HARVARD UNIVERSITY

Library of the

Museum of

Comparative Zoology

Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zotflogy

AT HARVARD COLLEGE.

Vol. LXVIII. No. 1.

REVISION OF THE NEARCTIC MYRMELEONIDAE.

By Nathan Banks.

With Four Plates.

CAMBRIDGE, MASS., U. S. A.:
PRINTED FOR THE MUSEUM.
May, 1927.

No. 1. — Revision of the Nearctic Myrmeleonidae.
By Nathan Banks.

The Myrmeleonidae or ant-lion flies are generally recognized among
the Neuroptera by their slender, rather densely veined wings, the long
body, and short, elavate antennae. The habits of the larvae of certain
forms (particularly Myrmeleon) in digging pits to entrap wandering
insects has given them their common and scientific names.

The Nearctic Myrmeleonidae are chiefly a northward extension of the
Neotropical fauna, thus Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona are the most
favored states. Several of the genera as Brachynemurus, Hesperoleon,
Austroleon, Glenurus, and Psammoleon are common in Central and
South America, but do not occur in the Old World. The genus Myr-
meleon occurs in all the continents, and is everywhere fairly common.
Dendroleon does not occur south of the United States, but is repre-
sented in Europe and Asia, in the latter country with numerous species.
It is more common in the eastern than the western states. Hesperoleon
has but one or two species in the eastern states, but many in the
western states.

The family, originally of but one genus, has undergone many
changes, until now there are four subfamilies and nearly a dozen tribes.
One of the subfamilies, the Palparinae, does not occur in America,
and several tribes do not occur in the United States. The forking of
the third anal vein I do not consider of tribal value; although usually
quite constant there are species it would separate that are otherwise
closely related, and in some species there are specimens with this vein
forked in one wing and simple in the opposite wing. The absence of
the small cross-veins in the apical field is also too inconstant to be even
of generic value; specimens in which these are absent in only one wing
are not unusual, and a fair series of any species will show variation in
their number. Likewise the absence of spurs is not of tribal importance.
The various genera lacking spurs show by their venation affinity to
various tribes.

The origin of the radial sector in relation to the cubital fork I still
consider of great importance, but for the Nearctic forms it is best used
in connection with the course of the basal part of the second anal vein
as indicated in the following tables. The character I used as of prime
importance for African Myrmeleons, whether there is one (or two)
cross-veins before the radial sector in the hind-wing or four (or more),
cannot be used on American Myrmeleons, for in the group of Brachy-

4 bulletin: museum of compaeative zoology.

nemurus, which usually has two or three such veins, there is sometimes
only one and sometimes four or even five. It is necessary therefore to
have recourse to the characters of the second anal vein. Once outside
of the subfamily Dendroleoninae the number of cross-veins before
the radial sector is as useful in American JVTyrmeleons as in those
of the Old World.

The characters used in the classification of genera are mostly taken
from the venation and legs. The palpi, antennae, pronotum, and
abdomen are used to a less extent. The species are largely based on
coloration, color and length of hair, length of spurs, minor venational
points, and the male appendages. Most of the characters used are
readily understood, being similar to those in other insects. There is
in many species the appearance of a line through the middle of the
wing toward the tip. This is produced by the bending of the branches
of the radial sector; it has been termed (by Tilly ard and Petersen) the
Banksian or anterior Banksian line. A similar line in the cubital area
is called the posterior Banksian line or intercubital line. In many of
the Nearctic species these lines are hardly as useful as in Old World
species. The small cross-veins in the apical field have been called
gradate veins; they are of little value. Toward the outer part of the
wing the median and cubital veins are connected rather more than in
the rest of their courses, this is the rhegma, and there is frequently a
dark spot on it, or a line up from it.

One Nearctic species was described by DeGeer, one by Drury, a
few by Burmeister, Rambur, and Thomas Say. Hagen in 1861 in his
Synopsis of North American Neuroptera, gave the first good account,
describing twenty-five species, and later he added ten more. In recent
years Mr. R. P. Currie and the writer have described several new spe-
cies, while Navas has added four names, and McClendon one. One
new genus, two new species, and a new variety are included in this
account, a total of sixty-nine species, two varieties, and nineteen
genera.

Doubtless a few more will be found in the West and in southern
Texas. There are several species known from but one specimen. The
genera, I think, have been divided enough, possibly it would be better
to sink under Brachynemurus several of the related genera. Two of
the species {delicatulus and barberi) I have not seen for some years and
the original descriptions are given, supplemented by notes and drawings
made ten years ago, together with some notes kindly furnished by
Mr. S. A. Rohwer.

Navas has published two genera and four species as new from the
United States. Neleon is a new genus for Myrmeleon immaculatus

banks: revision of the nearctic myrmeleonidae. 5

DeGeer. This species is very close to the type of the genus in so many
structural characters that if the genus is to be divided it surely will go
with the genotype. The number of gradiform veinlets in the apical
field is variable in this as well as in most, if not all, species of the
family; the development of the plicate lines shows a gradation in the
various species so that limitation is not possible. Mastega is a new
genus; and M. texanus, a new species, is evidently a Cryptoleon. It
is true that in C. nebuloswn (the genotype) there are nearly *al ways
numerous costal cross-veins connected, but the number is variable;
but in C, signatum there are usually only very few costals connected,
and frequently none. With any sort of a series this character is too
variable for generic importance here; in some genera the character is
much more constant. As to the species texanus, it agrees generally
with C. signatum, but is said to have the abdomen "fusco pilosum."
This would ally it to C. nebulosum. I have seen no specimen of either
species from Texas, and it is possible that texanus is a good species.
The type is in the Vienna Museum.

Hesperoleon placidus is from New Jersey. This is a dark, strongly-
marked specimen of H. ahdoviinalis in which the pronotal stripes are
extended forward. I have several such specimens from the east, and
they grade into the normal form.

Hesperoleon nivatensis is from Nevada. By the infuscated mid- and
hind-femora and the long male appendages this is H. singularis Currie.
The amount of infuscation in the femora is variable, but they are not
dotted.

Psammoleon serpentinus agrees with P. sinuatus Currie, but this
serpentine line is not constant in this species nor peculiar to it.

Synopsis of the subfamilies.

1. In the fore-wings the second anal vein runs in a fairly even curve (Plate 2,

fig. 41), and is connected to the third anal by a short cross-vein, or united
to it for a short distance (Plate 2, fig. 40) ; the radial sector usually arises
before the cubital fork; in hind-wings rarely four veins before the origin

of the radial sector Dendroleoninae.

In the fore-wings the second anal vein runs up to and close beside the first
anal (Plate 2, fig. 39, 45), then at an angle turns down and unites with the
third anal for a distance; abdomen shorter than wings 2

2. In the hind-wings but one (or rarely two) cross-veins before origin of the

■ radial sector, latter point before the cubital fork Macronemurinae.

In the hind-wings four (or more) cross-veins before radial sector, latter
usually beyond fork of cubitus; antennae well separated at base.

Myrmeleoninae.

D bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

Dendroleoninae.

Of Nearctic forms this is the most primitive group, the venational
characters being far less constant than in the two other subfamilies.
The group is principally American, only a few forms are known in
Europe and Asia, and possibly in South Africa, while several striking
forms of the typical tribe occur in Australia.

There are two tribes separable as follows : —

1. In the fore-wings the cubital vein shows at base a distinct fork running out
a short distance and then uniting with first anal (Plate 2, fig. 41); legs

very slender, basal tarsal joint equal next two Dendroleonini.

In the fore-wings the cubital vein has no distinct fork at base, sometimes a
faint trace; legs much less slender, basal tarsal joint rarely equal to next
two joints united Brachynemurini.

Dendroleonini.
The Dendroleonini has but one, the typical, Nearctic genus.

Dendroleon Brauer.
Reise freg. Novara. Zool. theil., 1866, 2. Neur., p. 42.

Antennae rather long; pronotum longer than broad; legs very slender,
femora cylindrical, tibia about as long as femur, basitarsus as long as
fifth joint, spurs very long, but little curved, equal to more than two
joints. Wings moderately broad, with large spots, a single costal
series, in both wings the radial sector arises before the cubital fork,
in hind-wing one cross-vein before radial sector, the first anal in
hind-wing runs parallel to the hind-margin and into cubital fork, in
fore-wing the second anal runs free of both first and third anals and
connected to each by one or more cross-veins, basal fork of cubitus
distinct. Banksian line fairly complete in both wings, no intercubital
line; abdomen not as long as hind-wings. In the type and in Nearctic
species in the hind-wing the third anal is separate from second, forked
near tip, and there is a fourth anal closely parallel to hind-margin;
in the exotic species the third is united to second at base, and the
fourth is absent.

Type. — D. 'pantherinum (Fabricius). Europe.

banks: revision of the nearctic myrmeleonidae. /

Dendroleon obsoletum Say.
Plate 4, fig. 101.

Formicaleo obsoletus Say, Journ. Acad. nat. sci. Phil., 1839, 8, p. 44; Ed. Lee,
2, p. 413.

Dull yellowish gray or sordid. Interantennal mark brown, not
much below nor above antennae vertex hardly darkened, sometimes a
yellowish band below. Pronotum usually unmarked, sometimes
median or lateral short, faint lines ; rest of notum black in middle, pale
on sides; pleura dark below, pale above; front- and mid-legs largely
black, hind-femora black, pale at base, and a band before tip, tibia
pale, a black line below, and base and tip dark; tarsi partly pale, spines
slender, black, the front-tibiae are sometimes pale beneath near tip;
abdomen black, sometimes showing pale spots in middle of some seg-
ments, hairs black, some white intermixed, not very long. Veins white
and brown interrupted, often in streaks, spot at base of stigma, one
behind, and one beyond, a long mark at rhegma, often broken into
several long spots, an irregular mark at end of anal, often broken, and
one beyond, and one before on the hind-margin, one at origin of radial
sector, and two or three smaller spots beyond, usually several small
spots along cubitus; hind-wings with mostly pale venation, some dark
streaks, a large spot, larger than any in the fore-wing, over the last
cross-veinlet from radial sector to radius before stigma, another more
irregular near tip, and three or four small spots behind these, two
of which are on the hind-margin.

In the fore-wings many of the costals are forked, about four cross-
veins before radial sector, about eleven branches of radial sector,
apical field with a few cross-veins, anal vein with about ten branches ;
in hind-wings one cross-vein before radial sector, radial sector about
ten branched, anal vein with eight branches.

Length fore-wing 25 to 31 mm., width 7 to 8.8 mm.

Length hind-wing 25 to 31 mm., width 5 to 7 mm.

Length abdomen 9 and cf 15 to 17 mm.

Speciviens examined. — N. H.: Durham. Mass.: Sherborn; July
Tyngsboro. Conn.: New Milford. N. Y.: Ithaca, August. Md.
Travilah, July. Va.: Falls Church, July. N. C. (Morrison). 111.
Galena. Mich.: Huron Co. Also Raleigh, N. C. (N. C. state coll.)
Yaphank, N. Y. (Davis coll.). Florida (Slosson coll.).

8 bulletin: museum of compahative zoology.

Dendeoleon speciosum Banks.
Plate 2, fig. 41.
Trans. Amer. ent. soc, 1906, 32, p. 7.

This species may be compared to D. obsoletum. The interantennal
mark is rather more prominent, the vertex darker, and with a white
band in front; the median and lateral lines on pronotum are distinct;
the front-part of the mesonotum is mostly pale in the middle; front-
and mid-tibia mostly pale, and front-femora often pale below, the mid-
femora with broad pale preapical band, hind-legs more pale, usually
no line under tibia.

The spots on the wings are smaller and more numerous, beyond the
much broken streak from the rhegma there are many spots on the fork
which tend to make a row; the spot on hind-margin beyond the long
curved mark at end of anal is also elongate (much longer than in
obsoletum) and points to the tip of the anal mark. There is more dark
in the venation, and many veinlets are more or less bordered. In the
hind-wings the spots are also smaller and more numerous, and the
venation largely dark (in D. obsoletum mostly pale), and many small
clouds on forks toward margin.

In the fore-wing the costal area is more narrow, and the costals a
little less numerous, so that these cells are not nearly as narrow as in
D. obsoletum. The species is a little smaller than obsoletum.

Length fore-wing 22 to 29 mm., width 5.5 to 8 mm.

Length hind-wing 22 to 29 mm., width 4 to 6.5 mm.

Length abdomen 9 and cf 12 to 15 mm.

Specimens examined. — Colo. : Boulder, July. (Type). N. M. : Jemez
Mts., July. Ariz. : Palmerlee. Calif .: Modoc Co., July.

Brachynemurini.

1. In the hind-wing the first anal runs parallel to the cubital fork for some

distance, and connected thereto by several cross- veins; Banksian lines

usually evident 2

In the hind-wing the first anal bends down to margin near the forking of the
cubitus, not running parallel to the cubital fork, and not connected
thereto but once or twice; Banksian lines hardly distinct 7

2. No spurs Cryptoleon.

Spurs present 3

3. Costal area of fore-wing with two or three series of cells for about half-way

or more 4

Costal area of fore-wing with but one series of cells, except sometimes near
the stigma 5

banks: revision of the nearctic myrmeleonidae. 9

4. Cross- veins before radial sector in the fore-wing mostly connected; in our

species three series of costal cells Calinemurus.

Few if any cross-veins before radial sector connected; two series of costal
cells; front-coxae with macrochaetae Brachynemurus.

5. Labial palpi elongated, very much longer than the front-tarsi; spurs equal

two tarsal joints; antennae rather widely separated Scotoleon.

Labial palpi not longer than front-tarsi 6

6. Front-femur with a row of curved white bristles above as well as several

on the front-coxa Netroneurus.

Front-femur without such bristles, sometimes one or two on the front-coxa.

Hesperoleon.

7. No spurs, basal tarsal joint longer than the fifth Maracandula.

Spurs present 8

8. Front-coxa with several curved white bristles as well as a row on front-

femur above, second and third anal veins of front-wings usually united

at a point 9

Front-coxa and front-femur without the comb of white macrochaetae; in
fore-wing the cubitus often has its first cross- vein obhque as though it
was a cubital fork Clathroneuria.

9. Legs very slender, front-tibia equal to front-femur; mesonotum with en-

larged bristles above; abdomen shorter than hind- wings; antennae

elongate; second and third anals in fore-wing forked Chaetoleon.

Legs not especially slender, front-tibia a little shorter than front-femur;
mesonotum with only simple bristles above; abdomen about equal to or
longer than hind- wings; antennae very short Austroleon.

Cryptoleon Banks.
Can. ent., 1901, 33, p. 330.

Last joint of labial palpi not distinctly swollen; antennae rather
short, not strongly clavate; the pronotum rather broader than long in
the middle; basal tarsal joint nearly as long as the next two united, no
spurs; abdomen of male much longer than in female. Costal area of
wings either one- or two-celled, showing much variation, Banksian line
in fore-wing either faint or distinct, intercubital not definite; radial
sector much before cubital fork, second anal running in even curve,
connected to the third by a cross-vein, second usually simple, third
forked. In hind-wings the radial sector usually before cubital fork, two
cross-veins before it; first anal runs out parallel to the cubital fork for
some distance and connected thereto by several cross-veins, second
and third anals usually both forked.

Type. — C. nebulosum {conspersus (Rambur) (Olivier).

The three Nearctic species are distinguished in the following table:

10 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

1. Front-wings with costal area largely biareolate, usually partly in hind-

wings; pronotum with median pale mark only in front; wings heavily
marked, usually some dark between subcosta and radius; hair on abdo-
men mostly black nebuloswn.

Front- wings with costal area mostly uniareolate; hind-wings always so;
pronotum with a pale median stripe throughout; wings very hghtly
marked, no dark between subcosta and radius; hair on abdomen mostly
white 2

2. Front-femora dark on outer sides; wings very slender, median vein largely

white; western henshawi.

Front-femora mostly pale, dotted with dark; wings broader, median vein
largely dark; eastern signatum.

Cryptoleon nebulosum (Olivier).
Plate 3, fig. 49, 56.
Myrmeleon nebulosum Olivier, Encycl. meth., 1811, 8, p. 127.

Interantennal mark somewhat above and below antennae, often
including a pale median dot between antennae; vertex dark brown or
black; palpi marked with brown; pronotum dark, three pale spots in
front-part, the median one linear and behind on each side is a pale
streak; rest of notum mostly black, a few pale spots, scutelli pale each
side behind; pleura also dark; legs pale, femora and tibiae heavily
dotted, latter with dark tips, tips of tarsal joints black, bristles on legs
mostly black, but front- and mid-femora with some white bristles;
hair on pleura white; abdomen black, middle and tip of some segments
pale, much more so in the male, hair long black, but some at base
white. Wings heavily marked, the veins and cross-veins mostly dark
and often bordered with dark; dark streaks between the subcosta and
radius, large spot at base of stigma, several above the cubitus, one at
rhegma extending obliquely outward, and one at end of the anal vein ;
many smaller spots, and the marginal forkings dark. Hind-wings
much less marked, but the venation is largely dark, the marginal
forkings, outer gradates, rhegma, and several radial cross-veins more
or less margined with dark. Fore-wings with costal area almost
wholly biareolate, three or four cross-veins before the radial sector,
outer two or three often connected, ten or eleven branches of radial
sector, several cubitals connected, Banksian line fairly distinct. In
hind-wings the costal area often partly biareolate, but sometimes only
a few are even forked. Venation of both pairs with very long hairs.
Male abdomen much longer and more slender than in the female, the

banks: revision or the nearctic myrmeleonidae. 11

last segment about twice as long as high, appendages fully one half of
the last segment.

Length fore-wing 22 to 27 mm., width 6.5 to 7.8 mm.

Length hind-wing 21 to 25 mm., width 5 to 6.8 mm.

Length abdomen 9 18 to 20 mm., cf 25 to 27 mm.

Specimens examined. — N. C. : Southern Pines, May. N. J. : Laha-
way, July. Ga.: Millen, July; Savannah. Fla.: Auburndale. Ohio:
Columbus. Mich.: Ludington; Port Huron, Berrien Co., July; Huron
Co., July. Ontario: Hamilton, Giants Tomb, July. Also Upper Wis-
consin River, Lakehurst, N.J. (Davis coll.). St. Simon's Island, Ga.
(Cornell univ.).

•

Cryptoleon signatum (Hagen).
Plate 3, fig. 50.

Maracanda signata Hagen, Can. ent., 1887, 19, p. 215.

Interantennal mark usually broken, showing spots below antennae
and a band above, vertex dark in middle, sometimes with a pale median
line; palpi mostly pale, last joint of labial palpi with an outer scar;
pronotum with two broad dark stripes near middle, each containing a
pale spot in front; rest of notum dark, much streaked with pale, the
scutelli largely pale; pleura dark, much marked with pale, the hair
white; legs pale, femora and tibiae rather finely dotted with dark,
tarsi dark on tips of the joints, femoral bristles partly white; abdomen
black, in male much marked with pale above, hair almost wholly white,
in male some on the basal segments above dark. Wings only lightly
marked, although venation is mostly dark, only a few cross-veins or
forks slightly margined with dark, sometimes a small spot at base of
stigma, at rhegma, and at end of anal, no dark between subcosta and
radius. Hind-wings less marked, usually dark dot at rhegma and
stigma, the venation mostly dark. Fore-wings with the costal series
normally wholly uniareolate, but in various specimens a few cells near
middle may be crossed, usually three- cross-veins before radial sector,
sometimes two are connected, eight to ten branches of the radial
sector, often a few cubitals connected, but sometimes all free, often a
few cross-veins in the anal area, hairs on venation less numerous and
shorter than in C. nebulosum. Abdomen of male elongate and slender,
last segment not twice as long as high, appendages more than one half
of last segment.

Length fore-wing 20 to 23 mm., width 5.2 to 6 mm.

12 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

Length hind-wing 19 to 22 mm., width 4 to 5 mm.

Length abdomen 9 15 to 16 mm., cf 20 to 22 mm.

Speciviens examined. — White Fish Point, Lake Superior (Type).
Mich.: Ludington, Berrien Co., July; Huron Co., July. Ohio: San-
dusky; Columbus. 111.: Havana. N. Y. : Roekaway Beach, Staten
Island, August. R. I.: Weekapaug, July. Also Illinois (Amer. mus.
nat. hist.).

Cryptoleon henshawi Hagen.

Plate 2, fig. 29. Plate 3, fig. 55.

Maracanda henshawi Hagen, Can. ent., 1887, 19, p. 216.

•

The species agrees very closely with signatum; the dark of the vertex
is broken up by several pale spots, the pronotal marks are the same,
the rest of thorax and pleura also about the same, the legs are pale and
dotted, but the front-femora are wholly brown on the outer sides; the
abdomen (male only known) is streaked with pale above as in signatum,
the hair is mostly white, with some dark above toward base. The wings
are plainly more slender than in signatum, the fore-wings more heavily
marked, spots on several of the radial cross-veins, in front of cubitus,
as well as at stigma, at end of anal and a distinct oblique line from
rhegma over gradates to near the tip, the venation is mostly dark,
but the median vein in both pairs is mostly pale. In the hind-wings the
markings are less distinct, but more than in signatum. Structurally it
is similar to signatum, the costal area wholly one-celled, and in fact
only a few veins near stigma forked, there are eight branches to radial
sector, in the apical field very few cross- veins.

Length fore-wing 19 mm., width 4.6 mm.

Length hind-wing 17 mm., width 3.7 mm.

Length abdomen cf 23 mm.

Specimen examined. — Ore.: Umatilla, June (Type).

Hesperoleon Banks.

Ent. news, 1913, 24, p. 64.

Antennae usually less than the diameter of the basal joints apart;
labial palpi not longer than front-tarsi. Legs moderately short, basal
tarsal joint rarely equal to next two united, always much shorter than
apical joint; spurs variable in length, less than one to more than two
joints long. Abdomen of male longer than in female and much longer
than the wings. Fore-wings with one series of costal cells, except

banks: revision of the nearctic myrmeleonidae. 13

sometimes toward the stigma, Banksian and intercubital lines usually
fairly distinct, radial sector arises before cubital fork, first anal runs
parallel to cubital fork for some distance, and connected thereto by
less than nine cross-veins, second anal usually not forked, third usu-
ally forked.

Hind-wings with two to four cross-veins before radial sector (rarely
with but one), second anal usually forked; first anal runs parallel to the
cubital fork for some distance; Banksian line usually fairly definite,
but intercubital indistinct or absent; the radial sector Httle, if any,
before forking of cubitus.

Type. — H. ferox, Walker.

In the species assigned to this genus there is quite a wide variation;
certain forms have the hind-margin of hind-wings near base concave,
but in abdoniinalis it is hardly so, connecting the two series. In several,
as viaculosus, tenuis, coquillettei, and abdominalis, the spurs are equal
to two tarsal joints, but some abdominalis hardly so, while in hlandus
they are fully one and one half joints, and in others grade down to less
than one joint. These forms with the long spurs have the median vein
unmarked, and all, except maculosus, has the hind-margin of hind-
wing concave. In viaculosus, and also in yavapai there is but one cross-
vein before the radial sector in hind-wing, however these two forms
are so different in spurs and other structures they should not be
united against the other species. H. irregularis is the most distinct
structurally, besides the irregular venation, the hind-wing is very
narrow at base, the second anal not forked, and the antennae closer
together than in other species; however in maculosus the second anal
is also simple, and there is variation in space between antennae. The
groups may be tabulated as follows : —

1. But one cross- vein before radial sector in hind-wing. . maculosus, yavapai.

2. Hind-wing with second anal not forked; antennae very close together.

irregularis.

3. Spurs equal to two tarsal joints abdominalis, coquilletti, tenuis.

4. Hind-margin of hind-wings toward base concave hlandus, papago.

5. Costal cross- veins spotted at each end; often a double costal series near

stigma versutus, mexicanus.

6. Abdomen banded with pale sackeni.

7. All the other species.

In H. coquilletti, maculosus, and yavapai there is but one cross-vein
between the second and third anal in the fore-wings, in the other
species there are normally two such cross-veins, but in H. papago,
about half the specimens have one, and half two.

14 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

The Nearctic species, twenty-five in number, are tabulated below.
Some of the characters used may prove to be more variable with more
material.

1. Abdomen banded with large pale spots 2

Abdomen hardly if at all banded, marks, when present, lineate 3

2. Second and third segments pale at tip as well as in middle; second and

third anals of fore-wing connected twice sackeni.

Second and third segments broadly pale in middle only; second and third
anals of fore- wings connected but once yavapai.

3. Labrum black; pronotum yellow, with narrow median stripes, and short

side stripes; femora not dotted nigrilabris.

Labrum pale 4

4. Pronotum with broad, soUd, median brown (or pink-brown) stripe; wings

heavily dotted; hind-margin of hind-wings near base concave, irregularis.

Pronotum with median stripe divided by pale hne at least in front, and

more or less distinct lateral stripes 5

5. Median vein pale (rarely marked); both scutelli with median dark line

or spot; hind-spurs equal to two joints 6

Median vein marked with dark and pale; at least mesoscutellum with two
or more spots or streaks, else spurs not equal to two joints 9

6. Median stripes of pronotum distinct, united behind, divergent in front . . 7
Median stripes not visible behind furrow, only more or less distinct in

front 8

7. Wings practically without spots; hind-margin of hind-wings near base

concave coquilletti.

Wings heavily spotted; hind-margin of hind-wings near base convex.

maculosus.

8. Fore- wings with the spots arranged largely in two longitudinal areas, with

space between largely unmarked tenuis.

Fore-wings with dots scattered fairly evenly over whole wing . abdomincdis.

9. Hind-margin of hind-wing near base concave; femora dotted; costal cross-

veins without large spot at outer ends; hair of abdomen long 10

Hind-margin of hind-wing near base, straight or convex, not plainly
concave 11

10. Median pronotal stripes united behind; hairs on wing unusually long;

hind-spurs hardly equal basal joint papago.

Median pronotal stripes separate; hair of wings normal; hind-spurs equal
one and one half joints blandus.

11. Wings heavily spotted, the costal cross- veins spotted at each end 12

Wings less marked, costal cross- veins not spotted at each end 13

12. Clypeus black, or with two spots versutus.

Clypeus pale, unspotted mexicanus.

13. ScuteUi with no more than median dark line; pronotum with median

stripes absent or faint; vertex scarcely marked pallidus.

At least mesoscutellum with double mark 14

banks: revision of the nearctic myrmeleonidae. 15

14. Labial palpi about as long as the front- tarsus; lateral stripes partly united

to the median pair, tibia dotted niger.

Labial palpi plainly a little shorter than the front-tarsus 15

15. Lateral and median stripes united into a very broad stripe each side

which contains a pale spot in front, and on outer sides a shorter dark

stripe; no pale between bases of antennae brunneus.

Lateral stripes more separated from the median pair, and no distinct
outer dark stripe toward margin of pronotum 16

16. Mesoscutellum with five black spots; front-femora and tibiae almost

wholly pale ; hair of the abdomen very short minuscultis.

Mesoscutellum with two black stripes or a double mark 17

17. Coxae of front-legs with one or two white macrochaetae, four pronotal

stripes separate; hind-femora usually dotted; usually three cross- veins

before radial sector in hind-wings hubbardi.

Front-coxae without macrochaetae, only fine hairs 18

18. Femora dotted, sometimes on the hind-femora dense and connected, but

evidently dotted 19

At least hind-femora not dotted, but more or less evenly infuscated .... 21

19. Median stripes of pronotum united behind; hair on male abdomen long;

male appendages long douglasi.

Median stripes separated; hair on male abdomen short as in female ... .20

20. Male appendages equal to last segment of abdomen; rather larger.

carrizonus.
Male appendages not one half of last segment, rather smaller. . . .texanus.^

21. Vertex with but one row of four dots; interantennal mark does not reac'

up to vertex; body very pale; male appendages short, .quadripundatus.

Vertex with two rows of marks, or interantennal mark reaches up on

vertex over first row. . .''. 22

22. Male appendages much longer than the height of last segment 23

Male appendages not longer than height of last segment 24

23. Male appendages about half as long as last segment; spines on hind-

femora black assirnilis.

Male appendages nearly equal to last segment; spines on hind-femora
white singularis.

24. Male appendages not equal to one half of last segment; femoral spines

mostly black ferox.

Male appendages equal one half of last segment; femoral spines mostly
white ." iniermedius.

Hesperoleon ferox Walker.
Plate 1, fig. 17. Plate 3, fig. 71.
Myrmeleon ferox Walker, Cat. Neur. Brit, mus., 1853, pt. 2, p. 332.

Interantennal mark with little if any extension below, above often
reaching first vertex row, but typically separate from it, the latter a

16 bulletin: museum of compaeative zoology.

continuous band, second vertex row of two submedian spots with
lateral extensions, and often an extension each side behind; last joint
of labial palpi moderately swollen, partly black. Pronotum with four
lines, usually connected at tips and sometimes in the middle, the
median pair of lines rather narrowly separated. Rest of notum
marked as in allied forms, mesoscutellum with two streaks, meta-
scutellum with a double mark; pleura mostly dark; femora, especially
hind-pair, more or less blackened, tibia sometimes with a dark line
below, spines black. Abdomen with a pale stripe each side above, often
not as broad as in related species, and sometimes scarcely noticeable in
the female, hair very short in both sexes, mostly white, some black
along the dorsal line. Wings with mostly dark veins, but little mar-
gined, a spot at base of pale stigma, one at rhegma, several along
cubitus, sometimes forming short streaks, sometimes an oblique line
out from rhegma, anal spot usually very faint, the median vein white
in long stretches, radius not dark at end of every cross-vein; hind-
wings much less marked.

Vertex high, rather less so in male; pronotum broader than long in
middle; hind-spurs but little longer than basitarsus; in fore-wings
three cross-veins before radial sector, in hind-wings two, about ten
branches to radial sector; a few cubital cross-veins connected; in hind-
wing the cubital fork is usually equal to or a little before radial sector,
but not much difference, hind-margin near base convex, first anal with
five to seven branches, first long, oblique, over six times as long as the
cubital cross-vein above it. Abdomen of male much longer than wings,
last segment about twice as long as high, appendages very short,
divergent, not half as long as in allied species.

Length fore-wing 28 to 34 mm., width 7.8 to 9 mm.

Length hind-wing 26 to 31 mm., width 5.8 to 7.5 mm.

Length abdomen 9 23 to 27 mm., cf 30 to 37 mm.

Common in far west. Brachynemurus percgrinus Hagen is a synonym
of this species, I have examined both types.

Specimens examined. — Calif. : Havilah (Type of peregrinus) ; San
Bernardino, July; Sierra Nevada Mts., July; Coronado, July; San
Francisco. Ore.: Umatilla, June. Wash.: Camp Umatilla; Yakima;
Ainsworth. Nev.: Humboldt River; Reno; Verdi, July; Ormsby Co.
Ariz. : Thumb Butte; Jerome; Palmerlee; Prescott; Graham Mts., June;
Tucson. Utah : Vinyard, June; Beaver Valley, August; Belle vue, June.
N. M.: Jemez Mts., July; Albuquerque. Also Beaver Valley, Utah
(Brooklyn mus.); California, Oregon (Amer. mus. nat. hist.). Nogales,
Arizona (Cornell univ.), Las Cruces, New Mexico (N. M. agric. coll.).

banks: eevision of the nearctic myrmeleonidae. 17

Hesperoleon assimilis (Banks).
Plate 1, fig. 19. Plate 3, fig. 65.
Brachtjnemurus assimilis Banks, Proc. Ent. soc. Wash., 1903, 5, p. 174, pi. 3,
fig. 1.

Interantennal mark not extending much below antennae, above
usually reaching first vertex row, sometimes with a median pale spot,
second vertex row of two spots laterally extended; last joint of labial
palpi moderately swollen and partly brown. Pronotum with four lines,
all reaching the front-margin, and there connected, and sometimes
connected in middle, so that there is a pale streak or two spots each
side. Rest of notum marked as usual, two streaks on the scutelli;
pleura largely dark; femora more or less embrowned, not dotted,
spines black, some on femora are white. Abdomen pale each side
above on basal two thirds, leaving a narrow black line, hair moderately
long at least in the male, mostly white, but some black along median
line. Wings with large dark mark at base of the pale stigma, small
spot at rhegma, and several small ones along the cubitus, veins mostly
dark, but not bordered, median vein mostly dark, radius dark at end
of nearly every cross-vein; hind-wings scarcely marked.

Vertex in female much elevated, in male much less so; pronotum a
little broader than long in the middle, not narrowed in front; hind-
spurs equal about one and one half joints; male abdomen much longer
than the wings, last segment fully three times as long as high, append-
ages long, slender, subparallel, not much curved, equal to about one
half of last segment. In fore-wing three cross-veins before radial
sector, in hind-wings two; radial sector with about ten branches;
several cubital cross-veins connected; in hind-wings cubital fork is
usually a little before the radial sector; hind-margin toward base con-
vex, first anal with about six branches, the first fully six times longer
than a cubital cross- vein.

Length fore-wing 30 mm., width 6 to 8 mm.

Length hind-wing 26 mm., width 5 to 7 mm.

Length abdomen 9 24 mm., cf 32 to 39 mm.

Specimens examined. — Calif .: Tehama, August. (Type). Oregon.

Hesperoleon singularis (Currie).
Plate 3, fig. 62, 73. Plate 4, fig. 78.
Brachynemurus singularis Currie, Proc. Ent. soc. Wash., 1903, 5, p. 284.

Interantennal mark with a slight median extension, first vertex row
of an elongate spot each side, usually without median mark, second

18 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

vertex row of four usually connected spots. Last joint of labial palpi
not much swollen, brown. Pronotuni with four separated brown
stripes, the outer ones hardly reach in front of the furrow; rest of
notum with large brown spots, often divided, two on mesoscutellum, a
median one on metascutellum ; pleura much marked with brown;
femora (at least hind) more or less embrowned, also with a few small
spots; tibiae scarcely marked. Abdomen with pale stripe each side
above reaching one half-way to end in male. Wings with dark spot
before the pale stigma, at rhegma, and several along cubitus; many
cross-veins dark, median interrupted with dark, but largely pale;
radius dark at end of each cross-vein; hind-wings scarcely marked.
Hair on female abdomen white, that of male partly black, not very
short, femoral spines mostly white, tibial black.

Vertex of female considerably elevated, in male less so; pronotum
broader than long in the middle; hind-tibia longer than hind-femur,
hind-spurs scarcely more than the basitarsus, which is rather long.
Last segment male abdomen fully twice as long as high, the append-
ages as long as segment, much curved. In fore-wing three cross-veins
before radial sector, two in hind-wings; radial sector usually with ten
branches. In hind-wing hind-margin nearly straight or slightly convex,
first anal with about five branches, first oblique and fully five times as
long as a cubital cross-vein.

Length fore-wing 22 to 23 mm., width 5.5 to 6 mm.

Length hind-wing 19 to 20 mm., width 5 to 5.5 mm.

Length abdomen 9 16 mm., c^ 20 mm.

Specimens examined. — Ariz.: Florence, October; Colorado River.
Also from Utah (Brooklyn mus.), Currie described it from Phoenix,
Ariz.

Hesperoleon intermedius (Currie).

Plate 4, fig. 76, 88.

Brachynemurus intermedius Currie, Proc. Ent. soc. Wash., 1903, 5, p. 283.

Interantennal mark small, sometimes extending upward to the first
vertex row, rarely with an extension below, second vertex row of two
transverse marks; last joint of labial palpi much enlarged, partly
brown. Pronotum with four straight complete stripes, connected in
front. Rest of notum with streaks and spots, mesoscutellum with two
streaks, metascutellum with a basal double mark; pleura largely dark;
femora not dotted, but faintly embrowned, especially on hind-legs,
sometimes a line below on hind-tibia. Abdomen with two large

banks: revision of the NEARCTIC MYRMELEONIDAE. 19

streaks above, reaching about to tip, at least in male, hair short, white.
Wings with dark spot at base of pale stigma, a spot a rhegma with
faint line extending obliquely outward, one or two marks along cubitus,
and faint mark at end of anal vein, median vein mostly pale, but some
dark marks, radius brown at end of each cross-vein. Vertex of female
much elevated, in male less so; pronotum broader than long in middle;
hind-spurs but little longer than basal joint, spines mostly black;
abdomen of male a little longer than wings, last segment a little more
than twice as long as high, the appendages very short, divergent. In
fore-wings three cross-veins before radial sector, in hind-wings two;
about eight branches to radial sector; several cubitals connected; in
hind-wings cubital fork a little before radial sector; hind-margin of
hind-wings near base convex, first anal vein with about four branches,
first five times as long as a cubital cross-vein above it.

Length fore-wing 21 to 24 mm., width 5.5 mm.

Length hind-wing 19 to 22 mm., width 5 mm.

Length abdomen 9 18 mm., (^ 25 mm.

Syecimen^ examined. — Ariz. : Phoenix, April. Calif: Death Valley,
Mono Co., April.

Described by Currie from Phoenix and Wickenburg, Ariz.

Hesperoleon carrizonus (Hagen).
Plate 1, fig. 20. Plate 3, fig. 61.
Brachynemurus carrizonus Hagen, Can. ent., 1888, 20, p. 93.

Interantennal mark with median extension below, above usually
separated from the first vertex row which is a continuous line, second
vertex row of two large submedian spots with lateral extensions, rarely
reaching eyes; last joint of labial palpi much swollen, mostly black.
Pronotum with four stripes, subequal in width, and all reach the front,
usually not connected. Rest of notum spotted as usual, mesoscutellum
with two stripes, metascutellum with a large double mark; pleura about
one half dark; femora much dotted, tibiae less so, spines black, some
white on front- and mid-femora. Abdomen with pale stripe each side
above, leaving a fairly broad median line, in the female the pale less
apparent, hair very short in both sexes, mostly white, but a few black
ones intermixed. Wings with veins mostly dark, but not margined,
spot at base of pale stigma, a small one at rhegma, and other small
ones along cubitus, end of anal vein scarcely marked, median vein

20 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

mostly white, dark at ends of a few cross-veins, radius dark at end of
nearly all cross-veins.

Vertex of female much elevated, in male not much less so; pronotum
broader than long in the middle; hind-spurs little longer than basal
joint. In fore-wings three cross-veins before radial sector, in hind-
wings two; radial sector with about ten branches; in hind-wings radial
sector and cubital fork are often equal or nearly so; hind-margin near
base convex, first anal with about four branches, first more than four
times as long as cubital cross-vein above it; in fore-wings a few cubital
cross-veins connected; male abdomen a little longer than wings, last
segment not twice as long as high, the appendages fully equal last
segment, slender, upcurved, and toward each other.

Length fore-wing 23 to 27 mm., width 6.5 to 7 mm.

Length hind-wing 21 to 24 mm., width 5 to 5.5 mm.

Length abdomen 9 19 to 21 mm., d^ 24 to 26 mm.

Specimens examined. — Tex.: Carrizo Springs (Type); Rio Frio,
May; Amarillo; Brownsville, May; San Antonio; Sabinal, May.
N. M. : Mesilla, July. Ariz. : Phoenix, August.

Hesperoleon douglasi, sp. nov.
Plate 1, fig. 16. Plate 3, fig. 63.

Interantennal mark not extending much below the antennae, above
usually not reaching the first vertex row, latter rather broad, con-
tinuous, second vertex row of two large subraedian spots with lateral
extensions; last joint of labial palpi moderately swollen, partly brown.
Pronotum with four stripes, the median pair united behind, divergent
in front, the lateral stripes usually not connected to median ones,
sometimes not reaching in front of furrow. Rest of notum spotted
as usual, two stripes on the mesoscutellum and a double mark on the
metascutellum; pleura largely dark; legs dotted, most prominent on
femora, spines mostly black, some femoral ones white. Abdomen
with pale stripe each side above, lea\'ing a rather broad median dark
stripe, pale less extensive in female, the hair is mostly white, in female
it is short and appressed as in H. carrizofius, in male long, more erect,
three to five times as long as in male of H. carrizonus. Wings as in
//. carrizonus and allies, small mark near stigma, at rhegma and several
along cubitus, and one at end of anal vein, venation largely dark.

Vertex of female high, of male moderately high; pronotum broader
than long in middle, not narrowed in front; hind-spurs not longer than

banks: revision of the nearctic myrmeleonidae. 21

basitarsus. In fore-wings three cross-veins before radial sector, in
hind-wings two; radial sector with about eleven branches; several
cubital cross-veins connected; in hind-wing but little difference be-
tween cubital fork and radial sector, hind-margin near base is convex,
first anal with about five branches, first very oblique, six times as long
as cubital cross-vein a;bove it. Abdomen of male longer than wings,
somewhat longer than in //. carrizonus, last segment little if any longer
than high, appendages very long, longer than last segment, slender,
upcurved.

Length fore-wing 25 to 30 mm., width 7 to 8.4 mm.

Length hind-wing 22 to 26 mm., width 6 to 7 mm.

Length abdomen 9 22 to 25 mm., d" 27 to 31 mm.

Specimens examined. — Calif.: Coronado; Pasadena. Utah: St.
George. Ariz. : Nogales (Type. — M. C. Z. 15,745), Phoenix; Florence.

Formerly considered H. carrizonus, but much longer hair of male
abdomen, united median stripes, and minor differences separate it.

Hesperoleon quadripunctatus Currie.
Plate 4, fig. 77, 96.
Brachynemurus quadri-pundatus Currie, Can. ent., 1898, 30, p. 136.

Interantennal mark small, barely extending below antennae, includ-
ing a pale median spot; first vertex row absent, second of four well-
separated spots; last joint of labial palpi moderately swollen, partly
brown ; pronotum with four well-separated brown lines, the outer ones
sometimes nearly connected to inner pair at anterior end, sometimes
these lines are much reduced and nothing shows in front of the furrow;
rest of notum with elongate marks, two on mesoscutellum, and a double
mark on metascutellum ; pleura with brown streaks; femora and
usually tibiae unmarked. Abdomen with pale stripe each side on basal
part, not always distinct in the female, in male sometimes reaching
the tip: hair on abdomen very short, white. Wings with dark spot at
base of pale stigma, at rhegma, and sometimes along the cubitus;
median vein interrupted with dark a few times, radius usually dark at
each cross-vein; hind-wings unmarked. Vertex not much elevated;
pronotum broader than long in middle; spines on femora mostly white,
on tibia black, short, few being twice the width of joint; hind-spurs
but little more than basitarsus; last segment of abdomen about twice
as long as high, appendages very short divergent. In fore-wings

22 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

usually tliree cross-veins before radial sector, in hind-wings two,
about nine to eleven branches to radial sector; in hind-wing cubital
fork before radial sector; hind-margin of hind-wings convex toward
base, first anal vein with about four to six branches, first long, oblique,
six times as long as cubital cross-vein above it.

Length fore-wing 22 to 27 mm., width 6 to 7.5 mm.

Length hind-wing 20 to 25 mm., width 5 to 6 mm.

Length abdomen 9 18 to 19 mm., cf 26 mm.

Specimens examined. — Calif: Indio, July; Lancaster, July, August.
Ariz.: Phoenix, August.

Currie described a female from San Bernardino Co., California and
a long series from Phoenix, Ariz.

Hesperoleon texanus Banks.
Plate 1, fig. 11. Plate 4, fig. 98.

Brachynemurus texanus Banks, Proc. Ent. soc. Wash., 1903, 5, p. 175, pi. 3,
fig. 3.
Interantennal mark small, sometimes with median projection below,
and sometimes enclosing a pale spot between antennae; first vertex
row usually a continuous line^ from eye to eye, second row more
broken, the middle spots sometimes more prominent; last joint labial
palpi moderately swollen; mostly dark. Pronotum with four lines,
submedian pair rather close to each other, sometimes broken at the
furrow, laterals more separated, sometimes not reaching forward of
furrow, sometimes more developed and connected at tips to submedian.
Rest of notum streaked with dark, scutelli with two streaks or a double
spot, mesoscutellum often with three spots behind; pleura mostly
dark; femora heavily dotted, tibiae less so, spines black. Abdomen
with pale stripe each side above, fainter in females, in some males so
broad as to extinguish the median dark line. Wings with white stigma,
dark mark at base, one at rhegma, one at end of anal vein, and usually
several along the cubitus, median vein and radius largely dark, but not
at every cross-vein. Hair of abdomen short, mostly white, but some
black intermixed. Vertex only moderately elevated in female; pro-
notum hardly as broad as long in middle, not narrowed in front;
hind-spurs a little longer than basitarsus; in fore-wing three cross-veins
before radial sector, in hind-wing two; in hind-wing cubital fork usu-
ally before radial sector, usually a few cubitals connected, in liind-wing
the hind-margin toward base is convex, first anal with about five

banks: revision of the nearctic myrmeleonidae. 23

branches, the first very obhque and fully six times as long as the
cubital cross-vein above it. Male abdomen but little longer than
wings, last segment about three times as long as high, the appendages
very short and divergent.

Length fore-wing 18 to 20 mm., width 4.5 to 5.5 mm.

Length hind-wing 16 to 18 mm., width 4 to 5 mm.

Length abdomen 9 15 to 18 mm., cf 25 mm.

Specimens examined. — Tex.: Laredo (Type). Kans: Morton Co.
N. M. : Albuquerque. Ariz. : Tempe; Phoenix, July. Also Ogden, Utah.
Arizona (Amer. mus. nat. hist.). Douglas, Arizona. Clark Co., Kansas
(Snow coll.).

Hesperoleon pallidus (Banks).
Plate 3, fig. 51, 66. *

Brachynemurvs pallidus Banks, Ent. news, 1899, 10, p. 171.

Interantennal mark very small, and often broken or indistinct, some-
times a median extension below; vertex rows faint, or absent, usually
two submedian spots of second row show, and sometimes the first
row connected to interantennal mark; last joint of labial palpi not
much swollen, partly brown; pronotum little marked, the lateral
stripes almost broken, a dark spot behind and one at the furrow, some-
times the median lines show faintly in posterior part; rest of notum
pale, mostly unmarked, sometimes a stripe over wing-base, scutelli
with faint median line ; pleura largely pale ; femora and tibiae sparsely
dotted if at all, spines black. Abdomen mostly pale on base, a median
dark line above, hair in female mostly white, rather long, in male
mostly black. Wings very faintly marked, stigma white, cross-veins
and the connections mostly dark, but not margined; median vein
marked, but not at every cross-vein, radius usually marked at each
cross-vein. Vertex in female considerably elevated, less so in male;
pronotum hardly as broad as long in middle, not narrowed in front;
hind-spurs barely longer than basitarsus; last segment male abdomen
but little longer than high, appendages fully as long, curved. In fore-
wings three cross-veins before radial sector, in hind-wings two; radial
sector with five to seven branches; few if any cubitals connected; in the
hind-wings the radial sector is sometimes equal to or even a trifle
before cubital fork; hind-margin faintly convex, first anal vein with
about five branches, oblique, the first fully four times longer than
cubital cross-vein above it.

Length fore-wing 19 to 21 mm., width 4.5 to 5 mm.

24 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

Length hind-wing 16 to 18 mm., width 3.5 to 4 mm.
Length abdomen 9 15 mm., cf 20 mm.

Sixx-imens examined. — Ariz.: Phoenix, August (Type); Florence,
October; Prescott, August; Catahna Mts., August.

Hesperoleon minusculus (Banks).
Plate 1, fig. 7. Plate 3, fig. 54, 67.
Brachynemurus minusculus Banks, Trans. Amer. ent. soc, 1899, 25, p. 203.

Interantennal mark brown, emarginate below and with a short
median extension, sometimes showing a faint pale spot between an-
tennae; first vertex row of a long mark each side and one or two smaller
in the middle, second row not as distinct, but usually the middle spots
indicated; last joi#it of labial palpi much enlarged, black. Pronotum
with four black lines, the lateral rather remote from the middle pair,
and usually stop at the furrow. Rest of notum spotted with black,
mesoscutellum with five spots or dots, the metascutellum with a large
double mark; pleura largely dark; front-legs usually unmarked, but
mid- and hind-femora may be dark on outer sides, spines mostly black.
Abdomen with a pale streak each side above, reaching to tip in some
specimens; hair very short in both sexes, white. Wings with dark spot
at base of stigma, one at rhegma and sometimes oblique line outward,
and more or less along cubitus ; median vein dark only at a few cross-
veins, radius not dark at every cross-vein; hind-wings not marked.

Vertex moderately elevated in the female, less so in the male; pro-
notum much broader than long in middle; hind-spurs but little longer
than basal joint of tarsus; male abdomen a little longer than wings,
the last segment about three times as long as high, the appendages
very short, divergent. In fore-wings three cross-veins before radial
sector, in hind-wings two; about nine branches to radial sector; a few
cubital cross-veins connected; in fore-wing radial sector before cubital
fork as usual, in hind-wing cubital fork before radial sector, however
not much difference in either wing; in hind-wing the hind-margin is
convex, first anal with four to five branches, unequal, the first very
oblique, fully five times as long as cubital cross-vein above it.

Length fore-wing 19 mm., width 5 mm.

Length hind-wing 17 mm., width 4 mm.

Length abdomen 9 14 mm., cf 20 mm.

Speciinens examined. — Calif. : Lancaster, July. N. M. : Mesilla,
September; Las Cruces.

Currie records it from Winslow, Ariz.

banks: revision of the nearctic myrmeleonidae. 25

Hesperoleon brunneus (Currie).
Plate 1, fig. 14. Plate 4, fig. 97.
Brachynemurtbs brunneus Currie, Can. ent., 1898, 30, p. 273.

Interantennal mark large, usually with a median extension below,
above usually extending up to and uniting with the first vertex row,
sometimes a couple of pale spots before the row, second vertex row of
two long spots, usually connected, a median spot behind ; last joint of
labial palpi not much swollen, partly brown. Pronotum with a sub-
median pair of broad stripes (really four stripes united), each stripe
with a pale spot in front-part, laterally there is often a brown stripe
reaching to furrow. Rest of notum with dark occupying most of
surface, two spots and sometimes a median line on mesoscutellum,
metascutellum mostly black; pleura largely dark, some sutures pale;
femora dotted, hind-femora largely black, tibiae also dotted, spines
black. Abdomen dark, in male with pale line each side above on basal
part, hair rather long, largely black, in female much more white on
venter. Wings with dark spot at base of the pale stigma, line up from
rhegma, several spots along cubitus, and one at end of anal; some
cross-veins margined, median largely or wholly dark, radius not dark
at end of every cross-vein.

Vertex slightly swollen ; pronotum as broad as long in middle, some-
what narrowed in front; hind-spurs scarcely longer than basitarsus.
In fore-wings three cross-veins before radial sector, two in hind-wings,
some cubital cross-veins connected, about ten branches to radial
sector; in hind-wing radial sector usually before cubital fork, hind-
margin near base slightly convex, about six to ten branches to first
anal vein, but none very long, first more than three times longer than
cubital cross-vein above it. Abdomen of male much longer than wings,
last segment about three times as long as high, appendages short,
about as long as height of segment.

Length fore-wing 24 to 28 mm., width 6 to 7 mm.

Length hind-wing 22 to 26 mm., width 5 to 6 mm.

Length abdomen 9 20 to 21 mm., cT 33 to 35 mm.

Specimens examined. — Calif.: Claremont; Dunsmuir (Cotype);
Pasadena, June; Mt. Wilson, June; Modoc Co., July; San Gabriel Mts.,
July; San Jacinto Mts., July; Sawmill Canyon, Kern Co., June. Nev. :
Reno; Verdi, July. Utah: Eureka, July; Stockton, July. Ariz.:
Palmerlee, July. Colo.: Estes Park, August (Type centralis); South
Park; Golden. B. Col.: Peachlands, July. Also Beaver Valley, Utah

26 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

(Brooklyn mus.), Las Cruces, N. M. (N. M. agric. coll.), Nogales,
Arizona (Cornell univ.),

Currie records it from Yellowstone National Park, Sage Creek,
Wyoming, Dunsmuir and Los Angeles Co., California.

HeSPEROLEON NIGER CuFfie.
Plate 1, fig. G. Plate 3, fig. 59.
Brachynemurvs niger Currie, Can. ent., 1898, 30, p. 134.

Interantennal mark of moderate size above and below antennae,
first and second vertex rows are continuous lines from eye to eye;
last joint labial palpi partly dark. Pronotum with the four stripes
broad and but narrowly separated, in front the laterals connected to
the median; mesonotum mostly dark with two rows of pale spots,
mesoscutellum with two dark streaks, metascutellum with a large
spot nearly covering it; pleura mostly dark; femora mostly dark,
tibiae much spotted, tarsi largely black; abdomen lineate with pale
on base, hair rather short, largely white.

Wings heavily marked, large spot at base of the stigma, spot on last
connecting cross-vein to radius, line up from rhegma, basal part of
cubitus almost continuous streak, and beyond another streak, a short
mark up from end of the anal vein, most of the forks distinctl}^ marked ;
venation largely dark, the pale spaces comparatively few and short;
hind-wing with spot at base of stigma.

Vertex moderately well elevated; labial palpi elongated, basal joint
as long as the apical, latter much swollen, neither as long as in Scoto-
leon longipalpis; pronotum about as broad as long in the middle, not
narrowed in front; hind-spurs scarcely longer than basitarsus, no coxal
macrochaetae; leg-spines mostly black, some on front- and mid-
femora white; in fore-wing radial sector before cubital fork, in hind-
wing the cubital fork a trifle before radial sector; in fore-wing three
cross-veins before radial sector, in hind-wing two; about ten branches
to radial sector; hind-margin of hind-wing near base convex, first anal
with about eight branches,.the first fully six times as long as a cubital
cross-vein.

Length fore-wing 26 mm., width 7 mm.

Length hind-wing 24 mm., width 6.3 mm.

Male unknown.

The only specimen I have seen is from Prescott, Arizona. Currie
described it from Ft. Grant, and later recorded it from Camp Creek,
and Prescott.

banks: revision of the nearctic myrmeleonidae. 27

Hesperoleon nigrilabris (Hagen).
Plate 1, fig. 9. Plate 3, fig. 52.
Brachynemurus nigrilabris Hagen, Can. ent., 1888, 20, p. 72.

Labrum black; interantennal mark large, deep black, extending broadly
below antennae, and often reaching up to first vertex row, however
usually a pale spot or line before vertex row, latter broad, continuous,
second vertex row of two large spots near middle, connected in front
to first row, and often with extensions behind as well as laterally; last
joint of palpi moderately swollen, blackish. Pronotum with four lines,
the median pair united behind, slightly separated in front, laterals not
reaching in front of furrow, slightly oblique. Rest of notum mostly
black on sides and pale in middle, the mesoscutellum with two streaks,
metascutellum with a double spot; pleura mostly dark; femora often
darkened above near tips, til)ia of front pair sometimes much darkened,
mid-tibia with subbasal and apical bands, hind-tibia with apical band
and line below, spines black. Abdomen black, usually little if any trace
of the pale streaks, hair fairly long, white above and below. Wings
with large white stigma, veins partly dark, but rarely margined, median
almost wholly white, radius dark at ends of cross-veins, sometimes a
faint cloud near stigma and at rhegma. Vertex much elevated, some-
what less so in the male; pronotum about as broad as long in the
middle; hind-spurs little longer than basal joint; in fore-wings three or
four cross-veins before radial sector, in hind-wings two or three; radial
sector with about ten branches, only a few if any cubital cross-veins
connected; in fore-wing radial sector only a little before cubital fork,
in hind-wings the radial sector usually a little beyond cubital fork;
hind-margin of hind-wings near base convex, first anal with five or
six branches, the first five times as long as a cubital cross-vein. Male
abdomen much longer than the wings, last segment two and one half to
three times as long as high, appendages about as long as segment is
high.

Length fore-wing 26 to 29 mm., width 7.5 to 9 mm.

Length hind-wing 22 to 26 mm., width 6 to 7 mm.

Length abdomen 9 20 to 24 mm., d^ 28 to 36 mm.

Specimens examined. — Colo.: Manitou (Type); Garden of Gods,
July; Berkeley, June; Colorado Springs; Golden; Boulder, July;
Ft. Collins, June; Denver, July; Clear Creek. S. Dak.: Custer Co.
Kans.: Seward Co. Utah: Ogden, August; Farmington, July; Vin-
yard, July; Stockton, June. N. M.: Albuquerque, July; Las Vegas;

28 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

Tularosa, August; Mesilla Park, September. Ariz.: Phoenix; Palmer-
lee, August; Prescott, June, September. Nev. : Franktown. Also
Nebraska. In other collections Beaver Valley, Utah (Brooklyn mus.),
La Cueva, Organ Mts., St. Augustine, Las Cruces, New Mexico
(N. M. agric. coll.), Santa Fe, New Mexico, Nogalcs, Oracle, Catalina
Mts., Arizona (Cornell univ.).

Hespekoleon blandus (Hagen).
Plate 4, fig. 75, 84.
Myrmeleon blandus, Hagen, Synop., 1861, p. 235.

Interantennal mark goes but little below the antennae, sometimes
with short median extension, above usually reaching and including the
first vertex row, second vertex row of two submedian spots with more
or less distinct lateral extensions; last joint of labial palpi scarcely
enlarged, partly brown. Pronotum with four stripes, the median pair
well separated, the lateral shorter, rather oblique and arising from the
base of the median pair; sometimes the laterals reach forward to
front, almost completely uniting with the median pair. Rest of notum
with large spots, two dark streaks on the mesoscutellum, a median
spot, narrowed behind on metascutellum; pleura largely dark; front-
femora and tibiae usually unmarked, other femora dotted, tibiae less
so, spines black. Abdomen pale on base above, with a narrow, median,
dark line; hair long, largely black. Wings scarcely marked, stigma
yellowish, no large spots, the cross-veins partly and other \eins at con-
nections and the forks dark, but not margined; hind-wings still less
marked. Vertex much elevated in female, less in male; pronotum much
broader than long in middle, scarcely narrowed in front; hind-spurs
about equal one and one half joints; male abdomen longer than wings,
last segment about three or four times as long as high; the appendages
slender, curved, one half of the last segment; in fore-wing usually
three cross-veins before radial sector, in hind-wings two; radial sector
with about nine branches; few if any of cubitals connected; in fore-wing
radial sector before the cubital fork, in hind-wing about equal; hind-
margin of hind-wings near base concave, first anal with about six to
eight branches, all short, and subequal, first about three times a cubital
cross-vein.

Length fore-wing 20 to 22 mm., width 4.5 to 5.2 mm.

Length hind-wing 18 to 20 mm., width 3.8 to 4 mm.

Length of abdomen 9 19 to 20 mm., cf 25 mm

banks: revision of the nearctic myrmeleonidae. 29

Specimens examined. — N. M. : Pecos River (Type) ; Ft. Wingate,
May; Albuquerque, July. Colo.: South Park; Trinidad, June. Wyo. :
Bridger Basin. Utah:Provo. Ne v. : Verdi, July, yl/^o Colorado (Cor-
nell univ.).

Hesperoleon papago (Carrie).
Plate 1, fig. 1.
Brachynemurus papago Currie, Can. ent., 1899, 31, p. 361.

Interantennal mark with median extension usually to clypeus, and
often lateral extensions down by the eyes. First vertex row of three
linear spots, second row of five, more or less connected; last joint of
labial palpi brown, not strongly swollen. Pronotum with four stripes,
the medium pair united in posterior half, divergent in front, the lateral
bowed outward in anterior part, the lower posterior sides often with
one or two brown spots. Rest of notum with many brown spots,
mostly linear, a pale median line, two marks on the scutelli; pleura
with brown spots and streaks, but upper part largely pale; thorax with
many white and some black bristles. Femora and tibiae much dotted,
sometimes the dots confluent. Abdomen brown, with a pale line each
side above on basal part; dorsal hair rather long, mostly black, some
white intermixed, mostly black below. Wings with white stigma, dark
spot at base, a spot behind, several along the cubitus, and obliquely up
from end of anal. Median vein marked; radius with long streaks of
pale and dark, not marked at every cross-vein; hind-wings hardly
marked.

Vertex in both sexes but little swollen; pronotum fully as broad as
long in middle; hind-tibia longer than femur, basitarsus about equal
two joints, hind-spurs hardly equal basal joint; male abdomen longer
than hind-wings, appendages very short, not one half of short last
segment. All hairs on wing-veins very long, in fore-wing three cross-
veins before radial sector, in hind-wings two cross-veins; eight to ten
branches of radial sector; several cubital cross-veins and usually a
few anals connected; in hind-wing radial sector is usually before
cubital fork; near base hind-margin concave, first anal with about six
branches, all rather short, subequal.

Length fore-wing 22 to 26 mm., width 5.5 to 7 mm.

Length hind-wing 20 to 23.5 mm., width 5 to 6 mm.

Length abdomen 9 22 mm., cf 26 to 27 mm.

Specimens examined, — Calif.: San Gabriel Mts., July; Laguna

30 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

Beach; Clareinont; Stanford Univ. Utah: Coal Creek, Iron Co., June;

Hurricane, June, August; Bellevue, June; Provo. Tex.: San Antonio.

Currie described it from Madera Canyon, Santa Rita Mts., Arizona.

Hespeeoleon hubbakdi (Currie).
Plate 1, fig. 13. Plate 4, fig. 90.
Brachynemurus hubbardi Currie, Can. ent., 1898, 30, p. 241.

Interantennal mark emarginate below, above extending up to. and
including the first vertex row, sometimes a minute pale spot between
bases of antennae, second vertex row of a couple of submedian marks,
laterally unmarked or faint. Last joint labial palpi not very large,
partly brown. Pronotum witli four well-separated brown lines, some-
times the laterals are heavier, and sometimes these or all are inter-
rupted at the furrow, or in small specimens all may be faint, especially
in front; rest of notum with elongate marks, two on each scutellum;
pleura mostly brown, with many pale spots; femora and tibiae more
or less dotted, the spines black, except some on front- and mid-
femora; abdomen above on basal part largely pale, with a median dark
line, dorsal hair mostly black, ventral white, all fairly long; front-coxae
with one or two white macrochaetae, wings with small spot near the
stigma, latter white, elsewhere unmarked; veins much interrupted
with brown, median vein partly dark, radius marked at end of cross-
veins; hind-wings unmarked.

Vertex but little swollen; pronotum about as broad as long; hind-
spurs a little longer than basitarsus; last segment of male abdomen
about four times as long as high, appendages long, slender, bent beyond
middle, about equal one half of last segment. In fore-wings three or
four cross-veins before radial sector, in hind-wings also three or four,
rarely but two; in hind-wing the radial sector and cubital fork are about
equal, radial sector with about ten branches; few if any cubitals con-
nected; hind-margin of hind-wing slightly convex, first anal with about
seven to ten branches, first more than three times longer than cubital
cross-vein above it.

Length fore-wing 20 to 28 mm., width 5 to 7.5 mm.

Length hind-wing 18 to 25 mm., width 4.5 to 6 mm.

Length abdomen 9 19 to 22 mm., cf 33 to 38 mm.

Specimens examined. — Ariz.: Phoenix, August; Oracle, August;
Reef; Nogales, July; Thumb Butte, July; Palmerlee, July; Huachuca
Mts., August. N. M.: Albuquerque. Ivans.: Morton Co. Tex.:

banks: revision of the nearctic myrmeleonidae. 31

Carrizo Springs. Also from Tucson, Arizona (Amer. mus. nat. hist.),
Nogales, Oracle, and Huachuca ISIts., Arizona (Cornell univ.), Mesilla,
La Cueva, Organ Mts., New Mexico (N. Mex. agric. coll.), Huachuca
Mts., Arizona (Brooklyn mus.).

Described by Currie from Ft. Grant, Arizona. Brachyneviurus
cockerelli Banks (Ent. news, 1902, 13, p. 86) is a synonym.

Hesperoleon hubbardi nubeculipennis (Currie).

Brachynemurus hubbardi nvbeculipennis Currie, Proc. Ent. soc. Wash., 1903,
5, p. 277.

In this variety there is a distinct mark on the rhegma, usually also
marks along the cubitus, and more on forks of veins; the species is not
as yellow as typical hvbbardi; and the pronotal stripes are rather more
heavy; the male appendages are the same.

Specimens exanmied. — N. M. : Jemez Mts., July, August. Utah:
Bellevue, June; Parowan Canyon, Iron Co., July.

Currie described it from Phoenix and Prescott, Arizona.

In some small specimens from Phoenix, the wings are fairly well-
marked, and the insect scarcely yellow. In two from Carrizo Springs,
Tex. the pronotal stripes are nearly absent.

In two males (Boulder, Colo., and Seward Co., Kans.) the coloration
is as in typical hubbardi but the male appendages are much shorter,
hardly longer than the height of the last segment. These merit a
varietal name as much as the nubeculipc7inis and I propose Hesperoleon
hubbardi var. curtus, var. nov. (Plate 4, fig. 95). The male appendages
do not bend downward as in the other forms, and are much shorter,
otherwise I cannot find differences.

Hesperoleon versutus (Walker).
Plate 1, fig. 23. Plate 4, fig. 85.
Myrmeleon versutus Walker, Cat. Neur. Brit, mus., 1853, pt. 2, p. 331.

Interantennal mark large, shining deep black, extending down on
face, with the clypeus or two spots thereon black, usually leaving a
pale spot on lower face; upward the mark extends over vertex, leaving
a pale spot each side near eyes, in some specimens it does not reach the
second vertex row of spots; last joint of labial palpi scarcely swollen,
partly black. The pronotum shows the usual four stripes, often well
separated, but sometimes united more or less and enclosing a pale

32 bulletin: museum of compabative zoology.

stripe or two spots each side. Rest of notum marked with dark, the
seutelU with two streaks ; pleura mostly dark brown ; femora and tibiae
more or less dotted, rarely embrowned; abdomen in male with two pale
streaks each side above on basal two thirds or more, the upper streak
much the broader, the dark median line sometimes evanescent; female
with one pale hne above each side on basal part, sometimes "indistinct;
hair on abdomen mostly black, fairly' long, ^^'ings heavily marked with
small brown spots, subequal in size; stigma yellow, no line from rhegma
nor up from anal vein. Practically every fork and e\ery cross-vein is
brown and more or less bordered, the costal cross- veins with spots at
each end; hind-wings less heavily marked.

Vertex moderately elevated in both sexes; pronotum as broad or
broader than long in middle; hind-spurs equal one and one half joints,
femoral and tibial spines black. The male abdomen is but little longer
than the hind-wings, the last segment less than three times as long as
broad, and the appendages about two thirds of joint. In fore-wings
three or four cross-veins before radial sector, in hind-wing two to four;
about ten branches to radial sector; usually a few cubital cross-veins
connected; in hind-wings the cubital fork is usually a little before
radial sector; in the costal area of fore-wings there are several cross-
veins connected, but not the series of typical Brachynemurus; hind-
margin of hind-wings a little convex, first anal with about six or seven
branches, first fully three times longer than cubital cross-vein above it.

Length fore-wing 21 to 22 mm., width 5.5 to 7 mm.

Length hind-wing 19 to 20 mm., width 4.5 to 6 mm.

Length abdomen 9 17 mm., cf 25 mm.

Specimens exaviined.— N.M.: Pecos; Sapello Canyon. Arizona
(Morrison).

Hesperoleon mexicanus (Banks).

Plate 4, fig. 87.

Brachynemurus mexicanus Banks, Proc. Cal. acad. sci., 1895, ser. 2, 5, p. 520.

Very similar to //. versutus. Literantennal mark is emarginate just
below antennae, and does not extend down on face, nor is there black
on clypeus, upward the mark sometimes reaches the second vertex row,
sometimes the second row represented by two transverse spots. The
rest of markings is the same as in H. versutus, the structure is also
nearly the same in the female, but in the male the vertex is less swollen
than in versutus and the male abdomen is very much longer than the
wings, all the segments being lengthened, the last one three to four

banks: revision of the nearctic myrmeleonidae. 33

times as long as higli, and the appendages two thirds as long as the
segment.

Length fore-wing 23 to 28 mm., width 6.5 to 7 mm.

Length hind-wing 20 to 25 mm., width 5.5 to 6 mm.

Length abdomen 9 17 mm., cf 37 to 39 mm.

Specimens exaviined. — -Ariz. : Garcia; Palmerlee, September, October,

Hesperoleon sackeni (Hagen).
Plate 1, fig, 12. Plate 3, fig. 48.
Brachynemurus sackeni Hagen, Can. ent., 1888, 20, p. 94.

Interantennal mark small, emarginate below in front, the lower part
often as two spots, sometimes a pale spot between antennae; first
vertex row a transverse line; second row a few spots near middle, not
on sides toward eyes, in middle connected to first row, and two exten-
sions behind; often the spots are more or less indistinct. Last joint of
labial palpi moderately swollen, partly brown. Pronotum with four
lines, the middle pair close together, and sometimes united in front
where they are less broad; the lateral lines rarely reach in front of
furrow; in many cases the marks run together, and there is another
lateral stripe, but the fine median pale line remains. Rest of notum
with brown spots; mesoscutellum always largely pale, two dark spots
behind, and sometimes two streaks in front; metascutellum pale, with
more or less trgice of dark median line. Pleura largely dark; femora and
tibiae dotted, spines black, some on front- and mid-femora white.
The abdomen is banded, the second segment with pale spot at base,
middle and tip, the third, fourth, and fifth segments at middle and tip;
in the male the pale is more extensive, but not connected to form a
stripe. Wings with the cross-veins dark and usually slightly margined
so that there are many small spots, but none prominent; three or four
rather larger, one at stigma, one at rhegma, one at end of anal vein, and
one on cubitus half-way between the last two; median and cubital
veins about half dark, but neither dark at end of every cross-vein;
there is sometimes a reddish tinge to the pale of the veins. Hair of
abdomen long, mostly black, but some white intermixed.

Vertex considerably elevated, less so in male; pronotum but little
broader than long in the middle; hind-spurs little longer than the basi-
tarsus; in fore-wing usually three cross-veins before radial sector, in
hind-wings two; radial sector with about nine branches; cubitals have
few connected ; in hind-wing the cubital fork is usually before radial

34 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

sector, but not much diflFerence; abdomen slender, longer than wings,
last segment in male very short, hardl}- one half of preceding segment,
the appendages very long, curved, about twice as long as last segment.
In hind-wing the hind-margin is convex, first anal vein with about four
branches, first five times as long as a cubital cross-vein.

Length fore-wing 16 to 27 mm., width 5 to 8 mm.

Length hind-wing 14 to 24 mm., width 4 to 7 mm.

Length abdomen 9 14 to 22 mm., d^ 20 to 28 mm.

Very common in the West,

Specimens examined. — Calif. : Walters Station; San Diego; Johannes-
burg; Laguna Beach; Havilah. Ariz.: Wenden, June; Congress; Hot
Springs; Prescott. Nev. : Verdi, July; Reno. Utah : Zion's Canyon ; St.
George, June; Coal Creek, Iron Co. N. M. : Ft. Wingate, June; Jemez
Mts., June; Pecos, June. Colo.: South Park; Golden, July. Tex.:
Brown wood; Kerrville, April; Dallas (Type); Phantom Lake, Davis
Mts., June. Also from Beaver Valley, Utah (Brooklyn mus.). Las
Cruces, New Mexico (N. M. agric. coll.), Nogales, Oracle, Arizona
(Cornell univ.).

It was described from Texas and California.

Hesperoleon y^avapai (Currie).
Plate 1, fig. 3. Plate 4, fig. 82, 91.
Brachynemurus yavapai Currie, Proc. Ent. soc. Wash., 1903, 5, p. 281.

Interantennal mark with a median extension below, first vertex row
of three brown spots, second row of three connected spots and con-
nected to middle one of first row (in Type with posterior third and
longitudinal furrow dark) ; last joint of labial palpi black, moderately
swollen. Pronotum with three dark stripes, the lateral ones ending at
furrow (in Type all united behind and to posterior marginal spot into
one large five-pointed mark) ; rest of notum mostly dark, seutelli pale
with faint median line; pleura more or less brown; legs pale, scarcely
marked, tarsi paler than usual (in Type the tibiae banded with brown,
tips of femora and tarsal joints also dark). Abdomen with a large pale
band across middle of dorsal segments, ventral segments pale, but with
dark before tip, hair very short, black and white intermixed. Fore-
wings with nearly all cross-veins margined with brown; stigma white,
not large, with black spot at inner side, radial sector dark at end of
each cross-vein; median vein dark, marked with pale; hind-wings
scarcely marked, two or three small clouds in upper tip.

banks: revision of the nearctic myrmeleonidae. 35

Vertex (in male) but little elevated ; pronotum broader than long in
middle; hind-spurs barely equal basitarsus; male abdomen short, not
equal to hind-wing, appendages as long as last two segments. In fore-
wings the cubital fork is before the radial sector (unusual in genus) ; a
few cubital cross-veins connected, but no anals; three or four cross-
veins before radial sector, latter with seven or eight branches. In the
hind-wings the hind-margin is convex, first anal with about four
branches, first long, oblique, fully four times the length of a cubital
cross-vein; but one or two cross-veins before radial sector. In both
wings the cells between medius and cubitus are very long, especially
so in the hind-wings.

Length fore-wing 18 mm., width 4.5 mm.

Length hind-wing 16 mm., width 4 mm.

Length abdomen cf 15 mm.

S'pecimen examined. — Utah: Hurricane, June.

Currie's description is based on a female from Hot Springs, Arizona.

I have before me only a male, which differs considerably from the
female Type in the marks of vertex, pronotum, and legs ; but doubtless
they belong together.

Hesperoleon maculosus (Banks).
Plate 1, fig. 8. Plate 3, fig. 60.
Brachynemurus maculosus Banks, Ent. news, 1899, 10, p. 170.

Interantennal mark small, not below antennae and not much above;
first vertex row broken in middle and here connected back to the two
submedian spots which form the second row; last joint of labial palpi
small, mostly pale. Pronotum with four lines, the middle pair united
on posterior part, in front of furrow as two spots, laterals distinct, well
separated, and reaching only to furrow. Rest of notum mostly pale,
scutelli with median elongate spot; pleura mostly dark; femora and
tibia unmarked, spines black. Abdomen with pale stripe each side on
base, hair mostly white. Wings with many rather large spots, larger
than in H. ahdominalis, mostly on connections of cross-veins and at
forks, median wholly pale, cross-veins more widely separated than in
H. ahdominalis; hind-wings with some spots along subcosta and radius,
and at ends of cross-veins.

Vertex much elevated; pronotum much broader than long in middle;
hind-spurs fully equal to two joints; in fore-wings three cross-veins
before radius, in hind-wings but one, radial sector with seven branches,

36 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

no cubitals connected, in fore-wing radial sector a little before cubital
fork, in hind-wings the cubital fork a trifle before radial sector, in the
hind-wing the radial sector arises much before that point in the fore-
wing (unusual in the genus), hind-margin of hind-wings near base
slightly convex, first anal with three branches, first much oblique,
about fi\e times as long as a cubital cross-vein. Male unknown.

Length fore-wing 17 mm., width 4.5 mm.

Length hind-wing 15 mm., width 4 mm.

The single Type specimen from Tehama, California, August, is the
only one seen.

Hespekoleon irregulakis Currle.
Plate 1, fig. 4. Plate 4, fig. 94.
Brachynemurus irregularis Currie, Proc. Ent. soc. Wash., 1906, 7, p. 186.

Interantennal mark brown, emarginate below, with a median pro-
jection, above reaching up and including both vertex rows, or the
vertex rows separate, a median brown spot behind ; last joint of labial
palpi scarcely swollen, partly brown; pronotum with a broad brown
median stripe, much broader behind, and narrowed at furrow. Rest of
notum mostly pale brown, with a few pale streaks or spots, scutelli
mostly brown, a black dot on middle of hind-margin; pleura mostly
brown; femora and tibiae dotted, spines black. Abdomen yellowish
brown, with long black hair above and below. Wings much marked
with small brown clouds, but no larger spots nor streaks; stigma yel-
lowish, the cross-veins mostly margined and the forks marked with
brown, the median vein mostly dark, and radius dark at end of every
cross-vein, a row of brown spots between the subcosta and radius;
hind-wings less marked. Vertex considerably swollen; pronotum
broader than long in middle, but little narrowed in front; hind-spurs
not reaching tip of basitarsus; in both wings the radial sector arises
before cubital fork; in fore-wing three or four cross-veins before radial
sector, in hind-wings two or three; radial sector with eight or nine
branches; several cubitals connected, and several cross-veins before
radial sector connected; costal hairs and others very long; hind-margin
of hind-wing near base concave, first anal vein with about ten branches,
all short and subequal, first hardly twice length of cubital cross-vein
above it.

Male unknown.

Length of fore-wing 21 mm., width 5 to 7 mm.

banks: revision of the nearctic myrmeleonidae. 37

Length of hind-wing 20 mm., width 4 mm.
Length of abdomen 9 23 mm.

The only specimen examined is from Havana, lUinois. Currie de-
scribed it from Columbus, Texas and Havana, Illinois.

Hesperoleon coquilletti (Currie).
Plate 1, fig. 2. Plate 4, fig. 86, 89.
Brachynemurus coquilletti Currie, Can. ent., 1898, 30, p. 93.

Interantennal mark extending barely below the antennae, often with
a median extension below, upward it reaches and includes the first
vertex row and often the second; last joint of labial palpi but little
swollen, part brown. Pronotum with median stripes united behind,
forked in front, and lateral stripes to the furrow, where they are some-
times connected to the median. Rest of notum mostly black, the an-
terior lobe with two pale spots; scutelli pale, each with a median spot,
narrowed behind. Pleura mostly black; femora and tibiae pale, rarely
marked, spines black. Abdomen in male with a broad pale stripe each
side above, in female less noticeable, hair long, white. Wings with
yellowish white stigma, few marks, one at stigma, another at rhegma,
both small, smaller marks along radius and cubitus and at forks behind ;
median vein white, marked only toward tip.

Vertex strongly swollen in female, less so in male; pronotum as broad
as long in the middle, not narrowed in front; hind-spurs fully equal to
two joints; abdomen of male a little longer than the wings, last segment
about twice as long as high, appendages very short, divergent. In fore-
wing two or three cross-veins before radial sector, in hind-wings two;
radial sector with about seven to ten branches; cubitals rarely con-
nected ; in fore-wing second anal simple and usually connected but once
to first anal; in hind-wing cubital fork about equal to radial sector; in
hind-wings the hind-margin is slightly concave, first anal with three
branches, first oblique, and fully three times as long as cubital cross-
vein above it.

Length fore-wing 17 to 22 mm., width 4.5 to 6 mm.

Length hind-wing 15 to 19 mm., width 4 to 5 mm.

Length abdomen 9 16 to 20 mm., cf 26 to 28 mm.

Specimens examined. — N. M. : Jemez Mts.; Mesilla, July; Albu-
querque, July. Ariz.: Phoenix, September. Tex.: Brownsville, May.
Utah: Vinyard, June; St. George, June; Bellevue, June. Wash.:

38 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

Pacoima, July. Calif.: Coronado, July. Also Hamilton Co., Kansas
(Snow coll.).

Described by Currie from San Simon, Arizona, and San Bernardino

County, California.

In most specimens the last radial cross-vein before stigma is more
oblique than usual, and so connected as to appear as a separate radial
sector.

Hesperoleon abdominalis (Say).
Plate 1, fig. 5, 18. Plate 3, fig. 53, 64.

Myrmeleon abdominalis Say, Godman's west, quart, rept., 1823, 2, p. 163;
Ed. Lee, 1, p. 173.

Interantennal mark usually with a median extension below, above
usually reaching to first vertex row, second vertex row of a pair of sub-
median spots, little more. Last joint labial palpi scarcely swollen,
mostly pale. Pronotum without median lines in main part, but in front
of the groove there is usually a trace of two spots, sometimes very dis-
tinct, lateral stripes very distinct, reaching only to the groove. Rest
of notum largely pale, in the juvencvs form clear yellow, the mesonotal
lobe more or less spotted, and brown stripes over bases of wings,
scutelli with a narrow median spot or line; pleura mostly pale to mostly
dark; femora pale to finely dotted, tibiae less marked, spines black.
Abdomen with broad pale stripe each side above, in the juvencvs form
this extends more to the tip, in the males the apical segment sometimes
shows a transverse middle and basal spot. Wings hyaline to yellowish,
with many small brown spots, mostly at ends of the cross-veins and on
the forks of marginal vein, median vein normally pale, unmarked,
radius dark at each cross-vein, stigma yellow. Hair of abdomen mostly
black, but more white below.

Vertex high in both sexes, but more so in the female; pronotum about
as broad as long in the middle; hind-spurs equal to about two joints;
male abdomen much longer than the wings, last segment from two and
a half to three and a half times as long as high, the appendages slender,
upcurved, usually about one half to two thirds of last segment. In
fore-wings two to four cross-veins before radial sector, in hind-wings two
or three; about ten radial branches; usually several cubitals crossed;
hind-margin of hind-wings near base scarcely concave but sometimes
slightly so, first anal vein with six to nine branches, all short, subequal,
the first more than three times longer than the cubital cross-vein
above it.

banks: revision of the ne arctic myrmeleonidae. 39

There are two forms which, by themselves, look like separate species
and were so named by Hagen. One in the south and southwest,
juvencus, is rather smaller, much more yellow, the lateral marks on
pronotum are very definite, and the two submedian spots in front
faint or absent. In the female the hair of abdomen is almost wholly
white. In the male the abdomen is rather shorter, the last segment
distinctly shorter (although somewhat variable in both series) and the
male appendages more than one half of the last segment.

Some specimens from the northeastern states {salvus Hagen) are
much darker, the pronotal stripes rather indefinite, the median area
dark or spotted, the median vein mostly dark, and usually a greater
number of branches to first anal; but it grades into the normal form.

Length fore-wing 21 to 27 mm., width 5 to 7 mm.

Length hind-wing 20 to 25 mm., width 4.5 to 5.5. mm.

Length abdomen 9 19 to 25 mm., cf 25 to 33 mm.

Specimens examined. — Ontario: Go Home Bay, July. Manitoba:
Treesbank, July. Mass.: West Chop, August; Lexington; Springfield,
July. Conn.: New Haven, July. N. Y. : Rochelle; Sea Cliff, August.
N. J. : River Edge, Sandy Hook. Md. : Bay Ridge. D. C. : Washington
(Type of salvvs). Va.: Falls Church, June; Virginia Beach, August;
Cape Henry, July. N. C: Southern Pines, May. Ga.: Millen, July;
Albany, September. Tex.: Dallas; Waco; Pecos River (Type oi juven-
cus). Kans. : Onaga. Nebr. : Cambridge; Indianola. N. Dak.: Devils
Lake, July. Colo. : Ft. Collins; Clear Creek; Denver; Boulder. N. M. :
Las Cruces; Zuni. Utah: Provo; Vinyard, June; Salt Lake, August;
Eureka. Ore.: Ashland. Wash.: Seattle; Camp Umatilla, July.
Calif.: Gazelle, September; Tehachapi, August; Lathrop, August.
Also Milton, Massachusetts, Staten Island and Long Island, New York
(Davis), Egg Island, Lakehurst, New Jersey (Brooklyn mus.), Raleigh,
North Carolina (N. C. state coll.), Albany, Atlanta, Georgia (Cornell
univ.), St. Anthony Park, Minnesota (Minn, state coll.), Clark Co ,
Kansas (Snow coll.), Oregon, Ontario (Amer. mus. nat. hist.).

Hesperoleon tenuis (Banks).
Plate 1, fig. 10.
Brachynemurus tenuis Banks, Trans. Amer. ent. soc, 1899, 25, p. 204.

Interantennal mark not much below antennae, sometimes a median
line below, above often connected to the first vertex row, but sometimes
with pale between, second vertex row of two rather<*mall submedian

40 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

spots; last joint of labial palpi slender, partly dark. Pronotum without
median stripes, sometimes faintly indicated in front of the furrow,
lateral marks distinct, but reach only to furrow. Rest of notinn largely
pale, scutelli with median line, spots over base of wings usually broken ;
pleura pale, with a brown stripe above middle and the lower side brown;
femora somewhat dotted, tibiae less so, spines black, some on front-
and mid-femora white. Abdomen largely pale on basal part, with dark
median line above, sometimes absent, hair long, white, in male mostly
black. Wings with dots, but mostly in two longitudinal areas, median
pale, many cross-veins also pale; most noticeable spots are a series
along radius, and a series (twenty or more) rather larger ones along the
cubitus, the forks are more or less dark, the stigma whitish; hind-wings
with fainter dots along radius and the cubitus largely dark.

Vertex much elevated; pronotum about as broad as long in the
middle, narrowed in front; hind spurs fully equal to two joints. Before
radial sector in fore-wings two to five cross-veins, in hind-wings two
or three; usually several cubitals connected; in hind-wings cubital
fork equal to radial sector; the hind-margin near base slightly concave,
first anal with about six branches, short and subequal, first about
three times as long as a cubital cross-vein.

Length fore-wing 22 to 24 mm., width 6 to 6.5 mm.

Length hind-wing 20 to 22 mm., width 5 to 5.5 mm.

Length abdomen 9 18 mm., cf 28 mm.

Specimens examined. — N. M.: Mesilla, June, July. Also Douglas,
Arizona (Snow coll.).

ScoTOLEON Banks.
Ent. news, 1913, 24, p. 64.

Similar in most respects to Hesperoleon, but the labial palpi are
greatly elongated; the legs fairly stout, fifth tarsal joint longer than
basal, spurs equal to two joints; abdomen of male but little longer than
of female. Costal area of wings simple, Banksian and intercubital lines
fairly distinct; second anal of fore-wing runs in a nearly even curve or
bends slightly to touch the third, connected twice to third, the second
usually simple, the third forked ; radial sector in fore-wing much before
the cubital fork, in hind-wing often beyond the fork, in hind-wing
usually two cross-veins before radial sector; the first anal runs parallel
to cubital fork for some distance; second and third anals usually both
forked.

Type. — S. lo^ipalpis Hagen.

banks: revision of the ne arctic myrmeleonidae. 41

ScOTOLEON LONGiPAi.Pis (Hagen).
Plate 3, fig. 68. Plate 4, fig. 92.
Brachynemurus longipalpis Hagen, Can. ent., 1888, 20, p. 95.

Interantennal mark typically of only a median spot below antennae,
but the United States specimens have a spot below each antenna,
usually united to form a band; first vertex row of three usually sepa-
rated spots, second row of four more or less connected spots; pronotum
with four stripes, the laterals usually end at furrow in a deep black
spot, the submedian pair usually show more or less definitely in front
of furrow; rest of notum spotted, largely dark in front, mesoscutellum
with two streaks, metascutellum with a large dark spot; pleura mostly
dark; femora sometimes more or less infuscated, but often pale and
dotted with dark, the hind-femora usually dark toward tip, tibiae
usually but little marked. Abdomen more or less narrowly lineate on
basal part, hair moderately short, mostly white, but some black above,
especially in the male. Wings with distinct dark mark at base of
stigma, and a dark, jagged streak (often broken into two or three
sections) or a row of spots along cubitus; sometimes a definite mark at
rhegma, and at end of the anal. Venation dark, much broken with
pale, sometimes many small marks on cross-veins.

Vertex moderately elevated; pronotum scarcely as broad as long in
middle, hardly narrowed in front; labial palpi greatly elongated, three
times as long as maxillary palpi ; hind-spurs almost equal to two joints,
spines of legs black; no macrochaetae on front coxae; male abdomen
elongate, last segment but little shorter than the preceding, hardly
three times as long as high, the appendages pale, divergent, and very
short. In fore-wings the radial sector arises before the cubital fork, in
the hind-wings usually the opposite; in fore-wings three cross-veins
before radial sector, in hind-wings two; radial sector eight to ten
branches; hind-margin of hind-wings near base convex, the first anal
with six to eight branches, first few long and very oblique, five or six
times as long as a cubital cross-vein.

Length fore-wing 19.5 to 26 mm., width 5.5 to 7.5 mm.

Length hind-wing 17 to 23 mm., width 4.5 to 6.5 mm.

Length abdomen 9 17 to 22.5 mm., cf 25 to 30 mm.

Specimens examined. — Calif.: San Bernardino; Salt Well Valley,
Kern Co.; Claremont. Nev.: Humboldt Station, July (Type); Reno.
Ariz.: Nogales, July; Phoenix, August; Yuma; Hot Springs, July.
N. M.: Mesilla, July; Albuquerque. Utah: Bellevue. Tex.: Davis

42 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

Mts., June; Marfa, June. Also Nogales, Oracle, Arizona (Cornell
univ.), Utah (Brooklyn mus.).

There were eight types, six from Cape St. Lucas, Baja California,
and two from Humboldt Station, Nevada. The Baja specimens (which
should be types in case of division) have no marks below antennae, but
a definite median spot below. In all the United States specimens the
median mark is at best barely indicated by a line, but there is a band
(or two spots) below antennae. Sometimes these spots are almost
absent (Arizona) but the median spot is also absent. The Baja speci-
mens have the hind-tibia simply dotted; in most of the United States
specimens the hind-tibiae are dark over part or all of the apical half.
In some San Bernardino specimens however the hind-tibiae are dotted.
In some Arizona specimens the dark along cubitus is continuous. There
is some variation in the length of the labial palpi; the Baja specimens
have the enlarged part of last joint fully as long as the stem, while in
some of the United States specimens the stem is plainly longer.

Netroneurus, gen. no v.

Second anal of fore-wing runs in even curve, not bent toward first
anal; the radial sector before cubital fork in fore-wings, and may be
also in hind-wings, about two cross-veins before radial sector in hind-
wings; the first anal in hind-wings runs for some distance parallel to
cubital fork; front-coxae with several curved macrochaetae, and a
series of similar bristles above on front-femur; spurs about as long or
little longer than basal joint.

Type. — N. carolinus Banks.

The two species may be separated as follows : —

1. Abdomen ( 9 ) longer than wings; hind-femora dotted all over; cubitals

connected; larger, eastern species carolinus.

2. Abdomen ( 9 ) shorter than wings; hind-femora with dots forming a band

near tip; few of any cubitals connected; smaller, western species; wings
more spotted pulchellus.

Netroneurus carolinus Banks.
Plate 1, fig. 21. Plate 3, fig. 74.
Brachynemurus carolinus Banks, Trans. Amer. ent. soc, 1911, 37, p. 349.

Interantennal mark with a median line down to clypeus, where there
is a transverse mark, upward it extends but a little, usually not reach-

banks: revision of the nearctic myrmeleonidae. 43

ing the first vertex row, the latter of two long curved lines, second
vertex row of large, not very definite submedian spots; last joint of
labial palpi but little swollen, partly pale. Pronotum with indistinct
marks; a median line, in front of it two spots; a narrow lateral stripe
reaching to furrow, and outside this several more or less distinct marks.
Rest of notum much marked, mesoscutellum with two streaks, and
two shining black spots at base, metascutellum with a large spot; spots
over base of wing much broken; pleura mostly dark; femora much
dotted, tibiae hardly less so. Abdomen with two or three basal seg-
ments usually pale, dark at tip, beyond dark; hair long, mostly black.

Vertex much elevated; pronotum about as long in middle as broad,
narrowed in front; front-coxae with some long curved white macro-
chaetae; and a crest of similar macrochaetae above on front-femora,
most of other leg spines black; hind-spurs equal about one and one half
joints. Abdomen of female longer than wings, that of male much
longer, last segment nearly five times as long as high; appendages long
slender, little curved, not one half as long as the last segment. Wings
but little marked, venation interrupted with dark; in fore-wings three
cross-veins before radial sector (sometimes all connected), in hind-
wings two cross-veins; several cubitals connected; in hind-wings the
radial sector is usually much before the cubital fork; hind-margin
toward base faintly concave, first anal with eight to ten branches,
short and subequal, the first not three times as long as a cubital
cross- vein.

Length fore-wing 20 to 22 mm., width 4.8 to 5.9 mm.

Length hind-wing 19 to 20.5 mm., width 3.8 to 4.7 mm.

Length abdomen 9 20 to 22 mm., cf 31 to 32 mm.

Specimens examined. — N. C: Southern Pines, June (Type). Ga.:
Millen, July. Fla. : Gotha, April.

Netroneurus pulchellus Banks.
Plate 2, fig. 25.
Brachynemurus pulchellus Banks, Trans. Amer. ent. soc, 1911, 37, p. 348.

Interantennal mark covering most of face below and upward to first
vertex row, second vertex row a narrow transverse line, with a curved
mark each side behind ; last joint of labial palpi much swollen, mostly
dark. Pronotum with the usual four lines, the middle pair well sepa-
rated throughout, the laterals connected, except at tip to the median,
thus forming a broad stripe each side with a pale spot in front, outside

44 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

of these stripes there is a streak in front and a dot behind. Rest of
notum mostly dark, mesoscutelhim with two streaks and an elongate
median spot behind, metascutellum mostly dark; brown over base of
wings with two pale dots; pleura largely dark, sutures marked with
pale; femora dotted, hind pair with band before tip; front- and mid-
tibiae with mark near base and toward tip, hind-tibiae with elongate
spots below. Abdomen dark, last segments with small median and
apical pale spots. Wings with veins largely dark, but white in streaks
and some cross-veins wholly white, stigma with large dark spot at base,
short oblique stripe up from rhegma and at end of anal, several along
cubitus, and some radial cross-veins margined. Hair of abdomen white.

Vertex of female but little elevated; pronotum not as broad as long
in middle; front-coxae with large curved macrochaetae, also similar
white macrochaetae above on front-femora, spines largely white, but
some black; hind-tibae longer than hind-femora, hind-spurs barely if
any longer than basal joint. Abdomen of female shorter than wings,
male unknown. In fore-wings three cross-veins before radial sector, in
hind-wings two; no cubitals connected; in hind-wing radial sector
about equal cubital fork; hind-margin near base hardly concave, first
anal with four or five branches, all short and subequal, first hardly
three times as long as a cubital cross-vein.

Length fore-wing 13.5 mm., width 3.6 mm.

Length hind-wing 12 mm., width 2.7 mm.

Length abdomen 9 12 mm.

Only specimen seen is the Type from Brown, California, October.

Beachynemurus Hagen.

Can. ent., 1888, 20, p. 34.

Last joint of labial palpi but little swollen; antennae moderately
long, clavate; pronotum usually broader than long; legs rather slender,
fifth tarsal joint the longest, spurs usually equal to two tarsal joints;
abdomen of male much longer than in the female, longer than the
wings. Fore-wings with costal area two-celled for at least one half-way ;
radial sector before cubital fork; second anal runs in even curve, con-
nected twice to the third, both second and third usually forked; the
Banksian and intercubital lines fairly distinct. In hind-wings usually
two cross-veins before the radial sector, this usually before cubital
fork; the first anal runs for some distance parallel to the cubital fork,
and connected thereto by several cross-veins; Banksian and inter-

banks: revision of the nearctic myrmeleonidae. 45

cubital lines rather less distinct than in fore-wings; second and third
anal both forked.

Type.^ — B. longicaudus Burmeister.

The Nearctic species four in number are easily separated as follows : —

1. Vertex elevated angularly each side, concave in middle; anterior lobe of

mesonotum conically elevated each side; pronotum broader than long;
antennae short; spines on legs very short; spurs not equal to basi tarsus.

tuberculatus.

Vertex evenly convexly elevated; pronotum as long or longer than broad;

antennae elongate; spines long; spurs longer than basitarsus 2

2. Pronotum with a continuous pale median stripe; two dark spots on clypeus;

hair on abdomen with much white intermixed; western species.

elongatus.

Pronotum with pale stripe only on anterior part if at all; hair on abdomen

mostly dark; eastern species 3

3. At least six of radial cross-vems with large dark clouds as broad as high,

also large spots at rhegma, end of anal and along the cubitus, and at

rhegma in the hind-wings ramburi.

The spots on radial cross-veins are much smaller, not half as wide as high,
nor any large spots elsewhere longicaudus.

Brachynemurus longicaudus Burmeister.
Plate 2, fig. 28. Plate 3, fig. 70.
Myrmeleon longicaudus Burm., Handb. ent., 1839, 2, p. 994.

Interantennal mark, often not very dark, extending obliquely below
antennae and sometimes with a median line below, above sometimes
reaching first vertex row, usually not, vertex mostly dark, the rows
more or less run together. Last joint of labial palpi but little swollen,
partly brown. Pronotum with marks often indistinct, usually a very
broad median stripe, with pale spots in front of furrow; laterally the
pronotum has a dark streak often merging with the brown. Rest of
notum largely brown, with pale, more or less indistinct spots, scutelli
largely dark; pleura mostly dark; femora dotted, tibiae less so, all with
long hair and spines, the latter mostly black, but some white especially
on front-femora; front-coxae with several macrochaetae. Abdomen
mostly dark, but with more or less definite pale stripe each side above
on basal part, in male sometimes entire basal segments pale, hair long,
black. Wings but little marked, spots at rhegma and along cubitus,
and at end of anal sometimes more distinct; venation mostly dark.

46 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

Vertex moderately elevated, emarginate in middle, rather concave
between the two vertex rows; pronotum longer than broad; sides of
anterior lobe of mesonotum roundedly humped; spurs nearly equal
two tarsal joints, front-tarsus longer than front-tibia. Abdomen of
male exceedingly long, slender, last segment fully four times as long
as high, appendages short, divergent, hardly as long as height of seg-
ment.

Wings rather broad ; two series of costal cells more than one half-way
to base; in both wings radial sector before cubital fork, but not much
so in hind-wings; in fore-wings three cross-veins before radial sector, in
hind-wings two; nine or ten branches to radial sector; several cubitals
connected; hind-margin of hind-wings slightly concave, first anal vein
with eight to ten branches, short and subequal, first not three times as
long as a cubital cross-vein; hairs of wing rather long and very
numerous.

Length fore-wing 21 to 23 mm., width 4.9 to 6 mm.

Length hind-wing 20 to 22 mm., width 4.2 to 5.2 mm.

Length abdomen 9 22 to 23 mm., cf 35 to 36 mm.

S-pecimens examined. — N. J.: Lakehurst. N. C: Southern Pines,
June. Ga.: Millen, July; St. Simon's Isl., September. Fla. : Ormond;
Cedar Keys; Crescent City; Gotha, July. Also St. Simon's Island,
Georgia (Cornell univ.) Beaufort, North Carolina (N. Car. state coll.),
Florida (Brooklyn mus.).

Brachynemiirus ramburi Banks.
Plate 3, fig. 58.
Brachynemurus ramburi Banks, Cat. Neurop., 1907, p. 31.

Interantennal mark hardly below antennae, sometimes a median
extension, and a mark across at base of clypeus, above the mark
usually extends over vertex, sometimes the vertex spots are more
separated, usually some pale each side near eye, behind is an oval
brown spot. Last joint of labial palpi but little swollen, mostly brown.
Pronotum largely brown, obscurely marked, three pale spots in front,
sometimes one each side near middle. Rest of notum mostly dark;
the scutelli pale, with a median dark line; pleura mostly dark; femora
spotted, tibia less so, spines mostly black, some white ones on front-
femora, front-coxae with several white macrochaetae. Abdomen
mostly dark, some of basal segments sometimes largely pale, with
dark tips, most noticeable in male; hair black. Wings heavily spotted,

banks: revision of the nearctic myrmeleonidae, 47

about twelve or fourteen large spots, one each side of stigma, about
six just above radial sector, one at rhegma, usually two others along
cubitus, and one at end of anal. Venation mostly dark, but more
white in places than in B. longicaudus, many cross-veins narrowly
margined and small spots at forks; in hind-wings the cross-veins slightly
margined, and the rhegma usually marked.

Vertex moderately high; pronotum longer than broad; front-spurs
more than two joints, hind-spurs nearly two joints; the anterior lobe
of mesonotum is hardly as plainly humped as in longicaudus; male
abdomen very long (as in longicaudus), last segment about three to
three and one half times longer than high, the appendages equal height
of segment, rather longer than in longicaudus.

Wings fairly broad; double costal series reaching more than one
half-way to base; before radial sector in fore-wings three cross-veins,
in hind-wings, two; about nine branches to radial sector, usually a
few cubitals connected; in both wings radial sector before cubital
fork, but little so in hind-wings; hind-margin of hind-wings faintly
concave, first anal with eight to ten branches, short and subequal, the
first not three times as long as cubital cross-vein above; hair on wings
rather long and abundant. Structurally very similar to B. longicaudus.

Length fore-wing 21 to 24 mm., width 5 to 6.5 mm.

Length hind-wing 20 to 22 mm., width 4.5 to 5.2 mm.

Length abdomen 9 23 to 25 mm., cT 35 to 37 mm.

Specimens examined. — N. C: Southern Pines, May. Ga.: Millen,
July. Fla. : Gotha, April, ^/so Chester, Georgia (Cornell univ.).

Brachynemurus elongatus Banks.
Plate 1, fig. 15. Plate 3, fig. 57.

Brachynemurus elongatus Banks, Trans. Amer. ent. soc, 1904, 30, p. 105, pi. 1,
fig. 10.
Interantennal mark extending obliquely below antennae on each
side, above not reaching up on vertex, often with a pale dot between
the antennae, two dark spots on the clypeus, first vertex row a con-
tinuous line, second vertex row of several more or less connected spots,
and behind in middle is an oval brown spot. Last joint of labial
palpi but little swollen. Pronotum with four stripes, the median pair
well separated, the laterals united near middle and at tip, thus leaving
two pale spots each side, laterally there is another stripe. Rest of
notum much spotted, mesoscutellum with two streaks, metascutellum

48 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

with a large double mark; pleura mostly dark; femora much dotted,
tibiae also much marked, but hind-tibia mostly below, spines long
mostly black, but some long white ones on femora, front-coxae with
several macrochaetae. Abdomen above often all dark, in some with a
few pale spots and streaks above on basal part, in male with a long pale
stripe each side above, hair fairly long, mostly black, but some white
intermixed. Venation mostly dark, interrupted with pale, radius with
long streaks of pale, a large black spot at base of stigma, a line up from
rhegma, less distinct at end of anal, and several marks along cubitus,
marginal forks also dark, median vein mostly dark.
Ii_. Vertex high, but evenly convexly elevated; pronotum not as broad
as long in the middle; front-spurs equal two joints, hind-spurs longer
than basal joint. Male abdomen very much longer than wings, last
segment five times as long as high, appendages short, divaricate.
Wings moderately narrow; costal series double for usually one half-way,
in fore-wings three cross-veins before radial sector, in hind-wings two,
eight to ten branches of radial sector, usually a few cubitals connected,
in both wings radial sector before cubital fork, in the hind-pair but
slightly so; hind-margin of hind-wings scarcely concave, first anal with
about ten branches, none long, but first three or four times as long as
a cubital cross-vein, rather longer than usual in the genus ; hair on wing,
especially costal hair, short.

Length fore-wing 23 to 25 mm., width 6 to G.5 mm.

Length hind-wing 20 to 22 mm., width 5 to 5.5 mm.

Length abdomen 9 20 to 21 mm., cf 36 mm.

S-pecimens examined. — N. M. : Mesilla (Type) ; Las Vegas, July.
Ariz.: Prescott. Colo. : Golden; South Park; Platte Canyon; Berkeley.
Utah: St. George, June.

Brachynemurus tuberculatus Banks.
Plate 3, fig. 69, 72.
Brachynemurus tuberculatus Banks, Can. ent., 1899, 31, p. 70.

