gfS^^agacSicSjTiivigiaiHy.^

'^^•. f^'

<

n05E5 H. FERLET

As a memento of the earlier years of this Society a vignette
of the late Moses H. Perley is inserted in this Bulletin. Mr.
Perley was one of its founders, and for several years the first
Vice-President. He took an active interest in its welfare, read
papers at its meetings, and gave several contributions to its
museum, — but an untimely death deprived the Society of his
valuable services, not many years after its institution.

Mr. Perley wrote reports on the Fisheries of New Bruns-
wick, addressed to the legislature of New Brunswick, 1849-51,
which for many years remained the authority for information on
this important subject, and is quoted and referred to in Dr. Cox's
article on the Fishes of New Brunswick issued in this Bulletin.

Besides his reports on the fisheries, Mr. Perley also wrote a
very useful little " Hand-Book of Information for Emigrants to
New Brunswick," which contained an account of the climate,
forests, fisheries, geology and mineral resources, topography, and
other useful information. This was published in London (1857)
in aid of immigration, for which he was agent, or officer, at that
time.

Known as an authority on British North American fisheries,
Mr. Perley was appointed British commissioner for settling the
boundary along the Atlantic coast of British America within
which only British subjects have the right to fish. It was while
engaged on the work of this commission that Mr. Perley died
suddenly at Forteau, on the coast of Laljrador, in August, 1862.

Mr. Perley was a native of New Brunswick, born at Mauger-
ville, 31st December, 1804. He was educated at St. John,
N. B., called to the bar in 1830, and practiced law for some
years in that city. Of his family only one, Henry F. Perley,
C. E., of Ottawa, now survives.

BU LLETI N

NflTURJlL HISTORY SOCIETY

OF

NEW BRUNSWICK.
No. xni.

PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY-

ST. .TOHX, X. B. :

Baknes A: Co.. 84 Princ^e William Street,

1896.

BULLETIN

OF THE

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY

ERRATA.

Page 36, line 21, for "'re-echoing,"

37
38
38
50
51
53
64
71
94

88

20,

4,

25,

16,

15,

14,

4,

5,

12,

17,

" Leuciseus"
" aioguillaris"
" AuguiUa"
" Uranidea,"
" quadrilaterials"
" lom/irostus,"
" oxyrincliiis,"
" head-quarters "

read, re-echoing.

" Leuciscus.

" anguillaris.

" Anguilla.

" Uranidese.

" quadr Hater alis.

" longh'ostris.

" oxyrhynclius.

" head-waters.

this new knowledge," read, new know-
ledge of this kind.

archology," read, archaeology.

*In the flr^t paper (p. 4, footnote) I said this term had not been before used, so
far as I was aware. The editors of the Botanical Gazette (XX. p. 38) have called
my attention to tlie fact that the word occurs in the Century Dictionary, and Mr.
F L Sargent of Cambridge reminds me that it is used by Lubbock in the title of a
paper of his upon Seeds and Seedlings, pubhshed in the Trans. Linn. Society for
1886 It would have been strange if so fitting a word liad not before found use.

BULLETIN

OF THE

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY

OF

NEW BRUNSWICK.

A^ OUTLIISrE OF PHYTOBIOLOGY

With Special Reference to the Study of its Problems
BY Local Botanists and Suggestions for a Biological-
Survey OF Acadian Plants.

BY W. F. GANONG, Ph. D.

Read June 4, 1895.

Second Paper.

ADAPTATIONS OF PLANTS TO LOCOMOTION.

In the first paper of this series, Phytobiology * was-
defined, its relations to other departments of botany were
explained and divisions were proposed for its treatment.
In taking up these divisions it is not needful to hold to
the order there given ; and I have decided to treat first
the one which I think will prove of the greatest use and
interest to our botanists. This is the adaptations of plants
to locomotion. Its relation to other topics of the series is

* In the first paper (p. 4, footnote) I said this term had not been before used, so
far as I was aware. Tlie editors of the Botanical Gazette (XX. p. 38) have called
my attention to the fact that the word occurs in the Century Dictionary, and Mr^
F. L. Sargent of Cambridge leminds me that it is used by Lubbock in the title of a
paper of his upon Seeds and Seedlings, published in the Trans. Linn. Society to\r
1886. It would have been strange if so fitting a word had not before found use.

-4 BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

shown in the following synopsis, which, as already em-
phasized, outlines a convenient rather than a logical treat-
ment of the entire subject.

Introduction and Classification. Published in Bulletin Ko. XII.

A. Adaptations of Plants to Inorganic Nature : to he prepared.

B. Adaptations of Plants to other Organic Beings : to he prepared.
C Adaptations of Plants to Reproduction : in preparation.

D. Adaptations of Plants to Locomotion : the present paper.

E. The Biological Groups of Plants : in preparation.
P. The Climatic Groups of Plants : to he prepared.

^G. A Summary of the Biological Characteristics of the Vegeta-
tion of Acadia : to he p)repared.*

I. The General Subject.

There are five great primal necessities common to all
living beings : nutrition, growth, protection, locomotion,
reproduction. Of these, locomotion, our present subject,
is not less important than the others, while it exceeds
them all in the elaboration of adaptations to bring the
plant into relation with its environment. A'^iewing loco-
motion in a broad way, we find that it must be provided
for in both animals and plants for the following reasons :

1. To prevent overcrowding, so as to allow each individual
•enough space for its development.

2. To effect the union of the sexes.

* This is the original outline proposed in the tirst paper, to which, however, it is
not necessary closely to adhere. A more logical arrangement, and one which I shall
probably adopt, is as follows: Adaptations of Plants to A. Nidrition; B. Groivth;
C. Protection; D. Locomotion; E. Reproduction. F. Biological Groups; G. History
and Distribution; H. Philosophical Summary; I. Summary of Biological Charac-
teristics of Acadian Flora.

I may here also emphasize such distinction as exists between Physiology and
Biology, though they merge together at many points. Physiology has to do with
the chemistry and physics of the operations, chiefly internal, of living beings, while
Biology treats of their adaptations to the external world.

AN OUTLINE OF PHYTOBIOLOGY. O

In addition it secures to them the following advan-
tages, and these are of vast importance in the struggle
for existence.

3. To give the new individuals opportunity to develop under
•environment somewhat different from that of the parents, thus
promoting vigor and variability, the two qualities upon which
progressive development in evolution depends.

4. To mix individuals derived from different environments so
that cross-fertilization may occur between plants of different
stock, thus promoting in the offspring the advantageous vigor
and variability.

5. To allow a race to move to new localities as it exhausts
certain essentials in the old.

For the animal world should be added to these, to escape
from enemies, a condition which in plants must be otherwise
worked out.

Among animals, all of these advantages are secured
to them by the power of independent movement which
they nearly all possess ; hut among plants, which lack
this power, the same end must be attained in a totally
diiferent way. One of the most fundamental diiferences
between animals and plants consists in this, that plants
being nourished by inorganic materials which are brought
to them by the movements of the atmosphere, or of water
in the soil, have not needed to move for the greatest of
all necessities, that of food ; their cells have accordingly
built up the lirm non-contractile cellulose and its deri-
vatives, a supporting skeleton capable of great size and
strength, but not of motion ; while animals, living upon
other organized beings, which they must go in search or
pursuit of, have formed a contractile substance, muscular
fibre, and the presence of this gives a muscular S3-stem
and the possibility of locomotion to even the largest ani-
mals. Yet that plants do in some way secure locomotion

b BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

is very clear. One has only to recall the rapid spread and
great range of weeds, or the world-wide distribution of
many water-plants. Indeed, taken as a whole, it is pro-
bable that the aggregate locomotive accomplishments of
plants are fully equal to those of animals, even though
they are less rapid, less striking, less well-known. How
then, it is now our task to inquire, does it come to pass
that plants, themselves incapable of independent locomo-
tion, yet so perfectly secure it? The answer is in essence
this: It is secured to them by the separation of small •parts
of their substance capable of reproduction^ and the adjust-
ment on these of structures adapted to utilize the various
locomotive forces of nature. The end is thus as certainly
attained as among animals ; there is but a difference in
the method. Instead of the entire organisms moving,,
small reproductive parts move ; instead of by internal
powers it is by utilization of external agencies which
can move.

Of the five needs for locomotion above-mentioned, the
third, fourth and fifth can be secured along with the first,
and indeed in the animal world all five are ensured by the
power of independent movement ; but among the higher
plants, the first and second require distinct methods. In
the first case, that of simple scattering to prevent over-
crowding, the problem is simply to remove to a consider-
able distance, and preferably to favorable situations,
reproductive parts of a plant ; in the second case, that
of effecting union of the sexes, i. e., union of pollen and
ovule, the problem is more difficult, for not only must
one of the uniting elements be removed to a distance, but
it IS to be deposited in a special position, i. c, the male is
not simply to be carried away from its producing struc-
ture, the anther, but it is to be deposited on a special part
of the female organ, the stigma, and the problem is made

AN OUTLINE OF PIIYTOBIOLOGY. I

the more difficult by the fact that cross-fertihzation being
absolutely more advantageous than self-fertilization in
nature in the struggle for existence, it has to be
provided that the carrying of the pollen shall be to
the stigma of another plant. Hence come the adapta-
tions to cross-fertilization, resulting in the formation
of the flower, with its colors, odor, nectar and varied
forms, the whole aftording us the most splendid example of
adaptation to be found in the vegetable kingdom. This
division of locomotion is, however, so large and important
that although it belongs logically in the present paper it
must receive separate treatment, and it will be considered
in a future paper of this series along with " adaptations to
reproduction ; " at present we devote our attention to
locomotion of plants as scattering them through space.

Let us understand clearly the mechanical problem in-
volved. A piece of matter endowed with life, and having
isize and weight, must be moved through a considerable
iSpace in such a manner as not to injure it. Only a very
limited movement can be eifected by the plant itself, so
that in the vast majority of instances the movement must
l)e efl:'ected by outside agencies. How, then, can the
plant effect movement, and what are the forces in nature
outside of the organism capable of moving ponderable
matter ?

The former can occur through

I. Independent animal-like movement.
II. Extension away of parts by growth.

III. Locomotion by movements of ripening tissues.

The latter are

IV. Currents of air.
V. Currents of water.

VI. Movement of animals.
VII. Gravitation.

6 BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

Of these, gravitation is of little importance since it can-
only effect movement downwards and not laterally. As
to the others, aside from the first which uses simply the
contractile power of protoplasni, some mechanical arrange-
ments must be provided so that the part may be brought
into contact with the moving power, and be moved by it.
This is in brief accomplished by the formation of new
individuals at the ends of runners, etc., in the second case,
by the drying or ripening of tissues under tension and
their sudden release in the third, by formation of wings or
plumes in the fourth, and of floats in the fifth, and finallj^
by the development of hooks or stick}' coats, or of edible
fruits enclosing seeds protected from digestion, in the
sixth ; of course all kinds of combinations and gradations
between these methods occur. The principles of these
arrangements we must discuss in some detail.

AVe must consider next what parts of plants can best
be locomoted. Excepting in the first and second, where
growth and locomotion go on together, it is necessary
that the part shall be capable of reproducing the organism
that it can hold its life for a time in suspension, that it
shall carry nourishment to give it a start in its growth,
and that preferably it shall be small and light. In some
cases, especially in the lowest cryptogamic water plants,
these qualities reside in the entire organism, and these-
move as a whole, but in the higher land plants there have
been developed special structures which combine these
qualities; these are in some cases, buds, in others spores,
and most important of all, seeds. Buds usually have the
disadvantage of not being able long to retain vitality
after separation from the parent plant, but seeds can
retain their life for much longer periods and during long
transportation, and it is in them that we find by far the
most perfect arrangements for locomotion. Indeed the-

AX OUTLINE OF PHYTOBIOLOGY.

seed is what it is mechanically, chiefly because it is the
locomotive stage of the plant.

The seed is, in origin, a fertilized ovule. The flower
is itself a structure for securing locomotion, the locomotion
of the male to the female and all of its parts and colors
and odors, etc., are adaptations to this end. Immediately
after the act of fertilization all of the accessory parts,.
cah'x, corolla, stamens, st^de and stigma, become useless,
and they either wither and drop off, or else the}' may
be retained and made of use to help form the various
structures, which the seed needs in order to take
advantage of moving agencies ; thus any of them njay
form wings, plumes, floats, hooks, pulps, etc. In all such
cases the seed itself has no disseminating structures of
its own — those of the fruit are sufficient. This occurs
commonly in few or single-seeded fruits, which are
indeliiscent and where the entire structure ripens oris
carried off. But in fruits containing many seeds, the-
fruit remains on the plant until all seeds are ripe, and
each seed has some arrangement for locomotion by itself.
From a biological point of view it does not matter
in the least from what part the disseminating structures
are developed, but from the morphological side it is very
important to trace the exact structural origin of each,
peculiarity. It is soon apparent that the same biological
end may be attained in the most diverse morphological,
ways ; a wing may be either bract, calyx, wall of ovary,
or outgrowth of the seed coat ; the pulp of a fruit may
be bract, receptacle, calyx, ovary, placenta, hairs or
seed-coat, and so on. Any available structure whatever
may be expected to be utilized for the formation of a
useful feature. What it is which determines what
particular morphological part shall be employed in any
given case, is usually unknown, but there can be no doubt

10 BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

tliat in general it is determined by the fundamental
principle of least resistance — the most available or the
most easily modified structure is led by the adaptive
forces along the easiest lines, and the result is the structure
as we have it.

It is of course necessary in the study of locomotion
as elsewhere in phytobiology, to distinguish that which
has been adapted from that which is incidental. All
gradations between these occur. Without doubt in very
many cases the adapted has originated in the incidental-
Thus the presence of a wing on a seed is a case of gradual
adaptation to wind-locomotion, and the principle of
natural selection explains very well how adaptatii)ii may
have been perfected. On the other hand the wide
locomotion which willows secure by the floating of their
brittle and Avind-broken twigs is incidental, though it is

• easy to understand that if it were worth while this
mode of locomotion could be improved and perfected,
Examples of structure just on the boundaries of the
adapted and incidental are found in some of the modes

• of vegetative locomotion presently to be mentioned.

As in the case of many other natural phenomena,
the facts of locomotion have long been known, but it is
only in this century that the philosophical significance
of the fiacts has been understood. That seeds are
scattered by wind and animals is plain to observation ;
but to know that plants derive advantage from this, and
that the advantage in the keen struggle for life to which
they are exposed may explain the perfecting and even
the origin of the adaptations to secure the locomotion,
this is knowledge which has been gained slowly and has
l^een made possible only by the light thrown upon all
■organic processes by the principle ot evolution.

AN OUTLINE OF PHYTOBIOLOGY. 11

The classical work on locomotion of plants is Friederich
liildebrand's "Die Verbreitiingsmittel der PHanzen,"
>frhe Dissemination-methods of Plants), published in
Leipzig, in 1873. This work sums up the subject most
admirably and is characterized by philosophical treatment,
richness in facts and judicious selection in ilhistration.
jSTo work has yet superseded it, and all students since its
appearance have based their studies upon it. I have
myself made free use of it in the preparation of this
l^aper. Darwin has much to say on this subject in the
^'Origin of Species." Since then Hildebrand, Iluth,
MacLeod, and ver}^ many others have worked on
the subject. MacLeod has published a most useful
bibliography of publications on dissemination from 1873
to 1890 (in Botanish Jaarboek, Ghent, 1891.) Finally,
Kerner, in his " Pflanzenleben," (English translation by
Oliver,) has given us a most valuable though popular
discussion, richly illustrated, and Lubbock presents a
good summary in his " Flowers, Fruits and Leaves."
The present paper is designed not to describe the facts
;already so well set forth in these works, but is an at-
tempt to reduce our knowledge of the subject to definite
principles which will make more easy an objective
knowledge of the subject and guide our local botanists
in further studies into the subject.

II. Principles of the Modes of Locomotion of Plants.
I. Index)endent Aninuil-Like Mocei)ient,

Since plants lack altogether muscular fibre, it is only
possible for independent automatic locomotion to occur
where the contractile power of the protoplasm itself can
be utilized. This occurs only in unicellular or very few-
celled organisms, i. e., only in the lowest and smallest
j)lants. Many of the lower algpe produce spores, (called

12 BULLETIX OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

zoospores) which can swim freely through the water b}"^
means of cilia or flagelhe, precisely as animals of an
eqnivalent grade do. The Diatoms move by nse of
protoplasmic filaments, and some filamentous algte, the
Oscillariie, b}' viln-ating movements of their rod-like
structure. Among land plants, some of the slime-moulds,
or Myxomycetes, can creep over damp surfaces exactly as
the animal amoeba does, i. e., by continually causing its
very plastic substance to fiow in a constant direction.
ISTo liigher land plants whatever have the power of
independent locomotion.

//. E.vte}isio)i Aicctij of Parts by Groicfh.

