thesaurus 
merely  meant  that  there  was  one  strong  plait  beside  the  two  fainter  ones,  and 
the  name  Oscilla  was  based  rather  on  the  sculpture  than  the  plaits.  I  have  no 
doubt  that  Oscilla  and  Triptychus  are  synonymous,  and  the  0.  annulata  and 
Morch's  T.  nivca  (my  Pyramidella  ?  vincta  of  a  later  date)  are  even  very  simi- 
lar species. 

Oscilla  nivca  is  found  in  the  Florida  Keys,  in  St.  Domingo,  St.  Thomas,  St. 
Martin,  and  Vieque.  If  this  species  be  a  proper  representative  of  the  group, 
I  should  feel  disposed  to  separate  it  generically  from  Syrnola,  for  it  certainly 
has  quite  peculiar  characters.  The  strong  parietal  spiral  thread  is  really  the 
result  of  the  basal  sculpture,  which  enters  the  aperture  and  is  overlaid  with 
callus.  The  strong  plait  on  the  pillar  is  also  coincident  with  a  basal  cord, 
which  coils  around  the  pillar  and  is  much  enlarged  by  the  addition  of  callus. 
The  two  fainter  anterior  plaits  are  often  obsolete,  or  nearly  so.  None  of  them 
have  the  horizontality  and  sharpness,  like  that  of  a  screw-thread,  so  character- 
istic of  Pyramidella  proper,  and  yet  they  do  not  turn  in  with  a  twist  like  the 
pillar  lip  of  Syrnola.     The  outer  lip  is  lirate  in  the  adult. 

?  Genus  PERISTICHIA  Dall. 

Shell  elongated,  acute,  many-whorled,  dextral,  with  a  small  sinistral  nucleus, 
spirally  or  reticulately  sculptured;  aperture  ovate,  lips  thickened;  columella 
straight,  simple,  without  plaits;  a  basal  cord  entering  the  aperture  on  the  body 
between  the  pillar  and  the  outer  lip ;  aperture  anteriorly  a  little  effuse,  but  not 
channelled  in  front  of  the  pillar;  outer  lip  varicoid  in  the  adult,  internally  with 
a  few  very  strong  lira;  soft  parts  ? 

Type,  Peristichia  toreta  Dall,  Florida  Keys. 


340  BULLETIN   OF   THE 

This  genus  has  the  spire,  sculpture,  and  nucleus  of  Mathilda;  the  basal  cord 
is  like  that  of  Oscilla  nivea;  the  outer  lip,  though  less  patulous  and  more 
varicose,  has  something  about  it  which  recalls  Rissoina.  It  is  like  an  Oscilla 
without  columellar  plaits,  or  like  a  Mathilda  with  a  thickened  and  internally 
Urate  peritreme  and  rounded  base.  As  far  as  one  may  judge  from  the  charac- 
ters of  the  shell  alone,  this  genus  would  indicate  the  passage  between  Mathilda 
and  Oscilla  ;  the  interrogation  mark  I  have  put  before  it  indicates  my  doubt  as 
to  where  it  should  be  placed. 

Peristichia  toreta  n.  s. 

Shell  slender,  yellowish  white,  thirteen-whorled;  nucleus  minute,  glassy, 
set  on  edge,  having  about  two  turbinate  whorls;  spire  with  the  suture  distinct, 
marked  by  a  plain  or  slightly  undulate  thread  behind  it;  behind  this  is  a 
strong  nodulated  spiral,  with  round  nodules,  then  a  little  interval  and  two 
more  slightly  smaller  similarly  nodulous  spirals,  adjacent  to  each  other  and 
the  suture  behind  them;  the  last  whorl  would  show  about  thirty-four  nodules 
in  its  circuit;  transverse  sculpture  of  elevated  ridges,  visible  in  the  interspaces 
following  the  line  of  the  nodules  across  the  whorl;  on  the  rounded  base  they 
appear  as  strong  radii;  base  with  one  strong  cord  with  a  deep  sulcus  outside 
of  it,  and  the  space  between  it  and  the  pillar  somewhat  excavated;  aperture 
ovate,  pillar  straight,  forming  almost  a  right  angle  with  the  lip  in  front  of  it; 
outer  lip  with  three  strong  internal  lirav,  body  with  the  basal  cord  projecting, 
slightly  covered  with  enamel;  outer  lip  swollen,  varicose,  and  whiter  than  the 
rest  of  the  shell,  its  margin  undulated  by  the  external  sculpture;  callus  joining 
the  pillar  and  outer  lips  distinct  and  continuous.  Max.  Ion.  of  shell,  10.75; 
of  last  whorl,  3.0;  max.  lat.  of  shell,  3.0  mm. 

Habitat.  Coast  of  North  Carolina  at  U.  S.  Fish  Commission  Stations  2607, 
2608,  in  18-22  fms.,  sand,  sixteen  miles  off  Cape  Lookout,  bottom  temper- 
ature 73°-78°  F.  Charlotte  Harbor,  West  Florida,  in  2  fms.,  weedy  bottom, 
Dall.     Key  West,  between  tides,  H.  Hemphill. 

This  is  an  extremely  elegant  shell,  in  which  the  relative  strength  of  the 
transverse  and  the  spiral  sculpture  varies  somewhat  in  different  individuals. 
The  sides  of  the  spire  are  straight,  but  the  whorls  are  distinctly  marked. 

The  color  in  very  fresh  specimens  is  a  milky  white,  more  or  less  clouded 
with  pale  yellowish  brown  on  the  base  or  sides. 

Peristichia  agria  n.  s. 

Shell  small,  conical,  white,  eight-whorled,  beside  a  minute  glassy  nucleus  ot 
about  two  whorls;  sculpture  of,  on  the  last  whorl,  one  moderate  spiral  in  front 
of  the  suture,  three  larger  ones  on  the  side  of  the  whorl,  the  most  anterior  of 
which  is  covered  by  the  suture  as  the  whorls  advance,  a  strong  cord  revolving 
on  the  base  and  entering  the  aperture  midway  between  the  pillar  and  outer 


MUSEUM   OF  COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY.  341 

lip,  and  a  less  prominent  broad  spiral  between  the  last  and  the  columella, 
which  does  not  appear  inside  the  peristome;  these  are  crossed  by,  on  the  last 
whorl,  about  thirty  strong  narrow  equal  regularly-spaced  cord-like  riblets 
which  are  hardly  nodulous  at  the  intersections;  the  interstices  are  deep,  and 
narrower  spirally  than  they  are  axially;  whorls  moderately  rounded  and 
well  marked;  aperture  rounded,  waved  externally  by  the  sculpture,  internally 
lirate;  pillar  concave,  callous;  a  callus  connecting  it  with  the  outer  lip;  base 
rounded,  strongly  sculptured,  the  aperture  slightly  varicose,  but  in  older  speci- 
mens than  those  before  me  probably  markedly  so.  Max.  Ion.  of  shell,  6.0; 
of  last  whorl,  3.0;  max.  lat.  of  shell,  2.5  mm. 

Habitat.  Off  Cape  Hatteras,  in  63  fms.,  sand,  at  U.  S.  Fish  Commission 
Station  2595,  bottom  temperature  75°. 

Florida,  at  Marco,  No  Name  Key,  and  Key  West,  on  grassy  bottom,  between 
low  water  and  two  fathoms,  H.  Hemphill. 

This  very  lovely  latticed  little  shell  is  shorter  and  more  Odostomia-like  than 
the  preceding  species.  The  sculpture  is  a  good  deal  like  that  of  Mathilda 
Rushii,  but  less  crowded  and  less  sharp.  The  specimens  were  all  slightly  less 
than  adult,  and  the  varicosity  of  the  outer  lip  would  doubtless  have  increased 
if  they  had  continued  to  grow. 


Order  SCUTIBRANCHIATA. 

Suborder  RHIPHIDOGLOSSA. 

Super-Family  SCHISMATOBRANCHIA. 

This  group,  like  its  compeer,  the  Dicranobranchia  of  Gray,  to  use  the  oldest 
of  their  numerous  appellations,  may  be  divided  into  two  sections,  one  contain- 
ing spiral  shells,  and  the  other  subcorneal  or  uncoiled  species.  Two  of  the 
four  sections  referred  to  will  possess  forms  provided  with  an  intromittent  male 
organ,  and  others  destitute  of  such  an  organ.  The  spiral  Schismatobranchs 
are  generally  without  a  verge;  Neritina  and  Helicina  were  until  lately  the 
known  exceptions.  Turcicula  Bairdii,  Margarita  infundibulum,  and  several 
allied  forms,  are  now  added  to  the  list.  M.  infundibulum  has  also  a  remark- 
able tubular  modification  of  the  right  anterior  epipodial  lappet,  so  that  it 
serves  as  a  conduit  for  the  seminal  product,  from  the  short  tubular  verge  to  its 
destination.  The  conical  or  limpet-like  Dicranobranchs  are  usually  without 
a  verge,  but  it  is  present  in  Cranopsis,  and  probably  in  other  genera.  So  far, 
no  spiral  Dicranobranch  is  known  to  have  a  verge,  and  no  limpet-like  Schis- 
matobranch  to  be  without  one.  But  our  ignorance  of  the  majority  of  forms  is 
so  great  that  no  one  can  say  how  long  the  negative  evidence  will  have  any 
value.  It  is  only  within  a  few  years  that  the  writer  has  been  enabled  to  deter- 
mine these  facts,  which  seem  so  opposed  to  our  previous  experience  and  sys- 
tematic definitions.     The  need  of  investigation  and   the  field  for  it,  in  the 


342  BULLETIN   OF  THE 

macroscopic  anatomy  of  the  mollusca,  is  so  great  that  it  is  astonishing  that  it 
attracts  so  few  students. 

It  is  probable  that  Scutellina  will  prove  not  to  have  a  verge,  but  this  is 
not  yet  certain;  the  other  families  comprising  this  section  of  the  super-family, 
Addisoniidce  and  Cocculinidce,  are  known  to  be  so  provided. 

Family   SCUTELLIN1DJE  Dall. 
Genus   SCUTELLINA   Gray. 

Scutella  Broderip,  P.  Z.  S.  1834,  p.  47.     (Not  Scutella  Lam.,  1816.) 

Scutellina  Gray,  P.  Z.  S.  1847,  p.  168.     (S.  crenulata  Brod.)    Dall,  Am.  Journ.  Conch., 

VI.  p.  239,  1871.     H.  &  A.  Ad.,  Gen.  Kec.  Moll.,  pi.  lii.  fig.  6  (S.ferruginea). 

Pease,  Am.  Journ.  Conch.,  IV.  99,  pi.  xi.  figs.  26,  27  (bad). 

The  genus  Scutellina  has  long  been  of  doubtful  relations.  I  had  endeavored 
in  vain  for  sixteen  years  to  obtain  the  soft  parts  in  alcohol.  Finally,  a  single 
specimen  collected  on  the  reefs  near  Key  West,  Florida,  was  sent  by  Mr.  H. 
Hemphill,  to  whose  admirable  abilities  as  a  collector  naturalists  generally  are 
so  much  indebted.  This  has  enabled  me  to  correct  several  errors  into  which 
writers  on  this  genus  have  been  led,  and  to  interpret  more  accurately  what  has 
been  not  altogether  clearly  written. 

This  group  has  been  referred  universally  to  the  Docoglossa,  to  which  it  does 
not  belong.  It  has  a  purely  rhiphidoglossate  dentition,  closely  related  to  that 
of  Neritina  and  Helicina.  It  is  set  in  its  shell  like  the  other  rhiphidoglossate 
limpets  Fissurella,  Emarginula,  etc. ;  that  is,  with  the  head  turned  away  from 
the  apex  of  the  shell.  Its  gill  is  situated,  like  that  of  Neritina  or  Acmcea,  on 
the  left  side  above  the  body,  and  pointed  to  the  right  over  the  back  of  the  neck. 
The  anal  papilla  and  that  by  which  the  products  of  the  renal  organ  are  ejected 
are  situated  exactly  as  in  Acmcea.  The  tentacles  are  long  and  slender,  the 
eyes  well  developed  and  placed  on  swellings  at  the  outer  posterior  part  of  the 
tentacles.  The  distal  end  of  the  muzzle  is  expanded,  semilunar,  smooth,  with 
a  continuous  margin  a  little  produced  at  the  outer  corners.  The  mouth  is 
small  and  situated  in  about  the  centre  of  the  disk.     The  dental  formula  for 

the  right  side  of  the  radula  is  R  +  (-  -+-  2  -+-  -)+  -  ;    x  standing  for  the  uncer- 

tain  but  large  number  of  denticles  on  the  first  lateral,  or  of  single  uncini  in  the 
compound  series.  The  central  or  rhachidian  tooth  (R)  is  flat,  squarish,  and 
edentulous,  as  in  Helicina  orbiculata. 

Scutellina  antillarum  Shuttleworth. 

Plate  XXXI.  Figs.  10,  11. 

?  Scutellina  antillarum  Shuttleworth,  in  Poulsen,  Cat.  of  West  India  Shell9,  p.  14, 
No.  930,  1878. 

The  shell,  the  only  Scutellina  I  have  seen  from  the  Gulf  or  Antilles,  I  sup- 
pose to  be  Shuttleworth's  species.     It  is  a  small  thin  shell,  about  8  by  6  mm. 


MUSEUM  OF  COMPAKATIVE  ZOOLOGY.  343 

at  the  base,  and  3.0  mm.  high.  The  apex  is  situated  in  the  posterior  fourth 
of  the  length,  and  has  a  minute  dextral  half-immersed  spiral  nucleus,  whose 
extent  is  marked  by  a  slight  contraction  where  the  conical  shell  begins.  The 
anterior  slope  is  prettily  and  evenly  arched,  the  posterior  slope  steep  and  con- 
cave beneath  the  apex.  The  surface  is  of  a  brownish  straw-color,  the  interior 
subtranslucent  white  of  brilliant  polish  but  not  nacreous.  The  sculpture  is  of 
very  numerous,  fine,  radiating  raised  lines,  with  minute  spines  or  vaulted 
scales  closely  set  upon  them,  giving  a  rasp-like  surface;  there  are  no  regular 
concentric  lines,  but  only  occasional  lines  of  growth. 

I  have  described  it  thus  fully  as  I  suspect  Shuttleworth's  name  is  a  mere 
catalogue  name  which  has  never  been  validated  by  a  description  or  figure.  At 
least,  after  very  full  search  I  have  failed  to  find  any  description  or  reference 
to  a  description.  It  is  not  the  Patella  (Acmcea)  antillarum  of  Sowerby  and 
Philippi. 

The  chief  characteristics  of  the  soft  parts  are  described  under  the  remarks 
relating  to  the  genus. 

There  is  no  relic  of  an  epipodium,  nor  is  there  any  intromittent  organ  in 
the  (female?)  specimen  examined.  The  margin  of  the  mantle  has  a  minute 
frill  or  fringe  of  papilla?.  The  gill  is  of  lamellae,  exactly  like  that  of  Acmcea, 
attached  only  at  its  base.  The  figure  of  the  gill  of  a  Polynesian  species  given 
by  Pease  (in  the  Am.  Journ.  Conch.,  IV.  pi.  xi.  fig.  26)  is  doubtless  erroneous, 
or  rather  an  inaccurate  rendering  of  an  organ  not  observed  minutely.  It  is 
quite  possible,  as  stated  by  Pease,  that  the  gill  may  be  protruded  at  will  while 
the  animal  is  alive,  but  it  would  be  interesting  to  have  this  observation 
confirmed. 

The  figure  of  Scutellina,  given  from  a  sketch  by  A.  Adams  in  the  Genera  of 
Recent  Mollusca,  is  correct,  but  the  figures  are  turned  the  opposite  way  from 
the  figure  of  the  shell  beside  them,  thus  giving  the  impression  that  the  animal 
heads  toward  the  apex  ol-  the  shell,  which  is  an  error.  The  shell  figured  as 
Scutellina  in  Sowerby's  Manual,  second  edition,  fig.  509,  is  a  Broderipia,  and 
not  a  Scutellina. 

The  final  determination  of  the  place  which  this  genus  should  occupy  is  full 
of  interest,  and  confirms  my  reference  of  Cocculina  and  Addisonia  to  the  Rhi- 
phidoglossa.  There  is  nothing  strange  in  the  fact  that  the  last  mentioned  order 
should  have  conical  forms  as  well  as  spiral  ones,  since  in  other  groups,  such  as 
Geophila  and  Limnophila  of  the  Pulmonata,  we  find  analogous  cases.  The 
importance  of  the  facts  here  summarized  are  my  excuse  for  including  them  in 
this  Report,  since  the  species  in  question  is  not  included  in  the  Blake 
collections. 


344  BULLETIN   OF  THE 

Family  ADDISONIID^E. 
Genus  ADDISONIA  Dall. 

Addisonia  Dall,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1881,  p.  405,  April,  1882.     Jeffreys,  P.  Z.  S. 
1882,  p.  673 ;  lb.,  1884,  p.  148.    Fischer,  Man.  de  Conchyl.,  p.  757,  1885. 

Addisonia  lateralis  Requien  var.  paradoxa  Dall. 

Plate  XXV.  Fijfs.  1  a-e. 

Addisonia  paradoxa  Dall,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1881,  p.  405,  April,  1882. 

Gadinia  lateralis  Requien,  Coq.  de  Corse,  p.  39,  1848.    Petit,  Cat.  Moll.,  pp.  92,  264, 

1869. 
Gadinia  excentrica  Tiberi,  J.  de  Conchyl.,  VI.  p.  37,  pi.  ii.  fig.  6,  1857.     Weinkauff, 

Conch.  Mittelm.,  II.  p.  177,  1868.     Dall,  Am.  Naturalist,  p.  737,  1882. 
Tylodina  excentrica  Monterosato,  Not.  intorn.  Conch.  Medit.,  p.  57,  1872.     Locard, 

Cat.  Moll.  Mar.  de  France,  p.  67,  1886. 
Addisonia  eccentros  Jeffreys,  P.  Z.  S.  1882,  p.  673;  P.  Z.  S.  1884,  p.  148. 
Addisonia  lateralis  Dautzenberg,  J.  de  Conchyl.,  1886,  p.  205. 

Habitat.  Mediterranean.  North  Atlantic,  both  European  and  American 
shores,  living  in  50  to  640  fms.,  dead  in  a  wider  range  of  depth. 

This  curious  form  was  not  collected  by  the  Blake.  I  find  that  most  Euro- 
pean malacologists  have  agreed  *  that  Requien's  very  poorly  described  and  un- 
figured  shell  is  identical  with  Tiberi 's  Gadinia  excentrica.  I  am  in  doubt  as 
to  the  identity  of  the  American  and  European  forms.  They  belong  without 
question  to  the  same  genus  to  whose  conchological  peculiarities  I  called  atten- 
tion seventeen  years  ago  (Am.  Journ.  Conch.,  VI.  p.  19,  1870).  The  figures, 
descriptions,  and  specimens  I  have  seen  of  European  origin  all  indicate  the 
shell  as  very  much  smaller  than  our  American  specimens;  these,  when  adult, 
average  12.0  mm.  in  length,  which  is  frequently  much  exceeded.  I  do  not 
feel  justified  in  keeping  them  separated  on  the  mere  ground  of  size,  but  would 
suggest  the  question  to  be  determined  by  some  European  naturalist  who  may 
be  able  to  examine  the  dentition  and  soft  parts.  Like  Neritina,  Cocculina,  and 
Cranopsis  asturiana,  this  creature  retains  the  intromittent  organ  which  seems 
to  have  become  obsolete  in  the  majority  of  shallow-water  Rhiphidoglossa  (see 
Verrill,  Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  VI.  p.  256,  1884). 

This  mollusk  is  well  entitled  to  family  rank,  for  reasons  set  forth  in  my 
paper  above  mentioned.  The  absence  of  the  brush-like  uncini  is  a  remarkable 
character,  while  the  remaining  teeth  are  unmistakably  Rhiphidoglossate.  The 
presence  of  the  verge  which  led  my  friend  Dr.  Paul  Fischer  to  refer  this  genus 
to  the  Taenioglossa  (Man.,  p.  757)  can  hardly  serve  that  purpose  now  that  his 
own  Cranopsis  asturiana  is  shown  to  possess  it. 

*  See  Mr.  Dautzenberg's  excellent  article  above  cited. 


MUSEUM  OF  COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY.  345 

I  may  say  here,  that  in  several  shallow-water  Fissurellas  I  have  observed 
what  I  believe  to  be  an  abortive  non-functional  remnant  of  the  verge,  in  the 
shape  of  an  elongated  papilla  at  or  near  the  posterior  part  of  the  right  tentacle, 
and  having  nothing  corresponding  to  it  on  the  left  side.  Having  found  no 
canal  in  these  organs,  I  have  hesitated  to  mention  them  until  my  discovery  of 
what  seems  to  be  a  functional  verge  in  Cranopsit,. 


Family  COCCULINIDiE. 
Genus   COCCULINA  Dall. 

Cocculina  Dall,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1881,  p.  402.    Verrill,  Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  V. 

p.  533,  1882;  VI.  p.  202,  1884.    Jeffreys,  Triton  Moll.,  P.  Z.  S.  1883,  p.  393. 

Fischer,  Man.  de  Conchyl.,  p.  841,  1885.     Watson,  Cliall.  Kep.  Gastr.,  p.  30, 

1885. 
Tectum  sp.  Jeffreys,  P.  Z.  S.  1882,  p.  672. 

Shell  patelliform,  not  nacreous,  symmetrical  with  an  entire  non-sinuated 
margin  and  a  posteriorly  inclined  apex  with  a  (usually  deciduous)  spiral  nu- 
cleus ;  muscular  impression  horseshoe-shaped,  interrupted  over  the  head. 

Animal  with  a  prominent  head  and  muzzle,  the  males  with  an  intromittent 
organ  at  the  base  of  the  right  tentacle;  a  single  lamellose  asymmetrical  gill 
(resembling  in  form  and  place  of  attachment  the  gill  in  Acmcea)  between  the 
under  surface  of  the  mantle  and  the  upper  surface  of  the  boily  from  a  point 
above  and  behind  the  head,  extending  around  toward  the  right,  and  even 
backward  on  the  right  side;  attached  only  at  its  base.  Eyes  wanting  in  the 
known  species.  Anus  anterior,  opening  in  a  papilla  above  and  behind  the 
head.  Mantle  margin  and  sides  of  foot  plain,  without  epipodial  papillae  or 
processes,  but  they  are  sometimes  present  behind.  Radula  with  a  small  or 
moderate  hardly  raised  rhachidian  tooth  (the  cusp  in  one  species  obsolete), 
three  moderate  inner  laterals  with  denticulate  cusps,  a  larger  denticulate  major 
lateral  with  a  stout  and  twisted  stalk,  and  on  each  side  a  stout  base  from  which 

spring  numerous  slender  uncini  hooked  at  their  tips.     Formula 

r       °  r  ar(l  + 3-3+1)* 

There  is  no  jaw.     The  dentition  resembles  in  a  general  way  that  of  Parmo- 
phorus  and  of  some  species  of  Helicina. 

The  marked  peculiarities  of  this  group,  and  the  discovery  in  the  Western 
Atlantic,  North  European  seas,  and  the  Philippines,  of  species  appertaining  to 
it,  have  secured  its  prompt  recognition  from  naturalists.  Thus,  there  have 
been  described  from  the  Philippines,  — 

Cocculina  angulata  Watson; 

from  North  Europe  and  the  Northeastern    Atlantic,  — 

Cocculina  spinigera  Jeffreys,  Cocculina  pusilla  Jeffreys  (as  Teclura), 

Cocculina  corrugata  Jeffreys,  Cocculina  adunca  Jeffreys  (as  Tectura)  ; 


346  BULLETIN   OF  THE 

and  from  the  Western  Atlantic, 

Cocculina  Beanii  Dull,  Cocculina  leptalea  Verrill, 

Cocculina  Rathbunl  Dall,  Cocculina  conica  Verrill, 

Cocculina  Dalll  Verrill,  Cocculina  splnigera  Jeffreys. 

C.  adunca  Jeffreys  is  almost  certainly  the  same  as  C.  Beanii  Dall.  Tectura 
rugosa  Jeffreys,  described  with  several  Cocculina:  under  that  generic  name,  is, 
however,  almost  certainly  a  young  specimen  of  one  of  the  varieties  of  A  cmcea 
rubella.  The  specimens  in  the  Jeffreys  collection  agree  perfectly  (although 
dead  and  bleached)  with  specimens  of  A.  rubella. 

Tectura  galeola  Jeffreys,  which  I  examined  through  the  kindness  of  Dr. 
Jeffreys,  is  certainly  not  an  Acmcea,  as  the  long  slope  is  anterior.  In  the 
absence  of  the  soft  parts  it  must  remain  in  a  doubtful  state,  though  possibly 
a  Cocculina. 

The  discrepancies  which  have  occurred  in  the  description  of  the  soft  parts  of 
the  different  species  would  be  somewhat  difficult  to  reconcile,  were  it  not 
probable  that  this  family  contains  more  than  a  single  group,  on  the  one  hand, 
and,  on  the  other,  that  the  small  size  of  the  animals  renders  an  examination 
difficult  and  very  liable  to  error  of  observation. 

Thus,  C.  spinigera  has  been  reported  to  be  without  a  rhachidian  tooth.  But 
in  several  specimens  of  that  species  I  found  the  rhachidian  tooth  (PI.  XXXI. 
Fig.  9)  present,  though  very  flat,  translucent,  and  with  only  a  trace  of  cusps, 
which  last,  on  the  younger  rows  of  teeth,  would  be  absent,  thus  leading  very 
easily  to  a  misconception.  I  have  figured  this  tooth  as  observed  by  me  in 
specimens  sent  by  Dr.  Jeffreys. 

The  observations  of  Mr.  Watson  on  the  gill  of  C.  angulata  I  am  not  able  to 
accept  as  final,  and  believe  that  some  misconception  is  mingled  with  them. 
His  description,  and  the  position  assigned  to  the  supposed  gill  on  "  the  lower 
right  side  of  the  neck,':  correspond  fairly  well  to  the  position  and  appearance 
of  the  extended  free  ends  of  the  anal  and  renal  papillae  in  G.  spinigera,  organs 
which,  imperfectly  observed,  I  strongly  suspect  to  be  responsible  for  the 
alleged  second  and  right-hand  gill  in  Propilidium.  I  have  never  been  able 
to  get  a  fresh  specimen  of  Propilidium  to  determine  this  point,  but  the  fact  that 
every  known  unfissured  limpet  with  a  free  gill  like  that  of  Acmoza,  whether 
docoglossate  or  rhiphidoglossate,  has  that  gill  adjacent  to  the  heart  on  the 
opposite  (left-hand)  side  from  the  anus,  is  ground  for  a  strong  presumption 
that  Propilidium  and  this  particular  Cocculina  do  not  form  exceptions  to  the 
rule. 

The  species  of  Cocculina  may  be  divided  into  two  sections  characterized  by 
the  presence  or  absence  of  posterior  epipodial  filaments.  In  the  typical  group 
there  are  two  posterior  filaments.     In  the  other  there  are  none. 

The  nearest  relatives  of  this  group  are  to  be  found  in  the  Scutelliyiidce  and 
the  Addisoniidre.  It  appears  to  be  an  ancient,  and  what  Prof.  Louis  Agassiz 
would  have  termed  a  "  synthetic  "  type. 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY.  347 

Section  COCCULINA  s.  s 
Cocculina  Rathbuni  Dall. 

Plate  XXV.  Figs.  5,  7,  7  a. 

Cocculina  Rathbuni  Dall,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  for  1881,  p.  402,  April,  1882. 

Shell  white,  depressed,  the  slopes  flattened,  sides  subparalleled,  with  slight 
radiating  and  concentric  sculpture  and  a  subcentral  apex  from  which  the 
nucleus  is  usually  lost,  leaving  a  little  scar  on  the  shell.    Length,  10-13  rum. 

Two  female  specimens  examined,  which  had  been  a  long  time  in  alcohol. 
The  mantle  margin  appeared  plain,  with  a  thickened  border.  Behind  in  the 
sinus  between  the  mantle  and  the  foot  are  two  small  round  blunt  elongated 
epipodial  papillae,  one  on  each  side  of  the  median  line  and  not  very  close  to  it. 
The  gill  is  small,  triangular,  exactly  like  that  of  some  Acmaeas,  and  similarly 
placed.  The  head  is  large,  the  end  of  the  muzzle  flat,  marginated,  semilunate, 
enclosing  a  smooth  space,  in  the  centre  of  which  is  a  rounded  papillose  area 
surrounding  the  mouth;  tentacles  moderate,  subcylindrical,  without  eyes;  the 
course  of  the  intestine  much  resembling  that  of  Patella,  but  it  seems  to  be  not 
so  long.     Rhachidian  tooth  with  a  distinct  cusp. 

This  species  was  obtained  by  the  U.  S.  Fish  Commission  in  1881,  about  100 
miles  south  and  east  from  Martha's  Vineyard,  in  506  fms.,  green  sand  and 
mud,  the  bottom  temperature  being  40°.5.  The  party  on  the  Blake  obtained 
it  at  Station  288,  in  399  fms.,  hard  bottom,  off  Barbados,  bottom  temperature 
44°.5  ;  a  fresh  one  at  Station  230,  in  464  fms.,  off  St.  Vincent,  bottom  tem- 
perature 41°. 5;  and  living  ones  at  Station  195,  off  Martinique,  in  502^  fms., 
sand  and  ooze,  the  bottom  temperature  being  41°. 0  F.  In  the  latter  case  the 
animal  was  adhering  to  a  small  water-logged  splinter. 

Cocculina  Beanii  Dall. 

Plate  XXV.  Figs.  2,  4,  8. 

Cocculina  Beanii  Dall,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  for  1881,  p.  403,  April,  1882. 

Shell  elevated,  white,  the  anterior  slope  much  the  longer  and  conspicuously 
arched,  the  posterior  slope  excavated  concavely,  the  apex  elevated,  subposterior 
and  much  incurved,  the  nucleus  generally  gone  in  adults,  leaving  a  little  s"car; 
sculpture  stronger  and  more  distinctly  cancellated  in  some  specimens  than  in 
C.  Rathbuni,  the  young  are  more  sharply  sculptured  than  the  old,  and  at  the 
intersections  the  riblets  are  nodulous  or  even  slightly  spinose;  the  shell  is 
smaller  than  in  C.  Rathbuni,  reaching  about  8.0  mm.  in  length. 

Four  specimens,  all  apparently  females,  were  available  for  examination,  of 
which  two  were  dissected.  The  soft  parts  in  general  were,  as  in  C.  Rathbuni, 
except  that  the  head  and  muzzle  are  much  elongated,  the  sinus  behind  the 
head,  therefore,  is  deeper,  the  gill  longer,  projecting  out  on  the  right  side;  the 


348  BULLETIN   OF   THE 

tentacles  are  longer,  and  the  loot  proportionally  shorter,  than  in  C.  Rathbuni; 
the  mantle  margin  more  puckered  (l>y  the  effect  of  the  alcohol  ?) ;  the  margin- 
ation  of  the  muzzle  is  interrupted  in  front  by  the  papillose  oral  area,  which  in 
this  species  distinctly  forms  the  end  of  the  muzzle,  the  effect  of  which  is  to 
modify  the  marginated  part  into  two  lappets,  one  on  each  side,  extending  from 
the  end  of  the  muzzle  to  the  anterior  edge  of  the  foot.  In  the  dentition  the 
bands  of  uncini  are  proportionally  longer  and  wider,  and  the  rhachidian  tooth 
is  smaller  than  in  the  preceding  species. 

This  species  was  found  by  the  U.  S.  Fish  Commission,  in  1880-81,  at  Sta- 
tions 871,  894,  947,  and  997,  in  100-365  fms.,  muddy  and  sandy  bottom,  tem- 
perature at  the  bottom  ranging  from  40°.0  to  52°.0  F.  It  was  obtained  by  the 
party  on  the  Blake  at  Station  288,  in  399  fms.,  hard  bottom,  off  Barbados; 
Station  195,  in  502^  fms.,  sand  and  ooze,  off  Martinique;  at  Station  161,  in 
583  fms.,  lava  sand,  off  Guadelupe,  bottom  temperature  41°;  and  at  Station 
230  in  464  fms.,  off  St.  Vincent,  bottom  temperature  41°.5  F. 

Section  COCCOPYGIA  Dall. 
Foot  without  epipodial  filaments. 

Cocculina  spinigera  Jeffreys. 

Plate  XXXI.  Figs.  7,  8,  9. 

Cocculina  spinigera  Jeffreys,  Triton  Moll.,  P.  Z.  S.  1883,  p.  393,  pi.  xliv.  figs.  1,  1  a-C. 
Verrill,  Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  VI.  pp.  203,  271,  1884. 

Habitat.  U.  S.  Fish  Commission  Stations  997  and  2115,  in  335  to  843  fms., 
living  in  the  tunnels  of  Teredo-bored  wood,  associated  with  C.  leptalea  Verrill. 

This  species,  obtained  by  Dr.  Jeffreys  in  the  Porcupine  and  Triton  dredg- 
ings  in  the  North  Atlantic,  is  much  smaller  than  either  of  the  two  preceding, 
or  the  specimens  I  have  seen  may  not  be  fully  grown,  averaging  only  1.5  to 
2.0  mm.  in  length.  It  has  the  form  of  C.  Beanii,  so  far  as  the  shell  is  con- 
cerned, with  the  sculpture  of  the  most  strongly  sculptured  specimens  of  that 
species,  which,  as  above  mentioned,  sometimes  have  minute  spinose  projections 
at  the  intersections  of  the  radiating  and  the  concentric  ridges.  The  nucleus, 
however,  in  the  specimens  of  C.  spinigera  examined,  was  constantly  present, 
symmetrical  and  subspiral.  Seven  specimens  were  kindly  sent  me  by  Dr. 
Jeffreys  for  examination,  with  the  soft  parts,  comprising  four  males  and  three 
females.  The  soft  parts  of  the  females  agreed  in  all  particulars  with  those  of 
C.  Rathbuni  except  that  the  pair  of  epipodial  posterior  papilla;  was  wanting,  as 
also  in  the  males;  the  tentacles  seemed  to  be  somewhat  stouter  and  shorter; 
the  gill  was  very  short  and  triangular,  in  its  usual  position,  and  the  anal 
papilla  was  prolonged  into  a  kind  of  free  tube,  one  half  longer  than  the  gill 
itself. 

The  dentition  resembles  that  of  C.  Rathbuni  in  all  essential  particulars,  ex- 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY.  349 

cept  that  the  rbachidian  tooth,  instead  of  having  a  comparatively  small  base 
and  a  distinct  and  well  developed  cusp,  has  a  large  base,  which  is  thin  and  of 
rounded  shape,  with  an  almost  obsolete  cusp.  Many  of  these  teeth  could 
hardly  be  said  to  be  cusped  at  all,  and  in  the  best  developed  unworn  ones 
the  cusp  is  but  little  raised,  small,  composed  of  a  median  rounded  portion  and 
on  each  side  of  that  a  single  obscure  denticle  (see  figure).  The  whole  tooth, 
in  most  cases,  resembled  a  mere  thin  scale,  and  might  readily  be  overlooked, 
or  regarded  as  not  a  true  tooth  at  all,  in  some  specimens. 

The  most  extraordinary  feature  is  peculiar  to  the  males,  of  which  four  speci- 
mens were  examined  and  agreed  perfectly  with  one  another.  The  right  tenta- 
cle is  somewhat  stouter  than  the  left  one,  but  near  the  base  on  the  outer  side 
both  have  a  distinct  bulb  or  elbow-like  prominence  similar  to  that  which  in 
many  gastropods  bears  the  eye.  A  careful  examination  of  sections,  however, 
did  not  disclose  any  nerve,  rods,  or  optic  cup,  and  it  is  certain,  if  the  last 
exists,  that  it  is  unprovided  with  any  pigment  cells.  The  cutis  seemed  of  a 
uniform  and  rather  unusual  thickness,  partly  due,  probably,  to  the  contraction 
caused  by  the  alcohol.  The  tip  of  the  contracted  right  tentacle  was  rather 
broad  and  blunt;  it  also  seemed  somewhat  flattened.  From  the  outer  side  pro- 
jected a  verge  of  tentacular  form,  more  slender,  slightly  longer,  and  more 
flattened  than  the  tip  of  the  true  tentacle,  and  horizontally  recurved.  From 
the  circular  wrinkles  caused  in  it  by  contraction  it  seemed  capable  of  much 
elongation.  In  the  anterior  edge  near  the  tip,  but  not  extended  over  the  tip, 
was  a  deep  fissure  extending  to  the  centre  of  the  organ  and  along  its  anterior 
edge  from  the  tip  backward  a  distance  a  little  more  than  equal  to  the  width 
of  that  part  of  the  organ.  The  proportional  length  of  this  fissure  differed  in 
different  individuals  a  little.  From  the  depth  of  this  fissure  a  tube  or  canal 
extends  through  the  centre  of  the  penis,  its  diameter  being  about  one  sixth 
that  of  the  organ.  At  a  point  in  this  canal  not  far  from  the  junction  of  the 
verge  with  the  tentacle  there  appears  to  be  a  subtriangular  fossa,  from  which 
the  tube  continues  toward  the  body  at  about  the  same  distance  from  the  inner 
surface  of  the  verge,  and  of  about  the  same  size  as  before  the  fossa  was  reached. 
The  canal  passes  on  into  the  base  of  the  tentacle,  where  it  is  lost  to  sight  in 
the  solid  opaque  tissues.  The  extremely  small  size  of  the  animal  combined 
with  its  coarse,  and  (by  alcohol  rendered)  very  opaque  tissues,  prevented  the 
more  thorough  examination  which  would  have  been  practicable  with  fresh 
specimens  or  those  of  larger  size.  Nevertheless,  it  does  not  appear  that  this 
organ  can  be  anything  else  than  an  intromittent  male  organ,  such  as  is  now 
known  to  exist  in  Addisonia,  in  Neritina,  in  some  species  of  Cranopsis,  and 
other  deep-water  Rhiphidoglossa. 

At  the  time  I  made  this  discovery  the  only  form  in  which  an  external  in- 
tromittent organ  had  been  reported  among  the  Rhiphidoglossa  was  Neritina, 
and  even  this  fact,  though  easily  verified,  had  been  questioned. 

The  verge  in  the  Neritidce,  however,  is  broader  and  rounder,  flatter,  and 
shorter  than  in   Cocculina,  and  shows  its  nature  less   clearly  in  its  external 


350  BULLETIN   OF   THE 

appearance.  If  the  function  of  the  organ  be  still  denied  by  some  sceptic  who 
will  not  be  satisfied  until  the  animals  have  been  observed  in  copula,  it  remains 
that,  whatever  its  function,  here  is  an  organ  unknown  in  the  great  majority  of 
Rhiphidoglossa,  but  which  appears  in  a  few  diverse  deep-water  forms. 

These  interesting  facts  were  made  known  by  me  to  Prof.  Verrill,  Dr.  Jeffreys, 
and  others  interested,  in  the  early  part  of  1882.  Subsequently,  the  same  organ 
was  observed  in  Addisonia,  and,  while  closing  up  my  work  on  this  Report, 
an  examination  of  a  male  Bimula  (Cranopsis)  asturiana  Fischer  added  it  to 
the  list,  still  later  enlarged  by  species  of  Margarita  and  Turcicula. 

These  results  show  very  clearly  how  much  there  is  still  to  learn  about  the 
macroscopic  anatomy  of  even  ordinary  mollusks;  how  little  ground  there  is  for 
dogmatism  in  the  larger  features  of  classification  ;  and  how  rich  a  field  is  open 
to  the  conscientious  student  who  may  have  access  to  the  sea. 

The  old  idea,  still  delusively  cherished  by  most  embryologists,  that  the  char- 
acteristics of  a  single  species  may  serve  to  marshal  a  host  of  others  in  line,  was 
always  false,  and  every  year  shows  its  falsity  more  clearly. 

The  marshalling  must  be  allowed  for  convenience'  sake,  but  the  idea  that  it 
is  in  any  proper  sense  a  finality  should  be  discouraged  by  every  teacher.  If  it 
had  not  been  taken  for  granted  these  many  years,  who  can  doubt  that  we  should 
long  since  have  known  exactly  about  a  hundred  species  of  mollusks  where  we 
now  have  the  facts  about  one  or  two,  and  that  our  classifications  would  have 
been  ameliorated  in  proportion  ? 

This  species  must  be  very  abundant  in  the  North  Atlantic,  as  Dr.  Jeffreys 
has  informed  me  that  he  has  examined  over  four  hundred  specimens. 

One  feature  which  is  often  noticeable  on  the  sedentary  deep-sea  shells,  and 
especially  on  the  limpets,  is  perhaps  worth  mentioning.  A  sort  of  spongy 
organism,  apparently  a  sponge  or  a  hydractinian,  often  covers  the  upper  surface 
with  a  coating  of  fine  straight  spinules,  which  appear  to  be  attached  to  the 
shell  but  are  easily  removed  by  wetting  and  rubbing.  They  are  very  abundant 
on  Terebratulina  Cailkti  and  other  sculptured  brachiopods,  and  I  have  observed 
them  on  all  the  species  of  Gocculi-na  and  on  Lepetella.  Dr.  Jeffreys  states  that 
the  spinules  are  not  soluble  in  potash.  There  has  been  no  distinct  outer 
crust,  nor  any  particular  shape,  to  the  aggregations  of  this  sort  which  have 
come  under  my  notice,  but  they  seem  to  be  preferably  attached  to  prominences 
of  the  sculpture,  and  might  easily  be  mistaken,  in  some  cases,  for  part  of  the 
shell  itself. 

This  Cocculina  has  fine  sharp  spines,  properly  belonging  to  the  shell ;  but 
among  those  in  the  Jeffreys  collection  I  have  seen  none  quite-  as  sharp  and 
long  as  those  in  the  magnified  figure  (la)  of  th'e  plate  to  Dr.  Jeffreys's  paper 
on  the  Triton  mollusks. 

The  section  Caccopygia,  to  which  1  have  referred  this  species,  probably  in- 
cludes C.  angulata  Watson,  and  other  species  which  have  not  yet  been  critically 
examined  with  regard  to  the  epipodial  filaments. 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  351 

Family  PHASIANELLID^. 

Genus   PHASIANELLA  Lamarck. 

Section  EUCOSMIA  Carpenter. 

Phasianella  (Eucosmia)  brevis  Orbignt. 

Plate  XIX.  Fig.  10  b. 

Phasianella  brevis  Orbigny,  Moll.  Cuba,  II.  p.  79,  pi.  xx.  figs.  19-21,  1842.     Not 
P.  brevis  C.  B.  Adams. 

Habitat.  Cuba  and  Martinique,  Orbigny.  Station  21,  off  Bahia  Honda,  in 
287  fms.,  Blake  Expedition.  Off  the  coast  of  North  Carolina,  in  15-63  fms., 
bottom  temperature  75°.0  F.,  at  Stations  2595,  2596,  2597,  2612,  2615,  2619, 
U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

The  P.  brevis  of  C.  B.  Adams  is  merely  a  young  specimen  of  the  shell  he 
had  previously  named  Turbo  putchella,  which  is  a  very  pretty  form  of  Phasia- 
nella with  rather  marked  spiral  sculpture  and  a  flattened  nucleus.  It  has  the 
usual  operculum  of  the  genus.  Other  species  recognized  during  this  investiga- 
tion as  occurring  in  the  Antillean  region,  but  not  obtained  by  the  Blake,  are 
P.  affinis,  tesscllata,  concinna,  and  conculor  of  C.  B.  Adams,  and  umbilicata  of 
Orbigny.     There  are  several  other  nominal  species  requiring  further  study. 

Family  TTJRBINIDtE. 
Genus  LEPTOTHYRA  Carpenter. 

Leptonyx  Carpenter,  and  A.  Adams,  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Sci.,  III.  p.  175,  Nov.,  1864. 

Not  Leptonyx  Gray,  1837,  gen.  Phocidoz. 
Collonia  Pliilippi,  Handbuch  d.  Conch.,  p.  206,  not  of  Gray.     Not  Collonia  Gray, 

1852.     (Type,  Delphinula  marginata  Lam.) 
Leptothyra  (Carpenter  MS.)  Dall,  Am.  Journ.  Conch.,  VII.  p.  130,  1871.     (Type, 

Turbo  sanguineus  Linne'.)     Pilsbry,  Tryon  Man.,  X.  p.  245,  1888. 
Collonia  (sp.)  H.  &  A.  Adams,  Gray,  Watson,  etc. 

The  genus  Collonia  of  Gray,  according  to  Dr.  P.  P.  Carpenter,  was  founded 
on  the  Delphinula  marginata  of  Lamarck,  a  smooth  Grignon  fossil  with  large 
crenate  umbilicus.  It  was  defined  as  having  an  "operculum  circular,  with 
many  gradually  enlarged  whorls,  with  a  convex  external  rib  and  central  pit." 
Afterward  the  genus  fell  into  great  confusion  from  the  confounding  of  names 
of  totally  distinct  species  called  marginata,  etc.,  all  of  which  may  be  found 
particularly  detailed  in  Dr.  Carpenter's  paper  above  referred  to.  There  he 
proposed  the  name  Leptonyx  for  the  group  typified  by  Turbo  sanguineus  Linne, 
which  had  been  erroneously  confounded  with  Collonia  by  several  authors. 
This  Turbo  sanguineus  is  a  species  found  in  the  Mediterranean,  with  near  rela- 


352  BULLETIN   OF   THE 

tives  in  Japan  and  Califomian  waters.  It  has  a  few-whorled  rather  solid 
smooth  discoid  shelly  operculum  a  little  concave  externally,  no  umbilicus 
when  adult,  and  a  rounded  base.  The  name  Leptonyx  having  been  used  twice 
for  Vertebrates  before  Dr.  Carpenter  took  it  up,  I  substituted  Leptothyra  * 
with  his  permission,  as  above  cited,  in  1871.  A  further  confusion  was  created 
in  regard  to  the  type  species  by  a  supposition  that  the  operculum  of  the  Cali- 
fomian shell  was  different  from  that  of  the  Mediterranean.  This  idea  was 
totally  erroneous,  but  found  its  way  into  several  publications,  among  others 
Tryon's  Manual  (II.  312).  The  opercula  are  precisely  alike,  having  a  por- 
cellanous  coating,  a  little  thicker  at  the  edges  than  toward  the  centre,  espe- 
cially in  old  specimens,  and  having  the  general  form  of  a  coin  or  disk  (not  of  a 
lens)  based  on  a  horny  substratum,  as  in  the  typical  Naticas.  The  operculum 
has  about  five  to  seven  turns,  visible  best  on  the  inner  side.  The  young  shells 
have  a  pit,  or  even  a  perforation,  in  the  umbilical  region,  but  this  is  entirely 
effaced  in  the  adult,  unless  L.  Philipiana  is  an  exception. 

L.  sanguined  is  not  yet  known  from  the  east  coast  of  America.  We  have, 
however,  beside  L.  induta  and  what  I  regard  as  its  varieties,  two  other  species, 
L.  Philipiana  and  L.  Linnei,  now  for  the  first  time  described. 

A  shell  which  I  find  in  the  Jeffreys  collection  marked  "  Turbo  carinatus 
Cantraine,  Travailleur  Exp.,  1882,"  is  a  remarkably  fine  species  of  Leptothyra, 
larger  than  any  other  known  to  me.  Turbo  mammilla  of  the  Reggio  Tertiaries, 
as  identified  by  Prof.  Seguenza,  is  also  a  Leptothyra,  and  so  probably  is  Turbo 
filosus  Philippi  of  the  Italian  Tertiaries. 

Leptothyra  induta  Watson  var.  albida  Dall. 

Plate  XXXVIII.  Fig.  6. 

Leptothyra  induta  Dall,  Agassiz,  Three  Cruises  of  the  Blake,  II.  p.  69,  fig.  287, 1888. 
Leptothyra  (induta  var.?)  albida  Dall,  Bull.  M  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  48,  1881. 
Turbo  (Collonia)  indutus  Watson,  Journ.  Linn.  Soc,  XIV.  p.  715,  1879;  Chall.  Rep. 
Gastr.,  p.  128,  pi.  vi.  fig.  1,  1885. 

Habitat.  Sand  Key,  in  15-128  fms. ;  Station  2,  in  805  fms.;  Sigsbee,  off 
Havana,  in  450  fms.;  off  Cape  San  Antonio,  in  1002  fms.;  Yucatan  Strait,  in 
640  fms.;  Station  5,  in  152-229  fms.,  soft  coral  ooze,  bottom  temperature  50°  ; 
Station  100,  off  Morro  Light,  Havana,  in  250-400  fms.;  Station  211,  off 
Martinique,  in  357  fms.;  Station  218,  off  Santa  Lucia,  in  164  fms.,  bottom 
temperature  56°.0.  U.  S.  Fish  Commission  Station  2662,  off  St.  Augustine, 
Florida,  in  434  fms.,  gray  sand. 

Variety  tincta  Dall,  shell  rosy. 

Variety  insculpta  Dall.  Ridges  obliquely  cut  by  the  radiating  sculpture 
which  nodulates  them  all,  and  extends  entirely  over  the  shell;  basal  ridges  more 
numerous  (six),  close,  and  slightly  but  distinctly  sculptured  by  the  radii. 

*  The  name  Homalopoma  was  under  consideration  by  Dr.  Carpenter  as  a  sub- 
stitute for  Leptonyx,  but  was  never  published  by  him. 
April  24,  1889. 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  353 

None  of  our  specimens  have  the  body  whorl  smooth  like  the  Challenger 
specimen,  and  none  are  quite  so  pointed  as  Watson's  figure.  Still,  I  have  very- 
little  doubt  that  his  is  an  abnormally  smooth  specimen  of  the  same  species  as 
that  which  I  have  called  albida.  If  they  are  distinct,  ours  will  be  Leptothyra 
albida,  and  his  Leptothyra  induta;  for  there  cannot  be  a  shadow  of  a  doubt  that 
they  all  belong  to  the  group  of  L.  sanguined.  I  have  not  been  able,  of  course, 
to  compare  specimens 

The  fact  of  the  existence  of  the  group,  apparently  abundant,  in  deep  water, 
and  the  other  fact  of  the  wide  distribution  of  the  shallow- water  types  of  the 
genus,  are  points  which  march  together  in  this  case  as  in  many  others,  and 
have  an  obvious  significance. 


*©' 


Leptothyra  Philipiana  n.  a. 

Plate  XXIV.  Figs.  7,  7  a. 

Shell  whitish,  of  four  rounded  whorls  and  a  minute  smooth  nucleus;  rather 
depressed,  base  rounding  into  the  rest  of  the  whorl.  Sculpture  of  ten  even 
strong  spiral  costse,  with  channelled  interspaces,  here  and  there  toward  the 
aperture  indications  of  intercalary  hardly  raised  spirals,  and  over  all  faint 
spiral  striae  more  or  less  visible  under  a  lens.  Radiating  sculpture  faint,  the 
tops  of  the  spirals  are  a  little  undulated,  and  two  close  to  the  umbilicus  are 
indistinctly  nodulous,  otherwise  there  are  only  the  usual  incremental  lines. 
Operculum  as  usual ;  umbilicus  perforate,  rather  profound  ;  aperture  prolonged 
above,  edges  a  little  flaring,  subcircular.     Alt.  3.5,  diam.  4.0  mm. 

Habitat.  Station  192,  near  Dominica,  in  138  fms.,  bottom  temperature 
63°. 0  F. 

This  shell  may  not  be  quite  adult,  and  the  umbilicus  may  be  closed  later. 
It  has  a  different  shape  from  any  of  the  varieties  of  the  preceding  which  have 
come  under  my  notice,  and  is  much  smaller. 

Leptothyra  Linnei  n.  s. 

Plate  XXXIII    Fig.  9. 

Shell  small,  white,  solid,  elevated,  blunt,  with  five  well  rounded  whorls; 
spiral  sculpture  of  about  sixteen  even  rounded  costae,  separated  by  wider  in- 
terspaces, with  an  occasional  intercalary  thread;  the  two  nearest  the  suture  are 
generally  more  or  less  beaded  by  the  radiating  sculpture,  the  rest  usually 
plain;  spiral  sculpture  of  close  oblique  radiating  lines  coincident  with  the 
lines  of  growth,  with  at  regular  intervals  more  emphasized  depressions  which 
nodulate  the  upper  spirals  and  in  rare  instances  are  produced  all  over  the 
shell  ;  the  costse  are  more  or  less  nodulated  or  even  imbricated  at  the  inter- 
sections, so  that  in  extreme  cases  (var.  limata)  the  shell  is  as  rough  as  a  file 
all  over;  base  full  and  rounded,  umbilical  depression  or  perforation  occasionally 
present  in  the  young,  wholly  absent  in  the  adult;  aperture  rounded,  the  upper 

vol.  xviii.  23 


354  BULLETIN   OF    THE 

part  produced  and  depressed  about  the  width  of  two  or  three  spirals  with  their 
interspaces.     Operculum  as  usual.     Alt.  5.5,  diam.  5.0  mm. 

Habitat.  Station  2,  in  805  fins.;  Station  20,  in  220  fms.;  Station  220,  near 
Santa  Lucia,  in  116  fms.,  rocky  bottom,  bottom  temperature  58°. 5  F.  Off 
Havana,  in  450  fms.,  Sigsbee.     Barbados,  in  100  fms. 

This  pretty  little  species  is  like  a  L.  albida  in  miniature,  with  proportionally 
finer  and  more  numerous  spiral  costae,  a  rounder  base,  and  an  aperture  bent 
downward  in  the  adult. 

A  full-sized  L.  albida  measures  8.0  mm.  high  by  7-75  in  maximum  diam- 
eter of  the  base. 

The  variations  of  L.  Linnei  are  parallel  with  the  variations  of  L.  albida  (or 
induta),  the  var.  limata  of  the  former  corresponding  to  an  intensified  state  of 
induta  var.  insculpta.     I  have,  however,  not  seen  any  pink  variety. 

Family   TROCHIDJE. 

Genus  GAZA  Watson. 

Gaza  Watson,  Journ.  Linn.  Soc,  XIV.  p.  601,  1879  ;  Chall.  Rep.  Gastr.,  p.  93, 1885. 
Type,  Gaza  dadala  Watson,  loc.  cit ,  p.  601,  1879 ;  Chall.  Rep.,  pi.  vii.  fig.  12. 

Gaza  superba  Dall. 

Plate  XXII.  Figs.  4,  4  a. 

Callogaza  superba  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  49,  1881.     Agassiz,  Three  Cruises  of 
'  the  Blake,  II.  p.  68,  1888  (fig.  excl.). 

Habitat.  Station  153,  off  Montserrat,  in  303  fms.,  lava  sand,  bottom  temper- 
ature 48°. 75  F.;  Station  129,  off  Santa  Cruz,  in  314  fms.,  gray  ooze,  bottom 
temperature  48°.5;  Station  274,  off  Barbados,  in  209  fms.,  fine  sand  and  ooze, 
bottom  temperature  53°. 5;  Station  275,  off  Barbados,  in  218  fms.,  fine  sand, 
bottom  temperature  52°. 5;  Station  281,  off  Barbados,  in  288  fms.,  ooze,  bottom 
temperature  46°  5.  Also  by  the  U.  S.  Fish  Commission  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico, 
between  the  delta  of  the  Mississippi  and  Cedar  Keys,  Florida,  Lon.  88°  16' W., 
in  324  fms.,  gray  mud,  bottom  temperature  46°. 5 

I  included  this  species  with  the  subgenus  Callogaza  in  my  preliminary 
paper,  but  the  receipt  of  more  specimens  from  the  U.  S.  Fish  Commission 
dredgings  leads  me  to  doubt  whether  the  umbilicus  always  remains  uncovered, 
and  though  I  have  seen  no  specimens  in  which  it  was  wholly  closed,  yet  I 
suspect  it  becomes  so  at  times.  An  adult  specimen  measures  40.0  wide  by 
32.0  mm.  high,  and  this  appears  to  be  about  the  average  of  the  species.* 

*  Another  species  of  about  the  same  size  (38  X  24  mm.),  Gaza  Rathbuni  Dall, 
which  differs  from  G.  superba  in  being  more  depressed,  with  stronger  spiral  groov- 
ing, a  slightly  smaller  umbilicus,  and  more  flattened  over  the  sutures,  has  since 
turned  up  among  the  Albatross  collections,  dredged  in  the  Pacific,  at  Station  2818, 
in  302  fms.,  sand,  temperature  44°.0  F.,  near  the  Galapagos  Islands. 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  355 

An  examination  of  the  soft  parts  showed  the  operculum  to  be  very  thin, 
liirht  brown,  and  with  about  seven  whorls.  The  animal  was  of  a  whitish  color 
without  any  spots  or  markings,  and  with  very  large  black  eyes  set  on  a  good- 
sized  peduncle  closely  adjacent  to  and  behind  the  tentacles.  There  is  a  single 
narrow  gill  in  the  usual  position.  The  tentacles  are  long,  large,  and  rather 
slender;  the  foot  short,  broad,  and  bluntly  rounded  in  front,  behind  almost 
truncate,  in  fact  the  contracted  specimen  looked  almost  as  if  there  was  a  broad 
posterior  indentation  in  the  middle  line.  The  muzzle  is  long,  narrow,  sub- 
cylindrical  above  and  transversely  expanded  at  its  distal  end,  which  is  semi- 
lunar with  a  densely  papillose  surface  and  fringed  edges.  This  expansion  is 
nearly  three  times  as  wide  as  the  stem  of  the  muzzle.  Epipodium  with  a  large 
lobe  behind  the  eye  peduncle  but  not  connected  with  it;  behind  the  lobe  is 
one  long  process  and  then  a  shorter  one.  The  frill  behind  is  merely  puckered, 
but  from  under  the  borders  of  the  operculum  on  each  side  protrude  three  good- 
sized  processes.  Behind  the  opercular  lobe  the  epipodium  terminates  in  a 
prominent  point,  concave  and  papillose  on  its  upper  surface.  There  are  no 
frontal  lobes  between  the  tentacula.  The  epipodial  point  extends  some  dis- 
tance behind  the  posterior  end  of  the  foot.  The  jaw  is  like  that  of  Calliostoma 
in  shape,  composed  of  brown  four-sided  translucent  prismatic  rodlets  which 
give  under  the  microscope  a  reticular  marking  of  diamond-shaped  spots  to  the 
surface  of  the  jaw;  the  two  sides  are  not  united  in  the  middle  line.  The 
dentition  closely  resembles  that  of  Lunella  versicolor  Gmelin  as  figured  hj 
Troschel  (Geb.  der  Schnecken,  II.  pi.  xx.  fig.  1),  except  that  the  bases  of  the 
rhachidian  and  lateral  teeth  are  subcircular,  and  on  a  few  of  the  scythe-shaped 
cusps  of  the  numerous  uncini  are  a  few  denticles.  There  are  five  lateral  teeth, 
and  between  twenty  and  thirty  uncini. 

The  nucleus  in  this  species  is  often  caducous,  and  in  such  specimens  the 
apex  is  pierced  with  a  circular  perforation  a  millimeter  and  a  half  in  diameter, 
which  is  continuous  with  the  umbilicus.  There  does  not  appear  to  be  any 
particular  difference  in  appearance  between  the  nucleus  and  the  early  whorls, 
its  loss  would  therefore  seem  to  be  due  merely  to  its  fragility.  In  none  of 
those  in  which  it  remains  is  there  any  indication  of  its  being  reinforced  by  a 
shelly  deposit. 

Gaza  Fischeri  n.  s. 

Plate  XXXVII.  Fig.  6. 

This  shell  is  of  six  and  a  half  whorls,  and  closely  resembles  Gaza  dccdala 
Watson,  except  in  the  following  particulars.  It  is  much  more  depressed  pro- 
portionally ;  the  upper  margin  of  the  aperture  is  distinctly  depressed  below  its 
general  plane;  and  the  radiating  lines,  almost  microscopic  in  G.  clmlala,  are  in 
this  form  impressed  in  the  early  whorls  near  the  suture,  so  as  to  produce  a 
succession  of  short  ripples,  following  the  recurved  lines  of  growth,  which 
give  a  fringe-like  ornamentation  to  the  suture,  at  the  rate  of  about  five 
ripples  to  a  millimeter.     Nothing  like  this  is  visible  in  any  of  the  specimens 


356  BULLETIN   OF   THE 

of  G.  superba.  The  margin  of  the  suture  in  this  form  is  distinctly  appressed, 
forming  a  narrow  border.  The  operculum  has  about  seven  whorls.  The  um- 
bilicus is  completely  floored  over.  The  soft  parts  are  like  those  of  G.  superba, 
but  the  tentacles  are  shorter  and  stouter,  the  lateral  lobes  of  the  epipodium 
proportionally  larger,  there  is  one  more  lateral  process,  and  the  muzzle  is  not 
so  much  expanded  laterally  at  its  termination.  Max.  diam.  of  base,  25.0;  min. 
diam.,  20.0;  alt.,  16.0  mm. 

Habitat.  Station  221,  off  Santa  Lucia,  in  423  fms.,  gray  ooze,  bottom  tem- 
perature 42°. 75  F. 

We  know  so  little  about  the  limits  of  variation  in  this  beautiful  group  that 
it  is  with  some  doubt  that  I  apply  a  name  to  these  specimens.  The  difference 
in  form  and  sculpture,  and  the  distance  between  Fiji  where  G.  dadala  was 
collected  and  the  Antilles  has  seemed  to  me  sufficient  warrant  in  this  instance. 

The  species  is  dedicated  to  Dr.  Paul  Fischer,  who  by  his  recently  published 
Manual  has  laid  malacologists  under  serious  obligations. 

Subgenus   CALLOGAZA  Dall. 
Callogaza  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z  ,  IX.  p.  49, 1881.   Type,  C.  Watsoni  Dall,  loc.  at.,p.  50. 

When  I  first  proposed  this  name  I  thought  it  of  generic  value,  now  I  am 
disposed  to  reduce  it  to  the  rank  of  a  subgenus.  The  opportunity  of  studying 
a  larger  number  of  specimens  has  led  me  to  modify  my  ideas  of  the  value  of 
some  of  the  characters.  Thus  the  mucronation  so  marked  in  the  type  specimen 
of  Gaza  is  due  to  the  impinging  on  the  reflected  lip  of  the  angle  of  the  umbili- 
cal carina.  This  I  find  may  produce  mucronation,  or  be  invisible  under  the 
labial  callus  in  different  individuals  of  the  same  species,  and  probably  in  the 
same  individual  at  different  times.  The  crenate  border  of  the  umbilicus  in 
the  type  is  of  more  importance,  and  leads  the  way  toward  Microgaza,  which 
appears  to  lack  a  reflected  lip.  I  regard  Gaza  and  its  subgenera  as  a  group  of 
Trochida;,  related  to  Lunella  of  the  Turbinidm  on  the  one  hand,  and  Umbonium 
on  the  other. 

Information  as  to  the  soft  parts  will  be  found  under  the  data  for  the  several 
species.  When  other  species  are  examined,  the  common  characters  which  alone 
belong  to  the  generic  or  subgeneric  diagnosis  can  then  be  eliminated  for  that 
purpose. 

Callogaza  Watsoni  Dall. 

Plate  XXII.  Figs.  7,  7  a.    Plate  XXIII.  Figs.  1,  1  a.    Plate  XXIV.  Figs.  2,  2  a. 

Callogaza  Watsoni  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  50,  1881. 
Margarita  jilogyra  Dall,  loc.  cit.,  p.  42  (young  shell) 

Habitat.  Sigsbee,  Station  12,  in  177-200  fms.,  off  Havana,  Cuba.  Station  20, 
in  220  fms.,  off  Bahia  Honda,  Cuba,  bottom  temperature  G2°.0.  Yucatan  Strait, 
in  640  fms.  Station  273,  off  Barbados,  in  103  fms.,  broken  shell  and  coral, 
bottom  temperature  59°.5.     Station  2S2,  off  Barbados,  in  154  fms.,  sand,  hot- 


MUSEUM  OF  COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY.  357 

torn  temperature  56°.0.    Station  296,  off  Barbados,  in  84  fms.,  hard  bottom, 
bottom  temperature  61°.5  F. 

The  shell  named  by  me  Margarita  filogyra  is  without  doubt  in  part  based 
on  young  specimens  of  Callogaza  Watsoni.  But  with  regard  to  some  of  the 
others  I  am  yet  puzzled  as  to  whether  to  so  refer  them  or  not.  In  any  case, 
the  weight  of  probability  is  in  favor  of  their  being  eventually  united.  There 
are  certain  differences  in  the  umbilicus  to  which  I  do  not,  in  the  absence  of 
soft  parts,  feel  able  to  give  a  definite  value;  while  the  fact  that  these  specimens 
have  a  slightly  but  distinctly  thickened  lip  adds  to  the  obscurity.  At  all 
events,  whether  wholly  identical  with  C.  Watsoni  or  not  (Figures  1,  1  a,  Plate 
XXIII.,  certainly  are),  the  M.  filogyra  is  in  an  uncertain  state,  and  for  that 
reason  I  prefer  to  omit  the  name  in  my  list  of  established  species  until  I  obtain 
more  definite  material  for  study.  I  retain  the  figures  which  had  been  prepared 
of  the  supposed  young  shells. 

An  adult  specimen  affords  the  following  notes.  The  body  is  yellowish,  the 
sides  streaked  with  ashy  gray,  a  few  flecks  of  which  also  appear  between  the 
tentacles.  The  body  is  longer  than  in  Gaza  proper  and  distinctly  pointed 
behind.  The  tentacles  are  short  and  stout,  with  a  small  inner  angle  or  expan- 
sion opposite  the  distinct  eye  peduncle,  which  bears  a  large,  very  black  eye. 
The  muzzle  is  pi-oportionately  shorter  than  in  Gaza,  subeylindrical,  granulose 
at  the  end,  but  not  laterally  expanded.  The  gill  as  in  Gaza  superba,  but 
broader  in  proportion  to  its  length.  The  very  large  anterior  lobe  of  the  epi- 
podium  is  followed  by  seven  gradual^  decreasing  lateral  processes,  of  which 
five  are  under  the  operculum,  and  are  separated  by  small  rounded  lobes  of  the 
epipodial  margin.  The  posterior  angle  of  the  epipodium  is  pointed  as  in  Gaza, 
extending  considerably  beyond  the  operculum,  but  not  as  far  as  the  foot.  The 
dentition  differs  considerably  from  that  of  Gaza.  It  most  nearly  resembles 
that  of  Forskalia  declivis  Forskal,  as  figured  by  Troschel  (Gebiss  d.  Schneck., 
II.  pi.  xxiv.  fig.  14).  The  rhachidian  tooth  has  a  single  three-pointed  cusp, 
without  the  accessory  denticles  of  Forskalia,  the  laterals  have  two  or  three 
accessory  denticles,  the  uncini,  unlike  Forskalia,  are  denticulated  all  along  the 
inner  edges  of  their  blade-like  cusps,  except  toward  the  margin  of  the  radula, 
where  they  gradually  become  simple.  It  will  be  observed  that  in  the  soft 
parts  there  are  features  which  sufficiently  distinguish  this  group  from  Gaza, 
according  to  ordinary  standards. 

Subgenus  MICROGAZA  Dall. 
Microgaza  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  50,  1881.     (Type,  M.  rotella  Dall.) 

Microgaza  rotella  Dall. 

Plate  XXII.  Figs.  5,  5  a. 
Microgaza  rotella  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.  IX.  p.  51,  1881. 

Habitat.  Barbados,  in  100  fms.  Station  2,  in  805  fms.  Station  20,  off 
Bahia  Honda,  Cuba,  in  220  fms.,  bottom  temperature  G2°.C      Station  290,  off 


358  BULLETIN    OF   THE 


Barbados,  in  73  fms.,  coral  and  shell,  bottom  temperature  70°. 75.  U.  S.  Fish 
Commission  Station  2602,  in  124  fms.,  sand,  thirty-six  miles  S.  |  W.  from 
Cape  Hatteras,  North  Carolina,  bottom  temperature  61°. 0  F. 

The  operculum  is  like  that  of  Gaza,  and  has  six  or  seven  whorls.  None  of 
the  specimens  show  any  tendency  to  a  reflected  lip,  yet  it  is,  of  course,  possible 
that  no  completely  adult  specimen  was  obtained.  The  animal  has  a  short 
stout  foot,  bluntly  rounded  at  either  end.  It  is  of  a  pinkish  tint.  The  ten- 
tacula  are  very  long  and  the  eyes  large.  The  muzzle  is  rounded  and  not  very 
long,  its  extremity  plain.  There  are  no  frontal  lobes.  The  epipodium  has  a 
very  small  anterior  lobe  with  a  cirrus  behind  it,  then  a  space  without  cirri,  a 
long  process  just  in  front  of  the  opercular  disk,  and  one,  shorter,  under  it  on 
each  side,  making  three  in  all.  There  is  no  posterior  point  to  the  epipodium, 
and  only  the  above  three  cirri  on  each  side.  The  jaw  is  somewhat  like  that  of 
Umbonium,  but  shorter  and  broader.  The  radula,  however,  bears  no  resem- 
blance to  that  of  Umbonium  {Rotella  Lam.).  The  teeth  are  very  elegant. 
The  rhachidian  tooth  in  general  form  (except  the  cusp)  not  unlike  that  of 
Calliostoma  granulata  Born  (Troschel,  II.  pi.  xxiv.  fig.  18),  but  the  central 
spur  of  the  cusp  is  long  and  slender  like  a  stiletto,  extending  considerably  be- 
hind the  posterior  edge  of  the  base  of  the  tooth.  On  each  side  of  it  are  four 
stout  sharp  rather  short  denticles,  radiating  as  from  the  median  point  of  the 
front  edge  of  the  cusp.  The  laterals  recall  those  of  Gibbula  divaricata  (Tros- 
chel, he.  cit.,  fig.  6),  but  have  more,  larger,  and  stronger  denticles,  all  on  the 
posterior  edge  of  the  cusp,  or  the  edge  away  from  the  rhachis.  The  uncini  are 
rather  few  in  number,  the  cusps  sword-shaped,  sigmoid,  the  inner  ones  den- 
ticulated on  both  edges.  The  number  of  laterals  is  five.  The  radula  as  a  whole 
is  very  short  and  small. 

The  depressed  form  and  marginated  suture,  as  well  as  the  kind  of  coloration, 
in  this  shell  recall  Umbonium.  The  texture  of  the  shell  and  the  character  of 
its  umbilicus  are  precisely  as  in  Callogaza.  The  soft  parts  indicate  its  place  to 
be  in  that  vicinity.  Until  a  larger  number  of  the  myriad  of  species  shall  have 
been  examined,  it  is  evident  that  the  characters  of  the  dentition  in  their  classi- 
fication cannot  be  formulated  except  in  a  provisional  manner. 

Trochus  solarioides  of  Seguenza,  from  the  Reggio  Tertiary,  seems  to  be  a 
Microgaza. 

Genus   UMBONIUM   Link. 

Umbonium  Link,  Beschr.  Rostock  iSamml.,  1807,  p   136. 

Rotella  Lamarck,  1822. 

Helicina  Gray  (non  Lamarck),  1847. 

After  a  careful  examination  of  the  literature,  I  see  no  reasonable  ground  for 
the  assertion  of  Gray  (P.  Z.  S.  1847)  that  Helicina  of  Lamarck  (1801)  was 
identical  with  his  Rotella  of  1822,  or  different  from  his  Helicina  of  1822,  such 
as  we  are  accustomed  to  understand  by  the  latter  name.     The  original  diagno- 


MUSEUM   OF  COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY.  359 

sis  of  Helicina  did  not  mention  any  type  (Prodr.,  1799).     There  is  no  doubt, 
however,  that  Link's  name,  which  was  properly  defined,  takes  precedence. 

This  genus  has  hitherto  been  unknown  from  the  Antilles,  the  species  referred 
to  it  belonging  to  Teinostoma  and  allied  groups.  I  have  therefore  much 
pleasure  in  introducing  here  a  description  of  a  genuine  Umbonium,  dredged 
by  the  Fish  Commission  in  the  Antillean  region,  near  the  Florida  reefs,  aiid 
obtained  by  the  Blake  near  Havana. 

Umbonium  Bairdii  n.  s. 

Plate  XXI.  Figs.  6,  6  a. 

Shell  small,  depressed  conic,  white,  polished,  externally  porcellanous,  in- 
ternally slightly  nacreous;  nucleus  globular,  dextral;  whorls  five  or  more. 
Radiating  sculpture  of  occasional  faint  impressed  incremental  lines;  spiral 
sculpture  of  occasional  microscopic  striae,  and  a  single  strap-like  band  ap- 
pressed  to  the  suture,  and  bearing  numerous  flattish  squarish  nodules  or 
elevations,  which  coronate  the  whorls  ;  periphery  rounded,  base  rounded,  de- 
pressed in  the  centre,  which  is  nearly  filled  with  a  mass  of  white  callus  having 
a  very  finely  granular  surface.  Aperture  ovate,  margin  simple,  thin,  oblique. 
Alt.  of  axis,  3.5;  max.  alt.  of  shell,  4.0;  max.  diam.  of  base,  5.0  mm. 

Habitat.  Florida  reefs,  in  about  200  fms.,  coral  bottom,  U.  S.  Fish  Com- 
mission, 1886.     Yucatan  Strait,  640  fms.,  Blake  Expedition. 

The  specimen  is  not  quite  adult.  The  granular  surface  of  the  callus  is  com- 
mon to  the  young  of  other  species,  and  is  lost  in  the  adult.  The  soft  parts 
were  absent.  It  is  named  in  honor  of  the  late  Prof.  S.  F.  Baird,  U.  S.  Fish 
Commissioner. 

Genus   VITRINELLA  C.  B.  Adams. 

A  group  of  small  shells,  several  forms  of  which  were  comprised  by  C.  B. 
Adams  under  the  name  of  Vitrinella  in  February,  1850,  still  remain  in  need  of 
further  elucidation.  As  originally  constituted,  the  genus  was  heterogeneous 
and  no  type  was  named.  In  1853,  A.  Adams  (P.  Z.  S.  1853,  p.  183)  described 
a  genus  Teinostoma  (type  T.  politum  Adams),  of  which  a  species  had  been  re- 
ferred to  Vitrinella  by  C.  B.  Adams  in  his  Panama  catalogue.  Another  some- 
what peculiar  species  was  described  by  C.  B.  Adams  as  "  Nerithia?"  anomala, 
and  was  afterward  referred  to  a  section  of  Teinostoma  by  A.  Adams  under  the 
name  of  Calceolina.  At  the  same  time  (P.  Z.  S.  1853,  p.  189)  Messrs.  H.  &  A. 
Adams  described  a  genus  Ethalia  for  minute  glassy  shells  related  to  Teinostoma, 
but  having  an  umbilical  pit  or  perforation,  no  large  polished  callus,  but  the 
anterior  end  of  the  columella  lip  thickened  and  squeezed  down  near  to  and 
sometimes  over  the  umbilical  region.  This  genus  Ethalia  would  include  two 
species  of  the  five  originally  described  as  Vitrinella  by  C.  B.  Adams.  This 
would  leave  to  bear  the  name  of  Vitrinella  such  forms  included  in  the  original 


3G0  BULLETIN   OF   THE 

list  of  C.  B.  Adams  as  had  a  free  open  umbilicus  and  a  peculiar  nucleus,  as 
described  by  Carpenter  (Mazatlan  Shells,  p.  237),  and  one  of  this  sort  (V.  valca- 
toides  C.  B.  Adams)  was  selected  as  an  example  of  the  genus  by  H.  &  A.  Adams 
(Gen.,  I.  p.  434,  June,  1854),  and  may  be  regarded  as  the  type  of  the  genus  as 
revised  by  the  brothers  Adams.  Of  course,  if  these  forms  were  found  eventu- 
ally to  belong  to  Adeorbis  or  Cyclostrema,  the  name  Vitrinella  would  have  to 
fall  back  upon  Ethalia,  and  the  latter  would  become  a  synonym  of  it,  for  a  sub- 
sequent author  could  not  be  permitted  to  engineer  his  predecessors'  generic 
names  out  of  existence  by  appropriating  the  valid  parts  for  new  groups  of  later 
names,  and  leaving  the  residue  to  fall  into  synonymy.  But  it  is  probable  that 
Vitrinella,  as  above  constituted,  does  form  a  valid  group,  and  we  shall  so  con- 
sider it,  though  uncognate  species  may  have  been  referred  to  it. 