Interantennal mark large, extending across below antennae and
with a median line below, upward it connects with the dark of the
vertex. Back of each vertex tubercle is a pale area, and in middle
behind a velvety black spot crossed by a faint median line. Pronotum
with the stripes more or less united to form one broad stripe, with two
pale spots in front; laterally there is a dark streak. Rest of notum
mostly dark, a few pale spots, scutelli mostly black, the mesoscutellum

'banks: revision of the nearctic myrmeleonidae. 49

with faint median line; pleura largely dark; femora becoming black
toward tip, tibia with dark marks before middle and near tip, spines
mostly black, all very short, none on femora as long as width of joint,
front-coxa with one white macrochaeta. Abdomen dark, with a small
pale spot near middle and sometimes one each side near tip of several
segments, hair fairly long, mostly dark, but much white intermixed.
Wings little marked; venation mostly dark, interrupted with pale,
many cross-veins with dark dot in middle, median vein mostly dark,
dark spot at base of stigma, a line up from rhegma, and less distinctly
at end of anal.

Vertex much elevated, each side back of the antennae in a cone,
between them the ridge is concave; pronotum broader than long in
middle; each lateral corner of anterior lobe of the mesonotum elevated
conically and the tip with a group of stiff short bristles; spurs short,
not equal to basitarsus. Abdomen of female shorter than hind-wings;
in male but little longer, last segment scarcely as long as high, append-
ages slender, more than twice as long as last segment, down-curved,
much divergent at base, below with spines, outside with fine hair.

Wings' rather narrow; in fore-wings three cross-veins before radial
sector, in hind-wings two; about eight branches to radial sector; the
crossed costals reach more than one half-way to base; in both wings
the radial sector arises before cubital fork, but less so in the hind-wings ;
hind-margin of hind-wings near base slightly concave, the first anal
with six to eight branches, short and subequal, the first about twice as
long as a cubital cross-vein.

Length fore-wing 14.5 to 21 mm., width 3.3 to 5 mm.

Length hind-wing 14 to 19 mm., width 2.9 to 4 mm.

Length abdomen 9 15 to 16 mm., cf 16 mm.

Specimens examined. — N. M.: Mesilla (Type). Ariz.: Santa Rita
Mts., July.

Calinemurus Banks.

Can. ent., 1899, 31, p. 70.

Last joint of labial palpi much swollen; antennae moderately long,
clavate; pronotum fully as long as broad; legs rather slender, the
hind-tibia longer than the femur, basal tarsal joint much shorter than
the fifth, spurs as long as basal joint or more; abdomen of female
scarcely as long as wings, in male longer. Fore-wing with costal area
two-celled most of way, sometimes partly three-celled, in hind-wings
sometimes two-celled for a short distance near stigma; radial sector

50 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

before cubital fork in both wings; Banksian line distinct, intercubital
line rather less so; four to six cross-veins before radial sector in fore-
wing, two to four in hind-wing, usually several are connected; in fore-
wing the second anal runs in even curve, but usually touches the third
at one point, two or three cross-veins to third, both second and third
usually forked; in hind-wings the first anal runs parallel to cubital fork,
and is connected thereto several times; the second anal forked, the
third usually simple; much of the venation in both wings is irregular.
Type.- — C. californicus Banks. Mexico.

Calinemurus fuscus Banks.
Plate 4, fig. 100.
Calinemurus fiiscus Banks, Trans. Amer. ent. soc, 190G, 32, p. 6.

Interantennal mark large, extending much below antennae and
straight across, first vertex row a nearly continuous line, second more
broken; last joint labial palpi slightly swollen, partly brown; antennae
brown. Pronotum almost wholly dull brown, a median pale line, and
one or two lines on the sides; rest of notum mostly dark, with some pale
spots, mesoscutellum with a pair of pale submedian spots, and lateral
corners pale, metascutellum mostly dark; pleura almost wholly dark;
femora and tibiae heavily dotted, the spots sometimes confluent, spines
mostly black, some white ones, a row of white ones above on front-
femur, and a series of white macrochaetae on front-coxae. Abdomen
with basal segments slightly lineate above pale, densely long-haired,
almost wholly dark. Venation mostly dark, and often sightly bordered
with dark, larger dark spots at base of stigma, up from rhegma, several
along cubitus, and one at end of anal; space between radius and sub-
costa fumose.

Vertex moderately elevated; pronotum hardly broader than long in
middle, not narrowed in front; front spurs about one and one half
joints, hind-spurs little longer than basitarsus; abdomen of male a
little longer than hind-wings, last segment hardly twice as long as high,
the appendages long, upcur\ed, rather longer than last segment.
Wings long and slender; venation very dense; in fore-wings three series
of costal cells for most of distance, in hind-wings two series for two
thirds of distance; in both wings radial sector much before cubital
fork, in fore-wings five to eight cross-veins before radial sector, several
connected, in hind-wings two or three, partly connected; about thir-
teen branches to radial sector; cubital cross-veins mostly connected;

banks: revision of the nearctic myrmeleonidae. 51

in hind-wings the hind-margin near base is hardly concave, the first
anal vein with about ten or eleven branches, the first about four times
as long as a cubital cross-vein; hairs on veins rather short, but very
numerous.

Length fore-wing 28 mm., width 6.8 mm.

Length hind-wing 25.5 mm., width 5.5 mm.

Length abdomen cf 27 mm.

Ariz.: Nogales, July (Type).

Clathroneuria Banks.
Ent. news, 1913, 24, p. 64.

Last joint of labial palpi much swollen; antennae moderately short,
rather strongly clavate; pronotum broader than long; legs fairly stout,
fifth tarsal joint much longer than first, spurs equal to two joints.
Abdomen in both sexes longer than the wings, in male much longer
than in female. Costal area of wings simple; radial sector in fore-wings
before the cubital fork, in hind-wings usually so; second anal of fore-
wing runs in even curve, connected but once to the third, the second
usually simple, the third usually forked. In hind-wing two cross-veins
before radial sector; first anal bends down to the margin near cubital
fork, usually both the second and third anals forked.

Type. — C. schwarzi Currie.

The two species may be separated as follows : —

1. Pronotum with median as well as lateral stripes or marks; abdomen with

pale at base and apex of segment schwarzi.

Pronotum with only the lateral marks; abdomen with pale only at tips
of segments delicatulus.

Clathroneuria schwarzi (Currie).
Plate 4, fig. 79, 99.
Brachynemurus schwarzi Currie, Proc. Ent. soc. Wash., 1903, 6, p. 280.

Interantennal mark of moderate size, rather emarginate below, first
vertex row of three brown spots, second row of four spots, in middle
behind is a brown spot; last joint of labial palpi not much swollen,
mostly pale; antennae pale, dark near tip. Pronotum with four or six
brown stripes, the submedian pair broad, reaching to front, and close
together, sometimes almost united in part, lateral stripes end at fur-
row, and outside usually another, shorter stripe; rest of notum much

52 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

marked with brown; a double stripe on mesoscutellum, and double
spot on the metascutellum; pleura spotted, but about half pale; femora
mostly dotted, tibiae with subbasal and preapical dark marks, spines
rather long, many black, but some white ones; abdomen banded with
pale at base, middle, and apex of segments, sometimes apical part is
darker, hair quite long, largely black, but white in patches. Wings
with pale venation, the cross-veins and connections nearly all dark
brown, and often faintly bordered, no large dark marks, stigma white.

Vertex considerably elevated; antennae short, strongly clavate;
pronotum about as long in middle as broad, but little narrowed in
front; front-spurs equal three joints, hind-spurs equal two joints;
abdomen in female as long as hind-wings, in male very much longer,
last segment about four times as long as high, appendages moderately
long, fully one half as long as last segment, curved near base and out-
wardly near tip.

In both wings the radial sector arises a little before cubital fork ; in
fore-wings three cross-veins before radial sector, in hind-wings two;
about eight branches to radial sector; several cubitals connected; last
radial cross-vein very oblique; hind-margin of hind-wings slightly
concave, first anal vein with about four, short, subequal branches;
hairs on veins rather long.

Length fore-wing 21 to 26 mm., width 5 to 7.5 mm.

Length hind-wing 18.5 to 23 mm., with 4.5 to 6.5 mm.

Length abdomen 9 22 to 24, d" 30 to 39 mm.

Specimens examined. — Calif.: San Gabriel Mts., September. Ariz.:
Palmerlee. Utah: Eureka, July; Stockton, August. N. M. : La Luz,
August; Jemez Mts., July.

Currie described it from Flagstaff and Williams, i\.rizona.

Clathroneuria delicatulus (Currie).
Plate 2, fig. 30.
Brachynemurus delicatulus Currie, Proc. Ent. soc. Wash., 1903, 5, p. 279.

Interantennal mark with a short median extension below, a yellow
spot just above the antennae; vertex dark, a pair of pale spots at middle
of hind-border, and less distinct spots on sides and front. Antennae
dark, basal joint pale; palpi dark; pronotum pale, a pair of dark stripes,
broad and approximate behind, narrowed and widely separate in front,
and end in the furrow; rest of notum dark, spotted with pale; pleura

banks: revision of the nearctic myrmeleonidae. 53

with yellowish spots; legs pale, unmarked, with black and some white
spines. Abdomen dark, a pale line each side, and tips of the segments
pale. Wings not marked, except dark at base of stigma; venation pale
and dark. Spurs equal four joints; male abdomen longer than wings,
appendages very short; wings slightly falcate at tip; second and third
anals of fore-wings not forked, connected once; hind-wing with hind-
margin concave near base, first anal with two or three short branches.

Length cf 18 mm., expanse 33 mm., width fore-wing 4.3 mm. ^

Phoenix, Arizona, May.

Austroleon Banks.

Journ. N. Y. ent. soc, 1909, 17, p. 3.

Last joint of labial palpi swollen; antennae very short, clavate; pro-
notum a little longer than broad, or broader than long; legs rather
stout, basal tarsal joint much shorter than the apical, spurs equal to
one or more joints, front-coxae and front-femora above with a comb of
long curved white bristles. Abdomen shorter than wings, in male
longer. Wings rather narrow, acute at tips, costal area simple, radial
sector usually before cubital fork in both pairs, second anal in fore-wing
runs in a nearly even curve, with one short cross-vein to the third or
touching the third; second anal forked, third usually forked. In hind-
wing both second and third anals are forked, the first anal bends down .
to margin near cubital fork. Before radial sector in fore-wing three
cross-veins, in hind-wing two ; Banksian and intercubital lines faint or
absent.

Type. — A. dispar Banks. South America.

Three Nearctic species are referable to this genus which is better
represented in South America.

1. Three shining black spots on the mesoscutellum; abdomen somewhat trans-

versely banded with pale; wings broad, spots between radius and sub-

costa tripunctatus.

Not three shining spots on scutellum; the abdomen more lineate; wings
narrow, less spotted, no marks between radius and subcosta 2

2. Pronotum pale through a broad middle area, dark on sides; front-spurs

equal to three tarsal joints dorsalis.

Pronotum dark, with three pale lines; labial palpi about twice as long as
maxillary palpi; front-spurs equal to four tarsal joints barberi.

Description mostly from Currie.

54 bulletin: museum of compakative zoology.

AusTEOLEON DORSALis (Banks).
Plate 1, fig. 22. Plate 4, fig. 83.
Brachynemurus dorsalis Banks, Journ. N. Y. ent. soc, 1903, 11, p. 240.

Interantennal mark a little above and below antennae, usually in-
clufHng a pale transverse spot just above antennae; vertex wholly
dark, rarely showing distinction into two rows; palpi pale. Pronotum
with a broad pale median area, dark on the sides; rest of notiun mostly
dull black, the scutelli usually with large median mark, pleura much
spotted with dull black; femur of front-pair mostly dark above, others
dotted, and with large spot toward tip, tibiae with subbasal and apical
mark, hind-tibiae somewhat lineate below. Abdomen lineate with
pale, especially with the male on basal part, but toward tip with pale
median spot on segments above. Wings scarcely marked, a faint spot
at rhegma and at end of anal; veins pale, interrupted with dark, cross-
veins usually more or less dark. Hair of abdomen white; spines on legs
mostly white.

Vertex considerably elevated; antennae short, strongly clavate;
pronotum longer than broad, rather narrowed in front; legs short,
front-femora plainly longer than tibiae; a row of bristles on femur
above and several bristles on front-coxae; hind-spurs equal two joints;
male abdomen much longer than hind-wings, last segment six or more
times as long as high, appendages pale, short, divergent, about as long
as height of segment. In both wings the radial sector before cubital
fork; in fore-wings three cross-veins before radial sector, in hind-wings
two; about seven branches of radial sector; last connecting veinlet
between radius and radial sector is heavier and more oblique than the
others so that it appears like an extra radial sector; hind-margin of
hind-wing near base concave, first anal with about fi\e branches, all
short and subequal.

Length fore-wing 17 to 20 mm., width 4 to 5 mm.

Length hind-wing 15 to 18 mm., width 3 to 4 mm.

Length abdomen 9 IS to 20 mm., cT 25 to 28 mm.

Spccimms examined. — Tex.: Laredo (Type); Mercedes, July; Dallas;
Brownsville, May; Sabinal, September; Hondo.

The Brachynemurus currici of McClendon grades into dorsalis.

banks: revision of the nEarctic myrmeleqnidae. 55

AusTROLEON BARBERi (Currie).
Plate 2, fig. 24.
Brachynemurus barheri Currie, Proc. Ent. soc. Wash., 1903, 5, p. 282.

Interantennal mark small, a median extension to clypeus. Vertex
dark, a band in front pale, vertex rows shining fuscous. Antennae dark,
with narrow, pale annulations. Labial palpi about twice as long as
maxillary, dark brown. Pronotum dark, with three pale lines, one
median and two lateral ending in the furrow ; rest of notum dark, with
a few pale spots. Legs with femora mostly dark, and dark bands on
tibiae, spines black, but many white ones, those on front-femora above
long and white. Abdomen with indistinct pale spots on middle of
segments. Wings with few dark spots, mostly along cubitus, a dark
spot at base of whitish stigma, and an oblique streak up from rhegma.
Pronotum longer than broad ; spurs as long as first four tarsal joints in
front-legs, as long as first three in other legs. Wings shorter than
abdomen, narrow; in fore-wings the second anal is not forked, is con-
nected but once to the third anal which is forked.

Length 9 23 mm., expanse 38 mm., width fore-wing 4.3 mm.,
Hot Springs, Arizona, June (Barber and Schwarz).'

Austroleon tripunctatus (Banks).
Hesperoleon trij)unctatus Banks, Can. ent., 1922, 54, p. 60.

Interantennal mark rather large above and below antennae, but not
reaching up on the vertex, first vertex row a continuous line, second of
several spots, the largest lateral, and a median spot behind; labial
palpi with tip much swollen and partly dark; pronotum with four spots
in front, a long median mark behind and lateral stripes, the long median
mark more or less divided; rest of notum with large dark spots, tip of
mesoscutellum with three shining black spots, one on the metascutel-
lum, bristles on thorax large, some white; pleura largely dark; the
femora and tibiae much dotted, long spines on legs mostly white,
front-coxae with white macrochaetae, and a row of similar ones above
on femur; abdomen with rather irregular pale marks at base and
middle of segments, hair mostly black, but white on pale areas. Wings
much spotted with small marks, some between subcosta and radius,
larger at rhegma and end of anal; many cross-veins wholly dark; veins
white, with dark streaks.

Vertex moderately elevated; antennae rather short, strongly capi-
tate; pronotum a little longer than broad, hardly narrowed in front;

1 Description mostly from Currie.

56 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

legs rather short, femur of front-pair rather longer than tibia, hind-
spurs al)out equal to one and one half joints; abdomen nearly as long
as hind-wings. In both wings the radial sector arises much before the
cubital fork; in fore-wings three cross-veins before radial sector, in
hind-wings but one; seven branches to radial sector; hind-margin of
hind-wings near base concave, first anal with five or six branches, all
short, subequal; hair on wings rather long.

Length fore-wing 22 to 25 mm., width 6 to 7.5 mm.

Length hind-wing 20 to 23 mm., width 5.5 to 6.5 mm.

Length abdomen cf 23 mm.

Specimens examined. — Ariz.: Palmerlee, June, July (Types).

At first the species looks much like II esjwrolcon sackeni; it is rather
abnormal for Austroleon, and may yet form a new genus.

Chaetoleon Banks.
Bull. M. C. Z., 1920, 64, p. 328.

Last joint of labial palpi swollen; antennae long, with almost capi-
tate tip; pronotum longer than broad. Legs very slender, the front-
tibia is equal to front-femur, latter with a crest of long white bristles,
and also comb on front-coxae, spurs about equal to two joints; meso-
notum with some enlarged, fusiform bristles above. Abdomen shorter
than hind-wings. Wings rather narrow, acute at tips; in fore-wings
the costal area simple; radial sector before cubital fork in both pairs;
second anal runs in even curve, and then unites with the third anal for
short distance; both the second and third anals forked. In hind-wings
the first anal bends down to margin near forking of cubitus; before the
radial sector in fore-wing three cross-veins, in hind-wings two; Banksian
and intercubital lines faint or absent.

Type. — C. jnimilis (Burmeister).

The two closely related species can be separated as below : —

1 . Pronotum black, except anterior lateral angles, rest of notum mostly black ;

fore-wings rather heavily marked pumilus.

Pronotum much marked with pale, as also the rest of the notum; wings
less marked pxisilliis.

Chaetoleon pumilis (Burmeister).

Plate 2, fig. 40.

Myrmeleon ■pumilus Burm., Handb. ent., 1839, 2, p. 995.

Interantennal mark large, much below antennae, and extending up
to first vertex row and often to the second, usually' a pale spot each side

banks: revision of the nearctic myrmeleonidae. 57

below the first vertex row; palpi mostly pale; antennae annulate, tip
dark; pronotum largely dark, usually only anterior corners pale; rest
of notum almost wholly dark, sometimes a pale spot above fore-wing;
large heavy enlarged spines on mesonotum ; pleura mostly dark; femora
largely dark, tibiae with subbasal and apical dark bands, spines long,
partly white; abdomen with pale spot in middle of segments, or at
least the basal ones. Wings with about a dozen fairly large spots,
several between subcosta and radius, and continued on the cross-veins
behind, one at rhegma, three others along cubitus, and one at end of
anal, a few other smaller marks, mostly at forks of veins.

Vertex moderately elevated ; pronotum longer than broad ; legs very
slender; tibiae fully equal to femora, and much longer than tarsi,
hind-spurs equal to two joints, a comb of white bristles on front-coxae,
and above on front-femur; abdomen of male short, not as long as hind-
wings, the short, pale appendages sometimes apparent; hair of abdo-
men mostly white. In both wings the radial sector arises before cubital
fork; in fore-wing three cross-veins before radial sector, in hind-wing
but two; about six branches to radial sector; hind-wing with the hind-
margin near base concave, the first anal with four to six branches, all
short and subequal; hairs on wing rather long.

Length fore-wing 15.5 to 17.5 mm., width 4 to 4.5 mm.

Length hind-wing 15 to 16.5 mm., width 3 to 3.5 mm.

Length abdomen 9 12.5 to 15 mm., cf 14 mm.

Specimens examined. — South Carolinia (Type). N. C: Southern
Pines, May, June. Ga. : Millen, July. Fla. : La,ke Worth, yl /so Florida
(Brooklyn mus.).

Chaetoleon pusillus (Currie).
Plate 2, fig. 27.
Brachynemurus pusillus Currie, Can. ent., 1899, 31, p. 363.

Interantennal mark a little below and above antennae; first vertex
row a continuous line; second close to it of a lateral spot and a median
connection, and a median spot be-hind; palpi mostly pale; antennae
pale, ringed with dark and darker at tip; pronotum with four spots in
front, the submedian pair larger and nearly touching, behind them a
long median spot, sometimes with median pale line, several lateral
spots; rest of notum much spotted, the scutelli with large median spot,
sometimes small lateral ones; pleura much spotted; front-femora
mostly dark above, other femora with preapical band, all tibiae
with subbasal and apical bands. Abdomen with pale irregular spots

58 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

on middle and tip of several segments; thorax with many long mostly
white bristles, some on the mesonotum black and much thickened;
hair on the abdomen white, moderately long. Wings with several
spots between subcosta and radius, one at base of stigma, elongate
one at rhegma, and several above cubitus, and one at end of anal,
small marks on forks and on some cross-^•eins, ^•eins mostly white with
long streaks of dark.

Vertex moderately elevated; pronotum longer than broad; legs very
slender, femur not longer than tibiae, hind-tibia much longer than
tarsus, hind-spurs about equal to two joints; spines long, mostly white,
front-coxae with curved macrochaetae and a row of similar ones above
on front-femur. In both wings the radial sector arises much before
cubital fork; in fore-wings three cross-veins before radial sector, in
hind-wings two; about six branches to radial sector; hind-margin of
hind-wings near base slightly concave, the first anal with five branches,
short and subequal; hair on wings rather long. Abdomen of male no
longer than female, much shorter than hind-wings, appendages not
projecting.

Length fore-wing 14 to 18 mm., width 3.5 to 5.5 mm.

Length hind-wing 13 to 16.5 mm., width 2.9 to 4 mm.

Length abdomen 9 12 to 15 mm., d* 14 mm.

Specimens examined. — N. M. : Mesilla Park; Las Cruces. Utah:
Parowan Canyon; Coal Creek, Iron Co., June; Eureka, July. Also
Santa Rita Mts., Arizona (Snow coll.). Currie described it from Ft.
Grant, and Madera Canyon, Santa Rita Mts., Arizona.

Maracandula Currie,
Proc. Ent. soc. Wash., 1901, 4, p. 436.

Last joint of labial palpi but little swollen; antennae short, capitate;
pronotum rather longer than broad; legs slender, basal tarsal joint
longer than the fifth, claws small, spurs absent; abdomen short in both
sexes, and shorter than wings. Wings rather short and broad; costal
area simple; radial sector in both pairs before the cubital fork; neither
Banksian nor intercubital lines; second anal runs in even curve and is
connected twice to the third anal. In hind-wing one to three cross-
veins before radial sector, and the first anal l)cnds down to the margin
near cubital fork, usually both second and third anals are forked.

Type. — M. pygmaea (Hagen). Mexico.

The generic characters were drawn from hellula; when pygmaea is
better known a new genus may be required. Most of the characters

banks: revision of the nearctic myrmeleonidae. 59

apply to that species, but the apical tarsal joint is longer than the
basal, and there are four cross-veins before the radial sector in hind-
wing.

Maracandula bellula Banks.
Trans. Amer. ent. soc, 1906, 32, p. 7,

Face pale, a brown interantennal mark, emarginate below antennae,
and extending above a short distance (sometimes faint); vertex with
two rounded dark spots; palpi pale; antennae brown, a pale band of
about three joints beyond middle; pronotum pale, and oblique brown
spot on each outer side in front, sometimes traces of median spots,
and a large brown spot behind in middle (sometimes all spots are faint),
hair almost wholly white; rest of notum pale to brown, more or less
obscurely spotted with brown, hair white, except some dark on the
anterior lobes; pleura more or less brown, with several pale spots,
hair white; legs pale, the femora streaked or dark at tip, tibiae dark
at tip and often near base, middle tarsal joints dark. Abdomen dull
black, segments with pale spots on base above, basal segments largely
pale, hair below white, above white on pale areas, rest dark. Wings
with small brown spots, base of stigma black, several brown spots
between the subcosta and radius and extended back on cross-veins,
several along upper edge of cubitus, at rhegma, and at end of anal
vein, marginal forks scarcely clouded, and sometimes faintly along
hind-margin at ends of veins. Hind-wings scarcely spotted, but a
cloud at rhegma, and one at stigma; venation in both wings brown and
white alternating.

Pronotum little longer than broad; vertex much elevated, bilobed;
legs slender, basal tarsal joint elongate. Wings broad, especially
toward tip; four to six cross-veins before radial sector in fore-wing,
one to three in hind-wing, some often connected; cubitals not crossed;
radial sector with five branches; hind-margin of both wings concave
at base; in fore-wing about seven to ten short subequal branches to the
first anal vein, in hind-wing about four such branches; venation with
many rather long curved hairs.

Length fore-wing 15 to 20 mm., width 4.8 to 6.2 mm.

Length hind-wing 13 to 18 mm., width 3.1 to 4.2 mm.

Length abdomen $ 10 to 14 mm., cf 13 mm.

Specimens examined. — Calif.: Three Rivers, San Jacinto Mts.
Utah: Coal Creek, Iron Co.; Eureka, August; St. George, June. Ariz.:
Reef, June; Palmerlee, June, July. Also Santa Rita Mts., Arizona
(Snow coll.). Phoenix, Arizona (Adams coll.).

60 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

Macronemurinae.

This subfamily is represented by four very distinct genera grouped
in two tribes. In the tropics there are several other tribes and a great
number of species. The Nearctic genera are tabulated as follows: —

1. Legs very slender, femora cylindric, front-femur iihout twice as long as

front-coxae and longer tlian height of thorax; pronotum usually longer

than broad {Glenurini) 2

Legs not especially slender, femora somewhat thickened, front-femur less
than twice as long as front-coxae, nor longer than height of the thorax;
pronotum usually broader than long (Macronemurini) 3

2. Hind-wings with large dark spot near tip; broadest at or beyond rhegma.

Glenurits.
Hind-wings without large spot, broadest rather before the rhegma.

Eremoleon.

3. Fore-wing with two series of costal cells for part way; venation dense and

irregular Puren.

Fore-wing with but one series of costal cells; venation open and regular.

Psa7nmoleon.

Psammoleon Banks.
Can. ent., 1899, 31, p. 69.

Labial palpi with last joint swollen; antennae moderately long, not
much separated at base; pronotum rarely longer than broad; abdomen
short in both sexes, and much shorter than the wings. Legs moderately
stout, hind-tibia shorter than or equal to hind-femur, basal joint of
tarsus short or elongate, spurs equal to two or three joints in front-legs,
and to one and one half to two and one half joints in the hind-legs.
Wings moderately broad to narrow, the costal area simple, radial
sector much beyond the cubital fork in fore-wings, in hind-wing radial
sector near base, one cross-vein before it. In fore-wing the second anal
is united to third for a long distance; no distinct Banksian line; in
hind-wing the second anal is forked, and the third anal is connected
at tip to a short vein close to the hind-margin, and almost united to it.
The fore-wings show more or less distinctly a dark line or spot at end
of anal, and a similar mark up from rhegma.

Type. — P. ingeniosus (Walker). South America.

Five species are known from southern parts of the Nearctic region
and may be separated as follows: —

1. Tarsi black, hind-femora, as well as others, mostly black; basal tarsal joint
elongate, spurs also elongate, but little curved, hind-spurs not equal to
two tarsal joints, last ventral segment of male with black hair 2

banks: revision of the nearctic myrmeleonidae. 61

Tarsi mostly pale on basal and apical joints, hind- and mid-femora at least
mostly pale, and dotted with dark, spurs curved, hind-spurs equal to or
longer than two joints, basal tarsal joint less elongate, last ventral seg-
ment of male with white hair as rest of venter 3

2. Abdomen wholly black, not spotted; pronotum about as long in middle as

broad, male appendages with a projection at lower corner, hind-tibia

equal hind-femur connexus.

Abdomen with two elongate pale spots on each segment above; pronotum
much broader than long in middle, male appendages without projection
at lower tip bistidus.

3. Abdomen with two elongate spots on each segment above; hind-spurs equal

to two joints; cubital area of hind- wing narrow, with but one series of
cross-veins, superior appendages of male extended below, but no pro-
jection behind minor

Abdomen with two rounded spots on some of the segments, scarcely marked
toward tip; hind-spurs equal to two and one half joints; cubital area of
hind-wings broad, with two or three series of cross-veins, male superior
appendages with a distinct projection behind at lower tip 4

4. Fore-wings with two dark nearly parallel streaks guitipes.

Fore-wings with the two streaks connected to make a sinuous line . sinuatiis.

Psammoleon bistictus (Hagen).
Plate 2, fig. 33.
Myrmeleon bistidus Hagen, Synop., 1861, p. 235.

Interantennal mark extending considerably below antennae, above
the surface is sericeous and on the vertex also, the vertex scars are
black; last joint of labial palpi mostly black; antennae scarcely annu-
late; pronotum dull black, sericeous, with pale median line, and
broader pale streak on each side; rest of notum dull black, with a num-
ber of pale spots, mostly through the middle area; pleura dark, with a
few pale spots, hair white; legs largely black, front-femur pale in front,
mid- and hind-femora with pale band or spot beyond middle, tibiae
pale at base, and a pale spot or streak on outer side, tarsi almost wholly
black, femora and tibiae with white hair and many black bristles.
Abdomen dull black, sericeous, each dorsal segment with a long pale
streak each side, sometimes divided into two spots; hair white, but in
male that of last ventral is black. Wings not heavily marked, the
usual two oblique lines from anal and from rhegma, latter pointing to
apex of wing; a dark spot at base of stigma, some marginal forks
clouded, otherwise not marked, venation dark and pale in streaks;

62 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

hind-wings unmarked, except at stigma, the median and first anal vein
wholly pale.

Pronotum plainly broader than long in middle; basal joint of tarsi
elongate, spurs elongate, scarcely curved, the hind-spurs about equal
one and one half joints, front-spurs equal to two joints. Fore-wings
with costals simple, seven cross-veins before radial sector, ten branches
to this sector; in hind-wings the cubital area is fairly broad with two or
three series of cross-veins. The superior male appendages are not
produced behind at lower corners.

Length fore-wing 29 mm., width 7 mm.

Length hind-wing 27 mm., width 5.7 mm.

Length abdomen 17 mm.

Specimens examined. — Fla. : Dry Tortugas, June.

Described from Cuba, where it is not uncommon.

Psammoleon minor, sp. nov.
Plate 2, fig. 32, 42.

Interantennal mark extending straight across below antennae, above
is a pale area before the vertex rows, which are black; palpi pale; an-
tennae plainly annulate, base pale; pronotum dull black, a median
pale line, and lateral spots fairly distinct; rest of notum dull black,
with several pale spots, a pair on the mesoscutcllum, and the middle
tips of both scutelli also pale; pleura with much pale, hair white; legs
pale, femora and tibiae rather sparsely dotted, both dark at tips, tips
of tarsal joints dark, femora with many black and some white bristles
and appressed white hair. Abdomen dull black, much marked with
pale, venter mostly pale, above each segment has the tip and an
elongate spot each side pale, some apical segments with a median spot,
hair white above and below in both sexes, bristles around genitalia
black. Wings with the venation interruptedly pale and dark in streaks,
dark spot at base of stigma, near end of anal, and a short streak up
from rhegma, a few apical vcinlets margined; hind-wings scarcely
marked, faint dot at stigma, rhegma, and one apical cross-vein.

Pronotum a little broader than long in middle; tarsi with basal
joint somewhat elongate, more so than in guftipes the spurs also elon-
gate and not much curved, the hind-spurs just about equal to two
joints. Wings slender, scarcely any costals before stigma forked, six
cross-veins before radial sector, latter with nine or ten branches; in
hind-wings the cubital area is very narrow, and has but one series of

banks: revision of the nearctic myrmeleonidae. 63

cross-veins. Superior appendages of the male have no projection be-
hind, but are rather lobed below.

Length fore-wing 22 mm., width 5 mm.

Length hind-wing 2L5 mm., width 4 mm.

Length abdomen 12 mm.

Type.— M. C. Z. 15,746. &, 9 . Fla.: Dry Tortugas, Loggerhead
Key, June (J. McClendon, and H. L. Clark).

PsAMMOLEON GUTTIPES Banks.
Plate 2, fig. 38, 43.
Psammoleon guttipes Banks, Psyche, 1906, 13, p. 99.

A black band below antennae, above brown up to and on vertex,
usually leaving the vertex scars showing pale, but sometimes they are
covered by dark velvety brown; palpi mostly pale; antennae narrowly
annulate, base pale; pronotum dull brown, a faint pale median line and
sometimes one or two spots on each side; rest of notum dull brown,
slightly sericeous, a few pale spots, often a pair in front of the meta-
scutellum; pleura dark, with a few pale spots, hair long, white; legs
pale, femur and tibia much dotted, front femur sometimes dark above,
tibia dark at tip, basal and apical tarsal joints mostly pale, femora and
tibiae with many black bristles and hairs, and some more appressed
white hair, less noticeable; abdomen dull black, a pale spot above on
each side near middle of se\'eral segments shows more or less distinctly,
sometimes united, hair short, mostly white. Wings but little marked,
but there are two subparallel streaks or lines in front-wings, one up
from the end of anal, the other from the rhegma, the latter so directed
that it would end on costa long before apex of wing, usually some apical
cross-veins and forkings are marked, and several radial cross-veins
margined; venation dark and pale in streaks; hind-wings scarcely
marked, a few cross-veins margined, a dot at rhegma, and outer
marginal forks marked. Pronotum much broader than long; legs rather
stout, hind-tibia not quite as long as hind-femora, basal tarsal joint
short, hardly equal to next two together; spurs stout, strongly curved,
in front-legs fully equal to three joints, in hind-legs about two and one
half joints. The costal area of fore-wings is fairly broad, about seven
cross-veins before radial sector, latter with about eleven or twelve
branches; in hind-wings the cubital area is quite broad with two or
three series of cross-veins. The superior appendages of the male have
a projection at the lower tips.

64 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

Length fore-wings 29 to 31 mm., width 6 to 7.5 mm.

Length hind-wings 28 to 30.5 mm., width 5 to 6 mm.

Length of abdomen 19 mm.

Specimens examined. — N. C: Tryon (Type); Southern Pines, June.
Ga. : Millen. Florida. La. : Shreveport. Tex. : Travis Co. ; San Antonio ;
Dalhis, August. Also Lakehurst, New Jersey (Davis coll.), Browns-
ville, Texas (Brooklyn mus.), Spring Creek, Georgia (Cornell univ.).

Psammoleon sinuatus Currie.
Plate 2, fig. 34.
Psammoleon sinuatus Currie, Proc. Ent. soc. Wash., 1903, 6, p. 275.

This in general agrees with P. guttipcs and was described as a variety
of that species. It is a western form of that species. The interantennal
mark usually does not extend under tlie antennae, the vertex scars are
marked deep black, the lateral marks of pronotum are usually more
distinct, the legs and the abdomen are marked the same. The fore-
wings have the two oblique lines, normally connected so that it makes
a sinuous or serpentine mark, the outer part of this mark points toward
the apex of the wing (thus differing from guttipes). In the hind-wing
the rhegma is usually well marked, and the veins behind it to the
margin are bordered with dark. The rest of the wings is not as much
spotted as in guttipes. Structurally it is about the same as guttipes, but
the superior appendages of the male have not such a long, but more
acute projection at the lower tip.

Length fore-wing 29 to 35 mm., width 6.5 to 9 mm.

Length hind-wing 28 to 34 mm., width 5 to 7 mm.

Length abdomen 20 mm.

Specimens examined. — N. M. : Jemez Mts., August. Ariz.: Pal-
merlee, July. Utah: Coal Creek, Iron Co., June.

Currie described it from the Santa Rita Mts., Arizona, and recorded
it from Bear Creek Canyon, Colorado.

Psammoleon connexus (Banks).
Plate 2, fig. 35, 44.

Purm connexus Banks, Bull. M. C. Z., 1920, 64, p. 329.

Interantennal mark deep black, extending somewhat below an-
ennae, above dull black to sericeous on vertex, the vertex scars deep
lack; last joint of labial palpi mostly black; antennae very narrowly

banks: revision of the ne arctic myrmeleonidae. 65

annulate; pronotum dark, a median pale line, and a streak or two pale
spots on each side; rest of notum dark, a few pale spots and streaks,
usually two on the mesoscutellum ; pleura largely dark, hair white;
legs mostly dark, femora pale within or beneath, and some pale on
tibiae behind, tarsi almost wholly black, femora and tibiae heavily
clothed with long white hair, very noticeable, some black bristles
below. Abdomen dull black, not spotted, hair very short, white but
the last two ventral segments have dense black hair. Wings with
venation mostly dark, pale in spots and patches; a dark spot at base of
stigma, a short streak at end of anal, a longer one up from rhegma
(in the Type these are connected in a sinuous line), the outer line points
toward the apex of the wing, apical forks often marked, the radial
cross-veins not margined, but often some veins behind the radial
sector are margined to make a streak, and the cubitus is sometimes
margined from rhegma toward base; hind-wings less marked, but
sometimes the cubitus is margined toward the rhegma. Pronotum
rather longer than in the other species, nearly as long in middle as
broad; legs with basal tarsal joint elongate, and so are the spurs, so
that they are little curved except near tip, and the hind-spurs are only
equal to one and one half joints. In the fore-wings there are usually
a few costals before the stigma forked; six or seven cross-veins before
radial sector, the latter with about nine or ten branches; in the hind-
wings the cubital area usually has two series of cross-veins, at least for
part way. The superior appendages of the male have a rather short,
sharp projection at the lower tips, not as long as in guttipes.

The Type specimen has a remarkable venational peculiarity ; instead
of the short oblique cross-vein representing the median fork, there is a
very long branch, occupying the space of about three cells and ending
just before the fork of cubitus.

Length fore-wing 25 to 30.5 mm., width 5.7 to 7 mm.

Length hind-wing 24.5 to 29.5 mm., width 4.5 to 5.5 mm.

Length abdomen 19 mm.

Specimens examined. — Calif.: San Jacinto Mts., June (Type).
Ariz.: Palmerlee, July. Tex.: Austiij.

Puren Navas.
Revis. Chil., 1911, 15, p. 125.

Last joint of labial palpi swollen; antennae rather long, but little
separated at base, pronotum scarcely broader than long; the abdomen
much shorter than the wings; legs rather short, femora somewhat

66 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

thickened, spurs elongate, but little curved, equal to two joints in
front-tarsi, and little more than one in hind-tarsi, hind-tibia rather
shorter than hind-femur. Wings of moderate width, in fore-wing the
second anal is united to third for a long distance, basal cubital fork
distinct, costal area broad, partly two-celled, radial sector much beyond
the cubital fork, in fore-wing the Banksian line is fairly distinct; in
hind-wings the first anal runs parallel to cubital fork for a very short
distance.

Type. — P. bcllator Navas. Chile.

I have not seen the genotype, the species I have placed here differs
from Psammoleon only in partly double costal area, and denser vena-
tion; in tarsal and spur characters it agrees closely with Psammoleon
connexns and P. histidus.

PuREN INSCRIPTUS (Hagen).
Plate 4, fig. 80, 93.
Myrmeleon inscriptiLS Hagen, Synop., 1861, p. 230.

Interantennal mark extending a little under the antennae, above
less black up to the vertex which is sericeous, the vertex scars black;
last joint of labial palpi black; antennae narrowly annulate; pronotum
dull black, with a pale median line, and each side with a pale rounded
spot in the front -part and a longer streak in the hind-part; rest of
notum dull black, sericeous, with some pale spots mostly in middle
area; pleura partly dark, with much pale below, hair white; legs mostly
black, front-femur pale at base and within, hind-tibia pale at base
behind, hair largely white, but some black especially on tibiae; abdo-
men dull black, the apical margin of segments above pale, hair short,
white. Fore-wings heavily marked, two oblique lines, one up from end
of anal, the other from rhegma, and pointing toward apex of wing,
sometimes the two lines faintly c(mnected; a large spot at base of
stigma, and extended behind over last radial cross- vein; longitudinal
veins mostly black, but marked with pale in streaks, cross-veins almost
wholly black, and nearly all are slightly margined. There are about
four patches of white veins, just behind the radius and over the radial
sector. Hind-wings much less marked, a spot at stigma, venation
mostly dark, but few veins margined except the outer forks, median
vein wholly pale.

Pronotum about as long in middle as broad; tarsi with basal joint
elongated, equal to next two joints or more; spurs elongate, scarcely

banks: revision of the nearctic myrmeleonidae. 67

curved, front ones equal to two joints, hind spurs scarcely longer than
basal joint. Costal area of fore-wings fairly broad, many of the costal
veins forked, and about one third to one half of them crossed, mostly
near the middle of length; seven cross-veins before radial sector, one
or two crossed, about twelve branches of radial sector, several costals
crossed; cubital area of hind-wings fairly broad, two or three series of
cross-veins; all venation dense and irregular. The male superior ap-
pendages have a projection at lower tip.

Length of fore-wing 28 to 31 mm., width 6 to 7.5 mm.

Length of hind-wing 26 to 29 mm., width 5 to 6 mm.

Length of abdomen 20 mm.

Specimens examined. — N. M. : Pecos River (Type); Las Vegas.
Utah: St. George, May.

Glenurus Hagen.
Stett. ent. zeit., 1866, 27, p. 372.

Last joint of labial palpi swollen; antennae long and slender, less
than diameter of basal joint apart; pronotum longer than broad;
legs very slender, basal tarsal joint elongate, sometimes equal to the
fifth; spurs elongate, little curved, equal to two joints; abdomen much
shorter than wings. Wings very broad toward tip, and the hind-pair
at least with large spots, costal area simple, radial sector in fore-wings
beyond the cubital fork, but before end of anal vein, first branch of
radial sector beyond end of anal, basal cubital fork distinct, no Bank-
sian nor intercubital line; in hind-wing the second anal forked, the
first anal bends down to margin near cubital fork, no short vein
parallel to hind-margin at base and connected to third anal.

Type. — G. gratus (Say).

In a South American species (incalis) there is the beginning of a
Banksian line close to the median and curving upwards, as in the
African genus, Cymothales.

The two Nearctic species belong to two different sections of the
genus and may be separated as follo^vs : —

1. Extreme tips of wings dark; fore-wing with large clear space near apex rosy;
hind-wings with the large dark spot leaving two clear spaces; legs dark;

first anal in hind-wings ends beyond tlie cubital fork gratus.

Extreme tip of wings pale; fore-wings with the space beyond large spot
broken by many small spots; hind- wings with the large dark spot leaving
three clear spaces; legs mostly pale; first anal in hind-wings ends before
cubital fork snowi.

68 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology,

Glenurus gratus (Say).

Plate 2, fig. 45.

fFormicaleo grata Say, Journ. Acad. nat. sci. Phil., 1839, 8, p. 45. Ed. Lee, 2,
p. 413.

Face black, the lip and a band below antennae pale; vertex dark, a
pale line in front and one behind; palpi and antennae dark; pronotum
black, a pale median line which is widened in front, near middle, and
behind; rest of notum black, with pale mecHan line more or less com-
plete, mesoscutellum with two pale spots; pleura black with scattered
white hair; legs reddish brown, hind-tibia behind and the tarsi pale,
hair and bristles black, front-tibia at tip beneath with yellowish hair.
Abdomen black, tips of the segments sometimes narrowly pale above,
hair fine short and black. Wings with a large compound dark spot
just before tip in both pairs, this spot is made up of three large spots,
closely united in hind-wings, less so in front-pair. In fore-wings be-
yond the spot the wing is whitish with a rosy tint, the extreme apex
dark, and dark clouds along outer hind-margin; at end of anal a rather
large spot, a number of smaller spots along cubitus, and dark streaks
between subcosta and radius, venation mostly dark, but many longi-
tudinal veins are white in spots. In hind-wing beyond the large
trilobed spot the wing is also pale, with less distinct rosy tint, the
extreme tip also black, the large spot reaches the hind-margin in two
places, and in the pale apical part there is a small dark spot, almost
connected to the large trilobed spot, venation almost wholly dark.
Basal tarsal joint about as long as apical, spurs equal two joints;
wings broad toward tips which are almost rounded; fore-wings with
about ten cross-veins before radial sector, about eleven branches to
radial sector, sometimes a few cubitals are crossed. In hind-wings the
cubital area is broad, with four to five series of cross-veins, the first
anal running parallel to cubital fork for a short distance, and usually
connected once or twice to it.

Length fore-wing 34 to 47 mm., width 9 to 15 mm.

Length hintl-wing 33 to 45 mm., width 8.4 to 13 mm.

Length abdomen 9 and c^ 24 to 25 nnn.

Spcciincns (wumincd. — Ohio: Cincinnati. Ky. : Bee Spring, Cumber-
land Gap. Tenn.: liedboiling Springs. Fla. : Lake Worth.

banks: revision of the nearctic myrmeleonidae. 69

Glenurus snowi Banks.
Ent. news, 1907, 18, p. 100.

Face black, pale on side under each eye, vertex pale, the vertex
scars black; palpi and antennae dark brown; pronotum black, with
pale median line; rest of notum also black, and wdth an incomplete
pale median line, hind-edge of the niesoscutellum pale; pleura black,
hair white; legs pale, femora darkened above and near tip, tibiae dark
near base and at tip, tarsal joints less distinctly dark at tip, hairs and
bristles mostly black, but front-tibiae at tip beneath with yellowish
hair. Abdomen dull black, some segments narrowdy pale above at tips,
hair on venter white, but that on last segment dark, above with white
hair near base. Fore-wings with a large dark spot near tip broken up
into many small, mostly confluent, rounded spots, the space beyond
pale, but with some small spots, a large spot at end of anal, two or
three along margin beyond it, and several before it, a number between
median and cubitus, the space between subcosta and radius dark and
extending behind in several places, elsewhere (mostly in apical part)
are numerous small dots at connection of veins; venation largely dark,
but white in places. Hind-wing with a very large, rather four-lobed
dark spot near tip, leaving a space on costal margin, the tip, and a
space on hind margin pale; dark streaks between subcosta and radius;
venation partly dark and pale. Legs hardly as long as in G. grains, the
basal tarsal joint not as long as apical, the spurs equal two joints. The
wings are less broad toward tip than in G. gratus, the apex almost
acute; seven cross-veins before radial sector in fore-wing, ten branches
to radial sector; in hind-wings the cubital area is broad, with three or
four series of cross-veins; the first anal bends down before cubital fork.

Length fore-wing 35 mm., width 10 mm.

Length hind-wing 33.5 mm., width 8.6 mm.

Length abdomen 19 mm.

Specimen examined. — Ariz.: Baboquivari Mts. (Type),

There is a second specimen in the Snow collection.

Eremoleon Banks.
Trans. Amer. ent. soc, 1901, 27, p. 365.

Last joint of labial palpi but little swollen; antennae rather long and
slender, not the diameter of basal joint apart; pronotum longer than
broad; legs very long and slender, hind-tibia longer than hind-femur.

70 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

basal tarsal joint shorter or hardly eciiial to apical; spurs about eciual
to two joints or more; abdomen shorter than wings. Wings moderately
broad, broadest before rhegnia; costal area simple; radial sector
plainly beyond the cubital fork, about opposite end of anal vein;
second anal united to tiie third for a short distance, sometimes both
forked; no Banksian line. In hind-wing but one cross-vein before
radial sector, second anal forked, third connected at tip to a short vein
parallel to margin of wing, first anal bends down at cul)ital fork.

Type. — E. vuiccr (Hagen).

Differs from Glemu'us greatly in appearance, but structurally very
similar, the wings are broader toward iniddle, while in Glenurus they
are broader toward tip; the venation, especially toward apex, is nuich
less dense than in Glenurus, but the absence of large spots readily
separates it.

The two Nearctic species are separated in the following table: —

1. Fore-wings at base with a prominent black spot, no distinct spot at end of
anal, cross-veins almost entirely dark, femora plainly dotted, .^ligribasis.
Fore-wings without prominent black spot at base, a distinct mark at end of
anal, many cross-veins entirely pale, femora scarcely if at all dotted.

macer.

Eremoleon macer Hagen.

Plate 2, fig. 31.39.

Myrmeleon macer Hagen, .Synop., 1861, p. 236.

Face pale, interantennal mark black, extending below but scarcely
above antennae; A'ertex gray, \ertex scars of first row brown or black,
others scarcely marked; palpi and antennae pale, tip of latter brown;
pronotum pale, scarcely marked with dark, sometimes a paler median
stripe, a dark dot each side on the furrow; rest of notum pale, traces of
dark spots, and a paler median line; pleura pale; legs pale, femora mi-
marked except dark at tips, tibiae dark at tips and spotted on outer
side, tarsi pale, tip of last joint dark, bristles and hairs black, or yellow-
ish. Abdomen dull brown, segments with large pale spot above, larger
on basal segments, venter mostly pale, hairs white. Wings but little
marked, a brown spot at base of stigma, one at rhegma, and one at
end of anal, several radial cross-veins faintly margined with brown,
also some faint clouds along the cubitus, and a few elsewhere, none
very definite; venation mostly pale, but with brown streaks; hind-
wings unmarked, but the pale venation is broken with dark. In fore-
wing nine or ten cross-veins before radial sector, none connected.

banks: revision of the nearctic myrmeleonidae. 71

about six branches of radial sector, no cubitals crossed; hind-wings
with cubital area fairly broad with about three series of cross-veins.

Spurs slender, scarcely curved except at tip, front spurs equal about
two and one half joints, hind-spurs equal about two joints; in front-
tarsus the basal joint is about two thirds of the last, in hind-tarsus the
basal joint about equal to last.

Length fore-wing 28 mm., width 8.5 mm.

Length hind-wing 27 mm., width 7 mm.

Length abdomen 18 mm.

Specimens examined. — Ariz.: Garcia; Palmerlee. Also Mexico
(Type).

It has been redescribed by Navas as Scgura vitreus, Mexico.

Eremoleon nigribasis Banks.
Plate 2, fig. 26.
Eremoleon nigribasis Banks, Bull. M. C. Z., 1920, 64, p. 329.

Face below yellowish, above more gray and also on vertex, almost
no trace of interantennal mark, a few irregular spots on vertex; palpi
and antennae pale, latter dark at tip. Pronotum reddish gray, traces
of marks each side near middle, and a dark streak on each side; rest
of notum reddish gray, with many small dark spots or streaks; pleura'
pale, with two broken dark stripes ; legs pale, femora and tibiae dotted
with brown, latter dark at tips, bristles black; abdomen reddish gray,
each segment with a large black spot above, usually near tip, hair
short, white.

Wings with no large marks, brown spot at base of stigma, at rhegma,
and a prominent black spot at base; longitudinal veins pale, marked
with brown, cross-veins almost wholly dark, in many cases very
narrowly margined; hind-wings unmarked except faint spot at rhegma,
veins pale, with few dark spots. In fore-wings six cross-veins before
radial sector, none crossed, about eight branches of radial sector, no
cubitals crossed ; in hind-wings cubital area fairly broad, with two or
three series of cross-veins. Spurs more curved than in macer, front-
spurs equal nearly two and one half joints, hind-spurs almost equal
two joints; basal joint of front-tarsus but little more than one half of
the apical, basal joint of hind-tarsus about two thirds of apical.

Length fore-wing 24 to 27 mm., width 6.3 to 7.5 mm.

Length hind-wing 22 to 25 mm., width 5 to 6 mm.

Length abdomen 14 to 15 mm.

Specimens examined. — Utah: St. George, June (Types).

72 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

M'illMELEONINAE.

This, the most specialized subfamily, is readily separable into two
tribes, each of which is found in all the regions of the world.

1. Claws much curved or bent; thorax above and on pleura, as well as the
legs with very long, mostly white hair, hair on legs much longer than the
black bristles; the sense-hair at base beneath of femur as long as femur;
body rather stout; basal tarsal joint as broad as long. . . .Acanihaclisini.
Claws scarcely curved, rarely longer than the basal joint; hair on thorax
and legs short, that on legs much shorter than the black bristles; the
sense-hair at base of femur beneath (when present) never as long as the
femur; body rather slender; basal tarsal joint much longer than broad.

Myrmeleonini.

Myrmeleonini.

Of this the typical group only, the typical genus, Myrmeleon, occurs
in the Nearctic fauna.

Myrmeleon Linne.
Syst. nat., 1767, ed. 12, 1, pt. 2, p. 913.

Second anal vein of fore-wing as given for subfamily; in hind-wing
at least four or five cross-veins before radial sector; antennae widely
separated at base; radial sector in both pairs beyond cubital fork, but
sometimes not so much so in fore-wings; a single series of costal cells;
Banksian line indistinct or absent; intercubital line usually distinct;
apical field with some cross-veins; in fore-wing the cubitus shows at
base a branch which runs parallel to the first anal for a short distance,
and is connected to cubitus by one cross-vein. In hind-wing the third
anal at base runs close to the second and typically (forviicarius and im-
viaculafus) is forked, but in most Nearctic species it is simple. Legs
short; fifth tarsal joint plainly longer than first; the spurs about equal
to the first joint.

The abdomen of male is not longer than in female; in both sexes the
last segment is very short, and in the male the next to last segment is
shorter than in the female.

Type. — M. forvncarivs Linne. Europe.

There are six good and one doubtful Nearctic species.

1. Cross-veins between radius and radial sector reduced in number so that
some of these cells are very much longer than the normal cells behind
them; first anal vein ends nearly as far out as origin of radial sector,

banks: revision of the nearctic myrmeleonidae. 73

three connections between this anal and the cubital fork; second anal
usually connected to first branch of first anal; third anal vein of hind-
wings forked ; large species immaculatus.

Cross-veins between radius and radial sector normal, the cells about same
size as other cells near by; third anal of hind-wings simple 2

2. Wings with veins unmarked; a yellow stripe through bases of wings; pro-

notum with a broad median dark stripe, sides broadly pale; legs reddish,

mostly unmarked; upper half of clypeus black texanus.

Wings more or less dotted or spotted on the veins; pronotum more dark
than pale 3

3. Radial sector almost as far basad as the cubital fork; three or four connec-

tions between anal and cubital fork; no black on the clypeus; lateral
margin of pronotum at least partly dark; tarsi partly pale; a pale spot on

each lateral lobe of the metanotum mobilis.

Radial sector much beyond cubital fork; usually black marks on the cly-
peus 4

4. A fairly broad stripe of clear yellow along outer margin of pronotum back

through bases of the wings, so that the upper edges of pleura are yellow;
tarsi almost wholly black ; three or four connections from anal to cubital

fork heriocles.

No such yellow stripe; the posterior corners of pronotum dark or at least
dark in front of base of fore-wings; usually but two cross- veins between
anal and cubital fork 5

5. No dark on clypeus; posterior part of mesonotum pale diversus.

Clypeus with dark ; mesonotum all dark 6

6. Vertex all dark; tarsi mostly dark; usually two rows of gradates in the

apical area; last joint of labial palpi not greatly swollen, and with rather

long point crudelis.

Vertex spotted with pale; tarsi marked with pale; usually but one row of
gradates in the apical area; last joint of labial palpi greatly swollen and
with short point rusticus.

A natural grouping of the Nearctic species would be as follows: —

a. Pronotum about twice as broad as long; usually three or four connections
between first anal vein and cubital fork, large species.

b. Some hair on pronotum black immaculatus and mobilis.

bb. All hair on pronotum white; more than four cross- veins before

radial sector in hind-wing heriocles.

aa. Pronotum but little broader than long in the middle; smaller species;
usually but two connections between first anal vein and cubital fork.

c. Vertex wholly dark crudelis and texanus.

cc. Vertex maculate rusticus and diversus.

74 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

Myrmeleon immaculatus DeGeer.
Plate 2, fig. 36.
Myrmeleon immaculatus DeGeer, Mem., 1773, 3, p. 364, pi. 27, fig. 8.

Face shining chirk brown or blackish, sides near eyes and the clypeus
pale yellowish, above the antennae dull blackish; vertex dark, with the
transverse spots shining; pronotum dull black, the lateral anterior
corners pale, two pale spots in front-part, and behind two farther apart
and more indistinct; rest of the notuni black, the margins narrowly
pale; the pleura black; legs pale, femora and til)iae more or less dotted,
and dark at tips, the tibiae also dark near base, and on under side,
tarsi mostly dark, but pale on bases of first and fifth joints, bristles
black. Abdomen dark, sometimes pale spots at bases of segments
above, hair mostly white, but in the female the last segment and tips
of others above with short black hair.

Wings unmarked, stigma pale, venation with many dark spots and
streaks.

Last joint of labial palpi moderately enlarged; a shallow, rounded
impression in middle of face below antennae; pronotum twice as broad
as long. In the fore-wing the cross-veins between radius and radial
sector are reduced in number so that some of these cells are elongated;
in middle of wing is a faint beginning of the Banksian line; the inter-
cu})ital line (in middle part) as near (or almost so) to hind margin as
to the cubitus; the radial sector much beyond cubital fork, about
opposite the end of the first anal vein, about eight cross-veins before it;
the second anal is connected to the first branch of the first anal vein;
three or four connections l)etween first anal and cubital fork; scattered
cross-veins in apical fichl. In hind-wing the intercubital much nearer
cubitus than to margin; the anal tends to run into the cubital fork;
the third anal vein is forked.

In the variety orcidcntnlis, there are (hirk marks between subcosta
and radius, and these may be extended I)ack over .some of the radial
cross-veins. However not all western specimens are thus marked, and
sometimes eastern specimens are marked.

Length fore-wing 22 to 86 mm., width 5.S to 8 mm.

Length hind-wing 20 to 34 mm., width 5 to 6.8 mm.

Length abdomen 18 to 22 mm.

Occurs practically all over the Ignited States reaching into Canada
in various places; more common in Southwest than elsewhere. Speci-
mens examined are from the following states: — N. H., N. Y., Md.,

banks: revision of the nearctic myrmeleonidae. 75

Mich., Va., N. C, Colo., N. M., x\riz., Utah, Nev., Wash., Ore. and
Cahf. Also from B. Col., and have seen specimens from Pa., Wyo.,
N. J., Okla., Ohio, and Fla.

Recorded by Currie from Illinois and Louisiana.

Myrmeleon mobilis Hagen.
Can. ent., 1888, 20, p. 204.

Marks of face and vertex very much as in immaculatus, the clypeus
unmarked, pronotum with more pale, the pale spots larger and more
or less connected, metanotum with two pale spots above, pleura some-
what spotted with pale, legs less dotted than in immaculatus, femora
with apical marks, tibia with subbasal and apical spots, and the tarsi
more pale, bristles black. Abdomen brown, with white hair, under-side
of last segments of female with short black hair, at least in apical part.
Wings unmarked, stigma pale, veins marked as in ivimaculatns; the
cells between radius and radial sector numerous and fairly short ; inter-
cubital line distinct, much nearer to cubitus than to margin. Radial
sector farther basad than in immaculatus, only a little beyond the
cubital fork, about seven cross-veins before it; second anal usually
connected to first branch of the first anal; three or four connections
between first anal and the cubital fork; about eleven branches to
radial sector; scattered cross-veins in apical field. In hind-wing the
intercubital line is distinct, with only one row of cells between it and
the cubitus; third anal vein not forked. Face, pronotum, and legs as in
im,maculatu^. The measurements are similar to those of M. ivmiacu-
latvs.

The type is from Savannah, Ga. (Winthem coll.).

Hagen received several specimens from Alabama, and I have one
from Bainbridge, Ga., September.

Though generally confused with immaculatus, the numerous cross-
veins between radius and radial sector, and the simple third anal vein
in hind-wings, as well as color-marks, will separate it.

Myrmeleon heriocles Banks.
Proc. Acad. nat. sci. Phil., 1914, p. 619.

Face rich dark brown; clypeus pale, with two dark spots, last joint
of labial palpi black, above antennae and the vertex dark brown, but
vertex usually a little paler than face ; basal joints of antennae more or
less pale, rest black; pronotum dark, lateral margins pale, three spots

76 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology,

in front, the lateral ones connected to pale margin, and two less dis-
tinct behind; rest of notum and the pleura dark, the yellow of the sides
of pronotum is continued back through the bases of the wing, so that
the upper edge of pleura is yellow and also the connecting parts at base
of the wings; hair on thorax white. Femora more or less infuscate in
the middle, pale at ends, under-side and tips of ti})iae dark, and tarsi
almost wholly black, bristles black. Abdomen dull blackish, with
white hair, in the female the last two segments with short black hair.
Wings unmarked, stigma pale; venation dotted with dark, with longer
spots on main veins. No broad impression on face; pronotum about
twice as broad as long. Wings with radial sector much beyond the
cubital fork, about ten cross-veins before it, in hind-wings from five to
eight veins before radial sector; the intercubital line distinct, much
nearer to cubitus than margin; three or four connections between the
first anal and the cubital fork; second anal often connected to the first
branch of the first anal; about eleven branches of the radial sector,
scattered cross-veins in apical field; in hind-wing the third anal is not
forked.

Length fore-wing 31 to 36 mm., width 7.3 to 8.6 mm.

Length hind-wing 29 to 34 mm., width 6 to 7 mm.

Length abdomen 22 to 23 mm.

Sj)ccimc7is examined. — N. C: Southern Pines, May (Type). Fla.:
Crescent City. N. J.: Lakehurst (Brooklyn mus.).

Myrmeleon TEXAN us Banks.
Plate 4, fig. 8L
Myrmeleon iexanum Banks, Ent. news, 1900, 11, p. 596.

Face reddislj brown, extending down on upper part of clypeus, rest
of clypeus and sides of face near eyes pale yellow, above antennae dull
reddish, vertex more shining reddish; last joint of labial palpi pale.
Pronotum pale yellow, with a median l^rown stripe, about twice as
broad behind as in front; rest of notum and the pleura a dull reddish
brown ; base of wings yellowish ; all hair on thorax white. Legs reddish ;
the tibiae more yellow on upper sides; bristles black; abdomen dull
brown, with white hair, in the female the last segments with short
black hair.

Venation of wings pale yellowish, unmarked. Last joint of labial
palpi but little swollen; pronotum but little broader than long in the
middle. In both wings the radial sector is beyond the end of anal, in

banks: revision of the nearctic myrmeleonidae. 77

fore-wings about ten, and in hind-wings four cross-veins before radial
sector; about twelve branches to radial sector; intercubital line dis-
tinct, two or three cells from the cubitus; in hind-wing the intercubital
line less distinct, irregular; in fore-wing two or three connections from
first anal to cubital fork; second anal not connected to first branch of
first anal; scattered cross-veins in apical field; in hind-wings the third
anal not forked. In all of the few specimens seen the fork of the median
in the fore-wings ends before the cubital fork (rarely so in any other
species).

Length fore-wing 27 mm., width 7 mm.

Length hind-wing 25 mm., width 5.3 mm.

Length abdomen 20 mm.

Specimens examined. — Tex.: Galveston, June (Type); Austin.

Myrmeleon crudelis Walker.
Plate 2, fig. 37.
Myrmeleon crudelis Walker, Cat. Neur. Brit, mus., 1853, pt. 2, p. 388.

Face shining brown or blackish; clypeus with two dark spots; vertex
more or less reddish brown. Pronotum narrowly pale on the sides, and
more or less in front and each side near middle, but quite variable,
always dark in middle and a dark stripe each side to the furrow, but
these not sharply defined and sometimes confluent into one large dark
middle area; clothed with white hair; rest of notum dark, scutelli
narrowly bordered behind with pale; pleura dark, with two or three
small pale spots. Femora broadly dark toward tip, tibiae near base,
beneath, and at tip, tarsi almost wholly dark, bristles black. Abdo-
men dull brown, tips of several segments above pale, hair white, in
female last ventral with black hair. Venation pale, mostly dotted,
but some of the principal veins with larger spots or streaks. Last
joint of labial palpi moderately swollen; pronotum as long in middle
as broad. In fore-wings about seven cross-veins before radial sector,
four in hind-wings; ten to eleven branches of the radial sector; in fore-
wings first anal is connected to cubital fork two (sometimes three)
times; second anal rarely connected to first branch of first anal; scat-
tered cross-veins in apical field, intercubital line much nearer to cubitus
than to margin; in hind-wings the third anal vein is not forked; the
intercubital line not distinct, broken by cells; in both wings the radial
sector is much beyond the cubital fork.

Length fore-wing 22 to 29 mm., width 4.9 to 7 mm.

78 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

Length hiiul-wing 20 to 27 mm., width 4.2 to 5.8 mm.

Length iihdomen 16 to 20 mm.

Specimens examined. — Va.: Cape Henry, July; Virginia Beach.
N. C: Southern Pines, May. Ga. : Millen, July. Fla. : St. Augustine;
Biscayne Bay; Crescent City; Capron; Enterprise; and Lee Co. Tex.:
Brazos Co.; Laredo; San Antonio; Brownsville. Also Lakehurst,
New Jersey (Davis coll.), Beaufort, Raleigh, North Carolina (N. Car.
state coll.), Sandy Hook, New York, Florida (Amer. mus. nat. hist.);
St. Simon's Island, (Georgia (Cornell univ.), Brownsville, Texas
(Brooklyn mus., Snow coll.), Riverton, New Jersey (Johnson).

Myrmeleon rusticus Hagen.
Synop., 1861, p. 233.

Face shining dark brown or black, the clypeus with two large dark
spots; vertex reddish brown or black on the vertex rows; between with
yellow spots, thus a yellow spot each side by eye, which normally is
connected to a yellow spot between the inner and outer dark spots of
first vertex row (but absent in the Type) ; two gray spots behind near
middle, and a yellowish spot each side on the occiput. Pronotum with
the lateral margin pale, a median spot in front, one each side, and a
pair behind, sometimes these spots are connected; rest of notum dark,
usually a pale median spot on the base of metanotum; pleura dark,
with a few pale spots; hair of thorax white. Femora usually dark
only near the tip, tibiae near base and at tip, often (especially in hind-
tibia) with a streak below; tarsi mostly pale; bristles black. Abdomen
brown or black, tips of some of the segments usually pale above; hair
white, in the female that on the last ventral black. Wings with pale
venation, dotted with dark, spotted on the larger veins, in more fully
colored specimens than the Type some of the cross-veins are largely
or wholly dark. Structure similar to M. crudclis, but the last joint
of the labial palpi is more enlarged; the pronotum is broader, being
plainly broader than long in the middle. Wings also similar to M.
crudelis, but in the apical field there is a single series of gradate cross-
veins.

Length fore-wing 25 to 29 mm., width 6 to 7.4 mm.

Length hind-wing 23 to 27 mm., width 5.2 to G.2 mm.

Length abdomen 18 to 19 mm.

Specimens examined. — Tex.: Pecos River (Type). N. M. : Mesilla,
June. Ariz.: Nogales, June; Phoenix, September. Utah: St. George,

banks: revision of the nearctic myrmeleonidae. 79

June; Lion's Canyon, June; Coal Creek, Iron Co., June. Calif.: Clare-
niont; Coronado Beach.

The type of rusticus is rather larger and not as fully colored as the
forms I described as distans and agriope. The red-brown of rusticus
is black in the latter forms. However I consider them all one species.

Myrmeleon diversus Hagen.
6th rept. U. S. G. S. territ., 1873, p. 729.

The single type from the Yellowstone agrees in general with M.
rusticus, but is rather smaller, with the wings faintly marked. The
vertex spots are the same as in rusticus, but the large spot on face does
not reach the clypeus, and there is no dark on clypeus. The pronotum
is almost wholly pale, with a dark stripe on each side; the posterior
part of the mesonotum is pale, and there are pale spots on the sides of
the anterior lobe, and the metascutellum is also partly pale. The last
joint of the labial palpi is as in M. rusticus. Probably it is but an
aberrant specimen of that species.

Length fore-wing 24 mm., width 6 mm.

The length hind-wing 22 mm., width 5.2 mm.

Length abdomen 18 mm.

Acanthaclisini.

Three genera are separated as follows : —

1. Fore-wings with but one series of costal cells; apical field scarcely widened

beyond the stigma; last joint of labial palpi scarcely pedicellate; the

spurs bent at an angle (Plate 2, fig. 46) Paranthaclisis.

Fore-wings with two series of costal cells for most of the length ; apical field
plainly widened beyond stigma; last joint of labial palpi long pedicellate;
spurs simply curved, not bent at angle (Plate 2, fig. 47) 2

2. Hind-wings with a distinct Banksian line Heoclisis.

Hind-wings without a Banksian line Vella.

Paranthaclisis Banks.
Ent. news., 1907, 18, p. 275.

Antennae fully diameter of basal joint apart ; spurs strongly bent at
an angle, and before the angle swollen on inner side, equal to three
tarsal joints; last joint of labial palpi not pedicellate; pronotum much
broader than long, and much broader behind than in front; abdomen

80 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY.

much shorter than wings; wings fairly l)roa(l, costal area simple, and
beyond the stigma the area is but little widened, Banksian and inter-
cubital lines fairly distinct in both pairs; cross-veins before radial
sector rarely crossed; in fore-wings the third anal is usually forked, the
second usually not forked but connected to first branch of the first anal.

Type. — P. congener (Hagen).

Two species are readily separated as follows: —

1 . Many cross- veins slightly margined with dark, so the wings appear spotted ;
vertex spots dull black; several abdominal segments marked with
pale at tip; male appendages rather longer than height of last

segment congener.

Cross-veins not margined; spots of vertex shining black; abdominal seg-
ments at most faintly pale margined; male appendages rather shorter
than the height of last segment hageni.

Paranthaclisis congener (Hagen).
Acanlhaclisis congener Hagen, Synop., 1861, p. 224.

Face yellowish; palpi pale; lower part of antennae pale, then annu-
late, and tip dark; vertex with large spot each side and median stripe
dull black; pronotum dull black, four pale spots in front, the laterals
more or less continued behind, two broad pale spots on the posterior
border, and usually a minute pale dot in the middle of the black; rest
of notum black, much spotted with pale, anterior lobe pale each side,
mesoscutellum with pale spot each side behind ; pleura mostly dark, a
few pale spots; femora and much of tibiae dark above, latter usually
pale at base and tip, tarsi mostly dark, except last joint, sometimes
legs largely or wholly pale; hair on pleura and legs almost wholly white,
some bristles on legs black; the metanotum has hair all white, but
meso- and pronotum with much black hair through middle, white on
sides. Abdomen dull black, two or three segments near tip with pale
spot abo\e ; hair short, white, but in female the last few segments with
much black hair.

The longitudinal veins of the wings with dark streaks, many cross-
veins wholly dark and more or less margined with l)rown, so that the
whole wing appears rather evenly spotted; hind-wings mostly un-
marked, the veins being partly dark. About seven cross-veins before
radial sector in the fore-wing, about six in hind-wing; nine branches to
radial sector; usually a few cubitals connected; apical field with one
row of cross-veins. Male appendages fully as long as height of the last
segment; in the female the lower appendages are pale.

Length fore-wing 32 to 37 mm., width 9 to 11 mm.

banks: revision of the nearctic myrmeleonidae. 81

Length hind-wing 30 to 35 mm., width 7.5 to 9 mm.

Length abdomen 25 to 27 mm.

Speciviens examined. — Cahf. : San Bernardino, July. Ariz.: Jerome,
June; Verde River. Utah: Hurricane; Ore. Wash.: Ainsworth, July;
Yakima River, July. Also Arizona (x\mer. mus. nat. hist.), Nogales,
Arizona (Cornell univ.). Las Cruces, New Mexico (N. M. agric. coll.).

Paranthaclisis hageni (Banks).
Acanthaclisis hageni Banks, Ent. news, 1899, 10, p. 170.

Face and palpi yellowish; antennae rather faintly annulate, tip
dark; vertex with the spots deep shining black, with white hair be-
tween them; pronotum black, with four pale spots in front, the inner
pair more separated than in congener, each side behind with a large
pale spot, and two on the posterior border; rest of notum spotted
much as in congener; pleura dark, scarcely spotted; femora mostly
brownish, often darker above, tibiae also brownish, more evenly
colored than in congener, tarsi black, hair on pleura and legs white,
that on hind-legs less prominent, and with many black bristles ; notum
with white hair on the metanotum, that on middle area of pro- and
mesonotum with much black hair mixed with the white. Abdomen
black, unmarked, with very short white hair, in the female the last
segments with mostly black hair. Venation of wings interruptedly
black and whitish, many cross-veins wholly black, but not margined ;
about eight cross-veins before radial sector in the fore-wings, in hind-
wings about six, about ten branches to the radial sector, usually two
or three cubitals connected, one row of cross-veins in apical field.
Male appendages parallel, shorter than height of the last segment; in
female the lower appendages are black.

Length fore-wing 35 to 37 mm., width 9 to 10 mm.

Length hind-wing 32 to 35 mm., width 8 to 8.5 mm.

Length abdomen 22 to 24 mm.

Specimens examined. — Ariz.: Phoenix (Type); Safford. N. M. :
Albuquerque, August. Tex.: Pecos, July. Also Kansas (Snow coll.),
Santa Fe and Albuquerque, New Mexico (Cornell univ.), Mesilla, New
Mexico (N. Mex. agric. coll.), Brownsville, Texas (Brooklyn mus.).

Hegclisis Navas.

Mem. Pont. acad. Rom. nuovi Lincei, 1923, ser. 2, 6, p. 12.

Antennae almost diameter of basal joint apart; last joint of labial
palpi long pedicellate; spurs curved, about equal to three tarsal joints;
pronotum about as long in middle as broad in front, but broader

82 bulletin: museum of compakative zoology.

behind; abdomen in both sexes much shorter than wings. Fore-wings
with double costal series to near base, at least to origin of radial sector;
beyond the stigma the area is much widened; the Banksian and inter-
cubital lines distinct in both pairs; second anal vein not forked, but
connected to first branch of the first anal vein, third anal forked.
Usually some cubitals and some cross-veins before the radial sector
in fore-wings are crossed.

Type. — Il.fundata (Walker). x\ustralia.

Acanthuclms americana cannot remain in the typical genus if the
group is divided into several genera, as is now generally accepted; it
agrees well in with Heoclisis which occurs in Asia and Australia.

Hegclisis AMERICANA (Drury).
Plate 2, fig. 47.
Myrmeleon americanum Drury, Ins., 1770, 1, p. Ill, pi. 46, fig. 4.

Face yellowisli; last joint of labial palpi mostly black; antennae
scarcely annulate; front and vertex black, latter partly shining, a pair
of faint pale submedian lines behind; pronotum gray, a basal median
black stripe, and the lateral margins black; rest of notum black, with
some gray areas, especially each side of mesoscutellum ; pleura mostly
gray, with black, and pale spots; femora brownish, tibia also, but
banded with pale, tarsi black; long hair on legs, pleura, and metanotum
white, on pronotum and mesonotum with black hair medially. Abdo-
men black, unmarked, white hair near base, black toward tip. Vena-
tion black and pale in patches, the radius and subcosta with many
dark spots, and the space between largely black, space between medius
and cubitus also mostly dark, beyond the rhegma two dark sj)ots and a
streak in the apex of wing, another about middle near hind-margin,
and a spot at end of anal vein; some of the marginal forks are clouded;
the cross-vein often wholly dark, but not margined; hind-wings with
spot at rhegma, and the veins partly black.

Last joint of labial palpi long, pedicellate; antennae shorter than
head and thorax, not very strongly clavate; abdomen much shorter
than wings, male appendages longer than height of last segment,
subparallel.

Fore-wings with double costal series to origin of radial sector; apical
field with one row of cross-veins, about eleven cross-veins before radial
sector in fore-wings, seven in hind-wings, ten branches to radial sector,
usually some cubitals crossed, along the Banksian line are some hyaline
dots on the cross-veins.

banks: revision of the nearctic myrmeleonidae. 83

Length fore-wing 52 to 60 mm., width 13 to 16 mm.

Length hind-wing 49 to 57 mm., width 11 to 13.5 mm.

Length abdomen 32 mm.

Specimens examined. — N. C: Newbern; Beaufort, September;
Southern Pines, July, August. Ga.: Millen. Also Virginia, Norfolk
(Chittenden). Florida (x\cad. nat. sci. Phil.).

Vella Navas.
Broteria, 1913, 11, p. 46.

Antennae diameter of basal joint apart; last joint of labial palpi
long pedicellate; spurs curved, about equal to three tarsal joints;
pronotum broader than long, narrowed in front; abdomen of both
sexes much shorter than the wings. Fore-wings with a double series of
costal cells for usually more than one half-way to base; apical field
much broadened beyond stigma; the Banksian and intercubital lines
distinct in fore-wings, in hind-wings no sign of the Banksian line, the
intercubital distinct; in fore-wings the second anal vein usually not
forked, the third forked, the second connected to first branch of first
anal. Usually some cubitals and some cross-veins before radial sector
crossed.

Type. — V.fallax (Rambur).

Our three forms are closely related and may prove with more ma-
terial to be but one variable species ; they are separated as below : • —

1. Pronotum with a median dark stripe, and the lateral margin dark, pale

between ; the abdomen mostly pale 2

Pronotum with median and marginal stripes and also one each side be-
tween them; abdomen mostly dark; space between the radius and sub-
costa mostly dark hesperus.

2. The mesoscutellum largely dark; venation very dense; space between sub-

costa and radius little if any marked; male appendages shorter. . .fallax.

The mesoscutellum pale with middle stripe; venation more open; space

between the subcosta and radius heavily marked; male appendages

longer texana.

Of V. texana I have seen only the types, of hesperus only the three
original specimens, and of fallax several from Mexico, but only one
specimen from the United States. V. texana is the most heavily spotted,
while hesperus has more evenly dark front-wings, fallax more faintly
and irregularly marked. In texana and hesperus the space between
the subcosta and radius is mostly dark, in fallax pale, rarely a few faint
marks. In texana and fallax the pronotum has a dark median stripe

84 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

containing a pale line in front, and the side-margins dark; in hesperus
there is besides a dark stripe on each side between the two. The abdo-
men of hesperus is mostly black, with narrow pale stripes; in fallax and
texana it is mostly pale, with narrow dark stripes. The male append-
ages of texana and hesperus are a little longer than in fallax, V. fallax
is more densely veined than the others.

In all the face is yellowish, the palpi pale, the last joint of labial
palpi scarcely darkened, the vertex dull black, the notum of thorax
black, with gray streaks and spots, the femora darkened above, the
tibiae dark near base and at tip.

The fore-wings have a double series of costal cells rather more than
one half-way to base, there are usually more than ten cross-veins before
the radial sector, often several crossed, about nine branches to radial
sector, the apical field with two rows of cross-veins; some of the cubitals
connected; the subcosta and radius closely dotted with black; in hind-
wings seven cross-veins before radial sector.

Vella texana (Hagen).
Acanthaclisis texana Hagen, Can. ent., 1887, 19, p. 147.

Length fore-wing 55 mm., width 14 nun.

Length hind-wing 53 mm., width 10 mm.

Length abdomen 34 mm.

The type and others examined are from Carrizo Springs, Texas.

Vella fallax (Rambur).
Myrmeleon fallax Rambur, Hist. ins. N^vr., 1842, p. 385.

The only specimen from the United States is from Phoenix, Arizona,
it is smaller than Mexican specimens.
Length fore-wing 48 mm., width 11 mm.
Length hind-wing 45 mm., width 8 mm.
Length abdomen 30 mm.

Vella hesperus (Banks).
Acanthaclisis hespera Banks, Proc. Acad. nat. sci. Phil., 1914, p. 618.

Measurements about as in texanus.

The types are from Jemez Mts., N. Mex. Another from Nogales,
Arizona, July (Cornell univ.).

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

PLATE 1.

Banks. — Revision of the Nearctic Myrmeleonidae.

Fig.

1.

Fig.

2.

Fig.

3.

Fig.

4.

Fig.

5.

Fig.

6.

Fig.

7.

Fig.

8.

Fig.

9.

Fig.

10.

Fig.

11.

Fig.

12.

Fig.

13.

Fig.

14.

Fig.

15.

Fig.

16.

Fig.

17.

Fig.

18.

Fig.

19.

Fig.

20.

Fig.

21.

Fig.

22.

Fig.

23.

PLATE 1.

Hesperoleon papago, vertex and pronotum.
Hesperoleon coquilletti, vertex and pronotum.
Hesperoleon yavapai, vertex and pronotum.
Hesperoleon irregularis, vertex and pronotum.
Hesperoleon abdominalis, vertex and pronotum.
Hesperoleon niger, vertex and pronotum.
Hesperoleon minusculus, vertex and pronotum.
Hesperoleon maculosus, vertex and pronotum.
Hesperoleon nigrilabris, vertex and pronotum.
Hesperoleon tenuis, vertex and pronotum.
Hesperoleon texanus, vertex and pronotum.
Hesperoleon sackeni, vertex and pronotum.
Hesperoleon hubbardi, vertex and pronotum.
Hesperoleon brunncus, vertex and pronotum variations.
Brachynemurus elongatus, i)ronotum.
Hesperoleon douglasi, pronotum.
Hesperoleon ferox, pronotum.
Hesperoleon abdominalis, pronotum.
Hesperoleon assimilis, pronotum.
Hesperoleon carrizonus, pronotum.
Netroncurus carolinus, pronotum.
Austroleon dorsalis, vertex and pronotum.
Hesperoleon versutus, vertex and pronotum.

BULL. MUS. COMP. ZOOL.

Banks. Myrmeleonidae. Plate 1

HeLIOTiPE CO. BOSTON

PLATE 2.

Banks. — Revision of the Nearctic Myrmeleonidae.

PLATE 2.

Fig. 24. Austroloon barberi, vertex and pronotum.

Fig. 25. Netroneunis pulchellus, vertex and pronotum.

Fig. 26. Eremoleon nigribasis, vertex and pronotum.

Fig. 27. Chaetoleon pusillus, vertex and pronotum.

Fig. 28. Brachynemurus longicaudus, vertex and pronotum.

Fig. 29. Cryptoleon henshawi, vertex and pronotum.

Fig. 30. Clathroneuria delicatulus, vertex and pronotum.

Fig. 31. Eremoleon maoer, vertex and pronotum.

Fig. 32. Psammoleon minor, male appendages.

Fig. 33. Psammoleon bistictus, male appendages.

Fig. 34. Psammoleon sinuatus, male appendages.

Fig. 35. Psammoleon connexus, male appendages.

Fig. 36. Myrmeleon immaculatus, anal area of hind-wings.

Fig. 37. Myrmeleon crudelis, anal area of hind-wings.

Fig. 38. Psammoleon guttipcs, male appendages.

Fig. 39. Eremoleon macer, anal area of fore-wing.

Fig. 40. Chaetoleon pumilis, anal area of fore-wing.

Fig. 41. Dendroleon speciosum, anal area of fore-wing.

Fig. 42. Psammoleon minor, spurs.

Fig. 43. Psammoleon guttipes, spurs.

Fig. 44. Psammoleon connexus, spurs.

Fig. 45. Glenurus gratus, anal area of fore-wing.

Fig. 46. Paranthaclisis, spurs and labial palpus.

Fig. 47. Heoclisis americana, spurs and labial palpus.

BULL. MUS. COMP. ZOOL.

Banks. Myrmeleonidae. Plate 2

HELIOTYPE CO. BOSTON

PLATE 3.

Banks. — Revision of the Nearctic Myrmeleonidae.

PLATE 3.

Fig. 48. Hesperoleon sackeni, tip abdomen, male.

Fig. 49. Cryptoleon nebulosum, tip abdomen, male.

P'ig. 50. Cryptoleon signatum, tip abdomen, male.

Fig. 51. Hesperoleon pallidus, tip abdomen, male.

Fig. 52. Hesperoleon nigrilabris, tip abdomen, male.

Fig. 53. Hesperoleon abdominalis, tip abdomen, male.

Fig. 54. Hesperoleon minusculus, tip abdomen, male.

Fig. 55. Cryptoleon henshawi, tip abdomen, male.

Fig. 56. Crjrptoleon nebulosum, labial palpus.

Pig. 57. Brachynemurus elongatus, tip abdomen, male.

Fig. 58. Brachynemurus ramburi, tip abdomen, male.

Fig. 59. Hesperoleon niger, labial palpus.

Fig. 60. Hesperoleon maculosus, hind tarsus.

Fig. 61. Hesperoleon carrizonus, tip abdomen, male.

P"ig. 62, Hesperoleon singularis, tip abdomen, male.

Fig. 63. Hesperoleon douglasi, tip abdomen, male.

Fig. 64. Hesperoleon abdominalis, tip abdomen, male.

Fig. 65. Hesperoleon assimilis, tip abdomen, male.

P'ig. 66. Hesperoleon pallidus, front of head.

Fig. 67. Hesperoleon minusculus, hind tarsus.

Fig. 68. Scotoleon longipalpis, labial palpus.

P'ig. 69. Brachynemurus tuberculatus, tip abdomen, male.

Fig. 70. Brachynemurus longicaudus, tip abdomen, male.

Fig. 71. Hesperoleon ferox, tip abdomen, male.

Fig. 72. Brachynemurus tuberculatus, front of head.

Fig. 73. Hesperoleon singularis, front of head.

Fig. 74. Netroneurus carolinus, front of head.

BULL. MUS. COMP. ZOOL.

Banks. Myrmeleonidae. Plate 3

49

50

HELIOTYPE CO. BOSTON

PLATE 4.

Banks. — Revision of the Nearctic Myrmeleonidae.

Fig.

75.

Fig.

76.

Fig.

77.

Fig.

78.

Fig.

79.

Fig.

80.

Fig.

81.

Fig.

82.

Fig.

83.

Fig.

84.

Fig.

85.

Fig.

86.

Fig.

87.

Fig.

88.

Fig.

89.

Fig.

90.

Fig.

91.

Fig.

92.

Fig.

93.

Fig.

94.

Fig.

95.

Fig.

96.

Fig.

97.

Fig.

98.

Fig.

99.

Fig.

100.

Fig.

101.

PLATE 4.

Hesperoleon blandus, pronotum.
Hesperoleon intermedius, pronotum.
Hesperoleon quadripunctatus, pronotum.
Hesperoleon singularis, pronotum.
Clathroneuria schwarzi, pronotum.
Puren inscriptus, pronotum.
Myrmeleon texanus, pronotum.
Hesperoleon yavapai, hind-wing, apical area.
Austroleon dorsalis, male abdomen, tip.
Hesperoleon blandus, male abdomen, tip.
Hesperoleon versutus, male abdomen, tip.
Hesperoleon coquilletti, front tarsus.
Hesperoleon mexicanus, male abdomen, tip.
Hesperoleon intermedius, male abdomen, tip.
Hesperoleon coquilletti, male abdomen, tip.
Hesperoleon hubbardi, male abdomen, tip.
Hesperoleon yavapai, male abdomen, tip.
Scotoleon longipalpis, male abdomen, tip.
Puren inscriptus, hind tarsus.
Hesperoleon irregularis, front tarsus.
Hesperoleon hubbardi curtus, male abdomen, tip.
Hesperoleon quadripunctatus, male abdomen, tip.
Hesperoleon brunneus, male abdomen, tip.
Hesperoleon texanus, male abdomen, tip.
Clathroneuria schwarzi, male abdomen, tip.
Calinemurus fuscus, male abdomen, tip.
Dendroleon obsoletum, hind tibia and tarsus.

BULL. MUS. COMP. ZOOL.

Banks. Myrmeleonidae. Plate 4

^^gLIOTYPg CO. BOSTON

Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoolo8:y

AT HARVARD COLLEGE.

Vol. LXVIII. No. 2.

THE DISTRIBUTION AND RELATIONSHIPS
OF THE TRINUCLEIDAE.

By Henry C. Stetson.

With One Plate.

CAMBRIDGE, MASS., U. S. A.:

PRINTED FOR THE MUSEUM.

July, 1927.

No. 2. — The Distribution and Relationships of the Trinucleidae.

By Henry C. Stetson.

This study is an attempt to trace the migrations of the members of
a family of trilobites from the time of their first appearance to extinc-
tion. Such an attempt involves the assembling of a list of the species,
with their geological and geographical distribution, and the correlation
of the strata in which they occur in various countries. Furthermore,
it was necessary to ascertain which characteristics are primitive and
which specialized in the family, and the relationships of the species to
one another. This involved a study of the ontogeny and phylogeny.
I have applied Raymond's generic criteria to all known species, and
have indicated such modifications as it seems necessary to make in the
existing scheme. Starting with the most primitive forms, I have tried
to trace the hypothetical lines of evolution, with especial reference to
places of origin and migration.

To Dr. Raymond's constant advice and criticism this paper is
largely due. I wish to thank Dr. F. R. C. Reed for his kindness in
allocating some of the British species to their proper horizons.

The Trinucleidae were grouped by Raymond (35) in three genera,
Trinucleus, Cryptolithus, and Tretaspis. In addition to the charac-
teristics noted by him, I have paid especial attention to the structure
of the brim, this proving to be a feature of great importance in working
out the phylogeny.

Tretaspis has a flask-shaped glabella, deep glabellar furrows, and
simple eyes, which persist to the adult stage. The brim is marked by
concentric rows of pits. Tretaspis scticornis (Hisinger) is the type.
Trinucleus has a similar flask-shaped glabella, bearing furrows. It is
distinguished by a much more simple type of brim, with radial fur-
rows. It lacks eyes and eye-lines. The type is Trinucleus fimbriatvs
Murchison. Cryptolithus has a large glabella, not constricted at its
posterior end, and with the glabellar furrows shown by very faint
grooves or spots. The wide brim has numerous concentric rows of
small pits. The type is Cryptolithus tessellatus Green. Reed's (47, p.
118) three groups, distinguished by the ornamentation in the genal
areas, correspond in the main with Raymond's, although based on
different characteristics. His Group I is the equivalent of Trinucleus,
Group II of Tretaspis, and Group III of Cryptolithus. However, Reed

88 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

only applied this classification to a few English species, and it is im-
possible to tell from figures alone, whether or not it would hold for
other species in other countries.

LIST OF THE SPECIES OF THE TRINUCLEIDAE, WITH
THEIR GEOLOGIC RAxNGES.

Arenig.

England: — Trinucleus murchisoni Salter, from the Shelve Region
of Shropshire.

Wales: — Trinucleus viurckisoni Salter, from Montgomeryshire;
Trinuclcus gihhsii Salter, Trinucleus scdgwicki Salter, and Tri-
nucleus etheridgi Hicks, from St. David's Head, Pembrokeshire.

Llandeilo.

England: — Cryptolithus lloydii (Murchison), from the mining dis-
trict of Shropshire; Cryptolithus favus (Salter) from Meadow-
town.

Wales: — Cryptolithus lloydii (Murchison) from Carmarthenshire;
Cryptolithus favus and Trinucleus fimbriatus Murchison, from
Builth.

Scotland: — Tretaspis subradiata (Reed) from the Balclatchie beds
of the Girvan District.

Ireland: — Cryptolithus thersitcs (Salter) from Tramore, Trinuclcus
fimbriatus Murchison, from Wexford, Tyrone, and Wicklow, and
Trinucleus hibernicus Reed from Tramore.

Bala or Caradoc.

England: — Cryptolithus caractaci (Murchison) from Onney River,
Shropshire, and Cheney Longville; Cryptolithus nicholsoni (Reed)
from the Dufton Shales near Melmerby, Cumberland.

Wales: — Cryptolithus caractaci (Murchison) from the Sholeshook
limestone, Pembrokeshire; Cryptolithus interniedius (Wade), and
Cryptolithus arcuatus (Smith) from Trilobite Dingle, Mont-
gomeryshire; Cryptolithus yibbifrons (McCoy) Caradoc sandstone;
Tretaspis radiata (Murchison) from Welshpool, and the Caradoc
and Meifod Hills.

stetson: trinucleidae. 89

Scotland : — Trimwlcus alhidus Reed from the Whitehouse Group,
Girvan District.

Ireland: — Cryptolithus elongatus (Portlock) from Tyrone and Pom-
eroy; Cryptolithus caractaci (Murchison) from Wexford, Tyrone,
and Waterford; Trinucleus latus Portlock from Tyrone; and
Tretaspis portrainensis (Reed) from Dublin County.

ASHGILLIAN.

England : — Tretaspis seticornis (Hisinger) from the Coniston lime-
stone.

Scotland : — Tretaspis seticornis and Tretaspis bucklandi (Barrande)
from the Drummock Group, Girvan District.

Ireland : — Tretaspis seticornis from Pomeroy, Chair of Kildair,
Wexford, Tyrone ; Cryptolithus portlocki (Salter) from Tyrone and
Pomeroy; Cryptolithus arcualus (Smith) from Pomeroy.

Arenig.
France: — Cryptolithus primitivus (Born) from Montagues Noires.

Llandeilo. Schistes a Calymenes.

France: — Cryptolithus hureaid (Oehlert) from the top of the ardoises
d'Angers at Andouille, and also from the Valley of the Laize in
the lower part of the Gres de May, with Synhomalonotus tristani;
Cryptolithus grenieri (Bergeron) Schistes d'Ecalgrain, Manche,
where it is associated with the group of Synhomalonotus tristani
(Oehlert 30, p. 307); Cryptolithus goldfussi (Barrande) from the
Gres de Bas Pont near Vitre, at the top of the Gres de May.

Bala. Sandstones of Riadan.

France : — Cryptolithus pongerardi (Rouault) from Ille-et-Vilaine in
the Gres de Bas Pont {i.e., top of the Gres de May), as far as the
schistes ardoisiers superieurs de Riadan and of Renaze; Crypto-
lithus goldfussi from the same horizon, and Cryptolithus ornatus
(Sternberg) associated with it; Cryptolithus seunesi (Kerforne)
from May sur Orne.

90 bulletin: museum of COMP.^JlATIVE ZOOLOGY.

ASHGILLIAN.

France: — Trctaspis seticornis (Hisinger) from the Ardennes.

D 1 7
BoHEML\: — Tninucleoides rcussi (Barrande); Trinucleus praecede7is
Kloucek.

D2

Bohemia: — Cryptolithus goldfussi (Barrande); Cryptolitkus alfrcdi
(Zelizko).

D3

Bohemia: — Cryptolithus goldfussi (Barrande).

D4

Bohemia: — Cryptolithus ornatus (Sternberg); Cryptolithus goldfussi
(Barrande).

D5
Bohemia: — Cryptolithus goldfussi (Barrande); Cryptolithus ornatus
(Sternberg); Cryptolithus ultinms (Barrande); Trctaspis bucklandi
(Barrande).

Lower Dicellograptus Zone.

Saveden: — Trinucleus cosdnorrhinus Angelin; FogelsUng in Scania,
Trinucleus efflorcscens Hackling from Jeintland.

Lower Chasmops Zone.

Sweden: — Trctaspis carinata (Angelin) and Trctaspis ccrioides (An-
gelin) from Kinnekulle, Vastergotland.

Norway: — Trctaspis wahlcnburgi (Rouaiilt) and Trinucleus buccu-
Icntcs Angelin from the Oslo District; Trinucleus foveolatus
Angelin from the Ogygia shale, 50 miles north of Oslo.

Trinucleus Shale.

Sweden: — Trctaspis affinis (Angelin) from Dalecarlia; Trctaspis ccri-
oides (Angelin) from Kinnekulle, Vastergotland; Trctaspis buck-
landi (Barrande) from Scania; Trctaspis cliptifrons (Olin) from
Scania; Trctaspis wahlcnburgi (Rouault) from Mosseburg, Bil-
lingen, and Alleberg in Vastergotland; Tretasjyis scticoruisiWhm-
ger, from Draggabro, Furndal; Trcstuspis latilimba (Linnarsson)
from Scania.

stetson: trinucleidae. . 91

Norway: — Tretaspis seticornis (Hisinger) from the Oslo District.
Denmark: — Tretaspis ivahlcnburgi (Rouault) and Tretaspis hucklandi

(Barrande) from Bornholm.
Esthonia: — Tretaspis seticornis (Hisinger) from Lyckholm strata,

western Esthonia.

Ordovician Superieue.

Portugal: — Cryptolithus pongerardi (Rouaidt) ; Cryptolithus goldfussi
(Barrande) from Bussaco; Cryptolithus hureaui (Oehlert) from
Bussaco and Tagus Basin; Cryptolithus seunesi (Kerforne) from
Tagus Basin.

NOEMANSKILL.

U. S. A. : — Trinudeus diademata (Ruedemann) and Tretaspis reticu-
lata Ruedemann from Rysedorph Hill, near Albany, N. Y. ; Tri-
i}uclcus acerrulosus Raymond from the Athens of central Virginia
and eastern Tennessee.

Trenton.

U. S. A. : — Cryptolithus tessellatus Green, 40 to 80 feet above the base
of the Trenton at Quebec, Montreal, Champlain Valley, Saratoga,
and in the Mohawk Valley, Amsterdam to Trenton Falls; 150 feet
above the base of the Trenton at Martinsburg, N. Y. ; 50 feet
above the base of the Trenton in northwestern New Jersey and
northeastern Pennsylvania; at the base of the Trenton at Belle-
fonte. Pa., and for 40 miles south; 125 feet above the base of the
Trenton in Catawba Valley, Va., and continues at same horizon
southward along the line of strike to about 50 miles north of
Knoxville, Tenn. ; 25 feet above the base of the Trenton in central
Kentucky near Frankfort; Viola limestone of Oklahoma; top of
the Trenton in Kentucky on the Ohio River in the vicinity of
Cincinnati, at Bellefonte, Pa., and the Appalachian Valley from
Chambersburg, Pa. to Staunton, Va.; Cryptolithus bellulus
(Ulrich) from the Eden of the Cincinnati District, and the Mo-
hawk Valley in New York.

Lorraine.

U. S. A. : — Cryptolithus lorrainensis (Ruedemann) west of Adiron-
dacks of New York.

92 bulletin: museum of compakative zoology.

Correlation.

In correlating I have taken English series as a basis. Only those
strata containing the Trinucleidae are considered.

The identification of the Arenig in France and Bohemia is at best
complicated. Pocta (32, p. 137), having studied the Ordovician of the
west of France with Oehlert, says that it is impossible to correlate
directly between France and Bohemia. The lowest stage in Bohemia,
Dl, is divided into three parts a, j3, and 7. Dl /3 at Rokycan contains
the Euloma-Niobe fauna which is lowest Arenig (Holub, 19). Dl /3 is
therefore older than the Arenig Trinucleus horizons of Wales, and older
than the horizon of Cryptolithus primitiims of the Montagues Noires.
The crux of the situation is whether Dl 7 is upper Arenig or lower
Llandeilo. Until more work is done, the question rests on a rather
unsatisfactory basis. Dl 7 comes directly above /3 so that from its
position it might be judged to be Arenig. Brogger (8) lists from it
the typical Arenig trilobites : — Asaphellus, Megalaspis, and Platypeltis.
With them occur Bidymograptxis geininus, and Cryptograjitus tricornis,
which are supposedly guide fossils to the lower Llandeilo. He is of the
opinion that the trilobites are more to be relied on. Freeh (11, p. 112-
115) likewise puts it in the Arenig. I find the same situation in France,
where the lowest beds of the Calymene schists (slates of Angers) con-
tain Didymograpius murcMsoni, D. nanus, D. cuodus, and D.furcillatus,
most of which are Arenig, but, nevertheless, have D. vinrchisoni associ-
ated with them (Barrois 4, p. 75-191). This horizon is the equivalent
of Dl 7, and they must be either both Arenig or both Llandeilo. In the
Calymene schists, Synhomalonotiis arago characterizes the base and
S. tristani the summit (Haug, 15, p. 63G), and it is with the latter that
Cryptolithus burcaui and C. grenieri are associated. Whatever the age
of the bottom of the Calymene schists may be, there is no doubt but
that the top is Llandeilo. The consensus of opinion seems to be that
Dl 7 is Arenig and is so considered here.

Another Arenig species that has caused uncertainty is Cryptolithus
primitivus, from the Montagues Noires. Born (7) states that it occurs
with Phyllograptus which should put it definitely in the Arenig. But
the trilobites with it are the Llandeilo species, Dcdmauitrs socialis,
Ogygia glabrata, and Synhomalonotus arago. However, as Phyllograptus
is so good a guide fossil, I have accepted it as Arenig.

There seems to be no difficulty with the Llandeilo. Freeh (11, p.
112-115) says it corresponds with D2 in Bohemia. In Scandinavia it
corresponds with the lower Dicellograptus zone, and with the Norman-

stetson: trinucleidae. 93

skill in the United States (Raymond, 37). I have already taken up the
case of France.

The Bala according to Freeh (11, p. 112-115) corresponds with D3
and D4 in Bohemia. It is in D4 that Cryptolitlms ornatus first appears
associated with C. goldfussi; C. goldfussi first occurs in Bohemia in
D2, and in France in the sandstones of Bas Pont {i.e., at the top of
the Gres de May) (Haug, 15, p. 636). In the latter case C. goldfussi
continues up to the upper slaty shales of Riadan where C. ornatus is
associated with it (Oehlert, 30, p. 310). Therefore, D4 is probably the
equivalent of this latter horizon. Furthermore, C. pongerardi occurs
in the sandstones of Riadan which is just above the Gres de May
(Haug, 15, p. 636), and which in many cases terminates the upper
Ordovician (Oehlert, 30, p. 310). Geikie (12, p. 972) considers this
Bala. The Bala is also the equivalent of the Chasmops beds in Scandi-
navia, and of the Trenton in the United States (Raymond, 37).

Except in the United States, the Ashgillian is characterized by
Tretaspis scticornis. It is probably the equivalent of D5 in Bohemia,
and of the Trinucleus shale in Scandinavia. In France there is but one
occurrence of T. seticornis, in the Ardennes. Elsewhere the Ashgillian
seems to be lacking.

In Portugal, I have taken Delgado's Ordovicien superieur to be the
equivalent of the Bala. There is no evidence from other fossils asso-
ciated with the Trinucleidae that it can be the equivalent of the
Ashgillian. Therefore, as Cryptolithus pongerardi and C. seunesi occur
in France in what is the equivalent of the Bala, this also is probably
Bala. Crypiolithus goldfussi occurs in the equivalent of the Llandeilo,
as well as the Bala, but on this basis C. bureaui would occur in France
at a lower horizon than in Portugal.

Ontogeny.

As the ontogeny of only two species of Cryptolithus has been studied,
very little information can be derived from this source. The young of
Cryptolithus tessellatus described by Beecher show the "eye-lines."
In the specimen figured (Beecher, 5, pi. 3, fig. 1), the brim is narrow
with only two rows of pits. A more complete series of specimens shows
the ontogeny of Cryptolithus ornatus from Bohemia. The specimens
range from the brimless forms, through those with a narrow brim
bearing a single row of pits, to individuals with the brim fully devel-
oped. As the young get larger, the brim grows, and successive rows of
pits appear. Eyes and eye-lines are lacking in C. ornatvs at all stages.

94 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

I liave h;i<l opportunity to study many young of tliis species from
specimens in the ]\I. C. Z. and was able to assemble such a series as
Barrande (2, pi. 30) figured.

From their first appearance, the Trinucleidae are a highly specialized
family. The later species differ from the earlier only in the form of the
brim, this being the one feature that shows any progressive modifica-
tion. All four genera seem to point to a Cambrian ancestral type with
a narrow brim, either unornamented, or with a single row of small pits.
The glabella possibly was constricted at the neck and carried furrows,
although the youngest forms figured by Barrande show no trace of
these features. It may not have been as prominent as is the case with
later forms. Simple eyes may or may not have been present. The
earlier species show no trace of "eye-spots." In attempting to trace
the line of descent the Arenig species are of course the most important.
Unfortunately this horizon is the most poorly represented, which adds
a considerable degree of uncertainty to the transition into theLlandeilo.

The four British species of Trinucleus that appear in the Arenig do
not bear out the ontogeny to any marked extent. The brim is wide in
T. sedgwicki and T. gibbsi (Plate, fig. 2, 3) and bears at least four rows
of pits set in faint radial furrows. In T. dhcridgi and T. murchisoni
(Plate, fig. 1) it is narrow, but can scarcely be called simple, bearing as
it does deep radial furrows, bifurcating in front. All that can be in-
ferred from ontogeny at the most is that the hypothetical ancestor of
this family was a form with a narrow brim, unornamented, or bearing
a single row of pits, that the head-shield and pygidium would be equal
in size, and the glabella unsegmented. Trinucleus, on the whole, is
more primitive than either Cryptolithus or Tretaspis in that the l)rim
is relatively smaller and less specialized. Geologically it was the first
to appear and the first to become extinct. In discussing known trilo-
bites as hypothetical ancestors, certainly Eodiscus conforms with the
hypothetical ancestor suggested by the ontogeny better than any other
form. It has the head-shield and pygidium of equal size, the brim is
narrow and bears a single row of furrows or pits, and the glabella is un-
furrowed. Orometopus on the other hand has none of the charac-
teristics of the young stages, and its supposed ancestral position seems
to be inferred merely from a general resemblance in shape to the adult
Trinucleid.