In the higher plants, a branching root and stem
system prevails, each part of which grows only at or
near its tip. By sending out these growing parts laterally
and allowing them at a greater or less distance to turn
upward and grow into an erect plant, or to send ofi:'
an erect plant by branching, an efi:ective and rapid
though not extensive locomotion can be brought about.
The connecting part may subsequently die, leaving them
independent. There are several wa^^s in which lateral
growing parts may act.

1. Horizontal underground roots and rhizomes, more or less
long and slender, may send up new plants (called "suckers")
from adventitious and axillary buds respectively. Examples of
the former are Blackberry, Asdepias Cornuti, etc., and of the
latter, Trificum repens, AchUln'a mUlefolium, and many others.
The same method occurs abundantly in water plants. It inci-
dentally brings about the formation of turf, and makes some plants
very dilficult to exterminate, and hence they become " weeds."

2. Offsets and runners above ground form new plants at
their tips. The Houseleeks (Sedum), Lobelia cardinalis, show
the former, and the Strawberry, PotentUla anserina, etc., the-
latter method.

AN OUTLINE OF PHYTOBIOLOOY. 13-

3. Slender stems or branches bend over and take root and
produce a new plant at their tips forming " stolons;" such are
some species of Rubus.

4. Plants in which the main stem creeps horizontally either
above or below ground and in which the old parts die behind as
the new advance, attain locomotion by the very act of growth.
Ferns and Solomon's Seal are examples. Such plants may
branch and after a time by the death of the old connecting parts
may give rise to several independent individuals. In the tropics
there are epiphytic plants which creep along the stems of trees
and have this same habit, such as Pothot^.

5. Bulbs may be drawn away from theii' producing plants
by the shortening of lateral roots. Many bulb plants which
form small side bulbs, send out from them, horizontally, slender
roots. Later, the connection of l)ulb with the old plant is
severed, the roots shorten and draw away bulb from plant.
Ornithoyahim nutans and Ttdipa sylvestris are examples.

6. An inclined stem may develop aerial roots called " stilt
roots," by which it is nourished and supported several feet from
the ground : in time the old stem and roots die behind and the
plant continuing to grow and to' produce new roots, the plant thus
secures movement from place to place. None of our plants do'
this but it occurs in many of those of the tropics. A
modification of this habit, in that the old parts continue to grow,
there is profuse bi^anching, and the roots thicken up to stems,,
gives us the habit of the banyan.

In addition to the formation of new plants at the ends
of laterally extended parts, many forms of separable
buds, bulblets, branches, etc., are formed directly
upon the plant, but these all are adapted to being-
scattered by some of the moving agencies, wind, water,,
etc., and they will be considered under those topics.

14 BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

///. Locomotion by Movements of Bij^ening Tissues.

Although the skeleton built up by plants out of
cellulose and its derivatives is not contractile, it never-
theless is capable of producing locomotive movement if
ripenened in special ways. By this means either slow,
creeping movements or very rapid projection may result,
though the resulting locomotion can never be great. It
is clear that for projection, seeds, not buds, nor even very
light spores are adapted, and the most efficient seeds for
projection are nearly or quite spherical, smooth, hard and
rather heavy. The various modes are as follows :

1. Cell walls may become strongly hygroscopic, swelling
and shrinking and altering shape as moisture is absorbed

.and given up, just as a board warps, and in small pieces
the movement may l^e rapid. Sometimes slender hyroscopic
arms are attached to spores and move them from the

• capsule or even farther, as in the spores of Equisetum. In
Vanda teirs, a tropical orchid, hygroscopic hairs force out the

: seeds to be carried off by the wind. There are even a few seeds
and fruits which are pushed along the ground by the hygroscopic
twistings of some of their hairs, certain hooks which point
backward allowing only of a forward motion. Such are some
STpecies of Trifolium. In Avena sterilis, the "living oat," this
movement is very perfect and may be somewhat sudden. Related
movements assist in burying seeds as will presently be considered,
and in closing fruits when weather is unfavorable, and opening
them when favorable.

2. Certain bands of tissue may ripen under restraint in a
state of tension so that finally, and more or less connected with

-drying-up or hygroscopicity, when the restraint is released or

• overcome, the parts spring suddenly to a new position and hurl
■ out the seeds, sometimes to a distance of many feet. This may

come about by the formation of special elastic unicellular
'' elaters " which force out the spores from the capsule in many
mosses. Or the sides of the carpels may come to press harder and

AN OUTLINE OF PHYTOBIOLOGY. 15"

harder upon the smooth seeds between them until these are
suddenly and swiftly ejected as one shoots a bean or nut from
between the fingers, as in some stemmed violets. Or the styles
may ripen on an elongated receptacle forming springs to hurl
away ovary or seeds as in the genus Geranium. Or the carpels
under spiral tension burst all apart from one another as in many
Euphorbiacete, in some cases as the castor bean, or better the
West Indian " sand box," bursting with a loud report and
hurling the seed many feet. Or two-valved pods may split
suddenly by the independent rolling up of the two valves, as in
some vetches and lupines.

3. Soft fruits may become strongly turgescent, i. e., gorged
with water in their inner and dry on their outer parts, until
finally they explode at the weakest point and shoot out the seed-
This happens in fruits with valves, in which case the latter
usually suddenly curl up and throw off" the seed, as in
Impatiens, a^nd many Crucifeme, or the entire pulpy interior may
become turgescent under a firm skin, as in some Cucurbitacea?.
In the " squirting cucumber" of the Levant, pulp and seeds are
shot through the opening left where the fruit drops from the
stalk, wliile in Cydanfhera it bursts along the sutures.

The power of ripening tissues to produce movement is
also used to assist seeds in self-planting, and to aid
locomotion by the production of tumble-weeds and to
form elastic stalks, all presently to be described.

IV. Locomotion hi/ Utilization of Air Currents.

Of all of the locomotive forces of Nature, air currents
are the most universally prevalent and easily atilizable.
They are of all grades, from the barely perceptible up-and-
down convection currents of still warm days to great gales.
To effect by them a movement from place to place, it
is simply necessary to develop about the seed structures
which will spread as great a surface as possible in

16 BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

proportion to weight. This principle is worked out in
various ways as follows :

1. Various more or less light vegetative parts capable of
reproduction may be blown from a plant by strong winds : such
as leaves in begonias and Bryophyllum, joints of stem as in
some cactuses, rosette branches in some sedums, small bull)lets in
some lillies and ferns, even brittle twigs as in willows, though
here doubtless the mode of locomotion is rather incidental than
developed.

2. Plants or their parts develop large surfaces and are
rolled by the wind along the ground. Entire plants curling
their branches upward assume a ball shape, loosen their hold on
the soil by rotting or breaking or pulling out of the roots and
are blown along, rolling over the ground as "tumble weeds,"
either scattering their seeds as they roll, or more commonly
•coming to rest and scattering them, when rain gives proper
conditions for their growth. Such plants are rare or wanting in
wooded regions, but are abundant on open plains especially
those with a long dry season. The " Russian thistle," now
doing so much damage in the west, is a good tumble-weed, and
JPlantago cretica of Europe, and possibly the " Resurrection
Plant," of the south-west is another. The classical case of the
" Rose of Jericho," of Palestine, must be given up as it only
rarely and accidently becomes uprooted. It is frequently the
case that fruit clusters become tumble-weeds, as in some
XJmbellifera?, and in some clovers where the sterile stalks of a
head become feathered and this gives a surface for the wind to
roll along the fertile ones. Sometimes the fruit curls up to a
helix with very flat spirals, and is thus rolled along as in some
species of Jledicago, and there is perhaps an approach to this
structure in the pods of the honey locusts ; or the single fruit
may become ver}^ large and loose in texture, or the pod very flat
and thin, and be carried far from the plant by the wind and then
rolled along. It is probable that some seeds, as those of the
birches, are adapted to being blown along the surface of the
.snow.

AN OUTLINE OF PHYTOBIOLOGY. 17

3. By extreme minuteness a relatively large surface propor-
tional to bulk can be f^ttained without special appendages, for
as a sphere diminishes in size its bulk diminishes relatively more
rapidly than its surface. Thus very minute spores can swim in
the air like dust, as do these of moulds, etc., and those of mosses,
ferns, etc., can easily be blown to great distances. Amongst
Phanerogams the presence of a several-celled embryo makes it
difficult to reduce them to so small a size, but in certain orchids
they are very minute. Plenty of plants bear tiny seeds, which,
thrown from their capsules by strong wind-gusts, are by them
carried considerable distances, as will be mentioned below.
Sometimes as in orchids, the seeds are surrounded by a sort of
loose sac containing air which makes them much lighter.

4. Seeds or fruits of trees develop wings which either act
as sails or else as parachutes, causing the slow fall and hence
wider lateral carrying by the wind. In all cases the centre of
gravity of the seed is so adjusted that the fall is as slow as
possible. In the simplest cases, the seed itself becomes very
flat and thin, as in some species of Iris ; in addition there may be
the development of a wing around the edge. The wings may
be formed from a bract as in linden, grasses, Carpinus ; from the
ovary as in elm, maple, ash ; from the corolla in rare cases ;
from the calyx as in scabiosa ; from the seed-coat as in catalpa,
pines and spruces.

As noted, wings are almost confined to tree seeds, since the
height of the tree gives them a good start with the winds, which
would not be true in herbs or low plants.

5. Upon herbs and low growing woody plants, where the
seeds need not only to be carried laterally but also raised in the
air, plumes or tufts of hairs are developed. Frequently these
are such that the entire mass forms a light ball, but more often
the plumes are at one end, sometimes connected with the seed
by a stalk, as in the dandelion, in which case the whole structure
keeps an ui^right position and the wind may carry it for immense
distances. Indeed where the plume spreads out horizontally
and the seed hangs on a stalk beneath to keep the whole

18 BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

balanced, even the light convection currents of a hot summer
day may raise them up to considerable heights, whence they may
be widely spread. These light plumes form the most efficient of
all the modes of locomotion. Most weeds owe a part at least of
their success to them, and the family Compositii? owes its great
predominance in part to the fact that the collection of the
flowers into heads and their protection by the involucre has set
free the calyx to form the pappus, giving to each single seed one
of the most effective of known disseminating structures.

The plume or hairs may be formed of the sterile flower stalks
of a cluster, as in the " smoke bush ; " from the fruit stalk as in
Typlia ; from the calyx as in compositte, from the style as in
Geuvi and Clematis ; from the wall of the ovary ; from the seed-
coats as in cotton and milkweeds ; from the funiculus as in
willows. In rare cases the filro- vascular forms after decay of
the soft tissue a light frame easily blown away.

6. The stalks of seed-pods may ripen elastically so that
when gusts of wind shake the pods, the seeds are hurled out
especially by the recoil. In these cases, the seeds, which are
small and smooth, are early loosened in the pods and the latter
open not at the bottom or along the sides but at the top, and in
such a way that they form smooth grooves along which the
seeds as they are hurled out are guided at such an angle that
they ai'e sent to the greatest distance. This is one of the
commonest modes of locomotion among herbs, and occurs
according to Hildebrand in Scro2)hulariacere, CampanuJacece,
Papaveracece, Prwiulacecv, C aryopliyllacew . It may be well
seen in the common poppies. This shaking of the stalks and
their sudden recoil may be brought about also by passing animals,
and probably the bladdery pods of some plants as Staphyllea,
etc., may assist this mode of locomotion by giving the wind a
larger surface to work against.

The wind may also assist in locomotion by driving
floating seeds over lakes or the ocean either by blowing
directly against them, or by creating surface currents
which carrv them.

AN OUTLINE OF PHYTOBIOLOGY. 19

V. Locomotio7i by Wafer Currents.

To utilize the movement of water currents for
locomotion, it is needful that the parts to be scattered
shall float, and be able to resist decay for a considerable
time, but finally sink to the bottom. The floating is
usually efifected by the development of air-holding tissue.
Water currents are of three kinds : 1. Those caused by
falling rain, both as it falls and as it runs along the
ground ; 2. Those caused by wind on non-flowing water ;
3. Those of flowing water. Of these the first and second
are not of much importance, and there is probably more of
the incidental than of adaptation in the locomotion they
efi'ect ; the third is more efiicient.

The various types are as follows :

1. Seeds or fruits of wind-scattered land-plants are very
light, and when accidently they fall in water, they float, and
may be carried far. But they rarely reach conditions favorable
to germination and hence this incidental method is of little
value. It may, however, explain the reported fact that some
heavy-nut trees which are migrating northward, are found upon
branches of the St. John which flow from the south and not on
those flowing from the north.

2. Floods may tear out root-stalks, fruits and other parts
of plants and carry them to situations in which they can grow
when the floods subside, but here, also, we can have no adapta-
tion— only incidental locomotion.

3. Entire plants or their vegetative parts may be carried by
currents. This occurs with many algpe. The plant may let go
its hold on the bottom, float down stream and later take root
again, as in Nasturtiiom lacustre ; or it may float normally
throughout its life as in Lemna and Salvinia, the water hyacinth
of Brazil, which makes floats of its swollen leaf-stalks, and others.
Detachable buds are common in water-plants, which are either
lateral and protected by bracts as in Potamogetons, or condensed

20 BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

branches or terminal buds as in Utricularia. Willow twigs may
be carried to grow in favorable places.

4. Spores, seeds or fruits may be carried by currents. To
make seeds or fruits float, air chambers develop in some parts, and
the latter are usually resistant to decay. Occasionally by waxy
substances, the parts are made unwettable and hence float. The
receptacle is said to provide the float in Nehirahium, the ovary
in Alisma, Sagittaria, and species of Car ex, separate carpels in
Nuphar, ovary and calyx combined in the cocoanut whose salt-
water-resisting air-filled husk and unwettable outer skin, make
it perfectly adapted to long ocean voyages ; the arillus or third
seed-coat is used in Nymphaea.

5. Rain-drops may wash spores or seeds from their capsules
and carry them away in rivulets to grow in damp places. The
little gemmse are thus carried from the cups on the fronds of
some liverworts, as Marchantia, and perhaps the bublets may
be thus carried from the axils of the leaves in lilies and ferns.
The pods of Anagallis and Brunella vulgaris are said to open in
a rain which then washes out the seeds.

VI. Locomotion by the Utilization of the Movement
of Animals,

There are two fundamentally distinct ways in which
the locomotive power of animals is used by plants for their
locomotion ; first, parts are made to cling to their fur or
feathers or feet ; second, seeds protected from digestion
by special coats are enclosed in fleshy fruits wliich are
eaten, and the seeds are later discharged uninjured from
the animals' bodies.

Looking over the groups of animals, we find that the
only ones large enongh to carry seeds and fruits, and at
the same time of active habits and wide range, are birds
and mammals. In special cases, however, insects, snails
and even fish may carry seeds.

AN OUTLINE OF PIIYTOBIOLOGY. 2l

Tlie different types of dissemination are as follows :

1. Vegetative parts provided with hooks may be carried by
fur of animals, as in some cactuses, and possibly the stems with
their fruits of our galiums, and Polygonum sayittatum may be
carried in the same way. Winter buds and other parts of water
plants may be carried in mud by the feet of birds as in Eloclea
canadensis.

2. By clinging apparatus of hooks, etc., seeds or fruits
may become attached to wool or fur and be carried far, to be
finally brushed off or to be shed with them, or spines may be
developed which stick into the feet of animals. Mammals,
because of their shaggy coats, are best adapted for this mode of
dissemination, and accordingly it is common in herbs, and rare
in shrubs or trees. Hooks, more or less large and strong, are
formed from bracts as in the burdock, from outgrowth of the
calyx as in Agrimony, calyx teeth as in Convposito', ovary or
part of it as in Desmodium, inferior ovary as in Umhellifera',
Circaea, the style as in Polygonum virginianum, the seed itself
as in Villarsia nymphaeoides. Hooked fruits are numerous but
hooked seeds rare, for in the ovary where many are closely
pressed together there is not room for the development of
hooks. Spines which project straight from the fruit and stick
into the hoof of animals occur in a few plants, and in other
cases there are formed many projections arranged in lines so
that the fruit clings in wool or hair as a comb does.

3. A sticky substance is formed which makes fruits or seeds
cling to the fur, feathers or feet of animals, a peculiarity partic-
ularly common in water-plants. This may be formed either by
special glands or simply over the general surface. It may be on
the calyx as in Salvia glutinosa and Plumbago, in the ovary as
in Linncea horealis, on the seed itself as in Collornia, and rarer
cases are known where it occurs upon other parts. In parasites
the seeds are usually sticky, but doubtless this is as much to
make them cling to branches as to secure locomotion.

Another very important phase of this subject is the carrying
of seeds in the mud which clings to the feet of birds and hoofs

22 BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

of mammals, an extremely effective mode of locomotion. Birds
nearly always carry some mud and seeds with them from pond
to pond, and doubtless this is the explanation of the extremely
wide range of most bog and water-plants.