For  present  purposes  I  shall  adopt  the  following  arrangement  of  the  others. 

Genus  TEINOSTOMA  Adams. 

Subgenera  Teinostoma  s.  s. 

Pseudorotella  Fischer. 
Ethalia  H.  &  A.  Adams. 
Dillwynella  Dall. 
Discopsis  De  Folin. 

In  July,  1857,  Dr.  Paul  Fischer  proposed  the  name  of  Pseudorotella  for 
Teinostoma  semistriata  Orb.  sp.,  which  may  be  retained  as  a  section  for  those 
species  having  an  oval  aperture.     Parkeria  Gabb  is  a  synonym. 

?  Genus   COCHLIOLEPIS  Stimpson. 

In  January,  1858,  Dr.  Stimpson  (Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  VI.  30S)  pro- 
posed a  new  genus  for  a  curious  little  shell  found  parasitic  under  the  scales  of 
a  large  annelid  (Acoeles  lupinus).  This  little  mollusk,  with  peculiar  anatomi- 
cal characters  and  a  shell  like  a  minute  vitreous  Sigaretus,  is  probably  allied 
to  Vitrinella,  and  was  named  Cocldiolepis  parasitica.  A  second  species,  larger 
and  fewer  whorled,  has  strong  spiral  striae  like  a  minute  Sigaretus  perspectivus, 
and  was  named  C.  striata  by  Stimpson  in  his  manuscripts.  It  is  about  6.5  mm. 
in  greatest  diameter,  and  1.5  mm.  high.  It  has  two  whorls  and  a  globular 
nucleus  almost  enveloped  above  by  the  last  whorl,  and  a  very  wide  pervious 
umbilicus.  Colonel  Jewett  collected  it  at  Egmont  Key,  near  Tampa,  Florida. 
The  original  type  of  Cochliolepis  is  found  in  the  South  Carolina  Post  Pliocene, 
and  by  an  unfortunate  error  was  figured  by  Holmes  as  a  new  species,  under  the 
name  of  Adeorbis  nautiliformis.  The  species  figured  in  his  work  as  Cochlio- 
lepis parasitica  is  a  probably  new  species  of  Vitrinella,  which  may  be  named 
V.  Holmesi,  and  the  "Angaria"  crassa  figured  on  the  same  plate  appears  to  be 
an  Ethalia. 

It  is  certain  that  Adeorbis  does  not  belong  in  this  vicinity,  though  the  shells 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY.  361 

occasionally  present  a  great  resemblance  to  specks  of  Vitrinella  and  some 
Ethalias.  But  when  the  species  are  all  definitely  allotted  their  proper  place 
from  a  complete  knowledge  of  their  characters,  there  can  be  no  doubt  most  of 
these  discrepancies  will  be  cleared  away. 

There  are  a  number  of  species  of  these  small  forms  on  the  eastern  coast  of 
the  United  States,  in  addition  to  the  probably  large  number,  some  of  which 
have  been  described,  which  inhabit  the  Antilles.  Thus  we  have  Ethalia 
•multistriata  Verrill,  extending  from  Dominica  to  North  Carolina;  E.  reclusa 
Dall,  found  on  the  coasts  of  Yucatan  and  North  Carolina;  E.  suppressa  Dall, 
West  Florida ,  E.  solida  Dall,  from  Cuba,  also  probably  Floridian ;  Teinostoma 
(Pseudomelia)  semistriata  Orbigny,  Key  West;  T.  cryptospira  Verrill,  North 
Carolina;  Vitrinella  multicarinata  Stimpson,  North  Carolina;  Cochliolepis 
parasitica  Stimpson,  South  Carolina;  C.  striata  Stimpson,  Florida;  Adeorbis 
Beaui  Fischer,  Florida;  A.  naticoides  Dall,  North  Carolina;  and  A.  supra- 
nitida  Wood,  with  its  varieties,  from  the  whole  Atlantic  coast  south  of  Cape 
Cod.  Trochus  cancellatus  Jeffreys  is  probably  a  Cycloslrema  or  Adeorbis,  in- 
stead of  a  Machceroplax  as  he  suggested.  We  have  it  from  1000  fathoms,  off 
the  coast  of  Yucatan.  Tharsis  Jeffreys  is,  from  an  examination  of  the  typical 
species,  nothing  more  than  a  synonym  of  Ethalia,  as  here  understood,  or  at 
most  a  feebly  characterized  section  of  Ethalia. 


Subgenus  ETHALIA  H  &  A.  Adams. 
Ethalia  reclusa  n.  s. 

Plate  XXVIII.  Figs.  1,  8. 

Shell  small,  when  fresh  vitreous  transparent  white,  of  three  visible  whorls, 
the  last  much  the  largest,  smooth  and  polished  above,  or  with  only  faint  incre- 
mental lines  below;  periphery  rounded,  spire  and  base  moderately  rounded; 
margin  of  last  whorl  appressed  at  the  suture  so  that  the  thin  edge  runs  up 
over  the  preceding  whorl  and  the  real  suture  is  almost  invisible  in  fresh  speci- 
mens ;  the  outline  of  the  preceding  whorl  being  visible  through  the  shell, 
the  appearance  of  a  suture  is  presented  much  nearer  the  periphery  than  the 
suture  really  is.  Aperture  nearly  circular,  oblique;  the  columella  thick,  ap- 
pressed ;  umbilical  callus  sparse,  not  polished,  in  adolescent  specimens  not  quite 
complete.     Alt.  1.0,  max.  diam.  2.1  mm. 

Habitat.  Yucatan  Strait,  640  fms.  Coast  of  North  Carolina,  in  12  to  63 
fins.,  U.  S.  Fish  Commission,  on  sandy  and  gravelly  bottom,  in  the  warmer 
area. 

This  species  is  nearest  Ethalia  diaphana  Orbigny,  so  far  as  the  base  is  con- 
cerned, but  resembles  E.  anomala  Orbigny  in  its  upper  surface,  and  was  inad- 
vertently referred  to  that  species  in  my  Preliminary  Report  (Bull.,  IX.  p.  52). 
It  has,  however,  a  more  elevated  shell  and  a  proportionately  larger  last  whorl, 
while.  E.  anomala  has  no  basal  callus  over  the  umbilicus. 


362  BULLETIN    OF   THE 


Ethalia  suppressa  n.  s. 

A  singular  little  species  which  I  have  called  E.  suppressa  is  found  on  the 
adjacent  coast  of  Florida.  It  is  white,  extremely  small  (1.75  X  0.75  mm.), 
flattened  above  and  below,  and  a  little  excavated  toward  the  periphery,  where 
are  three  sharp  strong  keels  with  deep  sulci  between  them.  The  umbilicus 
is  small  but  open,  with  a  carinal  thread;  the  mouth  subcircular,  prolonged 
into  a  little  channel  at  its  upper  junction  with  the  body,  and  with  a  broad 
appressed  columella.  There  are  three  and  a  half  whorls,  the  suture  is  indis- 
tinct, but  marked  by  a  ridge  which  results  from  the  apertural  channel  close  to 
it.  There  is  also  an  indistinct  ridge  on  the  flattened  top  of  the  whorls.  The 
lines  of  growth  are  rather  prominent.  It  was  found  near  Goodland  Point, 
West  Florida,  by  Hemphill. 

Ethalia  solida  n.  s. 

Plate  XXVIII.  Figs.  3,  5. 

Shell  small,  solid,  stout,  ivory  white,  of  three  rounded  whorls,  the  last  much 
the  largest.  Sculpture  of  fine  incremental  lines,  sometimes  faintly  wrinkled 
near  the  suture;  upper  surface  rounded,  subconic,  the  whorls  not  impressed 
at  the  suture,  which  is  fairly  distinct.  Periphery  rounded,  base  subconic,  um- 
bilicus reduced  to  a  minute  chink  with  a  twisted  callus  above  it;  aperture 
circular,  oblique,  with  a  triangular  callus  at  each  end  of  the  columella ;  the 
upper  margin  declining.     Alt.  2.0,  max.  diam.  2.75  mm. 

Habitat.  Station  19,  Lat.  23°  3'  N.,  Lon.  83°  10'  W.,  off  Bahia  Honda,  Cuba, 
in  310  fms.,  bottom  temperature  62°. 0  F. 

This  is  more  solid  and  elevated  than  any  species  yet  described  from  this 


Subgenus  DILLWYNELLA  Dall. 

Shell  resembling  Diloma  in  form,  but  minute,  depressed,  porcellanous,  with 
a  thin  horny  operculum  of  comparatively  few  whorls;  imperforate,  but  with  a 
depression  bounded  by  a  riblet  in  the  umbilical  rib  outside  of  the  columella; 
whorls  few  with  a  thin  fugacious  epidermis;  outer  lip  thin;  pillar  without 
teeth,  projections,  or  folds,  passing  smoothly  into  the  anterior  margin. 

Dillwynella  modesta  n.  s. 

Plate  XXI.  Figs.  3,  3  a. 

Shell  of  three  or  four  whorls,  smooth,  whitish,  covered  with  an  extremely 
thin  epidermis  which  rises  in  microscopic  blisters;  spire  rounded,  depressed, 
with  a  distinct  suture;  sculpture  of  faint  lines  of  growth  except  on  the  base 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  363 

where  a  single  rounded  riblet  or  carina  bounds  a  somewhat  concave  lunate 
space  outside  of  the  polished  columella;  outer  lip  thin,  sharp,  a  moderate 
callus  on  the  body;  pillar  thick,  polished;  operculum  translucent  yellowish, 
of  about  five  turns ;  aperture  rounded,  with  a  slight  angle  behind.  Diam.  of 
shell,  4.0;  of  aperture,  2.0;  height  of  shell,  3.0  mm. 

Habitat.  Station  215,  off  St.  Lucia,  in  226  fins.,  coarse  sand,  bottom  tem- 
perature 51°.0. 

This  little  shell  will  not  fit  into  any  of  the  groups  defined  in  the  text-books, 
resembling  more  than  any  other  group  the  Rotellidce,  from  which  it  differs  in 
wanting  the  sutural  fasciole,  the  nacreous  layer,  and  the  basal  callus,  as  well 
as  in  possessing  an  epidermis.  It  is  remarkably  solid  for  its  size,  and  of  a 
peculiar  opaque  whiteness,  like  Mamma  among  the  Naticidm.  It  is  named  in 
honor  of  the  respected  Dr.  Dillwyn,  whose  "  Catalogue "  is  one  of  the  most 
careful  and  judicious  works  of  the  kind  among  the  many  which  were  published 
between  the  tenth  edition  of  the  "  Systema  Naturae "  and  the  epoch-making 
"  Histoire  des  Animaux  sans  Vertebres"  of  Lamarck. 


Genus   CALLIOST03IA   Swainson. 

CalUostoma  Swainson,  Malacology,  pp.  218,  351,  1840. 
Ziziphinus  Gray,  Synops.  Brit.  Mus.,  1840.     (No  description.) 

There  is  no  doubt  that  Swainson's  name  was  defined  in  a  proper  manner, 
and  published,  before  the  name  published  by  Gray  and  ascribed  to  an  old 
manuscript  of  Leach.  As  the  duplication  of  such  a  word  as  Ziziphinus  has  a 
particularly  obnoxious  sound,  and  the  practice  is  condemned  by  all  nomen- 
clators  and  all  rules,  there  would  seem  to  be  no  reason  except  the  natural 
perversity  of  human  nature  why  any  one  who  knows  the  facts  should  adhere 
to  Gray's  name  in  preference  to  the  other.  The  type  is  Trochus  conulus  L. 
The  nucleus  appears  to  be  either  dextral  or  sinistral  indifferently. 

Section  CALLIOSTOMA  s.  s. 
Not  umbilicated. 

Calliostoma  euglyptum  A.  Adams. 

Zizyphinus  euglyptus  A.  Adams,  P.  Z.  S.  1854,  p.  38.     Reeve,  Mon.  Zizyph.,  pi.  iii. 
fig.  17,  1863. 

Habitat.  Off  the  eastern  coast  of  America,  in  15-50  fms.,  from  North 
Carolina  to  Florida,  Texas,  and  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico.    Fossil  in  Florida  Pliocene. 

This  fine  species  varies  in  color  from  dark  rose  to  yellowish  white,  some- 
times unicolor,  sometimes  variegated  with  whitish  clouds  radiating  from  the 
invariably  purplish  apex.  It  was  referred  by  Reeve  to  Tasmania,  in  error. 
It  is  the  commoner  imperforate  species  of  Florida,  often  collected  by  tourists, 


364  BULLETIN   OF   THE 

and  is  found  in  the  Caloosahatchie  marls.  I  have  seen  no  specimens  from  the 
Antilles,  nor  have  I  seen  it  quoted  by  any  author  from  the  West  Indies.  It 
may  probably  exist  in  Cuba. 

Calliostoma  Bairdii  Verrill  &  Smith. 

Calliostoma  Bairdii  Verrill  &  Smith,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.,  Nov.,  1880,  p.  396.    Dall,  Bull. 

M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  45. 
C.  Psyche  Dall  (not  described),  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  V.  p.  61,  July,  1878. 
C.  Bairdii  Verrill,  Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  V.  p.  530,  pi.  lvii.  fig.  26,  1882. 

Habitat.  Florida,  in  100-200  fms.  Deep  water  off  Newport,  R.  I.,  and  in 
50-200  fms.,  off  shore,  along  the  eastern  coast  of  the  United  States. 

The  southern  and  West  Indian  form  of  the  species  is  paler  and  more  deli- 
cate in  its  colors,  less  elevated  in  form,  and  has  the  slopes  from  apex  to  the 
basal  margins  slightly  concave.  In  the  northern  variety  they  are  not  concave, 
the  shell  is  every  way  darker  and  duller  in  color,  ruder,  coarser,  and  less 
attractive.  For  the  southern  variety,  the  prior  but  undescribed  name  used 
by  me  in  the  first  published  reference  to  the  species  may  perhaps  be  utilized 
with  advantage. 


*6V 


Calliostoma  circumcinctum  Dall. 

Plate  XXII.  Figs.  3,3a. 
Calliostoma  circuincinctum  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  44,  1881. 

Habitat.     Yucatan  Strait,  in  640  fms.;  Station  2,  in  805  fms. 
This  species  appears  to  have  a  dextral  nucleus. 

Calliostoma  echinatum  Dall. 

Plate  XXI.  Figs.  2  a,  5. 

Calliostoma  echinatum  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  47,  1881. 

Habitat.     Sigsbee,  off  Havana,  in  80  fms. 

Only  one  specimen  has  been  obtained.     The  nucleus  is  sinistral  and  im- 
mersed. 

Calliostoma  sapidum  Dall. 

Plate  XXI.  Figs.  2,  4. 

Calliostoma  sapidum  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  46,  1881. 

Habitat.     Station  2,  in  805  fms. 

Only  one  specimen  has  been  obtained  whichhas  a  sinistral  nucleus. 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  365 


Calliostoma  tiara  Watson. 

Calliostoma  tiara  Watson,  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  45,  1881. 

Trochus   (Zizyphinus)  tiara   Watson,  Lin.    Soc.  Journ.,  XIV.  p.  696,  Sept.,  1879; 
Chall.  Gastr.,  p.  60,  pi.  vi.  fig.  4,  1885. 

Habitat.  Station  44,  539  fms.  Station  2,  220  fms.  St.  Thomas  and  Ber- 
muda, Watson,  Challenger  Expedition. 

Some  specimens,  especially  those  from  off  Havana,  in  450  fms.,  which  I 
referred  to  this  species  in  my  Preliminary  Report,  I  am  now  convinced  are 
distinct,  and  they  are  so  described  here  under  the  name  of  ft  corbis.  The  nu- 
cleus of  C.  tiara  is  globular,  and  immersed  to  a  greater  or  less  extent.  It  looks 
as  if  it  was  originally  sinistral. 

Calliostoma  corbis  n.  s. 

Plate  XXXIII.  Fig.  1. 

Shell  small,  white,  with  a  glassy  minute  apparently  dextral  nucleus  and 
about  six  whorls.  The  first  one  or  two  have  concave  arched  transverse  ribs, 
and  resemble  a  bit  of  a  small  Scala  ;  the  others  are  very  strongly  reticulately 
sculptured.  The  spiral  sculpture  consists  of  one  very  strong  rib  on  the  pe- 
riphery, a  slightly  weaker  one  near  the  suture,  and  another  (which  is  rarely 
absent)  midway  between  them ;  on  the  base  there  are  four  strong  spirals  a 
little  undercut  at  their  outer  edges.  Transverse  sculpture  of  strong  thin 
oblique  radii  (27-30  on  the  last  whorl)  following  the  lines  of  growth,  reticu- 
lating the  spirals  (on  crossing  which  they  become  slightly  nodose)  and  form- 
ing deep  squarish  pits,  which  are  elongated  in  the  adult  by  the  crowding 
of  the  radii  toward  the  mouth.  The  suture  appears  channelled,  as  the  whorl 
falls  short  of  the  peripheral  rib  which  overhangs  it,  but  is  not  really  so.  The 
base  is  flexuously  radiately  ridged  but  not  reticulate;  the  aperture  rounded, 
thickened  within,  lirate;  the  pillar  thick  with  an  obtuse  knob  almost  a  tooth 
about  the  middle  of  it.  Umbilicus  none  ;  whorls  flattened  above  between 
periphery  and  suture;  base  rather  rounded.     Alt.  5.0,  max.  diam.  3.75  mm. 

Habitat,  Off  Havana,  in  450  fms.,  Sigsbee.  Station  20,  in  220  fms.  (with 
ft  tiara  Watson). 

This  species  was  at  first  confused  with  ft  tiara  Watson,  which  has  not  the 
continuous  strong  network,  and  in  which  the  nodules  which  represent  the 
intersections  are  of  an  imbricated  character.  The  strong  carina  in  ft  corbis 
forms  the  periphery,  in  ft  tiara  the  homologous  spiral  is  comparatively  faint 
and  a  little  above  the  periphery.  In  ft  tiara  also  the  centre  of  the  base  is 
indented,  almost  umbilicated,  which  is  not  the  case  in  ft  corbis.  The  latter  is 
a  more  solid  shell,  and  the  curious  callosity  on  the  pillar  does  not  occur  in  any 
of  the  specimens  of  ft  tiara  I  have  seen. 


366  BULLETIN   OF   THE 


Calliostoma  roseolum  Dall. 

Plate  XXIV.  Figs.  6,  6  a. 

Calliostoma  roseolum  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  45,  1881. 

Habitat.  Station  11,  Lat.  23°  43'  ST.,  Lon.  83°  25' W.,  near  Havana,  in 
37  fms.  Straits  of  Florida,  in  200  fms.  Also  through  the  U.  S.  Fish  Com- 
mission, in  warm  water  (75°. 0),  from  North  Carolina  to  Yucatan,  in  15-50  fms. 

This  very  pretty  species  marches  with  Trochus  pulcher  C.  B.  Adams  (Contr. 
Conch.,  1850,  p.  69),  not  of  A.  Adams  (1851),  in  distribution  and  general 
coloration.  It  differs  from  it  in  having  rounded,  not  carinated  whorls,  in  the 
full,  not  flattened  base,  in  the  absence  of  the  two  strong  articulated  spirals  on 
the  periphery,  and  in  having  the  whorls  excavated  above  instead  of  nearly  flat. 
C.  roseolum  has  no  peripheral  articulations  of  dark  red  and  white  or  yellow, 
which  are  the  most  prominent  feature  in  good  specimens  of  C.  pulcher,  the 
latter  in  this  respect  recalling  C.  tampaensis  Conrad.  C.  roseolum  differs  from 
G.  apicinum  in  the  absence  of  the  lirse  in  the  throat  and  the  tooth-like  process 
on  the  columella  when  adult.  When  young  it  has  not  the  narrow  chink  be- 
hind the  columella  which  is  present  in  C.  apicinum.  The  latter  as  far  as 
observed  is  always  pallid  in  color  except  at  the  apex. 

The  nucleus  in  all  these  species,  as  welt  as  in  numerous  other  deep-water 
trochids,  is  reversed  and  more  or  less  immersed,  a  feature  which  I  believe  has 
never  been  remarked  upon  by  any  recent  naturalist.  This  is,  however,  not 
true  of  all  species  from  deep  water,  and  when  not  mentioned  in  this  Report  it 
will  be  understood  that  the  nucleus  in  the  specimens  examined  was  either 
dextral,  or  so  imperfect  that  its  character  could  not  be  ascertained. 

Calliostoma  apicinum  Dall. 

Plate  XXIV.  Figs.  3,  3  a. 
Calliostoma  apicinum  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z,  IX.  p.  46,  1881. 

Habitat.  Barbados,  73-100  fms.,  coral,  bottom  temperature  73°.5  F.  Off 
Havana,  Sigsbee,  175  fms. 

The  examination  of  another  specimen  shows  that  this  species  covers  the 
chink  behind  the  pillar  when  adult,  that  there  is  a  blunt  knob  suggesting 
Tludotia  on  the  pillar,  and  that  it  has  eight  or  nine  strong  lirse  running  into 
the  throat  and  not  connected  with  the  outside  sculpture,  the  one  nearest  the 
pillar  thickened  and  raised  at  its  termination.     The  nucleus  is  sinistral. 

Calliostoma  aurora  Dall. 

Plate  XXXVII.  Fig.  3. 

Calliostoma  aurora  Dall,  Agassiz,  Three  Cruises  of  the  Blake,  II.  p.  68,  fig.  285, 
Jan.,  1888. 
Shell  delicate,  nine-whorled,  acutely  pointed  ;  above  with  a  color  varying 
from  light  pink  to  straw-color;  below  light  cream-color,  the  sharp  peripheral 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  367 

carina  lighter  than  the  rest  of  the  upper  surface;  general  outline  from  nucleus 
to  basal  periphery  somewhat  concave;  base  concavely  excavated  within  the 
margin,  slightly  convex  toward  the  centre;  nucleus  whitish,  smooth;  whorls 
gently  rounded,  closely  appressed  to  the  almost  invisible  suture  and  excavated 
in  front  of  it ;  the  last  whorl  flatter  above,  more  rapidly  enlarging  at  the  pe- 
riphery. Sculpture  of  small  regular  waves  on  the  carina,  about  six  in  a  space 
of  5.0  mm.,  giving  a  minutely  scalloped  outline;  behind  this  a  strong  nod- 
ulous thread,  revolving  like  a  string  of  small  uniform  beads  ;  then  a  more 
slender  thread  more  finely  beaded  ;  in  all  eleven  regularly  alternating  revolv- 
ing threads  at  the  beginning  of  the  last  whorl;  this  sculpture  is  very  uniform 
all  over  the  upper  surface;  base  polished,  smooth,  except  for  two  or  three 
faint  beaded  lines  and  grooves  about  the  pillar,  and  faint  longitudinal  and 
transverse  growth  markings;  aperture  nearly  twice  as  wide  as  high;  lower  lip 
with  a  beautifully  concavely  arched  outline,  falling  much  behind  the  upper 
one;  margin  simple,  except  for  sculpture  marks;  pillar  short,  arcuated,  pearly, 
simple,  ending  in  a  slight  point.  Height  of  shell,  21.0;  extreme  width,  26.5; 
height  of  aperture,  6.0  mm. 

Habitat.  Stations  265  and  299,  near  Barbados,  in  576  and  140  fms.,  coral 
bottom,  temperature  40°  to  56°.5  F. 

A  single  specimen  and  a  fragment  of  this  extremely  lovely  shell  were  ob- 
tained as  above.  It  is  well  distinguished  from  its  congeners,  none  of  which 
closely  resemble  it.  The  color  is  evenly  distributed  in  the  type,  but,  as  in 
C.  Bairdii,  it  is  likely  that  the  color  may  be  more  dark  and  pronounced  in 
more  northern  localities.  The  marked  features  are  the  concavity  of  the  slope 
of  the  spire  and  of  the  outer  portion  of  the  base,  the  polished  base  contrasting 
with  the  regularly  beaded  upper  surface,  and  the  delicately  notched  carina  at 
the  periphery.     It  is  one  of  the  most  attractive  species  of  the  genus. 

Calliostoma  orion  n.  s. 

Plate  XXVIII  Fig   2. 

Shell  small,  white,  acutely  conical,  with  a  glassy  sinistral  globular  nucleus 
and  five  (or  more)  whorls;  radiating  sculpture  consisting  of  faint  incremental 
lines;  spiral  sculpture  on  the  upper  surface  of  the  last  whorl  of  seven  nodulous 
revolving  lines,  beginning  at  the  suture;  the  first,  third,  and  fifth  have  larger 
nodules  elongated  in  the  direction  of  the  lines,  the  second  and  fourth  are  more 
finely  and  simply  evenly  beaded.  A  single  fine  raised  not  nodulous  thread  sep- 
arates each  pair  of  the  preceding  ;  the  sixth  and  seventh  spirals  are  smaller  than 
the  fifth  and  close  together;  they  stretch  over  a  series  of  more  distant  swellings, 
and  are  concavely  impressed  between  them;  as  these  lines  form  the  periphery, 
this  gives  a  wavy  or  scalloped  outline  to  the  base,  which  has  about  eighteen 
such  waves  arranged  to  a  certain  extent  in  pairs,  the  distance  and  concavity 
between  them  alternating  greater  and  less.  The  longer  waves  are  articulated 
with  pale  brown,  and  the  first  and  third  spirals  show  traces  of  a  similar  ar- 
ticulation.    The  base  is  pretty  sharply  carinated,  flattened,  and  finely  spirally 


n 


68  BULLETIN   OF   THE 


threaded,  some  of  the  threads  showing  faint  traces  of  articulation;  columella 
nearly  straight,  aperture  nearly  rectangular.  There  is  no  umbilicus  or  pit. 
Alt.  4.5,  max.  diam.  4.0  mm. 

Habitat.     Off  Havana,  in  80  fms.,  Sigsbee. 

This  little  shell  is  not  quite  adult,  and  is  evidently  somewhat  faded.  Never- 
theless, there  is  not  any  other  species  of  the  region  possessing  such  a  sculpture, 
and  I  have  no  doubt  as  to  its  novelty. 

Section  EUCASTA  Dall. 

Shell  with  a  moderate  sulcus  near  the  periphery,  producing  a  fasciole,  as  in 
Pleurotomaria ;  otherwise  the  shell  characters  as  in  Calliostoma,  especially  such 
species  as  C.  aurora,  etc.     No  umbilicus. 

Type  C.  (Eucasta)  Indiana  Dall. 

Calliostoma  (Eucasta)  indiana  n.  s. 

Plate  XXXII.  Figs.  3,  5. 

Shell  thin,  conical,  yellowish,  with  faint  brown  articulations  on  the  spirals, 
with  a  minute  sinistral  nucleus,  and  six  and  a  half  whorls,  Radiating  sculp- 
ture of  flexuous  incremental  lines,  and  fine  wrinkles,  which  are  more  prominent 
toward  the  periphery  on  the  last  whorl  and  on  the  early  whorls  reticulate  the 
spiral  sculpture.  On  the  last  whorl  these  lines  extend  backward  with  moderate 
obliquity  to  the  perijmery,  just  above  which  is  the  fasciole  caused  by  a  well 
marked  but  shallow  rounded  sulcus;  on  the  base  they  make  a  deep  rounded 
concave  sweep  backward,  and  tben  ascend  toward  the  base  of  the  pillar.  The 
spiral  sculpture  on  the  early  whorls  comprises  two  sharp  narrow  little  elevated 
threads  at  the  periphery,  three,  less  contiguous,  above  the  fasciole,  and  one 
near  the  suture,  neatly  reticulated  by  the  wrinkles  and  minutely  nodulous  at 
the  intersections.  The  spirals  over  most  of  the  shell  are  strap-like,  flattened, 
narrow,  and  distinctly  marked  off  from  the  impressed  broader  interspaces;  on 
the  last  whorl  there  is  a  single  smooth  fiat  thread  below  the  nodulated  one 
next  the  suture,  and  two  run  in  the  middle  of  the  fasciole.  The  peripheral 
thread  has  become  single  and  much  stronger  than  the  others.  On  the  base 
there  are  seven  spirals,  faintly  nodulous,  articulated  with  pale  brown,  and  sepa- 
rated by  much  wider  impressed  interspaces,  over  which  are  a  few  fine  spiral 
lines.  The  base  is  flattened,  or  even  a  little  concave  ;  the  pillar  moderately 
arcuate,  the  mouth  four-sided.  There  is  no  umbilical  pit.  Alt.  8.3,  max. 
diam.  7.6,  min.  diam.  6.4  mm. 

Habitat.  Station  247,  off  Grenada,  in  170  fms.,  gray  ooze,  bottom  tem- 
perature 53°.5  F. 

This  pretty  little  shell  has  the  aspect  of  a  Calliostoma.    I  have  had  an  oppor- 
tunity of  comparing  it  with  Fbrskalia  dcclivis,  and  should  judge  that  this  bears 
the  same  relation  to  Calliostoma  that  the  other  does  to  Gibbula.     It  certainly 
cannot  be  united  with  Fbrskalia  or  Basilissa. 
April  29,  1889. 


MUSEUM  OF   COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY.  369 


Section  EUTROCHUS  A.  Adams. 

Shell  umbilicated.     Type,  T.  javanicus,  Lam. 

A  few  years  ago,  in  discussing  the  faunae  of  the  coasts  of  America,  a  nat- 
uralist would  have  called  attention  to  the  large  number  of  fine  species  of 
Calliostoma  found  on  the  western  coast,  and  the  paucity  of  species  on  the  east, 
as  a  peculiar  characteristic. 

Now,  thanks  to  deep-sea  researches,  we  know  that  there  are  probably  as 
many,  and  certainly  as  fine,  species  of  Calliostoma  on  the  eastern  shores  of 
America  as  there  are  on  the  western,  though  unfortunately  they  are  not  quite 
so  accessible. 

The  two  oldest  known  forms  from  the  West  Indies  labor  under  the  pecu- 
liar difficulty,  either  of  having  close  relatives  in  the  East  Indies  and  being 
confounded  with  them  in  the  monographs,  or  of  being  erroneously  assigned  by 
authors  to  the  East  Indian  fauna  from  time  immemorial. 

I  find,  for  instance,  Trochus  jujubinus  and  T.  javanicus  assigned  to  the  East 
Indies  by  the  usual  books  of  reference,  except  old  Chemnitz,  (though  not  by  all 
writers,)  and  yet  I  have  never  been  able  to  find  an  authentic  specimen  from  a 
definite  East  Indian  locality. 

It  is  to  be  presumed  that  both  these  shells  are  West  Indian  solely,  but  it  is 
rather  curious  that  this  matter  has  not  been  more  generally  understood,  and 
settled.  Unfortunately,  I  have  not  been  able  to  consult  Dr.  Fischer's  mono- 
graph, but  that  in  Martini  and  Chemnitz  refers  only  to  Java.  I  prefer  on  the 
whole,  considering  the  falsity  of  the  first  specific  name,  to  use  Reeve's  name 
of  zonamestus  for  Trochus  javanicus,  of  which  I  have  a  fine  specimen  from 
St.  Kitts. 

I  have  the  pleasure  of  adding  some  of  the  finest  species  known  to  the  already 
rather  long  list  of  this  group. 


Calliostoma  (Eutrochus)  jujubinum  Gmelin. 

Trochus  jumbinus  Gmelin,  Syst.  Nat.,  p.  3570.     Dillw.  Cat.,  II.  p.  762. 

Habitat.  Station  2,  in  805  fms.,  dead,  and  probably  drifted.  Coast  of  North 
Carolina,  in  the  warm  water  off  shore,  to  Florida,  Texas,  and  Yucatan,  in  10-30 
fms.  Antilles,  Cuba,  Jamaica,  St.  Thomas,  Carthagena,  Virgin  Islands,  Ba- 
hamas, St.  Croix,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Pliocene  of  the  Caloosahatchie  deposits, 
southwest  Florida,  Dall. 

Var.  tampaensis  Conrad.  Whorls  flat  above  instead  of  excavated  ;  colors 
clouded  dark  and  light  brown  and  white,  instead  of  reddish;  distal  end  of 
pillar  more  prominent.     (Florida  and  northward.) 

Var.  Rawsoni  Dall.  Shell  smaller,  whorls  excavated  above,  umbilicus 
smaller,  pillar  thin,  and  tooth  weak  or  absent ;  color  dark  red  or  very  dark 
brown  and  red,  with  lunate  white  cloudings  ;  cone  of  shell  more  acute,  nucleus 
vol.  xviii.  24 


370  BULLETIN   OF  THE 

white,  minute,  globular.     (St.  Croix,  Gov.  Rawson.     Gulf  of  Mexico,  U.  S. 
Fish  Commission.) 

The  fossils  are  not  quite  equal  to  the  average  of  recent  specimens  in  size, 
contrary  to  the  usual  rule,  but  otherwise  are  identical.  The  varieties  blend  in 
a  large  series. 


"D"- 


Calliostoma  (Eutrochus)  yucatecanum  Dall. 

Plate  XXIV.  Figs.  4,4  a. 
Calliostoma  yucatecanum  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C  Z.,  IX.  p.  47,  1881. 

Habitat.  Yucatan  Strait,  in  640  fms.  U.  S.  Fish  Commission  Stations 
2605,  2608,  2615,  and  2619,  off  the  coast  of  North  Carolina,  in  the  warm  area, 
in  15-32  fms.,  sand;  bottom  temperature  78°  to  80°.0  F. 

Most  of  the  northern  specimens  are  less  elevated  and  proportionally  wider 
than  the  Blake  specimen  which  has  been  figured,  but  which  seems  to  have  been 
a  little  unusual  in  its  elevation. 

Calliostoma  (Eutrochus)  Sayanum  n.  s. 

Plate  XXXIII.  Figs.  10,  11. 

Shell  large,  polished,  aolid,  eight-whorled,  having  a  good  deal  the  form  of 
the  G.  tigris  of  New  Zealand  ;  umbilicated  ;  straw-yellow  lineated  with  red- 
brown,  and  having  a  broad  rose-colored  peripheral  band.  Walls  of  umbilicus 
marked  with  incremental  lines,  slightly  excavated  near  the  carina,  above  con- 
vex, the  convexity  revolving  with  the  whorl;  convexity  straw-color,  a  deep 
brown  band  revolving  just  within  the  carina.  Spiral  sculpture  outside  the 
carina,  which  is  not  very  sharp,  consisting  of  two  strong  beaded  spirals  alter- 
nating with  two  fine  simple  brown  elevated  lines,  then  nine  subequal,  finer, 
less  coarsely  beaded,  the  upper  angle  of  the  aperture  being  at  the  ninth;  all 
these  straw-color  with  brown  interspaces;  then  three  fine  yellow-brown  un- 
dulated lines,  then  a  larger  nodulated  peripheral  spiral  with  a  smaller  similar 
one  on  each  side  of  it,  these  and  their  interspaces  of  a  deep  rose-pink;  above 
the  pink  band  is  the  largest  nodulated  spiral,  followed  by  (on  the  last  whorl) 
seven  or  eight  somewhat  smaller,  alternating  larger  and  smaller,  the  last  sepa- 
rated by  a  smooth  space  from  the  suture.  These  are  all  straw-color  with 
brown  interspaces  and  an  occasional  intercalary  fine  line.  Radiating  sculpture 
only  of  faint  incremental  lines.  Nucleus  lost ;  the  earlier  whorls  have  three 
nodulated  spirals.  Base  and  whorls  a  little  convex,  periphery  evenly  rounded, 
sutures  distinct.  Aperture  ovate,  margin  simple,  columella  concavely  arched, 
a  slight  angle,  not  to  be  called  a  tooth,  formed  by  the  end  of  the  umbilical 
carina  at  the  base.  Interior  extremely  nacreous.  Max.  lat.  of  base,  40.0;  of 
mouth,  18.0;  max.  alt.  of  shell,  37.0;  of  mouth,  10.0  mm.  Apical  angle,  about 
80°.  Operculum  amber-colored,  fibrous  toward  the  edges,  with  twelve  or  more 
whorls,  a  small  central  elevation  on  the  inner  side. 


MUSEUM  OF  COMPARATIVE   300LOGY.  371 

Animal  with  stout  rounded  muzzle,  short  stout  tentacles,  large  black  eyes, 
a  very  large  anterior  epipodial  lobe,  two  lateral  cirri,  and  two  or  three  small 
ones  from  under  the  operculum.  The  foot  is  bluntly  rounded  before  and  be- 
hind.    The  color  of  the  external  soft  parts  is  uniform  straw-color. 

Habitat.  U.  S.  Fish  Commission  Station  2594,  of  1885,  twenty  miles 
southeast  from  Cape  Hatteras,  N.  C,  in  120  fms.,  sand,  bottom  temperature 
58°.0.  A  fragment  at  Station  2601,  thirty-six  miles  south  half  west  from 
Hatteras,  in  107  fms.,  sand.  Both  collected  by  the  U.  S.  Fish  Commission 
Steamer  Albatross. 

This  is  altogether  the  finest  American  species,  and  cannot  be  confounded 
with  any  other  now  known. 

Calliostoma  (Eutrochus)  Benedicti  n.  s. 

Plate  XXXII.  Fig.  7. 

Shell  depressed,  with  an  acute  apex  and  slightly  concave  outline,  umbilicated, 
polished;  straw-colored,  lineated  with  red  brown  and  pale  pink;  base  convex, 
slightly  flattened,  periphery  rounded;  nucleus  minute,  apparently  dextral; 
whorls  seven  or  more;  umbilicus  deep  and  narrow,  with  flexuous  walls  exca- 
vated near  the  carina,  which  is  marginated  with  an  opaque  white  band;  spiral 
sculpture  beginning  at  the  umbilicus  ;  outside  the  carina,  which  is  simple,  two 
strong  broad  subnodulous  spirals  separated  by  a  deep  line,  then  fourteen  or 
more  equal  smooth  flattish  spirals  with  narrower  interspaces  and  obsolete  spiral 
striulae  here  and  there ;  then  a  smooth  or  slightly  striate  peripheral  space  ;  all 
the  preceding  straw-color.  Above  the  periphery  two  pink  and  one  straw-col- 
ored large  smooth  and  rounded  spirals,  one  smaller  smooth  one,  then  three  large 
and  two  intercalary  smaller  nodulous  spirals  separated  from  the  suture  by  a 
narrow  smooth  space.  The  interspaces  are  brown,  the  elevations  straw-color. 
The  early  whorls  have  two  or  three  smooth  and  one  or  two  nodulous  spirals, 
the  former  remain  constant  with  growth,  the  latter  increase  in-  number.  Ea- 
diating  sculpture  of  flexuous  incremental  lines,  hardly  visible.  Aperture 
rounded  squarish,  columella  white,  thin,  concave,  a  small  notch  at  its  base. 
Alt.  of  base,  7.5;  of  spire,  6.5;  total,  14  mm.  Max.  lat.  of  base,  18.0;  of  mouth, 
8.5.     Apical  angle  about  90°. 

Operculum  yellow,  multispiral,  translucent,  polished.  Type  specimen  not 
full  grown. 

Habitat.  Off  Cape  Lookout,  N.  Carolina,  in  about  200  fms.,  U.  S.  Fish 
Commission. 

This  is  a  very  handsome  species,  recalling  the  var.  Psyche  of  Calliostoma 
Bairdii,  from  which  it  is  easily  distinguished  by  its  umbilicus  and  sculpture. 

It  is  named  in  honor  of  Mr.  J.  S.  Benedict,  formerly  naturalist  of  the  Albatross 
party,  who  rescued  it  from  a  pilfering  and  aesthetic  sailor,  by  whose  theft  the 
exact  station  number  was  lost.  It  was  living  when  obtained.  The  soft  parts 
as  preserved  are  whitish,  with  very  large  black  eyes.    The  foot  is  long,  narrow, 


372  BULLETIN   OF  THE 

and  pointed  behind.  The  epipodium  has  a  very  large  anterior  lobe  reaching  to 
the  base  of  the  tentacles,  and  four  long  cirri  diminishing  backward,  set  at 
regular  intervals,  two  being  under  the  shadow  of  the  operculum ;  the  posterior 
part  has  no  cirri.  The  muzzle  is  long,  widened  and  papillose  at  its  extremity 
which  seems  as  if  it  might  expand  into  a  sort  of  tube  in  front  of  the  jaws, 
which  are  black.  There  are  no  epipodial  lobes  between  the  tentacles.  The 
animal  recalls  that  of  Eutrochus  cinctellus,  but  is  larger. 

Calliostoma  (Eutrochus)  cinctellum  n.  s. 

Plate  XXXII.   FIg8.  1,  4. 

Shell  small,  thin,  pearly  white  with  faint  touches  of  pale  brown,  seven- 
whorled,  with  a  globular  inverted  minute  nucleus  and  rather  convex  base; 
spiral  sculpture  of  two  prominent  spirals,  one  peripheral,  simple,  sharp,  with 
occasional  touches  of  brown  ;  against  this  the  suture  is  laid  in  the  earlier 
whorls, while  in  the  last  whorl  it  descends  below  it;  the  other  spiral  is  above 
the  periphery,  and  is  stronger  and  ornamented  with  (on  the  last  whorl)  about 
forty  sharp  projecting  thorn-like  tubercles,  each  inclined  a  little  forward,  and 
alternating  brown  and  white.  Between  this  and  the  periphery  the  space  is 
excavated.  Above  these  there  are  about  four  (on  the  earlier  whorls  one  or  two) 
small  raised  spiral  lines  separated  by  much  wider  interspaces,  nodulated  with 
small  but  prominent  nodules  at  the  intersections  with  the  radiating  sculpture; 
all  the  sculpture  growing  fainter,  and  intercalary  fine  lines  appearing,  toward 
the  aperture  on  the  last  whorl.  Base  with  two  strong  nodulous  spirals  sepa- 
rated by  a  deep  interspace,  the  inner  one  forming  the  umbilical  margin;  outside 
of  these  16-20  fine  flattened  spiral  threads,  with  about  equal  interspaces,  reach- 
ing to  the  periphery  and  hardly  ruffled  by  the  incremental  lines.  Radiating 
sculpture  much  like  that  of  C.  tiara,  of  numerous,  on  the  early  whorls  strong, 
slightly  elevated  oblique  threads,  extending  clear  across  the  whorls  and  reticu- 
lating the  spirals;  these  radii  grow  fainter  and  finally  on  the  last  whorl  nearly 
disappear;  on  the  base  there  are  only  faint  flexuous  incremental  lines.  Um- 
bilicus narrow,  its  walls  flexuous,  yellow.  Aperture  squarish,  the  pillar  little 
concave,  not  toothed,  margin  thin  and  simple.  Upper  surface  of  whorls  ex- 
cept the  sculpture  flattened ;  suture  distinct,  not  channelled.  Operculum  horny, 
multispiral.  Alt.  of  shell,  9.5;  of  spire  above  the  aperture,  6.5;  max.  diam.  of 
base,  8.0;  min.  diam.,  7.0  mm. 

Soft  parts  whitish,  foot  short,  pointed  behind,  muzzle  rounded,  gill  single, 
anus  prolonged  into  a  long  free  papilla,  eyes  large;  tentacles  long  and  stout, 
without  frontal  lobes;  epipodium  with  a  large  anterior  lobe,  and  four  cirri  all 
anterior  to  the  operculum  and  about  of  equal  size.  Jaws  separate,  squarish, 
composed  of  small  horny  obliquely  set  rods,  whose  lo-zenge-shaped  end-sections 
reticulate  the  surface  under  the  microscope. 

The  dentition  is  peculiar.  The  rhachidian  and  (on  each  side)  five  laterals 
have  broad  simple  bases  with  a  pear-shaped  outline;  the  cusps,  which  might  be 


MUSEUM   OF  COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  373 

compared  to  the  stem  of  the  pear  bent  over,  are  extremely  narrow  and  long  and 
symmetrically  serrate  on  each  side  with  4-6  serrations.  The  major  uncinus  is 
stout  and  has  a  large  four-toothed  ovate  cusp;  there  are  about  twenty  more 
slender' uncini  with  scythe-like  cusps  serrate  on  the  outer  edge;  outside  of 
these  are  two  or  three  of  a  flat  form,  like  a  section  of  a  palm-leaf  fan  from 
handle  to  margin  with  four  riblets,  and  the  distal  edge  with  three  or  more 
indentations.  Under  jjressure  these  uncini  have  a  tendency  to  split  up  length- 
wise, beginning  at  the  indentations.  They  are  flat  and  «mooth,  thinner  toward 
the  distal  end,  and  have  no  distinct  shaft. 

Habitat.     Off  Havana,  at  Station  101,  in  174  fins.,  Sigsbee. 

This  interesting  species  looks  at  the  first  glance  as  if  the  excavated  space  be- 
tween the  peripheral  cinguli  was  fasciolar,  like  that  of  Eucasta,  but  a  more 
careful  inspection  shows  that  there  is  no  sign  of  a  notch  or  sulcus  in  the  lines 
of  growth.  The  dentition  forms  a  combination  so  far  not  recorded  among  the 
Trochidse,  but  which  will  perhaps  seem  less  singular  when  more  species  have 
been  examined.  The  radula  is  quite  minute  and  difficult  to  examine;  when 
only  the  cusps  of  the  central  and  lateral  teeth  were  in  the  field  of  the  micro- 
scope, they  were  so  slender  and  elongated  as  to  suggest  little  tails,  and  the 
symmetrical  notching  gave  them  almost  a  jointed  appearance.  The  shell  is 
very  pretty,  and  recalls  Bas'dissa  in  its  general  appearance. 

Calliostoma  (Dentistyla)  asperrimum  Dall. 
Margarita  asperrima  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  40,  1881. 

Habitat.  Station  12,  in  177  fms.;  Barbados,  in  100  fms.;  Station  20,  in  220 
fms.;  Station  206,  off  Martinique,  in  170  fms.,  sand,  bottom  temperature  49°.0; 
Stations  273  and  299,  off  Barbados,  in  103-140  fms.,  coral,  bottom  tempera- 
tures 56°  to  59°. 0  F.  U.  S.  Fish  Commission  Station  2602,  off  North  Caro- 
lina, in  124  fms.,  sand. 

Variety  deniiferum  Dall,  Plate  XXIII.  Figs.  7,  8. 

Sculpture  more  strongly  and  exclusively  nodulous;  a  strong  blunt  tooth  on 
the  columella  just  within  the  aperture  and  above  the  base.  Outer  lip  Urate 
within.     Alt.  7.5,  lat.  6.0  mm.     Habitat,  Station  299. 

Calliostoma  (Dentistyla)  sericifilum  n.  s. 

Plate  XXIV.  Figs.  1,  la. 

Shell  delicately  but  sharply  reticulate  all  over;  two  peripheral  spirals  mi- 
nutely spinose  at  the  intersections;  columellar  tooth  present  but  not  strong. 
Shell  thinner  and  more  nacreous  than  the  typical  form,  and  with  the  radiating 
and  spiral  sculpture  not  differing  so  much  in  strength.     Alt.  4.5,  lat.  4.1  mm. 

Habitat.  Station  262,  off  Grenada,  in  92  fms.,  sand,  bottom  temperature 
62°.0  F. 


374  BULLETIN   OF  THE 

These  species  are  somewhat  puzzling.  With  the  external  sculpture  and  um- 
bilicus of  a  rather  conical  Solariella,  we  find  in  adult  specimens  a  well  marked 
blunt  tooth  on  the  columella,  and  the  aperture  opposite  furnished  with  raised 
lira?.  In  other  specimens  these  are  not  visible,  but  then  it  is  impossible  to 
say  that  they  are  completely  adult.  The  sculpture  runs  the  usual  gamut  of 
evenly  reticulate;  nodose  reticulate,  the  intersections  marked  by  little  imbri- 
cations while  most  of  the  network  is  obsolete;  and,  finally,  of  uneven  reticula- 
tion where  the  cords  one  way  are  much  stronger  than  those  by  which  they  are 
intersected.  None  of  the  specimens  contained  the  soft  parts,  so  their  relations 
must  for  the  present  remain  problematical.  The  group  is  hardly  Thalotia, 
being  umbilicate;  it  is  certainly  not  a  Euchelus  or  Craspedotus.  Perhaps  the 
most  reasonable  conclusion,  in  the  absence  of  more  information,  is  that  this  sec- 
tion bears  to  Thalotia  about  such  a  relation  as  Eutrochus  bears  to  Calliostoma. 
The  tooth  is  on  the  pillar,  not  at  its  anterior  end. 


Genus  MARGARITA   Leach. 

Margarita  Leach,  Journ.  de  Phys.,  LXXX VIII.  p.  464,  1819,  Appendix  to  Ross's 

First  Voyage,  1819. 
Margarita  Broderip  &  Sowerby,  Zobl.  Journ.,  IV.  p.  363,  1828. 
Margarites  Leach  MS.,  1819,  Gray,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  XX.  p.  268,  1847;  Synop. 

Moll.  Gr.  Brit.,  p.  197,  Dec,  1852.     (Type,  M.  hehcina  Fabr.) 
Eumargarita  Fischer,  Man.  Conch.,  p.  825,  1885. 
Not  Margarita  Leach,  Zool.  Misc.,  I.  p.  107,  1814,  =  Margaritifera  Da  Costa  (1776) 

et  al. ;    Unionum   Link  (1807);    Margaritijihora  Megerle  (1811);    Meleagrina 

Lamarck  (1812);  etc. 

In  1814  Leach  used  the  name  Margarita  for  a  section  of  Avicula,  which  had 
already  received  several  names.  The  name  Margarita  was  therefore  a  synonym. 
In  1819  he  used  the  same  name,  this  time  for  a  valid  genus;  but,  apparently 
recognizing  that  this  might  cause  confusion,  he  changed  its  termination  in  a 
work  which  he  had  in  press  in  1820,  and  which  was  interrupted  by  his  death. 
This  work  was  published  some  thirty  years  later  by  Dr.  J.  E.  Gray. 

The  second  .use  of  a  generic  name  once  fallen  into  synonymy,  although 
not  forbidden  by  the  accepted  rules  for  nomenclature,  is  greatly  to  be  depre- 
cated; yet  when  it  has  occurred,  and  when  the  second  application  of  the  name 
is  universally  unchallenged  for  more  than  half  a  centur\r,  and  the  original 
application  never  was  in  use  and  has  been  absolutely  ignored,  I  can  see  no 
benefit  likely  to  accrue  to  science  from  a  change  of  names.  It  cannot  be  too 
clearly  understood  that  an  ex  post  facto  application  of  rules,  however  useful  in 
themselves  and  for  present  guidance,  to-  the  work  of  authors  preceding  La- 
marck's Animaux  sans  Vertebres,  will  produce  nothing  less  than  confusion  and 
annoyance.  We  have  a  right  to  insist  on  a  consistently  binomial  nomenclature 
and  strict  priority  for  all  names,  but  to  attempt  more  is  to  invite  chaos  to  come 


MUSEUM  OF   COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY.  375 

It  may  be  worth  while  to  remark,  as  Leach's  *  book  is  a  very  rare  one,  that 
Vol.  I.  pages  1-57,  plates  i.-xxv.  inclusive,  were  published  in  1814;  pages  57- 
129,  plates  xxvi.-lvii.,  probably  in  1814;  and  the  remainder  certainly  in  1815, 
as  I  have  ascertained  from  contemporary  advertisements  issued  with  the  parts. 
The  genus  Bulhnulus,  types  B.  acutus  (Mull.),  p.  41,  and  B.  trifasciatus  Leach, 
p.  42,  would  therefore  date  from  1814,  also  Margarita  (type  the  mother  of  pearl 
shell  of  commerce),  p.  107,  and  Dipsas  (plicatus  Leach),  p.  119.  Aciona  Leach 
(type  Scalaria  pretiosa  Lam.),  Vol.  II.  p.  79,  dates  from  1815. 

Section  MARGARITA  s.  s. 
Margarita  erythrocoma  n.  s. 

Plate  XXVIII.  Fig.  1. 

Shell  small,  depressed  conic,  yellowish,  variegated  and  articulated  with 
rose-pink  and  opaque  white ;  whorls  rounded,  four  or  five  in  number,  with  a 
minute  smooth  nucleus  ;  generally  a  little  carinated  on  the  upper  surface,  es- 
pecially the  earlier  whorls,  by  one  or  two  prominent  spiral  riblets;  below  full 
and  rounded,  with  a  small  but  well  marked  umbilicus.  Radiating  sculpture 
of  the  lines  of  growth  occasionally  irregular  so  as  to  form  faint  waves,  but 
usually  inconspicuous;  spiral  sculpture  of  fine  close  little-raised  threads,  with 
on  the  upper  surface  one  and  on  the  periphery  another  stronger  thread  or 
carination,  seldom  nodulous,  and  stronger  on  the  earlier  whorls.  The  spirals 
are  usually  articulated  with  rose-red  and  opaque  white  or  greenish  yellow. 
The  base  is  rounded,  finely  spirally  threaded,  umbilicus  not  carinated  nor 
marked  by  special  sculpture.  Aperture  rounded,  oblique,  the  margins  a  little 
angulated  above,  thin,  simple,  joined  by  a  thin  layer  of  callus  on  the  body. 
Alt.  of  largest  specimen,  5.0;  max.  diam.,  5.25;  inin.  diam.  of  base,  4.0  mm. 

Variety  ?  samance.  Shell  more  depressed,  last  whorl  proportionately  larger, 
and  aperture  much  more  oblique;  umbilicus  twisted,  nearly  closed,  white  with 
radiating  flexuous  strice;  shell  colored  like  the  typical  form  and  with  similar 
early  whorls.     Alt.,  4.75;  max.  diam.  of  base,  5.75;  min.  diam.,  4.25  mm. 

Habitat.  Off  Sand  Key,  in  54  fms.  Samana  Bay,  St.  Domingo,  and  Nassau, 
Bahamas,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus. 

The  variety.     Samana  Bay,  in  16  fms.,  Couthouy. 

This  very  pretty  little  species  occurs  with  Liotia  miniata  in  moderate  depths  of 
water.  The  specimen  from  54  fms.  was  probably  drifted.  It  may  be  distin- 
guished from  the  Liotia,  which  is  about  the  same  size,  by  the  different  characters 
of  aperture  and  umbilicus.     There  is  no  northern  species  which  resembles  it. 

*  The  Zoological  Miscellany  |  being  |  descriptions  of  new  or  interesting  animals  | 
by  William  Elford  Leach,  M.D.  F.L.S.  &  W.S.  |  [etc.]  |  illustrated  with  |  colored 
figures  drawn  from  nature  |  by  R.  P.  Nodder  [etc.].  London,  Printed  for  E.  Nodder 
&  Son,  1814.  |  Second  title,  issued  with  the  concluding  part,  has  a  quotation  and 
"  Vol.  I.,"  added  before  "  London,"  with  date  1815.  Total,  Vol.  I.,  144  pp.,  8vo, 
60  colored  plates ;  Vol.  II.,  161  pp.,  plates  61-120,  "  1815." 


376  BULLETIN   OF   THE 

Subgenus  TURCICULA  Dall. 
Turcicula  imperialis  Dall. 

Plate  XXII.   Figs.   1,1a. 
Margarita  ( Turcicula)  imperialis  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  42,  1881. 

Habitat.     Off  Cuba,  in  200  fms. 

Only  the  original  specimen  has  been  found  so  far  in  the  Blake  collection, 
but  another  has  been  added  by  the  dredgings  of  the  Albatross,  from  182  fins., 
coral  bottom,  off  Havana.  It  is  also  dead  and  wants  the  tip,  but  it  shows  from 
its  proportions  (base  12.0,  and  alt.  of  three  whorls  counting  back  from  aperture 
15.0  mm.)  that  the  shell  is  more  highly  elevated  and  conical  than  would  be 
anticipated  from  the  specimen  figured. 

A  fine  species  of  what  seems  to  be  this  subgenus  of  the  group  was  obtained 
in  the  Pacific  by  the  Albatross  Expedition,  and  affords  the  following  notes  on 
the  soft  parts  of  Turcicula. 

The  sides  of  the  foot  below  the  epipodial  line  are  granulous,  above  the  line 
the  surface  i3  rather  smooth.  Much  of  the  surface  is  apt  to  be  covered  with 
a  layer  of  blackish  or  olivaceous  substance  like  solidified  mucus  or  paint,  which 
seems  to  belong  to  the  animal,  yet  is  wholly  external  to  the  cuticle.  The  foot 
is  broad,  not  very  long,  bluntly  pointed  behind;  the  front  edge  straight, 
double,  the  lateral  angles  pointed.  The  upper  layer  of  the  edge  is  smooth  and 
turgid  in  most  of  the  specimens.     It  is  not  indented  in  the  median  line. 

The  muzzle  is  stout,  circularly  wrinkled,  a  little  expanded  at  the  disk.  The 
oral  disk  is  not  marginated;  its  surface  is  finely  granulose;  it  is  angulated  at 
its  lower  outer  corners  and  medially  indented  below.  There  are  no  oral  palps 
or  tactile  appendages. 

The  cephalic  tentacles  for  the  size  of  the  animal  are  small  and  short.  At 
their  inner  bases  are  small  "palmettes,"  or  cephalic  epipodial  fringes,  not  quite 
meeting  in  the  middle  line.  They  are  rounded,  with  papillose  edges.  At  the 
outer  bases  of  the  tentacles  are  the  eyes,  large,  oliviform,  mounted  on  short 
pedicels.  The  pigmented  portion  itself  is  ovoid,  and  not  hemispherical.  In 
some  specimens  the  pigment  seems  to  be  more  extensive  on  the  under  side,  in 
others  the  reverse,  and  still  others  have  it  equally  distributed.  A  lens  and 
aqueous  humor  are  distinctly  observable.  At  the  right  side,  behind  and  on  a 
level  with  the  eye,  is  a  short  tubular  verge.  The  anterior  epipodial  side-lappet 
does  not  appear  to  be  modified  into  a  seminal  conduit,  as  in  Margarita  infundi- 
bulum  Watson.  These  lappets  are  nearly  symmetrical.  Their  bases  are  turned 
up  a  little  on  each  side  behind  the  eyes,  and  the  lappets  are  rather  wide.  They 
extend  backward  about  two  thirds  of  the  way  to  the  operculum,  with  a  finelj 
papillose  edge.  Then  comes  a  single  tentacular  filament,  less  than  half  as 
long  as  a  cephalic  tentacle.  There  is  another  stretch  of  edge  fringed  with  only 
small  papillae;  under  the  operculum  there  are  three  long  filaments,  of  which 
the  posterior  is  longest.     Behind  the  operculum  the  epipodial  lines  of  the  two 


MUSEUM   OF  COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY.  377 

sides  approach  each  other  and  bound  a  median  furrow,  coarsely  transversely 
ridged  (as  in  Pleurotomaria),  which  extends  to  the  end  of  the  foot. 

The  mantle-edge  is  smooth  or  very  sparsely  papillate,  slightly  thickened. 
The  free  end  of  the  intestine  projects  on  the  right  side  over  the  neck,  with  its 
termination  constricted  by  a  sphincter,  and  then  expanded  into  a  cup-shaped 
circular  foramen.  On  the  left  side  is  the  gill,  consisting  of  a  central  somewhat 
muscular  ensiform  basement,  from  which  depend  two  sets  of  elongate-triangu- 
lar lamellae  separated  by  a  narrow  ridge.  The  left-hand  set  are  slightly  the 
longer.  Most  of  the  gill  is  free.  Its  distal  end  is  pointed,  and  the  lamellae 
hang,  side  by  side,  with  the  ridge  between  the  two  series,  as  in  Nucula.  The 
intestine  takes  a  curve  to  the  left  side,  where  the  renal  gland  is  visible  between 
it  and  the  gill.     I  observed  no  osphradium. 

The  mouth  is  small.  A  short  distance  behind  it  is  a  deep  radular  diverticu- 
lum. The  jaws  are  small,  triangular,  and  dark  brown.  The  gullet  opens 
almost  directly  into  an  elongate  large  longitudinally  wrinkled  stomach.  Be- 
hind it  the  very  large  intestine,  with  longitudinally  striated  walls,  extends 
backward  about  half  a  whorl ;  then  turns  upward  and  forward  for  a  third  of 
a  whorl;  then  back  again  upon  itself  about  Jhe  same  distance;  then  forward  to 
its  anal  termination  above  described. 

The  liver  and  seminal  gland  appear  to  resemble  those  of  ordinary  Trochids. 

The  operculum  is  amber-colored,  polished,  thin,  and  centrally  depressed. 
It  has  about  a  dozen  whorls.     The  opercular  pad  is  ovoid  and  rather  small. 

The  radula  is  quite  small  and  the  anterior  part  dark  brown.  The  intestine 
in  all  the  specimens  is  crammed  with  a  greenish  mud  consisting  of  disinte- 
grated foraminifera. 

The  dentition  recalls  that  of  Calliostoma,  Solariella,  Margarita,  etc.,  and 
presents  nothing  very  characteristic. 

The  central  tooth  has  a  broad  thin  base,  subrectangular,  and  a  little  wider  at 
the  anterior  corners.  The  stem  of  the  cusp  and  the  cusp  are  narrow.  The 
latter  is  simple,  rather  small,  short  and  recurved.  It  is  not  denticulate.  There 
are  three  or  four  admedian  or  lateral  teeth,  rather  long,  with  small  bases,  rather 
broad  simple  moderately  curved  brownish  cusps.  There  are  about  twenty- 
five  uncini,  half  of  which  spring  from  lozenge-shaped  bases  looking  like  a 
pavement,  are  long,  narrow,  slender,  moderately  curved  with  spatuliform  tips. 
One  edge  of  these  tips  is  microscopically  serrate,  and  below  the  serrate  part  on 
the  same  side  is  a  single  larger  denticle,  standing  out  like  a  short  thumb. 

The  external  uncini  are  thin,  flat,  wide,  and  hardly  curved.  Their  distal 
ends  are  flat  and  broad,  with  the  edge  simple  and  entire.  These  teeth  gradu- 
ally diminish  in  size  and  width,  as  usual  in  Trochidce.  The  formula  woulc' 
be  25  -+-  3  -f-  \  +  3  +  25,  or  very  nearly  that,  but  time  has  been  wanting  in 
wliich  to  undertake  the  laborious  task  of  an  exact  enumeration  of  these  minute 
and  tangled  objects,  of  wliich  the  general  features  have  just  been  recorded. 

All  the  specimens  of  l^urcicula  previously  obtained  were  incomplete  and 
deprived  of  epidermis.  The  Pacific  species,  which  will  be  described  in  the 
Report  on  the  Voyage  of  the  Albatross,  reaches  a  large  size  (50.0  mm.  high  by 


378  BULLETIN   OF  THE 

42.0  wide),  is  covered  with  a.  delicate  green  epidermis,  which  erodes  like  that 
of  a  fresh-water  shell,  and  exhibits  a  nearly  circular  aperture  with  a  somewhat 
reflected  lip  and  brilliantly  pearly  throat.  There  is  no  callus  across  the  body 
nor  any  umbilicus.  The  shell  bears  a  singular  resemblance  to  a  very  large  thin 
greenish  Vivipara  or  Tulotoma.  It  is  one  of  the  finest  animals  collected  on 
the  Albatross  voyage,  and  was  found  in  about  four  hundred  fathoms,  off  the 
coast  of  Southern  California. 

It  will  be  named  Turcicula  Bairdii  in  honor  of  the  late  U.  S.  Fish  Commis- 
sioner, Prof.  Spencer  F.  Baird.  A  larger  variety  or  closely  related  species  was 
dredged  at  about  the  same  depth  off  the  coast  of  Peru. 

Section  BATHYMOPHILA  Dall. 
Margarita  (Bathymophila)  euspira  Dall. 

Plate  XXXII.  Fig.  8. 

Margarita*  euspira  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  44,  1881. 

M.  (Bathymophila)  euspira  Dall,  and  var.  niteits  Jeffreys  (MS.),  Bull.,  lib.  cit.,  p.  102, 
Oct.,  1881. 

Habitat.     Station  2,  in  805  fms. 

This  species  seems  to  be  widely  spread  over  the  North  Atlantic,  and  was 
taken  in  considerable  numbers  by  the  Porcupine  and  Valorous  Expeditions. 

It  would  seem  as  if  the  coronated  form  was  less  abundant  than  that  not  so 
ornamented,  judging  by  the  specimens  in  the  Jeffreys  collection.  The  young 
ones  are  often  strongly  spirally  ridged,  and  it  will  be  remarkable  if  they  do 
not  get  described  as  a  Cyclostrema  on  their  own  account. 

The  only  species  with  which  this  is  likely  to  be  confused  is  Umbonium 
Bairdii,  in  which  the  whorls  are  much  les%  rounded,  being  appressed  to  an 
even  slope  from  the  apex  to  the  periphery,  while  in  M.  euspira  the  suture  is 
very  distinct,  and  even  in  the  coronated  variety  the  whorls  round  down  to  it. 
On  the  base  M.  euspira  has  no  large  callus,  its  callus  being  confined  to  the 
surface  of  the  pillar,  and  not  a  pad  filling  the  umbilical  basin.  M.  euspira  is 
larger  and  proportionally  more  elevated,  and  the  young  have  a  wide  umbilicus. 
It  is  also  more  pearly  than  the  other. 

I  doubt  extremely  whether  this  little  shell  is  related  to  Oxystele,  as  some  of 
my  conchological  friends  would  have  it;  but  whether  the  sectional  name  pro- 
posed for  it  be  worth  retaining  or  not,  I  propose  to  suspend  judgment  until 
I  can  get  hold  of  some  specimens  preserving  the  soft  parts. 

Subgenus  SOLAPJELLA  A.  Adams. 

Solariella  amabilis  Jeffreys. 

Trochus  amabilis  Jeffreys,  Brit.  Conch.,  III.  p.  300;  V.  pi.  lxi.  fig.  6. 

Habitat.  Station  46,  in  888  fms.;  Yucatan  Strait,  in  640  fms.;  Station  41, 
in  860  fms.;  Station  2,  in  805  fms.;  Station  21,  in  287  fms.,  living;  Station 


MUSEUM   OF  COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY.  379 

211,  in  357  fms.,  near  Martinique;  Station  221,  off  Santa  Lucia,  in  423  fms., 
ooze,  bottom  temperature  43°.0.  Also,  living,  at  U.  S.  Fish  Commission  Sta- 
tion 2644,  in  193  1'ms.,  sand,  off  Cape  Florida,  bottom  temperature  43°.4  F. 

Solariella  lamellosa  Verrill  &  Smith. 

Margarita  lamellosa  Verrill  &  Smith  (1880),  Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  V.  p.  530,  pi.  lvii. 
fig.  38,  1882. 

Habitat.     Barbados,  in   100  fms.     U.  S.  Fish  Commission  Stations  2595, 
2601,  2602,  and  2614,  off  the  coast  of  North  Carolina,  in  15-32  fms.,  gravel. 
Constantly  smaller  and  differently  wrinkled  from  the  preceding. 

Solariella  scabriuscula  Dall. 

Plate  XXI.  Figs.  10,  10  a. 

Margarita  scabriuscula  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  41,  1881. 

Habitat.  Station  44,  Gulf  of  Mexico,  southern  part  in  539  fms.,  bottom 
temperature  39°. 5  F. 

Only  a  single  specimen  of  this  species  has  so  far  reached  me. 

Solariella  eegleis  Watson. 

Margarita  cegleis  (Watson),  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z,  IX.  p.  40,  1881. 
Margarita  oeglees  Watson,  Journ.  Linn.  Soc,  XIV.  p.  704,  Sept.,  1879;  Chall.  Rep. 
Gastr.,  p.  81,  pi.  v.  fig.  10,  1885. 

Habitat  of  typical  form.  Station  19,  in  310  fms.  Off  Cape  St.  Antonio,  in 
640  fms.     Station  230,  off  St.  Vincent,  in  464  fms. 

Having  given  a  good  deal  of  study  to  the  group  which  clusters  around  the 
above  specific  name,  I  have  modified  the  views  expressed  in  my  preliminary 
paper.  I  had  not  then  had  the  opportunity  of  studying  the  large  series  of 
specimens,  recent  and  fossil,  contained  in  the  Jeffreys  collection. 

Not  only  am  I  obliged  to  review  my  own  opinion,  but  I  find  myself  wholly 
unable  to  accept  the  views  of  Dr.  Jeffreys,  expressed  in  his  "  Lightning  and 
Porcupine  Mollusca,"  Part  VI.  pp.  97,  98  (P.  Z.  S.  1883). 

Primarily  I  find  two  fossil  species,  which  appear  to  be  the  forerunners  of 
the  group,  and  one  of  which  appears  to  be  found  in  a  recent  state.  They  are 
Trochus  cinctus  Philippi,  and  Solariella  maculata  Searles  Wood.  The  first 
has  somewhat  the  form  of  Solariella  amabilis  Jeffreys,  but  was  a  brightly  col- 
ored shell,  and  to  my  mind  appears  perfectly  distinct  from  any  of  the  recent 
forms  and  from  Wood's  species. 

Wood's  species  is  (according  to  specimens  identified  by  Professors  Dewalque 
and  Seguenza)  identical  with  Turbo  moniliferus  Nyst,  non  Sowerby,  which  is 
the  Solarium  turbinoides  of  Nyst  subsequently.    Wood's  name  has  precedence. 


380  BULLETIN   OF  THE 

I  find,  however,  that  a  species  described  by  Libassi  has  been  confounded 
with  S.  maculata  in  a  way  I  am  not  able  to  untangle,  S.  peregrina  Libassi 
being  named  Trochus  and  Solarium  by  various  contributors  to  the  Jeffreys 
collection,  and  Libassi's  paper  being  inaccessible  to  me.  Two  species  have 
been  sent  under  that  name,  one  being  S.  maculata  Wood,  and  the  other  the 
broad  variety  of  S.  azgleis,  both  being  found  in  the  Tertiaries  of  Belgium  and 
Italy.  To  which  Libassi's  name  applies  I  am  not  able  to  say.  If  to  S.  aglets, 
it  would  of  course  take  precedence. 

Leaving  this  question  to  be  settled  by  any  one  having  access  to  Libassi's 
work,  we  may  now  proceed  to  eliminate  other  extraneous  matters  from  the 
synonymy  of  S.  azgleis.  Solariella  lamellosa  Verrill  &  Smith,  and  S.  amabilis 
Jeffreys,  after  careful  study  of  a  large  series,  I  now  consider  distinct  from  each 
other,  from  S.  azgleis,  and  from  S.  cinctus,  with  which  Dr.  Jeffreys  united  his 
amabilis.  Both  amabilis  and  azgleis  seem  to  have  occasional  finely  reticulated 
specimens  with  the  strong  spirals  absent.  These  have  been  lumped  together 
as  var.  affinis  Jeffreys.  I  am  pretty  confident  that  a  larger  series  of  specimens 
would  connnect  together  Trochus  rhina,  rhysus,  clavatus,  and  azgleis  of  Watson 
too  closely  to  be  specifically  separated,  but  I  have  only  been  able  to  compare 
specimens  of  what  I  suppose  to  be  S.  clavata,  rhina,  and  azgleis,  broad  and 
narrow  varieties.  But  these  have  nothing  to  do  with  Trochus  Ottoi  Philippi 
(Margarita  regalis  Verrill  &  Smith),  which  has  been  injudiciously  referred 
to  them  by  Dr.  Jeffreys,  I  presume  by  a  lapsus  of  memory.  For  the  purposes 
of  this  paper  I  shall  keep  these  supposed  varieties  separate. 

Solariella  azgleis  var.  lata  Dall  (?  =  peregrina  Libassi). 

Habitat.  Station  208,  off  Martinique,  213  fms.;  off  Havana,  Cuba,  in  400 
fms. ;  Station  2,  in  805  fms.  Tertiary  of  Belgium  and  of  Reggio,  Italy.  Tal- 
isman Expedition,  as  "  Trochus  Ottoi'"  in  Jeffreys  collection. 

Solariella  (azgleis  var.  ?)  rhina  Watson. 

Habitat,     Station  2,  in  805  fms. ;  Station  176,  in  391  fms. 

Solariella  (azgleis  var.  ?)  clavata  Watson. 

Habitat.     Station  2,  in  805  fms.,  and  Yucatan  Strait,  in  640  fms. 

The  width  and  height  of  the  shell,  the  strength  of  the  spirals  and  tiiber- 
culation,  and  the  size  of  the  umbilicus,  are  all  more  or  less  variable  factors, 
not  only  in  these  deep-sea  species,  but  in  the  ordinary  littoral  forms,  as  every 
collector  is  aware. 


Solariella  infundibulum  Watson. 

Trochus  (Margarita)  infundibulum  Watson,  Journ.  Linn.  Soc,  XIV.  p.  707,  Sept., 
1879;  Chall.  Rep.  Gastr.,  p.  84,  pi.  v.  fig.  5,  1885. 

Habitat.  Station  41,  in  860  fms.,  bottom  temperature  39°. 5.  Station  163, 
off  Guadelupe,  in  769  fms.,  sand,  bottom  temperature  39°. 75  F.  U.  S.  Fish 
Commission  Station  2723,  1886. 

This  fine  species  grows  as  large  as  5.  Ottoi  Phil.,  or  larger,  and  in  sculpture 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY.  381 

is  about  midway  between  that  species  and  the  more  robust  varieties  of  S.  aglets 
Watson.     It  belongs  in  the  cold  area. 

This  species  has  been  imperfectly  figured  by  Pelseneer  in  the  Challenger 
Eeport  on  the  Anatomy  of  Deep  Sea  Mollusks.  Specimens  have  been  com- 
pared for  me  with  Watson's  types  by  Mr.  E.  A.  Smith  at  the  British  Museum, 
who  identifies  my  specimens  with  Watson's  species.  The  male  of  this  species 
has  a  verge  behind  the  right  tentacle  2  mm.  long,  simple  and  tubular.  The 
right  anterior  epipodial  lappet  is  specially  modified  into  a  conduit  for  the  semi- 
nal matter,  and  is  rolled  into  a  large  long  tube  into  the  proximal  end  of  which 
the  penis  discharges.  It  is  probable  that  this  conduit  serves  to  conduct  the 
semen  to  the  eggs  as  they  are  deposited,  rather  than  for  copulation.  There  are 
no  epipodial  remnants  between  the  tentacles.  These  organs  will  be  more  fully 
described  in  my  Report  on  the  Albatross  Expedition. 

Solariella  Ottoi  Philippi. 

Trockus  Ottoi  Philippi,  Moll.  Siciliae,  II.  p.  227,  pi.  xxviii.  fig.  9,  1884.    Jeffreys, 

P.  Z.  S.,  1883,  p.  98. 
Margarita  regalis  Verrill  &  Smith  (1880),  Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  V.  p.  530,  pi.  lvii. 

fig.  37,  1882 ;  VI.  p.  254,  pi.  xxix.  fig.  14. 

Habitat.  Station  264,  off  Grenada,  in  416  fins.,  ooze,  bottom  temperature 
42°. 0  F.  U.  S.  Fish  Commission,  at  various  stations  off  the  northeast  coast  of 
the  United  States,  in  115-500  fms.    Pliocene  of  Italy,  Philippi,  Seguenza,  etc. 