Phylogeny.

The oldest members of the family, the four British speciea^of Tri-
nucleus from the Arenig, fall into two natural groups as described

stetson: trinucleidae. 95

above, using the brim as a basis of subdivision. Trhuwlcus pracccdens
from Dl 7 in Bohemia is not figured, but as nearly as I can make out
from the description, it is much Hke T. murchisoni. As one ascends
higher in the stratigraphic series, it becomes increasingly apparent
that the nature of the brim is an important means of holding like spe-
cies together.

Starting from one of the two distinct types of Trinucleus in the
Arenig, a possible line of descent of Cryptolithus can be seen. In
Cryptolithus the brim is wide, bearing numerous rows of pits, arranged
concentrically, although in some species it is possible to trace a radial
arrangement as well. This is most marked directly in front of the
glabella. Cryptolithus caractaci, typical C. favus, C. alfredi, C. goldfussi,
C. grenieri, C. hurcaui, C. thersites, and C. lloydi are the probable descend-
ants in the Llandeilo of the gibbsii-sedgwicki division of Trinucleus. A
loss of glabellar furrows in these two species, the addition of one or
more rows of pits, and the slight disturbance of their radial arrange-
ment would give the typical Cryptolithus brim. This line continues
unbroken into the Bala, being represented by Cryptolithus discors, C.
intermedins, C. heUulus, C. pongerardi, C. goldfmsi, C. ornatus, C.
seunesi, C. tesscUatus, C. nicholsoni, C. elongatus, and C. gihhifrotu,
and so into the Ashgillian, ending with C. ultimus. In certain of these
species, notably C. intermedius, C. lloydi, and C. nicholsoni, traces of
the radial arrangement of pits are still visible, and undoubtedly an
examination of the actual specimens would reveal others showing it.

Another major line of evolution is that of Tretaspis, characterized
by T. seticornis or its variety T. bucklandi (Plate, fig. 6). The brim has
an outer and inner portion, the former usually consisting of one or two
rows of large pits sunk in short, radial furrows. The inner portion
bears several rows of smaller pits, more or less radially arranged on the
anterior part of the brim, becoming very irregular at the genal angles.
The glabella is markedly flask-shaped, and bears strong furrows.
Eye-spots and a median pustule are present. Tretaspis occurs in the
Llandeilo of Scotland (7". subradiata), but in a form so divergent from
the type, i.e., T. seticornis, that it cannot be considered as a direct
ancestor of the Bala species. Tretaspis subradiata differs from the type
in having an extraordinarily wide inner brim, bearing numerous fine pits
arranged in distinct radial rows. It resembles very closely T. radiatus
of the Bala of Wales and was probably ancestral to this species. A
species of Tretaspis, T. reticulata (Plate, fig. 7), occurs in the equivalent
of the Llandeilo in the Ignited States, namely, the Normanskill. This
species conforms to the type, but could scarcely be considered an-

96 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

cestral to the European forms. For the ancestor both of tlie European
and North American species we shouhl expect a sdicorms-\ike form in
the lower Lhmdeilo or upper Arenig. This hypothetical species yet
remains to be discovered. In the Bala we have Trdaspis ccrioidcs, T.
icahlcnhcrgei, T. portraincnsis, and T. radiahia, and in the Ashgillian
T. .s'ctiroriiis, T. ccrioidcs, T. affinis, T. hucldaudi, T. clliptifrons and T.
wahlcnhcrgci in good succession. Tlieir line of descent cannot be
traced back of the Llandeilo with any degree of certainty. The en-
larged section of the brim of Trinuclcus scdgwicki, as figured by Salter
(Plate, fig. 2), seems to show a tendency towards differentiation into
an inner and outer brim. On the other hand, the second group of
Arenig Trinucleii bears pits at the bottom of their bifurcating ratiial
furrows. As Professor Raymond recently suggested, partial elimina-
tion of these furrows would leave the pits in the arms of the "Y"
offset from the main line, which might conceivably be the start of a
differentiation between the inner and outer brim. Triiiuclc^is cthcridgi
carries on the underside of the brim long ridges with intercalated
shorter ones, which show at least a tendency toward this differentiation.

Trinucleus is represented in the Llandeilo by T. fimhriatus as the
type (Plate, fig. 5). The brim is relatively narrow, and strongly fur-
rowed radially, the furrows usually bearing pits at the l)ottom. They
become obliterated toward the genal angles, and their place is taken
by very narrow, V-shaped furrows bearing pits at the bottom. The
glabella is flask-shaped, and strongly furrowed. Eye-spots are lacking.
Trinucleus diademata (Plate, fig. 9), T. acerimlosu.s, and T. cfflorcsccns
belong to this group. In T. cfflorcsccns, and in T. alhidus of the Bala,
the radial grooves become much less marked and tlie pits more promi-
nent. The glabellar furrows are faint. This is especially true of 7'.
cfflorcsccns where there is a concentric arrangement of pits as well
(Plate, fig. 4).

In the Bala the brim undergoes some modification in that the radial
grooves extend to the genal angles, eliminating tlie small V-shaped
fiu'rows. Trinuclcus hihcrnicus and T. alhidus are the representatives
of this group.

Returning to the Arenig for the ancestors of this line, the ethcridgi-
murchisoni group, witli their deeply furrowed brim, seem the most
likely. As I have said before, two or three furrows on the anterior part
of the brim bifurcate, but it is easier to conceive of these becoming
modified into straight ones, than that the descendants of T. gihhsi and
T. scdgwicki should develop deep furrows, once having lost them.

Raymond's three genera, Cryptolithus, Trinucleus, and Tretaspis,

stetson: trinucleidae. 97

have thus come down in three fairly distinct lines of descent. There
are two side branches that do not fit well in any one of these groups,
and for one of them at least it is necessary to make a new genus. For
this first group I propose the name of Botrioides and include in it
Trinucleus coscinorrkinus of the Llandeilo as the type, and T. buccu-
lentes and T. fovcolatus (Plate, fig. 10-12) of the Bala. All these are
Scandinavian forms. Trinucleus coscinorrhinus is from Sweden, the
other two from Norway. This group combines the characteristics of
Trinucleus and Tretaspis. It differs from the former to which it is most
closely allied, by the presence of lateral ocelli and a median pustule,
and from the latter, by the extreme narrowness of the brim which
carries either a single row of large pits, or short radial furrows. One of
the most distinctive characteristics is the exaggerated appearance of
the glabella," which is round and bulbous, and overhangs the brim at
the anterior end. The neck of the glabella is narrow and constricted,
as in Tretaspis seticornis, and is marked by strong furrows. It is not
easy to see how this genus can be derived from any of the known
Arenig forms, and therefore it must be referred back to the hypothetical
common ancestor in the Upper Cambrian. Botrioides coscinorrhinus
and B. foveolatus are more nearly like this ancestor than are any
of the other described species, including those from the Arenig, and
therefore they must be regarded as the culmination of an early off-
shoot from the common stock. It is possible that Trinucleus hibernicus
also belongs in this group. From an examination of specimens in the
Sedgewick Museum, Cambridge, it appears that the brim is fairly
narrow, with three pits at the bottoms of the radial furrows, the
glabella is flask-shaped and furrowed. Eye-spots and a median pustule
are present, and one well-preserved specimen carries the so-called " eye-
line." These genal caeca, in this, and in other members of the family,
are not eye-lines, as Raymond (39, p. 84, fig. 25) has shown.

Tretaspis carinata and T. latilimba (Plate, fig. 8) from Sweden
have the generic characteristics of Raymond's classification. The brim,
however, differs from the type {i.e., T. seticornis). It is wide, bearing
four or five concentric rows of large pits, but there is no differentiation
into an outer and inner border. Whether they should be placed in
another genus is a matter of opinion.

No mention has yet been made of the x^renig species from the
Montagues Noires called by Born Trinucleus primitivus. Under
Raymond's division of genera, this would be a Cryptolithus, but it is so
unlike any other Cryptolithus, and the evidence concerning it so
scanty, that I have not been able to place it. x\ccording to Born the

98 bulletin: museum of compaeative zoology.

brim is dotted with numerous small pits, which are absolutely irregular
in their arrangement. No Cryptolithus yet known has the pits scat-
tered in this fashion, since they follow neither a radial nor a concentric
pattern. There are no glabellar furrows or eye-spots. As to Trinucleus
praeccdcfis Kloucek, from Bohemia, owing to the brevity of the descrip-
tion it is impossible to state in which genus it belongs, or what its place
would be in the line of evolution.

Professor Raymond (38, p. 204) has considered Trinucleus reussi
Barrande the oldest and most primitive member of the family, and
has made for it a new genus, Trinucleoides. It does not seem to me
that this species belongs in the family at all, and therefore I have
omitted it. From an examination of specimens in the M. C. Z., it be-
comes apparent that the species bears a much closer resemblance to
Dionide, notably D. speciosa Corda, and 1). formosn Barr. The brim
of Trinucleoides reussi is narrow, and l)ears two concentric rows of very
small pits, there being no trace of radial arrangement. We have the
same type of brim in Dionide, with the addition of one or two rows
of pits. Furthermore, the lateral lobes of the glabella are well defined,
and are of the same shape, and in the same position, as in Dionide.

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF SPECIES.

The Arenig contains five species of Trinucleus, four in Great Britain
and one in Bohemia. I have not included the possible Cryptolithus in
France. Neither have I included Trinucleoides' reussi. Both these
species have been discussed (p. 97). Bohemia has usually been con-
sidered the center of origin and distribution of this family, but it soon
becomes apparent that Great Britain is the more important source,
which position it holds throughout the Ordovician.

The Llandeilo contains four species of Trinucleus, two in England,
and two in the United States; seven Cryptolitlii, three in (ireat Britain,
four in France and Bohemia. Tretaspis appears for the first
time, once in Scotland, and once in the United States. There also
occur in Scandinavia two species, Trinucleus coscinorrhinus, and
T. efflorescens for which I have made the genus Botrioides.

The Bala is the period in which Cryptolithus became dominant.
There are fourteen distinct species in all, six in the British Isles, five
in Bohemia, France, and Portugal, one in NorMi'ay, and two in the
United States. There are two species of Trinucleus, one in Ireland,
and one in Scotland, and five Tretaspi, one in Wales, one in Ireland,
one in Norway, and two in Sweden. The Cryptolithi of Portugal are

stetson: trinucleidae. 99

the same as those of France, and the Bohemian species also occur in
France. The distribution of C goldfmsi is widespread, occurring in all
three countries, Bohemia, France, and Portugal. In the United States,
Cryptolithus, although only represented by two species, has a remark-
able distribution, occin-ring at many places from Quebec, up the St.
Lawrence Valley, through New York, Pennsylvania, and Virginia,
and ending with Oklahoma.

The Ashgillian sees the dominance of Tretaspis, the wane of Crypto-
lithus and the extinction of Trinucleus. It is particularly characterized
by the remarkable spread of Tretaspis seticornis or its variety, T. huck-
llandi, which occurs in England, Scotland, Ireland, France, Bohemia,
Esthonia, Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. Besides this, five other
species of Tretaspis occur in the Scandinavian region. Two Crypto-
lithi occur in Ireland, one in Spain, three in Bohemia, and one in the
United States.

It should be noted that the remarkable spread of Cryptolithus tessel-
latus in North America finds its parallel in the wide distribution of
Tretaspis seticornis in the Ashgillian of Europe. Except for these two
instances, the distribution of the family has been along the lines of
great variety of species each with a small geographical range. Variety
of species should indicate diverse environmental conditions. Wide
distribution of the same species should indicate uniform environment
over a wide area. On this basis the Trenton seas of eastern North
America, and the Ashgillian seas of Europe, were probably shallow and
open, having uniform environmental conditions. The seas of the other
periods were probably deeply embayed, each estuary having its own
particular conditions of temperature, salinity, and sedimentation, con-
trolled in part by localized currents, and in part by the position and
size of the rivers entering each estuary. In such a sea the animals would
respond to the particular conditions in which they happen to find them-
selves, resulting in a great variety of species.

The apparently sporadic occurrences of trinucleids in Boli^'ia,
Trinucleus boliviensis Lake, and Cryptolithus kruegeri (Hoek), and in
China, Tretaspis richthofeni (Kayser), are cases of unexplained dis-
tribution. Doubtless with further field-work, more species would be
uncovered.

From the foregoing, it is obvious that the British Isles stand out as a
more important distributing center than the Bohemian Basin. The
French, Spanish, and Bohemian Cryptolithi, with one or two excep-
tions, are characterized by the same species, so a free interchange
must be assumed for these areas during Bala time. On the other hand,

100 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

not a single one of these species finds its way to the British Isles, nor
does a British species appear on the continent. Furthermore, until the
Ashgillian, not a single Tretaspis, and only one Trinucleus, is known
from France, Spain, or Bohemia. Tretaspis is preeminently a northern
genus, attaining its dominance in Scandinavia. One species, T. scti-
cornis, became (p. 99) very widespread, which must indicate a free
interchange between the epicontinental seas of the late Ordovician. It
is also interesting to note that no species of Cryptolithus has yet been
foimd in Scotland, and only one in Norway. This appears to be almost
exclusively a southern genus.

Neither Trinucleus nor Tretaspis was significant in the United
States, the former being restricted to two species, each with a single
occurrence in the Normanskill, and the latter to one species and one
occurrence. The extraordinary spread of Cryptolithus in the United
States during the Trenton, is not easily explained. Furthermore its
distribution is confined to a relatively narrow northeast-southwest
band along the eastern side of the present continent. There seems to
have been little penetration of the interior seas. It may be that un-
favorable temperature conditions prevented the spread of the Trinu-
cleidae into these shallow seas. That the water was warm is indicated
by the presence of such corals as Columnaria, and Tetradium. In this
connection it is interesting to note that in the Hull formation of
Ontario, the equivalent of the Glens Falls formation of New York,
(Raymond 40, p. 585), there are found Columnaria and Tetradium but
no Trinucleidae, although the latter are abundant in the Glens Falls.
In the Logana of Central Kentucky, these corals and some Crypto-
lithi do occur together, but the latter are very scarce, showing that they
could make little headway to the westward, into these warmer seas.

The migration route of the family into North America is a question
very difficult to solve at present. Raymond (39, p. 101) has shown
that their physical form is that of a bottom habitus. The broad head
shield may have served as a snowshoe-like contrivance, preventing
the animal from sinking in the mud. Not being swimmers, they must
have inhabited shallow seas, except in their younger free swimming or
floating stages. If the shallow border of the Arctic Ocean was the
route of migration, it seems strange that Cryptolithus occurs only once
in Scandinavia and not at all in Scotland. In addition, there is but a
single species with one occurrence, in the United States, of Tretaspis,
that typically northern genus. Schuchert found none of the Trinu-
cleidae in the Ordovician of Baffinland. Dr Gustave Troedsson, in a
recent letter to Professor Raymond, states that he found none in the

stetson: trinucleidae. 101

Ordovician material that Dr. Koch has recently brought back from
northern Greenland. Similarly no Trinucleidae have been found in
the now rather well-known faunas of Llandeilo age from Newfoundland,
and so far, T^renton faunas have not been found on that island. All the
evidence, therefore, seems to be against the Arctic as a route of migra-
tion for members of this family.

Distribution of the protaspi by currents in the northern Atlantic
seems, at present, to be the only plausible theory as to their spread.
The courses of the currents that swept them into the interior sea, be-
hind Appalachia, are, of course, impossible to trace. Shallow seas
must have existed somewhere along the route to provide breeding
grounds for the successive generations. What the intermediate stop-
ping places were, between Europe and America is, for the present,
unknown.

In conclusion I will briefly summarize the most salient facts of the
distribution of this family: — first, the British Isles, and not the
Bohemian Basin, as is commonly thought, stands out as the more
important center of origin; second, Tretaspis appears to be almost ex-
clusively a northern and Cryptolithus a southern form, and lastly, the
weight of evidence is against the Arctic seas as a route of migration of
the family into North America.

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62

63

EXPLANATION OF PLATE.

Stetson. — Trinucleidae.

F.g.

1

Fig.

2,

Fig.

3,

Fig.

4,

Fig.

5,

Fig.

6

PLATE.

Trinucleus murchisoni Salter (From Salter). Shropshire and ^^'ales.
The bifurcating furrows are not clearly shown.

Trinucleus sedgivicki Salter (From Salter). Note the differentiation
of the rows of pits of the brim.

Trirnicleus gibbsii Salter (From Salter). Wales. The diagonal "eye-
lines" are not present on the specimen.

Trinude^is efflorescens (Hadding) (From Hadding). Sweden. Note
the tendency towards a second row of pits and the concentric type
of brim. A Trinucleus approaching the Cryptolithus type.

Trinucleus fimbriaius Murchison (From Reed). Wales. The radiat-
ing rows of pits are really at the bottom of shallow furrows.

Tretaspis bucklandi (Barrande) (From Olin). Note the differentia-
tion of the pits of the brim into inner and outer rows. Eye-spots
probably were present.
Fig. 7. Tretaspis reticulata Ruedemann (From Ruedemann). Rysedorph
Hill, New York. An American type of Tretaspis. The inner rows
of pits are more nearly the size of the outer than in most of the
European forms.

Tretaspis latUimha (Linnarsson) (From Linnarsson). Scania. A
European Tretaspis resembling strongly the American.

Trinucleus diademata (Ruedemann) (From Ruedemann). Ryse-
dorph Hill, New York. An American type of Trinucleus. The
radiating furrows of the brim are more strongly marked than in
T. fimbriatus.

Botrioides foveolatv^ (Angelin) (From Angelin). Near Oslo. Note the
simple, narrow brim. A very primitive form.

Botrioides bucculentes (Angelin) (From Angelin). Near Oslo. Figure
somewhat distorted. Note the bulbous, bottle-necked glabella
with deep furrows and the narrow brim.
Fig. 12. Botrioides coscinorrhinus (Angelin) (From Hadding). Southern
Sweden. Note the simple, narrow brim. A very primitive form.

Fig.

8

Fig.

9

Fig.

10

Fig.

11,

BULL. MUS. COMP. ZOOL.

Stetson. Trinucleidae.

^^^

10

11

12

"'""^"^^"^'^'

0. BOSTON

Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology

AT HARVARD COLLEGE.

Vol. LXVIII. No. 3.

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SOUTH AMERICAN FRESH-WATER
FISHES COLLECTED BY DR. CARL TERNETZ.

By George S. Myers.

CAMBRIDGE, MASS., U. S. A.:

PRINTED FOR THE MUSEUM

July, 1927.

No. 3. — Descripiions of New South American Fresh-Water Fishes
collected by Dr. Carl Ternetz}

By George S. Myers.

The present report is concerned with the description of some new
species obtained for Indiana University by Dr. Carl Ternetz in the
Rio Tocantins and its headwaters, the Lower Amazon as far as the
mouth of the Rio Negro, the Rio Negro to the entrance of the Cassi-
quiare, the Cassiquiare, and the Orinoco from Bifurcation to Caicara.
Dr. Ternetz started in the headwaters of the Tocantins in September,
1923, and ended his collecting at Caicara in May, 1925. The result is a
magnificent series of fishes, most of them from waters hitherto unex-
plored systematically by an ichthyologist.

The collection is so vast that any attempt at an estimate of its rich-
ness is impossible. The forms treated are merely some of the smaller
species noticed as being of especial interest. The percentage of novelties
will undoubtedly be greatly augmented when the bulk of the collection
is examined, especially as practically all of the larger fishes are as yet
unstudied. In the Pygidiidae only is the report at all complete.^

In the absence of Dr. Eigenmann from the University, he very kindly
allowed me to describe some of the new species and authorized an
agreement as to the publication of my results whereby a series of the
new species was given to the M. C. Z?

A remarkable new form is the Gnathodolus hidens, with mouthparts
unique among fishes; scarcely less interesting are the finless pygidiid
Glanapteryx and the crenuchine characin Elachocharax. A few species
collected in Peru by Dr. W. R. Allen, in Bolivia by Dr. N. E. Pearson,
and at Rio de Janeiro by Mr. R. Brocca are included.

In the descriptions I have taken the scale-counts from the upper end
of the gill-opening to the approximate end of the hypural bone, this
being designated as " caudal base," and from the base of the first dorsal
ray to the pelvic fins.

1 Contributions from the Zoological Laboratory of Indiana University, No. 217.

2 Dr. E. W. Gudger has a paper in preparation on the parasitic Pygidiidae, partially based on
the present collection.

3 Dr. Eigenmann died at Coronado, California, 24 April, 1927.

108 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

ANOSTOMATIDAE.

Gnathodolus, gen. nov.
yvados, jaw, and 66Xoj, a trap.

Genotype. — Gnathodolus hidens Myers.

Anostomatinae. Form heavy, compressed. Snout deep, elliptical in
cross-section, truncate. Mouth-opening vertical or even inclining
somewhat backward, narrow and elongate. Lower jaw rod-like, fold-
ing upward to close the mouth-slit. The jaw extends up beyond the top
of the snout in adult specimens, and bears at its tip two large, hooked,
projecting teeth, sickle-shaped at the tip. The dentition of the upper
jaw consists of three or four spear-shaped teeth on each side, dhected
outward and nearly imbedded in the flesh. Gill-membranes united,
confluent with the isthmus. Lateral line complete.

Gnathodolus bidens, sp. nov.

Head 3^ in body-length. Depth Sf. Eye 4 in head, \\ in snout, 2
in interorbital. Dorsal 11^. Anal 10^. Scales 5-31-5, about 12 pre-
dorsal.

Eyes bulging, with a strong adipose lid, particularly anteriorly. The
eyes project more anteriorly than posteriorly and thus point a little
backward. The fish apparently cannot see forward. Margins of mouth-
opening and of lower jaw thickly papillose. Dorsal originating an eye-
diameter nearer to snout-tip than to caudal base. Pelvics inserted
under third dorsal ray. Pectorals not to pelvics. Pelvics distant from
anal. Adipose fin over posterior part of anal base. Caudal forked,
asymmetrical, the upper lobe longer with the appearance of a piece
having been bitten from its inner portion. Lower lol^e shorter, thick,
and rounded. This is the formation in the Type and as it is duplicated
in the one Paratype (from a different locality) that has an unbroken
caudal, it seems to be natural. There are, however, traces of some
slight regeneration along the whole caudal edge in both specimens, but
the agreement in caudal form of the two perfect specimens could
hardly be a coincidence.

Scales large, hard, similar to those of Leporinus friderici Cockerell,
(Ann. Carnegie mus., 1914, 9, pi. 26, fig. 3), but longer; little exposed,
most of the exposed surface being formed by a wide soft apical border;
both soft and hard apical margins evenly rounded; a few nuclear polyg-
onal areas giving rise to five or six apical radii, two upper and two

MYERS: SOUTH AMERICAN FRESH-WATER FISHES. 109

lower antipodal radii, and three or four basal radii. Basal notch as in
Leporinus. Circuli faint, becoming obsolete or absent on the exposed
sector of the scale.

Coloration dull brownish. Midpredorsal area blackish. Six to eight
diffuse dark cross-bars from midline of back, becoming indistinct and
fading before reaching the lateral line. A large diffuse black spot on
middle of sides below posterior part of dorsal base and a similar smaller
one opposite the anal. Scales with indistinct light basal areas, these
forming faint lateral stripes. Suborbital area tinged with violet.

Type. — 17,670 I. U. 134 mm. Venezuela: Rio Cassiquiare, Chemoni
(near Bifurcation). 13 March, 1925. Carl Ternetz.

Paratypes.— 17,671 T. U. 31,566 M. C. Z. 90,103 mm. Venezuela:
Laga Tama-Tama, Bifurcation. 24 March, 1925. Carl Ternetz.

CURIMATIDAE.

Curimatus multilineatus, sp. nov.

Head 3f in body-length. Depth 3|. Eye 2f in head, equal to inter-
orbital, a little longer than snout. Least depth of caudal peduncle 2| in
head. Dorsal 11. Anal 9i Scales 4-3 l-4i

Ventral profile slightly more arched than the dorsal. Dorsal profile
somewhat arched on head, with a slight break in the symmetry at
nape. Greatest depth at dorsal origin.

Dorsal fin originating an eye-diameter nearer to snout-tip than to
caudal base. Pelvics originating under middle of dorsal base. Pectorals
not nearly reaching pelvics. Pelvics not nearly to anal. Adipose large,
over posterior part of anal base. Anal rays not reaching caudal. De-
pressed dorsal rays not reaching vertical of anal fin-origin.

A dark line from under jaw around snout to eye. Narrow dark
brown longitudinal lines between the scale-rows. Iris dark interiorly,
light exteriorly. Fins slightly dusky.

Type.— 17,672 I. U. 55 mm. Brazil: Rio Negro, Bucury. 7 Febru-
ary, 1925. Carl Ternetz.

Bucury is evidently above Sao Gabriel, since Dr. Ternetz collected
at that place on February 1, on his way up-river.

Differs from all known species in its striking coloration. Perhaps
nearest C. microcephalus.

110 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

HEMIODONTIDAE.

Hemiodus ternetzi, sp. nov.

Head 4f to 4f in body-length. Depth 4f . Eye 3 in head. Scales
11-63-6. Dorsal 9. Anal 9.

Dorsal fin-origin slightly more than a snout-length nearer to snout-
tip then to caudal base. Pelvics inserted under the fifth dorsal ray.
Pectorals nearly their own length short of reaching pelvics.

Brown on back, the scales basally dark with a light border. Sides
silvery. A conspicuous dark lateral band from eye to caudal base,
expanded into a spot above the pectoral tips and again above the last
half of the appressed pelvics. Lower caudal lobe dark, the upper light,
the darker lateral band turning downward at caudal base and running
out through the middle of the lower lobe.

Type. — 17,691 I. U. 100 mm. Brazil: Jausinho Brook, into the
Tocantins, Goyaz. 22 February, 1924. Carl Ternetz.

Paratypes.— 17,692 I. U. 31,567 M. C. Z. 85-88 mm. Brazil:
Jausinho Brook, into the Tocantins, Goyaz. 22 February, 1924. Carl
Ternetz.

Named for Dr. Carl Ternetz, who, through his personal effort, has
brought together for Indiana University one of the finest collections of
South American fresh-water fishes in existence.

CHARACIDAE.

COPEINA COMPTA, sp. UOV.

Head 4| to 4f in body-length. Depth 5|. Scales 26 to caudal base,
16 rows around body before pelvics, 17 predorsal. Eye equal to snout,
3^ in head. Dorsal 10. Anal 11.

Dorsal originating 1| times as far from head as from caudal base.
Anal inserted under about the fourth dorsal ray. In the adult male the
fins are greatly prolonged; the produced middle rays of the dorsal
reach the caudal; the pelvic rays reach the end of the anal base; the
elongate pointed upper caudal lobe is If times as long as the head.
The male pectorals are longer, but in neither sex do they reach the
pelvics. The caudal base as well as the caudal shows a heterocercal
tendency.

Coloration dark. A dark band around the chin through the eye and
across the opercle, becoming diffuse posteriorly. Back brownish. A

MYERS: SOUTH AMERICAN FRESH-WATER FISHES. Ill

wide dark lateral band down the side, its upper edge well defined and
continuous with the head-streak, its lower border fading gradually into
the dull yellow of the venter. On the middle of the second to the sixth
dorsal rays there is a black blotch, above a basal whitish one. The
elongate dorsal and caudal rays of the male are slightly black tipped.

Type. — 17,693 I. U. & 71 mm. Brazil: Creek above Sao Gabriel
Rapids, Rio Negro. January, 1925. Carl Ternetz.

Paratypes.— 17,694 I. U. 31,568 M. C.Z. cT 9 juv. 65-71 mm.
Brazil : Creek above Sao Gabriel Rapids, Rio Negro. 28-30 January,
1925. Carl Ternetz.

This species represents the acme of gracefulness reached by chara-
cins of the Pyrrhulininae. I have compared it with a single male C.
amoldi from the lower Amazon, received from Mr. Arthur Rachow
of Hamburg, and with many specimens of C. callolepis collected by Dr.
Ternetz at various localities on the Lower Amazon. The latter is the
only closely -related species. Copeina amoldi is much deeper, and both
differ from C. compta in the scale-count, fin-positions, and coloration;
C. carsevennensis differs much in the fin-positions.

I take this opportunity to point out the similarity of Pyrrhulina
obermiilleri Myers (Copeia, 1926, no. 156, p. 150. Iquitos) to P.
lugubris Eigenmann (Mem. Carnegie mus., 1922, 9, p. 231, pi. 21, fig. 1.
Meta Basin), with which by an oversight I neglected to compare it.
The former will probably rank as a brilliantly -colored subspecies of the
latter. Both are well distinguished from P. hrevis by the narrow
elongate and almost straight strongly-toothed maxillary. In P. hrevis
it is short and curved.

The shape of the maxillary is important in the distinction of the
species of Pyrrhulininae. In Copeina argyrops and C. guttata it is short,
almost round, and toothless. In Copeina callolepis and C. compta the
maxillary of the male is of a peculiar shaped having a triple curve, and
it is toothed. In C. amoldi and C. metae it is toothed, somewhat elon-
gate, and a little curved, like that of Pyrrhulina hrevis. That of Guiana
specimens of P. semifasciata is similar, but in Guiana P. filamentosa the
maxillary is toothless, although similar in shape. The maxillary of P.
rachoviana, due to the short heavy head, is nearly vertical ; it is tooth-
less.

Pyrrhulina rachoviana Myers (Blatt. aquar. terrar., 1926, 37, p. 441)
is very similar to Steindachner's figure of the male of his P. hrevis
(Sitzb. K. akad. wiss., Wien, 1875, 72, pi. 1, fig. 3), but P. rachoviana
has a shorter head and the pectorals do not reach the pelvics, the
latter being larger in P. hrevis. The dorsal spot of P. rachoviana is more

112 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

streak-like, and is confined to the anterior rays. I hereby restrict the
name P. brevis to Steindachner's "female" (loc. cit., fig. 4) which is
probably specifically different from the "male." I do not know the
form Regan had (Ann. mag. nat. hist., 1912, ser. 8, 10, p. 392).

Atopomesus, gen. nov.
aroiros, peculiar, and nkcros, middle.

Genotype. — Atopomesus pachyodus Myers.

Cheirodontinae. Teeth extremely massive and heavy, somewhat
laterally compressed, but the major ones arising to an unexpanded,
rounded crest which is compressed anteroposteriorly, this forming a
rather blunt, rounded, transverse, cutting crown without any cusps or
notches whatever. The three front-teeth on each side of the dentary
are especially massive, each with an inner, oblique flat area. They
grade downward in size toward the sides, the fifth to the eighth tooth
of each side of the dentary with a falcate inner crown rather than a
flat surface, this being formed by a single inner cusp. Following these
at the side are two abruptly smaller conical teeth. Premaxillary teeth
in a single series, seven on each side, grading from the central massive
ones to smaller ones at the side, all directed obliquely backward, the
tips and extreme inner bases of the teeth tinged with brown. Maxillary
with six small conical or slightly notched teeth crowded to its upper end.

Mouth inferior, the lower teeth fitting up inside the retrorse upper
ones. The flat areas of the mandibular dentition cannot, then, be
grinding surfaces. The upper teeth are slightly visible from below when
the mouth is closed, but are in no way exposed like those of Henochilus
and Psalidodon, with which I at first thought this genus was related.

A series of large scales on each side of the preventral region over-
lapping at the midline, as in Phenacogaster. Accessory caudal rays
prominent.

Atopomesus pachyodus, sp. nov.

General appearance of a slender Creagrutus or Phenacogaster.

Head 3f in body-length. Depth 4. Dorsal 10. Anal 22. Scales
4-32-3, predorsal 9, fully scaled. Eye 2f in head, much greater than
interorbital, the orbit horizontally oval.

Dorsal origin half an orbit-diameter nearer to snout-tip than to
caudal base, the fin high and pointed. Anal origin under last few dorsal
rays, its margin falcate, the anterior few rays long. Pelvics originating

MYERS: SOUTH AMERICAN FRESH-WATER FISHES. 113

very slightly in advance of vertical of dorsal origin, a little overlapping
the anal fin-origin. Pectorals reaching pelvics. Adipose well developed,
over posterior anal rays. Scales cycloid, lateral line complete. Caudal
naked, the lobes pointed, the upper slightly the longer. Accessory
caudal rays well developed, the upper ones especially prominent.

Great suborbital leaving a wide naked area below and a narrow one
behind. Postorbitals two, the upper narrow and elongate.

Pale yellowish, a silvery lateral streak. Scales of the back dark edged.
Chromatophores gathered into the lateral streak posteriorly, many at
the caudal base, but no distinct caudal spot.

Type.— 17,673 I. U. 43 mm. Brazil: Cucuhy, Rio Negro, on the
Colombian Border. 14 February, 1925. Carl Ternetz.

Unique in the massive retrorse dentition.

Othonocheirodus, gen. nov.

odofT} a napkin or veil, xe'Pi hand, and 68uu, tooth, i.e. the veiled hand-shaped
teeth.

Genotype. — Othonocheirodus eigemnanni Myers.

Cheirodontinae. Closely allied to Monotocheirodon. Both these
genera differ trenchantly from Holoshesthes, Odontostilbe, and Cheiro-
don in the severely horizontal gape and the uncovered and lipless teeth
of the upper jaw. In the others the gape is oblique and the premaxillary
teeth are hidden wholly or partially by the normal upper lip.

To the definition of Monotocheirodon should be added the following
characters: — gape horizontal; teeth of both the upper and lower jaws
uncovered, lipless.^ Horizontal extent of the maxillary great, with
six or seven teeth ; its vertical extent, at the curve, small, scarcely ex-
tending down below the line of the base of the mandibular teeth, its
end not rounded or free. Caudal lobes unequal, the upper longer.^

Othonocheirodus may be described as follows : — adipose present ;
lateral line complete; predorsal area scaled; caudal naked; suborbital
in contact with the preopercle below; caudal lobes equal; accessory
caudal rays apparently normal. Teeth 5-pointed, similar in both jaws,
contracted at the base, expanded at the tips. Gape horizontal, the
horizontal extent of the maxillary small, with two teeth, its vertical
extent long, extending far below the line of the bases of the mandibular
teeth, its end large, rounded, and free. Premaxillary with four similar
teeth on each side, in a single, not angulated series, continuous pos-

1 These characteristics are not shown in Pearson's figure of Monolocheirodon pearscni Eigen-
mann, Indiana univ. studies, 1924 (1925), no. 64, pi. 11.

114 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

teriorly with the two maxillary teeth. Mandible with six similar 5-
pointed teeth on each side, grading down slightly in size posteriorly.
Upper jaw lipless. Under jaw with a thin deep lip which rises to cover
not only the mandibular teeth but also part or all of the premaxillary
teeth.

Othonocheirodus eigenmanni, sp. nov.

Head 4| in body-length. Depth 3^. Eye 3|, a little less than inter-
orbital, equal to snout. Scales mostly lost, apparently 4-34 to 36-3.
Dorsal 9. Anal 14.

Body fairly deep, compressed, more so than in Monotocheirodon.
Snout very blunt. Dorsal originating more than an orbit-diameter
nearer to caudal base than to snout-tip. Anal inserted on vertical of
end of dorsal base. Pectorals not reaching pelvics by three or four
scales. Pelvics not quite to anal fin. Adipose inserted behind vertical
of end of anal base.

Brownish; a conspicuous black humeral blotch; a dark lateral band,
faint anteriorly, ending at caudal base.

Type.— 17,674 I. U. 47 mm. Peru: Rio Cayumba. 1918. W. R.
Allen.

Paratypes.— 17,675 I. U. 31,569 M. C. Z. 36-45 mm. Peru: Rio
Cayumba. 1918. W. R. Allen.

Named for Dr. Carl H. Eigenmann, who has contributed more than
anyone else to our knowledge of the fresh-water fishes of South America.

Elachocharax, gen. nov.
iXaxvs, insignificant, and Charax, a genus of characins.

Genotype. — Elachocharax pulcher Myers.

Crenuchinae. Mouth small, with scarcely any gape, the maxillary
reaching vertical of anterior border of eye. Adipose present. Dorsal
long, with 18 rays. Body not notably deep but much compressed, the
head especially narrow and the snout pointed. Armature of the cheeks
very weak. Frontal fontanel present.

Crenuchus has very wide jaws, a long gape, and an adipose fin.
Poecilocharax, which has much narrower jaws than Crenuchus, still
has a large gape and long maxillary, while it possesses no adipose.
Poecilocharax is certainly not closely related to Crenuchus, and
Elachocharax is even more divergent. The latter, and possibly Poecilo-
charax also, will eventually be removed from Crenuchus and placed
near Characidium.

MYERS: SOUTH AMERICAN FRESH-WATER FISHES. 115

Elachocharax pulcher, sp. nov.

Head equal to ^epth, 3| in length to caudal base. Dorsal 18. Anal 8.
Lateral line incomplete, 5 or 6 scales with pores. Scales 25 lateral, 6
transverse between dorsal and pelvics.

The long pectorals reach the distant pelvics. Pelvics reach to anal
fin. Predorsal and pre ventral areas rounded, normally scaled. Caudal
not deeply forked.

Scales truncate basally, with many lateral striae (circuli) above and
below, somewhat similar to those of Poecilocharax, but striae deeper
and more evident. The scales of Crenuchus are similar in shape, but
the striae are more inclined to be concentric than merely lateral above
and below.

Coloration very dark. The scale-borders, where each row touches
the row above and below it, are dark, forming zig-zag lines between the
series. The body is crossed by eight diffuse wide dark bands, the first
behind the pectoral axil, the last at the tail-root. The two in the anal
region are extended out across that fin. The one at the tail-root has two
small spots in it, which project out on the fin, the entire bar being fol-
lowed by a colorless area. After this follow some faint caudal bands.
The dorsal, whose margin is straight and the rays subequal, has two
lengthwise lines near its base. The eye is crossed by two lines, one
horizontal from the chin, another vertical from the occiput.

Type. — 17,676 I. U. 21 mm. Venezuela: Cano deQuiribana, near
Caicara. May, 1925. Carl Ternetz.

Paratype. — 17,677 I. U. 22 mm. Venezuela: Caiio de Quiribana,
near Caicara. May, 1925. Carl Ternetz.

A pretty little species, suggestive of the North American Elassoma.

Hyphessobrycon balbus, sp. nov.

Head 3| in body-length. Depth 2| (young) to 2t (adult). Dorsal 11.
Anal 19 to 21. Scales 5-31 to 34-4|. Lateral line stuttering, complete
on a few specimens, usually developed on 12 to 20 scales.

Dorsal origin in middle of body-length, slightly behind vertical of
origin of pelvics, which are reached by the pectorals. Pelvics reaching
not quite to anal fin. Adipose over end of anal. Body deep and much
compressed.

Cheeks entirely covered by the great suborbital. Five 5-pointed
teeth in the inner series of the premaxillary on each side. Four smaller
teeth in the outer row. One wide tooth at upper limit of maxillary.

116 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

Exposed surfaces of scales very deep and narrow, with few radial
striae, little diverging. Scales over front of anal somewhat irregular
and deflected towards the fin.

Dull, dark brownish, the scales prominently bordered with dark. A
long vertical dark humeral bar with the suggestion of another a little
way behind it. A faint dark lateral streak down posterior part of
sides, ending in a slightly darker area at caudal base. A dark line to
the tips of the central caudal rays. Dorsal and anal with dusky tips.

Type. — 17,678a I. U. 47 mm. Brazil: Planaltina, Lagoa Ferve-
deira, Goyaz. 14 September, 1923. Carl Ternetz.

Paratypes.— 17,678 I. U. 31,570 M. C. Z. 23-60 mm. Brazil:
Planaltina, Lagoa Fervedeira, Goyaz. 14 September, 1923. Carl
Ternetz.

Differing markedly from the other species in the genus in the stutter-
ing lateral line, the peculiar dusky color, the great depth, and numerous
other characters. It is not related to any species of Astyanax, in which
genus the specimens with a complete lateral line might be wrongly
placed.

Creagrutus atrisignum, sp. nov.

Head 4 in body-length. Depth 3^. Eye 3 in head, slightly less than
interorbital. Depth of caudal peduncle 2 in head. Dorsal 9|. Anal 12.
Scales 4^-35-3.

Dorsal origin an eye-diameter nearer to snout-tip than to caudal
base, over insertion of pelvics. Pectorals not reaching pelvics by two
scales. Pelvics almost reach anal fin. Anal origin far behind dorsal
base, slightly anterior to vertical of tips of appressed last dorsal ray.

Great suborbital nearly or wholly as wide as eye-diameter, touching
lower limb of preopercle but not ankylosed with it, leaving a consider-
able naked area at the angle and behind. Premaxillary dentition re-
sembling that of C. beni. Two maxillary teeth.

Yellowish, scales of the back with dark bases. A narrow silvery
lateral band, faint anteriorly, ending in a small caudal spot entirely
within the band (sometimes very faint) and extending outward to the
end of the middle caudal rays. A dark horizontal humeral bar entirely
within the lateral band, and another small fainter brown spot (some-
times nearly absent) above and forward of it. Dorsal fin deeply flushed
with black, pale basally. Caudal and anal dusky.

Type. — 17,679 I. U. 60 mm. Brazil: Upper Rio Maranhao (Upper
Tocantins), Goyaz. 11 October, 1923. Carl Ternetz.

MYERS: SOUTH AMERICAN FRESH-WATER FISHES. 117

Paratypes.— 17,6S0 I. U. 31,571 M. C. Z. 59-67 mm. Brazil:
Corrego do Monjolo, tributary of the Rio Maranhao. 30 September,
1923. Carl Ternetz.

The black dorsal and pleasing colors well mark this distinctive
species.

Creagrutus phasma, sp. nov.

Head 4^ in body-length, equal to depth. Eye 3 in head, slightly
greater than interorbital. Depth of caudal peduncle 2| in head.

Dorsal originating somewhat more than an eye-diameter nearer to
snout tip than to caudal base, directly over insertion of pelvics. Pec-
torals not reaching pelvics by one or two scales. Pelvics not reaching
anal by three scales. Anal inserted far behind dorsal, under tips of de-
pressed last dorsal rays. Adipose inserted over base of last anal ray.

Great suborbital nearly as wide as eye; touching, but not ankylosed
to, lower limb of preopercle, leaving a narrow naked border behind.
Premaxillary dentition exactly as figured by Eigenmann (Mem.
M. C. Z., 43, pi. 35, fig. 4) for C. pcrvanvs.

Yellowish, the scales of the back with a dark border inside a lighter
one. A large, conspicuous, vertical, dark humeral crescent (sometimes
faint) over a deep black humeral spot entirely within the lateral band.
A diffuse silvery band over a plumbeous one, wide anteriorly-, narrow
and more plainly defined posteriorly. The band ends at caudal base,
then continues out to the tips of the central rays as a black line. A
yellow spot at the base of upper and lower caudal rays, continued out
strongly, forming a border for the dark streak. Caudal slightly dusky
above and below the yellow spots. First rays of pelvics and anal milky
white. Fins otherwise hyaline.

Types. — 17,681 I. U. 61, 65 mm. Venezuela: mouth of the Cura-
muni, Rio Cassiquiare. 7 March, 1925. Carl Ternetz.

A veritable ghost of the following genus, with which it was taken.

Creagrudite, gen. nov.

KpeaypevTos, tearing off the flesh, hence Creagrutus, and Sit-tj, having the force of

born of.

Genotype. — Creagrudite maxiUaris Myers.

Tetragonopterinae. A specialized Creagrutus. Premaxillary teeth in
a triple series in the young, formed of an inner series of large tricuspid
teeth, four on each side, and a double outer series of three small teeth

118 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

on each side, the first and third set out to form the first series and the
second one set back to form the second series. There are thus but two
teeth, one on a side, in the second series. With age, this second tooth
migrates forward and takes its place between the first and third tooth,
so that in the adult there are but two series of premaxillary teeth.

The body-form is elongate and very little compressed, the head and
jaws being particularly lengthened, so that the fish has a very char-
acteristic physiognomy, resembling, but very distinct from Creagrutus.
The snout is as long as the very large eye, and the widened postorbitals
nearly equal it. The gape is very great. There is a considerable re-
semblance of the mouth to that of Bramocharax and of Scissor. The
relationship may be in this direction.

The lengthened maxillary sweeps backward and downward in a great
concave curve, its horizontal extent nearly twice the vertical. The
maxillary is fully toothed to Dear its end, with twelve strong backward
pointing tricuspid teeth.

There are two large tricuspid teeth on each side of the mandible,
these grading into a series of nine strong retrorse tricuspid teeth. The
snout is pointed so that all of the tooth-series are rather acutely angled
in the middle and thence extend almost straight posteriorly.

The cheeks are fully armed with the exception of a narrow border
along the vertical limb of the preopercle. The preventral and pre-
dorsal squamation is normal, the caudal is naked, and the lateral line
complete.

This genus differs from Creagrutus in the dentition, in the long
snout, and peculiar maxillary, in the elongated, uncompressed form,
and in other characters. In Dr. Eigenmann's synopsis in the American
Characidae, it would fall in Hemibrycon, from which it differs in the
whole habitus, dentition, maxillary, and long snout.

Creagrudite maxillaris, sp. nov.

Head 3f in body-length. Depth 5. Eye 3-5^ in head-length, somewhat
greater than interorbital. Dorsal 10. Anal 10| to 12|. Scales 4-41 to
42-3.

Body long, spindle-shaped, little compressed, greatest thickness 1|
in depth. Eye large, equal to the long snout. Jaws about equal, the
lower slightly included. Dorsal origin half an orbit-diameter nearer
snout-tip than caudal base, slightly anterior to pelvic insertion in
adults, over or slightly posterior to pelvics in younger specimens. Anal
inserted under tip of depressed last dorsal ray. Pectoral tips half length

MYERS: SOUTH AMERICAN FRESH-WATER FISHES. 119

of fin from pelvics. Pelvics not reaching anal by three or four scales.
Adipose inserted above last anal rays. Caudal Well forked. Anal
margin falcate, dorsal edge emarginate.

Yellowish, the scales of the back with a dark border inside a light one.
A conspicuous vertical black humeral crescent. A diffuse silvery band,
more sharply defined posteriorly, superimposed on a darkish band,
ending abruptly at caudal base, discontinued for a short interval, and
then continued to the tips of the central rays. A yellow spot at the base
of the upper and lower caudal rays, continued faintly out to form a pale
border to the caudal bar. Beyond the spots, the caudal is shaded
duskily. First pelvic and anal rays milky white; fins otherwise hyaline.

Type. — 17,682 I. U. 95 mm. Brazil: Sandbank on the Colombian
border, Rio Negro, Cucuhy. 14 February, 1925. Carl Ternetz.

Par ATYPES.— 17,683 l! U. 31,572 M. C. Z. 92,33 mm. Brazil:
Sandbank on the Colombian border, Rio Negro, Cucuhy. 14 February,
1925. Carl Ternetz.

Paratypes. — 17,684 I. U. 49, 58 mm. Mouth of the Curamuni,
Rio Cassiquiare. 7 March, 1925. Carl Ternetz.

Crcagrutus melanzonus Eigenmann, from the Upper Essequibo and
Potaro Rivers in British Guiana, seems to be based on young speci-
mens of this genus, and may stand as Creagrudite melanzona (Eigen-
mann). They differ from young C. viaxillaris in the scale-count and
in the presence of two teeth in the second premaxillary series on each
side.

Carnegiella marthae, sp. riov.

Head 3f in body-length. Depth 2. Dorsal 10. Anal 22 or 23. Scales
26.

Lower profile of the disc extending downward and backward rather
steeply and with but a slight curve, the lower portion somewhat trun-
cated. Maxillary with a single tooth. Nine premaxillary teeth on each
side in a single series. Lateral line incomplete. No adipose.

A dark line from above the first third of the pectoral to the caudal
base, bounded above by a wider light line and below by a narrower one.
Back above this darkly mottled, the scale-edges darker. A dark band
around lower jaw to eye and another a little lower down. Two dark
lines backward from eye across opercle, and another following the curve
of the suborbital. Entire lower edge of body, from caudal to chin,
bounded by a narrow dark line, this forking on the breast, one branch
on each side, leaving a narrow median light V-shaped area below chin.

120 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

This dark outline is bordered interiorly, from caudal to the beginning
of the front profile of the breast, with a wider light area. Breast with a
series of six fine curved dark lines, with wider interspaces, starting
anteriorly and curving backward and upward, parallel with the lower
edge of the opercle, somewhat converging, and ending above and
behind the pectoral insertion. The sides are finely mottled with dark
and this causes the lines to become obsolete on the middle of the sides
in most specimens. The lower ones of the six are nearly always inter-
rupted. At the point where the truncated lower profile starts upward
towards the caudal, the light inner margin is curved inward, with an
upper heavy border of crowded chromatophores, forming an incipient
light spot. Pectorals mottled with dusky. Scales bluish burnished
silvery. These are the typical colors. They are varied somewhat on
most of the specimens by slight differences in mottling.

Type. — 17,685 I. U. 29.5 mm. Venezuela: Caiio de Quiribana, near
Caicara. May, 1925. Carl Ternetz.

Paratypes.— 17,686 I. U. 31,573 M. C. Z. 27-32 mm. Venezuela:
Cano de Quiribana, near Caicara. May, 1925. Carl Ternetz.

Paratypes. — 17,687 I. U. 30, 31 mm. Venezuela: Cano de Quiri-
bana, opposite Pan de Azucar. 7 May, 1925. Carl Ternetz.

Paratype. — 17,688 I. U. 29 mm. Venezuela: Creek into Laguna
San Raphael, Caicara. 23 April, 1925. Carl Ternetz.

This pretty and distinctive little flying fish is one of the most unex-
pected novelties obtained by Dr. Ternetz. It differs trenchantly from
the onl}^ other species of the genus, C. strigata, in the low scale and anal
ray counts, in the truncated lower profile of the disc, and in the simi-
larly patterned, but quite distinct coloration ; C. marthae entirely lacks
the bold wavy cross-bands of C. strigata and is considerably smaller.
An average adult C. strigata from Iquitos measures 40 mm.; T have
compared it with C. strigata from Belem, Para (Ternetz), Iquitos
(Allen), and Tumatumari, British Guiana (Eigenmann); C. marthae
apparently replaces C. strigata in the Orinoco, but why the latter should
occur in the Essequibo and the Maraiion and not in the Orinoco, when
the latter is openly connected with the Amazon system through the
Cassiquiare, is an interesting question. Dr. Ternetz does not appear to
have obtained any Gasteropelecinae in the Upper Rio Negro or Upper
Orinoco.

MYERS: SOUTH AMERICAN FRESH-WATER FISHES. 121

LoNCHOGENYS, gen. nov.
X67X'7, lance, and yeuvs, cheek.

Genotype. — Lonchogenys ilisha Myers.

Characinae. Allied to Acanthocharax, Heterocharax, and Xipho-
charax.

Lateral line complete. Anal origin beneath the dorsal fin. Scales
large, cycloid. A strong acute point on the angle of the interopercle.
Mandibular teeth in two series. Tooth-bearing margin of the mandible
trilobed, the central lobe with a large and a small canine on each side
of it in the inner series, the side lobes each with three large retrorse
canines at their highest point, these being in the outer series. Upper
jaw scalloped to receive the central lobe, the depression with two ca-
nines and a few smaller teeth at each side of it. Set in front of these
canines is an even row of small teeth, forming two premaxillary series
at this portion of the jaw. Maxillary-premaxillary junction a right
angle, the maxillary immediately curving down and sweeping back-
ward. Maxillary fully toothed, without a canine, the upper teeth en-
larged and grading downward.

Head much less heavy and gape considerably less than in Acantho-
charax. Nape emarginate, not angulated. Snout broadened, as in
Heterocharax and Xiphocharax. Cleithrum not notched. Opercle
with a deep notch in its upper border, deeper than that of Hetero-
charax, and corresponding to a slight emargination in the other two
genera.

This genus is far removed from Acanthocharax, much nearer Xipho-
charax, and closest to Heterocharax. The four genera may be arranged
as follows : —

a. Genera of Characinae with the interopercle drawn out into a sharp
point or spine.
b. Maxillary-premaxillary junction very obtusely angled, the
maxillary oblique; a small canine at the upper end of the
toothed maxillary; snout not broadened; nape angulated;
scales small; cleithrum notched; opercle entire; cheeks mostly
naked; interopercle with a sharp spine.

AcantJwcharax Eigenmann.
bb. Maxillary-premaxillary junction nearly a right angle ; the maxil-
lary wdth the upper teeth enlarged, but no canine; snout
broadened; nape emarginate but not angled.

122 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

c. Cheeks naked; cleithrum notched; opercle entire; scales very
small; maxillary vertical; interopercle with a sharp point

but not a spine Xiphocharax Fowler.

cc. Cheeks fully armed; cleithrum not notched; opercle notched;
scales large; maxillary oblique.
d. Ramus of mandible trilobed; premaxillary teeth partly
in two series; interopercle with an acute point; scales

squared basally with a notch Lonchogcnys Myers.

dd. Ramus of mandible not lobed ; premaxillary teeth strictly
in a single series; interopercle with a sharp spine; scales
deep, oval, basally entire Hetcrocharax Eigenmann.

LONCHOGENYS ILISHA, sp. nOV.

Head ^ in body-length. Depth 2f . Eye 2^ in head, much longer
than snout. Dorsal 11. Anal 35 to 38. Scales 6-34 to 35-4.

Nape slightly emarginate, not angulated. Dorsal originating very
slightly nearer to caudal base than to snout-tip. Pelvics half an orbit-
diameter anterior to vertical of dorsal origin. Pectorals not quite to
pelvics, which scarcely reach anal. Adipose above end of anal. First
few anal rays prolonged, giving a falcate margin to the first part of the
fin. Dorsal high and pointed. Caudal well forked, lobes pointed.
Occipital process long and pointed. Maxillary reaches nearly to below
center of pupil. Predorsal line compressed, possibly nearly naked, but
with scattered irregular scales; this hard to determine precisely be-
cause of the black predorsal line. Scales at side of predorsal line,
particularly anteriorly, becoming very oblique. Anal with a basal
sheath of scales, more numerous forward. Caudal scaled. Great sub-
orbital covering all but a very narrow line of the cheeks.

The scales are most remarkably different from those of Acantho-
charax {cf. Cockerel!, Ann. Carnegie mus., 1914, 9, p. Ill) and of
Hetcrocharax, with both of which I have directly compared them.
The scales of Hetcrocharax are exactly like those of Acanthocharax
except that they are less deep. The scales of Lonchogenys are rounded
apically, more or less square basally, not exceptionally deep, and of
course much larger than those of Acanthocharax. The nucleus is far
basad, and the basal border is notched twice medially and once below,
the circuli following the indentations. There are two widely separated
strong apical radii, delimiting the apical sector of the scale, this area
lacking circuli. Between these radii are several fine, irregular, connected
radii, few reaching the margin. The circuli of the basal portion run

MYERS: SOUTH AMERICAN FRESH-WATER FISHES. 123

around and go off the scale parallel to the two strong delimiting apical
radii.

Coloration brilHant silvery; a plumbeous lateral band. Fins hyaline,
slightly dark tipped. Midline of back, occiput, upper iris, and tips of
jaws black. Scales dark edged on back. A dusky line along anal base.
A few chromatophores gathered into faint lateral scale-lines below.

Type. — 17,696a I. U. 67 mm. Brazil: Sandbank on the Colombian
border, Rio Negro, Cucuhy. 14 February, 1925. Carl Ternetz.

Paratypes.— 17,696 I. U. 31,574 M. C. Z. 67-74 mm. Brazil:
Sandbank on the Colombian border, Rio Negro, Cucuhy. 14 Febru-
ary, 1925. Carl Ternetz.

There are many specimens from other localities. It is a common
species in the Upper Rio Negro. That this species passes through the
Cassiquiare to the Orinoco' is shown by a single specimen of 77 mm.
from Laga Tama-Tama, Bifurcation, Upper Orinoco.

A replica in miniature of the clupeid genus Ilisha.

PIMELODIDAE.

Brachyrhamdia, gen. nov.
^paxvs, short, and Rhamdia, a genus of Pimelodidae.

Genotype. — Brachyrhamdia imitator Myers.

Pimelodinae. x\llied to Pimelodella.

Body rather compact; somewhat compressed and deep. Occipital
process forming a bridge with the dorsal plate. Dorsal and pectoral
spines pungent, those of the latter with thorns along the basal half
of the posterior edge. Humeral process spine-like. Fontanel not con-
tinued behind eyes, without a bridge. Eyes with free orbital rims.
Barbels normal. Caudal deeply forked. Head entirely covered with
skin.

Brachyrhamdia imitator, sp. nov.

Head 3^ in body-length. Depth 3^. Eye 3| in head, circular. Dorsal
I, 6. Anal 9.

Body in general shape like Corydoras, the head deep and the skull
arched. Maxillary barbel lying in a groove below eye, long, reaching
tip of anal rays. Outer mental barbel nearly reaching tip of pectoral
spine. Inner mental barbel shorter. Premaxillary teeth in a band,
without backward projecting angles. Pectoral spines very slightly

124 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

longer than dorsal spine, the latter smooth, the former with eight
strong thorns along the basal half of the posterior margin. Dorsal
origin 1^ times as far from caudal base as from snout-tip. Pelvies in-
serted on vertical of next to last dorsal ray. Adipose fin high, the
length of its base slightly less than length of dorsal spine.

Dull brownish yellow, light on belly. Posterior sides finely mottled.
A black masque-like zone from occiput down over eyes and across
cheek. Another wide black zone from dorsal origin to humeral process,
this running up and involving the spine and first ray of dorsal.

Type. — 17,695 I. U. 50 mm. Venezuela: Caiio de Quiribana, near
Caicara. May, 1925. Carl Ternetz.

Taken with, and very similar in color and form to Corydoras me-
lanistins Regan.

DORADIDAE.

Orinocodoras, gen. nov.

Orinoco and Doras, the typical genus of the family.

Genotype. — Orinocodoras eigenmanni Myers.

Allied to Platydoras and Lithodoras. Width at cleithrum greater
than head-length. Adipose fin continued forward very slightly into a
keel, fairly high; without the keel it is as long as anal base. Dorsal
spine strongly serrate in front and behind, the posterior serrae longer.
Preorbital bones not serrate. Caudal peduncle entirely covered above
and below with laminate plates. Lateral scutes very narrow, as wide
as eye, leaving the greater part of the sides naked; one in feeble con-
tact with the dorsal plate. Swim-bladder double, without diverticula,
the posterior part small and heart-shaped. Barbels simple. Differs
from Lithodoras in the armored peduncle and more numerous scutes,
and from Platydoras in the narrow scutes.

Orinocodoras eigenmanni, sp. nov.

Head 3J in body-length to last scute. Eye 6| in head. Dorsal I, 5.
Anal, 11. Lateral scutes 29, very even, those on the peduncle very
slightly larger than the others. Dorsal spine nearly reaches beginning
of adipose keel. Pectoral spines reaching pelvies. Coracoid process
covered with skin. Fontanel continued as a groove to the dorsal fin.
Mouth terminal. Teeth in a band, none enlarged. Maxillary barbel
reaching to cleithrum. Mental barbels four, short. Eye just anterior

MYERS: SOUTH AMERICAN FRESH-WATER FISHES. 125

to middle of head. Profile from dorsal to snout-tip an almost unin-
terrupted curve. Caudal forked.

Blackish; a white line down the row of scutes, continued faintly
forward to eye. Dorsal lightish mottled, the first soft ray and its
membrane black. Caudal mottled lightish, with two longitudinal
black bands, these continuing the black of the sides above and below
the white scutes. Underside of head and coracoid process white, rest
of underside darkly mottled.

Type. — 17,689 I. U. 89 mm. Venezuela: Cano de Quiribana, near
Caicara. 13 May, 1925. Carl Ternetz.

Paratypes.— 17,690 I. U. 31,575 M. C. Z. 74-81 mm. Venezuela:
Cano de Quiribana, near Caicara. Carl Ternetz.

Named for Dr. Carl H. Eigenmann, who recently placed the classifi-
cation of the Doradidae on a firm foundation.

ASPREDINIDAE.

Bunocephalus salathei, sp. nov.

Depth of head 2| in its width, which is half again greater than its
length. Upper jaw slightly longer than lower. Cranial ridges promi-
nent, interorbital deeply concave, half as wide as corresponding width
of head. Maxillary barbels reach almost to end of coracoid processes.
Pectoral spine slightly curved, with strong serrations on both sides, not
reaching pelvic fin-origin by more than half head-length. Coracoid
processes parallel or slightly divergent, half as long as their distance
apart, reaching as far back as middle of pectoral spine. Dorsal 4, its
origin If times as far from caudal base as from snout tip. Anal 7|.
Caudal peduncle little or not at all compressed, very slender, its length
4f in length to caudal base. Skin finely tubercular.

Upper half of head and body light grayish tan, lower half blackish
brown. Dorsal fin dark with a lightish border. Venter light. Two of
the paratypes show traces of five dark cross-bands, near the end of the
pectoral spines, at the dorsal fin, above the anal origin, above its end,
and at the caudal base.

Type.— 31,583 M. C. Z. 48 mm. Brazil: Morro Ajudo, "about
100 km. from Rio de Janeiro." Brocca and Salathe.

Paratypes.— 101 Coll G. S. M. 26-33 mm. Brazil: Morro Ajudo,
" about 100 km. from Rio de Janeiro." Brocca and Salathe.

Allied to B. doriae Blgr. differing in the anterior dorsal, uncom-
pressed peduncle, shorter dorsal, and in color.

126 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

CALLICHTHYIDAE.

CoRYDORAS potaroensis, sp. nov.

Corydoras pundatus Eigenmann (in part 7iec Bloch) Mem. Carnegie mus.,
1912, 6, p. 220, pi. 24, fig. 3. Creek below Potaro Landing and Erukin.

In his account of C. jpnndatus, Eigenmann apparently included
specimens of two distinct species, neither of them the true C. punctatus
of Bloch. Bloch's figure represents a fairly elongate Corydoras with a
distinct black spot on the upper part of the anterior dorsal rays, with
but few small dots on the sides, with no trace of a black band across
the head and eyes, and with rows of dots on the caudal. It would fall
in the group vim. of Mrs. Ellis's synopsis (Ann. Carnegie mus., 1913, 8,
p. 398). Regan, whose paper (Ann. mag. nat. hist., 1912, ser. 8, 10,
p. 209-220) appeared almost simultaneously with Eigenmann's, recog-
nized that the one Guiana species he had was different from C. punc-
tatus, and named it C. melanistius. I identify the more common species
of Eigenmann's collections with C inelanistius, while the other I de-
scribe as new; C. melanistius is a very deep species (the depth 2^ to 2|).
Measuring in a horizontal plane (not over the curve of the back), the
dorsal origin is midway between the vertical of the snout-tip and the
tip of the adipose spine. The spine and first three dorsal rays and their
membranes are black, this color extending down in a large patch on the
upper part of the sides. A dark band (though never so dark as the
dorsal spot) extends from the nape down through the eye onto the sub-
orbital and opercle. Sides covered with many small dark spots, those
above the lateral line of scute-junctures slightly larger and more dis-
posed in lateral rows than those below. Fins pale, faded, but with
indications in some specimens (Konawaruk) of vertical rows of spots
on the caudal and anal. I have specimens from Kumaka, Malali,
Konawaruk, and mud-flats on the Demerara below Wismar. All these
are much paler in coloration than specimens from Cano de Quiribana,
near Caicara, Orinoco, possibly due to fading, but more probably
partly due to a really lighter color of the Guiana fishes. The Orinoco
specimens have the caudal with bold rows of spots.

The new species, represented by Eigenmann's figure and his speci-
mens from Erukin and Potaro Landing, is more elongate. Depth 2^ to 3.
Measuring in a horizontal plane, the dorsal origin is midway between
the vertical of the snout-tip and the base of the adipose spine. There is
a masque-like black zone over the eyes as in C. melanistius, but the
dorsal coloration differs widely. The entire dorsal fin, with its rays and

MYERS: SOUTH AMERICAN FRESH-WATER FISHES. 127

membranes, is black, paling toward the margin, but this color does not
extend on the dorsal region of the body. There are no spots on the body or
fins, the only markings being faint lines running parallel to the vertical
plate-sutures.

Types.— 11,984 I. U. 31,576 M. C. Z. 43-46 mm. Br. Guiana: Creek
below Potaro Landing. C. H. Eigenmann.

LORICARIIDAE.

Otothyris, gen. nov.
oii%, uTos, ear, and Oupis, lattice.

Genotype. — Otothyris canaliferus Myers.

Hypoptopomatinae. Allied to Otocinclus, but the cranium sculp-
tured is a most remarkable manner. Eye set high in head, without the
projecting tongue of iris to the center of the pupil seen in Otocinclus.

Supraoccipital with two low spinescent keels at the summit, one on
each side, parallel, diverging anteriorly and posteriorly. Out of the
posterior trough of these rises a third median spinescent keel, higher
than the other two and rising to the posterior tip of the supraoccipital,
where it ends. The temporals are perforate, pierced by three or four
large openings (sometimes confluent into one), these extending upward
into a passageway which opens externally above into two small holes.
The sutures of the bones are so obscured that I shall not attempt to
difterentiate them further. A keel starts on each side of the snout and
extends in a concave curve upward to, and encircling, the eye, thence
extends backward and upward above the perforations described, end-
ing in a pointed backward projection of what likely is the epiotic.
Occasionally there is one perforation above this keel, this at its angle
with the posterior border of the circumorbicular ridge, and extending
downward into the same passageway as the others. Below the poste-
riorly projecting point of the lateral cephalic keels is a cavernous bone-
surrounded opening into a large chamber at the side of the anterior
vertebrae. This apparently does not connect with the passageway of
the perforations, agreeing in this with specimens of Otocinclus affinis
Steindachner from Rio de Janeiro. Thus it apparently differs from the
structure in 0. vestitus as described by Cope, although he may have
been mistaken in that all of the perforations enter the large cavity.

The bony arched roof of the chamber on each side, between the
lateral and supraoccipital keels, bears four very weak longitudinal

128 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology,

keels. There is a short double keel originating at the snout-tip and
fading between the great bone-rimmed nasal depressions.

The adipose fin and its spine are absent. There are three large plates
on the preventral area, one at each side anteriorly and one posteriorly
between the pelvics. The rest of the breast is naked save occasionally
for one or two rudimentary accessory plates. Lower transverse area of
clavicles and coracoids exposed, rough.

This genus differs from Otocinclus in the rugose and much keeled
upper surface of the head, and in the reduced number and peculiar
structure of the temporal perforations and their canals.

Otothyris canaliferus, sp. nov.

Dorsal 1, 4. Anal I, 5. Lateral plates 2L

Summit of postdorsal region depressed, with a row of spines along
each side. A median series of scutes down the side. Postanal region
depressed, flanked on each side by a row of spines, with another double
row down its center. Dorsal originating very slightly posterior to
vertical of origin of pelvics. Pectoral spines extending nearly to end
of pelvics. Caudal injured, possibly truncate in life.

Ornately mottled, a diffuse brown band over back at dorsal origin
and another at its end. Caudal peduncle encircled by a diffuse band.
A lateral brown area down the sides. A conspicuous rounded dark
brown spot occupying the center of the caudal fin.

Types.— 87 Coll. G. S. M. 31,577 M. C. Z. 30 mm. Brazil: hills
vicinity Rio de Janeiro. 1924. R. Brocca.

I cannot identify this species with any described from southeastern
Brazil, though there is a possibility that it will prove identical with one
of Ribeiro's species of Otocinclus.

PYGIDIIDAE.
Glanapteryx, gen. nov.
yXavis, the catfish of Aristotle; o, privative, without; and -n-repv^, wing or fin.

Genotype. — Glanapteryx anguilla Myers.

Pygidiinae. Body eel-shaped, wholly finless excepting for small rudi-
mentary pectoral and pelvic flaps and a caudal fringe. No mental
barbels. Nasal, rostral, and maxillary pairs of barbels present. Cheeks
without spines. Teeth small, apparently conical, in both jaws.

MYERS: SOUTH AMERICAN FRESH-WATER FISHES. 129

Glanapteryx anguilla, sp. nov.

Body cylindrical anteriorly, compressed and slightly deeper in the
caudal region. Eyes small and imbedded in the skin, about thrice one's
diameter apart, far forward in the head near the nasal barbels. Head
small and flattened, its length equal to depth of anterior part of body,
which is contained about fifteen times in the body-length. Nasal
barbels reaching end of head, rostral and maxillary barbels slightly
longer.

No traces of dorsal or anal fins are visible. The pectorals are reduced
to useless inconspicuous fleshy flaps. The caudal fin, with its many
accessory rays, is present as a narrow fringe around the paudal end of
the body, rounded-acuminate at the tip. What may be flap-like rem-
nants of the pelvic fins are present at each side of the anus. A dissec-
tion to ascertain this has not been made as the Type is uniciue. The
caudal region, from vent to caudal tip, is contained 3f times in the
total length of the fish.

Uniform dark brown, lighter beneath.

Type. — 17,700 I. U. 42 mm. Brazil: rock-pools below Sao Gabriel
Rapids, Rio Negro. 1 February, 1925. Carl Ternetz.

This unique specimen was in a vial full of young Synhranchus
marmoratus, and it was not until I noticed one of the supposed Syn-
hranchus to have barbels that this peculiar species was discovered.
It is undoubtedly a burrowing type and is quite the most remarkable
form of the subfamily so far discovered.

OCHMACANTHUS ALTERNUS, Sp. nOV.

Head 5| in body-length. Depth 5|. Dorsal 8. Anal 8. Pectoral 6.
Eye 4| in head, longer than snout, less than interorbital.

Maxillary barbels to interopercular spines; lower barbels much
shorter, with a membranous flap below. Width of head equal to length
with opercular spines. Ten or eleven interopercular spines. About ten
opercular spines. Teeth small, in minute series. A prominent pectoral
pore. Pelvics inserted midway between head and caudal base. i\nal
fin-origin but slightly behind that of dorsal. Caudal rounded-truncate,
with many accessory rays, not tadpole-like.

Markings very variable, typically a double or triple series of large,
irregular, alternating blotches with narrow interspaces, the spots usu-
ally partially coalescing forward on the back. Some specimens have
the pattern broken up into comparatively fine mottling, but all show a

130 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

trace of the typical pattern. Caudal mottled, in some with a trace of a
dark median streak to the tip. Venter pale, unmarked.

Types.— 17,697 I. U. 31,578 M. C. Z. 34-40 mm. Venezuela : Cano
de Quiribana, near Caicara. May, 1925. Carl Ternetz.

A larger headed, more compact species than 0. Orinoco, well dis-
tinguished by its bold dark pattern.

Ochmacanthus ORINOCO, sp. nov.

Head 6 in body-length. Depth 6|. Dorsal 8. Anal 7. Pectoral 5.
Eye 4 in head, equal to snout and interorbital.

Maxillary barbels reaching middle of interopercular spine-patch,
lower barbels much shorter, with a membranous flap below. Head
flattened, its width equal to its length with opercular spines. Ten
large spines in interopercular patch, ten or twelve in the opercular
patch. Teeth of premaxillary very small, in fine series as in Stego-
philus. A prominent pectoral pore. Pelvics inserted midway between
caudal base and front of interopercular spine-patch. Anal origin under
last part of dorsal base. Caudal rounded, with many accessory rays,
not tadpole-like.

Back mottled. A single series of oblong dark patches of unequal
length down the middle of the sides to caudal base.

Type.— 17,698 I. U. 46 mm. Venezuela: Playa Matepalma, Orin-
oco. 2 April, 1925. Carl Ternetz.

Stegophilus septentrionalis, sp. nov.

Head 5|- in body-length. Depth 6f . Dorsal 8. Anal 6. Pectoral 7.
Eye equal to snout and interorbital, 4 in head.

Maxillary barbels reaching the interopercular spines, lower barbel
much shorter; an attached membranous flap below the lower barbel.
Head flat below, its width equal to head without the opercular spines.
Ten or eleven long sharp hooks in two irregular series on the inter-
opercle. About twelve shorter hooks irregularly arranged at tip of
opercle. Teeth in several minute, even series in the premaxillaries,
less numerous than in Haemomaster; two series on the lips. Pelvic
fins inserted midway between caudal base and pectoral tips. Anal
inserted under end of dorsal base. One or two prominent accessory
dorsal and anal rays. Caudal emarginate.

Whitish; a series of oblong dark blotches down the middle of the
side, these becoming obsolete forward. An indefinite series of small,

MYERS: SOUTH AMERICAN FRESH-WATER FISHES. 131

diflFuse streaks above the side series anteriorly, and another on midhne
of back. A small black spot on base of central caudal rays, continued
outward as a straight black line to the end of the central rays. Upper
and lower caudal tips mottled.

Type. — 17,699 I. U. 44 mm. Venezuela: Santa Barbara, Orinoco.
4 April, 1925. Carl Ternetz.

Very close to the only other known species of the genus, S. insidiosus
Reinhardt, from southeastern Brazil apparently differing only in one
anal ray, the emarginate caudal, and the distinctive color.

Haemomaster, gen. no v.
aipioi, blood, and naoTtip, seeker.

Genotype. — Haemomaster venezuelae Myers.

Stegophilinae. Accessory caudal rays fairly numerous, but not con-
spicuous. Gill-membranes united, confluent with the isthmus. Opercle
with five spines. Caudal very slightly emarginate. Pelvic fins inserted
nearly twice as far from snout-tip as from caudal base. Eyes large,
staring, far apart and lateral, not superior and close together as in re-
lated genera. Colorless except for a caudal stripe.

In the synopsis of genera in Eigenmann's review of the family, this
genus would fall in Stegophilus, but the wide-set, staring, lateral eyes
are seen in no other member of the subfamily. It cannot well be Pleuro-
physus Ribeiro.

Haemomaster venezuelae, sp. nov.

Head 7| in body-length. Depth 6f to 1\. Dorsal 7. Anal 5. Eye
3| in head, 2 in interorbital.

Teeth of upper jaw imbedded in soft flesh and very difficult to see
except in dry specimens. The tooth-bearing area is very wide and
extends to the sides of the mouth. The teeth are extremely fine and are
disposed in many even series, the outer one along the lip. As many as
fifteen of these series can be counted. In the middle there is a patch of
enlarged retro rse teeth. In the mandible the teeth are similar, in ex-
tremely fine rows, less numerous than in the upper jaw, and there ap-
pears to be no enlarged central patch. The outer series is along the lip.

A very short maxillary barbel, scarcely reaching hind border of eye.
Interopercular spines five, four large and one very small one above.
Opercular spines six, four large ones in the second series, two smaller
in the first. Dorsal inserted above middle of appressed pelvics. Anal

132 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

inserted below end of dorsal base. Pelvics nearly twice as far from
snout-tip as from caudal base. Head very flat, body compressed pos-
teriorly.

Body colorless. Eyes dark. A dark line from middle of sides below
dorsal, growing black at caudal base, where it widens slightly, and ex-
tending out to the tips of the central caudal rays. Occiput dark.

Type. — 17,705 I. U. 61 mm. Venezuela: Playa Matepalma, Orin-
oco. 2 April, 1925. Carl Ternetz.

Paratypes. — 17,706 I. U. 49, 58 mm. Venezuela: Santa Barbara,
Orinoco. 4 April, 1925. Carl Ternetz.

Paratypes.— 17,707 I.U. 31,579 M. C. Z. 55-66 mm. Venezuela:
Playa Tama-Tama, Bifurcation, Orinoco. 14-16 March, 1925. Carl
Ternetz.

Urinophilus diabolicus, sp. nov.

Head 6f in body-length. Depth 8|. Dorsal 7. Anal 8. All rays vis-
ible counted. Pectoral 7. Eye 6 in head with opercular spines, just
anterior to middle of head-length.

Maxillary barbel extending not quite to tip of interopercular spines,
lower barbel rudimentary. Interopercle with a single greatly enlarged
spine and a very few (one or two) tiny complementary ones. Opercular
patch of spines rudimentary, hidden beneath the skin and not project-
ing. Five premaxillary teeth in a convex semicircle, the central one
largest. Mandibles widely separated, each with a patch of small teeth.
Pelvic fin-origin midway between pectoral tip and caudal tip. Anal
origin beneath middle of dorsal. Dorsal origin twice as far from inter-
opercular spine-patch as from caudal base. Caudal peduncle slender,
with supplementary rays inconspicuous. Caudal truncate or slightly
emarginate.

Brownish, with fine darker brown chromatophores on back.

T\-pe.— 17,701 I. U. 48 mm. Peru: Iquitos. September, 1920. W. R.
Allen.

Dr. Allen found this specimen (called "Carnero" in Peru) halfway
buried in the belly of a large river catfish, "Doncella" {Pseiidoplafys-
toma). It had burrowed directly through the body-wall and was dis-
tended with blood.

This species is much less elongate than U. sanguineus (Eigenmann)
and U. erythrurus Eigenmann.

MYERS: SOUTH AMERICAN FRESH-WATER FISHES. 133

CYPRINODONTIDAE.

RiVULUS BENIENSIS, Sp. nOV.

Rivulus strigatus Pearson, {nee Regan) Indiana univ. studies, 1925, no. 64,
p. 51.
Allied to R. strigatus. Scales 34 or 35. Dorsal 7. Anal 11 or 12.
Anal ending below middle of dorsal. Depth 4|. Male with dark brown
longitudinal lines between the scale-rows and no caudal ocellus. The
light interspaces were red in life. Fins darkish, a basal line on anal fin.
Female with traces of the lateral dark lines, but this developed into a
regularly mottled pattern which forms more or less well-defined squar-
ish light areas on the lower posterior part of the sides. A very irregular
dark streak from vmder jaw, through eye, to above pectoral. Fins
speckled, anal dark edged. A very large black caudal ocellus in the
female.

RiVULUS BENIENSIS BENIENSIS, Subsp. nOV.

Head 4 in body-length. Dorsal fin originating twice as far from
vertical limb of preopercle as from caudal base.

Types.— 17,259 I. U. 31,580 M. C. Z. 24-40 mm. Bolivia: Ivon,
Rio Beni. February, 1922. N. E. Pearson.

Rivulus beniensis lacustris, subsp. nov.

Head 4| to 4f in body-length. Dorsal fin originating twice as far
from middle of pectoral as from caudal base.

Types.— 17,258 I. U. 31,581 M. C. Z. 30-42 mm. Bolivia: Lagoons
along shores of Lake Rogoagua. November, 1921. N. E. Pearson.

Rivulus strigatus lacks a caudal ocellus in both male and female and
the pattern consists of opposed oblique bars of dark red and blue
meeting at the midline of the sides, less bright in the female. Living
individuals of R. strigatus are very different from R. beniejisis.

ELEOTRIDIDAE.

Microphilypnus, gen. nov.

fiiKpos, small, and Philypnus. '

Genotype. — Microphilypnus ternetzi Myers.

Eleotridinae. Gill-openings extending forward to below hind border
or center of pupil. Isthmus moderately narrow. Vomerine teeth ap-

134 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

parently absent. Skull without ridges posteriorly, slightly ridged or
irregular anterior to orbits. Interorbital very narrow. Head and snout
more or less elongate. Lower jaw projecting. Scales large. Opercles
and occiput scaled. Cheeks and breast naked. Size minute.

Distinguished from Philypnus by the minute size, large scales, and
unridged skull. These are the first small river gobies to be reported
from the interior of South America.

MiCROPHILYPNUS TERNETZI, sp. nOV.

Head 3| in body-length. Depth 5f . Eye 3t in head. Dorsals V, 8.
Anal 7. Scales 29 lateral, 7 between dorsal and anal.

Gill-openings extending to opposite hind border of pupil. Snout
rather short, shorter than eye. Lower jaw not extremely prognathous.
Maxillary extending backward to beneath anterior border of pupil.
Scales ctenoid. Lateral line absent. Tongue emarginate or notched at
tip. No bony point on end of lower limb of preopercle, below eye. No
ridge before eye.

Scales dark edged, some with a spot on the posterior margin. Head
and opercles dark spotted. A dark line midventrally, from isthmus to
caudal, expanding at intervals into small elongate spots.

Types.— 17,702 LU. 31,582M. C. Z. 14-20 mm. Venezuela: Caiio
de Quiribana, near Caicara. May, 1925. Carl Ternetz.

In a 20 mm. female, numerous, large, yellow ova can be seen through
the abdominal wall. This species vies with Eviota and Mistichthys as
the smallest known vertebrate.

MiCROPHILYPNUS AMAZONICUS, Sp. nOV.

Head 3| in body-length. Depth 6. Eye 3 in head. Dorsals VI, 8.
Anal 8. Scales about 27 lateral,^ 6 or 6| between dorsal and anal.

Gill-openings extending to opposite hind-border of pupil. Snout
rather short, shorter than the eye. Eye very large, elongate-oval.
Lower jaw not extremely prognathous. Maxillary extending back-
ward to beneath anterior border of pupil. Scales ctenoid. Lateral line
absent. Tongue large, shallowly but widely bifid at the end. A bony
point on end of lower limb of preopercle, below eye. Anterior border of
orbit raised into a high bony ridge.

Yellowish; a series of dark spots down the middle of the side, one on

' Approximate number. Actual number possibly less. Scales mostly lost.

MYERS: SOUTH AMERICAN FRESH-WATER FISHES. 135

every third scale. Fins spotted. A line downward from eye to edge of
under jaw.

Type. — 17,703 I.U. 24 mm. Brazil: Igarape do Mai Joana, Man-
aos. 12 December, 1924. Carl Ternetz.

This species and the next are probably not congeneric with M.
ternetzi or with each other, but I hesitate to erect new genera on the
poor material available.

MiCROPHILYPNUS MACROSTOMA, sp. nOV.

Head 3f in body-length. Depth 5. Eye 3j in head. Dorsals V, 10.
Anal 10. Scales 24 lateral, 5 between dorsal and anal.

Gill-openings extending forward almost to opposite end of maxillary.
Head elongate, low, very pointed, snout long but shorter than the large
eye. Lower jaw extremely prognathous, the lower dentition exposed.
Maxillary extending backward to beneath center of pupil. Scales
ctenoid. Lateral line present in the form of pits or elongate indenta-
tions. Tongue large, squared or slightly emarginate at the end. A
bony point on end of lower limb of preopercle, below eye. Anterior
border of eye with a ridge which is raised into a blunt excrescence at
one point.

Yellowish, faintly speckled.

Type.— 17,704 I. U. 20 mm. Brazil: Igarape do Mai Joana, Man-
aos. 23 December, 1924. Carl Ternetz.

Very probably the type of a distinct genus.

Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology
AT HARVARD COLLEGE.
Vol. LXVIII. No. 4.

NOTES ON SOME ARGENTINA BIRDS.

By Herbert Friedmann.

CAMBRIDGE, MASS., U. S. A.:

PRINTED FOR THE MUSEUM.

September, 1927.

No. 4. — Notes on some Argentina Birds.
By Hekbert Friedmann.

Introduction.

In early August 1923, under a grant from the National Research
Council, I sailed from New York for Argentina to make an intensive
study of the life-histories of the three species of cowbirds known to
occur in that country. The work involved kept me in the field for ap-
proximately half a year, during which time several sections of the
country were visited. While the cowbirds were the main object of the
expedition other birds were studied and collected whenever time per-
mitted. This report deals with the latter part of the results of the trip.
The work on the cowbirds forms a separate report.

Itinerary. — In the morning of August 11, 1923 I left New York on
the Lamport and Holt steamer Vestris and two days later stopped at
Bermuda for a few hours. On August 26 the highlands of Cape Frio
appeared through the mists at dawn and about noon the boat was
docked in the harbor of Rio de Janeiro. The next afternoon anchor
was raised, to be lowered again on August 30 at Montevideo, where a
stop was made for the day, proceeding that night to Buenos Aires.

Buenos Aires was my headquarters for the duration of my stay in
Argentina and to this city I returned for reoutfitting after each trip
into the different sections of the country. In Buenos Aires Dr. Roberto
Dabbene, the Curator of Birds in the Museo Nacional, very kindly gave
me access to the splendid collections under his care and helped me
greatly with advice as to the most likely places to visit for my work,
and with letters of introduction to resident naturalists in the parts
visited. The success of the expedition is in no small measure due to his
friendly interest in it. From September 1 to 20 I was in or around
Buenos Aires outfitting for my first excursion into the interior, but
managed to make a few short side trips during this time. Two trips to
La Plata City, Berisso, and Ensenada took up a week, while the others
were one-day trips. On the morning of September 20 I left by the
Central Argentine Railway for Tucuman City in the northwest part
of Argentina. Arriving there the following morning after a very com-
fortable and interesting journey I made the acquaintance of three
resident naturalists. Dr. Lillo, Sefior Schreiter, and Senor Venturi.

140 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

The last-named invited me to join him on the next day on a short trip
into the eastern foothills of the Andes at San Pablo and the Rio Lules.
It was on this trip that I got my first real impressions of many Argen-
tine birds and, incidentally, my last of a few species that I never saw
elsewhere. On the morning of September 23 I left Venturi and went
by the Central Cordoba Railway to Concepcion, province of Tucuman.
Concepcion was my base from this time until December 23, just three
months to a day. Here I was fortunate in obtaining the services of a
peon stable-boy of Mr. Shipton's, one Pedro Carrero by name, who had
assisted Mr. Shipton's collector, Juan Mogenson, and who knew the
birds fairly well in an unscientific way. My work was further aided by
Mr. Shipton who kindly gave me the use of horses and a two-wheeled
buggy and also placed at my disposal a small brick hut. During the
three months spent in this vicinity work was confined for the sake of
exactness to a relatively small area between the Rio de Gastone and
the sugar cane fields at La Corona, a plant of the Azucarera Argentina
Company. A few side trips were made as follows : — Alpachirri, Oc-
tober 27; Iltico, November 20; and Monteagudo, November 25. The
country around Concepcion is fairly flat, although only a few miles to
the west rise the eastern Andes, culminating in the towering peak of
Aconquija, over 20,000 feet in height. Where not under cultivation
(sugar cane) the country is of an open savanna type abundantly dotted
with Acacia trees and intersected, here and there, by small rivulets.
The only sizeable stream in the near vicinity is the Rio de Gastone,
about a hundred and fifty feet wide and shallow enough to cross in a
buggy with the greatest of ease. The banks are sandy and devoid of
vegetation, but this barren stretch is quite narrow, and arboreal vege-
tation is visible on both sides of the stream. There are several small
marshy areas draining into the Rio de Gastone and on the edges of
these marshes are dense thorny tangles and some real forest, forming
a varied type of collecting ground. At Alpachirri and at the Rio Lules
real subtropical forests are present in small, but truly magnificent
patches, containing many very tall trees and great quantities of epi-
phytes and hanging vines.

On December 23 I left Concepcion by the Central Cordoba Railway
for Buenos Aires, arriving there on Christmas morning. A week was
spent in reoutfitting and in studying certain birds at the National
Museum and on January 1 I left by Parana River steamer for Santa
Elena, Entre Rios, whither I went on invitation from the officers of the
Bovril Company, Ltd. About noon on January 3 the boat landed at
the little pier at Santa Elena and I was met by Mr. C. H. Smyth and

friedmann: notes on some Argentina birds. 141

Mr. A. Philip of the Bovril Company. For seven weeks, from January 3
to February 23, I remained at Santa Elena almost constantly, and
worked under ideal conditions, the Bovril Company's officers having
put at my disposal not only horses and peon assistants but even their
two gasoline launches, and the Director, Mr. D. M. Frederick, insisted
on my accepting his hospitality. To these gentlemen I am greatly
indebted for a wonderfully pleasant and productive seven weeks. Mr.
Smyth later sent me specimens of eggs that I required, and both he
and Mr. Phihp gave me much interesting and valuable information,
still further increasing my indebtedness.

The country around Santa Elena is sandy and very broken and
rugged, being merely a succession of barrancas overgrown with thorny
bushes and dotted here and there with Acacia trees, while the monot-
ony of the horizon is relieved by clumps of Eucalyptus trees wherever
there are houses, chiefly ranchos. In the river Parana, just opposite to
Santa Elena, is a long chain of islands, largely marshy in nature, but
containing some fine patches of moist forest. These islands, recorded
in this paper as the Bo\Til Islands or the Santa Elena Islands, are in the
province of Santa Fe and were visited many times. One of them in
particular, known as Deniz Island, was particularly rich in storks,
herons, ibises, etc. Several trips were made to the Bovril Company's
ranches, or as they are always called in Argentina, estancias, in eastern
Santa Fe on the west bank of the river. This part of the country is a
vast flat marsh with a few, but extensive, dry patches of higher land.
Going across this level area on horseback from the Saladero M. Cabal
on the bank of the river as far as La Noria, a good day's ride away,
netted me many species not met with elsewhere.

On February 23 I left once more for Buenos Aires, my work on the
cowbirds practically completed, I arrived in the Capital two days later
and the next day wrote to the manager of the late Ernest Gibson's
ranch for permission to conclude my field-studies in the same locality
where the first careful work on the cowbirds had been done some fifty
odd years before by Gibson. In the meantime the period of the Carni-
val intervened and as it was observed for a longer period by the Ameri-
can consulate than by the Argentine people themselves, my mail was
considerably delayed. The most vexatious delay was with an invita-
tion from Dr. Frank M. Chapman to join him on a trip to Chascomus.
I received this note the day he returned to Buenos Aires from Chas-
comus, although the letter had been left at the consulate a week pre-
viously. Finally on March 8 1 left by the Southern Railway for Dolores
and thence by stage to General Lavalle and to the Gibson estancia

142 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

Los Yngleses at iVjo. Here I remained until the twelfth when I left
by coach and train for Buenos Aires where I arrived on March 14.
Three days later I sailed for New York on the S. S. Vesteis. On the
way north stops were made at Santos, Rio de Janeiro, Trinidad, and
Barbadoes. On the eighth of April I was once more in New York,

Annotated List of the Birds.

The collection on which this report is based is in the M. C. Z. and
the systematic work was done there. I am greatly indebted to Mr.
Outram Bangs and to Mr. James L. Peters for their unvarying kind-
ness and for much advice and assistance.

RHEIDAE.

Rhea Americana (Linne).

The Rhea was observed in partial captivity in several places : Santa
Elena, Entre Rios; near Cordoba City, Cordoba; San Pablo, Tucuman;
and La Noria, Santa Fe. One was seen from a train-window on the
Central Argentine Railway early in the morning on September 20 in
the southeastern part of the province of Santiago del Estero and,
judging by the country surrounding, was probably a wild bird. Li
settled districts the Rhea is largely only a memory now, except on
some of the huge holdings of some of the meat packing companies.

TINAMIDAE.

NoTHURA maculosa MACULOSA (Temminck).

M. C. Z. 96,889. Ad. 9. Argentina: Santa Elena, Entre Rios. 8 January,
1924.

This specimen has the tips of the feathers of the crown, back, scapu-
lars, and interscapulars more grayish and less rufescent than in two
specimens from Concepcion del Uruguay, Entre Rios, in M. C. Z.
This difference, however, may be seasonal as the Santa Elena bird is a
summer specimen in fresh plumage while the two from Concepcion del
Uruguay are autumn birds. Nevertheless it would be well for some
one with ample material to compare maculosa and nigrogidtafa with
regard to season as well as age. Wetmore (Bull. 133, U. S. N. M., 1926,
p. 33) writes that an old skin from Corrientes (north of Entre Rios)

friedmann: notes on some Argentina birds. 143

taken in late spring or early summer is somewhat different from both
maculosa and nigroguttata. It would not be at all surprising for a
sedentary species like the present to break up into a large number of
races, but it would be of great interest biologically if these racial
differences were found to have begun as seasonal ones and were per-
petuated all the year round in localities where seasonal changes were
ecologically less marked.

This little tinamou was observed very frequently around Santa
Elena, Entre Rios, during January and February. It occurs in open
grassy country and hides in the grass rather than under bushes or
shrubs. I noticed this particularly one day in a grassy field edged with
thorny bushes. The birds, of which several were flushed, never seemed
to consider the bushes as a possible means of concealment. Individuals
were not infrequently noted on the golf course on the Bovril Com-
pany's estate and one was killed by a driven ball while I was there.
This tinamou runs like a quail {Colinus virginianus), giving a sweet,
somewhat melancholy whistle as it runs. The flight is extremely rapid,
but uneven, short periods of gliding with arched wings held motionless
alternating with series of rapid wing-beats. When a bird rises close by
the whirring noise is much louder than that made by a quail.

The bird collected was in breeding condition, the ovary being much
enlarged. The stomach contained many small seeds, and some finely
comminuted vegetable matter.

SPHENISCIDAE.

Spheniscus magellanicus (Forster).

The first penguins were seen from the steamer when off the coast of
Uruguay on August 29. Five birds were then noted swimming around
the ship. They sat very low in the water, and whenever a wave of any
size came their way they invariably dived through it instead of riding
it. The next day, on the La Plata River, several scattered groups and
some single birds were observed.

COLYMBIDAE.

Aechmophorus major (Boddaert).

This grebe was first noticed on August 30 off the mouth of the La
Plata River when two in non-breeding plumage were seen near the
steamer. The next dav in the harbor of Buenos Aires a flock of twentv

144 bulletin: museum or comparative zoology.

was watched near the Lamport and Holt Company's dock in the north
basin. Some were in full breeding plumage. Inasmuch as no specimens
could be collected the identification rests chiefly on size, although a
careful examination of specimens a few days later in the National
Museum in Buenos Aires confirmed my identification.

This species seemed to sit higher in the water than do most grebes.
Like the other members of the family they proved to be expert divers,
diving without effort, or any apparent plunging.

DIOMEDEIDAE.
DioMEDiA melanophris Temminck.

From southern Brazil south to the mouth of the La Plata, August 26
to 30, the Black-browed Albatross was a constant and common fol-
lower of the steamer, often coming very close to pick up bits of garbage
thrown overboard. When settling on the water they raise the wings
and hold them vertically, until satisfied of their position on the waves,
when they fold them, looking very much like great gulls.

A mixed company of albatrosses, shearwaters, and petrels illustrates
very clearly the ecological value of size. The large albatrosses feed on
the large morsels, the shearwaters on smaller bits, while the petrels
take what the others leave and even glean a certain amount of the oily
exudation of the garbage from the surface of the water. In this way
nothing goes to waste for the larger birds would probably not heed the
minute bits that interest the petrels. Of all the hundreds of these vari-
ous birds that I watched feeding around the steamer none were ob-
served to fight with individuals of other species over bits of food.

PROCELLARIIDAE.

PuFFiNUS GRISEUS (Gmelin).
M. C. Z. 96,938. Ad. 9 . Uruguay: 10 miles off Cape Polonio. 30 August, 1923.

The single specimen collected flew on board the steamer and was
caught by one of the stewards. The bird was very fat and in excellent
condition. All the way from Rio de Janeiro southward to Buenos Aires
these birds were very common, there being almost always anywhere
from ten to a hundred of them around the ship. They sit rather high
in the water and when rising they run with pattering feet for the first
few wing-beats as though it were difficult to launch themselves into

friedmann: notes on some Argentina birds. 145

flight. Although other seabirds, particularly Daption capensis, were
common in the same place, the shearwaters kept in groups by them-
selves. The one collected vomited a yellowish oil when captured and
bit my fingers savagely.

Procellaria aequinoctialis aequinoctialis Linne.

These dusky birds were seen around the steamer in numbers from
Brazil southward to Montevideo, August 25 to 30. They were fond of
flying in circles around the boat, beating their wings only a few^ times
and then sailing along with speed and grace. The yellowish color in the
bill stands out in life against the otherwise uniform dusky aspect of the
birds.

On August 25, when about thirty miles off the coast of Espirito
Santo, one of these birds flew by the steamer, never rising more than a
few feet from the water. It flew with long, easy wing-beats. Four days
later, when off the coast of Rio Grande du Sol, there were about a
hundred of them around the boat. That day we struck a heavy storm
from the south which drove many subantarctic birds northwards and
by the next morning the number of Procellarias had increased to sev-
eral hundred.

Daption capensis (Linne).

Cape Pigeons, as these handsomely marked petrels are wrongly
called, were first noted on August 25 when about thirty miles off the
coast of Espirito Santo and some thirty miles from the Abrolhos
Islands, when three birds appeared early in the morning and followed
the steamer all day. That afternoon two more flew by. At 6 p.m.
there were seven of them around the boat. None were noted for the
next four days, but on August 29 when off the coast of Rio Grande
du Sol ten were seen, and the next day, off the coast of Uruguay, about
a hundred were observed following the steamer.

In flight the following marks stand out very distinctly : — tlie black
heads and throats, white breasts and bellies, black wings with large
white marks, the white and black vermiculated backs, black bills and
feet. Few birds are more strikingly marked and my first impression of
them was recorded in my field-book as "Flying Dominoes." They are
to be ranked among the handsomest of all sea-birds and I doubt if any
other bird ever gave me quite the thrill that the first Daption did.

They fly exceedingly gracefully, turning and wheeling sharply
merely by inclining the body without flapping the wings. They fly

146 bulletin: musexjm of comparative zoology.

with alternate periods of flapping and soaring. When soaring on
motionless wings, the wings are held in a strictly horizontal plane, not
even slightly bent downwards as in most birds. Several times indi-
viduals were seen to plunge after food in a manner reminiscent of terns.
They often rest on the water and were frequently seen riding the waves.
When on the water they sit very high with the neck erect. No notes
were heard from any bird.

Individuals are often caught with baited diamond-shaped pieces of
tin or other bright metal thrown out on a string like a fish-hook, but
although T tried this method no success attended my efforts.

OCEANITES sp.

On August 30 a small petrel, called by the sailors Motlier Carey's
Chicken, flew on board the steamer and was caught by one of the crew.
Knowing the bird's fate if given to me, and influenced by their super-
stitious belief that to kill it would be to invite bad luck, they showed
it to me and then let it go. It looked like the common Wilson's Petrel,
Oceanites oceanicus, but I had a very imperfect view of it through the
fingers of the hands that held it.

Wilson's Petrels accompanied the boat out of New York harbor
on August 11 and were common all the way to Bermuda, August 13,
after which no more were seen.

PHAETHONTIDAE.

Phaethon lepturus catesbyi Brandt.

When about fifteen miles northwest of Bermuda, August 13, a
\ ellow-billed Tropic-bird flew around the steamer several times. Its
flight seemed more like that of a gull than of a tern, but easily dis-
tinguished from that of either. It was more graceful and much swifter
than that of a gull, yet the manner of flapping the wings was very
larine. The wings did not have the angular bend so characteristic of
terns. Four more birds were seen during the day around Bermuda.

SULIDAE.

SuLA SULA (Linne).

Boobies were first noted off Cape Frio, Brazil, on August 26. On
August 27 and 28 they were very common in the harbor of Rio de
Janeiro. They flew rather low over the water and on many occasions

FKIEDMANN: notes on some ARGENTINA BIRDS. 147

I saw seven or eight strung out in single file, giving the appearance at a
distance of a flock of ducks, except that the wing-beat was gull-like.
When resting on the waves boobies sat very low so that only a small
part of the body showed above the water, agreeing in this respect with
their relatives the cormorants.

PHALACROCORACIDAE.
Phalacrocorax vigua vigua (Vieillot).

M. C. Z. 96,930. Ad. 9. Argentina: Santa Elena Island, Santa Fe. 13 January,

1924.
M. C. Z. 96,931. Ad. cf. Argentina: Santa Elena Island, Santa Fe. 12 January,

1924.

The Vigua Cormorant was very common along the Rio Parana, both
on the Entre Rios side and on the Santa Fe shore, during my stay there
in January and February. In the second week of March I saw a small
group on the marshes of the Ajo River, Buenos Aires. One was seen
near Ensenada, Buenos Aires, on September 10, and they were always
to be found in the harbor of Buenos Aires City. A small flock was noted
from the steamer near Montevideo on the morning of March 18 and
was the last South American species observed. Cormorants, doubtless
of this species, were noted in the harbor of Rio de Janeiro on the trip
south on August 2.5, 192.3, but not on the return voyage in 1924.

Single birds were frequently noted, but most of the birds were in
flocks of from five to fifty, averaging about ten or twelve. In flight
they resembled the Mexican Cormorant, except that they usually flew
low over the water, all the members of a flock beating their wings in
unison. The Mexican Cormorant (P. v. mexicanKs) may also have
this habit, but I never saw them fly this way and I have watched many
of them in the lower gulf region of Texas. In the marshes of the Santa
Elena Islands in the Parana almost every dead tree either supported
one or more of these birds, or showed by a liberal spattering of excre-
ment that it had been resorted to by the Viguas. There must have been
thousands of them there, but well scattered over the place.

Both specimens collected had the gonads slightly enlarged and both
had been feeding on small fish.

The iris in life is light, bright emerald-green.

148 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

ANHINGIDAE.

Anhinga anhinga (Linne).

Water-turkeys were not uncommon on the Parana at Santa Elena
during January and February. They mingled with the previous species
and were never seen to fight with them. Locally this bird was known
as Vigua Vibora or Snake Cormorant. I was told that a large full-
grown Anhinga had been caught and eaten by a Caiman not long
before my arrival. When swimming these birds sit very low in the
water, sometimes almost entirely submerged save for the head and
neck.

FREGATIDAE.

Fregata aquila (Linne).

Frigate-birds were common in the harbor of Rio de Janeiro late in
August. Most of them were seen soaring high overhead, but not a few
were observed low over the water. When soaring the long tail-feathers
are held parallel, but when wheeling or turning these feathers separate
like the blades of a pair of scissors. While most of the Frigate-birds
were soaring on motionless pinions a few were seen flying with regular,
slow wing-beats. One bird was sailing over a small flock of Dominican
gulls {Lams dominicanus) when one of the latter caught a fish; in-
stantly the Frigate-bird closed its wings and shot down at the gull on
the surface of the water and seized the fish as soon as it was dropped
by the gull. On two occasions I saw Frigate-birds actually hit the
water in these headlong plunges. This species was not noted south of
Rio de Janeiro. About a quarter* of the individuals seen were adult
males with solid black bodies, the rest being females or young with
whitish abdomens and breasts, and, in the case of the young, whitish
heads.

ARDEIDAE.

Nycticorax nycticorax naevius (Boddaert).

M. C. Z. 96,934. Im. cf. Argentina: Bovril Islands, Santa Fe. 17 January,
1924.

I have not seen sufficient comparative material to form an opinion
on the distinctness of the Argentine Night Heron. The form tayvzu-
guira is said to be characterized by the whiter belly and chin, but

friedmann: notes on some Argentina birds. 149

Hartert, and, more recently, Wetmore (Bull. 133, U. S. N. M., 1926,
p. 55) have considered it a synonym of naevius. I therefore follow them
until more material is available. The only comparative material in the
M. C. Z. is an immature bird collected by Barrows at Concepcion del
Uruguay. The Santa Fe bird is lighter in general coloration, and much
less streaked on the underparts.