4. The heavy nuts of trees are moved to some extent by
squirrels and other small animals, which carry them off for food.
Many are dropped by them en route, and others are stored up
but never used and may come finally to the ground and
germinate. Blue Jays are said to store up quantities of nuts
which they never use. Probably oaks, hickories, etc., secure a
part of their locomotion in this way. Such seeds are not in-
tended to be eaten and many of them have a bitter taste which
to some extent prevents it.

5. By the development of nutritious and pleasant tasting
pulp in which seeds, protected from digestion l)y hard coatings,
etc., are imbedded, animals are made to carry seeds for long
distances, discharging them finally from their bodies under
conditions most favorable for germination. This is the true
philosophy of edible fruits in Nature. To protect them from
being eaten before the seeds are ripe, they are usually green in
color and may even possess spines or stinging hairs, but have
some bright color making them as conspicuous as possible when
they are ripe. Thus when they ripen early in the season they
are red, this color contrasting the best with the green of foliage
— but when they ripen after the foliage has turned red, they
are often purple, and when they grow in dark or shaded places,
they are often white, as in many parasites. Birds are particu-
larly adapted to this mode of dissemination. Their smaller size
and habits make it possible for the plants to attract them more
readily than the larger mammals ; hence berries ai'e particularly
common on trees and shrubs, less so on low herl)s, though they
do occur upon the latter and are eaten by ground l)irds. Though
many seeds become destroyed in the animal's body, many others
pass through without injury, and in some cases actually
germinate better than these which have not been swallowed.
The seed may be made indigestible either by its coats becoming

AN OUTLINE OP PHYTOBIOLOGY. 23

stony as in the grape, or by inner part of the ovary ripening to
a stone as it does in the peach and cherry. In many cases the
seeds are enclosed in a core which is not eaten but thrown away
after being carried some distance. Seeds escape being crushed
by the teeth either by their minute size, or by being large and
bitter, or by being very slippery, or by being too hard.

The pulp may be formed from bracts as in juniper, from the
receptacle as in the strawberry, from the calyx as in wintergreen,
from wall of the ovary as in the grape, from placentas as in
watermelon, from the arillus as in mace, yew, from the funi-
culus as in some cactuses, from hairs on the interior wall of
the ovary as in aroids and the orange, or the pulp may be formed
from several of these combined.

6. In some plants, seeds or fruits, more or less protected l)y
hard coats against danger of digestion, look so remarkably like
insects that it is believed by some botanists that their resemblance
is not accidental but the result of adaptation, and that they ai-e
swallowed by animals in the belief that they are insects, and are
later discharged uninjured. Such are the seeds of the castor
bean and of Jatrophn, which i-esemble beetles, and fruits of
Scorpiurus and Calendula which resemble caterpillars. But the
subject is not yet settled. In other cases very brightly colored
seeds may be swallowed precisely as other brightly colored
objects, such as bright pebbles, etc., are. Certain seeds, Melam-
pyrum pratense^ resemble very closely the eggs of ants and are
probably carried off in that belief.

7. Man has produced great effects upon plant locomotion.
He has carried useful plants from one continent to another and
through all lesser distances : along with the seeds of these, he
has accidently introduced others, which may run wild and become
weeds, and finally in various accidental ways he has scattered
them around the glolie. All of this locomotion is, however, of
the incidental, not of the adapted kind.

24 BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

VII. utilization of the Poioer of Gravitation.

As already pointed out this force working in a vertical
instead of a lateral direction is of little use in dissemina-
tion. It causes seeds to roll down slopes, and undoubtedly
aids in the scattering of heavy nuts, which have their
outer walls so built that they are elastic, and, falling with
force they may strike stones or roots or lower branches
and bounce away considerable distances, and this may
be helped by wind, water currents, etc.

III. Some Special Adaptations Connected with the
Locomotive Parts.

In addition to the adaptations to locomotion proper,
there are various arrangements connected with the
locomotive parts which we cannot here more than
mention. Such are the power of planting themselves by
utilization of the movements of hygroscopic tissues which
bore them into the ground as in Erodiiun and Stipo.
jnnnata. In other cases the fruit stalk turns from the
light and places the seeds in clefts of rocks on which the
plant grows as in Linaria Cymbalaria of Europe. Some
plants place their seeds in protective positions while they
are ripening, as manj^ water plants which draw them by
spirally shortened stems under water. Some seeds have
modes of protection against germinating in the fruit,
others special arrangements for rapidly absorbing water
and perhaps even fastening themselves to the ground.
Some fruits open only in favorable weather, others, as in
cones of certain pines, appear to open only when scorched
by fire, and there are many other arrangements which
space does not allow us to mention.

AN OUTLINE OF PIIYTOBIOLOGY.

IV. Suggestions for the Study of Plant Locomotion
BY Local Botanists.

From the foregoing outline, Avhieli is intended to be
suggestive rather than exhaustive, it will be perceived
that in plant locomotion, local botanists have a most
attractive and profitable field for study. There is oppor-
tunity for a great amount of original work in it. These
questions have been much studied in Europe, but very
little in this countiy, and it is needful that every species
shall be examined here, whether studied elsewhere or not.

The student may start with the assumption that
every plant has some mode of locomotion ; his task is
simply to discover what that is. To do so he has only
to watch closely enough the plant especially as it passes
from flower to fruit. Then secondly, it will help him if he
studies the locomotive agencies and observes what plants
are moved by them. He should, for example, watch the
berries to see what animals eat them, and the birds to see
what berries they eat. The seeds floating on water or
driven along the roads by wind, or which cling to his
clothing or the fur of animals, or (if he be also an
ornithologist,) which occur on the feet or in the stomachs
of birds should be collected and identified. To aid in this
latter work, he should make collections of seeds and
fruits of our water plants ; indeed our natural history
societies should make such collections as a part of their
museums. A collection of seeds and fruits of native
plants arranged according to agencies of locomotion
would be most instructive and interesting as well as
valuable for comparison. The botanist who would
undertake as his specialty to work out the locomotion of
every plant in a given district and to make a collection
of seeds and fruits to illustrate it would have a no less
interesting and serviceable specialty than he who works

26 BULLETIN OP THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

out the occurrence of plants in a given district and
collects an herbarium to illustrate it; indeed in the
present state of knowledge he would have one likely to
be of even more real service to science.

There is need also of experiment. How far certain
seeds may be carried by winds of certain strength ; how
long seeds may float in water without losing their power
of germination ; what seeds resist digestion while passing
through the bodies of animals, and many other principles
still need that statistical study which is the only founda-
tion for true knowledge.

I would propose finally to the botanists of Acadia
that they should communicate their original observations
upon locomotion and other biological topics to this society,
and that the society publish them in brief, precisely as it
has published notes on plant distribution, and that
nothing should be admitted to the list which does not
rest upon direct personal observation. In this way may
be systematically collected a body of reliable fact as a
basis for further elaboration of principle, and as well for
the preparation of that true natural history of our native
plants which is the real goal of all our endeavors.

Smith CoUege, Northampton, Mass., June 1, 1895.

Note, October 5.— As this paper goes to press I find myself well-nigh convinced
by recent discussions of the subject that, all things considered, the term Ecology
is a better one for the study of adaptation than Biology. In this case to express
the study of plants, Phytoecology would be better than Phytobiology.

HISTORY OF THE ICHTHYOLOGY OF NEW BRUNSWICK. 27

ARTICLE II.

HISTORY AND PRESENT STATE OF THE
ICHTHYOLOGY OF NEW BRUNSWICK.

Bt Philip Cox, A.B., B.Sc, Ph. D.

CHAPTER I.

Few countries of equal area surpass New Brunswick
in the extent and variety of its inland waters. Rivers
and streams, lakes and ponds, are scattered over the sur-
face to such an extent as to form, with short portages,
water communication between the most remote sections,
while the undulating nature of the surface favors the
formation of springs and brooks, which, flowing from
forest regions, are not only deliciously pure and cool, but
sensibly lower the temperature of the larger streams and
rivers even at the hottest season of the year. This cool-
ing influence is further increased by the melting of snow
often prolonged into early summer, especially in deep and
narrow forest valleys and on wooded northern exposures.
Thus it happens that the main rivers of the province, the
St. John, Miramichi, Nepisiguit and Restigouche, attract
swarms of anadromous fishes which enter and thread
these watercourses and their numerous tributaries far
into the interior. Hence the ocean's flocks and herds are
annually spread all over the province, where they linger
for weeks or even months ; and, as many are the choicest
and most valuable food-fishes, the inhabitants are not
only supplied with an excellent article of diet, but also

28 BULLETIN OP THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

enabled to pursue a profitable occupation — catching,
selling, and exporting the fish. To enable one to appre-
ciate the value of this industry it is only necessary
to state that the salmon, bass, shad, smelt, and alewife,
are among these annual migrants ; and hence the impor-
tance of preserving free from obstruction and pollution
the great provincial waterways, which attract and dis-
tribute them throughout tlie interior.

The sea-going forms, however abundant and valuable,
constitute only a part of the rich and varied fish-fauna
of the province, for the more inland water-system is the
home of a variety of food-fishes more or less peculiar to
fresh water, such as the whitefish, cusk, togue, winninish,
trout and perch, which are thus accessible to the popula-
tion beyond the range of the more anadromous forms.
In addition, the waters teem with many smaller species,
not directly valuable as food-fishes, but of much economic
importance as furnishing food for the more highly prized
species. In this way the whole ichthyology of a region
becomes a system of life, whose parts are so mutually
essential, so balanced and correlated, that any disturb-
ance, the thoughtless destruction of even the most insig-
nificant forms, may re-act fatally on the whole. To
preserve, then, nature's healthy balance, and maintain
undiminished the supply of food-fishes, call for an in-
timate knowledge of the whole ichthyology of the region
in question.

Thus, from an economic as well as scientific view,
I^ew Brunswick holds out many inducements to students
of nature and to practical investigators as well, to examine
its varied fish-life with the view of solving the many
difiicult problems bearing on the healthy maintenance of
one of its chief industries and sources ot wealth. So far
the results have been disappointing ; the ichthyology of

HISTORY OF THE ICHTHYOLOCxY OF NEW BRUNSWICK. 29

the province is still in its infancy ; nor is it complimentar}^
to the scientiiic spirit of provincialists to be reminded of
the fact that whatever little of a systematic character has
been done is, with one exception, the work of foreigners.

CHAPTER II.

The earliest reference to our fishes is to be found in
" L'Histoire JSTaturelle de 1' Amerique kSeptentrionale, par
I^icholas De'nys, Paris, 1672." The author lived in A.cadie
(i^ova Scotia and Xew Brunswick) twenty years or more,
and carried on extensive iishing and trading operations
at several pomts on the coast between Cape Breton and
Gaspe, especially at Bathurst and Point Miscou in 'New
Brunswick. Though he enumerates but a few species,
principally the staple food-lishes and a few others con-
spicuous by their large size and peculiar habits, and refers
to many smaller river and marine forms in a general way,
the ichthyological student is able to identify about twenty
species at least. As already stated, they are principally
the leading food-iishes, such as the salmon, cod, mackerel,
shad, hei-ring, trout, haddock, sturgeon, smelt, etc.; but
he also speaks of three kinds of rays, a sardine, an anchovy
and a flat-fish, which are hard to identify from the very
meagre description given. One of the points of greatest
interest, however, is found in his description of the
" Espadon," which would seem to be the " saw-fish,"
jmstis yecienatus Latham ^ an uncommon visitor, and

* "L'espadon est un poisson gros comme vine vache, de six a
huit pieds de longueur, qui va en diminuant vers la queue ; il a
sur le nez un espadon, dont il prend le noni, qui est long d'envir-
ons trois pieds, large d'environs quatre bons doigts ; il y a de deux
costez de cet espadon des pointes longues d'lm pouce, de pareille
distance les uns des autres, et va etraissessant vers le bovit ; il ne
plye point et est dur et fort roide. — L'Histoire Naturellc, par N.
Denys, Paris, 1672."

30 BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

not, to the writer's knowledge, since recorded on either
the coast of New Brunswick or Nova Scotia.

It is regrettable that our literary, historical, and
natural history societies and associations do not take
concerted measures to have these old and quaint, but
intensely interesting and attractive works, re-published,
and thus made accessible to scholars and students of
nature, — these "foot-prints on the sands of time."

In " A Historical and Statistical Account of New
Brunswick, with Advice to Emigrants," by Rev. W. C.
Atkinson, A, M., Edinburgh, 1844, occurs a list of some
provincial fishes ; but beyond the interest attached to it
as one of the earliest catalogues, it claims little attention.
From a scientific point of view it is of no value, for be-
sides its many inaccuracies it afi:brds ample evidence of
the author's want of knowledge of this section of natural
history. He not only includes such extra-limital species
as the bluefish, P. saltator Lacfpede, Spanish mackerel
S. maculatus Mitchill, and others of similar range, but
the squid and shrimp, which are not fishes at all ; from
which it must be inferred that the author of this attrac-
tive little book had not a sufficient knowledge of ichthj'ic
physiology to render his determination of species actually
observed of much scientific value. The writer, however,
finds a pleasure in recommending the little volume to all
students of the history of New Brunswick, who must
feel grateful -to the author for recording much which
might otherwise have been lost, of interest in the early
settlement and growth of the province.

Three years after appeared "New Brunswick," by
Abraham Gesner, Esquire, London, a volume dealing
with the geology, settlement, and general resources of
the province. The author believed in the universal dis-
tribution of the same animal life over any area wherein

HISTORY OP THE ICHTHYOLOGY OF NEW BRUXSWICK. 31

the same general pli_ysical and climatic conditions existed ;
for the " description of the productions of a single pro-
vince would apply to almost the whole of the northern
part of the great continent" (p. 355); forgetful of the
fact that great gaps often occur in the distribution of
some special form, even in cases of very restricted faunal
provinces, and that the theory becomes more objection-
able when sought to be applied to an extensive region.
For this reason then, his list, comprising sixty-four
species, culled from Richardson's " Fauna Boreali Ameri-
cana," Pennant's "Arctic Zoology," and several American
journals of science, must be viewed with suspicion, nor
any surprise felt at the ]iresence in it of many apocryphal,
extra-limital, and other doubtful species. At the same
time, it must be borne in mind that Dr. Gesner was a
man eminent in many branches of science, fully compe-
tent to become an authority in ichthyology, did his tastes
and opportunities lead that way, and well able to appre-
ciate the worth of scientilic methods and accuracy. The
" Gesner Museum," the first to be established in the pro-
vince, bears witness to his great energy and wide attain-
ments. Doubtless, the great majority of species included
in his list, and subsecj[uently identified as provincial fishes,
were actually observed and determined by him ; but the
reader is at a loss to know what they are or how to sepa-
rate them from the rest, consequently no satisfactory
criticismx of the catalogue can be made.

32 BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

CHAPTER III.

To Moses H. Perlev beloiiu's the honour of haviu^:
first pnbHshed a systematic and descriptive Hst of New
Brunswick fishes in a series of " Reports on the Sea and
River Fisheries of New Brunswick," Fredericton, 1852.
This list became the basis of all subsequent ones, not only
for the province, but for Nova Scotia as well. In this
the author verj' modestly claims not to be a professed
naturalist, but an observer of i^ature, and for this reason
begs indulgence at the hands of critics. A careful ex-
amination, however, of the little volume must convince
the reader that its author was a scholar of varied attain-
ments, a close and accurate observer of nature, careful
and cautious of statement, brief but Ku-id in narration.
A power of condensation and ability to seize the most
salient features of form, markings, structure, and habits
of fishes, render his descriptions exceedingly pleasing and
instructive. If he were not a "professed naturalist" it
was due entirely to his modesty ; for in the correctness
of his determinations and general stability of his list, is
found evidence of a high order of scientific knowledge.
That he included a few forms, now recognized as the
young, or seasonal, or other stages in the life of another
species, argues nothing. The general history of ichthy-
ology in America and elsewhere scarcely contains the
name of an author, however eminent, whose determina.
tions have not. in many cases, proved incorrect ; and it
bears additional testimony to our author's scientific acu-
men that he recognized the minute distinctions on which
these so-called species of Cuvier, Valenciennes, Storer, and
Delvay were founded ; for the}' were all regarded at
that time as specific forms. Moreover, some of these
he professes not to have seen, but admitted on Dr.

HISTORY OF THE ICHTHYOLOGY OF NEW BRUNSWICK. 33

Storer's authority. Bearing this in mind, it may be said
that after forty years Perley's determinations are essenti-
ally unchallenged. He established no new species, it is
true, for such an opportunity does not fall to every man,
and Perley was not a disciple of the more modern school
of species-manufacturers, who are flooding the fields of
zoology with visionary genera and species ; but, in iden-
tifying specific or transitional forms already named by the
above-mentioned authors, he exhibited an accurate ac-
quaintance with the details of anatomy. It is therefore
with more than ordinary pride the student turns to the
labours of this pioneer ichthyologist and folloAvs the foot-
prints of the man, the scholar, and naturalist who laid the
foundation of the science in New Brunswick.