The  comparison  with  an  authentic  specimen  of  Philippi's  fossil  leaves  no 
doubt  whatever  that  the  species  described  by  Prof.  Verrill  is  identical  with  it 
as  claimed  by  Dr.  Jeffreys.  The  T.  Vaillanti  Fischer  I  have  never  seen,  and 
the  T.  cegleis  of  Watson,  which  Dr.  Jeffreys  also  unites  with  Ottoi,  I  regard  as 
entirely  distinct. 

Solariella  lissocona  Dall. 

Plate  XXI.  Figs.  8,  8  a. 
Margarita  lissocona  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  41,  1881. 

Habitat.  Station  47,  N.  lat.  28°  42',  W.  Ion.  88°  40',  in  the  north  central 
part  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  in  331  fms.,  bottom  temperature  47°.0  F. 

Only  one  specimen  has  turned  up,  so  far,  of  this  very  well  marked  species, 
which  belongs  in  the  group  of  S.  cegleis,  ivfundibulum,  etc. 

Solariella  lacunella  Dall. 

Plate  XXI.  Figs.  1, 1  a. 

Margarita  maculata  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  43, 1881.    Not  of  Searles  Wood,  1842. 
Margarita  lacunella  Dall,  op.  cit.,  p.  102. 

Habitat.  Station  2,  in  805  fms.;  Station  132,  off  Santa  Cruz,  in  115  fms., 
bottom  temperature  65°.0  F.     U.  S.  Fish  Commission  Stations  2592,  2602, 


382  BULLETIN   OF    THE 

2606,  and  2612,  off  the  coast  of  North  Carolina,  in  25-124  frm .,  gravel,  bottom 
temperature  58°  to  77°  F. 

This  species  is  nearest  to  Trochus  ductus  of  Philippi,  but  differs  in  so  many- 
details  of  sculpture,  etc.,  that,  though  variable,  I  do  not  see  my  way  clear  to 
unite  them  at  present.  The  coloration  is  variable;  some  are  clouded  with 
olive,  and  others  with  pinkish  brown 

A  variety,  depressa,  has  the  spire  low  and  somewhat  tabulated  by  a  smooth 
space  between  the  suture  and  the  spiral  ribs. 


Solariella  iris  Dall. 

Plate  XXI.  Figs.  7,7a. 
Margarita  iris  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  43,  1881. 

Habitat.     Sand  Key,  in  119  fms.,  living,  Sigsbee. 

Only  one  specimen  of  this  form  has  been  found.  The  upper  surface  much 
resembles  that  of  M.  (5.)  lacunella,  but  the  base,  especially  the  umbilicus,  is 
altogether  different,  the  shell  is  thinner  and  much  more  pearly,  and  the  spiral 
lines  are  much  finer. 

Solariella  lubrica  Dall. 

Plate  XXI.  Figs.  0,9a. 
Margarita  lubrica  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z ,  IX.  p.  44,  1881. 

Habitat.  Station  2,  in  805  fms.;  Station  220,  off  Santa  Lucia,  in  116  fms., 
rocky  bottom,  temperature  58°. 5  F. 

Var.  iridea  Dall.  Shell  without  the  coronation  at  the  suture,  or  only  slight 
traces  of  it,  umbilical  carina  less  strong,  umbilicus  smaller,  whorls  inflated,  very 
round,  brilliantly  pearly,  base  wider  than  in  the  type. 

This  extremely  lovely  little  shell,  when  fresh,  has  a  most  brilliant  greenish 
nacre,  shining  like  a  diamond  beetle.  The  variety  was  dredged  by  the  U.  S. 
Fish  Commission,  off  Cape  Florida,  in  193  fms.,  sand,  bottom  temperature 
43°-4  F. 

tionus  ETTCHELUS  Philips. 
Euchelus  guttarosea  n.  s. 

Plate  XXXIII.  Fiff.  7. 

Shell  small,  white,  the  upper  surface  of  the  whorls  with  very  small  distinct 
rose-red  dots  sparsely  distributed  on  the  raised  nodules  of  the  sculpture,  or  all 
white;  five  or  more  inflated  strongly  sculptured  whorls,  and  a  smooth  nucleus. 
Spiral  sculpture  of,  on  the  upper  surface  of  the  last  whorl,  two  small  and  two 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  383 

strong  spiral  alternated  ribs,  one  of  the  smaller  just  below  tbe  suture ;  a  large 
spiral  on  the  periphery  and  four  on  the  base;  crossed  by  numerous  obliquely 
radiating  threads,  which  make  the  early  whorls  coarsely  reticulate  with  nodules 
at  the  intersections,  while  in  the  later  whorls  the  radiations  become  less  marked 
and  the  spirals  more  numerous  and  more  conspicuously  nodulous.  Whorls 
rounded,  apex  a  little  blunt,  suture  distinct,  not  channelled,  base  rounded,  um- 
bilicus none;  pillar  nearly  straight,  with  a  strong  tooth  near  its  base,  aperture 
rounded,  oblique,  a  little  descending  above,  with  six  or  eight  stout  lirse  ending 
in  toothdike  nodules,  body  with  a  moderate  layer  of  nacreous  callus.  Alt.  5.0, 
max.  diam.  4.5  mm. 

Habitat.  Off  Havana,  in  119-450  fms.  Samana  Bay,  Santo  Domingo. 
Nassau,  Bahamas.     Various  collections  from  the  "  West  Indies." 

This  little  shell  is  proportionally  more  depressed,  and  has  fewer  spirals 
when  young,  and  owing  to  the  persistent  lirse  looks  adult  at  almost  any  stage. 
It  is  extremely  lovely  when  color  and  sculpture  are  perfect  and  fresh,  but  often 
is  wholly  whitish.  I  have  found  it  labelled  by  the  name  of  punctiger  A. 
Adams,  a  much  larger  umbilicated  species  from  the  Indo-Pacific  region. 

I  have  not  been  able  to  find  a  description  of  it,  or  any  figure  closely  resem- 
bling it. 


*b 


Genus   BASILISSA   Watson. 
Basilissa  Watson,  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.,  XIV.  p.  593,  April,  1879. 

Shell  trochiform,  umbilicate,  nacreous,  sculptured.  Pillar  concave,  its  distal 
end  projecting  as  a  strong  tooth.  Margin  of  the  aperture  concavely  sinuate 
near  the  suture  and  on  the  base.  Peripheral  margin  produced,  claw-like,  be- 
tween the  two  shallow  sinuations.  A  grooved  or  denticulate  callus  in  the 
adult  on  the  body  whorl  and  within  the  margin  of  the  aperture.  Aperture 
sub-rhomboidal.  Operculum  multispiral,  horny,  with  a  circular  callus  on  the 
inner  central  face  and  a  subcircular  outline.     Example,  B.  costulata  Watson. 

The  above  amended  diagnosis  is  rendered  necessary  by  the  discovery  of 
adult  specimens  among  the  Blake  shells.  It  is  probable  that  most  of  the 
species  in  an  adult  condition  conform  to  it.  It  is  conch ologically  related  to 
the  genus  Seguenzia,  a  transition  from  which  is  indicated  by  such  species  as 
S.  carinata,  S.  elcgans,  and  S.  trispinosa.  But  the  soft  parts  as  yet  are  un- 
known. Should  it  be  found,  however,  that  some  species  do  not  exhibit  the 
denticulation,  etc.  described  in  B.  costulata,  and  conform  to  the  edentulous 
type  indicated  in  Watson's  original  description,  (and  B.  alia  may  prove  to  be 
of  this  character,)  these  would  of  course  retain  the  original  name  of  Basilissa, 
while  for  the  dentate  forms  the  name  of  Ancistrobasis  might  be  used. 

I  have  placed  these  species  after  the  Tvochidaz  in  accordance  with  the  general 
custom,  but  I  do  not  feel  confident  that  the  eventual  position  of  all  the  species 
will  be  here. 


384  BULLETIN    OF   THE 

Section  BASILISSA  s.  s. 

Basilissa  alta  Watson. 

Basilissa  alta  Watson,  loc.  cit,  p.  589  ;  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  48,  1881  ;  Watson, 
Chall.  Rep.  Gastr.,  p.  100,  pi.  vii.  fig.  8,  1886. 

Habitat.  Station  43,  in  339  fms.;  Station  41,  in  860  fins.;  Station  163,  near 
Guadelupe,  in  769  fms.,  fine  sand,  bottom  temperature  39°.5  F.;  and  Station 
264,  near  Grenada,  in  416  fms.,  gray  ooze,  bottom  temperature  42°.5  F. 

All  these  specimens  were  dead,  though  one  or  two  were  tolerably  fresh,  while 
most  of  them  were  defective.  The  sculpture  varies  between  the  typical  form 
and  the  variety  oxytoma  Watson  (loc.  cit.,  pi.  vii.  fig.  8  a).  The  size  of  the 
specimens  is  very  uniform. 

Basilissa  superba  was  dredged  by  the  U.  Fish  Commission  off  the  east  coast 
of  the  United  States,  south  of  Hatteras;  the  exact  locality  of  the  specimens  was, 
however,  lost. 

Basilissa  alta  Watson  var.  delicatula  Dall. 

Plate  XXII.  Figs.  2,  2  a. 

Seguenzia  delicatula  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  48,  1881. 

Habitat.     Station  2,  in  805  fms. 

This  is  more  delicate  and  thin  than  the  type,  but  otherwise  much  like  it,  ex- 
cept that  the  delicate  spiral  threads  cover  the  whole  surface  of  the  shell. 

The  reference  of  this  form  to  Seguenzia  was  an  error  into  which  I  was  led 
by  the  imperfect  state  of  my  specimens  and  the  absence  of  any  others  for 
comparison. 

Section  ANCISTROBASIS  Dall. 
Basilissa  (Ancistrobasis )  costulata  Watson. 

Plate  XXIII.  Figs.  4,  4  a. 

Basilissa  costulata  Watson,  loc.  cit.,  p.  600;  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  48,  1881 J 
Watson,  Chall.  Rep.  Gastr ,  p.  103,  pi.  vii.  fig.  11,  1886. 

Habitat.  Yucatan  Strait,  in  640  fms.;  Station  50,  119  fms.;  Sand  Key,  in 
15  fms. 

Basilissa  costulata  var.  depressa  Dall. 

The  shell   figured  differs  from  B.    costulata,  as  described  and   figured  by 

Watson,  in  the  less  flexuous  radiating  costse,  which  are  nearly  equal  to  the 

interspaces  in  width,  and  in  the  smaller  number  of  spiral  ridges,  which  are 

about  ten  on  the  base  and  seven  to  nine  on  the  upper  surface  of  the  whorls. 

May  4,  1889. 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  385 

The  armature  of  the  mouth  is  a  character  which  does  not  appear  until  full  ma- 
turity, so  that  I  do  not  regard  its  non-existence  in  the  Challenger  specimens  as 
important.  The  other  characters  seem  to  agree  closely  with  Watson's  figure 
and  description,  and,  taking  into  consideration  the  known  variability  of  the 
abyssal  shells  and  among  the  Blake  specimens  of  this  species,  I  do  not  feel  jus- 
tified in  separating  the  Blake  shells  specifically  from  B.  costulata.  If  I  am 
correct  in  the  identification,  this  material  enables  me  to  add  a  good  deal  to  the 
knowledge  of  the  species  and  genus.  The  dried  remains  of  the  animal  in  one 
specimen  bear  a  pellucid  multispiial  operculum  a  little  more  circular  in  outline 
than  that  of  Seguenzia,  but  otherwise  precisely  like  it. 

The  aperture  in  the  adult  is  strongly  thickened  a  little  distance  within  its 
margin,  which  remains  sharp.  The  projecting  peripheral  part  is  a  little  bent  in, 
recalling  the  aperture  of  Seguenzia.  The  callus  on  the  body  is  thin  and 
smooth,  that  within  the  outer  lip  is  broad,  thick,  iridescent,  and  deeply  grooved 
parallel  with  the  external  spirals,  producing  four  or  five  ridges  between  the 
grooves  above  the  carina  and  a  larger  number  of  rather  smaller  ones  below  it. 
The  columella  is  thickened  concave  and  strongly  reflected,  its  basal  extreme 
terminating  in  a  stout  tooth-like  twist  of  the  margin,  beyond  which  is  a  deep 
sulcus  in  the  callus  extending  nearly  across  the  base,  in  the  middle  of  which  rises 
a  solitary  stout  tooth-like  ridge.  The  walls  of  the  umbilicus  are  nearly  smooth, 
and  as  regards  the  individual  turns  are  somewhat  concave.  The  nucleus  in  this 
form  gives  the  impression,  after  very  close  scrutiny  of  several  fresh  specimens, 
that  it  is  really  laid  at  right  angles  to  the  original  axis  and  half  immersed  in 
the  first  post-nuclear  turn.  This  is  masked  by  the  fact  that  the  nucleus  proper 
occupies  less  than  a  single  turn,  and  appears  thus  more  normal  than  it  really  is, 
if  my  suspicions  are  correct. 

Solarium  reticulatum  Philippi  is  referred  to  this  genus  by  Watson,  and  is 
said  to  have  been  dredged  by  the  Porcupine  at  various  stations  in  the  North 
Atlantic. 


Family  DELPHINULID^. 

Genus   LIOTIA   Gray. 

Liotia  Gray,  Syn.  Brit.  Mus.,  1840  (no  description,  type  Delphimda  cancellata  Gray) ; 
P.  Z.  S.  1847,  p.  145. 

This  group  was  separated  from  Dclphinula  Lamarck  (Angaria  H.  &  A.  Ad- 
ams) to  comprise  the  small  species  with  a  thickened  margin  to  the  aperture 
and  less  brilliant  nacre  than  the  large  forms.  Gray's  type  was  a  cancellated 
species,  and  the  genus  Liotia,  in  the  most  restricted  sense,  will  comprise  those 
species  which  have  numerous  varices  or  radiating  circumambient  ribs  cancel- 
lated more  or  less  by  spiral  sculpture. 

Those  species  having  a  single  varix  marking  the  finally  adult  condition, 
generally  with  strong  spiral  ridges  on  the  periphery,  which  may  or  may  not 

vol.  xviii.  25 


386  BULLETIN   OF   THE 

be  spinose,  were  separated  by  H.  &  A.  Adams  under  the  name  Arene.  Their 
diagnosis  was  not  of  the  best,  and  comprised  several  characters  certainly  not 
of  generic  value.  I  am  unable  to  see  any  characters  in  the  subgenus  Liotina 
Munier-Chalmas  which  should  separate  it  from  the  typical  Arene. 

Another  group,  which  in  my  opinion  belongs  here,  is  Lippistes  Montfort, 
based  on  the  Argonauta  cornu  of  Fichtel  and  Moller.  This  is  not  the  Argo- 
nauta  cornu  of  Chemnitz,  as  has  hastily  been  assumed  by  some  authors.  The 
latter  is  apparently  an  Atlanta  or  Oxygyrus.  Montfort's  figure  represents  a 
shell  which  does  not  appear  to  differ  from  the  forms  named  Daronia  by  Arthur 
Adams,  and 'Ilaira  by  H.  &  A.  Adams,  the  quadration  of  the  aperture  in  the 
latter  being  a  merely  specific  incident  due  to  its  sculpture,  and  probably  not 
permanent  in  all  individuals  of  the  same  species.  If,  however,  the  disjunction 
of  the  latter  part  of  the  last  whorl  be  considered  sufficient  to  separate  it  from 
Daronia  proper,  where  the  whorls,  though  rolled  in  nearly  the  same  plane,  are 
contiguous,  Ilaira  must  take  its  place  with  Lippistes  proper,  which  has  this 
character,  while  the  final  term  of  the  series  is  afforded  by  Laxispira  Gabb,  a 
section  which  may  include  Delphinula  nitida  Verrill,  in  which  all  the  whorls 
are  lax,  and  to  which  D.  laxa  Say  (if  not  a  monstrosity)  may  also  belong. 
The  latter  has  been  referred  to  the  Rudistes  by  Tryon  (Man.,  II.  p.  309),  but 
this  must  be  due  to  some  confusion  of  types.  Mr.  Say's  original  description 
and  very  good  figure  are  incompatible  with  such  a  reference.  There  is  much 
more  probability  that  the  tvpe  of  D.  laxa  was  a  deformed  Natica,  as  Say  him- 
self suggests.  He  describes  it  as  a  recent  marine  shell,  inhabiting  the  coast  of 
South  Carolina  among  other  marine  shells.  No  suggestion  of  its  being  a 
fossil  is  anywhere  made  by  Say,  nor  are  any  Carolinian  Rudistes  known.  But 
as  he  says  nothing  of  its  being  pearly,  and  compares  it  to  Natica,  it  is  probable 
that  it  does  not  belong  to  the  group  now  under  consideration. 

Laxispira  would  appear  to  be  without  a  varix  or  thickened  ring  at  the 
extreme  end  of  the  adult  coil;  but  this  cannot  be  positively  asserted,  as  but  a 
very  few  specimens  of  these  remarkable  shells  have  ever  been  collected.  Tu- 
biola  A.  Adams  would  appear  to  bear  much  the  same  relation  to  Cyclostrema 
that  Ilaira  does  to  Lippistes. 

The  characteristics  of  the  Liotioz  and  their  relatives  are  not  those  usually 
made  use  of  for  diagnoses.  Some  Liotioz  are  most  brilliantly  pearly  (e.  g. 
L.  fencstrata  Cpr.,  of  California);  others  when  not  perfectly  fresh  do  not  show 
a  trace  of  nacre.  Yet  even  these  (Arene  cruentata  Miihlf.  for  example),  when 
perfectly  fresh  and  closely  examined,  show  a  very  well  marked  varnish  of  pearl 
about  the  aperture.  I  have  not  seen  any  species,  when  perfectly  fresh,  which 
did  not  show  at  least  a  little  nacre,  though  the  majority  do  not  show  any  when 
dry  and  "dead." 

Arthur  Adams  describes  the  operculum  in  some  Japanese  species  as  horny, 
hispid,  multispiral,  and  having  an  external  limy  layer  composed  of  small  grains 
like  beads,  spirally  disposed.  In  Arene  cruentata.  I  find  the  operculum  solid, 
thick,  multispiral,  with  hardly  a  trace  of  horny  matter  except  at  the  margin. 
Externally  it  is  concave,  with  a  small  central  pit  corresponding  to  a  small 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  337 

round  elevation  on  the  inner  side.     It  is  thinner  here  than  elsewhere,  and 
weathered  opercula  have  always  a  central  perforation. 

The  minute  variegated  Liotia  (Arene)  miniata  of  the  West  Indies  has  a 
similar  operculum,  as  does  A.  tricarinata  Stearns.  L.  Briareus  Dall  has  an 
operculum  like  that  described  by  Arthur  Adams,  almost  wholly  horny,  exter- 
nally hispid,  with  a  row  of  beady  granules  on  each  whorl  of  the  operculum. 
In  Liotia  Bairdii  the  operculum  seems  to  want  even  the  granules,  and  to  be 
wholly  horny. 

The  sculpture  is  of  two  kinds;  one,  a  fine  shagreening  which  generally  covers 
the  whole  surface  and  is  only  visible  under  a  lens;  it  seems  to  be  invariable 
in  the  same  species.  The  other  sculpture  consists  of  spiral  ridges,  or  of  scales, 
spines,  knobs,  etc.,  which  are  very  inconstant  and  not  characteristic  even  of 
the  species  in  some  cases.  An  examination  of  the  dentition  shows  it  closely 
related  to  that  of  Delphinula,  as  might  have  been  expected. 

The  umbilicus  varies  from  barely  pervious  (L.  Biisii  Dkr.,  etc.)  to  nearly 
plane  in  the  genus,  and  from  perforate  to  wide  in  different  individuals  of  the 
same  species,  much  as  with  some  of  the  small  Gibbulas.  The  elevation  of  the 
spire  often  differs  considerably  in  different  specimens  of  the  same  species,  and 
the  color  markings  are  admitted  on  all  sides  to  be  as  variable  as  they  are  bright 
and  elegant. 

The  species  of  our  southern  coast  and  the  Antilles  appear  to  be  as  fol- 
lows :  — 

Liotia,  Section  Arene. 

Liotia  Briareus  Dall.  Liotia  cruentata  Miihlf. 

Liotia  Bairdii  Dall.  Liotia  variabilis  Dall. 

Liotia  Biisii  Dunker.  Liotia  tricarinata  Stearns. 
Liotia  miniata  Dall. 

Subgenus   Lippistes. 
Lippistes  acrilla  Dall.  Lippistes  amabilis  Dall. 

Subgenus   Laxispira. 
Laxispira  nitida  Verrill. 

"  Circulus"  formosissimus  Brugnone  of  the  Mediterranean  is  also  a  Lippistes, 
allied  to  L.  acrilla. 

"  Delphinula  "  tuberculosa  Orbigny  (tuberculata  on  the  plate,  which  was  pub- 
lished first,  Trochus  Schrammi  of  Fischer  according  to  the  Beau  catalogue)  is 
almost  certainly  a  Fossarus.  C>/clostrema  Schrammi  Fischer  may  perhaps 
prove  to  be  an  extremely  young  Lippistes. 


388  BULLETIN   OF  THE 

Liotia  (Arene)  Briareus  Dall. 

Plate  XXIV.  Figs.  5,  5  a. 

Turbo  (Liotia?)  Briareus  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  52,  1881. 

Habitat.  Station  60,  off  Havana,  in  80-480  fms.  Station  20,  off  Bahia 
Honda,  Cuba,  in  220  fins.,  bottom  temperature  62°.0  F.  Station  166,  off 
Guadelupe,  in  150  fms.,  sand,  bottom  temperature  about  60°.0  F.,  one  living 
specimen.     Station  272,  off  Barbados,  in  76  fms.,  sand  and  shell. 

The  alcoholic  specimen  was  well  preserved.  The  operculum  has  been  al- 
ready referred  to.  Its  outer  margin  is  produced  into  a  thin  lamina,  which 
persists,  and  splits  radially,  giving  a  hispid  appearance  to  the  outside  surface 
of  the  operculum,  which  contains  about  twenty  turns.  The  inner  surface  is 
golden  brown,  very  polished,  and  with  a  small  central  knob  corresponding  to 
the  deep  indentation  of  the  outer  surface.  The  muzzle  is  long  and  rounded; 
the  tentacles  long  and  slender;  the  eyes  large  and  black  on  distinct  pedicels. 
The  epipodial  fringe  shows  a  moderate  lobe  of  triangular  shape  just  behind 
the  eye,  but  not  extended  to  the  eye  peduncle;  and  there  are  four  well-marked 
long  lateral  processes  on  each  side  as  large  as  the  tentacles,  and  two  more 
smaller  ones  peep  out  from  under  the  edges  of  the  operculum.  The  foot  is 
rather  broad,  squarish  and  simple  in  front,  rounded  behind,  short.  The  sides 
of  the  foot  are  yellowish  with  numerous  brown  specks;  there  are  some  specks 
of  the  same  kind  between  the  tentacles.  Front  of  the  head  devoid  of  lappets 
or  other  appendages.  With  the  above  exceptions  the  exposed  parts  are  yellow- 
ish. There  is  a  single  rather  narrow  gill.  The  anus  forms  an  elongated 
papilla.  I  could  find  no  jaw.  The  radula  is  small  and  short  The  formula 
js  5  -i-  5  +  i+5^.?.  The  rhachidian  tooth  is  like  that  of  Delplrinula ;  there 
are  five  simple-cusped  broad-based  laterals,  the  fourth  and  fifth  larger  than 
the  inner  ones.  There  are  numerous  slender  simple  uncini  with  long  scythe- 
shaped  cusps. 

The  shell  of  this  species  is  suoject  to  extraordinary  variations.  Beside  the 
normal  and  typical  form,  figured  with  erect  long  channelled  spines,  there  is 
a  variety  in  which  the  umbilicus  is  nearly  closed  and  the  spines  rather  short. 
These  specimens  are  also  of  a  darker  and  duller  red,  and  perhaps  a  little  less 
elevated. 

A  still  more  remarkable  variety  is  destitute  of  any  spines  or  ridges  whatever. 
The  general  form  is  the  same,  the  places  of  the  spiny  spiral  ridges  are  marked 
by  the  red  color  and  the  interspaces  by  white;  yet  there  is  nothing  left  of  the 
ridges  but  the  color,  except  on  the  very  early  whorls.  The  surface  shagreening 
is  retained.  The  shell  is  rose-colored.  For  the  first  I  would  propose  the  va- 
rietal name  of  perforata,  and  for  the  second  that  of  aspina. 

This  species  may  be  distinguished  from  L.  Bairdii  by  the  sharp  wavy  sha- 
greening of  its  surface  and  the  heavy  shelly  coat  on  the  operculum,  in  general 
also  by  the  larger  umbilicus,  flatter  base  and  basal  sculpture,  and  by  the  long, 
erect,  thin   trough-like   spines.      The  strong  carina  or  ridge   bordering   the 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  389 

umbilicus  seems  to  be  constant  even  in  the  variety  aspina,  while  in  L.  Bairdii 
the  sculpture  rounds  pretty  evenly  toward  the  smaller  and  hardly  sculptured 
umbilical  perforation. 

Liotia  Bairdii  n  s. 

Plate  XXXIII.  Fig.  8. 

Shell  of  much  the  same  general  form  as  L.  Briareus,  but  having  nodnled 
instead  of  spinose  ridges  and  a  finer  and  less  evident  surface  sculpture,  which 
follows  the  incremental  lines,  and  is  not  wavy,  raised,  and  sharp,  as  in  Briareus. 
On  the  last  whorl  there  are  six  basal,  two  peripheral,  and  three  superior  re- 
volving ridcres.     The  suture  is  channelled,  and  the  middle  one  of  the  three 

no  ' 

upper  spirals  is  smaller  than  the  two  others,  which  gives  a  slight  tabulation  to 
the  spire.  It  has  five  whorls  and  a  small  smooth  nucleus.  Like  L.  Briareus, 
there  is  hardly  any  varix  at  the  aperture  of  the  adult,  though  this  is  slightly 
reflected ;  the  margin  is  machicolated  by  the  squarish  ends  of  the  spiral  ridges, 
when  these  are  strong.  The  umbilicus  is  small,  the  base  in  the  adult  rounds 
into  it,  within  there  is  a  single  rounded  spiral  ridge,  but  no  spines  or  nodules. 
The  outer  basal  spiral  is  larger  than  the  others,  and  separated  from  the  others 
by  wider  channels.  The  color  is  whitish,  more  or  less  maculated,  or  wholly 
overspread  by  a  dull  livid  red,  much  less  attractive  than  the  delicate  color  of 
the  preceding  species.  The  size  of  the  largest  specimens  is  rather  less  than  in 
Briareus.     Operculum  horny.     Max.  alt.,  6.0;  max.  diam.,  6.0  mm. 

L.  Bairdii  var.  trullata.  Shell  having  the  nodules  produced  into  squarish 
spines,  which  are  produced  parallel  to  the  surface  of  the  whorl  and  flattened, 
with  fine  longitudinal  striation  outside.  These  widen  toward  their  distal  ends, 
and  recall  the  appearance  of  trees  which  have  grown  exposed  to  a  steady  wind 
in  one  direction.  They  are  hardly  at  all  concave  on  the  under  side,  and  are 
pretty  uniform  over  the  base  and  all  the  rest  of  the  shell,  smaller  on  the 
smaller  spiral  ridges. 

Habitat.  Station  2,  in  805  fms. ;  Sand  Key,  in  15  fms. ;  Sigstee,  off  Havana, 
in  127  fms.  Also  at  Stations  2595,  2596,  and  2612  of  the  U.  S.  Fish  Com- 
mission, in  50-60  fms.,  twenty  miles  off  the  North  Carolina  coast,  and  at 
Stations  2317  and  2318,  living,  in  45  fms.,  off  Key  West. 

Liotia  tricarinata  Stearns. 

Architectonica  tricarinata  Stearns,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  for  1872,  p.  23,  Jan., 
1872. 

Habitat.  West  of  Florida,  in  15  fms.  U.  S.  Fish  Commission  Stations 
2598,  2608,  2610,  2615,  2617,  and  2619,  in  14-22  fms.,  gravel,  off  the  coast  of 
North  Carolina.  Caloosahatchie  Pliocene  beds,  near  Fort  Thompson,  on  the 
Caloosahatchie  Kiver,  South  Florida,  Dall. 

Some  of  the  fossil  specimens  of  this  very  pretty  little  species  are  nearly 
twice  as  large  as  any  which  have  yet  been  dredged  in  the  recent  state. 


390  BULLETIN    OF    THE 

Liotia  miniata  n.  s. 

Plate  XXVIII.  Fig.  11. 

Shell  minute,  white,  picked  out  with  streaks  of  pale  brown,  or  dots,  or  radi- 
ating blotches  of  bright  rose-color.  Whorls  about  three,  surface  finely  sha- 
greened  in  a  granular  manner;  no  radiating  sculpture  other  than  incremental 
lines;  spiral  sculpture  of,  on  the  last  whorl,  one  generally  minutely  nodulous 
small  spiral  rib  at  the  suture,  one  strong  spiral  not  nodulous  near  the  periph- 
ery, another  at  the  periphery,  and  on  the  edge  of  and  within  the  wide  umbili- 
cus two  or  three  very  strong  evenly  noduled  spirals,  the  outer  forming  the  bor- 
der or  umbilical  carina,  the  others  ascending  within  the  umbilicus,  all  separated 
by  very  deep  channels.  On  the  outer  surface  there  are  occasionally  fainter 
intercalary  spirals.  Suture  distinct,  hardly  channelled.  Aperture  circular, 
slightly  varicose  in  the  adult.  Operculum  chiefly  calcareous,  multispiral, 
concave,  with  a  central  perforation  when  weathered.  Max.  diam.,  2.5;  min. 
diam.,  2.0;  alt.,  2.0  mm. 

Habitat.  Barbados,  in  15  fms.  Nassau,  N.  P.,  and  Samana  Bay,  Santo 
Domingo,  dead  on  beach,  DalL 

This  pretty  little  shell  has  much  the  general  appearance  of  L.  tricarinata  on 
a  much  smaller  scale  and  with  a  different  umbilicus  and  details  of  sculpture. 

Liotia  variabilis  n.  s. 

Plate  XXIII.  Figs.  2,  2  a. 

Shell  trochiform,  white  or  waxen,  of  about  five  turns,  with  a  minute  smooth 
nucleus;  suture  distinct,  channelled;  radiating  sculpture  of  sharp  close  ele- 
vated lamellae,  a  good  deal  like  those  of  L.  Briarcus  but  less  elevated  and 
irregular,  more  nearly  conforming  to  the  lines  of  growth;  these  are  continuous 
over  the  whole  surface.  Spiral  sculpture  consisting,  on  the  last  whorl  of  the 
adult,  of  a  ridge  near  the  suture,  with  a  much  smaller  adjacent  one  just  out- 
side of  it;  a  very  stout  spiral  near  the  periphery,  another  at  the  periphery,  an- 
other below  and  slightly  within  the  periphery  which  forms  the  basal  margin. 
There  is  a  stout  rib  with  pointed  nodules  at  the  edge  of  the  umbilicus,  a  groove 
outside  this,  then  a  much  finer  spiral  with  rounded  nodules;  between  this  and 
the  basal  margin  the  flattened  area  has  five  or  six  fine  simple  raised  spirals, 
crossed  by  the  surface  lamellae.  The  umbilicus  is  small,  mostly  smooth,  with, 
in  the  typical  form,  a  single  spiral  thread  bearing  sparse  lamellar  spines  near 
the  umbilical  carina.  Aperture  nearly  circular,  hardly  reflected,  produced 
above  with  a  small  row  of  faint  round  tubercles  on  the  lower  edge  just  within 
the  margin.  Operculum  multispiral,  horny,  dotted  with  bead-like  limy 
granules.     Max.  diam.,  6.0;  min.  diam.,  5.0;  alt.,  4.5  mm. 

Variety  microforis.  Shell  with  radiating  undulations  which  granulate  the 
basal  sculpture,  and  with  the  last  whorl  so  compactly  coiled  as  nearly  or  quite 
to  close  the  umbilicus. 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY.  391 

Habitat.  Station  134,  near  Santa  Cruz,  in  248  fins.,  sand,  living,  bottom 
temperature  54°. 5  F.  Station  22,  off  Bahia  Honda,  Cuba,  in  220  fms.,  bottom 
temperature  62°.0.  Stations  296  and  300,  Barbados,  in  82-84  fms.,  bottom  tem- 
perature 60°  to  61°.5.  Barbados,  100  fms.  Sand  Key,  in  80  fms.  U.  S.  Fish 
Commission  Stations  2595  and  2610,  off  the  coast  of  North  Carolina,  in  22-63  fms., 
"ravel. 

The  variety:  Station  36,  off  Cuba,  in  84  fms.,  bottom  temperature  60°.0. 
Off  Sombrero,  in  54  fms.  Off  Havana,  Sigsbee,  in  80  fms.  Station  273,  Bar- 
bados, in  103  fms.,  bottom  temperature  59°. 5.  Station  247,  off  Grenada,  in 
170  fins.,  gray  ooze,  bottom  temperature  53°. 5  F. 

The  spiral  sculpture  in  this  species  may  be,  and  generally  is,  either  nodu- 
lous, or  marked  with  strong  imbrications  which  sometimes  become  spines.  In 
some  specimens  and  especially  in  young  ones  we  may  have  the  imbrications 
absent  and  the  shell  marked  with  flexuous  radii,  which  sculpture  the  interspaces, 
but  not,  or  only  slightly,  the  carinas.  In  other  specimens  the  fine  spirals  are 
absent  from  the  base,  which  is  then  marked  with  flexuous  raised  radii,  or  by 
irregularly  elevated,  radiating,  not  very  prominent  granulations.  The  young 
shells  are  proportionally  less  elevated,  and  have  a  larger  umbilicus.  No  trace 
of  color  has  been  observed  on  any  of  the  specimens  examined. 


Subgenus  LIPPISTES   Montfort. 
Lippistes  acrilla  n.  a. 

Plate  XXXII.  .Figs.  6,  11. 

Shell  thin,  white,  planorboid,  of  three  and  a  half  whorls;  radiating  sculpture 
of  about  fifteen  ridges,  faint  on  the  base  and  summit,  making  small  nodules 
where  they  cross  the  fine  spirals,  and  prominent  and  strong  on  the  periphery 
between  the  three  peripheral  carina? .  Other  radiations  are  only  due  to  lines  of 
growth  which  are  sometimes  slightly  elevated.  Spiral  sculpture  of  three 
prominent  and  strong  peripheral  ridges,  of  which  the  uppermost  forms  the  chief 
periphery,  the  others  being  slightly  nearer  the  axis;  between  these,  nearly 
square  deep  reticulations  are  formed  by  the  radiating  ridges  before  described. 
Beside  these  there  are  three  faint  spirals  on  the  upper  and  three  on  the  basal 
surface,  nodulated  at  their  intersections  with  the  radii.  Umbilicus  ample; 
inner  margin  of  the  aperture  nearly  circular,  the  outer  part  modified  by  the 
sculpture.     Max.  diam.,  4.3;  min.  diam.,  3.0;  alt.,  2.0  mm. 

Habitat.  Garden  Key,  Tortugas,  Florida,  among  small  beach  shells  sent  by 
a  correspondent  to  the  U.  S.  National  Museum. 

The  specimen  looks  as  if  not  quite  adult.  It  differs  from  L.  formosissima 
Brugnone,  of  the  Mediterranean,  in  having  three  strong  peripheral  costae  in- 
stead of  one,  and  three  above  and  below  instead  of  one  in  each  situation. 


392  BULLETIN   OF  THE 

Lippistes  amabilis  n.  s. 

Plate  XXXII.  Figs.  9,  13 

Shell  small,  yellowish  white,  planorboid,  of  about  four  whorls,  including  a 
minute  smooth  nucleus.  Whorls  rounded,  barely  touching,  not  constantly 
contiguous  but  normally  enrolled.  Spiral  sculpture  of  on  the  upper  side  six, 
on  the  periphery  four,  and  on  the  base  six  rounded  threads,  the  peripheral  ones 
rather  larger  than  the  others,  all  with  narrower  interspaces;  radiating  sculpture 
comprising,  first,  fine  elevated  lamellae  covering  the  whole  shell  evenly  and 
giving  it  a  slightly  spongy  aspect;  secondly,  on  the  last  whorl,  about  ten  ele- 
vations, not  perceptibly  continuous  over  the  top  of  the  shell  but  prominent, 
over  the  periphery  and  reflected  backward  like  incomplete  varices.  The  outer 
whorl  is  coiled  over  these  so  that  the  whorl  inside  only  touches  the  outer  one 
by  these  prominences.  They  are  not  continuous  over  the  base,  but  within  the 
ample  umbilicus  are  two  rows  of  small  prominences  corresponding  in  number 
to  those  on  the  periphery.  Aperture  circular,  with  a  complete  circular  varix 
which  is  radiately  crenulated.  The  apex  is  sunk  below  the  top  of  the  last 
whorl.  Max.  diain.,  5.0;  min.  diam.,  3.0;  alt.  (or  diameter  of  terminal  varix), 
2.0  mm. 

Habitat.     Off  Havana,  in  80  fms.,  Sigsbee. 

This  most  lovely  and  very  remarkable  little  shell  is  like  nothing  else  which 
has  been  described  as  far  as  I  know,  and  is  so  distinct  as  to  need  no  com- 
parisons. 

Family   CYCLOSTREMATID^. 

Genus  VITRINELLA   C.  B.  Adams. 

Vitrinella  Holmesii  Dall. 

Cuchliulepis parasiticus  Holmes,  Post  Pliocene  Foss.  S.  Car.,  p.  93,  pi.  xiv,  figs.  9,  9  a,  b, 
1860.    Not  of  Stimpson,  1858. 

I  have  already  called  attention  to  this  species. 

Vitrinella  (EpiscyniaV)  multicarinata  n.  s. 
Vitrinella  multicarinata  Stimpson,  MS.,  in  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus. 

Shell  small,  depressed,  translucent  whitish,  polished,  four  or  five  whorled, 
carinated.  Radiating  sculpture  of  flexuous  incremental  lines,  faint  above,  more 
strongly  marked  on  the  base;  a  sharp  peripheral  thread  or  carina  (below 
which  tbe  suture  is  applied)  is  microscopically  serrate  by  the  lines  of  growth; 
above  and  below  this  are  two  or  more  carinas,  faint  angulations  of  the  surface, 
conspicuous  in  the  fresh  shell  as  the  epidermis  is  produced  into  a  fringe  upon 
them,   though   not  on    the   peripheral   thread.     Whorls   moderately   rounded 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  393 

above  and  below.  Umbilicus  deep,  scalar,  not  very  wide,  with  vertical  walls, 
vertically  striate,  and  sometimes  with  a  few  spiral  grooves;  aperture  trans- 
versely ovate,  margins  simple,  sharp ;  epidermis  thin,  yellowish,  conspicuous 
only  on  the  carinse.     Max.  diam.,  3.0;  alt.,  1.5  mm. 

Habitat.  Off  Hatteras,  in  15  fms.,  U.  S.  Fish  Commission.  Florida,  Stimp- 
son  and  Jewett. 

This  species  differs  from  V.  gemma  Holmes,  in  being  more  depressed  and 
having  more  keels.     It  is  also  smaller. 

Genus  CYCLOSTREMA  Marrtat. 

Several  species  of  this  group  are  found  in  the  western  part  of  the  Atlantic, 
though  for  the  most  part  in  the  cooler  area.  Among  them  are  C.  trochoides 
Jeffreys,  which  has  received  the  name  of  C.  affine  from  Prof.  Verrill.  A  care- 
ful comparison  of  types  leaves  no  doubt  as  to  the  identity  of  these  two  forms, 
for  which  Jeffreys's  name  has  precedence. 

Of  the  identity  of  Cyclostrema  diaphanum  Verrill  (1884)  with  C.  (Ti-ochus) 
fulgidus  Jeffreys  (1883),  as  claimed  by  Dr.  Jeffreys,  I  anl  not  at  all  satisfied. 
All  these  small  shells  are  very  similar,  but  so  far  as  they  have  any  characters 
these  two  would  appear  to  differ.  On  the  other  hand,  C.  Dalli  Verrill  (de- 
scribed in  1880)  is  extremely  close  to  and  probably  identical  with  C.  fulgidus. 
C.  Dalli  var.  ornatum  Verrill  would  appear  to  be  a  good  species,  and  possibly 
may  be  a  Molleria,  as  a  specimen  I  have  from  near  Cape  Fear  shows  a  shelf, 
as  if  for  the  thick  operculum,  inside  the  extreme  margin. 

A  few  interesting  species  can  be  added  to  the  list,  though  some  doubt  at- 
taches to  the  generic  reference  in  the  absence  of  the  soft  parts  and  operculum. 

Cyclostrema  turbinum  n.  s. 

Plate  XXXIII.  Fig.  5. 

Shell  small,  thin,  subconic,  with  four  rounded  whorls  and  a  minute  glassy 
nucleus;  radiating  sculpture  of  fine  oblique  incremental  lines,  which  on  the 
early  whorls  rise  into  very  fine  threads,  visible  crossing  the  interspaces  of  the 
spiral  sculpture;  spiral  sculpture  of  (on  the  last  whorl)  about  seven  strong 
smooth  even  cinguli  on  the  top  of  the  whorl,  and  fourteen  or  fifteen  more 
rather  smaller  from  the  periphery  to  the  brink  of  the  umbilicus;  there  are 
also  a  few  finer  ones,  especially  three  near  the  suture,  and  occasionally  some 
spiral  striation  faintly  indicated;  on  the  top  of  the  whorl  the  interspaces  are 
about  twice  as  wide  as  the  threads,  but  not  so  wide  on  the  base.  The  whorls, 
periphery,  and  base  are  evenly  rounded,  the  suture  distinct,  not  channelled; 
the  umbilicus  perforate,  with  smoothish  walls;  aperture  half  as  high  as  the 
shell,  oblique,  nearly  circular,  with  sharp,  simple,  slightly  expanded  edges. 
Max.  diam.,  3.25;  alt.,  2.75  mm. 

Habitat.     Off  Havana,  in  80  fms.,  Sigsbee. 


394  BULLETIN   OF  THE 

The  brownish  tint  of  the  single  specimen  may  be  accidental;  when  fresh,  it 
is  probably  white. 

Cyclostrema  pompholyx  n.  s. 

Plate  XXVIII.  Fig.  9. 

Shell  white,  polished,  thin,  with  three  rounded,  rapidly  enlarging  whorls. 
Sculpture  of  tine  incremental  strias;  suture  deep  but  not  channelled;  whorls 
very  round,  but  the  spire  hardly  rising  above  the  last  whorl;  base  rounded,  with 
a  very  narrow  umbilicus,  into  which  the  whorl  descends  without  any  angle  or 
other  change  of  curve;  aperture  large,  circular,  the  upper  part  a  little  angulated 
at  the  suture,  margin  simple,  sharp,  somewhat  expanded  but  hardly  reflected. 
Max.  diam.  of  base,  4.2;  min.  diam.,  3.0;  alt.,  3.0  mm. 

Habitat.     Station  2,  Gulf  of  Mexico,  in  805  fins. 

I  am  in  doubt  as  to  the  generic  place  of  this  species,  so  simple  in  its  charac- 
ters and  without  the  soft  parts.  I  had  thought  of  putting  it  under  Choristes 
or  with  Vitrinella,  and  finally,  in  placing  it  here,  feel  by  no  means  satisfied 
that  the  choice  is  a  correct  one. 


Cyclostrema  cistronium  n.  s. 

Shell  small,  white,  with  a  polished  nucleus,  one  and  a  half  rounded  and  as 
many  more  carinated  whorls;  spire  depressed;  radiating  sculpture  of  fine  close 
flexuous  threads,  which  appear  chiefly  in  the  interspaces  of  the  spirals,  giving 
the  surface  a  minutely  punctate  appearance;  these  extend  over  the  whole  sur- 
face except  of  the  nuclear  whorls;  spiral  sculpture  of  on  the  summit  seven 
or  eight,  between  the  carina?  six  or  eight,  and  on  the  base  ten  or  fifteen  ex- 
tremely fine  threads,  even  and  uniform,  with  about  equal  interspaces,  some  a 
little  granular  from  the  radiating  sculpture;  beside  these  there  are  three  very 
strong  carina?;  one  furms  the  margin  of  the  nearly  flat  spire,  the  second  extends 
horizontally  just  below  the  periphery,  the  space  between  them  deeply  ex- 
cavated; the  third  forms  the  edge  of  the  funicular  narrow  deep  umbilicus. 
The  base  is  conical,  excavated  just  within  the  peripheral  carina;  it  rises  to  the 
edge  of  the  umbilicus,  wThich  is  marked  by  a  strong  thread,  and  within  is 
vertically  striated.  The  last  whorl  descends  from  the  general  plane,  and  finally 
becomes  separated  from  the  body  wdiorl ;  the  margin  is  simple,  sharply  angu- 
lated by  the  carinations,  otherwise  the  aperture  would  be  ovate,  with  the  colu- 
mellar  side  somewhat  excavated.     Alt.,  1.6;  max.  diam.,  2.0  mm. 

Habitat.  Off  the  coast  of  North  Carolina,  in  22-63  fins.,  sand  and  gravel, 
in  the  warmer  area. 

This  is  a  very  strongly  marked  species,  in  its  sculpture  recalling  C.  Vcrreauxi 
Fischer,  which  is  larger,  less  elevated,  with  a  proportionally  larger  umbilicus, 
and  has  not  the  deflected  aperture.  The  latter  recalls  the  characters  of  Tubiola 
divisa  J.  Adams,  which  is  otherwise  very  different. 


MUSEUM    OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  395 


Cyclostrema  granulum  n.  s. 

Among  the  small  shells  from  Samana  Bay  I  have  found  a  little  Cyclostrema, 
which,  as  it  appears  undescribed,  I  have  called  C.  granulum,  and  which  is 
about  1.0  mm.  in  height  and  breadth.  It  is  much  the  shape  of  0.  turbinum, 
but  more  elevated  and  compact,  having  ten  or  twelve  fine  strong  spiral  cinguli, 
under  which  are  finer  radiating  raised  incremental  lines.  It  is  white  with  a 
rounded  base  and  perforate  umbilicus,  three  whorls,  a  nearly  circular  aperture, 
with  slightly  thickened  or  expanded  margin.  For  so  small  a  shell  it  seems 
remarkably  solid  and  strong.     It  must  be  one  of  the  smallest  of  the  genus. 

Section  GRANIGYRA  Dall. 

Shell  covered  with  small  pustules  or  granules,  like  those  on  Poromya  or 
Plectodon. 

Cyclostrema  (Granigyra)  limatum  n.  s. 

Shell  small,  white,  almost  exactly  the  shape  of  Trochus  fulgidus  Jeffreys, 
but  a  little  smaller,  with  three  extremely  rounded  whorls  covered  with  small 
close-set  irregular  granulations  of  nearly  uniform  size  like  sand-grains;  base 
with  a  small  perforate  umbilicus,  into  which  the  whorl  rounds  without  carina, 
callus,  or  break  of  any  kind.  Aperture  circular,  margins  thin,  sharp,  uniform, 
not  reflected.     Max.  diam.,  2.5;  alt.,  2.5  mm. 

Habitat.     Station  19,  off  Bahia  Honda,  Cuba,  in  310  fms. 

This  singular  little  shell  is  a  typical  Cyclostrema  in  its  conchological  features, 
except  for  its  granular  surface.  The  latter  recalls  that  of  Poromtja,  but  is  finer 
and  less  regular. 


Super-Family  DICRANOBRANCHIA. 

Family   HALIOTIDiE. 

Genus   HALIOTIS  Linne. 

Haliotis  Pourtalesii  Dall. 

Haliotis  [Padollus)  Pourtalesii  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  79,  1881. 

Habitat.  Bed  of  the  Gulf  Stream,  in  200  fms.,  near  the  Florida  Beefs, 
Pourtales,  March  31,  1869. 

No  additional  information  has  yet  been  received  in  regard  to  this  species. 
The  type  specimen  was  destroyed  in  the  great  fire  at  Chicago,  together  with 
the  other  collections  of  the  Academy  of  Sciences  and  of  Pourtales,  which  had 
been  intrusted  to  Dr.  Stimpson  for  study.  It  is  the  only  representative  of 
the  genus  on  the  eastern  coast  of  America. 


396  BULLETIN   OF  THE 


Family  SCISSURELLIDjE. 

Genus  SCISSURELLA  Orbigny. 

Section  SCHIZOTROCHUS  Monterosato. 
Scissurella  crispata  Fleming. 

This  widely  spread  species  has  been  found  off  the  eastern  coast  of  the  United 
States  by  the  U.  S.  Fish  Commission,  the  Challenger,  and  by  Dr.  Rush  of  the 
U.  S.  Navy. 

Section  SCISSURELLA  s.  s. 

Scissurella  alta  Watson. 

Scissurella  alta  Watson,  Chall.  Rep.  Gastr.,  p.  113,  pi.  viii.  fig.  1,  1885 

Habitat.  Off  Barbados,  in  100  fms.,  Blake  Expedition.  Off  Culebra  Island, 
Antilles,  in  390  fms.,  Challenger. 

A  single  specimen  of  this  interesting  species  was  found  in  the  mud  filling  a 
larger  shell  from  the  above  locality. 

Family  PLEUROTOMARIID^. 

Pleurotomanidce  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  77,  1881. 

I  cannot  follow  Dr.  Fischer  in  placing  the  Scissurellidie  in  this  family.  The 
differences  of  the  radula  alone  seem  sufficient  to  separate  them,  and  the  absence 
of  cirri  on  the  epipodium,  as  well  as  the  peculiar  lappets  of  Scissurella,  confirm 
the  division,  from  my  point  of  view. 

Genus   PLEUROTOMARIA   Sowerbt. 

Pleurotomaria  J.  Sowerby,  Min.  Conch.,  III.  p.  139,  pi.  cclxxviii.,  Dec,  1821. 
Pleurotomaire  (in)  Defrance,  Tabl.  des  corps  Foss.,  p.  114,  1824.     (No  description.) 
Pleurotomaria  "  Defrance,"  J.  de  C.  Sowerby,  Min.   Conch.,   VII.  p.  69,  pi.  640. 

Nov.,  1844. 
Pleurotomaria  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  78,  1881.  .  H.  Woodward,  Geol.  Mag.,  II., 

1885,  p.  433. 

Dr.  H.  Woodward  in  his  excellent  paper  on  this  genus  has  overlooked  the 
application  of  the  name  Pleurotomaria,  and  the  statement  of  its  essential  char- 
acter, by  James  Sowerby,  in  1821.  The  facts  are  :  1.  James  Sowerby  uses  and 
defines  the  name  in  1821,  though  he  does  not  definitely  adopt  it;  he  refers  it 
to  no  other  author.  2.  Defrance  never  published  the  name  Pleurotomaria ;  he 
used  a  French  form  of  it  in  his  table  of  fossils,  without  a  definition,  and  with- 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  397 

out  claiming  it  as  his  own,  or  differentiating  it  from  other  older  genera  quoted 
by  him,  three  years  after  its  use  by  James  Sowerby.  3.  Other  authors  have 
referred  to  Defrance  as  the  author  of  the  name,  but  without  stating  any  grounds 
for  it,  and  without  noticing  Sowerby's  original  use  of  it.  Hence  it  is  evident 
that  there  is  no  published  proof  that  the  name  is  due  to  any  one  but  Sowerby. 
What  tradition  may  assert,  or  heedless  quotation  have  established,  is  another 
matter,  with  which  I  do  not  feel  that  I  have  authority  to  deal. 

Section  PEROTROCHUS  Fischer. 
Pleurotomaria  (Perotrochus)  Quoyana  Fischer  &  Bernardi. 

Plate  XXIX.  Fig.  1.      Plate  XXXI.  Figs.  1,  lb,  1  c.     Plate  XXXVII.  Fig.  5. 

Pleurotomaria  Quoi/ana  Fischer  &  Bernardi,  Journ.  de  Concliyl.,  V.  p.  165,  pi.  v. 
figs.  1-3,  1856.  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  78,  1881.  Crosse,  Journ.  de 
Conchy  I.,  XXII.  p.  14,  1882.  Dall,  in  Agassiz,  Three  Cruises  of  the  Blake, 
II.  p.  69,  fig.  289,  Jan.,  1888. 

Habitat.  Station  290,  off  Barbados,  in  73  fms.,  coral  sand,  bottom  temper- 
ature 70°. 75.  Station  296,  off  Barbados,  in  84  fms.,  hard  bottom,  temperature 
61°. 5  F.  Island  of  Marie-Galante,  near  Guadelupe,  Fischer.  Station  2354, 
off  the  coast  of  Yucatan,  near  Arrowsmith  Bank  (dead),  in  130  fms.,  coral  bot- 
tom, U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

The  first  mentioned  specimen  was  a  little  defective  about  the  aperture, 
though  living.  It  is  in  the  U.  S.  National  Museum.  The  second,  also  living, 
is  perfect,  and  is  now  in  the  Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology  at  Cambridge. 
The  Fish  Commission  specimen,  also  in  the  National  Museum,  is  broken  some- 
what at  the  aperture,  but  otherwise  in  good  order.  All  these  shells  were  of 
nearly  uniform  size.  The  measurements  of  the  two  Washington  specimens 
are  as  follows.  Max.  diam.  at  base,  50.0  and  48.0;  min.  diam.,  47.0  and  43.0; 
max.  alt.  of  shell,  42.0  and  40.0;  width  of  notch  in  both,  2.5  mm.  Number 
of  whorls,  10  and  9^.     Height  of  the,  aperture,  15.0  and  13.5  mm. 

The  early  two  or  three  whorls  are  tilled  solidly  with  translucent  yellowish 
or  reddish  shelly  matter,  and  the  nucleus,  as  far  as  can  be  observed,  shows  no 
trace  of  a  notch.  This  form  belongs  to  the  section  Perotrochus  Fischer  (1885), 
but  I  do  not  think  the  value  of  most  of  these  sections  is  very  great.  They  are 
merely  convenient  means  of  arranging  large  numbers  of  species  which  do  not 
greatly  differ  from  one  another.  The  characters  of  the  radula  may,  however, 
validate  the  present  subdivision. 

The  animal  in  alcohol  is  of  a  yellowish  waxen  color,  varied  on  the  back  of 
the  tentacles,  and  on  the  upper  part  of  the  head  behind  the  tentacles,  with  fine 
black  transverse  lines,  corresponding  to  the  wrinkles  between  the  cuticular 
rugae.  This  led  to  the  suspicion  that  they  were  due  to  foreign  matter,  but 
both  specimens  presented  essentially  the  same  appearance.  The  whole  surface 
of  the  body  was  more  or  less  rugose.     The  parts  above  alluded  to  are  finely 


398  BULLETIN   OF   THE 

transversely  wrinkled.  The  rest  of  the  body  (excepting  the  base  of  the  foot) 
is  finely  granulose,  or  furnished  with  minute  close-set,  rounded,  short,  project- 
ing points  or  papilla?. 

The  head  is  moderately  long  and  rounded  much  as  in  most  Trochidce  ;  the 
muzzle  rounded,  its  distal  end  forming  a  well-defined  moderately  papillose 
rounded-ovate  disk;  the  mouth  is  about  in  the  centre,  with  a  deep  sulcus  ex- 
tending in  the  median  line  below  and  breaking  the  continuity  of  the  margin. 
The  tentacles  are  long,  slender,  subcylindrical,  rather  bluntly  pointed,  and 
wrinkled  in  a  longitudinal  direction,  probably  from  contraction  induced  by 
the  alcohol.  The  eyes  are  small,  round,  and  black;  the  cutis  above  them  has 
a  small  central  perforation,  so  that  the  oftice  of  a  lens  must  be  performed  by 
the  water  having  access  to  the  cup-shaped  cavity  within.  There  is  no  lens 
present. 

The  upper  surface  of  the  foot  is  widely  expanded  at  the  sides,  from  a  point  a 
little  behind  the  front  edge  of  the  foot  to  the  posterior  extremity.  This  expan- 
sion, though  differing  from  the  homologous  organ  in  the  Trochidce  in  its  form 
and  arrangement,  is  identical  with  the  epipodium  in  that  family.  It  is  broad, 
thin,  and  entire,  and  fringed,  as  is  the  free  edge  of  the  mantle,  with  a  single 
row  of  small  short  slender  papillae.  This  extends  back  to  the  extreme  termina- 
tion of  the  foot,  tbe  two  epipodial  expansions  not  uniting  behind.  There  are 
no  cirri,  tentacular  filaments,  lappets,  or  other  projections  to  the  epipodial  mar- 
gin, as  in  Scissurellidce  or  'Trochidce.  The  upper  surface  of  the  epipodium  is 
continuous  with  the  upper  surface  of  the  foot,  and  is  depressed  and  more  finely 
granular  than  the  outer  part.  About  the  centre  of  the  upper  surface  of  the 
body  behind  the  shell  is  the  operculigerous  lobe,  which  is  of  a  circular  form 
and  about  7.0  mm.  in  diameter.  The  depression  between  the  epipodia  extends 
to  the  posterior  termination  of  the  foot.  In  life  the  epipodia  are  thin  and  ex- 
tended, like  a  supplementary  mantle,  and  are  kept  closely  applied  to  the  shell 
as  if  supporting  it;  in  this  respect  differing  from  the  same  organs  in  the  Tro- 
chidce, where  they  extend,  like  organs  of  touch,  freely  into  the  water  on  each  side 
of  the  body,  and  only  incidentally  touch  the  shell. 

The  anterior  margin  of  the  foot  is  rounded,  and  perhaps  double,  but  the 
duplication  is  evidently  not  deep,  and  is  hardly  visible  in  the  contracted  speci- 
mens before  me.  This  organ  is  very  muscular  in  this  group.  The  posterior 
end  is  not  very  acutely  pointed. 

The  operculum  is  nearly  circular,  small  for  the  size  of  the  shell,  its  greatest 
diameter  being  only  7.5  mm.,  and  its  smallest  diameter  7.0  mm.  Within 
this  range  it  has  ten  narrow  whorls,  smooth  or  lightly  striated  with  incre- 
mental lines  on  both  sides,  of  a  brown  color,  thicker  toward  the  margin  and 
having  its  central  point  impressed  slightly  from  the  exterior. 

The  length  of  the  (contracted)  foot  is  about  33  mm.,  the  width  between 
the  tentacles  is  about  7  mm.,  and  the  tentacles  are  about  10  mm.  long.  The 
mantle  is  thin,  its  edge  resembles  that  of  the  epipodia,  but,  as  preserved,  the 
individual  papilla)  of  the  fringe  seem  a  little  larger  and  stouter.  In  life  they 
extend  along  the  margin  of  the  notch,  and  are  visible  from  the  outside.     Be- 


MUSEUM    OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  399 

hind  the  head  and  foot,  in  the  two  specimens  dissected,  the  soft  parts  were 
totally  decayed  and  lost,  having  probably  been  left  too  long  out  of  alcohol  in  the 
tropical  temperature  after  the  draughtsman  had  made  his  drawings.  Nothing 
remained  of  the  gills,  and  only  the  anterior  lobes  of  the  mantle,  the  appearance 
of  which  in  life  is  preserved  by  the  drawings  made  from  the  living  animal. 

The  cavity  of  the  mouth  is  large,  and  the  muscles  which  move  the  buccal 
mass  are  prominent  and  strong.  There  are  no  functional  mandibles;  the 
jaws,  if  such  they  may  be  called,  are  disproportionately  small  and  weak.  They 
consist  of  two  quadrate  smooth  horny  pieces  about  1.5  mm.  square,  meeting 
above  in  the  median  line  at  the  anterior  upper  portion  of  the  oral  cavity. 
They  are  attached  over  their  whole  extent,  flatly  to  the  roof  of  the  mouth, 
have  no  cutting  edge,  in  fact  are  too  soft  and  weak  to  cut  anything,  and  evi- 
dently only  serve  the  purpose  of  defending  the  surface  to  which  they  are  fixed 
from  the  attrition  of  the  teeth  of  the  radula  below  them. 

The  radula  is  long  and  its  central  part  is  of  a  very  dark  red  brown.  There  is 
a  narrow  pointed  rhachidian  tooth,  with  a  slightly  curved  simple  tip.  The 
other  teeth  are  arranged  in  three  series.  The  laterals  proper  ars  twenty-six  in 
number,  and  the  line  forms  a  very  acute  angle  on  each  side  of  the  rhachidian 
tooth,  which  would  occupy  a  position  a  little  within  the  apex  of  this  angle. 
The  largest  laterals  are  those  near  the  rhachidian  tooth;  they  have  simple  broad 
cusps  and  narrower  bases;  a  faint  midrib  was  visible  on  some  of  them  near  the 
base.  They  grow  gradually  smaller  and  shorter  from  the  centre  outward, 
though  preserving  a  general  similarity  of  form ;  the  outer  five  are  without  cusps, 
and  are  little  more  than  pointed  lamellae.  Outside  of  the  laterals  are  two 
series  of  uncini;  the  inner  series  or  major  uncini  are  large,  strongly  curved, 
with  scythe-shaped  cusps,  having  from  one  to  three  denticles  nearly  as  large  as 
the  principal  cusp.  Those  nearer  the  rhachis  have  more  and  the  outer  ones 
have  fewer  denticles,  the  outer  ones  are  also  a  little  shorter  and  more  slender. 
As  nearly  as  I  could  determine  there  were  eighteen  (possibly  twenty)  of  these 
uncini,  their  tips  forming  an  arch  raised  above  the  median  teeth  and  also  above 
the  minor  uncini.  The  successive  rows  in  a  general  view  of  the  radula  look 
like  successive  waves  running  in  at  an  angle  less  oblique  to  the  median  line 
than  the  teeth  on  the  rhachis.  The  minor  laterals  form  a  very  numerous  se- 
ries of  decidedly  smaller  and  more  transparent  teeth,  which  series,  though  really 
inclined  toward  the  median  line  at  a  very  acute  angle,  appears  parallel  with  it. 
The  uncini  so  overlap  and  confuse  with  one  another  as  to  make  it  impossible  to 
state  witli  confidence  the  exact  number  in  a  single  transverse  series;  I  believe 
it  to  be  more  than  forty,  and  probably  less  than  fifty.  They  are  slender, 
spatulifonn,  nearly  straight  transparent  lamellae,  whose  weakness  contrasts 
strongly  with  the  stout  arched  dentate  broad-cusped  major  laterals. 

The  major  and  minor  laterals  respectively  are  set  in  series  on  a  compact 
solid  base,  common  to  all  of  the  teeth  in  that  series  belonging  to  one  transverse 
set,  and  not  very  clearly  separated  from  the  basis  of  adjoining  sets.  This  adds 
to  the  difficulty  of  obtaining  the  exact  number  in  any  one  transverse  set,  where 
the  teeth  are  so  numerous  and  so  compactly  planted.    I  did  not  observe  on  any 


400  BULLETIN   OF   THE 

of  the  uncini  such  tufts  or  brushes  as  are  described  in  connection  with  the 
radula  of  P.  Adansoniana. 

The  tooth  formula  would  be  written,  R  (^  +  | )  +  ( -£A-  +  45?),  the 
middle  tooth  (R)  and  the  right  half  of  the  radula  being  included  in  the 
formula. 

Section  ENTEMNOTROCHUS  Fischer. 
Pleurotomaria  (Entemnotrochus)  Adansoniana  Crosse  &  Fischer. 

Plate  XXX.    Plate  XXXI.  Figs.  3,  4,  5,  6.     Plate  XXXII.  Fig.  lO. 
Plate  XXXVII.  Fig.  4. 

Pleurotomaria  Adansoniana  Crosse  &  Fischer,  Journ.  de  Conchyl.,  IX.  p.  1C3,  pi.  V. 
figs.  1,  2,  1801.  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z .,  IX.  p.  78,  1881.  Crosse,  Journ.  de 
Conchyl ,  XXII.  p.  12,  pi.  i.  figs.  1,  2,  1882.  Dall,  in  Agassiz,  Three  Cruises 
of  the  Blake,  II.  p.  69,  fig.  288,  1888. 

Habitat.  Station  278,  in  69  fins.,  coral  bottom,  temperature  68°. 0,  dead; 
Station  276,  in  94  fms.,  temperature  61°. 0  ;  Station  291,  in  200  fms.,  stones, 
temperature  49°.75  F.;  all  near  Barbados.     Guadelupe,  in  150  fms.,  Fischer. 

The  specimen  from  Station  291  is  now  (with  the  broken  one.  from  Station 
278)  in  the  Museum  at  Cambridge.  It  will  be  referred  to  as  "specimen  a." 
The  other,  now  in  the  U.  S.  National  Museum,  will  be  called  "specimen  6." 
Their  respective  measurements  are  as  follows.  Max.  diam.  of  base,  130.0  and 
88.0;  min.  diam.,  111.0  and  79.0;  max.  alt.  of  shell,  130.0  and  70.0;  max. 
lat.  of  aperture,  60.0  and  41.5;  max.  alt.  of  aperture,  38.0  and  26.0;  Ion.  of 
slit,  200.0  and  142.0  mm.,  in  both  cases  a  little  more  than  half  the  length  of 
the  last  whorl,  which  in  specimen  b  measured,  in  all,  237.0  mm.  Its  operculum 
measured  35.0  mm.  in  greatest  diameter. 

The  width  of  the  slit  is  from  2.5  to  3.5  mm.  in  specimen  a,  which  has  eleven 
whorls.  It  is  from  2.5  to  2.75  mm.  in  specimen  b,  which  has  ten  whorls.  The 
specimen  from  Station  278  was  of  a  much  more  brilliant  yellow  than  the  two 
others,  and  the  painting  was  somewhat  different  in  each  specimen  from  either 
of  the  others.    -The  nucleus  was  uniformly  filled  with  solid  matter. 

The  soft  parts  in  this  species  were  a  little  better  preserved  than  in  P.  Quoy- 
ana,  since,  in  specimen  b,  the  mantle  to  the  anal  commissure  was  intact,  and 
the  branchia  upon  it,  as  well  as  the  anal  termination  of  the  intestine  and  the 
glands  below  it.  The  crop  or  stomach,  and  everything  behind  it,  however,  no 
longer  remained.     In  specimen  a  only  the  body  and  head  remained. 

The  external  parts  in  life,  as  represented  by  the  draughtsman,  were  reddish, 
finely  tuberculated  or  punctate  with  yellow,  thus  reproducing  the  colors  of  the 
shell.  In  the  preserved  specimen  the  soft  parts  showed  no  markings,  and 
appeared  of  a  livid  waxen  hue,  common  to  specimens  preserved  in  spirits. 

In  a  general  way,  the  superficial  characters  resemble  those  of  P.  Quoyana, 
but  there  are  some  differences. 

May  12,  1889. 


MUSEUM   OF  COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  401 

The  surface  of  the  body  is  less  rugose  than  in  P.  Quoyana,  though  it  is  very 
finely  granular  all  over,  with  (in  the  contracted  specimen)  a  velvety  appear- 
ance. The  head  bears  about  the  same  proportion  to  the  rest  of  the  body,  but 
the  muzzle  in  front  of  a  line  joining  the  tentacles  would  be  shorter,  and  the 
tentacles  shorter,  stouter,  and  more  pointed.  The  eyes  are  very  small,  black, 
and  similar  to  those  of  P.  Quoyana. 

The  epipodia  are  similar  in  arrangement,  but  proportionately  smaller  than 
in  that  species,  and  while  minutely  papillose  do  not  seem  to  have  a  special 
single  fringe-like  row  of  papillte  at  the  margin.  The  right  epipodium  ex- 
tends forward  as  far  as  the  front  end  of  the  foot,  the  left  only  to  the  anterior 
edge  of  the  operculigerous  disk.  The  difference  is  not  nearly  so  great  in 
P.  Quoyana,  where  the  left  epipodium  extends  one  half  the  remaining  distance 
farther  forward. 

The  most  marked  external  difference  between  the  two  animals,  as  observable 
from  the  alcoholic  specimens,  consists  in  the  character  of  the  dorsal  area  be- 
tween the  two  epipodia.  The  operculigerous  lobe  is  very  much  larger  in  pro- 
portion (about  33.0  mm.  in  diameter),  while  behind  it  in  the  median  line  is  a 
large,  deep,  ill-defined  groove,  extending  to  the  posterior  end  of  the  foot. 
This  is  crossed  by  irregular  strong  transverse  rugae,  which  are  often  tuberculate 
or  warty  along  what  would  be  the  margins  of  this  groove.  In  P.  Quoyana 
this  dorsal  depressed  area  is  nearly  smooth,  while  the  part  behind  the  opercular 
lobe,  though  more  papillose  than  the  rest,  shows  no  such  median  groove  or 
transverse  ruga?. 

The  foot  is  shaped  as  in  P.  Quoyana ;  the  anterior  margin  appears  narrowly 
duplicate,  but  this,  owing  to  contraction,  may  be  an  erroneous  deduction.  In 
this  specimen  the  sides  stand  about  an  inch  in  height  (95.0  mm.) ;  the  sole  of 
the  foot  is  about  an  inch  wide,  and  three  inches  long. 

The  lobes  of  the  mantle  correspond  to  the  form  of  the  shell,  and  are  smooth 
except  at  the  margin,  where  they  are  densely  papillose,  the  papillae  being 
small  but  irregular  in  size  and  not  arranged  in  rows,  or  if  regular  then  in 
more  than  one  row.  This  margin  extends  all  round  the  mantle  edge,  and  on 
both  sides  of  the  notch  to  its  posterior  commissure,  toward  which  the  papilla? 
become  smaller  and  sparser.  At  the  end  of  the  commissure  a  few  of  the 
papillae  appeared  to  me  at  my  first  examination  to  be  separated  from  those  on 
either  side  by  a  gap,  but  a  second  scrutiny  leads  me  to  believe  that'  this  is 
accidental. 

Within  the  mantle  cavity,  and  on  the  inner  surface  of  the  mantle,  rather 
close  to  the  junction  of  the  latter  with  the  dorsum,  are  the  gills.  These  con- 
sist of  two  series  of  flattened  leaflets  on  either  side  of  a  smooth  cutaneous 
ridge  containing  the  branchial  vessels,  which  extends  from  a  point  close  to 
the  anterior  edge  of  the  mantle,  parallel  with  the  slit  in  the  shell,  backward 
as  far  as  the  slit  extends.  A  section  is  given  in  the  diagram  on  page  434. 
The  anterior  end  of  this  ridge  is  for  a  short  distance  free  from  the  mantle 
surface,  and  terminates  in  a  sharp  point,  near  and  up  to  which  the  branchial 
leaflets  diminish  in  size,  the  outer  seneo  extending  a  little  farther  than  the 

vol.  xviii.  26 


402  BULLETIN   OF   THE 

inner  one.  At  the  base  of  this  free  angle  is  a  small  swelling  of  the  cutis,  and 
just  inside  of  it  toward  the  median  line  is  a  small  elevated  hemispherical 
organ  which  appears  to  be  an  osphradium,  or  of  a  sensory  nature.  In  the  speci- 
men (6)  as  preserved  there  are  four  branchial  leaves  in  the  length  of  a  milli- 
meter; the  double  series  is  about  45.0  mm.  long  (in  specimen  a,  81.5  mm.),  so 
that  each  gill  (in  specimen  b)  contains  about  360  single  leaflets,  which  indi- 
vidually average  about  3.5  mm.  long,  and  1.2  mm.  wide  at  the  base.  The 
free  part  of  the  gill  extends  about  eight  millimeters. 

The  cavity  of  the  mouth  is  large,  and,  as  far  as  could  be  judged  in  the  rotten 
state  of  the  parts,  a  large  thin-walled  crop  had  position  immediately  behind  it. 
The  termination  of  the  intestine  was  preserved;  it  forms  a  sigmoid  curve  on 
the  surface  of  the  mantle  behind  the  anal  commissure,  where  it  is  (specimen  b) 
somewhat  over  2.0  mm.  in  diameter,  and  gradually  tapers  to  a  stoutish  point. 
The  last  seven  or  eight  millimeters  of  its  length  are  free,  and  when  living  it 
can  doubtless  be  protruded  outside  the  shell  through  the  slit,  for  the  discharge 
of  fasces. 

Immediately  underneath  this  part  of  the  intestine  and  spreading  on  each 
side,  lobed  in  a  shape  roughly  trifoliate,  is  a  large  gland  or  pair  of  glands  meet- 
ing in  the  median  line,  and  having  a  radiately  rugose  and  irregular  surface,  in 
which  the  depressions  look  not  unlike  little  oblong  pits.  Within  and  close  to 
the  mantle  edge,  one  on  each  side  of  the  commissure,  is  an  oblong  elevation 
containing  an  oblique  opening,  apparently  the  openings  to  these  glands,  which 
I  suppose  to  have  a  renal  function. 

The  operculum  is  very  much  larger  absolutely  and  proportionally  than  in 
P.  Quoyana.  It  measures  (from  the  larger  specimen)  54.0  mm.  in  maximum 
and  47.0  mm.  in  minimum  diameter,  is  almost  flat,  and  has  about  ten  whorls, 
of  which  the  central  ones  are  rather  indistinct.  The  outer  surface  is  minutely 
sharply  spirally  striated,  and  a  central  spot  the  size  of  a  pin-head  is  indistinctly 
indented.  The  inner  side  is  polished,  and  shows  a  somewhat  egg-shaped  scar 
of  attachment.  It  is  of  an  amber-brown  color.  The  extreme  margin  is  thin 
and  a  little  frayed. 

The  jaws  (specimen  b)  are  situated  in  the  same  place,  and  are  of  about  the 
same  form  as  in  P.  Quoyana,  in  fact  are  hardly  larger  than  in  that  species, 
although  the  P.  Adansoniana  is  so  much  larger  than  the  former.  They  are, 
however,  a  little  thicker  and  of  a  dark  red-amber  color. 

The  radula  is  about  40.0  mm.  long  by  7.0  mm.  wide  in  its  natural  condition 
(specimen  6).  As  the  characteristic  teeth  are  figured,  it  is  not  necessary  to 
attempt  a  minute  description  in  detail  of  each  one. 

The  rhachidian  or  central  tooth  is  pointed  before  and  Denind,  or  lozenge- 
shaped,  with  a  median  rib,  and  the  point  or  cusp  hardly  curved  over  at  all. 
It  has  sonfewhat  the  shape  of  a  spear-head  without  barbs.  The  inner  laterals 
have  somewhat  the  shape  of  a  scapula,  being  oval,  marginate,  with  a  median 
ridge  from  which  a  sort  of  recurved  wing  projects,  near  the  base.  There  are 
fifteen  laterals  on  each  side  of  the  median  line,  gradually  becoming  more  simple 
in  form  as  one  follows  the  line  outward ;  then,  of  the  uncini,  the  first  five  are 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY.  403 

denticulated  at  the  end  and  tufted,  the  next  four  are  denticulated  but  without 
tufts,  the  rest,  about  forty-five  in  number,  are  more  simple,  and  become  still 
more  simple  and  smaller  toward  the  margin  of  the  radula.  The  tooth  formula 
would  be  written,  R  -(-  (15)  -+-  (5  -+-  4  -+■  45),  without  trying  to  exemplify  the 
minor  uncinal  armature. 

Morch  (Malak.  Blatt.,  XXII.  p.  184,  1875)  has  described  a  supposed  species 
of  Murchisonia,  —  M.  (Murchisonella)  spectrum,  —  from  St.  Thomas,  collected 
by  Riise,  measuring  2.0  by  0.75  mm.,  and  having  ten  whorls. 

From  the  small  size  of  this  shell  I  suspect  it  to  belong  to  the  Turritellidce, — 
many  of  which  have  notches  or  waves,  recalling  those  of  Seguenzia,  in  the 
margin  of  the  aperture,  —  or  at  least  to  some  group  unconnected  with  the  typi- 
cal Murchisonia. 

Family  FISSURELLID^E. 
Genus   PUNCTURELLA  Lowe. 

Subgenus  PUNCTURELLA  s.  s. 

Puncturella  circularis  Dall 

Plate  XXVI.   Figs.  7,  7  b. 
Puncturella  circularis  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  75,  1881- 

Habitat.     Station  44,  in  539  ims. 