Night Herons were very common in the islands in the Parana, oppo-
site Santa Elena. Their habits seemed exactly like those of the North
American bird.

The local names were Pajaro Bobo, Hoco, and Bruja.

BUTORIDES STRIATUS CYANURUS (VieiUot).

M. C. Z. 96,932. Ad. o"". Argentina: Rio de Gastone, Tucuman. 11 December,

1923.
M. C. Z. 96,933. Ad. o". Argentina: Bovril Islands, Santa Fe. 10 February,

1924.

The specimen from Tucuman has the brown throat and chest-
markings considerably darker than the bird from Santa Fe. In Tucu-
man this species was fairly common in the marshy parts of the Rio de
Gastone, but was not seen elsewhere in that province. In the Bovril
Islands the birds were positively abundant. Their habits seemed no
different from those of the Green Heron of the eastern United States.

Both birds collected were in breeding condition and both had been
feeding on fish.

Gasmerodius albus egretta (Gmelin).

M. C. Z. 96,935. Ad. 9 . Argentina: La Noria, Santa Fe. 21 January, 1924.

This egret was obser\'ed at the following places : — Alto Boa Vista
(near Rio de Janeiro), Brazil, August 27; Berisso, Buenos Aires, Sep-
tember 6; Rio de Gastone, Tucuman, on and off during October, No-
vember and December; Bovril Islands, Santa Fe, January and Febru-
ary; San Joaquin, La Noria, and Saladero M. Cabal, Santa Fe, January
18 to 23.

In the extensive marshes and wet meadows of eastern Santa Fe
these white herons were very common, often a hundred or more being
in sight at a time. They were usually feeding in loose flock-formations
or singly, never in compact masses like some of the ibises. At La Noria
a few were noted with some cattle, but I doubt if this species has de-

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veloped any such relation with quadrupeds as have the African cattle
egrets, Bubulcus ibis. The general habits were the same as in the North
American birds.
The local name for this species was Garza Blanca or White Heron.

Ardea cocoi Linne.

The Cocoi Heron was fairly common in the Bovril Islands in the
Parana during my visit in January and February, but no specimens
were collected. It seems to take the place of the Ardca herodias of
North America in Argentina, and acts and looks very much like it.
Although most of the birds observed were single individuals, a flock of
six was seen one daj^ flying over at noon.

This species was called Garza Mora in Entre Rios and Sante Fe.

IxoBRYCHUs mvoLUCRis (Vieillot).

On January 19 while going up the Caraya, a stream in the Bovril
Islands, one of these little bitterns was flushed from the reeds and flew
off a little way when it dropped back into the cover of the marsh. A
little later another popped out, and with legs dangling awkwardly in the
air, laboriously flapped away and disappeared in the reeds; in all, seven
of them were seen, but it was impossible to collect any on account of
the depth of the water which made wading out of the question and the
density of the reeds which prohibited the passage of a rowboat. The
birds reminded me greatly of the Least Bittern of the eastern United
States {I.vohrychus exilis), but seemed somewhat more rufous.

CICONIIDAE.

Mycteria AMERICANA Linne.
M. C. Z. 96,937. Ad. d". Argentina: La Noria, Santa Fe. 21 January, 1924.

Wood ibises were noted at the following places: — one immature
bird on the Rio de Gastone, Tucuman, September 30; common on the
Bovril Islands, Santa Fe, during January and February; common at
San Joaquin, and La Noria, Santa Fe, January 20 to 23; two on the Ajo
River, Lavalle, Buenos Aires, March 10. In Santa Fe these birds were
seen in company with egrets, maguari storks, and ibises, while on the

friedmann: notes on some Argentina birds. 151

Ajo they were feeding with some Roseate Spoonbills. They were very
wary and difficult to approach. The single specimen collected was shot
as it flew over me.

The local names were Dorotea, Ciguena, and Tuyuyu.

EuxENURA GALATEA (Molina).
M. C. Z. 96,936. Ad. 9 . Argentina: La Noria, Santa Fe. 21 January, 1924.

The Maguari Stork was very common in the Bovril Islands in the
Parana and in eastern Santa Fe (Saladero M. Cabal, San Joaquin,
and La Noria). Several hundred were seen during two days at La Noria
and San Joaquin, together with great hordes of other wading birds,
egrets, wood ibises, glossy ibises, screamers, cocoi herons, and limpkins.
A Maguari in flight is a very impressive bird, a massive bulk of con-
trasting black and white reheved at either end by a streak of red, the
bill and feet being bright brick-red. At San Joaquin the marshes were
literally dotted white with these great storks, but the birds were ex-
tremely shy. Only once did I see them perching on trees; in this case
about twenty-five of them were clustered on a lone spreading, flat-
topped tree making a sight not soon forgotten.

When captured young these birds soon become tame and several
semicaptive birds were seen in parts of Santa Fe. They clap their bills
with a loud clatter and in this way give notice of any new or suspicious
arrival. In other ways too they seem quite capable of acting as watch-
dogs.

The specimen collected was no longer in breeding condition, and had
apparently finished breeding at least a month before.

On September 12 at Berisso, Buenos Aires, three Maguaris were seen
soaring high overhead. After a little while they began to flap their
wings with a slow and steady rhythm and disappeared southward.
Whether the birds were migrants or not it was impossible to tell.

THRESKIORNITHID AE .

Phimosus infuscatus (Lichtenstein).

M.C.Z. 96,926. Ad. d". Agentina: Deniz [island (Bovril Islands), Santa Fe.
4 January, 1924.

This species was not nearly as common as the next, but was not rare
in the islands in the Parana opposite Santa Elena. On January 4 a
flock of seven was seen feeding on the edge of a little pond. The birds

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stayed close together, but when I shot one the others flew off in two
groups, four birds going one way and two another. The stomach of the
bird collected contained some finely comminuted vegetable matter
and a few pieces of gravel. In its general habits this species was similar
to the next.

Plegadis guaeauna (Linne).

M. C. Z. 96,927. Ad. cf. Argentina: Saladero M. Cabal, Santa Fe. 20 January,
1924.

The White-faced Glossy Ibis was noted sparingly along the Rio de
Gastone, Tucuman, in November. In January and February it was
very abundant in the Bovril Islands in the Parana and in eastern Santa
Fe where countless thousands were observed. Single flocks of from
800 to 1,000 birds were often seen flying overhead at La Noria on
January 21. In two days at this place and at San Joaquin over 1.5,000
were noted. The flocks when feeding always broke up into little groups
of from two to twenty birds. At Lavalle, Buenos Aires, in March a
flock of nine was seen on the Ajo River.

PLATALEIDAE.

Ajaia ajaja (Linne).

Roseate Spoonbills were noted sparingly in Tucuman (Rio de
Gastone) in November, and on the Ajo River, Buenos Aires, in March.
In the Bovril Islands, Santa Fe, they were not uncommon, but very
wary. Mr. Paul Haimes, an American resident in Concepcion, Tucu-
man, told me that in the extreme southern part of that province he had
seen great flocks of these birds, containing many hundreds of indi-
viduals. In a little muddy tributary of the Ajo River I saw three
spoonbills feeding on the shore. They fed with a sidewise motion of the
head as though trying to strain the mud through the lateral lammellae
of their bills. A little guttural croak was heard from one of the birds.

PHOENICOPTERIDAE.

Phoenicopterus chilensis Molina.

The Flamingo was noted but once — three birds on the shore of the
Ajo River near Lavalle, Buenos Aires, March 10. They flew off while
I was still some distance away.

friedmann: notes on some Argentina birds. 153

ANHIMIDAE.
Chauna torquata (Oken),
Ad. c?. La Noria, Santa Fe. January 22, 1924. Coll. Cornell univ.

Crested Screamers were found in Tucuman, Santa Fe, Entre Rios,
and Buenos Aires. Near Concepcion, Tucuman, a pair of these great
birds were seen flying high overhead on October 24. As they flew they
called chaha, chaha, with the accent on the second syllable, the notes,
mellowed by distance, were, nevertheless, quite clear. These were
the only ones seen during three months of field-work in that region,
so they must be locally scarce. In the large islands in the Parana oppo-
site Santa Elena, and in eastern Santa Fe (Saladero M. Cabal, San
Joaquin, and La Noria) many pairs were observed during January
and February. At Lavalle, Buenos Aires, and the near by Gibson
estancia Los Yngleses, in March, I found screamers congregated in
large flocks, feeding on the uplands among the sheep as wild geese often
do. The largest single flock seen must have contained at least three
hundred birds.

In the marshes of eastern Santa Fe screamers were extremely wary
and it was only after a long and tedious hunt that I was able to pro-
cure a specimen. As soon as I came in sight of a pair, the birds would
get restless, begin calling loudly, and long before I got within range
would fly off. They were invariably in pairs, but when flying would
separate temporarily and join again on landing. To look at one of
these heavy, massive birds it would seem that flight would be difficult
for them, but such is not the case. They are magnificent flyers and
soar in upward-pointing spirals until, with all their huge bulk, they
become mere animated dusky flecks in the bright sky. However, they
seem to have a little trouble in rising. I once saw a pair standing in a
wet meadow near a little pond, and as I came near them they raised
their wings, slowly beat them forward and backward a couple of times,
and then rose from the ground. As regards the wing-beat, their flight
always seemed more heron-like than anserine, although their affinities
are with the latter group. A few times I saw screamers perch on trees,
but most of them were observed on the ground. They always stood
with necks erect, and heads held high as though constantly surveying
the surrounding expanse of marsh. The light cheeks, the black collar,
and the crest were conspicuous at a distance.

At Lavalle, Buenos Aires, in March, screamers were in large flocks,
but whenever a flock took to flight it broke up more or less into pairs.
The birds were much less timid here than in the Bovril Islands.

154 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

In skinning the bird collecterl I found, as others have previously re-
corded, the skin completely underlaid with small air-sacs, which, when
pressed, produced a distinct crackling sound. The intestinal caeca are
peculiar, being stout and with many short, blind, pouch-like sacculae.

Screamers are often caught when young, and are domesticated as
guardians of the poultry-yards by the peons. Armed with two very
formidable pairs of spurs on the wings and with a voice that has the
carrying power to reach both the intruder and the master at the same
time, these birds are well adapted to this artificial duty. At the Sala-
dero M. Cabal there was a half-grown one which had the spurs still
poorly developed and which still had the piping voice of immaturity.

The common name for this bird all over Argentina is Chaja.

ANATIDAE.

Cygnus melancoriphus (Molina).

The Black-necked Swan was a rare bird in my experience. Only a
single specimen was seen. On March 10 in a little marshy tributary
of the Ajo River, Buenos Aires, one was feeding in the shallow water.
It tipped as its head went under, groping for food along the bottom
just as with our tame mute swans in park lakes. As I approached
the bird flew off. In rising from the water it made a great rushing
sound as the wings beat the air, and the feet slapped the surface of
the water. In the air it formed a very pleasing picture, the dark neck
showing distinctly black against the rest of the body, which was
sparkling white.

Cairina moschata (Linne).

Muscovy ducks were seen in small numbers on the Caraya during
January and February. I never saw more than three together and
usually met with single birds.

The local name is Pato Real.

Dendrocygna bicolor bicolor (Vieillot).

The Fulvous Tree-duck was fairly common in the Bovril Islands,
where they were seen on and off during January and February. The
largest flock seen contained eight birds.

The local name in this district wasSiriri, doubtless an imitation of the
call-note. Wetmore (Bull. 133, U. S. N. M., 1926, p. 72) writes that in

friedmann: notes on some Argentina birds. 155

Paraguay this name is applied to Dendrocijgna viduata. I did not see
this species in the course of my work on the Parana, but was told of
another tree-duck called Siriri Pampa, which probably refers to viduata.

Nettion braziliense (Gmelin).

M. C. Z. 96,928. Ad. c?. Argentina: Bovril Islands, Santa Fe. 23 January,
1924.

Brazilian Teal were common in the Bovril Islands during January
and February. In life the bill is unusual in color: a deep brownish
purple on the maxilla and brownish red on the mandible. The birds
seen were all in small flocks of from three to six, and kept close to the
reedy shores of the streams where they fed on aquatic seeds and succu-
lent water-plants.

The male collected had completed its moult.

The local name was Pato Silvador.

Mareca sibilatrix (Poppig).

These wigeon were common in the streams of the Bovril Islands,
where they were seen in small flocks or singly throughout January and
February. In their general habits they seemed similar to the North
American M. americana. The white humeral patch is very diagnostic
in recognizing these birds at a distance as they fly overhead.

CATHARTIDAE.

CoRAGYPS URUBU FOETENS (Lichtenstein).

Black Vultures, probably of this species, were noted in great num-
bers in the harbor of Rio de Janeiro on August 27. They looked like
the Black Vulture of the southern United States, had short tails, and
did not soar well. All the birds seen had light spots on the underside of
the basal parts of the primaries. They were particularly abundant at
Pao de Assucar, Tijuca, and Corcovado. When going in the cable-
suspended car from Urga to the top of Pao de Assucar many of these
birds flew close by, affording exceptionally good views. On the return
trip in March they were seen again in Rio de Janeiro, but strangely
enough, not in the harbor of Santos or in the highlands of Sao Paulo.

At Santa Elena, Entre Rios, and on the Santa Fe side of the Parana
the Cuervos were abundant. In spite of their numbers I never saw one

156 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

on the ground, or in a tree during two months field-work. They were
probably attracted by the killing and packing plant of the Bovril
Company at Santa Elena, but I saw them only high up in the air.

Vultur gryphus Linne.

My field-acquaintance with the Condor was limited to a single bird
seen soaring high overhead. On the morning of November 20 I went
over the eastern Andes from Concepcion, Tucuman, into the eastern
edge of Catamarca. While resting around noon at a vantage point in
the road I focussed my camera on the snows of Aconquija and noted
an image of a bird flying across the plate. Looking through my glasses
I was delighted to see it resolve into a Condor. It soared around in a
great circle and remained in view for about a quarter of an hour, when
it disappeared around a bend in the valley.

FALCONIDAE.

MiLVAGO CHIMANGO CHIMANGO (Vieillot).
M. C. Z. 96,918. Im.? 9 . Argentina: Ajo, Buenos Aires. 11 March, 1924.

My records for this species are : — Buenos Aires — Buenos Aires,
Berisso, September 6, several; Dolores and Lavalle, March 8 to 11,
common ; Tucuman — Tucuman City, September 21, several ; San Pablo
and Rio Lules, September 22, several; Concepcion and Rio de Gastone,
September 23 to December 23, common; Entre Rios — Santa Elena,
January 3 to February 23, common; Santa Sofia and Viscacheros,
January 27, common; Bovril Islands, San Joaquin, and La Noria,
Santa Fe, January 19 to 23, common. Besides these records, Chimangos
were noted from train-windows in the provinces of Cordoba, Santa Fe,
Santiago del Estero, and western Buenos Aires.

These carrion hawks are abundant all over the open country, which
in Argentina means practically everywhere. They go either singly or
in small groups. In my experience they were in groups, chiefly toward
the end of the summer and early autumn (February and March) ; in
most cases these groups were probably composed of a single family.
At Lavalle, Buenos Aires, I shot one out of a flock of nine; and here
there must have been more than one family represented. Living in the
open pampas where trees are few and far between, these hawks have
become quite terrestrial and are expert runners and walkers. However,
they seem to prefer elevated perches such as bushes, trees, etc., when-

friedmann: notes on some argentine birds. 157

ever they are available. For raptorial birds the Chimangos are sur-
prisingly tame, but they are seldom molested as the peons do not often
shoot them. In Tucuman I found small boys practicing their skill with
slings on these birds. Although relatively undisturbed by man, they
are much harrassed by other birds. Among the birds seen chasing the
Chimangos were Lapwings {Belonopterus chilensis lampronotus), Guira
Cuckoos (Guira guira), Fork-tailed Flycatchers (Muscivora tijratmus),
and Cowbirds {Moloihrus honariensis honariensis) .

POLYBORUS PLANCUS PLANCUS (Miller).

Like the Chimango, the Carancho is abundantly distributed over
Argentina. In the vicinity of the city of La Plata, Buenos Aires, they
were fairly numerous on September 5; many were seen from the train-
window in Buenos Aires, Santa Fe, and Santiago del Estero, September
20; Tucuman — Tucuman City, September 21, a few; San Pablo, Sep-
tember 22, two; Concepcion and Rio de Gastone, September 23 to
December 23, common ; Santa Elena — Entre Rios, January 3 to
February 23, not uncommon; Bovril Islands, January 19 to 23, com-
mon; Saladero M. Cabal, San Joaquin, and La Noria, January and
February, very abundant ; Dolores and Lavalle, Buenos Aires, March
6 to 10, common.

Caracaras were usually very shy and difficult to approach. At Con-
cepcion, one was seen perched in the top of a tall Eucalyptus tree near
a poultry-yard day after day for over a week, but as far as I could find
out it did not molest the poultry. According to the peons the Caranchos
live mostly on carrion, but in Entre Rios I saw one pursue and kill a
Guira Cuckoo. In all positions, on the wing or at rest, the Caranchos
are strikingly marked birds and are easily identified far off.

One was observed sitting on its nest in the park July 9 in Tucuman
City on September 22. The nest was a large structure made of twigs
and was about thirty feet from the ground.

Cerchneis cinnamominus cinnamominus (Swainson).
M. C. Z. 96,910. Ad. c?. Argentina: Santa Elena, Entre Rios. 7 January, 1924.

This sparrow hawk was noted a few times during October, Novem-
ber, and December at Concepcion, Tucuman. At Santa Elena, it was
very common during January, and became less numerous around the
middle of February. The flight and notes are the same as in the
Sparrow Hawk of eastern North America. In Entre Rios these birds

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were fond of perching on the telegraph wires and poles from which
elevated positions they swept down on their prey. I saw one fly off with
a Lenatero, Anumbius anumbi, and another pursue a Yellow-breasted
Marsh-bird, Pseudoleistes virescens. They also fed on the locusts which
were everywhere abundant, although the stomach of the single speci-
men collected contained only two lepidopterous larvae.

Elanus leucurus leucurus (Vieillot).

M. C. Z. 96,911. Ad. 9 . Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 3 October, 1923.
M. C. Z. 96,912. Ad. 9. Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 4 October, 1923.

The White Kite, or Halcon Blanco of the Argentinians, was observed
only near Concepcion, where three were seen, two of which were col-
lected. The first one seen (October 3) was pursued by a small group of
cowbirds, Molothrus bonariensis bonariensis. The next day another
was seen in a tree near the spot where the first one was collected. It
had the remains of a mouse in its stomach, while the other one had been
feeding on locusts. The third individual seen was soaring around in a
wide circle over a large field of sugar cane. In the air this species at
times looks almost like a gull.

One of the specimens is not quite adult and has many brownish
flecks on the feathers. The iris in life is bright crimson with a slight
suggestion of orange. Both ovaries are present, the right one being
about a third as large as the left. Neither of the two birds collected
were in breeding condition.

Rostrhamus sociabilis sociabilis (Vieillot).

This race of the Everglade Kite is quite unusual in its habits in that
it commonly occurs in flocks. On September 20, while going from
Buenos Aires to Tucuman, I counted the individuals seen from the
train-window and found the total for the day (provinces of Buenos
Aires, Santa Fe, and Santiago del Estero) to be at least 1,500. Loose
flocks of over 100 birds were frequent in marshy districts. In one place
near Rosario I counted sixty-eight in four minutes. Fully adult birds
in dark plumage comprised about 20% of the total number seen. As
the train slowed up in one place I saw one of these birds sitting on what
may have been its nest, a little raised mass of reeds and dead stems in
an open watery part of the marsh.

Around Concepcion and Rio de Gastone these hawks were some-
what uncommon, doubtless because there were no extensive marshy

friedmann: notes on some Argentina birds. 159

areas near by. In late December when passing through eastern Cata-
marca and Cordoba I noted many of these Gavilans. In the swampy
islands of the Rio Parana opposite Santa Elena, Entre Rios, and in
western Santa Fe (Saladero M. Cabal, San Joaquin, and La Noria)
they were very numerous, but not exactly in flocks, scattered rather
evenly about a pair per acre. During January and February they
maintained this somewhat scattered arrangement, but were not breed-
ing so far as I could find out. Towards the middle of February they
became scarce. In this district the immature, and not fully adult birds,
were called Caracolero, while the dark plumaged adults were known as
Caracolero Negro, being considered by the peons as a distinct species.
None were observed in March at Lavalle, Buenos Aires, but the peons
there knew of the Caracoleros and told me that they had all left in the
beginning of February.

Rupornis magnirostris pucherani (J. and E. Verreaux).

M. C. Z. 96,917. Ad. d". Argentina: Bovril Islands, Santa Fe. 17 January,
1924.

This hawk was fairly common in the Bovril Islands in the Parana,
where it was found chiefly in the more wooded parts. On a few occa-
sions one was seen in open swampy places together with some of the
preceding species.

The bird collected had been feeding on locusts.

Iris white; bill light bluish green; cere and feet yellow.

The local name was Gavilan.

Rupornis magnirostris saturata (Sclater and Salvin).
M. C. Z. 96,916. Ad. 9 . Argentina: Alpachirri, Tucuman. 27 October, 1923.

This race was noted only at Alpachirri, Tucuman, where several
were seen on October 27. They were attracted by the noise of the Ford
car I was travelling in, and came out of the thick forest to gaze at the
origin of the strange noises. The only notes heard were shrill and
drawn out. The stomach of the bird collected contained the remains
of a mouse and three beetles.

Iris yellowish white; bill light bluish green; cere and feet yellow.

The Alpachirri skin is much darker generally than any specimen of
any race of this species in the collection of the M. C. Z. The under-
parts excepting the throat are distinctly rufous. This is particularly
true of the tibia and breast. The throat is black with some buffy

160 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

whitish streaks; the crown and sides of the head are black; no hght
streaks on the crown ; under wing-coverts tinged with rufous chestnut.
The bar-marks on the feathers of the belly are narrow and rusty chest-
nut in color.

Parabuteo unicinctus unicinctus (Temminck).
M. C. Z. 96,919. Ad. 9. Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 12 October, 1923.

On October 12, one of the stable-boys at the Ingenio La Corona, near
Concepcion, asked me to shoot a large Halcon that was sitting in a tall
Eucalyptus tree near a poultry-yard. The bird when shot was found
to be of the present species. In its stomach were the remains of three
small birds.

During the next two months I saw several large hawks that may
have been of this species, but they were too far away for certain identi-
fication. At Santa Elena, Entre Rios, and particularly in the Bovril
Islands just opposite in the Parana, this species was observed several
times during January and February. In this region it was called
Gavilan.

The iris in life is light hazel-brown. Both ovaries are present.

AcciPiTER pileatus (Tcmmiuck).

M. C. Z. 96,913. Ad. 9. Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 15 October, 1923.
M. C. Z. 96,914. Im. 9. Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 7 October, 1923.
M. C, Z. 96,915, Ad. 9. Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 19 October, 1923.

This hawk was not uncommon in bushy or thinly forested country
near Concepcion, Tucuman. Strangely enough I never saw the species
in flight, but only perching on the topmost branches of thickly foliaged
trees. Examination of the stomach-contents revealed the following: —
in one were the wing-bones and some grayish feathers of at least two
small birds ; in another the remains of at least two mice ; while the third
contained a mass of small grayish feathers, the clavicles of a small bird,
and a zygodactyl foot of a bird the size of Colaptes campestroides.

In the two adults collected both ovaries were present and slightly
enlarged. The left was in each case slightly more enlarged than the
right.

In life the iris is bright orange-red and the cere light greenish.

friedmann: notes on some Argentina birds. 161

RALLIDAE.
FuLiCA RUFiFRONS Philippi and Landbeck.

In the Bovril Islands in the Parana these coots were observed in
flocks of Fulica leucoptera. They were not nearly as numerous as the
latter, but were not uncommon. They were much shyer and stayed
closer to cover.

Local names were Gallareta and Gallineta.

Fulica leucoptera Vieillot.

White-winged Coots were very common in the Bovril Islands, Rio
Parana, and in the marshes of eastern Santa Fe (Saladero M. Cabal,
San Joaquin, and La Noria), where they were observed throughout
January and February. In March I saw a small flock, about a dozen
birds, in a marshy affluent of the Rio Ajo at Lavalle, Buenos Aires.

In January, near the Saladero M. Cabal, Santa Fe, they were breed-
ing; the nests resemble those of Fulica americana. One nest contained
ten eggs, dull whitish in color, clouded with specks and small blotches
of hazy purplish.

When rising from the water the pattering of the feet against the
surface makes a considerable splashing noise and generally results in
flushing all the individuals for some distance. I once saw a group of
five rise from the water and before they were really well under way
coots were springing up in all directions until about 200 birds were in
the air. When flying the birds were silent, but when on the water or in
the reeds they were incessantly clucking to each other.

Aramides ypecaha (Vieillot).

M. C. Z. 96,920. Ad. 9. Argentina: Bovril Islands, Santa Fe. 13 January,

1924.
M. C. Z. 96,921. Ad. 9. Argentina: Bovril Islands, Santa Fe. 19 February,

1924.
Ypecaha Rails were very commonin the marshes of the island in the
Parana just opposite Santa Elena. They have the very unralline habit
of roosting in trees; in fact the second one I collected was perched about
fifty feet up in a Eucalyptus tree. Although the birds were common it
was only on rare occasions that I was able to get a good view of one as
they hid and skulked in the marshes like most rails. Once as I lay flat
in a little boat I watched one of these handsome birds step out from a

162 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

mass of reeds and walk down to the water's edge and pick up a few
morsels of food. The feet were lifted fairly high, the toes drooped as
the feet came up and then straightened out again as the feet were
lowered. The pace was very deliberate, yet it gave the impression of
delicacy and caution. The head bobbed back and forth with each step
and the tail flicked sideways as the bird walked. When perched in a
tree they stood with the head brought back on the shoulders, but be-
fore flight, or in case of alarm the neck was stretched out and the head
held high.

Hudson has described an elaborate courtship dance in this species.
I never saw this, but on one occasion I saw an Ypecaha going through
what may have been part of this dance. The bird was in a little clear
spot in the swamp and pranced around for about thirty seconds with
little change of position. The legs were brought up very high, the
toes sometimes almost touching the body, and as the bird pranced
the wings opened and closed more or less in time with the motion of
the legs. The wings never opened more than half way. The neck was
stretched, but not stiffly, and the head bobbed back and forth. A
rather loud, harsh, wheezy call-note was uttered several times. Wet-
more has described it as like the sound of a rusty windmill pump, which
fits it quite well. Mr. Andrew Philip had several specimens in captivity
at Santa Elena, but I never heard a sound from them.

The specimen collected on January 13 had a small mussel shell and
some comminuted vegetable matter in its stomach, while the other
bird had the claw of a crab, some small seeds, stones, and decomposed
vegetable matter. The latter specimen is in worn plumage, and is
noticeably paler than the bird taken a month earlier.

ARAMIDAE.

Aramus scolopaceus carau Vieillot.
M. C. Z. 96,929. Ad. cf . Argentina: La Noria, Santa Fe. 21 January, 1924.

Limpkins, called Carau in Argentina, were very abundant in the
extensive marshes of the Bovril Islands and in adjacent parts of eastern
Santa Fe, San Joaquin and La Noria, during my visit in January and
February. They are noisy birds, the call-note being a long drawn-out
carr-aaow, in imitation of which the native name is doutlessly intended.
This note is usually repeated two or three times, but may also be given
singly. Although true marsh-birds, nesting and feeding in the marshes,
Limpkins are often seen perching in trees looking, at a distance, not

fkiedmann: notes on some Argentina birds. 163

unlike dark-colored ibises. When startled into flight they seem to
jump off clumsily from the perches and beat the air with their wings in
rapid, but irregular, fashion, as though flying were not a common habit
with them. In flight the necks are held straight out, as with cranes, and
the legs dangle downwards. The flight is very diagnostic and serves
to identify the birds as far as they may be seen. There is a little hesi-
tant pause at the top of each stroke, the wings being held erect for a
second before being brought down, and when once brought down to
the bottom of the stroke they seem almost to snap back as though
considerable strain were involved in maintaining the downward posi-
tion.

Limpkins were still breeding in the Bovril Islands when I first ar-
rived early in January, but they were late individuals. Most of them
were apparently through rearing their young I was shown some eggs
by a peon, the eggs were blown and on a necklace, who told me he had
collected them some few weeks previously. They were light grayish
white, irregularly blotched with cloudy purplish and brownish. Eight
to ten eggs comprise the average clutch.

At Lavalle, Buenos Aires, in early March, Limpkins were seen in
small numbers in the marshes of the Ajo River.

CARIAMIDAE.

Chunga burmeisteri (Hartlaub).

At Monteagudo, Tucuman, one of these curious birds, locaUy known
as Chuna, was seen running through the bushy, thinly forested plain
and was soon lost to sight. According to the peons the Chuna can
outrun a running horse, but this is probably an exaggeration. At most,
the bird could maintain a fast pace for only a short time.

LARIDAE.

Larus dominicanus Lichtenstein.

The Dominican GuU looks like a small copy of a Black-backed Gull
(L. marinus), not only in appearance, but also in habits. The species
was first noted from the steamer off Cape Frio, Brazil, on August 26,
when a flock of thirty hovered around the boat, feeding on bits of
garbage thrown overboard. Their note seemed much clearer than that
of L. marimis and was high, but not shrill, of a not unpleasant liquid

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quality. In the harbor of Rio de Janeiro these birds were abundant
and from there south to Buenos Aires the ship was never without an
escort of these gulls. Apparently this species is confined to the ocean
coasts as it was entirely absent on the Rio Parana and quite rare at
Buenos Aires.

Laeus maculipennis Lichtenstein.

This species was common on the Parana at Santa Elena, associated
with the Gray-headed Gulls, L. cirrocephalus. The two species could
always be told by their call-notes, the present species having much
shorter and more vehement notes, the latter more drawn-out and
gentler. The flight of maculipennis is slower and more deliberate than
that of cirrocephalus. The former bird seems less rigidly restricted to
feeding over the water than does the latter. At least, I saw the Brown-
headed Gulls flying over meadows a good deal and I notice that Wet-
more (Bull. 133, U. S. N. M., 1926, p. 134) found them feeding on
grasshoppers.

Two were seen at Ensenada, Buenos Aires, on September 10.

Larus cirrocephalus Vieillot.

This species together with the preceding was almost always in evi-
dence over the Parana at Santa Elena during January and February.
As mentioned under maculipermis, the present species has a rather long
drawn-out croaking call, very different from the short emphatic notes
of the Brown-headed Gull. One was seen at Ensenada, Buenos Aires,
September 10.

Sterna trudeaui Audubon.

At Santa Elena, Entre Rios, this species was fairly common, but was
much shyer than either of the other two species of terns found there,
and no specimens were obtained. On the Parana they mingled with
Phaetusa simplex chloropoda and also with the Gray-headed Gulls,
Larus cirrocephalus. According to information gleaned from local ob-
servers these terns breed during October and November. Once I saw a
Trudeau's Tern pursuing a kingfisher, Chloroceryle americana viridis,
attempting to rob it of a fish it held in its beak. Unfortunately the
birds disappeared around a bend in the stream and I was unable to see
the finish of this interesting episode.

friedmann: notes on some Argentina birds. 165

Sterna superciliaris Vieillot.

M. C. Z. 96,922. Ad. cf . Argentina: Bovril Islands, Santa Fe. 2 February,
1924.

These little terns were very common in the islands in the Parana
just opposite Santa Elena. Flocks containing as many as several
hundred birds were seen. With them were usually several of the much
larger Phaetusa simplex chloropoda and, more rarely, Sterna trudeaui.
This species is quite similar in its general habits to the Least Tern of
North America.

The specimen collected is in fresh plumage ; the crown is abundantly
flecked with grayish white, the loral stripe is merely a band of discon-
nected black spots, and the postorbital region is the only part of the
head that is solid black. The testes were much enlarged; the bill and
feet bright yellow. The stomach contained two small fish.

Phaetusa simplex chloropoda (Vieillot) .

M. C. Z. 96,923. Ad. 9. Argentina: Bovril Islands, Santa Fe. 2 February,

1924.

M. C. Z. 96,924. Ad. 9. Argentina: Bovril Islands, Santa Fe. 2 February,

1924.

M. C. Z. 96,925. Ad. cf . Argentina: Bovril Islands, Santa Fe. 19 January,

1924.

This tern was very common along the Parana during my stay on
that river (January and February) and was also noted on the La Plata
from its mouth to Buenos Aires. It is a heavy-bodied species and looks
much larger than it really is, especially when seen with more slenderly
built terns of other species. I found it less common than the small
Sterna superciliaris, but commoner than Sterna trudeaui. On a large
sand-bar on the edge of the Caraya, a stream in the Bovril Islands, I
once saw a flock of about 300 terns, mostly Sterna superciliaris, but
containing about thirty of the pre&ent species. The former were less
shy than the latter, and allowed much closer approach.

All three specimens collected had been feeding on fish. The bill and
feet are bright yellow in life, the color being the same in immature and
adult birds.

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RYNCHOPIDAE.

Rynchops intercedens Saunders.

Skimmers were not uncommon on the Parana near Santa Elena,
Entre Rios, where they were observed on and oflP during January and
February. They seemed to be more active around dusk than during
the day, an observation also made by Darwin and by Hudson, but I
know of no proof for the statement that these birds fish chiefly by
night. They were very shy and no specimens were collected. They did
not associate with the gulls and terns, but kept much to themselves.
Most of the birds seen were single individuals, but small flocks were
also noted. I saw one of them skimming along over the river with its
lower mandible distally immersed, leaving a shallow furrow on the
water in its wake. In their general habits the species is similar to /?.
nigra of North America.

JACANIDAE.

Jacana jacana jacana (Linne).

M. C. Z. 96,894. Ad. 9. Argentina: Bovril Islands, Santa Fe. 19 January,

1924.
M. C. Z. 96,895. Ad. c?. Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 29 September,

1923.

Jacanas were noted as follows : — Buenos Aires — Buenos Aires, En-
senada, Lavalle, March 6 to 10, a few; September 11, a few; near
Rosario, Santa Fe (from train-window), September 20, common;
Tucuman — Rio Lules, September 22, one; Concepcion and Rio de
Gastone, September 23 to December 23, common; Bovril Islands, Rio
Parana, and eastern Santa Fe (Saladero M. Cabal, San Joaquin, and
La Noria), common during January and February.

Jacanas walk with a slow deliberate stride, placing one foot well
down before raising the other. When walking about on lily pads and
other floating vegetation the birds, while by no means inconspicuous,
are not very noticeable; the brown color does not attract the eye of the
observer very quickly. Every once in a while they raise their wings,
showing the delicate green of the remiges that was hidden before.
This flash of green is hardly to be called adaptive, although it simulates
the broad, flat, green leaves of the aquatic plants among which the birds
live. The mere motion of raising the wings is sufficient to destroy the
protective quality of the color. The birds seem to have some difficulty
in starting to fly as they run several steps, wildly waving their wings.

friedmann: notes on some Argentina birds. 167

and meanwhile emitting a harsh, raucous, guttural screech somewhat
like the sound of a distant burrowing owl, and then finally rise into the
air. The flight is straight and rapid, with intervals of gliding inter-
spersed between periods of rapid wing-beats.

A nest was found on October 4 in a marshy part of the Rio de Gas-
tone; it was a floating structure made of dead stems and reeds and was
placed on a little pile of similar reeds; the eggs, four in number, were
pale tan in color, heavily spotted, and streaked with rufous brown,
pointed at one end and round at the other. As I approached the nest
(no bird was sitting at the time) one of the Jacanas flew up screaming
loudly, fluttered around and then dropped down on a lily pad and,
feigning a broken wing, half fluttered, half jumped from one leaf to
another, trying to draw me away from the nest.

The body-fat in one of the birds collected was reddish orange in
color. In life the bill was bright orange-yellow and the frontal shield
soft and flexible and a delicate rose color.

Common names for this bird were Gallito (Tucuman and Entre
Rios) and Cocha Polla (Tucuman).

HIMANTOPODIDAE.

Himantopus melanurus Vieillot.

Stilts were observed in the marshy areas of eastern Santa Fe (Sala-
dero M. Cabal, San Joaquin and La Noria) and in the Bovril Islands
in the Parana during January and February. In these places they were
quite common and went by the name of Teru Real. They were often
seen wading in the water nearly up to their bodies, but more often in
shallower spots. They were very quick in their actions considering
the length of leg immersed in the water. In flight they were extremely
graceful. Their sharp yelps were similar to the notes of the North
American H. viexicanus. Two were collected on January 20, but were
too badly shot to be saved. Neither was in breeding condition.

SCOLOPACIDAE.

Tringa solitaria (Wilson) subsp.?

M. C. Z. 96,902. Ad. c?. Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 29 September,
1923.
I have not been able to satisfactorily determine the subspecific
identity of the single specimen collected. This bird was seen only once

168 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

and I had, therefore, no chance of getting others. However Wetmore
(Bull. 133, U. S. N. M., 1926, p. 148) found all his Argentine specimens
of the Solitary Sandpiper to be the western form cinnamomea.

The bird collected was flushed from a little swampy part of the
Chilimayo River, near Concepcion. It was the first North American
migrant I met with in Argentina, but Wetmore records it as early as
late August in Paraguay.

ToTANUS flavipes (Gmelin).

M.C.Z. 96,901. Ad. 9. Argentina: SaladeroM. Cabal, Santa Fe. 20 January,
1924.
About a dozen Lesser Yellowlegs were seen together along the edge
of a marshy stream near the Saladero M. Cabal, eastern Santa Fe,
on January 20, and one of them was collected. It proved to be a female
with the ovary very small. During the rest of the month and through-
out February I came across individuals from time to time, but never
saw them in flocks. They were very silent, not making a sound even
when flying.

PisoBiA melanotus (Vicillot).

M. C. Z. 96,903. Ad. 9. Argentina: Bovril Islands, Santa Fe. 19 January,

1924.
M. C. Z. 96,904. Ad. 9. Argentina: Bovril Islands, Santa Fe. 19 January,

1924.
Pectoral Sandpipers were noted not uncommonly in the Bovril
Islands, Rio Parana, during January and February, but were never
seen in large numbers. The two females collected were feeding at the
waters' edge near a little pond, together with a few of the preceding
species.

Capella paraguaiae (Vieillot).

This snipe was observed in small numbers in Tucuman and Santa
Fe. On December 11 at Rio de Gastone, Tucuman, I saw several
snipe, one which I collected was subsequently destroyed by rats. This
species looks much like the Wilson's Snipe of North America, but
makes a loud, reverberating, booming sound as it flies, the sound being
a prolonged deep rumble increasing in volume as the bird comes near
and decreasing as it flies away.

In the Bovril Islands, Rio Parana, in January and February, a few
snipe, probably of this species, were noted.

fhiedmann: notes on some Argentina birds. 169

The bird collected had been feeding on small worms.
In the former province it was called Carrero, while in the latter place
the local name was Becasina.

CHARADRIIDAE.

Charadrius coLLAJiis VieiUot.

M. C. Z. 96,896. Ad. d". Argentina: Rio de Gastone, Tucuman. 21 November,
1923.

These little plover were fairly common along the sand-flats of the
Rio de Gastone in November. Little groups of six or ten were often
seen running along the edge of the receding wavelets in the same way
as C. semipalmatus in North America. The notes were sharp and clear
and may be written j)seee. A few were seen at Saladero M. Cabal,
eastern Santa Fe, in January.

The local name was Chorlito.

Pluvialis dominicus dominicus (Miiller),

M. C. Z. 96,897. Ad. 9. Argentina: Bo vril Islands, Santa Fe. 19 January,
1924.

The specimen collected has the yellow margins of the feathers of the
back unusually broad and bright.

I found the Golden Plover to be rather scarce but I was not looking
particularly for shore birds. In addition to the one collected a few were
seen during January and February.

Belonopterus chilensis lampronotus (Wagler).

M. C. Z. 96,898. Ad. a". Argentina: BovrQ Islands, Santa Fe. 17 January,

1924.
M. C. Z. 96,899. Ad. 9. Argentina: Bovril Islands, Santa Fe. 17 January,

1924.
M. C. Z. 96,900. Ad. cf. Argentina: Rio de Gastone, Tucuman. 7 December,

1923.
These large, handsome plover are exceedingly common in open
country all over the northern half of Argentina, except in very dry re-
gions. The local name Teru-Teru is an imitation of the call-note. It is
one of the most persistent and characteristic sounds of the pampas.
Bold, curious, aggressive, the Terus are birds of forceful personality
and leave a striking image in the mind of the observer. Few birds are

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more conspicuously or vividly marked either when at rest or on the
wing. But birds like the Lapwing need no protection, in fact their
very habits seem to scorn the idea. Always the noisiest bird in its
locality, color would be of no use in concealing it. At a great distance,
however, when only the back is visible, the Teru is not conspicuous.
However, if we accept the birds' actions as a criterion of its coloration,
the Teru knows it is conspicuous and in the nesting season will leaxe its
nest and fly into space when the intruder is still so far off that he can-
not see where the bird arose. For this reason their nests are hard to
find. Unlike many conspicuously marked birds the Lapwing prefers
fight to flight. Frequently I have had several of these birds dart close
to me shrilly screaming teru-teru and threatening me with their spurred
wings only to veer away suddenly and then return and repeat the per-
formance. While riding across country on horseback I found I could
come to within twenty-five feet of them before they would fly, but on
foot such proximity is rarely attained.

Around Concepcion, Tucuman, the Terus were very local and were
found only in the marshy areas of the Rio de Gastone. Many were
seen at various times from train-windows in parts of the provinces of
Buenos Aires, Santa Fe, Santiago del Estero, and Cordoba. In Entre
Rios the species was totally absent in the immediate vicinity of Santa
Elena, although abundant in the Bovril Islands in the Parana just
opposite.

The birds collected had been feeding on small beetles and other
insects.

COLUMBIDAE.

Leptotila ochroptera chlorauchenia Giglioli and Salvadori.

M. C. Z. 96,891. Ad. 9. Argentina: Bovril Islands, Santa Fe. 13 January,
1924.

The single specimen collected is in badly worn plumage and shows
relatively little iridescence on the mantle.

This pigeon, commonly known asPaloma de Monte was abundant at
Santa Elena, Entre Rios, and also on the Bovril Islands in the river
Parana just opposite. In the vicinity of Santa Elena it seemed con-
fined to the wooded shores of the river and the more densely forested
parts of the barrancas. It occupied the areas uninhabited by Zenaida
auriculata, which it seemed to replace ecologically. In the islands where
real forest was better developed the birds were commoner than on the

friedmann: notes on some Argentina birds. 171

mainland, and were found in the same places as Coccopsis capitata and
Compsothhjpis pitiayu mi.

Not infrequently these birds were seen opening and closing their
tails with a little twitching motion, exposing the white tips of the
rectrices for an instant at a time. This is apparently not a courtship
antic as the female collected was observed doing it.

The specimen collected was in breeding condition. The stomach and
crop contained many small seeds and some comminuted vegetable
matter,

CoLUMBiNA PI GUI (Temminck).

M. C. Z. 96,890. Ad. ?. Argentina: Santa Elena, Entre Rios. 10 January,
1924.

This little ground dove is one of the commonest birds in many parts
of Argentina. It was observed at the following localities: — Buenos
Aires — Buenos Aires, La Plata, Berisso, and Ensenada, September
3-17, common; Lavalle, March 6-9, common; Tucuman — Tucuman
City, San Pablo, Concepcion, and Rio de Gastone, September 21 to
December 23, common, seen daily; Santa Elena, Entre Rios, January 3
to February 22, common ; La Noria, and Saladero M. Cabal, Santa Fe,
common during January and February. In practically all these places
the Palomita, as it is called by the people, is not only one of the most
abundant birds, but also one of the tamest. In Concepcion, Tucuman,
large numbers of Palomitas were always to be found around the stable-
yards where, together with the cowbirds, they fed on seeds picked from
horse dung or on cracked corn spilt from the troughs. Their monoto-
nous cooing calls were kept up all day long without interruption,
starting early in the morning and ending about 6 P.M. Probably in the
winter months they are less vocally inclined. However during Novem-
ber and December the birds were tireless vocally.

In the immediate vicinity of Concepcion, tw^enty-three nests were
found, the earliest on October 10, the latest on December 20. The
nests, like most doves' nests, are very frail, being little more than a few
small twigs and coarse grasses carelessly put together. One nest found
on the upper surface of a palm-leaf, fo which it was firmly attached by
the dung of the parent bird, contained some cobwebs in addition to
grasses and fine woody stems. I found nests as low as three feet from
the ground and as high as sixteen feet above it. The first nest found
(October 10) contained two young birds about a week old. The breed-
ing season in Tucuman must therefore begin around the middle of
September, if not earlier. The eggs, usuallv two in number (three in

172 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

one case), are pure white with a very slight gloss. They average 23 x
18 mm. (nineteen measured). The parent birds were usually rather
shy near their nests, although not suspicious elsewhere. On one occa-
sion I heard an incubating bird give a cooing call, but gave no particu-
lar thought to it at the time. However Wetmore (Bull. 133, U. S. N. M.,
1926, p. 179) collected an incubating bird and found it to be a male.

Along in the second week in March, when I ended my field-work in
Lavalle, a few birds were still cooing, although many full-grown young
ones were everywhere in evidence.

The crop and stomach of the female collected contained an enormous
number of small seeds, estimated roughly at not less than 5,000.

The white marks on the wings and tail serve as "flash'' colors, as
they are visible only in flight. When on the wing the birds are quite
conspicuously marked, but at rest or when running about they are
plain sandy in hue. They bob their heads like domestic pigeons when
they run or walk.

Zenaida auriculata auriculata (Des Murs).

M. C. Z. 96,892. Ad. ?. Argentina: San Sofia, Entre Rios. 26 January, 1924.
M. C. Z. 96,893. Ad. cf. Argentina: San Sofia, Entre Rios. 26 January, 1924.

The two specimens collected are darker breasted than any others
of the species in the collection of the M. C. Z.

This dove was very common in Entre Rios and was observed also
in Buenos Aires, Santa Fe, Cordoba, Santiago del Estero, Tucuman,
and near Montevideo, Uruguay. In the field they always seemed very
much like the Mourning Dove and I notice that Wetmore (Bull. 133,
U. S. N. M., 1926, p. 181) comments on this similarity in habits.
Most of the birds were seen in pairs or groups of three to five, although
at Lavalle, I saw a flock of sixteen on March 9.

Both specimens collected were in breeding condition and both had
been feeding on small seeds.

CUCULIDAE.

Crotophaga ani Linne.

M. C. Z. 96,883. Ad. cf. Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 9 November,
1923.

In a wet meadow between Concepcion and the Rio de Gastone,
Tucuman, a few Anis were seen, but they were very shy and wild.
On November 9 a peon brought me a freshly killed bird in excellent

friedmann: notes on some Argentina birds. 173

condition, which he claimed to have shot that morning. The testes
were shghtly enlarged, but the bird was not yet in breeding condition.
The stomach contained some small beetles.

A few were seen in the Bovril Islands opposite Santa Elena, Entre
Rios, in late January.

In Tucuman the common name was Pirincho Negro and in Entre
Rios, Urraca Negro.

GuiRA GuiRA (Gmelin).

M. C. Z. 96,879. Ad. cT. Argentina: Santa Elena, Entre Rios. 16 January,

1924.
M. C. Z. 96,880. Ad. c?. Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 16 October, 1923.
M. C. Z. 96,881. Ad. cf. Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 28 September,

1923.
M. C. Z. 96,882, Ad. 9. Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 28 September,

1923.

The Guira Cuckoo, or white Ani, was recorded as follows : — from a
train-window provinces of Buenos Aires, Santa Fe, and Santiago del
Estero, September 20, many; southern Tucuman, Catamarca, Cor-
doba, and Buenos Aires, numbers; Buenos Aires — Palermo, Sep-
tember 2, several; Quilmes, La Plata, Berisso, and Ensenada, Sep-
tember 6 to 10, common; Lavalle, March 10, several; Tucuman —
Tucuman City, several in the parque 9 de Julio on September 21;
San Pablo, September 22, several; Concepcion and Rio de Gastone,
September 2-3 to December 23, common; Alpachirri, October 27, sev-
eral; Iltico, November 20, one seen; Entre Rios — Santa Elena, Jan-
uary and February, common; Quebracho, February 20, several; Sal-
adero M. Cabal, Santa Fe, January 18, a few.

Guiras are birds of the thinly forested plains, usually in drier locali-
ties than those inhabited by their relative Crotophaga ani. The eco-
logical habitats of the two genera (Guira and Crotophaga) show very
clearly that each fills a separate niche in the general scheme of nature
and that there could hardly be any competition between them.
Guiras rest and roost in trees, but feed on the ground. Locusts, of
which there are countless swarms, seem to constitute their main article
of food. Several times, both in Tucuman and in Entre Rios, after in-
vasions of locusts, I collected birds to see which species fed on these
destructive insects, and each time the Guiras were found to consume
more locusts than any other bird. Practically all the Guiras collected
had locust remains in their stomachs.

174 bulletin: museum of compahative zoology.

Guiras have a great variety of notes, one set being like kee-whee-kee-
kee-kee-kee-kee-koio, kow, kow, kow, the last four notes run together as in
the notes of the Coccyzm erythropUhnlmus of North America. Other
notes are very harsh and nasal. One set of calls reminded me somewhat
of the song of the Yellow-breasted Chat, Ideria virens; it may be
written peeow-peeow-wow!-peeow-peeu-peeu-peeu-peeu, the last four
being clear plaintive whistles like those with which the Chat sometimes
ends its long and varied song. The alarm notes are harsh and strident.
The birds seem to have some difficulty in controling their tails which
look excessively long. Every time a bird jumps from one branch to
another the tail is violently jerked up and down, sideways, diagonally,
and in every possible direction.

Guiras are always found in small flocks and they often roost in
closely packed circles, all the birds facing outwards, their sides and
backs touching, and their tails converging distally, giving the appear-
ance at a distance of a huge, ragged, top-shaped mass with the apex
downward. Such a group, when first seen, I took to be an old weather-
beaten nest.

Considerable interest attaches to the nesting habits of the Guira
because of its close relationship to the Ani, Crotophaga ani. However,
so far as my experience goes (two nests), the Guira is monogamous.
The first nest was in an Acacia tree near Concepcion, and was found
on November 3. It contained six eggs of a beautiful greenish blue color,
roughly scrawled and blotched with chalky white, the white flecks,
deposited after the pigment, come off with handling. The eggs are
elliptical, both ends being exactly alike. The nest was a crude structure
of small twigs and was lined with green leaves, most of which were
wilted and crushed in places. The other nest was found near the Rio
de Gastone, Tucuman, November 21. It was built on a flat "leaf" of a
large Opuntia cactus. Two Guiras were seen around it, but the nest
was empty. It was apparently just finished as the lining of leaves was
very fresh.

Guiras frequently eat eggs and young of other birds. I saw one go
into a nest of a Bay-winged Cowbird, Agclaioidcs badius, and carry off
a two-day-old screaming cowbird, Molothrus rufo-axillaris.

The iris is orange-red in life ; the bare skin around the eye pale pea-
green; the bill orange with a pinkish tinge.

In Tucuman this bird was called Pirincho and in Entre Rios Urraca,
the last in Tucuman was applied to a jay, Cyanocorax chrysops tucu-
7nanus.

fhiedmann: notes on some Argentina birds. 175

Tapera naevia chochi (Vieillot).

M. C. Z. 96,884. Ad. 9. Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 12 November,

1923.
M. C. Z. 96,885. Ad. cT. Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 20 November,

1923.

This peculiar cuckoo, the only one in the western hemisphere known
to be parasitic, was observed on a few occasions in the bushy thickets
between Concepcion and the Rio de Gastone, during November. It is
a shy bird and has considerable powers of ventrilociuism which makes
it a difficult species to observe. The first one collected was heard giving
its two-syllabled call and the sound was followed for nearly half an
hour before I caught a glimpse of the bird. It was perched in an Acacia
tree, the posture being very erect for a cuckoo, and as it called, it
raised and lowered its crest and swung its tail sideways like a pendu-
lum. When it became aware of my proximity it suddenly cocked its
tail and crouched as if to spring up into the air, but my shot ended its
activities.

The egg is spotless white and is laid in the nests of several species of
Synallaxis. In Argentina S. spixi is the commonest victim, but S.
cinnamomea russeola and S. supcrciliosa are also parasitized. In
Paraguay Philydor rufus is victimized to some extent. Usually but one
of the parasitic eggs is laid in a nest, but two have been found in one
nest of S. spixi. Data on some dozen victimized nests in Tucuman in-
dicate that in that part of Argentina the breeding season of Tapera is.
in November and December.

The stomach-contents of the birds collected showed the food to
consist of small beetles and lepidopterous larvae.

The local name, onomatopoetic in origin, is Crispin.

CoccYZus MELocoRYPHUS (Vieillot).

M. C. Z. 96,886. Ad. 9. Argentina: Rio de Gastone, Tucuman. 21 Novem-
ber, 1923.

M. C. Z. 96,887. Ad. 9 . Argentina: Santa Elena, Entre Rios. 16 January,
1924.

M. C. Z. 96,888. Ad. cT. Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 9 November,
1923.

This cuckoo was seen several times in Tucuman and in Entre Rios.
In life it greatly resembles Coccyzus americanus of North America.
In Tucuman it was rather uncommon, only three birds being noted
in as many months, while near Santa Elena it was fairly common in

176 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology,

the low, thick bush of the barrancas. In the latter place they fed
largely on the locusts which swarmed abundantly there. In Tucuman
their food was composed of caterpillars and small beetles. This species
was never found in trees or on the ground, but only in low bushes,
usually within four feet of the ground. In such places the birds flew
among the closely intertwining branches with surprising ease and
celerity. They were usually silent, but once I heard a low guttural
kuk note.

On December 15 at Rio de Gastone, I found a nest, a flimsy, frail
platform of twigs simliar to that built by C. americamis; it was about
three and a half feet from the ground, and contained four eggs, one of
which hatched as I watched it. The eggs were rather dull in finish and
aquamarine in color. The nestling just hatched had snowy white
trichoptiles, its skin was dusky orange, and the eye-skin dusky green-
ish gray. It gave a little shrill peep note. The gape was swollen and
white. On January 8 at Santa Elena another nest was found. It was
in a thorn bush a few feet from the ground ; a third nest found near by
on January 16, contained five eggs, an unusual number. Hudson
writes that the normal clutch is three or four and that he never found
more than four eggs in a nest.

In Entre Rios this species was known to the peons as Urraca Chica.

PSITTACIDAE.

CONURUS LEUCOPHTHALMUS (P. L. S. MiiUer).

M. C. Z. 96,851. Ad. o^. Argentina: San Joaquin, Entre Rios. 27 January,
1924.

It seems that this parrot has not been hitherto recorded south of the
Chaco (Ocampo and Mocovi) so that the present record extends its
known range southward for over a hundred miles. The specimen col-
lected has a much shorter culmen than four birds from eastern Brazil
in the M. C. Z. The latter have culmens of from 28 to 29 mm., while
the bird from Entre Rios has a culmen of but 25 mm. (measured from
the cere). Specimens in the American museum of natural history from
Missiones and from Salta agree with the Entre Rios specimen in having
culmens 25 mm. in length. A specimen from Rio Cosireni, Peru,
(U. S. N. M. 273,074) has a culmen of 31 mm. and has also an unusual
amount of red on the malar region and the black shaft-streaks of the
feathers of the underparts are very marked. It may belong to an un-
described race. Birds from Matto Grosso, Brazil, and from Paraguay

friedmann: notes on some Argentina birds. 177

agree with those from Argentina. There is a good deal of variation in
the length of wings and tail, which apparently has no geographical
significance.

On January 27, at San Joaquin, one of the outlying estancias of the
Bovril Company, I saw two Conunis levcophthalmiis in a low tree.
They were very shy, but I managed to obtain one of them. They flew
down to the ground as if to feed, but quickly flew back to the tree as I
came nearer. As they flew they gave a harsh, raucous screech. The
testes of the bird collected were slightly enlarged.

Myiopsitta monachus monachus (Boddaert).

M. C. Z. 96,848. Ad. 9 . Argentina: Ajo, Buenos Aires. 10 March, 1924.
M. C. Z. 96,849. Ad. 9. Argentina : Bovril Islands, Santa Fe. 13 January, 1924.
M. C. Z. 96,850. Ad. cf . Argentina: Bovril Islands, Santa Fe. 13 January,
1924.

In the Bovril Islands opposite Santa Elena, Entre Rios, these
parakeets were very common in flocks of from fifteen to fifty through-
out my stay there in January and February. Flocks were also seen at
La Noria and the Saladero M. Cabal, Santa Fe, and at Viscacheros,
and San Sofia, Entre Rios. At the Saladero M. Cabal the children of
Mr. Brown, the superintendent of the estancia, had two tame Monk
Parakeets which climbed all over everyone and were very tame and
affectionate. They never learned to talk or in any way modified the
natural screech of their species. At Viscacheros a colony had its nest in
a tall Eucalyptus tree right next to the ranch house and the birds
although wild were quite used to people. The racket they made could
be heard all through the house.

The nests, unusual for parrots, are huge colonial structures of twigs,
looking much like gigantic synallaxine nests. Each pair of parakeets
has its own private compartment, but the entire flock seem to be on
intimate terms. Not infrequently other species, including the tree-
ducks (Dendrocygna) occupy one or more of the nest-holes in these
structures; and occasionally even some mammals such as the opossum
take possession. The nest is used as Sleeping quarters all the year round
and is added to from year to year until at times it breaks the support-
ing branches by its weight.

Like all parrots, this species is very noisy. When one of a flock is
shot the rest gather round screaming and screeching as if impelled
by curiosity to disregard whatever fear they may have.

In southern Buenos Aires (near Lavalle) numbers of these Gray-

178 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

bellied Parakeets were seen daily. There was quite a sizeable colony
of them at Ajo.

All the specimens collected had soft green leguminous seeds in their
stomachs. The birds taken in Santa Fe on January 13 were in breeding
condition, while the one collected at Ajo on March 10 was not.

In Buenos Aires this species went by the name of Loro, a name ap-
plied to all parrots, while in Entre Rios and Santa Fe the local name
was Cotorra.

Myiopsitta monachu.s calita (Jardine and Selby).

This race of the Monk Parakeet was seen at the Rio de Gastone,
Tucuman, on several occasions during November and December. No
nests were seen and the birds seemed to be wandering about aimlessly
as I never found them twice in the same place on successive days.
They frequented the fairly open Acacia-dotted plains east of the river
and their harsh, noisv screams were often heard when the birds them-
selves were hidden by the trees. I assume the birds were of this race
because calita was recorded by Hartert (Nov. zool., 1909, 16, p. 234)
at Rio Colorado, about fifty miles to the south. The birds flew swiftly
with rather rapid wing-beats and usually did not rise more than thirty
feet from the ground.

STRIGIDAE.

Glaucidium brasilieanum tucumanum Chapman.

M. C. Z. 96,905. Ad. cf . Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 29 September,
1923.

On September 29 in a little forest near Concepcion, I saw two small
owls sitting about ten feet apart high up in a tall tree. One was grayish
and one rufous, but as only one was ol)tained I cannot say if they were
a pair.

Rhinoptynx MIDAS (Lichtcnstein).

M. C. Z. 96,908. Ad. 9. Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 1 November,

1923.
M. C. Z. 96,909. Ad. 9. Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 23 November,

1923.
This owl, apparently unrecorded from western Argentina, was ob-
served twice at Concepcion, during November, and each time the bird
was quickly collected. This species perches in a very upright fashion in

FRIEDMA.NN : NOTES ON SOME ARGENTINA BIRDS. 179

thinly foliaged trees in open country. One was seen in a tree beside a
road at the Ingenio La Corona, a large sugar mill, where dozens of peons
were continually passing.

Both birds collected had rodent bones and fur in their stomachs;
some of the bones were large enough to be rat bones, but most of them
were probably those of mice. Neither of the two birds were in breeding
condition.

Speotyto cunicularia cunicularia (Molina).

M. C. Z. 96,906. Ad. 9. Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 29 September,

1923.
M. C. Z. 96,907. Ad. d". Argentina : Santa Elena, EntreRios. 9 January, 1924.

Burrowing owls were recorded as follows : — from a train-window,
Buenos Aires, near Quilmes, September 6, several ; from a train-window
on the Central Argentine Railway between Buenos Aires and Tucu-
man, September 20, many; Tucuman — around Tucuman City, Sep-
tember 21, several; San Pablo, September 22, one; Concepcion and
Rio de Gastone, September 23 to December 20, common; Alpachirri,
October 27, several; Iltico, November 20, one; Entre Rios — around
Santa Elena, February 23, common; Quebracho, February 20, a few;
Santa Fe — Bovril Islands, Rio Parana ; Saladero M. Calabal, Janu- .
ary 20, one; La Noria, January 21, several; Buenos Aires — between
Dolores and Lavalle, March 6-10, several.

On September 29 near Concepcion, an abandoned pasture, in which
the earth had been bored into and raised in innumerable little mounds,
was alive with Burrowing Owls, one or two sitting stiffly erect at the
entrance of almost every burrow, their yellow eyes blinking solemnly
as I approached. Some were perched in the trees, three in one small
Acacia, two in another, while many trees had single birds. The birds
were by no means shy and let me approach to about forty feet before
flying. When a bird was finally frightened into flight it flew ofl^ about
fifty feet and, landing with a few stiff-legged running steps, turned
around and gazed reproachfully at the cause of its disturbance. The
other owls did not fly off in unison," but each one or each pair flew off
separately when approached. Their flight was always low over the
ground, with rather slow, noiseless wing-beats. When excited, as on
my approach, they uttered a harsh, piercing screech. This screech was
always given three times in rapid succession. There must have been
at least fifty pairs of owls in this field.

Some writers have claimed that the Burrowing Owl and the Vizcacha

180 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

{Lagostomus trichodactylus) live together in colonies. I saw hundreds of
the birds and as many of the rodents, but never found them together.
It may be that sometimes the owls use deserted burrows of the Viz-
eachas, but most of them certainly excavate their own tunnels. During
November they were breeding in Tucuman and the entrances of all the
occupied burrows examined were smaller than those of the Vizcacha
holes.

During the great flights of locusts, which are such a great pest to the
agriculturist everywhere in Argentina, the Burrowing Owl is of in-
estimable value as a check upon these insects. They gorge themselves
with locusts; one of the birds collected had its stomach so full of them
that they formed a soHd, compact mass. The bird could not possibly
have swallowed another one until those it already had were partly
digested.

The burrows are diagonal, cylindrical shafts varying in length from
five to ten feet, and terminate in a spherical compartment. In this
compartment some dried dung, and bits of straw are laid as a carpet
and on this are deposited the eggs. The eggs are pure white, although
frequently soiled, and average 33 x 28 mm. (seventeen eggs measured).
The largest egg seen was 35 x 30 mm. and the smallest measured
31.5 X 26.5 mm. The largest number I ever found in a nest was seven,
although Serie and Smyth (El hornero, 1923, 3, p. 45) record as many
as eight to a clutch.

The Burrowing Owl seems to be able to rotate its head to a greater
extent than most birds. I once walked completely around one and it
always faced me scjuarely turning its head as I went in a circle. It
would be of interest to examine the atlas and axis of this species.

The male collected at Santa Elena had intestinal caeca measuring
52 and 58 mm., respectively, while its small intestine (pyloris to caeca)
measured 254 mm. and the large intestine (caeca to anus) measured
43 mm.

The common name by which this bird is known in Argentina is
Lechuza.

CAPRIMULGIDAE.

Setopagis parvulus (Gould).

M. C. Z. 96,853. Ad. d". Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 13 October, 1923.

A freshly killed specimen of this species was brought to me at Con-
cepcion by a peon on October 13. It was a male in breeding condition,
the testes being much enlarged. The stomach contained insect re-

FRIEDMANN: notes on some AaOENTINA BIRDS. 181

mains. The iris was reddish brown with a dark blue pupil. The in-
testinal caeca were narrow and tubular and 16 mm. long; the small
intestine was 58 mm. long, and the large intestine 13 mm.

Podager nacunda (Vieillot).

M. C. Z. 96,852. Ad. ?. Argentina: Quebracho, Entre Rios. 20 February,
1924.

The single specimen collected has absolutely no white on the tail-
feathers, agreeing in this respect with a female from Concepcion del
Uruguay, Entre Rios, and with another from Quarahive, Uruguay, in
the collection of the M. C. Z. However there is considerable variation
in the amount of white in the rectrices of this species independent of
sex, season, and locality, and apparently also of age. Some specimens
in the series in the M. C. Z. have all but the central pair broadly tipped
with white, the white area, in some, amounting to as much as a quarter
of the whole feather in the outermost pair. The lower throat (immedi-
ately below the white patch) in the Argentine bird is very much more
buffy, less barred with black, than in the M. C. Z. series of eight
specimens.

My first meeting with the Nacunda, as this bird is called in the
vernacular, was a memorable experience. On the morning of January
20 while riding across country from the Saladero M. Cabal towards
La Noria, Santa Fe, with one companion, I dismounted to take a photo-
graph. When setting up my tripod about a hundred feet from where I
left my horse I flushed one of these nightjars. It flew only a short dis-
tance and settled in the grass. Going forward to where it disappeared
I was startled to find that where one bird had gone down about two
hundred flew up. Every step of mine flushed ten or a dozen. I ran
back to my horse for the gun but was too late as the whole flock had
gathered together in a loose, shifting group high up in the air and flew
off across the lagoon.

Wetmore (Bull. 133, U. S. N. M., 1926, p. 205-206) writes that he
found this species rather rare, and the largest flock he records con-
tained only a dozen or so birds. This scarcity is probably true now for
many parts of the country, but in eastern Santa Fe and northern Entre
Rios the species is as common as it must have been when Hudson wrote
of seeing it in great flocks.

The birds seem to see almost as well in daylight as at night, although
they feed largely after dark. I frequently saw shadowy forms fluttering
silently by in the dark along the roads around Santa Elena during

182 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

February. Most of these were probably this species. On the night of
February 20 I went by car from Santa Elena to Quebracho ; along the
road numbers of Nacundas appeared in the lights of the car and one
actually hit against the radiator and was collected. On the wing they
seemed very heavy and stockily built for nightjars. The only note
heard was a hiss from the bird captured after it dashed against the car.
The specimen collected was a female past the breeding season.
Its stomach was greatly distended and very hard and contained twelve
large locusts, three scarabaeid beetles, and eight other beetles.

ALCEDINIDAE.

Megaceryle torquata cyanea (Vieillot).

M. C. Z. 96,862. Ad. d". Argentina: Bovril Islands, Santa Fe, 12 January,
1924.

These large kingfishers were very common along the streams in the
Bovril Islands during my stay there in January and February. They
were never seen in groups of more than two, and single birds were the
rule. A curious thing about this species is that it always pumps its
tail vertically three times before flying. Invariably as I approached
one it pumped its tail once, then as I came nearer it did this a second
time, and finally just before flying it did it a third time. I noticed this
in a great many individuals and never knew it to vary. The flight is
similar to that of Ceryle alcyon of North America, and so is its rattling
call, but much louder. The stomach of the bird collected contained the
remains of at least two small fish.

The Santa Fe specimen has heavier black shaft-streaks on the
feathers of the crown and crest than a male from Concepcion del
Uruguay in the M. C. Z. However the bird from eastern Entre Rios
(Concepcion del Uruguay) is a spring bird (November 30), while that
from western Entre Rios is a late summer bird (January 12), It may
be that this difference in plumage is due to wear, but this is not likely.

The local name of this kingfisher was Martin Pescador Grande.

Chloroceryle amazona Latham.

M. C. Z. 96,863. Ad. 9 . Argentina: Bovril Islands, Santa Fe. 13 January,
1924.

This kingfisher was first seen flying along a little stream near
Alpachirri, Tucuman, on October 27. One was seen late in November
on the Rio de Gastone, Tucuman. In January and February many

friedmann: notes on some Argentina bibds. 183

were seen in the Bovril Islands, Rio Parana, where they were very
common. In this loeaUty the present species, while numerous, was not
so abundant as the preceding species or the following one.

These birds were breeding in holes in banks about ten feet above the
surface of the water, but by January most of them were through
nesting.

In its general habits, flight, etc., the species is similar to Cerxjle
alcyon, but its rattle-call is shriller. The stomach of the bird collected
contained fish-bones.

The local name, Martin Pescador, is appHed to all kingfishers.

ChLOEOCERYLE AMERICANA VIRIDIS (Vieillot).

M. C. Z. 96,864. Ad. 9. Argentina: Bovril Islands, Santa Fe. 13 January,

1924.
M. C. Z. 96,865. Ad. cT. Argentina: Alpachirri, Tucuman. 27 October, 1923.
M. C. Z. 96,866. Ad. d". Argentina: Bovril Islands, Santa Fe. 17 February,

1924.
This little kingfisher was seen at Alpachirri, on October 27, where
several were noted and one collected. It was not met with again until
the following January when I found it abundant in the Bovril Islands
in the Rio Parana. Throughout January and February it was seen in
numbers every time I went to the islands, but I never observed it on
the river itself or on the mainland either in Entre Rios or Santa Fe.
Along the Caraya, a stream in the islands, all three species of king-
fishers were very common. The present species seemed to be the fastest
flyer of the three and was generally the most ^ctive, plunging after
small fish, and hurrying up and down the stream. The three species
evidently do not conflict or compete with each other, and form another
illustration of the ecological significance of body-size already men-
tioned under the albatross, Diomedia mehmopJiris.

This species was called Martin Pescador Chico in Entre Rios and
Santa Fe.

BUCCONIDAE.

Nystalus maculatus striatipectus (Sclater).

M. C. Z. 96,861. Ad. cf. Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 30 September,
1923.
This bucco was seen only near Concepcion and the Rio de Gastone,
Tucuman, where it was not uncommon from late September until

184 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

the latter part of December. The first one seen was sitting in a tall
bush with its head drawn down on its "shoulders" and the bill held
about horizontal, looking very much like some of the small African
kingfishers (Halycon sp.). The species was entirely silent in my ex-
perience. Usually it was stupidly tame and unsuspicious. I doubt if
it ever makes long flights. I have seen one fly from one bush to another
about twenty feet away and immeditely assume its usual motionless,
somnolent attitude. It can fly fairly quickly for such short distances,
and probably swoops down from its perch on passing insects in the
manner of the insectivorous kingfishers of the old world tropics.

The bill is bright orange-red in life.

They were known to the peons as Durmi-durmi, the name referring
to their sleepy look.

* PICIDAE.

Picumnus cierhatus pilcomayensis Hargitt.

M. C. Z. 96,867. Ad. cf? Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 30 September,

1923.
M. C. Z. 96,868. Ad. d". Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 12 October, 1923.

This piculet was observed only near Concepcion, where it was not
uncommon in tangled thickets. The actions of this species are inter-
mediate in character between those of miniature Dryobates-like wood-
peckers and of Chickadees {Penthestcs atricapillus). They peck on the
small twigs of bushes and on bamboo (where this plant has been intro-
duced) like miniature Dryobates, but have the pose of a Penthestes.
The tail is usually free of the branch and is not used as a support. The
birds cling to the undersides of twigs as easily as any woodpecker and
travel downwards and backwards in little jerky hops as they work
along a twig. The only note heard was a rather faint, lisping tsip-tsip.
This note is easily overlooked and my attention was frequently aroused
by the pecking noise, or by the flitting motion of the bird as it flew
from one bush to another. The species stays low down never going,
so far as my experience shows, more than about eight feet from the
ground.

Both birds collected had been feeding on small black beetles.

DiCTiOPicus MiXTUS (Boddaert) subsp.?

M. C. Z. 96,869. Ad. 9. Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 12 November,

1923.
M. C. Z. 96,870. Ad. &. Argentina: Bovril Islands, Santa Fe. 17 February,

1924.

friedmann: notes on some Argentina birds. 185

The male from the Bovril Islands is somewhat intermediate between
viirtus and lignarnis. Unfortunately the entire crown and occiput are
bare except for a few feathers on the posterolateral edges of the occiput.
Consequently it is impossible to tell whether the red is confined to the
sides of the head. In its measurements the specimen is nearer to
mixtus than lignarius. I am not able to satisfy myself as to the sub-
specific identity of the female collected.

It seems not improbable that mixtus and lignarius are less distinct
than usually thought.

Beetles and lepidopterous larvae were found in the stomachs.

PicuLUS RUBiGiNOSUS TUCUMANUS (Cabanis).
M. C. Z. 96,871. Ad. cf . Argentina: Iltico, Tucuman. 20 November, 1923.

This species was observed only once, at Iltico, Tucuman, on Novem-
ber 20, where it was heard tapping on a tree in a dense part of the
forest. Its stomach contained many white grubs, probably coleopter-
ous larvae, and one small seed.

Trichopicus cactorum (d'Orbigny).

M. C. Z. 96,872. Ad. d". Argentina: Deniz Island, Santa Fe. 4 January, 1924.
M. C. Z. 96,873. Ad. 9. Argentina: Santa Elena, Entre Rios. 9 February,
1924.
This Yellow-throated Woodpecker was seen several times around
Santa Elena and in the islands in the Parana just opposite. It fre-
quented thinly wooded or open country and was always observed
singly or in pairs. They climbed about like dryobatine woodpeckers,
but their call-note was more like that of a White-breasted Nuthatch
{Sitta carolinensis) , very nasal and drawn out. The stomach of the
male collected contained several small black beetles, while that of the
female held two fruit-pits about the size of cherry-pits, the remains of
some reddish fruit-pulp, and some beetle remains.

Chrysoptilus melanolaimus perplexus Cory.

M. C. Z. 96,874. Ad. cf . Argentina: Deniz Island, Santa Fe. 4 January, 1924.
M. C. Z. 96,875. Ad. d". Argentina: Deniz Island, Santa Fe. 4 January, 1924.

In my opinion perplexiis is a valid race and can be easily distin-
guished from typical melanolaivius by the middle stripe of yellowish
olive bordering the shaft on both webs on the under surface of the outer

186 bulletin: museum of compabative zoology.

rectrices. This stripe is lacking in western birds of the typical race. A
specimen from Mendoza in the M. C. Z. is more or less intermediate,
but nearer melanolaimus than perplexus. Other characters distinguish-
ing these races are discussed by Wetmore (Bull. 133, U. S. N. M., 1926,
p. 220).

The two specimens collected were the only ones observed. They
were on the ground acting much like Flickers {Colaptes auratns), but
were not definitely seen to probe in the earth for food. Small black
beetles were found in the two stomachs.

Colaptes campestroides (Malherbe).

M. C. Z. 96,876. Ad. cf . Argentina: Santa Elena, Entre Rios. 18 February,

1924.
M. C. Z. 96,877. Ad. cf . Argentina: Santa Elena, Entre Rios. 9 February,

1924.
M. C. Z. 96,878. Ad.? 9 ? Argentina: Santa Elena, Entre Rios. 9 February,

1924.

The Pampas Flicker is very similar in habits to the North American
Colaptes auratns. Especially in flight is this resemblance striking when
the suddenly revealed white rump-patch and the undulating progres-
sion of the bird recall the North American species very vividly. The
species probes in the ground for its food, but also obtains some of its
diet from stumps, trees, and fence-posts. Two of the three specimens
collected had dried mud on the tips of their bills. Ants were found to
be the favorite food. Each of the three stomachs contained at least a
hundred small black ants, while one contained a large number of white
grubs in addition. The only note heard was a long, harsh keovgh, quite
similar to that note in C. auratus.

The local name in Entre Rios was Carpintero, a name applied to all
woodpeckers.

TROCHILIDAE.

Chlorostilbon aukeo-ventris tucumanus E. Simon.

M. C. Z. 96,854. Ad. cf. Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 10 October, 1923.
M. C. Z. 96,855. Ad. d^. Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 28 September,
1923,

This little green Picaflor was quite common around Concepcion and
Rio de Gastone, Tucuman, during my stay (September 23 to Decem-
ber 23). During January and February I saw large numbers around

friedmann: notes on some Argentina birds. 187

Santa Elena, Entre Rios. At San Pablo and the valley of the Rio
Lules, Tucuman, September 22, it was seen frequenting the flowers of
several species of Eupatorium. With it were associated numbers of the
beautiful Sappho sapho. A nest with two young was found near Con-
cepcion on November 27. The nest was like that of Archilocus cohihris
in size and structure, being a soft, felted shallow cylinder made of
downy plant-fiber and soft bits of bark. It was placed on the top of a
palm-leaf about a foot from the axil. The young were evidently just
hatched, and looked like newly hatched Archilocus coluhris.

The stomachs of the two birds collected contained small fragments
of insect remains, some of which seemed to be pieces of the elytra of
minute beetles.

Sappho sapho (Lesson).

This beautiful humming bird was observed only at the Rio Lules in
the eastern foothills of the Andes in Tucuman, on September 22, As I
went up the steep trail through the densely forested slopes this little
species flushed from among the Eupatoriums with astonishing fre-
quency, rapidly flitting here and there, the long tail glowing and
sparkling as the sunbeams played on it. A most striking bird to the
eye, it was also heard more than all the other birds together on that
day. Its rather unpleasant harsh tscha-tscha note is surprisingly loud
for a bird of its kind. Only one female was seen while about seventy or
eighty males were noted.

Heliomaster furcifer (Shaw).

M. C. Z. 96,856. Ad. c?". Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 9 October, 1923.
M. C. Z. 96,857. Ad. cf. Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 29 September,

1923.
M. C. Z. 96,858. Ad. 9. Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 29 September,

1923.
M. C. Z. 96,859. Ad. 9. Argentina: Santa Elena, Entre Rios. 16 January,

1924.
M. C. Z. 96,860. Im. cf . Argentina: Santa Elena, Entre Rios. 8 February,

1924.
This striking little humming bird was not uncommon in bushy fields
and fairly open thickets. It was observed at Concepcion and Rio de
Gastone, Tucuman, from September through December, several;
also, Tucuman — Alpachirri, October 27, several; Iltico, November
20, one; Entre Rios — around Santa Elena, January and February,

188 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

fairly numerous; near the Saladero M, Cabal, Santa Fe, January 20,
one.

Its flight and general habits seemed similar to those of Chlorostilbon
aureoventris, but the present species appeared to be more partial to the
pinkish flowers of Verbena chamaedryfolia than to Eupatoriums. It
was often seen perched on the telegraph-wires along the roadbed of the
Central Cordoba Railway, the edges of which were literally carpeted
with patches of the Verbena.

DENDROCOLAPTIDAE.

^IPHOCOLAPTES MAJOR MAJOR (Vieillot).

M. C. Z. 96,845. Ad. cf. Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 13 October, 1923.

The study-material available in the M. C. Z. consists of two females
from Tapia, Tucuman (J. L. Peters), and two specimens from the
Lafresnaye collection, including the type of Dendrocolaptes ruhiginosus.
These four and the Concepcion specimen exliibit considerable variation
in the width of the white shaft-stripes on the breast. The two females
from Tapia have these white stripes bordered with dark grayish brown ;
in some feathers the dark grayish is concentrated into small black dots.
The male from Concepcion is larger than these two females as the
following measurements indicate: —

Culmen

Sex

Locality

from base

Wing

Tail

Tarsus

&

Concepcion

56 mm.

157 mm.

118 mm.

31.5 mm.

9

Tapia

50 mm.

152 mm.

121 mm.

30.0 mm.

9

Tapia

51 mm.

140 mm.

118 mm.

29.0 mm.

The Carpintero Grande, as this large woodhewer was called in Tucu-
man, was a scarce bird in my experience. I saw but one, feeding on the
ground like a Flicker, and as I approached it flew up into a tree and
perched lengthwise, woodpecker-like, on a slanting branch.

The stomach contained ants and some unidentifiable insect remains.

The iris in life was dark brown and the bill smoky blue-gray.

Lepidocolaptes angustirosrtis angustirostris (Vieillot).

M. C. Z. 96,846. Ad. cf. Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 17 November,

1923.
M. C. Z. 96,847. Ad. d". Argentina : Concepcion, Tucuman. 10 October, 1923.

friedmann: notes on some Argentina birds. 189

There is considerable variation in size in this species. Besides the
two birds from Concepcion, I have examined two males from Tapia,
Tucuman (J. L. Peters), and find that the wing varies in males from 92
to 98 mm., the tarsus from 15 to 17 mm.; the tail from 68 to 82 mm.;
and the culmen (from base) from 28 to 33 mm. Wetmore (Bull. 133,
U. S. N. M., 1926, p. 236) records a male from Tapia with a culmen
of 35.7 mm. and wings measuring 99.6 mm.

This species is one of the very few in my experience in which the size
relations of the two testes vary individually. One bird had the left
testis very large and the right one minute, while the other had them
both very large and equal in size.

This woodhewer was not uncommon in the open, bushy Acacia
savannas near Concepcion. It was often observed climbing up tree-
trunks in true picine fashion, but with a jerky motion not usually
noticeable in the more perfected climbing of the woodpeckers. Beetles
were found in the stomachs of both birds collected.

In life the iris was dark brown.

Drymornis bridgesi (Eyton).
M.C.Z. 96,842. Ad. 9. Argentina: Santa Elena, Entre Rios. 4 February, 1924 .

This species w^as observed but once and the specimen seen was
promptly collected.

The series in the M. C. Z. shows great variation in size, the culmen
varying from 59 to 69 mm., the wings from 131 to 140 mm.; the tail
from 109 to 123 mm.; the tarsus from 29 to 31 mm. There is also con-
siderable variation in the size of the white stripes on the underparts.
The four birds from eastern Entre Rios (Concepcion del Uruguay) in
the M. C. Z. have these stripes the smallest, while three from Tapia,
Tucuman, have them best developed. The Santa Elena specimen is
intermediate in this respect.

The stomach contained the remains of several locusts, a rather un-
usual choice of food for a tree-climber.

The iris was dark brown.

FURNARIIDAE.

FuRNARius RUFUS RUFUS (Gmelin).

M. C. Z. 96,838. Ad. cf . Argentina: Santa Elena, Entre Rios. 10 January,

1924.

M. C. Z. 96,839. Ad. cf. Argentina: Santa Elena, Entre Rios. 10 January,

1924.

190 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

Ovenbirds were commonly observed everywhere in Argentina.
They were numerous even in the parks in the city of Buenos Aires, as
well as in La Plata, and were quite tame and accustomed to people. In
Tucuman they were very common and large numbers of their nests
were examined. The Tucuman birds may be referable to the race
commersoni, but unfortunately no specimens were taken in that prov-
ince. In western Ai-gentina the bird was always called Hornero, while
in eastern parts of the country two names, Hornero and Casero, were
equally used.

The Hornero is one of the avian personalities of Argentina, and is
one of the few birds universally regarded with friendly respect by the
peons. The stories about it are numerous, one being to the effect that
it never works on Sundays, but restricts its building activities to week
days. In its general habits this ovenbird is somewhat like a thrush,
feeding on the ground like a robin, and in flight resembles a large Hylo-
cichla. When disturbed it is very vociferous, some of the loud, clear,
ringing notes recalling the distress-call of the Robin (Planesticus vii-
gratornts) . It both hops and runs, and on one occasion I saw an Hornero
scratching among some dead leaves and stems with both feet simul-
taneously like a Fox Sparrow (Passerclla iliaca).

The nest is a wonderfully well-built mud-oven with a spiral entrance
on the side; it is straddled on horizontal or gently sloping branches
of trees, or on the cross-bars of telegraph-poles, and even on fences and
gates. In the great majority of nests found in the provinces of Buenos
Aires and Entre Rios the entrance was on the left side, while in Tucu-
man, Santiago del Estero, and Cordoba, about as many nests had the
entrances on the right side as on the left. Of approximately 600 nests
observed, some 450 had the opening on the left.

I examined the contents of no less than 217 nests. Of these only
sixty-one were occupied at the time by the ovenbirds while forty-nine
were occupied by other species, Machdornis rixosa, Sycalis pdzclni,
Phacoprocjne tapera, etc. One contained seven little tree-frogs, Hyla
nasica, and one egg of Molothnis bonariensis, while several nests,
much to my discomfort, were inhabited by hornets.

The eggs of the Hornero are pure dull white and average (nine speci-
mens) 30x21.5 mm. I never found more than five in a nest. This
ovenbird is frequently parasitized by the cowbird, Molothrus bonari-
ensis; eighteen out of sixty-one occupied nests contained one or more
eggs of the parasite. Incredibly large numbers of cowbirds' eggs have
been found in single nests of the Hornero — as many as thirty-seven
in one case. The largest number I ever found was four. All nests in

friedmann: notes on some Argentina birds. 191

which very large numbers of eowbird eggs are laid are usually deserted
before many of the parasitic eggs are deposited, so that the number sat
upon by the Hornero rarely exceeds four. The larger size of the oven-
bird eggs does not seem to keep the Molothrus eggs from hatching
first. I have never seen the young of the two species growing up to-
gether, but have found some nests containing young cowbirds and
eggs of the ovenbirds and others with young ovenbirds and eggs of the
cowbirds, but never any with young of both. I have, however, heard
of one such case.

At Santa Elena, Entre Rios I was told by Mr. A. Philip, a thor-
oughly reliable observer, of a case where an ovenbird was watched for
some days. Although it had two young of its own already out of the
nest, it was seen to return to its nest with food for several days there-
after. Finally a young eowbird emerged from the nest and after that
the old Hornero did not return to the nest.

Ants seem to be the main article of diet, at least both birds collected
had nothing but ants in their stomachs.

One of the specimens collected, which may be not fully adult, has the
feathers of the malar and gular regions terminally banded with grayish
brown, giving the appearance of fine indistinct bars. These bars extend
across the white throat.

FuRNARius CRiSTATUS Burmeister.

On an Acacia-dotted plain on the east bank of the Rio de Gastone,
Tucuman, I saw several of these Crested Ovenbirds and found seven of
their nests (November 24). In general this species acts and sounds
much like the preceding one, but seems less terrestrial in its feeding
habits. The nests are similar to those of F. rufus, but are smaller, not
more than two thirds as large as those of the common ovenbird. One
of the nests contained two eggs of the eowbird, Molothrus honariensis,
in addition to two of the builder. The eggs of the Crested Ovenbird
are similar to those of F. nifus, but smaller, averaging 27 x 19 mm.

Synallaxis superciliosa Cabanis.

M. C. Z. 96,832. Ad. d". Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 19 October, 1923.

I have had the opportunity of comparing the Concepcion specimen
with but one other (M. C. Z. 94,797), a male from Sarmiento, Tucuman.
The first is in worn, while the other is in fresh, plumage. In the fresh

192 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology,

plumage the crown and nape are brighter, lighter, and slightly more
orange than in the worn plumage. In the former the tail is more rufous
than in the latter and the secondaries are externally edged with
rufous in the fresh plumage. These edges are entirely worn off in the
Concepcion specimen.

Hellmayr (Cat. birds. Amer., 1925, p. 76) records measurements of
five specimens of this bird, according to which the wings vary from
54-56 mm. ; the tail from 86-91 mm. ; the culmen is 12 mm. The speci-
men from Sarmiento in the M. C. Z. has the wing 61 mm., the tail
81 mm., and the culmen 10 mm.

In life the iris is bright coffee-brown, the bill blackish brown, and the
feet dusky horn color. The stomach of the bird collected contained
insect remains.

This species was quite common around Concepcion and Rio de
Gastone, Tucuman, September 23 to December 23. Many of their
huge stick-nests were seen and several in process of construction were
observed. The birds were always seen in pairs.

The Bay-winged Cowbird, Agelaioides hadnis badius, often uses the
nests of this Synallaxis to breed in and frequently usurps occupied nests
after evicting the little spine-tails. On December 9, at Concepcion,
Tucuman, I heard a commotion in one of the palm-trees along a little
road and, on coming closer, saw a very spirited fight. A pair of Bay-
wings were in the tree near a nest of this Synallaxis, and one of the
spine-tails was also there. The Bay-wings were harshly chattering at
the latter which kept up a loud, incessant alarm-call. Suddenly one of
the Bay-wings fiew directly at the Synallaxis, which then flew off hur-
riedly to the next palm. The Bay-wing pursued it and the two birds
struck each other's bodies with a distinct thud. Fighting madly with
wings and feet and screaming their loudest, the Cowbird harsh and
guttural, the Synallaxis clear and ringing, they half fluttered, half
dropped to the ground, where they fought desperately for a minute or
so. Then the Synallaxis quickly flew off across the road and dropped
down in a field of sugar cane. The Bay-wing was close behind and the
fight was renewed for a few seconds, when the former flew off making
a wide circle of the nesting tree. Five days later the Bay-wings were
found in possession of the nest and there was no sign of the original
owners.

The common name for this Synallaxis throughout Argentina is
Lenatero.

friedmann: notes on some Argentina birds. 193

Synallaxis albescens albescens Temminck.

M. C. Z. 96,833. Ad. cT. ArgentiBa: Santa Elena, Entre Rios. 16 January,
1924.

In the M. C. Z. there is an immature female of this species from
Tapia, Tucuman (J. L. Peters). It differs from the adults in that it
lacks all but a trace of the rufous on the crown, the tail is darker and
more rufous, and the back is more olive-brown and brighter than in the
adult birds.

This spine-tail was quite common in the thorny thickets in the sandy
barrancas in western Entre Rios where it was seen flitting around in
the taller bushes and in the trees. No nests were observed that were
definitely attributed to this species, but the bird collected was in
breeding condition.

The common name is Leiiatero.

CORYPHISTERA ALAUDINA ALAUDINA Burmeistcr.

M. C. Z. 96,843. Ad. cf. Argentina: Santa Elena, Entre Rios, 15 January,

1924.
M. C. Z. 96,844. Ad. 9. Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 17 November,
1923.

These birds agree with a series of six from Tapia, Tucuman (J. L.
Peters). Males are very slightly larger than females.

These pipit-like woodhewers were very common at Concepcion and
Rio de Gastone, Tucuman, September 23 to December 23; at Santa
Elena, January andli^ebruary; and at Vizcacheros, Entre Rios, Febru-
ary 1. A few were noted around the city of La Plata on September 6.
They are eminently terrestrial and go in small parties of six or seven
(probably families), running about in the dry, open sandy places be-
tween thorn bushes. They show their arboreal phlyogeny, however, at
the slightest sign of danger when they take to the trees and taller bushes,
where they hop and flit and clamber about with the greatest rapidity
and ease. The alarm-call is a spluttering series of sharp clicks.

The nests are composed of sticks and twigs, and are very large for the
size of the builders. Several nests were found, all of them empty.

Anumbius anumbi (Vieillot).

M. C. Z. 96,834. Ad. cf . Argentina: Santa Elena, Entre Rios. 15 February,
1924.

There is a good deal of variation in the markings of the breast in this
species. In some birds (six specimens from General Lavalle, Buenos

194 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

Aires) there are distinct necklaces of black spots and the breasts are
darkly streaked and quite distinct in shade and color from the lighter,
more uniform bellies. Others (three specimens from Entre Rios and
three from southern Brazil) lack the black necklaces and have the
breast and bellies alike in color, fairly light, like the color of the bellies
of the six specimens from General Lavalle, and more or less distinctly
streaked.

Although most dendrocolaptids and furnariids are commonly called
Leiiateros in Argentina, the present species is the one most frequently
meant when that name is used. I met it rather seldom considering its
wide range and numerical status. In Tucuman I sav/ a few now and
then from September through December near the Rio de Gastone. In
western Entre Rios (vicinity of Santa Elena) the species was somewhat
commoner and quite a number were seen during January and February.
It frequents only dry Acacia savannas and thorny thickets, and each
pair seems to require considerably more breeding territory than any
species of Synallaxis. Near Santa Elena, a pair had a nest in a large
Acacia, but the male usually perched near by on a post along a road.
In flight the white in the tail shows very distinctly and serves to iden-
tify the bird, but when at rest the species is very inconspicuous and
easily overlooked.

Phacellodomus euber ruber (Vieillot).

M. C. Z. 96,835. Ad, c?. Argentina: Bovril Islands, Santa Fe. 13 January,
1924.

The single specimen collected agrees with others in the M. C. Z. from
Paraguay and Bolivia. The species has not hitherto been recorded in
northw^estern Entre Rios and in as much as I saw but one during two
months there, it is probably rare locally (cf. Serie y Smyth, El hornero,
1923, p. 37-55 for a Hst of bu-ds of Santa Elena).

The stomach of the specimen collected contained ants and small
beetles.

The iris was bright golden yellow.

Phacellodomus rufifrons sincipitalia Cabanis.

M.C.Z. 96,836. Ad. 9. Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 30 September, 1923.
M. C. Z. 96,837. Ad. cf. Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 29 September, 1923.

Three birds collected in late autumn (April) at Tapia, Tucuman, by
J. L. Peters, have the forehead and crown much darker and redder than

friedmann: notes on some Argentina birds. 195

in the specimens I collected at Concepcion in the spring (September).
The Red Thorn-bird is a denizen of the thickest thorny tangles and
rarely exposes itself to view. It is an active, restless bird, constantly
flitting and climbing among the small branches of tall bushes. This
appearance of nervous activity is heightened by the jerky character of
the gait. It has a sharp chvck or check note which it gives at frequent
intervals, especially when alarmed.

PsEUDOSEisuRA LOPHOTES (Rcichenbach).

M. C. Z. 96,840. Ad. cf . Argentina: Santa Elena, Entre Rios. 9 January,

1924.
M. C. Z. 96,841. Im.? d'. Argentina: Santa Elena, Entre Rios. 10 January,

1924.
The only male specimen with which I have been able to compare the
two Santa Elena birds is one collected by Barrows at Concepcion del
Uruguay, eastern Entre Rios, January 27, 1880. This bird is much
smaller in all its measurements than the two Santa Elena specimens
from western Entre Rios and is much lighter and more rufous in color.
However, considerable size- variation occurs in this species. The two
Santa Elena birds differ in several respects from each other; a male
(M. C. Z. 96,840) in breeding condition has the cheeks dark rufous and
the rufous of the gular region is dark and extends over and includes the
chin; the other male (M. C. Z. 96,841) in non-breeding condition (prob-
ably immature) has the cheeks brownish gray and the rufous patch
on the throat is confined to the center of the throat, the chin and gular
region being whitish. The rufous throat-patch is light, almost cinna-
mon in color. The belly and flanks in this bird are more rufous than in
the other and the feathers of the breast and lower throat are terminally
banded with grayish brown. In the breeding male there are none of these
terminal bands save for faint indications on the lower breast.

The Cachalote, as this bird is called, was common in the dry Acacia-
dotted barrancas and savannas of western Entre Rios. At Santa Elena
(January and February) they were numerous and several of their
enormous nests were found. The nests are compact, horizontal,
roughly cylindrical masses of sticks and twigs and often attain a length
of five feet and a diameter of two and a half or three feet. The en-
trance is round and just large enough to accommodate the entrance of
the bird and is always at one end of the cylindrical nest. The eggs,
usually three in number, are pure white and measure about 29 x 21
mm. (three specimens measured).

196 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

The flight of the Cacholote is rather slow and undulating, usually
low over bushes and shrubs. Its usual call is noisy, being a loud crack-
ling series of cnk notes all run together. The crest is quite noticeable in
flight and is raised and lowered frequently. Perching birds also raise
their crests when alarmed.

The iris in life is light brown. k

FORMICARIIDAE.

Taraba major major (Vieillot).

M. C. Z. 96,830. Ad. 9. Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 7 October, 1923,
M. C. Z. 96,831. Ad. d". Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 2 October, 1923.

These birds agree with three others from Tapia, Tucuman (J. L.
Peters), in the M. C. Z. I have compared theConcepcion specimens with
a series of thirteen from various parts of the range of the species and find
no variation, except in the width of the bars of the outer tail-feathers.
In some birds these feathers are more white than black while in others
the preponderance of color is reversed. This variation is not geographi-
cal.

This species was met with somewhat sparingly in Tucuman during
October and November. It was found only in low hedge-like thickets
alongside paths and short, little-used roads. In such places this large
ant-thrush scratches among the dead leaves for bits of food. The only
birds seen attracted my attention by the noise they made in scratching
among the leaves. The two collected had been feeding on small beetles.

The male has a very loud call, a clear, full, penetrating whistle
rapidly repeated. It sings from the bushes, not from the ground.

TYRANNIDAE.
Taenioptera cesterea cinerea (Vieillot).

M. C. Z. 96,796. Ad. cf . Argentina: San Joaquin, Entre Rios. 27 January,

1924.
M. C. Z. 96,797. Ad. 9. Argentina: San Joaquin, Entre Rios. 27 January,

1924.

The two specimens collected are in poor plumage making comparison
with others difficult. Allowing for age and condition they agree with
others in the M. C. Z. series.

I met with this strikingly marked flycatcher only at San Joaquin.

friedmann: notes on some Argentina birds. 197

They were feeding on the ground when first seen, but flew up to an old
post. They were very restless and constantly darted out after passing
insects returning each time to the post. On the ground they walked
and acted much like Machetornis rixosa. One of the birds had been
feeding on small beetles, while the stomach of the other contained
some locust remains.

Iris bright red ; bill and feet black.

Taenioptera irupero (Vieillot).

M. C. Z. 96,798. Ad. 9. Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 2 November,

1923.
M. C. Z. 96,799. Ad. cf . Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 7 October, 1923.

The beautiful Viudita, as this bird is called, was common in open
scrubby country wherever I went. It was recorded as follows: Con-
cepcion and Rio de Gastone, Tucuman, September 23 to December 23,
common in suitable localities; from train-window on the Central
Cordoba Railway in the provinces of Cordoba and Buenos Aires,
December 24, a few, in Entre Rios, Santa Elena. January 3 to February
23, common, and San Joaquin, January 27, one pair; La Noria, Santa
Fe, January 19, one.

The pure white plumage of this species broken only by the black of
the wings, coupled with its habit of perching quietly, almost motion-
less, for considerable periods of time, give the bird the appearance of a
white flower or of a piece of cotton caught on the end of a tall cardon or
other weed. It is extremely conspicuous and doubtless its habit of
nesting in holes in trees is interrelated with its coloration. In my ex-
perience the species was very silent. Both birds collected had been
feeding on small beetles.

Lichenops perspicillata perspicillata (Gmelin).

M. C. Z. 96,828. Ad. d'. Argentina: Bovril Islands, Santa Fe. 13 January,

1924.
M. C. Z. 96,829. Im. 9 . Argentina: Bovril Islands, Santa Fe. 13 January,

1924.

The Pico de Plata or Silverbill was noted in many places in Argen-
tina. It was first seen in the wet meadows at Berisso and Ensenada,
Buenos Aires, early in September, where they were quite numerous.
On September 20 I saw several from a train-window in parts of the
provinces of Buenos Aires, Santa Fe, and Santiago del Estero. Several
were seen in Tucuman at San Pablo, on September 22, and around

198 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

Concepcion and Rio de Gastone, it was very local and somewhat un-
common, September 23 to December 23. On December 23 several
were noted from a train-window on the Central Cordoba Railway in
the provinces of Cordoba and Buenos Aires. At Santa Elena, Entre
Rios, it was locally absent on account of unsuitable ecological condi-
tions, but in the Bovril Islands just opposite in the Rio Parana Silver-
bills were quite common. They were fairly abundant in eastern Santa
Fe (Saladero M. Cabal, San Sofia, and La Noria) in January and
February. Early in March several were noted at General Lavalle and
Ajo, southern Buenos Aires.

Both birds collected were moulting heavily which makes comparisons
useless.

This species is almost as restricted to the vicinity of water as is
Fluvicola albiventer, but is frequently found in moist meadows while the
latter is entirely a bird of stream-banks. In these marshy areas the
little Silverbills are among the most conspicuous birds in regions where
they are common. They fly low over the grass-tops and drop suddenly
and vertically into the vegetation at the end of the flight. There seems
to be no downward glide as in the flight of most birds. I never saw one
perch in a tree or on any elevated perch so the species is probably
wholly terrestrial.

The apparently bizarre coloration is very practical in the field. At a
distance all the observer sees as the bird flies are the white wing-
patches. The black color of the rest of the bird disappears, i.e., it
seems as though the observer looks right through it to the shadows on
the grass. The white patches fluttering up and down in flight look like
the disconnected wings of a butterfly. When close at hand the bird is
conspicuous in flight, but as soon as it alights and folds its wings the
white color disappears. It is an excellent example of a flash-color like
the white rump of Colaptes.

This species is usually silent, but on a few occasions I heard a feeble,
squeaky series of thin notes from adult males.

Four nests were found in the Bovril Islands during January; they
are deep cups of dried grasses and resemble both in appearance and in
site the nests of Geothlypis trichas of North America. All were in the
bases of tussocks of swamp grass and were exceedingly well hidden.
It was necessary to part the grasses to see the nests; all but one of
them were empty as it was late in the season, but one contained four
white eggs spotted and dotted with reddish brown, chiefly at the larger
end. They measured 23 x 16.7 mm.

In life the bill and eye skin are light yellow, but appear white at a
little distance.

friedmann: notes on some Argentina birds. 199

Machetornis rixosa rixosa (Vieillot).

M. C. Z. 96,810. Im. cf . Argentina: Santa Elena, Entre Rios. 31 January,

1924.
M. C. Z. 96,811. Ad. ?. Argentina: Concepcion, Tueuman. 27 September,

1923.

The specimens collected agree with a series in the M. C. Z. This fly-
catcher was very common in all parts of Argentina visited. Around the
city of Buenos Aires it was noted early in September; at La Plata,
Berisso, and Ensenada, Buenos Aires, it was numerous during the
second week of September, was very common around Concepcion and
Rio de Gastone, Tueuman, September 23 to December 23, and was
equally common at Santa Elena, Entre Rios, during January and
February. A few were seen in eastern Santa Fe (Saladero M. Cabal,
and La Noria) during January, and early in March a few were noted
around Dolores, General Lavalle, and Ajo, Buenos Aires.

In Tueuman this species was called Matero and was very common
around cattle and in the stable-yards where it walked and fed on the
ground together with Cohimbina picui and Molothrus bo7iariensis bona-
riensis. Materos were often seen perched cowbird-fashion on the backs
of horses and cows where they seemed perfectly at home and the beasts
paid absolutely no attention to them.

In late September the Machetornis began to mate and thereafter
was seen chiefly in pairs. The song is weak, thin, rather high, and is
composed of four syllables of equal length and the same pitch. It
sometimes breeds in old nests of ovenbirds and woodhewers, but fre-
quently builds an open nest of straws, rootlets, and dead grass. In
Tueuman I found ten occupied nests, the earliest on October 28 and
the latest on December 16. Of these ten, five were old nests of Synal-
laxis sp., one was an old nest of Furnarius rufus, while four were open
nests built by the tyrants. The last four were all in trees, the lowest
being six feet from the ground, the highest about twenty feet up. The
projecting base of an old leaf and the corresponding axillar cavity of a
palm-tree was a favorite nesting site. Eggs of the cowbird, Molothrus
bonariensis bonariensis, were foimd in three of the four open nests and
in the old oven of Furnarius. None of the old synallaxine nests were
invaded by the parasite. It is easier for a parasitic bird to deposit an
egg in an open nest than in a domed one, so probably the pugnacity of
the Machetornis is usually sufficient to keep !the Molothrus out of
nests of the latter type, while in open nests a few minutes off guard is
enough to allow the parasite to lay its egg and get away. Three was the

200 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

largest number of cowbird eggs found in any nest of the Matero. The
eggs of this tyrant are whitish, heavily streaked with brownish and gray-
ish and are pointed at the small end. They average 22 x 17.5 mm. In a
way they resemble the eggs of Myiarchus crinitus of North America.