Perley's list contains the names of sixty-two so-called
species ; but since his time the development of cj'prinids
has received more attention, and the " Shining Dace,"
Leiiciscus argenteus Storer, has been shown to be the
young of the River Chub, Semotilus hullaris Eafinesque.
Again, the '^Salmon Trout," or "White Sea Trout,"
*S'. trutta, of liis catalogue is undoubtly the sea-run or an-
adromous representative of the common Speckled Trout,
S.fontinalis Mitcliill. Under the name of " Britt," Cliqjea
minima Storer, he includes, on the latter's authority, a
small herring, which is now regarded as the young of the
two ordinary herrings of our coast. The common cod-
fish has perhaps the widest range of any, and must there-
fore be expected to exhibit much variation in size and
colour. One of these varieties is known as the "Rock
Cod," which was elevated to specific rank hy Storer,
Mitchill, and others; and, occurring on our coasts, was
very naturally assigned a place in our author's list.
Moreover, Prof. Gill has shown that the "Little Sand
Dab," Platessa jmssiUa, is the 3'oung of the common
flounder, P. plana Storer, and it must therefi)re be re-

34 BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

moved from the catalogue of provincial fishes. Discard-
ing then these five forms, there remain fifty-seven well
established species, representing the ichthyological labours
of Moses Perley.

The eminent natuarlist, Theodore Gill, M.D., Ph. D.,
to whose researches the science of ichthyology in America
is so largely indebted, published in 1865 a "Synopsis of
the Fish of the Gulf of St. Lawrence and Bay of Fundy "
{vide "Canadian Naturalist," Vol. II., 1865), which was
followed in 1873 by a "Catalogue of the Fishes of the
East Coast of ISTorth America." Though not to be ac-
cepted as an authority on provincial fishes, these works
proved of much value to subsequent investigators on ac-
count of the information they gave resyjecting species
liable to occur in the littoral waters of aS'ew Brunswick.
For this reason Prof. Gill's name and labours deserve
honourable mention, at least, in any review of the pro-
gress of ichthyology in Eastern Canada.

Such seems to have been the state of the science in
New Brunswick when there arrived in 1866 that versa-
tile writer and accomplished traveller and scholar, A.
Leith Adams, M. A., F. R. S., etc., stafl:-surgeon-major of
Her Majesty's 22nd regiment. An admirer of nature, a
scientist, already an author of some repute on the
natural history of India and the archaeology of the
Nile and Maltese Islands, he was well equipped through
taste and training to enter eagerly the fresh fields this
corner of the New World presented. He plunged at
once into the wilderness. No difficulty daunted, no toil
discouraged him : he bore with cheerfulness the hard-
ships and exposure of long winter journeys through the
forest, and the discomfort and torture caused by swarms
of mosquitoes and other insect pests during his summer
wanderiuiTS over the barren lands and inland watei-

HISTORY OF THE ICHTHYOLOGY OF NEW BRUNSWICK. 35

courses. His energy was remarkable ; his capacity for
intellectual work apparently unlimited. ISTo sooner did
he return from a trip of exploration, than dispatching
his official duties, and putting the results of late investi-
gations in shape, he was oif again to some remote region.
Kothing escaped him. He was equally at home in the
Indian's wigwam, studying his habits and listening to
his traditions — the uncertain twilight of a savage history ;
collecting stone implements, or digging into the kitchen-
middens of some prehistoric camping-ground ; in the log-
cabin of the back-woods settler, observing the customs of
frontier life and learning of the trials and hopes of the
hardy pioneer; in the lumberman's shanty away in the
depth of the forest, studying woodcraft, the effects of
climate, and the winter habits of birds and animals ; in
the hunter's "lean-to" beside a solitary Indian guide,
whither he had gone to observe the battle between the
cunning and intelligence of fur-bearing animals and the
trapper's craft; along with the chance poacher or pot-
hunter to witness with loathing the cowardl}^ and merci-
less slaughter of the lordly moose as it wallowed helpless,
cut, and bleeding in the deep, sharp-crusted snow, in
order to be the better able to denounce the barbarous de-
struction of the noblest game-animal of America ; in bark
canoe, on river or lake, capturing the finny denizens o^
the waters, or wading through stagnant ponds and quag-
mires collecting the oozy reptile ; in the trader's store-
room measuring and comparing the skins of animals, and
drawing conclusions, alike interesting to the general
reader and valuable to men of science ; or in rocky gulch
of mountain stream, on peaty barren, or bed of tarn,
studying the geology of the region.

But while prosecuting his field work with ardor,
he was also a student of books, having an inti-

36 BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

mate knowledge of almost every scientific publica-
tion which in any way bore on the natural history
of the country, as anyone reading that charming
volume, "Field and Forest Eambles," will perceive.
This book, containing the results of the labours of
six years in iN'ew Brunswick, is not only brimful of
useful and scientific information, but a real literar}- gem,
written in a style alike pleasing and attractive. In it the
scientist, naturalist, and poet, are blended harmoniously ;
and the dress is now the language of fact and then the
gorgeous livery of a lively imagination. A lover of
nature in all her various moods, with a strange suscepti-
bility to w^hat is poetic and mystic in her finer influences
and manifestations ; never more at home than when the
winter moon is casting the weird shadows of forest trees
on the fleecy mantle around him, or the solitary owl with
ominous voice is laughing into the death-like stillness of
its lonely haunts; or in canoe on the midnight waters of
forest lake, reflecting the pale lights of heaven, and its
darkened wall of trees re-echoing again and again the
scream of the Northern Diver : Dr. Adams, in his little
book whispers of the spirit of the wilderness, and the
beauty and charms of its picturesque scenery. And yet,
as alread}^ observed, the clear, brief, and accurate de-
scription of the scientist, will be found to exist side by
side with the artist and poet's richness of imagery and
charming delicacy of thought and expression.

It is, however, with Dr. Adams, as an ichthyologist
and his contributions to the science in New Brunswick
the writer has most to deal. He enumerates one hun-
dred and three species, including all those in Perley's list
with one or two exceptions, besides twenty-five others on
the authority of Dr. Gill (Synopsis of the Fishes of Gulf
of St. Lawrence and Bay of Fundy, Canadian Naturalist,

HISTORY OF THE ICHTHYOLOGY OF NEW BRUNSWICK. 37

1865) ; Dr. Holmes' Ichthyology of Maine, 1861-2, and
some other American authors ; but, as there is no cer-
tainty of these having been taken in the waters proper
of ISTew Brunswick, they cannot be considered in this re-
view, which seeks to ascertain the number of undoubted
species so far recognized. Moreover, further reductions
must be made of all duplicated species, where the young
or some local or seasonal variety was regarded as a dis-
tinct form. For instance, the landlocked smelt, Osmerus
mordax Gill, and the landlocked salmon, *S'. Gloverii
Girard, were considered as species distinct from the sea-
run or anaclromous forms, a position no longer tenable;
at least more extensive observation and various experi-
ments tend to establish their specific identity. The same
remarks will apply to two other nominal species, the New
York Shiner, Leucisois chrysoleucns Mitch., and the
Banded Dace, L. rittatus DeKay, which are specifically
equal to the shiner, Leucosomus AmencaTiua Storer, and
the Red Fin, Leiieiscus eorvnfus DeKay. Then again
there is, in his catalogue, a Leuciscus, which the doctor
did not determine ; and, as no specimen has been pre-
served in our province, it seems impossible to include it
in this list.

It will then be apparent that Dr. Adams added eleven
species to the known provincial fishes, all of which are
certified as having been "verified from personal observa-
tion," though it is unfortunate specimens were not de-
posited in any museum or collection in the province.
They are as follows :

Pumpkin Seed, Pomntis appendix Mitchill.

White Lake Bass, Labrax olhidus DeKay.

Many-Spined Stickleback, Gasterosteus actdeatus Brevoort.

Sea Raven, Hemitripterns Acadiensis Storer.

Labrador or Northern Sculpin, Coitus labradoricus Girard.

38 BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

Sea Swallow, Dactyloptems volitans Lacepede.
Radiated Shanny, Pholis subbi/urcatus Storer.
Thick-Lipped Eelpout, Zoarces auguiUaris Storer.
Spotted Wrymouth, Cj-i/ptacanthodes maadatus Storer.
Chub Sucker, Moxostomus oblonc/us Ayies.
Pickerel, Usox reticidatiis Le Sueur.

It must, however, be borne in mind tliat Dr. Adams
had followed Prof. Gill in the doctrine of "Zoological
Provinces," by which, whenever a species is known to
occur in any part of a so-called province, it is attributed
to the whole. Maine and New Brunswick are so classified
by our author {vide p. 214) ; and a Basking Shark, Ceto-
rkinvs maximus Blainville, taken on the coast of Maine,
is referred to K^ew Brunswick in the catalogue "verified
from personal observation " {vide p. 306, note). In this
way, too, the occurrence of the Ghost Fish, C. inornatus
Gill, in his list may be accounted for.

The history of this fish is interesting as illustrating
the general weakness of modern scientists. Every student
of nature is well aware that she occasionally shows the
wealth of her resources in albinism, melanism, and other
strange and accidental variations from a given type.
Not many years ago, the writer took a white specimen
of the common eel, Auguilla rostrata L., apparently in
good health and condition. It seems that in 1863 an
albino wrymouth, C. maculatus Storer, was sent to Prof.
Gill of Philadelphia, who proclaimed it a new species,
C. ivoriudiis, with the significant title of "Ghost Fish."
The Spotted Wrymouth is reported by J. M. Jones,
F. L. S., as "a rare visitor to Kova Scotia waters," and
he adds that a fine albino specimen was taken in Halifax
Harbour in 1860, and tliat such are not uncommon.
(Canadian Naturalist, Vol. II., 1865.) It is just possible
that Dr. Adams looked upon New Brunswick and Nova

HISTORY OP THE ICHTHYOLOGY OF NEW BRUNSWICK. 39

Scotia as constituting a marine ichthyological province,
and referred these ISTova Scotia specimens to the whole
supposed range ; but it is more probable that actual
specimens from our littoral waters, rare though they be^
came under his observation. It is needless to add that
the professor's " Ghost Fish " has vanished from the lists
of American fishes, but not soon enough to prevent its
insertion in the doctor's list. It is unfortunate that
localities were not assigned to these new and rare forms,
as it would have removed all doubt and misconception.
In March, 1894, a very fine specimen of C. maculatus
was taken in St. John Harbour, and identified by the
writer. It was donated to the ISTatural History Society
by Samuel W. Kain of the Customs.

American writers assert that C. maculatus has no
lateral line ; but the specimen in question had a well-
defined one on the anterior half of the body, showing a
regular line of i:>ores. In spirits it loses its characteristic
colouring, rapidly becoming whitish.

A very rare and extra-liraital species is the Sea Swallow,
Dactylopterus volitans Lacepede. It would not excite sur-
prise to have the accidental occurrence of this sub-tropical
gurnard reported from the south-eastern shore of I^ova
Scotia, w^hither it might stray from its congenial habitat,
the Gulf Stream ; but its presence in the coastal waters
of our province is more than a surprise. In the very
nature of things it must be an exceedingly^ rare visitor,
scarcely deserving a place in the lists of our fauna.

Another very uncommon fish is the Radiated Shanny,
PJiolis subbifitrcatus. It was first described by Storer,
"Report on the Fishes of Mass., 1839 " ; but its presence
in provincial waters was first recorded by Dr. Adams.
The next mention is by J. M. Jones, who reports its
capture in a trawl net off Halifax Harbour by the Speed-
well Expedition of the United States Fishery Commission,

40 BULLETIN OP THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

1877. (See List of the Fishes of Nova Scotia, Nova
Scotia Institute of Nat. Sc, Vol. V., Pt I., 1879.)

The Sea Raven, H. Acadiensis Storer, is not by any
means a rare iish in St. John Harbour, where it is taken
in the weirs. Several of such specimens have been ex-
amined by the writer. Both it and the Thick-lipped
Eelpout, Zoarces OKguiUaris Storer, occur in the Mira-
michi Bay. Z. ciUatus, a variety of the latter, is found
in the same ba}". They differ in the relative size of tha
head and jaws.

The fresh water species, 3Ioxostomus oblongus Ayres ;
Esox retieulatus Le. Sueur; PomoLis apjoendix Mitchill ;
and Labrax albidus DeKay, call for a few observations.

The first, known as the Chub-sucker, is Cjuite common
in small lowland streams ; but is disappearing from its
former haunts since the introduction of the pickerel.
The latter had not been planted in the waters of New
Brunswick in Perley's time ; but has become quite com-
mon in the lower course of the St. John, which is the
northern limit of its distribution in the province. The
third, Pomotis appendix, is a percoid fish, locally known
as the " Long-eared Sun-Fish," and quite common from
Maine to Louisiana. Dr. Adams assigns no locality for
it in New Brunswick ; but the White Lake-Bass, he tells
us occurs in " Oromocto Lake, one of the headwaters of
the Magaguadavic." Special inquiry was made by the
writer about this fish from settlers around the lake, but
none had ever seen it.

The Many-Spined Stickleback is found all over the
province ; but the Northern Sculpin does not appear to
have been observed on our coast since his time.

To sum up : Perley identified fifty-seven specific forms.
Dr. Adams added eleven new ones, making a total of
sixty-eight species, as the joint work of these two
pioneers.

HISTORY OF THE ICHTHYOLOGY OF NEW BRENSWICK. 41

CHAPTER IV.

A few additions have been made since, and it will be
the writer's object to describe them in greater detail.
All have been deposited in the Natural History Museum,
St. John ; and whenever a doubt existed regarding the
determination some of the best authorities in North
America were consulted.

Couesius plumbeus Agassiz. This is a species new to
our provincial fauna. Wm. M. McLean, Principal of the
St. John Grammar School, and the writer collected sev-
eral specimens from the upper St. John and Madaw^aska
rivers, as well as from the Squattook and Temiscouatri
lakes drained b}' the latter, in July, 1893. They are
small cyprinids ranging from three to five inches in
length, and varying greatly in detail according to locality,
the extremes of a series seeming to constitute well-
marked sub-species. Some of the constant features may
be here briefly alluded to.

The scales are cycloid in form, and about seventy
may be counted in the lateral line, eleven between it and
the dorsal, and eight between the lateral line and the
ventrals. The dorsal is inserted slightly behind the last
ray of the ventral, and has eight rays, the anal fin having
an equal number. The large eye is contained one and
one-fifth times in the snout and one and one-third times
in the interorbital space ; the mouth is terminal, and the
maxillary scarcely reaches the orbit.

On the other hand the coloration is extremel}^ varied.
In some specimens tbe plumbeous lateral band is scarcely
distinguishable ; in others nearly black : in the majority
the body is fusiform ; but in a few, heavy and chub-like
anteriorly. Some strange anomalies occur. One speci-

42 BULLETIN OP THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

men had the scale formula 12-70-9, the snout very short,
the head broad and flattish, and the lateral band invisible.

Being denizens of both fluviatile and lacustrine waters,
much variation must be looked for, even in those
details of general physiognomy which are regarded as
specific of fishes of more uniform habitat and restricted
range. Food, temperature, and the character of its
general environment must, in time, stamp their influence
on the less persistent structural elements of the creature
so conditioned, and slowly produce that divergence of
type to which the very existence of species is doubtless
due. The cyprinids are peculiar among fishes in this re-
spect, which renders the family one of the most difiicult
to diagnose and classify. Moreover, there is much con-
fusion at present in the literature relating to the genus
Coueshis, and a more thorough examination of a large
amount of material from various sources may perhaps
show that many of these apparently aberrant forms may
be entitled, if not to specific, at least to sub-specific dis-
tinction,

Couesius prosthemius Cope.

Though this distinguished herpetologist and natural-
ist considered this form a good species, there are many
reasons for simply regarding it as a strongly marked
variety or perhaps sub-species of C. jylumbeus Agassiz.
Even Giinther adjudged it of specific rank {vide VII. p.
442) ; but the writer is not aware that he had then seen
the last described species. This fish occurs in Loch
Lomond, St. John County, where it was identified by
the writer in June, 1893. It is very abundant, and
would seem to iittain a larger size than in any other re-
corded place in America, except perhaps in Lake
Superior, some specimens being over six inches long.
The following description w^ill sufiice : Body elongate.