No  more  specimens  have  turned  up,  and  a  comparison  of  this  and  the  follow- 
ing species  with  others  contained  in  the  Jeffreys  collection  confirms  to  that 
extent  their  distinctness. 

Puncturella  trifolium  Ball. 

Plate  XXVI.  Figs.  8,8  b. 
Puncturella  trifolium  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  76,  1881. 
Habitat.     Yucatan  Strait,  in  640  fms. 

Puncturella  Watsoni  n.  s. 

Shell  small,  greenish  white,  exactly  resembling  in  sculpture  Cranopsis 
granulata  Seguenza  (Chall.  Gastr.,  p.  46,  pi.  iv.  fig.  5),  but  differing  from  that 
species  in  having  the  slit  of  Puncturella  instead  of  Cranopsis,  and  in  having  a 
rather  higher  and  narrower  and  more  conical  form.  The  anterior  and  posterior 
slopes  are  not  arched  to  the  same  extent  as  in  the  C.  granulata,  and  the  shell 
is  proportionately  shorter.  The  nucleus  is  small  and  prominent,  and  the 
shell  as  a  whole  includes  two  whorls.  Max.  alt.,  3.0;  max.  diam..  2.5:  mas. 
Ion.,  3.8  mm. 


404  BULLETIN   OF  THE 

Habitat.  Near  Barbados,  in  100  fms.  Station  20,  in  220  fras.,  off  Babia 
Honda,  Cuba.     Off  Yucatan,  in  200  fms.,  U.  S.  Fisb  Commission. 

A  species  of  tbis  genus  from  Patagonia,  in  deep  water,  sbows  a  small  but 
well  marked  verge  in  tbe  usual  position.  One  specimen  bas  tbe  eyes  black  and 
prominent.  In  another  of  tbe  same  lot  tbe  organs  are  wbolly  destitute  of 
pigment 

Subgenus   FISSUPJSEPTA  Segdenza. 
Fissurisepta  triangulata  Dall. 

Puncturella  (Fissurisepta)  rostrata  Watson,  Chall.  Rep.  Gastr.,  p.  48,  pi.  iv.  fig.  10, 1885. 
Not  of  Seguenza. 

Having  received  a  few  specimens  of  the  form  figured  and  described  by  Mr. 
Watson,  I  bave  compared  them  with  typical  examples  both  recent  and  fossil  of 
the  original  rostrata  of  Seguenza.  There  is  no  doubt  that  they  possess  certain 
features  in  common,  but  the  form  of  the  Antillean  shell  is  much  more  triangu- 
lar, less  elevated,  longer  and  more  erect,  beside  the  less  obvious  differences 
noted  by  Watson  in  his  description,  in  regard  to  minor  features  of  sculpture. 
I  have  therefore  thought  it  best  to  give  a  new  name  to  the  Antillean  shell. 
My  specimens  come  from  the  mas*  ^f  Yucatan,  dredged  in  about  200  fms.,  by 
the  U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

Subgenus  CRANOPSIS  A.  Adams. 
Cranopsis  asturiana  Fischer. 

Rimula  asturiana  Fischer,  Journ.  de  Conchyl.,  XXX.  p.  61,  1882.     Watson,  Chall. 
Report,  Gastr.,  p.  45,  pi.  iv.  fig.  4,  1885. 

Habitat.  Yucatan  Strait,  in  640  fms.  Station  100,  off  Havana,  in  250-400 
fms.  (living).  Station  208,  in  213  fms.,  hard  bottom,  off  Martinique,  bottom 
temperature  50°.5  F.  Gulf  of  Gascony,  in  2018  meters,  Travailleur  Ex- 
pedition.    Off  Cape  Florida,  in  85  fms.,  U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

Rimula  capuliformis  or  messanensis  of  Seguenza,  from  the  Tertiary  of  Reggio, 
Calabria,  is  a  variety  with  slightly  coarser  and  more  irregular  radiating  ribs. 

The  Antillean  specimens  in  general  show  less  reticulation  than  those  from 
Europe,  the  tendency  being  for  the  radiating  ribs  to  be  nodulous  and  finely 
shagreened,  while  the  concentric  sculpture-is.job^olete  between  them.  They 
are  also,  as  a  rule,  less  elevated,  and  the  posterior  slope  is  more  concave.  But 
these  differences  are  of  degree,  and  merge  into  uniformity  with  a  large  series. 

The  two  anterior  lobes  of  the  mantle  do  not  unite,  although  the  lobes  of  the 
shell  do  as  it  approaches  maturity.  The  muzzle  is  short,  round,  and  plain  at 
the  end.  The  tentacles  are  short  and  stout.  The  eyes  are  small  and  black. 
The  epipodial  line  is  marked  by  seven  cirri,  of  which  the  pair  next  to  the 
posterior  pair  are  notably  larger  than  the  others.      The  gills  are  broad  and 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY.  405 

symmetrical.  A  male  intromittent  organ  is  attached  behind  the  base  of  the  right 
tentacle,  as  in  Cocculinidce,  Addisoniidoz,  and  Neritidce.  It  is  small,  slender, 
and  subcylindrical.     I  have  not  seen  the  soft  parts  of  a  female  specimen. 

Cranopsis  ?  erecta  Dall. 

Shell  strong,  erect,  with  regularly  ovate  base,  a  smooth  prominent  nucleus, 
and  about  one  and  a  half  cancellated  whorls.  Radiating  sculpture  of  about 
eighteen  strong  riblets,  each  pair  enclosing  another  somewhat  less  strong,  and 
on  each  side  of  tbe  latter  a  faint  raised  line,  almost  buried  under  the  concen- 
tric sculpture.  The  primary  and  secondary  radii  rise  above  the  general  level 
of  the  concentric  sculpture,  the  tertiary  radii  below  it.  The  radii  are  strong 
rounded  elevated  threads.  The  concentric  sculpture  is  of  high  close-set  cord- 
like ridges,  which  are  closely  applied  to  and  pass  over  the  radii,  leaving  relatively 
deep  pits  in  the  space  enclosed  by  the  reticulations.  The  terminations  of  the 
ribs  ornament  the  outer  margin  of  the  base,  which  is  radiately  grooved  for  a 
short  distance  under  them.  The  interior  is  radiately  striate  with  a  fine  groove, 
extending  from  the  front  end  of  the  fissure  to  the  margin.  Externally  the 
posterior  slope  starts  from  under  a  small  beak,  is  straight  and  steep.  From 
the  beak  the  dorsal  outline  is  at  first  nearly  horizontally  forward,  then  with  a 
bold  round  curve  falls  more  steeply  than  the  hinder  slope.  The  fissure  is 
narrow,  long,  and  sharp  at  both  ends.  A  fasciole  extends  back  from  it  toward 
the  beak,  and  a  soldered  fissure  forward  to  the  margin.  Inside,  the  fissure  is 
surmounted  by  a  short  and  flaring  septum  without  buttresses,  which  extends 
about  one  fourth  the  distance  from  the  internal  apex  toward  the  front  margin. 
Externally  the  shell  is  grayish,  and  within  subtranslucent  white.  Max.  Ion. 
of  base,  10.0;  max.  lat.  of  base,  7.5;  alt.  of  shell,  7.0  mm. 

Habitat.  Off  the  coast  of  North  Carolina,  at  Station  2601,  in  107  fms., 
gravel,  bottom  temperature  67°.4  F. 

The  fissure  in  this  species  is  exactly  intermediate  between  Cranopsis  and 
Puncturella  proper,  so  far  as  position  is  concerned.  It  is  a  little  farther  for- 
ward than  in  the  typical  Puncturella,  and  not  quite  as  far  as  in  Cranopsis.  It 
is  manifestly  most  nearly  related  to  the  latter  by  the  groove  extending  forward 
from  the  fissure,  aud  the  sculpture  is  not  unlike  that  of  some  specimens  of 
Cranopsis  asturiana.  From  this  it  differs  by  its  profile,  and  the  position  and 
form  of  the  fissure  and  septum.  The  bluff  outline  of  the  summit  is  far  re- 
moved from  the  conical  form  of  P.  noachina  and  from  the  low  and  graceful 
arch  of  P.  asturiana. 


Genus   EMARGINULA   Lamarck. 

Subgenus   EIMULA  Defrance. 

If  the  step  from  Cranopsis  to  Puncturella,  or  the  reverse,  is  not  very  long,  on 
the  other  hand  the  distinction  between  Cranopsis  and  Rimula  proper  is  not 


406  BULLETIN    OF   THE 

great.  If  the  septum  filling  the  original  fissure  curves  in  harmony  with  the 
shell,  we  have  typical  lihnula  according  to  Mr.  Watson's  arrangement.  If,  on 
the  other  hand,  this  septum  be  convex  with  relation  to  the  internal  face  of  the 
shell,  it  is  Cranopsis. 

Rimula  frenulata  n.  s. 

Plate  XXVIII.   Fig.  4. 

Shell  ovate,  resembling  in  general  shape  and  color  a  single  valve  of  Limalula 
ovata  Wood;  apex  small,  laterally  compressed,  sharp;  nucleus  very  minute. 
Sculpture  of  fine  distinct  radiating  threads,  with  an  intercalary  finer  thread 
between  nearly  every  pair.  Concentric  sculpture  of  about  equally  strong 
threads,  which  reticulate,  but  do  not  pass  over  or  nodulate  the  radiations  ;  they 
are  not  strictly  concentric,  being  somewhat  flexuous  or  broken  at  the  sides,  and 
sometimes  bifurcated.  Anal  fasciole  shallow,  continuous  from  the  fissure  to 
the  apex,  narrow  and  marked  with  semilunar  incremental  ridges;  fissure  small, 
shaped  like  the  top  of  an  exclamation  point  (1).  Interior  glossy,  the  fasciole 
marked  by  two  faint  ridges  extending  to  the  apex;  margin  of  the  shell  crenu- 
lated  by  the  sculpture,  apex  reaching  almost  or  quite  as  far  back  as  the  poste- 
rior margin,  but  a  little  raised  above  it.  fissure  a  little  variable  in  position,  but 
mostly  in  the  anterior  third  of  the  shell;  dorsal  surface  gently  convexly  curved. 
Max.  Ion.,  6.25;  max.  lat.,  3.75;  alt.,  2.3  mm. 

Habitat.     West  Florida  and  the  Keys,  U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

This  lovely  little  shell  is  remarkably  distinct  from  any  of  the  described 
species  known  to  me. 

Subgenus   EMARGINULA  s.  s. 

Emarginula  cancellata  Philippi. 
Emarginula  cancellata  Phil.,  En.  Moll.  Sicil.,  I.  p.  114,  t.  v.  fig.  15,  1840. 

Habitat.  Mediterranean,  Madeira,  Channel  Islands,  in  8-250  fins.,  Jeffreys. 
Station  21,  off  Cuba,  in  287  fms.  Off  Havana,  Sigsbee,  in  127  fms.,  and  near 
Barbados  in  100  fms.,  all  dead  specimens. 

These  shells  are  a  little  more  elegant  in  their  sculpture  than  the  European 
specimens,  as  the  American  Cranopsis  asturiana  are  more  elegant  than  those 
from  the  Gulf  of  Gascony,  but  I  feel  confident  that  they  may  fairly  be  referred 
to  the  same  species. 

Emarginula  compressa  Cantraine. 

Emarginula  sp.  indet.,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z  ,  IX.  p.  77,  1881. 

E.  compressa  Cantraine,  Bull.  Acad.  Roy.  Bruxelles,  IX.  2,  1835.     Jeffreys,  P.  Z.  S. 
1882,  p.  679,  1883. 

Habitat.  Yucatan  Strait,  in  640  fins.;  off  Havana,  in  292  fms.;  Station 
19,  in  310  fms.;  Station  21,  in  287  fms.;  Stations  282  and  296,  near  Barba- 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  407 

dos,  in  84-154  fras.  Coast  of  Portugal,  in  286-322  ims.,  Porcupine  Expedition. 
Sicilian  Tertiaries,  Seguenza,  etc. 

All  the  specimens  obtained  were  dead.  I  have  compared  them  with  the 
Sicilian  fossils,  and  can  confirm  Dr.  Jeffreys's  identification  of  the  two  forms 
as  indistinguishable.  The  whole  shell  is  faintly  spirally  twisted,  and  the 
notch  is  not  in  the  centre  of  the  front  edge. 

I  would  observe  that  the  number  of  nominal  species  of  Emarginula  in 
Reeve's  monograph  is  probably  far  too  great,  as  no  account  seems  to  have  been 
taken  of  the  variations  due  to  age  and  station.  As  with  other  limpets,  these 
are  very  important. 


Subgenus  SUBEMARGINULA  Blainville. 

Subemarginula  octoradiata  Gmelin. 

Emarginula  Rollandi  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  77,  1881  (not  of  Fischer). 

Habitat.     Sigsbee,  off  Havana,  in  450  fins.     Station  21,  287  fms. 
The  dead  and  imperfect  specimens  above  referred  to,  on  further  study,  ap- 
pear to  be  young  specimens  of  E.  (Subemarginula)  octoradiata  Gmelin. 

Genus  FISSURELLA  Brugciere. 

Section  CREMIDES  H.  &  A.  Adams. 

Fissurella  alternata  Sat. 

Fissurel/a  alternata  Say,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  II.  p.  224,  1822.     Reeve, 

Conch.  Icon.  Fissurella,  pi.  xii.  fig.  84,  1850. 
Fissurella  fumata  Reeve,  Conch.  Icon.  Fissurella,  pi.  ix.  fig.  63,  1850. 
Fissure/la  Dysoni  Reeve,  Conch.  Icon.  Fissurella,  pi.  xii.  fig.  86,  1850. 
Fissurella  larva  Reeve,  Conch.  Icon.  Fissurella,  pi.  xiii.  fig.  98,  1850. 

A  number  of  specimens  of  this  species  were  collected  at  various  stations,  one 
in  805  fins.,  but  of  course  these  were  not  native  to  that  or  other  great  depths. 
Fresh  specimens,  however,  were  dredged  by  Sigsbee,  off  Havana,  in  80  fms., 
and  one  still  containing  the  soft  parts  at  Station  276,  near  Barbados,  in  94  fms. 
The  United  States  Fish  Commission  has  also  dredged  this  species  off  our  south- 
ern coasts,  living  in  depths  from  20  to  100  fms.  The  deep-water  specimens 
(var.  Sayi)  are  generally  smaller,  of  an  olivaceous  cast,  and  with  the  color 
rays  very  faint  or  entirely  absent. 


408  BULLETIN   OF   THE 


Subgenus  GLYPHIS  Carpenter. 
Glyphis  fluviana  n.  s. 

Plate  XIV.  Figs.  6,  6  a. 

Shell  low,  conical,  reticulated,  white  or  translucent,  variegated  with  gray 
or  olive  green  lines  or  dots  mostly  radiately  disposed;  form  variable  with 
station,  but  usually  in  the  young  and  in  more  normal  adults  both  slopes  of 
the  cone  are  a  little  concave  near  the  apex.  The  anterior  slope  slightly  con- 
vex; the  posterior  slope  straight  or  a  little  concave,  and  usually  a  little  longer 
than  the  other,  though  these  characters  vary  with  station.  Base  is  rounded 
oval,  symmetrical  and  equal  at  both  ends,  with  a  thin  simple  margin.  Sculp- 
ture of  slightly  irregular  sudden  enlargements  of  the  shell,  giving  the  effect 
of  very  narrow  steps,  over  which  some  twenty  moderately  strong  and  as  many 
more  faint  flattened  radii  seem  to  flow.  In  other  specimens  these  step-like 
edges  are  produced  into  low  laminae,  and  the  ribs  are  also  stronger  and  at  the 
intersections  nodulous,  or  even  a  little  scaly.  Apex  erect,  truncate  by  the 
pore,  which  is  circular,  simple,  and  within  margined  by  a  narrow  horseshoe- 
shaped  callus.  Exterior  dull  or  unpolished,  interior  shining,  with  the  color 
rays  and  ribs  visible  through  the  thin  shell.  Two  specimens  measure,  alt.  4.0 
and  6.0,  Ion.  10.6  and  9.5,  lat.  6.6  and  6.5  mm.,  respectively. 

Habitat.  Station  21,  in  287  fms.  Station  2,  in  805  fms.  Off  Havana,  in 
80  fms.,  Sigsbee.  Station  247,  near  Grenada  (living),  in  170  fms.,  ooze,  bottom 
temperature  53°. 5.  Station  272,  off  Barbados  (living),  in  76  fms.,  shelly 
bottom,  temperature  65°.0  F. 

The  gills,  anus,  mantle  margin,  foot,  muzzle,  and  tentacles  are  as  usual  in 
Fissurella.  There  is  a  row  of  about  thirty  minute  epipodial  cirri,  continuous 
behind,  and  advancing  as  far  forward  as  the  adductors.  The  ejres  are  very 
large  and  black,  the  right  tentacle  at  its  base  behind  the  eye,  in  the  male, 
bears  a  well  marked  intromittent  organ.  This  taken  in  connection  with  the 
discovery  of  a  similar  organ  in  Cocculina,  in  Addiionia,  and  in  Cranopsis  astu- 
riana,  would  indicate  that  a  majority  of  the  deep-sea  rhiphidoglossate  limpets 
possess  this  organ,  that  it  was  originally  present  in  most,  if  not  all,  of  the  Rhiphi- 
doglossa  having  a  shell  of  this  general  form,  that  the  organ  has  become  obso- 
lete in  the  shallow- water  forms  except  the.  Neritidce,  but  that  the  deep-water 
forms,  less  modified  by  reason  of  their  protective  environment,  have  retained 
it.  It  also  confirms  my  original  reference  of  Addisonia  and  its  allies  to  the 
Rhiphidoglossa,  while  the  absence  of  such  an  organ  in  any  of  the  Docoglossate 
limpets,  so  far  as  known,  is  significant.  It  is  dangerous  to  assume  too  much 
in  such  cases,  but  I  cannot  helD  doubting  if  such  an  organ  was  ever  developed 
in  the  Docoglossate  line. 


MUSEUM  OF  COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY.  409 

Genus  FISSURELLIDEA  Orbignt. 

Fissurellidea  limatula  Reeve. 

Fissurella  limatula  Reeve,  Conch.  Icon.  Fissurella,  pi.  xv.  fig.  115, 1850.     Sowerby, 
Thes.  Conch.,  pi.  viii.  fig.  204. 

Habitat.  Off  Havana  (dead),  in  80  frns.,  Sigsbee.  Coast  of  North  Carolina, 
in  15-20  fms.,  U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

This  shell  appears  to  be  the  species  figured  by  Reeve  without  habitat.  It 
is  very  variable  in  color,  being  often  brown,  reddish,  or  slaty  and  black.  It 
was  found  living  on  marine  grass  at  low  water  near  Key  West,  by  Hemphill. 
It  recalls  F.  callomarginata  Cpr.  of  the  Californian  coast,  but  is  broader  and 
more  evenly  shaped,  and  brighter  colored.  The  more  prominent  ribs  are  often 
provided  with  fine  vaulted  scales. 

The  following  additional  species  of  this  family  were  dredged  dead  from  deep 
water,  where  they  had  been  disgorged  by  fishes,  or  drifted  by  currents,  etc., 
as  they  are  distinctly  littoral  forms. 

Glyphis  barbadensis  Gmelin. 

Fissurellidea  fasciata  Pfr. 

Fissurellidea  (fragment)  sp.  indet. 

Fissurella  minuta  Lamarck. 

Fissurella  cayennensis  Lamarck. 

Suborder  DOCOGLOSSA. 

The  Docoglossate  limpets  of  the  littoral  zone  of  the  Antilles,  most  of  which 
are  also  common  to  South  Florida  and  the  Central  American  and  Mexican 
coast  in  suitable  localities,  all  belong  to  the  genus  Acmcea  as  far  as  known. 
I  have  never  seen  a  single  representative  of  the  Patellidce  from  this  region. 
Perhaps  future  researches  will  reveal  some. 

The  positively  determined  shallow-water  species  are  as  follows,  but  they 
have  many  synonyms:  — 

Acmcea  melanoleuca  Gmelin  (P.  albicosta  C.  B.  Ad.  -+-  P.  leucopleura  Lam.  pars). 
Acmcea  jmnctulata  Gmelin  (P.  puncturata  Lam.  -+-  P.  pustula  Helb.  non  Lin. 

+  P.  surinamensis  Auct.  non  Gmelin,  -+-  P.  cubaniana  Orb.,  etc.). 
Acmcea  punctulata  var.  pulcherrima  Guilding. 
Acmcea  Cancleana  Orbigny  (P.  notata  Gmelin,  Chemnitz,  Dillwyn,  Lamarck, 

etc.,  not  of  Linne). 
Acmcea  onychina  Gould  (Rio,  also  Barbados). 
Acmcea  melanosticta  Gmelin  (Antilles). 

The  last  mentioned  has  been  sent  to  me  from  several  sources  as  Patella 
antillarum  Sowerby,  but  Philippi's  figure  of  antillarum  is  more  like  a  variety 
of  melanoleuca  than  anything  else.  I  do  not  know  on  what  authority  the 
name  melanosticta  rests.     Gmelin's  description  certainly  would  not  be  suffi- 


410  BULLETIN   OF  THE 

cient.     Acmcea  elegans  Philippi  (La  Guayra)  is  a  synonym  of  A .  Candeana, 
as  I  believe  from  the  literature  P.  confusa  of  Guilding  is  intended  to  be. 

The  melanosticta  above  referred  to,  whatever  be  its  proper  name,  is  appar- 
ently an  excellent  .species,  and  quite  distinct  from  A.  Candeana.  Orbigny 
says  that  A .  melanoleuca  is  a  true  Patella,  but  this  does  not  agree  with  the 
only  specimen  I  have  seen,  and  the  other  species  he  describes  as  Patella  are 
certainly  Acmseas. 

The  comparatively  small  number  of  littoral  species,  compared  with  the  mul- 
titude of  forms  on  the  Pacific  coast,  affords  a  notable  discrepancy  between  the 
faunae  of  the  two  regions. 

The  deep-water  Docoglossa  are  few  in  number  and  peculiar.  An  account  of 
most  of  them  was  published  by  me  in  the  Proceedings  of  the  U.  S.  National 
Museum  for  1881,  page  407.  The  progress  of  science  during  the  last  six  years 
has  enabled  me  to  clear  up  several  disputed  points.  The  result  is,  that  the 
genus  Scutellina,  long  supposed  to  belong  in  this  group,  is  (as  will  be  seen 
elsewhere  in  this  paper)  definitely  relegated  to  another  suborder,  while  Propi- 
lidium  has  been  proved  to  belong  to  the  Docoglossa,  a  relation  which  had  been 
strongly  questioned.  The  character  and  number  of  the  gills  in  Propilidium 
still  remain  in  doubt.  I  suspect  it  has  a  single  gill,  like  Acm&a,  and  that  an 
elongated  anal  papilla  has  been  taken  for  another  or  second  gill. 

In  this  connection,  it  may  be  observed  that  on  several  occasions  in  the  last 
year  or  two  the  question  of  the  position  of  the  osphradia  in  Acmcea  has  been 
raised,  and  the  importance  of  this  item  in  classification  has  been  highly  rated  by 
certain  naturalists.  Now  I  doubt  extremely  the  value  of  the  transcendental 
theories  based  on  the  osphradia  and  their  position,  with  which  we  have  been 
regaled  at  times.  Nevertheless,  for  the  comfort  of  those  who  do  believe  in 
them,  and  as  one  more  fact  to  be  added  to  the  general  stock,  I  will  describe  the 
position  and  character  of  the  osphradia  in  Acmcea.  These  organs  in  the  large 
limpets  of  the  western  coast  of  America  are  generally  orange-colored,  usually 
quite  small,  elongate  oval,  and  little  raised.  They  are  often  abortive  or  nearly 
so.  When  well  developed,  in  most  species  (e.  g.  A  cmcea  patina  and  A .  spectrum) 
they  are  smooth  and  polished,  very  little,  elevated,  and  have  a  glandular  aspect 
and  unbroken  contour.  In  others  (as  Ancistromesus  mexicanus)  the  surface 
is  cellular  or  transversely  corrugated  like  an  abortive  miniature  gill,  and  even 
appears  as  if  it  were  porous.  They  lose  color  and  contract  strongly  in  alcohol, 
and,  unless  one  knows  exactly  where  to  look,  he  will  not  find  them  in  an  old- 
fashioned  badly  contracted  alcoholic  specimen.  They  are  situated  one  on  each 
side  of  the  back  of  the  neck  as  it  were,  or,  more  precisely,  on  the  transverse 
portion  of  the  integument  above  the  head,  and  in  front  of  the  main  pericardial 
chamber,  in  the  angle  formed  by  the  neck  and  the  inferior  surface  of  the 
mantle  over  the  head.  They  are  not  especially  related  to  the  Acmsean  gill 
either  in  position  or  development.  I  may  add,  that  I  described  them  and  their 
position  about  thirteen  years  ago;*  but,  as  the  state  of  science  then  was,  in 

*  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  for  1876,  pp.  239,  240. 


MUSEUM    OF   COMPAKATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  411 

Patella  they  had  been  by  distinguished  naturalists  referred  to  the  generative 
apparatus.  While  showing  this  relation  to  be  improbable,  the  spongy  nature 
of  the  organ  in  some  species  led  me  to  the  suggestion  that  they  might  be  of  the 
nature  of  aquiferous  pores.  It  was  not  until  attention  was  called  to  them 
by  the  investigations  of  Spengel  that  their  true  nature  was  recognized. 


Super-Family  PROTEOBRANCHIA. 
Family   ACM^EID^E. 

Genus   PECTINODONTA  Dall. 

Pectinodonta  Dall,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1881,  p.  409,  1882. 

Shell  resembling  Scutellina,  but  with  a  blunt  subcentral  apex.  Soft  parts 
resembling  Acmcea  except  in  the  following  details.  Animal  blind,  with  the 
front  part  of  the  head  between  the  tentacles  and  above  the  muzzle  much  pro- 
duced upward  and  forward,  extending  considerably  farther  forward  than  the 
end  of  the  muzzle,  which  is  marginated  with  lappets  at  the  outer  corners.  Jaw 
thin  translucent.  Gill  exactly  as  in  Acmcea;  sides  of  foot  and  mantle  edge 
simple,  nearly  smooth.     Dental  formula        °        ;  teeth  large,  with  transverse 

pectinated  or  denticulated  cusps,  the  serrated  edge  of  which  is  turned  toward 
the  median  line.  The  number  of  teeth  is  the  smallest  in  any  known  limpet, 
and  their  appearance  suggests  that  they  are  compounded  of  the  normal  three 
Docoglossal  laterals,  rather  than  due  to  the  suppression  of  two  and  the  exag- 
geration of  the  third.     Nothing  like  it  is  described  in  the  group. 

Pectinodonta  arcuata  Dall. 

Plate  XXV.  Figs.  3,3  a,  3  b. 

P.  arcuata  Dall,  he.  cit.,  p.  409,  1882. 

This  was  obtained  by  the  party  on  the  Blake  at  Station  215,  off  St.  Lucia,  in 
226  fms.,  coarse  sand  and  broken  shells,  bottom  temperature  51°.0;  a  large 
dead  specimen  at  Station  185,  in  333  fms.,  fine  sand  and  dark  brown  mud, 
off  Dominica,  bottom  temperature  44°.0;  another,  drilled,  but  in  fresh  con- 
dition at  Station  161,  in  583  fins.,  lava  sand,  off  Guadelupe,  bottom  tempera- 
ture 41°. 0;  another  specimen  was  found  entangled  in  a  piece  of- coral  from 
unknown  depth,  at  St.  Thomas,  W.  I. 

The  typical  species  was  kindly  compared  with  the  species  of  Scutellina  in 
the  British  Museum  by  friends  in  London,  and  reported  to  be  different  from 
any  of  them. 


412  BULLETIN   OF  THE 

Super-Family  ABRANCHIA. 

Genus  PROPILIDIUM  Forbes  &  Hanlet. 
Propilidium  ancyloide  F.  &  H 

Plate  XXXI.  Figs.  2,  2  b,  2  c. 
P.  ancyloide  F.  &  H.,  II.  pp.  443,  444,  pi.  lxii.  figs.  3,  5;  pi.  aa,  fig.  4,  1850. 

In  the  publication  on  deep-water  limpets  and  chitons  above  referred  to 
(Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1881,  p.  402)  it  was  stated  that  an  examination  of  the 
available  data  indicated  that  Propilidium  belonged  in  the  Fissurellido3,  where 
it  might  represent  an  imperforate  Puncturella,  More  lately  Dr.  Jeffreys  sug- 
gested its  identity  with  Cocculina.  I  have  never  been  able  to  procure  a  speci- 
men of  Propilidium  with  the  soft  parts  preserved  in  spirits,  and  all  that  Dr. 
Jeffreys  could  send  me  for  examination  was  a  dried  up  fragment  from  a  shell 
collected  long  since.  By  soaking  this  in  weak  potash  solution  I  was  able  to 
restore  it  sufficiently  to  determine  that  the  form  of  the  head  and  tentacles 
agrees  with  the  drawing  of  Forbes  and  Hanley,  and  that  the  dentition  resem- 
bles that  of  Pilidium  fulvum,  as  figured  by  G.  0.  Sars  (Moll.  Reg.  Arct. 
Norvegise,  pi.  ii.  fig.  12),  except  that  the  teeth  are  more  slender  and  longer,  and 
are  somewhat  more  separated  from  one  another.  This  shows  that  the  genus 
belongs  in  the  Docoglossa  (in  all  probability  near  the  Lepetidce),  and  its  stand- 
ing will  depend  chiefly  upon  the  character  of  its  branchiae,  if  it  proves  to 
possess  them.  None  could  be  seen  in  the  soaked  specimen,  but  one  could 
hardly  expect  any  trace  of  them  to  remain  there,  even  if  originally  present. 
The  spiral  and  sinistral  or  posteriorly  directed  nucleus  is  common  to  all  of  the 
Abranchiata,  but  in  nearly  all  of  them  it  is  lost  before. the  creature  attains 
maturity.  In  Propilidium  with  its  septum  we  seem  to  have  the  process  arrested 
half-way,  the  partition  remaining  unfinished  and  the  nucleus  persistent. 

Prof.  Verrill  has  described  (Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  VI.  p.  205,  May,  1884) 
an  American  species  of  this  genus,  which  has  until  lately  rested  on  its'  original 
type,  a  native  of  North  European  seas.  P.  elegans  Verrill  was  collected  off  the 
coast  of  Virginia  in  1395  fathoms.  It  has  not  yet  been  figured,  and  in  treating 
of  the  soft  parts  Prof.  Verrill  does  not  mention  the  branchiae.  The  animal  is 
blind,  like  the  Lepetidce,  and  there  are  no  epipodial  filaments  or  fringe. 

The  occurrence  of  P.  pertenue  Jeffreys  is  also  recorded  from  the  American 
coast,  in  640  fms.,  by  Prof.  Verrill,  but  the  genus  of  the  original  pertenue  is 
doubtful. 


MUSEUM   OF  COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY.  413 

Genus  LEPETELLA  Verrill. 
Lepetella  tubicola  Verrill. 

Plate  XXV.  Fig.  6. 

Lepetella  tubicola  Verrill,  Am.  Journ.  Science,  XX.  p.  396,  1880;  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat. 

Mus.,  III.  p.  375,  Jan.,  1881. 
Lepetella  tubicola  Dall,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  III.  pp.  408,  411,  April,  1882. 

This  remarkable  species  does  not  appear  in  the  Blake  collection,  but,  in  addi- 
tion to  the  northern  localities  referred  to  in  the  publications  above  cited,  it  has 
been  collected  by  the  U.  S.  Fish  Commission  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  between 
the  delta  of  the  Mississippi  and  Cedar  Keys,  Florida,  at  Station  2376,  in  324 
fins.,  mud,  in  worm  tubes,  bottom  temperature  46°.5  F.  I  have  figured  the 
dentition  for  comparison.  A  fossil  specimen  in  the  Jeffreys  collection  marked 
Patella  compressa  Rayneval  from  Monte-Mario,  and  according  to  Tiberi  (fide 
Jeffreys,  P.  Z.  S.  1882,  p.  674)  also  found  living  in  the  Bay  of  Naples,  ap- 
pears to  be  indistinguishable  from  Lepetella  tubicola,  so  far  as  the  shell  is 
concerned. 

Subclass  ISO  PLEURA. 

Some  years  ago,*  in  reviewing  the  article  "  Mollusca  "  of  the  new  edition  of 
the  Encyclopaedia  Britannica,  I  pointed  out  that  this  Subclass  is  naturally 
divided  into  two  large  groups;  one  the  Polyplacophora,  including  the  Chitons, 
which  possess  a  developed  and  functional  foot  and  exhibit  a  metameric  repe- 
tition of  the  primitive  shell-sac;  and  the  other  the  Chcetodermidaj  worm-like, 
with  an  abortive  or  rudimental  foot,  and  (so  far  as  known)  without  any  evi- 
dence of  a  shell  or  its  equivalent.  But  as  the  term  Polyplacophora  has  long 
been  in  use  for  the  Order  including  the  Chitons,  it  is  probably  better  to  substi- 
tute a  new  term  for  the  Super-ordinal  group. 

Super-Order   POLYCONCH^E. 

Order  POLYPLACOPHORA. 

Suborder  CHITONACEA. 

Super-Family  EOCHITONIA. 

Head  and  tail  plates  similarly  articulated. 

It  was  early  recognized  by  Carpenter  that  the  Chitons  were  separable  into 
two  great  groups,  which  he  called  the  Regular  and  Irregular  Chitons.     To  the 

*  Science,  pp.  730-732,  June  13,  1884. 
t  Aplampliom  Fischer,  Man.  Conch.,  1885. 


414  BULLETIN    OF    THE 

former  belong  all  the  ancient  paleozoic  forms,  which  as  far  as  known  were  all 
Leptoidea.  The  majority  of  the  living  Chitons  are  also  classed  in  this  group. 
The  more  specialized  and  peculiar,  and  especially  the  forms  least  embarrassed 
by  their  shelly  cuirass,  or  in  which  it  has  become  more  or  less  diminished  in 
size  relatively  to  the  whole  animal,  belong  to  the  more  modern  group  Opsi- 
chitonia. 

The  Eochitonia  will  comprise  four  families,  whose  exact  limits  remain  to  be 
defined  by  further  researches,  but  which  will  for  the  present  be  regarded  as 
the  equivalents  of  the  lettered  subdivisions  of  nearly  the  same  name  in  my 
paper  on  the  Genera  of  Chitons  (Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1881,  pp.  283-285). 
They  are  the  Leptoidea,  Ischnoidea,  Lophyroidca,  and  Acanthoidea. 


Family  LEPTOCHITONID^E. 

Genus  LEPTOCHITON   Gray. 

This  group  comprises  the  great  majority  of  the  deep-water  Chitons.  It 
should  not  be  confounded  with  Leptochiton  H.  &  A.  Adams,  which  is  a  hetero- 
geneous assembly.  Nearly  all  the  species  are  white,  with  ferruginous  or  cine- 
reous splashes,  and  of  comparatively  small  size.  They  represent  the  paleozoic 
Chitons,  which  were  all  Leptoids.  Chiton  eocenensis  Conrad,  from  the  Alabama 
Eocene,  is  however  a  true  Chiton  of  the  restricted  group  typified  by  C.  squa- 
mosus  Born,  or  C.  tuberculatus  Linne. 

Leptochiton  pergranatus  n.  s. 

L.  t.  elongata.  mediocre  elevata,  regulariter  arcuata,  jugo  nullo;  pallide  cereo 
tincta,  interdum  albida;  valvis  latioribus,  apicibus  nullis;  v.  ant.  et  post,  plus 
minusve  concava;  v.  post,  sine  mucrone  elevata;  sculptura  ut  in  L.  cancellatus 
sed  granulis  majoribus;  areis  lat.  minus  definitis;  lam.  suturalis,  elongatis; 
zona  lata,  squamuliis  tenuibus,  criniformes,  dense  obsita.  Lon.  12.0;  lat. 
6.5  mm. 

•Habitat.  Station  192,  near  Dominica,  in  138  fms.,  bottom  temperature 
63°.75  F. 

This  fine  species  is  nearest  the  Atlantic  L  cancellatus  Sowerby,  and  the 
Japanese  L.  fuliginatus  Ad.  &  Reeve.  It  differs  from  both  in  its  concave  or 
excavated  instead  of  convex  terminal  valves,  in  the  absence  or  obsolete  condi- 
tion of  the  posterior  mucro,  in  its  much  larger  and  more  regular  granules,  and 
in  the  subdepressed  appearance  also  of  the  part  of  the  median  valves  near  the 
girdle  on  each  side.  It  is  larger  than  cancellatus,  and  smaller  than  fuliginatus, 
and  without  the  dingy  blackish  painting  of  either.  L.  cancellatus  is  narrower, 
higher,  and  with  a  sharper  median  angle.  In  L.  fuliginatus  the  middle  valves 
are  shorter  from  front  to  back,  the  sutural  laminse  smaller  and  much  more 
triangular.     There  is  no  sign  of  a' mucro  on  these  valves,  but  in  L  pergranatus 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  415 

there  is  a  beginning  of  one,  quite  perceptible.  The  latter  ia  a  proportionally 
wider  and  flatter  species,  with  a  stronger  and  more  prominent  girdle  densely 
set  with  elongated  silvery  scales  like  short  stiff  gray  hairs;  these  form  a  pretty 
fringe  at  the  periphery.  The  sculpture  follows  the  pattern  of  L.  cancellalus, 
but  the  lateral  areas  are  less  clearly  defined,  the  granules  are  more  clearly  cut, 
more  regularly  arranged,  and  larger  than  in  any  of  the  species  hitherto  known. 
There  are  twelve  gills  on  each  side,  reaching  forward  to  about  the  middle  of 
'he  sixth  valve. 

Genus  HANLEYIA  Gray. 
Hanleyia  tropicalis  Dall. 

Plate  XXVI.  Figs.  8  c,  8  d. 

Hanleyia  (ropiccU     Tall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  53,  1881. 

Habitat.     Sand  Key,  in  12t     .is. 

No  new  information  or  specimens  have  come  to  hand  since  this  elegant 
species  was  described. 


Family  ISCHNOCHITONID.E. 

Genus  ISCHNOCHITON  (Gray)  Carpenter. 

Section  STENOPLAX  Carpenter. 
Ischnochiton  (Stenoplax)  limaciformis  Sowerby. 

Chiton  limaciformis   Sowerby,  P.  Z.  S.  1832,  p.  26.     Reeve,  Conch.  Icon.   Chiton, 

pi.  viii.  figs.  42  a-b,  1847. 
Chiton  productns  Reeve,  Conch.  Icon.  Chiton,  pi.  xvii.  fig.  97,  1847. 
Chiton  sanguineus  Reeve,  loc.  cit.,  fig.  98. 

Ischnochiton  limaciformis  Shuttleworth,  Berner  Mitth.,  1853,  p.  190. 
Ischnochiton  multicostatus  Dall,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  VI.  p.  337,  1883,  not  of  C.  B. 

Adams. 
Chiton  (Stenoplax)  limaciformis  (Cpr.)   Morch,  Poulsen,   Cat.  West  Indian   Shells, 

p.  14,  1878. 

Habitat.  Station  10,  in  37  fms.,  lat.  24°  44'  N.  and  Ion.  83°  26'  W.,  in  die 
southeastern  part  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  Also  Key  West  and  other  Florida 
Keys,  under  stones  and  among  corallines  at  low  water,  abundant,  Hemphill. 
Dry  Tortugas,  Dr.  E.  Palmer.  St  Vincent,  West  Indies,  Guilding.  Antilles, 
various  collectors. 

This  species  is  also  common  to  West  America  and  Japan,  the  forms  occur- 
ring in  these  regions  having  hardly  a  varietal  difference  from  each  other.  It 
is  the  largest  Ischnoid  Chiton  of  the  Antillean  region,  hchnoplax  multicostatus 
0.  B.  Adams  agrees  in  general  form,  but  differs  in  detail,  especially  in  the 
armature  of  the  girdle,  and  belongs  in  a  different  section  of  the  genus.     Chiton 


416  BULLETIN   OF   THE 

sanguineus  Reeve  is  a  mere  color  variety  of  limaciformis,  but  has  generally 
been  referred  to  as  a  synonym  of  C.  purpurascens  C.  B.  Adams,  which  from 
authentic  specimens  is  a  totally  distinct  species  from  limaciformis. 

Of  the  Lophyridoz  and  Acanlhopleuridoz  there  are  no  representatives  in  the 
Blake  Collection. 

Super-Family  OPSICHITONIA. 

This  group  contains  those  forms  in  which  the  anterior  and  posterior  valves 
are  differently  articulated,  and  the  posterior  plate  is  usually  abnormal,  or  with 
a  slit  or  sinus  behind.  It  comprises,  for  the  present,  the  Schizochitonidce, 
Placophoridce,  Mopaliidoz,  Amiculido3,  and  Cri/ptoplacidce,  corresponding  to 
divisions  E  to  I  of  the  paper  on  the  Genera  of  Chitons  previously  alluded  to. 
No  fossil  forms  are  known,  previous  to  the  Pliocene,  for  this  division  of  the 
Chitonacea. 

Family   MOPALI1DJE. 

Genus   NOTOPLAX  H.  Adams. 

Notoplax  Adams,  P.  Z.  S.  1861,  p.  403.     Type,  N.  speciosa  Ad.  (Tasmania). 

Notoplax  floridanus  n.  s. 

Surface  of  valves  entirely  covered  except  a  small  rounded  point  at  the  mucro 
of  the  anterior  valve  and  a  linear  space  extending  forward  from  the  mucro  of 
the  others.  The  exposed  parts  are  whitish  and  smooth,  or  transversely  finely 
striate.  They  are  more  conspicuous  in  dry  than  in  fresh  or  spirit  specimens. 
The  exposed  part  occupies  just  about  the  space  which  the  median  suture  does 
in  the  valves  of  Schizoplax.  The  covered  parts  of  the  valves  are  whitish 
clouded  with  pink.  The  valves  as  a  whole  are  wider  than  long,  rectangular, 
with  a  very  shallow  and  narrow  sinus,  except  the  anterior  one  are  keeled  in 
the  median  line,  overlap  each  other  about  half  their  length,  and  the  two 
central  ones  are  a  little  narrower  than  the  others.  The  valves  have  about  one 
third  the  total  width  of  the  fresh  animal,  but  about  half  in  the  dry  specimens. 
The  anterior  valve  has  five  notches,  the  others  two  each.  The  mucro  of  the  tail 
valve  is  not  very  prominent,  but  a  little  way  behind  it  the  immersed  portion 
falls  abruptly  so  that  the  posterior  slope  is  nearly  vertical  and  the  form  blunt 
and  high.  The  part  of  the  tail  plate  between  the  notches  is  not  serrate  as  in 
N.  speciosa,  but  slightly  radiately  striate,  and  the  sinus  is  very  narrow,  shallow, 
and  almost  obsolete. 

The   girdle  resembles  that   of  Katharine/,   when   fresh,  being  smooth,  of  a 

black  or  brown  color  with  the  texture  of  a  moist  prune  above;  below  whitish, 

fleshy,  a  border  of  extremely  minute  spines  at  the  margin.     When  dry  there 

is  a  granular  irregularity  to  the  surface,  as  if  there  were  little  irregular  grains 

in  the  substance  of  the  girdle.     There  are  five  very  small   pores  about   the 
May  14,  1889. 


MUSEUM  OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  417 

anterior  plate,  and  a  pair  at  each  suture  between  the  valves.  There  are  no 
pores  around  the  tail  plate.  The  pores  are  very  small  in  the  fresh,  and  invis- 
ible or  nearly  so  in  the  dry  specimen;  they  are  filled  with  fine  glassy  spiculaj, 
which,  in  the  specimens  I  have  seen,  do  not  rise  above  the  surface,  but  have 
probably  been  worn  off.  The  gills  extend  forward  half-way  to  the  head.  The 
muzzle  is  surrounded  by  a  crumpled  veil.  The  anus  is  on  a  papilla.  I  have 
seen  no  spicules  on  the  upper  surface  outside  of  the  pores.  The  largest  speci- 
men I  have  seen  in  alcohol  measures  24.0  mm.  long,  by  13.0  mm.  wide. 

Habitat.  Key  West  and  Key  Largo,  Hemphill,  on  the  reefs  near  low 
water.  Dry  Tortugas,  Dr.  E.  Palmer.  Cape  Florida,  Wurdeman  (in  Mus. 
Comp.  Zoology). 

This  remarkable  species  attracts  the  attention  at  once  by  its  dark  glistening 
girdle,  and  long  line  of  white  streaks  on  its  median  line,  like  exclamation  points 
without  the  dots  (I).  With  the  exception  of  Clilamydochiton,  less  of  the  valves 
is  exposed  than  in  any  species  which  lias  them  exposed  at  all.  A  specimen 
from  which  the  valves  had  been  dissolved  by  the  acidity  of  the  alcohol  was 
found  by  Dr.  Carpenter  in  the  Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology,  and  doubt- 
fully referred  by  him  to  Microplax.  But  we  now  know  Microplax  to  be  a 
Leptoid,  without  slits,  holding  to  Leptochiton  much  such  a  relation  as  Notoplax 
does  to  Acanthochiton. 

The  original  type  of  Notoplax  has  the,  surface  of  the  girdle  leathery,  the 
valves  are  wholly  separated  from  each  other  by  bridges  of  tissue,  and  there  is 
nothing  said  of  sutural  pores.  The  exposed  part  of  the  valves  is  larger  and 
wider,  with  imbricated  sculpture.  The  slits  begin  as  shallow  furrows,  which 
are  arched  over  higher  up,  and  form  tubes  extending  to  the  mucro,  visible 
outside  as  raised  ridges.  The  valves  in  this  species  (N.  speciosa)  are  wider 
and  shorter  than  in  N.  floridana  and  also  farther  apart,  though  they  probably 
overlap  a  little  below  the  surface.  The  space  in  the  insertion  plate  between 
the  two  slits  in  the  tail  plate  is  longitudinally  strongly  grooved,  and  has  a 
serrated  edge.  The  present  species  has  no  serration,  no  tubular  passages  to 
the  slits,  and  the  valves  are  contiguous.  It  forms  a  passage  from  Notoplax 
toward  Stectoplax  (porrectus  Cpr.)  in  these  particulars,  and  agrees  with  it  in 
having  sutural  pores.  On  the  other  hand,  Stectoplax  has  the  girdle  covered 
with  countless  minute  glassy  spines,  the  sinus  is  very  wide,  rounded,  and  deep, 
and  the  slits  are  thrown  forward  to  a  very  much  greater  extent  at  their  distal 
ends.  The  anterior  and  posterior  laminae  of  insertion  are  strongly  striated  in 
Stectoplax,  and  the  sutural  pores  are  conspicuous. 

It  will  be  seen  from  this  comparison  of  characters  that  this  Florida  shell  is 
intermediate  in  its  characters.  As  a  wider  knowledge  of  the  group  may  render 
it  necessary  to  consolidate  Stectoplax  with  Notoplax  under  a  more  comprehen- 
sive diagnosis  of  the  genus,  and  the  latter  is  the  older  name,  I  prefer  to  leave 
this  species  in  Notoplax,  though  not  typical  in  the  characters  it  exhibits.  Its 
place  in  the  general  grouping  would  be  between  Katharina  and  the  Acantho- 
chitons.     The  Mopaloid  posterior  sinus  of  the  tail  plate  is  practically  obsolete. 

vol.  xviii.  27 


418  BULLETIN   OF  THE 

Class  SCAPHOPODA. 
Order   SOLENOCONCHIA. 

Family  DENTALIID^E. 

Genus   DENTAL.IUM  Linne. 

The  species  to  be  considered  may  be  conveniently  divided  into  smooth 
species,  delicately  striated  species,  strongly  sculptured  species,  laterally  com- 
pressed species,  and  dorsally  compressed  species. 

I  am  inclined  to  believe  that  the  differences  in  the  soft  parts  reported  in 
regard  to  various  Scaphopods  will  be  found  to  be  more  or  less  connected  by 
intermediate  forms  when  more  species  have  been  examined.  To  some  extent 
the  differences  will  prove  to  be  due  to  the  point  of  view  of  the  observer.  Dif- 
ferences in  the  notch  or  slits  at  the  posterior  orifice  are  often  due  to  erosion  or 
pathologic  causes. 

An  annelid,  Pomatoceras,  simulates  some  forms  of  Dentalium  or  Cadulus. 
Other  worms  adopt  the  dead  shells  as  a  residence,  and  grow  to  fit  them  exactly. 
A  very  pretty  hermit  crab,  not  asymmetrical  like  his  brethren  who  dwell  in 
Gastropod  shells,  makes  his  home  in  the  dead  abyssal  Dentalia,  or  in  the  shells 
of  Cuvieria.  The  large  claw  is  modified  to  fit  the  aperture  of  the  shell  exactly, 
like  an  operculum.  Though  the  shells  are  white  and  opaque,  and  the  species 
is  dredged  at  great  depths,  the  crab  is  prettily  colored  with  pink  and  yellow, 
and  has  large  well  pigmented  eyes. 

A.  Shells  circular  in  section. 

a.      Shells  smooth  and  polished. 

Dentalium  agile  M.  Sars. 

Dentalium  agile  M.  Sars,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  37,  1881. 

Antalis  agilis  G.  O.  Sars,  Moll.  Reg.  Arct.  Norv.,  p.  102,  t.  xx.  fig.  9,  1878. 

Dentalium  entalis  Linne'  var.  agile  Watson,  Chall.  Gastr.,  p.  6,  1885. 

Habitat.     Station  100,  off  Morro  Light,  Havana,  in  400  fms. 

Most  of  the  specimens  originally  referred  to  this  species  appear  on  more 
thorough  study,  and  after  comparison  with  typical  specimens  of  agile,  to  be  im- 
perfect or  young  specimens  of  D.  pcrlongum,.  A  single  undoubted  specimen  of 
agile  was,  however,  taken  as  above.  The  original  agile  is  very  likely  connected 
with  some  other  nominal  species,  as  suggested  by  Mr.  Watson,  but  I  have  not 
had  time  to  make  a  careful  study  of  the  question. 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY.  419 

Dentalium  perlongum  Dall. 

Plate  XXVII.  Fig.  6. 

Dentalium  perlongum  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  36,  July,  1881 ;  Ibid.,  V.,  No.  6,  p.  61, 
1878;  Agassiz,  Three  Cruises  of  the  Blake,  II.  p.  67,  fig.  284,  1888. 

Habitat.  Station  41,  in  860  fins.  Station  46,  in  888  fms.  Yucatan  Strait, 
in  640  fms.  Station  33,  lat.  24°  V  N.,  Ion.  88°  58'  W.,  in  1568  fms.  "Station  32, 
in  804  fms.  Station  43,  in  339  fms.  Stations  162  and  163,  off  Guadelupe,  in 
734-769  fms.,  mud  and  sand,  temperature  40°.0.  Stations  226  and  228,  otf 
St.  Vincent,  in  424-785  fms.,  sand,  temperature  39°.5  to  42°.5.  Stations  235 
and  236,  off  Bequia,  in  1507  and  1591  fms.,  ooze,  temperature  39°.0.  Station 
244,  off  Grenada,  in  792  fms.,  ooze,  temperature  39°.0.  Also  at  U.  S.  Fish 
Commission  Station  2117,  off  Cape  Hatteras,  N.  C,  in  683  fms.,  yellow  mud, 
temperature  40°.0,  and  Stations  2383,  2384,  and  2398,  in  227-1191  fms.,  mud, 
temperature  39°.6  to  48°.6,  between  the  delta  of  the  Mississippi  and  Cedar 
Keys,  Florida. 

This  fine  species  has  been  carefully  compared  with  all  those  from  deep  water 
in  the  Jeffreys  collection,  and  seems  fully  distinct  from  any  of  them.  Mr. 
Watson  observes  that  the  young  resembles  D.  lonyistrorsum  Sowerby  in  texture 
and  general  appearance,  but  is  straight;  D.  acutissimum  Watson  is  stouter  and 
more  curved. 

Dentalium   filum  Sowerby. 

Dentalium  filum  Sowerby,  Thes.  Conch.,  p.  99,  pi.  cexxv.  fig.  45,  1866.     Jeffreys, 

P.  Z.  S.  1882,  p.  6(X). 
D.  gracile  Jeffreys,  Ann   Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  July,  1870,  not  of  Meek. 

A  shell  agreeing  with  the  specimens  named  D.  filum  by  Dr.  Jeffreys  in  his 
collection  was  dredged  at  Fish  Commission  Stations  2592,  2595,  2596,  2601, 
2602,  and  2614,  off  the  coast  of  North  Carolina,  in  17  to  124  fms.,  sand.  He 
quotes  it  from  the  N.  E.  Atlantic  and  the  Mediterranean,  in  20-1093  fms.,  and 
also  from  the  Italian  Pliocene  Tertiary  beds. 

Dentalium  callipeplum  n.  s. 

Plate  XXVII.  Fig.  12  b. 

Shell  ivory  white  to  pale  salmon  color,  glistening,  elegantly  arched,  rapidly 
increasing  ;  sculpture  of  faint  girdling  incremental  lines,  and  toward  the  tip 
faint  longitudinal  scratches,  hardly  discernible ;  section  circular,  the  lower  edge 
projecting  a  little  in  the  adult  aperture;  tip  entire,  circular  in  the  youngest, 
but  in  the  adult  with  a  wide  very  shallow  notch  on  the  concave  side.  Anterior 
diameter,  5.0  ;  posterior  diameter,  0.5  ;  Ion.  of  shell,  61.5 ;  height  of  arch  above 
the  chord,  10.0  mm. 


420  BULLETIN   OF  THE 

Habitat.  Station  128,  near  Santa  Cruz,  in  180  fms.  ooze,  temperature  60°.0  ; 
Station  143,  off  Saba  Bank,  a  fragment,  in  150  tins.  ;  Station  167,  off  Guade- 
lupe,  in  175  fms.,  sand,  temperature  55°  ;  Station  220,  off  Santa  Lucia,  in  116 
fms.,  hard  bottom,  temperature  58°.5 ;  Station  262,  off  Grenada,  in  92  fins., 
sand,  temperature  62°.  Also  at  U.  S.  Fish  Commission  Stations  2314,  off 
South  Carolina,  in  159  fms.,  sand,  and  2400,  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  in  169  fms., 
mud,  temperature  57°.5  F. 

This  elegant  species  has  also  been  received  from  the  coast  of  Honduras  and 
from  Samana  Bay,  St.  Domingo. 

Its  nearest  relative  is  D.  rubescens  Deshayes,  which  is  less  curved  in  front 
and  more  curved  near  the  tip,  is  smaller,  deeper  colored,  and  has  a  very  long 
narrow  posterior  slit,  when  perfect,  quite  different  from  that  of  callipeplum. 

The  specimen  figured  is  young ;  better  specimens,  from  which  the  descrip- 
tion was  drawn  up,  were  dredged  by  the  Fish  Commission.  The  striation  on 
the  tip  is  so  faint  as  to  be  very  difficult  to  see,  while  the  surface  is  so  brilliant  as 
not  easily  to  be  scrutinized. 


Dentalium  matara  n.  s. 

Shell  slender,  salmon-colored,  whiter  toward  the  aperture,  glistening,  the 
lines  of  growth  hardly  perceptible  in  fresh  specimens,  other  sculpture  none ; 
very  slightly  arched  ;  aperture  circular,  very  little  oblique  ;  anal  orifice  higher 
than  wide,  slightly  notched  below  and  above,  with  a  short  wide  notch,  but  on 
the  convex  side  this  is  prolonged  by  a  rather  wide  slit,  about  1.0  mm.  long. 
Anterior  diameter,  2.75  ;  posterior  diameter,  0.6  ;  length  of  shell,  41.0  ;  height 
of  arch  above  the  chord,  3.75  mm. 

Habitat.  U.  S.  Fish  Commission  Stations  2608  and  2611,  off  Cape  Lookout, 
N.  C,  in  22  to  31  fms.,  sand,  temperature  74°  to  79°,  and  Stations  2402  and 
2409,  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  in  26  and  111  fms.,  sand  and  mud.  Also  at 
Samana  Bay,  Santo  Domingo,  in  16  fms.  mud,  Couthouy,  in  1854. 

This  shell  is  colored  like  D.  rubescens,  but  has  a  shorter  and  very  different 
notch,  is  slimmer,  straighter,  and  has  a  proportionally  larger  posterior  end 
when  perfect.  It  is  less  conical,  less  arched,  and  smaller  than  D.  callipeplum, 
which  it  resembles  in  brilliancy.  It  entirely  wants  the  fine  posterior  striation 
of  D.  leptum  Bush,  which  is  still  more  slender. 

The  tube  or  sheath,  which  is  often  seen  protruding  from  the  posterior  end  of 
Dentalia,  is  a  pathological  production,  due  to  the  truncation  of  the  tip,  which 
is  partially  repaired  to  protect  the  anal  extreme  of  the  animal  by  the  formation 
of  this  thin  tube.  It  may  occur  in  any  species,  but  is  more  marked  in  thick 
shells.  It  has  been  made  the  basis  of  a  genus  or  subgenus,  but  I  doubt  if  the 
formation  is  ever  normal  and  regular  in  any  species;  it  certainly  is  not  in  any 
specimen  I  have  been  able  to  examine.  It  is  probably  confined  to  such  species 
as  do  not  normally  possess  a  slit  or  notch  in  any  part  of  the  circumference  of 
the  anal  aperture. 


MUSEUM  OF   COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY.  421 

b.   Shell  striated. 

Dentalium  leptum  Bush. 

Dentalium  leptum  Bush,  Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  VI.  p.  470,  pi.  xlv.  figs.  18, 18  a,  1885  ; 
Kep.  U.  S.  Fish  Commission  for  1883,  p.  85,  1885. 

This  beautiful  and  distinct  species  is  reported  from  the  vicinity  of  Cape  Hat- 
teras,  N.  C,  to  Charlotte  Harbor,  Florida,  in  2  to  50  fms.,  sand  or  mud.  It  is 
readily  recognized  by  its  orange  tint  and  slender  form,  delicately  and  closely 
striated  near  the  tip. 

Dentalium  antillarum  Orbigny. 

Dentalium  antillarum  Orb.,  Moll.  Cuba,  II.  p.  202,  pi.  xxv.  figs.  10-13,  1842.  Dall, 
Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  37,  1881. 

Habitat.  Station  20,  in  220  fms.  ;  Barbados,  in  100  fms. ;  Yucatan  Strait,  in 
640  fms.;  Station  44,  in  539  fms. ;  Station  19,  in  310  fms.;  Station  43,  in  339 
fms. ;  Station  33,  in  1568  fms.  ;  off  Cape  San  Antonio,  in  1002  fms. ;  off  Havana, 
in  80  to  400  fms.,  Sigsbee;  Station  136,  near  Santa  Cruz,  in  508  fms.,  ooze, 
temperature  42°.5  ;  Station  176,  off  Dominica,  in  391  fms.,  ooze,  temperature 
43°.5  ;  Station  211,  off  Martinique,  in  357  fms.,  sand  ;  Station  230,  near  St. 
Vincent,  in  464  fms.,  temperature  41°. 5  ;  Station  264,  off  Grenada,  in  416 
fms.,  ooze,  temperature  42°.5  ;  Stations  272,  282,  and  300,  near  Barbados,  in  76 
to  154  fms.  sand,  temperature  56°  to  65°.  Also  by  the  U.  S.  Fish  Commission 
at  Station  2355,  near  the  Arrowsmith  Bank,  Yucatan,  in  400  fms.,  ooze  ;  and  at 
Station  2616,  twenty-five  miles  E.  S.  E.  from  Cape  Fear,  N.  C,  in  17  fms., 
sand.  Also  by  Dr.  W.  H.  Rush,  U.  S.  N.,  off  Cape  Hatteras,  in  300  fms.,  green 
mud. 

This  well  marked  species  is  uniformly  finely  grooved  from  the  tip  to  the 
anterior  part,  the  interspaces  being  rounded,  subequal,  and  thread-like,  grow- 
ing slightly  finer  anteriorly.  The  section  is  circular,  the  notch  is  on  the 
convex  side,  shallow  and  wide,  often  decollate.  I  believe  its  range  extends 
north  to  New  England,  and  possibly  to  Nova  Scotia,  in  deep  water,  judging  by 
specimens  so  labelled  in  the  National  Museum. 

Dentalium  calamus  n.  s. 

Shell  very  slender,  slightly  arched,  white,  translucent,  the  soft  parts  showing 
through  the  shell;  finely  longitudinally  grooved,  the  grooves  uniform,  the 
interspaces  flat  and  slightly  wider  anteriorly;  aperture  hardly  oblique,  anal 
end  apparently  trimmed  off  obliquely  for  a  short  distance  on  the  convex  side, 
glandiform,  phallic,  vertically  narrowly  slit,  the  slit  longer  on  the  convex  side, 
the  "glans"-like  portion  smooth,  polished,  usually  with  a  little  ledge  around 
it.     Lon.  of  shell,  19.5  ;  height  of  arch  from  chord,  2.25  ;  diameter  of  aperture, 


422  BULLETIN   OF  THE 

1.25;  of  anal  end  behind  the  "glans,"  0.8  mm.  Grooves  in  the  middle  part  of 
the  shell  about  sixteen  to  the  millimeter  of  circumference. 

Habitat.     Turtle  Harbor,  Florida,  in  4  fms.,  Dr.  W.  H.  Rush,  U.  S.  N. 

This  very  elegant  and  delicate  species  is  not  like  any  other  on  the  coast. 
Though  much  smaller  and  more  cylindrical,  it  has  somewhat  the  general  ap- 
pearance of  the  last  species,  but  when  examined,  instead  of  the  sculpture  being 
rounded  threads,  it  is  seen  to  be  of  sharp  fine  incised  lines  with  fiat  smooth 
interspaces. 

Dentalium  taphrium  n.  s. 

Shell  short,  stoutish,  slightly  curved,  pale  apple-green,  which  is  so  alternated 
in  ill-defined  zones  of  translucency  and  opacity  as  to  give  on  a  fresh  specimen 
the  effect  of  the  silk  known  as  moire  antique,  though  the  sculpture  is  not  mod- 
ified in  these  zones;  sculpture  of  very  fine  sharp  slightly  elevated  incremental 
lines,  visible  only  in  the  interspaces  between  the  longitudinal  threads;  the 
latter  are  even,  squarish,  rather  flattened  threads,  with  subequal  channelled 
interspaces,  about  six  threads  to  the  millimeter  of  circumference;  close  to  the 
aperture  they  become  faint,  and  posteriorly  every  alternate  thread  is  weaker 
until  it  disappears.  Both  orifices  are  circular,  the  anal  one  has  the  upper,  and 
to  a  less  degree  the  lower  edge  gently  concavely  waved,  but  without  a  slit. 
Generally  this  end  is  decollate  and  circular.  Lon.  of  shell,  17.0;  height  of 
arch  from  chord,  2.4;  diameter  of  aperture,  2.12;  of  anal  orifice,  0.5  mm. 

Habitat.  Off  the  Carolina  coast,  in  22  to  52  fms.,  sand,  temperature  67°  to 
78°,  at  U.  S.  Fish  Commission  Stations  2598,  2608,  and  2612.  Station  2405, 
in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  between  the  Mississippi  delta  and  Cedar  Keys,  Florida, 
in  30  fms.,  sand. 

A  couple  of  specimens  were  obtained,  dead  and  white,  in  182  fms.,  coral  sand, 
off  Havana,  Cuba,  by  the  U.  S.  Fish  Commission.  These,  though  decollate 
behind,  were  about  nine  millimeters  longer  anteriorly  than  any  of  the  more 
northern  specimens,  without  gaining  much  in  diameter.  The  added  part  was 
almost  destitute  of  sculpture. 

Dentalium  candidum  Jeffreys. 

Dentalium  candidum  Jeffreys,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  153,  1877  ;  P.  Z.  S.  1882, 

p.  658,  pi.  xlix.  fig.  2. 
Dentalium  solidum  Verrill,  Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  VI.  p.  215,  pi.  xliv.  fig.  16,  1884. 

Habitat.  Northern  Atlantic,  Jeffreys,  410  to  1750  fms.  N.  E.  America, 
Verrill,  southward  to  the  Carolina  coast,  in  843  to  1309  fms. 

This  is  a  cold-water  species  not  obtained  by  the  Blake.  Though  one  would 
not  anticipate  it  from  the  figure,  (which  is  made  from  a  very  perfect  young 
specimen,)  an  inspection  of  Dr.  Jeffreys's  types  shows  that  his  species  is  iden- 
tical with  that  of  Prof.  Verrill. 


MUSEUM  OF   COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY.  423 

Under  favorable  circumstances  this  species  may  be  of  a  most  brilliant  milk- 
white,  but  nearly  all  the  specimens  are  dull  ashy  gray  in  color,  even  when 
living  and  in  perfect  order.  I  suppose  the  white  ones  are  those  which  happen 
to  live  in  pure  sand,  while  the  ordinary  form  comes  from  mud  or  ooze. 

Dentalium  sericatum  Dall. 

Plate  XXVI.  Fig.  1. 
Dentalium  sericatum  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  37,  1881. 

Habitat.     Yucatan  Strait,  in  640  fms. 

This  species  is  more  acute  than  D.  taphrium  of  the  same  size,  and  the  moire 
antique  effect  is  of  a  much  more  prominent  and  zigzag  pattern.  In  D.  taphrium 
the  sculpture  is  also  coarser.  A  somewhat  similar  effect  is  observable  on  the 
younger  portion  of  D.  aculeatum  Sowerby,  which  is  otherwise  very  different. 
The  Indo-Pacific  D.  nebulosum  Deshayes  also  exhibits  it.  The  sculpture  is 
entirely  independent  of  these  differences  of  opacity,  which  at  first  one  finds  it 
difficult  to  realize. 

Dentalium  carduus  n.  s. 

Plate  XXVII.  Fig.  3. 

Shell  pure  white,  sometimes  attaining  an  ashy  or  rusty  tinge  from  extra- 
neous matter,  elongated,  slightly  curved,  and  with  a  rasp-like  surface  for  about 
half  its  adult  length;  longitudinal  sculpture  of  very  numerous  fine  sharp  raised 
threads  with  somewhat  wider  interspaces,  in  which  intercalary  threads  from 
time  to  time  arise;  transverse  sculpture  of  fine  sharp  elevated  lamellse,  which 
cross  the  threads  and  become  almost  spinulose  on  the  intersections;  these  can 
be  felt,  but  are  almost  too  fine  to  be  clearly  seen  with  the  naked  eye;  in  the 
perfectly  adult  shell,  this  sculpture  becomes,  through  senility  or  wear,  less 
sharp  on  the  last  half  of  the  shell;  though  both  sorts  of  ridges  persist,  they  are 
thicker  and  more  rounded ;  shell  not  very  thick ;  aperture  circular,  very  little 
oblique  ;  anal  orifice  small,  with  a  short  wide  slit  on  the  convex  side,  and  no 
notch  or  wave  on  the  other.  Lon.  of  completely  adult  shell,  87.0  ;  height  of 
arch  from  chord,  7.0;  diameter  of  aperture,  7.0;  of  anal  orifice,  0.7  mm. 

Habitat.  Station  220,  near  Santa  Lucia,  in  116  fms.,  hard  bottom,  tempera- 
ture 58°. 0.  Station  246,  in  154  fms.,  ooze,  near  Grenada,  temperature  56°. 
Also  by  the  U.  S.  Fish  Commission,  in  338  fms.,  sand,  at  Station  2655,  on  the 
Little  Bahama  Bank,  temperature  47°.5. 

The  specimen  figured  is  only  16  mm.  long,  but  shows  sufficiently  the  char- 
acters of  the  form  and  sculpture.  Better  specimens  were  afterward  found  in 
some  of  the  Fish  Commission  dredgings,  from  which  the  above  description  is 
drawn.  The  peculiar  sharpness  felt  by  drawing  the  shell  gently  between  the 
finger  and  thumb  is  very  recognizable,  and  under  the  glass  the  sculpture  is 
very  beautiful. 


424  BULLETIN   OF   THE 

c.   Species  strongly  sculptured. 
Dentalium  disparile  Orbignt. 

Dentalium  disparile  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  37,  1881  (ex  parte).      Orbigny, 
Moll.  Cuba,  II.  p.  202,  pi.  xxv.  figs.  14-17,  1842. 

Habitat.  Coast  of  Florida,  in  2-10  fms.  Cuba,  Orbigny.  Bahamas,  Raw- 
son.  Samana  Bay,  St.  Domingo,  Coutbouy.  Barbados  100  fins.,  Blake  Expe- 
dition. 

This  species  has  no  notch  or  slit  when  perfect;  when  truncate  it  repairs 
damages  by  projecting  a  small  tube  from  the  broken  end.  It  recalls  D.  panor- 
mitanum  Jeffreys,  but  is  smaller,  less  uniform  in  sculpture,  and  has  no  notch. 

Dentalium  ceratum  Dall. 

Plate  XXVI    Fig.  5.     Plate  XXVII.  Fig.  2. 

Dentalium  ceratum  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  38,  1881. 

Habitat.  West  Florida,  Pourtales,  50  fms.  Station  2,  in  805  fms.  Sigsbee, 
off  Havana,  in  119-177  fms.  Station  36,  in  84  fms.  Station  45,  in  101  fms. 
Station  101,  off  Morro  Light,  Havana,  in  175  to  250  fms.  Station  140,  off 
Virgin  Gorda,  dead,  in  1097  fms.  Station  208,  in  213  fms.,  off  Martinique. 
Barbados,  100  fms.  Station  226,  off  St.  Vincent,  in  424  fms.,  sand.  Stations 
272,  in  76  fms.,  sand;  290,  in  73  fms.,  sand  ;  and  299,  in  140  fms.,  coral,  near 
Barbados.  Also  by  the  U.  S.  Fish  Commission,  south  of  Cuba,  at  Station 
2135,  in  250  fms.,  coral.  Temperatures  ranging  from  42°. 5  to  71°. 0,  and 
averaging  53°.  1  F. 

This  species  also  recalls  D.  panormitanum,  but  is  always  more  slender, 
usually  shorter,  has  a  yellow  waxen  instead  of  an  apricot  tint,  and  the  raised 
sculpture  is  finer  and  more  uniform.  D.  ceratum  has  a  shallow  wave  above 
and  below  at  the  anal  end,  while  D.  panormitanum  has  a  true,  though  short 
slit. 

Dentalium  Gouldii  n.  s. 

Plate  XXVI.  Fig.  4. 

Shell  elongated,  slender,  slightly  arched,  vitreous,  anteriorly  whitish,  behind 
with  a  yellowish  or  pale  greenish  tinge;  surface  polished,  with  fine  microscopic 
longitudinal  striae,  over  a  large  part  of  the  surface ;  in  well  developed  speci- 
mens the  shell  is  hexagonal  and  six-sided,  with  the  sides  impressed  so  that  the 
ribs  stand  out  like  marginatinsr  rods  ;  as  the  shell  prows  older,  the  angles  be- 
come  less  marked,  although  generally  quite  perceptible  at  the  aperture ;  the 
lines  of  growth  art  visible  as  extremely  fine  engraved  striae  ;  in  another  muta- 
tion of  the  species  (which  served  the  draughtsman  for  Fig.  4),  there  are  longi- 
tudinal threads  between   those  forming  the   angles,   and   which  obscure   the 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY.  425 

angularity  especially  in  front  until  the  shell  is  examined  from  behind  "  end 
on,"  when  it  will  be  perceptible ;  this  form  is  straighter  than  the  type.  The 
aperture  is  not  at  all  oblique.  There  is  a  wide  rather  short  notch,  perhaps  due 
to  erosion,  at  the  convex  side  of  the  anal  orifice  in  the  shell  figured.  Typical 
form  shows  no  notch  when  perfect,  and  measures  30.0  mm.  long,  height  of  the 
arch  3.5  mm.,  aperture  3.0  and  anal  end  0.6  mm.  in  diameter.  The  variety 
obscurum  is  28.0  mm.  long,  aperture  2.0  and  anal  end  0.5  mm.  in  diameter. 

Habitat.  Off  Havana,  in  127  fins.  Variety  at  Station  299,  in  140  fms., 
coral,  near  Barbados,  temperature  56°. 5.  Also  (the  typical  form)  at  U.  S.  Fish 
Commission  Station  2145,  in  25  fms.,  mud,  near  Aspinwall.  Also  in  12  fms., 
twelve  miles  east  from  Fryingpan  Shoals,  South  Carolina,  Dr.  W.  H.  Rush, 
U.  S.  N.     Also  Barbados,  'fide  H.  Cuming. 

This  shell  was  confounded  with  D.  hexagonum  Gould,  a  large  Chinese  species 
of  similar  form,  by  Sowerby  and  Reeve.  The  typical  form  of  D.  Gouldii  is 
longer,  more  slender,  and  less  curved  than  the  figures  of  Reeve  and  Sowerby, 
which  represent  a  young  D.  hexagonum.  It  is  just  possible  that  the  supposed 
variety  may  prove  distinct,  in  which  case  it  may  be  called  D.  obscurum ;  but  I 
inclined  at  present  to  believe  it  to  be  nothing  more  than  a  variety.  The  ordi- 
nary form  is  what  has  been  called  hexagonum  by  West  Indian  collectors  for 
many  years,  but  the  rounding  off  of  the  angles  as  the  shell  becomes  adult  is 
not  paralleled  in  the  Chinese  species,  which  is  much  larger,  and  has  a  reddish 
dull  surface,  like  pale  terra-cotta. 

Dentalium  ceras  Watson. 

Dentalium  ceras  Watson,  Linn.  Soc.  Journ.,  XIV.  p.  510,  April,  1879.     Dall,  Bull. 
M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  37,  1881.     Watson,  Chall.  Gastr.,  p.  3,  pi.  i.  fig.  4,  1885. 

Habitat.  Station  33,  Gulf  of  Mexico,  in  1568  fms.  Station  193,  off  Mar- 
tinique, in  169  fms.,  sand.  Temperatures  40°.5  and  51°.  Pacific  Ocean,  Chal- 
lenger Expedition. 

By  a  lapsus  in  the  text  of  the  Bulletin  one  of  Watson's  specimens  was  stated 
to  come  from  the  "  Atlantic  "  west  of  Valparaiso,  instead  of  the  Pacific,  as  is 
evident  from  the  context.  A  comparison  made  by  the  kind  assistance  of  Mr. 
Watson  confirms  the  identification  of  the  Blake  shell,  which  it  thus  seems  is 
really  found  in  both  oceans.  It  is  close  to  D.  capillosum,  but  is  shorter,  in- 
creases more  rapidly,  and  has  a  wider  anterior  end.  The  Blake  specimens 
were  both  dead,  the  Challenger  specimen  living,  when  taken. 

Dentalium  capillosum  Jeffreys. 

Dentalium  capillosum  Jeffreys,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  153,  Feb.,  1877  ;  P.  Z  S.  1882, 
p.  658,  pi.  xlix.  fig.  1.  , 

Habitat.  Whole  North  Atlantic,  Challenger,  Valorous,  and  Travailleur 
Expeditions.     Off  Havana,  Sigsbee,  in  119  fms.     Station  193,  off  Martinique, 


426  BULLETIN   OF   THE 

in  169  fms.     Station  220,  near  Santa  Lucia,  in  116  fms.    Barbados,  Hassler 
Expedition,  in  100  fms. 

All  the  specimens  were  dead  or  fragmentary,  and  most  of  them  belong  to 
the  variety  paucicostatwn  Watson.  In  examining  the  specimens  named  D.  capil- 
losum  in  the  Jeffreys  collection,  I  find  several  of  them  which  he  regarded  as  the 
young  to  be  of  a  more  slender  and  much  smaller  species,  which  probably  never 
attains  a  large  size,  though  sculptured  like  D.  capillosum.  The  specimen  figured 
in  the  P.  Z.  S.  above  cited  is  only  about  one  third  the  size  of  an  adult. 