Fluvicola albiventer (Spix).

M. C. Z. 96,800. Ad. cf. Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 12 November,
1923.

This dainty little flycatcher was observed as follows: Tucuman, —
Rio 3e Gastone, September 23 to December 23, locally common ; Con-
cepcion, October and November, very local and uncommon; Bovril
Islands, Rio Parana, Santa Fe, January and February, common. It is
entirely restricted to the shores of streams or ponds. On the wooded
edges of a little affluent of the Rio de Gastone, Fluvicola was c^uite
common, flitting over the surface of the water after the manner of
Sayornis phoehe of North America. This resemblance is restricted only
to the flight of the two species. The present bird does not pump its
tail vertically when perching. On December 11, at this place I found
three nests. They were beautifully constructed purse-shaped affairs,
made of dead grasses, fine straws, small rootlets and stems. All the
nests were attached to the tips of branches overhanging the water.
The entrance to the nest is on a side and the whole nest bears a general
resemblance to that of Telmatodytes palustris of North America, but is
slightly smaller and made of finer materials and more closely woven.
The nests were all lined with feathers. One contained two eggs, one
had a young bird, about eight or nine days old, and one was empty.
The eggs are pure white with a few brownish flecks at the large end.

In the Bovril Islands in the Parana this bird was common in the
reeds and rushes along the banks of streams. The eastern part of these
islands are wooded and in the wooded portions of the streams this bird
was absent. Five or six miles inland from the eastern shore of the is-
lands the vegetation changes suddenly, the trees and shrubs disappear
and in their place is a vast swamp of giant grasses and reeds. Here it
is that this black and white tyrant makes its home. Its ceaseless activ-
ity, pursuing its insect prey in true flycatcher fashion, its dainty and
distinctive coloring, and its strict adherence to one type of environ-
ment sharply demarcated from the rest of the island, make the bird
unusually interesting and attractive in the field.

On January 12 while crossing the islands I found ten nests. Unlike
those found in Tucuman, these were all vertically attached to the up-

friedmann: notes on some Argentina birds. 201

right stalks of a tall plant called Cardon by the peons. (Cardon really
means thistle which these plants certainly were not). In Tucuman this
plant was not met with. The nests averaged about six or seven inches
in height and three or four inches in width and were just like those
found in western Argentina. Three of these nests contained three eggs
each, four had two eggs apiece, one contained three young birds about
four days old, and one was empty.

The specimen collected agrees with others in the M. C. Z. Its
stomach contained insect remains.

SlSOPYGIS ICTEROPHRYS (Vieillot).

M. C. Z. 96,816. Ad. cf. Argentina: Santa Elena, Entre Rios. 9 February,
1924.

The single specimen collected agrees with others in the M. C. Z.

The Amarillo or Yellow-browed Tyrant was first observed at Con-
cepcion, Tucuman, where a few were noted during October, November,
and December. They were far from common, however. At Santa
Elena, Entre Rios, this species was met with but once, a male seen and
collected on February 9.

On November 12 near Concepcion, Tucuman, I found a nest; it was
in a crotch in a thorn tree and about ten feet from the ground. The nest
was a shallow cup about six inches in diameter (outside measurements)
and about two inches deep and was made of fine twigs and rootlets and
lined with a few feathers and some dead grass. It contained four eggs,
very pointed at the small end, light buffy white in color with several
blotches of rufous brown at the large end. Around the nest the parent
birds were very shy.

Knipolegus aterrimus aterrimus Kaup.
M. C. Z. 96,827. Ad. cf. Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 9 October, 1923.
The specimen collected was the only individual of this species seen.
It was in a dense thicket of thorn trees and flew from one tree to
another, jerking its tail as it lit on a branch. The specimen agrees with
others in the M. C. Z.

EUSCARTHMORNIS MARGARITACEIVENTER MARGARITACEIVENTER

(d'Orbigny and Lafresnaye).

M. C. Z. 96,826. Ad. d". Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 6 October, 1923.

An inhabitant of the brush and low thickets on the periphery of

wooded areas, this species feeds on small insects, combining in its

202 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

feeding habits the aerial tactics of the true flycatchers and the ter-
restrial and arboreal gleaning method of vireos and warblers.
The specimen collected agrees with others in the M. C. Z.

Serpophaga subcristata munda Berlepsch.

M. C. Z. 96,822. Ad. 9. Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 29 September,
1923.

The specimen collected differs from two from Mendoza (J. L. Peters)
in the M. C. Z. in that it has almost no yellowish on the belly and under
tail-coverts while both Mendoza birds are distinctly tinged with light
yellowish. The two latter are intermediate between munda and typical
snhcristata, nearer to the latter if anything; they do not seem to be
immature. Wetmore (Bull. 133, U. S. N. M., 1926, p. 320) writes that
in immature birds in first winter plumage the lower abdomen is very
faintly washed with yellow, suggesting the condition found in sub-
cristata, but lighter and more restricted in extent.

Iris dark brown; bill and feet black.

Serpophaga nigricans (Vieillot).
M. C. Z. 96,823. Ad. 9 . Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 2 October, 1923.

I have compared this specimen with others from Tucuman and
Entre Rios and find no differences.

This is a nervous, restjess little flycatcher and always reminded me
of a gnatcatcher (Polioptila). They jerk their tails when hopping about
in the branches and open and close them like a fan,

Elaenia albiceps albiceps (d'Orbigny and Lafresnaye).

M. C. Z. 96,819. Ad. 9. Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 30 September,

1923.
M. C. Z. 96,820. Ad. c?. Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 9 October, 1923.
M. C. Z. 96,821. Ad. cf. Argentina: Rio de Gastone, Tucuman. 4 December,

1923.
I have compared these specimens with a series of twenty-two from
various parts of Argentina and find there is considerable variation in
the amount of yellowish green on the flanks and bellies of the females.
The males are more constant in this respect. In some females the flanks
and lower abdomen are very grayish, only slightly tinged with yellow,
while in others they are light greenish yellow with no indication of

friedmann: notes on some Argentina birds. 203

gray. This variation is apparently not one of age and certainly is of no
geographic significance, as both types occur together all over the range
of the race.

This flycatcher was common around Concepcion and Rio de Gastone
Tucuman, September 23 to December 23. It was found in scrubby,
thorny patches and being shy and nervous it was rather hard to col-
lect. On one occasion I saw one elevate its crown-feathers and expose
the white median stripe for an instant.

SuiRiRi suiRiRi (Vieillot).

M. C. Z. 96,815. Ad. 9. Argentina: Santa Elena, Entre Rios. 9 February,
1924.

The specimen collected was moulting at the time, especially in the
tail. Otherwise, allowing for sexual difference, it agrees with a series
from Concepcion del Uruguay, Entre Rios, in the M. C. Z.

This species somewhat resembles the preceding one in life, but is
less shy and is found in more open tree-dotted savannas. On Novem-
ber 29 at Rio de Gastone, Tucuman, I found a nest. It was a well-
built cup of fine grasses, moss, and plant-fibers felted together and was
placed in a little horizontal crotch in an Acacia tree about eight feet
from the ground. It contained three eggs of the flycatcher and one of
the cowbird, Molothnis honariensis bonariensis. The eggs of Suiriri
suiriri are pale creamy white, flecked and dotted with reddish brown
and pointed at the small end.

The female collected at Santa Elena, Entre Rios, is apparently the
first record for that district, as Serie and Smyth (El hornero, 1923, 3,
p. 37-56) do not mention it in their list.

Pit ANGUS sulphuratus bolivianus (Lafresnaye).

M. C. Z. 96,808. Ad. d". Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 3 October, 1923.
M. C. Z. 96,809. Im. cT . Argentina: Santa Elena, Entre Rios. 8 February,
1924.
The Bienteveo, as this handsome tyrant is called, was one of the
commonest birds everywhere in Argentina. It was recorded as fol-
lows:— Montevideo, Uruguay, August 31, several; seen from train-
windows in provinces of Buenos Aires, Santa Fe, and Santiago del
Estero, September 21, many; in provinces of Tucuman, Catamarca,
Cordoba, and Buenos x\ires, December 23, 24, many; Buenos .\ires —
Buenos Aires City, September 1 to 20, common in parks; La Plata, Ber-

204 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology,

isso, Ensenada, September 6 to 10, common ; Dolores General Lavalle,
and Ajo, early in March, common ; Tucuman — San Pablo and Rio
Lules, September 22, common; Concepcion and Rio de Gastone, Sep-
tember 23 to December 23, very common; Alpachirri, October 27,
several; Iltico, November 20, several; at Santa JElena, Entre Rios, and
the Bovril Islands in the Parana, Santa Fe, January 3 to February 23,
common; Saladero M. Cabal and La Noria, Santa Fe, January 19,
several.

The Bienteveo is one of the most characteristic birds of Argentina
and is one that is commonly found around human habitations. In the
garden of Mr. Stewart Shipton at the Ingenio La Corona near Concep-
cion, Tucuman, I have seen this bird feeding on insects close to the
house. In stable-yards it sometimes gleans a few flies and wasps, but
it is most numerous around water. Like its Mexican subspecies, the
so-called Derby Flycatcher, P. s. derbianus, it makes a large, untidy,
domed nest with an entrance on one side and rather high up. The nest
is composed of fluffy vegetable — fibers, woolly material, string, and
feathers and averages about a foot in height and seven inches in width.
No attempt is made to conceal the nest or simulate its surroundings.
When building the birds are said to steal whole nests of smaller birds
to use them as building material in the construction of their own nests.
Of five nests examined, two contained five eggs each, one contained
four eggs, and two were empty. The eggs average 30 x 21 mm. and are
light buffy white, with scrawls and specks of blackish or blackish brown
on the large end. Fully fledged young were seen flying around as early
as the middle of No\'ember. The young birds have a harsh, beady call
that may be written dzeeer.

The call-notes of the adults are varied. Some notes are harsh and
grating while others are clear, loud, and ringing. The vernacular name,
Bienteveo, is an imitation of the commonest type of call-note.

The female collected on October 9 had an egg ready for the shell in
its oviduct.

Myiodynastes solitarius (Vieillot).

M. C. Z. 96,806. Ad. d". Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 10 October, 1923.
M. C. Z. 96,807. Ad. cf. Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 10 October, 1923.

The two males collected agree with a series in the M. C. Z.

This species was found only at Concepcion, where it occurred in the
thickets and tall bushes around wooded areas. It was suspicious and
shy, retreating into the protective cover of the bushy tangles at the
first sign of danger. I found three nests of this bird : — two were in

friedmann: notes on some Argentina birds. 205

horizontal crotches of thorn trees; while one was built in a tangle of
vines overgrowing a dead bush. This last nest, found on December 19,
contained two eggs of the cowbird, Mohihrus honariensis bonariensis,
in addition to one of the tyrant. The nest is a rather shallow bowl of
small twigs, stems, and straws with a lining of smaller straws and
measures (average of three nests) seven inches across. The eggs are
pointed at one end, are pale cream in color, streaked and spotted with
reddish purplish brown.

Myiophobus fasciatus flammiceps (Temminck).

M. C. Z. 96,824. Ad. 9. Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 7 October, 1923.
M. C. Z. 96,825. Ad. cf? Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 30 September,
1923.

My two birds have wings of 63 ( 9 ) and 64 (cf) mm., respectively
while three unsexed birds from Bahia, Brazil, have wings of from 53-
57 mm., three males from Colombia 57-59 mm., five females from Col-
ombia 56-57.5 mm., two males from Venezuela have wings of 57.5 mm.,
and two unsexed birds from Trinidad 59 and 59.5 mm. respectively.
These data together with those given by Wetmore indicate pretty
clearly the subspecific distinctness of the birds of southern South
America.

These little brown tyrants are inhabitants of low bushes and thickets
along the banks of streams and roadsides. In their general actions they
are not unlike small emipidonaxine species, but their nests are vireo-
like, being deep cups suspended from two bifurcations of a terminal fork
of a branch. I found two nests, the first on November 22 and the other
on December 1, both near Concepcion, The first nest was about four
feet from the ground and contained an egg of the cowbird, Molothms
honariensis bonariensis, in addition to one of the flycatchers. The
female bird was flushed from the nest and had apparently been incubat-
ing for some days. The next day the eggs were found pecked and the
contents drunk and the nest deserted. The other nest, found on
December 1, was just finished. The next day the body of the female
flycatcher was found near by, partly eaten.

Pyrocephalus rubineus rubineus (Boddaert).

M. C. Z. 96,817. Im. cf . Argentina: Santa Elena, Ehtre Rios. 15 February,

1924.
M. C. Z. 96,818. Ad. d". Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 17 November,

1923.

206 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

These specimens agree with others in the M. C. Z.

In Tucuman this bird was found in open Acacia savannas and in
bushy thickets. In Entre Rios it was observed in the bushy parts of
the sandy barrancas close to the water, and one was seen in a wet
meadow. Seven nests were found, all in crotches in Acacias, ranging
from six to twelve feet from the ground. All were found near the Rio
de Gastone, Tucuman. The nest is a beautiful little felted cup of
mosses, spider webs, and plant-fibers, externally decorated with bits
of bark and moss. Three of the nests found contained eggs, the others
were empty. The largest number of eggs found in one nest was four.
The eggs are white, slightly tinged with cream color, spotted with
brownish black at the large end and pointed at the small end. In Entre
Rios the present species was rare and was seen but once.

The stomachs of the specimens collected contained insect remains.

This species goes under several names, most of them referring to its
brilliant coloration. In Tucuman it was called Pajaro de Fuego or
Bird of Fire; in Entre Rios it was known as Churrinche.

Empidonomus AUTiANTio-ATROCRiSTATUS (d'Orbigny and Lafresnaye).

M. C. Z. 96,812. Ad. &. Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 17 October, 1923.
M. C. Z. 96,813. Ad. 9. Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 9 October, 1923.
M. C. Z. 96,814. Im.? Argentina: Santa Elena, Entre Rios. 9 February'
1924.

The immature bird collected at Santa Elena is interesting in its
plumage characters. The underparts are uniform as in the adult
aurantio-atrocristatus, but the back, wings, and tail are like those of
adults of Empidonomus varius. Empidonomus varius is probably the
more primitive of the two existing species of the genus and the young
of the more highly evolved species reveals its ancestry just as the
young of Molothrus rvfoa.villaris shows the ancestry of that species.
When I was in London in 1924 I had the privilege of examining three
juvenile specimens of Empidonomus at the British Museum. Until
more is learned of these birds it may be tentatively stated that the
immature plumages of both species are very similar, but that the
young of E. varius have the underparts streaked while in E. aurantio-
atrocristatus the underparts are uniform. The streaks in E. varius vary
in distinctness.

This flycatcher was fairly common in open bushy districts about
Concepcion and Rio de Gastone, Tucuman. It was often seen perched
on the top branch of a tall bush, partly screened from view by the

friedmann: notes on some Argentina birds. 207

foliage. It looked very sombre in life as the golden crest was not vis-
ible except on rare occasions. The only notes heard were rusty squeaks.
In an Acacia grove near the Rio de Gastone, Tucuman, I found six
nests during November and December; they were rather loosely con-
structed saucers of small twigs and stems and averaged about six
inches in diameter, and were placed in horizontal crotches in the trees
anywhere from six to ten feet from the ground. One of the nests, found
on November 15, contained three eggs of the tyrant and one of the
cowbird, Molothrus honariensis honariensis. The other nests contained
from two to four eggs each, and none of the parasite. The eggs are
pale creamy in color, spotted with purplish brown chiefly towards the
large end. Like the eggs of many tyrants the small end is pointed.

Tyrannus melancholicus melancholicus Vieillot.

M. C. Z. 96,803. Ad. 9. Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 2 November,

1923.
M. C. Z. 96,804. Ad. ?. Argentina: Santa Flena, Entre Rios. 7 February,

1924.
M. C. Z. 96,805. Ad. cf . Argentina: Santa Elena, Entre Rios. 9 January,

1924.

The specimens collected agree with the series in the M. C. Z.

This bird was fairly common around Concepcion, and Rio de Gas-
tone, Tucuman, September 23 to December 2.3; common, but local, at
Santa Elena, Entre Rios, January 3 to February 23; several at Palermo,
Buenos x\ires City, March 1 ; and at El Tigre, Buenos Aires, March 4.
In its general habits T. melancholicus is very similar to T. tyrannm, the
common kingbird of North America. It was most numerous in thin
forest and in open bushy places.

Hudson wrote that this species was never parasitized by the cow-
bird, Molothrus honariensis honariensis, but out of five nests found at
Concepcion, Tucuman, three contained eggs of the parasite, and ten
cases in all have come to my notice. The nest is similar to that of T.
tyrannus, a loose structure of stems, small twigs, and rootlets, placed
in a crotch in a thorn tree, anywhere from four to ten feet from the
ground. The eggs, usually not more than four in a clutch, are pointed
at the small end, pure white in color with brownish spots around the
large end. They average about 25.5 x 19.5 mm.

208 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

MuscivoEA TYKANNUS (Linne).

M. C. Z. 96,801. Ad. cf . Argentina: Santa Elena, Entre Rios. 4 February,

1924.
M. C. Z. 96,802. Ad. cT. Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 28 September,

1923.

The Tijerita, as this dainty species is called by the peons, was ob-
served at the following places: — Concepcion and Rio de Gastone,
Tucuman, September 23 to December 23, common; several seen from
train-window in provinces of Cordoba and Buenos Aires, September 24;
in Entre Rios at Santa Elena, January 3 to February 23, common; and at
San Joaquin, January 27, several; few seen at Saladero M. Cabal,
Santa Fe, January 19.

When I began field-work in Tucuman on September 23 I found this
species quite rare, but as the days passed migrant flocks kept coming
in from the north and by the end of the month the birds were common.
They are extremely attractive in life and are very active and restless.
When not pursuing some insect prey they are generally seen tormenting
a hawk or other large bird in the way that kingbirds often do. In flight
the long tail-feathers lie straight out behind, parallel to each other, but
when wheeling or turning the tail opens up like the blades of scissors.
The only notes heard were little explosive dzeep sounds.

I found twelve occupied nests, all near Concepcion, Tucuman. Of
these twelve, four contained eggs of the cowbird, Molothrus bonariensis
honariensis, in addition to the rightful eggs. The nest is intermediate
in type between the poorly constructed nests of Tyrannus and the
finished structure of Suiriri. It is cup-shaped and made of plant-
fibers, cottony material, and thistle down, but these materials are
mixed with bits of resinous bark which practically glue it together and
make it rather hard and non-pliable. The eggs, never more than four
in number, are creamy white in color, pointed at the small end, and
spotted with brownish and reddish brown at the large end. The adult
birds are very pugnacious around the nest.

Although these birds were seen chasing and capturing insects the
stomachs of the three birds collected contained nothing but fruit-
pits about the size of cherry-pits.

friedmann: notes on some Argentina birds. 209

PHYTOTOMIDAE.

Phytotoma rutila rutila Vieillot. •

M. C. Z. 96,786. Ad. d". Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 13 October, 1923.
M. C. Z. 96,787. Ad. d". Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 2 November, 1923.
M. C. Z. 96,788. Ad. 9. Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 30 September,

1923.
M. C. Z. 96,789. Ad. 9 . Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 17 October, 1923.

Of the two males collected, one (October 13) has the entire crown
back to the posterior part of the occiput rufous orange while the other
(November 2) has the rufous orange extending backwards only as far
as the posterior end of the eye.

Plant-cutters were observed at the following localities : — Concep-
cion and Rio de Gastone, Tucuman, September 23 to December 23,
"fairly common; Santa Elena, Entre Rios, January 3 to February 23,
fairly common; San Joacjuin, Entre Rios, January 27, two seen. These
curious birds were found in Acacia groves and in sparse, open thickets
where they were usually heard more often than seen. The song of the
male is very characteristic, and quite unavian in sound. Hudson de-
scribed it as like the bleat of a lamb and his description can be im-
proved only by adding that the sound is hoarser than a lamb's bleat,
but otherwise similar to it. It is a deep, guttural, prolonged aaaaaah
gradually losing in volume and finally dying out; the "a" pronounced
as in the word ant.

On November 26 near the Rio de Gastone, Tucuman, I found a nest
of this bird ; it was a rather poorly constructed deep saucer of fine twigs,
flimsily lined with plant-fibers and placed in the middle of a thorn
bush and about seven feet from the ground. It measured seven inches
across (outside measurements) and contained four eggs. The eggs
measured 24 x 19 mm. and were a pale light olive with a bluish tinge,
spotted and flecked with dark brown, chiefly at the large end.

The bills of all four birds collected were stained with the greenish sap
of leaves and other vegetation eaten. The stomachs all contained
finely comminuted vegetable matter.

210 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY.

HIRUNDINIDAE.

Iridoprocne meyeni (Cabanis).

M. C. Z. 96,784. Ad. cf . Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 28 September,
1923.

This swallow was fairly numerous around Concepcion from late
September until late December. In its general habits it was quite
similar to the tree swallow,' Iridoproaie hicolor, of North America.
The single specimen collected agrees with others from Mendoza and
Rio Negro in the M. C. Z.

Phaeoprogne tapera tapera (Linne).

M. C. Z. 96,782. Im. 9. Argentina: Bovril Islands, Santa Fe. 13 January,

1924.
M. C. Z. 96,793. Ad. 9. Argentina: Bovril Islands, Santa Fe. 19 February,

1924.

The plumage of the immature female is like that of the adult, but
darker and less brownish on the upperparts.

This brown swallow was met with only around Santa Elena, Entre
Rios, and the adjacent parts of eastern Santa Fe. Here it was not un-
common and was found breeding. It frequently nests in old nests of the
ovenbird, Furnarius riifus, but also uses holes in trees. On January 13
I found a nest in a hole about thirty feet up in a tall tree. It contained
one young bird nearly ready to leave, some fragments of egg-shells,
and some feathers. The nestling was collected and found to be a
female. The adult birds flew around as I robbed the nest and uttered
weak chup-chup call-notes.

TROGLODYTIDAE.

Troglodytes musculus rex (Berlepsch and Leverkiihn).

M. C. Z. 96,785. Ad. cT. Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 4 October, 1923.

The subspecific identification of the single specimen collected is
based solely on geographic grounds, following Chapman and Griscom
(Bull. A. M. N. H., 1924, 50, p. 295). However the Concepcion bird
has a considerably shorter wing than any in their series of forty-six
males of rex. They found the wings to vary in length from 51 to 57
mm., while the Concepcion specimen has a wing of only 48.5 mm., with

friedmann: notes on some Argentina birds. 211

the other measurements as follows: — tail 43 mm.; tarsus 16 mm.;
culmen, from base, 13.5 mm.

In its general habits, loud bubbling song, manner of flight, etc., this
bird is very similar to the House Wren, Troglodytes aedon, of North
America.

MIMIDAE.

MiMus TRiuRUS (Vieillot).

M. C. Z. 96,794. Ad. o". Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 17 October, 1923.
M. C. Z. 96,795. Ad. cf. Argentina: Santa Elena, Entre Rios. 31 January,
1924.

The January specimen was heavily moulting on the wings and body
when collected. Both birds are slightly darker than specimens from
Mendoza in the M. C. Z.

The Banded Mockingbird was not uncommon in thorny thickets
around Concepcion, Tucuman, September 23 to December 23, and at
Santa Elena, Entre Rios, January 3 to February 3. In the latter place
it has been recorded as early as October (Serie and Smyth, El hornero,
1923, p. 52). In its general habits this species always reminded me
greatly of M. polyglottos of North America. In flight the white patches
on the wings and tail are very conspicuous and serve to identify the
bird a long way off. The stomachs of the specimens collected contained
insect remains.

On December 15 at Rio de Gastone, Tucuman, I witnessed what
was probably the display antics of this mockingbird. The bird was
seen on the ground in an open grassy field. It ran a few steps, singing
as it went, then opened its wings and sprang up a foot or so in the air,
bringing the body nearly to horizontal, then dropped down again,
closed its wings and ran a few steps more. It kept this up in unbroken
succession for a minute or more in which time it travelled about seventy
feet from where it started to sing. No other bird of this species was
seen in the place at the time.

MiMUS saturninus modulator (Gould).

M. C. Z. 96,792. Ad. d^. Argentina: Santa Elena, Entre Rios. 10 January,
1924.

M. C. Z. 96,793. Ad. cf . Argentina: Rio de Gastone, Tucuman. 21 Novem-
ber, 1923.

The two specimens collected agree with others in the M. C. Z. This
calandria was common in the vicinity of Concepcion and Rio de

212 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology;

Gastone, September 23 to December 23; and equally common at
Santa Elena, January 3 to February 23. In its general habits it is quite
similar to M. triurus so far as my experience shows. However its song
is quite inferior to that of the last-named species. It has a peculiar
way of jerking its tail as it moves about, which is not noticeable in
M. triurus. It is a species of the open country wherever there are
very many trees growing here and there, and it spends much of its time
on the ground.

On November 30 at Rio de Gastone I found a nest about five feet
up in a bush. It contained three eggs, one that of a cowbird {Molothrus
honariensis honariensis). The nest was built on the top of the ruins of
an old nest of a woodhewer. I arrived in Entre Rios after the bird was
through breeding. Mr. C. H. Smyth, a resident egg-collector at Santa
Elena, told me that nearly every nest of this bird contains one or more
eggs of the cowbird. Over a dozen cowbird eggs have been found in a
single nest of this species. The eggs of the calandria vary from pale
bluish, greenish, or light olive to pale olive-brown, and are abundantly
marked with brownish or reddish brown. They measure (average of
two specimens) 27x21.5 mm.

The stomachs of the birds collected contained beetles and locust
remains.

TURDIDAE.

TURDUS RUFIVENTRIS RUFIVENTRIS Vicillot.

M. C. Z. 96,770. Ad. d". Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 10 October, 1923.

The single specimen collected agrees with a series in the M. C. Z.

The Red-bellied Thrush was recorded as follows: — Buenos Aires
city, September 3, one in the park near Palermo; La Plata, September
6, several; Concepcion and Rio de Gastone, Tucuman, September 23
to December 23, fairly common ; in Entre Rios, Santa Elena, January
3 to February 23, abundant; San Joaquin, January 27, one.

This thrush, everywhere known as Zorzal Colorado by the Argen-
tinians, is an inhabitant of thickets, or open woodland; and around
human habitations it has adapted its habits like the North American
Planesticus migratorius, and has become a bird of the lawns and
gardens, nesting familiarly close to houses. In Mr. Stewart Shipton's
garden at the Ingenio La Corona near Concepcion, several of these
thrushes used to feed on crumbs almost daily.

A nest was found in this garden on November 8. It was about eight
feet up in a bushy tree and was made of rootlets, fine twigs, and stems.

FRIEDMAIfN: NOTES ON SOME ARGENTINA BIRDS. 213

the whole being strengthened by mud and dried dung. The nest was
empty. Near by was a young cowbird, Molothrus honariensis bonarien-
sis, just out of the nest attended by a Red-beUied Thrush.

The bird collected had one lepidopterous larva, and some vegetable
matter in its stomach. Its proventriculus was infested with small
parasitic worms.

Tltrdus amaurochalinus Cabanis.
M. C. Z. 96,767. Ad. 9 . Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 10 October, 1923.

This thrush was recorded only around Concepcion, September 23 to
December 23, where it was not uncommon in thorny thickets and thin
forest. It was more strictly arboreal in its habits than the last, or next
species, and was never seen on the ground.

In this region I found the Zorzal Blanco, as it was called, to be quite
commonly victimized by the cowhird, Molothrus honariensis honariensis.
Out of eight nests found five contained eggs of the cowbird, as well as of
the thrush. All the nests were placed in the center of dense bushes and
ranged from four to eight feet up from the ground. The nests were well
made, durable, deep cups of rootlets, small twigs, and stems matted
together and strengthened by mud and caked dry dung. The eggs are
light bluish green, dotted and speckled with dark brown, and average
30.5 X 21 mm. in size. The earhest nest was found on November 14,
the latest on December 20. I never found more than three eggs in a
nest, but owing to the presence of the cowbird eggs the number of the
thrush's may have been reduced.

The specimen collected agrees with others in the M. C. Z. It had
been feeding on vegetable matter.

TuRDUS anthracinus Burmeister.

M. C. Z. 96,768. Ad. cf . Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 30 September,

1923.
M. C. Z. 96,769. Ad. 9 . Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 9 October, 1923.

The Zorzal Negro, as this black robin was called, was observed only
near Concepcion, where a few were seen during September and Octo-
ber. They were always found on the ground in open places, sometimes
associating with the Materos, Machetornis rixosa rixosa, and the
Tordos, Molothrus honariensis honariensis. The call-notes are loud and
clear and are quite similar to those of Planesticiis migratorius of North
America. The two birds collected had been feeding on insect larvae.

214 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

SYLVIIDAE.
Polioptila dumicola (Vieillot).

M. C. Z. 96,771. Ad. c?. Argentina: Bovril Islands, Santa Fe. 13 January,

1924.

M. C. Z. 96,772. Ad. cf . Argentina: Santa Elena, Entre Rios. 9 January,

1924.

This little gnatcatcher was observed in the following localities: —
Coneepcion and Rio de Gastone, Tueuman, September 23 to December
23, common; Santa Elena, Entre Rios, January 3 to February 23, fairly
common; Bovril Islands, Santa Fe, on and off during January and
February, not uncommon. In its general habits and habitat this spe-
cies greatly resembles P. caerulca of North America. The tail is usually
held erect and jerked vigorously as the bird hops from one branch to
another.

In Tueuman I found seventeen nests of this species, the earliest on
October 29 and the latest on December 22. The majority were found
in the last half of November and the first week in December. The nest
is very similar to that of P. caerulca. It is a beautifully felted deep cup
of plant-fibers, cottony, and woolly material, and downy feathers, and
is usually placed about eight feet from the ground in rather small trees.
Of the seventeen nests found, fifteen contained eggs. Of these, eight
contained three eggs each, five two each, and two had one apiece. The
eggs are light bluish white, marked and speckled with dark brownish,
and average (ten specimens) 27 x 21.5 mm. in size. This species has
been recorded by Hudson as a victim of the cowbird, Molothrus hon-
ariensis bonariensis, but his record is neither definite nor explicit.
None of the nests I found had been parasitized.

MOTACILLIDAE.

Anthus lutescens lutescens Pucheran.

M. C. Z. 96,777. Ad. cf. Argentina: Coneepcion, Tueuman. 19 December,

1923.
M. C. Z. 96,778. Ad. 9. Argentina: Coneepcion, Tueuman. 19 December,

1923.

The pair collected are in worn breeding plumage, They had a nest
and eggs and the female was incubating at the time when collected.
Measurements of the birds are as follows: — male: wing 64; tail 45;

friedmann: notes on some Argentina birds. 215

culmen 11; tarsus 18 mm.; female: wing 63; tail 45; culmen 11; tarsus
18 mm.

They were found in a grassy meadow near Concepcion on December
19, and the species was not met with again either there or elsewhere.
The nest, a partly domed grass-cup, was placed on the ground in the
midst of tall grasses. It resembled the nest of a meadowlark, Sturnella
viagna, on a small scale. It contained four eggs of the pipits and one
of a cowbird, Molothnis bonariensis bonariensis. This constitutes the
first breeding record of this bird in Tucuman and also its first record
as a victim of the cowbird.

Both birds collected had beetle remains in their stomachs.

i

CORVIDAE.

Cyanocorax chrysops tucumanus Cabanis.

M. C. Z. 96,790. Ad. d". Argentina: Iltico, Tucuman. 20 November, 1923.
M. C. Z. 96,791. Im d". Argentina: Iltico, Tucuman. 20 November, 1923.

The immature bird lacks the purple at the gape and above and
below the eye.

This fine jay was noted only in the forested Andean foothills in
Tucuman. At Alpachirri several were noted on October 27, while at
Iltico the species was common on November 20. These birds were
found in the heavy forest where they were hard to see; but their char-
acteristic nasal, grunt-like calls quickly gave notice of their presence,
and they were easily enticed into open glades by squeaking; one was
seen dusting itself on the roadside. Although single birds were noted,
the species was usually found in small bunches of four or five. The
specimens collected had been feeding on insects. In flight and general
appearance through the trees of the forest these jays look not unlike
some of the turacos (Turacus) of Africa.

CYCLARHIDAE.

Cyclarhis gujanensis viridis (Vieillot).

M. C. Z. 96,775. Ad. cf . Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 30 September,

* 1923.
M. C. Z. 96,776. Ad. cT. Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 30 September,
1923
This vireo-shrike was observed only around Concepcion, September
23 to December 23, where it was an uncommon inhabitant of open
bushy and shrubby areas.

216 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

One of the males (M. C. Z. 96,776) was in breeding condition while
the other (M. C. Z. 96,775) was not. The latter was probably a year-
old bird. In this specimen the entire crown and nape has a brownish
tinge and the flanks are tinged with light buffy brown. The adult
breeding bird has no brown on the crown and very little on the flanks,
but has the yellow on the breast brighter than in the other.

VIREONIDAE.

ViREO CHivi CHI VI (Vieillot).

M. C. Z. 96,773. Ad. 9. Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 9 October, 1923.
M. C. Z. 96,774. Ad. 9. Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 9 October, 1923.

This vireo was very common in the thickets and edges of woods
around Concepcion and Rio de Gastone, Tucuman, September 23 to
December 23. In its habits and* appearance it greatly resembles the
•North American T'. olivaceus. The song is intermediate between that of
V. olivaceus and that of Lanivireo flamfrons, the first phrase being clear
like that of olivaceus and the second phrase somewhat buzzy like that
of flaxifrons.

The specimens from Concepcion agree with others from Tapia
(J. L. Peters) in the M. C. Z.

COMPSOTHLYPIDAE.
Geothlypis aequinoctialis velata (Vieillot).

M. C. Z. 96,779. Ad. cf. Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 19 November,

1923.
M. C. Z. 96,780. Ad. 9. Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 9 November,

1923.
M. C. Z. 96,781. Ad. cf. Argentina: Bovril Islands, Santa Fe. 13 January,

1924.

The three birds collected agree with a series in the M. C. Z.

This warbler was observed in the following localities : — Concepcion
and Rio de Gastone, Tucuman, September 23 to December 23, not
uncommon; Santa Elena, Entre Rios, January 3 to February 23, un-
common, only one seen; Bovril Islands, Santa Fe, on and off during
January and February, not uncommon and probably frec^uently over-
looked.

In its secretive habits and its choice of marshy habitats this bird
resembles its North American congener, G. trichas. All three birds
collected had been feeding on insects.

friedmann: notes on some Argentina birds. 217

COMPSOTHLYPIS PITIAYUMI PITIAYUMI (Vieillot).

This warbler was observed at Santa Elena, Entre Rios, January 3 to
February 23, where it was quite common in the narrow strip of woods
on the shore of the Parana. It was entirely restricted to this forested
strip which in no place was more than a couple hundred yards in width.
It was met with in similar moist woods in the Bovril Islands in the
Parana, but was not as common there as on the mainland shore.

ICTERIDAE.

Leistes superciliaris petilus Bangs.

M. C. Z. 96,701. Ad. cT. Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 28 November,

1923.
M. C. Z. 96,702. Ad. cf. Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 28 November,

1923.
M. C. Z. 96,703. Ad. cf . Argentina: Santa Elena, Entre Rios. 8 January,

1924.
M. C. Z. 96,704. Ad. c^. Argentina: Santa Elena, Entre Rios. 9 January,

1924.
M. C. Z. 96,705. Ad. 9. Argentina: Santa Elena, Entre Rios. 9 January,
1924.

This handsome species, called Pecho Colorado in the Argentine
vernacular, was observed as follows: — Concepcion, Tucuman, Sep-
tember 23 to December 23, locally common but not widely distributed;
Santa Elena, Entre Rios, January 3 to February 23, common; Lavalle,
Buenos Aires, March 10, a few seen.

The specimens collected agree with the characters and type of petilus
Bangs and I therefore recognize this race, although Wetmore (Bull.
133, U. S. N. M., 1926, p. 375) states that he is unable to distinguish
geographic forms of superciliaris; he maintains that superciliaris is
specifically distinct from militaris.

This species goes in small bands of from two or three to fifteen or
twenty, the usual flock containing- about eight or ten birds; they are
not nearly as conspicuous in life as would seem likely from an examina-
tion of skins. The brilliant color of the breast is not often seen, and at a
distance the birds look like cowbirds.

One of the birds collected was infested with tapeworms, but seemed
to be in good condition.

218 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

PSEUDOLEISTES VIRESCENS (VieiUot).

M. C. Z. 96,706. Im. d^. Argentina: Santa Elena, EntreRios. 7 January, 1924.
M. C. Z. 96,707. Im. d". Argentina: Santa Elena, EntreRios. 7 January, 1924.
M. C. Z. 96,708. Im. cf . Argentina : Santa Elena, Entre Rios. 7 January, 1924.
M. C. Z. 96,709. Ad. d'. Argentina: Ajo, Buenos Aires. 11 March, 1924.
M. C. Z. 96,710. Ad. 9 . Argentina: Ajo, Buenos Aires. 10 March, 1924.

The Yellow-breasted Marsh-bird was observed in the following
places : — Santa Elena, Entre Rios, January 3 to February 23, common ;
Ajo, Buenos Aires, March 9 to 11, common.

In Entre Rios this species was a very common breeding bird, but
as it breeds early I arrived there too late to find any occupied nests.
I found the birds in flocks composed largely of young birds in various
stages of the post juvenile moult. They were usually seen in open places
where the grass was short, feeding there like so many starlings. The
birds collected had seeds and ants in their stomachs. The flocks were
composed of from five to a hundred birds and often contained indi-
viduals of other species such as Eeistes, Molothrus, etc. Around Ajo,
Buenos Aires, all the birds had completed their moult by March 10.

Amblyrhamphus holosericeus (Scopoli).
M. C. Z. 96,700. Im. c?. Argentina: Deniz Island, Santa Fe. 4 January, 1924.

The Orange-headed Blackbird was observed on and off during Janu-
ary and February in the Bovril Islands in the Rio Parana, Santa Fe.
They were all moulting at that season and were cjuite silent and secre-
tive. However a few males were still in full plumage and added glowing
bits of color to the otherwise sombre hue of the marshes. Small flocks
used to come to a neglected maize-patch in a little clearing on Deniz
Island and feed there on the young corn. The adult males have a song
unmistakably akin to the con-gcrcccc of Agclams phoeniceus of North
America, but milder and very slightly clearer and with the last syllable
shorter than in the Red-winged Blackbird.

The local name for this species in Entre Rios and Santa Fe was Juan
Soldado.

Agelaius thilius chrysopterus Vieillot.

The Yellow-shouldered Blackbird was quite common in the marshes
of the Bovril Islands, Santa Fe, but was extremely shy. During Janu-
ary and February I saw this species about a dozen times, but was

FKIEDMANN: notes on some AKGENTINA BITIDS. 219

unable to collect any. In its general habits it seemed very similar to its
North American relative, A. phoeniceus. All the birds seen were moult-
ing and none were heard singing. The local name is Tordo de las Alas
Amarillas.

Agelaius ruficapillus Vieillot.

M. C. Z. 96,711. Ad.? 9 . Argentina: Bovril Islands, Santa Fe. 17 February,

1924.
M. C. Z. 96,712. Ad.? 9. Argentina: Bovril Islands, Santa Fe. 17 February,

1924.
M. C. Z. 96,713. Im. 9 . Argentina: Bovril Islands, Santa Fe. 17 February,

1924.
M. C. Z. 96,714. Im. cf. Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 17 October, 1923.
M. C. Z. 96,715. Im. d'. Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 17 October, 1923.

This bird was found around Concepcion, September 23 to December
23, in small numbers, and in the marshes of the Bovril Islands, Santa
Fe, January 3 to February 23, where it was not uncommon. It was
usually met with in small flocks. Hudson wrote that this species lives
exclusively in the marshes and never comes near human habitations.
However, in Tucuman, the only ones I saw were found feeding in a
stable-yard, together with numbers of cowbirds, Molothrus bonariensis
honariensis. The species seems practically restricted in its diet to insect
food, and its presence in stable-yards is therefore to be accounted for
by the insects rather than the grain in such places. Of course it may
occasionally eat grain as do most of its relatives, but all five birds col-
lected had nothing but insect remains in their stomachs.

Icterus pyrrhopterus pyrrhopterus (Vieillot).

M. C. Z. 96,716. Ad. cf. Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 17 October, 1923.
M. C. Z. 96,717. Ad. 9. Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 30 September,
1923.

If the race Icterus p. argoptilus Oberholser is valid the female col-
lected would have to be referred to that race, and /. p. pyrrhopterus
would be the resident breeding bird of Tucuman and 7. p. argoptilus
probably a winter visitor from the south. The fact that the ovary of
the female collected was very small makes it possible that the bird was
a migrant or a winter visitor. The testes of the male collected were
very large.

This dark oriole was met with only around Concepcion, during
September, October, and November. It was very local and showed a

220 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

decided preference for shady trees along stream-banks. Most of the
individuals noted were found along the Chilimayo, a little river tribu-
tary to the Rio de Gastone.

Agelaioides badius badius (Vieillot).

M. C. Z. 96,651. Ad. cf. Argentina : Rio de Gastone, Tucuman. 4 December,

1923.
M. C. Z. 96,652. Ad. 9 . Argentina: San Sofia, Entre Rios. 26 January, 1924.
M. C. Z. 96,653. Im. d'. Argentina: San Sofia, Entre Rios. 26 January, 1924.
M. C. Z. 96,654, Ad. cf . Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 2 November,

1923.
M. C. Z. 96,655. Ad. 9. Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 28 September,

1923.
M. C. Z. 96,656. Ad. 9. Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 26 September,

1923.
M. C. Z. 96,657. Ad. 9. Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 17 November,

1923.
M. C. Z. 96,658. Ad. cf . Argentina: Santa Elena, Entre Rios. 4 February,

1924.
M. C. Z. 96,659. Ad. cf . Argentina: Santa Elena, Entre Rios. 16 February,

1924.
M. C. Z. 96,660. Im. cf . Argentina: Santa Elena, Entre Rios. 9 February,

1924.
M. C. Z. 96,661. Ad. cf . Argentina: Santa Elena, Entre Rios. 16 February,

1924.
M. C. Z. 96,662. Ad. 9 . Argentina: Santa Elena, Entre Rios. 16 February,

1924.
M. C. Z. 96,663. Im. 9. Argentina: Santa Elena, Entre Rios. 16 February,

1924.

About thirty specimens of the Bay-winged Cowbird were taken and
those listed above were saved. In as much as my notes on all three cow-
birds are intended for separate publication, and are far too bulky to be
incorporated here, a brief summary of my findings will suffice. The
Bay-winged Cowbird was observed as follows : — from train-window in
the provinces of Buenos Aires, Santa Fe, Santiago del Estero, and
Tucuman, September 20 to 21, many; Buenos Aires, Palermo, Sep-
tember 2, a few; Berisso and Enserada, September 6, fairly common;
Buenos Aires City, September 15 to 20, not uncommon in the parks;
Ajo, March 10, a few; Tucuman — Tucuman City, September 21,
several in the parque9 de Julio; San Pablo, September 22, several; Con-
cepcion and Rio de Gastone, September 23 to December 23, common;
Alpachirri, October 27, several ; Iltico, November 20, a few ; Entre Rios —

friedmann: notes on some Argentina birds. 221

Santa Elena, January 3 to February 23, common; San Sofia, January
26, numerous; Bovril Islands, Santa Fe, and eastern Santa Fe (Sala-
dero M. Cabal) on and off during January and February, fairly com-
mon.

Cassin (Proc. Acad. nat. sci. Phil., 1866, p. 15) proposed Agelaioides
for this bird, but subsequent writers have united it with Molothrus.
The Bay-wing, however, seems to deserve generic distinction from the
other cowbirds and the revived genus Agelaioides may be characterized
as follows : — non-parasitic cowbirds with short, rounded wings, no
courtship display, song utterance totally unlike that of all the other
cowbirds; female-type of coloration in both sexes.

In this connection it may be noted that Wetmore (Bull. 133, U. S.
N. M., 1926, p. 387) suggests that generic distinction may be warranted.

The Bay-winged Cowbird is a resident bird in all parts of its range
and is probably quite sedentary, each individual spending its whole life
in the vicinity of its birthplace. During the winter the species goes in
small flocks which break up into pairs at the approach of the breeding
season. It breeds in old nests of other birds, chiefly oven birds (Fur-
narius rufus) or woodhewers (Synallaxis sev. sp., Anumbius sp., Pseu-
doseisura sp., and Phacellodomus sp.), but does occasionally build a
nest itself. When this happens, the result is a fairly well-built cup of
straws, grasses, and twigs, about eight inches across (outside measure-
ment). I have seen Bay-wings fight with woodhewers for the possession
of the nests of the latter so that nest-building is apparently only a last
resource to the cowbirds. However, when an old nest is occupied the
cowbirds do a certain amount of nest-building, changing or adding to
the lining of the nest, etc. Of this work the larger part is done by the
male, although both sexes work. The breeding season is late, reaching
its height during January and February, and seldom beginning before
December, while that of the common cowbird, Molothrus honariensis
honariensis, begins in October, rarely in September, and reaches its
height in November and December.

The eggs, never more than five in number, are grayish white, heavily
marked with brownish and brownish black, rather pointed at the small
end, and average 25 x 20 mm. in si"2;e. Practically every nest of this
species contains one or more eggs of the Screaming Cowbird, Molothrus
rufo-axillaris. Out of seventy nests of the Bay-wing, sixty-five con-
tained eggs of both species. The incubation period of the Bay-wing is
twelve and a half to thirteen days.

This species is peculiar among the cowbirds in that the male has
absolutely no courtship display. The song is a mellow, monotonous,

222 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

formless chant given in a weary sing-song manner and is frequently
interrupted by a guttural chuck note. This song has no definite form as
has that of the typical cowbirds (Molothrus), but is considered pleas-
ing by the natives who have given the bird the name of Musico. The
song is given by both sexes, but chiefly by males.

Local names for this species are numerous, the following being those
most commonly used: — Tordo Colorado, Muraju (Guarani Indian),
Musico, and Mulato.

Molothrus rufo-axillaris Cassin.

M. C. Z. 96,664. Ad. cf. Argentina: Santa Elena, Entre Rios. 16 January,

1924.

M. C. Z. 96,665. Im. 9. Argentina: Ajo, Buenos Aires. 10 March, 1924.

M. C. Z. 96,666. Ad. (f. Argentina: Ajo, Buenos Aires. 11 March, 1924.

M. C. Z. 96,667. Ad. cf . Argentina: Ajo, Buenos Aires. 10 March, 1924.

M. C. Z. 96,668. Ad. cf . Argentina: Ajo, Buenos Aires. 11 March, 1924.

M. C. Z. 96,669. Ad. d". Argentina: Ajo, Buenos Aires. 10 March, 1924.

M. C. Z. 96,670. Ad. cf . Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 4 November,

1923.

M. C. Z. 96,671. Ad. d'. Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 3 November,

1923.

M. C. Z. 96,672. Ad. d. Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 13 October, 1923.

M. C. Z. 96,673. Ad. 9. Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 1 November,

1923.

M. C. Z. 96,674. Ad. 9. Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 8 October, 1923.

M. C. Z. 96,675. Ad. cf. Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 8 October, 1923.

M. C. Z. 96,676. Ad. 9. Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 26 September,

1923.

M. C. Z. 96,677. Ad. d. Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 5 December,

1923.

M. C. Z. 96,678. Im. o". Argentina: Rosas, Buenos Aires. 12 March, 1924.

The name brevirostris d'Orbigny and Lafresnaye currently used for
the present species is preoccupied by brevirostris Swainson (Animals in
meng., 1837, p. 305), which is a synonym of bonariensis Cabanis.

In addition to the specimens listed above about twenty others were
taken at various times as checks on field-observations, but were not
saved as specimens. The Screaming Cowbird was observed as fol-
lows:— Tucuman, Concepcion, and Rio de Gastone, September 23
to December 23, common; Alpachirri, October 27, a few; Iltico, No-
vember 20, one seen; Entre Rios, Santa Elena, January 3 to Febru-
ary 23, not uncommon; San Sofia, January 26, several; Buenos Aires

friedmann: notes on some Argentina birds. 223

— Ajo, March 8 to 11, fairly common; Buenos Aires City, March 15,
several seen at Palermo.

This species is non-migratory and quite local in its distribution.
In the field it resembles Molothrus b. honaricnsis, but may readily be
distinguished by its notes. The peons seldom differentiate between
the two species and apply Tordo to both. A few of the peons who know
the two birds call the present species Tordo Negro and the Common
Cowbird simply Tordo.

The Screaming Cowbird is always found in pairs throughout most
of the year, but in winter small flocks are sometimes seen. These flocks,
however, are flocks of pairs rather than of individuals as the birds gen-
erally fly off in pairs when disturbed. When flying they utter a harsh
series of guttural chuck notes, both sexes being equally vociferous. The
song of the male and the accompanying display in courtship may be de-
scribed as follows : — • the male fluffs out all his body and head-feathers,
bends the tail forward and under, arches the wings to a nearly hori-
zontal position, and then quivers all over as though trying to catch
his breath. After about a second of this quivering, without bowing
forward at all, he finally emits a very rusty, but quite explosive,
squeak-f/zt'tT . The quivering and the sudden delivery of the note after
considerable convulsive hesitations gives the impression that the note
stuck in the bird's throat and was finally expectorated. The dzeee note
is quickly followed by a two-syllabled pe-tzeee sound, the first syllable
very short and the second long and drawn-out, but shorter than the
corresponding note in bonaricnsis and ater. These two notes are not
nearly as clear and glassy in quality as the corresponding notes of either
M. ater or M. honariensis and are also lower in pitch; the Screaming
Cowbird does not give the preliminary bubbling guttural notes that
the other two do. In Tucuman the courtship season began in early
October, but the species did not begin to breed until late in December.

This species is parasitic on the Bay-winged Cowbird, and in regions
where the former is at all common very few nests of the latter are not
victimized. {M. rufo-axillaris has never been known to occur in places
where A. badius was not present). Out of some seventy nests of the
Bay-wing on which I have data-- sixty-five contained eggs of the
Screaming Cowbird. Three is the largest number of rufo-axillaris eggs
ever found in one nest of badius. The eggs are very similar to those of
the Bay-wing. In size they average around 18 x 23 mm. and are
usually less slender in appearance than those of badius. In any nest it
is always easy to distinguish the eggs of the two, but if a large series
were mixed together it would be practically impossible to tell defi-

224 bulletin: museum of compahative zoology.

nitely in all cases which eggs belonged to each species. However, the
eggs of the Screaming Cowbird are usually less brittle, harder to pierce,
and less reddish in color than those of the Bay-wing. The majority of
eggs of the former that I have seen were marked with purplish brown
while most of those of the latter were spotted with reddish or dark
grayish brown. The ground-color of the eggs is always white. The
number laid by one individual is about five and the eggs are laid at
daily intervals. The incubation period is twelve and a half to thirteen
days.

Although the adults of this species are very different in plumage from
adult Bay-wings the young of the two are identical and are Bay-wings
in appearance. The young of the two grow up together in harmony
and the Bay-wings do not suffer because of the parasites. This simi-
larity in plumage is undoubtedly due to community of phylogenetic
descent rather than to adaptive mimicry.

MOLOTHRUS BONARIENSIS BONARIENSIS (Gmelin).

M. C. Z. 96,679. Ad. cf . Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 26 September,

1923.

M. C. Z. 96,680. Ad. c?. Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 2 October, 1923.

M. C. Z. 96,681. Ad. ? . Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 3 October, 1923.

M. C. Z. 96,682. Ad. d^. Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 26 September,

1923.

M. C. Z. 96,683. Ad. d^. Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 2 October, 1923.

M. C. Z. 96,684. Ad. ?. Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 15 October, 1923.

M. C. Z. 96,685. Ad. d^. Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 26 September,

1923.

M. C. Z. 96,686. Ad. 9. Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 3 October, 1923.

M. C. Z. 96,687. Ad. d^. Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 26 September,

1923.

M. C. Z. 96,688. Ad. d'. Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 2 October, 1923

M. C. Z. 96,689. Ad. d^. Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 26 September,.
- 1923.

M. C. Z. 96,690. Ad. 9. Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 3 October, 1923.

M. C. Z. 96,691. Ad. 9. Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 19 November,

1923.

M. C. Z. 96,692. Ad. d^. Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 26 September,

1923.

M. C. Z. 96,693. Ad. d'. Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 3 November,

1923.

M. C. Z. 96,694:. Ad. d^. Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 19 November,

1923.

friedmann: notes on some Argentina birds. 225

M. C. Z. 96,695. Ad. 9. Argentina: Bovril Islands, Santa Fe. 10 February,

1924.
M. C. Z. 96,696. Im. d^. .Argentina: Rio de Gastone, Tucuman. 15 December,

1923.
M. C. Z. 96,697. Im. d^. Argentina: Santa Elena, Entre Rios. 30 January,

1924.
M. C. Z. 96,698. Ad. cT. Argentina: Santa Elena, Entre Rios. 9 January,

1924.
M. C. Z. 96,699. Im. cf . Argentina: Santa Elena, Entre Rios. 5 February,

1924.

About a hundred birds of this species were collected at various
times, and those listed were saved as specimens. This bird, the com-
mon cowbird of Argentina, is an extremely abundant species almost
everywhere north of Patagonia and to record the places and dates of
its observation would be to list every spot visited during the six and a
half months I spent in the country.

This cowbird is migratory in the southern part of its range as far
north as Buenos Aires, the individuals breeding in the south passing
the winter in Tucuman, Santiago del Estero, etc. Some are to be found
the year round at Buenos Aires, but the number increases greatly
during September. On September 20, from a train-window I saw great
flocks of these birds flying southward. Some of the flocks must have
contained at least five thousand birds. In Tucuman I was able to
make an intensive study of the migration and found that the males
leave for the south before the females and the old birds before the year-
old birds. Even in Tucuman where the species is resident ' throughout
the year the breeding individuals are not the same as those that winter
there. The migrant birds arrive before the resident ones in spring.
Unlike M. ater of North America it is usually possible to distinguish
year-old birds from older ones in this species because in fully 75% of
the cases some of the juvenile feathers are retained in the first nuptial
plumage.

The courting season begins early in October in Tucuman and from
this time until the middle of December males are commonly seen in-
dulging in their displays. The display is quite similar to that of M. ater
of North America, but the bowing is not carried to as extreme a degree,
and the display is more commonly given on the ground than in trees,
while in the case of the latter species the reverse is true. The song is
also like that of M. ater, but less clear. It begins indefinitely well down
in the throat and the first sounds are of a curious combination of purr-
Birds found all the year in one place.

226 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

ing and bubbling. Three low, bubbling guttural notes are belched
forth by the bird with considerable bodily quivering, and sound as
though they were forced up through water. They are all alike and may
be written purr purr purr but the rrrs are softened so that the bubbling
sound is produced. Closely following these three notes come three
high, rather glassy, thin notes, the first two short and somewhat run
together, and the last one long and drawn-out — pe-tsss-tseeeeee , very
much like those of M. ater, but slightly buzzier.

Like M. ater the present species is more or less monogamous, but
wherever it is very common and the struggle for breeding territory
keen, the sexual relations are easily distorted and a state of something
akin to promiscuity results.

The eggs are subject to greater variation in size, color, and markings
than are those of any other cowbird. In size they vary from 20 x 26 to
18 X 22 mm., averaging around 19 x 23 mm. In shape they may be
almost spherical, rounded ovate, oval, ovate, or elliptical ovate.' The
oval and ovate are the commonest types. In color they vary from pure,
spotless white to very heavily marked with reddish brown. The ground-
color varies from white and cream to light bluish, greenish, or very
pale brownish. The pure white type of egg is geographical in occur-
rence, being found almost wholly in eastern Argentina, Uruguay, and
southern Brazil and unknown throughout the rest of the range of the
species. Wetmore (Bull. 133, U. S. N. M., 1926, p. 385) suggests that
this white egg may have been developed because the greater number,
' ... of the tracheophone species which form so conspicuous an ele-
ment among the smaller birds that breed in the area frequented by this
cowbird lay white unmarked eggs." With this I disagree entirely. A
study of the nests in which white cowbirds' eggs have been found
shows no preponderance of tracheophones over other birds when com-
pared with the results of a similar study of nests in which marked eggs
have been taken. Most of the pure white eggs have not been found in
nests of tracheophone species, but in nests of species of Brachyspiza,
Mimus, and Pseudoleistes. It seems impossible to attach any particu-
lar significance to these white eggs, but it may be that with the loss of
the parental instincts and the accompanying ideas of protection which
manifest themselves structurally in color, etc., as well as directly in-
habit, there may be a corresponding lack of stimulus to the pigment
glands of the oviduct. If this be so, then it would seem as though
similarity between the eggs of the cowbird and those of its victims had
no selective value and that the species was gradually losing the un-

1 Egg-contour terms according to Ridgway's Nomenclature, p. 16.

friedmann: notes on some Argentina birds. 227

necessary pigmentation of its eggs. However, until more is known of
the physiology of egg-pigmentation this matter may best be left un-
explained. Any present hypothesis would be based more on lack of
knowledge than on the possession of facts.

The eggs are laid at daily intervals and probably the number is not
nearly as large as Hudson thought. He believed the number laid by
one bird to be from 60-100 a season. I feel that it is from 6-10, a very
considerable difference. My arguments and evidence are too bulky for
inclusion here. Eggs of this cowbird were found in eighty nests of the
following nineteen species.

Furnarius rufiis rufus, F. cristatus, Musciwra tyrannus, Suiriri suiriri,
Myiophobus fasciatus flammiceps, Empidonomus aurantio-atrocristatus,
Myiodynastcs solitarius, Machetornis rixosa rixosa, Tyrannus melan-
cholicus melancholicus, Turdus rufiventris, T. amaurochalinus, Mimus
saturniniis modulator, Anfhus lutescens, Saltator aurantiirostris, S. cae-
rulcscens caerulescens, Brachyspiza capensis capensis, Sporophila cae-
rulcscens, Sicalis pelzelni, Paroaria cristata. Over eighty species of
birds are known to be victimized by this cowbird. The incubation
period is eleven days.

THRAUPIDAE.
Thraupis bonariensis (Gmehn).
M. C. Z. 96,765. Ad. cf. Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 5 December, 1923.
This tanager was observed in the following localities : — Buenos
Aires City, September 3, several in the park at Palermo; La Plata City
and vicinity, September 6, several; Concepcion and Rio de Gastone,
Tucuman, September 23 to December 23, not uncommon; Entre Rios
— Santa Elena, January and February, few. The Naranjero, as this
bird is called in the vernacular, was found only in the more wooded
places in the vicinity of water, although in city parks in Buenos Aires
and La Plata it was also found in very open glades. They seem to go
singly or in pairs as no flocks were met with. In their general habits
they resemble the Scarlet Tanager (Piranga oUvacea) of North America,
feeding in the tree-tops, always active and restless. The bird collected
had many small seeds in its stomach.

Thraupis sayaca obscura Naumburg.
M. C. Z. 96,766. Ad. 9. Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 10 October, 1923.
This light bluish bird was met with in Tucuman, and not elsewhere.
At Concepcion, and the Rio de Gastone, September 23 to December 23,

228 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

it was uncommon in the open patches of scrubby forest. At La Corona
it came into the orange groves at the manager's house and was said by
the natives to peck at the fruit and eat the pulp. For this reason it was
called Naranjero or Orange-bird. This name however, was indis-
criminately apphed to all tanagers and warblers.

The bird collected agrees with the characters of obscura as given by
Naumburg (Auk, 1924, 41, p. 111).

FRINGILLIDAE.

Saltator caerulescens caerulescens Vieillot.

M. C. Z. 96,761. Ad. 9. Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 30 September,

1923.

M. C. Z. 96,762. Ad. &. Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 9 October, 1923.

M. C. Z. 96,763. Ad. 9 .• Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 7 October, 1923.

M. C. Z. 96,764. Ad. cf . Argentina: Bovril Islands, Entre Rios. 13 January,

1924.

The series collected shows considerable variation in the color of the
underparts, some specimens being quite gray while others are brown-
ish. I have not seen any comparative Argentine material and cannot
decide if it has any particular significance. Around Concepcion and
Rio de Gastone, Tucuman, September 23 to December 23, this bird was
very common. It was usually found in bushes along roadsides, but
also in real dense thickets. In western Entre Rios (Santa Elena)
January 3 to February 23, it was seen occasionally. It never seems to
go in flocks and most of the birds seen were single individuals. It was
quite uncommon to see both members of a pair together except near
the nest.

In Tucuman I found nine occupied nests. The earliest date I have
for eggs is November 11, the latest December 20. The nests were in
bushes and from four to seven feet up from the ground. The nests were
well-made cups of straws, dead grasses, fine rootlets, etc., about three
inches deep and eight inches across. The eggs are beautiful bright
green or greenish blue, scrawled with zigzag black lines at the large
end. They measure 26 x 19.5 mm. Of the nine nests that I found none
contained more than three eggs of the Saltator. Two nests contained,
in addition to the three eggs, one egg each of the cowbird Molothrus b.
bonariensis. The eggs of the parasite are smaller than those of the
Saltator, but yet the latter rears the young Molothrus. Whether its
own young survive or not I cannot say. I have seen adults feeding

FRIEDMANN: NOTES ON SOME ARGENTINA BIRDS. 229

fully fledged three quarters grown young cowbirds on several occasions,
but in none of these instances were there any of their own young pres-
ent. In Tucuman this bird was called Papitero, in Entre Rios it went
by the name of Juan Chiviro.

Saltator aurantiirostris aurantiirostris Vieillot.

M. C. Z. 96,757. Ad. d". Argentina : Santa Elena, Entre Rios. 16 January,

1924.
M. C. Z. 96,758. Ad. c^. Argentina: Santa Elena, Entre Rios. 16 January,

1924.
M. C. Z. 96,759. Ad. cf . Argentina: Santa Elena, Entre Rios. 18 February,

1924.
M. C. Z. 96,760. Ad. 9. Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 10 October, 1923.

The specimens collected agree with a series in the M. C. Z. Imma-
ture birds are very buft'y below like adult females.

Around Concepcion, September 23 to December 23, I found this
species somewhat uncommon, and was unsuccessful in finding nests.
In western Entre Rios (Santa Elena), January 3 to February 23,. it
was considerably commoner, but all the nests I found were empty as it
was rather late in the season. On January 30 at Santa Elena I saw a
fully grown young cowbird, Molothrus b. honariensis, being fed by an
Orange-billed Saltator.

In its general habits this Saltator resembles the preceding species
very closely, being found in the same type of country.

The vernacular names in Entre Rios were Juan Chiviro and Juari
Chiviro de Pico Amarillo. In Tucuman it was called Papitero de Pico
Colorado.

Gubernatrix CRIST at a (Vieillot).

M. C. Z. 96,733. Ad. d^. Argentina. Santa Elena, Entre Rios. 9 February,

1924.
M. C. Z. 96,734. Im. cf . Argentina: San Joaquin, Entre Rios. 27 January,

1924.

The Yellow Cardinal was observed only in western Entre Rios where
I found it to be a very local and rather scarce species. During seven
weeks of field-work in that region I saw it but twice: — a single male
at Santa Elena on February 9, and two birds at San Joaquin on Janu-
ary 27. The species seems restricted to the more open spaces in thorny
tangles and usually perches in a conspicuous, elevated place. The
crest, which is generally held erect, gives the bird a rather distinguished
appearance.

230 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

Cyanocompsa. cyanea ARGENTINA (Sharpe).

M. C. Z. 96,718. Ad. c^. Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 7 October, 1923.

M. C. Z. 96,719. Ad. cf . Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 9 October, 1923.

M. C. Z. 96,720. Ad. 9. Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 12 November,
1923.

This species was met with only at Concepcion, September 23 to
December 23, where it was not uncommon in bushy fields and pastures.
They were rather shy and difficult to approach and very silent.

The three specimens agree with others in the M. C. Z.

Paroaria CRIST ATA (Boddacrt).

M. C. Z. 96,726. Ad. d". Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 18 October, 1923.

M. C. Z. 96,727. Ad. 9 . Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 9 October, 1923.

M. C. Z. 96,728. Im. d'. Argentina: Santa Elena, Entre Rios. 15 January,
1924.

The Crested Cardinal was observed at the following places: —
Buenos Aires City, September 3, one; La Plata and vicinity, September
6, several; Concepcion and Rio de Gastone, Tucuman, September 23
to December 23, fairly common ; Santa Elena, January 3 to February
23, common. This Cardinal is often kept as a cage-bird in Argentina
on account of its powers as a songster. The song is not nearly as fine as
that of the Cardinalis cardinalis of North America, but seems quite
exceptional among all the tracheophone species with which it lives.
The present species is found in dry Acacia savannas as well as ifi
thickets or thin forest, being completely isolated ecologically from
Coccopsis capitata which so greatly resembles it in life. Several nests
were found near Concepcion and the Rio de Gastone, during Novem-
ber and December. They were all placed in sheltered crotches in trees
and were from five to ten feet up from the ground. They were made of
grasses, rootlets, and straws, rather compactly matted together, and
are more solidly built than are those of the next species. The eggs,
usually three in number, are white, speckled and spotted with olive-
brown and olive greenish, frequently with some fine blackish pencilings
at the large end. They average 24 x 18 mm. in size. One nest, found
on December 3, contained one egg of the cowbird, Molothrus h. honari-
ensis, in addition to one of the Cardinal. One of the birds collected had
been feeding on insects; the others had seeds in their stomachs.

friedmann: notes on some Argentina birds. 231

CoccOPSis CAPITATA (d'Orbigny and Lafresnaye).
M. C. Z. 96,725. Ad. 9. Argentina: Deniz Island, Santa Fe. 4 January, 1924.

The Yellow-billed Cardinal was observed only in the Bovril Islands
in the Rio Parana, where during January and February I found it not
uncommon. It is entirely restricted to moist woodlands and is not
foimd on either shore of the river because of the absence of proper
environment. This has given it a most amazing local range : — for over
a hundred miles this species occurs in a narrow strip, only a few miles
wide, while on either side of it Paroaria cristata flourishes, but at no
point do the two exist coincidentally. A nest was found on January 4
on Deniz Island, Santa Fe. It was about fifteen feet up in a good-sized
tree in a wet forest. In it were three eggs very similar to those of
Paroaria cristata.

Sporophila caerulescens (Vieillot).

The little Screaming Finch was seen a few times during November
and December at Concepcion, Tucuman. On December 10 I found a
nest, a very dainty, strong cup of fine grasses, in a large bush and about
five feet from the ground. It was partly suspended in vireo-fashion
from the tip of a branch. It contained one egg of the finch and three of
the cowbird, Molothrus h. honariensis. In Entre Rios (Santa Elena and
vicinity), January 3 to February 23, I found the Corbatita, as it was
called there, fairly numerous, but quite shy. In Tucuman it was any-
thing but shy, being one of the birds that commonly fed close to houses.

Sporophila lineola (Linne).

M. C. Z. 96,749. Ad. c?. Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 5 December,

1923.
M. C. Z. 96,750. Ad. &. Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 5 December,

1923.
M. C. Z. 96,751. Ad. &. Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 5 December,

1923.
M. C. Z. 96,752. Ad. 9. Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 12 December,

1923.

The small series collected agree with others in the M. C. Z. This

little finch was seen only in the garden of Mr. S. Shipton at La Corona,

a mile outside of Concepcion. It was first seen on December 5 when

about half a dozen were noted and three collected and was last seen on

232 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

December 12, when a few were noted and one collected. In as much as
I had often walked in the garden during November and had not seen
this bird I feel quite confident that those seen were recent arrivals.
After the 12th I looked for them several times, but never saw the
species again.

Catamenia analis (d'Orbigny and Lafresnaye).

M. C. Z. 96,744. Ad. d". Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman, 10 October, 1923.
M. C. Z. 96,745. Ad. 9. Argentina : Concepcion, Tucuman. 4 October, 1923.

The male collected agrees with the type specimen. The female is
darker than a female from Cochabamba, Bolivia, in the M. C. Z.

The species was observed near Concepcion, during October and
November. There it was somewhat uncommon and was found in but
one locality, a bushy strip along the railway embankment. It kept to
the low bushes and weeds most of the time, but occasionally one
mounted a tall bush or weed-stem and sang a weak, soft, twittering
song. The birds collected had small seeds in their stomachs.

VoLATiNiA jacarina jacarina (Linne).

M. C. Z. 96,729. Ad. cf . Argentina: Santa Elena, Entre Rios. 8 February,

1924.

M. C. Z. 96,730. Ad. cf. Argentina: Santa Elena, Entre Rios. 16 January,

1924.

The two males collected agree with a series in the M. C. Z. This
little finch with the general manners of a Hypochera (Ploceidae) was
observed only at Santa Elena. It apparently was a new-comer there
as Serie and Smyth (El hornero, 1923, p. 37-55) do not list it in their
account of the birds of this region. On January 8 I saw one sitting in a
bush when it suddenly sprang up vertically into the air for about a
yard, and as it came down again to its perch it uttered a little beady
dzeee eep, the second syllable slightly higher than the first. For several
minutes it kept repeating this performance at intervals of about ten
seconds. Just as I was ready to believe that it never sings without
leaping into the air, it sang without leaving its perch. On January 16
I saw this same performance from several different males, so that it
seems that this species regularly jumps up and down while singing,
much like some of the manakins.

friedmann: notes on some Argentina birds. 233

SiCALis pelzelni Sclater.

M. C. Z. 96,721. Ad. cf. Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 29 September,

192.3.
M. C. Z. 96,722. Ad. cf. Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 17 October, 1923.
M. C. Z. 96,723. Ad. 9. Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 17 October, 1923.

The three birds collected agree with a series in the M. C. Z. This
species was observed only at Concepcion and Rio de Gastone, Tucu-
man, September 23 to December 23, where it was fairly common in
open Acacia savannas. It was found breeding in old nests of Synallaxis
sp. On November 23 at Rio de Gastone I found a nest occupied by
Sicalis pelzelni containing an egg of the cowbird, Molothrus b. honarien-
sis, as well as two of the finch. These little yellow finches are the eco-
logical counterpart in the neotropics of the members of the genus
Serinus in the African tropics, and like them go in small flocks and feed
among the grass and weeds. In some ways, particularly in their undu-
lating flight, they bear a general resemblance to goldfinches {Astraga-
linus trisiis).

Arremon orbignii Sclater.

M. C. Z. 96,724. Ad. d". Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 6 October, 1923.

This bird was seen but once and then collected on sight so that I have
no field-notes. It was seen in a bushy hedge at the edge of a cart-road
and was on the ground. The iris in life was dark brown.

CORYPHOSPINGUS CUCULLATUS ARAGUIRA (Vieillot).

M. C. Z. 96,746. Ad. cf . Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 7 October, 1923.
M. C. Z. 96,747. Ad. 9 . Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 10 October, 1923.
M. C. Z. 96,748. Ad. 9 . Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 7 October, 1923.

I have not seen sufficient comparative material to be sure of the
validity of araguira, but follow Wetmore in calling the birds from
Argentina this race.

At Concepcion, September 23 to December 23, this species was found
rather uncommonly in bushy patches in open country. It was gener-
ally seen in pairs and was quite nervous and shy. It was always on the
go, never still for a second, flitting from branch to branch and down to
the ground and back again. Both seeds and insects were found in the
stomachs of the three specimens collected.

234 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

BrACHYSPIZA CAPENSIS ARGENTINA Todd.

M. C. Z. 96,739. Im. cf . Argentina: Santa Elena, Entre Rios. 18 February,

192 i.

M. C. Z. 96,740. Ad. &. Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 4 October, 1923.

M. C. Z. 96,741. Ad. cf . Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 4 October, 1923.

According to >Vetmore (Bull. 133, U. S. N. M., 1926, p. 415) the resi-
dent form of Tucuman (at least at Tapia) is hypoleuca Todd. However
I cannot distinguish my two Concepcion birds from argentina as repre-
sented in the collections of the M. C. Z. The measurements of the two
males are as follows :

Sex

Locality

Wing

Tail

Culmen

Tarsus

&

Concepcion

71

64

11.5

18

&

Concepcion

69

59

12

18

The immature plumage is as follows: — underparts white, heavily
spotted with grayish brown, the center of the throat unspotted, lower
abdomen also unspotted but tinged with light buff; upperparts grayish
brown, heavily streaked with blackish brown, the crown grayish in the
middle streaked with blackish brown, the sides also streaked with
blackish brown; superciliary stripe white with small brown streaks;
primaries edged with rufous, the outermost five pairs having the rufous
edges extremely light and narrow; the secondaries externally edged
with rufous and tipped with white; tail dark grayish brown edged with
pale light grayish brown.

This sparrow, the Argentina counterpart of the Song Sparrow,
Melospiza melodia, was very common everywhere I went in the course
of the entire trip. The song is one of the most persistent sounds in the
country, and like that of the Song Sparrow is hard to describe accu-
rately. It has a cadence suggestive of both Melospiza and Zonotrichia
and yet easily different from either. The song consists of clear, mellow
whistled notes much run together at the end and varies considerably
with different individuals.

In the course of my work I found thirty-three nests of this sparrow.
Of these, twenty-nine contained eggs, and of these twenty-nine no less
than twenty-four had one or more eggs of the cowbird, Molothrus h.
honariensis, in addition to those of the sparrow. The present species is
by all odds the commonest victim of the cowbird. Probably more
young cowbirds are raised by Chingolos, as these sparrows are called,
than by the four next commonest victims combined. The largest
number of the parasitic eggs that I ever found in one nest was eight

friedmann: notes on some Argentina birds. 235

along with one of the sparrow. The nests were mostly on the ground
at the bases of weeds or small bushes, but several of them were in
bushes and vines, the highest being about seven feet up. The nests are
poorly built when compared to those of the Song Sparrow, and are
smaller. They are made of fine grasses, thin stems, etc., and when off
the ground generally have an outer layer of slightly coarser and heavier
stems and rootlets. ,The eggs, of which five seem to be the maximum
number to a clutch, are very variable in color, some being pale green-
ish, others white, and still others light bluish. All are spotted with
brownish or blackish brown. They average about 18 x 16 mm. in size.
The earliest date on which I found nests with eggs was October 16,
the latest, January 27.

PoosPiZA MELANOLEUCA (d'Orbiguy and Lafresnaye).

M. C. Z. 96,736. Ad. 9. Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 6 October, 1923.

M. C. Z. 96,737. Ad. d". Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 2 October, 1923.

M. C. Z. 96,738. Ad. 9. Argentina: Santa Elena, Entre Rios. 13 January,
1924.

The specimens collected agree with a series in the M. C. Z. This
species was met with in small numbers in Tucuman and Entre Rios.
They were very shy and lived in dense bushy thickets, making obser-
vation difficult. When flitting about the white in the tail shows clearly.

PoosPiZA WHiTii Sclater.
M.C. Z. 96,735. Ad. cf. Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 7 October, 1923 .

This pleasing little finch was very uncommon in my experience.
The single bird seen was collected among a clump of low bushes where
it was flitting around restlessly.

Saltatkicula MULTICOLOR (Burmeister).

M. C. Z. 96,731. Ad. c?. Argentina: Santa Elena, Entre Rios. 15 January,

1924.
M. C. Z. 96,732. Ad. cf. Argentina: Santa Elena, Entre Rios. 9 January,

1924.

These birds are in worn breeding plumage and lack the rufous edg-
ings to the greater wing-coverts. Females have the cheeks very gray
while the males have black cheeks. This species, one of the most
colorful sparrows in Argentina, was fairly common in the dry thorn-
bush country in western Entre Rios (near Santa Elena) during my

236 bulletin: museum of compahative zoology.

stay there in January and February. They were usually found in small
groups of three or four feeding on the ground or in the lower thorny
bushes. The usual call-note was a chip or tsip note given with con-
siderable emphasis.

Embernagea OLivASCENS OLiVASCENS d'Orbigny.

M. C. Z. 96,753. Ad. cf. Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 17 October, 1923.
M. C. Z. 96,754. Ad. 9. Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 12 October, 1923.
M. C. Z. 96,755. Ad. cT. Argentina: Bovril Islands, Santa Fe. 13 January,

1924.
M. C. Z. 96,756. Ad. d". Argentina: Bovril Island.s, Santa Fe. 13 January,

1924.

The four birds collected are smaller, grayer, and darker than two
Lafresnaye specimens from BoliAia in the M. C. Z. These terrestrial
finches were found in the following localities: Concepcion, September
23 to December 23, fairly common; Bovril Islands, Santa Fe, January
and February, uncommon. In Tucuman they seemed to inhabit noth-
ing but Alfalfa fields, the vegetation affording good cover, and a plenti-
ful food-supply. In Santa Fe they were found in a little dry meadow in
one of the higher parts of one of the Bovril Islands, but they were seen
but once in this place.

The flight is peculiar. The birds seem to jump up suddenly and fly
off with rapid wing-beats and dangling feet. Often they cock their
tails as the}' fly.

Passer domesticus (Linne).

The Gorrion, as this bird is called, was observed in Buenos Aires City,
at Concepcion, Tucuman, and at Parana, Entre Rios. At Concepcion
it apparently arrived at least five years before my visit {i.e. in 1918).
The species has taken to breeding in old nests of the ovenbird, Fur-
naruis rufus. They were common in Buenos Aires city and uncommon
at Parana.

Spinus magellanicus tucumanus Todd.

M. C. Z. 96,742. Ad. cf. Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 17 October, 1923
M. C. Z. 96,743. Ad. 9 . Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman. 7 October, 1923.

Both specimens collected are in worn breeding plumage and lack the
white edges to the secondaries present in fresh plumaged birds.

The species was not uncommon in the Acacia savannas around Con-
cepcion, September 23 to December 23. They are found in small flocks
much like the finch, Sicalis pelzelni. Both birds collected had been feed-
ing on small grass-seeds.

Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology

AT HARVARD COLLEGE.

Vol. LXVIIT. No. 5.

NOTES ON NORTHWEST ATLANTIC SHARKS AND SKATES.

By Henry B. Bigelow and William C. Schkoeder.

CAMBRIDGE, MASS., U. S. A.:
PRINTED FOR THE MUSEUM.

September, 1927.

No. 5. — Notes on Northwest Atlantic Sharks and Skates.
By Henky B. Bigelow and William C. Schroeder.

IsuRiDAE. Mackerel Sharks,

During the past few years several mackerel sharks have been col-
lected in the Gulf of Maine, on cruises of the U. S. B. F. Steamer
EU.LCYON. And as there has been considerable confusion as to the rela-
tionship between American and North European sharks of this group,
as well as in the synonymy of the former, the following description and
discussion is offered.

Two very different types of isurids (apart from Carcharodon) have
been reported from the east coast of the United States and all the
isurids so reported fall in one or other of these two categories.

A. A stout-bodied shark with first dorsal originating over or sHghtly behind the

axil of the pectoral; second dorsal originating over the origin of the anal;
lower caudal lobe only about 70% as long as upper : and with all the teeth
essentially similar, except for the presence or absence of lateral denticles
(c/. p. 240).

B. More slender, with sharper nose; first dorsal originating well behind the

pectoral; second dorsal originating definitely in advance of the anal;
lower caudal lobe 75% as long as upper; first two teeth from the median '
suture, in both jaws, notably longer and more flexuous than the others.

Five specimens of type A, recently caught on Platts Bank, off Port-
land, Maine, and on Nantucket Shoals, Massachusetts, agree in all
respects with the Common Porbeagle (Isurus nasus (Bonnaterre)) of
the eastern Atlantic, as the following description shows : —

1. Isurus nasus (Bonnaterre). Common Porbeagle.

Four specimens, Platts Bank, 60, 52, 50, and 49 inches long, taken
respectively August 15, 1924; September 3, 1925, September 3, 1925
and June 21, 1925; and one specimen, Nantucket Shoals, 51 inches
long, taken June 17, 1927.

In all of these the body is fusiform, massive; the snout conical,
pointed. The distance from tip of snout to anterior edge of eye is equal

240 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

to distance from tip of snout to mouth, which in turn, is about equal
to length of shortest gill-slit. The origin of first dorsal stands over, or
slightly behind the arm-pit (axil) of the pectoral. The height of first
dorsal about equals one half the distance from the tip of snout to first
gill-slit; the anterior margin of this fin is convex, its upper angle
rounded, its posterior margin concave. The second dorsal is very
small, its origin over, or very slightly in advance of origin of anal (the
second dorsal of /. tigris is distinctly in advance of anal). The anal is
very small, similar to second dorsal in outline. The lower lobe of
caudal is about 70% as long as the upper lobe, each measured from its
respective caudal pit; the margin lunate. The length of the ventrals is
less than length of the snout; the length of the pectoral equal to, or
slightly greater than, the distance from lower caudal pit to tip of
lower caudal lobe. Upper and lower caudal pits are prominent; and
there is a strong median lateral keel on each side of the caudal peduncle.

The teeth are all alike in shape (in /. tigris the front teeth are more
slender and flexuous than the others) ; twenty-eight rows in the upper
jaw and twenty-six rows in the lower in these specimens; rather widely
spaced, with narrow-pointed cusps, smooth edged, each tooth, in the
larger specimens, with a small sharp denticle on either side of the wide
base. In the midline of each jaw there is a toothless space about as
wide as one tooth. In the lower jaw the first two teeth on each side of
this median gap are the largest, the remaining teeth decreasing in size
toward the angle of the mouth. In the upper jaw the first two teeth on
each side are the largest, the third tooth much smaller (also in /.
tigris), with the remaining teeth larger but decreasing in size laterally.

In the smallest specimen, forty-nine inches in length, the basal
denticles are so small that they might easily be overlooked. On the
fifty-two inch fish these denticles are somewhat larger, and plainly
visible on all the teeth; on the sixty-inch fish and in a forty-two inch
specimen from Massachusetts Bay, in the M. C. Z., they are prominent.

The presence and size of the basal denticles thus appears to be an
age-character, suggesting that small fish, less than four feet in length,
might have teeth without denticles. Giinther (1870, p. 389), Day
(1884, p. 297), and Smitt (1895, p. 1140) do, in fact, point out that
young fish lack them.

Color gray above, gray or greenish blue along the sides; white below.
Tail uniform gray-blue; pectorals dusky underneath on outer half or
third; anal white or slightly dusky.

The stomach of the forty-nine inch specimen contained fish-bones
and thirty-six squid-beaks.

BIGELOW AND SCHKOEDEK: SHARKS AND SKATES.

241

The measurements of three of these five fish are as follows ;

Measurements in inches

Total length
Snout to caudal pit

origin of first dorsal

origin of second dorsal

anterior margin of eye

anterior margin of mouth

first gill-slit

fifth gill-slit
Posterior first dorsal to anterior second dorsal
Height of first dorsal
Origin of first dorsal to tip
Height of second dorsal
Height of anal

Upper caudal pit to tip of upper caudal lobe
Lower caudal pit to tip of lower caudal lobe
Length of pectoral
Distance between pectoral tips
Width of gill-slits
Position of second dorsal with respect to anal

Teeth

60

52 49

48

431

,

20^

191 18

m

381

41

, .

H

41

, .

13|

IH ]

Ll

17

14i ]

14

16J

13 ]

L3|

6i

6

8i

7i

1

1

1

1

15

12

10

9

lU

91

25

22|

4Ho5

4to4|

exactly

dorsal origin e

'cac

opposite

slightly in oj
advance of
anal

)po

28

28

28

26

26

26

These specimens corroborate the identifications of our predecessors,'
who considered the American mackerel sharks of this general type as
Isurus nasus, and prove the latter the common species of this group in
the Gulf of Maine.

There is no danger of confusing I. nasus with its sharp-nosed relative,
/. tigris (cf. p. 243). But certain of the published descriptions ^ sug-
gest the existence in northeastern American waters of another stout-
bodied mackerel shark, agreeing with I. nasus in the forward location

I Lamna cornuhica Bean, 1880, Goode & Bean, 1879, p. 29; Goode, 1884, p. 670; Jordan &
Gilbert, 1883, p. 30; Jordan & Evermann, 1896, p. 59; Prince & MacKay, 1901, p. 55; Bean, 1901,
p. 380; Bean, 1903, p. 39; Fowler, 1906, p. 56; Tracy, 1910, p. 60; Kendall, 1908, p. 7; Isurus
nasus Garman, 1913, p. 34; Fowler, 1920, p. 143; Huntsman, 1922, p. 8 (56); Bigelow & Welsh,
192.5, p. 551; Lamna nasus Hubbs, 1923, p. 101.

^ Lamna punctata Storer, lS39a, p. 185; 1839b, p. 534; 1846, p. 504; 1867, p. 249; Oxyrhina
punctata Gray, 1851, p. 60 (non Mitchill, 1815); Oxyrhina dekayi Gill, 1861; Isuropsis glaucus
Gill, 1865; Isurus oxyrhynchus Jordan & Gilbert, 1883, p. 29; Isurus spallanzani Jordan &
Gilbert, 1883, p. 874; Isurus punctalus Garman, 1888, 1913; p. 36; Bigelow & Welsh, 1925, p. 36,
& 551.

242 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

of the first dorsal, in the situation of the second dorsal relative to the
anal, and in the stout body, but differing from it, and resembling /.
tigris in lacking lateral denticles on the teeth even when adult. '

An American shark of this type was described by Storer (1839, 1846,
1867). He, it is true, referred it to the Squalus punctahis of Mitchill
(1815), a carcharinid (probably Scoliodon). Actually, however, Storer's
fish was an isurid, as Gill (1861) pointed out, and his illustration shows
the stout form, forward location of the first dorsal, and second dorsal
above the anal, characteristic of /. 7iasus. It would, in fact, unhesitat-
ingly be referred to that species, were not denticles lacking in the single
tooth figured (Storer, 1839a, pi. 3, fig. 2). On the strength, presumably,
of this. Gill (1861, 1864). successively referred Storer's jyundata to
Oxyrhina L. Agassiz, and to Isuropsis Gill, genera opposed to Lamna
Cuvier (containing the Common European Porbeagle, correctly known
as Isurus nasus (Bonnaterre)).

Dumeril (1865, p. 409) also separated Storer's punctata generically
from the latter on the same grounds, supposed absence of lateral denti-
cles on the teeth. And since that time it has by some been classed as
identical with the allied, but quite distinct, Isurus tigris^ dckayi Gill,
partim; by some it has been regarded as a good species distinct both
from /. tigris and from I. nasus -; and by others it has been considered
identical with the Common Porbeagle of Europe, which, as noted above,
has in fact been recorded repeatedly from the western Atlantic, under
its own name, either as Isurus nasus or as Lamna cornuhica (p. 241).*

The first of these alternatives need not delay us; quite apart from
the structure of the teeth, Storer's punctata is at once separable from
Isurus tigris, and from the European representative of the later (/.
oxyrhynchus), by the position of the first dorsal fin relative to the
pectoral, and of the second dorsal relative to the anal, as well as by the
blunter head, and stout body. The second alternative, that in addition
to /. tigris and /. nasus, the Avestern Atlantic harbors a third mackerel
shark resembling the latter in all respects except that its teeth lack the
lateral denticles, is supported by Garman's description of specimens
from American waters. At first sight this might seem sufficient proof
that /. punctatus is in fact separable from I. nasus, though so closely
allied to the latter that only by examination of the teeth can the one be
separated from the other. For the following reasons, however, we be-
lieve that this supposed difference, denticles present in 7iasus but

iGunther, 1870; Uhler & Lugger (1878); Jordan & Gilbert, 1883; Bean, 1903; Kendall,
1908, p. 7.

2 Garman, 1913; Nichols & Murphy, 1916; Bigelow & Welsh, 1925, p. 36.

3 Kendall, 1908; Bigelow & Welsh, 1925, p. 551.

BIGELOW AND SCHEOEDER: SHARKS AND SKATES. 243

absent in pundatus, is merely an age-character combined with indi-
vidual variation: —

1. Small European specimens of 7iasus, up to about three and one
half feet long, are known to lack denticles on some or all of the teeth.
Young specimens from the Gulf of Maine are the same in this respect,
as appears from the Halcyon series, just described (p. 240).

£. The dissection of /. imndatus, shown by Garman (1913, pi. 62,
fig. 2), was from a small specimen; and one of the beautiful drawings
shows small denticles on two of the teeth, when sufficiently magnified.
Other Massachusetts specimens, respectively about four and eight feet
long, in the M. C. Z., have the denticles well developed.

3. Not a single jaw of a large mackerel shark of the pundatus-nasus
type, has been actually described as lacking denticles, since Storer's
time. Garman (1913, p. 36), it is true, includes in the synonymy of /.
pundatus a specimen of Lamna cornubica recorded by Jordan and
Gilbert (1883, p. 29). But photographs of the jaws of this specimen,
contributed by Dr. H. L. Bruner of Butler College, show prominent
denticles; classing it as a typical nasus.

Except, then, for Storer's figure of a single tooth, there is no pub-
lished evidence that sharks of the iiasus-pundafus type ever grow to
large size in American waters without finally developing the lateral
denticles on some if not on all of the teeth. And even should an odd
specimen fail to develop these structures, this occasional retention, to
maturity, of a juvenile character, would not warrant a separate
specific name.

The present state of our knowledge is therefore best represented by
definitely relegating the /. pundatus of Storer and of Garman to the
synonym of /. nasus (Bonnaterre).

The presence or absence of the lateral denticles on the teeth being to
some extent an inter^rading character, the difference between the one
local mackerel shark which definitely lacks them (7. tigris) and the
other which usually develops them (7. nasus) is regarded as specific,
not generic; consequently both are included under the generic designa-
tion earliest applied to either of them — Isurus (Rafinesque 1810).

Mutual relationship of the two species of Isurus so far known from
the northeastern Atlantic may then be tabulated as follows: —

A. Snout only moderatelj' pointed: body massive: origin of first dorsal over
axil or posterior part of pectoral: origin of second dorsal over origin of
anal or very slightly in advance of latter: lower caudal lobe only about
70% as long as upper. Teeth all essentially similar in shape, with basal
denticles in adult, though these denticles may be lacking on some or all
of the teeth in young specimens Isurus 7iasus (Bonnaterre).

244 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

B. Snout much sharper; trunk more slender; origin of first dorsal posterior to
pectoral; origin of second dorsal well anterior to anal; lower caudal lobe
relatively longer than in I. nasus, or about 75% as long as upper; no
lateral denticles on teeth; first two teeth from the median line of mouth
longer than the others, and more flexuous I. tigris (Atwood).

2, Galeus glaucus (Linne.) Great Blue Shark,

The capture of eight Great Blue Sharks in various parts of the Gulf
of Maine, during 1925 and 1926, leads to the belief that this species,
heretofore regarded as a straggler there, is one of the more common of
local sharks, for besides the fish actually caught, many others were
seen.

Along our coast there are no records of this blue shark south of New
York. Bean (1903, p. 25) and Nichols and Murphy (1916, p. 9) state
that it is " occasionally" found. At Woods Hole it is reported as one of
the rarer sharks. Bigelow and Welsh (1925, p. 29), summarizing its
known occurrence in the western North Atlantic, mention only one
record from the Gulf of Maine. But they point out that sundry speci-
mens have been captured, or seen off the outer coast of Nova Scotia;
several, for example at Halifax; and at Canso, where fishermen de-
scribe these "blue dogs" as common on the fishing banks (Cornish,
1907); suggesting that it is actually much commoner along the eastern
seaboard of North America than the paucity of definite records might
suggest.

This is corroborated by the following list of Great Blue Sharks,
caught or seen, from the Halcyon and Albatross II, during cod
tagging operations : —

August 24, 1925, Great Rip, Nantucket Shoals, one caught (nine and
one half feet) and one other observed; August 26, 1925, Stellwagon
Bank, Massachusetts Bay, one caught (eleven feet) and one other ob-
served; September 2, 1925, northern end of Jeffreys Ledge, two ob-
served; September 3, 1925, Platts Bank, four caught (six and one half
to seven feet) and about twelve others observed, at times four or five
swimming close to the ship. On this occasion blue sharks were in sight
at nearly all times throughout the day, swimming at the surface.

Two (about ten and one half feet long) were cailght on Georges
Bank, and another seen, on August 15, 1926.

Measurements in inches of the specimens taken were as follows : —

BIGELOW AND SCHROEDER: SHARKS AND SKATES.

245

CO

Aug. 24. 1925
Great Rip
Nantucket She

Aug. 26, 1925
Middle Bank
Massachusetts

00 Sept. 3, 1925
O Platts Bank

Gulf of Maine

Sept. 3, 1925
Platts Bank
Gulf of Maine

Sept. 3, 1925
Platts Bank
Gulf of Maine

Sept. 3, 1925
Platts Bank
Gulf of Maine

O C3

60 0
3 «

<C1

o a
■^05

1. Total length

114

132

80

77

861

126

124

2. Snout to anterior eye

10

n

7

6^

7

91

9i

3. to anterior mouth

, .

7§

7

7f

lO-i

10

4. to first gill-slit

221

25 .|

15f

15f

15 §

161

231

23§

5. to fifth gill-slit

291

33

19*

191

18f

20f

30

29i

6. to origin of first dorsal

4.51

48

31§

31i

30

341

45^

46

7. to origin of second dorsal

87

54

54

52^

571

82 §

8U

8. to caudal pit

90

101 i

62

62^

60 1

661

96

96

9. Diameter of eye

If

1|

li

U

10. Distance between angles of mouth

10

51

51

6

9

9

11. Height of first dorsal

10

5^

6

5f

5f

12i

9^

12. of second dorsal

4

2

2

If

2i

31

3^

13. of anal

5i

01

-4

"4

If

3

4

14. Posterior first dorsal to anterior

second dorsal

24

29 §

17^

17^

17

ISi

. .

15. Caudal pit to tip of lobe, upper

30

34

2U

20

19f

23

31

30§

16. lower

14|

171

91

9f

9f

lU

16J

17

17. Length of pectoral

27

29

15i

17i

16

18

27

27

18. Distance between pectoral tips

62i

64

351

38

33 i

361

59 _

: .

20. Teeth

31
31

28
23

29

29

29
29

29
30

29
29

21. Sex

Male

Male

Male

Male

Although the Great Blue Shark enters the Gulf of Maine in some
numbers in certain summers, at least (perhaps not every summer), ap-
parently it seldom comes close in to this sector of the coast line: witness
the paucity of records from the pounds, traps, and weirs. This, indeed,
is in line with its pelagic habit.

The maximum size to which the Great Blue Shark grows is of inter-
est. Certainly very few if any of the specimens which visit the coastal
zone, in either side of the North Atlantic, are more than eleven or
twelve feet long. The largest specimen captured (listed above) was
eleven feet. So, too, was Day's largest, from Great Britain. Couch
(1862, p. 36) states " the largest I have heard of, but not seen, was

246 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

upwards of fourteen feet long." And recent authors, generally, have
credited it with a usual maximum length of 10-12 feet. Among blue
sharks, as among other fishes, an occasional specimen may perhaps
grow much larger than the generality, for it has been reported, says
Day (1884), to attain twenty-five f.'et, while Lilljeborg (1891, p. 610)
credits it with 7.5 meters (about twenty-four and one half feet). But
such great lengths, if not mere rumor, would be most exceptional.

3. Raja granulata Goode and Bean (Gill MS.).

In 1879 Goode and Bean, from a manuscript description by Gill, gave
this name to a skate from La Have Bank, the exact relationship of
which, to other northwestern Atlantic skates, has since remained some-
thing of an enigma. The original very brief notice of this " remarkable
species" (Goode and Bean, 1879, p. 28) merely described it as of the
same type as the barn-door skate (now known as R. stahuUforis) , with
ventral as well as dorsal side "covered with minute sharp granular
ossifications"; "with 30-31 teeth on each side; the back granulated and
slate-colored; the ventrals distinguished by reticulate markings, and
the claspers slender and scarcely expanded." Subsequently Goode
and Bean (1896) and Jordan and Evermann (1896) suggest that
gramilatais identical with the "Barndoor" {R. stabvliforis: then known
as R. laevis). Jensen (1914, p. 31), however, from examination of a
specimen in the U. S. N. M., from the continental edge in the offing of
Halifax (Lat.42^ 37' N; Long. 62^ 55' W), has shown that this is not the
case, but that R. granulata has large middorsal thorns on the disk (seven
in the specimen) as well as on the tail; besides one large preorbital, two
postorbital, and two scapular spines. He also mentions the " fine, small
spines" which cover the upper surface, giving "the skin to the naked
eye a grained (granulated) appearance." But he states that the lower
surface is perfectly smooth, not prick' y as Goode and Bean described
it. The specimen examined by us, from the same locality, however, is
covered almost everywhere with minute rounded tubercles, below, as
well as above.

Unfortunately it seems that the original specimen of R. granulata is
no longer extant. But these brief notices of the species can be supple-
mented by the following description of a female specimen from the
offing of Halifax, 200 fathoms, in the U. S. N. M. (Cat. 23,483).

Length of disk 1.36 in width; anterolateral margin slightly convex
opposite eyes; posterolateral margin nearly straight; angles of disk

about ;;7T rows on each side. Distance between first gill-slits 3.8 and

BIGELOW AND SCHEOEDER: SHARKS AND SKATES. 247

slightly more acute than a right angle, rounded at extreme corners.
Snout acute, its distance to anterior margin of eye 5.1 in the width of
the disk. Interorbital (bone) transversely concave, 2.5 in snout to eye;
spiracles close to eyes, the distance between their inner margins 1.3 in
snout to eye. Mouth forming an obtuse angle, very wide, its width 4.8
in width of disk. Teeth rather long and pointed, with broad base, in
28
28

between fifth gill-slits, 5.6 in width of disk. Outer margin of ventrals
gently rounded, the length of fin about equal to distance from eye to
snout. The distance from anterior margin of anus to origin of first
dorsal 2.4, and to second dorsal 2.1, in width of disk. Height of first
dorsal slightly less than distance from second dorsal to end of tail;
height of second dorsal equal to distance between dorsals, which equals
1.8 interorbital (bone).

Upper surface with a row of eight large spines along median line of
back, the first anterior to the shoulder-girdle and the last, smaller than
the others, a little posterior to the pelvic girdle. Tail with a median row
of five large spines, the distance from anterior end of base of first spine
to posterior fifth spine, 2.2 in distance from fifth spine to end of tail.
A spine in front of and in line with inner margin of eye; a patch of three
spines behind e^^e and opposite inner angle of spiracle, the middle spine
much smaller than the other two. Two spines on shoulder, the anterior
one the closest to the median line. Numerous small prickles with stel-
late bases, on snout, on interorbital, along anterolateral margin of disk,
along posterolateral disk somewhat in from the margin. A few small
prickles along the back and many along the sides of tail. Naked or
nearly naked areas occur between and posterior to the spiracles, be-
tween the back and basal cartilage of the pectorals, along the median
fine of back between the large spines, and on the ventrals. Ventral
surface of body covered rather sparsely almost everywhere with mi-
nute rounded tubercles.

Color in alcohol, light brown above, margins of pectorals and ven-
trals somewhat darker; light below, margins of pectorals dark brown
with large dark areas toward center of body and on ventrals (the
visceral cavity has been cut away).

Measurements. -^^

Total length 850

Length of disk 480

Width of disk 655

248 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

Snout to eye 132

Disk across middle of eyes 270

Interorbital (bone) 51

Distance between spiracles 95

" " first gill-slits 174

fifth gill-slits 117

Snout to median mouth 106

Width of mouth 135

Anterior anus to end of tail 363

" " " origin first dorsal 272

" " " " second dorsal 311

Distance between dorsals 29

Posterior margin second dorsal to end of tail 45

Height of first dorsal 42

" " second dorsal 28

Anterior base of first middorsal tail spine to posterior base of fifth 95

Fifth middorsal tail-spine to end of tail 210

BIGELOW AND SCHROEDEH: SHARKS AND SKATES. 249

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Bean, T. H.

1889. Notes on the cruise of the Grampus on the southern mackerel
grounds during the spring fishery of 1887. Bull. U. S. F. C. for 1887, 7,
p. 241-258.
1901. Catalogue of the fishes of Long Island. 6th arm. rept. forest, fish

and game comm. N. Y., for 1900, p. 373-478.
1903. Catalogue of the fishes of New York. Bull. 60, Zool., 9, N. Y. state
mus., 784 pp.
BiGELOW, H. B. AND Welsh, W. W.

1925. Fishes of the Gulf of Maine. BuU. U. S. B. F., 40, pt. 1, 567 pp.

BONNATERRE, J. P.

1788. Tableau encyclopedique et methodique des trois regnes de la
nature * * * Ichthyologie. Paris, 56, 215 pp., 100 pis.
Cornish, G. A.

1907. Notes on the fishes of Canso. Contrib. Canad. biol., 1902-1905,
p. 81-90.
Couch, Jonathan.

1862. A history of the fishes of the British Islands. London, 1.
Day, Francis.

1880-1884. The fishes of Great Britain and Ireland. London, Edinburgh,
3 vols., text and plates.
DUMERIL, A. H. A.

1865. Histoire naturelle des poissons, ou ichthyologie generale. Paris, 1,
720 pp.
Fowler, H. W.

1906a. The fishes of New Jersey. Ann rept. N. J. state mus. for 1905,

p. 35-477, 103 pis.
1906b. Some unusual New Jersey fishes. Science, new ser., 24, p. 596-597.
1920. A list of the fishes of New Jersey. Proc. Biol. soc. Wash., 33, p.
139-170.
Garman, Samuel.

1888. On the lateral canal system of the Selachia and Holocephala.

Bull. M. C. Z., 17, p. 57-119^ 53 pis.
1913. The Plagiostomia. (Sharks, skates and rays). ]\Iem. M. C. Z.,
36, 13,515 pp., 77 pis.
Gill, Theodore.

1861. Catalogue of the fishes of the eastern coast of North America from
Greenland to Georgia. Proc. Acad. nat. sci. Phil. Suppl., p. 1-63.

1864. Synopsis of the eastern American sharks. Proc. Acad. nat. sci.
Phil, p. 258-265.

1865. Synopsis of the fishes of the Gulf of St. Lawrence and Bay of
Fundy. Can. nat. and geol., new ser., 2, p. 244-266.

250 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

GooDE, G. B. AND Bean, T. H.

1879. A list of the fishes of Essex county,* * * Bull. Essex inst., 11, p.

1-38.
1896. Oceanic ichthyology. Mem. M. C. Z., 22, 35, 26, 553, 23, 26 pp.,

123 pis. Spec. bull. 2 U. S. N. M. Smith, contrib., 30.

GoODE, G. B. AND OTHERS.

1884. The food fishes of the United States. The fisheries and fisheries in-
dustries of the U. S. Washington, sect. 1, pt. 3, p. 163-682, pi. 35-252.
Gray, J. E.

1851. List of the specimens of fish in the collection of the British museum.
Part 1. Chondropterygii. London, 160 pp., 2 pis.
GtJNTHER, A. C. L. G.

1870. Catalogue of the fishes in the British museum. London, 8, 549 pp.
HiJBBS, C. L.

1923. Notes on a small collection of fishes from Monhegan island, Maine.
Copeia, no. 123, p. 101-103.
Huntsman, A. G.

1922. The fishes of the Bay of Fundy. Contrib. Canad. biol., 1921,
no. 3, p. 49-72; also p. 1-24.
Jensen, A. S.

1914. The selachians of Greenland. Mind. Japetus Steenstrup, 1914,
no. 30, 40 pp., pi.
Jordan, D. S. and Evermann, B. W.

1896-1900. The fishesof Northand Middle America. Bull.47,U. S. N. M.,
pt. 1-4, 3313 pp., 392 pis.
Jordan, D. S. and Gilbert, C. H.