HISTORY OF THE ICHTHVOLOGY OF NEW BRUNSWICK. 43

sub-fusiform, heavy anteriorly ; back slightly arched ;
head rather small, and mouth inferior and oblique rather
than terminal as in C.plumbeus ; snout descends abruptly.
Eye small, contained four times in the length of the head,
which latter is contained four-and-a-half times in the
body. Profile of head straightish, flattened on top, with
a slight medium depression. Dorsal inserted over last
ray of ventral, and like the anal has eight rays. The
scale formula is 11-64-8, varying slightly in different
individuals. Coloration : Above almost black, below
whitish, lateral band dusky.

This fish spawns about the middle of June, when the
top of the head, and scales of the lateral and dorsal parts,
are beset with minute horny tubercles, rendering it
harsh to the touch.

Loch Lomond is drained into the Bay of Fundy by
the Mispeck river, and has, therefore, no fresh-water
connection with the St. John or any other river system.
Hence this form is localized, confined, as it were, to a
very limited lacustrine area, and does not exhibit the
aberrant character of the last species.

A single specimen of Couesius was taken from Spruce
Lake, St. John County, by the writer in September,
1893, which difl:ered in some particulars from either of
the two above-described, and is evidently the form re-
ported from Free Port, Maine, by W. C. Kendall and
Hugh M. Smith {vide liulletin U. S. F. Com., pp. 15-21,
1894).

The body is fusiform, its depth being four and
three-quarter times in its length. Profile very much
arched. Head conic, convex on top, four and a quarter in
body. Mouth terminal. Eye large, three and a quarter
in head. Scales 10-60-7, D. 8, A. 9. Teeth 1.4-4.2.
Length, three and three-quarter inches. Colour: dark —

44 BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

olive above, whitish below ; an intensely dark baud
around snout, expanded on opercle, and ending at the
base of the caudal in a rhombic-shaped spot. Cheeks,
axils of paired tins, and base of anal, bright red.

The intensely dark lateral band, strong convexity of
dorsal outline, teeth and scales, would, if constant, entitle
this fish to sub-specific rank. It bears a close resemblance
to C. greeni, from Fort St. James, B. C. {vide Bulletin
i^atural History Society of B. C, 1893). The strikingly
arched character of the anterior dorsal region, in which
the head, too, participates, was also observed, but to a
less extent, in smaller specimens of C. pliunbeus, and may
be a feature of the immature fish ; but this is rather op-
posed to the general rule that dorsal convexity increases
with age, though cephalic flattening may take place. On
the whole there is need of a wide and thorough investi-
gation to settle satisfactorily the many obscurities in con-
nection with this whole genus."^

Phoxinus neogaeus Cope. JSIinnow.

In 1888 this little cyprinid was first reported from the
province b}" the writer, who collected some in a small
pond in Maugerville, Sunbuiy County ; and in May, 1893,
he described others from Dark Lake, in the vicinity of
St. John. In September of that year specimens were
taken from Garnett's Lake, a few miles from Loch
Lomond, and others were obtained from a small pond
near Anagance, Kings County. The Maugerville speci-
mens are larger than the Michigan and Iowa fish first
described by Prof. E. D. Cope, of Philadelphia, in 1886,
being four inches long instead of three. The body is
roundish, compressed posteriorly, the profile being nearly

* While this article was going through the press, the writer took many speci-
mens of this variety from the Water Works Lake, some miles from St. John. As the
localities are remote and spec mens identical, it would seem to point out this form
as a well marked sub-species.

HISTORY OF THE ICHTHYOLOGY OF XEW BRUXSWICK. 45

straight. Head large, compressed laterally. Mouth large
oblique, with a narrowed and bluntish snout, and the
lower jaw projecting. The maxillary reaches the front
of the eye, which is large, and contained three and a hulf
times in head, three-quarter in snout, one and a third
in interorbital space. Fins well developed. The height
ot the dorsal equals the length of the pectoral, or
the distance between the papil and posterior margin of
the opercle. Dorsal inserted behind the anal and mid-
way between the front of the orbit and base of caudal.
The scales are small, much embedded in the skin, and
showing about eighty-two in a longitudinal series.
Lateral line incomplete, disappearing a little in advance
of the dorsal. Back dusky, sides with a dusky band, a
lighter one above ; below whitish. Dorsal and caudal
dusky, the other tins light, edged with dark. Head four,
and depth four and a half times in body. D. 8, A, 8.
Teeth 2.4—4.2 on pharyngeals. These specimens were
obtained in July after the spawning season when they
were likely out of condition, which may account for their
attenuated and compressed form, dull colour, and the
absence of crimson on sides and in axils of pectoral fins,
which is said to be characteristic of the Michigan fish.

The specimens from Dark Lake were procured in
May and difi:er in many particulars from the above ; but
are almost the counterpart of the Anagance variety ob-
tained in September. The largest specimens, and scores
were examined, are two and three-quarter inches in
length. The head is very heavy ; the profile w^ell arched ;
there is an angle at the nape; the head is curved to the
nostrils ; the muzzle is short and decurved, with a
blunter snout. Anal fin mostly nine-rayed. Dorsal in-
serted farther back by two-thirds the length of the caudal.
Lateral line longer. An intensely black band running

46 BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

from snout to caudal, forming a broad conspicuous patch
on operculum. Head three and two-thirds, and depth
four times in body. Sides below lateral band rosy.
Females larger and more richly coloured than the males.
Gill-membranes not forming a fold at the isthmus.
Branchial leaflets stouter, oblong not acute, filling gill
cavity completely and causing it to bulge. Gill rakers
shorter, less acute and with broader bases. Teeth 2.4 —
4.1 or 4.0, more acute and hooked. The Garnett lake
variety are almost the counterpart of the Maugerville
specimens, reaching a length of five inches.

While these differences may not be entitled to specific
recognition, it must be remembered they are constant, and
mnny species have been established upon fewer and less
important characters ; nevertheless, the writer believes
that this principle has been pushed to an unwarranted
length, needlessly multiplying species and perplexing the
"whole science of ichth^'ology. Just how far modifi-
cation must extend, and what structural and other
diversities must exist before a species can be declared,
will always be a subject of contention ; still it behooves
men of science to be as conservative as possible, and slow
to stamp with natural isolation and finality forms which
are but initial steps in that process of development which
matures in the production of well-marked species. These
little fishes furnish a good illustration. They occur only in
small ponds, widely separated, and from which predaceous
fishes are entirely excluded, each set having a very re-
stricted range with conditions of life peculiar to itself.
As the creature is but the vitalized history of its environ-
ment, when the latter diflers in two or more cases, dis-
similar products must result. In this way what may
have been in past ages a fairly uniform species, scattered
over an immense area more or less accessible to all, has,

HISTORY OF THE ICHTHYOLOGY OF NEW BRUNSWICK. 47

in more recent times, and under the results of drainage
and from other causes, either become extinct, or main-
tained its existence in small and isolated areas, becoming
in time a form peculiar to its own surroundings. Dark
Lake, with a name suggestive of its shaded waters, and the
little woodland pond at Anagance, hidden away in the
sombre forest, would be expected, other things being
equal, to affect an ancestral type in the same way ; while
the marshy pond in Maugerville, with extensive grassy
intervales on all sides, and Garnett's lake, with its peaty
bottom and surrounding heath, must influence alike the
varj'ing and less persistent features of a common parent.

Chrosoimis erythrog aster Agassiz. Red-Bellied Dace.

The paucity of cyprinid forms in the province has
been remarked on, but a closer study of the fauna keeps
adding an occasional new species. The latest found b}' the
writer is the above, which occurs in Clear Lake, Lepreaux,
and may reasonably be expected to turn up in other
places. Doubtless its diminutive size has caused it to
be mistaken for the fry of larger species ; yet in the
breeding season it is a conspicuous and attractive object.

The bod}' is fusiform ; head rather bluntly pointed,
with mouth oblique and lower jaw slightly the longer.
The maxillary scarcely reaches the orbit. Lateral line
very short, as m Phoxinus. Colour: back pale brown
or olivaceous, with a dark vertebral line, and sometimes
on large specimens an ill-defined line on each side of it
made up of spots, and extending from occiput to dorsal
fin, but generally only a few spots are seen. Sides with
two dark bands, the upper narrow extending from the
head to the tail, frequently broken posteriorly into sjDots
or disappearing altogether ; the lower broader, running
from the nose through the eye and ending in a dark
spot on the tail. Space between the bands and the latter

48 BULLETIX OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

and ventral region silvery, red in spring males. Head three
and three-quarters in length. D. 7 or 8. A. 8 or 9. Teeth
5-5. Length of largest specimens two and a half inches.

Some smaller exam|)les show the lateral bands con-
fluent on the caudal peduncle, but otherwise are typical.
There seems no good reason for regarding it, with Prof.
Cope, as a distinct species.

Uranidea holeoides Girard. The Fresh-Water Scul-
pin. Miller's Thumb.

The presence of this little fresh-water cottoid in the
streams of our province seems to have escaped the notice
of previous writers and observers. It is, however, by
no means rare ; but its habit of skulking under rocks
and not taking bait readily, as well as its diminutive size,,
makes it difficult to detect.

Body sculpin-like, heavy anteriorly ; head broad and
flat, contained three and a quarter times in body. Mouth
large, with the maxillary extending to nearly opposite
the pupil, and the preopercular spine sharp. Villiform
teeth on jaws and vomer. Pectoral fins large, reaching
the third ray of the anal. Dorsal consists of eight
spines and seventeen rays ; the anal of eleven rays.
Coloration : Olivaceous above, with dark spots, whitish
below. Length three inches.

This species was first repoited from the Restigouche
River in 1888 by John Brittain and the writer, subse-
quently collected by the latter frcmi the affluents of the
lower Miramichi, and was found dead in the Madawaska,
July, 1893.

Urairidea JRichardsimi Jordan and Gilbert. Miller's
Thumb. Blob.

To this species are referred specimens taken by the
writer from Mill Cove Stream, a tributary of the Mira-
michi, in the vicinit}' of IS^ewcastle, April, 1892.

HISTORY OF THE ICHTHYOLOGY OF NEW BRUNSWICK. 49

Body stout, with a heavy flattened head, the vertex
being depressed, and the body tapering regularly to the
tail. The head is contained three and two-thirds, and
the depth five times in the body. The mouth is large
with the maxillary reaching to the posterior edge of the
pupil, and jaws equal. Eye moderate, three and a half
in head, one in sncut, one-half in interorbital space.
Pectorals large, reaching nearly to ventrals. Lateral line
well marked, decurved opposite posterior end of soft
dorsal. Coloration : dark above, with deeper blotches,
dull whitish below ; fins, with exception of ventrals, dark
and mottled. Preopercular spine sharp, not hooked,
directed obliquely backwards and upwards, the inferior
two being feebly developed. Subopercular spine short,
directed forwards. The fin formula is, D. VIII. — 17.
A. 12. P. 13. V. I.— 4. Length four inches.

Uranidea forniosa Girard. Miller's Thumb.

As its specific name implies, this is among the pretti-
est of the fresh-water sculpins. The body is fusiform
and slender, the head small, slightly depressed on top
behind the orbits, narrowed anteriorly. Profile of head
rounded. Head is contained four and a quarter times in
total length. Mouth small, jaws equal, maxillary reach-
ing the pupil. Eye moderate, four in head, one in snout,
one-quarter in interorbital sj^ace. the latter with a groove
between the very proximate orbital ridges. Preopercular
spine moderately developed, acute, slightly curving up-
wards, with a small one on edge of opercle below. Sub-
opercular spine directed forward and downward, well
developed. Lateral line not conspicuous, disappearing
opposite middle of second dorsal. Upper parts dusk}',
mottled, the more or less regular longitudinal rows of
spots being somewhat confluent ; sides lighter with spots

50 BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

of orange ; under parts orange-3'ello\v, D. VIII — 16.
A. 11. Y. I. — 3. Length two and three-quarter inches.

One specimen only of this species was obtained. It
was found by W. M. McLean and the writer floating dead
in the Madawaska River, a few miles above Edmund-
ston, July, 1893. As American writers report it peculiar
to deep lakes, it is just possible it was brought down
by the current from Lake Temiscouata, Quebec, fifteen
miles above ; but this is quite improbable. It is here re-
tained as a New Brunswick fish, for the writer is led to
believe that these fresh-water cottoids have a peculiar
facility of easy and natural adaptation to almost any con-
dition of life ; so that the same species can equally exist
in lake or river.

The description and synonomy of the IJranidea of
iS^orth America are very much confused. Over twenty-
five species and a large number of varieties have been de-
scribed by various authors, especially by Girard in the
" Monograph of the Fresh-water Cottoids," but there is
little unanimity among them, and the whole genus needs
a thorough revision. They affect lakes, rivers, and cool,
rocky streams especially, where the}^ must form no incon-
siderable i^ortion of the food of larger fishes, as the
togue, cusk, trout, and land-locked salmon. They
skulk about in the shelter of bottom objects, darting
rapidly across interspaces, and disappearing suddenly,
showing in their quick and timid movements fear of lurk-
ing enemies. Their principal food is found adhering to
pebbles and rocks, or creeping on the bottom, and con-
sists of the aquatic larvae of the larger insects, with
worms and fresh-water crustaceans. Their habits, as be-
fore stated, and coloration, render them very incon-
spicuous and hard to detect ; but if a few stones be
turned over in the bed of almost any stream at low

HISTORY OF THE ICHTHYOLOGY OF NEW BRUXSWICK. 51

^vater, the observer will be often surprised at the number
of these little denizens skulking there out of sight. In
the numerous streams and lakes of the province there
must be several species of this genus still unrecognized.^

U. gracilis (Heckel) Putnam. Miller's Thumb.

This species is very slender, with the dorsal fins
edged with orange or red, a large mouth, and con-
cealed propercular spine. The maxillary reaches the
l^Lipil. In many respects it resembles both U. formosa
and U. boleoides, but can always be recognized by its
slender form. It was first reported by the writer from
Green River, Madawaska County, in 1894, where it is
associated with U. Richardsoni and V. boleoides.

Coregonus quodrilaterials, Richardson. White Fish.

This salmonoid is found in the river St. John above
the Grand Falls and in many of the lakes drained by its
tributaries. It is associated with its congener C. labra-
doricus Rich. ; but is inferior to the latter in quality of
flesh and size. As this is its first appearance in any JSTew
Brunswick list, a l)rief description is here given, taken
from specimens collected by Wm. M. McLean and the
writer in July, 1893.

Body elongate, roundish, not much compressed. Dor-
sal aspect not appreciably arched, nearly straight from
nape to caudal ; ventral aspect curving both ways from
base of ventral tins. Head moderate, profile little
curved; snout ver}- narrow, pig-like, descending, ob-
liquely truncated, its tip on level with lower margin of
tlic orbit. Preorbital bone as wide as the pupil. Max-
illary, wide, short, not reaching the front of the orbit,
about four in head. Mouth inferior, small, with no teeth
on tongue. Gill rakers short and stout. Coloration :
Pale-bluish above, silvery below ; sides with dark punctu-

* Since the above was written, the writer found U. gracilis in Green River'
Victoria County, which he has caused to Ije inserted above.

52 BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

lations. Dorsal and caudal dusky ; ventrdls, anal, and
pectorals whitish, the latter margined and deeply pointed
with dusk}'. Head five and a quarter. Depth four and
two-thirds. D. 12. A. 11. Scales 9-86-8. Length
about twelve inches.

Although, in some details, it bears a close resemblance
to C. Co?/gs/ Miller, and in others to C. Williamsoivi
Girard, it is evidently a local variety of C. quadrilateralis
Rich., which occurs in the lakes of New Hampshire and
and the upper Great Lakes of Canada. Its habits are
about the same as those of C Idbraduricus, except that it
is more frequently taken in summer about the mouths
of inlets, while C. labrodoririis prefers the lakes proper.

About the middle of September the Avhite-fish congre-
gate around the mouths of inlets, up wliich they swarm
to deposit their spawn. Brush and hurdle weirs are
built across these streams, with nai-row gates or openings
through which the iish pass to lincl themselves entrapped
in net pounds surrounding the entrances, and so cleverly
arranged that the imprisoned fish cannot escape. Li
some phices a mere pretence is made of complying with
some law or custom for ])roviding a tree passage, narrow
though it be; but in many instances this passage is so
narrow and shallow that a fish could not get through
without danger of stranding. In the face of such de-
tructive fishing, it is a matter of surprise that they main-
tain themselves in even their present diminished numbers,
as compared with their abundance in former years.
When so taken, all are gravid and on their way to the
spawning grounds a few miles from the lakes. Indeed,
it is quite evident to any one visiting the lake region of
the upper St. John, and at all conversant with the habits
of the white-fish, that there is pressing need of the en-
forcement of stringent regulations to preserve to the people

i

HISTORY OF THE ICHTHYOLOGY OP NEW BRENSWICK. 53

this bounty of Providence. Fresh-water and anadro-
mous fishes are more exposed to the ignorance and greed
of man, and therefore more liable to extermination than
marine food-fishes. For this reason the fishery should be
wisely regulated. As evidence of this, the Annual Reports
of the Department of Fisheries may be quoted with re-
spect to one district — the region visited by the writer in
July, 1893. Only those of 1885-88 are at hand, but
they will serve the purpose. Lake Temiscouata and
Tuladi River yielded of white-fish in 1885, 600 barrels;
1886, 450 ; 1887, 420 ; 1888, 110. Further comment is
unnecessary.