Dentalium  laqueatum  Verrill. 

Plate  XXVII.  Fig.  1. 

Dentalium  laqueatum  Verrill,  Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  VI.  p.  431,  pi.  44,  fig.  18,  1885. 

Habitat.  Off  the  eastern  coast  of  the  United  States,  in  60  to  200  fms.,  U.  S. 
Fish  Commission,  from  near  Cape  Hatteras,  North  Carolina,  to  the  vicinity 
of  Cape  Florida,  abundant;  temperature  ranging  from  58°  to  75°.  Blake 
Expedition,  at  Station  9,  Gulf  of  Mexico,  in  127  fms.  Off  Sombrero,  living,  in 
54  fms.  Off  Havana,  in  127  to  177  fms.,  Sigsbee.  Station  132,  off  Santa  Cruz, 
in  115  fms.,  hard  bottom.  Station  177,  off  Dominica,  in  118  fms.,  sand.  Sta- 
tion 240,  near  the  Grenadines,  in  164  fms.,  coral.  Station  246,  off  Grenada,  in 
154  fms.,  ooze.  Stations  290,  293,  and  296,  near  Barbados,  in  73-84  fms. 
Temperature  range,  from  52°  to  70°. 75  F. 

This  very  fine  species  reaches  the  length  of  55  mm.  The  very  young  have 
generally  a  very  slight  wave  on  the  convex  side  of  the  anal  aperture ;  in  the 
adults  this  aperture  is  sometimes  circular  and  unslit  ;  sometimes  there  is  a  nar- 
row slit  5.0  mm.  long.  The  very  young  have  the  transverse  sculpture  most 
prominent  (aside  from  the  strong  ribs  which  range  from  nine  to  eleven),  the 
adolescent  part  the  longitudinal  striae,  while  near  the  lip  of  the  adult  both 
are  obsolete.  I  am  disposed  to  think  the  species  does  not  reach  more  than 
200  fms. 

It  recalls  D.  octagonum  Lamarck,  but  the  secondary  strise  in  that  speciea 
when  present  are  much  coarser,  the  ribs  fewer,  and  the  taper  at  the  posterior 
end  much  more  abrupt. 

B.    Species  vertically  compressed. 

Dentalium  compressum  Watson. 

Dentalium  compressum  Watson,  Lin.  Soc.  Joum.,  XIV.  p.  616,  April,  1879.  Dall,  Bull. 
M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  38,  1881.    Watson,  Chall.  Gastr.,  p.  9,  pi.  i.  fig.  9,  1885. 

Habitat.  Station  43,  in  339  fms.  Off  Cape  San  Antonio,  in  413  fms. 
Station  2,  Gulf  of  Mexico,  in  800  fms.  Station  226,  near  St.  Vincent,  in  424 
fms.,  sand,  temperature  42°.5.     Culebra,  St.  Thomas,  in  300  fms.,  Challenger. 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY.  427 

Also  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  between  the  delta  of  the  Mississippi  and  Cedar 
Keys,  Florida,  at  Station  2402,  in  111  fins.,  mud,  by  the  U.  S.  Fish  Com- 
mission. 

The  posterior  half  of  well  preserved  specimens  is  coarsely  obscurely  striated. 

Dentalium  ophiodon  Dall. 

Plate  XXVI.  Fig.  9. 

Dentalium  ophiodon  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  38,  1881. 

Habitat.  Station  19,  in  310  fms.  Station  20,  in  220  fms.  Station  21,  in 
287  fms.     Barbados,  Hassler  Expedition,  in  100  fms. 

This  is  a  more  slender,  smaller,  and  more  delicately  striated  species  than  the 
preceding. 

C.     Shell  laterally  compressed. 
Dentalium  callithrix  n.  a. 

Plate  XXVII.  Fig.  10. 

Shell  white,  moderately  curved,  laterally  slightly  compressed  ;  sculpture  of 
about  nine  primary  longitudinal  ridges,  angulating  the  section,  with  between 
them  toward  tbe  middle  of  the  shell  three  to  five  secondary  smaller  rounded 
threads,  crossed  by  moderately  strong  lines  of  growth  ;  the  primaries  are  strong- 
est posteriorly,  they  become  fainter  in  front  and  all  the  longitudinal  sculpture 
nearly  uniform  near  the  aperture  in  the  adult ;  aperture  oblique,  rounded  oval, 
the  lower  lip  in  advance,  margin  thin ;  anal  orifice  circular,  simple  in  the 
young,  without  notches  or  slit  ;  adults  usually  show  a  short  broadish  slit  on 
the  concave  side,  or  are  irregularly  eroded  ;  the  extreme  tip  in  the  young  is 
more  curved  than  the  body  of  the  shell,  and  quite  acute.  Lon.  of  shell,  25.0; 
height  of  arch  above  chord,  5.0  ;  vertical  diameter  of  aperture,  3.75;  transverse 
ditto,  2.75  ;  diameter  of  anal  end  in  young,  0.25  ;  in  figured  specimen  (eroded), 
1.0  mm.     The  shell  may  attain  a  length  of  43.0  mm. 

Habitat.  Yucatan  Strait,  640  fms.  Gulf  of  Mexico,  Station  20,  in  220  fms. 
Station  41,  in  860  fms.  Station  162,  near  Guadelupe,  in  769  fms.,  sand,  tem- 
perature 40°.0.  Station  221,  off  Santa  Lucia,  in  423  fms.,  ooze,  temperature 
43°.0.  Station  236,  off  Bequia,  in  1591  fms.,  ooze,  temperature,  39°.0.  Station 
248,  in  161  fms.,  ooze,  off  Grenada,  temperature  53°. 5.  Also  at  U.  S.  Fish 
Commission  Station  2678,  in  731  fms.,  ooze,  off  Cape  Fear,  North  Carolina, 
temperature  38°.7,  and  Station  2383,  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  between  the  delta 
of  the  Mississippi  and  Cedar  Keys,  Florida,  in  11S1  fms.,  mud,  temperature 
40°.0  F. 

This  is  a  very  characteristic  species,  in  which  the  longitudinal  sculpture,  and 
even  the  shell,  are  often  somewhat  spirally  twisted  as  much  as  one  eighth  of  the 
circumference. 


428  BULLETIN   OF  THE 

Dentalium  ensiculus  Jeffreys. 

Plate  XXVII.  Fig.  12. 

Dentalium  ensiculus  Jeffreys,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  154,  Feb.,  1877  ;  P.  Z.  S.  1882, 
p.  660,  pi.  xlix.  fig.  4.    Watson,  Chall.  Gastr.,  p.  12,  pi.  ii.  fig.  2,  1885. 

Dentalium  didymum  Watson,  Journ.  Linn.  Soc,  XIV.  p.  517,  1879 ;  Chall.  Gastr., 
p.  10,  pi.  i.  fig.  11,  1885. 

Dentalium  Sigsbeanum  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  38,  1881. 

Habitat.  Yucatan  Strait,  640  fms.  Station  230,  near  St.  Vincent,  in  464 
fms.,  temperature  41°. 5.  Station  288,  off  Barbados,  in  399  fms.,  bard  bottom, 
temperature  44°. 5.  Also,  by  Dr.  W.  H.  Rush,  U.  S.  N.,  in  1060  fms.,  Yuca- 
tan Strait,  and  off  Havana,  in  1024  fms.,  mud.  North  Atlantic,  Portugal,  West 
of  Ireland,  Bay  of  Biscay,  off  Sombrero  and  Culebra  Islands,  West  Indies,  in 
390  to  1785  fms.,  Jeffreys  and  Watson. 

A  comparison  of  a  full  series  renders  the  above  consolidation  evidently 
necessary. 

Genus  CADULUS  Philippi. 

Cadulus  Philippi,  En.  Moll.  Sicilise,  II.  p.  208,  pi.  xxvii.  fig.  21,  1844. 

The  subdivisions  of  this  genus  are  somewhat  uncertain,  owing  to  the  prevail- 
ing ignorance  of  the  characters  of  the  soft  parts,  and  of  the  value  for  systematic 
purposes  of  these  differences  where  they  are  known.  The  type  of  the  genus, 
C.  ovulum  Philippi,  is  nearly  related  to  C.  obcsus  Dall  and  C.  gibbus  Jeffreys, 
but  from  these  forms  to  the  long  and  Dentalium-like  forms,  called  Siphonoden- 
talium  by  Sars,  there  is  conchologically  an  insensible  gradation.  There  is  little 
doubt  that  very  different  animals  in  some  cases  form  these  very  similar  shells, 
but  we  are  not  yet  in  a  position  to  make  a  final  classification  of  them. 

Cadulus  quadridentatus  Dall. 

Plate  XXVII.  Fig.  5. 

Siphonodentalium  quadridentatum  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  36,  July,  1881. 

?  Cadulus  incisus  Bush,  Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  VI.  p.  471,  pi.  xlv.  fig.  20,  June,  1885. 

Habitat.  Fernando  Noronha,  7-25  fms.  West  coast  of  Florida,  30  fms. 
Northward  along  the  coast  to  Cape  Hatteras,  abundantly,  in  12-50  fms.,  sand. 

I  have  not  seen  an  author's  specimen  of  Miss  Bush's  species,  but  the"  species 
described  as  above  by  me  is  quite  abundant  on  the  Carolina  coast,  and  agrees 
well  with  her  description  and  figure.  Most  of  the  specimens  have  a  slightly 
dull  silky  look,  with  a  slight  yellowish  tendency,  as  compared  with  the  other 
species,  but  this  is  not  absolutely  invariable,  and  may  be  due  perhaps  to  the 
action  of  the  gastric  juices  of  a  fish  upon  specimens  afterward  disgorged.   There 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  429 

is  much  variation  in  the  depth  of  the  nicks  at  the  posterior  margin,  ana  rarely 
there  are  six  instead  of  four.  Some  are  usually  deeper  than  others,  and  they 
are  seldom  as  square  as  in  the  one  figured. 

Cadulus  sequalis  Dall. 

Plate  XXVII.  Fig.  9. 

Cadulus  ceoualis  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  34,  1881. 

Habitat.     Station  43,  in  339  fms.,  near  Tortugas. 

This  fine  species  is  the  least  swollen  of  any  of  the  forms  from  this  region, 
and  only  C.  cylindratus  Jeffreys,  exceeds  it  in  this  particular.  Its  nearest  rela- 
tive is  0.  spectabilis  Verrill,  which  is  larger,  less  cylindrical,  more  curved,  and 
more  attenuated  behind. 

Cadulus  spectabilis  Verrill. 
C.  spectabilis  Verrill,  Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  VI.  p.  432,  pi.  xliv.  fig.  19,  1885. 

Habitat.  Station  230,  near  St.  Vincent,  in  464  fms.,  sand,  temperature  41°.5. 
Southeast  of  George's  Bank,  Massachusetts  coast,  in  1400-1800  fms.,  U.  S. 
Fish  Commission. 

The  single  specimen  from  St.  Vincent  is  of  a  more  even  ivory  white,  and 
rather  less  attenuated  posteriorly,  than  the  specimens  from  New  England; 
otherwise  it  seems  to  agree  fairly  well  with  them. 

Cadulus  Watsoni  Dall. 
Plate  XXVII.  Fig.   12  a. 

Cadulus  Watsoni  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  34,  1881. 

Habitat.  Yucatan  Strait,  near  Cape  San  Antonio,  in  413  and  1002  fms. 
Also  off  Old  Providence,  in  382  fms.,  ooze,  temperature  46°. 0,  at  IT.  S.  Fish 
Commission  Station  2150. 

Cadulus  poculum  Dall. 

Shell  about  the  size  of  C.  Watsoni,  but  more  curved ;  the  swollen  equator 
quite  near  the  mouth,  and  the  part  of  the  shell  in  front  of  it  sharply  compressed 
vertically,  with  the  aperture  very  oblique,  like  the  mouth  of  a  whistle  ;  wider 
than  high  ;  surface  polished,  smooth  ;  posterior  aperture  small,  circular,  not 
notched,  but  projecting  slightly  more  at  the  sides  than  above  or  below.  Lon.  of 
shell,  13.2;  anterior  margin  over  convex  side  to  equator,  4.0;  vertical  diameter 
at  equator,  2.0  ;  transverse  ditto,  2.5  ;  transverse  diameter  of  posterior  orifice, 
0.63  ;  of  anterior  ditto,  1.75  mm. 

Habitat.  Off  Cape  San  Antonio  in  640  fms.  Station  226,  near  St.  Vincent, 
in  464  fins.,  sand,  temperature  42°.5  F. 

This  shell  is  remarkable  for  the  obliquity  of  the  equator,  and  of  the  slope  on 
the  convex  side  from  the  summit  to  the  anterior  margin.  In  these  particulars 
it  is  more  strongly  marked  than  any  other  species  I  have  seen.     The  anterior 


430  BULLETIN   OF   THE 

orifice  is  nearly  circular,  but  looks  upward  from  its  lower  lip  at  about  45°. 
The  equator  is  opaque  white,  strongly  marked,  and  contrasted  with  the  trans- 
lucency  of  the  rest  of  the  shell.  Behind  it  the  attenuation  is  very  rapid,  and 
the  posterior  end  unusually  small  for  a  Cadulus  of  this  size. 

Cadulus  Jeffreysi  Monterosato. 

Caduhis  Jeffreysi  Monterosato,  Conch.  Medit.,  p.  10,  1875. 

C.  subfusiformis  Jeffreys,  Brit.  Conch.,  V.  p.  196,  pi.  ci.  fig.  3,  not  of  M.  Sars. 

C.  diploconus  Seguenza,  fide  Jeffreys. 

C.  propinquus  Verrill,  Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  V.  p.  558,  pi.  lviii.  figs.  31,  32,  not  of 

G.  0.  Sars. 
?  C.  Jeffreysi  Verrill,  loc.  cit.,  p.  559. 

Habitat.  Barbados,  in  100  fms.  Off  Martha's  Vineyard,  at  U.  S.  Fish 
Commission  Station  871. 

The  specimens  have  been  compared  with  authentic  types  of  C.  Jeffreysi. 

Cadulus  carolinensis  Bush. 

Cadulus  carolinensis  Bush,  Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  VI.  p.  471,  pi.  xlv.  fig.  19,  1885; 

Rep.  Com.  Fisheries  for  1883,  p.  85,  1885. 
Cadulus  Olivii  Jeffreys,  MS.,  non  Scacchi. 

Habitat.  Off  the  Carolina  coast,  in  14  to  63  fms.,  sand,  abundantly.  U.  S. 
Fish  Commission,  also  at  Old  Providence,  in  382  fms.,  ooze,  temperature  46°.0. 

Cadulus  (carolinensis  var.  ?)  Bushii  Dall. 

Shell  resembling  C.  carolinensis,  but  somewhat  smaller,  more  abruptly  con- 
stricted behind  the  swollen  portion,  and  with  the  posterior  orifice  a  little 
smaller.     Lon.,  6.5  ;  max.  diam.,  1.25  mm. 

Habitat.     Barbados,  in  100  fms. 

In  the  present  uncertainty  as  to  what  constitutes  a  species  in  this  group,  or 
what  is  the  range  of  specific  variation,  it  is  impossible  to  say  whether  this  form 
should  be  regarded  as  a  species,  or  as  a  variety  of  C.  carolinensis  Bush. 

Cadulus  Agassizii  Dall. 

Plate  XXVII.  Fig.   12  c. 

Cadulus  Agassizii  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  35,  1881. 

Habitat.     Station  5,  in  229  fms. 

No  more  specimens  of  this  species  have  come  to  hand.  It  is  very  like 
C.  pandionis  Verrill,  but  has  the  anterior  aperture  less  oblique,  the  equator 
more  marked,  the  posterior  part  proportionally  shorter  and  less  attenuated. 
It  is  also  smaller  than  C.  pandionis.  The  latter  has  about  the  same  range  as 
C.  carolinensis,  but  has  not  been  found  yet  south  of  Fowey  Rocks,  Straits  of 
Florida,  where  it  was  collected  by  Dr.  W.  H.  Rush,  U.  S.  N. 


MUSEUM  OF   COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY.  431 

Cadulus  lunula  Dall. 

Plate  XXVII.  Fig.  8. 

Cadulus  lunula  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  35,  1881. 

Habitat.     Station  2,  in  805  fms.  ;  Barbados,  in  100  fms. 

By  a  typographical  error  the  specific  name  appeared  in  the  Preliminary 
Report  with  a  masculine  termination.  A  fragment,  apparently  of  this  species, 
was  dredged  by  the  Fish  Commission,  off  Cape  Lookout,  N.  C,  in  18  fms. 

Cadulus  obesus  Watson. 

Cadulus  obesus  Watson,  Lin.  Soc.  Journ.,  XIV.  p.  527,  April,  1879;  Chall.  Rep. 
Gastrop.,  p.  22,  pi.  iii.  fig.  8,  1885.     Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  36,  1881. 

Habitat.  St.  Thomas,  Challenger  Expedition,  390  fms.  Blake  Expedition, 
Station  20,  in  220  fms.     Only  one  specimen  was  obtained. 

Cadulus  amiantus  Dall. 

Plate  XXVII.  Fig.  7. 

Cadulus  sauridens  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  IX.  p.  36,  1881,  not  of  Watson,  Lin.  Soc. 
Journ.,  XIV.  p.  525,  April,  1879. 

Habitat.  Station  19,  in  310  fms.  Off  Cape  San  Antonio,  in  1002  fms.  Off 
Cape  Florida,  in  8  fms.,  Dr.  W.  H.  Rush,  U.  S.  N. 

This  species,  first  identified  by  me  with  C.  sauridens  Watson,  was  submitted 
to  Mr.  Watson  for  examination.  He  writes  :  "  Compared  with  C.  sauridens 
it  is  three  times  as  long,  mouth  not  oblique  nor  regular  ;  form  much  more  bent, 
swelling  much  more  pronounced  and  nearer  the  anterior  end.  The  transverse 
contour  line  is  more  circular,  there  being  little  if  any  flattening  between  the 
convex  and  concave  slopes.  It  is  more  like  C.  vulpidens  Watson,  but  is  only 
half  the  length  of  that  species,  and  less  conical  behind  the  '  equator,'  and  more 
conical  in  front  of  it.  The  equator  is  less  angulated  than  in  C.  vulpidens,  and 
not  so  near  the  mouth."  The  length  of  C.  amiantus  is  5.75  ;  its  max.  diameter, 
1.4  mm.  Both  orifices  are  circular  and  not  notched,  and  the  swelling  evenly 
shades  off  toward  the  extremities.  The  specimens  obtained  off  Cape  Florida 
are  more  slender  than  the  typical  form. 

Cadulus  cucurbita  Dall. 

Plate  XXVII.  Fig.  12  d. 

Cadulus  cucurbita  Dall,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  IX-  P-  35,  1881. 

Habitat.     Station  19,  in  310  fms. 

The  single  specimen  obtained  recalls  C.  gibbus  Jeffreys,  but  is  very  much 
larger,  and  differently  proportioned. 


432  BULLETIN   OF  THE 

Cadulus  acus  n.  s. 

Plate  XXVII.  Fig.  11. 

Shell  small,  very  slender,  slightly  curved,  variegated  with  translucent  and 
opaque  white  rings  and  encircling  bands  which  become  broader  toward  the 
anterior  extreme  ;  aperture  circular,  slightly  oblique,  the  shell  behind  it  rapidly 
increasing  to  its  point  of  maximum  diameter,  from  which  it  very  gradually 
tapers  toward  the  almost  acute  posterior  extremity.  Surface  smooth,  with 
extremely  fine  circular  grooves  or  lines,  which,  under  a  strong  magnifier,  are 
visible  over  most  of  the  posterior  third  of  the  shell  with  their  interspaces, 
recalling  the  rings  of  Ccecum  trachea  on  a  much  more  minute  scale  ;  the  rings 
of  opaque  color  sometimes  coincide  with  the  sculpture,  but  not  constantly. 
Lon.  of  shell,  8.0;  diameter  of  aperture,  0.5  ;  max.  diam.,  0.75;  post  diam., 
0.12  mm. 

This  is  perhaps  the  most  slender  species  known,  and  was  obtained  by  Cap- 
tain Couthouy,  U.  S.  N.,  about  1850,  in  Samana  Bay,  Santo  Domingo,  in  thirty 
fathoms,  muddy  bottom,  where  it  was  abundant.  It  is  introduced  here  as 
belonging  in  the  fauna  ;  the  specimens  have  been  in  my  hands  about  twenty- 
five  years. 

Cadulus   gracilis  Jeffreys. 

Cadulus  gracilis  Jeffreys  (1877),  P  Z.  S.  1882,  p.  664,  pi.  xlix.  fig.  6. 

Cadulus  gracilis  Jeffreys,  obtained  in  843  fms.,  off  Cape  Hatteras,  at  U.  S. 
Fish  Commission  Station  2115,  was  identified  by  Dr.  Jeffreys  as  his  species. 

Cadulus  minusculus  n.  s. 

A  much  smaller  species  of  Cadulus.  perhaps  the  smallest  known,  was  ob- 
tained by  the  U.  S.  Fish  Commission,  off  Hatteras,  in  63  fms.,  sand,  at  Station 
2595.  It  is  a  little  stouter  than  C.  subfusiformis  Sars,  but  shorter  and  more 
cylindrical.  The  mouth  is  decidedly  more  oblique  than  in  C.  subfusiformis, 
and  the  shell  less  bent.  It  is  much  the  form  of  C.  Jeffreysi  Monterosato,  and 
is  just  about  half  as  large. 

May  14,  1889. 


MUSEUM  OF  COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY.  433 


ADDENDA  AND   CORRIGENDA  TO  PART  I.,  1886. 

The  Structure  of  the  Gill  in  Amusium  Dalli  (I.  p.  209),  Dimya  argen- 

tea  (I.  p.  228),  and  Area  ectocomata  (I.  p.  213).  —  The  structure  of  the 
gill  in,  Lamellibranchs  is  of  considerable  interest,  and  has  been  investigated  by 
Peck,  Lacaze-Duthiers,  Bonnet,  Mitsukuri,  and  others.  The  subject  is  very- 
far  from  exhausted,  however,  and  progress  in  this  direction  has  been  checked, 
not  so  much  because  a  majority  of  the  known  forms  have  been  investigated, 
which  will  not  be  true  for  a  long  time  to  come,  as  because  later  students  have 
assumed  that  the  few  which  they  have  examined  adequately  represent  the 
many  which  they  have  not  seen.  Another  difficulty  is,  that  so  far  no  sys- 
tem of  nomenclature  has  been  adopted,  or  even  suggested,  by  which  one  could 
designate  a  particular  form  of  ctenidium  when  recognized.  Dr.  Paul  Pelseneer 
therefore  deserves  credit  for  attempting  a  diagrammatic  classification  in  his 
Report  on  the  Anatomy  of  Deep  Sea  Mollusks>  in  the  Challenger  series. 

Unfortunately,  when  he  leaves  the  regions  of  research  for  those  of  hypothe- 
sis, it  is  at  once  evident  to  any  one  having  a  wide  knowledge  of  these  organs 
in  the  Mollusca  that  his  basis  is  inadequate,  especially  if  the  theories  be  tested 
by  application  to  mollusks  in  general.  Dr.  Pelseneer  has  recognized  neither 
the  multiplicity  of  form  which  is  exhibited  by  molluscan  breathing  organs, 
nor  the  inadequacy  of  our  present  knowledge  as  a  foundation  for  such  wide 
generalizations.  Consequently  his  discussion  is  chiefly  valuable  as  calling 
attention  to  the  subject,  and  presenting  a  preliminary  basis  for  future  com- 
parisons. 

In  order  to  correct  certain  observations  of  my  own,  if  they  stood  in  need  of 
it,  and  to  confirm  them  if  sundry  doubts  of  Dr.  Pelseneer's  proved  ill  founded, 
I  reviewed  the  material  discussed  in  Part  I.  of  this  Report. 

A  section  through  the  ctenidium,  at  or  near  the  point  where  it  becomes 
free  from  attachment  to  the  mantle,  gives  conclusive  evidence  of  the  gill  struc- 
ture at  a  glance.  Putting  this  in  practice,  I  examined  the  original  specimens 
referred  to  at  the  head  of  this  page,  and  a  variety  of  other  species  for  purposes 
of  comparison. 

Beginning  with  the  simplest  form,  Dimya,  I  found  the  original  description 
given  by  me  to  be  in  need  of  no  corrections.  The  base  of  the  gill  consists  of 
a  rather  large  tube,  constituting  the  branchial  vein  of  blood-sinus,  with  a 
single  series  of  filaments  on  one  side  of  it,  unconnected  except  at  their  base 
of  insertion.  Prof.  Huxley  states  that  the  simplest  form  of  gill  consists  of  "  a 
stem  fringed  by  a  double  series  of  filaments"  (Inv.,  p.  408,  Am.  edition).  In 
vol.  xvm.  28 


6 


434 


BULLETIN   OF   THE 


Diagrammatic  Sketch  of  different  Forms  of  the  Ctenidia  in  Mollusks. 

The  length  of  the  filaments  or  lamellae  in  the  first  five  figures  of  the  diagram  is  made 
for  convenience  disproportionally  small. 

A.  Cross-section  of  gill  of  Dimya,  showing  large  blood-vessel  in  the  stem,  and  the 
position  occupied  by  the  filaments  upon  the  stem. 

B.  Cross-section  of  the  gill  in  Amusium  Dalli,  the  filaments  touching  but  not  organically 
united  above. 

C.  The  same  of  Area  ectocomata,  showing  the  tubular  filaments  planted  in  a  groove, 
and  the  asymmetrical  position  of  the  blood-vessels. 

D.  Section  of  gill  in  Area  Noce,  the  filaments  organically  united. 

E.  The  same  for  Janira  hemicyclica. 

F.  Cross-section  of  one  of  the  gills  of  Pleurotomaria  Adansoniana. 

G.  Gill  in  Cardium  sp. 

H.    Cross-section  of  the  left  pair  of  gills  in  Perna  ephippium  ;  at  a  these  are  united  with 
the  right-hand  pair  by  connective  tissue  crossing  the  median  line  of  the  animal. 
I.   Cross-section  of  the  gill  in  Nucula,  after  Mitsukuri. 

Dimya  we  have  the  still  simpler  form  of  a  stem  with  only  a  single  series  of 
filaments.  (See  Diagram  A.)  In  Amusium  Dalli  we  have  a  gill  of  the  form 
described  by  Prof.  Huxley.  The  stem  has  two  series  of  filaments,  which  are 
organically  connected  only  at  their  bases,  one  series  attached  on  each  side  of 
the  stem  with  the  space  between  them  slightly  excavated,  and  the  lumen  of  the 
blood-vessel  below  it  of  a  semilunar  shape.  (See  Diagram  B.)  The  filaments,  as 
in  Dimya,  are  adhesive  to  one  another  wherever  they  touch,  have  hoof-shaped 
extremities,  and  are  supported  by  fine  chitinous  rods,  one  to  each  filament. 
In  the  ordinary  shallow- water  Pectens  (e.  g.  Janira  hemicyclica,  see  Diagram  E) 
there  are  on  each  side  of  the  stem  two  series  of  filaments,  organically  con- 
nected by  delicate  tissue,  sustained  by  rods  of  chitine,  and  forming  a  double 
series  on  each  side  of  the  stem.  These  series  do  not  adhere  to  one  another, 
but  the  tips  of  the  filaments  in  Amusium  Dalli  do  adhere  over  the  groove  by 
the  adhesiveness  of  their  ciliated  surfaces,  and  practically  form  a  single  sac, 
comparable  to  one  of  the  two  series  observable  in  Janira ;  but,  composed  of  the 
elements  of  which  the  inner  halves  of  the  series  in  Janira  are  made  up,  while 
the  respective  outer  halves  are  absent  in  the  Amusium. 

It  may  of  course  be  claimed  that  the  two  series  on  each  side  of  the  gill  in 
D  and  E  are  merely  the  single  series  of  C  and  B  laterally  extended,  so  as  to 
form  a  flat  lamella,  instead  of  a  columnar  filament,  for  each  process.     Indeed, 


MUSEUM    OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  435 

Deshayes's  figure  of  a  single  lamella  of  Area  Noa>  would  directly  convey  this 
idea.  But  that  is  not  the  impression  made  upon  me  by  a  microscopical  exam- 
ination of  the  lamellae.  They  seem  to  me,  in  the  specimens  I  have  examined, 
to  consist  of  two  rods,  each  with  a  chitinous  skeleton  or  axis,  united  by  a  thin 
transverse  tissue,  like  the  paper  of  a  kite  between  the  cords  of  its  periphery. 
An  examination  of  the  stages  of  development  of  the  gill  in  some  form  of  Pecten 
or  Area  will  be  required  to  settle  the  true  interpretation. 

In  A  rca  ectocomata  the  stem  of  the  gill  is  large,  and  the  blood-vessels  are 
close  to  the  inner  wall  as  in  Dimya,  instead  of  being  central  as  in  Janira, 
Amusium,  or  Perna.  The  edge  of  the  stem  is  deeply  grooved,  and  from  the 
opposite  sides  of  this  groove  extend  the  gill  filaments.  On  each  side  they 
are  placed  in  a  single  rank  with  a  passageway  between  their  bases,  but  they 
curve  toward  one  another  at  the  lips  of  the  groove,  and  nearly  or  quite  touch. 
In  this  manner  a  sort  of  half-closed  passage  extends  between  them.  The 
filaments,  unlike  those  of  the  forms  above  described,  are  not  supported  by 
chitinous  rods;  they  seem  to  be  simple  tubes,  abundantly  ciliated,  and  in  alco- 
hol are  contorted  in  all  directions,  twisted,  and  curled.  The  tips  of  the  fila- 
ments are  slightly  enlarged,  but  owing  to  their  want  of  solidity  and  absence  of 
connection  with  one  another,  they  appear  not  to  form  even  as  much  of  a  sac 
as  in  Amusium  Dalli,  unless  the  passage  between  their  bases  be  so  regarded. 
(See  Diagram  C.)  Taking  for  comparison  A  rca  Noce,  we  find  a  proportionally 
smaller  stem,  with  a  double  series  of  chiunous  rods  on  each  side ;  the  pairs  ol 
each  series  are  connected  by  delicate  tissue  only  with  each  other,  and  these 
combined  groups  correspond  to  the  analogous  series  described  in  Janira.  The 
blood-vessel  is  central  between  their  bases,  which  are  separated  externally  by 
an  excavated  space.  The  vein  appears  subtriangular  in  section.  (See  Dia- 
gram D.) 

In  Perna,  Chione,  and  Cardium,  the  double  series  are  pedunculated;  in 
Perna  (Diagram  H)  the  vein  is  central  between  the  peduncles,  in  Cardium 
it  is  double  (Diagram  G),  one  vein  appearing  at  the  base  of  eaeh  sac;  in  Chione 
it  is  much  the  same,  but  the  outer  branch  of  the  vein  is  between  the  bases  of 
the  outer  primary  lamella  and  the  appendix  or  secondary  lamella;  the  term 
lamella  in  this  instance  being  understood  to  mean  a  complete  platoon,  including 
a  double  series  of  filaments. 

Whatever  sort  of  nomenclature  be  used,  it  follows  from  the  above  interpre- 
tation of  the  facts  that  the  gills  of  Area  ectocomata  And  Amusium  Dalli  are 
just  half  the  elements  which  go  to  make  up  the  gills  in  Area  Noa>  and  Janira 
hemicyciica  ;  while  in  Dimya  only  one  quarter  as  many  elements  are  represented. 

In  Nucula  (Diagram  I)  we  have  a  more  specialized  gill  than  in  Dimya  or 
Amusium,  though  this  will  not  be  evident  except  by  careful  study.  The  gill 
of  Pleurolomaria,  a  much  higher  type  of  mollusk  than  Nucula,  is  more  simple 
than  any  of  those  above  mentioned.  It  is  composed  of  a  cartilaginous  adnate 
stem,  with  lateral  transversely  striate  lamellae  (see  Diagram  F),  a  large  and 
a  small  blood-vessel.  In  section  it  appears  much  like  that  of  Nucula  or  Sole- 
nomya,  but  careful  study  shows  the  internal  structure  of  the  two  to  be  differ- 


436  BULLETIN   OF   THE 

ent.  The  lamellae  of  the  Gastropod  are  destitute  of*  the  elaborate  framework 
of  chitine  found  in  the  Pelecypod  ctenidium. 

In  referring  to  the  insufficiency  of  characters  offered  by  the  specialization  of 
the  gill  structure  for  systematic  purposes,  it  was  not  my  intention  to  deny 
these  characteristics  any  value.  They  have  a  certain  value  in  minor  groups, 
such  as  families,  but,  in  my  opinion,  far  less  for  higher  groups  than  that  of  the 
nervous  system,  the  relations  of  the  heart  and  intestine,  the  radula  and  the 
shell,  all  of  which  are  more  fundamental  in  connection  with  the  molluscan 
organization.  This  is  hardly  the  place  to  enter  into  a  general  disquisition  on 
the  ctenidia,  but  it  may  not  be  amiss  to  observe  that  two  chief  factors  in  their 
position,  specialization  and  development,  are  the  desirability  of  avoiding  the 
water  fouled  by  effete  matter  discharged  from  the  intestine,  and  the  economic 
use  of  tissue  to  obtain  large  aerating  surface  with  the  least  expenditure  of 
material.  These  factors  necessarily  vary  with  many  modifications  of  the 
organism  which  are  of  little  systematic  importance,  and  consequently  the 
specializations  of  the  gill  subsequently  produced  are  of  no  greater  systematic 
value  than  their  inciting  causes.  The  increase  of  aerating  surface  is  attained 
in  a  multiplicity  of  ways,  many  of  which  are  most  admirable  and  complicated; 
but  their  significance  is  not  great  in  the  assignment  of  systematic  position  to 
the  animal  which  exhibits  them. 

There  can  be  little  doubt  that  the  original  form  of  gill  was  a  simple  pinched-up 
lamella.  This,  elongated,  becomes  a  filament.  Filaments  united  by  suitable 
tissue,  trussed,  propped,  and  stayed  by  a  chitinous  skeleton,  result  in  the  forms, 
wonderful  in  number  and  complexity,  which  puzzle  the  student  to  describe, 
and  much  more  to  classify  them. 

But  when  it  is  a  question  as  to  deriving  the  greatest  benefit  from  pure 
water,  if  required  (so  to  put  it)  to  choose  between  the  retention  of  the  normal 
ctenidium  on  the  one  hand,  and  the  development  of  new  breathing  organs 
elsewhere  with  a  possible  obliteration  of  the  original  ctenidium  on  the  other, 
the  organism  will  always  give  the  functional  processes  great  weight.  In  the 
Docoglossa  we  have  an  instance  of  this.  Waiving  the  question  whether  the 
blind  deep-water  Abranchiata  (Lepeticlie,  etc.)  are  degenerate  or  primitive 
forms,  it  is  evident  that  the  Acmccidce  are  the  most  typical  forms  of  the  whole 
group.  They  have  a  smooth  muzzle  with  an  elevated  tactile  margin,  often 
angulated  at  its  lower  corners;  a  normal  ctenidium  over  the  neck;  eyes;  and 
a  rather  primitive  dentition.  In  the  Lepetidxe  there  are  no  eyes ;  the  tactile 
margin  of  the  muzzle  has  become  prolonged  into  large  tentacles  ;  there  are  no 
specialized  breathing  organs  of  any  sort;  the  radula  is  somewhat  less  primitive, 
but  still  has  rather  generalized  characteristics. 

In  the  forms  where  the  effete  products  of  intestine  and  kidney  are  discharged 
over  the  neck  into  the  same  general  chamber  with  the  ctenidium,  some  dis- 
advantage necessarily  must  result  to  the  animal.  In  Scurria  there  are  attempts 
to  remedy  this  by  adding  a  more  or  less  complete  cordon  of  plain  lamella? 
developed  in  the  peripedal  commissure  between  the  mantle  and  the  foot. 
This  begins  as  far  as  possible  from  the  excretory  organs,  and  is  developed  last 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  437 

in  front.  In  the  Patellidce,  the  most  specialized  group  of  all,  containing  the 
largest  and  most  specialized  species  of  Docoglosas,  we  have  the  tactile  muzzle 
margin  and  its  prolongations  gone,  the  surface  is  simply  papillose  without 
special  margin;  the  eyes  are  well  developed  in  the  larger  species;  there  are 
traces  of  an  epipodium,  and  the  hereditary  ctenidium,  which  still  lingered 
with  Scurria,  has  entirely  vanished.  The  circular  cordon  performs  all  its 
functions.  The  teeth  are  more  fully  specialized,  all  divisions  of  the  radula 
being  represented  in  the  series.  Among  the  Rhiphidoglossa  we  have  an 
Acmaeid  gill  in  Scutellina,  a  totally  different  form  of  gill  in  Addisonia,  and 
a  pair  of  symmetrical  ctenidia  in  Emarginula,  etc. ;  yet  no  one  can  question 
that  these  animals  all  belong  to  the  same  great  group  or  order. 

In  the  Petrophilous  pulmonates,  we  have  Siphonaria  with  a  gill  and  lung, 
Gadinia  with  only  a  lung,  and  Onchidium  with  a  lung  and  dorsal,  possibly 
branchial,  proliferations.  In  no  one  of  them  is  there  a  typical  ctenidium 
developed.  These  examples  illustrate  my  reasons  for  considering  the  breath- 
ing organs  very  mutable  structures,  and  unsuited  for  use  in  classification  of 
the  higher  groups,  or  as  diagnostic  characters  for  important  subdivisions  of  the 
systems.  Dr.  Pelseneer  criticises  Dr.  Fischer  for  using  the  number  of  the  gill 
ranks  or  series  as  a  basis  for  classification.  He  elsewhere  criticises  the  writer 
for  upholding  the  view  that  these  characters  are  not  well  adapted  for  such  a 
purpose.  Lastly  he  adopts  a  diagrammatic  classification  for  the  different  forms 
of  ctenidia,  with  the  implication  that,  presented  in  the  manner  he  adopts,  the 
ctenidia  may  be  used  for  classification.  It  seems  to  the  writer,  however, 
that  Dr.  Pelseneer  has  really,  though  unconsciously,  adopted  the  principle 
upon  which  Dr.  Fischer  based  his  prior  classification,  merely  adding  to  and 
correcting  the  latter  in  details.  Dr.  Pelseneer  claims  that  classification  by 
ctenidia  is  possible  if  we  take  the  structure  and  not  the  number  of  the  lamellae. 
He  then  proceeds  to  show  how  the  number  may  be  more  correctly  counted 
than  formerly,  and  having  done  this  uses  it  as  a  basis  for  classification.  This 
is  quite  proper  from  his  standpoint,  but  proves  that  his  advance  beyond  his 
forerunners  is  less  than  he  supposes. 

In  1886,  I  called  attention  to  the  manner  in  which  the  stages  of  development 
of  the  breathing  organs  in  Cuspidaria,  Cetoconcha,  Verticordia,  and  Lyonsiella 
represent  the  successive  stages  of  development  of  the  typical  ctenidium  (Blake 
Report,  Part  I.,  pp.  280,  281,  1886);  not  by  this  intending  to  convey  the 
idea  that  I  believed  these  groups  to  be  derivative,  one  from  another,  but  only 
that  they  represent  the  steps  by  which  development  in  a  related  series  would 
proceed.  I  believe  this  view  is  correct,  although,  as  will  be  seen  later,  I  regard 
the  gill  in  Lyonsiella  as  of  the  ordinary  type,  while  the  lamellae  of  Cetoconcha 
and  Poromya  are  a  totally  new  development,  partly  consequent  on  the  pre- 
vious degeneration  and  obliteration  of  normal  ctenidia  in  the  ancestors  of  these 
genera.  On  the  other  hand,  Dr.  Pelseneer  would  regard  the  lamellae  in  these 
forms  as  degenerated  remnants  of  the  normal  typical  gill,  for  which  in 
these  observations,  I  have  reserved  the  name  ctenidium.  In  another  place  I 
have  shown  the  anatomical  grounds  for  the  belief  that  this  construction  of  the 


438  BULLETIN   OF  THE 

facts  is  erroneous.     In  any  case,  the  mere  attitude  of  the  laminae  of  the  cte- 
nidium  can  have  but  very  slight  systematic  importance. 

Amusium  pleuronectes  (I.  p.  209).  The  form  referred  to  as  this  species 
dredged  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  proves  by  comparison  with  the  Pliocene  fossils 
to  be  Amusium  Mortoni  Say.  In  specimens  of  equal  size  it  can  hardly  be 
distinguished  from  that  variety  of  Amusium  pleuronectes  which  has  the  in- 
ternal lira?  paired,  but  the  A.  Mortoni  grows  to  a  larger  size,  is  then  rather 
more  circular  and  slightly  more  convex  than  any  of  the  Oriental  forms,  and 
for  practical  purposes  may  be  regarded  as  a  distinct  species. 

Pecteu  phrygium  (I.  p.  217).  See  Plate  XL.,  Fig.  1,  Part  II.,  where 
this  species  is  figured,  and  also  in  Agassiz,  Three  Cruises  of  the  Blake,  II. 
p.  72,  Fig.  299.  A  fine  flattened  pink  and  white  rayed  Pecten,  with  30  in- 
ternal lira  arranged  in  pairs  and  about  15  ribs,  was  dredged  in  124  fathoms, 
off  Cape  Hatteras,  by  the  U.  S.  Fish  Commission,  at  Station  2602.  It  will  be 
fully  described  and  figured  in  the  Report  on  the  Voyage  of  the  Albatross,  under 
the  name  of  Pecten  Tryoni.  Another  small  Pseudamusium  (strigillatum  n.  s.), 
characterized  by  much  elevated  crowded  concentric  lamellae  on  both  valves, 
inflated  and  white,  has  been  added  to  the  fauna  of  the  Antilles  and  Florida 
Reefs  by  Dr.  Rush  and  the  Albatross  party.  It  is  only  about  10.0  mm.  in 
height,  but  P.  Tryoni  measures  over  60  0  mm.  in  height,  and  as  much  in 
width,  and  has  much  the  oblique  form  of  P.  phrygium. 

Led  a  acuta,  Conrad  (I.  p.  251).  An  examination  of  Dr.  Gould's  type  of 
Leda  anca  in  the  Gould  collection  at  Albany,  New  York,  shows  that,  in  spite 
of  the  discrepancy  between  his  description  and  the  characters  of  L.  acuta,  his 
name  is  merely  a  synonym  of  acuta.  Gould's  type  is  a  typical  specimen  of 
L.  acuta. 

Malletia  (Tindaria)  cytherea,  Dall  (I.  p.  254).  The  shell  described  in 
the  first  paragraph  on  page  255  (Part  I.)  proves  to  be  distinct  from  my  origi- 
nal M.  cytherea,  and  is  figured  here  as  Malletia  amabilis  Dall,  Plate  XL. 
Fig.  8.  The  original  M.  cytherea  never  attains  the  size  of  M.  amabilis,  and  is 
of  a  squarer,  less  inflated,  more  Cytherea-like  form. 

Cryptodon'  (I.  p.  267).  A  large  specimen  of  Gryptodon  v/hich  has  since 
been  received  (about  17.0  mm.  high)  affords  the  following  notes  as  to  the  soft 
parts.  The  foot  is  extremely  slender  (0.5  mm.)  with  a  small  spindle-shaped 
dilation  at  the  distal  end,  circularly  rugose,  and  about  40.0  mm.  long,  as  con- 
tracted in  alcohol  The  gills  are  as  long  as  the  shell,  or  nearly  so;  the  stem  has 
a  dorsal  and  a  ventral  lamina,  and  the  dorsal  lamina  is  reflected  outward  and 
downward,  until  its  lower  margin  is  on  a  level  with  the  stem.  There  is  only 
one  pallial  and  branchial  opening,  with  the  edges  posteriorly  thickened  or 
infolded  but  nearly  smooth.  The  anal  opening  has  no  tube,  but  forms  a  sim- 
ple long-ovate  slit.  The  gills  are  free,  except  proximally,  over  two  thirds  of 
the  whole  length  being  unattached.  The  mouth  is  small,  with  a  narrow  raised 
edge  like  a  Polyzoon  epistome,  but  no  palpi.     The  ovarian  and  hepatic  lobules 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  439 

are  attached  on  each  side  of  the  foot,  and  ramify  from  a  central  area  of  attach- 
ment in  a  very  large  number  of  short  stout  spongy  lobules,  recalling  the  digita- 
tions  of  some  keratose  sponges.  The  ova  are  minute  and  yellowish.  The 
hepatic  granules  are  dark  brown  or  grayish.  The  whole  mass  of  the  genito- 
hepatic  organs  nearly  fills  the  mantle  cavity,  and  is  larger  than  all  the  rest  of 
the  soft  parts  put  together.  These  lobules  are  not  like  the  pyriform  projections 
of  Myonera,  each  of  which  projects  singly  from  the  rounded  surface  of  the 
visceral  mass,  and  probably  subsides  after  the  period  of  ovulation.  In  Grypto- 
don  the  whole  mass  on  each  side  arises  from  a  single  small  area,  and  digitates 
afterward. 

Several  of  the  species  referred  to  this  genus  in  the  Pelecypoda  of  the  Chal- 
lenger Expedition  appear  to  me  to  belong  near  Lyonsia  rather  than  with 
Cryptodon,  judging  by  the  figures  of  the  shell. 

In  this  connection  I  may  observe  that  in  a  fine  Lucina  (of  the  type  of 
L.  spinosa  Eeeve),  dredged  in  Panama  Bay,  I  find  the  gill  composed  of  a  single 
lamina,  or  sac,  on  each  side,  hanging  vertically  from  the  mantle ;  the  posterior 
lower  edges  are  connected  under  the  anal  region,  shutting  it  off  from  the  bran- 
chial chamber;  there  are  two  small  orifices  without  siphons,  of  which  the  anal 
is  considerably  the  larger,  but  the  lobes  of  the  mantle,  except  in  the  siphonal 
region,  are  not  connected  below  the  adductors.  As  Lucina  has  been  said  to 
have  two  gill  laminse  on  each  side,  these  facts  are  worth  noting. 

Lucina  lenticula,  Reeve  (I.  p.  265).  The  specimens  cited  from  Station 
21,  in  287  fins.,  and  from  Barbados,  in  100  fms.,  prove  on  further  study  to  be 
young  specimens  of  L.  multilineata  Conrad. 

Lucina  sagrinata,  Dall  (I.  p.  265).  This  species  has  since  been  dredged 
off  Cape  San  Antonio,  in  300  fms.,  and  at  Station  2646,  in  85  fms.,  off  Cape 
Florida,  by  the  U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

Cardium  ceramidum,  Dall  (I.  p.  269).  This  species  should  be  compared 
with  C.  antillarum  Orbigny. 

Meiocardia  Agassizii,  Dall  (I.  p.  271).  This  species  is  figured  on 
Plate  XL.  Fig.  7,  and  in  Agassiz.  Three  Cruises  of  the  Blake,  II.,  p.  74,  fig.  311, 

1888. 

Callocardia  (Vesicomya)  venusta,  Dall  (I.  p.  274).  This  species  is  fig- 
ured on  Plate  XL.  Fig.  5,  and  in  Agassiz,  Three  Cruises  of  the  Blake,  II.  p.  75, 
fig.  312,  1888.  Isocardia  cytherioides  Mayer,  Journ  de  Conchyl.,  XVI.  p.  103, 
pi.  iii.  fig.  6,  from  the  Lower  Helvetian  beds  of  Northern  Italy,  belonging  to 
the  Upper  Tertiary,  is  probably  a  Vesicomya,  judging  by  the  figure.  Another 
fine  species  of  Vesicomya  was  obtained  on  the  voyage  of  the  Albatross,  off 
Tobago,  in  880  fms. ,  ooze.  It  is  very  nearly  the  form  and  color  of  Cythere* 
albida,  and  reaches  a  length  of  an  inch  (25.0  mm.)  or  more.  In  this,  which 
will  be  described  under  the  name  of  Vesicomya  Smithii,  in  honor  of  Mr.  E.  A. 
Smith  of  the  British  Museum,  the  teeth  are  closely  like  those  of  V.  venusta, 
but  more  developed,  the  shell  being  larger  and  stouter.     The  pallial  line  ia 


440  BULLETIN   OF   THE 

very  faintly  waved  or  truncate  under  the  posterior  adductor  scar,  and  there  is 
an  incised  line  about  the  rather  small  lunule,  as  in  the  other  species.  Unfortu- 
nately the  soft  parts  were  not  obtained. 

A  more  interesting  capture  at  the  same  haul  of  the  dredge  was  a  shell  with 
the  hinge  of  the  original  Callocardia,  no  distinct  incised  border  to  the  lunule, 
and  a  deep  acutely  angular  pallial  sinus;  this  will  form  a  section  of  the  genus 
under  the  name  of  Callogonia.  The  species  attains  a  length  of  two  inches, 
having  about  the  form  of  Tapes  turgida  Lam.  as  figured  in  the  Thesaurus,  and 
the  exterior  of  the  same  dull  straw-color,  marked  only  by  incremental  lines, 
which  characterizes  the  other  species  of  Callocardia;  described  in  this  paper. 
It  will  be  named,  in  honor  of  Prof.  L.  A.  Lee,  directing  the  scientific  work  of 
the  Albatross  party,  Callocardia  (Callogonia)  Leeana.  It  is  remarkable  that 
four  species  of  this  extremely  rare  group,  and  one  of  the  still  rarer  genus 
Meiocardia,  should  have  been  found  in  so  limited  an  area,  and  with  little  time 
expended  in  dredging. 

Veneriglossa  (I.  p.  275).  The  genus  Atopodonta  Cossman,  1887,  (Mem. 
Soc.  Roy.  Mai.  de  Belgique,  XXI.  p.  110,  type  Venus  coniformis  Deshaj^es, 
op.  cit.,  p.  Ill,  pi.  vi.  figs.  3-6),  appears  to  be  identical  with  this  group,  if  the 
figures  of  the  type  are  to  be  relied  upon. 

Tellina  (I.  p.  277).  Tellina  Antoni  Phil,  and  T.  squamifera  Desh.  extend 
northward  in  moderate  depths  to  the  vicinity  of  Cape  Hatteras,  N.  C.  A 
single  valve  of  T.  sybaritica  Dall  has  since  been  received  from  Florida.  It 
is  pure  white.  It  extends  to  Brazil.  T.  tenta  Say  appears  to  reach  the 
Antilles,  where  it  is  known  as  T.  Souleyetiana  Recluz. 

Poromya  elongata  Dall  (I.  p.  283).  This  species  was  figured  by  Agassiz, 
Three  Cruises  of  the  Blake,  Vol.  II.  p<  72,  fig.  302,  1888.  A  figure  is  given 
herewith,  Plate  XXXIX.  fig.  3.     It  belongs  to  the  section  Cetomya. 

Poromya  (Cetoconcha)  bulla  Dall  (I.  p.  283).  This  species  was  also 
figured  by  Prof.  Agassiz,  II.  p.  72,  figs.  300,  301,  1888,  and  is  here  shown  on 
Plate  XXXIX.  figs.  2  and  5. 


o- 


Verticordia  perversa  Dall  (I.  p.  289).  This  species  is  figured  on  Plate 
XXXIX.  fig.  4.     Prof.  Agassiz  figured  it,  II.  p.  74,  fig.  309,  1888. 

Verticordia  elegantissima  Dall  (I.  p.  291).  An  adult  specimen  of  this 
species  is  figured  on  Plate  XXXIX.  fig.  7,  and  was  illustrated  on  p.  74,  fig.  308, 
of  the  second  volume  of  Prof.  Agassiz's  work. 


■-©■ 


Cuspidaria  microrhina  Dall  (I.  p.  295).  This  species  is  figured  on  Plate 
XL.  figs.  2  and  3.  It  was  figured  by  Prof.  Agassiz,  II.  pp.  73,  74,  figs.  306, 
307,  1888. 

Bushia  elegans  Dall  (I.  p.  310).  This  species  is  figured  on  Plate  XXXIX. 
fig.  1.  It  will  also  be  found  in  Prof.  Agassiz's  work  above  cited,  II.  p.  74, 
fig.  310,  1888. 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY.  441 

The  Anatomical  Characters  of  Poromya  (I.  p.  280),  Verticordia  (I. 
pp.  285,  286),  Cuspidaria  (I.  pp.  293,  303),  Myonera  (I.  p.  303),  and  re- 
lated Forms.  —  In  1886  I  called  attention  to  certain  remarkable  features  in  the 
anatomy  of  the  above  mentioned  forms,  among  which  were  the  facts  that  the 
foot  is  set  in  a  socket  or  chamber,  like  a  stopper  in  a  bottle,  that  in  Cuspidaria 
and  Myonera  gills  in  anything  like  the  normal  form  of  such  organs  are  entirely 
absent,  while  in  Poromya  and  a  group  which  I  distinguished  as  Cdoconcha 
there  are  gill  lamella;  of  a  very  primitive  type  sparsely  distributed  on  the 
ventral  surface  of  the  septum  which  forms  the  floor  of  the  upper  half  of 
the  peripedal  chamber.  In  accordance  with  these  investigations  I  modified  the 
classification  of  these  animals,  establishing  three  families  for  their  reception. 
Part  of  my  material  was  in  a  rather  poor  condition,  having  been  partially  des- 
iccated either  before  or  after  it  had  first  been  placed  in  alcohol,  and  that  part, 
especially  in  the  Cuspidariidce,  which  was  in  good  condition  was  represented 
by  very  minute  specimens.  Since  then,  two  years  after  the  publication  of 
my  Eeport  on  the  Pelecypods  of  the  Blake  Expedition,  Dr.  Paul  Pelseneer  of 
Brussels  has  published  in  the  Comptes  Rendus  of  the  Acadamy  of  Sciences, 
Paris,*  and  in  a  brief  Report  on  the  Anatomy  of  the  Deep  Sea  Mollusca,  in  the 
Challenger  series,  t  some  important  observations  on  animals  of  the  same  groups. 
To  the  facts  brought  forward  by  me,  which  were  for  the  most  part  abundantly 
confirmed,  and  the  classification  above  referred  to  consecpiently  adopted,  he 
was  enabled,  by  the  better  character  of  his  material,  to  add  that  the  two  halves 
of  the  peripedal  chamber  correspond  to  the  anal  and  branchial,  or  excurrent 
and  incurrent  siphons,  respectively;  and  that  in  the  septum,  beside  the  opening 
in  which  the  foot  is  set,  there  is  a  series  of  minute  openings  on  each  side  of  the 
median  line,  which  in  Poromya  are  situated  between  the  lamellae  of  the  rudi- 
mentary gills,  and  in  Silenia  Smith  (non  Mulsant,  =  Cdoconcha  Dall)  the 
lamella;  themselves  have  a  subtubular  form.  He  also  determined  the  existence, 
in  certain  species  of  Cuspidaria,  of  minute  rudimentary  palpi,  which  the  con- 
dition of  my  specimens  had  not  allowed  me  to  observe,  if  present.  In  addition 
to  this  he  provided  diagrammatic  figures,  which,  if  they  cannot  be  said  to  illus- 
trate with  detailed  anatomical  accuracy  the  animals  represented,  at  least  enable 
one  to  clearly  understand  what  was  present  in  his  mind.  We  are  therefore 
under  considerable  obligations  to  Dr.  Pelseneer,  who  has  materially  increased 
our  knowledge,  and  -the  fact  that  he  has,  as  far  as  was  possible,  omitted  refer- 
ence to  my  prior  observations  and  their  publication  in  Part  1.  of  this  Report, 
does  not  render  his  confirmation  of  them  less  useful. 

However,  in  reviewing  the  subject  with  additional  and  well  preserved  mate- 
rial collected  by  the  U.  S.  Fish  Commission  Steamer  Albatross  in  the  West 
Indies,  and  on  her  voyage  thence  to  California,  I  am  enabled  to  add  to  and 
correct  the  data  of  the  earlier  part  of  this  Report,  and  to  advance  the  subject 
beyond  the  point  which  it  has  hitherto  reached.  I  hope  also,  that,  in  the  con- 
clusions which  I  draw  from  these  observations,  the  relations  of  the  forms  in 
*  Seance  of  April  3,  1888. 
t  Vol.  XXVII.  Part  LXXIV.,  42  pp.,  4  plates,  1888. 


442  BULLETIN   OF   THE 

question  to  Pelecypods  of  a  more  ordinary  type  will  be  a  little  more  clear  than 
they  were  left  by  the  light  of  some  of  Dr.  Pelseneer's  transcendental  hypotheses. 

Before  discussing  matters  of  theory,  the  observed  facts  will  be  briefly  stated. 

True  Ctenidial  Septa  in  Pelecypods.  —  There  are  a  large  number  of  acephalous 
mollusks,  not  necessarily  nearly  related,  in  which  a  true  branchial  septum 
exists.  In  a  young  Perna,  supposed  to  be  P.  ephippium  L.,  the  inner  edges  of 
the  ctenidia  are  united  to  each  other  their  whole  length,  behind  the  foot.  The 
outer  edges  are  attached  to  the  mantle  or  visceral  epiderm,  so  as  to  form  a 
complete  chamber  like  that  of  Cuspidaria,  but  of  which  the  derivation  is  radi- 
cally different.  In  Modiolarca  trapesina  Lam.,  from  Cape  Horn,  the  ctenidia, 
from  below  the  anal  siphonal  orifice  to  and  around  the  foot,  are  united  as  in 
Perna.  The  chamber  thus  constituted  is  crammed  with  the  young  fry  at  the 
proper  season.  In  Lyonsia  Beana  Orb.,  the  united  ctenidia  are  attached  above 
the  rudimentary  siphonal  septum,  and  extend  forward  to  and  around  the  foot. 
They  are  attached  to  each  other  and  to  the  mantle  or  to  the  ventral  surface  of 
the  visceral  mass  by  their  edges,  and  form  a  most  complete  chamber,  a  true 
ctenidial  septum.  There  are,  however,  no  orifices  in  this  or  in  smy  of  the 
species  with  a  strictly  ctenidial  septum,  corresponding  to  the  septal  perforations 
in  Poromya  or  Cuspidaria. 

In  Lyonsiella  radiata  Dall,  a  large  new  species  from  Patagonia,  we  have  a 
similar  state  of  affairs,  except  that  the  anterior  inner  edges  of  the  gill  are  not 
so  closely  united  around  the  foot.  The  part  played  by  the  siphonal  septum  in 
this  species  is  insignificant;  it  is  in  fact  hardly  perceptible.  The  infolding  of 
the  mantle  edge  around  the  siphon  is  very  wide ;  its  outer  edge  is  nearly  plain ; 
within  this  edge  a  short  distance,  is  an  elevated  ridge  with  a  single  row  of 
small  rounded  ocellus-like  tubercles  on  each  side  of  it.  A  wide  space  separates 
this  range  of  processes  from  the  margin  of  the  branchial  orifice,  which  is  pro- 
fusely papillose  with  arborescent  papillae.  A  lunate  depression  lies  between 
this  and  the  much  smaller,  plain-edged,  nearly  linear  anal  orifice,  while  in 
front  of  it  the  pedal  opening  forms  a  minute  narrow  slit,  with  granulated  mar- 
gin. In  this  form  the  palps  are  represented  by  a  slightly  raised  edge  around 
the  mouth,  not  produced  or  elongated  at  the  sides.  A  languette  or  curtain 
valve  hangs  behind  the  branchial  orifice  below  the  narrow  septum. 

True  Siphonail  Septa  in  Pelecypods.  —  A  partial  siphonal  septum  is  common 
among  Pelecypods,  especially  short-siphoned  forms,  where  the  internal  septum 
may,  to  a  certain  extent,  make  up  for  the  absence  of  the  long  and  complete 
division  between  the  passages  in  those  forms  with  long  siphons.  The  septum 
is  usually  a  mere  subtriangular  thin  membranous  shell,  the  posterior  extension 
of  the  tissues  which  separate  the  two  siphons,  while  from  near  its  lateral  cor- 
ners radiate  the  muscles  which  in  those  forms  with  a  pallial  sinus  serve  to 
retract  the  siphons.  Below  it  is  the  more  fleshy  languette  or  curtain  valve 
which  closes  the  incurrent  siphonal  opening  when  required.  Among  those 
forms  in  which  we  may  find  the  septum  especially  well  developed  are  the 
different  groups  of  the  old  genus  Cardium.  In  C.  edule  a  short  septum  is 
present,  and  is  figured  by  Deshayes  (Moll.  Algerie,  pi.  xcvii.  fig.  G),  in  which 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  443 

an  opening  appears  above  and  behind  the  valvular  languette.  I  suspect  this 
to  be  clue  to  lesion,  as  1  have  not  found  such  an  opening  in  any  of  the  species 
ot  Cardium  I  have  examined.  In  another  species,  C.  hians  (op.  cit.,  pi.  xcvi. 
fig.  2),  the  septum  is  considerably  extended  forward.  A  beautiful  new  species 
of  the  subgenus  Lophocardium,  from  the  coast  of  Lower  California,  has  the 
ordinary  gills  of  Cardium  well  developed,  with  their  posterior  anchorage  above 
and  near  the  siphonal  septum  at  its  origin.  The  thin,  slightly  fibrous,  but  no- 
where fleshy  septum,  extends  forward  to  the  foot  and  on  each  side  of  it.  In 
this  case  there  is  no  orifice  above  the  languette,  or  elsewhere  in  the  partition. 
Doubtless  an  exhaustive  search  would  find  many  other  groups  in  which  certain 
members  exhibit  a  siphonal  septum,  more  or  less  completely  dividing  the  peri- 
pedal  chamber.  Until  the  character  has  become  more  particularly  specialized 
and  permanently  established,  it  is  evident  it  can  have  but  a  minor  value  as  a 
guide  to  the  systematise  or  a  test  of  his  classification. 

In  those  forms  in  which  the  retractor  muscles  of  the  siphons  radiate  in  a 
vertical  plane  to  the  shell,  forming  a  "  pallial  sinus "  (e.  g.  Poromya  mac- 
troides),  the  siphonal  septum,  whether  large  or  small,  is  membranous;  in  those 
without  a  sinus  (e.  g.  P.  granulatci),  it  is  more  or  less  muscular. 

Cuspidariid^e.  Cuspidaria  patagonica  Smith.  A  fine  specimen  of  this 
species,  measuring  44.0  mm.  in  length,  and  14.0  mm.  in  transverse  diameter 
was  dredged  in  about  400  fins.,  off  Manta,  Peru;  other  specimens  were  found 
in  dredgings  from  the  whole  eastern  coast  of  South  America,  the  western  coast 
of  that  continent,  and  northward  as  far  as  Lower  California.  The  larger 
specimen  afforded  the  following  notes. 

The  siphonal  septum,  by  which  name  I  shall  refer  to  the  dividing  septxim 
of  the  peripedal  chamber,  extends  forward  from  the  proximal  end  of  the 
siphons  to  the  anterior  adductor.  It  is  divisible  into  three  areas,  a  longi- 
tudinal central  muscular  area  occupying  about  two  thirds  of  the  whole  septum, 
and  on  each  side  a  less  muscular  thin  and  tense  membranous  strip,  which  is 
connected  with  the  inside  of  the  valves  and  leaves  the  imprint  on  the  shell 
which  would  ordinarily  be  taken  for  the  outline  of  the  "  pallial  sinus."  The 
central  muscular  area  is  attached  by  a  bundle  of  muscular  fibres  above  each 
adductor  on  each  side  of  the  median  line.  All  four  points  of  attachment 
leave  well  marked  scars  on  the  shell.  I  shall  show  hereafter  that  these 
muscles,  if  not  homologous  with,  at  least  perform  the  functions  of,  the  siphonal 
retractors  of  ordinary  Pelecypods,  and  in  forms  like  Poromya  mactroides,  where, 
the  usual  retractors  are  present,  the  siphonal  septum  is  destitute  of  muscu- 
larity, or  possesses  it  only  to  an  inferior  degree.  The  posterior  septal  muscles 
are  smaller  and  rounder  in  section,  more  vertical  in  direction,  and  more  widely 
separated  from  each  other,  than  the  anterior  pair.  The  latter  are  narrow  and 
elongated  on  their  surface  of  insertion,  and  but  for  the  separation  of  the  valves 
would  nearly  touch  in  the  median  line.  The  principal  body  of  fibres  on  the 
plane  of  the  septum  is  longitudinally  arranged,  another  series  crosses  the 
septum  in  an  arched  manner  toward  its  extremities,  especially  behind,  while 
there  are  indications  of  still  smaller  series  of  more  or  less  radiating  fibres 
knitting  the  whole  fabric  together  and  to  the  shell. 


444  BULLETIN    OF   THE 

The  siphonal  septum  in  this  species  divides  the  cavity  of  the  shell  unequally, 
the  upper  portion  being  smaller  than  the  lower.  In  the  upper,  sustained 
especially  by  a  median  fibrous  mesenteric  band,  is  suspended  the  visceral  sac. 
Viewed  from  above,  it  is  subcordate  in  profile;  from  the  side  it  seems  acutely 
ovoid.  It  occupies,  as  contracted  by  alcohol,  about  half  the  cavity  above  the 
septum.  The  valve  of  the  anal  siphon  is  represented  above  the  septum  by  a 
thin  vertical  wall  of  membrane  pierced  by  a  relatively  small  simple  central 
orifice.  The  valve  of  the  branchial  siphon  below  the  septum  is  composed  of 
three  rather  thickish  processes;  one,  hanging  vertically,  is  short,  wide,  and  rep- 
resents the  languette  in  Cardium;  the  lateral  processes  are  somewhat  longer 
and  obliquely  set,  the  whole  forming  a  large  subtriangular  opening  with  three 
partially  overlapping  curtains.  Passing  backward  on  the  ventral  surface  of 
the  septum,  aside  from  the  streakiness  due  to  the  fibrous  coarse  muscular  tissue, 
there  is  a  distinct  narrow  median  depression  behind  the  foot,  except  just  be- 
hind the  edge  of  the  foot,  where  the  surface  in  all  the  forms  with  a  muscular 
septum  is  elevated  like  a  wave  rising  about  a  solitary  rock.  The  foot  is 
slender,  elongated,  slightly  geniculate,  with  a  small  byssal  groove  behind. 
Immediately  in  front  of  it  the  surface  is  depressed  about  the  small  and  in- 
conspicuous mouth.  Here  the  anterior  palps  are  almost  wanting,  but  the 
posterior,  though  abnormally  small,  are  elevated  above  the  surface  and  strongly 
transversely  striate.  In  front  of  the  palps  is  a  strong  ridge  of  tissue,  behind 
the  anterior  commissure  of  the  lobes  of  the  mantle.  Here  a  narrow  horny 
or  chitinous  gusset  strengthens  the  commissure,  above  wrhich  is  a  sort  of 
pocket  or  shallow  indentation,  above  which  the  external  margin  of  the  mantle 
finally  joins.  The  gusset  is  narrow,  concave  in  the  middle,  with  its  ends 
spatuliiorm,  and  shows  brown  through  the  white  tissues,  like  the  jaw  of  a 
Gastropod. 

If  the  surface  of  the  septum  near  the  foot  be  closely  scrutinized,  there  will 
be  seen  on  each  side  four  slight  prominences.  The  anterior  pair  are  on  each 
side  of  the  mouth,  the  second  and  third  pairs  by  the  sides  of  the  foot,  the 
fourth  behind  the  foot,  all  situated  in  the  thickest  part  of  the  muscular  por- 
tion of  the  septum.  The  posterior  pair  have  two  lips,  the  others  three,  to  each 
prominence,  and  on  gentle  pressure  with  a  fine  probe  it  will  be  found  that  a 
small  circular  orifice  passes  somewhat  obliquely  through  the  septum  and  com- 
municates with  the  upper  chamber. 

These  passages  are  not  always  complete,  however,  for  by  means  of  careful 
sectionizing  I  found  the  third  pair  imperforate  in  a  fairly  grown  specimen  of 
C.  rosirata,  while  in  several  young  specimens  the  two  posterior  pairs  seemed 
imperforate.  In  a  specimen  of  C.  arctica  var.  glacialis  I  found  five  orifices  on 
each  side,  showing  that  the  number  is  not  invariable. 

The  lips  to  these  orifices  are  not  prominent,  much  less  so,  indeed,  than  in 
Cetoconcha  or  Poromija.  The  office  of  a  gill  must,  therefore,  as  suggested  in 
the  first  part  of  this  Report  (p.  30.3),  be  performed  by  the  surface  of  the  sep- 
tum, or  by  the  lobes  of  the  mantle.  This  is  a  very  different  view  from  Dr. 
Pelseneer's  idea  that  the  septum  is  itself  homologous  with  the  ordinary  gills 
of  Pelecypods. 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY.  445 

By  cutting  the  lobes  of  the  mantle  away,  and  carefully  turning  back  the 
septum  as  a  whole,  extracting  the  foot  from  its  socket,  we  see  the  simple 
oblique  upper  ends  of  the  septal  orifices.  What  can  their  office  be?  I  suppose 
that  they  serve  to  admit  fresh  water  to  the  upper  chamber,  which  I  believe  to 
be  utilized  in  some,  if  not  all,  instances  as  a  marsupium.  It  is  probable  that, 
by  suitable  muscular  contractions,  the  septum  will  operate  somewhat  like  the 
washer  of  a  pump- valve,  and  that  the  upper  chamber  can  be  filled  or  emptied 
of  its  contained  water  at  will. 

I  believe  the  septum  in  Cuspidaria  to  be  homologous  with  the  ordinary 
siphonal  septum,  only  more  prolonged;  and  that  its  muscular  tissue  is  the 
equivalent  of  the  siphonal  retractors  of  ordinary  Pelecypods.  I  do  not  regard 
it  as  in  any  manner  homologous  with  the  normal  ctenidia. 

Mijonera  paucistriata  (I.  pp.  302,  303).  To  the  description  of  the  soft  parts 
of  this  extremely  fragile  and  delicate  form  already  published,  several  points  can 
be  added  from  the  examination  of  a  fresh  specimen  recently  received.  The 
only  correction  to  the  original  description  relates  to  the  opening  of  the  anal 
siphon,  which  is  a  minute  circular  orifice  in  a  delicate  membranous  area  which 
in  life  probably  projects  in  a  dome-like  manner,  but  in  alcohol  appears  tense 
and  flat.  The  opening  is  into  the  upper  portion  of  the  peripedal  chamber,  of 
course,  as  in  the  other  species.  That  which  I  took  for  the  anal  opening  in  the 
first  specimen  examined  was  an  accidental  lesion,  while  the  true  anal  opening 
from  its  minuteness  was  overlooked. 

The  mouth,  as  stated  in  1886,  is  a  simple  opening  without  palpi.  The  latter 
are  represented,  if  at  all,  by  a  delicate  slightly  elevated  ring  of  tissue  which 
surrounds  the  circular  mouth.  The  absence  of  gill  laminae  is  fully  confirmed. 
The  septal  orifices  on  the  ventral  surface  are  hardly  observable  without  the 
closest  scrutiny,  though  easily  visible  on  the  dorsal  surface  of  the  septum. 
There  are  eight,  as  in  the  Cuspidaria  patagonica,  and  their  lips,  slightly  elevated, 
usually  appear  triple,  so  as  to  give  a  triangular  aspect  to  their  junction.  When 
sounded  by  a  delicate  probe  they  appear  subtubular. 

The  muscular  tissue  of  the  septum  is  concentrated  in  two  bunches  of  coarse 
fibre-bundles,  which  radiate  from  the  posterior  outer  corners  of  the  septum, 
suggesting  that  the  fibres,  usually  devoted  to  retracting  in  a  nearly  vertical 
plane  the  siphons  toward  their  angular  insertion  (pallial  sinus)  on  the  shell, 
are  here  spread  in  a  horizontal  plane.  Beside  the  fasciole  of  fibres  at  the 
corners,  there  is  a  loosely  arranged  central  bundle  behind  the  foot,  while  the 
rest  of  the  septum  is  more  thin  and  fibrous,  and  the  vertical  roots  of  the  septal 
muscles  far  less  strong  and  prominent  in  proportion,  than  in  Cuspidaria.  The 
arrangement  of  the  fibres  of  the  muscular  tissue  is  singularly  loose,  and  in  the 
central  area  irregular,  —  quite  different  from  the  solid  tissue  of  the  septum  in 
Verticordia,  or  the  compact  bands  observable  in  Cuspidaria. 

The  most  noticeable  feature  in  this  specimen  was  the  condition  of  the 
ovaries.  These  ramified  over  the  posterior  part  of  the  visceral  mass,  terminat- 
ing in  bifurcated  or  trifurcated  sacs,  largest  at  their  distal  extremity,  and  some- 
what fig-shaped.     These  were   crammed  with   ova  and  projected  from  the 


446  BULLETIN   OF   THE 

surface  of  the  visceral  mass  into  the  upper  chamber  above  the  septum.  All 
were  turgid;  some  had  already  burst,  and  partly  discharged  their  contents  into 
the  chamber;  others  seemed  on  the  point  of  doing  so;  the  alcohol  had  coagu- 
lated the  escaping  ova  in  situ,  in  the  most  perfect  manner,  the  whole  process 
thus  being  displayed.  It  is  probable,  as  suggested  by  me  in  1886,  that  the 
chamber  serves  to  some  extent  as  a  marsupium  or  shelter  for  the  ova  and 
young,  and  that  they  are  not  discharged  into  the  surrounding  element  at  once. 
This  is  undoubtedly  the  case  in  Modiolarca. 

Verticordiid^e.  V.  aculicostata  (I.  p.  285).  Another  specimen,  and  a  re- 
examination of  the  one  reported  on  in  1886,  confirm  the  description  then 
given.  There  are  no  palpi,  the  anterior  pair  are  wholly  unrepresented,  the 
posterior  or  lower  pair  may  be  represented  by  two  small  rounded  hardly 
elevated  tubercles  between  the  mouth  and  the  anterior  ends  of  the  gills.  The 
foot  is  relatively  extremely  large,  round,  and  stopper-like.  The  gills  in  the 
second  specimen  are  clearly  adnate,  as  in  Pelseneer's  figure  of  Lyonsiella  papy- 
racea  Smith  (pi.  iii.  fig.  1),  except  that  they  are  underlaid  by  the  solid 
fleshy  siphonal  septum,  and  do  not  as  in  Lyonsiella  serve  to  supplement  that 
septum.  They  are  proportionately  very  much  smaller,  hardly  reaching  behind 
the  middle  of  the  foot.  I  suspect  that  the  free  end  of  the  gill  in  my  first 
specimen  was  separated  by  a  lesion,  and  is  not  normal,  but  that  the  gill  is 
always  adnate  in  the  adult  condition. 

The  septum  is  thick  and  fleshy,  quite  destitute  of  perforations  or  orifices 
except  that  in  which  the  foot  stands. 

Verticordia  tomato,  Jeffreys,  by  an  accident,  was  not  struck  out  of  the  list  of 
Verticordice  (I.  p.  286)  after  I  had  determined  it  to  belong  to  Poromya 
(I.  p.  281). 

The  balance  of  characters  will  perhaps  carry  Mytilimeria  and  Lyonsiella  to 
the  Anatinidce,  or  a  family  by  themselves,  rather  than  to  the  Verticordiidm, 
where  I  placed  them.  But  they  are  transitional  in  their  relations,  and  in 
spite  of  the  relations  between  the  form  of  the  gills  in  Lyonsiella  and  Lyonsia 
I  am  still  inclined  to  think  the  former  almost  equally  close  to  Verticordia. 
The  discrepancy  noted  by  Pelseneer  arises  from  the  fact,  that,  instead  of  com- 
paring Lyonsiella  with  a  genuine  Verticordia  like  acuticostata,  as  I  did,  he 
compares  it  with  a  species  of  Poromya,  which  is,  of  course,  a  very  different 

thing. 