1883. Synopsis of the fishes of North America. Bull. 16, U. S. N. M.,
1018 pp.
Kendall, W. C.

1908. Fauna of New England. S. List of the Pisces. Occ. papers Bost.
soc. nat. hist., 7, no. 8, 152 pp.

LiLLJEBORG, WiLHELM.

1891. Sveriges och Norges. Fiskar. Upsala, [3, pt. 2], p. 337-672.
Mitchill, S. L.

1815. Fisheries of New York * * * Trans. Lit. and philos. soc. N. Y., 1,
355-492, pi. 1-6.
Nichols, J. T. and Murphy, R. C.

1916. Long Island Fauna. 4. The sharks (order Selachii). Brooklyn
mus. sci. bull., 3, no. 1, p. 1-34.
Prince, E. E. and MacKay, A. H.

1901. The paired fins of the Mackerel shark. Contrib. Canad. biol.; 1901,
p. 55-58, pi. 5-7.
Rafinesque, C. S.

1810. Caratteri di alcuni nuovi generi e nuove specie di animali e piante
della Sicilia * * *. Palermo, 105 pp., 20 pis.

BIGELOW AND SCHROEDER: SHARKS AND SKATES. 251

Smitt, F. a.

1895. A history of Scandinavian fishes by B. Fries and others. Ed. 2.
Stockholm, 2, p. 567-1240, pis. 28-53.
Stoker, D. H.

1839a. Fishes of Massachusetts. Rept. fishes, reptiles and birds of

Massachusetts, Boston, p. 5-202.
1839b. A report on the fishes of Massachusetts. Bost. journ. nat. hist., 2,

p. 289-558.
1846. A synopsis of the fishes of North America. Mem. Amer. acad.,

new ser., 2, p. 253-550.
1853-1867. A history of the fishes of Massachusetts. Mem. Amer. acad.,
new ser., 5-9. Separate: Cambridge and Boston, 1867.
Tracy, H. C.

1910. Annotated list of fishes known to inhabit the waters of Rhode
Island. 40th rept. Comm. fish. R. I., p. 35-176.
Uhler, p. R. and Lugger, Otto.

1878. Additions to list of fishes of Maryland. Rept. Comm. fisheries
Maryland for 1877, p. 57-94.

Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology

AT HARVARD COLLEGE.

Vol. LXVIII. No. 6.

SHALER MEMORIAL SERIES.

THE BRACHIOPODS OF THE OTTOSEE AND HOLSTON
FORMATIONS OF TENNESSEE AND VIRGINIA.

By Bradford Willard.

THE BRACHIOPODS OF THE LENOIR AND
ATHENS FORMATIONS OF TENNESSEE AND VIRGINIA.

By Percy E. Raymond.

With Three Plates.

CAMBRIDGE, MASS., U. S. A.:

PRINTED FOR THE MUSEUM.

May, 1928.

a

No. 6a. — The Brachiopods of the Ottosce and Holston Formations of

Tennessee and Virginia.

By Bradford Willard.

Introduction.

In the following paper will be found descriptions of certain species of
brachiopods which occur in the Ottosee and Holston formations in
Tennessee and Virginia. The material is part of that collected by mem-
bers of the Shaler Memorial Expeditions sent from Harvard University
during the field seasons of 1917, 1918 and 1921. Although several brief
lists of the fossils of these formations have been published, no attempt
to describe the brachiopods has previously been made.

Class BRACHIOPODA Dumeril.

Order Atremata Beecher.
Superfamily Lingulacea Waagen.

Family Lingulidae Gray.
Genus Palaeoglossa Cockerell.

Palaeoglossa belli (Billings).

Lingula belli Billings, Canadian nat. and geologist, ser. 1, 1859, 4, p. 431-432,

fig. 7, 8; Geol. Surv. Canada, 1863, p. 124, fig. 47a-b.
Glossina belli Raymond, Ann. Carnegie mus., 1911, 8, p. 216, pi. 33, fig. 1.
Oboltis belli Waleott, Mem. U.S.G.S., 1912, 51, pt. 1, p. 386, pi. 38, fig. 3, 3a-b.

Although somewhat smaller than the specimens figured by either
Raymond or Waleott, the material at hand shows in all other particu-
lars close similarity to the type. The specimens studied include one
well-preserved pedicle valve and several fragments of both valves.
They have a uniform curvature, with the pedicle valve sharply pointed
posteriorly and the brachial blunt in that direction. The anterior edge
shows an evenly curved outline. Surface markings are subequal growth
lines. The presence of deeply impressed muscle-scars is evident in the
exfoliated individuals, the shell being thicker than the typical Lingulas.
The dimensions are: length 21 mm., width 17 mm., length-width index
123. The size and curved anterior margin together with the difference

256 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

in the posterior extremities in the two valves serve to distinguish the
species.

Horizon and Locality: — Holston, Ross and Repubhc Quarry, 3 miles
southeast of Knoxville, Tenn. ; and Chazy, Island of Montreal, Canada,
and Valcour Island, N. Y.

Palaeoglossa gibbosa, sp. nov.
Plate 1, fig. 3.

This is a large brachiopod, thick-shelled, with the pedicle valve the
larger of the two, due to the posterior end being pointed and extended
over the pedicle. The exterior is covered with strong, concentric mark-
ings when not exfoliated. The dimensions are: length 26 mm., width
25 mm., height 11 mm., length-width index 104. The greatest width is
two-thirds of the distance forward from the posterior limits of the shell.

Horizon and Locality: — ^Murat limestone, Lexington, Va. Holotype
no. 8587, M. C. Z. '

Genus Lingula Bruguiere.

LiNGULA lyelli Billings.

Plate 1, fig. 2.

Lingula lyelli Billings, Can. nat. and geol., 1859, 4, p. 348, fig. la-d, p. 431.
Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 124, fig. 49. Chapman, Canadian jour., n. s., 1863,
8, p. 195, fig. 165c. Expos, min. geol. Canada, 1864, p. 167, fig. 165c.
Raymond, Ann. Carnegie mus., 1911, 7, p. 218, pi. 33, fig. 5, 6.

A Lingula somewhat doubtfully referred to this species is represented
in the collection by several more or less well-preserved specimens. It
agrees with L. lyelli in its elongate, narrow, almost parallel-sided form ;
but no individuals yet found reach the size of the normal specimens
from the Chazy of Ontario. The index of Canadian shells (pedicle
valve) ranges from 180 to 215. That of the most perfect specimens
from the Ottosee is 180 for the pedicle and 175 for the brachial valve.
Mature examples of the species have nearly straight sides and are
rather blunt in front. The valves are not evenly convex, but show
flattened slopes. The surface markings are fine, concentric growth
lines. Dimensions: length of brachial valve, 14 mm., width 8 mm.,
length-width index 175. The greatest width is just forward of the

WILLARD AND RAYMOND: BRACHIOPODS. 257

middle. The species differs from other Lingulas of the horizon in its
high index, rather small size and the flattened areas of the valves.

Horizon and Locality: — Holston, McNutt Quarry, Sharon Springs,
Va. Figured specimen no. 8586 in the M. C. Z.

LiNGULA NARRAWAYI WilsOU.

Lingula narrawnyi Wilson, Canadian geol. surv., Victoria mem. miis. bull., 33,
1921, p. 49, pi. .3, fig. 4.

This species has small valves with subovate outline and faint con-
centric markings, the interiors of the valves not being preserved among
the materials studied. The shell is very thin and delicate, which, with
its small size, are the chief distinctive features of this species. Owing
to the ill state of preservation of the material, the finer details could
not be determined. Dimensions: length 5.5 mm., width 2.5 mm.,
length-width index 220.

Horizon and Locality: — Holston, three miles east of Blacksburg, Va.,
and Lowville, Ottawa, Canada.

Order NEOTREMATA Beecher.

Superfamily Siphonotretacea Walcott and Schuchert.

Family Siphonotretidae Kutorga.

Genus Schizambon Walcott.

SCHIZAMBON CUNEATUS, sp. nOV.

Plate 1, fig. 4.

The species is represented by a single well-preserved individual and
several fragments. The shell is oval, rather depressed and evenly
curved with a deep pedicle opening. The surface is marked by heavy,
compound, concentric growth lamellae and ornamented by numerous
spines, averaging about 2 mm. in length. The dimensions of a pedicle
valve are: length 15.5 mm., width" 13.5 mm., length-width index 114.
Widest point seems to be about one-third of the length back from the
anterior margin. The form differs from S. dodgci in being more pointed
posteriorly and from S. dupUcimuratxis in its greater size.

Horizon and Locality: — Holston, McNutt Quarry, Sharon Springs,
Va., and also from the Ottosee at the base of the formation, north of
Luttrell, Tehn. Holotype, no. 8588, M. C. Z.

258 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

Subfamily Acrotretacea
Family Acrotretidae Schuchert.
Superfamily Acrotretinae Matthew,
Genus Conotreta Walcott.

Conotreta declivis, sp. nov.

Pedicle valve small, high, semioval in outline, with wide, flat or
slightly concave false area, along the median line of which the course of
the pedicle tube is visible. The beak is far back, above the hinge, so
that the area is nearlv vertical. Surface ornamented bv fine, concentric
lines.

The apex of the cast of the interior of the shell is deeply indented by
a narrow fissure which extends about one-quarter of the way down to
the front of the shell. On either side of it are faintly impressed, radiat-
ing, longitudinal scars like those of Conotreta rusti.

Remarks.

This species differs from Conotreta rusti Walcott (Proc. U. S. nat.
mus., 1890, 12, p. 365, fig. 1-4) in the semioval instead of nearly square
outline, and in having the beak further back, forming a nearly vertical
false area. In the latter feature it resembles C. conoidea Reed (Trans.
Roy. soc. Edinburgh, 1917, 51, p. 817, pi. 4, fig. 1-5) from the Stinchar
limestone of Scotland.

Measurements: — The holotype is 2.5 mm. long, 3 mm. wide and 2.5
mm. high.

Horizon and Locality: — A single specimen was found in the Holston
limestone at the McNutt Quarry at Sharon Springs, Va., and is no.
8593 in the M. C. Z.

Family Acrosaccidae nov.

Shells similar in structure to Acrothele, but with the dorsal protegu-
lum intramarginal.

Genus Acrosaccus nov.

Pedicle valve conical, without, or rarely with, a false cardinal area.
Dorsal protegulum near the posterior margin. Genotype, Acrosaccus
shuleri sp. nov.

WILLARD AND RAYMOND: BRACHIOPODS. 259

ACROSACCUS SHULERI, Sp. nOV.

Plate 3, figs. 1, 2.

Pedicle shell circular in outline, nearly evenly conical, the apex a
little behind the middle, the apical angle being about 90°, as viewed
from the front. The posterior slope is slightly convex, without false
area, but showing, in the present partially exfoliated condition, the
course of the pedicle tube. Apex sharp, with an exceedingly minute scar
of the pedicle opening, the tube having apparently been closed by a
plug at maturity. Surface marked by closely spaced, sharp, elevated,
concentric lines.

Brachial valve almost circular, nearly flat, the beak slightly elevated
and situated near the posterior margin. Ornamentation like that of the
pedicle valve.

Remarks.

Taken by itself, the pedicle valve of this species would be referred to
Acrothele, but the intramarginal position of the beak of a brachial
valve having the same ornamentation indicates that not only is the
shell not an Acrothele, but does not belong to the Acrotretidae. The
presence of a pedicle tube proves the relationship to the Acrotretacea
rather than the Discinacea.

Measurements: — The pedicle valve is 9.5 mm. long and the width
is the same; the height is 5 mm. The brachial valve is that of a smaller
individual, being 5 mm. in diameter.

Horizon and Locality: — A rare species in the Holston limestone at
the McNutt Quarry at Sharon Springs, \a. Cotypes no. 8591, M. C. Z.

ACROSACCUS PANNEUS, sp. nov.

Plate 3, fig. 3.

Ventral valve depressed conical, with the apex back of the center.
All slopes gently convex, the apicul angle being about 1 10°. The speci-
men is exposed from the inside, and in breaking away the shell, there
was revealed a pedicle tube of small diameter extending along the
posterior side to the apex. The lower part was full of clear calcite; the
upper portion seems to have been plugged with shelly matter. The
surface appears to have been covered with raised, concentric, linear
ridges.

260 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

Remarks.

This species is referred to Acrosaccus rather than to Aerothele be-
cause of its evident similarity to Acrosaccus sinderi. From that species
it differs in having a lower pedicle valve with a wider apical angle.

Measurements: — The length and width are each 18 mm. The height
is about 5 mm.

Horizon and Locality: — A single specimen was found in the Holston
at the McNutt Quarry at Sharon Springs, Va., and is no 8592 in the
M. C. Z.

Superfamily Craniacea Waagen
Family Craniidae King.
Genus Petrocrania Raymond.

Petrocrania prona Raymond.

Plate 1, fig. 6.

Crania prona Raymond, Ann. Carnegie mus. 1906, 3, p. 574.
Petrocrania -prona Raymond, Ann. Carnegie mus., 1911, 7, p. 229, pi. 34, fig.
26-31.

The ventral valve is not present in the material under discussion,
but several more or less complete brachial valves are available giving a
fair idea of both surfaces. This shell is of a squarish outline and low,
highest about one-third the way forward from the posterior margin.
The surface markings are concentric, lamellose growth lines. The in-
terior shows two prominent scars of the anterior adductors just behind
the centre, with small ones posterior to these, which represent the
hinder adductors. In the anterior part of the interior of the valves may
be seen traces of the vascular sinuses, but poorly preserved in the ma-
terial on hand. The dimensions are: length 16 mm., width 15.5 mm.,
length-width index 103. It is distinguished from P. ulrichi in the more
posterior position of the muscle-scars.

Horizon and Locality: — Ottosee, above the lowest marble at the
quarry north of Luttrell, Tenn.— Holston, base, at Hoge Farm, Bland
Co., Va. (doubtful identity).— Chazyan, Valcour Id. and Chazy, N. Y.
Figured specimen no. 8589, M. C. Z.

Petrocrania cicatricula, sp. nov.

Plate 3, fig. 4.

The species is represented by brachial valves which differ from
others of the genus in being very convex and rounded, almost hemi-

WILLARD AND RAYMOND: BRACHIOPODS. 261

spherical, with a shght depression extending from the anterior margin
half way to the back. The interior shows very faint circular impres-
sions of the anterior adductors and some traces of the vascular sinuses
anterior to these, with a medial ridge corresponding to the external de-
pression. Dimensions are: length 14 mm., width 14 mm., length-width
index 100.

Horizon and Locality: — Ottosee, base of shale above the lowest
marble at quarry north of Luttrell, Tenn. Holotype no. S590 in the
M. C. Z.

Order Protremata Beecher.
Superfamily Orthacea Walcott.
Family Orthidae Woodward.
Genus Orthis Dalman.

Orthis disparilis Conrad.

Orthis disparilis Conrad, Proc. acad. nat. sci. Philadelphia, 184,3, 1, p. 331, 333.
HaU,Pal. N. Y., 1847, 1, p. 119, pi. 32, fig. 4a-c. Emmons, Amer. geol., 1855,
1, pt. 2, p. 194, pi. 9, fig. 4a-c. Hall, Geol. Wis., 1862, 1, p. 435. Billings,
Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 130, fig. 60.

The species is represented in the material under discussion by small
shells, having the brachial valve flat and the pedicle valve strongly
convex to almost triangular in cross section. They are marked by
thirty to thirty-two simple, sharp plications averaging six to a space of
five millimeters along the anterior margin. The cardinal area is high,
concave, with a large delthj'rium. The hinge-line is long. The size is
slightly variable, but an average, well-preserved specimen has the fol-
lowing dimensions : width 15 mm., length 14 mm., height 7 mm. length
of hinge-line 14 mm. The greatest width is just anterior to the highest
point of the pedicle valve. The length-width index is 93. This shell
would be placed with Orthis tricenaria as generally understood, but
probably sufficient difference is found to make it advisable to revive
Conrad's species, 0. disparilis. It is smaller than 0. tricenaria, and it is
upon this distinction, that the species is based, although in other points
the two are similar. Comparing this with 0. costalis, it is readily dis-
tinguished by its smaller size and pointed cardinal angles.

Horizon and Loccdity: — Rare in the Ottosee at Fugates Hill, Va., at
base of Ottosee north of Luttrell, and between second and third marbles
near Chesney, Tenn. ; also in the Tellico at South Knoxville, Tenn. It
was originally described from the Black River formation at Mineral
Point, Wis.

262 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

Genus Plectorthis Hall and Clarke.

Plectorthis exfoliata Raymond.

Hebertella exfoliata Raymond, Amer. jour, sci., 1905, ser. 4, 20, p. 370.
Plectorthis exfoliata Raymond, Ann. Carnegie mus., 1911, 7, p. 238, pi. 35,
fig. 11, 12.

This is one of the small Orthids, which helps in distinguishing it from
others. Both valves are convex and rounded, showing suggestions of a
fold in the pedicle valve and an equally vague trace of a sinus in the
brachial. The plications are rather rounded with an occasional bifurca-
tion, and in some individuals, a noticeable variation in point of size.
Usually, there are from eight to ten in a space of fi\e millimeters as
measured along the anterior margin, there being in all from thirty to
forty on each valve. The dimensions are: width 16 mm., length 13 mm.,
height 5 mm., length-width index 81. The greatest width is at a point
about one-sixth of the distance from the hinge-line.

Horizon and Locality: — Comparatively rare in the Ottosee toward
the middle, north of Mendota, Va., and in the lower part north of
Luttrell, Tenn. Also reported from Chazyan (Day Point), Chazy,
Valcour, and Valcour Island, N. Y. and Isle La Motte, Vt.

•

Plectorthis holdeni, sp. nov.
Plate 1, fig. 5.

Shell small, biconvex, wider than long, with simple plications. The
hinge-width is less than that further forward, and the cardinal areas of
both valves are low. The brachial valve is evenly convex, the pedicle
valve somewhat flattened in front of the umbo. Each valve has from
20 to 24 plications, those along the middle conspicuously larger than
those near the hinge, there being a gradual diminution in size from the
median line backward.

Only separated valves have so far been found. The holotype, a
pedicle valve, is 10 mm. long, 13 mm. wide at the hinge and 15 mm. in
greatest width. No larger individual has been seen, but somewhat
smaller ones are quite common.

This species is closely allied to Plectorthis trcntonensis Foerste, but
differs in having the plications along the middle of the shell very much
larger than those at the sides.

Horizon and Locality: — Several specimens were found near the base
of the Holston limestone at Speers Ferry, Va. Holotype no. 8595, M. C. Z.

WILLARD AND RAYMOND: BRACHIOPODS. 263

Genus Hebertella Hall and Clarke.

Hebertella melonica, sp. nov.
Plate 1, figs. 8, 9.

Shell transversely oval in outline, the two valves about equally con-
vex, covered with fine striae which increase b}' both bifurcation and
implantation. The hinge-width is considerably less than the greatest
width, and the cardinal area of the pedicle valve is of median height for
the genus, nearly flat, Ijut gently concave under the beak; that of the
brachial valve is about half the height of the opposite area, and de-
cidedly concave. The delthyrium is narrow.

The interior of the pedicle valve displays a prominent muscle-scar
extending nearly one-third of the length of the shell toward the ante-
rior margin, and of equal width and length (6.5 mm.). It is trilobate,
the two exterior lobes, representing the attachments of the diductors,
are equal; the intermediate lobe which forms the attachment of the
adductors is on the summit of a narrow ridge rising to an abrupt promi-
nence at the anterior edge of the scar. The whole is slightly elevated
above the general surface. In front of the muscular area is a shield-
shaped region, pointed toward the front, outlined on either side by a
wide, well-impressed vascular sinus, which, near the front, breaks up
into a number of short distributaries. The surface of this shield and of
other areas outside the sini, is covered with elongated papilli. The an-
terior margin of the shell is nearly straight, but it may be slightly con-
cave along the middle. Dimensions are: width 27 mm., length 24.5
mm., width at hinge line 20 mm., length-width index 91. The point of
greatest width lies about half way back from the anterior margin. In
a space of five millimeters at the anterior margin there are usually
eleven striations. The fineness of the striations distinguishes the spe-
cies from Hebertella horealis; Hebertella frankfortensis is aliout equal to
it in size, but has coarser striations and a higher cardinal area. H.
maria-'parkensis has a much lower length-width index. H. melonica is
larger than H. nickelsi and does riot have a pointed anterior margin,
and the same features serve to distinguish it from H. rogerensis. It is
larger and has finer striations and more prominent growth lines than
H. vulgaris.

Horizon and Locality: — Ottosee at Fugates Hill north of Mendota,
Va. ; north of Luttrell, and between the second and third marbles near
Chesney, Tenn. The species is also present in the Holston at the

264 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

McNutt Quarry, Sharon Springs, Va. Holotype no. 8596 in the
M. C. Z.

Hebertella vulgaris Raymond.

Orthis perveta Billings (not Conrad), Canadian nat. and geol., 1859, 4, p. 434,

fig. 10.
Orthis suhaequata Billings (not Billings, 1856), Canadian nat. and geol., 1859,

p. 434.
Orthis gibbosa Billings, Canadian nat. and geol., 4, 1859, p. 434.
Hebertella vulgaris Raymond, Ann. Carnegie mus., 1906, 3, p. 501 ; ibid., 1911, 7,

no. 2, p. 242, text figs. 15-18, p. 246, fig. 22, pi. 36, figs. 2-5.

The species seems, from the abundance of the material, to be fairly
common in the Holston. As previously described, the form occurs both
as large and small individuals; those under consideration seem to be all
of the lesser size. The convexity of the shells is about equal, although a
very sUght sinus is sometimes present in the brachial valve. Growth
lines are few, and striae increase by bifurcation and implantation. The
dimensions are: length 18 mm., width 22 mm., length-width index 82.
In a space of five millimeters along the anterior margin are found ten
striations. It is distinguished from //. borealis by its greater width, and
it is smaller and less gibbous than H. melonica.

A few specimens referable to this species have been found in the
Ottosee. From the exteriors alone they are not easily separable from
Pionodema globosa, but the interiors of two pedicle valves show the
characteristic muscle-areas and vascular sini of Hebertella. An interior
of a brachial valve shows the thin cardinal process on a platform sup-
ported by the median septum, as in specimens from Valcour Island, N.Y.

Horizon and Locality: — Holston, base of reef, Hoge Farm, Bland
County, Va., and McNutt Quarry, Sharon Springs, Va. Also in the
Chazyan at Chazy and Valcour Island, N. Y., and in Canada. In the
Ottosee at the base of the shale above the lowest marble in a quarry to
the north of Luttrell and between the second and third marbles near
Chesney, Tenn. Also in the Lenoir in the Catawba Valley, Va., are
found specimens which may be of this species.

Genus Glyptorthis Foerste.

Glyptorthis bellarugosa (Conrad).

Orthis bellarugosa Conrad, Proc. acad. nat. sci. Philadelphia, 1813, 1, p. 333-
Hall, Pal. N. Y., 1847, 1, p. 118, pi. 32, fig. 3a-e. Emmons, Amer. geol.
1855, 1, pt. 2, p. 197, pi. 9, fig. 3a-d. Shaler, Mem. geol. surv. Ky., 1876, 1,
p. 35.

WILLARD AND RAYMOND: BRACHIOPODS. 265

Hebertella bellarugosa Hall and Clarke, Pal. N. Y., 1892, 8, pt. 1, p. 222. Grabau
and Shimer, N. Am. index fossils, 1907, 1, p. 255, figs. 304d-e. Raymond,
Ann. Carnegie mus., 1911, 7, p. 245, text figs. 19, 20, pi. 36, figs. 8, 9.

Orthis {Hebertella?) bellarugosa Winchell and Schuchert, Geol. Minn., 1893, 3
pt. 1, p. 434, pi. 33, figs. 1-4. Schuchert, Proc. U. S. nat. mus., 1900, 22, p.
157.

Glyptorthis bellarugosa Foerste, Bull. sci. lab. Denison univ., 1914, 17, p. 258
(gen. ref.).

The species is rare in this area, only two individuals having been
found thus far whose identity is unquestionably proved. The shell is
small with valves nearly equal in convexity, the brachial having a mere
suggestion of a sinus. The hinge line is straight, and the cardinal area
relatively large. The most striking feature and the one which dis-
tinguishes this form from all other genera of the Orthidae is the pattern
of the surface markings. In it the radiating striae are crossed by con-
centric growth lines in such a fashion as to give a scalloped, or imbri-
cating effect. The dimensions are: width 11 mm., length 9 mm., height
5.5 mm., length of hinge line 8.5 mm., length-width index 82. In a
space of five millimeters along the anterior margin there are eleven
striations.

Ilorizon and Locality: — The specimens are from the Ottosee at
Liberty Hill and at a point 100 feet below the Moccasin between
Chesney and Luttrell, Tenn. Also reported from Black River forma-
tion at Mineral Point, Janesville, Neenah, etc.. Wis., Minneapolis,
St. Paul, Cannon Falls, etc., Minn., Decorah and McGregor, Iowa,
Curdsville, Ky. and Baffin Land. It is common in the Ridley in central
Tennessee and in the middle Chazy of the Champlain Valley.

Subfamily Dalmanellinae Schuchert
Genus Dalmanella Hall and Clarke.

Dalmanella rogata (Sardeson).

Orthis rogata Sardeson, Bull. Minn. acad. nat. sci., 1892, 3, p. 331, pi. 5, figs.

1-4. Amer. geol. 1897, 19, p. 95, pL 4, figs. 1-10.
Orthis {Dalmanella) testudinaria Hall and Clarke, Pal. N. Y., 1892, 8, pt. 1,

pi. 5B, figs. 27-31. Winchell and Schuchert, Geol. Minn., 1893, 3, pt. 1,

p. 441, pi. 33, figs. 17-22.

The shell is small, nearly circular in outline, with a hinge line less
than the greatest width. The pedicle valve is convex, with a relatively
high umbo continued anteriorly in a ridge which widens and merges
into the general contour of the shell half way to the margin. The

266 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

brachial valve is nearly flat with a more or less ill-defined sinus. The
surface is ornamented with fine, radiating striae showing a slight irregu-
larity in spacing. The dimensions are: width 12.5 mm., length 11.5
mm., height 5 mm., width at hinge line 7.5 mm. The length-width
index is 92. At a point midway between the hinge line and the anterior
margin is the greatest wndth of the shell. The brachial valve is some-
what more convex than in most of the Trenton representatives of this
species. The species is distinguished from DabnancUa bassJcri and D.
fcrtilis in being much smaller. It is, on the other hand, nearly twice as
large as D. hamhirgensis. It lacks the concentric lines of growth seen
in D. testudinaria and the striations are much finer.

Horizon and Locality: — Ottosee at Liberty Hill, Tenn., where it is
common, and in the Black River and Trenton at numerous localities in
North America.

Family Rhipidomellidae Schuchert.
Subfamily Plaesiominae Schuchert.
Genus Plaesiomys Hall and Clarke.

Plaesiomys platys (Billings.)
Plate 1, figs. 10, 11.

Orthis platys Billings, Canadian nat. and geol. 1859, 4, p. 438, figs. 15a-c.
Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 129, figs. 54a-c. Hall and Clarke, Pal. N. Y., 1892,
8, pt. 1, p. 218. Winchell and Schuchert, Geol. Minn., 1893, 3, pt. 1, p. 424.

Dinorthis platys Schuchert, Bull. U.S.G.S., 1897, 87, p. 216.

Plaesiomys platys Raymond, Ann. Carnegie mus., 1911, 7, p. 238, pi. 35, figs.
13-14.

As generally encountered, this is a rather small form, usually not
exceeding twenty-five millimeters in width, but a few individuals are
met that reach a width of between thirty and thirty-five millimeters,
though the smaller forms seem to be more typical of the fauna under
analysis. The pedicle valve is convex at the umbo giving way to a
plane or slightly concave area anteriorly. The brachial valve is well-
rounded and convex with a slight medial depression toward the ante-
rior margin and strong depressions just in front of the posterior edges
of the shell. The posterior edges above the hinge line may show a
tendency to turn up in a ridge extending from the neighborhood of the
delthyrium to the cardinal extremities. The hinge line of the adult is
nearly equal to the greatest width of the shell. Young individuals have

WILLAED AND RAYMOND: BRACHIOPODS. 267

the greatest width at the hinge. The surface markings are fine, well-
defined striations. The cardinal area is long and narrow. The interior
of the pedicle valve bears a small, poorly-defined muscle-scar, the
brachial having a pronounced, though short, cardinal process. Dimen-
sions of an average individual are: width 33.5 mm., length 27 mm.,
height 9 mm., length of hinge line 29.5 mm., length-width index 83.
In a space of five millimeters on the anterior margin are found nine
striations. The species may be distinguished from Plaesiomys deflecta
by its large size and much less convex brachial valve, whereas its plica-
tions are much finer and the cardinal extremities more extended than
in D. ulrichi.

Horizon and Locality: — Ottosee at Fugates Hill, and Speers Ferry,
Va., and in Tennessee between the second and third marbles near
Chesnev, 100 feet below the Lowville between Chesnev and Luttrell,
north of Luttrell, and at Liberty Hill. Also reported in the Chazyan at
Montreal, Quebec; Crown Point, Valcour Island and Chazy, N. Y. and
in eastern Tennessee (Lenoir). The species is found in the Holston
formation at Fountain City, Luttrell, and at the Ross and Republic
Quarry, 3 miles southeast of Knoxville, Tenn. At those localities it is
well represented by fairly well-preserved specimens showing the char-
acteristically fine striations and the extended cardinal extremities of
the species. In the Lenoir of the Catawba Valley, Va., many specimens
of this species are found. Figured specimens nos. 8598 and 8599,
M. C. Z.

Plaesiomys elongata, sp. nov.

Plate 1, figs. 15, 16.

The species is rather closely allied to Plaesiomys platys, but is longer
in proportion to the width, the pedicle valve is more convex through-
out, and the brachial valve lacks the medial and lateral depressions
found in the species described above. The brachial valve is more con-
vex than in P. platys, and its anterior end shows a cardinal process that
is short and rhombic in shape. The interior of the pedicle valve bears a
bilobate muscle-scar, distinct but not large. The striations are fine and
distinct, while concentric growth liYies may or may not be a prominent
feature on the valves. The dimensions are: width 23 mm., length
21.5 mm., height 11.5 mm., length of hinge fine 20.5 mm., length-width
index 93. In a space of five millimeters on the anterior margin are
found ten striations.

Horizon and locality: — Ottosee at Liberty Hill, north- of Luttrell,
Tenn. Holotype no. 8601, M. C. Z.

268 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

Plaesiomys brevis, sp. nov.
Plate 1, figs. 12, 14.

Shell similar in all respects to Plaesiomys platys, but with much
shorter valves, the index varying from 61 for a young shell, 10.5 mm.,
long to 64 for an adult 18 mm. in length. The greatest width is at the
hinge in nearly all specimens, but the angles become rounded on some
adults.

Horizon and Locality: — This is a common species in the Ottosee at
Fugates Hill north of Mendota, Va., and there is a single specimen from
the top of the Ottosee 5 miles northwest of Rogers ville, Tenn. Cotypes
no. 8600, M. C. Z.

Genus Dinorthis Hall and Clarke.

DiNORTHis pectinella (Emmons).

Orthis pectinella Emmons, Geol. N. Y. rept. 2nd dist., 1842, p. 394, fig. 2. Owen,
Amer. 'jour. sci. and arts, 1844, 47, p. 366, fig. 2. Hall, Pal. N. Y. 1847,
1, p. 123, pi. 32, figs. 10, 10c. Emmons, Amer. geology, 1855, 1, pt. 2, p.
193, pi. 9, figs. 10, 11a, b. Billings, Canadian nat. geol., 1857, 1, p. 205,
fig. 602. Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 165, fig. 147a-c. Chapman, Canadian
jour., 1862, n.s., 7, p. Ill, fig. 92; ibid., 1863, 8, p. 199, fig. 184. Expos.
Min., geol. Canada, 1864, p. 115, fig. 91, p. 171, fig. 183. Chamberlin,
Geol. Wis., 1883, 1, p. 155, figs, f and g.

Dinorthis pectinella Hall and Clarke, Pal. N. Y. 1892, 3, pt. 1, pp. 195, 222, 228,
pi. 5, figs. 29-33. Weller, Geol. surv. N. J., Rept. on palaeontology, 1903,
3, p. 154, pi. 9, figs. 29-30. Grabau and Shimer, N. A. Index fossils, 1909,
1, p. 253, fig. 303 i-1. Sassier, Bull. 2A, Va. geol. surv., 1909, pi. 24, fig. 2.

Orthis (Dinorthis) pectinella Winchell and Schuchert, Minn. geol. surv., 1893,
3, pt. 1, p. 424, pi. 32, figs. 31-34. Wliiteaves, Geol. surv. Canada, Pal.
fossils, 1897, 3, pt. 3, p. 175.

Orthis charlotlae Winchell, 8th rep. geol. nat. hist. surv. Minn., 1880, p. 67.

This species is typically resupinate. The pedicle valve commences
at the umbo in a raised portion, falling rapidly away to a plane or even
slightly concave area extending to the anterior margin. The brachial
valve is somewhat strongly convex throughout. The cardinal extremi-
ties are slightly rounded, and the cardinal area and delthyrium small.
Plications to the number of thirty-six ornament the surface and are
strong, sharp and simple. Some variations are seen in the plications of
forms which have been referred to this species and are worthy of note.

WILLARD AND RAYMONP: BRACHIOPODS. 269

The type of Emmons (Geol. N. Y. rep. 2nd dist. 1843, p. 394, fig. 2) is
an individual with strong, equal pHcations. Some individuals from the
Trenton correspond to this, but at the same locality are found others
which show successive gradations into types which have the plications
all bifurcated at the anterior margin, or have lesser plications implanted
between the major ones, sometimes extending to the umbo. Doubtless,
although there appears to be intergrading, specific rank should be as-
signed to the two extremes, and it is here proposed to restrict Emmons's
species to forms having simple, undivided plications.

On the brachial valve the plications appear somewhat rounded, but
are more or less flattened on the pedicle valve. The interior of the
pedicle valve bears a pair of prominent teeth and a rather elevated
muscle-scar, the adductors being on a slightly raised median portion
and the diductors large and lateral thereto. The plications are promi-
nent on the interiors of both valves. The brachial valve shows a decided
medial ridge and fairly large cardinal process. The dimensions: length
19 mm., width 24.5 mm., height 8 fnm., length at hinge line 20 mm.,
length-width index 70. In a space of five millimeters on the anterior
margin there are three plications. The shell is widest about one-third
of the distance forward from the hinge line. The species may be differ-
entiated from Dinorthis {J^alcourio) dcflccta Conrad as it is rather larger
and has coarser plications and is more typically plano-convex. It is
distinguished from D. meedsi Winchell and Schuchert, by its large size,
coarse, simple plications and flatter pedicle valve.

Horizon and Locality: — This species is fairly common in the Ottoseie
east of Concord, Tenn., and near the base of the Ottosee at Luttrell,
Tenn. It is reported from the Black River and early Trenton at Mid-
dleville, Trenton Falls, etc., N. Y., Pennsylvania, Mercer County,
Ky., Ontario, Decorah, la., St. Paul, Minn., Lake Winnipeg, Canada,
Tenn. and Va. The species is found in the Dinorthis zone of the
Holston west of Blacksburg, Va., in the continuation of the same beds
near Goodwin's Ferry, New River, and at the top of the reef at the
Hoge Farm, Bland County, Va. In the former of these localities it is
an extremely abundant, silicified fossil, showing in great profusion on
the weathered, red-brown surfaces of the rock. Here are found excel-
lent specimens showing the coarse plications and the piano-convexity
of the valves, the pedicle valve being flatter than in most cases. This
brachiopod has also been found in the Lenoir in the Catawba Valley,
Va., north of Salem, and in a shaly layer in the Holston in a cutting on
the Clinchfield Railroad just north of Copper River between Speers
Ferry and Clinchfield, Va.

270 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

DiNORTHIS ATAVOIDES, Sp. nOV.

Plate 2, fig. 4.

Shell large, transversely oval in outline, the valves subequally con-
vex. Cardinal areas nearly equal and both extremely low.

The pedicle valve is depressed convex for nearly half its length, then
becomes flattened in the middle of the front and merges into a shallow,
median sinus. The brachial valve is evenly convex throughout and
shows no trace of fold or sinus. Surface crossed by from 32 to 36 strong,
simple plications which are of about the same width as the furrows be-
tween them. The interior of the pedicle valve shows muscle-scars of
the usual form for Dinorthis.

The holotype is 21 mm. long, 20 mm. wide at the hinge, and 30 mm.
wide at the mid-length. The index varies on the shells measured from
67 to 70.

This species differs from Dinorthis pcdinella in being wider and hav-
ing a more convex pedicle valve. It is more nearly of the proportions
of D. semiondis (Hall) (Pal. N. Y., 1847, 1, p. 124, pi. 32, fig. 11), but
has a shorter hinge, lower cardinal areas, and more convex pedicle
valve. The latter is the most notable feature of this species, and indi-
cates that during the earlier stages of growth the shell must have had
the form of a Plectorthis.

Horizon and Locality: — Several specimens were found in a shaly
layer in the Holston limestone in a cutting on the Clinchfield Railroad
north of Copper Creek between Speers Ferry and Clinchport, Va.
Holotype and paratype nos. 8605 and 8606 in the M. C. Z.

Dinorthis interstriata, nom. no v.

Dinorthis pectinella Hall (not Emmons), 2nd Ann. rept. N. Y. state geologist,
1883, pi. 34, figs. 39-40. Hall and Clarke, Pal. N. Y., 1892, 8, pt. 1, pi. 5,
figs. 27, 28.

This form has been considered to be identical with D. pectinella, but
it is distinguished from it for the reason that between each pair of plica-
tions is a pair of finer striae. Perhaps, as in the case of certain varieties
of D. pectinella already noted, it may in time be shown from the collec-
tion of additional material, that this form intergrades with the latter;
but at present no such series is known. Therefore, a new name is pro-
posed. The form has already been figured under D. pectinella. It is
shown in the present faunas by a pedicle valve only. Dimensions are:
length 19 mm., width 25 mm., length of hinge line 21 mm., length-

WILLARD AND RAYMOND: BRACHIOPODS. 271

width index 76. In a space of five millimeters along the anterior border
are four plications. The greatest width is about one-third the way
back from the anterior margin.

Horizon and Locality: — Ottosee, Fugates Hill, Va., Trenton lime-
stone, Lewis Co., N. Y, Type in the New York State Museum.

DiNORTHIS QUADRIPLICATA, Sp. nOV.

Plate 1, fig. 13; plate 3, figs. 5, 6.

Shell resupinate, nearly planoconvex, with very low, subequal cardi-
nal areas. Pedicle valve convex only at the beak, flat or slightly con-
cave in front, with a very broad and shallow sinus. Brachial valve
evenly convex, without fold or sinus. Hinge width somewhat less than
that below, the cardinal angles rounded. Surface of both valves marked
by from 25 to 30 large plications, 4, or occasionally 5 of which in the
middle, are broader than the others, and simple, whereas those at the
sides nearly all bifurcate once or twice.

The holotype is 18.5 mm. long, 19 mm. wide at the hinge, and
24 mm. in greatest width: index, 77.

This shell has the same size and proportions as the typical Dinorthis
pectinella, but differs in having only the median plications simple. The
undivided nature of these same plications differentiates it from D.
interstriata.

Horizon and Locality: — A rather common shell in the Ottosee at
Fugates Hill, north of Mendota, and at Speers Ferry, Va., and in the
Ottosee just above the Holston at Luttrell, Tenn. Holotype no. 8602
in the M. C. Z.

Dinorthis transversa, sp. nov.

Plate 2, figs. 1, 2, 6.

Shell nearly planoconvex, transversely oval in outline. Pedicle valve
only slightly elevated at the back, otherwise nearly flat, but with a
very slight fold mesally. Brachial valve depressed convex, with a
broad median sinus which becomes^narrow on the umbo and disappears
at the beak. The surface of both valves is covered with rather coarse
plications which increase in size toward the median line. Nearly all
bifurcate at least once, and as adjacent ones do so at various distances
from the beak, an irregular pattern results. The holotype is 19 mm.
long, 22 mm. wide at the hinge line and 30 mm. in greatest width. The
index is 63. A somewhat larger pedicle valve is 20.5 mm. long.

272 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

This species is most closely allied to Dinorthis quadriplicata, but
differs in that the median as well as the outer plications bifurcate, the
shell is wider, hence the index is lower, and there is a sinus in the
brachial and a fold in the pedicle valve.

Horizon and Locality: — A single specimen was found in the lower
part of the Ottosee at Luttrell, Tenn., and two pedicle valves at a
similar horizon at Fugates Hill, north of Mendota, Va. The holotype
is no. 8603, M. C. Z., and the paratype 860-i.

Genus Nicolella Reed.

Nicolella agilera, sp. nov.
Plate 3, fig. 7.

Shell concavo-convex, widest at the hinge, covered with coarse striae
or relatively small plications which increase by bifurcation on the
brachial and implantation on the pedicle valve. Pedicle valve convex,
highest at the umbo, with concave slopes to the cardinal extremities.
Brachial valve gently concave. The holotype, a pedicle valve, is 15
mm. long and 23 mm. wide at the hinge, the index being 65. At the
front there are 4 large and 3 secondary striae in a space of 5 mm.

This species differs from Nicolella actoniae (Sowerby), the type of
the genus, in having smaller ribs which are not entirely simple, but in-
crease by intercalation of somewhat weaker ones on the anterior half
of the shell. In this respect it is more like A", asteroidea Reed (Trans.
Roy. soc. Edinburgh, 1917, 51, pt. 4, p. 860, pis. 10, 11), but that
species lacks the alate cardinal extremities.

Horizon and Locality: — Two specimens were found in the Hols ton
at the McNutt Quarry, Sliaron Springs, Va., and are nos. 8607 and
8608 in the M. C. Z. *

Genus Pionodema Foerste.

Some discussion as to the classification of this genus has taken place
in the past, and in order to show all its supposed relations, a summary
of the different opinions is given below.

Foerste (Bull. sci. lab. Denison univ., 1909, 14, p. 221) proposed
Bathycoelia as a subgenus of Dalmanella. His generic description fol-
lows: " Dalmanella bellula belongs to the group of Dalmanellas, typified
by Dalmanella subaequata Conrad, in which the brachial valve is
strongly convex, and the median depression is absent o^ only faintly

WILLARD AND RAYMOND: BRACHIOPODS. 273

indicated. This group appears to have had a phylogenetic history dis-
tinct from the group typified by Dahnanella testudinaria. It ranges
from the Stones river to the Devonian. For the species included in this
group, the term Bathycoeha is proposed as a subgeneric term." That
is to say, Dahiianellas having a strongly convex brachial valve with
little or no median depression, would be placed in this subgenus.
Bathycoelia proving to be preoccupied, he substituted the term Pio-
nodema in Bulletin of the Scientific Laboratory of Denison University,
1912, 17, p. 139, quoting as his type species Pionodcma subacquata
(Conrad).

In "A Textbook of Paleontology," Eastman-Zittel, 1913, p. 382,
Pionodema is given the rank of a genus along with Plaesiomys under
the subfamily Plaesiominae of the family Rhipidomellidae. Both the
families are new and distinct from Dalmanella which is there placed in
the new subfamily Dalmanellinae of the family Orthidae. Thus has
this classification made the separation still more remote, for, when
Foerste would have Pionodema merely a subgenus of Dalmanella,
Schuchert classifies it not only as a different genus, but in another
family and subfamily, their connections being only in remaining under
the superfamily Orthacaea. The chief distinction seems to be the
punctate condition of the shell in Dalmanella and the impunctate shell
of Pionodema.

Pionodema subaequata (Conrad).

Orthis siibaequata Conrad, Proc. acad. nat. sci. Philadelphia, 1843, 1, p. 333;
Hall, Pal. N. Y., 1847, 1, p. 118, pi. 32, figs. 2a-f.

See Bull. 92, U. S. nat. mus., 1915, 2, p. 978, for further synonymy.

There are four specimens in the collection which appear to belong to
this species, differing from the other Pionodemas in the Ottosee in
having a longer hinge and a shallow sinus in the pedicle valve. The
smallest specimen is the most typical, and agrees in all respects with
specimens figured by Winchell and Schuchert from Minnesota. It is
13 mm, long, 10 mm. wide at the hinge, and 15 mm. in greatest width,
the index being 86. There are 15 striations in a space of 5 mm. at the
front. The largest specimen had a shallower sinus in the pedicle valve.
The length is 21 mm., the width at the hinge 17 mm., and the greatest
width 24 mm., the index being 87.

Two of the three specimens referred to this species are slightly un-
symmetrical, a condition also noticed among other members of this
genus in the Ottosee. These specimens, when ^•iewed from above,

274 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

looking down on the pedicle valves, have all the striations turned some-
what to the right.

Horizon and Locality: — ■ Three specimens are from the Ottosee at
Fugates Hill north of Mendota, Va., and one from east of Concord,
Tenn.

Pionodema globosa, sp. nov.
Plate 2, fig. 5.

The shell presents a decidedly circular outline. The brachial valve is
strongly convex, but shows, toward the cardinal extremities, marked
depressions that are distinguishing marks of the species. On the in-
ternal surface a low-medial septum extends anteriorly about "one-third
the length of the valve. The pedicle valve is less convex than the
brachial with a tendency to a flattened area toward the anterior margin,
and a small, sharply curved beak. The cardinal area is small and well-
defined, as also is the delthyrium, whereas the hinge line is consider-
ably shorter than the greatest width of the shell. The interior shows a
small, subcircular muscle-scar, plainly three-lobed with a short, raised
process in front of the scar. The muscular area is like that of Heber-
tella, but, since the shell is thinner, less deeply impressed. The surface
of the valves is marked by fine, simple striations and faint growth lines.
The dimensions are: width 21 mm., length 18.5 mm., thickness 11 mm.,
length of hinge line 13.5 mm., length-width index 88. The greatest
width of the shell is about half way between the anterior and posterior
margins. In a space of five millimeters along the anterior border are
found sixteen striations. The species is nearly related to Pionodema
perveta, but there are differences which, if carefully noted, seem ample
for distinguishing the form. Although of nearly equal size, the hinge
line of Pionodema amoena (N. H. Winchell) is markedly longer than
that of P. globosa and is shorter in the latter than in P. perveta (Conrad).
The length is greater in proportion to the width, and the above men-
tioned depressions on the shoulders of the brachial valve, as present in
the species, are absent in the last mentioned type. The species differs
from P. stonensis (Safford) in the less convexity of the pedicle valve of
that species, as well as in the arrangement of the striations.

Horizon and Locality: — At the top of the Ottosee formation five
miles northwest of Rogersville, Tenn., and in the middle and upper
parts at Fugates Hill, north of Mendota, also at Speers Ferry, Va., and
at Liberty Hill, Tenn. Holotype no. 8609 in the M. C. Z.

WILLARD AND RAYMOND: BRACHIOPODS. 275

PlONODEMA MINUSCULA, sp. nOV.

Plate 2, fig. 3.

This is a Pionodema subaequata (Conrad) in miniature. Both valves
are convex, the pedicle being the higher, with the raised umbo promi-
nent and a small, triangular cardinal area in which is a narrow del-
thyrium. The surface is marked by fine striations and faint lines of
growth. The dimensions are: width 13 mm., length 12 mm., thickness
7 mm., length at hinge line 9 mm., length-width index 92. In a space of
five millimeters on the anterior margin are found some twenty-four
striations. The greatest width is just in front of .the umbo.

Ilorizon and Locality: — Lebanon formation at Lebanon, Tenn., and
in the Holston at Concord, Tenn. Holotype from Lebanon, and no.
S610 in the M. C. Z.

Superfamily Strophomenacea Schuchert.

Family Strophomenidae King,

Subfamily Rafinesquininae Schuchert.

Genus Plectambonites Pander.

Plectambonites curdsvillensis Foerste.

Plectambonites curdsvillensis Foerste, Bull. sci. lab. Denison univ., 1912, 17, p.
122, pi. 10, figs. 15a-b.

The species, like most of the Ordovician representatives of the genus,
has been referred to as Plectambonites serioeus (Sowerby). Winch ell
and Schuchert in their description of the latter species (Minn. geol.
surv., 1893, 3, pt. 1, p. 415), say "Surface of both valves marked by
numerous, very minute, closely arranged, equal, radiating striae, or
with every fourth, fifth or sixth one a little larger or more prominent
than those between." Foerste based his species, Plectambonites curds-
villensis, seemingly on the accentuation of every fourth striation, for
the remainder of his description varies little from that applicable to
the old form.

The pedicle valve is strongly convex and the brachial correspond-
ingly concave ; the hinge line is the greatest width. The pedicle valve
shows a prominent muscle-scar with two sharp, centrally located ridges
extending well forward and increasing in elevation. The cardinal ex-
tremities are sharp. It differs from other species in the accentuation of
every fourth striation. The dimensions are: width 13 mm., length

276 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

7 mm., height 2.5 mm., length of hinge hne 13 mm., length width index
54. In a space of five millimeters on the anterior margin are found
from twenty-five to thirty striations.

Horizon and Locality: — At base of Ottosee north of Luttrell, at
Liberty Hill, and five miles northwest of Rogersville, Tenn.; at Fugates
Hill, north of Mendota, Va.; from the Trenton (Curdsville), Glen
Creek Station, Woodford County, Kentucky.

Plectambonites aequistriatus, sp. nov.
Plate 3, figs. 8, 9.

It seems advisable to give a specific name to forms that might be
called P. sericeus (Sowerby) by the old classification, but which have
all the striations of equal size. The specimens in question are rather
small, depressed convex, about two-thirds as long as wide, with the
greatest width at the hinge, where the cardinal angles are extended
into short spurs. There is considerable variation in the outline, some
of the individuals being notably long, with an index of 71, whereas
others are of the more usual form of Plectambonites sericeus, with the
index as low as 60. The average index for six adults is 66.

The interior of a pedicle valve from the typical locality. Liberty Hill,
shows small and very divergent muscle-scars, separated at the posterior
ends by a low, rounded septum. The diductors are small, situated
behind the adductors and partially excavated beneath a sort of con-
cave platform under the beak. Near the front, parallel with the margin,
the shell is thickened and crossed by radial furrows. The interior of the
brachial valve is of the usual type, with a pair of sharp septa.

The surfaces of both valves are covered by very fine striae of uni-
form size. In a space of five millimeters along the anterior margin will
be found thirty to thirty-five.

Horizon and Locality: — Ottosee, south of Chilhowie Park, Knox-
ville, and at Liberty Hill, Tenn. At top of Holston, Thomas farm,
three miles east of Blacksburg, Va. Cotypes no. 8611, ^I. C. Z.

Plectambonites pisum Ruedemann.

Pledamhonites pisum Ruedemann, Bull. N. Y. state museum, 1902, p. 19, pi. 1,
figs. 8-20. Bassler, Bull. Va. geol. surv., 1909, 2a, pi. 3, figs. 17-18.

The form is of rather infrequent occurrence in the region under con-
sideration. Its shell is very small, and nearly semicircular in outline,
strongly concavo-convex, with the pedicle valve very high, nearly
hemispherical. The cardinal extremities are more or less prominent.

WILLARD AND RAYMOND: BRACHIOPODS. 277

The surface markings are fine, radiating striae and concentric growth
lines. The hinge line is the greatest width of the shell. The pedicle
valve slopes abruptly with a fairly large cardinal area and a good sized
delthyriuni. The interiors of the valves are not shown by the available
specimens. The dimensions are: width 10 mm., length 7.5 mm., length
of hinge line 10 mm., length-width index 75. In a space of five milli-
meters along the anterior margin are found as many as fifty striations.
The form is distinguished from others of the genus by its small size and
gibbosity and is slightly smaller than the specimen from New York
figured by Ruedemann.

Horizon and Localitii: — This species was described originally from
the Mohawkian of Rysedorph Hill and Moordener Kill, N. Y. (Ryse-
dorph); it occurs also in the Chambersburg of Penna., Md., and Va.
Specimens have been collected at the top of the Holston at the Thomas
Farm three miles east of Blacksburg, Va.

Plectambonites triseptatus, sp. nov.
Plate 2, figs. 7, 8.

A rather large, thick-shelled species, with about the usual propor-
tions of the so-called Plectambonites scriceus. The greatest width is at
the hinge, the cardinal angles pointed in the young, but rounded in the
adult. Surface covered with fine striae of alternating size, usually only
one very fine one between each pair of the more prominent ones.

The scars of the diductors in the pedicle valve are strongly diver-
gent, but not bounded mesially by ridges, and instead of being ex-
cavated in the shell, are built up as rounded callosities at the front. In
old individuals these are very conspicuous, and extend nearly to the
front of the shell. The most notable feature of the species, however, is
the presence of a high, sharp-crested median septum in the brachial
valve, extending beyond the anterior margin of the muscle-scars. On
either side, diverging slightly from the median septum, is a very low,
narrow septum bounding the inner edge of the adductor scar. On some
individuals these septa are so poorly developed as to be hardly visible.

A large pedicle valve is 13 mm. long and 20 mm. wide at the hinge.
A brachial valve, one of the cotypes, is 12 mm. long and 22 mm. wide
at the hinge line.

The presence of a median septum in the brachial valve differentiates
this species from all allied forms.

Horizon and Locality: — The holotype, no 8613, and paratype, no.
8614, are from silicified blocks from the Holston near Goodwins Ferry
on New River, Va.

278 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

Plectambonites crassus, sp. nov.
Plate 3, fig. 10.

Shell very large for a Plectambonites, strongly concavo-convex, with
the highest part of the pedicle valve usually in front of the middle.
Greatest width at the hinge, cardinal angles usually bluntly rounded,
but in some cases auriculate. The surface is covered with fine stria-
tions, of two sizes, the prominent ones being rather distant and sepa-
rated by bands of 10 or 12 very slightly elevated, extremely narrow
threads. The most remarkable feature of the species is the fact that
the coarse striations are really in pairs.

The largest individual in the collection is 17 mm. long and 28 mm.
wide. A more common size is 16 by 26 mm. The index is about 61.

Horizon and Locality: — Holston at the McNutt Quarry, Sharon
Springs, Va. Holotype no. 8616 in the M. C. Z.

Plectambonites negritus, sp. nov.
Plate 3, fig. 13.

The form is scantily represented as a diminutive Plectambonites.
It is more nearly semicircular than other small members of the genus,
with the lateral slopes of the pedicle valve flattened, the central por-
tion rather high and curving steeply down to the hinge line. The
brachial valve is not strongly concave, but rather flat. Surface mark-
ings consist of very fine striations with every sixth or seventh accentu-
ated. Its small size and peculiarly curved pedicle valve together with
the low index distinguish it from other species. Dimensions are:
length 4 mm., width 8 mm., length-width index 50. The greatest
width is at the hinge line. In a space of five millimeters along the an-
terior margin are 45 to 50 striations.

Horizon and Locality:- — -Lenoir, Catawba Valley, Va. ; Holston,
So. Knoxville, Tenn. Holotype no. 8615 in the M. C. Z.

Genus Leptaena Dalman.

Leptaena palustris, sp. nov.

Plate 3, fig. 14.

The species resembles rather closely a small LeptaeJia incrassata, but
is more nearly semi-circular in outline. It is known from a single speci-
men, a strongly convex pedicle valve, sharply deflected, with a raised

WILLARD AND RAYMOND: BRACHIOPODS. 279

area forward and very fine, alternating striae, more or less obscured by
exfoliation. There are only about 8 prominent striae. The surface is
covered with fine pitting, and there are obscure, concentric undula-
tions on the umbonal region. The dimensions are: length 7 mm.,
width 11 mm., length-width index 63. The greatest width is at the
hinge.

Horizon and Locality: — Holston, Concord, Tennessee. Holotype
no. 8619 in the M. C. Z.

Leptaena prona, sp. nov.
Plate 3, figs. 15, 16.

In general outline, the species is similar to L. unicostaia (Meek and
Worthen), found in the Richmond. It is also similar in size, having
extended cardinal extremities and an abrupt deflection. Owing to the
poor preservation of the single specimen, a pedicle valve, upon which
the species is based, the amount of wrinkling is not known, but fine,
radiating striae seem to have been present. The dimensions are:
length 14.5 mm., width 27 mm., length-width index 54. The greatest
width is at the hinge line.

Horizon and Locality: — Holston, Dinorthis zone, near Goodwins
Ferry, New River, Va. Holotype no. 8620 in the M. C. Z.

Genus Rafinesquina Hall and Clarke.

Rafinesquina minnesotensis (N. H. Winchell).

fStrophomena deltoidea Owen (not Conrad), Geol. expl. la., Wis., and III, 1844,

pi. 17, fig. 6 (not pi. 16, fig. 8).
Leptaena deltoidea Owen, Geol. rept. Wis. la., Minn., 1852, pi. 2B, fig. 10 (not

the middle figure).
Strophoniena incrassata Hall (not of 1847), Geol. Wis., 1862, 1, p. 42, fig. 16.

2nd Ann. rept. N. Y. state geol., 1883, pi. 38, figs. 1-5.
Strophomena minnesotensis N. H. Winchell, 9th Ann. rep. geol. nat. hist. surv.

Minn., 1881, p. 120.
Rafinesquina incrassata Hall and Clarke, Pal. N. Y., 1892, 8, pt. 1, pi. 7, figs.

1-5.
Rafinesquina minnesotensis Hall and Clarke, Pal. N. Y., 1892, 8, pt. 1, p. 283.

Winchell and Schuchert, Geol. Minn., 1893, 3, pt. 1, p. 401, pi. 31, figs. 25-

29. Grabau and Shimer, N. A. index fossils, 1909, 1, p. 212, fig. 252.

Although a rather common fossil from this area, the material on
hand does not show more than one interior, that of a brachial valve;

280 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

but there seem to be ample data for identifying the species. The shells
are semioval, concavo-convex, the convexity of the pedicle valve vary-
ing slightly to approach, at least in one case, Leptaenoid proportions.
The cardinal area is long and narrow with a prominent deltidium and
a tiny pore as pedicle opening. The hinge line is the greatest width of
the shell. The single available interior is a poorly preserved brachial
valve, which, however, shows a prominent ridge concentric to and just
within the anterior and lateral margins. The surface is marked by fine
striae alternating in size and crossed by concentric growth lines. The
dimensions are: width 18 mm., length 17 mm., height 4 mm., length-
width index 94. Length of hinge line is 18 mm. Along the anterior
margin in a space of five millimeters are found from eighteen to twenty
striations. The species is distinguished from others of the genus by its
small size, its hemispheric shape, and the thickening of the brachial
valve near the margin. It has a much higher index than R. distans
Raymond, and lacks the external concentric ridge that is characteristic
of Leptaena incrassata Hall.

Horizon and Locality: - — Ottosee formation at Liberty Hill, north of
Luttrell, Tenn., and at Fugates Hill north of Mendota, Va. It is also
reported from the Black River at Minneapolis, etc., Minn., Beloit,
Wis., Decorah, la., and Kentucky, and the Lebanon of various locali-
ties in central Tennessee. The species is found in the Holston, being
recovered from a point near Tilsons Gap, Bland Co., Va., but it is a far
less common fossil there than in the Ottosee as described above, and is
poorly preserved so that there is some doubt as to its true identity.
One more typical specimen was obtained from the top of the Holston
at the Hoge Farm, Bland Co., Va.

Rafinesquina champlainensis Raymond

Rafinesquina chavi'plainensis Raymond, Bull. Amer. pal., 1902, 3, no. 14, p. 37,
pi. 18, figs. 5, 6; Ann. Carnegie mus., 1911, 7, p. 233, figs. 6-9.

The species is represented among the material on hand by a single
specimen from the Ottosee, indicative of its rarity in that formation,
whereas more have been found in the Holston, as discussed below. The
individual from the Ottosee shows only the exterior of the pedicle
valve in a rather poor state of preservation. It is very strongly convex,
although of even curvature, with slight rounding of the cardinal ex-
tremities, so that the hinge line is slightly shorter than the total width.
The surface is marked by fine radiating striae, every third or fourth
being accentuated, and with growth lines that vary in prominence.

WILLARD AND RAYMOND: BRACHIOPODS. 281

Nothing can be determined as to the brachial valve or the interior of
the pedicle valve. The species differs from others of the genus by the
combined characters of large size and extreme ventricosity. The di-
mensions are: width 39.5 mm., length 32 mm., height 12.5 mm., length-
width index 81, length of hinge line 37.5 mm. In a space of five milli-
meters along the anterior margin are found thirty-five to forty stria-
tions.

Horizon and Locality: — Ottosee (middle) north of Mendota, Va.,
and from the Chazyan, Crown Point, Valcour Island, Bluff' Point and
Chazy, N. Y., Isle La Motte and South Hero, Vt. ; eastern Tennessee
(Lenoir). The form occurs in the Holston, being represented at the top
of the reef at the Hoge Farm, Bland Co., and in the Dinorthis zone near
Goodwins Ferry, New River, Va. In this case the identity is far more
sure than with the former specimen, as they are typically large ventri-
cose shells.

Rafinesquina duplistriata, sp. nov.

Shell large, nearly as long as wide, almost plano-convex. Surface
<;overed with fine, alternating striae, every other one of which is promi-
nent. The width at the hinge is almost, but not quite, equal to the
greatest width. Cardinal angles rounded. Adult individuals show a
downward deflection parallel to the margin of the pedicle valve, but
some millimeters behind it, and the interior of the brachial valve has a
corresponding ridge.

The pedicle valve is evenly and only moderately convex. The in-
terior shows large, flabellate, indistinctly rounded diductor scars, and
between them the narrow adductors, situated on a low, double, median
ridge, the anterior end of which is bifurcated. The brachial valve is
nearly flat, but deflected at the front in old individuals. The two
prongs of the cardinal processes are short, stout, with neatly circular
faces for the attachment of muscles. The adductor scars in this valve
are not deep, but large, and the interior of the shell is marked by two
pairs of lateral linear ridges and an extended median one. The interior
is much like that of the brachial valve of R. minnesotensis.

One pedicle valve is 43 mm. long and 45 mm. wide at the hinge.
The largest individual is 52 mm. long. The index for fully grown speci-
mens is about 95, but young individuals are not proportionally so long,
and have an index as low as 90.

This species differs from Rafinesquina miymesotensis in its much
greater size and less convexity, although the scars on the interior are
much the same. The general appearance of the shell is that of many

282 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

of the forms now referred to R. alternata, but if that species be re-
stricted to shells from the Trenton, the present species differs from it in
having only one small striation between each pair of prominent ones,
and in being proportionately longer.

Horizon and Locality: — This species is common in silicified layers in
the Holston near Goodwins Ferry on New River, Va. and north of
Copper Creek, between Speers Ferry and Clinchport, Va. It has also
been found in the Holston at the Ross and Republic Quarry three
miles southeast of Knoxville, Tenn. Several specimens have been ob- .
tained from the Ottosee at Luttrell, Tenn., and one from the same
horizon at Fugates Hill, north of Mendota, Va. Cotypes nos. 8621 and
8622 in the M. C. Z.

Rafinesquina distans Raymond.

Rafinesquina distans Raymond, Ann. Carnegie mus., 1906, 3, p. 575; 1911, 7,
p. 234, pi. 35, fig. 1.

The species is represented by a few ill-preserved specimens. The
valves are but slightly convex, resembling some Plectambonites in this
respect, and small, being wide compared to the length, with the great-
est width at the hinge line. The distinguishing feature in this species is
the surface decoration which consists of about a dozen prominent,
radiating striae with many very fine ones intermediate to them, to-
gether with equally delicate growth lines. The dimensions are: length
9 mm., width 14.5 mm., length-width index 62. In a space of five miUi-
meters along the anterior margin are found three of the larger and
about fifty of the smaller striations.

Horizon and Locality: — The species occur in the Holston at the
McNutt Quarry, Sharon Springs, Va. The original specimens were
from the Upper Chazy on Valcour Island, and the Middle Chazy at
Crown Point, N. Y.

Rafinesquina grandistriata, sp. nov.

Plate 2, fig. 11.

Shell small, widest at the hinge, nearly as long as wide. Surface
covered with coarse, rounded striae which increase bv both bifurca-
tions and implantation, and generally show additions near the anterior
margin. Cardinal areas very low, the extremities auriculate. The
pedicle valve is moderately and evenly convex, the brachial valve
nearly flat in the umbonal region, becoming somewhat concave toward
the front. The type is 12 mm. long and 15 mm. wide, and most of the »

WILLARD AND RAYMOND: BRACHIOPODS. 283

specimens have almost these dimensions, with an index of 80. The
species may easily be recognized by the lack of alternations in the striae
and the small size.

Horizon and Locality: — A rather rare species in the Holston lime-
stone at the McNutt Quarry at Sharon Springs, Va. Holotype no.
8623 in the M. C. Z.

Genus Ptychoglyptus, nov.

Rafinesquininae allied to Rafinesquina, in which the thin shell is
thrown into numerous transverse rugae which are confined to the
spaces between the principal striae, and are not continuous, concentric
folds, as in Leptaena. Type, Ptychogly phis virginiensis sp. nov.

Ptychoglyptus virginiensis, sp. nov.
Plate 2, fig. 12.

Shell small, almost flat, widest at the hinge, nearly half as long as
wide. The surface has from 10 to 14 radial striae, not all of which are
primary. Between them are wide spaces each occupied by about 12
very narrow, rather indistinct striations, separated by sharply im-
pressed furrows, narrower than themselves. The interspaces between
principal striations are crossed by wave-like wrinkles, the crests about
as wide but a little more rounded than the troughs. There are about 8
or 9 crests in 5 mm. on the anterior part of the shell. Each wave is
steeper on the front than on the back slope, and all are arcuate, bowing
backward toward the apex. The wrinkles of adjacent interspaces are
occasionally practically continuous, but usually alternate, so that the
crests of one abut against the troughs of the next. They seem more
often to be continuous near the cardinal angles.

The pedicle valve is gently convex on the umbo, becoming flattened
toward the anterior margin. The brachial valve is concave about the
beak, flat in front. No interior has been seen.

This species closely resembles Rafinesquina f subarachnoidea Reed
(Trans. Royal soc. Edinburgh, 19-17, 51, pt. 4, no. 26, p. 870, pi. 12,
figs. 25-32a), but appears to be more alate, and has the entire surface
covered by wrinkles and not the posterior portion only. Reed's species,
and probably Sirophomcna arachnoidca Tornquist, are to be referred to
the genus now described.

Horizon and Locality: — A common fossil in the- Holston limestone
at the McNutt Quarry at Sharon Springs, Va.; found also in the

284 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

Holston at South Knoxville, Tenn. Holotype no. 8626 and paratype
no. 8627, M. C. Z.

Ptychoglyptus pulchrus (Butts.)

Playfairia ? pulchra Butts, Geol. surv. Alabama, special rept., 14, 1926, p. 102,
pi. 10, fig. 15.

Butts has recently published a figure of a small shell about 5.5 mm.
long and 11 mm. wide, which is obviously a Ptychoglyptus. It differs
from the type of the genus in having less alate cardinal extremities and
somewhat less prominent concentric wrinkles.

Horizon and Locality: — From the limestone at the base of the
Athens at Pratts Ferry, Bibb Co., Ala.

Subfamily Davidsoniinae King.
Genus Christiania Hall and Clarke.

Christiania, sp. indet.

The genus is represented by a single individual showing an interior
of the pedicle valve. Owing to the poor state of preservation, it has
been considered inadvisable to assign it to a species, though it seems to
resemble C. suhquadrata Hall rather closely. The valve is strongly con-
vex and has a very small cardinal process, the interior marked by a
series of longitudinal ridges. The dimensions are about 16 mm. long
by 12 mm. wide, but owing to the chipped condition of the edges, they
cannot be accurately determined.

Horizon and Locality: — Ottosee, base of hill, Hoge Farm, Bland
County, Va.

Subfamily Orthothetinae Waagen.
Genus Strophomena Blainville.

Strophomena filitexta (Hall)

fProducta incurvata Shepard, Amer. jour, sci., 1838, 34, p. 144, figs. 1, 2.
fOrthis incurvata Castelnau, Essai sur le syst. Sil. de rAmerique Septentrionale,

1843, p. 38.
f Strophomena convexa Owen, Geol. expl. la.. Wis., and 111., 1844, p. 70, pi. 17,

fig. 2.
Leptaena filitexta Hall, Pal. N. Y., 1847, 1, p. Ill, pi. 31B, fig. 3.
Strophomena filitexta Emmons, Amer. geol. 1855, 1, pt. 2, p. 198, pi. 11, figs. 8a,

9c. Billings, Canadian nat. geol., 1857, 1, p. 203, figs. 1, 2. Hall, 12 rep.

WILLARD AND RAYMOND: BRACHIOPODS. 285

N. Y. state cab. nat. hist., 1859, p. 70. Billings, Geol. Canada, 1863, p.

164, figs. 142a-d. Hall and Clarke, Pal. N. Y., 1892, 8, pt. 1, p. 251, pi. 9,

figs. 1-7, pi. 9A, figs. 11-14 (not figs. 10, 15).
Streptor}uj7ichus filitexta Hall, 2nd Ann. rept. N. Y. state geol., 1883, pi. 39, figs.

1-7, pi. 42, figs. 11-14 (not figs. 10, 15).
Streptorhynchus convexum Sardeson, Bull. Minn. acad. nat. sci., 1892, 3, p. 343.
Strophomena incurvata Whiteaves, Geol. surv. Canada, Pal. foss., 1895, 3, pt.

2, p. 119. Raymond, Bull. amer. pal., 1902, 3, no. 14, p. 303, pi. 19, fig. 11.

Weller, Geol. surv. N. J. pal., 1903, 3, p. 150, pi. 9, figs. 16, 17. Grabau and

Shimer, N. A. index fossils. 1909, 1, p. 223, figs. 271a-d. Foerste, Bull. sci.

lab. Denison univ., 1912, 17, p. 24, pi. 11, figs. 7-9a-c.

The species is very abundant in the Ottosee fauna locally, the indi-
viduals recovered being generally a little smaller than the specimens
usually described, but in other particulars agreeing with the published
descriptions. They are semioval in outline with a long hinge line
slightly exceeding the greatest width. The pedicle valve is convex at
the umbo, becoming concave anteriorly and showing a subrhomboidal
to oval muscle-scar surrounded by a low and narrow ridge rising later-
ally to the teeth. The cardinal area is relatively large with a prominent
deltidium. The species has an evenly convex brachial valve with an
indefinite medial septum on its anterior. Surface markings are fine,
radiating striae and lines of growth, so that, quoting Hall (Pal. N. Y.,
1847, p. Ill): "This shell is characterized by its striae which are
crossed by fine, elevated lines, giving the surface a textile or woven
appearance, which is markedly characteristic in well-preserved speci-
mens, and differs from any other species of this [Trenton] rock." The
dimensions of the shell are: width 33 mm., length 25 mm., height 6 mm.
length of hinge line 35 mm., length-width index 76. In a space of five
millimeters along the anterior margin are found about 25 striae. As
already noted, the striation-pattern is the chief means of distinguishing
the form, especially from S. vincina Foerste in which the striations are
all of about equal size.

Horizon and Locality: — Ottosee formation at Liberty Hill, Tenn.,
and at Fugates Hill, north of Mendota, Va. Common in the Stones
River and Black River horizons at Green Bay, Wis., and various locali-
ties in Minn., la., Ky., Tenn., Mo^ Canada, etc.

Strophomena tennesseensis, sp. nov.

Plate 2, figs. 17, 18.

This is a rather large shell resembling S. filitexta (Hall), S. trentonen-
sis Winchell and Schuchert, S. ivinchelli Hall and Clarke and other

286 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

good sized Strophomenas, but it may be distinguished from them by
its higher index, moderate convexity and low cardinal area, together
with the peculiar curvature of the brachial valve. This valve increases
in height from the hinge line to a point about three-fourths of the dis-
tance to the anterior margin, where it turns steeply down to the edges
of the shell. The ascending portion is nearly plane, but shows toward
its centre a slight depression. The pedicle valve has the characteristic
double curvature of the genus. A long, narrow cardinal area is present,
with a prominent deltidium.

The dimensions are: width 33 mm., length 33 mm., length of hinge
line 32 mm., length-width index 100. In space of five millimeters along
the anterior margin are found 15 regularly alternating striae. The
interior of the pedicle valve shows unusually large diductor scars, with
the adductors on a low ridge between them.

Horizon and Locality: — A rare fossil in the Ottosee formation at
Fugates Hill north of Mendota, Virginia, and at Liberty Hill, Tenn.
Cotypes nos. 8628 and 8629 in the M. C. Z.

Strophomena inspeciosa, sp. nov.
Plate 2, fig. 13.

Shell small, less than three-fourths as long as wide, with a moderately
convex brachial and nearly flat pedicle valve. The surface appears
rather rough, because of strongly marked lines of growth and irregular
radial undulations, some specimens showing an obscure sinus in the
brachial valve. The striae are fine, and generally regularly alternating,
with one less important striation between each pair of more prominent
ones. The cardinal area is of medium height, with a wide deltidium;
and the greatest width is at the hinge line.

No specimen from the typical locality. Liberty Hill, Tenn., shows the
interior, but a pedicle valve from Fugates Hill, Va., which appears to
be this species, has the large scar of the diductors divided medially by a
low septum which extends a short distance in front of the scars, taper-
ing to a fine point at the anterior end.

The holotype is 15 mm. long and 22 mm. wide, and a smaller indi-
vidual is 12 mm. long and 17 mm. in width. The index is about 68 to
70. In a space of 5 mm. the holotype shows 18 striations on the an-
terior margin.

This species somewhat resembles the well-known Strophomena hill-
ingsi Winchell and Schuchert, but is a less regularly curved shell, and
the striae are more distinctly alternating. Stropliomena scofieldi Win-

WILLARD AND RAYMOND: BRACHIOPODS. 287

chell and Schuchert is an equally rough appearing shell, but has a dis-
tinct fold and sinus and no septum in the pedicle valve. (Pal. of
Minnesota, 1893, 1, pi. 31).

Horizon and Locality: — A rather uncommon fossil in the Ottosee at
Liberty Hill, Tenn., and Fugates Hill, north of Mendota, Va. Holo-
type no. 8631 and para type no. 8634 in the M. C. Z.

Strophomena tenuitesta, sp. nov,
Plate 2, figs. 15, 16.

Shell of medium size, thin, both valves nearly flat. The width at the
hinge about equal to the greatest width. The surface is covered with
fine, radial striae, a weak one regularly alternating with a more promi-
nent one, all crossed by very closely spaced, concentric lines. The
cardinal area is unusually narrow; the shell is very thin, and practically
all of the specimens found are bilaterally unsymmetrical. This latter
fact is due perhaps to the thinness of the shell and the consequent
liability to injury.

The holotype is 32 mm. long and about 34 mm. in width. A some-
what smaller specimen is 27 mm. long and 30 mm. wide. The index
appears to be about 90. This species resembles Strophomena filitexia but
is less curved and has a very much narrower cardinal area.

Horizon and Locality: — A rather common fossil in a shaly zone in
the Holston in the first cutting north of Copper River on the railroad
between Speers Ferry and Clinchport, Va. Holotype no. 8630, M. C. Z.

Subfamily Tripleciinae Schuchert.
Genus Oxoplecia Wilson.

Oxoplecia holstonensis, sp. nov.

Plate 3, fig. 17.

Shell small, nearly circular in outline, with both valves so convex as
to be almost globose. The hinge line is short, and the cardinal angles
rounded. The pedicle valve has a small, concave, cardinal area, the
delthyrium closed by a nearly flat deltidium. The brachial valve shows
no area. The pedicle valve has a rather broad, not deep, flat-bottomed
sinus beginning in front of the umbo, and there is a corresponding fold
in the brachial valve. The surface is marked by small plications which
extend on to the umbo, but seldom entirelv to the beak. These are
crossed by fine, numerous, concentric lines.

288 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

There appear to be four primary plications in the sinus and five on
the fold, but frequently specimens are found with one or two more in
either situation. The average individual appears to have about ten
plications on either side of the fold and sinus, although some have as
few as six.

One individual is 10 mm. long, 12 mm. wide, and 7.5 mm. wide at the
hinge. Most of the specimens are about that size, although one 16 mm.
wide was observed.

The species is most closely related to Oxoplecia slmulatrix (Bassler),
which occurs in the Chambersburg of northern Virginia and south-
eastern Pennsylvania (Maryland geol. surv., Cambrian and Ordovi-
cian, 1919, p. 266, pi. 49, figs. 11-13). Specimens of that species from
Strasburg, Virginia, which are now before the writer allow direct com-
parison. Individuals of 0. holstonensis are much smaller, more globose,
and have on the average fewer plications in the fold and sinus than 0.
siviulatrix. Specimens of the latter species 15 mm. in length are not
uncommon.

Butts has recently figured (Geol. sur. Ala., Special Report 14, 1926,
p. 126, pi. 31, fig. 21) a new species of Oxoplecia from the lower part of
the Chicamauga limestone of Alabama. The pedicle valve has almost
exactly the same outline as 0. holstonensis, but differs in that the sinus
extends to the beak, whereas in our specimens the umbo is convex.
The brachial valve assigned to 0. occidentalis (Butts) appears to be less
nearly circular in outline.

Horizon and Locality: — • Ottosee by roadside, Fugates Hill, north of
Mendota, Va. ; and in the Holston, near Goodwins Ferry, New River,
Va., Ross and Republic Quarry, 3 miles southeast of Knoxville, and at
Concord, Tenn.; at the top of the Holston at the Thomas Farm, 3
miles east of Blacksburg, and at the McNutt Quarry, Sharon Springs,
Va. Also in the TelUco at South Knoxville, Tenn. Holotype no. 8632,
M. C. Z.

Superfamily Pentameracea Schuchert,

Family Clitambonitidae Winchell and Schuchert.

Genus Clitambonites Pander.

Clitambonites porcia (Billings).

Oi-this porcia Billings, Canadian nat. geol., 1859, 4, p. 439, figs. 16-18; Geol.

Canada, 1863, p. 130, figs. 58a-c.
Clitambonites porcia Raymond, Ann. Carnegie mus., 1911, 7, p. 248, pi. 36,

figs. 15-16.

WILLARD AND RAYMOND: BRACHIOPODS. 289

The species is represented by parts of a few badly preserved pedicle
valves. The better of these shows the shell to have a high pedicle valve
of pyramidal outline. The interiors are not known from these speci-
mens. The outer surface is marked by strong, though not very large,
striations. It is distinguished from others of the genus largely through
its coarser striations which make it easily confused with certain of the
Orthidae. The dimensions are: length 14 mm., width 20 mm., length-
width index 70. The greatest width is about one-third of the distance
back from the anterior margin along which, in a space of five milli-
meters, are found seven striae.

Horizon and Locality: — Ottosee, north of Luttrell, Tenn., and
Chazyan, two miles north of Montreal, Canada. It is also found in the
Holston, at the base of the reef on the Hoge Farm, Bland County, Va.,
being represented by two pedicle valves and fragments of others both
pedicle and brachial. They seem to be slightly smaller than the Otto-
see specimens.

Clitambonites holstoni (Hall and Clarke).

Orthis (?) holstoni (Safford Ms.), Hall and Clarke, Pal. N. Y., 7, pt. 1, 1892,
pp. 218, 340, pi. 5A, figs. 35-37; 14th rep. state geol. N. Y., for 1894, 1897,
p. 339, pi. 4, figs. 19-21. Wysogorski, Zeits. d. d. geol. gesell., 52, 1900, p.
227, footnote.

This form has been distinguished from the similar Richmond types,
C. amcricana Hall and Clarke, and C. diversa Shaler, by its greater
width. It was described as an Orthis, but is undoubtably a Clitam-
bonites. It also resembles certain specimens of C. trentonensis Ray-
mond, as figured from the Trenton of eastern Canada. Although the
material is fragmental, the specimens show a long hinge line and shell
wider than long, though the exact measurements cannot be determined.
The pedicle valve shows a characteristically high cardinal area, the
shell itself approaching the conical, whereas the brachial valve is more
or less flattened. The surface has faint growth lines and coarse, radi-
ating striations. The interior of a pedicle valve shows a large, deeply
concave spondylium supported by a short, thin septum, and in the
brachial shell the muscle-scars are separated by a high, rounded septum
which extends beyond the middle. The species is distinguished by its
long hinge line and coarse striae.

Horizon and Locality: — Holston near Goodwins Ferry, New River,
and near White Gap and Tilsons Gap, Bland County, Va., and in the
Lenoir of the Catawba Valley, Va. Also occurs in the Ottosee near
Knoxville, Tenn.

290 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

Family Porambonitidae Davidson.

Subfamily Parastrophiinae Schuchert.

Genus Camarella Billings.

Camarella panderi Billings.

Camarella panderi Billings, Canadian nat. geol. 1859, 4, p. 302; Geol. Canada,
1863, p. 143, figs. 78a-b. Hall and Clarke, P:J. N. Y., 1895, 8, pt. 2, p. 220,
pi. 62, figs. 19-23. Raymond, Ann. Carnegie mus., 1911, 7, pi. 36, figs. 31,
32.

The species is possibly represented by several minute and evidently
embryonic individuals. The outline is elliptical, slightly pointed poste-
riorly from the extension of the pedicle beak over the short hinge line.
It is a biconvex brachiopod, the pedicle valve slightly more gibbous
than the brachial. Some individuals are a little more sharply curved at
the anterior margin, and both valves may show suggestions of plica-
tions at the front. The dimensions are: length 2.5 mm., width 2 mm.,
length-width index 125. The greatest width is at the middle. The form
is distinguished by its small size.

Horizon and Locality: — Holston at Ross and Republic Quarry, 3
miles southeast of Knoxville, Tenn.; middle of reef at Hoge Farm,
Bland Co., Va., Black River at Pauquettes Rapids, Ottawa River,
Canada; Curdsville of Kentucky.

Camarella volborthi BiUings.

Camarella volborthi Billings, Can. nat. and geol., 1859, 4, p. 301; Geol. Canada,
1863, p. 143, figs. 77a-c. Hall and Clarke, Pal. N. Y., 1895, 8, pt. 2, p. 220,
pi. 62, figs. 11-18, pi. 84, fig. 42.

This well-known species is rather common in the Ottosee at Liberty
Hill, Tenn. Specimens from that locality are of about the usual size,
have two plications in the sinus and three on the sides, but usually
show a somewhat more shallow sinus than individuals from Canada or
Central Tennessee.

Genus Parastrophia Hall and Clarke,

Parastrophia rotundiformis, nom. nov.

Anastrophia (?) hemiplicata var. rotunda Wiachell and Schuchert, Minn. geol.
surv., 1893, 3, pt. 1, p. 383, pi. 30, figs. 32-35.

Parastrophia hemiplicata rotunda Bassler, U. S. nat. mus.. Bull. 92, 1915, 2, p. 945.

WILLARD AND RAYMOND: BRACHIOPODS. 291

Parastrophia hemiplicata Hall is well known to be distinctly and
typically a species confined to the Trenton in New York, Pennsylvania,
Wisconsin, Minnesota, New Jersey, Ontario, Manitoba and Baffin
Land. Parastrophia hemiplicata rotunda Winchell and Schuchert is re-
ported only from the Trenton, at Cannon Falls, Minnesota, and
Decorah, la. The specimens from the Holston of Tennessee seem to be
identical with the latter so that, since it occurs at this lower level, it
has been deemed wise to treat it as a distinct species rather than a
variety of P. hemiplicata Hall; especially so, since the simpler plication
arrangement hints at its possibly having an ancestral relation to the
Trenton species. It is a subglobose brachiopod. The pedicle valve has
a broad, shallow sinus and two plications therein with two or three on
the lateral slopes. The brachial vahe has a low fold on which are three
plications that become flattened and appear to bifurcate at their an-
terior ends.

The dimensions are: length 13.5 mm., width 14.5 mm., length-width
index 93. The greatest width is two-thirds of the length from the beaks
forward. It is distinguished from P. hemiplicata Hall by its higher con-
vexity and the fewer plications.

Since Reed has shown (Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, 51, 1917, no. 4,
p. 928) that Atrypa rotunda Sowerby is a Parastrophia, it becomes
necessary to suggest a new name for the species described by Winchell
and Schuchert.

Horizon and Locality: — Holston, McNutt Quarry, Sharon Springs,
Va., top of Holston, Thomas Farm, 3 miles- east of Blacksburg, Va.,
Trenton, Cannon Falls, Minn., Decorah, la;

Order TELOTREMATA Beecher.

Superfamily Rhynchonellacea Schuchert.

Family Rhynchonellidae Schuchert.

Genus Camarotoechia Hall and Clarke.

Camarotoechia quadriplicata, sp. nov.

Plate 2, fig. 14.

The shell is of medium size and of the usual form for the genus. The
fold is low and the sinus shallow, so that neither makes a striking in-
terruption in the curvature of the shell, and the outline is transversely
oval, rather than triangular. The surface is crossed by angular, radial
plications, four of which are in the sinus, five on the fold and six or

292 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

seven on each of the sides. Except at the front, there are no conspicu-
ous growth lines, but the surface, when preserved, is covered with
minute granules. One individual is 13.5 mm. long and 17 mm. wide.
Nearly all of the others are a little smaller. The index is about 80.

This shell is referred to Camarotoechia instead of Rhynchotrema, in
the absence of any information as to the presence or lack of a cardinal
process, and because of the absence of numerous growth lines. It ap-
pears to be nearly related to Camarotoechia plena, which often has five
plications on the fold and four in the sinus, but lacks the variability of
that species, and differs in being distinctly broader than long. It is
readily distinguished from Rhynchotrema increbescens (Hall) and R.
minnesotcnsis (Sardeson) by the lack of growth lines, and the presence
of an extra plication on the fold and sinus.

Horizon and Locality: — Specimens are fairly common but poorly
preserved at the base of the Ottosee at Luttrell, Tenn., and exceed-
ingly abundant in the upper part of the Holston about two miles north-
east of Fugates Hill, north of Mendota, Va. Holotype no. 8633, M. C. Z.

4.

No. 6b. — The Brachiopods of the Lenoir and Athens Formations of

Tennessee and Virginia.

By Percy E. Raymond.

Order ATREMATA Beecher.
LiNGULA NYMPHA Billings.

*&■-

Plate 1, fig. 1.

Lingula nympha Billings, Pal. foss. Canada, 1865, 1, p. 214, fig. 198. Ami,
Ottawa naturalist, 1894, 8, p. 85.

Shell very large, parallel-sided, convex, the anterior and lateral
slopes flattened. The pedicle valve extends only very slightly beyond
the opposite one, so that the beak is scarcely more pointed. The ex-
terior shows the usual concentric growth lines, and there are also along
the median region, from back to front, radial striations which are
accentuated on partially exfoliated individuals.

The figured brachial valve is 58 mm. long and 26 mm. wide, with an
index of 223. This shell is somewhat broader than specimens from
Newfoundland, whose index, according to Billings, is about 270.

Horizon and Locality: — This is a common fossil in the shaly lime-
stone of the Athens in the cutting one mile south of Otes, Tenn. Nearly
all the specimens, however, have been obtained from material brought
from this cutting to make a fill on the railroad about 1.5 miles north of
Bulls Gap, Tenn. Figured specimen no. 8585, M. C. Z. Billings's speci-
mens were from division N, (Normanskill), at Table Head, Newfound-
land.

Order Protremata Beecher.

Orthis disparilis Conrad.

Orthis disparilis Conrad, Proc. acad. nat. sci. Philadelphia, 1843, 1, p. 333.
See Bull. 92, U. S. nat. mus., 1915, 2, p^ 898, for further synonymy.

The presence of this species in the Athens is indicated by a pedicle
valve 9 mm. long and about 9.5 mm. wide. It has 25 small rounded
plications, and a high incurved cardinal area. Another individual, re-
taining both shells, has a brachial valve 8 mm. long and 10 mm. wide.
These specimens have a higher index than usual for this species, but as
both are small, it seems better to place them here than as a new species.

294 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

Horizon and Locality: — The first specimen mentioned is from the
Athens one mile south of Otes, Tenn. The second, from the Lenoir,
between Bulls Gap and Whitesburg, Tenn.

Hebertella bursa, sp. nov.
Plate 1, fig. 7.

Shell of medium size, both valves moderately convex, hinge shorter
than the greatest width of the shell. Surface covered with striations
which in general effect appear simple, but increase by bifurcation and
implantation close to the beak, and more rarely, near the front. On
account of the place of introduction of new members, the striations
increase in size uniformly from the umbo to the front, where there are
5 in the space of 5 mm.

The holotype is 26 mm. long and 29 mm. wide at the middle. The
width at the hinge is 22 mm. and the index 90.

This species somewhat resembles H. melonica Willard and //. borealis
Billings, but is very much less convex than either of those species.

Horizon and Locality: — A single complete but somewhat crushed
individual was found in material taken from the railroad cutting 1 mile
south of Otes, Tenn. The horizon is Athens. The holotype is no. 8597,
M. C. Z.

Plectorthis exfoliata Raymond.

Hebertella exfoliata Raymond, Am. jour, sci., 1905, 20, p. 370.
Plectorthis exjoliata Raymond, Ann. Carnegie mus., 1911, 7, p. 238, pi. 35, figs.
11, 12. "

Specimens from the Lenoir seem to agree in all respects with those
from the typical Chazy. Both valves are convex, the width at the
hinge does not quite equal the greatest width, and all show about 40
simple, thin, sharp plications. An average specimen is 13 mm. long,
15 mm. wide, and 13 mm. wide at the hinge. An unusually large indi-
vidual is 15 mm. long.

Horizon and Locality: — This is a very common species in the Lenoir
at Lenoir City and at Bluff City, Tenn., and one specimen was found
4 miles east of Concord, Tenn.

Valcourea ventro-carinata (Butts).

Strophomena ventro-carinata Butts. Geol. surv. Ala. special rept., 14, 1926, p.
116, pi. 26, figs. 16, 17.

Shell small, known only from the pedicle valve which is almost flat,
being slightly convex at the beak, flat or slightly concave at the front.

WILLARD AND RAYMOND: BRACHIOPODS. 295

The greatest width is at the hinge, the cardinal angles being acute but
not greatly extended. The surface is covered with slender, granulose,
angular striae, which increase both by bifurcation and implantation,
the longer striae being much the more elevated and conspicuous.

A pedicle valve is 10 mm. long and 16 mm. wide at the hinge. There
are 14 striae in a space of 5 mm. at the front.

This species differs from Valcourea strophomenoides Raymond, V.
defleda (Conrad) and all other species of the genus in the flatness of the
pedicle valve.

Horizon and Locality: — The types of the species were collected from
the Little Oak limestone at Pelham, Ala. Two specimens were found
by the writer at the top of the Lenoir 1.5 miles east of Bluff City, Tenn.

Valcourea strophomenoides Raymond.

Plaesiomys strophomenoides Raymond, Am. jour, sci., 1905, 20, p. 370.
Valcourea strophomenoides Raymond, Ann. Carnegie mus., 1911, 7, p. 240, pi.
35, figs. 15-19, pi. 36, fig. 1, text fig. 12.

Horizon and Locality: — A rare species in the Lenoir near the Ross
and Republic quarry, southeast of Knoxville, Tenn.

Plaesiomys platys (Billings).

Orthis platys Billings, Canadian nat. and geol., 1859, 4, p. 438, figs. 15a-c.
See Bull. 92, U. S. nat. mus., 1915, 1, p. 444, for further references.

Horizon and Locality: — This species is fairly common in the Athens
in the cutting one mile south of Otes, Tenn.

Rafinesquina champlainensis Raymond.

Rafinesquina champlainensis Raymond, Bull. Am. Palaeontology, 1902, 3 '
no. 14, p. 303, pi. 18, figs. 5, 6. Ami. Carnegie mus., 1911, 7, p. 233, figs.
6-9.

Specimens of this species from the Lenoir show the typical convexity
and often the full size of species as it occurs in the typical Chazy. A
pedicle valve is 41 mm. long and 40 mm. wide at the hinge, which is not
quite the greatest width.

Horizon and Locality: — ■ A common fossil in the Lenoir six miles

296 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

southeast of Knoxville, east of Concord, and between Bulls Gap and
Whitesburg, Tenn.

Rafinesquina minnesotensis (Winchell).

Strophomena minnesotensis Winchell, 9tli ann. rept. nat. hist survey of Minne-
sota, 1881, p. 120. See Bassler, Bull. 92, U. S. nat. mus., 1915, 2, p.
1088, for further references to the literature.

Horizon and Locality: — A single complete individual, of typical size
and convexity, was found in the Lenoir 6 miles southeast of Knoxville,
Tenn. It was 19 mm. long and 24 mm. wide at the hinge. A smaller
specimen was obtained from the Lenoir at Lenoir City, Tenn.

Rafinesquina alternata (Emmons).

Strophomena alternata Emmons, Geology of New York, rept. 2nd district, 1842,
p. 395, fig. 3. See Bull. 92, U. S. nat. mus., 1915, p. 1084, for further
references to literature.

Small specimens, which have the low curvature, proportions and
striae of this species were collected from the Lenoir four miles east of
Concord, Tenn., six miles southeast of Knoxville, and east of Bluff
City, Tenn.

Rafinesquina pulchella, sp. nov.
Plate 2, fig. 10.

Shell very small, nearly as long as wide, widest at the hinge, but
slightly constricted in front of it, so as to appear somewhat auriculate.
Pedicle valve gently convex, highest at the beak, the umbonal region
crossed by a narrow fold which gradually dies out at about the mid-
length. The surface is covered by very delicate equal striae which in-
crease by implantation. There are about 9 in a space of 2 mm. at the
front.

One individual is 7.5 mm. long and 8.0 mm. wide at the hinge. The
index varies on the specimens measured from 80 to 94.

This species may possibly be founded on the young of some larger
form, but the occurrence of a considerable number of specimens all of
the same size suggests that it is really a dwarf. It differs from the
young of Rafinesquina alternata in having all the striae of the same size,
and is much less convex than small specimens of R. minnesotensis.

Horizon and Locality: ■ — A rather common fossil in the Lenoir near
the L, and N. station at Athens, Tenn. Holotype no. 8624, paratype
no. 8625, M. C. Z.

WILLARD AND RAYMOND: BRACHIOPODS. 297

Plectambonites amplus, sp. nov.
Plate 2, fig. 9; Plate 3, fig. 12.

Shell' very large, deeply concavo-convex, with produced cardinal
angles. The surface is crossed by alternating radial striae, each pair of
the prominent ones having only three or four fainter ones between
them. The median striation on the brachial valve is notably larger
than the others.

The best specimen is about 18 mm. long and 35 mm. wide, the index
being about 50.

This species is of about the same size and couA-exity as Plectamhonites
crassus Willard, from which it differs chiefly in that the prominent
striae are not double.

Horizon and Locality : — ■ A rare species in the Lenoir, six miles south-
east of Knoxville, Tenn. The holotype is no. 8617, M. C. Z.

Plectambonites delicatulus Butts.

Plate 3, fig. 11.

Plectambonites delicatula Butts, Geol. surv. Ala., special rept., 14, 1926, p. 116,
pi. 26, figs. 20, 21.

Shell of medium size, deeply concavo-convex, cardinal extremities
acutely auriculate. A section along the median line would show the
pedicle valve to be nearly semi-circular in profile. The surface is
marked by rather distant prominent striae, which increase by implan-
tation, and between each pair there are 6 or 7 low and faint striae, in
the furrows between which are lines of small elongate depressions.

The brachial valve has a shallow median sinus on the umbonal
region.

The plesiotype is 10 mm. long and 17 mm. wide at the hinge. There
are 7 or 8 prominent striae in the space of 5 mm. at the front. The
index is about 60.

This species dift'ers from most of the other Ordovician Plectambon-
ites of its size in its greater convexity. It is most closely allied to P.
■pisuvi Ruedemann (N. Y. State mus. bull., 49, 1901, p. 19, pi. 1, figs.
8-20) but differs in being larger and proportionally shorter, that spe-
cies having an index of 80.

Horizon and Localiiy: — A rather rare fossil in the Lenoir 6 miles
southeast of Knoxville, Tenn. Plesiotype no. 8612, M. C. Z. The
original specimens were from the Little Oak limestone near Pelham,
Ala.

298 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

Christiania lamellosa Butts.
Plate 3, figs. 18, 19.

Christiania lamellosa Butts, Geol. surv. Ala., special rept. 14, 1926, p. 116,
pi. 26, figs. 31-34.

Shell small, subhemisplierical, wider than long, the greatest width
near the front being considerably more than that at the hinge. The
pedicle valve is unsymmetrical in profile, the highest point behind the
middle, and the umbo almost vertical. The brachial valve is more
evenly concave. Surface covered with somewhat irregularly arranged
concentric lines, but apparently without radial ornamentation.

One specimen is 8.5 mm. long, 13 mm. in greatest width, and 8 mm.
wide at the binge. The index is therefore about 66.

This species is most closely allied to Christiania subqvadrata Hall,
which is now believed to have been obtained from the Ottosee of
Blount Co., Tenn. (See Bassler, Bull. 92, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1915, 1, p.
221). It agrees with that form in the presence of concentric and ab-
sence of radial striae, but differs in being wider than long. Christiania
trentoncnsis Ruedemann is not only proportionately longer than C.
lamellosa, but also has radial striae.

Horizon and Locality: — A rare fossil in the Lenoir near the L. & N.
station at Athens, Tenn., and 6 miles southeast of Knoxville, Tenn.
Plesiotype is no. 8618 in the M. C. Z.

OxoPLEciA HOLSTONENSis Willard.

Horizon and Locality: — A single brachial valve was collected in
material brought from the cutting through the Athens one mile south
of Otes, Tenn.

It is 10 mm. long, 13.5 mm. broad, has 5 plications on the fold, and
10 on either side. All are crossed by closely spaced concentric lamellae
of growth.

Camarella longirostra Billings.

Camerella longirostra Billings, Can. nat. and geol., 1859, 4, p. 302, 445, fig. 23.
See Bull. 92, U. S. nat. mus., 1915, 1, p. 172, for further references.

Specimens which can be referred to this species are very common in
the Lenoir at Bluff City, Tenn. The pedicle valve is proportionately
wider than that of individuals from the typical Chazy, but this does
not seem a justifiable basis for erection of a new species.

A large brachial valve is 7.5 mm. long and 8.25 mm. wide. A pedicle

WILLARD AND RAYMOND: BRACHIOPODS. 299

valve is 7 mm. long and 6 mm. wide, the index being 116 as compared
with an index of 133 to 140 for shells from Valcour Island, N. Y., and
an index of 131 to 150 for specimens from the Mingan Islands measured
or figured by Billings. There is in fact a wide difference in proportions
between Billings' figured type and the specimens found in Tennessee.

Camarella panderi Billings.

Camarella panderi Billings, Can. nat. and geol., 1859, 4, p. 302; Geol. of Canada,
1863, p. 143, figs. 78a, b. Hall and Clarke, Pal. N. Y., 1895, 8, pt. 2, p. 220,
pi. 62, figs. 19-23. Raymond, Ann. Carnegie mus., 1911, 7, \A. 36, figs. 31,
32.

Horizon and Locality: — A specimen 3.5 mm. long and 3 mm. wide
was collected from the Lenoir at Lenoir City, Tenn.

Camarella varians Billings.

Camarella varians Billings, Can. nat. and geol., 1859, 4, p. 445, fig. 24; Geol.
Canada, 1863, p. 127, figs. 52a-d; Pal. foss. Canada, 1865, 1, p. 220.
Raymond, Ann. Carnegie mus., 1911, 7, p. 250, pi. 36, figs. 19-27, 33-36.

This variable shell was obtained from the Lenoir east of Bluff' City,
Tenn. One pedicle valve, 9 mm. long, has two plications in the sinus.
Another, 8 mm. in length, has only one, and that a short and incon-
spicuous ridge.

Order TELOTREMATA Beecher.
Camarotoechia pristina Raymond.

Camarotoechia pristina Raymond, Am. Jour. Sci., 1905, ser. 4, 20, p. 368; Ann.
Carnegie mus., 1911, 7, p. 225, pi. 34, figs. 1-10.

This species is recognized by the fact that the median pair of plica-
tions on the fold of the dorsal valve are introduced later in life than the
outer pair, and hence are usually smaller.

Horizon and Locality: — A single brachial valve, 6 mm. long and
8 mm. broad, was found in the Lenoir at Lenoir City, Tenn. The spe-
cies is found in the upper part of the Lower Chazy and the lower part
of the Upper Chazy in New York.

Zygospira acutirostra (Hall).

Atrypa acutirostra Hall, Pal. N. Y., 1847, 1, p. 21, pi. 4, bis., fig. 6. See Bull. 92,
U. S. nat. mus., 1915, 2, p. 1340, for further references.

Numerous specimens of this small shell were found in the Lenoir one
mile east of Bluff City, Tenn. A characteristic individual from that

300 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

locality is 3 mm. long, 2.5 mm. in width and has 10 plications. The
specimens differ from those found in the typical Chazy chiefly in that
the median plication on the pedicle valve is not conspicuously larger
than the others.

The Relationships of the Brachiopods of the Lenoir, Holston,
Athens^ and Ottosee formations.

THE LENOIR.

Twenty-one species of brachiopods have been reported above from
the Lenoir, the oldest of the formations under discussion. The fossils
have been derived from three somewhat widely separated localities,
under the names of which they will be listed.

Vicinity of Knoxville.

Under this heading are included the species collected southeast of
Knoxville, east of Concord, and at Lenoir City, Tenn. This is the
typical region for the Lenoir.

Pledorthis exfoliata Raymond, Valcourea strophomenoides Raymond,
Rafincsquina chain plainens is Raymond, R. viinnesoiensis (Winchell),
R. alternata (Emmons), Plectambonites amjjlus Raymond, P. delicatulus
Butts, Camarella panderi Billings, and Camarotoechia pristina Ray-
mond.

Bluff City, Tenn.

This locality is about one hundred miles northeast of Knoxville, not
far from Bristol.

Pledorthis exfoliata Raymond, Valcourea ventro-carinata (Butts),
Rafinesquina alternata (Emmons), Camarella longirostra Billings, C.
varians Billings, and Zygospira acutirostra (Hall).

WILLARD AND RAYMOND: BRACHIOPODS. 301

Catawba Valley, north of Salem, Va.

This locality is about 330 miles northeast of Knoxville.

Hehcrtclla vulgaris Raymond, Plaesiomys platys (Billings), Dinorthis
pcctinrUa (Emmons), Plcctamhonites negritus Willard, and Clitam-
honifcs holstoni (Hall and Clarke).

Three species, not found at any of the above localities, are:

Ortkis disparilis Conrad, Rafinesquina pulchella Raymond, and
Christiania lameUosa Butts. The last two have not been found asso-
ciated with other species typical of the Lenoir.

Comparison of the Lenoir with the Chazy.

It will be at once noted that the brachiopods of the Lenoir have a
strongl;>* Chazyan aspect. Plcdorthis exfoliata, Hehcrtclla vulgaris,
Plaesiomys platys, Valcourca strophomcnoidcs, Rafinesquina cham-
plainensis, Camarclla longirostra, C. varians, Camarotoechia pristina
and Zygospira acutirostra, 9 of the 21 species, were originally described
from the Chazy. Orfkis (lisparilis, Valcourca vcntro-carinata, and
Clitamhonitcs holsiom have near allies in the Chazy, and Rafincsqitina
altcrnata occurs in that formation.