Catostomus longirostus Le Sueur. Long-nosed Sucker.
The Banded Sucker.

Dr. Leith Adams reports this species occurring in
" Scift' Lake Stream of the eastern Schoodic chain of
lakes," St. Croix, York County {vide F. and F. Rambles,
p. 252) ; but strange to say it is not found in his list.
The omission is clearly an oversight.

Wm. M. McLean and the writer took specimens from
the upper St. John, Madawaska, and the Tuladi lake,
the latter in the Province of Quebec, during a tour of in-
vestigation in the summer of 1893. Moreover, Indians
report it from the upper waters of the Tobique, but its
occurrence there is doubtful, otherwise its presence might
be reasonably looked for in the lower afiluents of the
main river.

The two specimens examined by Dr. Adams were
from five to six inches in length ; and though they aver-
age two or three inches more on the upper St. John, the
New Brunswick representatives, so far as known, are
much smaller than those of the Great Lakes and more
western and northwestern waters of ISTorth America,
where they exceed the common sucker, C. Commersoni

54 BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

Lac, which attains in N'ew Brunswick a len2:th of
eighteen inches. Tlie llatter and longer head and snout,
broad rosy band, coarsely tuberculate lips, and minute
scales, distinguish it readily from the common species,
especially in the breeding season.

Very little is known definitely of the movements of
this fish. From what the writer observed and could
learn from settlers and Indians, it seems to prefer in
summer cold, rapid streams and the deep waters of lakes,
being in this respect very unlike the common variety,
which finds a congenial home on the gravelly and mudd}^
bottoms of even sluggish streams. In June large speci-
mens are said to be quite common, moving up the
thoroughfares of lakes in company with the spotted
trout ; but their summer habitat is not well known.
The immature fish seem to frequent, in summer, lakes
and the lower stretches of rivers, at least many are found
in such places. As the writer has pointed out a corre-
spondence between the fish faunas of the St. John and
Restigouche {vide Bulletin No. XI. iSTatural History
Society, St. John), the long-nosed sucker will likely be
found in the latter river.

Gasterosteus inconstans Kirtland. Brook Stickleback.
Five-spined Stickleback.

This species was first reported a few years ago b}^ the
writer. It is very rare in the northern parts of the
province, where its place is taken by G. ■puiigitius^ L.,
but it is fairly common in the valley of the lower St. John
[vide Bulletin No. XL Xatural History Society, St. John).

Apeltes quddracus Mitchill. Shieldless Stickleback.

This is a diminutive denizen of the brackish ditches
and ponds that are found in marsh lands near the mouths
of small rivers aftected by the tides. The specific name
quadracus refers to its dorsal armature, consisting of four

HISTORY OF THE ICHTHYOLOGY OP NEW BRUNSWICK. 55

spines, three free and one connected "with the soft fin.
As this seems to he the first record of its presence in
provincial waters, "where it "was found by the writer in
October, 1893, a fuller description than usual may be
given in an article of this kind.

Body compressed, its depth equalling the length of the
head. Dorsal outline arched, highest at insertion of soft
dorsal, thence to snout nearly straight. Caudal peduncle
very slender, not keeled. ISTo dermal plates. Innomin-
ate bones unconnected. Breast covered with a bony
plate. Gill membranes connected with isthmus. Free
dorsal spines three, the first the longest, and pointing
generally to the left., the second and third to the right
and left respectively, but at diflerent angles ; the fourth
is joined w^ith the soft dorsal. Bases of free spines
between two bony ridges. Coloration : dusky above,
mottled; silvery below. Ventral spines, coral red. Fin
formula: D. Ill — 1,11; A. 1,8. Length, one and
one-half inches. Mouth of Little River, near St. John.

It seems strange that this little fish, actually swarm-
ing in the locality referred to, and in the near vicinity of
a city of 45,000 people, should have escaped notice so
long. It was probably mistaken for a tiny stickleback,
which it somewhat resembles.

Prof. Mitchill first described the species [vide Trans.
Lit. and Phil. Society, I. 430, 1815), and Gill includes it
in his " Catalogue of Fishes of the East Coast of ISTorth
America," Washington, 1873, assigning its range from
New Brunswick to Florida. It would seem then that its
occurrence in our waters was either known to this author,
or more likely inferred, by a projection of the typical
fauna of the neie:hbouring American coast waters to its
natural and geographical limit, namely, the head of the
Bay of Fundy and southern coast of ISTova Scotia {vide

56 BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

" Catalogue of the Fishes of the East Coast of ISTorth
America," by T. H. Gill, p. 14, note, Washington, 1873).

Scores of specimens were measured, and the maximum
length found to be one and one-half inches — a little
above half the length they are said to attain farther
south. Moreover, two well-defined arrangements of the
dorsal spines were noticed, a regular and an irregular
alternation ; the former having the three free spines
respectively alternate in direction, the first pointing to
the left ; the latter with the first pointing to the right,
the remaining tioo to the left. Hence the direction of
the first spine seems to determine the kind of alternation
of the spines themselves. About eighty per cent, of a
very large number showed these arrangements in nearly
equal proportion ; the remaining twenty per cent, fell
equally under similar arrangements reversed. This fact
appears to have escaped the notice of the writers re-
ferred to above, the irregular one being the arrangement
of their descriptions.

Fundulus nigrofasciatus Le Sueur, Killifish.

This little cyprinodont is, like the last, an inhabitant
of brackish ponds, and among the smallest of the
thirteen members of its genus frequenting the coastal and
fluviatile waters of eastern l^orth America, being barely
two and a half inches in length. It is very tenacious of
life, and while natural to salt water can endure a long
residence in the fresh element. The writer kept two
taken in the mouth of Little River, St. John Co., for
seven months in a globe jar in fresh water ; and except
a slight falling off in condition, due to the want of
proper food, they retained their usual energy. It would
not then be surprising did further investigation disclose
that the genus is also represented by fresh-water, or, at

HISTORY OF THE ICHTHYOLOGY OP NEW BRUNSWICK. 57

least, aiiadroHioiis species in our province. "^ Indeed the
Fuiidnli of Nortli America divide themselves naturally
into two groups, one with six branchiostegal rays and
confined to brackish or salt water ; the other with five
such rays and generally frequenting rivers and lakes,
being veiy closely related to, if at all generically difterent
from Zygonedes, the species ot which, multiplied beyond
all reason, are residents of fresh water.

Fundulus heferocUtus L. Mummichog. Salt water
Minnow.

This species is rather common in the mouths of rivers
in the northern part of the province. It is closely related
to the last, from which it differs chiefly in being longer
and stouter, the head heavier, thicker and flatter, the
oviduct extending nearly to the end of the first anal ray ;
the under parts, including ventral and anal fins, pale
orange instead of white : the females nearl}^ plain, not
having, Avhen mature, the narrow black vertical bars
characteristic of the former species ; no golden spot at
front of dorsal and caudal, as in the last form, in life.

Fundulus fasciatus, or the striped Killifish, of Perley's
list, is hard to identify, owing to the endless multiplicity
of terms and confused nomenclature employed in desig-
nating the various species and varieties of this genus.
In the very brief description given, he refers to its sides
" being of a brassy yellow, tinged with green . . . and
two to five longitudinal stripes." Now these characters
are said to be peculiar to F. majalis (Walb.) Gill; but

* Several months after the above was written the author took F. diaphanus in
French Lake. ("See list.) A short description may be here appended: Posteriorly
the borly is compressed, but in large specimens round and heavy anteriorly. Small
examples are generally slender. Head quite flat above. General colour olivaceous
with dark spots on the back, sides with from ten to twenty dark vertical bars,
after the manner of i^. nigrofasciatus. Fin formula : D. Vi, A. 11 ; about thirty-
eight rows of scales on the side. Length of largest specimens five inches. It
seems to be generally distributed on the lower St. John and its affluents.

58 BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

the latter is among the largest ej^prinodonts, being from
five to six inches long, whereas Mr. Perley gives the
length from one to three. American writers assign the
range of the latter from Cape Cod to Florida; so its
occurrence in the Ba}' of Fnndy is improbable.

The Fnndnli feed upon minute organisms, and are
themselves preyed upon by tomcods, sculpins, and trout.
In the northern streams the latter are very partial to them,
which fact the angler turns to advantage ; for the little
dainty, hooked through the dorsal fin and struggling at
the end of a long line, is too great a temptation for the
voracious sea-run trout. When the latter in vast schools
enter the river at high tide, and spread out over the
submerged flats, the little Fundali are greedily devoured ;
and were it not for their cleverness in darting into the
oozy mud few would escape. This annual drain accounts
for their comparative scarcity in places well conditioned
to support them in greater numbers.

Murcenoides gannellus L. Butter Fish.

This shore Blenny is said by Prof. Gill to range from
ISTova Scotia to Cape Hatteras, and Dr. Adams includes
it in his list on the former's authority ; but as there is no
previous record of its actual occurrence in our provincial
coast waters, a more extended notice of its form and
habits may now be allowable.

The body is long, narrow, and strap-like, bulging a
little in the ventral region, and tapering uniformly to-
wards the tail. Head small, sViort, compressed, veiy
narrow on top. Occipit flattened, profile suddenly de-
curving towards snout. Mouth small, oblicpie, with
lower jaw projecting. Teeth in a single row on jaws,
except near symphysis ; a little jDatch on the vomer.
Gill membranes united, free from the isthmus. Dorsal
fin low, extending from near nape to base of caudal, with

HISTORY OF THE ICHTHYOLOGY OF NEW BRUNSWICK. 59

which it is more or less confluent ; all its rajs spinous.
Anal also confluent with tail, the junction in both cases
being marked by a depression. Pectorals short. Ven-
trals thoracic, rudimentary, composed of one spine and
one ray. Coloration : olive above ; yellowish below ;
sides with obscure dark bars. Twelve black ocellated
spots disposed quite regularly on base of dorsal. Head
eight in body. Depth seven. Fin formula: D. LXXVIII.
A. II, 36 — 38. V. I, 1. Length seven inches.

The above description is taken from two or three of
the larger of a number of specimens the writer procured
from St. John harbour, in September, 1893. Smaller
specimens are brown above, wdth a dark vertical bar
under the e3''e, and dorsal spots oblong. This fish is said
to attain a length of twelve inches. They live in shallow
water, gliding among the rocks and seaweed, for which
movements their thin eel-shaped and slippery bodies are
admirabl}^ suited. They seldom retire with the tide, but
lie concealed in their usual haunts. Young shell-fish,
worms, shrimps, and other crustaceans form their chief
food. The species occurs on both sides of the Atlantic.

Stromateus triacanthus Peck. Harvest Fish. Dollar
Fish.

This species is quite common on the southern coast of
Nova Scotia, and cannot be said to be rare in St. John
harbour, where some are taken every autumn in the weirs.
It is a scombroid fish, with body flat, thin and ovate, the
caudal peduncle being short and slender. The dorsal
and ventral outlines are about equally arched. Head
short and compressed. Mouth small, with blunt snout,
and maxillary not reaching the eye. Teeth minute,
weak, on jaws only. Gill membranes not united, free
from the isthmus. Lateral line concurrent with the
back, and a rudimentary one with the ventral outline.

60 BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

Dorsal fin long, reaching nearly to caudal, and with a
series of pores near the base. Anal fin similar. A few
feeble spines, generally three, in front of each. Pectorals
long. Colour : bluish above, below white, with silvery
reflection. Head four, depth two and a half. The fin
formula is, D. Ill, 44. A. Ill, 38. Length six inches.
A specimen in possession of Wm. M. McLean, St. John,
furnished the above description. As is the case with the
Sea Raven, H. Aynericanus Cuv. and Yal., full-grown
Dollar Fish are seldom seen in St. John harbour. They
are said to attain the length of ten inches, and to be very
palatable pan-fish.

Scomberesox saurus Walbaum. Bill Fish. Saury.

This little pelagic fish is exceedingly rare on our
coast. The writer is not aware that it was ever observed
in the Bay of Fundy=^; and but one instance of its occur-
rence on the Gulf Shore has come to his notice, when
several years ago a specimen was taken on the northern
side of Miramichi Bay and sent to the writer by Dr. A.
C. Smith, Inspector of Leprosy, Newcastle. It was
mounted, but subsequently lost. The body was smelt-
like, the scales too, being small, and deciduous. Dorsal
outline but little curved. Head moderate, compressed
so as to be very narrow below. Jaws prolonged into a
slender beak, quite as long as the rest of the head, the
lower jaw being the longer. Dorsal opposite anal, and
both somewhat broken up into finlets posteriorly. Cau-
dal deeply forked. Head three and a half. Depth
eight and a half. D. 9, VI. A. 12, V. Length nine
inches.

* The author has since learned that Dr. Bailey, of the University of N. B.,
has one from the vicinity of St. Stephen, Bay of Fundy. See list.

HISTORY OF THE ICHTHYOLOGY OF NEW BRUNSWICK. 61

Specimens eighteen inches long are reported by vari-
ous authors. At sea, it is said to accompany schools of
mackerel, and old fishermen call it the " Mackerel
Guide."

Cliipea aestivalis Mitchill. Blue-Back. Summer
Gaspereau.

In habits and a few points of structure this fish differs
from the common alewife, and is now regarded as a dis-
tinct though closely allied species. The eyes are smaller,
and the fins not so well developed. The peritoneum is
black. The average size is much smaller than the spring
gaspereau. They enter fresh water late in June and
ascend rivers to spawn ; but do not frequent small streams,
ponds, and shallow lakes as the ordinary alewife does,
seeming to prefer the lower courses of rivers for that pur-
pose. Although very fat and delicious as a pan fish, few
of them are caught and cured. Their range is co-extensive
with that of the larger spring species, which has led many
to look upon them as the young of that variety.

62 BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

CATALOGUE OF THE MARINE AND FRESH-
WATER FISHES OF NEW BRUNSWICK.

BY PHILIP COX, A. B., B. Sc, Ph. D

The following list is based on a " Descriptive Catalogue
of the Fishes of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia," by
Moses H. Perley, 1852, and a " List of the Chief Marine
and Fresh-water Fishes of New Brunswick" by Dr.
A. L. Adams, Field and Forest Rambles, London, 1873,
to w^hich are added a number of species since identiiied
by the writer and others as new to the province. Both
the lists were critically examined and doubtful species
removed; but the writer does not wish to be understood
as having examined all the forms included, for a dozen
or more have not come under his immediate observation ;
yet the credibility of the witnesses and probability of the
occurrence of these species within the limits of provincial
waters, as inferred from their well-known range, fully
warrant their retention in the list.

The more modern nomenclature, founded on priority
of use and the better understood relations of families and
genera, has been adopted ; and, as the result, the classifi-
cation is essentially that of Jordan and Gilbert, based on
the views of Gill and Cope, {vide " Synopsis of the
Fishes of North America," b}^ D. S. Jordan and C. H.
Gilbert. Bulletin No. 16, Smithsonian Institution,
Washington, 1882).

Out of respect to the memory of the pioneer ichthy-
ologist of the province, the writer, in assigning localities

MARINE AND FRESH-WATER FISHES OF N. B. 63

and ranges, quotes from Moses. H. Perley. It is only
when these limits seem too restricted for a provincial list
he departs from the rule. The technical name used by
the same author is also given as a second designation.

Family I.— PETROM YZONTID^.

GENUS 1. PETROMYZON Liniifeup.

Species 1. P. inarinus L,, P. Aniericamis Storer.

Tlie Larnjwey.
" Atlantic coast, ascending rivers to spawn."

Family IL— SPIXACID^.
2. SQUALUS Linuajus.

2. S. acantliias L. Splnoiis Dog-fish, Picked Dog-fish.
"Atlantic coast." Rare on northern shore.

Family III.— ALOPIID^.

3. ALOPIAS Rafinesque.

3. A. vulpes Bonaparte. Carcliarias vnlpes Cuvier.

Thresher Shark. Swingle-tail.
" Cumberland Bay and Bay des Ohaleurs."

Family IV.— CETORIIINID^.

4. CETORHINUS Blainville.

4. C. inaxinins L.' Basking Shark.

"Musquash Harbour." Selachus maxinius. Adams.

Family V.— RAIID^.

5. RAIA Linnseus.

5. R. erinacea Mitchill. Little Skate. Hedge-hog Ray.
"North Head, Grand Manan."

Gulf of St. Lawrence Coast.

6. R. laivis Mitchill. The Skate. Barndoor Skate.
" Everywhere on the coast of New Brunswick,"

64 BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

Family VL— ACIPENSERTD^.