Poromyidje  (I.  p.  280).  In  1886  I  separated  from  Poromya  the  forms 
which,  when  adult,  have  the  hinge  teeth  obsolete,  under  the  name  of  Ceto- 
concha.  This  group  included  not  merely  those  with  a  double  posterior  row  of 
modified  septal  orifices  on  each  side,  such  as  C.  bidla,  the  type,  and  C.  mar- 
garita,  but  also  certain  species  of  Poromya,  in  which  the  hinge  teeth  are  feeble 
or  obsolete  in  the  adult,  while  in  the  typical  Poromya  they  continue  strong. 
I  called  attention  to  the  fact  that  the  soft  parts  of  these  species  did  not  differ 
essentially  from  Poromya  (I.  p.  280),  but  hardly  felt  justified  in  separating 
them  from  the  typical  Cefoconcha;.  It  is  probable  that  it  would  be  better  for 
them  to  form  a  section  of  Poromya,  which  may  be  called  Cetomya ;  while  the 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  447 

typical  Cetoconcha  may  perhaps  be  generically  separated  from  Poromya.  The 
group  in  question  was  named  SUenia  by  Mr.  E.  A.  Smith,  in  his  Report  on 
the  Challenger  Lamellibranchs,  but  that  name  had  already  been  used  in  zoo- 
logical nomenclature,  and  so  was  preoccupied.  The  observations  of  Pelseneer 
on  the  anatomy  of  SUenia  leave  no  room  for  doubt  that  it  is  identical  with 
Cetoconcha,  as  represented  by  its  type  and  by  C.  margarita.  Now  that  wider 
research  has  shown  more  clearly  the  characters  of  Poromya  and  Cetoconcha, 
the  attempt  of  1886  to  diagnose  both  forms  in  a  single  definition  seems  con- 
fused, but  with  this  explanation  it  should  be  clear  enough  that  the  facts  were 
observed  and  recorded  in  members  of  each  group,  and  that  the  apparent  con. 
fusion  in  the  diagnosis  resulted  from  a  feeling  of  conservatism  in  the  matter 
of  subdividing  genera;  a  proceeding  which  has,  of  late  years,  on  some  occasions 
been  so  shamefully  abused. 

The  researches  of  the  U.  S.  Fish  Commission  have  added  some  most  inter- 
esting and  peculiar  species  of  this  family,  which  will  be  more  fully  described 
and  figured  in  the  Report  on  the  Voyage  of  the  Albatross,  now  in  preparation. 

Cetoconcha  bulla  Dall  (I.  p.  283).  The  description  of  1886  merely  requires 
the  addition  of  the  statement  that  the  lamella?  described  are  subtubular,  and 
form  the  lips  to  the  septal  orifices.  In  using  the  term  "  ventral  surface,"  for 
the  under  side  of  the  septum  and  "  body  cavity,"  the  reader  will  not  be  misled 
into  the  supposition  that  the  visceral  mass  was  the  "  body "  intended ;  for, 
though  the  words  may  have  been  ill  chosen,  the  relations  of  the  visceral  mass 
were  clearly  stated,  although  the  very  important  relation  of  the  upper  chamber 
to  the  anal  siphon  was  not  understood  at  the  time. 

There  is  in  this  species  a  distinct  bunching  of  the  muscular  fibres  at  the 
posterior  outer  corners  of  the  septum,  from  which  points  they  extend  in  a 
somewhat  radiating  manner.  The  soft  parts,  though  more  rotund,  and  with 
a  different  number  of  septal  orifices,  resemble  sufficiently  those  of  Cetoconcha 
Sarsii  Smith,  as  diagrammatized  by  Pelseneer.  For  each  orifice  two  lamellse 
are  usually  counted  in  the  Report  of  1886,  as  the  lips  of  the  septal  orifices 
generally  appear  paired  and  arched,  forming  a  segment  of  a  circle.  In  C.  bulla, 
in  the  anterior  series  there  are  five  orifices  on  each  side;  the  inner  posterior 
series  have  three  to  five,  and  the  outer  posterior  series  two,  or  possibly  three 
orifices  each.  The  number  of  posterior  orifices  is  not  the  same  in  the  two 
specimens  of  C.  bulla  examined. 

In  none  of  the  specimens  of  Cetoconcha  examined  by  me  were  the  inner 
ends  of  the  four  posterior  series  so  widely  separated  as  in  Pelseneer's  figure  9, 
of  SUenia  Sarsii.  They  always  seemed  closer  together,  and  more  evidently 
radiating  from  a  central  elevation  on  the  septum  behind  the  foot.  But  too 
much  stress  must  not  be  laid  on  the  discrepancies  of  these  diagrams,  which 
are  not,  and  do  not  appear  to  be  intended  for.  exact  and  complete  portraits. 
In  this  species  a  trace  of  the  lateral  arrangement  of  the  siphonal  muscles  re- 
mains, while,  compared  with  Cuspidaria,  the  septal  muscles  are  still  in  a 
transitional  state. 

Cetomya  elonrjata  Dall  (I.  p.  283).     In  the  single  specimen  of  this  form,  the 


448  BULLETIN   OF   THE 

branchial  areas  are  composed  of  lamellae,  between  which  at  their  bases  are 
narrow  fissures  bridged  longitudinally  by  slender  fibres  which  act  as  regulators. 
In  this  species  the  two  areas  are  similar,  and  resemble  those  of  Cetomya  tornala 
Jeffreys,  as  figured  by  Pelseneer. 

In  Poromya  sublevis  Verrill,  dredged  by  the  Albatross,  in  1685  fms.,  off 
Chesapeake  Bay,  by  carefully  dissecting  away  the  septum,  which  presented 
much  the  same  appearance  as  that  of  P.  granulata  in  Pelseneer's  diagram 
(op.  cit.,  pi.  iii.  fig.  7),  several  interesting  facts  were  disclosed.  The  posterior 
lamella?  were  not  separated  by  fissures  at  their  base.  This  seemed  evident  on 
an  external  view,  but  was  made  more  certain  by  an  inspection  of  the  upper 
surface  of  the  septum,  where  these  openings,  when  they  exist,  are  always  con- 
spicuous. The  anterior  areas  were  fissured,  especially  near  the  foot,  but  less 
so  behind,  so  that  when  I  first  examined  this  species,  taking  the  extreme  deli- 
cacy of  the  membranes  into  account,  and  the  apparently  imperforate  character 
of  the  posterior  areas,  I  suspected  that  the  fissures  were  due  to  tearing  or  in- 
cautious probing.  A  reversal  of  the  septum,  and  an  examination  of  other 
species  showed,  however,  that  there  are  variations  in  this  respect,  and  that 
Pelseneer  had  correctly  described  the  conditions  which  exist  in  some  of  them. 
An  interesting  feature  disclosed  by  the  examination  of  the  septum  under  trans- 
mitted light  was,  that  the  blood-vessels  which  supply  the  branchial  lamellae 
appear  to  reach  them  from  behind,  a  separate  vessel  starting  from  the  vicinity 
of  the  siphons,  and  running  a  somewhat  irregular  course  to  each  of  the  lamellar 
areas  on  each  side.  There  seemed  to  be  no  continuation  of  these  vessels  an- 
teriorly in  front  of  the  areas  which  they  serve.  The  ovisacs  are  not  lobulated, 
as  in  Myonera,  but  more  evenly  spread  over  the  posterior  surface  of  the  visce- 
ral mass.  The  ripest  eggs  were  large  and  conspicuous.  There  was  no  evidence 
of  their  extrusion  through  the  covering  of  the  visceral  mass,  as  in  Myonera, 
though  this  may  take  place  later. 

Cetomya  albida  (I.  p.  282).  In  young  specimens  of  this  and  other  species, 
the  membranes  of  the  septum,  etc.  are  extremely  delicate.  The  use  of  too 
concentrated  hardening  agents,  or  the  incautious  touch  of  a  probe,  will  produce 
lesions  which  may  be  indistinguishable  from  normal  fissures.  To  make  sure 
that  nothing  of  this  sort  shall  happen,  it  is  necessary  to  float  the  soft  parts  in 
a  cup  of  water,  and  turn  them  about  with  delicate  forceps.  This  is  not  con- 
venient in  all  respects  for  observation,  but  with  time  and  patience  the  charac- 
ters may  be  made  out. 

Young  specimens  of  this  species  show  the  lamellar  areas  as  usual,  with  the 
depressions  above  them  in  the  floor  of  the  upper  chamber,  but  the  fissures  are 
not  open;  a  fact  which  leads  me  to  believe  that  they  appear  only  with  matu- 
rity. A  very  delicate  membrane  seems  to  hold  the  distal  margins  of  the 
lamellae  together,  so  that  a  delicate  probe  passes  over  without  separating  them. 
It  was  only  after  long  experimentation  and  study  of  the  specimens  that  I  be- 
came convinced  that  this  is  the  case,  although  there  is  no  inherent  improba- 
bility that  it  should  be  so. 

Poromya  (Dermatomya)  mactroides  n.  s.  This  fine  species  differs  from  the 
May  20,  1889. 


MUSEUM   OF  COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY.  449 

typical  form  of  the  genus  in  the  ahsence  of  the  superficial  granulations,  and  in 
the  presence  of  a  deep  and  strong  pallial  sinus,  which  characters  indicate  that 
it  should  form  a  special  section  of  the  group.  The  hinge  is  also  remarkably- 
coarse  and  strong.  It  was  dredged  by  the  Albatross  off  the  coast  of  Ecuador, 
in  741  fms.,  and  externally  presents  much  the  appearance  of  a  large  high  speci- 
men of  Mactra  lateralis. 

In  the  type  of  Poromya  the  pallial  sinus  is  almost  obsolete;  its  retractor 
muscles  are  either  mainly  incorporated  in  the  septum,  the  muscular  contrac- 
tions of  which  serve  to  move  the  siphons,  or  they  are  replaced  by  the  septal 
muscles.  In  the  present  species,  however,  there  is  a  large  and  strong  pallial 
sinus  with  its  usual  muscles,  and  the  septum  is  consequently  only  very  slightly 
furnished  with  muscular  fibres,  and  does  not  serve  to  retract  the  siphons. 
The  valve  to  the  branchial  siphon  is  large,  and  the  palps  are  enormous.  The 
anterior  edges  of  the  anterior  palps  are  notched  or  papillose  toward  the  median 
line,  a  condition  not  observed  in  the  other  species.  The  foot  is  pointed  and 
slightly  geniculate.  There  are  seven  anterior,  and  eight  or  nine  posterior 
gill  lamellae;  the  two  areas  are  rather  narrow,  and  their  ends  closely  approach 
one  another  near  the  middle  of  the  foot  on  each  side.  In  front  of  the  ridge 
which  precedes  the  large  branchial  valve,  and  between  it  and  the  foot,  are 
four  or  five  quite  prominent  elevations  of  the  surface  closely  resembling  the 
branchial  lamellae,  but  with  their  length  in  the  axial  direction  of  the  animal. 
There  are  no  fissures  between  these,  but  they  seem  very  like  branchial  lamellae 
in  process  of  development.  Both  the  longitudinal  branchial  areas  on  each 
side  are  fissured,  and  their  blood-vessels  reach  them  from  behind. 

General  Considerations  on  the  Nature  of  the  Septum  in  Poromyidm  and  Cuspi- 
dariidce.  —  The  facts  above  stated  indicate  that  the  septum  in  these  groups  is 
essentially  a  prolongation  forward,  and  a  specialization  of  the  ordinary  si- 
phonal  septum.  The  septum,  as  pointed  out  in  Cardium,  may  be  so  prolonged, 
while  the  normal  gills  are  fully  developed  and  unconnected  with  it.  In  Ver- 
ticordia  it  may  be  so  prolonged,  and  may  have  acquired  a  conspicuously  fleshy 
texture,  without  fissures,  while  the  gills  lie  prone  upon  it,  more  or  less  adnate. 
The  muscular  apparatus  by  which  the  siphons  are  retracted,  and  whose  normal 
points  of  origin  are  at  the  side  of  the  ordinary  septum,  appear  to  be  shifted 
to  its  surface;  different  species  show  this  process  in  different  stages  of  pro- 
gress, and  in  the  only  case  among  the  Poromyas  where  the  fibres  follow  the 
normal  direction  in  other  Pelecypods,  the  septum  is  destitute  of  the  muscular 
structure  which  is  so  prominent  in  the  other  Poromyas.  In  the  specialization 
of  the  septum  the  musculation  develops  from  behind ;  when  branchial  laminae 
are  situated  upon  the  septum,  and  are  not  simply  the  ordinary  ctenidia  in  an 
adnate  condition,  the  addition  of  a  second  series  is  made  at  the  posterior  end, 
and  all  the  branchial  areas  appear  to  receive  their  blood  supply  from  behind. 

There  is  not  a  particle  of  evidence  to  prove  that  the  septal  branchial  lamellae 

of  Poromya  and  C'etoconcha  are  homologous  with  the  ctenidia  of  Verlicordia, 

Lyonsiella,  Perna,  or  Cardium.     The  fact  that  Cuspidaria  has  neither  ctenidia 

nor  any  specialized  laminae  on  the  septum  lends  probability  to  the  assumption 

vol.  xvni.  29 


450  BULLETIN   OF  THE 

that  the  two  series  represent  a  parallel  among  these  Pelecypods  to  the  ctenidia 
and  the  peripedal  laminae  in  Acmcea,  Scurria,  and  Patella,  among  the  Docoglossa. 
That  is,  that  the  septal  laminae  are  a  new  and  special  development,  which  func- 
tionally replace,  but  are  not  homologous  with,  the  original  ctenidia.  If  this 
view  is  doubted,  the  burden  of  proof  lies  upon  those  who  call  it  in  question. 

It  may  be  asked  whether  any  hypothesis  can  be  suggested  by  which  this 
peculiar  specialization  may  be  accounted  for.  The  law  of  economy  in  de- 
velopment, which  calls  for  the  maximum  of  function  with  the  minimum 
expenditure  of  tissue,  and  the  other  rule,  which  associates  with  greatest  vigor 
of  life  the  most  successful  oxygenation  of  the  blood,  together  with  the  obvious 
benefits  to  be  derived  from  temporary  protection  of  the  newly  hatched  larvae, 
will  enable  us  to  suggest  an  answer. 

The  prolongation  forward  of  the  siphonal  septum,  especially  in  forms  with 
short  siphons,  like  Poromya  and  Lyonsiella,  will  evidently  promote  successful 
aeration  of  the  blood  by  cutting  off  from  the  branchial  chamber  the  water  of 
the  anal  chamber,  fouled  more  or  less  by  the  effete  products  discharged  into  it. 
A  certain  amount  of  fibrous  tissue  must  be  developed  to  form  this  septum.  It 
is  clear  that  an  economy  of  tissue  would  result  from  the  transfer  of  retractorial 
functions  to  the  septum  and  the  obsolescence  of  the  lateral  retractile  muscula- 
ture. A  further  economy  would  result  from  the  utilization  of  this  large  sheet 
of  tissue  for  branchial  purposes,  and  a  diminution  of  the  tissue  previously  ex- 
pended in  the  mass  of  the  ctenidia.  The  habit  of  the  larva?,  so  common  among 
Pelecypods,  of  nestling  for  safety  in  the  branchial  folds,  would  lead  directly  to 
the  utilization  of  the  chamber  as  a  refuge.  But  a  close  chamber  such  as  we  see 
in  Verticordia  would,  from  the  less  pure  character  of  its  contained  sea-water, 
be  less  favorable  than  one  into  which  the  water  could  be  more  freely  admitted 
by  any  means  which  would  not  imply  an  admixture  of  the  foul  water  with 
that  of  the  branchial  chamber  below.  A  system  of  orifices  like  those  of 
Myonera  would  accomplish  this.  A  subsequent  development  of  the  muscular 
tissue  of  the  septum,  so  that  it  could  operate  somewhat  after  the  fashion  of  a 
pump  and  voluntarily  frequently  renew  the  water  in  the  anal  chamber,  would 
obviously  be  beneficial.  By  the  effect  of  stimulation,  the  margins  of  the 
orifices  thus  subjected  to  repeated  strong  currents  of  fresh  water  would  be 
likely  to  undergo  a  specialization  of  respirator}''  functions  as  compared  with  the 
rest  of  the  surface  of  the  septum,  which  would  result  in  something  like  the 
tubular  gills  of  Cetoconcha,  or  the  lamellae  of  Poromya. 

The  reciprocal  diminution  of  the  ctenidia  and  increase  of  the  area  of  the 
siphonal  septum  are  illustrated  by  such  a  series  as  Lyonsia,  Lyonsiella,  and 
Verticordia,  all  of  which  possess  true  ctenidia. 

The  gradual  specialization  for  branchial  purposes  of  the  septum  after  the 
extirpation  of  the  ctenidia  would  be  illustrated  by  the  series  from  Myonera 
and  Cuspidaria  to  Cetoconcha  and  Poromya. 

While  the  above  chain  of  hypothesis  harmonizes  with  the  observed  facts  in 
a  satisfactory  manner,  it  is  stated  merely  as  a  possible  hypothetical  explanation, 
and  not  as  a  theory  to  which  the  writer  must  stand  permanently  committed. 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY.  451 

General  Summary.  —  Premising  that  in  this  article  the  word  ctenidium  is 
employed  to  designate  the  normal  typical  gill  of  Pelecypods,  in  any  of  its 
modifications,  as  opposed  to  temporary  or  local  branchial  organs  of  different 
origin,  the  facts  just  reviewed  may  be  briefly  summarized. 

1.  In  many  groups  of  Pelecypods  the  ctenidia  are  more  or  less  united  be- 
hind the  foot,  so  as  to  divide  the  peripedal  chamber  into  an  upper,  or  anal,  and 
a  lower,  or  branchial  portion.  In  these  cases  (Perna,  Mod iol area,  fpr  example) 
there  is  no  important  modification  of  the  structure  of  the  gills,  and  the  septum 
is  truly  branchial  in  character,  and  the  siphonal  septum  takes  no  part  in  the 
formation  of  the  partition. 

2.  In  other  forms,  the  siphonal  septum  is  extended  forward  to  form  a 
partition,  either  (A)  unmodified  (Cardium);  (B)  thickened  without  orifices 
(Verticordia);  (C)  assuming  a  retractile  function  (Cuspidaria)  with  orifices; 
(D)  only  partially  retractile  {Dermatomyd)  with  single  lateral  series  of  orifices; 
or  (E)  with  an  incomplete  double  lateral  series  of  orifices  (Cetoconcka).  In 
these  cases  the  breathing  organs  may  be  (A)  unmodified  ctenidia,  (B)  depau- 
perated adnate  ctenidia,  (C)  the  general  surface  of  the  septum  without  ctenidia 
or  specialized  lamellae,  (D)  with  only  specialized  flat  lainellce,  or  (E)  with  spe- 
cialized subtubular  proliferations.  In  these  cases  the  structure  of  the  septum 
appears  to  be  wholly  independent  of  the  ctenidia,  though  in  Verticordia  they 
are  adnate  upon  its  surface. 

3.  There  is  one  form  (Lyonsiella  abyssicola)  in  which  the  siphonal  septum 
and  the  ctenidia  are  stated  to  be  mutually  attached,  so  that  the  septum  may  be 
said  to  be  of  a  compound  formation,  though  in  another  species  of  the  same 
genus  (L.  radiata)  the  septum  is  of  the  kind  described  in  paragraph  1. 

4.  The  orifices  in  the  septum  of  Poromya  seem  to  be  closed,  or  partly  closed, 
in  youth,  and  open  with  the  attainment  of  sexual  maturity. 

5.  The  anal  chamber,  as  indicated  in  1886,  seems  to  fill  the  office  of  a 
marsupium. 

6.  The  tissues  of  the  septum  may  therefore  be  derived  from  structures  di- 
verse in  their  origin,  in  some  cases  ctenidial  and  anterior,  in  others  siphonal 
and  posterior. 

7.  Finally,  from  these  facts  it  is  evident  that  Dr.  Pelseneer's  assumption, 
that  the  septum  is  essentially  ctenidial  in  its  origin,  is  unwarranted,  and  his 
group  Scplibranchia,  as  defined  by  him,  is  founded  on  an  error  of  observation. 
While  as  a  group-narne  it  may  be  used  to  indicate  features  of  structure  whose 
origin  he  misunderstood,  yet,  from  the  purely  adaptive  nature  of  these  feature.' 
and  their  variations  in  forms  otherwise  closely  related,  the  name  has  no  claims 
for  adoption  either  in  a  strictly  genealogical  or  an  eclectic  system  of  classifica- 
tion. It  may  be  added,  that  the  "proof"  that  Poromya  and  Silenia  (=  Ceto- 
concka) are  more  nearly  related  to  each  other  than  to  Cuspidaria,  which 
Dr.  Pelseneer  claims  to  be  his  work  (op.  cit.,  p.  25),  had  been  published  by  me 
more  than  two  years  previous  to  the  appearance  of  his  paper,  and  exemplified 
in  the  classification  I  then  proposed;  a  classification  which  nothing  since  pub- 
lished has  pretended  in  any  way  essentially  to  modify.     This  classification, 


452  BULLETIN  OF  THE 

augmented  by  the  new  discoveries  of  the  past  three  years,  may  be  expressed  in 
brief  as  follows :  — 

Family  Cuspidariidm  :  abranchiate,  siphoseptate,  septum  foraminate. 
Genus  Cuspidaria  (etc.)  with  long  siphons;  oral  palpi  obsolete. 
Genus  Myonera,  short  siphons ;  oral  palpi  absent. 

Family  Poromyidce  :  septibranchiate,  siphoseptate. 
Genus  Poromya:. teeth  strong;  oral  palpi  large;  foramina  of  septum  slit-like, 
between  the  close-set  lamellae,  arranged  in  two  interrupted  longitudinal 
series;  pallial  sinus  obsolete;  surface  of  shell  granular. 
Subgenus  Dermatomya:  shell  not  granular;  pallial  sinus  developed;   hinge 

strong. 
Subgenus  Cetomya:    shell  granulous;   pallial  sinus   obsolete;    hinge   teeth 
obsolete  in  the  adult. 
Genus  Cetoconcha:  hinge  teeth  obsolete  in  the  adult;  pallial  sinus  obsolete; 
siphoseptum   foraminate,  the  foramina  arranged   in  four  longitudinal 
series,  solitary,  the  subtubular  lips  filling  the  office  of  gills. 
Family  Verticordiidce  :  siphoseptate  with  small  adnate  ctenidia;  oral  palpi 
almost  obsolete;  septum  imperforate. 

Lyonsia  and  probably  Lyonsiella  may  be  called  branchioseptate,  and  should 
be  referred  elsewhere. 


ADDENDA  TO   PAET   II 

Intra-capsular  Development  of  the  Shell  in  Scaphella  (II.  p.  149,  IT  3). 
After  this  suggestion  had  been  some  time  printed,  I  received  from  the  collec- 
tions of  the  Albatross  on  her  voyage  from  Chesapeake  Bay  to  California,  some 
ovicapsules  of  Scaphella  magellanica  from  the  coast  of  Patagonia. 

These  ovicapsules  are  circular,  about  an  inch  (25.0  mm.)  in  diameter,  with 
a  flat  base  attached  to  dead  Pectens ;  the  upper  part  consists  of  a  rounded 
dome,  rather  more  lenticular  than  hemispherical,  but  varying  somewhat  in 
different  specimens.  It  is  exactly  like  the  ovicapsule  of  Volatopsis  from 
Alaska,  externally,  and,  like  that,  contains  two  to  four  surviving  larval  shells. 
These  remain  in  the  capsule  until  they  have  three  or  four  shelly  whorls.  The 
apical  point  is  acutely  conical,  slightly  twisted,  and  in  the  youngest  specimens 
(two-whorled)  still  retains  some  shreds  of  the  extremely  fragile  membranous 
protoconch  adhering  to  the  first  whorl.  As  suggested  by  me  from  a  study  of 
the  nuclei  of  Aurinia,  the  pillar  of  the  protoconch  and  the  apical  spur  of  the 
larval  shell  coincide.  The  shape  of  the  protoconch  could  not  be  ascertained, 
but  its  aperture  was  probably  oval,  from  its  traces  left  on  the  shelly  surface. 
The  apex  is  at  first  very  sharp,  but  it  loses  substance  even  in  the  ovicapsule, 
and  three-whorled  specimens  had  it  quite  blunted,  while  shells  escaped  from 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY.  453 

the  capsule  at  all  stages  show  usually  a  mammillary  tip.  The  largest  larva 
obtained,  though  it  had  just  begun  to  make  part  of  the  shell  showing  color- 
pattern,  was  still  without  cephalic  tentacles,  eyes,  or  siphonal  appendages.  It 
had  no  trace  of  an  operculum  or  epipodium.  The  shell  showed  two  plaits  on 
the  columella.  The  confirmation  of  the  existence  of  the  suspected  protoconch 
is  particularly  gratifying.  The  larval  characters  emphasize  the  differences 
between  Voluta  proper  and  Scaphella,  and  leave  no  doubt  of  the  propriety  of 
their  generic  separation.  The  turbinate  shelly  peculiarly  sculptured  larval 
shell  of  Valuta  is  entirely  different  from  anything  we  find  in  Scaphella. 

Vermicularia  lumbricalis  Linn^  (p.  261).  For  those  who  doubt  this 
being  the  original  V.  lumbricalis  of  Lamarck,  the  "  Vermet "  of  Adanson,  it 
may  be  noted  that  the  American  form  has  been  named  V.  spiratus  by  Philippi 
(1836),  and  V.  radicula  by  Stimpson  (1851),  while  the  Adansonian  shell,  on 
the  ground  that  it  is  not  the  Serpula  lumbricalis  of  Linne,  has  received  the 
name  of  Adansonii  from  Hanley. 

Nudibranchiata.  Dr.  Bergh,  who  is  preparing  a  special  report  on  this 
group  from  the  material  collected  by  the  Blake,  informs  me  that  seven  species 
are  represented,  as  follows  :  — 

Tethrjs  leporina  Linne  (var.). 
Chromodoris  sycilla  Bergh. 
Ckromodoris  punctiluccns  Bergh. 
Chromodoris  scabriuscula  Bergh. 
Nembrotha  gratiosa  Bergh. 
Phlegmodoris  f  anceps  Bergh. 
Phyllidiopsis  papilligera  Bergh. 

The  interesting  features  of  these  animals  are  left  for  Dr.  Bergh  to  describe ; 
the  list  is  here  included  only  to  complete  the  number  of  Gastropods  in  the 
Blake  collection. 


454  BULLETIN   OF  THE 


SUMMARY. 

The  attempt  to  prepare  a  summary  of  bathymetrical  data  for  the  deep-sea 
fauna  of  any  region  yet  investigated,  is  most  unsatisfactory  in  its  outcome 
from  the  paucity  of  data.  Most  of  the  species  of  any  collection  are  represented 
by  the  shells  alone,  which  may  have  been  —  as  millions  are  daily  —  disgorged 
by  fishes,  and  never  have  lived  at  the  depth  from  which  they  were  dredged. 
We  are  yet  ignorant  as  to  whether  the  abyssal  and  archibenthal  faunae  shade 
gradually  into  one  another,  as  seems  most  probable;  or  whether  there  is  any 
line  of  depth,  coincident  with  a  temperature  limit,  which  really  fixes  a  boun- 
dary for  the  abyssal  fauna. 

Then,  again,  the  difficulty  and  time  involved  in  a  cast  of  over  one  thousand 
fathoms  are  so  much  greater  than  if  it  were  made  in  half  that  depth,  that  it  is 
impossible  to  say  what  proportion  of  the  disparity  in  population  between  the 
archibenthal  and  abyssal  areas,  which  dredgings  seem  to  indicate,  is  due  to  the 
fact  that  the  latter  have  been  far  less  efficiently  explored.  The  only  thing  of 
which  I  feel  confident  is  that  it  is  yet  too  early  for  extensive  numerical  compari- 
sons or  deductions  based  only  on  statistics.  I  shall  therefore  content  myself 
here  with  a  very  modest  table,  which  is  intended  to  illustrate  the  peculiarities 
of  the  Blake  collection,  expressly  disclaiming  any  intention  of  applying  the 
results  to  the  deep-sea  population  at  large,  except  "  with  all  reserves." 

In  a  general  way,  I  may  observe  that  the  results  sustain  the  biographic  gen- 
eralizations of  the  Introduction  to  Part  I.  There  is  nothing  in  that  summary 
of  the  conditions  of  abyssal  life  which  seems,  so  far,  in  need  of  serious  modifica- 
tion. On  the  other  hand,  several  of  the  hypotheses  there  advanced  have  received 
substantial  support  from  subsequent  investigation. 

In  that  preface  the  littoral  zone  or  area  was  defined  as  that  part  of  the  sea 
bordering  on  the  land  not  too  deep  for  the  existence  of  marine  vegetation;  in  a 
word,  about  the  area  included  between  the  dry  land  and  the  hundred-fathom 
line.  Thence  to  about  one  thousand  fathoms  extends  the  archibenthal  area, 
beyond  which  we  find  the  abyssal  region. 

The  Tables  relate  only  to  the  species  which  appear  in  antique  type  in  the 
text,  thus  eliminating  most  of  the  forms  introduced  for  purposes  of  illustration. 
I  have  been  assisted  in  making  the  enumeration  by  Mr.  Gilbert  D.  Harris 
of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey.  The  first  Table  shows  the  general 
numerical  results  for  the  Blake  collection,  assorted  among  the  great  systematic 
groups  and  the  three  bathymetric  zones  or  areas.  The  second  Table  shows  the 
proportion  to  the  whole  population  of  the  abyssal  region  borne  by  those 
genera  which  exceed  a  single  species.  The  result  here  shown  is  that  less  than 
thirty -seven  per  cent  of  the  genera  comprise  more  than  sixty-eight  per  cent  of 
the  species;  and  out  of  these,  three  families,  Pleurotomidw,  Ledidce,  and  Den- 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY. 


455 


taliidce  furnish  nearly  twenty-eight  per  cent  of  the  species  of  the  abyssal  fauna 
collected  by  the  Blake. 


TABLE   I. 

General  Numerical  Results. 


Groups. 

No.  of 
Genera. 

No.  of 
Species. 

Species  in  the 

Species 
common  to 

Abyssal  Fauna. 

7 

52 

2 

119 

13 
170 

35 
491 

Littoral 
Area. 

Archib. 
Area. 

Abyssal 
Area. 

Two 
Areas. 

All 
Areas. 

Families. 

Genera. 

Bracliiopods .     . 
Pelecypods    .     . 
Scapliopods  .     . 
Gastropods    .     . 

8 

98 

17 

280 

12 
114 

28 
222 

q 

31 
12 

83 

8 

64 

17 

161 

2 

10 
5 

32 

49 

2 
15 

1 
29 

3 
19 

2 
41 

Totals    .     .    . 

180 

709 

403 

37G 

129 

250 

47 

65 

TABLE  II. 

Genera  represented  by  more  than  one  Species  in  the  Abyssal  Area. 


Genera 

No.  of 
Species. 

Genera. 

No.  of 
Species. 

Drillia 

Benthonella 

17 
5 
4 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
2 
2 
2 
2 

Limopsis 

2 
2 
2 
2 

5 
3 
3 

2 

2 

8 
4 

Total,  24  genera  and  87  species. 

For  the  naturalist  of  to-day  the  most  interesting  feature  of  abyssal  life  is 
not  that  it  furnishes  him  with  singular  and  archaic  forms,  useful  in  his  study 
of  extinct  genera  ;  nor  the  beauty  and  rarity  of  the  creatures  living  under 
such  unusual  conditions.  The  most  important  characteristic  of  abyssal  life  is, 
that  it,  and  it  alone,  exhibits  a  fauna  in  which  reciprocal  struggle  is  nearly 
eliminated  from  the  factors  inducing  variation  and  modification.  There  is  no 
mimicry  or  sexual  selection  where  all  is  dark.  In  the  struggle  for  life  of  the 
abyssal  animal,  he  is  pitted  against  the  physical  character  of  his  environment, 
and  not  against  his  neighbor  or  the  rest  of  the  fauna.  Hence  we  should  have, 
and  really  do  have,  the  process  of  evolution  less  obscured  by  complications  in 
the  abysses  than  is  possible  elsewhere.     From  a  study  of  these  animals  in  the 


456  BULLETIN   OF   THE 

light  of  their  environment,  much  may  be  hoped  toward  the  elucidation  of 
•great  questions  in  Biology,  and  naturalists  everywhere  should  strive  to  promote 
deep-sea  dredging  as  essential  to  the  progress  of  Science. 

The  circumstances  which  lead  to  the  belief  in  the  absence,  more  or  less  com- 
plete, of  competition  between  the  members  of  the  fauna,  are  not  hypothetical, 
but  admitted  facts.  The  "  rain  of  food "  from  the  sinking  of  weak  or  dead 
surface  forms  is  unquestionable,  and  the  supply  must,  in  the  nature  of  things 
as  we  know  them,  far  exceed  the  demand,  except  in  cases  where  physical  factors, 
such  as  currents,  intervene  to  prevent  the  supplies  from  reaching  the  bottom. 
It  is  illustrated  by  the  absence  or  obsolescence  of  protective  devices  in  deep-sea 
species,  without  regard  to  systematic  relations.  The  genus  most  abundantly 
represented  of  all  is  Mangilia,  which  is  devoid  of  an  operculum,  and  the 
diminution  in  size  and  solidity  of  this  protective  appliance  is  marked  in  all 
the  deep-sea  gastropods.  Nearly  all  the  species  are  carnivorous  by  hereditary 
tendency;  those  which  are  not,  like  the  Trochidce  and  Docoglossa,  become  so  by 
necessity.  Long  reflection  on  the  ornamentation  of  the  shell  in  deep-sea  gas- 
tropods has  led  me  to  the  conclusion  that  the  characteristic  features  may  be 
accounted  for  on  mechanical  principles.  The  presutural  rows  of  nodules  so 
characteristic  of  many  abyssal  gastropods  (as  in  Daphnella  limacina)  serve  as 
buttresses  for  the  strengthening  of  the  fragile  and  delicate  structure  which 
bears  them.  Impermeable  solidity  is  something  not  to  be  expected  in  organic 
structures  subjected  to  the  immense  pressures  of  the  depths.  Strength' must 
therefore  be  sought  in  corrugations  of  the  thin  shelly  envelope,  —  stays  and 
buttresses  of  one  sort  or  another.  In  shallow-water  Trochidce  the  adult  outer 
lip  is  never  reflected.  Strength  is  secured  by  the  internal  thick  wall  of  the  shell, 
reinforced  at  the  aperture  by  ridges  of  nacre.  In  Turcicula  and  Gaza  of  the 
depths,  we  have  the  margin  strengthened  by  recurvature,  as,  for  other  reasons, 
we  find  it  in  the  equally  thin  land  shells  like  Mesodcm,  Bulimus,  or  Cylindrella. 
In  the  Unio  and  Melanin  of  fresh-water  streams,  whose  waters  from  the  decay 
of  vegetable  matter  are  overcharged  with  carbonic  acid,  we  find  a  dense  thin 
greenish  epidermis  developed  as  a  protection  against  erosion.  In  the  depths, 
where  every  portion  of  the  shell  must  be  permeated  by  the  surrounding  ele- 
ment to  equalize  the  external  pressure,  and  where  carbonic  acid  exerts  its  usual 
malign  influence  on  the  limy  parts  of  all  organisms,  we  find  a  strikingly 
similar  protective  epidermis  developed  in  most  unexpected  places.  Thus  it 
comes  about,  that  in  the  Trochi,  Pleurotomidae,  and  other  characteristic  abyssal 
animals,  we  find  those  puzzling  and  remarkable  counterparts  of  land  and  fresh- 
water species  of  totally  diverse  groups,  which  have  astonished  every  student  of 
the  Mollusca  who  has  seen  them. 

But  it  is  necessary  to  close  these  observations,  the  fruit  of  more  than  eight 
years'  study  of  these  fascinating  organisms.  I  do  so  with  the  sincere  expres- 
sion of  my  appreciation  of  the  kindness  and  patience  with  which  Prof.  Agassiz 
has  seconded  all  my  endeavors,  and  with  hearty  thanks  to  the  numerous  friends 
and  correspondents  to  whose  courtesy  and  learning  much  of  such  value  as  this 
Report  may  possess  is  justly  due. 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY. 


457 


INDEX   TO  PARTS  I.  AND   II. 


Names  in  Italics  are  those  which  were  first  proposed  in  connection  with  this  Report.  When  several 
page  numbers  follow  a  name,  the  number  in  Italics  distinguishes  the  page  on  which  the  name  is  de- 
fined from  those  on  which  it  is  merely  cited.  A  "  v."  preceding  a  name  indicates  that  it  is  only  of 
varietal  rank.  An  asterisk  indicates  that  on  the  page  so  marked  data  are  given  iu  relation  to  the 
anatomical  features  of  the  animal  named.  Family  names  and  those  of  higher  rank  are  only  indexed 
when  first  proposed  in  this  Report. 


Abrancliiata,  II.  436* 

Abra,  I.  194,  195,  278;  II.  455. 

aequalis,  I.  279. 

lioica,  I.  195,  278,  279. 

longicallis,  I.  195,  278. 
Acanthochiton,  II.  417. 
Acanthoidea,  II.  414. 
Acanthopleuridce,  II.  416. 
Acardo,  II.  60. 
Aciona,  II.  299,  305,  375. 
Acirsa,  II.  300,  308. 

borealis,  II.  307,  308. 

costulata,  II.  307. 
Aclis,  II.  28,  282,  324- 

egregia,  II.  28,  325,  326. 

lata,  II.  28,  324- 

nucleata,  II.  28,  325. 

supranitida,  II.  324,  325. 
Acmaea,  II.  342,  343,  345,  346,  409,  410* 
411,  450. 

albicosta,  II.  409. 

antillarum,  II.  343. 

Candeana,  II.  409,  410. 

confusa,  II.  410. 

cubaniana,  II.  409. 

elegans,  II.  410. 

leucopleura,  II.  409. 

melanoleuca,  II.  409,  410.* 

melanosticta,  II.  409,  410. 

notata,  II.  409. 

onychina,  II.  409. 

patina,  II.  410.* 
v.  pulcherrima,  II.  409. 

punctulata,  II.  409. 

puncturata,  II.  409. 


Acmaea  pustula,  II.  409. 

rubella,  II.  346. 

spectrum,  II.  410* 

surinamensis,  II.  409. 
Acmasidae,  II.  436. 
Acoetes  lupinus,  II.  360. 
Acrilla,  II.  267,  300. 

decussata,  II.  312. 
Actaeon,  II.  5,  39,  455. 

cubensis,  II.  40. 

Cumingii,  II.  5,  40. 

Danaida,  II.  5,  42- 

delicatus,  II.  5,  41. 

depressus,  II.  40. 

exiguus,  II.  42. 

exilis,  II.  5,  39. 

fasciatus,  II.  41. 

hebes,  II.  41. 

incisus,  II.  5,  42. 

melampoides,  II.  5,  41,  42. 

nitidus,  II.  39. 

Noae,  II.  40. 

ovulum,  II.  41. 

per/oratus,  II.  5,  42. 

punctostriatus,  II.  5,  40. 

pusillus,  II.  5,  39. 

splendidulus,  II.  41. 

tornatilis,  II.  39,  41. 

turrit  us,  II.  40. 
Acus,  II.  8,  62* 
Aeyonaea,  II.  299. 
Acyone'e,  II.  299. 

Addisonla,  II.  30,  343,  344,  349,  350,  408, 
437. 

eccentros,  II.  344. 


4o8 


BULLETIN    OF   THE 


Addisonia  lateralis,  II.  30,  S44-* 

v.  paradoxa,  II.  344* 
Adeorbis,  II.  24,  222,  273,  276,  278,  359, 
360. 

Beaui,  II.  278,  361. 

bicarinatum,  II.  278. 

cancellatus,  II.  361. 

depressus,  II.  298. 

fragilis,  II.  298. 

liratus,  II.  278. 

naticoides,  II.  361. 

nautiliformis,  II.  360. 

striatus,  II.  278. 

supranitidus,  II.  24,  278,  361. 
v   Orbignyi,  II.  24,  278. 
Admete,  II.  131,  132. 

nodosa,  II.  131. 
^sopus,  II.  17,  187, 193,  339. 

ehrysalloidea,  II.  193. 

filosus,  II.  193. 

japonicus,  II.  193. 

Metcalfei,  II.  17,  194. 

Stearnsii,  II.  17, 194. 
Aforia,  II.  10,  99. 

circinata,  II.  10,  99. 

hypomela,  II.  10,  99. 
Alaba,  II.  22,  258. 

Adamsii,  II.  22,  258. 

cerithidioides,  II.  22,  258. 

melanura,  II.  258. 

tervaricosa,  II.  22,  258. 
Alicia,  I.  308. 
Allerya  Krebsii,  II.  290. 
Alvania,  II.  339. 
AniEea,  II.  300. 
Amalthea,  II.  26,  283,  289. 

antiquata,  II.  290. 

barbata,  II.  290. 

benthopkila,  II.  26,  289. 

costellata,  II.  290. 

effodiens,  II.  290. 

subrufa,  II.  290. 

tuberculata,  II.  290. 
Amaura,  II.  333,  339. 
Amcaea,  II.  300. 
Amiculidce,  II.  416. 
Amoura,  II.  333,  339. 

anguliferens,  II.  339. 
Amphidesma  caneellata,  I.  279. 

variegata,  I.  279. 
Amphiperas,  II.  20,  234. 

aperta,  II.  237. 

birostris,  II.  237. 


Ampbiperas  canadinensis,  II.  235. 
carolinensis,  II.  235,  236. 
gibbosus,  II.  237.* 
Amusium,  I.  188,  206,  207,  208,*  209, 
216 ;  II.  433* 
alaskeyisis,  I.  188,  215,  218. 
cancellatum,  I.  188,  213*  221. 
Dalli,  I.  188,  206  *  209,  210  *  212 ; 

II.  433*  434*  435* 
fenestration,  I.  211,  213,  221,  222. 
Holmesii,  I.  188,  214. 
Hoskynsi,  I.  188,  213,  214,  222. 
lucidum,  I.  209,  211,  212. 
v.  marmoratum,  I.  188,  212,  214. 
meridionale,  I.  210,  212. 
Mortoni,  II.  158,  438. 
pleuronectes,  I.  206,*  207,  208 ;  II. 

438. 
Pourtalesianum,  I.  188,  210,  211. 
Sayanum,  I.  188,  214,  215* 
squamigerum,  I.  215. 
v.  striata,  I.  209,  212. 
v.  striatuhnn,  I.  188,  212. 
Amussium,  I.  208. 
Amycla  ehrysalloidea,  II.  193. 
Amygdalum,  I.  234. 
Anachis,  II.  16,  187,  339. 
acuta,  II.  188. 
albella,  II.  16,  188. 
amphissella,  II.  16,  188. 
avara,  II.  16,  187* 
catenata,  II.  16,  188. 
costulata,  II.  188. 
haliajeti,  II.  16,  188. 
Hotessieriana,  II.  16,  188. 
iontha,  II.  188. 
obesa,  II.  16,  1S8,  189. 
v.  ostreicola,  II.  16,  188. 
pulcliella,  II.  16, 188. 
Rushii,  II.  188. 
v.  samanensis,  II.  16,  188. 
v.  semiplicata,  II.  16, 187. 
v.  similis,  II.  16,  187. 
v.  translirata,  II.  16,  187. 
Anatina,  I.  306,  308. 

papyratia,  I.  306. 
Ancistromesus  mexicanus,  II.  410.* 
Ancistrosyrinx,  II.  9,  77,  78. 
cedonulli,  II.  78,  79. 
columbaria,  II.  78. 
elegans,  II.  9,  78,  79. 
radiata,  II.  9,  78,  79.* 
Angaria  crassa,  II.  360. 


MUSEUM    OF    COMPAEAT1VE   ZOOLOGY. 


459 


Angulus  Gouldii,  I.  278. 
Anomia  intustriata,  I.  228. 
Antalis  agilis,  II.  418. 
Anura  Craveni,  II.  228. 
Ancistrobasis,  II.  32,  383,  384. 
Aphanitoma,  II.  98. 
Aplacophora,  II.  413. 
Apollon,  II.  223. 

gyrinus,  II.  224. 
Aporrhais,  II.  274. 
Area,  I.  190,  240 ;  II.  433*  434* 

Adamsi,  I.  191,  ^5. 

auriculata,  I.  191,  241.* 

barbadensis,  I.  243. 

barbata,  I.  191,  244- 

Cffilate,  I.  243. 

clathrata,  I.  242. 

congenita,  I.  242. 
v.  Conradiana,  I.  243. 
v.  crenulata,  I.  240. 

culebrensis,  I.  245. 

doming  *nsis,  I.  242. 

donaciformis,  I.  242. 

ectocomata,   I.  191,  233,   M*.  244;* 
II.  433*  434*  435* 

glacialis,  I.  240,  241. 

glomerula,  I.  191,  240,  241. 

gradata,  I.  242. 

grenophia,  I.  240. 

inaequisculpta,  I.  241. 

lactea,  I.  243. 

lienosa,  I.  191,  242. 

Listeri,  I.  244. 

Noae,  I.  243  ;  II.  434*  435 * 

nucleus,  I.  215. 

occidentalis,  I.  191,  243. 
v.  orbiculata,  I.  190,  240. 

pectinata,  I.  239. 

pectunculoides,  I.  190,  240, 241,  289. 

pectunculus,  I.  239. 

pectunculus  minor,  I.  239. 

polycyma  I.  191,  241. 

profundicola,  I.  245. 

pteroessa,  I.  245. 

reticulata,  I.  191,  242. 

squamosa,  I.  242. 

umbonata,  I.  191,  243. 

undata,  I.  238. 
Architectonica  tricarinata,  II.  389. 
Arene,  II.  32,  386,  387. 

cruentata,  II.  386. 

tricarinata,  II.  387. 
Argiope  antillarum,  I.  203. 


Argiope  Barrettiana,  I.  203. 

Schrammi,  I.  203. 
Argobuccinum,  II.  223. 
Argonauta  cornu,  II.  386. 
Aspella,  II.  18,  206,  209,  210. 

anceps,  II.  18,  207,  210. 

hastula,  II.  18,  207,  209,  210. 

scalarioides,  II.  18,  207,  210. 
v.  lamellosa,  II.  207,  209. 
v.  obeliscus,  II.  18,  207. 
v.  paupercula,  II.  18,  207,  209.* 
Astarte,  I.  192,  259. 

crenata,  I.  261. 
v.  globula,  I.  192,  260. 

lens,  I.  260,  261. 

nana,  I.  192,  261. 

Smithii,  I.  192,  259,  261. 

sulcata,  I.  259. 
Astlienotbajrus,  I.  197,  308,  309. 

Bemphillii,  I.  197,  308. 

villosior,  I.  308. 
Astyris,  II.  16,  187,  189. 

ampbissella,  II.  188. 

annettce,  II.  17. 

diaphana,  II.  191,  192. 

Duclosiana,  II.  17,  190, 193. 

fusiformis,  II.  16,  191. 

Holbollii,  II.  191,  192. 

lunata,  II.  16, 189,  193. 

multilineata,  II.  16,  190. 

profundi,  II.  17,  191,  192. 

pura,  II.  190. 

Raveneli,  II.  16, 190,  191. 

rosacea,  II.  16,  189,  190,  191,  192. 

Saintpairiana,  II.  17,  193. 
v.  strix,  II.  17,  193. 

Verrillii,  II.  17,  188,  192. 

zonale,  II.  190. 
Atopodonta,  II.  440. 

coniformis,  II.  440. 
Atys,  II.  6,  54- 

batliymophila,  II.  53. 

caribbaea,  II.  54. 

naucum,  II.  54. 

Sandersoni,  II.  6,  54- 
Aulica,  II.  150. 

dubia,  II.  151. 
Auriculina  insculpta,  II.  39. 
Aurinia,  II.  13,  144,  145,  149, 150,  452  * 

dubia,  II.  13, 144, 145, 150, 151, 152  * 

Gouldiana,  II.  13, 144,  145, 154, 155* 
156. 

mutabilis,  II.  150. 


460 


BULLETIN   OF   THE 


Aurinia  robusta,  II.  13,  144,  145, 153. 
Avicula,  I.  100,  233 ;  II.  374. 

atlantica,  I.  190,  233. 
Axinus  orbiculatus,  I.  267. 

Barbatia,  I.  244. 

Basilissa,  II.  32,  268,  274,  368,  373, 
384. 

alta,  II.  32,  268,  383,  384. 

costulata,  II.  32,  383,  384,  385. 
v.  delicatula,  II.  32,  384. 
v.  depressa,  II.  383,  384. 
v.  oxytoma,  II.  384. 

reticulata,  II.  385. 

superba,  II.  384. 
Basterotia,  I.  198,  316. 

corbuloides,  I.  316. 

granatina,  I.  198,  316. 

quadrata,  I.  316. 
Bathymophila,  II.  32,  378. 
Bela,  II.  81. 

Blakeana,  II.  126. 

demersa,  II.  128. 

extensa,  II.  126. 

filifera,  II.  123. 

limacina,  II.  106. 
Benthobia,  II.  12,  131. 

Tryonii,  II.  132. 
Benthodolium,  II.  19,  228,  229. 

abyssorum,  II.  229. 
Benthonella,  II.  25,  281,  455. 

Fischeri,  II.  25,  282. 

gaza,  II.  25,  282. 

nisonis,  II.  25,  283. 
Bifrontia,  II.  276. 

Pingeli,  II.  276. 

Rochettina,  II.  276. 
Biplex,  II.  223. 

perca,  II.  223. 

rosa,  II.  223. 
Bittium,  II.  22,  257,  266. 

abruptum,  II.  257. 

alternatum,  II.  22,  257.* 

gibberulum,  II.  258. 

nigrum,  II.  257  *  258. 

pallidum,  II.  258. 

varium,  II.  22,  258. 

yucatecanum,  II.  257,  266. 
Bivonia,  II.  23,  263,  264. 

exserta,  II.  23,  264. 
Boreotropbon,  II.  18,  204,  205,  209,  210. 

actinopliorus,  II.  18,  200,  206. 

aculeatus,  II.  18,  205. 


Boreotrophon  Dalli,  II.  18,  204. 

v.  lacunellus,  II.  18,  205. 
Borsonia,  II.  10,  97. 

ceroplasta,  II.  10,  97. 

prima,  II.  97. 

sericea,  II.  97. 
Botula,  I.  235. 
Brocchia,  II.  289. 
Broderipia,  II.  343. 
Brugnonia,  II.  224. 
Buccinidse,  II.  174. 
Buccinopsis,  II.  176. 
Buccinum  altile,  II.  176. 

ambiguum,  II.  184. 

Escheri,  II.  176. 

hydrophanum,  II.  259. 

integrum,  II.  132. 

muriciformis,  II.  204. 

niveum,  II.  180,  181. 

reticulatum,  II.  221. 

sinuatum,  II.  72. 

zonale,  II.  179. 
Buffo,  II.  223. 
Bufo,  II.  223. 
Bufonaria,  II.  223. 
Bulimulus,  II.  375. 

acutus,  II.  375. 

trifasciatus,  II.  375. 
Bulimus,  II.  456 
Bulla,  II.  7,  55. 

abyssicola,  II  7,  56,  57. 

acuta,  II.  50. 

alba,  II.  55. 

bidentata,  II.  46. 

biplicata,  II.  46. 

clausa,  II.  7,  57. 

conica,  II.  49. 

conulus,  II.  49. 

eburnea,  II.  7,  55,  57. 

fucicola,  II.  50. 

grandis,  II.  54. 

Krebsii,  II.  7,  56. 

occidentalis,  II.  7,  55,  56. 

pallida,  II.  142. 

pinguicula,  II.  56. 

plicata,  II.  53. 

punctostriatus,  II.  52. 

solid;v,  II.  57. 

striata,  II.  56. 

succinea,  II.  67. 

turrita,  II.  47. 

uniplicata,  II.  53. 

utriculus,  II.  56. 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY. 


461 


Bulliopsis  integra,  II.  132. 
Bursa,  II.  222. 
Bushia,  I.  197,  309. 

elegans,  I.  197,  310;*   II.  440. 
Byssoarca  divaricata,  I.  242. 

Cadulus,  II.  36,  418,  428,  455. 

acus,  II.  37,  4-32. 

aqualis,  II.  36,  429. 

Agassizii,  II.  37,  430,  432. 

amiantus,  II.  37,  431- 

Bushii,  II.  37,  430. 

carolinensis,  II.  37,  430. 

cucurbita,  II.  37,  431- 

cylindratus,  II.  429. 

diploconus,  II.  430. 

gibbus,  II.  428,  431. 

gracilis,  II.  432. 

incisus,  II.  428. 

Jeffreys!,  II.  36,  430. 

lunula,  II.  37,  4-31. 

minusculus,  II.  37,  432. 

obesus,  II.  37,  428,  431. 

Olivii,  II.  430. 

ovulum,  II.  428. 

Pandionis,  II.  430. 

poculum,  II.  36,  429. 

propinquus,  II.  430. 

quadridentatus,  II.  36,  428. 

sauridens,  II.  431. 

spectabilis,  II.  36,  429. 

subfusiformis,  II.  430,  432. 

vulpidens,  II.  431. 

Watsoni,  II.  36,  429. 
Caecum  trachea,  II.  432. 
Calceolina  anomala,  II.  359. 
Calliostoma,  II.  31, 363, 368, 369, 374,  377, 
455. 

apicuium,  II.  31,  366. 

asperrimum,  II.  31,  373. 

aurora,  II.  31,  366,  368. 

Bairdii,  II.  31,  364,  367,  371. 

Benedicti,  II.  31,  371* 

cinctellum,  II.  31,  372* 

circumcinctum,  II.  31,  364- 

corbis,  II.  31,  365. 

dentiferum,  II.  31,  373. 

echinatum,  II.  31,  364- 

euglyptum,  II.  31,  363. 

granulata,  II.  358. 

indiana,  II.  31,  368. 

javanicum,  II.  369. 

jujubinum,  II.  31,  369. 


Callostoma  orion,  II.  31,  367. 
v.Psyche,  II.  2A,364,  371. 

pulcher,  II.  366. 
v.  Rawsoni,  II.  31,  369. 

roseolum,  II.  31,  366. 

sapidum,  II.  31,  364- 

Sayanum,  II.  31,  370,  371* 

sericijilum,  II.  31,  373. 
v.  tampaensis,  II.  31,  366,  369. 

tiara,  II.  31,  365,  372. 

tigris,  II.  370. 

yucatecanum,  II.  31,  370. 

zonamesta,  II.  369. 
Callocardia,  I.  194,  272,  273 ;   II.  440. 

Adamsi,  I.  273. 

atlantica,  I.  272,  273. 

Leeana,  II.  440. 

pacifica,  I.  273. 

pilula,  1.  273,  274- 

subquadrata,  I.  273. 

venusta,  I.  273,  274,  H.  439. 
Callogaza,  II.  30,  356. 

superba,  II.  354. 

Watsoni,  II.  30,  356,  357* 
Callogonia,  II.  440. 

Leeana,  II.  440. 
Calyptraea,  II.  25,  283,  284- 

Candeana,  II.  25,  284- 

chinensis,  II.  284. 

conica,  II.  284. 
Camptonectes,  I.  206,  219,  220. 
Cancellaria,  II.  12, 129,  132,  299. 

brevis,  II.  131. 

bullata,  II.  129. 

Candeana,  II.  131. 

Candei,  II.  179. 

citharella,  II.  100. 

Conradiana,  II.  129. 

corrugata,  II.  131. 

depressa,  II.  129. 

funiculata,  II  130. 

microscopica,  II.  131. 

minima,  II.  130,  131. 

piscatoria,  II.  129. 

reticulata,  II.  12, 129. 

rugosa,  II.  129. 

scalarina,  II.  131. 

scalatella,  II.  130. 

similis,  II.  129. 

Smithii,  II.  129,  130. 

Stimpsoni,  II.  129. 

subangulata,  II.  131. 

subangulosa,  II.  131. 


462 


BULLETIN   OF  THE 


Cancellaria  tenera,  II.  129. 

tessellata,  II.  131. 

Thomasiana,  II.  131. 

venusta,  II.  12,  129. 
Candelabrum,  II.  77. 
Capulus,  I.  181,  II.  25,  286*  287. 

calyptra,  II.  287. 

crystallinus,  II.  287. 

galea,  II.  25,  288* 

hungaricus,  II.  286,*  287,  289. 

intortus,  II.  25,  288. 

obliquus,  II.  289. 
Cardiomya,  I.  196,  296. 

californica,  I.  196,  295. 
v.  eorpulenta,  I.  196,  298. 

costellata,  I.  196. 
v.  curta,  I.  196. 

perrostrata,  I.  196. 

striata,  I.  196,  298. 
Cardita,  I.  192,  256. 

domingensis,  I.  192,  256. 
Cardium,  I.  193,  269;  II.  434*  435* 

antillarum,  II.  439. 

ceramidum,  I.  193,  269;*  II.  439. 

edule,  II.  442. 

haitense,  I.  269. 

hians,  II.  443. 

laevigatum,  I.  193,  270. 

medium,  I.  193,  269. 

muricatum,  I.  193,  270. 

Nicoletii,  I.  270. 

parile,  I.  270. 

peramabilis,  I.  193,  269. 

serratum,  I.  193,  270. 

sybariticum,  I.  271. 
v.  tinctum,  I.  270. 
Careliopsis,  II.  29,  333,  338. 

styliformis,  II.  29,  338. 
Caricella,  II.  147. 

demissa,  II.  144. 
Carinidea,  II.  286. 
Cassida  penita,  II.  221. 
Cassis,  II.  20,  228,  231,  233. 

cameo,  II.  231. 

flammea,  II.  231. 

inflata,  II.  20,  231. 

penita,  II.  221. 

testieulus,  II.  231. 

tuberosa,  II.  231. 

vera,  II.  221. 
Cerithidea,  II.  259. 

ambigua,  II.  259. 

costata,  II.  259. 


Cerithidea  scalariformis,  II.  259. 

sea  lata,  II.  259. 

tenuis,  II.  259. 

turrita,  II.  259. 

varicosa,  II.  259. 
Cerithiella  metula,  II.  251,  256. 
Cerithioderma  prima,  II.  209. 
Cerithiopsis,  II.  22,  242,  250,  251,  2W. 

abrupta,  II.  22,  256,  257. 

acontium,  II.  22,  256. 

arctica,  II.  254. 

angustissimum,  II.  257. 

crystallina,  II.  22,  254,*  255. 

Emersonii,  II.  253* 

Greenii,  II.  251,  252. 

iota,  II.  252. 

Martensii,  II.  22,  254,  255. 

matara,  II.  22,  255. 

metaxa?,  II.  22,  256,  257. 

minima,  II.  251,  252. 

punctatum,  II.  252. 

Sigsbeana,  II.  22,  254. 

subulata,  II.  22,  252,  253* 
v.  tceniolata,  II.  22,  256. 

terebellum,  II.  250. 

terebralis,  II.  250. 

tubercularis,  II.  251,  252,  253,  254. 
Cerithium,  II.  258. 

adversum,  II.  243. 

algicola,  II.  259. 

antillarum,  II.  259. 

atratum,  II.  259. 

decoratum,  II.  244. 

eburneum,  II.  259. 

elegans,  II.  252. 

Emersonii,  II.  252. 

ferrugineum,  II.  259. 

floridanum,  II.  258. 

inflata,  II.  249. 

iota,  II.  252. 

literatum,  II.  259. 

metula,  II.  252. 

minimum,  II.  259. 

muscarum,  II.  259. 

nigrescens,  II.  259. 

nigrocinctum,  II.  243. 

perversum.  II.  243. 

punctatum,  II.  252,  253. 

Rawsoni,  II.  259. 

Sagrae,  II.  259. 

Sayi,  II.  257. 

semiferrugineum,  II.  259. 

septemstriatum,  II.  259. 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY. 


463 


Cerithium  subulatum,  II.  252. 

terebellum,  II.  250. 

terebrale,  II.  250. 

trilineatum,  II.  250,  251. 

uncinatum,  II.  259. 

variabile,  II.  259. 

versicolor,  II.  259. 
Cetoconcha,  I.  195,  280*  281*  282,  284, 
288;    II.  437*  441*  444,*  449* 
450  *  452* 

albida,  I.  281,  282 ,  283. 

bulla,  I.  281,  283;*  II.  440*  446* 
447* 

elongata,  I.  280,  281,  283* 

margarita,  1. 281,284  ,-*  II.  446  *  447.* 

nitida,  I.  281. 

Sarsii,  II.  447. 

tornata,  I.  281,  282. 
Cetomija,  II.  446*  448  *  452* 

albida,  II.  448* 

elongata,  II.  440*  447* 

tornata,  II.  448. 
Clicetodermula,  II.  413. 
Chama,  I.  193,  268. 

lactuca,  I.  193,  268. 

macropliylla,  I.  268. 

sarda,  I.  193,  269. 
Cliemnitzia,  II.  335. 

flavocincta,  II.  336. 

interrupta,  II.  337. 

pusilla,  II.  337. 

speira,  II.  336. 
Chicoreus,  II.  17,  197. 

Hidalgoi,  II.  17,  198. 
Chilocyclus,  II.  301. 
Chione,  I.  194,  276,  II.  435* 

cancellata,  I.  194. 

pygmaea,  I.  194. 
Chitonacea,  II.  413. 
Cliiton  cocenensis,  II.  414. 

limaeiformis,  II.  415. 

productus,  II.  415. 

purpurascens,  II.  416. 

sanguineus,  II.  415. 

squamosus,  II.  414. 

tuberculosus,  II.  414. 
Ohlamydocliiton,  II.  417. 
Choristcs,  II.  394. 
Chromodoris  punctilucens,  II.  453. 

scabriusculus,  II.  453. 

sycilla,  II.  453. 
Clirysodomus,  II.  15, 174,  179,  188. 

Molini,  II.  176. 


Chrysodomus  ventricosus,  II.  175. 
Cinctella,  II.  250. 

trilineata,  II.  250. 
Cingula  aculeus,  II.  280,  339. 

apicina,  II.  282. 
Circe,  I.  2G1,  262  *  263,  276. 

bermudensis,  I.  2G3. 

cerina,  I.  192,  263. 

divaricata,  I.  262. 

metastriata,  I.  263. 

scripta,  I.  262. 
Circulus  formosissimus,  II.  387. 
Cirostrema,  II.  300. 
Cirsotrema,  II.  300,  319. 
Cistella,  I.  187,^2. 

Barrettiana,  I.  187,  203. 

lutea,  I.  187,  203. 

rubrotincta,  I.  203. 

Schrammi,  I.  187,  203. 
Cithara,  II.  100. 
Cithna  cingulata,  II.  277. 
Clathrella,  II.  24,  278. 

naticoides,  II.  24,  278. 
Clathrus,  II.  299,  300. 
Clatburella,  II.  98. 

cala,  II.  119. 

chariessa,  II.  122. 

circumvoluta,  II.  84. 

hormophora,  II.  106. 

quadrata,  II.  113. 
Olavus  ebur,  II.  89. 
Clidiophora,  I.  197,  311,  312. 

carolinensis,  I.  197,  311. 

Gouldiana,  I.  197,  312. 

trilineata,  I   197,  311. 
Clionella,  II.  118. 

aglaoplianes,  II.  93. 

amblia,  II.  92. 

exsculpta,  II.  117. 
Cocculina,  I.  181 ;   II.  30,  343,  344,  345, 
346*  349,  408,  412,  455. 

adunca,  II.  345. 

angulata,  II.  345,  346* 

Beanii,  II.  30,  346,  347*  348. 

conica,  II.  346. 

corrugata,  II.  345. 

Dalli,  II.  346. 

galeola,  II.  346. 

leptalea',  II.  346. 

pusilla,  II.  345. 

Rathbuni,  II.  30,  346,  347*  348. 

spinigera,   II.   30,  345,  346,*  34S* 
349* 


464 


BULLETIN   OF  THE 


Coccopygia,  II.  30,  348,  350. 

angulata,  II.  350. 
Cochlearia,  II.  301,  306. 

carinata,  II.  301. 
Cochliolepis,  II.  31,  360. 

parasitica,  II.  31,  360,  361,  392. 

striata,  II.  31,  360,  361. 
Cochlis,  II.  26,  292. 

pusilla,  II.  296. 
Coleopliysis,  II.  6,  44>  45. 

perplicatus,  II.  6,  45,  49. 
Collonia,  II.  351. 

induta,  II.  352. 

marginata,  II.  351. 
Colubraria,  II.  19,  225. 

lanceolata,  II.  19,  225. 

reticulata,  II.  226. 

Swiftii,  II.  19,  225. 

testacea,  II.  226. 
Columbarium,  II.  77,  78. 

pagoda,  II.  78. 
Colunibella,  II.  16,  186,  455. 

ambigua,  II.  381. 

ampliissella,  II.  188. 

avara,  II.  187. 

cancellata,  II.  188. 

diapliana,  II.  192. 

dicomata,  II.  189. 

dissimilis,  II.  180. 

Duclosiana,  II.  190,  193. 

Gouldiana,  II.  189. 

Gouldii,  II.  187. 

idalina,  II.  189. 

Lafresnayei,  II.  193. 

lunata,  II.  189,  193. 

mercatoria,  II.  16,  186. 

moleculina,  II.  189. 

nivea,  II.  190. 

omata,  II.  188. 

ostreicola,  II.  188. 

ovulata,  II.  194. 

peculiaris,  II.  194. 

rosacea,  II.  192. 

rustica,  II.  186. 

rusticoides,  II.  16,  186. 

Saintpairiana,  II.  192,  193. 

similis,  II.  182. 

spizantha,  II.  190. 

strix,  II.  192,  193. 

subacta,  II.  193. 

terpsichore,  II.  187. 

translirata,  II.  182. 

Verrillii,  II.  192. 
May  28,  1889. 


Columbella  Wheatleyi,  II.  189. 

zonali,  II,  190. 
Colus  exilis,  II.  166. 
Compsopleura,  II.  300,  301. 

trinodosa,  II.  300. . 
Conidea,  It.  187, 194. 
Conidia  ovulata,  II.  194. 
Conomitra,  II.  14, 163. 

angulata,  II.  163. 

Blakeana,  II.  14,  163. 

fusoides,  II.  163. 
v.  Icevior,  II.  14,  I64. 

minima,  II.  164. 

staminea,  II.  163." 

vicksburgensis,  II.  163. 
Constantia,  II.  300,  301. 

elegans,  II.  300,  301. 
Conus,  II.  8,  67. 

achatinus,  II.  70. 

Agassizii,  I.,  Expl.  PI.  IX. ;  II.  8,  68. 

amphiurgus,  II.  8,  70. 

armillatus,  II.  68. 

breviculus,  II.  68. 

candidus,  II.  68. 

cedonulli,  II.  8,  67. 

centurio,  II.  8,  69,  70. 

Cleryi,  II.  69. 

columba,  II.  70. 

daucus,  II.  8,  69,  70. 

Delesserti,  II.  70,  158. 

flavescens,  II.  8,  70. 

floridanus,  II.  68,  70,  154. 

floridensis,  II.  154. 

gloria-maris,  II.  293. 

gracilis,  II.  67. 

leoninus,  II.  68. 

magellanicus,  II.  70. 

Mazei,  II.  8,  67,  154. 

Melvilli,  II.  70. 

mus,  II.  70. 

nebulosus,  II.  70. 

ocbraceus,  II.  68. 

Orbignyi,  II.  67. 

papillosus,  II.  70. 

Pealii,  II.  8,  68,  70. 

planicostatus,  II.  67. 

proteus,  II.  8,  68. 

pusio,  II.  70. 

pygmreus,  II.  68,  70. 

Keevei,  II.  69. 

roseo-tinctus,  II.  70. 

spurius,  II.  68. 

Stearnsii,  II.  68. 


MUSEUM   OF  COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY. 


465 


Conus  subcarinatus,  II.  70. 

verrucosus,  II.  69,  70. 

Villepini,  II.  8,  69. 
Coralliophila,  II.  19,  205,  217. 

abbreviata,  II.  219. 

bracteata,  II.  19,  218,  219. 

Deburghise,  II.  19,  218* 

fusiformis,  II.  218. 

galea,  II.  19,  218,  219. 

lacerata,  II.  219. 

lactuca,  II.  19,  220. 

lamellosa,  II.  219. 

Lintoni,  II.  219. 

madreporarum,  II.  217,  218. 

spinosa,  II.  218. 
Coralliophora,  II.  217. 
Corbula,  I.  198,  313. 

Barrattiana,  I.  198,  SIS,  316. 

Blandiana,  I.  314. 

Chittyana,  I.  198,  316. 

costellata,  I.  297. 

cubaniana,  I.  198,  SIS. 

cymella,  I.  198,  315. 

Dietziana,  I.  198,  314,  316. 

disparilis,  I.  198,  314- 

granulata,  I.  281. 

Kjaeriana,  I.  198,  S16. 

Knoxiana,  I.  313. 

Krebsiana,  I.  198,  315. 

nucleus,  I.  314. 

oniscus,  I.  314. 

operculata,  I.  314,  315,  316. 

parsura,  I.  314. 

Philippiii  I.  314. 

quadrata,  I.  316. 

Swiftiana,  I.  198,  314,  316. 
Cordieria,  II.  10,  98,  162. 

Rouaultii,  II.  10,  98. 
Corimya,  I.  309. 
Costellaria,  II.  159,  160. 
Crenella,  I.  190,  235,  287. 

decussata,  I.  190,  235,  287. 
Crepidula,  II.  25,  284*  286,  288,  289. 

aculeata,  II.  25,  285,  286. 

adunca,  II.  285* 

convexa,  II.  286. 

fornicata,  II.  286. 

glauca,  II.  286. 

navicula,  II.  286. 

protea,  II.  25,  285. 

unguiformis,  II.  61,  285. 
Crossea,  II.  300,  301. 

miranda,  II.  301. 

VOL.   XVIII. 


Crucibulum,  II.  25,  283,  284. 

auricula,  II.  25,  284. 

imbricatum,  II.  284. 

planatum,  II.  284. 
Crania,  I.  188,  205. 

Pourtalesii,  I.  188,  205. 
Cranopsis,  II.  34,  341*  345,  349,  403,  404 

405,  406. 

asturiana,  II.  34,  344,  350, 404*  405, 

406,  408. 
erecta,  II.  34,  405. 
granulata,  II.  403. 

Craspedotus,  II.  374. 
Crassatella  antillarum,  I.  256. 

floridana,  I.  192,  256,  257. 

guadalupensis,  I.  259. 

mactracea,  I.  257,  258. 

martinicensis,  I.  259. 

nana,  I.  258. 

parva,  I.  259. 

undulata,  I.  257. 
Crassispira,  II.  95. 
Cremides,  II.  34,  407. 
Crucibulum  striatum,  II.  25,  284. 
Crypta,  II.  286. 
Cryptaxis,  II.  54. 
Cryptodon,  I.  193,  267 ;  II.  438.* 

flexuosus,  I.  193,  267. 

obesus,  I.  267,  268. 

orbiculatus,  I.  193,  267. 

pyriformis,  I.  193,  267. 
Cryptoplacidce,  II.  416. 
Cumia,  II.  225. 
Cumingia,  I.  195,  279. 

tellinoides,  I.  195,  279. 
Cuspidaria,  1. 196,  280, 292, 293*  294 ;  H- 
437  *  441*  447*  449*  450,*  462.* 

arctica,  I.  294  ;  II.  444. 

arcuata,!.  106,294,296. 

californica,  I.  196,  296. 

contracta,  I.  294. 

corpulenta,  I.  298. 

costata,  I.  296. 

costellata,  I.  297,  29a 

curta,  I.  298. 

cuspidata,  I.  293. 

exigua,  I.  294. 

glacialis,  I.  294,  303*;  II.  444  * 

Jeffreysi,  I.  196,  294,  295. 

lamellosa,  I.  294. 

limatula,  I.  294. 

microrhina,  I.  196,  295 ;  II.  440. 

multicostata,  I.  296. 


30 


466 


BULLETIN   OF  THE 


Cuspidaria  obesa,  I.  196,  295,  303* 

ornatissima,  I.  296. 

patagonica,  II.  443,*  445. 

perrostrata,  I.  196,  296. 

rostrata,  I.  196,  294,  295 ;  II.  444* 

striata,  I.  298. 
Cuvieria,  II.  418. 
Cyclophorus,  II.  304,  305. 
Cycloscala,  II.  316. 

Dunkeriana,  II.  315. 
Cyclostoma,  II.  299,  303,  304,  305. 

elegans,  II.  305. 
Cyclostrema,  II.  33,273,359,378,386,555. 

affine,  II.  393. 

bicarinatus,  II.  278. 

cancellata,  II.  361. 

cistronium,  II.  33,  394- 

Dalli,  II.  393. 

diaphanuru,  II.  393. 

fulgidum,  II.  393. 

granulum,  II.  33,  S95. 

limatum,  II.  33,  395. 
t.  ornatum,  II.  393. 

pompholyx,  II.  33,  394. 

Schrammi,  II.  387. 

trochoides,  II.  393. 

turbinum,  II.  33,  393- 

Verreauxi,  II.  394. 
Cylichna,  II.  6,  54. 

alba,  II.  64,  65. 

Auberi,  II.  55. 

biplicata,  II.  46. 

conulus,  II.  46,  49,  60. 

cylindracea,  II.  66 

Dalli,  II.  47. 

Hoernesi,  II.  49. 

Krebsii,  II.  66. 

lineata,  II.  66. 

marmorata,  II.  51. 

obesiuscula,  II.  49. 

occulta,  II.  65. 

oryza,  II.  46. 

ovata,  IL  46,  49,  50. 

umbilicata,  II.  65 

Verrillii,  II.  6,  54. 
Cylichnella,  II.  6,  45,  46. 

bidentata,  II.  6,  45.  46. 

biplicata,  II.  45. 

oryza,  II.  45. 

ovum-lacerti,  II.  45. 
CyHndrella,  II.  466 
Cymatosyrinx,  II.  10,  95. 
Cymba,  II.  151. 


Cymbiola,  II.  148. 

brasiliana,  II.  156. 
Cymbium,  II.  148. 

Cypraea,  II.  21,  173,  232,  234,  239,  286* 
287. 

Aubryana,  II.  239. 

bicallosa,  II.  239. 

cervus,  II.  239. 

cinerea,  II.  21,  239. 

exanthema,  II.  239. 

fiaveola,  II.  239. 

lurida,  II.  239. 

moneta,  II.  239. 

mus,  II.  239. 

nebulosa,  II.  239. 

picta,  II.  239. 

spurca,  II.  239. 

stercoraria,  II.  239. 
Cypraeactaeon,  II.  42. 
Cypricardia  isocardioides,  I.  271. 
Cyprina,  II.  328. 
Cyprinus,  II.  328. 
Cythara,  II.  10,  99, 100. 

astricta,  II.  100. 

balteata,  II.  100. 

Bartlettii,  II.  10, 101 

biconica,  II.  100. 

citharella,  II.  100. 

cymella,  II.  10,  101. 

funiculata,  II.  102. 

striata,  II.  99,  100. 
Cytherea,  I.  194,  275. 

albida,  I.  275  ;  II.  439. 

hebraea,  I.  275. 

Sayana,  I.  275. 

vesica,  I.  275. 

Dalium,  II.  20,  177,  230,  231 

solidum,  II.  20,  230. 
Daphnella,  II.  10,  99, 102,  106,  107. 
atrostyla,  II.  111. 
calyx,  II.  10, 107. 
corbicula,  II.  10, 103. 
elata,  II.  10, 105. 
hyperlissa,  II.  10, 108. 
leucophlegma,  I.,  Expl.  PI.  IX. ;  II.  10, 

102. 
limacina,  I.,  Expl.  PI.  IX. ;  II.  10,  99, 

102,  106,  456. 
lymnaeiformis,  II.  99,  102, 105. 
monoceros,  II.  117. 
morra,  II.  10,  105. 
pompholyx,  II.  10, 10$. 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY. 