These species have such long vertical ranges in the typical Chazy,
however, that they do not afford evidence for exact correlation. The
presence of Rafinesquina champlainensis, Plaesiomys platys, and Cama-
rclla varians would in the typical region of the Chazy, generally indi-
cate Middle Chazy, and the impression of the writer at the present
time is that the Lenoir is neither youngest nor oldest Chazy. The only
element of the fauna which is not Chazyan is seen in the presence of
Plectambonites and Christiania. Neither of these genera has been
found in the Chazy, and their absence has been a striking characteristic
of that fauna. Their presence in the Southern Appalachians indicates
that we have here a mixture of two faunal elements, but both Euro-
pean in origin.

THE HOLSTON.

The Holston has a rather surprisingly large fauna of brachiopods,
many of which, however, are at present known only from a single small
quarry at Sharon Springs, Bland Co., Va. The fauna will be listed
under three headings.

302 bttlletin: mttseum of comPxVrative zoology.

Vicinity of Knoxville, Tenn,

This includes Fountain City, South Knoxville, and Concord.

Palaeoglossa belli (Billings), Plaesiomys pkiiys (Billings), Pionodema
minuscula Willard, Plectamhonites r.cgritus Willard, Lcpiaena palvstrU
Willard, Rafincsquina duplicistriafa Willard, Piychngh/ptus virc/inioisis
Willard, and CamareUa pcwderi Billings.

Bland County, Va.

This includes the Hoge farm, near Bland, as well as the McNutt
quarry at Sharon Springs, and is about 185 miles northeast of Knox-
ville.

Lingula lyrlli Billings, Schizamhon cunratvs Willard, Conotreta d--
clivis Willard, Acrosaccus shvlcri Willard, A. panneus Willard, Prtro-
crania prona Raymond, Hehertclla viclonica Willard, //. tml^nris
Raymond, Dinorthis pectinclla (Emmons), NicolcUa agilera Willard,
Plectamhonites crassus Willard, Rnfinesqnina minnesotcnsis (Winchell),
R. champlainensis Raymond, R. distans Raymond, R. grandisfriata Wil-
lard, PtycJwglyptus virgimensis W'illard, Oxoplecin fwlstonensis Willard,
Clitamhonitcs porcia (Billings), CamareUa panderi Billings, and Parns-
trophia rotundifonnis Willard.

Varioi's localities.

The following species have been found at various localities in south-
western Virginia, from Blacksburg on the east to Speers Ferry on the
west.

Lingula narrawayi Wilson, Plectorthis holdeni Willard, Dinorthis
atavoides Willard, Plectamhonites equistriatiis Willard, P. pisum Ruede-
mann, P. triseptatus Willard, Lcpiaena prona Willard, Strophomena
tenuitesta Willard, Cliiamhonites holstoni (Hall and Clarke), and
Camarotoechia quadriplicata Willard.

Comparison of the Brachiopods of the Holston with those of

THE ChAZY.

The Holston contains some Chazyan species, although they do not
dominate the fauna, as in the case of the Lenoir. They are: Palaeo-
glossa helli (Billings), Lingula lyelli Billings, Petrocrania prona Ray-
mond, Hehcrtella vulgaris Raymond, Plaesiomys plnfys (Billings),

WILLARD AND RAYMOND: BRACHIOPODS. 303

Rafinesquina champlainensis Raymond, R. distans Raymond, and
CUtamhoniies porcia (Billings). Two more species, Schizambon cuneatus
Willard and Clitamhonitcs holstoni are very similar to Chazyan brachio-
pods. The Chazyan element in the Holston amounts to about 25% as
contrasted with about 50% in the case of the Lenoir. The element un-
known to the Chazy is large and contains Conotreta, Acrosaccus,
Nicolella, Pionodema, Plectambonites, Ptychoglyptus, Oxoplecia and
Parastrophia. Acrosaccus, Nicolella and Ptychoglyptus are unknown
elsewhere in America, but Conotreta, Oxoplecia and Parastrophia are
known from post-Chazyan formations.

THE OTTOSEE.

The greater part of the brachiopods collected from thepttosee were
obtained at two localities, neither of which is in the typical region
about Knoxville, Tenn. It is known that this formation is very prolific
in brachiopods at other localities which I have not visited, and the
species described by Dr. Willard probably represent only a small part
of the fauna.

LuTTRELL, Tenn. About 20 miles north of Knoxville.

Schizambon cuneatus Willard, Petrocrania prona Raymond, P.
cicatricula Willard, Orthis disparilis Conrad, Plectorthis exfoliata Ray-
mond, Hebertella melonica Willard, H, vulgaris Raymond, Glyptorthis
bellarugosa (Conrad), Plaesiomys platys (Billings), Dinortliis pcctinella
(Emmons), D. quadriplicata Willard, D. transversa Willard, Pionodema
globosa Willard, Plectambonites curdsvillenses Foerste, Rafinesquina
minnesotensis (Winchell), R. duplicistriata Wi\\a.rd, Clitambonites porcia
(Billings), and Camarotoechia quadriplicata Willard.

Fugates Hill, 7 miles north of Mendota, Va., and 85 miles

northeast of luttrell.

Orthis disparilis Conrad, Plectorthis exfoliata Raymond, Hebertella
melonica Willard, Plaesiomys platys (Billings), P. brevis Willard, Din-
orthis interstriata Willard, Z). quadriplicata Willard, D. transversa
Willard, Pionodema subaequata (Conrad), P. globosa Willard, Plec-
tambonites curdsvillensis Foerste, P. aequistriatus Willard, Rafinesquina
minnesotensis (Winchell), R. champlainensis Raymond, R. duplicis-
triata Willard, Strophomena filitexta (Hall), S. tennesseensis Willard,
S. inspeciosa Willard, and Oxoplecia holstonensis Willard.

304 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

Liberty Hill, Tenn.

This locality is only 15 miles north of Luttrell, but it is the most
western (geologically not geographically) outcrop of the Ottosee at
which the fauna can be definitely recognized.

Glyptorthis bellarugosa (Conrad), Dalmanella rogata (Sardeson),
Placsiomys plofys (Billings), P. dongata Willard, Pionodema globosa
Willard, Plcciamhonitcs aequistriatus Willard, Rafincsquina minne-
sotensis (Winchell), Strophomena filitexta (Hall), S. iennesseensis Wil-
lard, S. inspeciosa Willard, and Camarella volborthi Billings.

Various localities.

In addition to the species listed above, Bassler finds that the type of
Christiania suhquadrata Hall was obtained from the Ottosee of Blount
Co., Tenn., and I found a single valve of Christiania at the same hori-
zon on the Hoge Farm, Bland Co., Va.

Chazyan element in the Ottosee.

Pdrocrania prona Raymond, Plectorthis exfoliata Raymond, Heber-
tella indgaris Raymond, Placsiomys platys (Billings), Rafinesquina
cham plain ensis Raymond, and Clitamboniies porcia (Billings) are spe-
cies described originally from the Chazy, Glyptorthis bellarugosa (Con-
rad) is found in the Chazy on Valcour Island, N. Y., Camarotoechia
quadriplicata is hardly distinguishable from one of variants of C.
plena (Hall), and Schizambo7i cuneatus Willard is very like »S. dupli-
cimvratus Hudson. Thus nine of the thirty-one species, or 29% are
distinctly Chazyan. The non-Chazyan element is represented by
Dalmanella, Dinorthis, Pionodema, Plectambonites, Christiania, and
Oxoplecia.

THE ATHENS.

Brachiopods are very seldom found in the Athens, and the five
species so far found are all from one locality south of Otes, Tenn. One
only, Lingida nympha Billings, is of any particular interest. This large
and striking Lingula has previously been known only from the Nor-
manskill of Newfoundland. Hebertella bursa Raymond is the only
unique species, Placsiomys platys (Billings) occurs in the Chazy, Orthis
disparilis (Conrad) is similar to the Chazyan 0. ignicula Raymond,
and Oxoplesia holstonensis survived from the Holston and Ottosee.

WILLARD AND RAYMOND: BRACHIOPODS. 305

THE VERTICAL RANGE OF THE SPECIES.

The faunas of the Lenoir, Holston, Ottosee and Athens are rather
strongly individualized, but there are some species which seem to con-
nect them. Only one, Placsiomys platys, is found in all four, but Ra-
finesquina minncsotensis, R. champlainensu, Hebertella vulgaris and
Dinorthis pectinella are found in all but the Athens. Clitambonites
holstoni is found in both the Lenoir and the Holston, Pledorthis ex-
foliata connects the Lenoir and Ottosee, and Orthis disparilis is in the
Lenoir, Ottosee, and Athens. Altogether, 8 of the 21 species of the
Lenoir pass on into one or more younger formations.

Thirty -six species are recorded by Willard from the Holston; 6 of
these are survivors from the Lenoir, and 12 continue into the Ottosee.
The Holston and Ottosee faunas are therefore closely allied.

Willard found 31 species in the Ottosee, 7 of which survived from
the Lenoir and 12 from the Holston. Still, there are 16 species, or more
than half the fauna, not shared with the other formations in this region.

Two of the 5 brachiopods so far found in the Athens survived from
the Lenoir, one is a familiar Chazyan type of Hebertella, and one is a
Lingula which probably drifted in with the pelagic trilobites. The dis-
covery of a Ptychoglyptus in the Athens of Alabama is of interest as
suggesting a connection of the Athens and Holston.

THE BRACHIOPODS OF THE STONES RIVER IN
CENTRAL TENNESSEE.

The brachiopods of eastern Tennessee and Virginia should be com-
pared with those of the Stones River group in central Tennessee. This
group includes the following members, in descending order, viz : Leba-
non limestone, Ridley limestone, Pierce limestone, and Murfreesboro
limestone.

Lebanon limestone.

The following species, except for the two marked with an asterisk,
whose names are taken from a list by Dr. L^lrich, were collected by the
writer at Lebanon, Tennessee.

Petrocrania sp. ind., Leptobolus sp. ind., *Orthis tricenaria Conrad,
Pionodema minuscula Willard, Plaesiomys dcflecia (Conrad), Glypt-
orthis bellarugosa (Conrad), Rafinesquina minnesotcnsis (Winchell),
*Plectambonites sp. ind., Strophomena filitexta (Hall), Scenidium

306 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

anthonense Sardeson, Rhynchotrema minnesotense (Sardeson), and
Zygospira saffordi (Winchell and Schuchert).

Ridley.

The following species were collected by the writer on Stones River
near Murfreesboro, Tennessee.

Orthis disparilis Conrad, Glyptorthis bellarugosa (Conrad), Rafines-
quina minnesotensis (Winchell), R. alternata (Emmons), Camarella
volborthi Billings, and Protorhyncha ridleyana (Safford).

Pierce.

The following brachiopods are listed from the Pierce in Folio 95,
U. S. G. S., 1903, by Ulrich.

Pionodema subacquata (Conrad), P. stonensis (Safford), Strophomena
filitexta (Hall) and Protorhyncha ridleyana (Safford).

Murfreesboro.

The following species were collected by the writer from cherts in the
Murfreesboro near Stones River about a mile west of Murfreesboro,
Tenn.

Rafinesquina cf. distans Raymond, R, sp. ind., and Zygospira saf-
fordi (Winchell and Schuchert).

COMPARISON OF EASTERN FAUNAS WITH THOSE OF THE

STONES RIVER.

The Murfreesboro evidently contains very few brachiopods, in fact,
no previous investigator has reported any. The small fauna is of no
value in correlation, although one of the Rafinesquinas suggests R.
distans, which occurs in the Holston, and Zygospira saffordi is not very
different from the Zygospira acutirostra of the Lenoir.

The fauna of the Ridley may be rather definitely connected with the
Ottosee. All of the species known from the Ridley except Protorhyncha
ridleyana have been found in the Ottosee, but the most striking bond
between the two formations is the presence of Camarella volborthi at
Liberty Hill, and of Glyptorthis bellarugosa at Liberty Hill and Luttrell
in the Ottosee. These species do not occur in the other eastern forma-
tions and are particularly abundant and characteristic in the Ridley.
The occurrence of an Oxoplecia closely allied to 0. holstonensis in the
Ridley of Alabama is also significant.

WILLARD AND RAYMOND: BRACHIOPODS. 307

The fauna of the Pierce is of interest chiefly as the first appearance of
Pionodema sv.haeq'unia and Stro'phomcna filitexia in central Tennessee.
These species appear first in the Ottosee in eastern Tennessee.

The fauna of the Lebanon is also more closely allied to that of the
Ottosee than to any of the other eastern formations. From other evi-
dence, however, it appears that it is really somewhat younger than the
Ottosee and the likeness was acquired through descent. Particular in-
terest attaches to the fact that Plectambonites appears in this section
first in the Lebanon, and is not common there. In fact the entire
Stones River series of brachiopods appears to have been derived from
the eastern basin, with the possible exception of Protorhyncha, but it
in its turn made no contribution to the eastern fauna.

THE BRACHIOPODS OF THE GIRVAN DISTRICT,

SCOTLAND.

The Llandeilo is represented in the Girvan district, Ayrshire, by the
Stinchar and Balclatchie formations, the former being the older. Ac-
cording to Reed, who has monographed the faunas (Trans. Royal Soc.
of Edinburgh, 51, 1917, pt. 4, pp. 795-998, pi. 1-24), sixty named
species and varieties of brachiopods are known from the Stinchar
hmestone, twenty of which pass into the Balclatchie, and there are
seventy species in the latter. Reed commented on the fact that these
faunas were more nearly like those of the American Middle Ordovician
than like those of the Llandeilo of other parts of Great Britain, but did
not make comparisons with particular faunas.

Although there are no species common to Virginia, Tennessee, and
Scotland, nearly all the genera occur in both regions, and at least two,
Nicolella and Ptychoglyptus are, so far as is known at present, re-
stricted to the Girvan District and the southern Appalachians. Other
significant genera, not of wide distribution either in Europe or North
America, are: Conotreta, Schizambon, Christiania, Camarella and
Oxoplecia. Dalmanella, Christiania, Plectambonites, Camarella, Para-
strophia, and Oxoplecia, with perhaps other genera, were probably in-
troduced from Europe in Chazy times, very likely tia Newfoundland.

The following table will show, in parallel columns, which of the
American species have close allies in the Girvan district. L, H, O, or A
after a species in the American list signifies that it is found in the
Lenoir, Holston, Ottosee or Athens. In the Scottish list, S signifies
Stinchar and B the Balclatchie.

308

bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

Virginia — Tennessee

Palaeoglossa belli. H.

Lingula lyelli. H.

L. nympha. A.

Schizambofi cuneahis. H. O.

Conotreta declivis. H.

Petrocrania lirona. H. O.

Orthis disparilis. L. O. A.

Plectorthis exfoliata. L. O.

P. holdeni. H.

Hebertella vulgaris. L. H. O.

H. melonica. H. O.

H. bursa. A.

Glyptorthis bellarugosa. O,

DalmaneUa rogata. O.

Pionodema globosa. O.

Dinorthis transversa. O.

Nicolclla agilera. H.

Rafinesquina ntimiesotensis

R. alternata. L.

Plectambonites delicatulus. L.

P. crassus. H.

Piychogly plus virginiensis. H.

Christiania uvibonata. L. O?

Strophomena filitcxta. O.

Oxoplecia holstonensis. H. O. A,

Camarella longirostra. L.

C. varians. L.

C. volborthi. O.

Parastrophia rotundiformis. H.

Camarotoechia quadriplicata. H

H. O.

O.

Girvan District.

Palaeoglossa amabitilis. B.
Lingida angustior. B.
Lingulasmaf ardmillanensis. B.
Schizavihon scoticus. S.
Conotreta conoidea. S. B.
Philhedra playfairi. B.
Orthis craigcnsis. S.
Plectorthis duftonensis. B.
P. subplicatella.'B.
Hebertella scotica. S. B.
i/. bellatriv. B.
//. rankini. B.

Glyptorthis balclatchiensis. S. B.
Dahnanella gracilis. S. B.
Pionodema girvanensis. S. B.
Dinorthis carrickensis. S. B.
Nicolella actoniae. S. B.
Rafinesquina semiglobosina. S. B.
P. conccntrica. B.
Plectambonites llandeiloensis. B.
P. conspicua. B.
Ptychoglyptus siibarachnoidea. B.
Christiania youngiana. S. B.
Strophomena deficiens. S. B.
Oxoplecia andersoni. S. B.
Camarella balclatchiensis. S. B.
C. thompsoni. S.
C. pcachi. S.

Par atrophia youngi. S, B.
Rhynchotrema lapworthi. S.

Summarizing the above, 7 of the 21 species in the Lenoir are closely
aUied to species in the Girvan district, 15 of the 36 species in the Hol-
ston, 17 of the 31 in the Ottosee, more than half, and 4 of the 5 in the
Athens. A curious feature of the resemblances is, that the alhed species
for each of the American formations are about equally distributed be-
tween the Stinchar and the Balclatchie, and it is not possible to corre-
late the formations except in a general way.

WILLARD AND RAYMOND: BRACHIOPODS. 309

Thus, 3 of the species alUed to Lenoir forms are found in both the
Stinchar and Balclatchie, and 6 are in the Balclatchie as against 5 in
the Stinchar. Five of the species aUied to brachiopods of the Holston
are found in both Stinchar and Balclatchie, 12 are found in the Bal-
clatchie, and 8 in the Stinchar. This suggests that the Holston is more
nearly akin to the Balclatchie, but when the Ottosee brachiopods are
compared, we find 12 allied species in the Balclatchie as against 13 in
the Stinchar, and yet the Ottosee rests on the Holston. Nine of the
allied species are in this case common to the Stinchar and Balclatchie.
The Athens contains too few brachiopods to make comparisons of any
value, but as I have shown in a previous paper, (Bull. jNIus. Comp.
Zool., 07, 1925, pp. 1-lSO) the trilobites of that formation are very
much like those of the Balclatchie.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

PLATE 1.

Wjllabd and Raymond: — Brachiopods.

PLATE 1.

Fig. 1. Lingula mjmpha Billings. A complete specimen from the Athens
south of Otes, Tenn. X about ^.

Fig. 2. Lingula lyelli Billings. A pedicle valve from the Holston at Sharon
Springs, Va. X \.

V\g. 3. PalneogJossn gibbosn Willard. A pedicle valve from the Murat at
I-exington, Va. X ^.

Fig. 4. Schizambon cuneatus Willard. A pedicle valve from Sharon Springs,
Va. X 2.

Fig. 5. Plectorthis holdeni Willard. A pedicle valve from the base of the
Holston at Speers Ferry, Va. X I5.

Fig. 6. Petrocrania prona Raymond. Interior of a brachial valve from the
base of the Ottosee at Luttrell, Va. X g.

Fig. 7. Hebertella bursa Raymond. Brachial valve of a specimen from the
Athens south of Otes, Tenn. X .96.

Fig. 8, 9. Hebertella melonica Willard. Brachial and pedicle valves of the
holotype from the Ottosee at Fugates Ilill, north of Mendota, Va. X 1:^ .

Fig. 10. Plaesiomys platys (Billings). Interior of a brachial valve from the
Ottosee at Liberty Hill, Tenn. X l.L

Fig. 11. The same species. Pedicle valve of a specimen from the Ottosee
at Speers Ferry, Va. X f .

Fig. 12. Plaes'lomys brevis Willard. Pedicle valve of a small specimen from
the Ottosee at Fugates Hill, north of Mendota, Va. X 1§.

Fig. 13. Dinorthis quadriplicata Willard. Pedicle valve of the holotype
from the Ottosee, at Fugates Hill, north of Mendota, Va. X 1. (See also figs.
5, 6, pi. 3).

Fig. 14. Plaesiomys brevis Willard. Brachial valve of a larger individual
from the same horizon and locality as number 12. X 1§.

Fig. 15, 16. Plaesiomys elongata Willard. Brachial and pedicle valves of the
holotype from the Ottosee at Liberty HiU, Tenn. X 1.1.

BULL. MUS. COMP. ZOOL.

WiLLARD- Raymond. Brachiopods. Plate 1

}"

6

%6

11

13

H6LIOTYPE 00. BOSTON

PLATE 2.

WiLLABD AND Raymopjd: — Brachiopods.

PLATE 2.

Fig. 1. Dinorthis transversa WiUsiTd. Pedicle valve of the holotype from the
Ottosee at Luttrell, Tenn. X |.

Fig. 2. The same specimen. Brachial valve. X 1.

Fig. 3. Pionodema minvscula Willard. Pedicle valve of the holotype from
the Lebanon at Lebanon, Tenn. X \^.

Fig. 4. Dinorthis atavoides Willard. Pedicle valve of the holotype from the
Holston west of Speers Ferrj', Va. X If.

Fig. 5. Pionodema globosa Willard. Pedicle valve of the holotype from the
Ottosee at Fugates Hill, north of Mendota, Va. X 1.

Fig. 6. Dinorthis transversa Willard. Pedicle valve of a paratype from the
same horizon and locality as numbers 1 and 2. XI.

Fig. 7. Plectambonites triseptatics Willard. Interior of a pedicle valve,
(paratype), from the Holston near Goodwins Ferry, Va. X 1.46.

Fig. 8. The same species. Interior of a brachial valve (holotype) from the
same horizon and locality as the last. X 1.

Fig. 9. Plectambonites amplus Raymond. Brachial valve of the holotype,
from the Lenoir 6 miles southeast of KnoxAdlle, Tenn. X 1. See also fig. 12,
pi. 3.

Fig. 10. Rafinesquina pulchella Raymond. Pedicle valve of the holotype
from the Lenoir at Athens, Tenn. X 2.

Fig. 11. Rafinesquina grandisiriata Willard. Pedicle valve of the holotype
from the Holston at Sharon Springs, Va. X If.

Fig. 12. Ptychoglyptus virgiiiiensis Willard. Pedicle valve of the holotype
from the Holston at Sharon Springs, Va. X ly.

Fig. 13. Strophomena inspeciosa Willard. Holotype from the Ottosee at
Liberty Hill, Tenn., showing brachial valve and cardinal area. X IJ. ^

Fig. 14. Camarotoechia quadriplicata Willard. Pedicle valve of the holotype
from the base of the Ottosee at Luttrell, Tenn. X 1.

Fig. 15, 16. Strophomena tenuitesta Willard. Brachial and pedicle valves of
the holotype, from the Holston west of Speers Ferry, Va. X 0.85.

Fig. 17. Stropho7nena tennesseensis Willard. Pedicle valve of one of the
cotypes from the Ottosee at Fugates Hill, north of Mendota, Va. X IJ.

Fig. 18. The same species. Interior of pedicle valve of the other cotj'pe
from the same horizon and locality. X j.

BULL. MUS. COMP. ZOOL.

WiLLARD- Raymond. Brachiopods. Plate 2

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11

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4

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76

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PLATE 3.

WiixARD AND Raymond: — Brachiopods.

PLATE 3.

Fig. 1. Acrosacciis shuleri Willard. One of the cotypes, a brachial valve,
from the Holston at Sharon Springs, Va. X 3^.

Fig. 2. The same species. Lateral view of the other cotype, a pedicle valve
from the same horizon and locality. X 2.

Fig. 3. Acrosaccus panneus Willard. The holotype, viewed from the in-
terior of the pedicle valve, the posterior end at the top. Note trace of pedicle
tube behind apex. From the Holston at Sharon Springs, Va. X 1§.

Fig. 4. Petrocrania cicatricula Willard. Interior of the brachial valve of the
holotype from the base of the Ottosee at Luttrell, Tenn. X 1^.

Fig. 5, 6. Dinorthis quadriplicata Willard. Posterior and pedicle views of
the holotype from the Ottosee at Fugates Hill, north of Mendota, Va. X 1.
(See also pi. 1, fig. 13.)

Fig. 7. Nicolella agilera Willard. Pedicle valve of the holotype from the
Holston at Sharon Springs, Va. X 1.

Fig. 8. Plectambonites aequistriatus Willard. Interior of pedicle valve of one
of the cotypes from the Ottosee at Liberty Hill, Tenn. X 2.

Fig. 9. The same species. The brachial valve and cardinal area of the
pedicle valve of the other cotype from the same horizon and locality. X 2.

Fig. 10. Plectambonites crassus Willard. Enlargement of a small piece of
the surface of the holotype to show the double nature of the major striae. From
the Holston at Sharon Springs, Va. X 6§.

Fig. 11. Plectambonites delicatulus Butts. An individual from the Lenoir
6 miles southeast of Knoxville, Tenn. X 2.

Fig. 12. Plectambonites amplus Raymond. An enlargement of part of the
surface of the holotype to show striations. X 6f . See also pi. 2, fig. 9.

Fig. 13. Plectambonites negritus Willard. Pedicle valve of the holotype.
From the Lenoir in the Catawba Vallej', north of Salem, Va. X 2f .

Fig. 14. Leptaena palustris Willard. Pedicle valve (holotype) from the
Holston at Concord, Tenn. X 2'i.

Fig. 15, 16. Leptaena pro7ia Willard. Profile and drawing of the pedicle
valve of the holotype, from the Holston at Goodwins Ferry, Va. X 1.

Fig. 17. Oxoplecia holstonensis WiUard. A pedicle valve (holotype) from
the Holston at Sharon Springs, Va. X 2.

Fig. 18, 19. Christiania latnellosa Butts. A fragmentary specimen viewed
from the dorsal side, and a mold of the brachial valve. From the Lenou* at
Athens, Tenn. X 2.

BULL. MUS. COMP. 200L.

WiLLARD- Raymond. Brachiopods. Plate 3

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X

8

11

14

10

12

15

13

^

16

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77

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18

19

Elvira Wood, del

Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology
AT HARVARD COLLEGE.
Vol. LXVIII. No. 7.

BIRDS COLLECTED BY DR. JOSEPH F. ROCK IN
WESTERN KANSU AND EASTERN TIBET.

By OuTRAM Bangs and James L. Peters.

With Five Plates.

CAMBRIDGE, MASS., U. S. A.:

PRINTED FOR THE MUSEUM

August, 1928.

No. 7. — Birds Collected by Dr. Joseph F. Rock in Western Kansu and

Eastern Tibet.

By Outram Bangs and James L. Peters.

Introduction

In the spring of 1925 Dr. Joseph F. Rock was commissioned by the
late Professor Charles S. Sargent, Director of the Arnold Arboretum,
to make an extensive trip into western China and to visit certain
forest areas in search of botanical and horticultural material. Thanks
to the generous interest of Dr. Thomas Barbour, Dr. Rock was enabled
to take with him his two trained Chinese bird collectors.

The expedition was in the field from April 1925 until the autumn
of 1926. For much of that time the work was carried on under ex-
tremely trying conditions, intertribal wars, open hostility towards the
whites by some of the Tibetan tribes, and bandits interfering much
with his movements. In spite of all these drawbacks Dr. Rock and his
Chinese assistants collected over 1000 birds, which after passing
through many delays, and Chinese civil wars, reached this country in
perfect condition without the loss of a feather.

It must be clearly understood that bird collecting was entirely
a secondary consideration with Dr. Rock; his visits to any locality
and the length of stay there were governed entirely by the botanical
aspect of the situation.

Dr. Rock has made a map, which we have seen and studied, of the
whole region that he traversed, which certainly was badly in need of
accurate mapping. This he expects to publish.

The photographs were taken by Dr. Rock and are published here by
permission of the Arnold Arboretum.

Fntering Kansu from northern Szechuan in April 1925, Dr. Rock
proceeded up the Wutu and Minchow rivers to Choni, in the Tao River
valley. He collected in the region about Choni during May and June,
making a trip to Mt. Lieuhoashan between Choni and Titao in July;
during August he visited the Minshan range. In September he crossed
the Tibetan border and collected around Lake Kokonor, later moving
north into western Kansu where he explored the northern slopes of the
Richthofen and North Kokonor Barrier ranges in late September,
October and November, returning to Choni to spend January, Feb-
ruary and March 1926. In the spring he set out westward, crossing

314 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

once more into Tibet, and collecting during May and June in the Ba
valley, the Jupar mountains and the Yellow River gorges near Radja.
Sometime during the summer he made a hurried reconnaissance of the
great sacred mountain of Amne Machin, but was prevented from doing
any work there by the open hostility of the Golock tribesmen. Re-
turning to Choni late in the summer, he crossed the Minshan range and
spent late August, September and early October in the Tebbu country.
This region is not indicated on any published map. Rock speaks of an
"upper Tebbu country" and a "lower" or "Ha Tebbu country."
In the Tebbu lands Rock collected in the forests of Pezlu, Drakana,
Mayaku, Sambaku and Wantsang Ku.

In many instances we have not been able to reconcile Dr. Rock's
orthography of Chinese place names with the spelling on modern maps ;
we have however, preserved his spelling in every case.

We find that the sexing of the Chinese taxidermists is not de-
pendable, and have been obliged to disregard it entirely in many cases.

We are indebted to the authorities of the United States National
Museum and the American Museum of Natural History for the loan of
necessary specimens, and to Mr. N. B. Kinnear of the British Museum
of Natural History; and to Dr. Herbert C. Robinson for comparing
some of our material with types in the British Museum.

The sequence of families in this paper is that of Sharpe's Hand
List, with two exceptions. Following the recent consensus of opinion
we recognize the Prunellidae as a distinct family. We also follow Sush-
kin and remove the genera Passer and Montifringilla from the Frin-
gillidae to the Ploceidae.

TETRAONIDAE

Tetrastes sewerzowi sewerzowi Przew.

Tetrastes Sewerzowi Przewalski, Mongol i. Strana Tangut, 2, 1876, p. 130, pi. 18
(Kansu mountains in the lower and middle mountain ranges) .

The Kansu Hazel Hen is represented in the collection by a fine
series of sixteen examples including adults, immature and chicks.
There are three males and a female from the spruce forests between
9,500 and 11,000 feet altitude in the Tao valley near Choni, collected
during May and June 1925. One of the males taken in June has begun
the post-nuptial moult, the renewal of the feathers is most conspicuous
on the head, throat and neck, though a few pin feathers are noted
elsewhere on the anterior portions of the dorsal and lateral tracts;

BANGS AND PETERS: CHINESE BIRDS. 315

wings and tail are as yet unmoulted. Two adult females and three
chicks were collected on Mt. Lieuhoashan, between elevations of
10,500 and 11,000 feet. Two adult males, an adult female and two
immature were secured in the spruce forests of Drakana, upper
Tebbuland, altitude 9,500 feet, during September 1926; the female and
one of the males have shed the tail, and some of the fresh inner pri-
maries are about one quarter grown. Two females collected in October
1925 at 11,500 feet in the mountains of Babo are in fresh autumnal
plumage, the feathers of the upper parts being broadly veiled with
olive brown, while below the veiling is buffy anteriorly and white
posteriorly.

Riley's Tetrastes sewerzoun secunda (Auk, 42, 1925, p. 423 near
Tatsienlu, Szechuan), of which we have three skins, is a valid race.
None of our examples of s. sewerzowi show the characters that distin-
guish secunda. We mention this as Riley had but a single specimen of
the former race on which to base his comparison.

PHASIANIDAE

Tetraophasis obscurus (Verreaux)

Lophophorus ohscurue Verreaux, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Paris, Bull. 5, 1869, p. 33,
pi. 6 (eastern Tibet = Mupin, Szechuan).

Rock collected two specimens of this rare pheasant in the Maerku
valley, Tao River basin, south of Choni. The two birds, both sexed as
females by the Chinese taxidermist, were obtained in forests, one in
June and the other in December 1925.

Tetraogallus tibetanus przewalskii Bianchi

Tetraogallus tibetanus przeimhkii Bianchi, Aves Exp. Koslowi Mongol, u
Tibet or. 1907, p. 165 (eastern Tibet).

In May 1925 a male was secured at an elevation of 1 1 ,500 feet on the
cliffs at Peshingai, beyond Taochow in southwestern Kansu; a juvenal
about half grown was collected on talus slopes at 13,500 feet, high
alpine zone of the Minshan range. Six adults were obtained in eastern
Kokonor; four of them (two males and two females) on the rocky
exposed slopes 12,000 to 13,000 feet; on the mountains south of the
Yellow River opposite Radja, a male at 13,000 feet on the high rocky
slopes of the Waro valley 4 June 1926, and a male at 14,500 feet on
talus in the Totuchnira pass over the Jupar range, 2 July 1926.

316 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

Alectoris graeca pubescens (Swinh.)

Caccabis chukar var. pubescens Swinhoe, P. Z. S., 1871, p. 400 (northern China
to the upper Yangtse).

In May 1925 a single specimen was taken in a rocky mountain
gorge of the Wutu River, north of Kaichow, altitude 4,600 feet; five
more examples, adults and immature, were secured during September
1926 at an elevation of 7,000 feet on dry slopes above Wantsang gomba.
Ha Tebbuland. A female collected in October 1925 along a gravelly
stream in the Liyuan Ku valley, Richthofen range, we also refer to
this subspecies although the bird is slightly paler above than specimens
of pubescens from eastern China. It is completing the autumnal moult
^and the wing feathers are not fully grown out.

Alectoris graeca magna (Przewalski)

Caccabis magna Przewalski, Mongol i. Strana Tangut, 2, 1876, p. 127 (south
Kokonor mountains, northern Tibet and Tsaidam plains).

All the rock partridges collected in Kokonor belong to this very
distinct form that some ornithologists regard as a species. Seven
adults of both sexes were taken in the Yellow River valley near Radja
between 12 and 26 May 1926. They were found on grassy slopes and
rocky hills at altitudes varying from 10,000 to 11,500 feet.

A male obtained in the valley of Sining, 7,800 feet in September 1925
apparently extends the range of this bird into western Kansu; the
specimen is in worn plumage and stained with red earth or sandstone
and for these reasons is not comparable with topotypical examples.
It is labelled as having the eyes brown, whereas the birds comprising
the series from eastern Kokonor are variously labelled as having the
eyes yellowish gray, clay colored, yellow clay color or yellow.

Perdix hodgsoniae sifanica Przew.

Perdix sifanica Przewalski, Mongol i. Strana Tangut, 2, 1876, p. 124 (alpine
regions of Kansu).

Rock secured thirteen specimens of this Partridge in western Kansu,
eastern Kokonor and in the Minshan range, all of them belonging to
the same race. A female and two three-quarter grown young birds
were taken in October 1925 at 10,000 feeton the grasslandsof Peitatung;
on October 5 four immature examples were collected in eastern
Kokonor on the summit of a pass at 1 1 ,000 feet between Tangar and
Machuang Ku; and an adult with the autumnal moult incomplete

BANGS AND PETERS: CHINESE BIRDS. 317

was shot between 11,000 and 12,000 feet in the Laliku Gorge, Tangar-
Kokonor divide.

In the region about Radja three males were collected during May
1926 where the species was found in spruce forest and grassy clearings;
the alpine regions of Kwanke-shan, 12,500 feet on the Yangtze- Yellow
River divide yielded two specimens — an adult female and an immature
male, in October 1926.

Ithaginis sinensis SINENSIS David

I thagenis sinensis David, Ann. Sci. Nat. 18, art. 5, 1873, p. 1 (Shensi).

Dr. Rock sent back a fine series of this splendid Blood Pheasant.
Thirteen adults were secured near Choni in the spruce and fir forests
of the Tao River valley at altitudes ranging from 10,000 to 11,000 feet.
While on Mt. Lieuhoashan in July 1925 he collected three adults, and
three chicks about a week old. During September 1926 two adults
were secured in the spruce and fir forests in the Laliku valley 9,500-
10,000 feet, northern slopes of the Minshans; two more adults in the
juniper forests of Pezlu, upper Tebbu country, at 9,000 feet, and an
immature female in spruce forest of Sambaku, 10,000 feet, Ha Tebbu-
land.

Ithaginis sinensis michaelis Bianchi

Ithaginis sinensis michaelis Bianchi, Ann. Mus. Zool. St. Petersb. 8, 1903, p. 4
(northern foothills of the Nanshans).

Two males and a female of this rare and very distinct race were
taken in November 1925 in spruce forest at 9,000 feet on Mt. Nginsin-
shan (Bullock Heart Mountain), a mountain in the north Kokonor
Barrier range facing the southern end of the Richthofen range.

The males are paler than s. sinensis both above and below; wing
edgings more rusty and less reddish, and there is much more green on
the shaft streaks of the wing coverts, long scapulars and the feathers
of the posterior upper parts. The female is a much paler and more
smoky gray than the corresponding sex of s. sinensis. Wing of males
205 and 220; that of female 210.

Crossoptilon auritum (Pallas)

Phasianus auritus Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. 2, 1827, p. 86 (interior of China).

One of the outstanding features of Dr. Rock's collection is a series
of eleven adults and three chicks of this magnificent bird. It was not
uncommon in the North Kokonor Barrier range where he obtained

318 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

four males and two females at 9,000 feet on Mt. Nginsinshan in October
1925. He shot a pair 15 May 1926 in the juniper forests of the Serchen
gorge, 10,500 feet altitude, 1 day east of Radja, eastern Tibet, and on
28 May 1926 collected a male and two females in spruce forest at 11,000
feet south of the Yellow River opposite Radja. The three chicks were
found on 25 June 1926 at 11,000 feet in spruce forest on the mountains
west of the Jupar valley; they were not over three or four days old.

In addition to the specimens listed above, the collection contains the
skin of a female raised in captivity at Choni, where this bird is reared
from eggs taken from the nests of wild stock found in the mountains
of southwestern Kansu. From the captives the middle tail feathers,
which are in demand as ornaments for the headgear of the Mandarins,
are pulled out.

Rock's wild killed birds all have the ornamental middle tail feathers,
which are lacking in the Choni example.

PucRASiA xanthospila Gray

Pucrasia xanthospila Gray, P. Z. S., 1864, p. 259, pi. 20 (hills northwest of
Pekin).

Two females were taken at an elevation of 7,500 feet in the scrub
oak forests of Mayaku, Ha Tebbuland in September 1926. In the
absence of any comparative material of either P. x. xanthospila or
P. X. ruficollis David and Oustalet (Ois. Chine, 1877, texte, p. 408,
Shensi) we cannot comment on these birds. Kleinschmidt and Weigold
(Abh. u. ber. Mus. Dresden, 16, 1923, no. 2, p. 4) question the validity
of the latter form.

Phasianus colchicus sohokhotensis Buturlin

Phasianus stravchi sohokhotensis Buturlin, Ibis, 1908, p. 576 (oasis of Soho-
Khoto, near Tshen-fan, 100 km. from the northern slopes of the eastern
Nan Shan).

Dr. Rock sent in a female pheasant from the Liyiian Ku valley in
the Richthofen foothills, where the bird was shot during November
1925 in willow scrub along a stream at an elevation of 7,000 feet.

This specimen is too pale for P. c. strauchi, of which we have a
single female for comparison, and is rather too dark for P. c. sat-
scheiiensis Pleske, the race inhabiting the southern Gobi desert and
westernmost Kansu of which we also have a female for comparison.
We can find no description ©f the female of sohokhotensis, but infer
that our bird is referable to that form, on geographic grounds.

BANGS AND PETERS: CHINESE BIRDS. 319

Phasianus colchicus strauchi Przew.

Phasianus strauchi PTzewalski, Mongol, i. Strana Tangut, 2, 1876, p. 119, pi. 17
(Kansu mountains up to 10,000 feet).

According to Dr. Rock, Strauch's pheasant is very common in the
Tao valley, but unfortunately he did not secure a series ; a spring male
with traces of a white collar was preserved, also a male shot during
February 1926. Two chicks about ten days old from the Kadjaku
valley, 9,500 feet, collected during August 1925, are doubtless referable
to this race.

Phasianus colchicus suehschanensis Bianchi

Phasianus suehschanensis Bianchi, Bull. Ac. imp. Sc. St. Petersb. (5) 24, 1906,
p. 83 (Sungpan Szechwan).

The three specimens of pheasant from lower Tebbuland are certainly
referable to this race. An adult female collected in September 1925 at
8,500 feet in the forests of Wantsangku agrees with a female in the
Museum of Comparative Zoology from the upper Min valley in
Szechuan, which may be considered topotypical. Two males taken
September 1926 at 8,000 feet in the fields or scrub forests of Mayaku
are moulting from the juvenal to the first winter plumage, but enough
of the latter has appeared to make certain that these birds, too, belong
to suehschanensis.

COLUMBIDAE

COLUMBA LEUCONOTA GRADARIA Hart.

Columha leuconota gradaria Hartert, Nov. Zool., 23, 1916, p. 85 (Sungpan,
Szechwan).

Two males and a female of this pigeon were secured in June and
August, 1925 amidst the snow fields and rocks on the summit of Mt.
KwangKei (12,500 feet) in the western part of the Minshan range near
the Kansu-Tibet border. During J,uly of the same year three additional
specimens were taken in the valley of Shiaoku, 10,500 feet, where the
birds frequented larch forests and adjacent meadows. A seventh
example, a female, was collected at 8,000 feet in the forest of Mayaku,
Ha Tebbuland, September 1926.

We have carefully compared these skins with a series from Szechuan
and can detect no differences at all.

320 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

COLUMBA RUPESTRIS RUPESTRIS Pall.
Colu7nbaOenas 8 rupestris Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso- Asiat. 1, 1827, p. 560 (Dauria).
This pigeon was met with in southern Kansu along the Wutu River
north of Kaichow at 4,000 feet where three females were secured in May
1925, and again in eastern Tibet where a male was collected at 11,500
feet 30 May, and a female 2 June 1926 on rocky cliffs among the
junipers in the Sakatu ravine; two females were obtained a few days
later at 11,000 feet in the meadows of the Shala valley.

CoLUMBA sp. (domestic variety)?

Two very dark rock pigeons, cf and 9 , were taken along the Wutu
River, elevation 3,000 feet, south Kansu, in April 1925.

These birds are slaty-black all over with much iridescence on the
neck and crop region. They do not agree with the description of
Buturlin's nigricans of inner Mongolia, being too dark. We suspect, of
course, that they are domestic birds gone wild.

CoLUMBA HODGSONI VigOrS
Columha hodgsoni Vigors, P. Z. S., 1832, p. 16 (middle Himalayas).

One of the surprises of the collection was a fine pair of these birds
obtained at 9,500 and 10,000 feet in spruce forest on Mt. Lieuhoashan
(between Taochow and Titao) in July 1925.

So far as we know, this constitutes the first Palaearctic record for
the species. The two specimens are identical with Yunnanese examples,
except that the female has a reddish nasal operculum.

Streptopelia orientalis orientalis (Lath.)
Columha orientalis Latham, Ind. Orn. 2, 1790, p. 606 (China).

An adult female was secured near Laliku (8,600 feet) in the Tao
River valley, July 1925; in September 1926 an immature female was
taken at 8,500 feet in the forests of Wantsang Ku.

Oenopopelia tanquebarica humilis (Temm.)
Columbahumilis Temminck, PI. col. livr. 44, 1824, pi. 259 (Bengal, Luzon).

There is one female in the collection taken in the Kokonor grass
country, 11,000 feet, facing the eastern sand dunes, September 1925.

This bird is very different from examples of the corresponding sex
from Hupeh and Yunnan, but we cannot describe it as a new form from
a single specimen, somewhat immature, with an uncompleted moult.

BANGS AND PETERS: CHINESE BIRDS. 321

LARIDAE
Sterna hirundo tibetana Saund.
Sterna tibetana Saunders, P. Z. S., 1876, p. 649 (Tibet).

The capture of five specimens of this Tern near the Kansu-Tibet
border constitutes an extension of its range. On 10 May 1926 an adult
male was shot at an elevation of about 11,250 feet on the grasslands
bordering the Tsechu stream, four days west of Labrang, and on 28
July a pair of adults and two well-grown juvenals were secured at 11,800
feet on grasslands at Amnyi Gardang, about halfway between Radja
and Labrang.

The juvenals are like examples of S. h. hirundo of the same age ex-
cept that they are much darker above. This is a very distinct form,
the adults recognizable at a glance by their much darker coloration
both above and below.

Larus ichthyaetus Pall.

Larus Ichthyaetus Pallas, Reise versch. Prov. Russ. Reich, 2, 1773, p. 713
(Caspian Sea).

An adult female in the plumage of the second winter was shot in
September 1925 along the southern shore of Lake Kokonor. A note on
the label indicates that the irides are " grey" and the tarsi " lead
colored" ; these observations do not agree with the colors of these same
soft parts given by Dr. Dwight in his monograph (Bull. Am. Mus. Nat.
Hist. 52. 1925 art- 3, p. 256-260).

Larus brunnicephalus Jerd.

Larus brunnicephalus Jerdon, Madras Journ. Lit.&Sci., 12, 1840, p. 22.5 (India)-

A single specimen of the Indian Brown-headed Gull was obtained at
about the same time and place as the foregoing species. The bird is a
female in plumage of the second winter. The label describes the irides
as " pale gray" and the bill and legs as " red."

' CHARADRIIDAE

Vanellus vanellus (Linn.)

Tringa Vanellus Linne, Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1, 1758, p. 148 (Europe, Africa =
Sweden).

The Lapwing was secured only during October 1925. A male was
collected in swamps near Kanchow, western Kansu, and a male and a

322 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

female in a little grassy valley between the Nanshan ranges. These
birds were doubtless migrants from further north.

Charadrius dubius curonicus Gm.
Charadrius curonicus Gmelin, Syst. Nat. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 692 (Curonia).

A female Little Ringed Plover was taken during May 1925 in the bed
of the Wutu River one day north of Kaichow. This specimen still has
obsolete rusty edges on the feathers of the back.

Charadrius placidus Gray

Charadrius placidus Gray, Cat. Bds. Mamm. etc., of Nepal & Tibet in Brit.
Mus., ed. 2, 1863, p. 70 (Nepal).

A female in very worn and abraided plumage was taken along the
Tao River near Choni in June 1925.

Ibidorhyncha struthersii Vigors

Ibidorhyncha Struthersii Vigors, Proc. Comm. Zool. Soc. 1, 1831, p. 174 (Him-
alaya).

During June and July 1925 Dr. Rock encountered this species at
rather low altitudes in the Tao River valley and its tributaries near
Choni; taking a pair in the Kwadjaku valley at 9,600 feet, and two
females in a small lateral valley at 8,600 feet. In December of the same
year a male was secured in the valley of Payenrung, north of the Yellow
River, at 10,000 feet. A male was obtained along the Yuvaku stream
at 9,000 feet in the Drakana district of upper Tebbuland, September
1926.

SCOLOPACIDAE

ToTANUS TOTANUS EURHiNUS Oberh.

Totanus totanus eurhinus Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 22, 1900, p. 207
(Tso Moriri Lake, Ladak).

Dr. Rock collected six Redshanks; three breeding adults and three
autumnal specimens. Of the former a pair was secured on 10 May
1926 along the banks of the Taechu (11,200 feet) 4 days west of La-
brang, and a female in the Ba valley at 9,500 feet, July 1926, where the
species was encountered in swampy meadows. The autumn birds were
taken in September 1925 at 10,700 feet along the south shore of Lake
Kokonor.

BANGS AND PETERS: CHINESE BIRDS. 323

Oberholser described Totanus totanus eurhinus from Ladak on the
basis of larger size. Ticehurst in the Ibis for 1924, p. 120-121 upheld
Oberholser's name, and with a series of both spring and winter birds
from northwestern India before him pointed out certain color charac-
ters, in addition to the mensural ones, by which he believed the Indian
birds could be differentiated. Still more recently, however. Colonel
and Mrs. Meinertzhagen, (Bull. B. O. C, 46, 1926, p. 85) after an
examination of seven breeding birds from Ladak conclude that the
difference in size between Ladak birds and those from western Europe
is only average, and that the coloration is identical, but find that the
form still further east differs in precisely the same color characters as
pointed out by Ticehurst (whose note the Meinertzhagens' do not
mention), as well as average larger size. They, therefore, regard Ober-
holser's name as a synonym of t. totanus, and name the form from
further east terrignotae, with their type specimen from Kokonor.

To clear up the situation we borrowed the type and three other
Ladak specimens from the U. S. National Museum. After a careful
comparison with European material as well as with birds from Kokonor
and eastern Tibet, we are convinced that the bird Oberholser de-
scribed is the eastern Redshank. Regardless of what the breeding
bird of Ladak may be, the type is as extreme as any of the rusty ex-
amples that we have seen, while the three paratypes though not quite
as extreme, have more rufous above than in European examples. Our
Kokonor skins agree in color with the type of eurhinus, but are slightly
redder than the paratypes. The type and one para type of eurhinus were
taken on July 29; the third specimen is merely labelled " July," while
the fourth was taken on the 15th of August. Considering the lateness
of the dates, it is wholly possible that the birds were migrants and not
the breeding form of the region.

In any event terrignotae must fall as a direct synonym of eurhinus.

AcTiTis HYPOLEUCOS (Linn.)

Tringa Htjpoleucos Linne, Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1, 1758, p. 148 (Sweden, apud
Hartert).

This common, wide ranging species is represented in the collection by
an immature male collected in September 1925 on the grass lands
bordering Lake Kokonor.

PiSOBIA TEMMINCKII (Leisl.)

Tringa Temminckii Leisler, Nachtr. zu Bechstein's Naturg. Deutschl., 1812, p.
67-73 (Hanau am Main, Germany).

324 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

A male Temminck's Stint in juvenal plumage was obtained along the
south shore of Lake Kokonor in September 1925.

PHALAROPODIDAE

LoBiPES LOBATA (Linn.)

Tringa tobata (sic = lobaia) Linne, Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1, 1758, p. 148 (Hudson
Bay).

Dr. Rock shot a female of this phalarope along a stream in the
Mayaku district of the lower Tebbu country in September 1926.

MEGALORNITHIDAE

Megalornis nigricollis (Przew.)

GrusnigricollisTrzewalski, Mongol, i. Strana Tangut, 2, 1876, p. 135 (Kokonor).

A male of this splendid crane was taken at 10,900 feet on the Koko-
nor swampy meadows in September 1925; a second example, also a
male was shot 10 May 1926 at 11,300 feet on the banks of the Tsechu
River, 4 days west of Labrang. A note on the label of the latter speci-
men indicates that the eyes were white.

THRESKIORNITHIDAE
NiPPONiA NIPPON (Temm.)

Ibis Nippon Temminck, PI. col., 1835, pi. 551 (Japan).

The Japanese Ibis was secured only in southern Kansu, here a male
was shot along theWutu River, one day north of KaichowinMay 1925,
where it was nesting in trees along the river. In February 1926 two
additional specimens were obtained in the same valley.

All three birds are in the white phase of plumage.

ARDEIDAE

Ardea cinerea jouyi Clark

Ardea cinerea jouyi Clark, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 32, 1907, p. 468 (Seoul,
Corea).

The eastern Asiatic race of the Gray Heron was found nesting in the
poplar trees bordering the Wutu River in southern Kansu. An adult

BANGS AND PETERS: CHINESE BIRDS. 325

male was secured there in May 1925. An adult female was shot along
the Tao River near Choni in July 1925 and an immature female was
taken at about the same place in October 1926.

These birds are like examples from Szechuan and Hupeh, having the
neck less grayish and the middle and greater wing coverts paler than
European specimens of typical cincrca.

ANATIDAE
Anser anser (Linn.)

Anas anser Linne, Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1, 1758, p. 123 (Sweden, apud Hartert).

Rock found the Gray Goose in the fields along the Tao River valley
near Minchow in the spring of 1925, where he collected a male. An-
other male was secured in September 1925 on the east shore of Lake
Kokonor.

Anser indicus (Lath.)
Anas indica Latham, Ind. Orn. 2, 1790, p. 839 (India).

A male bar-headed goose was taken 23 May 1926 on the Yellow
River at Radja, eastern Tibet. The skin is labelled as having the " iris
gray, pupil bluish black."

Tadorna tadorna (Linn.)

Anas Tadorna Linne, Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1, 1758, p. 122 (Sweden, apud Hartert).

A female Sheld-duck was shot on the Wutu River, north of Kaichow
in April 1925.

Casarca ferruginea (Pall.)

Anas ferruginea Pallas, Vroegs, Cat., Adumbr. 1764, p. 5 (Tartary).

The Ruddy Sheld-duck is represented in the collection by a single
specimen, a female, collected on the Tao River below Choni in Septem-
ber 1926.

Anas crecca Linn.

Anas Crecca Linne, Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1, 1758, p. 125 (Sweden, apud Hartert).

Two Teal, both of them males either in immature or eclipse plumage,
were collected during September 1925. One on the southern shore of

326 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

Lake Kokonor, the other along a small stream between Sining and
Taerhssu (Kumbum).

We believe that Anas crecca and Anas carolinensis should be re-
garded as distinct species.

Spatula clypeata (Linn.)

Anas clypeata Linne, Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1, 1758, p. 122 (restricted type locality,
South Sweden, apud Hartert).

A mated pair of Shovelers was taken on the Minchow River in south-
western Kansu during April 1925.

Mergus merganser orientalis Gould

Mergus orientalis Gould, P. Z. S., 1845, p. 1 (Amoy).

This merganser appears to be a permanent resident in southwestern
Kansu. In June 1925 an adult female and a duckling about three weeks
old were secured on the Tao River near Choni, while another female was
taken there in January 1926 and a male the following month. A female
in very worn plumage was collected 23 June 1926 in the Ba valley,
eastern Tibet, at an elevation of 9,900 feet. A male was taken in
December 1925 along the Tapetchiien River between Sincheng and
Sining.

All the adults have the more slender bill, supposed to be characteris-
tic of the east-Asiatic race of Mergus merganser.

PHALACROCORACIDAE

Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis (Shaw & Nodd.)

Pelecanus sinensis Shaw and Nodder, Nat. Misc. 13, 1801, j)l. 529 and text
(China).

While Rock was at Lake Kokonor in September 1925, he collected
three cormorants. In March and April 1926 he shot two more on the
banks of the Tao River near Choni. One of these is a female in late
winter plumage with the ornamental feathers on head and neck fully
grown in.

We thoroughly agree with Ticehurst that P. c. sinensis and P. c.
subconnoranus (Brehm) are identical, though we regret that Brehm's
name, of which the type is still in existence, must be relegated to synon-
ymy. Now that the Common Cormorant of Europe must be called
sinensis, this seems an opportune time to point out once more the
fallacy of bestowing geographic names.

BANGS AND PETERS: CHINESE BIRDS. 327

AEGYPIIDAE

AEGYPius MONACHUS (Linn.)

Vultur monachus Linne, Syst. Nat. ed. 12, 1, 1766, p. 122 (Arabia).

A female of this large vulture was collected at the end of November
in the valley of Peitaitung, 10,000 feet, in the eastern Nanshan
ranges.

Lonnberg (Ibis, 1924, p. 322) lists specimens of Gyps himalayensis
Hume from the Tibet-Kansu border, but Rock did not secure that
species.

FALCONIDAE

(Owing to the differences of opinion as to the families of Hawks and
their limits we follow the arrangement of Sharpe's Hand List.)

ACCIPITER NISUS MELANOSCHISTUS Hume

Accipiter melanoschistus Hume, Ibis, 1869, p. 356 (Simla).

An adult female Sparrow Hawk collected at 11 ,000 feet in the spruce
forests near Choni, May 1925 probably represents the breeding bird
of the Tao valley. She is very dark, almost black above and with-
out doubt referable to melanoschistus. An immature male collected
in December 1925 near the Chinssu Lamasery, 10,000 feet, south
of Labrang is likewise much darker than corresponding examples of
nisosimilis from different parts of China, as are three males, one of
them fully adult, from the forest of Drakana 9,500 feet October 1926.

BuTEO BUTEO JAPONicus Tcmm. & Schl.

Falco buteo japonicus TemminckandSchlegel,in: — Siebold's Faun. Jap. Aves,
1844, p. 16; 1845, pi. 6 and 6 b (Japan).

A specimen of the Japanese Buzzard was taken at Kadjaku (9,000
feet elevation) in the Tao valley, 13 January 1926.

BuTEO FEROX HEMiLASius Temm. & Schl.

Bufeo hemilasius Temminck and Schlegel, in : — Siebold's Faun. Jap. Aves, 1844,
p. 16; 1845 pi. 7 (Japan).

An adult was taken in May 1925 on Tibetan grasslands at 11,000
feet in southwestern Kansu ; this specimen appears to be a male, since
the wing measures but 450 mm. ; tarsal feathering is short and sparse

328 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

(especially on the distal portion), a condition doubtless due to season.
A female taken in the mountains beyond Obo in extreme northeastern
Kokonor has a wing of 495 mm., the tarsal feathering is long and dense,
as is also the same character in another winter example — a female from
Kadjaku, Tao River valley, collected in January 1926. The latter bird
has a wing of 485 mm. The plumage of this example is pale, especially
on the nape and sides of the head which are largely white; the rusty
edgings on the anterior upperparts are also pale.

We cannot see that Streseman has made out a clear case (Abh. u.
ber. Mus. Dresden, 16, 1923, no. 2, p. 61) for the recognition of B.f.
leucocephalus Hodgs. ; his measurements mean nothing, and the alleged
color characters are of no value in a bird so notoriously variable.

Gypaetus barbatus grandis Storr

Gypaetiis grandis Storr, Alpenreise, 1784, p. 69 (Switzerland).

A male, not quite adult, was taken just east of Lake Kokonor,
September 1925. The bird was shot while feeding on the carcass of a
yak. In the region of the Yellow River gorges in eastern Tibet three
birds, two adults and an immature, were secured during the spring of
1926 as follows — one on sandstone cliffs near Dzangar 15 May; one
on the sandstone cliffs of theSerchung valley, 16 May; and one on cliffs
in the Waro valley, 20 June.

Aquila chrysaetos daphanea Menzb.

Aquila daphanea Menzbier, Orn. Turkestan, 1, 1888, p. 75 ("High Asia")-

A Golden Eagle was taken 25 April 1926 on the Tibetan grasslands
11,000 feet between Ankor and Hetzu (southwestern Kansu?).

We refer this specimen to daphanea on geographic grounds, though
the bird has a wing measurement of only 655 mm. Because of its dark
coloration our specimen might possibly be referred to A. c. obscurior
Sushkin, but there are certain discrepancies, notably in the color of the
tarsal feathering, that we cannot reconcile.

CiRCAETUS gallicus (Gm.)
Falco gallicus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, pt. 1, 1788, p. 259 ("Gallia").

A male in worn plumage was taken on the grasslands of Hetso,
9,000 feet, in April 1926.

This species was not found by Sjolander, Weigold or Zappey in
western China which leads us to believe that the bird is rare there.

BANGS AND PETERS: CHINESE BIRDS. 329

Hali^etus leucoryphus (Pall.)

Aquila leucorypha Pallas, Reise Versch. Prov. Russ. Reich, 1, 1771, p. 454

("laikum").

Two examples of this Eagle, one partly adult, the other immature, were
collected at 11 ,000 feet in the western hills of Kokonor grass country
in September 1925. A splendid adult was shot on the south shore of
Lake Kokonor also in September. The latter bird had the eyes " clear
crystal, outer part of pupil reddish" and the legs "pale flesh color."

MiLvus lineatus (Gray)

Haliaehis lineatus Gray, in: — Hardwick's 111. Ind. Zool. 1, 1832, p. 1, pi. 18
(China).

An adult male of this Kite was secured 23 June 1926 at 10,000 feet
in the Ba valley. In August of the previous year two males and a
female were taken in a deep rock gorge leading south through the Min-
shan range into the Tebbu country.

Falco subbuteo subbuteo Linn.
Falco Subbuteo Linne, Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1, 1758, p. 89 (Sweden, apud Hartert).

An adult female, together with three large young, the latter just ready
to leave the nest, was collected in September 1925 in the Sining valley.

We have not enough material to discuss the Asiatic forms of Falco
subbuteo, but whatever may be the status of amtralasiae Buturlin, our
birds certainly do not belong to that race. The adult female is identical
in color with European examples and has a wing of 261 mm. The
three juvenals are exactly like a young female, probably only a few
days older, collected in Holland in late August.

Falco cherrug milvipes Jerd.

Falco milvipes Jerdon, Ibis, 1871, p. 240 (Umballa, India).

Two examples of this fine falcon were secured in November 1925.
The first was taken on the banks of the Kanchow ho, north of the
Kanchow Nanshan mountains, at an elevation of 5,500 feet; the other
at the foot of the Nanshans at the entrance to the Pientuku gorge.

Falco tinnunculus interstinctus McClell.

Falco interstinctus McClelland, P. Z. S. for 1839; 1840, p. 154 (Assam).

A single adult female Kestrel was secured in the mountains of Pikow,
6,000 feet, in southern Kansu, just over the Szechuan border, late
April or early May 1925.

330 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

The two most recent revisers of the Kestrels (Rothschild, Nov.
Zool. 33, 1925, p. 231-232) (Stuart Baker, Bull. B. O. C. 47, 1927, p.
102-107) are not entirely in accord in their treatment of the Asiatic
races of that species. According to the former, inter stinctus is identical
with japonicus, but different from saturatus with which it had pre-
viously been united, while the latter maintains all three races as dis-
tinct. From Stuart Baker's account however we judge that japonicus
is only very slightly different from inter stinctus, the characters appear-
ing only in the male. Our single female is clearly not tinnuncvlus, and
we refer it to inter stinctus, which is probably the correct name for it,
whether japonicus (1844) is identical with interstinctus (1839) or not.

BUBONIDAE

Bubo bubo subsp.

A nestling Eagle Owl was taken near Choni in May 1925. Neither
parent was secured. The bird is still too young to show any diagnostic
characters. The distribution of the central Asiatic forms of Bubo bubo
is not sufficiently well known to identify this bird subspecifically even
on geographic grounds.

Athene noctua impasta subsp. nov.

Type.— Adult female, No. 239416 Mus. Comp. Zool.; grass country
south of Lake Kokonor, 10,700 feet; collected September 1925 by
Joseph F. Rock (orig. no. 408).

Characters. — Similar to A. n. plumipes {Athene plumipes Swinh.,
P. Z. S. 1870, p. 448, Shato, north China) in having feathered toes, but
much darker; pale markings on the top of the head linear rather than
guttate; light tail bands interrupted; markings below darker and more
extensive.

Measurements

Number Sex Wing Tail Tarsus

239416 9 (type) 167 108 38

239417 9 168 102 34

239418 9 (cf?) 157 91 34

Athene noctua plumipes from Shansi

87567 9 166 92 34.5

87568 9 (cf?) 155 85 35

BANGS AND PETERS: CHINESE BIRDS. 331

Of the specimens of our new form listed, in addition to the type, one
was secured on the grasslands at the head of the Serchen valley (13,
300 feet) three days east of Radja, 26 July 1926; and the third was
taken in May 1925 in the forests covering the slopes of the mountains
of Choni (9,000 feet). The latter specimen asmight be suspected on
geographic grounds, is somewhat intermediate between imyasta and
plumipcs. It approaches the latter in having the light tail spots almost
forming bands, but tends toward the former in the extent of the streak-
ing below and in having linear pale crown-stripes — on the whole it is
best placed with impasta.

We have not seen Athene nodua ludlowi Stuart Baker of southern
Tibet, but that form is said to be about the color oi A. n. plwnipes.
Our new form is much darker, in fact but little paler than A. nodua
nodua of Europe. Our bird also comes from a region that is quite
different faunally, and although we hesitated at first, we now see no
course open but to name it.

CUCULIDAE

CUCULUS CANORUS BAKERI Hart.

Cuculus canorus bakeri Hartert, Vog., Pal. Faun. 2, heft, 7, 1912, p. 948 (Shil-
long).

Cuckoos were taken in the region about Choni during May and
June 1925 in willow, spruce and poplar forests; a ju venal female in the
red phase was secured in spruce forests at 10,000 feet on Mt. Lieu-
hoashan in July 1925. An adult was shot in the Yellow River gorges
near Radja, 20 May 1926 and another in the willows of the Ba valley
23 June 1926.

We have come to exactly the same conclusion in regard to these
cuckoos that Lonnberg (Ibis, 1924, p. 318) reached concerning birds
from Aschuen and the Minshans. Our two from eastern Tibet are
larger than the Tao River birds, but the entire series falls within the
Hmits of the dimensions given for bakeri by its author.

Cuculus intermedius intermedius Vahl

Cuculus intermedius Vahl, Skriv. af Nat. Selskab. Kjobenhavn, 4, 1789, p. 58
(Tanquebaria).

A female of this cuckoo was taken at 10,000 feet in the Choni moun-
tains 25 June 1925.

332 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

PICIDAE

PiCUS CANUS GUERINI (Malh.)
Chloropicus Guerini Malherbe, Rev. et Mag. Zool., 1849, p. 539 (China).

During April and early May 1925 while Dr. Rock was traveling
north through southern Kansu he shot four males and a female of this
woodpecker in the mountains (6,000 feet) south of Pikow. Five more
were secured near Choni : a male in very worn plumage at 9,000 feet,
May 1925, two immature in spruce forest at 9,000 feet in the valley of
Tayiiku, and two females, also in spruce forests, in February 1926.

Upon comparing these specimens with an adequate series of Picus
canus (upwards of forty specimens) from Hupeh, Szechuan, Anwhei,
and Kiangsu, we do not see how P. c. jacobsii (LaTouche) (Bull. B. O.
C, 41, 1919, p. 50, Chang-yang hsien, Hupeh) and P. c. setschuanns
Hesse (Orn. Monatsb., 1911, p. 193, Tatsienlu) can be maintained.
There is not a single constant character by which we can distinguish
them, and the minor differences visible are due either to age, season,
wear, stain or individual variation. La Touche in describing jacobsii
made direct comparison with ricketti from Fokien instead of with
guerini from the lower Yangtze valley. Our ten topotypes of jacobsii
cannot be distinguished from twelve examples of guerini collected in
Kiangsu, Anwhei and the Yangtze valley near Hupeh.

Five specimens from Omeihsien, Kwanhsien, and Dcheto, western
Szechuan, do not bear out the characters assigned to setschuamis by
its describer or subsequently by Rensch; with the exception of one
unusually dark female, we can match them bird for bird with our series
of guerini. Likewise Rock's ten birds listed above can be matched
skin for skin by guerini and we, therefore, place both jacobsii and sets-
chuanus in the synonymy of guerini.

Lonnberg had a single specimen from the Minshans that he identified
as sordidior (Rippon).

Dryobates major stresemanni Rensch

Dryobates major stresemanni Rensch, Abh. u. her. Mus. Dresden, 16, no. 2,

1923, p. 38 (Tsaliea, western Szechuan.)
Dryobates major beicki Stresemann, Orn. Monatsb. 35, 1927, p. 134 (Lan-hu-

kou, northern Kansu).

Dr. Rock sent in a series of fourteen specimens of the Great Spotted
Woodpecker from a number of localities in Kansu. Early in May 1925
he collected a pair at 5,000 feet altitude in the mixed forest between

BANGS AND PETERS: CHINESE BIRDS. 333

Pikow and the Szechuan border; later in the same month two males
and three females in the poplar forests along the Tao River near Choni,
a male among willows and poplars in the Choni forests in June 1925,
a female in the mountains of Choni between 9,000 and 10,000 feet, 4
June 1925; a female was taken in spruce forest in the Tao River valley
in February 1926. In December 1925 two females were collected at
7,000 feet in the valley of the Yellow River near Shunhoa. The region
north of the Nanshans is represented by two males taken on the Kan-
chow plain 6,000 feet in November 1925.

We do not recognize beicki, because among the birds collected by
Rock, which include skins from both south and north of the type
locality of beicki, supplemented by material from Szechuan and Yun-
nan, we find a great deal of variation in the color of the underparts,
independent of season; some of the birds from Kansu are as dark as
the darkest specimens of strcsemanni from western Szechuan, others
again are but little darker than cabanisi (series of 30 from Hupeh,
Anwhei and Kiangsu examined). Strcsemanni can be distinguished
from cabanisi by the character of the marking on the two outer pairs of
tail feathers and by the generally browner tone of the underparts, but
any further separation based on the latter character alone cannot, in
our opinion, be maintained.

Dryobates pernyii pernyii Verr.

Picus pernyii Verreaux, Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1867, p. 171 (nomen nudum), p.
271 (orig. descr.), pi. 16 (north China).

An adult female of this rare woodpecker was taken at 6,000 feet in
April 1925 near Chingchuan in the forests of northern Szechuan.

Compared with two examples from Hupeh, we find this bird to be
much browner on the forehead, sides of head, neck and throat; flanks
browner and more heavily streaked ; the black spot on the breast much
larger and extending onto the abdomen; the light bars on the tail are
browner and less buffy, besides being more restricted. In all partic-
ulars except the extent of the black on the under parts, the skin
agrees with that of a male from the Lichiang range 10,000 feet, in
Yunnan (Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 143341, Andrews and Heller).

Verreaux in his introduction to the catalogue of the collection made
by Mgr. Perny states that the birds in that collection came from the
north of China; but since Mgr. Perny was Bishop of "Su-tchuen," it
is practically certain that his birds came from Szechuan. The plate is
not colored with sufficient accuracy to determine exactly whether the

334 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

dark form of western China, or the much paler race from Hupeh is the
one figured; on the whole, however, it agrees much better with the
darker bird and we designate Szechuan as the type locality; for the
race inhabiting Hupeh we propose the name : —

Dryobates pernyii innixus subsp. nov.

Type. — Adult male; No. 52287 Mus. Comp. Zool. from Chang Yang
Hsien, Hupeh; collected 24 January 1909 by W. R. Zappey.

Characters. — Similar to D. p. pernyii Verr. but the sides of head and
neck, throat, flanks and light tail bars much paler, (buffy, not brown-
ish), streaks on sides and flanks narrower, becoming obsolete poste-
riorly; black tail bars narrower.

Measurements

D. p. pernyii

&

Wing, 106;

Tail, 77

Bill, 21

9

" 105

« 78

" 21

D. p. innixus

d^

" 107

". 78

" 22

9

" 106

" 77

" 20

Picoides tridactylus funebris Verr,

Picoides /wnebris Verreaux, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Paris, Bull. 6, 1870, p. 33 (moun-
tains of Chinese Tibet = western Szechuan).

A pair of adults wag collected at 10,000 feet in the spruce forest
on Mt. Nginsinshan, northern slopes of the north Kokonor Barrier
range, in September 1925. This record marks a still further extension
of this bird's range. Formerly known to occur only in the mountains
of western Szechuan, Rothschild records it from the Mekong-Salwin
divide and the Lichiang range, northwestern Yunnan, and Lonnberg
has a specimen from the Minshans.

Dryocopus martius khamensis (Buturl.)

Picus khamensis Buturlin, Ann. Mus. Zool. Ac. Imp. St. Petersb. 13, 1908, p.
229 (eastern slopes of the great plateau of Tibet).

Rock sent in a series of seven specimens of the Black Woodpecker.
A male from Babo in spruce forest at 10,000 feet, north slope of the
north Kokonor Barrier range, October 1925; a female taken in a like
location and altitude near Choni May 1925; a female from spruce and
fir forest at 10,000 feet south of the Minshans near the Tibet-Tebbu-

BANGS AND PETERS: CHINESE BIRDS. 335

land border, June 1925, and four from the forests of Drakana, 9,800
feet, upper Tebbuland, September 1926.

We can detect no differences between any of these specimens; they
are all referable to khamensis by reason of their less feathered tarsi and
slightly smaller bills. These birds also appear much deeper black, than
does D. m. martins when a series of each is laid side by side. It is quite
possible, however, that this difference may be due to the relative fresh-
ness of the skins, and that it would tend to disappear if recently killed
specimens of both forms were compared.

Jynx torquilla pallidior Rensch.

Jynx torquilla pallidior Rensch., Abh. u. ber. Zool. Miis. Dresden, 16, 1923, no.
2, p. 40 (Tatsienlu, Szechuan).

Five examples, an adult male and four adult females of this well-
marked race were collected in southwestern Kansu during May and
June 1925. One of them was taken at 9,000 feet in the mountains of
Choni, the others on the grasslands en route to Hetso and on the loess
cliffs northwest of Choni and Taochow.

HIRUNDINIDAE ^

Delichon urbica cashmeriensis (Gould)
Chelidon cashmeriensis Gould, P. Z. S., 1858, p. 356 (Cashmir).

A single house martin was taken at an elevation of 9,500 feet in the
forest of Drakana, September 1926.

Riparia rupestris (Scop.)
Hirundo rupestris Scopoli, Annus, 1, Historico-Nat. 1769, p. 167 (Tirol).

The crag martin is represented in the collection by one specimen
taken on the rocky cliffs of the Wutu River gorge in southern Kansu,
May 1925.

Hirundo daurica daurica Linn.

Hirundo daurica Linne, Mantissa, 1771, p. 528 (Siberia). . •

An adult taken during May 1925 in the Tao valley near Choni is
referable to this form, being narrowly streaked below with no trace of
shaft stripes on the rufous brown rump, and the wing measuring
124 mm.

336 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

MUSCICAPIDAE

MusciCAPA siBiRiCA ROTHSCHiLDi (Stuart Baker)

Hemichelidon i sibirica rothschildi Stuart Baker, Bull. B. O. C. 43, 1923, p. 156
(Lichiang range, northwestern Yunnan).

A male was collected at 10,000 feet in the Kwadjaku valley, Min-
shan range in June 1925; this specimen must represent the breeding
form of the region. The bird is so much darker than specimens of
cacahata Penard from Szechuan collected by Zappey, that we cannot
do otherwise than refer it to the form recently described by Stuart
Baker from northwestern Yunnan.

Rothschild (Nov. Zool. 33, 1926, p. 294) refers two adults and four
immature Muscicapa sibirica in the La Touche collection from Meng-
tsze, Yunnan, to rothschildi. One of the adults and all of the immature
are now before us; they are typical Muscicapa sibirica just as La
Touche identified them in his paper on the birds of southeast Yunnan
(Ibis, 1923, p. 380).

Muscicapa parva albicilla Pall.

Muscicapa albicilla Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. 1827, p. 462 (Dauria).

A male was secured in the mountains of Choni, at 9,000 feet in May
1925.

Muscicapa tricolor cerviniventris (Sharpe)

Digenea cerviniventris Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. 4, 1875, p. 460 (Manipur
Hills).

Rock sent in three examples of this rare little flycatcher. In June
1925 a male was collected at 9,500 feet in the mountains of Choni ; dur-
ing late September or early October 1926 a male and female were
secured in the forests of Wantsang Ku at 8,500 feet elevation.

These birds agree with a series from southeastern Yunnan in the
La Touche collection that are certainly cerviniventris and not tricolor.
Rothschild allocates La Touche's Mengtzse birds as tricolor, apparent-
ly because birds from the Lichiang range belong to that form quite
regardless of the wide faunal disparity between the two places.

^ We foUow Hartert in rejecting most of the genera into which Muscicapa has
been divided.

BANGS AND PETERS: CHINESE BIRDS. 337

MusciCAPA HODGSONii (Verr.)

Siphia Hodgsonii Verreaux, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Paris, Bull. 6, 1870, p. 34 (moun-
tains of Chinese Tibet = Mupin).

This species was found in the region about Choni during May and
June 1925 in the spruce and poplar forests at elevations between
8,500 and 10,000 feet, where four males and two females were secured.
In September 1926 the species was met with abundantly in the forests
of Wantsang Ku. Here seventeen specimens were taken : five adult
males, four adult females, and nine juvenals, either entirely in the
spotted plumage, or moulting into the olive immature dress. The
juvenals agree with Weigold's description (Abh. u. ber. Mus. Dresden
15, no. 3, 1922, p. 26) except that in none of our nine specimens is
there any trace of white at the base of the tail.

Seicercus burkii valentini (Hart.)

Cryptolopha burkii valentini Hartert, Vog. Pal. Faun. 1, heft 4, 1907, p. 497.
(Taipaishan).

This species was taken only in the lower Tebbu country during
September 1926. One was secured at 9,000 feet in the forests of
Mayaku and seven more in the forests of Wantsang Ku. We have no
means of telling whether these birds were migrants or represent the
breeding form of the region. One was moulting the wings, otherwise
the length of wing in the series is 58 ; 59 ; 59 ; 60 ; 62 ; 64.

W^igold had difficulty in placing the birds he collected in western
China, but referred them — some, however rather doubt "ully — to
tephrocephala (Anderson).

With a long series, which includes all the skins from the La Touche
collection, before us, we believe there is a large northern form, valentini,
and a small southern form, tephrocephala. We cannot appreciate the
characters other than size claimed by Hartert to distinguish the two
races. The case, however, is much complicated by the fact that the
females are constantly smaller than the males, although the sexes are
alike in plumage. Thus females wrongly determined as males by the
collector, might entirely obscure the facts. Rock's Chinese bird col-
lector made so many palpable mistakes, even in spring and summer
and with birds where the sexes are different in plumage, in determining
the sex of specimens, that we place no reliance whatever upon the sex
marks on his labels.

As the larger birds in the present series have the long wing of valen-

338 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

tiyii, we are forced to assume that all belong to that form and that the
larger ones are males and the smaller ones females. The other alterna-
tive would be to throw valentini and tephrocephala together; this we are
not yet quite prepared to do.

CAMPOPHAGIDAE

Pericrocotus brevirostris ethologus Bangs & Phillips

Pericrocotus brevirostris ethologus Bangs and Phillips, Bull. M. C. Z. 58, no. 6,
1914, p. 283 (Hsien Shen, Hupeh).

Two males of this minivet were taken at 9,000 feet in the forests near
Choni during May 1925. In September 1926 three males were secured
in the spruce and pine forests of Wantsang Ku at 9,000 feet, and a
male and tAvo females at 8,500 feet in the oak and pine forests of
Mayaku.

These birds are quite the same as the Hupeh bird of which we have
five males and two females available for comparison in addition to a
bird from Pekin and three migrants from southeastern Yunnan.
Stuart Baker's description of styani (Bull. B. 0. C. 40, 1920, p. 117) is
very vague; he did not appreciate any characters in the male except to
say that it might "perhaps" be paler below than in affinis, while the
characters he attributed to the female are very variable ones. Lacking
material from Szechuan we cannot express any definite opinion, but we
rather suspect, that styani will prove synonymous with ethologus. Un-
fortunately Stuart Baker made no comparison with ethologus, appar-
ently having overlooked the fact that the Hupeh bird already bore
a name.

PYCNONOTIDAE

Spizixos semitorques semitorques (Swinhoe)
Spizixtis semitorques Swinhoe, Ibis, 1861, p. 266 (Peling plateau near Amoy).

Dr. Rock collected a pair of this bulbul in southern Kansu. The
birds were shot at an elevation of 4,500 feet in the bushes along the
Minchow River between Kaichow and Minchow in May 1925. As far
as we are aware this is the first record of the occurrence of this bird in
Kansu.

Spizixos cinereicapillus (Swinhoe) of Formosa, we consider only
subspecifically distinct from semitorques.

BANGS AND PETERS: CHINESE BIRDS. 339

TIMALIIDAE

Ianthocincla davidi davidi (Swinhoe)

Pterorhinus davidi Swinhoe, Ibis, 1869, p. 61 (Peking).

Seven examples of David's Babbler were secured in the general
region about Choni during May and June 1925 and again in January
1926. The birds were met with at elevations between 8,500 and 10,000
feet in scrub forest or low bushes, usually along streams.

We have available for comparison but two examples of /. d. concolor
Stresemann (J. f. O. 71, 1923, p. 365, Sungpan, western Szechuan)
both from the type locality. Of /. d. davidi we have over twenty-five
specimens from Shansi and Chihli measuring as follows : —

d" wing 86-94; bill from base 26-27.5
9 wing 83-94; bill from base 25-29

The skins collected by Rock measure : — 1 cf , wing 90 ; bill from base
26. 6 9 9, wing 88-91 ; bill from base 25-29.

We cannot find the slightest difference either in color or size between
birds from northeastern China and those from southwestern Kansu,
and whatever /. d. funebris Stresemann (Orn. Monatsb. 35, 1927, p.
134, Lan-hu-ko 1, northern Kansu) may be, our specimens are certainly
true davidi. I. d. concolor appears to be a localized race in western
Szechuan, characterized by longer wing and shorter bill.

We follow Rothschild ' in combining the so-called genera Trochalop-
teron, Babax, Kaznakowia, Ianthocincla and Pterorhinus, as we fail
to see where any line can be drawn between them, but believe that
Garrulax should be retained as a distinct genus, as Hartert - kept it.

Ianthocincla davidi experrecta subsp. nov.

Type. — No. 238760 Museum of Comparative Zoology, adult female,
from Liyuan Ku, northern slopes of the Richthofen range, elevation
7,000 feet. Collected November 1925, by J. F. Rock (orig. no. 453).

Characters. — Similar to I. d. davidi but larger, coloration much clear-
er and paler gray; black and white of the loral feathers more con-
trasted ; bill longer, stouter and more decurved.

1 Nov. Zool. 33, 1927, p. 398.

2 Pal. Faun. 1, p. 624.

340 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

Measurements

Sex

Wing

Bill from base

cf

95

27

9

100

30 (Type)

9

95

29

9

96

29

In addition to the type, Rock secured the three specimens Usted
above, at the same time and place.

As will be seen, the measurements exceed those already given for
davidi. Comparison with birds from Chihli taken in November and
from southwestern Kansu collected in January shows that the pale
gray tone of the plumage of the new form is not seasonal, but is de-
finitely correlated with mensural characters. The examples of typical
davidi at our disposal are all distinctly brownish gray. This race is not
/. d.funrbris Stresem. (Orn. Mon. 35, Sept. 1927, p. 134, Lan-hu-kou,
northern Kansu), whatever that bird may be.

Ianthocincla sukatschewi (Berezowski and Bianchi)

Trochalopieron Sukatschewi Berezowski and Bianchi, Aves Exp. Potan, Gansu,
1891, p. 59, pi. 1, f. 1 (coniferous forests, high mountains of Kansu).

Rock collected a pair of this rare babbler in February 1926 in a
lateral valley of the Tao River near Choni, the slopes of which were
covered with willow scrub and spruce.

Ianthocincla elliotii perbona subsp. nov.

Type (and only specimen). — No. 238772 Museum of Comparative
Zoology, adult male, from Liyuan Ku, northern slopes of the Richtho-
fen range, elevation 7,000 feet. Collected November 1925 by J. F.
Rock (orig. no. 452).

Characters. — Similar to /. e. elliotii, but the mantle slightly darker;
white terminal spots and dusky subterminal bands of the feathers of
the upper parts larger; sides of head, throat, and chest darker, much
more blackish gray, and white marginings broader; bill heavier; feet
and tarsi stronger.

Remarks. — This form agrees more nearly with, elliotii than with
prjevalskii, in having the central rectrices greenish above. The white
edgings on the anterior under parts and on the mantle of /. e. elliotii
wear off rapidly, but our new form shows a greater development of
this character, when compared with specimens of elliotii from Hupeh

BANGS AND PETERS: CHINESE BIRDS. 341

taken in November, December and January. The effect of the dorsal
markings gives a speckled effect not to be seen in any examples of
either elliotii or prjevalskii that we have examined. The eye is noted on
the label as being " watery." Hartert quotes " dunkel zimmetfarben,"
for the color of the eye in I. e. elliotii.

Ianthocincla elliotii prjevalskii (Menzbier)

Trochalopteron prjevalskii Menzbier, Ibis, 1887, p. 300 (Kansu).

Two females were taken in low bushes on hillsides on the mountains of
Minchow in southern Kansu at an elevation of 5,000 feet during May
1925. In May, June and July 1925 the species was met with on the
mountains of Choni and along the upper Tao valley. The two examples
of each sex taken here were in bushes, near the ground.

The gray (instead of greenish) pair of central rectrices seems to be
the only certain character by which /. e. prjevalskii can be distin-
guished from /. e. elliotii. Apparently Ianthocincla elliotii abraids its
plumage very rapidly, and fresh examples are uncommon. The ad-
ditional characters enumerated by Lonnberg (Ibis, 1924, p. 314) for
separating the two forms seem to us to be due to wear, and the larger
bill that he claims for prjevalskii is not borne out in our series.

Ianthocincla maxima (Verreaux)

Pterorhinus maximus Verreaux, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Paris, Bull. 6, 1870, p. 36,
pi. 3, fig. 1 (mountains of Chinese Thibet).

This fine babbler was very common locally. Rock secured twelve
specimens as follows: — four males and two females during February
1926 in the valley of the Tao River basin in the region about Choni.
Two males and a female in June 1925 in spruce and fir forest on the
southern slopes of the Minshan range in the Tebbu country. Two
males in the forests of Drakana, upper Tebbu country, 9,500 feet,
September 1926. One immature male at 9,600 feet on Mt. Lieuhoa
(shan) south of Lanchow, July 1925.

Ianthocincla canora-namtiensis (La Touche)

Trochalopterum canorum namtiense La Touche, Ibis, 1923, p. 317 (nom. nov.
pro T. canorum yunnanensis La Touche, nee. T. ellioti yunnense Rippon,
Howkow, Yunnan).

One male from the mountain of Minchow, 5,000 feet elevation, May
1925.

342 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

The single specimen secured does not differ materially from birds
from Yunnan and Hupeh.

Ianthocincla sannio (Swinhoe)
Garrulax sannio Swinhoe, Ibis, 1867, p. 403 (Amoy).

Dr. Rock took an adult female of this bird in the mountains of
northern Szechuan, 6,000 feet altitude, during April 1925.

Fulvetta cinereiceps fessa subsp. nov.

Type. — No. 238787 Museum of Comparative Zoology, adult male,
from the Choni spruce forests, Tao River basin, southwestern Kansu,
9,000 feet, February 1926. Collected by J. F. Rock, original no. 586.

Characters. — Similar to Fulvetta cmereiceps cinereiceps (Verreaux)
but darker above, much less reddish, more olivaceous on the back,
rump and upper tail coverts; sides of head and neck darker gray;
flanks much more olivaceous, less ochraceous. Size as in cinereiceps.

In all twelve specimens of this tit-babbler were taken — two males
and a female from the region about Choni during January and Febru-
ary 1926; six males and two females from the forests in the Wantsang
Ku valley, Ha Tebbuland, September 1926, in spruce, fir and maple at
an elevation of 8,500 feet; one female in the juniper forests of Pezlu,
banks of the Chulungapu, upper Tebbuland, elevation 7,200 feet,
September 1926.

We have had a great deal of difficulty in determining exactly what
F. c. cinereiceps is. It was first described by Verreaux {8ixa cinerei-
ceps, Nouy. Arch. Mus. Paris, Bull. 6, 1870, p. 37, "mountains of
Chinese Tibet ") in a rather unsatisfactory Latin diagnosis. Later
David and Oustalet (Les Oiseaux de la Chine, 1877, text p. 220, Atlas,
pi. 73) state that the types came from Moupin, and append a careful
description based apparently on examples taken on the Tsinling
range in Shensi. This latter description was translated literally in the
Catalogue of Birds of the British Museum 7, 1883.

We consider as practically topotypical a series of six birds collected
by Zappey in west-central Szechuan (May, June, September, October)
and can detect no difference between them and a series from Hsien
Shanhsien, Hupeh, taken in December. All of these birds have a lighter
head and much redder back than our new form.

There is in the La Touche collection recently acquired by the
Museum of Comparative Zo5logy, one of the nine cotypes of Proparus
fucatus Styan (Bull. B. O. C. 8, 1899, p. 26; figured Ibis, 1899, pi. 4, f. 1).

BANGS AND PETERS: CHINESE BIRDS. 343

One skin collected by Zappey in April at Ho Cha Ping, Hupeh, also
belongs to this form. The Styan specimen is a Juvenal; Zappey 's is
adult. These two birds agree with one another, and differ from all
those we refer to cinerciceps in having more chestnut back and flanks;
darker, more brownish crown ; small bill, and especially in that the five
inner primaries are wholly black and the secondaries lack the rufescent
edging. In cinereiceps the sixth and seventh primaries are black, but
the remaining three innermost, as well as the secondaries, are exter-
nally edged with brownish olive. In this pattern of the wing, fucatus
agrees with guttafi coll is (Proparus guttaiicoUisha Touche, Bull. B. O. C.
6, 1897, p. 50, Kuatun, northwestern Fokien). The plate of fucatus in
the Ibis, however, shows the m' ing with the secondaries and three inner
primaries edged with rufescent. If it were not for this, we should con-
sider the status of fucatus definitely settled; as it is we hesitatingly
apply ^ this name to the breeding bird of the region about Ichang.

FULVETTA RUFICAPILLA RUFICAPILLA (Vcrreaux)

SivaruficapillaYeTTeaux,Nouv. Arch.Mus.Faris, Bull. 6, 1870, p. 37 (moun-
tains of Chinese Tibet).

A single specimen of this species — an adult female — was secured at
Chingchuan in the mountains of northern Szechuan, elevation 5,000
feet, April 1925.

FuLVETTA STRiATicoLLis (Vcrrcaux)

Siva striaticoll'is Verreaux, Nouv. Arch. Mas. Paris, Bull. 6, 1870, p. 38 (moun-
tains of Chinese Tibet = Moupin, northern Szechuan).

Three fully grown juvenlas were taken in the forests of Drakana,
9,500 feet elevation, upper Tebbuland, September 1926.

We fully agree with Stresemann (Abh. u. ber. mus. Tierk. Dresden
16, no. 2, 1923, p. 21) that striaticollis does not belong in the same
" Formenkreis" with guttaticollis.

Myiophonus caeruleus immansuetus Bangs and Penard

Myiophonus caeruleus immansuetus Bangs and Penard, Occ. Papers, Boston
Soc. N. H. 5, 1925, p. 147 (Ichang, Hupeh).

Rock collected two males of this bird during September 1926 in the
forests of Wantsang Ku, Ha Tebbuland, at elevations of 7,000 and
7,600 feet. Both specimens were shot along streams. They are fully
adult and in the autumnal moult.

344 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

While we have retained this genus where Sharpe placed it, among the
Timaliidae, we do so only for convenience, being convinced that in
reality it belongs with the Turdidae.

Leiothrix lutea lutea (Scopoli)

Sylvia lutea Scopoli, Del. Flor. et Faun. Insubr. 2, 1786, p. 96 (hills of the pro-
vince of Anwhei south of the Yangtse, designated as type locality by
Stresemann, J. f. O. 71, 1923, p. 364).

Two males and a female were taken in April 1925 at an elevation of
6,000 feet in the mountains of northern Szechuan in the forests along
the Kansu border.

These examples agree with Stresemann's description of Leiothrix
lutea kwangtungeyisis (J. f. O. 71, 1923, p. 364, Suihang, Kwangtung)
and with some specimens from Mengtsze, southeastern Yunnan.
After careful comparison with a very large series of L. lutecu from
Szechuan, Hupeh, Fokien and southeastern Yunnan, we are struck
with the fact that all the most deeply colored examples, regardless of
locality, were collected in February, March, and April (Stresemann's
type was taken in March), though not all the birds taken at that time
are brightly colored.

However the "Japanese Robin" as is well known to bird fanciers,
after a year or two of captivity usually loses its lipochrome pigment,
with consequent dulling of yellows, oranges and reds, the result no
doubt of deficiencies in its artificial diet. We believe it to be a corollary
that unusual vigor in a wild individual, or particularly favorable food
supply, would result in the temporary intensification, possibly only at
certain seasons, of the lipochromes, producing such individuals as
Stresemann has named kwangtungensis. We cannot find that kwajig-
tungensis has any range of its own, individuals of its type of coloration
occurring in various widely separated regions. We therefore cannot
recognize kwangtungensis.

SUTHORA WEBBIANA SUFFUSA Swinhoe

Suthora suffusa Swinhoe, P. Z. S., 1871, p. 372 (middle Yangtse).

Rock collected two males of the Yangtse Crow-tit on the foothills of
the mountains of northern Szechuan, altitude 3,000 feet, during April
1925.

The specimens do not differ in any way from comparable material
from the Yangtse valley in the region of Hupeh. The occurrence of this
race in northern Szechuan marks a considerable extension of its range
to the north and west.

BANGS AND PETERS: CHINESE BIRDS. 345

SUTHORA CONSPICILLATA CONSPICILLATA David

Suthora conspicillata David, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Paris, Bull. 7, 1871, p. 14 (east-
ernmost Kokonoor).

Ten examples of this interesting Suthora were secured as follows:
an adult from south of theTao River, southwestern Kansu, June 1925,
9,500 feet;and ninefrom upper Tebbuland, 7,200 to9, 500 feet; Septem-
ber 1926. Of the latter one is an adult female, badly worn, the autum-
nal moult just commenced ; an adult male and an adult female with the
moult nearly complete; and six juvenals of both sexes.

These are the first specimens of true conspicillata from near the
type locality that either of us have seen, and we find a very different
bird from Hupeh, one secured at Hsien-tien-tsze by Zappey, and one
from Ichang taken by Styan (in the La Touche collection) both la-
belled conspicillata. These agree with conspicHlata in having a white
eye-ring, but differ at once in being paler throughout with lighter
brown head, and in having very much stouter bills with the culmen
more arched. (See text figure below.) The much exaggerated bill of
the Hupeh bird is very different from that of any of the small Chinese
Suthoras, and is best characterized as a slightly reduced counterpart of
that organ as developed in Snthora imicolor. We propose to call the
Hupeh form

Suthora conspicillata rocki subsp. nov.

Type.— ^o. 50711 M. C. Z. from Hsien-tien-tsze, Hupeh, 6,000
feet altitude, adult cf, collected 2 June 1907 by Walter R. Zappey.

.^.^^-^^

Suthora c. conspicillata Svihora c. rocki

M. C. Z. 238810 Type, M. C. Z. 50711

Kansu Hupeh

The two skins afford the following measurements : — wing, 54 and 56;
tail, 65; tarsus, 22; bill from base, 10; height of bill at base, 8 and 8.5.

346 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

In four adults of S. c. conspicillata the bill from base is 7.5-8; height
of bill at base, 6^.5.

The text figures above were drawn by Miss H. Saunders and are
twice the natural size of the specimens.

TROGLODYTIDAE

Nannus troglodytes idius (Richmond)

Olbiorchilus fumigatus idius Richmond, in: -Research in China, 1, pt. 2, Cam.
Publ. no. 54, p. 498 (Wang-kuai-chon, Chihli).

Five wrens were taken along the Yellow River gorges in eastern
Kokonor : — an adult female, 13 May 1926, in spruce forest, 10,300 feet,
two days above Radja, and two males and two females on rocky cliffs
or in juniper forests of the Sakutu Ravine, 10,500 feet, 1 June 1926.

After comparison with a fine series from northeastern Chihli we are
unable to separate this series, all the birds in somewhat worn plumage,
from idius, but it is of course possible that birds from eastern Kokonor
in fresh plumage might reveal some differences.

Rock also secured two fully grown juvenals in August 1926 in the
forests of Doyaya, Ha Tebbuland, and one intermediate between
Juvenal and immature plumage in August 1925 in the Minshan range
at 12,000 feet elevation. These three specimens are not sufficiently
mature to oft'er diagnostic characters, but are very dark below, agreeing
with two juvenals of szetschuanus collected by Zappey in western
Szechuan, and probably are referable to that race.

CINCLIDAE

Cinclus cinclus cashmeriensis Gould
Cindus cashmeriensis Gould, P. Z. S., 1859, p. 494 (Kashmir).

The Kashmir Dipper was secured in every region that Rock visited,
a series of ten being taken. A male and two females were collected dur-
ing May and June 1925 at elevations of 8,500 feet in the Tao valley
near Choni; a male at 10,000 feet in the Minshan range, July 1925;
a pair in the Jupar valley, 11,600 feet, June 1926; an adult male at
8,000 feet in the forests of Wantsang Ku, Ha Tebbuland, September
1926; a juvenal male and a juvenal female, 8,000 feet, in the forests of
Maya Ku, Ha Tebbuland; and a female in the Kanglungssu valley,
Richthofen range, 8,000 feet, November 1925. This last specimen

BANGS AND PETERS: CHINESE BIRDS.

347

appears somewhat larger and darker with a shghtly longer bill than the
specimens from Kansu and Kokonor, but it may be wrongly sexed,
since its size can be approached by some males from further south, and
the difference in color is so slight that it may well be an individual
variant.

CiNCLUS PALLASii souLiEi Oustalet

Cindus Pallasi var. Souliei OusiaX^i, Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. (7), 12, 1892, p. 299
(Tatisien Lu and Moupin).

A male and two females were taken in the mountains of Chingchuan,
northern Szechuan, near the Kansu border. The date and altitude
have both been omitted from the labels.

TURDIDAE

TuRDUs CASTANEUS GOULDii (Vcrrcaux)

Merula Gouldii Verreaux. Nouv. Arch. Mus. Paris, Bull. 6, 1870, p. 34
(western Szechuan and Moupin).

Eight adults of both sexes were taken in southwestern Kansu in the
region about Chbni between May and July 1925. The birds were
always found among willows or in bushes beside the streams. Four
juvenals from Mt. Lieuhoashan and the valley of Tayuku, collected in
July 1925, were taken in forests of spruce and fir between 9,000 arid
10,000 feet.

A fully grown ju venal was secured during September 1926 at 9,600
feet in the Drakana forest, upper Tebbuland, while an adult male was
killed at 7,500 feet in shrubs and bushes on the outskirts of the forests
of Wantsang Ku, Ha Tebbuland, September 1926.

We can detect no difference between the specimens here listed and
topotypical material from western Szechuan.

TuRDUS MUPiNENSis MUPiNENSis Laubmann

Turdus mujnnensis Laubmann, Orn. Monatsb. 28, 1920, p. 17 (Nom. nov. pro
Turdus auritus Verreaux, nee Gmelin, Moupin).

Two males and a female, all in transition from juvenal to immature
plumage, were taken during September 1926 in the forests of Want-
sang Ku, 8,000 to 8,500 feet. Ha Tebbuland.

348 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

TURDUS RUFICOLLIS RUFICOLLIS Pallas

Turdus ruficollis Pallas, Reise Verch. Prov. Russ. Reich. 3, 1776, p. 694
(Dauria).

Three birds, collected by Rock in May 1925 doubtless represent
wintering birds that had not yet moved north. All were very fat. A
male was collected in scrub forest, 5,000 feet elevation near Minchow; a
male and a female were taken at 10,000 feet in the scrub forest of the
Tao valley near Choni.

Turdus ruficollis atrogularis Temminck

Turdus atrogidaris Temminck, Man. d'Orn. 1, 1820, p. 169 (Austria and
Silesia).

In February 1926 Rock shot a female of the black-throated thrush in
spruce forest on the southwest bank of the Tao River near Choni.
Apparently this thrush seldom straggles on its migration so far east in
China.

Turdus kessleri (Przewalski)

Merula kessleri Przewalski, Mongol i. Strana Tangut, 2, 1876, p. 62, pi. 10
(mountains of Kansu).

Thirteen specimens represent Kessler's Thrush in the collection. A
male and a female were taken during May 1925 in the Tao valley,
9,000 to 10,000 feet, near Choni, where they occurred in "spruce
forests and outskirts " ; two more were secured in the spruce forests or
on alpine meadows of the Minshan range in July 1925. Four males
and two females were collected late in May 1926 in juniper forest at
11,000 feet altitude south of the Yellow River opposite Radja, Tibet;
a female along a brook near the same place 30 May, a male (sexed as a
female) in much worn plumage, Dachso canyon 10,500 feet, Yellow
River basin, north of Radja 2 June; and a male along a stream in the
upper Jupar valley, 11,500 feet June- July 1926.

Monticola solitaria pandoo (Sykes)

Petrodncla pandoo Sykes, P. Z. S., 1832, p. 87 (The Ghauts, India).

One male was taken along a water course in the forests of Mayaku,
Ha Tebbuland, 8,000 feet, September 1926.

BANGS AND PETERS: CHINESE BIRDS. 349

Enicurus SINENSIS Gould
Enicurus sinensis Gould, P. Z. S., 1865, p. 665 (Shanghai).

Two examples were taken near Chingchuan, northern Szechuan, in
April 1925, where the species was always seen along rivers and wooded
brooks. A third specimen, a male, was collected during September
1926 near Zhega, 8,500 feet, in the forests of Mayaku, Ha Tebbuland.
It was just completing the autumnal moult.

Chaimarrornis leucocephala (Vigors)

Phoenicura leucocephala Vigors, Proc. Comm. Zool. Soc. London, 1, 1831,
p. 35 (Himalaya).

Two males were secured in May 1925 near Choni, where Rock
found the species common along streams. A third specimen, also a
male, was taken 2 June 1926, on the Dachso stream, 10,500 feet,
Yellow River drainage north of Radja, eastern Kokonor.

Phoenicurus ochruros rufiventris (Vieillot)

Oenanthe rufiventris Vieillot, Nouv. diet. hist. Nat. 21, 1818, p. 431 (India
adopted as type locality by Hartert, Vog. Pal. Faun. 1, p. 723).

Rock secured a series of twelve specimens of the eastern Indian
redstart. A male and a female were taken during April 1925 at 5,000
feet in the spruce forest on the mountains of northern Szechuan near
the Kansu border; a female in willow bushes along the Tao River, 5
June 1925; two females on Mount Lissedzadza 11,000 feet, Minshan
range, July 1925, where the species was found in bushes and juniper
forest. In eastern Kokonor two males were taken in spruce forest along
the Yellow River gorges, 10,300 feet, five miles below the Dzangar
monastery, 13 May 1926; two females in the Dachso canyon, Yellow
River gorges, 11,000 feet, 1 June 1926; a female and two juvenals in
the Dzomo valley, 11,800 feet, 22 June 1926.

Phoenicurus hodgsoni (Moore)
Rulicilla hodgsoni Moore, P. Z. S., 1854, p. 26, Aves, pi. 58 (Nepal).

Six examples of Hodgson's Redstart were taken. A male in poplar
forest, Tao River valley, 8,500 feet. May 1925; a male in the mountains
of Choni south of the Tao River, 10,000 feet, June 1925; a female,
spruce forests of Choni, 8,500 to 9,000 feet, February 1926. The species

350 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

was also met in eastern Kokonor where two males were taken in scrub
or in bushes along the Yellow River near Radja in May 1926. An
adult male, collected September 1926 in the forests of Mayaku, Ha
Tebbuland, at an elevation of 8,000 feet, was just completing the
autumnal moult, the fresh feathers on the breast are tipped with gray.

Phoenicurus auroreus Pallas

Motacilla aurorea Pallas, Reis. Versch. Prov. Russ. Reichs. 3, 1776, p. 695
(Selenka, Lake Baikal).

A male was collected in evergreen forest on the mountains of north-
ern Szechuan near the Kansu border in April 1925; a male in worn
breeding dress was taken in the willow groves at 9,500 feet elevation
on Mt. Lieuhoashan, Minshan range, 16 July 1925; an immature
male in the juniper forests in the upper Tebbu country, 7,200 feet,
September 1926, and an immature female in the forests of Wantsang
Ku, 8,000 feet, lower Tebbu country, September 1926.

We believe that Stuart Baker is correct in reducing both filchneri
and leucopterus to the synonymy of auroreus.

Phoenicurus erythrogaster maximus Kleinschmidt

Phoenicurus erythrogaster maximus Kleinschmidt, Abh. u. Ber. Mus. Tierk. u.
Volk. Dresden, 16, no. 2, 1923, p. 42 (Janeti, Rombatsa and Chuwo,
eastern Tibet).