6. ACIPENSER Linnaeus.

7. A. sturio (variety oxyrincliiis) L. Sturgeon.

"Ascending large rivers froua the sea."

Family VIL— SILURID^.

7. AMIURUS Rafinesque.

8. A. catiis Gill. Pinielodiis catiis LeSueur.

Horned Pout. Catfish.
"In all ponds and streams where the Yellow and White
Perch are taken."

Family VIII.— CATOSTOMID^.
8. CATOSTOMUS LeSueur.

9. C. coniniersoni Jordan. C comiimnis LeSueur.

Common Sucker. Brook Sucker.
"In all rivers and streams."

10. C. longirostris LeSueur. Long-nosed Sucker.

"Eastern chain of Schoodic Lakes." Adams.
Madawaska and Upper St. John.

9. ERIMYZON Jordan.

11. E. Slicetta Jordan. Chuh Sucker.

Moxostonius oblongus (Gunther) Adams. (No locality.)
Small tributaries of Lower St. John ; rare.

Family IX.— CYPRINID^.

10. CHROSOMUS Rafinesque.

12. C erythrogaster Agassiz. Red-bellied Dace.

Clear Lake, Lepreaux.

11. MINNILUS Rafinesque.

13. M. cornutus Mitchill. LeiiciscUvS comiitns Gunther.

The Red-fin.
" Swift and limpid streams."

MARINE AND FRESH-WATER FISHES OF N. B. 65

12. RHINICHTHYS Agassiz.

14. R. atronasiis (Mitch.) Agassiz, Leucisciis atronasus.

Black-nosed Dace. Brook Minnow.
"In almost every brook."

13. COUESIUS Jordan.

15. C, prostlieniiiis (Cope) Jordan.

Plentiful in Loch Lomond, near St. John. A probable
variety in Spruce Lake.

15. C pluiiibeus Agassiz.

Madawaska and Upper St. John.

14. SEMOTIIiUS Raf.

17. S. corporalis Mitchill. Leiiciscus cephalus.

The Chub. Horned Dace.
"Every river and stream."

18. S. bullaris (Raf.) Jordan. Leiiciscus pulchellus et

argenteus Storer. Roach Dace. Silver Chub.
"In swift water, eddies, and pools."

15. PHOXINUS Agassiz.

19. P. neogaeiis Cope. Minnoic.

Pond in Maugerville, Garnett's Lake and Dark Lake, St.
John County, and a pond near Anagance, Kings Co.

16. NOTEMIGONUS Raf.

20. N. clirysoleucns Mitchill. Lenciscus clirysoleuciis.

Golden Shiner. Yellow Shiner,
" Near Hampton Ferry." French Lake and adjacent ponds
and streams, Sunbury ; Belleisle; and Peabody Lake,
Northumberland.

66 BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

Family X.— CLUPEID^E.

17. CLUPEA Linn.

21. C. hareujjiis Linn. C. elongata LeS. Common Herring.

" Caught on the shores every month of the year."

22. C. niecliocris Mitchill. Alosa niattowacca.

Fall Herring. Hickory Shad.
"Near Canipobello."

23. C. vernalis Mitchill. Alosa tyrannns.

Aleirlfe. Spring Gaspereau.
"Bay of Fundy and Mirauiichi Bay."

24. C. aestivalis Mitchill. Blue Back. Summer Gaspereau.
Co-extensive in range with the latter species, but enter-
ing rivers later in the season.

25. C. sapiclissima Wilson. Alosa sapidissiina.

Common Shad.
" Bay of Fundy and Miraniichi Bay." Occasional in Bale
desChaleurs.

18. BRE\ OOKTIA Gill.

26. B. tyraimus Goode. Alosa ineuhaden.

Menhaden, Mosshunker.
"Harbour of St. John."

Family XI.— SALMONID.F:.

19. MALLOTUS Cuvier.

27. M. villosiis Cuv. Capelin.

"Never ranging further south than the shores of New-
Brunswick."

20. OSMERUS Linnfeus.

28. O. niordax Mitchill. O. viridescens. The Smelt.
"Abounds in New Brunswick." "Land-locked in many

lakes." Adams.

MARINE AXD FRESII-WATER FISHES OF N. B. 67

21. COREGONUS Linnaeus.

29. C. labradoricxis Richardson. C. albiis.

White-fish. Gizzard Fish.

" Madawaska River, Eagle, St. Francis and Grand Lakes,

and Lower St. John." Upper Restigouche River.

30. C. quadrilateralis Richardson. Round Whitefisli.
Madawaska and Upper St. John.

22. SALMO Linnajus.

31. S. salar Linn. Atlantic Salmon.

"Bay of Fundy and Gulf of St. Lawrence." Land-locked
in Loch Lomond, Sciff Lake and Musquash Lake,
becoming the wininnish of authors.

23. SALVELINUS Richardson.

32. S. nainayciisli Walbaum, Salnio ferox.

Togue. Tuladi.

"Found in all the large lakes of New Brunswick, including
the Miramichi Lake and Loch Lomond."

The author was misled regarding its occurrence in Mira.
michi Lake. It is not found in the river and lake
systems between the Restigouche and St. John. No
other record of its presence in Loch Lomond is known.
Was the wininnish mistaken for this fish ? States
Brook Lake, Restigouche.

33. S. fontiualis Mitchill. Salmo fontinalis et trutta.

" Nearly every lake and Stream." Anadromous specimens
constitute the S. trutta of Perley's list.

Family XIL— CYPRINODONTID^.

24. FUNDULUS Lacepede.

34. F. diaplianus LeS, Spring Minnoic.

French and Grand Lakes, Sunbury and Queens Counties ;
Belleisle and St. John River.

35. F. liigTOfasciatiiS (LeS.) Cuv. and Val. Killifish.
Mouth of Little River, St John.

36. F. lieteroclitus Linn. F. fasciatiis ?

Salt-ivater Minnow. Killifish.
" In salt-water creeks along the coast generally."

68 BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

FaxMIly XIIL— ESOCID^.

25. ESOX Linn.

37. E. reticulatvis LeS. Green Pickerel.

"Not hitherto appeared in any of our waters, although

introduced into head-waters of St. Croix." Adams.
Quite common on Lower St. John and its affluents.

Family XIV.— ANGUILLID^.

26. ANGUILLA Thunberg.

38. A. rostrata (LeS.) DeKay. A. vulgaris. Common Eel.
"Taken in every situation it can reach." Does not occur

above the Grand Falls, St. John River Albinoes
sometimes met with.

27. CONGER Cuvier.

39. C. niger (Risso) Jor. and Gilb. Aiiguilla oceanica.

Conger Eel.
"A specimen taken in Pokemouche Gully in October, 1849."

Family XV.— SCOMBERESOCID^E.

28. SCOMBERESOX Lac.

40. S. saiirus Walbaum. Bill Fish.

Bay of Fundy, Dr. Bailey. Miramichi Bay, Dr. A. C. Smith.

Family XVL— GASTEROSTEID^E.

29. GASTEROSTEUS Linn.

41. G. pungitius L. G. occidentalis,

Many-spined Stickleback.
"Plentiful, spawning in July." Adams.

42. G. inconstans Kirtland. Five-sjnned Stickleback.
Not uncommon on the Lower St. John.

MARINE AND FRESII-WATER FISHES OF N. B. 69

13, G. aculeatus Linn. G. biaculeatiis.

Two-spined Stickleback.
"In the estuaries of rivers and in those creeks to which

the sea has access."
Quite common in lakes, and on Upper St. John, Madawaska,
and Restigouche.

30. APELTES DeKay.

44. A. quadraciis (Mitchill) Brevoort.

Brackish creeks and ponds about mouth of Little River,
St. John.

Family XVII.— AMMODYTID^.

31. AMMODYTES Linn.

45. A. ainericanus DeKay. Sand Lannce. Sand Eel.
"Everywhere on the coast." A. tobeeaiius, Adams.

FaxMily XVIIL— XIPHIID^.

32. XIPHIAS Linnajus.

46. X. gladius L. Sword-fish.

" Seen occasionally off the coast of the Bay of Fundy."

Family XIX.— SCOMBRID^.

33. SCOMBER Linnteus.

47. S. sconibrus Linn. Common Mackerel.

"Caught in great quantities on the northern coasts of New
Brunswick."

48. S. pneuniatophoriis De la Roche. S. grex.

Easter Mackerel. Tinker Mackerel.
"Found everywhere."

34. ORCYNUS Cuvier.

49. O. thynnus (Linn.) Poey. Thynnus vulgaris.

" Coast of North America, as far south as New York."
Occasional in Baie des Chaleurs.

70 BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

Family XX.~ STROMATEID^.

35. STROMATEUS Linnaeus.

60. S. triacantlms Peck. Harvest Fish. Dollar Fish.
Not uncommon in autumn on Bay of Fundy coast.

Family XXL— CENTRARCHID^.

86. liEPOMIS Raf.

51. L. aiiritiis (Linn.) Raf. Poinotis appendix Storer.

Long-eared S^tn-fish.
Dr. Adams assigns no locality. Probably the St. Croix
waters, as the species occurs in Maine.

52. L. gibbosiis Linn. Poniotis vulgaris.

Sun-fish. Pond-fish.
"All the British Provinces." Not known on the St. John
above the Grand Falls.

37. MICROPTERUS Lac.

53. M. doloniieii Lac. Small-Mo^dhed Black Bass.
Introduced lately into Spruce Lake and other lacustrine

waters of the province.

Family XXII.— PERCID^.

38. PERCA Linna?us.

54. P. aiuericanus Schranck. P. flavescens. Yellow Perch.
" Common in almost all the inland waters."

" Spawns early in May." Adams.

Family XXIII.— SERRAXID.^.

39. ROCCUS Mitchill.

55. R. lineatiis (Bloch) Gill. Labrax lineatiis. Striped Bass.
" Found on the sea coast, ascending fresh- water streams to

breed in spring and for shelter during winter."

MARINE AND FRESH-WATER FISHES OF N. B. 71

56. R. clirysops (Raf.) Gill. Labrax albidus.

White Bass. White Lake-Bass.

"Two specimens from Lake Oromocto, one of the head-
quarters of the Magaguadavic River." Adams.

The only record known to the writer east of the great
lakes. An intei'esting note.

57. R. aniericanus (Gmel.) Jordan and Gilbert. Labrax
pallicllis. White Perch.
"Lakes and streams connected with the River St. John."
"Widely distributed." Adams. Rare in northern waters.

Family XXIV.— SPARID^E.

40. DIPLODUS Rafinesque.

58. D. probatoceplialiis (Walb.) Jor. and Gilb. Sheepshead.
Occasional in St. John harbour.

Family XXV.— LABRID.E.

41. CTENOIiABRUS Cuv. and Val.

59. C. adspersus (Walb.) Goode. C. coerulens.

Sea Pe)'ch. Cu7incr.
"Bay of Fundy." Coast of Gulf of St. Lawrence.

42. TAUTOGA Mitchill.

60. T. onitis (Linn.) Gunther. T. aniericana.

Tautog. Black-fish.
" Bay of Fundy."

Family XXVI.— SCORP^EJ^IDJE.

43. SEBASTES Cuvier.

61. S. niarinus (Linn.) Liitken. S. norveg-iciis.

Rose-fish. Nornay Haddock.
•'Bay of Fundy, east of the harbour of St. John."

72 BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

Family XXVIL— COTTIDyE.

44. HEMITKIPTERUS Cuvier.

62. H. aniericanus (Gmelin) Cuv. and Val. Sea Raven.
St. John Harbour, Tracadie and Miraniichi Bay.

45. URANIDEA DeKay.

63. U. richardsoni Agassiz. Miller''s Thumb. Blob.

Mill Cove Stream, Northumberland County, and Green
River, Madawaska.

64. U. boleoid.es (Girard) Jordan. Miller's Thumb.
Restigouche, affluents of lower Miramichi, and Green

River, Madawaska.

65. U. forniosa Girard. Miller's Thumb.
Madawaska River

66. U. gracilis (Haeckel) Piitnam. Miller's Thumb.
Green River. Associated with U. ricliardsoni and

U. boleoides.

46. COTTUS Linnaeus.

67. C. octodecinispinosus Mitchill, C. virginianus.

Common Bull-head. Loug-spined Sculpin.
" Very numerous on all the fishing grounds."

68. C. scorpius (var. groenlandicus) Cuv. and Val.

The Greenland Bull-head.
" On all the fishing grounds." The typical SCOrpius is also
found in the Miraniichi Bay.

69. C. labradoricus (Girard) Gunther. Labrador Sculpin.
(No locality). Adams.

Family XXVIII.— TRIGLID^.

47. CEPHALACANTHUS Lac.

70. C. spinarella (Linn.) Lac. Dactylopterus volitans.

Sea Swallow.
(No locality). Adams.

MARINE AND FRESH-WATER FISHES OF N. B. 73

Family XXIX.— C YCLOrTERIDiE.
48. CYCLOPTERUS Linna?us.

71. C. luiiipus Linn. Lunipiis vulgaris.

LiDtip Sucker. Lump Fish.
" Grand Manan." St. John harbour and Miramichi Bay.

Family XXX.— BLEXXIID.^.
49. MUR^NOIDES Lac.

72. M. guiinellus (L.) Gill. Butter-fish.

St. John harbour and coast of Bay of Fundy,

50. EUMESOGRAMMUS Gill.

7o. E. subbifurcatus (Storer) Gill. Pliolis subbiftircatus.

Radiated Shanny.
(No locality). Adams.

51. CRYPTOCANTHODES Storer.

74. C. niaculatiis Storer. Wrymouth.

St. John harbor.

52. ANARRHICAS Linna?us.

75. A. lupus Linn. Wolf -fish.

"Near Grand Manan and Canipobello."
A. vonierinus Adams.

Family XXXI.— LYCODID^.

63. ZOARCES Cuvier.

76. Z. anguillaris (Peck) Storer. Eel Pout. Mother-of-Eels.

(No locality). Adams.

Abundiint in Miramichi Bay, where both varieties, Z.
anguillaris and ciliatus Mitchill, occur.

74 BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

Family XXXII.— GADID^E.
54. PHYCIS Bloch.

77. P. chuss (Walb.) Gill. P. aiiiericanus.

Srjiiirrel Hake. American Hake.
"On muddy bottoms in the Bay of Fundy." Rare in
Miramiehi Bay.

55. LOTA Cvivier.

78. li. maculosa (LeS.) Cuv. and Val. Burbot. Cusk.

" River St. John, Eagle and St Francis Lakes."
Restigouche waters and Lake Utopia.

56. BROSMIUS Cuvier.

79. B. brosnie (Mailer) White. B. vulgaris. Cusk. Torsk.

"In Bay of Fundy. Not abundant." Occasional on the
Miramiehi coast.

57. GADUS Linnaeus.

80. G. fegliflnis Linn. Morrluia a^glifluis. Haddock.
" Oampobello." (No locality). Adams.

81. G. callarias Linn. Morrlma viilg-aris. Common Codfish.

"Grand Manan, Northumberland Straits." More or less
common on the whole coast.

82. G. toincocl Walbaum. Morrlma pruinosa.

Tom cod. Frost Fish.
" Taken on shores throughout the year." Ascends rivers
in January to spawn.

83. G. virens Linn. Merlangiis carbonarius. Pollock.
" Bay of Fundy."

58. MERLUCIUS Raf.

84. M. bilinearis Mitchill) Gill. M. albidus. Silver Hake.
"Grand Manan." Occasional in St. John harbor.

MARINE AND FRESH-WATER PISHES OF N. B. 75

Family XXXIII.— PLEURONETCID^.
59. HIPPOGLOSSUS Cuvier.

85. H. vulgaris Fleming. Halibut.

"Bay of Fundy." Rare on northern coast.

60. PLEURONECTES Linnaeus.

86. P. ferrugineiis (Storer) Jor. and Gilb. Platessa

liniauda. Common Dab. Sand Bab.
" Everywhere on the coast."

87. P. aniericanus Walbaum. Platessa plana.

Winter Flounders.
"Everywhere on the coast."

Family XXXIV.— LOPHIID^.

61. LOPHIUS Linnffius.

88. li piscatoriiis Linn. L. aniericanus.

Angler. Fishing Frog.
"Bay of Fundy." Miramichi Bay.

Family XXXV.— ORTH AGORISCID^.

6. M3LA Cuvier.

89. M. rotunda Cuvier. Sun-fish.
Bathurst harbour. St. John harbour.

ADDENDUM.

90. Raia radiata Donovan. Starry Ray.
St. Martins, Bay of Fundy.

76 BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

ARTICLE III.

THE VOLCANIC ROCKS OF THE MARITIME
PROVINCES OF CANADA.

By W. D. Matthew, Ph. D.

Read May 7, 1895.