467 


DapkneUa  reticulosa,  II.  10, 103,  104. 

retifera,  II.  10,  105. 

sojia,  II.  10, 107,  108. 
Daronia,  II.  386. 
Defrancia  chariessa,  II.  122. 

chyta,  II.  115. 

circumvoluta,  II.  84. 

formosa,  II.  119,  120. 

hormophora,  II.  106. 

perpauxilla,  II.  115. 

streptophora,  II.  126. 
Delphinula,  II.  299,  304,  387. 

cancellata,  II.  385. 

laxa,  II.  277,  386. 

marginata,  II.  351. 

nitida,  II.  386. 

tuberculata,  II.  387. 

tuberculosa,  II.  387. 
Dentaliura,  1. 185 ;  II.  3<5J18*  420,*  455. 

aculeatum,  II.  423. 

acutissimum,  II.  419 

agile,  II.  36,  418. 

antillarum,  II.  36,  421. 

calamus,  II.  36,  %.21. 

callipeplum,  II.  36,  419,  420. 

callitkrix,  II.  36,  427. 

candidum,  II.  36,  422- 

capillosum,  II.  36,  425. 

carduus,  II.  36, 423. 

ceras,  II.  36,  425. 

ceratum,  II.  36,  424. 

compressum,  II.  36,  4%6. 

didymum,  II.  428. 

disparile,  II.  36,  424. 

ensieulus,  II.  36,  428. 

entalis,  II.  418. 

filum,  II.  36,  419. 

Gouldii,  II.  36,  424,  425. 

gracile,  II.  419. 

hexagonum,  II.  425. 

laqueatum,  II.  36,  426. 

leptum,  II.  36,  420,  421. 

longistrorsum,  II.  419. 

matara,  II.  36,  420. 

nebulosum,  II.  423. 

obscurum,  II.  425. 

octagonum,  II.  426. 

ophiodon,  II.  36,  427. 

panormitanum,  II.  424. 

paucicostatum,  II.  426. 

perlongum,  II.  36,  419- 

rubescens,  II.  420. 

sericatum,  II.  36,  423. 


Dentalium  Sigsbeanum,  II.  428. 

solidum,  II.  422. 

taphrium,  II.  36,  422,  423. 
Dentistyla,  II.  373,  374- 
Dermatomya,  II.  448*  452. 

mactroides,  II.  448.* 
Diaphana  conulus,  II.  49. 

gemma,  II.  46,  55. 
Diastoma,  II.  22,  258. 
Dicranobranchia,  II.  341.* 
Dillwynella,  II.  31,  360,  362. 

modesta,  II.  31,  362. 
Diloma,  II.  362. 

Dimya,  I.  172,  173,  206,  210,  227,  228;* 
II.  291,  433.* 

argentea,  1. 189, 228, 229  *  230* 231 ; * 
II.  433*  434* 

Deshayesiana,  I.  227,  228,  231. 

tenuiplicata,  I.  231. 
DimyodoD,  I.  233. 
Dione,  I.  194,  275. 

albida,  I.  194. 

hebrcea,  I.  194. 

vesica,  I.  194. 
Diplodonta,  I.  193,  263. 

pilula,  I.  274. 

turgida,  I.  193,  263. 

venezuelensis,  I.  193,  263. 
Dipsaccua,  II.  173. 
Dipsas  plicatus,  II.  375. 
Discohelix,  II.  276. 
Discopsis,  II.  360. 
Dispotasa,  II.  25,  284. 
Distorsio,  II.  220. 

cancellinus,  II.  221. 

clathrata,  II.  221. 

clatrata,  II.  221. 

occidentalis,  II.  221. 

reticulata,  II.  221. 
Distorta,  II.  220. 

acuta,  II.  221. 
Distortrix,  II.  19,  220,  221,  222, 
v.  clathrata,  II.  19,  222 

reticulata,  II.  19,  221 
v.  reticulata,  II.  19, 222. 
Docoglossa,  II.  436. 
Dolichotoma,  II.  9,  80. 
Doliopsis,  II.  232,  233. 
Dolium,  II.  20,  228,  230,  231,  232. 

antillarum,  II.  232. 

Bairdii,  II.  232. 

Crosseanum,  II.  232,  233. 

galea,  II.  232. 


468 


BULLETIN   OF   THE 


Dolium  pennatum,  II.  232. 

perdix,  II.  232. 

pluniatuin.  II.  232. 
Dolophanes,  II.  24,  269,  270. 

capula,  II.  270. 

columbella,  II.  24,  271. 

Gabbi,  II.  24,  102,  270,  271. 

melanioides,  II.  270,  271. 
Dozia,  I.  257. 

lenticularis,  I.  257. 
Drillia,  II.  9,  82,  242,  455. 

acestra,  II.  9,  87. 
t.  acloneta,  II.  9,  92. 

acrybia,  II.  9,  88. 

apynota,  II.  10,  96. 

albicoma,  II.  9,  83. 

alesidota,  II.  9,  84. 

amblia,  II.  92. 
t.  carina,  II.  9,  86,  87. 
y.  carminura,  II.  9,  91. 

centimata,  II.  10,  95. 
T.  cestrota,  II.  9,  92. 

coccinata,  II.  9,  30. 

Dalli,  II.  9,  £?,  93. 

detecla,  II.  9,  ££. 

ebur,  II.  9,  89,  96. 

eucosmia,  II.  9,  56,  87. 

elusiva,  II.  115. 

exasperata,  II.  88. 

exsculpta,  II.  117. 

fucata,  II.  9,  89,  90. 

gratula,  II.  110. 

haliostrepkis,  II.  9,  86. 

havanensis,  II.  9,  93. 

incilis,  II.  110. 

Kennicottii,  II.  118. 

leucomata,  II.  120. 

limonitella,  II.  111. 

lissotropis,  II.  9,  91,  93. 

lithocolleta,  II.  9,  95. 
t.  macilenta,  II.  9,  85. 

Moseri,  II.  10,  97. 

nucleata,  II.  9,  ft?,  93. 

eleacina,  II.  9,  ft£. 

ostrearum,  II.  9,  82,  83. 

pagoda,  II.  99. 

pacjodula,  II.  9,  50. 

pallida,  II.  95. 
T.  pentagonalis,  II.  9,  90. 

peripla,  II.  115. 

pharcida,  II.  9,  88. 

polytorta,  II.  9,  85. 

premorra,  II.  9,  93. 


Drillia  serga,  II.  114. 
Simpsoni,  II.  9,  91. 
smirna,  II.  9,  94. 
subsida,  II.  118. 
thea,  II.  9,  91. 
tristicka,  II.  9,  88. 
Tryonii,  II.  9,  83. 
Verrillii,  II.  9,  92,  93. 

Eburneopecten,  I.  219. 
Eglisia,  II.  301. 

Emarginula,  II.  34,  342,  405,  406,  407, 
437* 

cancellata,  II.  34,  406. 

compressa,  II.  34,  406. 

Rollandi,  II.  407. 
Embla,  I.  280. 
Enaeta,  II.  163. 
Engina  rosea,  II.  217. 
Entemnotrochu8,  II.  84,  4.OO. 
Eochitonia,  II.  35,  413,  414. 
Eopsephaea,  II.  144,  150. 

muricina,  II.  150. 
Epidromus,  II.  225. 

Swiftii,  II.  226. 
Episcynia,  II.  273,  392. 
Epitonium,  II.  299,  303. 
Ethalia,  II.  31,  359,  360,  361. 

anomala,  II.  361. 

crassa,  II.  360. 

diaphana,  II.  361. 

multistriata,  II.  361. 

reclusa,  II.  31,  361. 

solida,  II.  31,  361,  862. 

suppressa,  II.  31,  361,  362. 
Erato,  II.  21,  241. 

cypraeoides,  II.  241. 

haematina,  II.  138. 

Maugeriae,  II.  21,  241 

vitelline  II.  242. 
Eriphyla,  I.  257. 

gregaria,  I.  257,  258. 

mactracea,  I.  258. 

parva,  I.  192. 

umbonata,  I.  257,  258. 
Eriphylopsis  gregaria,  I.  257,  258. 
Ervilia,  I.  195,  279. 

nitens,  I.  195,  279. 
Erycina  labradorica,  II.  308. 
Eubela,  II.  10,  99,  102,  106. 
Eucasta,  II.  31,  368. 
Eucharis,  I.  316. 
Eucheilodon,  II.  98,  108. 


MUSEUM   OF  COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY. 


4G9 


Euchelus,  II.  32,  374,  382. 

guttarosea,  II.  32,  382. 

punctiger,  II.  383. 
Euciroa,  I.  196,  286,  291. 
Eucithara,  II.  100. 
Eucosmia,  II.  30,  351. 
Eudesia,  I.  187,  202. 

floridana,  1. 187,  202;  II., PI.  XXXIX. 
Eudolium,  II.  20,  232. 

Crosseanum,  II.  20,  232. 
Verrillii,  II.  20,  233. 
Eulima,  II.  28,  326,  327,  328. 

acuta,  II.  328. 

affinis,  II.  327. 

arcuata,  II.  28,  328. 

bifasciata,  II.  328. 

bilineata,  II.  329. 

Carolii,  II.  327. 

conoidea,  II.  327. 

curva,  II.  328. 

distorta,  II.  328. 

elongata,  II.  28,  328. 

fulvocincta,  II.  329. 

fusus,  II.  329. 

gibba,  II.  327. 

gracilis,  II.  327. 

Hempliillii,  II.  329. 

intermedia,  II.  28,  327. 

interrupta,  II.  330. 

jamaicensis,  II.  28,  327. 

major,  II.  326,  328. 

oleacea,  II.  327. 

polita,  II.  326. 

pusilla,  II.  327. 

splendidula,  II.  329. 

stenostoma,  II.  328. 

subcarinata,  II.  327. 

unifasciata,  II.  338. 
Eulimella,  II.  29,  338. 

resticula,  II.  29,  338. 

Scillffi,  II.  338. 

Smithii,  II.  334,  338. 

unifasciata,  II.  29,  338. 
Eumargarita,  II.  374. 
Eumeta,  II.  22,  252. 

costulata,  II.  254. 

subulata,  II.  252. 
Eunaticina,  II.  26,  297. 

carolinensis,  II.  26,  297. 
Eupleura,  II.  17,  202,  215. 

caudata,  II.  17,  202,  203* 

clatbrata,  II.  203. 

muriciformis,  II.  203,  204. 


Eupleura  Stimpsonii,  II.  17,  204- 
Euplica,  II.  16,  187. 

turturina,  II.  16, 1S7. 
Euryta,  II.  7,  62. 
Eutrocbus,  II.  31,  369,  374. 

cinctellus,  II.  372. 
Eutropia,  II.  302. 

Fasciolaria,  II.  14,  172,  173,  174. 
distans,  II.  14,  172,  173. 
gracilentis,  II.  172. 
tulipa,  II.  172. 
Fasciolariidae,  II.  165. 
Favartia,  II.  18,  209,  210. 

cellulosa,  II.  18,  210,  211. 

intermedia,  II.  18,  211. 

levicula,  II.  18,  211. 
Fissurella,  II.  34,  342,  407,  408. 

alternata,  II.  34,  407. 

cayennensis,  II.  409. 

Dysoni,  II.  407. 

fumata,  II.  407. 

larva,  II.  407. 

limatula,  II.  409. 

minuta,  II.  409. 
v.  Sai/i,  II.  407. 
Fissurellidea,  II.  34,  409. 

fasciata,  II.  409. 

limatula,  II.  34,  409. 
Fissurisepta,  II.  34,  404- 

rostrata,  II.  404. 

triangulata,  II.  34,  404- 
Fluxina,  II.  24,  273,  274,  455. 

brunnea,  II.  24,  273. 

discula,  II.  24,  273. 
Forskalia,  II.  368. 

declivis,  II.  357,  368. 
Fossarus,  II.  24,  272,  278. 

ambiguus,  II.  272. 

Crossei,  II.  298. 

depress  us,  II.  278,  279,  298. 

elegans,  II.  272. 

fragilis,  II.  278. 

latericeus,  II.  272. 

naticoides,  II.  278. 

Orbignyi,  II.  272. 

Petitiana,  II.  298. 

pusillus,  II.  272. 

reticulatus,  II.  278. 

Schrammi,  II.  387. 

sulcatus,  II.  272. 

tuberculatus,  II.  387. 
Fulgoraria,  II.  148. 


470 


BULLETIN   OF   THE 


Fulvia,  I.  269. 

modesta,  I.  270. 
Funis,  II.  300,  301,  306. 

elongatus,  II.  301. 
Fusus,  II.  14, 165,  174,  212,  213,  214,  455. 

abyssorum,  II.  174. 

apynotus,  II.  14,  169,  170. 

albidus,  II.  204. 

alcimus,  II.  14,  170. 

amiantus,  II.  14,  169. 

amphiurgus,  II.  14,  171. 

antiquus,  II.  174. 

benthalis,  II.  14,  168. 

Bocagei,  II.  170. 

caloosaensis,  II.  167. 

carolinensis,  II.  170. 

ceramidus,  II.  14,  171. 

closter,  II.  14,  165, 168. 

colus,  II.  168. 

Couei,  II.  14,  165,  167. 

Dupetit-thouarsi,  II.  168. 

eucosmius,  II.  14,  167. 

gradatus,  II.  165. 

halistreptus,  II.  14,  168.* 

Hartvigii,  II.  165. 

lamellosus,  II.  170. 

limbatus,  II.  165,  175. 

minor,  II.  187. 

multangulus,  II.  165,  213. 

muricoides,  II.  165. 

nitens,  II.  165. 

perrugatus,  II.  166,  214. 

Pfeifferi,  II.  214. 

pulehellus,  II.  172,  175. 

rostratus,  II  170. 
v.  Rushii,  II.  14,  170. 

Schrammi,  II.  165,  168. 

sinistrals,  II.  165. 

tenuiliratus,  II.  165,  168- 

tessellatus,  II.  151. 

timessus,  II.  14, 166,  167. 

turriculus,  II.  167. 

Gadinia,  II.  289,  437* 

excentrica,  II.  344. 

lateralis,  II.  344. 
Galeodea,  II.  20,  231 

Coronadoi,  II.  20,  231. 
Galerus,  II.  284. 

Candeanus,  II.  284. 

parvulus,  II.  284. 
Gastroplax,  II.  59. 
Gastropteron,  II.  7,  59. 


Gastropteron  Meckelii,  II.  59. 

Gaza,  II.  30,  354,  355*  356,  357,  358, 456. 

daedala,  II.  354,  355,  356. 

Fischeri,  II.  30,  355,  356  * 

Rathbuni,  II.  354. 

superba,  II.  30,  354,  355*  356. 
Gegania,  II.  23,  266,  268. 

Jeffreysi,  II.  23, 268. 

pinguis,  II.  268. 
Genota,  II.  9,  79,  82,  119. 

atractoides,  II.  82. 

didyma,  II.  79. 

mitrella,  II.  9,  79. 

mitrif ormis,  II.  82. 

papalis,  II.  82. 

viabrunnea,  II.  9,  80,  81* 
Gibberula,  II.  13,  130, 143. 

lachrimula,  II.  142. 

minuta,  II.  13,  143. 
Gibbula,  II.  368. 

divaricata,  II.  358. 
Glabella  elata,  II.  139. 
Globiconcha  ovula,  II.  42. 
Glyphis,  II.  34,  408. 

barbadensis,  II.  409. 

Piviana,  II.  34,  408* 
Glyphostoma,  II.  10,  98,  99,  108. 

dentifera,  II.  10,  99,  108. 

Gabbii,  II.  10, 108,  111. 

gratula,  II.  10,  110. 
v.  incile,  II.  110. 

phalera,  II.  10,  110. 
Gottoina,  II.  24,  272. 

bella,  II.  24,  272. 

compacta,  II.  24,  273. 
Gouldia,  I.  192,  257,  261,  262* 

bermudensis,  I.  263. 

cerina,  I.  262,  263. 
Graniqyra,  II.  33,  395. 
Gymnobela,  II.  11,  99,  123,  126. 
v.  agria,  II.  127. 

Blakeana,  II.  126. 

brevis,  II.  126. 

curta,  II.  99. 

engonia,  II.  122,  126. 

extensa,  II.  126. 

Lotta?,  II.  126. 

Malmii,  II.  127. 

tornata,  II.  127. 
Gymnoglossa,  II.  28,  326. 
Gyrineum,  II.  19,  208,  222,  223. 

affine,  II.  19,  224- 
v.  cubanianum,  II.  19,  224 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY. 


471 


Gyrodes,  II.  26,  298. 
crenata,  II.  298. 
depressa,  II.  26,  298. 

Haliotis,  II.  33,  395. 

Pourtalesli,  II.  33,  395. 
Ealiris,  I.  196,  287,  291. 

Fischeriana,  I.  196,  291. 
Haloceras,  II.  24,  277. 
Halonympha,  I.  197,  301. 

claviculata,  I.  197,  301. 
Haminea,  II.  7,  57. 

antillarum,  II.  67. 

cerina,  II.  57. 

elegans,  II.  57. 

Guildingi,  II.  57. 

glabra,  II.  57. 

guadeloupensis,  II.  57. 

Petitii,  II.  57. 

solitaria,  II.  57. 

succinea,  II.  7,  57. 
Hanleyia,  II.  35,  415. 

tropicalis,  II.  35,  415. 
Harpa,  II.  100. 
Harpula,  II.  148. 
Hastula,  II.  8,  62. 
Haustator,  II.  23,  265. 
Helieina,  II.  341,  342,  345,  358. 

orbiculata,  II.  342. 
Helix  sulfurea,  II.  232. 
Hemipecten,  I.  206. 
Hindsia,  II.  180,  181. 
Hinnites,  I.  189,  206,  223. 

Adamsi,  I.  189,  223. 
Hippagus,  I.  285,  286,  287. 

acuticostatus,  I.  288. 
Hipponyx,  II.  287,  289. 

crystallinus,  II.  287. 

Danieli,  II.  287. 
Holopella,  II.  301,  306. 
Homalaxis,  II.  276. 
Homalaxon,  II.  276. 
Homalopoma,  II.  352. 
Hoplopteron,  II.  301,  306,  317. 

Terquemi,  II.  301. 
Ilyalopatina,  II.  7,  61. 

Rushii,  II.  7,  61. 
Hyalorisia,  II.  25,  288. 

Ianthoscala,  II.  300,  311. 
Ilaira,  II.  276,  386. 
Ilyanassa  obsoleta,  II.  184. 
Inella,  II.  21,  242,  245. 


Infundibulum,  II.  286. 

Candeanum,  II.  284. 
Iphigenia,  I.  285. 
Isapis,  II.  278. 

anomala,  II.  272. 
Ischnochiton,  II.  35,  415. 

limaciformis,  II.  35,  415,  416. 

multicostatus,  II.  415. 
Ischnochitonidce,  II.  415. 
Ischnoidea,  II.  414. 
Isocardia,  I.  194,  271,  275. 

cytherioides,  II.  439. 

Jaminia  Dupontii,  II.  339. 
Janacus,  II.  25,  285. 
Jauira,  I.  188,  206,  207. 

hemicyclica,   I.   188,  207,  222;   II. 
434*  435. 
Janthoscala,  II.  300. 

Katherina,  II.  416,  417. 
Kellia  suborbicularis,  I.  273. 
Kelliella,  I.  272. 

miliaria,  I.  272. 
Kennerlia,  I.  197. 

Bushiana,  I.  197,  312. 

glacialis,  I.  311. 
Krebsia,  II.  25,  288. 

Lacliesis  minima,  II.  105. 
Laevicordia,  I.  288. 
Lagena,  II.  173,  230. 
Lambidium,  II.  20,  231. 

oniscus,  II.  20,  231. 

strombiformis,  II.  231. 
Lamellaria,  II.  27,  299. 

Rangii,  II.  27,  299. 
Lampusia,  II.  19,  226. 

chlorostoma,  II.  19,  226. 

gracile,  II.  19,  227. 

pharcida,  II.  19,  227. 

pileare,  II.  19,  227. 
Latiaxis,  II.  217. 

cariniferus,  II.  218. 

Deburghiae,  II.  218. 

elegans,  II.  218. 

Maweas,  II.  217. 
Latirus,  II.  15, 173,  213. 

brevicaudatus,  II.  174. 

cayohuesonicus,  II.  174. 

cinguliferus,  II.  15,  173. 

contemptus,  II.  174. 

fastigium,  II.  174. 


472 


BULLETIN   OF  THE 


Latirus  infundibulum,  II.  174. 
maderensis,  II.  174. 
multangulus,  II.  173. 
Lavignon  antillarum,  I.  279. 

Petitiana,  I.  279. 
Laxispira,  II.  386,  387. 

laxa,  II.  386. 

nitida,  II.  386,  387. 
Leda,  I.  191,  24-9,  253 ;  II.  455. 

acuta,  I.  191,  250,  251,  252 ;  II.  438. 

Bushiana,  I.  192,  250,  251. 
Carpenteri,  I.  191,  249. 
v.  cerata,  I.  191,  250,  251. 

clavata,  I.  249. 

commutata,  I.  250,  251,  252. 

coneava,  I.  252. 

concentrica,  I.  191,  250. 

corpulenta,  I.  192,  254. 

cuneata,  I.  250,  251. 

cuspidata,  I.  249. 

dilatata,  I.  255. 

eborea,  I.  250. 

fragilis,  I.  251. 

hebes,  I.  192,  252. 

inornata,  I.  251. 

intermedia,  I.  252. 

jamaicensis,  I.  250,  251. 

Jeffreysi,  I.  253. 

messanensis,  I.  191,  249,  250,  251. 

minuta,  I.  252. 

pusio,  I.  192,  253. 

quadrangularis,  I.  192,  253. 

sohda,  I.  252 

solidifacta,  I.  191,  252. 

solidula,  I.  191,  250. 

subaequilatera,  I.  192,  252. 

unca,  I.  250,  251 ;  II.  438. 

Verrilhana,  I.  191,  251. 

vitrea,  I.  250. 
Leiomya,  I.  196,  298. 

adunca,  I.  196. 

gramdata,  I.  196,  300. 

halimera,  I.  197,  300. 

notabilis,  I.  300. 

scaber,  I.  196. 

Smithii,  I.  196. 

teres,  I.  300. 
v.  velvetina,  I.  196,  300. 
Leiostraca,  II.  28,  326,  328. 

acuta,  II.  28,  328. 

bilineata,  II.  329. 

fusus,  II.  28,  329. 

Hemphillii,  II.  329. 


Leiostracus,  II.  328. 
Lembulus  deltoideus,  I.  251. 
Lepetella,  I.  181 ;  II.  35,  350,  413* 

tubicola,  II.  35,  413. 
Lepetidae,  II.  436. 
Leptochiton,  II.  35,  414,  417. 

cancellatus,  II.  414. 

fuliginatus,  II.  414. 

pergranatus,  II.  35,  414. 
Leptochitonidce ,  II.  414. 
Leptoidea,  II.  414. 
Leptonyx,  II.  351,  352. 

sanguineus,  II.  351. 
Leptothyra,  II.  30,  351,  455. 
v.  albida,  II.  30,  352,  353,  354. 

carinata,  II.  352. 

filosa,  II.  352. 

induta,  II.  30,  352. 
v.  insculpta,  II.  30,  352. 
v.  limala,  II.  30,  353. 

Linnei,  II.  30,  352,  353. 

mammilla,  II.  352. 

Philipiana,  II.  30,  352,  353. 

sanguinea,  II.  352,  353. 
v.  tincta,  II.  80,352. 
Le  scalata,  II.  299,  301,  303. 
Lencosyrinx,  II.  8,  75,  81. 

Sigsbeei,  II.  8,  75. 

subgrundi/era,  II.  9,  77. 

tenoceras,  II.  9,  75,  77. 

Verrillii,  II.  8,  75. 
Leucozonia  cingulata,  II.  173. 

cingulifera,  II.  173. 

dubia,  II.  173. 

ocellata,  II.  173. 

triserialis,  II.  173. 
Lienardia,  II.  108. 
Lima,  I.  189,  224. 

albicoma,  I.  189,  225. 

aperta,  I.  225. 

caribaea,  I.  224. 

fasciata,  I.  224. 

fragilis,  I.  225. 

hians,  I.  189,  225. 

inflata,  I.  189,  224. 
v.  planulata,  I.  224. 

scabra,  I.  225. 

squamosa,  I.  189,  224. 

tenera,  I.  189,  224,  225. 
Limaea,  I.  189,  226. 

Bronniana,  I.  189,  226. 
v.  lata,  I.  189,  226,  227. 

Sarsi,  I.  226. 


MUSEUM   OF  COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY. 


473 


Limatula,  I.  189,  225. 

confusa,  I.  226. 

ovata,  I.  225,  226 ;  II.  406. 

setifera,  I.  189,  225. 
Limopsis,  I.  186,  190,  236 ;  II.  455. 

antillensis,  I.  190,  237. 

aurita,  I.  190,  237. 

cristata,  I.  190,  237. 

minuta,  I.  190,  236. 
v.  paucidentata ,  I.  237. 

tenella,  I.  190,  236. 
Linatella  Poulsenii,  II.  228. 
Link,  D.  H.  F.    See  Museum  Rostockia- 

nura,  II.  304. 
Liochlamys,  II.  15,  173. 

bulbosa,  II.  15,  173. 
Lioconcha,  I.  261,  262. 
Liomesus,  II.  15,  175,  176,  177,  230. 

canaliculars,  II.  230. 

Stimpsoni,  II.  15,  176. 
Liotia,  II.  32,  375,  385,  386,  387,  455. 
v.  aspina,  II.  33,  388,  389. 

Bairdii,  II.  33,  387,  388,  389. 

Briareus,  II.  32,  387,  388*  389,  390. 

cruentata,  II.  386,  387. 

fenestrata,  II.  386. 
V.  microforis,  II.  390. 

miniata,  II.  33,  375,  387,  390, 
v.  perforata,  II.  32,  388. 

Riisii,  II.  387. 

tricarinata,  II.  33,  387,  3S9,  390. 
v.  trullaia,  II.  33,  389. 

variabilis,  II.  33,  387,  390. 
Liotina,  II.  386. 
Lippistes,  II.  33,  386,  387,  391. 

acril/a,  II.  33,  387,  391. 

amabilis,  II.  33,  387,  392. 

formosissima,  II.  387,  391. 

Sehrammi,  II.  387. 
Litorina  anomala,  II.  272. 

litorea,  II.  272. 
Livonia,  II.  150. 
Longchaeus,  II.  28,  331,  334. 

candidus,  II.  333. 
Lophocardium,  II.  443. 
Lophyridw,  II.  416. 
Lophyroidea,  II.  414. 
Loripes,  I.  193,  265,  266. 

compressa,  I.  193,  266;  II.,  PL  XIV. 

icterica,  I.  205. 

lacteus,  I.  266. 

lens,  I.  193,  266. 
Lotorium  femorale,  II.  228. 


Lucina,  I.  193,  264 ;  II.  439* 

americana,  I.  266. 

antillarum,  I.  193,  264. 

borealis,  I.  266. 

Candeana,  I.  265. 

costata,  I.  264. 

filosa,  I.  266. 

funiculata,  I.  193,  265. 

jaraaicensis,  I.  265. 

lenticula,  I.  193,  265;  II.  439. 

leucocyma,  I.  193,  264- 

multilineata,  II.  439. 

quadrisulcata,  I.  193,  266. 

sagrinata,  I.  193,  265 ;  II.  439. 

scabra,  I.  193,  265 

sombrerensis,  I.  193,  264- 

spinosa,  II.  439. 
Lunatia,  II.  26,  277,  278,  293,  295. 

fringilla,  II.  26,  295. 

gronlandica,  II.  296. 

heros,  II.  278. 

leptalea,  II.  26,  295. 
v.  perla,  II.  26,  296. 

semisulcata,  II.  296. 

subplicata,  II.  296. 

tenuis,  II.  26,  295. 

triseriata,  II.  293. 

vittata,  II.  293. 
Lunella,  II.  356. 

versicolor,  II.  355. 
Lyonsia,  I.  284,  308 ,  II.  439*  446. 

Beana,  II.  442* 

bulla,  I.  281,  2S3* 
Lyonsiella,  I.  196,  273,  281,  285,  287,  288; 
II.  437  *  446  *  449  *  450  *  452. 

abyssicola,  I.  272,  286,  288  ;  II.  451.* 

angulata,  I.  288. 

axinoides,  I.  288. 

gemma,  I.  288,  289. 

insculpta,  I.  196,  288. 

mytiloides,  I.  288. 

papyracea,  II.  446.* 

radiata,  II.  442  *  451.* 
Lyria,  II.  145,  147,  156. 
Lyropecten,  I.  206. 

Machaeroplax  cancellatus,  II.  301. 
Macrodon,  I.  191,  244. 

asperula,  1.  191,  244. 

sagrinata,  I.  191,  245. 
Mactra  lateralis,  II.  449. 
Magilus,  II.  220. 
Malletia,  I.  192,  253. 


474 


BULLETIN   OF  THE 


Malletia  amabilis,  II.  438. 

arrouana,  I.  255. 

cuneata,  I.  255. 

cytherea,  I.  192,  254 ;  II.  438. 

dilatata,  I.  192,  255. 

Smilhii,  I.  192,  255. 

veneriformis,  I.  254. 
Mamillana,  II.  150. 
Mamma,  II.  363. 
Mangelia.     See  Mangilia. 

acanthodes,  II.  114. 

hypsela,  II.  91. 
Mangilia,  II.  10,  99,  100,  111,  455,  456. 

antonia,  II.  11,  116. 

atrostyla,  II.  11,  111,  112,  113. 

bandella,  II.  11,  116. 

caribsea,  II.  10,  111. 

cerina,  II.  106,  111,  112,  113. 

cerinella,  II.  112. 

citronella,  I.,  Expl.  PI.  IX. ;  II.  106, 
112. 

columbella,  II.  271. 

comatotropis,  II.  11,  116. 

corallina,  II.  114. 

costulata,  II.  99. 
v.  diminuta,  II.  11, 114- 

elusiva,  II.  11,  115. 

ephamilla,  II.  Ill,  112,  113. 

eritima,  II.  113. 

exsculpta,  II.  11, 117. 

glypta,  II.  181. 

halttropts,  II.  11,  111 

ipara,  II.  11,  115. 

lanceolata,  II.  101. 

Lavalleana,  II.  11,  111. 

limonitella,  II.  112. 

lissotropis,  II.  91. 
v.  Malmii,  II.  128. 
v.  monocingulata,  II.  11,  114. 

muricoides/  II.  101. 

pelagia,  II.  11,  117. 

pentagonalis,  II.  90. 

Pourtalesii,  I.,  Expl.  PI.  IX. ;   II.  11, 
118. 

psila,  II.  101. 

quadrata,  II.  11, 113. 
v.  rugirima,  II.  11,  114. 

scipio,  II.  11, 117. 

serga,  II.  11,  112,  114. 

Simpsoni,  II.  91. 

subsida,  II.  11,118. 

tiara,  II.  116. 

toreumuta,  II.  11,  118. 


Maravignia,  II.  272. 
Margariona,  I.  227. 
Margarita,  II.  32,  350, 374,  375, 377,  455. 

aeglees,  II.  379. 

aegleis,  II.  379. 

asperrima,  II.  373. 

erythrocoma,  II.  32,  375. 

euspira,  II.  32,  378. 

filogyra,  II.  356,  357. 

helicina,  II.  374. 

imperialis,  II.  32,  376. 

infundibulum,  II.  341,*  376,  380* 
381. 

iris,  II.  382. 

lacunella,  II.  381. 

lcmellosa,  II.  379. 

lubrica,  II.  382. 

maculata,  II,  381. 

regalis,  II.  380,  381. 
t.  samance,  II.  32,  375. 

scabriuscula,  II.  379. 
Margarites,  II.  374. 
Margaritifera,  II.  374. 
Margaritiphora,  II.  374. 
Marginella,  II.  12,  136,  455. 

alba,  II.  143. 

albolineata,  II.  141,  142 

amabilis,  II.  12,  137. 

apicina,  II.  12,  136. 

aureocincta,  II.  139. 

avena,  II.  141. 

averiacea,  II.  141. 

avenella,  II.  139. 

Beyerleana,  II.  141. 

borealis,  II.  136. 

caribsea,  II.  136. 

carnea,  II.  137. 

cassis,  II.  12,  137. 

catenata,  II.  143. 

conoidalis,  II.  136. 

denticulata,  II.  139. 

elata,  II.  139. 

flavida,  II.  136. 

fusca,  II.  13,  139. 

fusina,  II.  12,  138. 

guttula,  II.  141. 

haematita,  II.  13,  138. 

lachrimula,  II.  142. 

lactea,  II.  142. 

Lavalleana,  II.  143. 

limatula,  II.  136. 

livida,  II.  136,  141. 

minima,  II.  143. 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY. 


475 


Marginella  mlnuta,  II.  143. 

nitida,  II.  140. 

oblonga,  II.  137. 

opalina,  II.  13, 138,  14C. 

pallida,  II.  142. 

paxillus,  II.  140. 

Kedfieldii,  II.  13, 139, 140,  141. 

rostrata,  II.  12,  137. 

seminula,    II.  13, 139. 

Smithii,  II.  139. 

styria,  II.  13, 14Q. 

subtriplicata,  II.  142. 

succinea,  II.  13,  139, 140,  141. 

torticula,  II.  13,  139,  140,  W. 

triplicata,  II.  142. 

varia,  II.  141. 

Watsonii,  II.  12, 137. 

yucatecana,  II.  13,  138. 
Marsenina  arapla,  II.  299. 
Mastonia,  II.  21,  242,  243,  244. 
Mathilda,  II.  23,  257,  258,  266,  301,  340. 

barbadense,  II.  23,  266,  267. 

elegantissima,  II.  266. 

Rushii,  II.  23,  267,  341. 

scitula,  II.  23,  267. 

sinensis,  II.  267. 

trochlea,  II.  266. 

yucatecana,  II.  23,  257,  266,  267. 
Mazzalina,  II.  15,  173. 

bulbosa,  II.  173. 

pyrula,  II.  15, 173. 
Megaptygma,  II.  150. 
Megathyris,  I.  187,  203.     (See  Cistella.) 
Megerlia  incerta,  I.  201. 
Megoptygma,  II.  150. 
Meiocardia,  I.  271. 

Agassizii,  I.  194,  271 ;  II.  439. 

vulgaris,  I.  271. 
Melanella,  II.  28,  326,  328. 

Dufresnei,  II.  326,  328. 

gibba,  II.  327. 
Melania,  II.  326,  456. 

rufa,  II.  336. 
Melanopsis,  II.  132,  270. 

capula,  II.  271. 
Melantho,  II.  326. 
Meleagrina,  II.  374. 
Mesalia  caribsea,  II.  265. 

varia,  II.  265. 
Mesodon,  II.  456. 
Mesorhytis,  II.  14, 172. 

gracilentis,  II.  172. 

Meekiana,  II.  14,  172. 


Mesostoma,  II.  24,  269,  270. 

migrans,  II.  24, 270. 

pulchra,  II.  269. 
Meta  cedonulli,  II.  164. 
Metaxia,  II.  22,  252,  256. 
Microgaza,  II.  30,  356,  357. 

rotella,  II.  30,  357,  358  * 

solarioides,  II.  358. 
Microplax,  II.  417. 
Microvoluta,  II.  163. 
Mitra,  II.  14,  98, 156,  174. 

aethiopica,  II.  160. 

albicostata,  II.  157. 

albocincta,  II.  167,  161. 165. 

alveolus,  II.  157. 
v.  antillensis,  II.  158. 

Bairdii,  II.  14,  161. 

barbadensis,  II.  157. 

caeligena,  II.  157. 

Candida,  II.  157. 

casta,  II.  160. 

cavea,  II.  157. 

chelonia,  II.  157. 

Defrancei,  II.  161. 

dermestina,  II.  157. 

Deshayesii,  II.  14, 16u 

Dupontii,  II.  157. 

ebenus,  II.  157. 

exigua,  II.  157. 

exilis,  II.  157. 

floridana,  II.  158. 

fulgurita,  II.  14,  158,  165. 

fusoides,  II.  163. 

geinmata,  II.  157. 

granulosa,  II.  157. 

Hanleyana,  II.  157. 

Hanleyi,  II.  157,  163. 

histrio,  II.  157. 

interpunctata,  II.  157. 

lens,  II.  157. 

longispira,  II.  160. 

Malleti,  II.  159. 

maura,  II.  158. 

microzonias,  II.  157. 

monilifera,  II.  157. 

nasuta,  II.  160. 

nitilina,  II.  157. 

nodulosa,  II.  157. 

nucleola,  II.  157. 

obliquata,  II.  157. 

pia,  II.  159. 

picta,  II.  157. 

puella,  II.  157. 


476 


BULLETIN   OF    THE 


Mitra  pulchella,  II.  167. 

Ruskii,  II.  14, 160. 

rustica,  II.  160. 

semicostata,  II.  157. 

speciosa,  II.  157. 

staminea,  II.  14,  157,  159. 

striatula,  II.  157. 

styria,  II.  14,  159,  163. 

sulcata,  II.  157. 

Swainsoni,  II.  14, 158. 

tessellata,  II.  157. 

tiarella,  II.  157. 

torticula,  II.  14,  162. 

trophonia,  II.  14,  161. 
Mitromorpha,  II.  14,  16/j.. 

biplicata,  II.  14,  165. 

dormitor,  II.  164. 

filosa,  II.  164. 
Mitrularia,  II.  25,  283. 

equestris,  II.  25,  283. 

Neptuni,  II.  283. 
Modiella,  I.  234. 
Modiola,  I.  190,  234. 

cinnamomea,  I.  236, 287. 

lutea,  I.  234, 

opifex,  I.  190,  235. 

polita,  I.  181,  190,  £34.* 
Modiolarca,  II.  446. 

trapesina,  II.  442,  451. 
Modiolaria,  1. 190,  236. 

lateralis,  I.  190,  236. 

lignea,  I.  236. 

polita,  I.  234. 
Mohnia,  II.  174,  175. 

Mohni,  II.  176. 
Molleria,  II.  393. 
Monodonta,  II.  303. 
Monoptygma  styliformis,  II.  338. 
Mopaliidae,  II.  416. 
Mucronalia  xanthias,  II.  338. 
Murchisonella  spectrum,  II.  403. 
Murchisonia,  II.  403. 

spectrum,  II.  403. 
Murex,  II.  17,  195,  203,  210,  212,  215. 

acanthopterus,  II.  210. 
dustus,  II.  197,  198. 

alveatus,  II.  208,  209,  211. 

anus,  II.  221. 

asperrimus,  II.  199. 

Beaui,  II.  17,  195. 

brassica,  II.  197. 

breviculus,  II.  210. 

brevifrons,  II.  198. 


Murex  brevispina,  II.  209. 
Cabritii,  II.  17,  196. 
Cailleti,  II.  17,  197. 
cancellata,  II.  215. 
cancellinus,  II.  221. 
carduus,  II.  200. 
casta,  II.  211. 
cataphracta,  II.  81. 
cellulosa,  II.  210,  211. 
chrysostoma,  II.  197. 
concinnus,  II.  197. 
costatus,  II.  227. 
cyclostomus,  II.  211. 
distinctus,  II.  208,  210. 
elegans,  II.  17,  195,  196,  197. 
erosus,  II.  210. 
flmbriatus,  II.  200. 
florifer,  II.  198. 
Gundlachi,  II.  196. 
gyrinus,  II.  223. 
hexagonus,  II.  212. 
Hidalgoi,  II.  198. 
hystricina,  II.  205. 
imperialis,  II.  199. 
intermedius,  IL  210. 
interserratus,  II.  199,  200. 
jamaicensis,  II.  211. 
laceratus,  II.  217. 
leucoderma,  II.  208. 
luculentus,  II.  200. 
macropterus,  II.  201. 
messorius,  II.  17, 196. 
metaxa,  II.  256. 
mexicanus,  II.  199. 
mulus,  II.  221. 
nodatus,  II.  17,  195,  197. 
nuceus,  II.  210. 
obeliscus,  II.  208,  209. 
ostrearum,  II.  212. 
palmarosae,  II.  197. 
pauperculus,  II.  208,  209,  211. 
Pazi,  II.  199,  200. 
pileare,  II.  227. 
pomiformis,  II.  199. 
pomum,  II.  197,  198,  199,  201. 
quadrifrons,  II.  197,  198. 
ramosus,  II.  197. 
rana,  II.  222. 

recurvirostris,  II.  196,  197. 
rufus,  II.  197,  198,  201. 
scalarinus,  II.  208. 
scalarioides,  II.  207,  208. 
scalaroides,  II.  208. 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY. 


477 


Murex  spinacosta,  II.  198. 

spinicostata.  II.  198. 

subulatus,  II.  252. 

tetragonus,  II.  211. 

tornatus,  II.  72. 

trilineatus,  II.  196. 

tritonis,  II.  225. 

truneulus,  II.  209. 

Tryoni,  II.  196. 

virgo,  II.  72. 

zelandicus,  II.  200. 
Mnricanthus  radix,  II.  197. 
Muricidse,  II.  17,  194. 
Muricidea,  II.  18,  209,  212,  214. 

Blainvillei,  II.  212. 

floridana,  II.  18,  212. 

Hemphillii,  II.  213. 

hexagona,  II.  18,  210,  212. 

multangula,  II.  18,  165,  174,  213. 

Philippiana,  II.  18,  213. 

scalarioides,  II.  208. 
Muricopsis,  II.  212. 
Museum  Boltenianum,  II.  302. 

Calonnianum,  II.  302. 

Rostockianum,  II.  304. 
Mya  truncata,  I.  310. 
Myonera,  I.  197,  293,  302;  II.  439,  441  * 
448  *  450  *  452  *  455. 

angularis,  I.  302,  303. 

lamellifera,  I.  197,  304. 

latkella,  I.  197,  305. 

limatula,  I.  197,  30$. 

paucistriata,  I.   197,  293,  302,  303,* 
445* 

undata,  I.  197,  302,  304,  305. 
Mytilimeria,  I.  196,  286,  287*  288;  IL 
446. 

flexuosa,  I.  286. 

Nuttallii,  I.  196. 
Mytilus,  I.  190*233. 

exustus,  I.  190,  233. 

lateralis,  I.  236. 

luteus,  I.  234. 

Nassa,  II.  16, 132, 177,  178, 180, 181, 183. 
acuta,  II.  183,  185. 
alba,  II.  184. 

ambigua,  II.  16,  184,  185. 
annellifera,  II.  184. 
antillarum,  II.  184. 
Candei,  II.  184. 
candidissima,  II.  184. 
consensa,  II.  16,  183, 185. 


Nassa  exilis,  II.  180. 

guadeloupensis,  II.  178. 

Hotessieri,  II.  16,  183, 185,  186. 

Hotessieriana,  II.  185. 

incrassata,  II.  184. 

nigrolabra,  II.  184. 

obtusata,  II.  184. 

ornata,  II.  180. 

papillosa,  II.  180. 
v.  pernitida,  II.  16, 186. 

pura,  II.  184. 

reticulata,  II.  180. 

scissurata,  II.  16,  185. 

spinulosa,  II.  186. 

textilina,  II.  178. 

trivittata,  II.  183. 

unicincta,  II.  178,  183. 

vibex,  II.  183. 
Nassaria,  II.  15,  180,  181. 
Nassarhia,  II.  15,  181. 

Bushii,  II.  15,  181, 182. 

cotumbellata,  II.  15,  181,  182. 

glypta,  II.  15, 181,  182. 

Grayi,  II.  15,181,155. 
Nassarius,  II.  180. 
Natica,  II.  26,  292,  386. 

avellana,  II.  292. 

brunnea,  II.  296. 

campechiensis,  II.  296. 

canrena,  II.  26,  292,  293. 

caribasa,  II.  296. 

castrensis,  II.  26,  293. 

Dillwynii,  II.  292. 

duplicata,  II.  296. 

elense,  II.  294. 

Fordiana,  II.  296. 

fossata,  II.  296. 
fringilla,  II.  295,  296. 

intricata,  II.  294,  295. 

jamaicensis,  II.  292. 

lacernula,  II.  293. 

lactea,  II.  296. 

leptalea,  II.  295. 

limacina,  II.  293. 

lineata,  II.  26,  294. 

livida,  II.  26,  292. 

mamilla,  II.  152. 

mamillaris,  II.  296. 

maroccana,  II.  26,  292,  293. 

marochiensis,  II.  292. 

ocbrostoma,  II.  296. 

eperculata,  II.  295. 

perlineata,  II.  26,  294. 


478 


BULLETIN   OF  THE 


Natica  Pfeifferi,  II.  296. 

porcellana,  II.  296. 

proxima,  II.  292,  293. 

pulchella,  II.  293. 

pusilla,  II.  296. 

radiata,  II.  295,  296. 

rufilabris,  II.  293. 

semisulcata,  II.  296. 

spliasroides,  II.  295. 

sulcata,  II.  296. 

tenuis,  II.  295. 

texasiana,  II.  296. 

uberina,  II.  296. 

vittata,  II.  293. 
Nautilus,  I.  185. 
Neaera,  I.  292. 

abbreviata,  I.  301. 

adunca,  I.  299. 

alternata,  I.  297,  298. 

angularis,  I.  302. 

arcuata,  I.  296. 

beliringensis,  I.  296. 

Brazieri,  I.  299. 

chinensis,  I.  292. 

claviculata,  I.  301,  302. 

congenita,  I.  301. 

consociata,  I.  304. 

contracta,  I.  302,  304. 

costata,  I.  296. 

costellata,  I.  297. 

curta,  I.  297. 

fragilissima,  I.  302. 

gomerensis,  I.  300,  301. 

Gouldiana,  I.  296. 

granulata,  I.  299,  300. 

inflata,  I.  300,  301. 

Jeffreysi,  I.  295. 

lameUifera,  I.  300,  302,  304. 

laticella,  I.  302. 

limatula,  I.  302,  304- 

multicostata,  I.  298. 

notabilis,  I.  300. 

obesa,  I.  295,  303* 

ornatissima,  I.  296. 

paucistriata,  I.  302. 

pectinata,  I.  296. 

pellucida,  I.  295. 

perrostrata,  I.  296. 

ph'lippinensis,  I.  300. 

rostrata,  I.  294. 

semistrigosa,  I.  300,  304. 

striata,  I.  298. 


Neaera  sulcifera,  I.  302. 

teres,  I.  300,  301. 

undata,  I.  302,  304. 
Neilo  dilatata,  I.  255. 
Neilonella,  I.  192,  254. 
Neithea,  I.  206,  222. 
Nembrotha  gratiosa,  II.  453. 
Neosimnia,  II.  20,  234,  235. 
Neptunea,  II.  174. 
Neritina,  II.  341,*  342,  344,  349. 

anomala,  II.  359. 
Neverita,  II.  26,  294. 

duplicata,  II.  296. 

intricata,  II.  294. 

nuhila,  \%.  26,  294- 
Niso,  II.  28,  281,  283,  329. 

aeglees,  II.  28,  330,  331. 
v.  albida,  II.  28,  330. 
v.  circinata,  II.  28,  330. 

imbricata,  II.  331. 

interrupts  II.  28,  330,  331. 

splendidula,  II.  28,  329,  331. 
v.  tricolor,  II.  28,  330. 

Willcoxiana,  II.  28,  331. 
Nitidella,  II.  16,  187, 189. 

cribraria,  II.  189. 

dicbroa,  II.  189. 
v.  dicomata,  II.  16,  1S9. 

filosa,  II.  194. 

laevigata,  II.  189. 

moleculina,  II.  16,  189. 

nitidula,  II.  16,  189. 

parvula,  II.  189. 
Notoplax,  II.  36,  416. 

floridanus,  II.  36,  416,*  417. 

speciosus,  II.  416,  417. 
Nucula,  I.  191,  245  i  II.  377,  434* 

acuta,  I.  251. 

aegeensis,  I.  191,  246. 

cancellata,  I.  248. 

crenulata,  I.  191,  247. 

culebrensis,  I.  247. 

cymella,  I.  191,  246. 
v.  obliterata,  I.  191,  247. 

proxima,  I.  246. 

pusio,  I.  253. 

sulcata,  I.  247. 

tenuis,  I.  246. 

trigona,  I.  248. 

Verrillii,  I.  191,  248 
Nuculana,  I.  245. 
Nuculocardia  divaricata,  I.  235. 


MUSEUM    OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY. 


479 


Obeliscus,  II.  331,  335. 

arenosus,  II.  331. 

candidus,  II.  333. 

crenulatus,  II.  331. 

floridanus,  II.  331. 

hastatus,  II.  332. 

nitidulus,  II.  334. 

8ufarcinatus,  II.  334. 

tessellatus,  II.  331. 

tinctus,  II.  334. 

turritus,  II.  335. 

nuceus,  II  210. 
Ocinebra,  II.  18,  199,  209,  210. 

Cantrainei,  II.  208. 

erinacea,  II.  210,  214. 

scalaroides,  II.  208. 
Odostomia,  II.  334. 

alba,  II.  327. 

fulvocincta,  II.  336. 

nitidula,  II.  334. 

rufa,  II.  336. 

unifasciata,  II.  338. 
Oliva,  II.  12, 183,  PI.  XXXIV  * 

conoidalis,  II.  134. 

litterata,  II.  12, 133,  PI.  XXXIV* 

mutica,  II.  133. 

reticularis,  II.  12,  133. 

Sayana,  II.  133. 
Olivella,  II.  12,  133. 

bullula,  II.  12,  135. 

exigua,  II.  134. 

floralia,  II.  136. 

fuscocincta,  II.  12,  134,  135. 

jaspidea,  II.  12,  134,  135. 

mutica,  II.  12,  133* 

nitidula,  II.  134. 

nymplia,  II.  136. 
v.  rotunda,  II.  12,  134. 

tubutata,  II.  12, 136. 

zonalis,  II.  133. 
Omalalaxis,  II.  276. 
Omalaxis,  II.  24,  276. 

lirata,  II.  278. 

nobilis,  II.  24,  276. 

zanclea,  II.  276. 
Omalaxon,  II  276. 
Omaloxon,  II.  276. 
Ombrella,  II.  60. 
Onchidium,  II.  437. 
Oniscia  oniscus,  II.  231. 
Oniscidia,  II.  20,  231. 

Dennisoni,  II.  20,  231. 
Oocorys,  II.  19,  175,  228,  229,  231,  233. 


Oocorys  abyasorum,  II.  19,  229. 

sulcata,  II.  19,  228,  22y,  230. 
Opalia,  II.  300,  308,  324. 

anomala,  II.  306. 

borealis,  II.  308,  324. 

Gouldii,  II.  308. 

longissima,  II.  324. 

scaeva,  II.  320. 

6ubvaricosa,  II.  320. 

Wroblewskyi,  II.  308,  324. 
Operculatum,  II.  60. 

bermudense,  II.  61. 
Opsichitonia,  II.  36,  414,  416. 
Orbis,  II.  276. 

Pingeli,  II.  276. 
Oscilla,  II.  29,  339. 

annulata,  II.  339. 

nivea,  II.  29,  339,  340. 
Ostrea  fasciata,  I.  224. 

hia^  I.  225. 

spi     \y  ^idea,  I.  227. 

tenuis  lici.ta,  I.  231. 
Otocheilus  mississippiensis,  II.  145. 
Ovula  acicularis,  II.  234. 

carnea,  II.  234. 

carolinensis,  II.  236. 

oblonga,  II.  235. 

patula,  II.  237. 

spelta,  II.  235. 
Ovulactceon,  II.  5,  42,  242. 

Meekii,  II.  5,  43. 
Ovulum  aciculare,  II.  234. 

antillarum,  II.  236. 

arcuatum,  II.  236. 

gibbosum,  II.  237. 

intermedium,  II.  235. 

subrostratum,  II.  236. 

uniplicatum,  II.  235. 
Oxygyrus,  II.  386. 
Oxystele,  II.  378. 

Padollus  Pourtalesii,  II.  395. 
Pallium,  I.  200. 
Pandora,  I.  197,  311. 

brevifrons,  I.  311. 

Bushiana,  I.  197,  311,  312. 

carolinensis,  I.  311,  312. 

depressa,  I.  312. 

floridana,  I.  312. 

glacialis,  I.  311. 

Gouldiana,  I.  197,  312. 

nasuta,  I.  312. 

oblonga,  I.  311. 


480 


BULLETIN   OF  THE 


Pandora  tabacea,  I.  312. 

trilineata,  I.  311. 
Parastarte,  I.  259. 
Parkeria,  II.  300. 
Parmophorus,  II.  345. 
Patella,  II.  347,  411*  450. 
aculeata,  II.  285. 
albicosta,  II.  409. 
antillarum,  II.  343,  409. 
auricula,  II.  284. 
calyptra,  II.  287. 
chinensis,  II.  285. 
compressa,  II.  413. 
confusa,  II.  410. 
cubaniana,  II.  409. 
leucopleura,  II.  409. 
melanoleuca,  II.  409,  410. 
notata,  II.  409. 
porcellana,  II.  285. 
puncturata,  II.  409. 
pustula,  II.  409. 
surinamensis,  II.  409. 
trochiformis,  II.  285. 
Patellidae,  II.  437. 
Payraudeautia,  II.  26,  294. 
Paziella,  II.  199,  200. 
Peccbiolia,  I.  196,  287,  288. 

angulata,  I.  288. 
argentea,  I.  196,  287. 
subquadrata,  I.  272,  273. 

tornata,  I.  281. 
Pecten,  I.  188,  206;*  II.  434  *  455. 

alaskensis,  I.  215. 

antillarum,  I.  188,  206  *  218* 

antiquatus,  I.  213. 

asper,  I.  217. 

caurinus,  I.  188,  206,*  216* 

Clintonius,  I.  216. 

concentricus,  I.  213. 

dislocatus,  I.  188,  216,  217. 

dispar,  I.  219. 

effluens,  I.  188,  219. 

exasperatus,  I.  188,  218. 

fimbriatus,  I.  213. 

furtivus,  I.  219,  220. 

fusco-purpureus,  I.  218. 

hemicyclicus,  I.  207. 

Hoskynsi,  I.  221,  213. 

imbrifer,  I.  189,  214,  220,  221. 

irradians,  I.  206.* 

leptalea,  I.  221. 

lucidum,  I.  212.  [222. 

magellanicus,  I.  188,  206  *  207,  216, 
June  6,  1889. 


Pecten  mammillatus,  I.  220. 
meridionale,  I.  212. 
nodosus,  I.  235. 
noronhensis,  I.  218. 

nucleus,  I.  188,  206*216,  217. 
ornatus,  I.  188,  218. 

Philippii,  I.  217. 

ph-jfjium,  I.  188,  217,  218*  ;  II.  438. 

pleuronectes,  I.  207,  208. 

Pourtalesianum,  I.  212. 

principoides,  I.  216. 

pseudamusium,  I.  219- 

purpuratus,  I.  217. 

pustulosus,  I.  220. 

reticulus,  I.  189,  221. 

rigida,  I.  219. 

Sigsbeei,  I.  189,  223. 

similis,  I.  207. 

tenuicostatus,  I.  216. 

thalassinus,  I.  189,  221. 

Tryoni  (=  P.  glyptus  Ver.),  II.  438. 

ziczac,  I.  207. 
Pectinibrancbiata,  II.  62. 
Pectinium,  1.  208. 
Pectinodonta,  II.  35,  4U-* 

arcuata,  II.  35,  4H- 
Pectunculus,  I.  190. 

angulatus,  I.  238. 

aratus,  I.  239. 
v.  carinatus,  I.  190,  239,  240. 

carolinensis,  I.  238,  239. 

charlestonensis,  I.  239. 

decussatus,  I.  238. 

hirtus,  I.  238. 

lineatus,  I.  238,  239. 

oculatus,  I.  239. 

parilis,  I.  238. 

passus,  I.  238. 

pectinatus,  I.  190,  239. 

pectiniformis,  I.  239. 

pennaceus,  I.  238. 

pilosus,  I.  239. 

quinquerugatus,  I.  238. 

scriptus,  I.  190,  238. 

tricenarius,  I.  238. 

undatus,  I.  190,  238,  239. 

undulatus,  I.  238. 

variegatus,  I.  239. 
Pedicularia,  II.  20,  234,  237,  238* 

albida,  II.  237. 

decussata,  II.  20,  237,  238* 

sicula,  II.  238. 
Periploraa,  I.  197,  305,  308,  309. 


MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY. 


481 


Periploma  angulifera,  I.  305,  306. 

fragilis,  I.  197,  306* 

inaaquivalvis,  I.  305. 

papyracea,  I.  197,  306* 

papyratia.  I.  306. 

undulata,  I.  306. 
Peristichia,  II.  29,  339. 

agria,  II.  29,  340. 

toreta,  II.  29,  339,  340. 
Perna,  II.  450,  451. 

ephippium,  II.  434,  442,  450. 
Perotrochus,  II.  34,  397. 
Perrieria,  II.  200. 
Persicula,  II.  13, 136,  143. 

catenata,  II.  13, 143. 
Persona,  II.  220. 

anus,  II.  220. 
Petaloconchus,  II.  23,  262. 

irregularis,  II.  2G2. 
Petricola,  I.  194,  276. 

divaricata,  I.  194,  276. 
Pharddel/a,  II.  29,  333,  334. 

Folinii,  II.  29,  334. 
Phasianella,  II.  30,  302,  320,  351. 

affinis,  II.  351. 

brevis,  II.  30,  351. 

concinna,  II.  351. 

concolor,  II.  351. 

inflexa,  II.  326,  328. 

pulchella,  II.  351. 

tessellata,  II.  351. 

umbilicata,  II.  351. 
Plmianema,  II.  278. 
Philine,  II.  7,  57. 

amabilis,  II.  59. 

angulata,  II.  58. 

aperta,  II.  58. 

Candeana,  II.  58. 

finmarcliica,  II.  57. 

Jlexuosa,  II.  7,  59. 

infundibulum,  II.  7,  57*  58. 

planata,  II.  7,  58* 

quadrata,  II.  57. 

sagra,  II.  58. 
Phlegmodoris  anceps,  II.  453. 
Pliorus,  II.  290. 
Phos,  II.  15, 177,  178. 

antillarum,  II.  179. 

Beaui,  II.  15,  178*  179,  180. 

Candei,  II.  15,  179. 

erectus,  II.  179. 

Grateloupianus,  II.  179. 

guadeloupensis,  II.  178. 

VOL.  XVIII. 


31 


Phos  intricatus,  II.  15,  180. 

pallidus,  II.  178. 

parvus,  II.  15,  180,  226. 

senticosus,  II.  179,  180. 

unicinctus,  II.  15,  178 

veraguaiinsis,  II.  179. 
Phyllidiopsis  papilligera,  II.  453. 
Phyllonotus,  II.  17,  198,  199. 

fulvescens,  II.  17,  198. 

hystricinus,  II.  17,  200,  205. 

interserratus,  II.  17,  199,  200. 

Pazi,  II.  17,  199. 

pomum,  II.  17,  197,  198. 
Pilidium  fulvum,  II.  412. 
Piliscus  Krebsii,  II.  290. 
Pisania,  II.  15, 177. 

aethiops,  II.  177. 

coromandeliana,  II.  180. 

janeirense,  II.  177. 

maculosa,  II.  177. 

pusio,  II.  177. 

striata,  II.  177. 

tranquebariea,  II.  180. 

undosa,  II.  180. 
Placophorida,  II.  416. 
Platidia,  I.  187,  204. 

anomioides,  I.  187,  204. 
v.  radiata,  I.  187,  204.* 
Plectodon,  I.  196,  299,  300 ;    II.  395. 

granulata,  I.  300. 

scaber,  I.  295,  299. 
v.  velcetina,  I.  300. 
Plejona,  II.  146. 
Pleuronectia,  I.  208. 

lucida,  I.  211. 
Pleurotoma,  II.  8,  72,  303,  455. 

acantliodes,  II.  114. 

albella,  II.  188. 

albida,  II.  8,  72,  73. 

amblia,  II.  92. 

antillarum,  II.  72,  111. 

antonia,  II.  116. 

bandella,  II.  116. 

Barretti,  II.  72. 

buccinoides,  II.  180. 

calliope,  II.  78. 

caribsea,  II.  111. 

cataphracta,  II.  80. 

Catherinae,  II.  100. 

cedonulli,  II.  77,  78. 

chariessa,  II.  122. 

chyta,  II.  115. 

circinata,  II.  99. 


482 


BULLETIN    OF   THE 


Pleurotoma  circumvoluta,  II.  84. 
cirrata,  II.  128. 
cirratum,  II.  128. 
coccinata,  II.  90. 
columbaria,  II.  78. 
columbella,  II.  271. 
comatotropis,  II.  116. 
controversa,  II.  78. 
corticaria,  II.  114. 
Dalli,  II.  92. 
detecta,  II.  84. 
didyma,  II.  79. 
diminuta,  II.  113,  114. 
ebur,  II.  89. 
clusiva,  II.  115. 
exasperata,  II.  88. 
exsculpta,  II.  117. 
extensa,  II.  12G. 
filifera,  II.  123. 
fucata,  II.  89. 
gratula,  II.  110. 
haitensis,  II.  72. 
havanensis,  II.  93. 
hormophora,  II.  106. 
hyp-ela,  II.  91. 
incilis,  II.  110. 
insignis,  II.  99. 
ipara,  II.  115. 
Jelskii,  II.  72. 
Lavalleana,  II.  111. 
leucomata,  II.  120. 
leuccphlegma,  II.  102. 
limacina,  II.  106. 
lissotropis,  II.  91. 
lithocolleta,  II.  95. 
lunata,  II.  95,  96. 
mitrella,  II.  79. 
t.  normalis,  II.  126. 
nucleata,  II.  92. 
oleacina,  II.  94. 
pagoda.  II.  99. 
paria,  II.  89. 
pelagia,  II.  117. 
peripln,  II.  115. 
periscelida,  II.  8,  74- 
perpauxilln,  II.  115,  116. 
polytorta,  II.  85. 
Pourtalesii,  II.  118. 
quadrata,  II.  113. 
serga,  I,  Expl.  PI.  IX.  ;  II.  114. 
Sigsbeei,  II.  76. 
Simpsoni,  II.  91. 
sinuata,  II.  180. 


Pleurotoma  smirna,  II.  94. 

speciosa,  II.  75. 

streptopliora,  II.  126. 

subgrundifera,  II.  76. 

subsida,  II.  118. 
v.  tellea,  II.  8,  72,  73. 

tiara,  II.  116. 

Verrillii,  II.  75,  93. 

Vespuciana,  II.  111. 

vibex,  II.  8,  73. 

virgo,  II.  72. 
Pleurotomaire,  II.  396. 
Pleurotomaria,  I.  185 ;  II.  34,  368,  377, 
396. 

Adansoniana,    II.    34,    400*    434* 
435* 

Quoyana,  II.  34,  397*  400,  401,  402. 
Pleurotomella,  II.  11,  99, 119. 

Agassizii,  II.  11,121. 
v.  agria,  II.  11,  127. 
v.  aresta,  II.  11, 123. 

Bairdii,  II.  122,  123. 

bandella,  II.  116. 
v.  Benedicti,  II.  11, 119. 

Blakeana,  II.  11,  126. 

catasarca,  II.  11, 124,  125. 

chariessa,  IF.  11,  122,  123. 

diomedeae,  II.  110. 

Edgariana,  II.  11,  121,  122,  125. 

Eniertonii,  II.  11,  104,  122. 

extensa,  II.  11,  126. 

Jilifera,  II.  11,  123. 
v.  formosa,  II.  11,  119. 

hadria,  II.  11,  125. 

Jeffrey sii,  II.  122,  123. 

leucomata,  II.  11,  120. 
v.  Malmii,  II.  11,  127,  128. 
v.  mexicana,  II    121. 

Packardi,  II.  11,  99,  119. 
v.phalem,  II.  11, 123. 

Saffordi,  II.  119. 

Sandersoni,  II.  121. 

Sigsbeei,  II.  76. 
v.  spica,  II.  \\,123. 
v.  tellea,  II.  U,  123. 

Verrillii,  II.  75. 
Pleurotomida?,  II.  8,  71* 

larval  shells,  II.  124. 
Plicatula,  I   189. 

marginata,  I.  227. 

ramosa,  I.  227. 

spondyloidea,  I.  189,  227. 
PoJtjconchie,  II.  35,  413. 


MUSEUM    OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY. 


483 


Polynices,  II.  26,  296. 

brunnea,  II.  296. 

mamillaris,  II.  296. 

uberina,  II.  2G,  296. 
Pomatoceras,  II.  418. 
Poromya,  I.  195,  980,*  281,  288,  299;  II. 
01, 395,  441,  446  *  449  *  450*  452* 

cdblda,  I.  195,  282. 

anatinoides,  I.  280,  281. 

australis,  I.  281,  282. 

bulla,  I.  Id5,  2S3;*  11.440* 

elongata,  I.  195,  283;*  II.  440* 

granatina,  I.  316. 

granulata,   I.    195,   280,   281,   282* 
284;  11.443,448* 

laevis,  I.  281. 

mactroides,  II.  443,  448* 

margarita,  I.  195,  2S4- 

nea;roides,  I.  281,  282,  283. 

rotundata,  I.  282. 

sublevis,  I.  281,282;  11.418* 
Poweria,  II.  206. 

scalarina,  II.  208. 
Propeamusium,  I.  188,  206,  210. 
Propilidium,  II.  35,  346,  410,  419. 

ancylohle,  II.  35,  412* 

elegans,  II  412* 

pertenue,  II.  412. 
Proscenula,  II.  284. 
Psepha?a  concinna,  II.  150. 
Pseudamusium,  I.  189,  206,  218,  219. 

pustulosum,  I.  222. 

strigillatum,  II.  438. 

thalassinum,  I.  207,  221. 
Pseudomalaxis,  II.  276. 
Pseudomurex,  II.  212,  217. 
Pseudorotella,  II.  360. 

semistriata,  II.  360,  361. 
Psyclirosoma,  II.  300,  308. 
Ptenoglossa,  II.  27,  299. 
Pteronotus,  II.  17,  201,  203. 

cordismei,  II.  201. 

macropterus,  II.  17,  201. 

phaneus,  II.  17,  201. 

tristichus,  II.  17,  202. 
Pteropurpura  macroptera,  II.  201. 
Ptychosalpinx,  II.  175,  176. 

altile,  II.  176. 

Escheri,  II.  176. 

globulus,  IT.  175. 
Puncturella,  II.  34,  403,  404*405,  412. 

asturiana,  II.  405. 

circularis,  II.  34,  403. 


Puncturella  noacbina,  II.  405. 

rostrata,  II.  404. 

tri folium,  II.  34,  403. 

Watsoni,  II.  34,  403. 
Purpura,  II.  18,  81,  217. 

deltoidea,  II.  217. 

floridana,  II.  217. 

lia?mastoma,  II.  217. 

patula,  II.  217. 

trinidadensis,  II.  217. 

undata,  II.  217. 
Pvramidella,  II.  28,  331,  332,  333,  334, 
335,  339. 

alveata,  II.  331. 

arenosa,  II.  332. 

auricoma,  II.  28,  332. 

Candida,  II.  28,  332,  333,  334. 

conica,  II.  331,  332,  333. 

crenulata,  II.  28,  331,  332  *  333. 

dolabrata,  II.  29,  334. 

Folinii,  II.  29,  334- 

Gundlachi,  II.  333. 

bastata,  II.  331. 

mediterranea,  II.  334. 

minuscula,  II.  334. 

monilifera,  II.  332. 

nitidula,  II.  29,334. 

tessellata,  II.  331. 

variegata,  II.  332. 
Pyrene  strix,  II.  192. 
Pyrgiscus,  II.  301. 
Pyrgulifera,  II.  132. 

Radius,  II.  234. 

Hana,  II.  222. 

Ranella,  II.  206,  209,  212,  223. 

affinis,  II.  224. 

anceps,  II.  206,  207,  224. 

caudata,  II.  202. 

crassa,  II.  224. 

crumena,  II.  223. 

cubaniana,  II.  224. 

gigantca,  II.  224. 

granifera,  II.  224. 

granulata,  II.  224. 

Grayana,  II.  224. 

bastula,  II.  207,  211,  224. 

Iamellosa,  II.  208,  209. 

lanceolata,  II.  225. 

livida,  II.  224. 

murk'iformis,  II.  204. 

pondcrosa,  II.  224. 

producta,  II.  207. 


484 


BULLETIN   OF  THE 


Ranella  pyramidalis,  II.  207. 

rhodostoma,  II.  224. 

siphonata,  II.  223. 

spinosa,  II.  222. 

thomse,  II.  224. 
Ranularia,  II.  19,  226. 

tuberosa,  II.  19,  226. 
Retusa,  II.  6,  49. 

caelata,  II.  45. 

obesiuscula,  II.  6,  49. 

omphalis,  II.  45. 

ovata,  11.  <J,  45,  49. 

sulcata,  II.  45. 
Rhinoclama,  I.  197,  299,  300. 

teres,  I.  .301. 
Rhinomya,  I.  300. 
Rliizocheilus  antipathicus,  II.  218. 

madreporarum,  II.  218,  220. 
Rhizorus',  II.  51.234. 
Ricinula,  II.  217. 
Rimula,  II.  34,  405,  406. 

asturiana,  II.  350,  404 

capuliformis,  II.  404. 

frenulata,  II.  34,  406. 

messanensis,  II.  404. 
Ringicula,  II.  5,  43. 

floridana,  II.  5,  44- 
v.  Guppyi,  II.  5,  44- 

leptocheila,  II.  43,  44. 

nitida,  II.  5,  43. 

peraeuta,  II.  43,  44. 

semistriata,  II.  44. 

tridentata,  II.  44. 
Ringiculina,  II.  5,  43. 
Rissoa,  II.  25,  279. 

aculeus,  II.  280. 

acuticostata,  II.  25,  280. 

apicina,  II.  280. 

arenaria,  II.  280. 

areolata,  II.  280. 

australis,  II.  280. 

brycliia,  II.  280. 

carinata,  II.  280. 

eastanea,  II.  280. 

coronata,  II.  320. 

deliciosa,  II.  280. 

harpa,  II.  280. 

Jan-Mayeni,  II.  280. 

leptalea,  II.  280. 

melanura,  II.  258. 

pelagiea,  II.  280. 

precipitata,  II.  25,275. 

pyrrhias,  II.  280. 


Rissoa  Sandersoni,  II.  280. 

syngenes,  II.  280. 

tenuisculpta,  II.  280. 

tervaricosa,  II.  258. 

turgida,  II.  280. 

xanthias,  II.  280. 
Rissoina,  II.  25,  281,  340. 

albida,  II.  25,  2S1. 

bryerea,  II.  281. 

cancellata,  II.  281. 

Catesbyana,  II.  281. 

Chesnelii,  II.  25,  2S1. 

decussata,  II.  25,  281. 

denticulata,  II.  317. 

laevigata,  II.  25,  281. 

multicostata,  II.  281. 

Philippiana,  II.  281. 

pulchra,  II.  281. 

Sagraiana,  II.  281. 

scalarella,  II.  281. 

scalaroides,  II.  281. 

striatocostata,  II.  281. 

striosa,  II.  281. 
Rotella,  II.  358. 
Rupicola,  I.  306. 

Sabalia,  II.  53. 
Sabatia,  II.  0,  53. 

batlu/mojihila,  II.  6,  53. 

Isseli,  II.  53,  54. 
Sandalium,  ll.  25,  285,  286. 
Saturnia,  I.  192,  253. 
Saxicava,  I.  198,  317. 

azaria,  I.  198,  317. 

rugosa,  I.  317. 
Scala,  II.  27,  299,  300,  301,  306  *  455. 

apiculata,  II.  27,  310. 

aurfjila,  II.  28,  322. 

babylonia,  II.  27,  311,  312. 
v.  bahamensis,  II.  317. 

belaurita,  II.  27,  316. 
v.  biearinata,  II.  28,  321. 

centiquadra,    II.  27,  311,   315,  317, 
318. 

clathratula,  II.  309,  315. 

clathrus,  II.  27,  300,  305,  306,*  309, 
311,  314. 

communis,  II.  306.* 

commutata,  II.  311. 

concava,  II.  28,  323. 

contorquata,  II.  27,  318. 

costulata,  II.  27,  307. 

Dalliana,  II.  27,  312,  315. 


MUSEUM    OF    COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY. 


485 


Scala  decussata,  II.  312,  313. 

denticulata,  II.  317. 

Diana?,  II.  317. 

discobolaria,  II.  28,  324. 

dubia,  II.  313. 

Dunkeriana,  II.  27,  315. 

eburnea,  II.  27,  315. 

formosissima,  II.  27,  319. 

Frielei,  II.  27,  313. 

grandis,  II.  302. 

hellenica,  II.  27,  320,  321. 

hyalina,  II.  316. 

Krebsii,  II.  27,  318. 

lamellosa,  II.  311. 
v.  Leeana,  II.  27,  321. 

lineata,  II.  27,  307* 

maculata,  II.  302. 

modesta,  II.  27,  311. 
v.  Morchiana,  II.  28,  321,  322. 

multistriata,  II.  27,  309*  310. 

muscapedia,  II.  27,  314- 

nitidella,  II.  27,  314. 
v.  nodosocarinata,  II.  27,  321. 

notha,  II.  302. 

permodesta,  II.  27,  311. 

pernobilis,  II.  27,  316*  317. 

polacia,  II.  27,  319. 

Pourtalesii,  II.  27,  317. 
v.  pumilio,  II.  27,  320,  321. 

retlfera,  II.  27,  312. 

Rushii,  II.  27,  313. 

Sayana,  II.  27,  306*  307,  309 * 
v.  scfflva,  II.  27,  320,  321. 

scipio,  II.  27,  310. 

sericijila,  II.  27,  313. 

soluta,  II.  315. 
V.  stylina,  II.  27,  313. 

subvaricosa,  II.  321. 

Swiftii,  II.  318. 

Trevelyana,  II.  306  * 

turricula,  II.  318. 

uncinaticosta,  II.  27,  SIS 

undecimcostata,  II.  311. 

venosa,  II.  311. 
Scalaria,  II.  299,  300,  303,  304,  305. 

aciculina,  II.  310. 

acuminata,  II.  300. 

angulata,  II.  309. 

australis,  II.  300. 

bicarinata,  II.  320. 

borealis,  II.  308. 

clathratula,  II.  315. 

clathrus,  II.  300,  301. 


Scalaria  cochlea,  II.  300. 

communis,  II.  299,  300,  309. 

costulata,  II.  308. 

crassilabris,  II.  320. 

crassilabrum,  II.  320. 

decussata,  II.  312. 

dubia,  II.  313. 

Eschrichtii,  II.  300,  308. 

formosissima,  II.  319. 

fragilis,  II.  315. 

hellenica,  II.  320. 

Humphreysii,  II.  309. 

inconspicua,  II.  300. 

lamellosa,  II.  302,  311. 

Leeana,  it.  320. 

leptalea,  II.  309. 

lineolata,  II.  314. 

magnifica,  II.  300. 

modesta,  II.  311. 

multistriata,  II.  309* 

pachypleura,  II.  300. 

pernobilis,  II.  316. 

Pourtalesii,  II.  317. 

pretiosa,  II.  299,  300,  301,  375. 

Scacchii,'  II.  320. 

scalaris,  II.  300. 

semidisjuncta,  II.  314. 

soluta,  II.  315. 