Eight specimens of this large redstart were taken: three males in
forest and scrub at 11,000 feet altitude in the Rako gorge, eastern
Kokonor, September 1925; a female at Babo 10,000 feet, north slope of
the Kokonor Barrier range, September 1925; a male and two juvenals
July 1926 on rocky cliffs below the Totuchsura pass, 14,300 feet
elevation, Jupar range, a male in the spruce forests of Choni, shot in
barberry bushes, February 1926.

The wing measurements of the five adult males are: 108, 106, 104,
106, 105; of the female 102. These measurements taken across the
chord of the wing correspond with Kleinschmidt's 107 to 110.5 for
males and 104 for the female, taken against the flattened wing.

The differences in sizes between grandis and maxiinvs were first
noted by Hartert (Vog. Pal. Faun. 1, p. 727), though Kleinschmidt,
when he named the latter form, did not give credit to that author.

BANGS AND PETERS: CHINESE BIRDS. 351

Phoenicurus FRONTALIS Vigors

Phoenicura frontalis Vigors, Proc. Comm. Zoo]., Soc. London, 1, 1832, p. 172

(Himalaya).
Phoenicurus frontalis sinae Hartert, Bull. B. O. C. 38, 1918, p. 78 (mountains of

China; type from Kansu).

The series of eighteen blue-fronted redstarts secured by Rock
illustrates nearly every phase of plumage that this species undergoes.
A male, shot in April 1925 in the mountains of northern Szechuan, still
retains the rusty olive edgings on the feathers of the upper parts ; two
females were taken in the spruce forests on the mountains of Choni,
9,5(X) feet, in May and June; from the Minshan range we have two
males in normal spring dress taken on the summit of Mt. Koang
Kei, 13,000 feet June 1925, while a third example taken at the same
time and place has but a sprinkling of blue feathers on the throat and
breast, although the lesser wing coverts and some of the scapulars are
blue; a worn adult female and two juvenals from the spruce and fir
forests of Mt. Lieuhoashan 10,000-11,000 feet, July 1925; and four
juvenals at the Rock Gate of the Minshans, July-August 1925.

In Kokonor two adult males in different stages of the autumnal
moult were secured in September 1925 at 10,000 feet altitude in the
Rako gorge ; and a female was taken 22 June of the following year at
11,800 feet in the Dzomo valley.

From Tebbuland Rock eent an adult female, moult not yet com-
menced, taken at 9,500 feet in the forests of Drakana, and an adult
in an advanced state of moult, taken at 8,500 feet in the forests of
Wantsang Ku, both examples being collected, in September 1926.

Most authors who have recently dealt with this species doubt the
validity of P. f. sinae Hartert, an opinion that we share.

Phoenicurus schisticeps (Gray)

Ruticilla schisticeps Gray, Cat. Mamm. Bds. Nepal Coll. Hodgson, 1846, p. 69

(Nepal).

Of the twenty examples of the white-throated redstart in the col-
lection, five males and two females were secured in the region about
Choni during May and June 1925 at altitudes ranging from 9,000 to
10,500 feet and in a variety of situations — spruce and open forest, and
alpine meadows; during February 1926 two males and four females
were secured in the same region at an elevation of about 9,000 feet,
generally in forests. A male and a female were collected in the Kadjaku

352 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

valley, Minshan range, 9,500 to 10,500 feet in July and August 1925,
where Rock states that the species was " a common bird." The speci-
mens secured in Kokonor in 1926 are: a male on 2 June in the Dachso
canyon north of Radja, a female 22 June on the rock slopes of the
Dzomo valley, and a male on the 26th at 12,500 feet, on the northern
slopes of the Jupar range. From Ha Tebbuland we have a juvenal,
unfortunately not dated, taken at 8,500 feet in the forests of Want-
sang Ku, and an adult male with the autumnal moult well begun,
collected at 9,000 feet, forests of Sambaku, September 1926. Strese-
mann (Orn. Monatsb. 35, Sept. 1927, p. 134) has described P. s.
heicki from Lan-hu-kou, northern Kansu, solely on the basis of slight-
ly shorter wing-length. This variation is not borne out by our material,
measuring with the wing flattened out on the rule, European fashion;
the wings of 9 males from southwestern Kansu and eastern Kokonor are
82, 83, 83.5, 83.5, 84, 84, 84, 84, 85.5 and we, therefore, cannot bring
ourselves to regard heicki as a valid subspecies, since the dimensions of
that race as given by its describer are 81 to 83.5 for the male against
82-88 for the corresponding sex in typical specimens of P. s. schisticeps.

Rhyacornis fuliginosa fuliginosa (Vigors)
Phoenicura fuliginosa Vigors, P. Z. S., 1836, p. 185 (Himalaya).

Sixteen specimens of the water redstart were secured. A female
from the mountains of northern Szechuan, April 1925; two males from
the mountains of Choni, 9,000 to 10,000 feet, June 1925, where the
species was found along streams in the spruce forests. In the Min-
shans an adult male was secured in the Kadjaku valley, a juvenal from
along the Drakana trail into Tebbuland, both in August 1925, and an
immature in June 1925 in the forests of spruce and fir, 9,800 feet, on
southern slopes of the mountains. During September 1926 the species
was common in the forests of Wantsang Ku, Ha Tebbuland, where ten
examples of both sexes, adults and immature were secured, without
exception along streams.

We cannot recognize R. f. tenuirostris Stresemann, our extensive
series proving that that form was based upon inconstant characters.

Hodgsonius phoenicuroides ichangensis Baker

Hodgsonius phoenicuroides ichangensis Baker, Bull. B. O. C. 43, 1922, p. 18,
(Ichang, upper Yangtze valley).

Rock sent in four examples of this handsome species — a male and a
female from the vicinity of Choni were secured beside brooks in the

BANGS AND PETERS: CHINESE BIRDS. 353

forest during May 1925; a female apparently adult, in fresh autumnal
plumage, taken in the forests of Mayaku, 8,000 feet, Ha Tebbuland,
September 1925, and a specimen sexed as a male (and with the wing
measurements of that sex) but in female livery, taken in the forests of
Wantsang Ku at 8,500 feet, September-October 1926.

We have no topotypical material of H. p. phocnicuroides for com-
parison, but refer our specimens to ichangensis on the basis of the
wing measurements, which are 70.5 and 71.5 in the two males. Baker
gives 69 to 71 for the wing of Chinese birds as against 73 to 79 for
Indian specimens.

Calliope calliope (Pallas)

Motacilla Calliope Pallas, Reise Versch. Prov. Russ. Reich. 3, 1776, p. 697
(Jenissei to the Lena).

Only five specimens of the ruby-throat were taken; two males and
two females May and July 1925, from the region about Choni at 9,500
feet altitude, and a male at 10,000 feet in the Kadjaku valley, Minshan
range, June 1925.

Ianthia cyanura (Pallas)

Motacilla cyanurus Pallas, Reise Versch. Prov. Russ. Reich. 2, 1779, p. 709

(Jenissei).

A male was taken at 9,000 feet in the mountains of Choni, May
1925; a female in spruce forest at 10,000 feet, near Babo, northern
slopes of the north Kokonor Barrier range, September 1926.

Ianthia rufilata practica Bangs and PhilHps

Ianthia practica Bangs and Phillips, Bull. M. C. Z. 68, 1914, p. 292 (Loukou
Chai, Yunnan).

Rock collected eight specimens of this bush robin. Two of these,
a male and a female, were taken in the mountains of Choni in the
spring (May and June) of 1925; a juvenal was secured on Mt. Lieuhoa-
shan in the Minshan range, July 1925, and the remaining five —
juvenals, immatures and a moulting adult — are from the forests of
Tebbuland, all killed in September 1926.

The single adult male in our series agrees with the characters claimed
by Riley (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 70, Art. 5, 1926, p. 39) for a male from
the Taipeishan district of Shensi, which that author believes " prob-

354 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

ably represents a distinct form." However, there is a large amount of
individual variation in the shade of blue of the upper parts and in the
extent of white in the superciliary stripe, and we do not believe that
these examples are in any way separable from the Yunnan bird.

Saxicola torquata przewalskii (Pleske)

Pratincola maura var. Przewalskii Pleske, Wiss. Res. Przewalsky's Reisen
Vog. 1, 1889, p. 46, pi. 4, fig. 1, 2 and 3 (Kansu).

A male was shot in the scrub bordering the gorge of the Wutu River,
in southern Kansu, May 1925; in September of the same year a female
was secured at 10,000 feet on Mt. Nginsinshan, near Babo, on the
northern slopes of the north Kokonor Barrier range.

Oenanthe isabellina (Cretzschmar)

Saxicola isabellina Cretzschmar, Atl. zu Riippell's Reise, Vog. 1826, pi. 52, pi.
34, b. (Nubia).

A single female of this wide-ranging species was shot on 20 May
1926 on the grassy banks of the Yellow River at Radjagomba, 10,000
feet, eastern Kokonor.

> Oenanthe pleschanka pleschanka (Lepechin)

Motacilla Pleschanka Lepechin, Nov. Comm. Pet. 14, 1770 (= 1771), p. 503, pi.
24 (Saratow, on the Volga).

This species was met at an elevation of 3,000 feet near Kaichow,
south Kansu, where a male was killed beside the river bank during May
1925.

PRUNELLIDAE

Prunella collaris tibetanus (Bianchi)

Accentor collaris tibetanus Bianchi, Ann. Mus. Zool. Ac. Petersb. 9, 1904, p. 128
(east Tibet).

This species was met with only at great altitudes; a female was
taken on the hmestone crags at 13,000 feet altitude on Mt- Koang
Kei in the Minshan range, June 1925; and two males at 14,600 feet,
the highest point in the Jupar range, eastern Kokonor, June 1926.

BANGS AND PETERS: CHINESE BIRDS. 355

Prunella rubeculoides beicki Mayr

Prunella rubeculoides beicki Mayr, Orn. Monatsb. 35, Sept. 1927, p. 149 (Lan-
hu-kou, northern Kansu).

Ten examples of the Robin Hedge Sparrow were secured as fol-
lows: a male and a female 21 September 1925 in the Laliku gorge,
near Lalatapan in the Tangar-Kokonor Barrier range; a male and a
female in October 1925 beyond the Tangar Mountains of Lassa, 10,000
feet elevation; a male and a female in November 1925 in the valley of
Liyuan Ku near Hayotung, 6,000 to 7,000 feet, in the Richthofen
range; a male in spruce forest and willow scrub on the outskirts of
Choni, February 1926; a female on the grassy hills, Upper Dachso,
north of Radja, 11,400 feet, 4 June 1926, and two females in spruce
forest at 10,500 feet, gorges of the Yellow River, near Radja, June
1926.

Compared with specimens from Szechuan, our skins agree with
Mayr's description in having a grayer head, and we therefore adopt
his name from the birds from western Kansu and northeastern Tibet.

Prunella strophiata multistriata (David)

Accentor ?nultistriatus David, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (4), 6, 1871, p. 256
(Mupin).

Rock collected a male in the Wutu Ho gorge, 4,000 feet, in southern
Kansu, May 1925, a female in the mountains of Choni between 9,000
and 10,000 feet during June 1925, and two males and a female in the
Tao valley, near Choni, February 1926. During August a juvenal
female was taken on the alpine meadows at 12,500 feet of Mt.
Kwanghei in the Minshan range. The species was apparently breed-
ing in the eastern Kokonor country about Radja, where a male and
two females were taken during June 1926 between 10,500 and 11,000
feet. A female in fresh immature plumage was collected in October
1926 on the grasslands of Peitatung, 10,000 feet between Kokonor and
the Liangchow Nanshan.

All these specimens agree closely with one another and with skins
from western Szechuan.

Prunella fulvescens nadiae subsp. nov.

Type. — No. 238898 Museum of Comparative Zoology, adult male
from the Tao River valley, near Choni, southwestern Kansu, 8,200 feet,
February 1926, collected by J. F. Rock, original no. 548.

356 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

Characters. — Similar to Prunella fulvescens khamensis Sushk. and
agreeing with that race in being strongly streaked above, but lacking
the streaks on the upper tail coverts and on the sides.

When Professor Sushkin (Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 38, No. 1,
1925, p. 48-55) revised the forms of Primella fulvescens he had seen
but a single specimen from Kansu, a female from Old Tao Chow, in
the British Museum. He noted the characters by which this example
differed from khamensis, but hesitated to name it on account of the poor
state of its preservation. The series of sixteen specimens listed below
confirms the characters pointed out by Prof. Sushkin for the Kansu
bird. We take great pleasure in naming the form for Mrs. Sushkin.

Two males and ten females were taken during February 1926 in the
valley of the Tao River near Choni. In September 1925 a female in
fresh autumnal pluinage was shot in spruce forest at 10,000 feet eleva-
tion near Babo in the north Kokonor Barrier range. A female in some-
what worn dress was taken 13 May 1926 on grassy bluffs overlooking
the Yellow River gorges two days above Radja and five miles below
the Dzangar monastery. A male and a female, both slightly worn,
were secured along the grassy banks of the Yellow River at Radja
elevation 10,000 feet, 23 May 1926.

SYLVIIDAE

Tribura thoracica przevalskii (Sushkin)

Dumeiicola thoracica przevalskii Sushkin, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 38, no.
1, 1925, p. 41 (Dshachar mountains, upper Hwang-ho).

Rock secured a male of this species at 1 1 ,500 feet in tall alpine grass
on Mt. Lieuhoashan, Kansu, 16 July 1925. We have compared this
specimen with the type of davidi ( Tribura thoracica davidi La Touche,
Bull. B. O. C. 43, 1923, p. 168, Chinwangtao, northeastern Chihli)
and with Sushkin's description of przevalskii (supra), and find that our
bird belongs to the latter, though to us the two races appear to be very
close.

Phylloscopus affinis (Tickell)

Motacilla affinis Tickell, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 2, 1833, p. 576 (jungles of
Borabhum and Dholbuna).

One male was taken at 10,500 feet in a willow forest in the gorge of
the Serchen stream, one day east of Radja, 16 May, 1926.

BANGS AND PETERS: CHINESE BIRDS. 357

Phylloscopus armandii (Milne-Edwards)

Abrornis armandii Milne-Edwards, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Paris, Bull. 1, 1865, p.
22, pi. 2, f. 1 (north China).

Twelve examples of this warbler were collected, three males and
three females during May and June in theTao River valley near Choni,
where the birds haunted either willow or poplar forest or willow scrub;
a female from the Kwadjaku valley in the Minshan range, June 1925;
a female, spruce forest, 1 1 ,000 feet, Dachso canyon, Yellow River gorges
north of Radja, 2 June 1926; a male in willow groves 9,900 feet along
the Ba stream, 25 June 1926, and a male at 11,500 feet in the moun-
tains opposite Radja, June 1926. During September 1926 a male was
secured at 8,000 feet in the forests of Wantsang Ku, Ha Tebbuland,
and a female at 9,500 feet, forest of Drakana, upper Tebbuland.

Phylloscopus proregulus proregulus (Pallas)

Motacilla Proregulus Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. 1,1827, p. 499 (Ingoda River,
Dauria).

A male and a female in somewhat worn breeding plumage were both
taken 2 June 1926 in spruce forests in the Dachso canyon, 11,000 feet,
eastern Kokonor. Two examples in fresh autumn plumage were
taken during September 1926 in the forests of Pezlu, upper Tebbuland.

Phylloscopus humei praemium (Mathews and Iredale)

Reguloides humei praemium Mathews and Iredale, Austr. Av. Rec. 3, 1915, p.
45 {nom. nov. pro Motacilla superciliosa Gmel. nee Bodd., Russia).

Ten specimens of this puzzling willow warbler were secured; a pair
in poplar forest along the Tao River near Choni during May 1925; a
pair in the willow forests of the Kwadjaku valley, 10,000 feet, Minshan
range, June 1925; a pair at 11,500 feet, in the spruce forests south of
the Yellow River opposite Radja 26 May 1926; two males and a female
from the spruce forests of the Dachso canyon, 11,000 feet, 2 June 1926,
and a female in fresh autumnal plumage from the forests of Wantsang
Ku, Ha Tebbuland, 8,500 feet in September 1926.

Stuart Baker (The Fauna of British India, second ed.. vol. H, p.
470, Apr. 1924) places Phylloscopus mandellii Brooks (1879) in the syn-
onymy oi P. h. praemium, saying that dark-headed and richly colored
birds occur everywhere throughout the ranges of both subspecies. If
he is right in considering mandellii the same as praemium, then the

358 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

name must, of course, be mandellii. Perhaps, however. Baker means
that mandellii cannot be surely identified as either one or the other
race. We have adopted the latter interpretation of his remarks.

Phylloscopus magnirostris Blyth

Phylloscopus magnirostris Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 12, 1843, p. 966
(Calcutta).

Four males of this species were taken during May or early June near
the banks of the Tao River at Choni, where the birds frequented willow
scrub; four were secured in eastern Kokonor, a female 26 May 1926 at
11,500 feet in the spruce forests south of the Yellow River and opposite
Radja, two males in the spruce and birch forests, 11,000 feet, in the
Dachso canyon 2 June 1926, and a female at 11,500 feet in the moun-
tains southwest of the Yellow River opposite Radja, June 1926; during
September and October two males and two females were collected at
9,500 feet in the forests of Drakana, upper Tebbuland.

Phylloscopus trochiloides claudiae (La Touche)

Acantho-pneiLste trochiloides claudiae La Touche, Bull. B. O. C. 43, 1922, p. 22
(Mengtsz, Yunnan).

An immature male was taken at 8,000 feet in the forests of Wantsang
Ku September 1926.

LANIIDAE

Lanius BUCEPHALUS siCARius subsp. nov.

Type. — No. 239069 Mus. Comp. Zool., adult female from moun-
tains in the Tao valley near Choni, 9,000 feet. Collected May 1925
by J. F. Rock (orig. No. 84).

Characters. — Somewhat similar to Lanius b. bucephalus Temm. and
Schl. but crown, nape and auriculars much darker — almost burnt-
umber — sharply defined against the dark olivaceous gray of the back,
the latter without trace of brownish; tail more slaty; below much more
heavily and completely barred, and bars much blacker; bill entirely
black and relatively more slender.

Measurements. — Wing, 82; tail, 89; bill from base of forehead, 18;
height of bill at base, 8 mm.

The single example of this form secured by Dr. Rock differs so
radically from any specimen in a large series of bucephalus from Japan
and eastern China that we have no alternative but that of describing it;

BANGS AND PETERS: CHINESE BIRDS. " 359

the heavy black barring of the underparts, covering even the abdomen,
serves to separate our bird at once from even the most heavily barred
immature autumnal females of true hucephalus, while the dark oliva-
ceous gray of the upper parts and dark brown cap cannot be matched.

Lanius tephronotus (Vigors)

Collurio tephronotus Vigors, P. Z. S., 1831, p. 43 (Himalayas). • '

This Shrike was found near Choni during May and June 1925, and
Rock's notes show that it was common in the willow forest, where two
males and a female were secured; 24 May 1926 two adult males were
collected at 1 1 ,000 feet in the mountains across the Yellow River from
Radja ; two Juvenal males were taken in the forests of Drakana, upper
Tebbuland, one at 10,500 feet in August, 1925, the other at 9,500 feet in
September 1926.

Lanius cristatus cristatus Linn.

Lanius cristatus Linn., Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1, 1758, p. 93 (Bengal).

A single female was taken in June 1925 at an elevation of 9,600 feet
in the mountains of Choni. The bird quite probably was a straggler or
or belated migrant, since the species is not known to breed in any part
of Kansu. A note on the label reads "rare."

PARIDAE

Parus songarus affinis (Przewalski)

Poedle affinis Przewalski, Mongol i. Strana Tangut, 2, 1876, p. 52 (Ala-shan
and Kansu).

Eleven specimens of this willow tit were secured; three males and
three females from the region about Choni, May and June 1925, and
January 1926; four more examples were collected in eastern Kokonor,
a male in spruce forest at 11,000 feet, south of the Yellow River op-
posite Radja, 26 May 1926, and three males and a female in the
Dachso canyon. Yellow River gorges at a like elevation, 2 June 1926.

Parus songarus weig^ldicus Kleinschmidt

Parus weigoldicus Kleinschmidt, Falco, 1921, p. 3 [Nom. nov. pro Parus sali-,
carius weigoldi Ivleinsch., Berajah, 1921, p. 19 (Atentze, northern Yunnan)
nee Parus cristatus weigoldi Tratz, Orn. Mon. 1914, p. 50 (Portugal)].

The collection contains four males, two from the forests of Pezlu,
two from the forests of Drakana, 7,200 and 9,500 feet respectively,
upper Tebbuland, September 1926.

360 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

These specimens are easily distinguished from affinis by their much
deeper coloration, particularly the top of the head and nape which are
dull blackish, and the back which is a deeper brownish.

The birds recorded from western Szechuan by Thayer and Bangs
(Mem. M. C. Z. 40, no. 4, 1912, p. 183) as Penthestes affinis are, of
course, referable to P. s. weigoldicus.

Many Europeans consider that the Willow Tits of the Old World are
so closely related to the American Chickadee, Parus atricapillus, that
they list them as subspecies of that bird. This procedure does not
properly represent the facts. The American forms are quite unlike
their Old World cousins in life, and have very different voices, and we
unhesitatingly consider them specifically distinct.

Parus davidi (Berez. and Bianchi)

Poecile Davidi Berezowski and Bianchi, Aves, Exped. Potanini, 1891, p. 113,
pi. 2, fig. 4 (southern Kansu).

A male and two females of this species were secured at an elevation
of 8,000 feet in the forests of Wantsang Ku, Ha Tebbuland, in Septem-
ber 1926, and a third female was taken there at 8,500 feet.

Parus superciliosus (Przew.)

Poecile superciliosa Przewalski, Mongol i. Strana Tangut, 2, 1876, p. 54 (alpine
regions of the Kansu mountains). v

This species apparently occurs sparingly over western Kansu. A
female in worn breeding plumage was taken in the poplar groves of the
Tao valley in May 1925; another female in still more worn plumage is
from 11,000 feet in the Minshan spruce forests of the Tebbu country,
August 1925, while a male and a female in fresh autumnal feather
were collected in the Babo district of the north Kokonor Barrier range
in October 1925.

Parus dichrous dichroides (Przew.)

Lophophanes dichroides Przewalski, Mongol i. Strana Tangut, 2, 1876, p. 54
(lower mountain ranges of Kansu).

Rock collected a series of fourteen examples of this titmouse. A
female was taken in the spruce forests of the Tao River valley in Janu-
ary 1926; a juvenal male at 11,000 feet in the forests of the Minshan
range in June 1925; a male in the spruce forest at 11,500 feet at the
Great Rock Gate of the Minshan range August 1925. In the Tebbu

BANGS AND PETERS: CHINESE BIRDS. 361

country the species appeared to be very numerous, ten examples being
secured during September 1926 at elevations ranging between 8,000 and
9,500 feet. One of these is a juvenal, but the others have the long crest
feathers fully developed. The westernmost locality where a specimen
was collected is the Dachso canyon of the Yellow River in eastern
Kokonor, where a male was secured at 11,000 feet 2 June 1926.

Some of the birds, regardless of season bear a note on their labels
that the eyes are "brown," others that the eyes are "red." Przewal-
ski's original diagnosis reads "iris rubiginosa."

The olive back, present in adults at all season^, as well as in the im-
mature, serves to distinguish this race at once from any of the other
forms of the species.

Three specimens of the bird from the isolated Washan Mountain,
where it is restricted to the upper coniferous slopes, belong to a separ-
able form, as Kleinschmidt and Weigold have already pointed out
(Abh. u. ber. Zool. Mus. Dresden, 15, 1922, no. 3, p. 13). This race we
name

Parus dichrous arceuthinus subsp. nov.

Type. — No. 50822 Museum of Comparative Zoology, collected on
Washan Mountain (11,000 feet), western Szechuan, 4 June 1908, by
W. R. Zappey.

Characters. — Similar to P. d. dichroides but much paler, more
ashy gray above, the back nearly concolorous with the head; much
paler fawn color below. Similar also to P. d. iccUsi Stuart Baker, but
much paler in color throughout.

Parus rufonuchalis beavani (Jerd.)

Lophophanes heavani Jerdon, Bds. India, 2, 1863, p. 275 (Mt. Teringloo, Sik-
kim).

But four specimens of the Sikkim Black Tit were collected, all of
them from the country south of the Minshan range. A male from the
southern slopes of the Minshans at 9,800 feet in June 1925, a female in
August 1925 in the Kadjaku valley at 9,500 feet, a male from the forests
of Drakana, 9,500 feet, upper Tebbuland, September 1926, and a male
from the forests of Wantsang Ku, 8,500 feet, September 1926.

Parus venustulus Swinhoe

PariLS vemistulus Swinhoe, P. Z. S., 1870, p. 133 (Yangtse gorges, Hupeh).

Four of these birds were taken in the willow groves in the Tao
valley near Choni, during May 1925, a fifth specimen was taken at

362 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

10,000 feet in the mountains of Choni, south of the Tao River, June
1925. An immature female was secured in the forests of Wantsang Ku,
lower Tebbuland, 8,500 feet, September 1926.

Parus monticolus monticolus Vigors
Parus monticolus Vigors, P. Z. S., 1831, p. 22 (Himalaya).

But one specimen of the green-backed tit was secured — a male
from the forests of Wantsang Ku, 8,500 feet, September 1926.

This specimen, judging by our inadequate topotypical material,
belongs to the nominate form, in any event it is not referable to P. m.
yunnanensis La Touche, a slightly differentiated race, characterized by
the rather brighter greenish yellow of the mantle and brighter yellow
sides, points which are hardly appreciable except when the birds are
viewed in series.

Parus major tibetanus Hart.

Parus major tibetanus Hartert, Vog. Pal. Faun. 1, heft 3, 1905, p. 346 (Chaksam,
Tsing Po valley, Tibet).

Rock secured ten specimens of the great tit as follows : an adult
female in very worn breeding plumage from scrub beside the Minchow
road, 5,000 feet in southern Kansu, May 1925; an adult female from
the scrub forest in the Tao valley at Choni, May 1925; a male and two
females from the Choni spruce forests, January 1926. Three males
and two females were collected in the forests of Wantsang Ku and
Mayaku in upper Tebbuland 8,000 to 8,500 feet, in September 1926.

We can detect no differences in these series from north and south of
the Minshan range. Furthermore there are no constant characters
that we can detect by which to separate the great tits of northwestern
Yunnan, western Szechuan and southwestern Kansu; in our opinion
they all belong to the same form, characterized by large size and a good
deal of white in the second tail feather. The latter character is variable,
altogether too variable a criterion on which to base any further sub-
division within the above area, and we do not recognize P. m. subtibe-
tamis (Kleinsch. and Weig., Abh. u. ber. Mus. Dresden, 15, 1922, no. 3,
p. 11, Tatsienlu, Szechuan).

Aegithaliscus fuliginosus fuliginosus (J. Verr.)

Mecistura fuliginosa J. Verreaux, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Paris, Bull. 5, 1869, p. 36
(eastern Tibet = western Szechuan) .

Three males were taken during September 1926, one of them at
7,200 feet in the forests of Pezlu, upper Tebbuland, the others at 8,000

BANGS AND PETERS: CHINESE BIRDS. 363

feet in the forests of Wantsang Ku, lower Tebbuland. The first men-
tioned specimen had the irides "yellow," one of the others "yellowish
brown. " None of these birds had completed the autumnal moult.

Verreaux's description of this species is too generalized to be of
any use in determining subspecies, and the plate published (Nouv.
Arch. Mus. Paris, Bull. 8, 1872, pi. 5), on which this bird is figured
(fig. 4) with three other species, is not accurately colored. We must
therefore assume our birds to be like those from western Szechuan and
refer birds from Hupeh to a new race.

Aegithaliscus fuliginosus scurrula subsp. nov.

Type: No. 50968 Mus. Comp. Zool. from Hsien Shan Hsien, Hupeh,
collected 25 December, 1907 by Walter R. Zappey.

Characters. — Similar to A. f. fuliginosus, but the brown parts of the
plumage much paler, about "Mummy Brown" of Ridgway. In A. f.
fuliginosus the brown parts are very dark, between light seal brown
and black. This difference is very conspicuous in the color of the
breast band. Measurements: wing, male 56-60; female 56-57; tail,
male 52-58; female 51-52. (9 males and 2 females.)

Aegithalos glaucogularis vinacea (J. Verr.)

Mecistura vinacea J. Verreaux, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Paris, Bull. 6, 1870, p. 39
(mountains of Chinese Tibet).

The northern Silver-throated Tit was common about Choni; a pair of
adults in extremely worn plumage was taken in the forests there, at
9,600 feet in June 1925; during January and February 1926 the species
frequented the willow scrub in the Tao River valley, where seven ex-
amples were secured. A much abraided male was shot on 23 June 1926
on the banks of the Ba River 9,900 feet, south of the Jupar range in
eastern Kokonor. A male and two females were collected in September
1926 along the valley of Chulungapu in the juniper forests of Pezlu,
upper Tebbuland, while lower Tebbuland is represented by a male
taken in the forests of Mayaku, 8,500 feet, September 1926.

CePHALOPYRUS FLAMMfCEPS OLIVACEUS Roths.

Cephalopyrus flammiceps oKvaceus Rothschild, Nov. Zool. 30, 1923, p. 263
(Tengyueh, northwestern Yunnan).

A single female of this strongly marked form was secured in April
1925 at 5,000 feet altitude in mixed forest on the mountains of northern
Szechuan near Chingchuan.

364 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

REGULIDAE

Regulus regulus coatsi Sushk.

Regulus cristatus coatsi Sushkin, Bull. B. O. C. 14, 1904, p. 44 (subalpine
zone of Sayan range).

Rock collected five Kinglets during the autumn of 1925. Two males
were taken in October in willow scrub in a stream bed at Babo 9,500
feet between the Kokonor Barrier and the Richthofen ranges; in
November two males and a female were secured in a similar situation
at 7,000 feet elevation in the Liyuan gorge on the northern slopes of
the Richthofen range.

These specimens all differ from R. r. japonensis Blakist. in being less
washed with gray on the nape and sides of the head, in this particular
agreeing with the original description of coatsi; they do not, however,
confirm the difference in size between this race and japonensis as
claimed by Buturlin (Mess. Orn. 1916, p. 100).

Western Kansu is some distance south of the region which coatsi
inhabits, but the lateness of the season makes it reasonable to suppose
that our birds are migrants from further north.

Leptopoecile sophiae deserticola Hartert

Lepiopoecile sophiae deserticola Hartert, Vog. Pal. Faun. 1, heft 4, 1907, p. 401
(Kara-Sai, eastern Turkestan).

Five specimens of this excellent race were collected in the Kokonor
Barrier ranges; a male at 13,000 feet near a summit in the southeast
Barrier range September 1925; three males and a female in spruce
forest at 10,000 feet on Mt. Nginsin, north Barrier range in October
1925.

A collector's note on the labels of two of the males states that the
eyes are "red."

Leptopoecile sophiae obscura Przew.

Leptopoecile obscura Przewalski, Zapisk. Imp. Ak. Nauk St. Petersb. 56, 1887,
p. 80 (mountain forests of northeastern Tibet.)

During January 1926 four males and two females were secured in
willow scrub or in the willow and poplar forests in the Tao River valley
near Choni.

BANGS AND PETERS: CHINESE BIRDS. 365

LOPHOBASILEUS ELEGANS (PrzeW.)

Leptopoecile elegans Przewalski, Zapisk. Imp. Ak. Nauk St. Petersb. 55, 1887,
p. 77 (upper Yellow River and temple of Tschertyngon).

In eastern Kokonor this species was secured in rhododendron scrub
at 11,000 feet in the Rako gorge, September 1925 and in willow bushes
south of the Yellow River opposite Radja 26 May 1926, in both cases a
single male collected. An adult female was taken in October 1925 at
10,000 feet altitude in spruce forest, Babo district, north Kokonor
Barrier range. During September 1926 three males and a female were
shot in the forests of Drakana, upper Tebbuland, between 9,000 and
9,500 feet; two of the males are juvenals, but with "red" irides, as in
the adults.

SITTIDAE

SiTTA EUROP^A SINENSIS Verreaux

Sitta smeiisis Verreaux, Nouv. Arch. Miis. Paris, Bull. 6, 1870, p. 34 (moun-
tains of Chinese Tibet, error!).

Rock collected three male examples of this nuthatch in the forests of
Mayaku and Wantsang Ku, lower Tebbu country in September 1926;
all three have completed the moult and are in fresh autumnal plumage.
These birds average a little larger than birds from either Fokien or
Hupeh, wing 77, 78, 80, but in other respects they are identical with
sinensis.

As Hartert has shown, Verreaux based this form on three specimens,
a male from Kiukiang, northern Kiangsi, and a pair from Moupin,
Szechuan, but the two latter belong to the race now known as vwntium
La Touche, so that Hartert fixed the name on the Kiukiang bird (Vog.
Pal. Faun. 1, p. 333). La Touche (Handb. Bds. east. China, pt. 1, July
1925, p. 38) considers the Fokien bird to he sinensis and endeavors to
uphold itschmigensis Kleinschm. and Weig. as a valid race. With a
large series before us, we can see no differences whatever between
Hupeh and Fokien specimens. In any event the Hupeh birds must be
called sinensis (not being preoccupied by chinensis) with the type
locality fixed as Kiukiang, just south of the Hupeh border, and if there
was any race to be named, it would be the Fokien bird.

SiTTA LEUCOPSis PRZEWALSKii Bcrcz. and Bianchi

Sitta Przewahhii Berezowski and Bianchi, Av. Exp. Potanini 1891, p. 119,
(upper Chuancne .

A male of the white-cheeked nuthatch was collected in the spruce
forests of Choni in February 1926; three more examples (two males

366 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

and a female) were taken in the forests of Drakana at 9,500 feet, and a
male at 8,500 feet in the forests of Wantsang Ku in September 1926.

SiTTA CANADENSIS viLLOSA Verreaux

Sitta iiillosa Verreaux, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Paris, Bull. 1, 1865, p. 78, pi. 5, f. 1
(north of Pekin).

Three of this little nuthatch were collected ; a male and a female at
7,000 feet in the Liyuanku gorge, northern slopes of the Richthofen
range, and a female in the spruce forests of the north Kokonor Barrier
range, all in October 1925.

It is difficult to distinguish some skins of villosa from some of
canadensis. Usually however, the former is larger and paler, and has
the black portion of the auriculars always flecked with whitish;
canadensis normally has the same region solid black, but occasionally a
specimen is found flecked with white as in villosa.

CERTHIIDAE

Certhia familiaris tianschanica Hartert

Certhia familiaris tianschanica Hanert, Vog. Pal. Faun. 1, heft 3, 1905, p. 321.
(Ak-su (River?), southern Tian Shan).

A male taken 31 May 1926 in juniper forest at 11,000 feet in the
Howa valley, Yellow River gorges north of Radja, agrees with the
original diagnosis of this pale form, except that the dusky spot on the
under wing-coverts is not very distinct, thus approaching/. /a/?u7?an's;
however, it is a large bird (wing 69 mm.), and for this reason we refer it
to tianschanica.

There is still much work to be done in clearing up the breeding ranges
of the tree creepers in western China.

Certhia familiaris bianchii Hartert

Certhia familiaris bianchii Hartert, Vog. Pal. Faun. 1, heft 3, 1905, p. 321
(southern Tetung Mountains, Kansu).

There are five specimens in the collection characterized by dark
upper parts, rusty spot on the outer web of the fourth primary and by
rusty or fawn-colored abdomen and under tail coverts; in these details
they agree with Hartert's description of bianchii. One of them is a
female shot near Choni in February 1926; the other four are males
collected in the forests of Drakana, 9,500 feet during September 1926.

BANGS AND PETERS: CHINESE BIRDS. 367

Lonnberg (Ibis, 1922, p. 312) records Certhia f. khamensis Bianchi
from the Minshans, but our examples from upper Tebbuland are not
referable to that race.

Certhia familiaris kwanhsienensis Kleinsch. & Weig.

Certhia familiaris kwanhsienensis Kleinschmidt and Wiegold, Abh. u. ber.
Zool. Mus. Dresden, 15, No. 3, 1922, p. 7 (Kwanhsien, Szechuan).

The single specimen from Ha Tebbuland, a male from the forests of
Sambaku, 9,000 feet, taken in September 1926, lacks the rusty spot on
the outer web of the fourth primary and has a distinctly gray wash
over the abdomen; these characters force us to place the bird in the
form recently described by Kleinschmidt and Weigold.

The bird recorded by Thayer and Bangs as Certhia familiaris
khamensis (Mem. M. C. Z. 40, no. 4, 1912, p. 186) from Lianghow Kow,
western Szechuan, is referable here.

It seems to us that the length of the bill in Certhia familiaris is too
subject to individual variation to serve as a really reliable diagnostic
character.

Certhia himalayana yunnanensis Sharpe

Certhia yunnanensis Sharpe, Bull. B. O. C. 13, 1902, p. 11 ("Shayang, Chutung
Road").

Four examples of this bird were secured : — - a male in the gorges of the
Wutu River in May 1925, a male in theTaoch®w valley, 31 May 1925,
a female near Choni in February 1926, and a male in the forests of
Drakana, 9,500 feet September 1926.

These four specimens are all alike and agreelfevith Sharpe's original
description of yunnanensis, but lacking topotypical material of that
form we sent one of our specimens to Mr. N. B. Kinnear at the British
Museum (Natural History) who writes "the tree creeper agrees in
every way as far as I can see with C. h. yunnanensis J'

TiCHODROMA MURARiA (Linn.)

Certhia muraria Linne, Syst. Nat. ed. 12, 1, 1766, p. 184 (southern Europe).

Four specimens of the Wall Creeper were taken. A male at Peshi-
ngai, 10,600 feet, southwestern Kansu, 30 May 1925; a male on the
rocky banks of the Tao River below Choni in March 1926; a female 20
May 1926 along the Yellow River near Radja, and a male at the mouth
of the Deyang valley, 10,000 feet, near Radja, June 1926. The May
specimens are in the process of acquiring the black throat, which the
June bird has completely assumed.

368 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

MOTACILLIDAE

MOTACILLA ALBA LEUCOPSIS Gould

Motadlla leucopsis Gould, P. Z. S., 1837, p. 78 (India).

The White-faced Wagtail is represented by three males: an adult
taken along the Tao River near Choni in June 1925, another adult from
the Yellow River near Radja 20 May 1926, and an immature male
taken in September 1926 at an elevation of 10,700 feet on the south
shore of Lake Kokonor.

BUDYTES CITREOLA CITREOLA (Pallas)

Motadlla citreola Pallas, Reis. Versch. Prov. Russ. Reich, 3, 1776, p. 696
(eastern Siberia).

Neither of the two examples of Yellow-headed Wagtails sent in by
Rock is B. c. citreoloides, the breeding bird of the region. Undoubtedly
both were migrants belonging to the form of more northerly breeding
range. A male in the plumage of the first spring was secured in May
1925 near Choni, and an immature female was taken along a water
course near Wantsang Ku, Ha Tebbuland, in September 1926.

Anthus hodgsoni Richmond

Anthus hodgsoni Richmond, Cam. Inst. Wash. publ. no. 54, 1, pt. 2, 1907, p.
493 [Nom. vov. pro A7ithus macidatusYLodgs. (Nepal), nee Motanllamacul-
ata Gmel. = Anlhus campestris (Linn.)].

During June and Ji^y 1925 this species was met with in alpine mead-
ows on the summits of the Minshan range at elevations ranging
between 11,500 and 13,000 feet, where three males and two females in
somewhat worn summer dress were secured. A male taken in May
along the rocky gorges of the Minchow River in southern Kansu, 5,000
feet altitude is also abraided. In September 1926 two additional ex-
amples were collected in the forests of Ha Tebbuland : a female with
the first immature plumage not yet complete, and an adult female in
an advanced state of moult.

We have examined very large numbers of specimens of A. hodgsoni
from many different regions, and are wholly unable to recognize either
A. h. yunnanensis Uchida and Kuroda or ^. h. berezowsJcii Sarudny.
Every series, if long, presents rather striking differences due entirely to
season, age, wear or individual variation, but we fail to find any real
characters by which the species can be subdivided.

BANGS AND PETERS: CHINESE BIRDS. 369

Anthus richardi bichardi Vieillot
Anthus Richardi Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat. 26, 1818, p. 491 (France).

Rock secured a male and two females of Richard's Pipit near Tao-
chow in the Tibetan grasslands of southwestern Kansu, elevation
10,000 feet, in May 1925; a third female was taken in June of the same
year on the alpine meadows of the Choni mountains.

One of the Taochow examples has a hind toe only as long as the hal-
lux, one of the criteria for the determination of ^. r. striolatus, but in
the other two specimens from the same place, the hind claw is very
long and the tip attenuated. This often seems to be the case among the
species of pipits with long liind claws; they become worn very thin dis-
tally, and the tips eventually break oft".

Anthus roseatus Blyth
Anthus roseatus Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 16, 1847, p. 437 (Nepal).

A. roseatus is the common pipit of the region, as evidenced by a
series of fifteen specimens. During the breeding season Rock found the
bird in alpine meadows on grassy mountain summits of the Minshan
range between 11,500 and 13,000 feet, and in similar situations in the
mountains of eastern Kokonor. In September 1925 one was secured in
grasslands along the southwestern shore of Lake Kokonor. In Novem-
ber 1925 one was secured at the summit of a pass (9,600 feet) in the
Richthofen range.

Anthus spinoletta blakistoni Swinhoe

Anthus blakistoni Swinhoe, P. Z. S., 1863, p. 90 (Yangtsze River, 140 miles
inland).
The Chinese water pipit was met with only in eastern Kokonor. A
male was secured in the Dzomo valley, north of Dzomola, at an alti-
tude of 11,300 feet on 21 June 1926, and another male, 26 June, at an
elevation of 13,100 on the northern slopes of the Jupar range. The
former bird was taken in willow scrub near a river bank; the latter in an
alpine meadow. The plumage of both specimens is much worn.

ALAUDIDAE

Eremophila alpestris nigrifrons (Przewalski)

Otocoris nigrifrons Przewalski, Mongol i. Strana Tangut, 2, 1876, p. 103 (Kansu,
Kokonor, Zaidam and northern Tibet).
Twenty-two specimens of horned larks were taken, that, in spite
of seasonal differences in plumage, are clearly referable to only one

370 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

subspecies. Five males and a female were collected on Tibetan grass-
lands between Taochow and Choni at an elevation of between 9,000
and 10,000 feet during May. On the Ba plains, 10,500 feet, two males
and two females in worn breeding plumage were collected on June 24,
1926, and a three-cjuarters grown juvenal on June 22. During Septem-
ber 1925 seven specimens of both sexes were taken on the grasslands
about Lake Kokonor. Four of these are apparently birds of the year in
fresh immature plumage, a fifth still retains a number of feathers of the
juvenal plumage on the head, while yet another is a fully grown juve-
nal, and the last an adult female at the height of the autumnal moult.
In November 1925 three males and a female were secured at an eleva-
tion of 10,500 feet on the grasslands of Obo, north Kokonor Barrier
range.

Although Hartert has placed Otocoris nigrifrons in the synonymy of
elwesi, we are convinced that it is a valid race and occupies essentially
the area assigned to it by its describer. Since Przewalski did not desig-
nate a definite type locality we suggest as such the grasslands about
Lake Kokonor.

E. a. nigrifrons is readily distinguishable from E. a. ehvesi by darker
coloration above and by its smaller size (male, wing 109-115 mm. as
against 115-125 in ehvesi). From khamensis, nigrifrons is distin-
guished by its much smaller size, narrower black frontal band and
shorter bill. The range of E. a. hrandti probable adjoins that of
nigrifrons on the north, but the former race may be readily distin-
guished by its much more sandy coloration above and lack of black
frontal band (the black being restricted to the tuft of plumes over the
nostrils), although the two forms are of about the same size.

Alauda arvensis inopinata Bianchi

Alauda japonica inopinata Bianchi, Ann. Mus. Zool. St. Petersb. 9, 1905,
p. 31 (eastern Tibet, Nan Shan, Kokonor, upper Mekong, upper Brah-
maputra, Gyantze, Lhassa).

The only Skylark in the collection, a male, was taken on 4 June 1926,
at an elevation of 13,700 feet, on the Waro Pass, north of Radja.

Galerida cristata retrusa subsp. nov.

Tyjic. — No. 238709 Mus. Comp. Zool., adult male from the Kan-
chow plain, foot of the northern Kanchow Nanshan, collected No-
vember 1925 by Joseph F. Rock (orig. no. 470).

BANGS AND PETERS: CHINESE BIRDS. 371

Characters. — Similar to Galerida cristata magna Hume but smaller;
more grayish, less brownish above with the central portions of the
feathers darker; below more nearly white, less washed with rusty
yellow.

Measurements

Bill from

Number

Sex

Wing

Tail

Tarsus

base

238709

cT

102

58

24

17

238710

9

106

62

24.5

18

In addition to the type a second specimen, a female, was collected at
the same time and place.

Dr. Herbert C. Robinson very kindly examined these specimens for
us at the British Museum, and writes that they agree most nearly in
color and other particulars with Galerida cristata iwanowi Louden, but
that they are much too small for that form. They scarcely need com-
parison with the smaller and much redder leautungensis (Swinh.) to
which they come nearest geographically.

Melanocorypha maxima Gould

Melanocorypha maxima Gould, Bds. Asia, 4, 1867, pi. 72 and text (type locality
as substituted by Hartert, " Border of Sikkim," Vog. Pal. Faun. 1, heft 2,
1904, p. 211).

Four of these very large larks were collected September 1925 in the
grassy country bordering the southern shore of Lake Kokonor. Two
more, a male and a female were secured on grasslands at an elevation
of 11,400 feet in Tsechu drainage, eastern Kokonor on 11 May 1926.
Rock made a note on the label of one of the specimens that reads : —
" These birds fly very low and can be hit with a stick."

Melanocorypha mongolica (Pallas)

Alavda mongolica Pallas, Reis. VerscR. Prov. Russ. Reick, 3, 1776, p. 697
(between "Ononem et Agrunum.")

The single specimen of this species in the collection, is a male taken
in the grasslands on the southern shore of Lake Kokonor September
1925. The bird, an adult, was moulting heavily and acquiring a new
tail all at once, all the old feathers having been shed.

372 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

FRINGILLIDAE

Chloris sinica sinica (Linn.)
Fringilla sinica Linne, Syst. Nat. ed. 12, 1, 1766, p. 321 (China).

The Chinese Green Finch apparently is not numerous in this region.
A male was secured near Minchow, 5,000 feet, in southern Kansu and
five of both sexes in the vicinity of Choni and Taochow between 8,500
and 9,000 feet, all in poplars along streams, or in open situations. An
immature male was collected at Babo, northern slope of the Kokonor
Barrier range in spruce forest.

All of these specimens agree with birds from Szechuan and Hupeh,
which we believe to represent typical sinica.

Perissospiza carnipes carnipes (Hodgs.)
Coccothraustes carnipes Hodgson, As. Res. 19, 1836, p. 151 (Nepal).

Twenty-two specimens of the White-winged Grosbeak were taken in
the Tao valley, the Minshan range, the basin of the Yellow River in
eastern Kokonor and the forests of Drakana in upper Tebbuland. In
all cases the birds were found in spruce or in juniper forest. No ex-
amples were collected below 9,500 feet. A note by Rock on the label of
a bird taken May 31, 1926, in the Howa gorge, 11,000 feet, eastern
Kokonor, states that the species was then feeding on the hard juniper
berries.

Perissospiza icteroides affinis (Blyth)

Hesperiphona affinis Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 24, 1855, p. 179 (alpine
Punjab).

One adult male of this species was taken at an elevation of 10,000 feet
in the spruce and fir forests of Sambaku, Ha Tebbuland, Septemb.^r
1926. The specimen was in an advanced state of the autumnal
moult.

Fringilla montifringilla Linn.

Fringilla montifringilla liinne, Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1, 1758, p. 179 (Sweden, apud
Hartert).

Rock secured one female Brambling at the edge of the forest near
Choni, May 1925.

BANGS AND PETERS: CHINESE BIRDS. 373

ACANTHIS FLAVIROSTRIS Subsp.

We are at a loss to place the subspecies of the single Twite in the
collection. It is sexed as a male. It is in fresh immature plumage and
lacks the pink rump. The bird was taken at Hung Shui Ku, eastern end
of the Kanchow Nanshan, 8,000 feet, October 1925.

The speciman is too pale for miniakensis which is represented in the
Museum of Comparative Zoology by an adult male cotype collected by
Weigold at Bameh, Szechuan, 11 November 1915. It seems to be in
color more nearly like montanella Hume or altaica Sushkin, but is
small for either (wing 73).

Leucosticte nemoricola nemoricola (Hodgson)

Fringalauda nemoricola Hodgs., As. Res. 19, 1836, p. 158 (central and north
regions of Nepal).

Rock took ten specimens of this species, which he found on the sum-
mit of Mt. Koanzku of the Minshan range at 13,000 feet in June 1925;
in alpine meadows, 12,500 feet during July and August 1925 in Tebbu-
land; at 12,500 feet below Kerab pass in the Jupar range, 24 June 1926,
and as low as 11,300 feet on rocky cliffs in the Dzomo valley, north of
Dzomola, 21 June 1926.

We retain this species in the genus Leucosticte, because we do not
believe that the genus Fringalauda (type F. nemoricola Hodgs.) is
sufficiently distinct. Most of the species of Leucosticte, it is true, have
a dense tuft of short incurved feathers completely covering the nostrils,
rather stout feet and a somewhat conical bill, while nemoricola is
aberrant in having the nasal tufts less developed, more slender feet,
and more elongate bill. The bird that Hartert described, however, as
Mofitifringilla brandti walteri (Vog. Pal. Faun. 1, 1904, p. 138) is in our
opinion a distinct species that bridges the differences between Leu-
costicte and Fringalauda and should stand SiS Leucosticte walteri (Hart.).

Erythrina erythrina roseata (Hodgs.)
Pyrrhulinota roseata Hodgs., P. Z. S., 1845, p. 36 (Nepal and Hindustan).

This bird is represented in the collection by eighteen skins. Eight
adult males and three females were secured near Choni during May and
June 1925, at elevations ranging from 8,500 to 9,500 feet, taken in
willow and poplar bushes along the Tao River, and at tlte borders of
the spruce forests in the mountains of Choni. From the Tebbu country

374 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

we have one adult and one immature male and five females taken
between the altitudes of 7,200 and 9,500 feet in bushes along streams
and in alpine meadows at 12,900 feet.

All the adult males in the series are very deep and richly colored,
slightly darker even than birds taken by Zappey in Szechuan at the
corresponding seasons.

Erythrina rubicilloides rubicilloides (Przew.)

Carpodacus ritbicilloides Przewalski, Mongol i. Strana Tangut, 2, 1876, p. 90. pi.
12 (mountains of Kansu).

Rock sent in three examples of this rare rose finch ; an adult male and
a female collected at 7,000 feet, November 1925 at Liyuanku on the
northern slopes of the Richthofen range and another female from
the Tao River valley, 9,000 feet, February 1926.

Erythrina thura dubia (Przew.)

Carpodacus dubius Przewalski, Mongol i. Strana Tangut, 2, 1876, p. 92, pi. 13.
(wooded hills in Ala-Shan and Kansu).

Rock sent in a series of twenty-four specimens of this form from the
following places, the region about Choni, the Minshan range, the Yel-
low River gorges in eastern Kokonor, the valley of the Ba River and the
forests of Mayaku, Ha Tebbuland. The species was met with in
willows and in spruce forests at elevations between 8,000 and 11,500
feet.

Erythrina davidiana (Milne-Edw.)

Carpodacus Daz^idianws Milne-Edwards, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Paris, Bull. 1, 1865,
p. 18-19, pi. 2, f. 2, cT (no type locality specified, but probably in the
mountains of Shensi or southern Mongolia).

This appears to be a widespread species in southwestern Kansu and
and adjacent parts of Kokonor. Seven adult males and eight immature
males or females were taken at the following localities : Minshan range,
summit of Mt. Koang Kei 13,000 feet; Mt. Lieuhoashan 10,000 ft.;
Rako gorge 10,500 feet; Tao River basin, Choni 8,500 feet; Yellow
River opposite Radja, Dachso canyon; mountains north of Dzomola
12,800 feet; north slopes of the Jupar range, 13,100 feet; and the
forests of Ha and upper Tebbuland between 8,500 and 10,000 feet.
Most of the specimens were taken in spruce forest, but the species was
also found in river gorges among birches and scrub and in alpine
meadows.

BANGS AND PETERS: CHINESE BIRDS. 375

All recent authors have confused davidiana with E. pulcherrhna
(Hodgs.)- Hartert (Vog. Pal. Faun. 1, p. 103) considers the two identi-
cal; Thayer and Bangs had specimens of both species from western
Szechuan, but did not comment, and called them all pulcherrimvs.
Jacobi (Abh. Ber. Mus. Tierk u. Volkerk Dresden, 16, 1922, no. 1, p.
26-27) also appears to have combined the two species. Rothschild
considers davidiana " barely separable" as a subspecies of pulcherrima,
while Stuart Baker follows the same course, but we suspect that his
pulcherrima is waltoni and his davidiana is pulcherrima.

The males in Rock's series agree with the Milne-Edward's original
description and plate, but apparently David and Oustalet (Oiseaux de
la Chine, 1877, p. 354, pi. 95) described and figured pulcherrima under
the name of davidiana.

In reality davidiana is a distinct species. It differs from pulcherrima
in the following characters: larger size, proportionately longer wing-
tip; in color it is paler and grayer, less brownish and with dark streaks
above blacker; supercilium, sides of head and under parts much paler
rose color with a strong silvery appearance; throat and chest with
black shaft stripes, middle of abdomen white. Zappey took both
species together in the breeding season at Cheto and at Yachiakun in
western Szechuan.

Eight males of pulcherrima from western Szechuan have wings
ranging from 71-79, two females, wing 70. In five males of davidiana
from western Szechuan the wing is 83-85, one female 82. Six adult
males of davidiana from southwest Kansu and eastern Kokonor, afford
a wing length of 82-83; the adult females 81-85.

Erythrina vinacea vinacea (Verr.)

Carpodactis vinaeceus Verreaux, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Paris, Bull. 6, 1870, p. 39
(mountains of Chinese Tibet).

One adult male from the forests of Wantung Ku, 8,500 feet,, Ha
Tebbuland, September 1926.

This bird was in badly worn plumage and was at the start of the
autumn moult.

Erythrina trifasciata (Verr.)

Carpodacus trifasciatus Verreaux, Nouv. Arch. Mus., Paris, Bull. 6, 1870, p. 39
(mountains of Chinese Tibet).

Rock secured two specimens of this rose finch in September 1926; an
adult male at an elevation between 9,600 and 10,000 feet in the forests

376 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

of Drakana, upper Tebbuland, the other in the Wantsang forests, Ha
Tebbuland at 8,500 feet. The latter was part way through the post-
juvenal moult and acquiring a plumage in which the red of the old
adult male is replaced by ochraceous.

Pyrrhula erythaca taipaishanensis Roths.

Pyrrhula erythaca taipaishanensis Rothschild, Nov. Zool. 28, 1921, p. 63
(Mt. Taipaishan, Tsinling range).

Fifteen specimens of both sexes were taken in the mountains and
along the Tao River valley near Choni, and between 8,000 and 10,000
feet in the forests of Ha and upper Tebbuland. Birds were taken both
in spruce forest in the mountains and in willow brush along the river.

Urocynchramus pylzowi Przew.

Urocynchramus pylzoivi Przewalski, Mongol, i. Strana Tangut, 2, 1876, p. 99, pi.
15 (sources of the Tetungand alpine regions of the mountains north of the
Tetung).

Four examples, two adult males and two adult females of this little-
known finch (if a bird with ten primaries can be called a finch) were se-
cured the same day in June 1926 in willow and rhododendron scrub at
an elevation of 14,000 feet north of the Dzomola in eastern Kokonor.

The plumage of these specimens is but little abraided, yet the whitish
edges of the feathers on the lower parts of the male, so conspicuous in
winter plumage, have worn off completely, greatly intensifying the rose
color.

There appears to be no more known about this bird than there was
when it was first discovered. Accounts of its notes, habits and appear-
ance are still quoted from the original account by Przewalski.

Emberiza spodocephala melanops Blyth
Emberiza melanops Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 14, 1845, p. 554 (Tipperah).

Four examples of this bunting were secured near Choni during May
and June 1925. Rock met with the species there in forests, mountain
meadows and along streams.

'&

Emberiza godlewskii nanshanica Sushk.

Emberiza godlewskii nanshanica Sushkin, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 38, no.
1, 1925, p. 24. (Churmyk River, basin of the upper Hwang-ho).

Rock sent in eleven skins of this meadow bunting, breeding and
winter birds, as follows: one from Chingchuan, 6,500 feet, northern

BANGS AND PETERS: CHINESE BIRDS. 377

Szechuan, April 1925; two from Choni in May 1925 where the birds
were then found in poplar forest, or poplar trees along the Tao River.
During January and February 1926 four more birds were taken in the
Choni forests along the Tao River valley between 8,500 and 9,000 feet
elevation. Two females were secured near Radja 10,000 feet, in the
Yellow River valley, eastern Kokonor 20 May 1926. A juvenal female
was collected in the forests of Pezlu, 12,000 feet, Ha Tebbuland, Sep-
tember 1926.

Sushkin in 1925 (Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 38, no. 1 ) recognized seven
races of E. godlewskii of j^^hich four, nanshanica, decolor ata, khmnensis
and barigsi, were described as new. For comparison we have godlewskii,
oviissa, khamensis, hangsi and yunnanensis, a fair series of each, whose
value is much enhanced by reason of having been identified by Sushkin
himself. The eleven skins collected by Rock fit into a uniform series,
and agree with Sushkin's description of nanshanica, besides occurring
within the limits assigned to its author. The six races of E. godlewskii
that we have seen are very close to one another, and can be told apart
only in adequate series.

PLOCEIDAE

MONTIFRINGILLA NIVALIS ADAMSI Adams

Montifringilla adamsi Adams, P. Z. S., 18.58, p. 482 (Ladakh).

But three examples of this Snow Finch were secured, all in eastern
Kokonor: a male in the Dzomo valley, north of Dzomola 12,000 feet,
21 June 1926, and a male and a female on the Ba plain, south of the
Jupar range, at 10,500 feet, 22 and 24 June respectively.

The plumage of all these specimens is badly worn and abraided.

Passer montanus obscuratus Jacobi

Passer montanus obscuratus Jacobi, Abh. u. ber. Mus. Dresden, 16, 1923, no. 1,
p. 32 (Hupeh and Szechuan).

One adult male, Ba valley, eastern Kokonor, 9,000 feet, in willow
bushes along stream. 23 June 1926.

With a series of thirty specimens from the Yangtze valley in Hupeh
we are unable to confirm the color characters attributed to this form by
its original describer, neither is it as small as is claimed in the original
description. Tree Sparrows from Central China, however, appear to
average stouter billed than P. m. montanus, although this organ is not

378 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

as heavy as it is in saturatus; ohscuratus is thus an intermediate form.
Stuart Baker (Bull. B. O. C. 45, 1925, p. 92) described Passer monianus
tibctanus as diflfering in having a redder rump and much larger size
(wing 76-82), but in volume 3 of his Birds of British India (1926, p.
179), he refers to ohscuratus all Tree Sparrows from Tibet and Sikkim
to Szechuan, apparently abandoning his tihetanus. Our series from the
Yangtze valley varies in wing measurement from 65 to 74 and the one
Kokonor example has a wing of 75.

Passer rutilans rutilans (Temm.)

Fringilla rutilans Temminck, PI. Col. 3, 1829, p. 488 (Japan).

Rock sent a male from the mountains of northern Szechuan and a
female taken in the spruce forest on the mountains of Choni at an ele-
vation of 9,000 feet in May 1925.

STURNIDAE

Spodiopsar cineraceus (Temminck)
Stumus cineraceus Temminck, PI. Col., 1832, pi. 556 (Japan).

Seven specimens of both sexes were secured ; five in the gorges of the
Heu Hsien River near Pikow in extreme southern Kansu during May
1925, and two more in willow forests along the Tao River near Choni in
June of the same year.

CORVIDAE

CoRVUS coRAX tibetanus Hodgson

Corvus tihetanus Hodgson, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (2), 3, 1849, p. 203 (Tibet).

Only one skin of a Raven was sent in. The bird, a female, was taken
near Lake Kokonor, 10,700 feet elevation, in September 1925. A note
on the label reads "grass country and desert sands, in flocks." Wing,
479.

Although we have not gone as thoroughly into the question of geo-
graphic variation in the Ravens as Meinertzhagen has, nevertheless we
rather agree with him (Nov. Zool. 33, 1926, p. 98) that the large cir-
cumpolar Ravens should all be united under one name. Meinertzhagen
did not quite have the courage of his convictions, and did not finally
dispose of Corvus corax varius, the Faroe Islands Raven, which is an
older name than tibetanus. Thus the status of the Faroe Island bird

BANGS AND PETERS: CHINESE BIRDS.

379

being still uncertain, we use tibetanus as a name of undoubted applica-
tion for our specimen.

CoRVUS DAUURicus DAUURicus Pallas

Corms dauuricus Pallas, Reise Russ. Reich. 3, Anhang 1776, p. 694 (region of
Lake Baikal).

A male and a female, both in the dark phase of plumage, were taken
during April 1925 in the mountains of Chingchuan, northern Szechuan.
Two more were secured in the poplar forests along the Tao River valley
near Choni in March 1926. Both of the latter are in the bicolored
phase.

The measurements of all four specimens are small, and do not ap-
proach those of khamen^is.

NuciFRAGA CARYOCATACTES MACELLA Thayer and Bangs

Nildfraga hemispila macella Thayer and Bangs, Bull. M. C. Z. 62, 1909, p. 104
(Hsien Shan Hsien, Hupeh, 7000 feet).
This Nutcracker is represented in the collection by two specimens;
an adult male in rather worn plumage taken at an elevation of 4,000
feet in the Wutu ho gorges, between Pikou and Kaichow, southern
Kansu, April 1925 and an immature male in perfectly fresh plumage,
at an elevation of 10,000 feet, in the spruce forests of Drakana, upper
Tebbuland in October 1926.

Cyanopica cyanus swinhoei Hartert

Cyanopica cyanus swinhoei Hartert, Vog. Pal. Faun., 1, heft 1, 1903, p. 24
(Kiukiang).

Five specimens of both sexes were taken in May, north of Kaichow,
southern Kansu, in willow trees along the river; a female was shot along
the Tao valley near Choni, also in May 1925, and a fledgling was
caught 23 June 1925 in willow trees along the Ba River.

As shown by Kleinschmidt (Abh. u. ber. Zool. Mus. Dresden, 15,
1922, p. 4) this species varies a great deal in the same region. The birds
from Kaichow measure: wing 135-146 mm.; tail 212-233 mm.; the
Choni bird wing 142 mm.; tail 238 mm.

Garrulus glandarius pekingensis Reichenow
Garrulus bispecularis pekingensis Reichenow, J. f. O., 1905, p. 425 (Peking).

A single specimen, clearly referable to this subspecies, was secured in
the valley of Sasuma, below Labrang, at an elevation of 8,000 feet, in
December 1925.

380 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

Garrulus glandarius sinensis Swinhoe

Garrulus sinensis Swinhoe, P. Z. S., 1871, p. 381 (south China westwards to
Szechuan).

A male and a female from the juniper forests of Pezlu, 7,200 feet,
upper Tebbuland, September 1926; a male and a female, forests of
Wantsang, 6,500 to 8,000 feet, Ha Tebbuland, September 1926.

Both of the first mentioned specimens are birds of the year; the male
had nearly completed the post juvenal moult, the female was in a tran-
sition stage between the juvenal and immature plumages. The birds
from the Ha Tebbu country are in fresh autumn plumage. Both are
darker above than usual in examples of sme7isis from eastern China,
but can be exactly matched by a bird in the La Touche collection from
northwestern P'okien. Hartert (Vog. Pal. Faun, 3, 1921, p. 2033) has
already commented on the occurrence of light and dark examples of
sinensis. The immature of the European Jay is said to be darker above
than the adult, and we are, therefore, inclined to consider the dark
examples of sinensis as immature.

Boanerges internigrans Thayer and Bangs

Boanerges internigrans Thayer and Bangs, Mem. M. C. Z. 40, 1912, p. 200,
pi. 6 (Shoo-0-lo, northern Szechuan, 14,500 feet).

Four examples, all of them females, of this rare Jay were secured. In
June 1925 two adults in worn summer dress and a fully grown juvenal
were collected in the spruce forests at 10,000 feet elevation in that part
of the Tebbu country lying south of the Minshans, and an example in
fresh immature plumage was taken in fir and rhododendron forests of
Ha Tebbuland at an elevation of 10,000 feet in September 1926.

The characters on which this genus is based appear to us to be suffi-
ciently trenchant to warrant its retention, and we, therefore, have not
" lumped" Boanerges with Perisoreus, as has been done by Hartert and
others.

Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax himalayanus (Gould)

Fregilus himalayanus Gould, P. Z. S., 1862, p. 125 (Himalayas).

Choughs were common along the Tao valley near Choni, where a
male and a female were taken in May 1925. A female was secured in
eastern Kokonor near Mochur nira, a large pass between Ark'tsa and
Dachso canyon at 12,000 feet altitude, 1 June 1926, and another female
4 June 1926 in the Waro valley, north of Radja.

BANGS AND PETERS: CHINESE BIRDS. 381

All of the specimens listed agree with Kleinsehmidt and Weigold's
characterization of this race, and we agree with them that himalayanus
is a perfectly recognizable form.

PoDOCES HUMiLis Hume

Podoces humilis Hume, Ibis, 1871, p. 408 (Sanju Pass).

Of the nine specimens taken none were in fresh unworn plumage.
Apparently abrasion takes place very quickly in this species.

Two females were collected, 31 May 1925, near Old Tao Chow,
where the birds were found frequenting meadows and loess ditches;
five males and a female were taken during September 1925 on the grass-
lands about Lake Kokonor and an adult female in very badly worn
plumage was shot on the Ba plain, 10,500 feet, south of the Jupar
range, 24 June 1926.

Rock's notes state that " this bird has a peculiar habit of bowing his
head with a jerk several times after alighting."

We have not been able to make comparison with topotypical ex-
amples from Turkestan.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

PLATE 1.

Bangs and Peters. — Chinese Birds.

PLATE 1.

A
Kansu, Laliku. The backbone of the Minshan range, as seen from the top
of Lahku ridge. Elevation 12,000 feet. Oct. 18, 1926.

B

Kansu, Babo. The valley of the Kanchow ho beyond its confluence with the
Hei ho. Looking upstream. To the left is the pecuhar volcano-like mountain
at the foot of which is situated the village of Huan fantassu. In the center is
Nginsin shan (Bullock Mountain). To the right is the valley of the Hei ho,
elevation 9000 feet. Looking southeast. Oct. 18, 1925.

BULL. MUS. COMP. ZOOL.

Bangs- Peters. Birds. Plate 1

li

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PLATE 2.

Bangs and Peters. — Chinese Birds.

PLATE 2.

A

Kansu, Arketassu. Looking across the valley of the Babo ho, near the tent
lamasery of Arketassu, towards the north Kokonor Barrier range. Babo
district. Oct 16, 1925.

B

Kansu, Babo. The Babo ho looking upstream near the junction of the Arke-
tassu ho and the Babo ho at the foot of Nginsin shan (Bullock Moimtain).
Spruces cover the hillsides. Oct. 16, 1925.

BULL. MUS, COMP. ZOOL.

Bangs-Peters. Birds. Plate 2

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PLATE 3.

Bangs and Peters. — Chinese Birds.

PLATE 3.

A

Tibet, Jupar valley, looking up the Jupar valley on the northern slopes of
the Jupar range from a bluff opposite the camp, elevation 11,300 feet. Showing
the spruce forest, the only region in which the Jupar range is forested. The
triangular peak in the center of the valley is Jupar shimying, said to be the
second highest peak of the Jupar range. June 28, 1926.

B

Tibet, Ba valley. View of the Ba valley from its southern rim in the Ba
plain, elevation 10,400 feet. Looking north and showing the willow-lined Ba
stream and the eroded loess and gravel slopes of the valley. On the terraces in
the valley are visible the only two Tibetan villages for many days' journey,
called Saoch rongwo meaning: "The people living under the ground," a name
given them by the nomads who would never live in a house. This settlement is
only six years old. In the distance are visible the southern slopes of the Jupar
range, which are absolutely bare. July 3, 1926.

BULL. MUS. COMP. ZOOL.

Bangs-Peters. Birds. Plate 3

-V' ^'.' '-■'

B

HELIOTYPt CO. BOSTON

PLATE 4.

Bangs and Peters. — Chinese Birds.

PLATE 4.

A

Tibet, H'tchachen valley, The Hwang ho (Yellow River) looking upstream
from a bluff above it and west of it. Northwest of H'tchachen valley. Eleva-
tion 10,500 feet. July 17, 1926.

B

Tibet, Drakana. In the limestone amphitheatre of Drakana, upper Tebbu-
land. Looking down from a meadow, the camping place, to the village of
Towa and the Lamasery of La.ssungomba above it. It is one of the finest
scenic spots of the whole Tebbu country. Aug. 30, 1926. Elevation 9,700 feet.

BULL. MUS. COMP. ZOOL.

Bangs-Peters. Birds. Plate 4

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PLATE 5.

Bangs and Peters. — Chinese Birds.

PLATE 5.

A

Tibet, Wantsang Ku. Forests of Abies and Picea in Wantsang Ku (valley).
Lower Tebbu country. Sept. 12, 1926.

B

Tibet, Daehso. Looking dowai on to the camp in Dachso canyon, among
spruces, birches, and willows, from the trail leading to Ngarki Ngongina bluff.
Elevation of camp, 10,146 feet. June 2, 1926.

BULL. MUS. COMP. 200L.

Bangs-Peters. Birds. Plate 5

;/^'l

HEllOTyPt CO. BOSTON

Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology

AT HARVARD COLLEGE.
Vol. LXVIII. No. 8.

A COLLECTION OF BIRDS FROM OAXACA.

By Outram Bangs and James L. Peters.

CAMBRIDGE, MASS., U. S. A.:

PRINTED FOR THE MUSEUM.

October, 1928.

No. 8. — A Collection of Birds from Oaxaca.
By Outeam Bangs and James L. Peters.

In the early part of 1927, Col. John E. Thayer sent Mr. Wilmot W.
Brown into the state of Oaxaca, Mexico to try and obtain specimens of
the very rare tyrant flycatcher Deltarhipichus fiavwiulahis (Lawr.) for
the collections of the Museum of Comparative Zoology.

Brown first made his headquarters at a ranch house near Chivela, a
point on the railroad about forty miles inland from Salina Cruz, and at
an elevation of 600 feet above sea level. He collected there from 15
February to 7 June, and while he did not find the chief object of his
trip, he made a good representative collection of birds of the region, all
beautifully prepared. Between 29 April and 5 May he collected a few
birds at Lagunas and Almoloya, places which we cannot locate on any
map available to us, but which are apparently very close to Chivela.

He then went to Tapanatepec, a small town in southern Oaxaca, not
shown on any maps that we have seen, but located near Chahuites, a
station on the National Railway of Mexico, near the Chiapas border.
Here he collected from 6 July to 12 November. Writing under date of
10 August Mr. Brown says : " We are now located at Tapanatepec, wiiich
is three hours' horseback ride from what was formerly known as the
Cacoprieto Ranch, where Sumichrast took Deltarhynchus in 1872. The
ranch is no longer in existence, and there is nothing left of the ranch
house where Sumichrast lived when he did his collecting; therefore I
have labelled all my specimens Tapanatepec.^ It is very difficult to
collect in the vicinity of Cacoprieto for one has to return to town every
night on account of the bandits with whom the region has been infested
for many years. ..."

In spite of the hazards of collecting in such a district. Brown took
over 300 birds, including eight examples of Deltarhynchvs, more than
all the previously known specimens of that species combined.

From Chivela to Chahuites is about seventy-five miles in a straight
line, but between those two points there is a slight break in the fauna,
several of the species occurring about Chivela being subspecificall}^
different from the form found at Tapanatepec, for example: Xipho-
rhynchus flavigaster flavigaster, Tyrannus melaiicholicus chloronotus and

1 Nevertheless some specimens were labelled Cacoprieto and where this was done we have so
recorded them. Authors.

386 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

Colinvs virginianns coyolcos at Tapanatepec were replaced at Chivela
by X.f. megarhynchis, T. m. occidentalis and a form of Colinvs virgini-
anns that we describe as new.

The climate at Chivela is evidently less humid than at Tapanatepec,
since several species usually considered characteristic of a dry climate
were taken at the former place, but not at the latter. Such species are:
Burhinus histriattis bistriatvs, Geococcyx affinis, Heleodytes zonatus,
Eremophila alpestris oaxacae and Passerina rositae.

At Chivela Brown collected some characteristic birds of the "Pine
Ridge," but apparently made no attempt to get into the pines near
Tapanatepec (if indeed there were any within a reasonable distance.)

CRACIDAE

Ortalis poliocephala (Wagler)
One male; Chivela; March 25, 1927.

ODONTOPHORIDAE

Colinus virginianus coyolcos (P. L. S. Miiller)
One adult male; Tapanatepec ; August 3, 1927.

Colinus virginianus thayeri subsp. nov.'

Fifteen specimens, eight males and seven females; all from Chivela; March
April and May, 1927.

Type.— From Chivela, Oaxaca, Mexico, adult d" M. C. Z. 238,200.
Collected March 29, 1927 by W. W. Brown.

Characters. — Adult male, similar to the adult male of C. v. coyolcos,
but with white throat and white supercialiaries, the throat sometimes
streaked with black; above paler and less spotted, the feather edgings
grayer. Similar also to C. v. pectoralis (Gould), but black breast band
broader, with less or no white at the base of the feathers of this region.
The broad pectoral band at once separates this form from C. v. graysoni.

The females are much more variable than the males and are very
similar to the corresponding sex of coyolcos.

1 Named for Colonel John E. Thayer, in recognition of his services to ornithology.

BANGS AND PETERS: BIRDS FROM OAXACA. 387

Cyrtonyx ocellatus (Gould)
One adult male, Tapanatepec; Julj^ 10, 1927. Taken at 1,200 feet altitude.

COLUMBIDAE

COLUMBA FLAVIROSTRIS FLAVIROSTRIS Wagler
One female; Chivela; March 25, 1927.

Melopelia asiatica asiatica (Linne)
One female; Chivela; February 28, 1927.

SCARDAFELLA INC A INC A (LeSSOn)

Two males; Chivela; February 27 and March 15, 1927.

Leptotila fulviventris angelica Bangs and Penard
One male; Amloloya; May 3, 1927.

CHARADRIIDAE

Pluvialis dominicus dominicus (P. L. S. Miiller)

Three specimens, one male and two females; Chivela; March 27, 29 and 30,
1927.

SCOLOPACIDAE

Tringa solitaria solitaria Wilson
One male; Tapanatepec; August 15, 1927.

BURHINIDAE

BURHINUS BISTRIATUS BISTRIATUS (Wagler)
Two females; Chivela; March 22 and April 9, 1927.

FALCONIDAE

MiCRASTUR SEMITORQUATUS PERCONTATOR (Cabot)
One immature female; Tapanatepec; August 15, 1927.

388 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

ASTURINA NITIDA PLAGIATA Schlegel

Three specimens, both sexes, all adult; Chivela; April 5. Tapanatepec;
August 27 and August 29, 1927.

Urubitinga urubitinga ridgwayi Gurney
One adult male; Chivela; April 15, 1927.

BUBONIDAE

CiccABA virgata virgata (Cassin)
One adult male; Chivela; May 14, 1927.

Glaucidium brasilianum ridgwayi Sharpe

Four specimens, both sexes; Chivela; March. Tapanatepec; September 25,
1927.

PSITTACIDAE.

Aratinga holochlora (Sclater)
Four specimens, both sexes; Tapanatepec; August and September, 1927.

Aratinga strenua (Ridgw.)
Two males; Tapanatepec; September, 1927.

This species, originally described as a subspecies of A. holochlora,
has hitherto been believed to be the form of that species occurring in
western Central America from Salvador to Nicaragua. Since both
holochlora. and strenua, however, were collected by Brown at the same
locality and as the feet and bill of the latter bird are decidedly larger
and heavier they should be regarded as specifically distinct. Arati7iga
brevipes (Lawr.) from Socorro Island agrees with stnmua in having large
feet and bill, and is probably derived from that species rather than
from holochlora. Breviprs we also regard as a distinct species by reason
of its different primary formula.

Aratinga canicularis canicularis (Linne)

Ten specimens, both sexes; Chivela and Tapanatepec; February, March,
April, August and September, 1927.

This species is easily divided into two recognizable races; one, occupy-
ing the Pacific slope from the Isthmus of Tehuantepec to western Costa

BANGS AND PETERS: BIRDS FROM OAXACA. 389

Rica, having a much wider frontal band which extends back on the
crown to at least on a line with the anterior border of the eye and down-
wards to the upper half of the lores, and with the underparts much more
yellowish; the other occurring on the west coast of Mexico from Mazat-
lan and Sinaloa south at least to Guerrero, distinguished by having a
narrow frontal band and more greenish underparts. For the former we
use the name Aratinga canicularis canicularis (Linne) and for the latter
A. canicularis eburnirostrum Lesson.

Psittacus canicularis Linne, 1758, p. 98 is a composite species, but the
principal reference is to Edward's Red and Blue-headed Parrakeet
(Nat. Hist. Bds., p. 176, pi. 176). Description and plate are both ex-
cellent, and beyond a doubt the specimen Edwards figured and de-
scribed from Lady Wager's collection as coming from the West Indies
is the form with the wide frontal bands that ranges from the Isthmus
of Tehuantepec to Costa Rica, We therefore designate northwestern
Costa Rica as the type locality.

We were quite unable to determine to which form Sittace petzii
Wagler (" Mexico") might apply, but learning that the type was in the
ornithological collection of the Zoologische Sammlung des Bayerischen
Staates in Munich, we wrote to Dr. A. Laubmann, the Konservator
fiir Oriiithologie, giving the differences between the northern and
southern forms and asked him if he could tell us to which race the type
belonged. He, with great kindness, replied saying that the type and
only specimen was labelled merely "Mexico," but enclosed a colored
sketch of the head, made by Frau Laubmann. This sketch has enabled
us to decide definitely that ISittacc petzii is a synonym of Psittacus
canicularis.

We fail to see how Aratinga and Eiipsittula can be maintained as dis-
tinct genera ; the characters on which the two genera rest grade into one
another through intermediate species, and no line can be drawn be-
tween them.

Brotogerys jugularis jugularis (P. L. S. Miiller)
Eleven specimens, both sexes; Tapanatepec; August, 1927.

Amazona albifrons albifrons (Sparrmann)
Three specimens, both sexes; Chivela; April 9, 10 and 11, 1927.

ALCEDINIDAE

Chloroceryle amazona (Latham)
One adult female; Almoloya; May 1, 1927.

390 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY.

MOMOTIDAE

MOMOTUS MOMOTA GOLDMANI NelsOll
• One adult male; Chivela; March 9, 1927.

MoMOTUS MEXiCANUS MEXICANUS Swainson

Thirteen specimens, adult, immature and juvenal; Chivela, Almoloya and
Tapanatepec ; February, March, May, July and August, 1927.

We are wholly unable to distinguish Momotus mexicanus mexicanus
and M. vi. saturatus Nelson (Auk, 14, 1897, p. 49, Ciudad, Tehuan-
tepec); specimens in the M. C. Z. collection from either Sinaloa or
Oaxaca can be matched exactly both as to color and size in a series of
nearly fifty examples from Colima.

CAPRIMULGIDAE

Chordeiles acutipennis micromeris Oberholser
Four males; Chivela; May and June, 1927.

Nyctidromus albicollis nelsoni Ridgway

Five specimens, including one juvenal; Chivela; May. Tapanatepec; July,
1927.

The three adults in this series, although we record them as nelsoni,
are really intermediate l)etween nelsoni and sumichrasti, but perhaps a
little nearer the former. In any event the distinctions between the two
races are very finely drawn, and they could be combined without
any great distortion of the facts.

TROCHILIDAE

Amizilis rutila rutila Delattre
Three specimens, both sexes; Tapanatepec; July, August and October, 1927.

Amizilis cyanocephala cyanocephala (Lesson)
One adult female; Chivela; June 3, 1927.

Cynanthus doubledayi (Bourcier)
Two adults, male and female; Chivela; April and May.

BANGS AND PETERS: BIRDS FROM OAXACA. 391

Anthracothorax prevostii prevostii (Lesson)
One adult male; Tapanatepec; October 1, 1927.

Anthoscenus constantii leocadiae (Bourcier and Mulsant)
One adult male; Lagunas; April 29, 1927.

TROGONIDAE

Trogon citreolus Gould
Seven adult specimens, both sexes; Chivela; March and April, 1927.

CUCULIDAE

CoccYzus americanus occidentalis Ridgway
One adult male; Tapanatepec; October 1, 1927.

PlAYA CAYANA THERMOPHILA Sclater
Two adults, male and female; Chivela ; April 11. Tapanatepec; November 3,
1927.

Geococcyx affinis Hartlaub
Two adult females; Chivela; March 25 and April 29, 1927.

MoROCOCCYX erythropygus mexicanus Ridgway
Eight adults, both sexes; Chivela and Tapanatepec; March and August, 1927.

Crotophaga sulcirostris sulcirostris Swainson
lour adults, both sexes; Chivela and Tapanatepec; Aprili^nd August.

RAMPHASTIDAE

Pteroglossus torquatus torquatus (Gmelin)
One adult female; Tapanatepec; October 31, 1927.

PICIDAE

Balanosphyra formicivorus formicivorus (Swainson)
One female; Chivela; June 6, 1927.

Centurus santacruzi polygrajvimus Cabanis
Three specimens, both sexes; Chivela; March, 1927.

392 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY.

Ridgway (Bds. No. and Mid. Am., 6, 1914, p. 78) TSitespolygrammvs
as a distinct species, but we do not regard the distinctions between this
bird and santacruzi as anything more than sHght differences of degree,
and prefer to reduce this and frontalis of Nelson to subspecies of santa-
cruzi.

Ceophloeus lineatus similis (Lesson)

Four adult specimens, both sexes; Chivela, Lagunas and Tapanatepec;
February, March, April and July.

DENDROCOLAPTIDAE

SiTTASOMus GRisEicAPiLLUS SYLVioiDES Lafresnayc
One immature male; Tapanatepec; July 11, 1927.

This specimen, although not fully adult, agrees wholly with skins
from Vera Cruz that may be considered topotypical sylvioides.

Birds from Yucatan and British Honduras, however, are different
and represent a hitherto unnamed form that we call

SiTTASOMUS GRISEICAPILLUS GRACILEUS Subsp. UOV.

Tyj)e. — From Chichen Itza, Yucatan, adult male. Museum of
Comparative Zoology 41,067. Collected February 5, 1890, by Pablo
Per era.

Characters. — Similar to »S. g. sylvioides Lafresnaye, but much paler
throughout, under parts and crown more grayish, less greenish olive;
secondaries, wing edgings, lower back, rump and upper tail-coverts
paler rufous. Size decidedly smaller. Males, wing, 70-74; tail, 73-77;
bill to base, 16; tarsus, 16-17, two specimens. Female wing, 68-69;
tail, 65-69; bill to base, 16-16.5; tarsus, 16, two specimens.

Remarks. — Lafresnaye's type of Sittasomns sylvioides, M. C. Z.
77,039 from "Mexico "is, in its present state, too faded to show diag-
nostic color characters. It is a large bird with a wing of 84 mm., a
maximum value for the form of Vera Cruz. Most of Lafresnaye's
Mexican birds, however, came from Vera Cruz, and we therefore re-
strict the type locality of Sittasoynvs sylvioides Lafresnaye to State of
Vera Cruz, Mexico, a course in accord with the facts as far as can be
determined, and one which involves no change in established nomen-
clature.

XiPHORHYNCHUS FLAVIGASTER FLAVIGASTER SwainSOn
One adult male; Tapanatepec; July 9, 1927.

This skin is strictly referable here, while those collected at Chivela
belong to the following subspecies. A female from Santa Efigenia,

BANGS AND PETERS: BIRDS FROM OAXACA. 393

Oaxaca, taken December 17, 1868 by Prof. Sumichrast is also typical
of X. f. flavigaster in every respect.

XiPHORHYNCHUS FLAVPGASTER MEGARHYNCHUS (Nelson)
Three adult, males; Chivela; April and May.

These examples, while not typical of megarhynchus, having a shorter
wing and slightly shorter bill, nevertheless agree with that race in paler
coloration, dark edging of the throat feathers, and above all in the
stout bill.

Among the birds collected for Mr. Brewster in Chihuahua by Frazar
is a pair of woodhewers that differ from X. f. incntalis (Baird) so strik-
ingly that we do not hesitate to describe the form as

XiPHORHYNCHUS FLAVIGASTER TARDUS Subsp. nOV.

TyiM. — Museum of Comparative Zoology 224,029, from Hacienda
de San Rafael, Chihuahua, collected 7 May 1888 by M. Abbott Frazar.

Characters. — Similar to A'. /. mentalis (Baird) but much smaller;
paler both above and below, especially the lower back and posterior
underparts.

Measurements

No. sex wing tail

224.029 (type) & 109 102

224.030 9 105 93

We have made comparison with a series of eighteen specimens of
mentalis (including the type) kindly lent to us by the United States
National Museum as well as with a good series of flavigaster from
Tamaulipas and Vera Cruz from the Museum of Comparative Zoology
collection. Mr. Brewster suspected the distinctness of his Chihuahua
specimens years ago and compared them with the type of mentalis,
noting the differences on a slip of paper which has remained with the
birds ever since.

TYRANNIDAE

TOLMOMYIAS SULPHURESCENS CINEREICEPS (Sclater)

Sixteen specimens, adults and immature of both sexes; Tapanatepec; Juh',
August, September, October and November, 1927.

bill

tarsus

41

25

40

25

394 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

Myiopagis viridicata placens (Sclater)
One adult male; Tapanatepec; November 3, 1927.

Camptostoma imberbe Sclater
Two adult females; Chivela; May 31. Tapanatepec; October 27, 1927.

Myiozetetes similis texensis Giraud

Fourteen specimens, both sexes; Chivela; April and May. Tapanatepec;
July, August, September and October, 1927.

Pitangus sulphuratus derbianus (Kaup)

Eight specimens, adults of both sexes and one imature; Chivela; March
and April. Tapanatepec; July, August, September and November, 1927.

Myiodynastes luteiventris luteiventris Sclater

Seven specimens, both sexes, all adult; Tapanatepec; July, August, Sep-
tember and October.

These birds agree with examples from Vera Cruz and southward
rather than with specimens of swarthi (Van Rossem, Condor, 29, 1927,
p. 126, Huachuca Mts., Arizona).

The latter race extends southward into Chihuahua from where we
have skins from Carmen, Bravo, and Hacienda de San Rafael. Swarthi
is extremely close to typical luteiventris and to appreciate the distinc-
tions, it is necessary to examine series of each race in comparable
plumages.

Megarhynchus pitangua mexicanus (Lafresnaye)

Ten adults, both sexes; Chivela; March, April and May. Tapanatepec;
July, August and September, 1927.

Onychorhynchus mexicanus mexicanus Sclater
One adult male; Cacoprieto; July 8, 1927.

Sayornis PHOEBE (Latham)
One female; Tapanatepec; November 7, 1927.

Empidonax traillii traillii (Audubon)

Five specimens, both sexes; Chivela; May 14 and 1.5. Tapanatepec; August
14 and 25, and September 9, 1927.

BANGS AND PETERS: BIRDS FROM OAXACA. 395

Empidonax traillii brewsteri Oberholser
Two males; Chivela; May 20. Almoloya; May 3, 1927.

Empidonax minimus (Baird)

Sixteen specimens, both sexes; Chivela and Almoloya; February, March and
May. Tapanatepec; August, September and October, 1927.

Empidonax flaviventris (Baird)

Three specimens, both sexes; Chivela and Almoloya; May. Tapanatepec;
September 29, 1927.

Empidonax wrightii (Baird)

Five specimens, both sexes; Chivela; February 15. Tapanatepec; October
and November, 1927.

Myiochanes richardsonii sordidulus (Sclater)

Eight specimens, both sexes; Chivela; May. Cacoprieto and Tapanatepec;
July, August and September, 1927.

Myiarchus crinitus (Linne)

Six specimens, both sexes; Tapanatepec; September and October.

Myiarchus cinerascens cinerascens Lawrence

Six specimens, both sexes; Chivela; February and March. Tapanatepec;
October and November.

Myiarchus nuttingi nuttingi Ridgway

Twenty-three specimens, both sexes; Chivela; February, March, April and
May. Tapanatepec; July, August, September and October, 1927.

Myiarchus nuttingi inquietus Salvin and Godman seems to us to be
a rather poorly marked form, differing from M. n. nuttingi chiefly in
being slightly paler belov^, with the posterior edge of the gray chest
less sharply defined. The amount of dusky edgings on the inner webs
of the tail feathers next to the shaft is a variable quantity and seems
not to be a good diagnostic character.

Myiarchus tyrannulus nelsoni Ridgway

Thirty-six specimens, both sexes; Tapanatepec; September 1 to November
10, 1927.

All but two of this series are wholly referable to nelsoni; two are
intermediate but are a trifle closer to this form than to magister.

396 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

Myiarchus tyrannulus magister Ridgway

Four specimens, both sexes; Chivela; March 8, April 7, June 1. Tapanatepec;
November 11.

The latter example is intermediate between this race and nelsoni,
though nearer, we think, to magister.

Myiarchus tuberculifer lawrenceii (Giraud)
Two males; Tapanatepec; September 20 and 27, 1927.

Deltarhynchus flammulatus (Lawrence)

Eight specimens; Tapanatepec and Cacoprieto; September, October and
November, 1927. Six of these are adults of both sexes. Two, September 5 and
10, are changing from juvenal to immature plumage.

Before Brown secured this series, this very scarce bird was known by
only si.x specimens.

Mr. Brown was unable to give us anything on the habits of this
species. He did say, however, that of all the rare birds he had been
especially sent to secure, this one was perhaps the most difficult.

Tyrannus crassirostris crassirostris Swainson

Two adults, male and female; Tapanatepec; October 3 and November 12,
1927.

Swainson's Tyrannus crassirostris (Quart. Journ. Sci. Litt. and Arts.
Roy. Inst. 20, no. 4, 1826, p. 273) was described as "inhabiting the
warm districts of Mexico." This locality is too indefinite, so we re-
strict it to Acapulco, State of Guerrero, Mexico, as being a place en-
tirely within the realm of the probable origin of Swainson's type. This
species has never been recorded north of Sinaloa. There are, however, in
the Brewster collection three examples, from Alamos, Sonora, and five
from the Hacienda de San Rafael, Chihuahua, that represent a well
marked northern race that we name

Tyrannus crassirostris pompalis subsp. nov.

Type. — • From Hacienda de San Rafael, Chihuahua, adult male,
Museum of Comparative Zoology 223,593; collected 7 May, 1888 by
M. A. Frazar.

Characters. — Similar to T. c. crassirostris Swainson but paler; more
grayish, less olive above; yellow of under wing coverts and underparts
much paler, more sulphur less lemon yellow.

BANGS AND PETERS: BIRDS FROM OAXACA. 397

Specimens examined

T. c. crassirostris. Sinaloa: Escuinapa 1 cf : Oaxaca: Tapanatepec
1 cf ? 1 9 .

T. c. pompalis. Sonora: Alamos, 2 cf , 1 9 ; Chihuahua: Hacienda
de San Rafael, 3 cf , 2 9 •

Tyrannus melancholicus chloronotus Berlepsch
Four adult specimens, both sexes ; Tapanatepec ; Julj', August and September.

Tyrannus melancholicus occidentalis Hartert and Goodson

Five adults, both sexes; Chivela; March, April and May.

The state of Oaxaca seems to be the meeting ground of the two races
of melancholicus listed here. All four specimens from Tapanatepec are
clearly referable to chloronotus. Those from Chivela, on the other
hand, come much nearer to occidentalis, three of the five specimens being
that form ; the other two are intermediate but nearer occidentalis.

MuscivORA FORFICATA (Gmclin)
One female; Tapanatepec; October 25, 1927.

PIPRIDAE

Chiroprion linearis linearis (Bonaparte)

Four specimens, one adult male, two immature males, and one adult female;
Chivela; May. Tapanatepec, July and October.

Ridgway (Bds. No. and Mid. Am., pt. 4, 1907, p. 740, note) points
out that adult males of the long-tailed Manakin from Mexico and
Guatemala have shorter middle rectrices than those from Costa Rica
and Nicaragua, and generally a larger and relatively wider bill. He
did not however recognize any subspecies, since the structural differ-
ences were not accompanied by color characters. The structural differ-
ences pointed out by Ridgway are constant in the large series that we
have examined, so we recognize two forms that stand

Chiroprion linearis linearis (Bonap.) "Mexico"
Southern Mexico to Guatemala.

Chiroprion linearis fastuosa (Less.) Realejo, Nicaragua
Nicaragua and Costa Rica.

398 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

COTINGIDAE

TiTYRA SEMiFASCiATA PERSONATA Jardine and Selby
One adult female; Chivela; March 9, 1927.

This skin does not differ in any way from specimens from south-
eastern Mexico and Guatemala. It shows no approach to griseiceps.

PlATYPSARIS AGLAIAE SUMICHRASTI Nelson

Nine specimens, both sexes, including both immature and adult males;
Tapanatepec; July, September and October, 1927.

POLIOPTILIDAE

PoLiOPTiLA NiGRicEPS Baird

Four adults, both sexes; Chivela; March and April. Tapanatepec; August,
1927.

TROGLODYTIDAE

Heleodytes zonatus impudens subsp. nov.

Type. — 238,315 Museum of Comparative Zoology adult male from
Chivela, Oaxaca (600 feet), collected 2 March, 1927 by W. W. Brown.

Characters. — Similar to H. z. zonatvs (Less) of southeastern Mexico
but much larger; spots below larger and less numerous; flanks rather
more heavily barred. Similar also to //. z. restrictvs Nels.from Tabasco
but slightly larger; abdomen paler, flanks less heavily barred and spots
not invading the centre of the abdomen.

Measurements.— (Four males) wing 91-95 (93.75); tail87-96 (92.25);
bill from base 23-24.5 (23.9).

Material examined

Heleodytes zonatus zonatus (Less) 24, both sexes. Vera Cruz: Jalapa,
Motzorongo, Presidio, Paso Nuevo, Orizaba.

//. z. restrictus Nels. 9, both sexes. Tabasco: Frontera; British Hon-
duras: Toledo District; Guatemala Trade Skins.

//. z. impudens nob. 4 d^, 1 sex not determined, Oaxaca: Chivela,
Guichicovi.

BANGS AND PETERS: BIRDS FROM OAXACA. 399

Heleodytes hu'milis (Sclater)

Nineteen specimens, both sexes; Chivela; April, May and June. Tapana-
tepec; July, August and November, 1927.

Thryophilus pleurostictus pleurostictus (Sclater)

Twenty-two specimens, adults of both sexes, and juvenal; Chivela; March,
April and May. Lagunas; April and May. Tapanatepec; July and August,
1927.

Salpinctes OB.SOLETUS NOTius Ridgway

One male, in much abraded plumage; Cacoprieto; July 6, 1927.

We refer this specimen to notius, a form which seems to us very
poorly characterized, on geographical grounds.

MIMIDAE

MiMUS POLYGLOTTUS LEUCOPTERUS (VlgOrs)
One female; Chivela; March U, 1927.

■

MiMUS GiLVUS LAWRENCEi Ridgway
Two adults, male and fernale; Chivela; April 5 and March 10, 1927.

TURDIDAE

TuRDUS GRAYi GRAYi Bonaparte

Four adult males; Tapanatepec; August and September, 1927.

VIREONIDAE

ViREO FLAVOVIRIDIS FLAVOVIRIDIS (Cassin)
Twenty specimens, both sexes; Chivela; April and May.

On comparing these birds with specimens that had been in the
museum for some years, we were at once struck by the very bright
olive green of their backs, as against the dull olive green of the older
specimens. Further investigation showed that old museum specimens
gradually become browner above, the change very gradual but trace-
able through the dates of the specimens. One bird from the Lafresnaye
collection is actually olive brown above, but if the wings are pushed
aside the portion of the back covered by them is found to be more as
in fresh specimens.

400 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

ViREO GiLvus swAiNSONi (Baird)
One male; Chivela; April 2, 1927.

ViREO FLAVIFRONS Vieillot
One male; Tapanatepec; October 27, 1927.

ViREO SOLITARIUS SOLITARIUS (Wilson)
One male; Tapanatepec; November 1, 1927.

ViREO GRisEus GRiSEus (Boddaert)
One male; Chivela; March 11, 1927.

ViREO BELLII BELLII Audubon

Five specimens, both sexes; Chivela; March. Tapanatepec; September and
October, 1927.

Cyclarhis FLAVivENTRis FLAVivENTRis Lafresnaye
Two specimens, male and female; Almoloya; May, 1927.

MNIOTILTIDAE

Dendroica estiva rubiginosa (Pallas)
Five specimens, both sexes; Tapanatepec; August 20-31, 1927.

Dendroica magnolia (Wilson)
One female; Tapanatepec; November 5, 1927.

Dendroica coronata coronata (Linne)
One male; Chivela; March 5, 1927.

Dendroica graciae decora Ridgway

Five specimens, adults of both sexes, and one juvenal; Chivela; June 3-7,
1927.

These birds are not quite typical of decora, since the wings average
slightly longer and the throats a little bit paler yellow. However they
come much closer to decora than to graciae and we prefer to place them
with the former, since there can be no useful purpose served in recog-
nizing by name a third form with slight intermediate characters.

BANGS AND PETERS: BIRDS FROM OAXACA. 401

From the small number of juvenals available it appears that the
Juvenal plumage of graciae is browner above, not so gray as in decora.
The Juvenal collected by Mr. Brown agrees with one in the Biological
Survey collection taken in the mountains near Tonala, Chiapas.

Oporornis tolmiei (Townsend)
One male; Tapanatepec; October 20, 1927.

IcTERiA virens virens (Linne)

Three specimens, two males and a female; Tapanatepec; September, October
and November, 1927.

WiLSONiA CANADENSIS (Linne)
One female; Tapanatepec; September 21, 1927.

EuTHLYPis lachrymosa lachrymosa (Cabanis)
Two males; Chivela; May, 1927.

ALAUDIDAE

Eremophila alpestris oaxacae (Nelson)
Fourteen adults, both sexes; Chivela; May and June, 1927.

FRINGILLIDAE

Hedymeles ludovicianus (Linne)

Three specimens, two males and a female; Tapanatepec; October 19, No-
vember 3 and 7, 1927.

Cyanocompsa parellina indigotica Ridgway
Two adult females; Chivela; March and May, 1927.

Todd in his review of the genus Cyanocompsa unites indigotica with
sumichrasti, to which procedure we wholly agree. The two females
listed above have the wing 70 and 71.5. Sumichrasti was supposed by
Ridgway to be larger than indigotica, but the more ample material now
available does not support this.

Sporophila minuta parva Lawrence
One fine adult male; Tapanatepec; July 14, 1927.

402 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

VOLATINIA JACARINI ATRONITENS Todd
Three adult males; Tapanatepec; August, 1927.

Saltator atriceps atriceps Lesson

Four adults, both sexes; Almoloya; May 3. Tapanatepec; July, August and
September, 1927.

Spinus notatus notatus Du Bus
One adult female; Chivela; June 6, 1927.

Spiza AMERICANA (Gmelin)
One female; Chivela; April 22, 1927.

Chondestes grammacus strigatus (Swain.son)

Three specimens, male and two females; Chivela; March 21 and 22. Tapana-
tepec; November 1, 1927.

AiMOPHiLA RUFICAUDA LA WRENCH (Salvin and Godman)

Seventeen specimens, adults of both sexes, and one immature; Chivela,
Lagunas and Tapanatepec; March, April, May, June, July and August.

AiMOPHiLA suMicHRASTi LawTcnce
Three adults, two males and a female; Chivela; May and June, 1927.

AiMOPHiLA RUFESCENS RUFESCENS (Sv^^ainSOIl)

Three specimens, two adults, male and female, and one juvenal (July 10);
Tapanatepec; July, 1927.

AiMOPHiLA BOTTERII BOTTERII (Sclater)

Seven specimens, adults of both sexes, and one juvenal (July 6"); Chivela,
Cacoprieto; May and July.

In addition to the material of this species in the Museum of Com-
parative Zoology we have examined the entire Mexican series, including
the type of Cotvrniculiis mcxicaims Lawr., in the United States National
Museum and Biological Survey collections.

While hottcrii has a wide range of individual variation, both in size
and color, these differences are in no way correlated with locality; ex-
amples from Arizona, Texas and Mexico cannot be distinguished.

BANGS AND PETERS: BIRDS FROM OAXACA. 403

Spizella passerina mexicana Nelson
Three adult males; Chivela; June, 1927.

Passerina cyanea (Linne)

Seven specimens, both .sexes; Chivela; February, March and April; Tapana-
tepec and Cacoprieto; October and November, 1927.

Passerina leclancheri Lafresnaye

Fifteen specimens, both sexes; Chivela, Almoloya, Cacoprieto and Tapana-
tepec; March, April, May and July, 1927.

Passerina rositae (Lawrence)
Twenty-three adults, both sexes; Chivela; March, April and May.

THRAUPIDAE

Tanagra affinis Lesson
Two adults, male and female; Chivela and Tapanatepec; June and July.

PiRANGA RUBRA RUBRA (Linne)

Two specimens, male and female; Tapanatepec; October and November,
1927.

PiRANGA HEPATICA HEPATICA SwainSOH
Four specimens, both sexes; Chivela; June, 1927.

All four were taken in the pines at about 1,000 feet altitude.

ICTERIDAE

CASSicuLUS MELANICTERUS (Bonapartc)

Twelve specimens, both sexes; Chivela, Almoloya, and Tapanatepec; May,
June, July, September, October and November.

Tangavius aeneus^assimilis (Nelson)

Five specimens, adults of both sexes and one juvenal; Chivela and Tapana-
tepec; April and August, 1927.

Sturnella magna mexicana Sclater
Seven specimens, both sexes; Chivela; March and April.

404 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

Icterus spurius (Linne)

Eight specimens, both sexes; Chivela; March. Tapanatepec; September,
October and November, 1927.

Icterus melanocephalus melanocephalus (Wagler)
Four specimens, both sexes; Chivela; March and April and May, 1927.

Icterus gularis gularis (Wagler)

Twelve specimens, adults of both sexes and immature ; Chivela and Tapana-
tepec; February, March, April, May, July and October, 1927.

Icterus sclateri sclateri Cassin

Eighteen specimens, both sexes; Chivela and Tapanatepec; March, April,
May, July, August, September and October, 1927.

Icterus pectoralis pectoralis (Wagler)

Three specimens, two males and a female; Tapanatepec, August and Sep-
tember.

Megaquiscalus major macrourus (Swainson)
One adult male; Chivela; May 15, 1927.

CORVIDAE

Calocitta FORMOSA FORMOSA (Swainson)

Eight adults, both sexes, Chivela and Tapanatepec; Marcli, October and
November, 1927.

,A

DATE DUE

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