6ubvaricosa,  II.  320. 

trinodosa,  II.  300. 

triquintinaria,  II.  300. 

turbinata,  II.  309. 

uncinaticosta,  II.  318. 

unifasciata,  II.  300. 

varicosa,  II.  300. 

varicostata,  II.  300. 
Scalarus,  II.  299. 
Scalatarius,  II.  299. 
Scalina,  II.  300,  301. 

triquintinaria,  II.  300. 
Scaliola,  II.  300,  306. 

bella,  II.  300. 
Scaphander,  II.  6,  52. 

gracilis,  II.  54. 

librarius,  II.  52. 

lignarius,  II.  52,  53. 

niveus,  II.  54. 

nobilis,  II.  53. 

punctostriatus,  II.  6,  52. 

Watsoni,  II.  6,  52. 
Scaphella,  II.  13,  144,  147 *  451,  452* 

ancilla,  II.  145,  147. 

concinna,  II.  150,  151. 


436 


BULLETIN   OF   THE 


Scaphella  demissa,  II.  150. 

dubia,  II.  144,  150,  154. 

Gouldiana,  II.  144,  154-. 

junonia,  II.   13,  67,  US,   152,   153, 
154,  156. 

Lamberti,  II.  145. 

lyrifonnis,  II.  150. 

magellanica,  II.  452.* 

megaspira,  II.  150,  151. 

mutabilis,  II.  152,  154. 

Newcombiana,  II.  145. 

Frevostiana,  II.  150,  151. 

robusta,  II.  144. 

scapha,  II.  15G. 

Stearnsii,  II.  145,  151,  155* 

undulata,  II.  148. 
Schismatobranchia,  II.  341* 
SchizochitonidcR,  II.  416. 
Schizoplax,  II.  416 
Schizotroelius,  II.  33,  396. 
Scissurella,  II.  33,  396. 

alta,  II.  33,  396. 

crispata,  II.  33,  396. 
Scobinella,  II.  98. 

caelata,  II.  98. 
Scoliostoma,  II.  301. 
Sconsia,  II.  20,  230,  231,  232. 

striata,  II.  20,  232. 
Scurria,  II.  436  *  450* 
Scutella,  II.  342  * 
Scutellina,  II.  29, 342*  343,  410,  411,  437. 

antillarum,  II.  30,  342,  343* 

crenulata,  II.  342. 

ferruginea,  II.  342. 
Seguenzia,  II.  23,  268,  274,  383,  385,  403. 

carinata,  II.  383. 

delicatula;  II.  384. 

elegans,  II.  383. 

eritima,  II.  269. 

formosa,  II.  268,  269. 

ionica,  II.  23,  268. 

rnonocingulata,  II.  23,  268. 

nitida,  II.  269. 

trispinosa,  II.  268,  383. 
Seila,  II.  22,  250. 

dextroversus,  II.  250. 

tcrebralis,  11.22,2.50,  251* 
Semele,  I.  195,  279. 

caneellata,  I.  195,  279. 

obliqua,  I.  195,  279. 
Seminella  Stearnsii,  II.  194. 
Separatista,  II.  24,  277. 

cingulata,  II.  24,  277* 


Serpula  lumbricalis,  II.  261,  453. 
Sigaretus,  II.  26,  297*  298,  360. 

antillarum,  II.  297. 

depressus,  II.  297. 

haliotoideus,  II.  297. 

maculatus,  II.  297. 

martinianus,  II.  297. 

minor,  II.  26,  297. 

perspective,  II  297,*  360. 

problematicus,  II.  298. 

zonatus,  II.  297. 
Silenia,  II.  441,447,  451. 

Sarsii,  II.  447. 
Siliquaria,  II.  23,  259. 

modesta,  II.  23,  260. 

ruber,  II.  259. 

squamata,  II.  23,  260. 
Simnia,  II.  20,  234. 

acicularis,  II.  20,  234. 

aureociucta,  II.  20,  236. 

intermedia,  II.  20,  235. 

lanceolata,  II.  235,  237. 

niceensis,  II.  237. 

piragua,  II.  20,  235. 

purpurea,  II.  237. 

spelta,  II.  236,  237. 

uniplieata,  II.  20,  234,  235,  237. 
Sinusigera,  II.  124. 
Sipho,  II.  15,  174- 

Bocagei,  II.  174. 

caslatulus,  II.  174. 

globulus,  II.  15,  175,  170.* 

glyptus,  II.  166,  169. 

profundicola,  II.  174. 

Rushii,  II.  15,  175. 

Sarsii,  II.  174. 
Siphonaria,  II.  437. 
Siphonodentalium,  II.  428. 

quadridentatum,  II.  428. 
Sistrum,  II.  18,  217. 

ferrugineum,  II.  217. 

nodulosum,  II.  217. 

roseum,  II.  217. 
v.  rubidum,  II.  18,  217. 
Skenea  lirata,  II.  278. 

trilix,  II.  278. 
Solariella,  II.  32,  374,  377,  S78. 

segleis,  II.  32,  379,  380,  381. 

affinis,  II.  380. 

amabilis,  II.  32,  378,  379. 

eincta,  II.  380. 
v.  clavata,  II.  32,  3S0. 
v.  depressa,  II.  32,  3S2. 


MUSEUM    OF    COMPARATIVE    ZOOLOGY. 


487 


Solariella  infundibulum,  II.  32,  SSO,  381* 
v.  iridea,  II.  32,  382. 

iris,  II.  32,  382. 

lacunella,  II.  32,  381,  382. 

lamellosa,  II.  32,  379,  380. 
V.  lata,  II.  32,  SSO. 

lissocona,  II.  32,  3S1. 

lubrica,  II.  32,  382. 

maculata,  II.  379,  380,  381. 

Ottoi,  II.  32,  380,  3S1. 

peregrina,  II.  380. 

rhina,  II.  32,  380. 

scabnusada,  II.  32,  379. 
Solarium,  II.  24,  274. 

borealis,  II.  270. 

granulatum,  II.  24,  2 74- 

liemispherieum,  II.  275. 

nobile,  II.  274. 

peracutum,  II.  24,  275. 

peregrina,  II.  380. 

reticulatum,  II.  385. 

Sifjsbeei,  II.  24,  275. 

turbinoides,  II.  370. 

verrucosum,  II.  274. 
Solenella,  I.  248. 
Solenosmilia  variabilis,  II.  237. 
Sjihena  alternata,  I.  207. 
Spirotropis,  II.  62,  94,  133. 
Spondylus,  I.  189,  227. 

Gussoni,  I.  1S9,  227. 
Stectoplax,  II.  417. 

porrectus,  II.  417. 
Stenoplax,  II.  35,  $15. 

limaeiformis,  II.  415. 
Sthenorhytis,  11.300. 

belaurita,  II.  31G. 

pachypleura,  II.  300. 

pernobilis,  II.  316. 
Stigmaulax  sulcata,  II.  296. 
Stomatia  azonea,  II.  298. 
Strigatella,  II.  163. 
Stylopsis,  II.  29,  338. 
Styloptigma,  II.  335. 

turrita,  II.  335. 
Subemarginula,  II.  34,  407. 
oetoradiata,  II.  34,^7. 
Subula,  II.  8,  62. 
Subularia,  II.  328. 
Surcula  gonioides,  II.  77,  125. 

staminea,  II.  77. 
Sychar,  II.  21,  242,  247. 
Syncyclonema,  I.  219. 
Syndosmyn,  I.  278. 


Syndosmya  lioica,  I.  278. 

longicallis,  I.  278. 
Syrnola,  II.  29,  333,  335,  339. 

nitidula,  II.  334. 

pulcbella,  II.  331,  333. 

Taehyrhynchus,  II.  274. 
Tamiodon,  I.  198,  315. 
Tapes  turgida,  II.  440. 
Taranis,  11.11,99, 128. 

cirrata,  II.  11,  128. 

Morchii,  II.  127,  12S. 

pulehella,  II.  11G. 
v.  tornata,  II.  127,  128. 
Tectura,  II.  345. 

adunea,  II.  345. 

galeola,  II.  346. 

pusilla,  II.  345. 

rugosa,  II.  346. 
Teinostoma,  II.  31,  359,  3G0. 

cryptospira,  II.  361. 

politum,  II.  350. 

semistriata,  II.  3G0,  361. 
Tellina,  I.  194,^77. 

Antoni,  I.  194,  277;  II.  440. 

cuspidata,  I,  292. 

Gouldii,  I.  195,  278. 

obliqua,  I.  279. 

plectrum,  I.  195,  277. 

Souleyetiana,  II.  440. 

squamifera,  I.  194,  277 ;  II.  440. 

sybaritica,  I.  195,  277;  II.  440. 

tenera,  I.  195,  277. 

tenta,  II.  440. 
Tenagodes,  II.  259. 
Tenagodus,  II.  259. 
Terebra,  II.  7,  62,  302,  303. 

aciculata,  II.  7,  62. 
v.  acrioi\  II.  8,  66. 

bentkalis,  II.  8,  6$,  65. 

cancellata,  II.  06. 

casta,  II.  62. 

cinerea,  II.  8,  62. 

concava,  II.  8,  63,  64.* 

dislocata,  II.  8,  63,  64* 

flava,  II.  66. 

jloridana,  II.  8,  63. 

"liastata,  II.  8,  62. 

jamaicensis,  II.  62. 

limatula,  II.  8,  63,  66. 
v.  lutescens,  II.  8,  63,  65,  66. 

Metcalfei,  II.  194. 

nassida,  II.  8, 63,  66. 


488 


BULLETIN   OF   THE 


Terebra  obesa,  II.  62. 

Petitii,  II.  64. 

protexta,  II.  8,  63,  65. 

rudis,  II.  64. 

Kushu,  II.  8,  64,  65. 

salleana,  II.  62. 

subulata,  II.  62. 

triseriata,  II.  63. 

v.  vinosa,  II.  8,  63,  64. 

Terebratula,  I.  187,  199. 

Bartletti,  I.  187,  200. 

cubensis,  I.  187,  199,  200,  201. 

incerta,  I.  187,  201* 

Moseleyi,  I.  187,  199. 

Murrayi,  I.  202. 

scilke,  I.  201. 

siracusana,  I.  201. 

sphenoidea,  I.  201. 

vitrea,  I.  201. 
Terebratulina,  I.  187,  202. 

Cailleti,  I.  187,  202,  203  ;  II.  350. 

caputserpentis,  I.  202. 
Tethys  leporina,  II.  45" 
Thala,  II.  162. 
Thalotia,  II.  366,  374. 
Tharsis,  II.  361. 
Thecidium,  I.  187,  20$. 

Barretti,  I.  187,  205. 

mediterraneum,  I.  187,  20$. 
Thetis,  I.  261. 
Thracia,  I.  197,  284,  306,  307,  309. 

Conradi,  I.  307. 

convexa,  I.  307. 

corbuloidea,  I.  197,  307. 

distorta,  I.  197,  307. 

nitida,  I.  281,  283* 

phaseolina,  I.  197,  307,  308. 

rugosa,  I.  308. 

Stimpsoni,  I.  197,  307. 
Thyca  crystallina,  II.  287. 
Tiberia,  II.  29,  334. 

nitidula,  II.  334. 
Tindaria,  I.  192,  253,  254  ;  H  438. 
Torcula,  II.  23,  264. 
Torinia,  II.  276. 
Tornatella  Cumingi,  II.  40,  41. 

punctata,  II.  40. 

punctostriata,  II.  40. 

pusilla,  II.  39. 

textilis,  II.  40. 
Tornatina,  II.  6,  44,  45. 

bullata,  II.  45. 

canaliculata,  II.  45. 


Tornatina  Candei,  II.  45. 

coix-lacryma,  II.  45. 

recta,  II.  45. 

spatha,  II.  45. 
Toxoglossa,  II.  62. 
Transennella,  I.  274. 
Trichotropis,  II.  24,  131,  132,  268,  269 

migrans,  II.  270. 
Triforis,  II.  21,  242,  243,  455. 

abrupta,  II.  22,  248,  249. 
v.  aspera,  II.  21,  245,  246. 

bigemraa,  II.  21,  247,  248. 

colon,  II.  21,  245,  247. 

cylindrella,  II.  22,  248,  250. 

decorata,  II.  248. 
v.Jilata,  II.  22,  248,249. 

hircus,  II.  22,  248,  249. 
v.  ibex,  II.  22,  248,  249. 

inflata,  II.  22,  247,  248,  249. 
v.  intermedia,  II.  21,  244,  245,  247. 

lilacina,  II.  21,  243. 

longissima,  II.  21,  245,  246. 

mirabilis,  II.  243,  245. 

modesta,  II.  244. 
v.  nigrocincta,  II.  21,  243,  244. 
v.  olivacea,  II.  21,  244. 

ornata,  II.  244. 

perversa,  II.  243,  245. 

ruber,  II.  243. 

Rushii,  II.  21,  246. 

samana,  II.  21,247,248. 

sarissa,  II.  21,  245,  247. 

torticula,  II.  22,  248,  249. 

triserialis,  II.  21,  245,  246. 

turris-thoma;,  II.  21,  243,  244. 

violacea,  II.  243. 
Trigona,  II.  299. 
Trigonia,  I.  185. 
Trigoniluna,  I.  286. 
Trigone-stoma,  II.  12,  129. 

Agassizii,  II.  12,  130. 

microscopica ,  II.  12,  131. 

Smithii,  II.  12,  129. 

tenera,  II.  12, 129. 
Trigonulina,  I.  195,  286,  287. 

ornata,  I.  195,  286,  290. 
Triptychus,  II.  266,  334,  339. 

niveus,  II.  339. 
Tritia  integra,  II.  132. 
Triton,  II.  206,  209,  225.     (See  also  Tri- 
tonium.) 

americanum,  II.  227. 

antillarum,  II.  226. 


MUSEUM    OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY. 


489 


Triton  brasilianum,  II.  227. 

cancellinus,  II.  221. 

Cantrainei,  II.  208,  211. 

chlorostomum,  II.  226. 

clathratum,  II.  221. 

eximium,  II.  180. 

eximius,  II.  226. 

gracile,  II.  227. 

Hneolatus,  II.  226. 

Martinianum,  II.  227. 

nodulus,  II.  226. 

obscurus,  II.  226. 

parvus,  II.  180,  226. 

pileare,  II.  227. 

pulchellus,  II.  226. 

pyriformis,  II.  226. 

Swiftii,  II.  226. 

tuberosum,  II.  226 

Veliei,  II.  227. 

vespaceus,  II.  227. 
Tritonidea,  II.  15,  177,  183,  213. 

auritula,  II.  177. 

cancellaria,  II.  129,  177. 

coromandeliana,  II.  177. 

D'Orbignyi,  II.  177. 

floridana,  II.  177. 

Haneti,  II.  177. 

lauta,  II.  177. 

limbata,  II.  15,  165,  175,  177. 

ringens,  II.  177. 

tincta,  II.  177. 

variegata,  II.  177. 

viverratoides,  II.  177. 
Tritonium,  II.  19,  209,  212,  221,  225,  228. 

cynocephalus,  II.  226. 

femorale,  II.  228. 

gemmatum,  II.  228. 

labiosum,  II.  228. 

lanceolatum,  II.  225. 

Loebbeckii,  II.  228. 

Loroisii,  II.  228. 

maculosum,  II.  225. 
v.  nobilis,  II.  225. 

olearium,  II.  226. 

Poulsenii,  II.  228. 

rubeeula,  II.  228. 

tritonis,  II.  225. 

vespaceus,  II.  228. 
Trivia,  II.  21,  240. 
v.  alba,  II.  241. 

approximans,  II.  241. 

armandina,  II.  240. 

candidula,  II.  21,  240. 


Trivia  cimex,  II.  240. 
globosa,  II.  21,  241. 
labiosa,  II.  240. 
nivea,  II.  21,  £40. 
olorina,  II.  241. 
oryza,  II.  240. 
pediculus,  II.  21,  240. 
pilula,  II.  241. 
puilata,  II.  240. 
v.  rotunda,  II.  2\,  241. 
spbserula,  II.  241. 
subrostrata,  II.  21,  240. 
suffusa,  II.  21,  240. 
Trocbatella,  II.  286. 
Trocbita,  II.  285,  286. 
Trochococblea  monocingulata,  II.  269. 
Troclius  asgleis,  II.  380,  381. 
amabilis,  II.  378. 
cancellatus,  II.  361. 
cinctus,  II.  379,  382. 
clavatus,  II.  380. 
conchyliophorus,  II.  290. 
conulus,  II.  363. 
fulgidus,  II.  393. 
infundibulum,  II.  380. 
javanicus,  II.  369. 
jujubinus,  II.  369. 
Ottoi,  II.  380,  381. 
peregrinus,  II.  380. 
perversus,  II.  243. 
pulcber,  II.  366. 
punctatus,  II.  252,  253. 
rhina,  II.  380. 
rhysus,  II.  380. 

Schrammi,  II.  387. 

solarioides,  II.  358. 

tiara,  II.  365. 

Vaillanti,  II.  381. 

zonamestus,  II.  3G9. 
Tropbon,  II    18,  199,  200,  202,  203,  204, 
205,  206,  209,  210,  212,  291. 

aculeatus,  II.  205,  206. 

clavatus,  II.  205,  206. 

coronatus,  II.  204. 

Dalli,  II.  204. 

Gerversianus,  II.  204,  205. 

Goodericbii,  II.  204. 

Goodridgei,  II.  204. 

Lintoni,  II.  205,  219. 

Morchii,  II.  128. 

multilamellosa,  II.  205. 

muriciformis,  II.  204. 

vaginatus,  II.  205. 


490 


BULLETIN   OF   THE 


Tropidomi/a,  I.  197,  301. 

abbreviate  I.  197,  302. 
Tropidophora,  I.  301. 
Trubatsa,  II.  18,  215. 
Tubiola,  II.  386. 

divisa,  II.  394. 
Tugurium,  II.  26,  291. 
Tulotoma,  II.  378. 
Turbinella  pyrum,  II.  156. 
Turbo  Briareus,  II.  388* 

carinatus,  II.  352. 

clathrus,  II.  299,  302,  305. 

decussatus,  II.  281. 

delpbinus,  II.  304. 

filosus,  II.  352. 

indutus,  II.  352. 

lacteus,  II.  335. 

mammilla,  II.  352. 

moniliferus,  II.  379. 

pulchella,  II.  351. 

sanguineus,  II.  351. 

scalaris,  II.  299,  301,  303,  304,  305. 
Turbona,  II.  299,  300,  301. 
Turbonella,  II.  335. 
Turbonilla,  II.  29,  304,  335,  338,  339 

belotheca,  II.  29,  335. 

curta,  II.  29,  337. 

flavocineta,  II.  29,  336. 
v.  fulvocincta,  II.  29,  336,  337* 

paucistriata,  II.  33(5. 

punicea,  II.  336. 

pusilla,  II.  29,  337. 

Kiisei,  II.  336. 

rufa,  II.  336. 

Smithii,  II.  338. 

virga,  II.  336. 

viridaria,  II.  336. 
Turcicula,  II.  32,  341,  350,  376*  456. 

Bairdii,  II.  341*575.* 

imperialis,  II.  32,  376. 
Turricula,  II.  157,  159,  160,  163. 
Turris,  II.  161. 

Candida,  II.  72. 

virgo,  II.  72. 
Turritella,  II.  23,  264,  266,  274,  302,  303. 

acropora,  II.  23,  264- 

alternata,  II.  257. 

costulata,  II.  307. 

exoleta,  II.  23,  264,  265. 

gregaria,  II.  301. 

imbrieata,  II.  23,  265. 

interrupta,  II.  336. 

pagoda,  TT  265 


Turritella  variegata,  II.  265. 

yucatecana,  II.  265. 
Tylodina,  II.  60. 

excentriea,  II.  344. 
Typbis,  II.  18,  194,  201,  214,  215,*  210. 

alatus,  II.  215. 

areuatus,  II.  215,  216. 

cancellatus,  II.  215. 

duplicatus,  II.  215. 

expansus,  II.  215. 

fistulosus,  II.  215,  216. 

floridanus,  II.  18,  216. 

japonicus,  II.  215. 

longicornis,  II.  18,  216. 

Sowerbyi,  II.  215. 

tetrapterus,  II.  215,  216. 
Typhlomangilia  lithocolleta,  II.  95. 

Tanneri,  II  125. 

Umbella,  II.  60. 
Umbonium,  II.  31,  356,  35S. 

Baud ii,  II.  31,  359,  378. 
Umbraculum,  II.  7,  59,  61. 

bermudense,  II.  7,  60. 

mediterraneum,  II.  60. 

umbrella,  II.  60. 
Umbrella,  II.  59,  60. 
Unio,  II.  456. 
Unionum,  II.  374. 
Urosalpinx,  II.  18,211,224. 

carolinensis,  II.  18,  166,  170,  214- 

cinereus,  II.  18,211,224. 

floridanus,  II.  212. 

macra,  II.  18,  214. 

perrugatus,  II.  18,  166,  212,  214- 

tampaensis,  II.  18,  210,  214- 
Utriculus,  II.  6,  45,  46,  455. 

biplieatus,  II.  46. 

conulus,  II.  49. 

domitus,  II.  6,  45,  47,  48. 

Frielei,  II.  6,  45,  47. 

Gouldii,  II.  45. 

leucus,  II.  47. 

Masai,  II.  6,  45,  46. 

oliviformis,  II.  48. 

pertenuis,  II.  45. 

pervius,  II.  6,  45,  4$- 

spatlia,  II.  48. 

vortex,  II.  6,  45,  47,  48. 

Valvata,  II.  299,  304. 
Venerifflossa,  I.  194,  275  ;  II  440. 
coniformis,  II  440. 


MUSEUM    OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY. 


491 


Veneriglossa  vesica,  I.  194,  275. 
Venilia,  II.  328. 
Venus,  I.  194,  276. 

cancellata,  I.  194, 276. 
coniformis,  II.  440. 
cubaniana,  I.  260. 
dysera,  I.  276. 
inaequivalvis,  I.  276. 
pilula,  I   194,  276. 
pygmaea,  I.  194,  276. 
trapezoidalis,  I.  276. 
Vermetus,  II.  23,  260,  261,  282,  263. 
Adansonii,  II.  453. 
erectus,  II.  23,  262,  263* 
irregularis,  II.  261. 
lumbricalis,  II.  261. 
nigricans,  II.  261,  262. 
radicula,  II.  453. 
spiratus,  II.  453. 
varians,  II.  261. 
Vermicularia,  II.  23,  260,  261,  264. 
Adansonii,  II.  453. 
lumbricalis,  II.  23,  261,  262,  453. 
nigricans,  II.  23,  261  ,*  262. 
radicula,  II.  453. 
spirata,  II.  453. 
Vertagus  Kochii,  II.  259. 
Verticordia,    I.   195,   280*  281,*  285* 
286,  287,  288  ;  II.  437*  441*  445, 
449,  450. 
acuticostata,  I.  195,  285*  286,  28S ; 

II.  446. 
australiensis,  I.  290. 
caelata,  I.  286,  290. 
cardiiformis,  I.  286. 
Deshayesiana,  I.  286. 
elegantissima,   I.    196,  286,  291;    II. 

440. 
Fischenana,  I.  287,  291. 
flexuosa,  I.  286. 
gra>nifera,  I.  286. 
granulata,  I.  287,  292. 
japonica,  I.  286. 
novemcostata,  I.  286. 
orbiculata,  I.  267. 
ornata,  I.  195,  290. 
parisiensis,  I.  286. 
perversa,  I.  195,  286,  289  ;  II.  440. 
Seguenzm,  I.  195,  280,  290. 
tornata,  I.  286  ;  II.  446. 
trapezoidea,  I.  287,  290,  291,  292. 
Woodii,  I.  195,  286,  289. 
Vesicomija,  I.  194,  272  ;  II.  439. 


Vesicomya  atlantica,  I.  194,  274,  275. 

cytherioides,  II.  439. 

pilula,  I.  194. 

Smithii,  II.  439. 

subquadrata,  I.  194. 

venusta,  I.  194;  11.439. 
Viriola,  II.  250. 

Vitrinella,  II.  33,  222,  359,  360,  361, 392, 
394. 

gemma,  II.  393. 

Holmesii,  II.  33,  360,  392. 

multicarinata,  II.  33,  273,  361,  392. 

valvatoides,  II.  359. 
Vivipara,  II.  304,  305,  378. 
Volusia,  II.  331. 
Voluta,  II.  13,  146,  453. 

angulata,  II.  144. 

chlorosina,  II.  147. 

costata,  II.  145. 

demissa,  II.  144. 

dubia,  II.  151. 

floridana,  II.  144. 

fulva,  II.  147. 

Gouldiana,  II.  154. 

hebraea,  II.  146. 

jaspidea,  II.  134. 

junonia,  II.  144,  148,  150. 

Lamberti,  II.  145. 

mississippiensis,  II.  145. 

muricina,  II.  150. 

musica,  II.  13,  144,  145,  146, 149. 

mutabilis,  II.  144,  150,  151. 

Neweombiana,  II.  144. 

obtusa,  II.  144. 

pallida,  II.  142. 

polyzonalis,  II.  147. 

pusio,  II.  147. 

reticula,  II.  129. 

solitaria,  II.  144. 

Stearnsii,  II.  155. 

Trenholmii,  II.  144. 

vespertilio,  II.  148. 

vexillum,  II.  148,  155. 

virescens,  II.  13,  146,  147. 
Volutella,  II.  13,  l'36, 142. 

agger,  II.  143. 

amianta,  II.  13,  143. 

hadria,  II.  13,  142,  143. 

lacrimula,  II.  13, 142. 
ovuliformis,  II.  143. 
Volutidee,  II.  144. 
Volutifusus,  II.  150. 
dubius,  II.  151. 


492 


BULLETIN    OF   THE   MUSEUM   OF   COMPAKATIVE  ZOOLOGY. 


Volutilithes,  II.  144,  145. 
Volutolyria,  II.  146. 
Volutopsis,  II.  452. 
Volutomitra  gronlandica,  II.  145.* 

wandoensis,  II.  160. 
Volvaria  pallida,  II.  142. 
Volvarina,  II.  13,  136,  141. 

albolineata,  II.  13,  141- 

avena,  II.  13,141,  142. 
v.  guttula,  II.  13,  141. 

pallida,  II.  13,  142. 

subtriplicata,  II.  13, 142. 

varia,  II.  141,  142. 
Volvula,  II.  6,  50. 

acuminata,  II.  50. 

acuta,  II.  6,  50. 

aspinosa,  II.  6,  51. 

Bushii,  II.  6,  51. 

eburnea,  II.  55. 

rninuta,  II.  50. 

oxytata,  II.  6,  50. 

persimilis,  II.  50. 

recta,  II.  50. 


Vulcanomya,  I.  196,  299. 
Smithii,  I.  196,  299. 

Waldheimia,  I.  202. 

floridana,  I.  202. 
Williamia  Gussoni,  II.  290. 

Krebsii,  II.  290. 

Xenophora,  II.  26,  290. 

caperata,  II.  291. 

cariba>a,  II.  26,  290,  291* 

conchyliophora,  II.  26,  290. 
Xylophaga,  I.  198,  317,  318. 

abyssorum,  I.  198,  317. 

Yoldia,  I.  191,  248,  253. 
liorkina,  I.  191,  248. 
solenoides,  I.  191,  248. 

Zierliana,  II.  163. 
Zizyphinus,  II.  363. 

euglyptus,  II.  363. 

tiara,  II.  365. 
Zoological  Miscellany,  II.  375. 


June  8,  1889. 


PLATE   X. 


Fig.  1.  Gymnvbela  Blakeana  Dall ;  8.25.     Fage  126. 

2.  Gymnobela  extensa  Dall  ;  12.25.     Page  126. 

3.  Manrjilia  bandella  Dall ;  9.37.     Page  116. 

4.  Mangil ia  antonia  Dall  ;  5.75.     Page  116. 

5.  Lcucosyrinx  Verrillii  Dall  ;  36.0.     Page  75. 

6.  Drillia  pohjtorta  Dall;  33.5.      Page  85. 

7.  Drillia  acestra  Dall  ;  19.0.     Page  87. 

8.  Drillia  albicoma  Dall  ;  25.7.     Page  83. 

9.  Pleurotomella  Emertonii  Verrill  &  Smith  ;  34.0.     Page  122. 

10.  Daphnella  reticulosa  Dall  ;  11.5.     Page  103. 

11.  Daphnella  softa  Dall,  outer  lip  imperfect  ;  8.0.     Page  107. 

12.  Mangilia?  scipio  Dall,  outer  lip  imperfect  ;  14.0.     Page  117. 


Note.  —The  figures  denote  the  actual  length  in  millimeters  of  the  longest  diameter  of  the  speci- 
mens as  figured,  whether  that  be  the  height  or  the  breadth,  except  where  otherwise  stated. 


BLAKE  MOLLUSCA. 


PLATE    X. 


McConnell  del 


Photo  Lith   by  L.S.Punderson  &.  Son.  NewWave".  Conn. 


it 

;.  1. 

2. 

it 

3. 

a 

4. 

(t 

5. 

tt 

6. 

t  i 

7. 

i  t 

8. 

a 

9. 

(c 

10. 

a 

11. 

a 

12. 

1 1 

13. 

a 

14. 

1 1 

15. 

i  i 

16. 

«< 

17. 

1 1 

18. 

PLATE   XI. 

Drillia  nuchata  Dall  ;  13.5.     Page  92. 

Drillia  Verrillii  Dall ;  5.5.     Page  93. 

Drillia  lissotropis  Dall,  young  ;  4.5.     Page  91. 

Drillia  lissotropis  Dall,  adult ;  7.0.     Page  91. 

Drillia  havanensis  Dall  ;  9.0.     Page  93. 

Drillia  lithocolleta  Watson,  young  ;  12.5.     Page  95. 

Drillia  smirna  Dall ;  15.0.     Page  94. 

Drillia  oleacina  Dall  ;  10.0.     Page  94. 

Mangilia  pclagia  Dall  ;  10.75.     Page  117. 

Leucosyrinx  Sigsbcei  Dall  ;  25.5.      Page  76. 

Mangilia  antonia  Dall,  young  ;  7.0.     Page  116. 

Mangilia  comalolropis  Dall ;  6.0.     Page  116. 

Pleurotomclla  leucomata  Dall  ;  13.5.     Page  120. 

Mangilia  ipara  Dall  ;  8.5.     Page  115. 

Mangilia  quadrata  var.  monocingulata  Dall  ;  6.75.     Page  114. 

Mangilia  quadrata  var.  ;  7.0.     Page  114. 

Mangilia  peripla  Dall ;  8.0.     Page  115. 

Drillia  premorra  Dall  ;  9.5.     Page  93. 


BLAKE  MOLLUSGA. 


PLATE    XI 


McCbnnell  del. 


Photo.  Lith   by  L  S.  Puncerson  &.  Son.  New  Haven,  Conn. 


PLATE  XII. 

Fig.  1.  Daphnella  morra  Dall  ;  5.75.     Page  105. 

"     2.  Drillia  pharcida  Dall  ;  9.5.     Page  88. 

"     3.  Mangilia?  subsida  Dall  ;   13.0.     Page  118. 

"     4.  Cythara  cymella  Dall ;  13.0.     Page  101. 

"     5.  Genota  mitrella  Dall ;  12.5.     Page  79. 

"     6.  Cythara  Bartlettii  Dall,  adult  ;  8.0.     Page  101. 

"     7.  Mangilia  elusiva  Dall ;  9.25.     Page  115. 

"     8.  Mangilia  toreumata  Dall  ;  10.5.     Page  118. 

"     9.  Plcurotoiwlla  filifera  Dall;  17.5.     Page  123. 

"  10.  Glyphostoma  gratula  Dall,  young  ;  17.5.     Page  110. 

"  11.  Drillia  detecta  Dall ;  11.75.     Page  84. 

"  12.  Ancistrosyrinx  radiata  Dall  ;  13.0.     Page  78. 


BLAKE  MOLLUSCA. 


PLATE    XI 


McConnell  del. 


Photo.  Lith   by  L. S. Punderson  &.  Son.  New  Haven.  Conn. 


PLATE  XIII. 

Fig.  1.  Drillia  eucosmia  V&U  ;  19.0.     Page  86. 

2.  Gcnota  (Dolichotoma)  viabrunnca  Dall ;  38.0.     Page  80. 

3.  Drillia  haliostrephis  Dall  ;  20.0.     Page  86. 

4.  Glyphostoma  Gabbii  Dall,  young  ;  9.5.     Page  108. 

5.  Glyphostoma  Gabbii  Dall,  young  ;  9.5.     Page  108. 

6.  Drillia  pagodula  Dall  ;  13.5.     Page  90. 

7.  Glyphostoma  Gabbii  Dall,  adult  ;  19.0.     Page  108. 

8.  Glyphostoma  Gabbii  Dall,  young  ;  16.0.     Page  108. 


BLAKE  MOLLUSCA. 


PLATE    XIII. 


McConnell  del. 


Photo.  Lith   by  L.  S.  Punde'Son  &  Son.  Now  Haven.  Conn. 


Fig. 

1. 

n 

1  a. 

<< 

lb. 

<< 

2. 

<< 

3. 

(< 

3  a. 

<< 

4. 

<< 

5. 

<< 

6. 

<< 

6  a. 

<< 

7. 

<< 

8. 

<« 

9. 

<  i 

10. 

PLATE   XIV. 

Amalthca  benthophila  Dall,  on  spine  of  Echinoderm,  viewed  from  above 

8.0.     Page  289. 
Amalthea  benthophila  Dall,  from  the  right ;  8.0.     Page  289. 
Amalthea  benthophila  Dall,  from  below  ;  8.0.     Page  289. 
Loripes  compressa  Dall  ;  11.0.     Part  I.,  page  266. 
Capulus  (Hyalorisia)  galea  Dall,  from  below  ;  18.5.     Page  288. 
Capulus  (Hyalorisia)  galea  Dall,  profile  ;  18.5.     Page  288. 
Pleurotomella  Packardii  var.  Benedicts  V.  &  S. ;  11.0.     Page  119. 
Cythara  Bartlettii  Dall,  nearly  adult  ;  10.0.     Page  101. 
Glyphis  flicviana  Dall,  from  below  ;  10.6.     Page  408. 
Glyphis  fluviana  Dall,  profile  ;  10.6.     Page  408. 
Daphnella  corbicula  Dall ;  11.2.     Page  103. 
Cythara  Bartlettii  Dall,  young  ;  10.0  ;  Page  101. 
Umbraculum  bermudense  Morch  ?  young  shell  ;  10.0.     Page  60. 
Umbraculum  bermudense  Mbrch  ?  profile  ;  10.0.     Page  60. 


BLAKE  MOLLUSGA. 


PLATE    XIV. 


Mc.Conoel!  d?!. 


Fig 

t  i 

.  1. 

2. 

i  t 

3. 

<t 

4. 

i  ( 

5. 

it 

6. 

it 

7. 

ti 

8. 

a 

9. 

it 

10. 

a 

11. 

a 

12. 

PLATE  XV. 

Murex  Pazi  Crosse,  young  shell  ;  7.5.     Page  199. 

Trophon?  actinophorus  Dall  ;  17.5.     Page  206. 

Pleronotus  tristichus  Dall ;  15.5.     Page  202. 

Trophon  lacicneUa  Dall  ;  41.0.     Page  205. 

Doliiun  (Eudoliiun)  Crosseanum  Monterosato;  35.0.     Page  232. 

Mitra  {Costcllaria  ?)  styria  Dall  ;  19.0.     Page  159. 

Typhis  (Trubatsa)  longicomis  Dall,  young  ;  7.5.     Page  216. 

Mitra  {Thala  ?)  torticula  Dall ;  12.2.     Page  162. 

Mangilia?  exsculpta  Watson  ;  30.0.     Page  117. 

Fitsus  benthalis  Dall  ;  15.0.     Page  168. 

Fiisus  amiantus  Dall  ;  17.0.     Page  169. 

Nassarina  Bushii  Dall  ;  9.0.     Page  182. 


BLAKE  MOLLUSCA. 


PLATE    XV 


McConnell  del 


photo  Uth   by  L.  S  Pundeison  &.  Son.  New  Haver  Conn 


PLATE  XVI. 

Fig.  1.  Ocinebra  (Favartia)  cellulosa  Conrad,  young  ;  12.0.     Page  210. 

"     2.  Murex  pomum  Gmelin,  very  young  ;  15.0.     Page  198. 

"     3.  Murex  Hidalgoi  Crosse  ;  23.0.     Page  198. 

"     4.  Murex  hystricina  Dall ;  21.0.     Page  200. 

"     5.  Coralliophila  Deburghioe  Reeve,  young  ;  20.0.     Page  218. 

"     6.  Coralliophila  lactuca  Dall,  young  ;  11.0.     Page  220. 


BLAKE  MOLLUSCA. 


PLATE    XVI. 


McCbnnell  dci 


Photo.  Lith    by  L.  S.  Punderson  &.  Son.  New  Haven.  Conn 


Fig 

.  l. 

<( 

lb 

a 

2. 

it 

3. 

it 

4. 

it 

5. 

cc 

6. 

t  ( 

7. 

t< 

8. 

it 

9. 

a 

9  b, 

it 

10. 

it 

11. 

a 

12. 

PLATE   XVII. 

Actceon  incisus  Dall  ;  9.0.     Page  42. 

Actceon  incisus  Dall  var.,  adolescent ;  6.8.     Page  42. 

Actceon  melainpoides  Dall  ;  6.0.     Page  41. 

Utriculus  vorUx  Dall  ;  7.5.     Page  47. 

Utriculus  Friclei  Dall ;  8. 2.     Page  47. 

Actceon  dclicatus  Dall  ;  10.0.     Page  41. 

Bulla  eburnca  Dall  :  7-25.     Page  55. 

Alys?  Sandersoni  Dall  ;  6.5.     Page  54. 

Utriculus  {vortex  var.?)  domitus  Dall  ;  9.0.     Page  47. 

Sabatia  bathy tnophila  Da'l,  adult  ;  16.5.     Page  53. 

Sabalia  bathymophila  Dall,  adolescent  ;  10.0.     Page  53. 

Scaphander  Watsoni  Dall  ;  8.75.     Page  52. 

Bulla  abyssicola  Dall ;  12.75.     Page  56. 

Actceon  Danaida  Dall ;   11.0.     Page  42. 


BLAKE   MOLLUSGA. 


PLATE  XVII. 


McConnell  del- 


Photo.  Lith.  b^  L  S.Punderson  &  Son.  New  Haven,  Conn. 


PLATE   XVIII. 

Fig.  1.  Scala  hellenica  var.  Morchiana  Dall  ;  6. 87.     Page  322. 

2.  Scala  discobolaria  Dall  ;  6.5.     Page  324. 

3.  Actceon  perforates  Dall  ;  7.75.     Page  42. 

4.  Scala  aurifila  Dall ;  11.0.     Page  322. 

5.  Niso  interrupta  Sowerby  var.  albida  Dall ;  8. 1 .     Page  330. 

6.  Niso  interrupta  var.  albida  Dall,  base  ;  3.5.     Page  330. 

7.  left's  nucleata  Dall ;  9.3.     Page  325. 

8.  Aclis  lata  Dall  ;  5.5.     Page  324. 

9.  Scala  contorquata  Dall  ;  4.7.     Page  318. 

"10.  Scala  polacia  Dall,  aperture  imperfect ;  7.25.     Page  319. 

"   11.  Scala  formosissima  Jeffreys  ;  8.5.     The  aperture  is  a  little  distorted  where 
it  joins  the  body  whorl.     Page  319. 

lib.  Scala  belaurita  Dall  ;  8.3.     Page  316. 

12.  Aclis  egregia  Dall  ;  13.0.     Page  325. 


BLAKE   MOLLUSCA. 


PLATE   XVIII 


McConnell  del. 


Photo.  Lith   by  L.  S.  Punderson  &.  Son.  New  Haven.  Conn. 


PLATE   XIX. 

Fig.   1.  Rissoa  precipitata  Dall ;  4.0.     Page  279. 

'     2.  Marginella  seminula  Dall ;  7.0.     Page  139. 

'     3.  Marginella  Watsoni  Dall  ;  9.5.     Page  137. 

'     4.  Marginella  fusina  Dall  ;  8.0.     Page  138. 

'     5.  Marginella  yucatecana  Dall ;  5.62.     Page  138. 

'     6.  Marginella  succinea  Conrad  ;  12.0.     Page  139. 

'     7.  Marginella  torticula  Dall  ;  11.5.     Page  141. 

'     8.  Columbella  (Astyris?)  Verrillii  Dall  ;  9.0.     Page  192. 

'     9  a.  Pcdicularia  dec.ussata  Gould,  profile  ;  6.0.     Page  237. 

'     9  h.  Pcdicularia  decussata,  young,  showing  spiral  apex  ;  2.5.     Page  233. 

'  10.  Rissoa  xanthias  Watson  var.  acuticostata  Dall  ;  3.7.     Page  280. 

'  10  I).  Eucosmia  brcvis  Orbigny  ;  2.0.     Page  351. 

'  10  c.  Columbella  (Anachis)  amphissclla  Dall  ;  4.0.     Page  188. 

'  10  d.  Dalium  solidum  Dall  ;  41.0.     Page  230. 

'  11.  Eulima  (Melanella)  arcuala  C.  B.  Adams  ;  4.0.     Page  328. 

'lib.  Leiostraca  fusus  Dall ;  13.5.     Page  329. 

'lie.  Eulimella  xmifasciata  Forbes  ;  6.0.     Page  338. 


BLAKE  MOLLUSCA. 


PLATE    XIX. 


McConiell  del. 


Photo.  Lith   by  L-  S  Punderson  &.  Son.  New  haven    Ccnr. 


PLATE  XX. 

Fig.  1.  Cerithiopsis  Sigsbeean a  Da\\;  10.5.     Page  254. 

"     2.  Cerithiopsis  Martensii  Dall  ;  11.25.     Page  255. 

"     3.  Cerithiopsis  crystallina  Dall ;  16.0.     Poor  figure.     Page  254. 

"     4.  Cerithiopsis  (Eumeta  ?)  subulata  Montagu  ;  14.25.     Page  252. 

"     5.  Cerithiopsis  abrupta  Watson  ;  4.3.     Page  257. 

"     5  a.  Triforis  triserialis  Dall  ;  8.25.     Page  246. 

"     6.  Triforis  cylindrella  Dall  ;  6.5.     Page  250. 

"     6  a.  Triforis  triser ialis  Dall  ;  15.5.     Page  246. 

"     7.  Mathilda  yucatecana  Dall  ;  8.0.     Page  266. 

"     8.  Triforis  triserialis  var.  intermedia  Dall  ;  11.0.     Page  247. 

"     9.  Triforis  abrupta  Dall  ;  7.5.     Page  249. 

"  10.  Triforis  longissima  Dall  ;    26.0.     Page  246. 
"11.         Triforis  bigemma  var.  hircus  Dall  ;  12.5.     Page  249. 
"  11  b.     Triforis  torticula  Dall  ;  10.5.     Page  249. 
"12.         Triforis  colon  Dall  ;  12.0.     Page  247. 
"  12  b.     Triforis  inflata  Watson  var.  ibex  Dall ;  11.0.     Page  249. 


BLAKF   MOLLUSCA. 


PLATE    XX 


lie, 


6a 


8 


)Tf; 


12 


Mc.CboneH  del. 


Photo,  Lith   by  L.  S- Punderson  &  Son,  New  Haven    Conn. 


Fig. 

l. 

( ( 

1  a. 

If 

2. 

<( 

2  a. 

a 

3. 

if 

3  a. 

l( 

4. 

if 

5. 

cf 

6. 

(( 

6  a. 

({ 

7. 

(( 

7  a. 

t  ( 

8. 

( « 

8  a. 

« i 

9. 

* t 

9  a. 

<  t 

10. 

t  ( 

10  a. 

tt 

11. 

it 

12. 

PLATE   XXI. 

Solariclla  lacunclla  Dall  ;  base,  5.0.     Page  381. 

Solariella  lacunclla  Dall ;  profile,  4.5.     Page  381. 

Calliostoma  sapidum  Dall  ;  5.0.     Page  364. 

Calliostoma  echinatum  Dall  ;  base,  4,75.     Page  364. 

Dillwynella  modcsta  Dall ;  top,  alt.  3.0.     Page  362. 

Dillwynella  modcsta  Dall  ;  profile,  diam.  4.0.     Page  362. 

Calliostoma  sapidum  Dall  ;  base,  4.12.     Page  364. 

Calliostoma  echinatum  Dall  ;  5.25.     Page  364. 

Umbonium  Bairdii  Dall,  young  specimen  ;  profile,  alt.  4.0.    Page  359. 

Umbonium  Bairdii  Dall;  base,  diam.  5.0.     Page  359. 

Solariella  iris  Dall  ;  profile,  5.0.     Page  382. 

Solariella  iris  Dall  ;  base,  5.5.     Page  382. 

Solariella  lissocona  Dall  ;  profile,  5.5.     Page  381. 

Solariella  lissocona  Dall ;  base,  4.5.     Page  381. 

Solariella  lubrica  Dall  ;  profile,  4.0.     Page  382. 

Solariella  lubrica  Dall  ;  base,  3.25.     Page  382. 

Solariclla  scabriuscula  Dall ;  base,  4.0.     Page  379. 

Solariella  scabriuscula  Dall  ;  profile,  4.75.     Page  379. 

Lunatia  fringilla  var.  perla  Dall  ;  6.5.     Page  296. 

Lunatia  fringilla  Dall  ;  5.75.     Page  295. 


BLAKE   MOLLUSCA. 


PLATE    XXI. 


McConnell  at'. 


"nolo   Litli   by  L.  S -Pjnderson  &.  Son.  New  Haven    Conn. 


PLATE   XXII. 

Fig.  1.  Turcicula  imperialis  Dall,  immature  shell  without  the  apical  whorls  ; 
13.0.     Page  376. 

"     la.      Turcicula  imperial  is  Dall  ;  base,  13.0.     Page  376. 

"     2.        Basilissa  alia  Watson,  var.  dclicatula  Dall  5  alt.  5.0.     Page  384. 

"  2  a.  Basilissa  alta  Watson,  var.  dclicatula  Dall  ;  base,  diam.  6.0.  Page 
384. 

"     3.         Calliostoma  circumcinctum  Dall  ;  diam.  6.9.     Page  364. 

"     3  a.     Calliostoma  circumcinctum  Dall  ;  alt.  8.0.     Page  364. 

"     4.         Gaza  superba  Dall  ;  profile,  alt.  24.0.     Page  354. 

"     4  a.     Gaza  superba  Dall ;  base,  diam.  35.5.     Page  354. 

"     5.        Microgaza  rolclla  Dall ;  base,  diam.  6.75.     Page  357. 

"     5  a.     Microgaza  rotella  Dall  ;  profile,  alt.  4.0.     Page  357. 

"  6.  Fluxina  brunnea  Dall  ;  profile,  alt.  10.75.  The  margins  of  the  aper- 
ture are  broken.     Page  273. 

"     6  a.     Fluxina  brunnea  Dall  ;  base,  diam.  15.5.     Page  273. 

"     7.         Callogaza  Watsoni  Dall  ;  profile,  alt.  7.75.     Page  356. 

"     7  a.      Callogaza  Watsoni  Dall  ;  base,  diam.  12.5.     Page  356. 


BLAKE   MOLLUSCA. 


PLATE    XXII 


McGonnpU  del. 


Photo.  Lith.  by  L.  S.  Punderson  &.  Son,  New  Haven,  Conn. 


PLATE  XXIII. 

Fig.  1.  Callogaza  Watsoni  Dall,  young  ;  8.0.  Page  356. 
"  la.  Callogaza  Watsoni  Dall,  young  ;  8.0.  Page  356. 
"     2.         Liotia  variabilis  Dall;  base,  diain.  6.0.     A  calcareous  foraiuinifer  is 

attached  to  the  periphery.  Page  390. 
"  2  a.  The  same  in  profile,  alt.  4.5.  Page  390. 
"     3.         Solarium  Sirjsbeei  Dall  ;   diain.  5.5.     Margin  of  aperture  defective. 

Page  275. 
"     3  a.     The  same  in  profile,  alt.  2.3.     Page  275. 
"     4.        Basilissa  {Ancislrobasis)  costulata  Watson  var.  depressa  Dall ;  base, 

diam.  5.0.     Page  384. 
"     4  a.     Basilissa  (Ancislrobasis)  costulata  Watson  var.  depressa  Dall  ;  profile, 

alt.  2.5.     Page  384. 
"     5.        Fluxina  discula  Dall,  profile;  alt.  3.0.      Page  273. 
"     6.         Fluxina  discula  Dall ;  base,  6.5.     Page  273. 
"     7.         Calliostoma  (Dentistyla)  asperrimum  var.  dentiferum  Dall ;  base,  6.0. 

Page  373. 
"     8.         Calliostoma  (Dentistyla)  aspcrrimum  var.   dentiferum  Dall  ;  profile, 

showing  tooth  on  the  pillar  ;  7.5.     Page  373. 


BLAKE  MOLLUSGA. 


PLATE    XXIII. 


McConoell  del. 


Photo.  Lith   by  L  S.Punderson  «.  Son,  New  Haven    Conn 


Fig. 

1. 

*i 

1  a. 

(1 

2. 

II 

2  a. 

>< 

3. 

(( 

3  a. 

tl 

4. 

II 

4  a. 

II 

5. 

K 

5  a. 

il 

6. 

II 

6  a. 

tl 

7. 

II 

7  a. 

PLATE  XXIV. 

Calliostoma  (Dentistyla)  sericifilum  Dall  ;  4.2.     Page  373. 

Calliostoma  (Dentistyla)  sericifilum  Dall  ;  base,  4.5.     Page  373. 

Callogaza  Watsoni  Dall,  base  of  young  shell ;  6.0.     Page  354. 

Callogaza  Watsoni  Dall  ;  6.0.     Page  354. 

Calliostoma  apicinum  Dall  ;  alt.  7.5.     Page  366. 

Calliostoma  apicinum  Dall  ;  base,  diam.  7-0.     Page  366. 

Calliostoma  yucatccanum  Dall  ;  7.0.     Page  370. 

Calliostoma  yucatecanum  Dall;  base,  7.0.     Page  370. 

Liotia  briareus  Dall ;  alt.  7.5.     Page  388. 

Liotia  briareus  Dall  ;  base,  9.0.     Page  388. 

Calliostoma  roseolum  Dall  ;  alt.  9.5.     Page  366. 

Calliostoma  roseolum  Dall  ;  base,  7.0.     Page  366. 

Leptothyra  Philipiana  Dall  ;  alt.  3.5.     Page  353. 

Lejitothyra  Philipiana  Dall  ;  base,  diam.  4.0.  Page  353.  This 
species  is  named  in  honor  of  Dr.  Philip  P.  Carpenter,  another 
species  having  received  the  name  of  Carpentcri  since  this  paper 
went  to  press. 


BLAKE   MOLLUSGA. 


PLATE   XXIV. 


McCorvi> 


Photo   lith-  by  L  S.  Punderson  &.  Son.  New  Haven,  Conn. 


PLATE  XXV. 

Fig.  1         Addisonia  {lateralis  var.  ?)  paradoxa  Dall,  from  above  ;    10.0.     Page 
344. 
"     lb.     Addisonia  (lateralis  var.  ?)  paradoxa  Dall,  profile  ;  alt.  4.0.     Page  344. 
"     1  c.      Addisonia  (lateralis  var.?)  paradoxa  Dall,   from  below,  showing  soft 

parts.    Page  344. 
"     Id.     Addisonia  (lateralis  var.?)  paradoxa  Dall ;  stowing  animal  crawling. 

Page  344. 
"     \  e.      A ddisonia  (lateralis  var.  ?)  paradoxa  Dall  ;  dentition,  complete  series 

across  the  radula.     Page  344. 
18     2.        Cocculina  Beanii  Dall ;  dentition,  transverse  series  and  one  detached 

unciuu3.     Page  347. 
"     3.        Pectinodonta  arcuata  Dall ;  dentition,  pair  of  laterals.     Page  411. 
"     3  a.     Pectinodonta  arcuata  Dall ;  base  of  right  lateral,  with  cusp  broken  off. 

Page  411. 
"     3  b.     Pectinodonta   arcuata    Dall  ;    shell    in    profile,    twice   natural  size. 
Page  411. 
Cocculina  Beanii  Dall,  in  profile  ;  8.0.     Page  347. 
Cocculina  Rathbuni  Dall ;  dentition,  transverse  series  and  two  de- 
tached uneini.     Page  347. 
Lcpetdla  tubicola  Verrill  ;  dentition,  transverse  series.     Page  413. 
Cocculina  Rathbuni  Dall,  from  above  ;  10.0.     Page  347. 
Cocculina  Rathbuni  Dall,  in  profile  ;  10.0.     Page  347. 
Cocculina  Beanii  Dall,  from  above  ;  8.0.     Page  347. 


11 

4. 

11 

5. 

»( 

6. 

It 

7. 

(1 

7  a. 

11 

8. 

BLAKE  MOLLUSCA. 


PLATE    XXV. 


McCbnnell  d«l. 


Photo  Lith   by  L.S.Punderson  &.  Son.  New  Haven,  Conn 


PLATE  XXVI. 

Fig.  1.  Dentalium  sericatum  Dall  ;  13.0.     Page  423. 

'*    2.  Turbonilla  interrupta  Totten  ;   foot  of  animal  from  below,  greatly- 
magnified.     Page  337. 

2  b.  Turbonilla  interrupta  Totten ;  animal  from  above.     Page  337. 

3.  Turritella  yucatecana  Dall ;  16.5.     Page  265. 

4.  Siliquaria  modesta  Dall  ;  26.0.     Page  260. 

5.  Dentalium  ceratum  Dall ;  30.0.     Page  424. 

6.  Bivonia  exserta  Dall,  young  in  first  stage  ;  ]1.0.     Page  264. 

7.  Puncturella  circularis  Dall  ;  from  below  ;  5.75.     Page  403. 
7  b.  Puncturella  circularis  Dall,  profile;  5.75.     Page  403. 
7  c.  Turbonilla  curta  Dall  ;  the  aperture  is  imperfect  ;  8.3.     Page  337. 

7  d.  Turbonilla  belotheca  Dall ;  14.0.     Page  335. 

8.  Puncturella  trifolium  Dall,  from  below  ;  14.0.     Page  403. 

8  b.  Puncturella  trifolium  Dall,  profile  ;  14.0.     Page  403. 
8  c.  Hanleyia  tropicalis  Dall ;  medial  valve  ;  4.0.     Page  415. 
8  d.  Hanleyia  tropicalis  Dall  ;  posterior  valve  ;  3.0.     Page  415. 

9.  Dentalium  ophiodon  Dall ;  12.5.     Page  427. 
10.  Mathilda  barbadense  Dall  ;  6.2.     Page  266. 


BLAKE  MOLLUSCA. 


PLATE     XXVI 


McConnel!  del. 


Photo.  Lith   by  LS.Punderson  &.  Son,  New  Haven    Conn. 


PLATE  XXVII. 

Fig.  1.        Dentalium  laquentum  Verrill  ;  29.0.     Page  426. 

"     2.         Dentalium  ceratum  Dall,  very  young  ;  7.0.     Page  424. 

"     3.        Dentalium  carduus  Dall  ;  16.0.     Page  423. 

"     4.        Dentalium  Gouldii  Dall,  var.  obscurum  ;  28.0.     Page  424. 

"  5.  Cadulus  quadridentatus  Dall,  and  outline  of  aperture,  of  which  the 
antero-posterior  line  is  across  the  plate  ;  10.0.     Page  428. 

"  6.  Dentalium  perlongum  Dall,  and  outline  of  aperture,  of  which  the 
antero-posterior  line  is  across  the  plate  ;  80.0.     Page  419. 

"     7.         Cadulus  amiantus  Dall;  5.75.     Page  431. 

"  8.  Cadulus  lunula  Dall,  and  outline  of  aperture,  of  which  the  antero- 
posterior line  is  across  the  plate  ;  6.0.     Page  431. 

"  9.  Caduhcs  orqualis  Dall,  and  outline  of  aperture,  of  which  the  antero- 
posterior line  is  across  the  plate  ;  15.0.     Page  429. 

"  10.        Dentalium  callithrix  Dall ;  25.0.     Page  427. 

"11.         Cadulus  acus  Dall  ;  8. 0.     Page  432. 

"  12.  Dentalium  ensiculus  Jeffreys,  and  outline  of  aperture,  of  which  the 
antero-posterior  line  is  across  the  plate  ;  20.0.     Page  428. 

"  12  a.  Cadulus  Watsoni  Dall,  and  outline  of  aperture,  of  which  the  antero- 
posterior line  is  across  the  plate  ;  13.0.     Page  429. 

"  12  b.    Dentalium  callipeplum  Dall  ;  36.0.     Page  419. 

"  12  c.  Cadulus  Agassizii  Dall,  and  outline  of  aperture,  of  which  the  antero- 
posterior line  is  across  the  plate  ;  9.0.     Page  430. 

"  12  d.  Cadulus  cucurbita  Dall,  and  outline  of  aperture,  of  which  the  antero- 
posterior line  is  across  the  plate;    4.0.     Page  431. 


BLAKE  MOLLUSGA. 


PLATE  XXVII. 


o  o 


12a       12b 


12c 


O     O 


MnConnell  del. 


Photo.  Lith.  by  L.S.Punderson  4  Son.  New  Haven,  Conn. 


PLATE   XXVIII. 

Fig.   1.  Margarita  erythrocoma  Dall ;  alt.  5.0.     Page  375. 

2.  Calliostoma  orion  Dall ;  alt.  4.5.     Page  367. 

3.  Ethalia  solida  Dall,  base  ;  2.75.     Page  362. 

4.  Rimula  frenulata  Dall,  from  above  ;  6.25.     Page  406. 

5.  Ethalia  solida  Dall,  profile  ;  2.0.     Page  362. 

6.  Fossarus  {Gottoina)  comjiactus  Dall,  profile;  2.3.     Page  273. 

7.  Ethalia  reclusa  Dall,  profile  ;  alt.  1.0.     Page  361. 

8.  Ethalia  reclusa  Dall,  base  ;  2.1.     Page  361. 

9.  Cyclostrcma  pompholyz  Dall ;  4.2.     Page  394. 

10.  Fossarus  {Gottoina)  bellus  Dall  ;  3.5.     Page  272. 

11.  Liotia  miniata  Dall  ;  2.5.     Page  390. 


BLAKE   MOLLUSCA. 


PLATE  XXVI 


fi:0:r^y;%x^ 


McConnell  del. 


Photc.  Uith    by  L.  S.  P underson  &.  Son,  New  Haven,  Conn. 


PLATE   XXIX. 

Fig.  1.  Pleurotomaria  Quoyana  F.  &  B.  The  animal  sketched  from  life  by 
J.  H.  Blake,  redrawn  by  McConnell ;  50.0.     Page  397. 

"     2.     Lampusia  gracile  Fieeve  ;  25.5.     Page  227. 

"     3.     Aurinia  Gouldiana  Dall ;  69.0.     Page  154. 

"  4.  Fusus  Caloosaensis  Heilprin  ;  60.0.  Page  167.  In  arranging  the  fig- 
ures for  the  plates,  by  an  error  this  figure  was  substituted  for  that  of 
F.  timessus,  Dall.  The  figure  of  F.  timcssus  will  therefore  appear  in 
my  Report  on  the  Fossils  of  the  Florida  Pliocene. 

"     5.     jEsopus  Stcarnsii  Tryon  ;  4.0.     Page  194. 

"     6.      Tcrcbra  (Acus)  benthalis  Dall ;  21.0.     Page  65. 

"     7.     Dolo2)hancs  Gabbii  Dall  ;  9.00.     Page  270. 

"     8.     Mesosioma  migrans  Dall ;  9.25.     Page  270. 

Figures  3  and  5  were  drawn   by  Sherman    F.  Denton  ;    Figure  4,   by  John  L. 
Eidgway  ;  the  others,  by  Dr.  J.  C.  McConnell. 


BLAKE   MOLLUSCA 


PLATE     XXIX. 


McCbnnell  del 


Photo,  Ltth   by  L.  S.  Punderson  &.  Son,  New  Haven,  Conn. 


PLATE   XXX. 

Fig.  1.  Pleurotomaria  Adansoniana  C.  &  F.  Redrawn  by  McConnell  from 
water-color  sketch  from  life  by  J.  H.  Blake.  The  shell  is  merely 
indicated.     Page  400. 

"  2.  Anterior  termination  of  gill  in  P.  Adansoniana.  a,  osphradium  ; 
b,  blood  sinus  (?).  Only  the  inner  series  of  gill  lamellae  is  here  indi- 
cated. At  this  part  of  the  gill  they  are  narrow  and  pointed  ;  farther 
back,  they  become  broader  and  more  rounded  at  the  distal  end. 

"  3.  Posterior  free  termination  of  intestine  (c)  lying  on  the  glandular 
(renal  ?)  organ,  behind  which  in  the  commissure  are  two  orifices  on 
each  side  (a),  with  a  short  bunch  of  papilla?  behind  them  and  the 
flaps  of  the  mantle  with  their  papillose  edges  (b)  corresponding  to  the 
edges  of  the  sinus  on  each  side.     Page  400. 

"     4.     Another  specimen.     Page  400. 

"     5.     The  first  specimen  crawling.     Page  400. 

"     6.     The  head,  viewed  from  above.     Page  400. 


BLAKE  MOLLUSCA. 


PLATE  XXX. 


McConnell  del. 


Photo.  Lith.  by  L.3.  Punderson  &Son,  New  Haven,  Conn. 


PLATE   XXXI. 

Fig.  1.  Pleurotomaria  Quoyana  F.  &  B.  Ehachidian  and  lateral  teeth  much 
magnified.  1  b,  one  of  the  outermost  uncini  ;  1  e,  one  of  the  inner 
tricuspid  uncini  greatly  magnified.     Page  397. 

2.  Propilidium  ancyloidc  Forbes.    Transverse  row   of  teeth  from  above. 

2  b,   rhachidian  and  lateral  teeth  in  profile  ;  2  c,  jaw.     All  much 
magnified.     Page  412. 

3.  Pleurotomaria,  Adansoniana  C.    &  F.     Separated  teeth  numbered  in 

their  order  from  the  rhachis  ;  o,  rhachidian  tooth.     Page  400. 
"     4.     General  view  of  a  single  transverse  row  of  teeth.     Page  400. 
"     5.     Same,  a  single  tufted  uncinus  ;  ^.     Page  400. 
"     6.     Same,  end  of  tufted  uncinus  ;  ^p.     Page  400. 
i(     7.     Cocculina   spinigera   Jeffreys.      Penis   from   above   magnified.      Pages 

346,  348. 
"     8.     Cocculina  sjrinigcra  Jeffreys.     Head  from  above,  showing  tentacles  and 

position  of  penis  at  the  side  of  the  right  tentacle,  magnified.     Page 

346. 
"     9.     Rhachidian  tooth  of  C.  spinigera.     Page  346. 
"  10.     Scutellina  antillarum  (Shuttleworth)  Auct.    Showing  rhachidian  tooth, 

laterals  and  consolidated  uncini  of  one  side  of  a  single  transverse  row 

of  the  radula  ;  1^.     Page  342. 
"  11.     The  same,  a  single  separated  uncinus.     Page  342. 


BLAKE  MOLLUSGA. 


PLATE  XXXI 


McConnell  del. 


Photo.  Lith  by  L.  S.  Punderson  &.Son.  New  Haven.  Conn. 


PLATE  XXXII. 

Fig.   1.  Calliostoma  (Eutrochus)  cinctcllum  Dall  ;  8.0.     Fage  372. 

2.  Pleurotoma  periscelida  Dall ;  40.5.     Page  74. 

3.  Calliostoma  (Eucasta)  indiana  Dall ;  7.6.     Page  368. 

4.  Calliostoma  (Eutrochus)  cinctcllum  Dall  ;  9.5.     Page  372. 

5.  Calliostoma  (Eucasta)  vidiana  Dall ;  8.5.     Page  368. 

6.  Liotia  {Lippistcs)  acrilla  Dall ;  4.3.     Page  391. 

7.  Calliostoma  (Eutrochus)  Benedicti  Dall ;  18.0.     Page  371. 

8.  Margarita  (Bathymophila)  euspira  Dall;   alt.  5.75  ;  max.  diam.  7.0. 
Fage  378. 

9.  Liotia  (Lippistcs)  amabilis  Dall ;  5.0.     Page  392. 

10.  Pleurotomaria  Adansoniana  C.  &  F.  ;  35.0.     Page  400. 

11.  Liotia  (Lippistcs)  acrilla  Dall  ;  4.3.     Page  391. 

12.  Liotia  (Lijrpistes)  amabilis  Dall ;  5.0.     Page  392. 
12  a.  Nassarina  Grayi  Dall  ;  12.0.     Page  183. 


BLAKE   MOLLUSGA. 


PLATE      XXXI 


Mcfonnell  del. 


Photo,  lith   by  L.S  Punderson  &  Sun.  New  Haven    Conn. 


PLATE   XXXIII. 

Fig.  1.  Calliostoma  corbis  Dall ;  5.0.     Page  3^5. 

2.  Solarium  per acutum  Dall ;  ]7.5.     Page  275. 

3.  Ovulactccon  Mcekii  Dall  ;  apex,  3.0.     Page  43. 

4.  Ovulactccon  Mcekii  Dall ;  5.5.     Page  43. 

5.  Solarium  pcracutum  Dall ;  17.5.     Page  275. 

6.  Cyclostrema  turbinum  Dall;  3.25.     Page  393. 

7.  Euchclus  guttarosaz  Dall ;  5.00.     Page  382. 

8.  Liotia  Bairdii  Dall ;  6.0.     Page  389. 

9.  Leptothyra  Linnci  Dall :  5.5.     Page  353. 

10.  Calliostoma  (Eidrochus)  Sayanum  Dall  ;  40.0.     Page  370. 

11.  Calliostoma  {Eidrochus)  Sayanwn  ~Dal\ ;  37.0.     Page  .370. 


BLAKE   MOLLUSCA. 


PLATE    XXXIII 


McCbnnel!  del 


Photo.  Lith.  by  L.  S.  Punderson  &  Son    New  Haven    Com 


PLATE  XXXIV. 

These  figures  are  from  unpublished  drawings  by  the  late  Dr.  "William  Stimpson. 

Fig.  1.  Olivella  mutica  Say  ;  a-g,  varieties  of  form  and  color,  natural  size  ; 
h,  operculum,  natural  size  ;  i,  I,  operculum  outside  and  inside,  mag- 
nified ;  m,  animal  crawling  ;  n,  head,  showing  absence  of  eyes  and 
tentacles  ;  o,  section  of  oral  aperture,  magnified  ;  p,  penis  ;  r,  sec- 
tion of  shell  showing  absorption  of  internal  walls.     Page  133. 

"     2.     Olivella  mutica  Say  ;  dentition.     Page  133. 

3.     Purpura    floridana    Conrad.      c,   animal    from    below,    natural   size  ; 
d,  head  and  verge  from  above.     Page  217. 

"     4.     Purpura  floridana  Conrad  ;  dentition.     Page  217. 

"     5.     Scaphclla  junonia  Hvass.      b,  shell  one  half  natural  size  ;  c,  sculpture 
of  early  whorls  ;  d,  nucleus  ;  e,  section  of  shell.     Page  148. 

"     6.       Volutomitra  gronlandica  Beck.      Young  shell  and  magnified  nucleus. 
Page  145. 

"     7.       Volutomitra    gronlandica  Beck.     Rhachidian  tooth;  a,  from  above; 

b,  in  profile.     Page  145. 

"     8.       Oliva  litcrata  Lamarck,    a,  animal  crawling,  f  ;  b,  tentaculaand  eyes  ; 

c,  soft  parts  removed  from  the  shell,  showing  (/)  foot,  (7)  propo- 
dium,  (h)  respiratory  siphon,  (?)  vent,  (I)  posterior  filament  of 
mantle,  (m)  mantle  raised  up,  (ji)  verge,  (0)  gill  ;  d,  section  of  muz- 
zle showing  proboscis  extruded  ;  e,  gill  and  sensory  organ  (osphra- 
dium).     Page  133. 

"     8.     Oliva   litcrata  Lamarck.     Dentition   taken  from  a  female   specimen. 
Page  133. 


BLAKE   MOLLUSGA. 


PLATE    XXXIV. 


f%S  u 


McConnell  del. 


Photo.  Lrth   by  L.  S  Punderson  &  Son.  New  Haven,  Conn 


PLATE   XXXV. 

Fig.   1.  Mitromorpha  biplicata  Dall  ;  7.0.     Page  165. 

"     2.  Aurinia  robusta  Dall  ;  119.0.     Page  153. 

"     3.  Columbclla  (Aslyris)  proj undi  Dall ;  8.0.     Page  192. 

"     4.  Canceliaria  (Trigonosloma)  Agassizi  Dall  ;  13.5.     Page  130. 

"     5.  Fusus  eucosmius  Dall  ;  85.0.     Page  167. 

"     6.  Benthobia  Tryoni  Dall ;  13.0.     Page  132. 

"     7.  Fusus  halistrcptus  Dall  ;  80. 0.     Page  168. 

"     8.  Marginella  cassis  Dall  ;  15.0.     Page  137. 

"     9.  Columbclla  (Astyris)  diaphana  Verrill  ;  9.0.     Page  191. 

"  10.  Conomitra  Blakcana  var.  Imvior  Dall  ;  9.75.     Page  164. 

"11.  Liomesus  1  Stimpsoni  Dall  ;  32.5.     Page  176. 

"  12.  Eudolium  Vcrrillii  Dall  ;  32.0.     Page  233. 

"  12  a.  Sipho  (Ptychosalpinx  ?)  globulus  Dall  ;  31.0.     Page  175. 


BLAKE   MOLLUSGA. 


PLATE    XXXV. 


McConnell  del. 


Photo.  Lith   by  I..  S.Punderson  &  Son,  New  Haven,  Conn 


'£>• 


PLATE  XXXVI. 

Fig.   1.  Drillia  alcsidota  var.  macilcnta  Dall  ;  36.5.     Page  85. 

2.  Lampusia  pharcida  Dall  ;  23.6.     Page  227. 

3.  Drillia  (Cymatosyrinx)  Moseri  Dall  ;  30.0.     Page  97. 

4.  Daphnella  pompholyx  Dall;  12.5.     Page  104. 

5.  Leucosyrinx  tenoccras  Dall  ;  60.0.     Page  76. 

6.  Pleurotomella  Edgariana  Da\\  ;  58.0.     Page  121. 

7.  Mesorhytis  Meekiana  Dall  ;  15.5.     Page  172. 

8.  Terebra  nassula  Dall ;  55.0.     Page  66. 

9.  Drillia  (Cymatosyrinx)  centimata  Dall ;  22.5.     Page  95. 

10.  Drillia  (Cymatosyrinx)  ccpynota  Dall  ;  15.0.     Page  96. 

11.  Cordicria  Rouaultii  Dall  ;  13.6.     Page  98. 


BLAKE  MOLLUSCA. 


PLATE   XXXVI 


MaConnell  del 


Photo.  Lith   by  L.  S.  Punderson  &  Son    New  Haven,  Conn 


PLATE  XXXVII. 

Fig.   1.     Cancellaria  (Trigonostoma)  Smithii  DM  ;  10.5.     Page  129. 
"     2.     Calliostoma  aurora  Dall ;  lat.  26.5.     Page  366. 
"     3.     Ringicula  nitida  Verrill ;  7.5.     Page  43. 
"     4.     Pleurotomaria    (Entcmnotrochus)    Adansoniana   Crosse   and   Fischer ; 

major  diam.  88.0.     Page  400. 
"    6.     Pleurotomaria   (Pcrotrochus)    Quoyana  Fischer  and  Bernardi  ;  major 

diam.  48.0.     Page  397. 
"     6.     Gaza  Fischeri  Dall,  enlarged  three  fifths;  diameter  of  specimen,  25.1- 

Page  354. 


BLAKE   MOLLUSCA. 


PLATE  XXXVU. 


McConnell   del. 


In  relief  by  Photo  Engr.  Co. 


PLATE  XXXVIII. 

Fig.  1.  Pleurotoma  {Leucosyrinx)  subgrundifera  Dall ;  30.0.     Page  77. 

•'    2.  Marginella  Watsoni  Dall ;  9.5.     Page  137. 

3.  Pleurotoma  (Ancislrosyrinx)  elegans  Dall  ;  27.0.     Page  78. 

4.  Vermetus  (Petaloconchus)  erectus  Dall  ;  25.0.     Page  262. 

5.  Typhis  {  Trubatsa)  longicornis  Dall,  adult  ;  23.0.     Page  216. 

6.  Leptolhyra  indiUa  Watson  var.  albida  Dall  ;  7.0.     Page  352. 

7.  ifitra  Swainsoni  Broderip  var.  antillensis  Dall  ;  80.0.     Page  158. 


BLAKE    MOLLUSCA 


PLATE    XXXVIII 


McConnell  del. 


In  relief  by  Pho*n  Engr.  Co 


Fig. 

<< 

1. 

2. 

(i 

3. 

<( 

4. 

ii 

5. 

i« 

6. 

PLATE   XXXIX. 

Bushia  clcgans  Dall  ;  12.5.     Part  I.,  page  309.     Part  II.,  page  440. 
Cetoconcha  bulla  Dall  ;    interior  of  left  valve  ;   13.0.      Part  I.,  pages 

281,  2S3.     Part  II.,  page  440. 
Cetomya  elongata  Dall  ;  left  valve  ;  22.5.     Part  I.,  page  283. 
Verticordia  perversa  Dall  ;  5.0.     Part  I.,  page  289. 
Cetoconcha  bulla  Dall ;  left  valve  ;  13.0.     Part  I.,  pages  281,  283. 
Terebratula  cubensis  Pourtales,  side  view  of  shell  adhering  to  a  bit  of 
coral,  natural  size.     Part  I.,  page  199. 

7.  Verticordia  (Euciroa)  clcgantissima  Dall  ;  left  valve  of  old  individual, 

natural  size.    Part  I.,  page  291. 

8.  Terebratulina  Cailleti  Crosse,  young  specimen  considerably  magnified  ; 

Part  I.,  page  202. 

9.  Eudesia  Jloridana  Pourtales,  natural  size.    Part  I.,  page  202. 

10.  Terebratula  cubensis  Pourtales  ;  interior  of  haemal  valve  enlarged  about 

one   fourth,   from  an  original  drawing  by  \V.    H.    Dall.     Part  I., 
page  199. 

11.  Eudesia  Jloridana   Pourtales  ;  interior  of  hremal  valve,    natural  size, 

from  an  original  drawing  by  W.  II.  Dall.     Part  I.,  page  202. 


BLAKE   MOLLUSCA. 


PLATE  XXXIX. 


8 


II 


McConnell  del. 


In  relief  by  Photo  Engr.    Co. 


Fig. 

l. 

a 

2. 

<< 

3. 

it 

4. 

<« 

5. 

PLATE   XL. 

Pecten  phrygium  Dall  ;  36.5.     Part  I.,  page  217. 

Cuspidaria  microrhina  Dall,  dorsal  view  of  right  valve,  natural  size  ; 

Part  I.,  page  295.     Part  II.,  page  440. 
The  same,  side  view. 

Curdium  (Fulvia  ?)  peramabilis  Dall  ;  f.     Part  I.,  page  269. 
Callocardia    (  Vesicomya)   venusta  Dall  ;    19.0.      Part   I.,    page   274. 

Part  II.,  page  439. 

6.  Amusium  Dalli  E.  A.  Smith,   natural  size.     Part  I.,  page  209.     Part 

II.,  page  434. 

7.  Meiocardia  Agassizii  Dall ;  22.0.     Part  I.,  page  271. 

8.  Tindaria  amdbilisDaW  ;  15.0.    Part  I.,  page  255.    Part  II.,  page  438. 


BLAKE   MOLLUSCA. 


PLATE  XL. 


6 


8 


McConnell  del. 


In  relief  by  Photo  Engr.  Co.