In discussing the volcanic rocks of the Atlantic coast
it is convenient in several respects to consider first those
of the Maritime Provinces. For —

1. They occur here in as great, or greater abund-
ance than in any of the areas to the south-west of them.

2. They have been recognized as such from very
early times, and their extensive occurrence has never been
questioned.

3. They are comparativel}^ little altered — less so
than many of those in the United States.

4. There is no question as to the age of a large part
of them.

It may be as w^ell to outline briefly the general geologi-
cal structure of New Brunswick in order to make clear
the arrangement of the volcanic rocks. The province is
divided into three areas of very different geologic features.
To the south, fronting on the Bay of Fundy, lies a rugged
and hilly region of very complicated geology, con-
sisting largely of north-east and south-west ridges of
metamorphic rocks, with the valleys between partly filled
by later sediments. To the north of this lies a great tri-
angular area of carboniferous rocks, flat-lying, seldom over

VOLCAXIC ROCKS OF THE MARITIME PROVINCES. 77

three hundred feet in height, fronting on the Gnlf of St.
Lawrence. ISTorth-west of this, and separated by a broad
band of metamorphic and intrusive rocks, lies the great
Sihirian area, mostly high, rolHng country, underlain by
slaty rocks which are much u}»turned, but not excessively
altered. The division of the province into Southern,
Central, and Northern or North-Avestern, is hence a very
•convenient one.

The formations represented range from pre-Cambrian
to Triassic. The pre-Cambrian consists of the highly
metamorphic gneissic series, which has been compared to
the Laurentian ; and the largely volcanic series compared
to the Huronian. The Cambrian slates occupy parts of
some of the valleys of southern New Brunswick, but are
not important areally. The Ordovician or Cambrosilurian
consists of much altered slates and sandstones flanking
the granitic and pre-Cambrian areas. The Silurian
occupies the north-west part of the province, and is less
altered than the Ordovician, and very generally fossilifer-
ous. The Devonian consists of slates and sandstones,
occupying various small areas both in northern and south-
ern New Brunswick. Along with all the previously
formed rocks these have been much folded and upturned
and considerably metamorphosed by the mountain-making
processes which occurred at its close, and which were far
more important in the Maritime Provinces than further
to the south-west. The red sub-carboniferous rocks are
never much metamorpliosed and very generally little
upturned, while the grey carboniferous sandstones are
usually almost flat-lying. Two or three ver}^ small areas
of red Triassic sandstone occur along the northern shore
of the Bay of Fundy, and are the youngest consolidated
strata found in the province.

78 BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

As far back as 1838 Dr. A. Gesner, in the reports of the
Provincial Survey, speaks of the great quantities of vol-
canic rock in New Brunswick, and continually emjDhasizes
the importance of igneous outbursts in the southern part
of the province. He appears to have considered these
eruptions as geologically recent, for he connects them with
the earthquakes and changes of level within historic
times, and considers that " the lofty mountain, the verti-
cal cliff, the foaming cataract, the rude outline, and other
sublime features of the district," are to be attributed "to
the earthquake and the volcano." lie figures in the
second report some supposed volcanic cones, of remark-
able perfection, considering that they are of pre-Cambrian
age. However, his general ideas as to the character of
the rocks were correct enough, considering the time of
writing.

The Dominion Survey from 1868 to 1888 (?) confirmed
the early views as to the character of these rocks, show-
ing the eruptives to be very widely distributed through
the province, and to be in part of very early age. It was
accompanied by accurate maps constructed on a scale of
four miles to the inch.

From the pre-Cambrian down to the Triassic, New
Brunswick must have been the seat of great, though in-
termittent, volcanic activity. Rocks known to be eruptive
cover a considerable part of the superficial area, and their
thickness is locally enormous. It is probable that they
underlie a large area now covered by sedimentary strata.

The oldest rocks in the province are the highly meta-
morphic gneisses, schists, and limestones, forming the
so-called Laurentian. These are entirely sedimentary,
showing no trace of contemporaneous volcanic activity.
With them are associated large areas of granite, some of
which are certainly, and many more probably, intrusive..

VOLCANIC ROCKS OF THE MARITIME PROVINCES. 79

Over tlie Laiirentian are great thicknesses of beds com-
posed of surface volcanic rocks, which have been divided
into three or four groups in the southern part of the pro-
vince, but which are conveniently classed together as
ITuronian, if the term be used in its broader sense, or, if
this be disallowed, must be simply called pre-Cambrian.
These form the greater part of the southern metamorphic
hills, and occur in small patches north of these. The
high broken country about the headwaters of the Tobique,
Nepisiguit and North-west Miramichi, is composed of
pre-Cambrian rocks, largely eruptive, and intrusive
granite.

These volcanic rocks are known for the most part
only through field descriptions. They are hard, fine-
grained liinty rocks, mostly red or dark colored ; some
time, though not generally, schistose ; and not always
recognizable as of igneous origin. Those from a part of
the southern metamorphic hills have been studied by the
aid of the microscope and are then seen to show all the
characteristic structures of volcanic products in great per-
fection. They evidently were once i)recisely like the
lavas and ash-rocks of modern times. The changes they
have undergone are mostly limited to the devitrification
of the glassy parts and the partial or complete recrystal-
lization of some of the minerals.

The deep-seated crystalline facies of these effusives is
not well known. They maj' perhaps be the surface equi-
valents of some of the granites and other intrusives in
the Laurentian rocks ; but this remains to be proved.
Although many instances are recorded by the New Bruns-
Avick and Nova Scotia geologists of transitions from granite
into felsite, yet none can be taken as satisfactoiy without
the support of thin sections and chemical analyses to prove
their identity in composition, and a careful study of the
progressive gradations from one to the other.

80 BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

The general character of the pre-Canibrian volcanics
that I have seen is tolerably uniform. They are mostly
either feldsparporphyry or diabase, or approach closely
to one of these two types. Strongly quartzose porphyries
are not common, nor are intermediate rocks of the andesite
type, wliile olivine rocks have not been recognized among
the eifusives. A soda-granite occurs among the Haronian
rocks near Upham, but its relations to them are doubtful.

The Huronian began in southern 'New Brunswick
with rocks exclusively volcanic. These reached in places
an enormous thickness (up to 11,000 feet in the Kingston
Group at J^ew River), but in places they thin out to a
few hundred feet of fine-grained tuff's, or are entirely
absent. They are covered by coarse red rocks, conglom-
erates and shales, which are thought to have been rapidly
deposited over an area of dying volcanic activit}', and have
some interbedded volcanic deposits. After this followed
a long period of rest while the Cambrian and Ordoviciaii
slates were being deposited. In the neighborhood of St.
John there was no resumption of volcanic activity, but in
the region about Passamaquoddy Bay the Silurian was
again a period of igneous outbursts — of lavas and
ashes, which now lie interbedded with the fossiliferous.
sediments, and form the more prominent liills of that
neighborhood. In tlie northern part of the province,,
around the upper part of Bale Chaleur, are large areas of
volcanic rocks, felsites and traps, which cut through
Silurian slates, but appear to be earlier than the Devonian
rocks. These eftusives form high hills standing out pro-
minently along the shore between Bathurstand Campbell-
ton ; at the latter town the Sugarloaf Mountain, rising
abruptly over 1,000 feet, is composed of felsite. Smaller
areas of volcanic rocks, cut the Silurian slates in other
parts of the province ; at Moose Mountain, east of the

VOLCANIC ROCKS OF THE MARITIME PROVIXCKS. 81

St. John River, they form a conical hill over 1,000 feet
in height, from which a magnificent view of the surround-
ing country can be obtained. The great development of
igneous rocks of this period is, however, at Bale Chaleur.
In connection with the .Devonian of southern New Bruns-
wick are volcanic rocks ; sections of some near Point
Lepreau show them to be ordinary quartz porphyries of
no special interest.

Again, in the sub-Carboniferous period we find that a
large amount of volcanic outpourings took place at various
points along the southern margin of the central plain, and
volcanic rocks appear from under the eroded millstone grit
rocks at Grand Lake, witliin this plain. The Blue Mount-
ains, north of the Tobique River, consist of effusive rock
referred to this period. These sub-C'arboniferous volcauics
are felsites and traps, and have not been studied with the
microscope.

Throughout the Middle and Upper Carboniferous
and the Permian periods there is no trace of any volcanic
activity, but the small areas of Triassic rocks occurring
in New Brunswick, are associated with heavy trap dykes,
and about half of the island of Grand Manan is composed
of Triassic trap.

The periods of volcanic activity in Xew Brunswick
are, then :

1. Hiiroiiian — Southern New Brunswick and the
northern watershed.

2. Silurian and Early Devonian — Passamaquoddy
Bay, Bale Chaleur, etc.

3. Sub-Carboniferous — borders of the central plain^
Grand Lake, Blue Mountains of the Tobique.

4. Triassic — Quaco, Grand Manan.

In Nova Scotia tlie volcanic rocks are not k'ss impor-
tant than in New Brunswick. In Cape Breton is a great

82 BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

development of pre-Cambriaii rocks, which appear from
the reports to be chiefly igneous ; and considerable areas
occur in Pictou county, and in the range of hills north of
the Basin of Minas. A large amount of volcanic material
of later age also occurs in the north-eastern part of the
peninsula. From Dr. Fletcher's reports it would appear
that the volcanic periods were about the same as in New
Brunswick, with the addition of the Ordovician.

The Triassic traps forming the North Mountains of
Nova Scotia, lying all along the southern side of the
Bay of Fundy, are well known. Besides the main area
there are small detached ones in the Basin of Minas.
These rocks are often amygdaloidal and have a wide fame
as mineral localities. The rock has been examined by
Prof. V. F. Marsters and is a normal diabase, very uniform
in character and very like the Triassic traps of the eastern
United States.

Prince Edward's Island affords no volcanic rocks.

In Newfoundland theconditions were much like those
of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. The Laurentian
rocks are capped by a series, in large part volcanic. (Of
the extent of later volcanics I cannot speak certainly, it
is probably much the same as in Nova Scotia.)

So far, little note has been made of the intrusive
granites which form so important a feature of New
Brunswick and Nova Scotian geology. The main areas
of these rocks in New Brunswick are considered to be of
Devonian age ; they are found cutting through and meta-
morphosing Silurian strata, while as pebbles they iirst
appear in the conglomerates of sub-Carboniferous age.
Two great bands cross the province, the one coming in
from Maine north of the head of Passamaquoddy Bay,
and running north-east nearly to the St. John River ; the
other entering at the Chiputucticook Lakes at the head

VOLCANIC ROCKS OF THE MARITIME PROVINCES. 83

of the St. Croix River, and stretching in a niimljer of
interrupted bands nearly to the shores of Baie Chaleur.
A great area flanked on each side by metamorphic slates
of doubtful age, through which it has thrust itself, stretches
from end to end of the Nova Scotian peninsula. Other
small isolated areas are known in both provinces, but
none at all comparable in size to those mentioned. TJiese
granites seem to have come to the surface during the
great upturning that closed the Devonian in the Maritime
Provinces, and which metamorphosed and tilted to a
greater or less extent all the pre-Carboniferous strata.

The Maritime Provinces attords a great field for petro-
graphic study of igneous rocks and one in which little
has been done. The question as to the individual suc-
cession of the different kinds of rocks in each volcanic
period, their centres of distribution, and the connection
of the surface voleanics with the intrusive masses are as
yet almost untouched, and although the unsettled and
wooded character of much of the region would hinder
the working out of these problems, yet a careful study
would no doubt be well repaid. It is to be hoped that
much will yet be dene in this almost untrodden field.

PODURITES SALTATOR.

A fossil insect (Springtail) of the Little River Group— magnified and restored.

84 BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

APPENDIX.

Report on the Sum.mer Camp at French Lake.

(Held August, 1893.)

The principal object of the visit to this district was the
study of the remains of the Stone age, which from information
we had known were to be found there. August was chosen as
the best time to visit this lake, as during this month the St.
John river is usually at its lowest stage, and the shallows along
the shores are then above the surface of the water, or near to it.

Topography antd Geological, Conditions.

French Lake is the uppermost of three consideral)le sheets of
water that lie in the lowest part of the central plain of New
Brunswick. These lakes are not individually in direct connection
with the St. John river at the ordinary stage of that stream;
for while the river traverses this depressed part of the central
plain in which the lakes are situated, it has built up for itself
on each side, banks of alluvium, which bound its channel, and
shut it off from the lakes.

As a consequence, the outlet of the lakes is by a narrow,
deep channel (the Jemseg) which enters the St. John several
miles below the last of the chain of lakes (Grand Lake). Similar
deep passages, locally called "thoroughfares," connect the mid-
dle lake (Maquapit) which the other two.

The current is not always downward through these passages,
for when the river St. John rises, owing to rains in the upper
valleys of that stream, the water runs backward in the thorough-
fai-es, and the lakes become reservoirs for the storage of the
surplus waters of tlie river. The thoroughfares being the only
means of connection between the lakes, and with the river at its
ordinary stage, and as also giving access to the numerous creeks
and shallows around the lakes, swarm with fish at certain seasons
of the year. In former years, these passages were black with
gaspereaux and shad, pressing forward into the lakes to spawn
in the shallows, and even now fish abound in them.

A people capable of taking these fish by spear, net or line,
would find an easy means of subsistence on the shores of these

APPENDIX — SUMMER CAMP AT FREXCH LAKE. 85

creeks and thoroughfares ; and at the more commanding spots
one might naturally look for indications of occupancy by a rude
people. Such indications are not wanting, but they did not
occur in the way anticipated from the exploration of village sites
along the Bay of Fundy. There, when the sites were undisturbed
by the plow, one had no difficulty in seeing the situation and
extent of the village, nor in tracing the outlines of each particular
hut-bottom, nor noting the place of the sleeping berths, the position
of the door, nor in counting, if necessary, the hearth stones.

But on the shores of these inland sheets of water, no such
evidence of the habits of the former savage inhabitants could be
found. At the points of land along the shores of the lakes, at
the entrances of the thoroughfares, or where creeks led into
ponds in the marshes, no hut-bottoms were found, but proofs
of the presence of man were frequent in the shape of broken
pottery, flint flakes, or lost celts, arrowheads and axes. It was
evident that the people who lived along these shores had means
of traversing the water by canoes or otherwise, and planted
their habitations where water communication was easy, and fish
plentiful. But it is also clear that their shelters were of a tem-
porar}^ kind, and built near the water's edge.

Their mode of life in this way along the banks of the
streams, explains why we find not the least trace of their habi-
tations. These lakes, with their connecting streams and marshy
borders, disappear in the spring time, for the flood of water
poured out by the great tributaries of the St. John submerge all
this region, and produce for the time a great inland lake
extending up the valley of the St. John to Fredericton on the
one hand, and the Oromocto valley on the other, covering
ing about six hundred square miles of surface. It may rise
above the summer level to a height of twenty feet or more, and
with a wide range for the waves, would, in stoimy weather,
throw a surf on the shores that would soon demolish the dwel-
lings of a rude people, and mingle even their more enduring
implements and weapons, left or lost on the site of their
encampment, with the pebbles and sand of the beach. Such, no
doubt, was the fate of many an implement which otherwise
would have remained on the surface of the ground to the present
day, to bear witness to avocations of the fisherman and the
hunter, pursued during the Stone age along these grass-grown
shores.

These lake basins date back as far as the time of the deposi-
tion of the Champlain clays or Leda clay; and the material of
the clays is that with which we are familiar as stock for the

86 BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

manufacture of our liricks. A cursory glance at the map of
New Brunswick would lead us to think that these lake basins
were produced by the building up in their front of the alluvial
deposit of the St. John; but a more intimate knowledge of their
shores shows that they and the banks of the thoroughfares are
to a large extent composed of Leda clay.

Furthermore, it would appear, that if a subsidence of this
region is in progress, it is very slow indeed. The south-west
shore of Maquapit Lake illustrates this point very clearly ; for
this lake is now encroaching on its low clay shores, uprooting
the vegetation along its banks, and exposing in its submerged
mud-ilats, the roots of the former forest ; these roots and their
rootlets are now cased in ferrugenous pipes, hardened in the
suiTOunding clay.

A curious relic or fragment of a former thoroughfare along
the southern side of this lake is found in "Ring Creek," a semi-
circular channel which has no break in its bank toward the side
of the river, but has shallow outlets, at each end, to the lake.
The channel of the creek within the flats at the two outlets is
deep, but without any current at the present time. This demol-
ished thoroughfare is proof of a decided encroachment of the
lake upon its shores at the southern side. A similar condition
of things appears to prevail along the south-west shore of Grand
Lake, as flint-flakes have been found on the flats there, but no
investigation was made by our party. On the shallow mud-flats
on this side, both of Maquapit and Grand Lake, "flint" flakes
and implements have been found ; on the foi'mer lake as much
as a furlong from the shore.

The facts observed indicates a very slow and gradual sinking
of the land in this region, leaving the stone relics on the mud
and sand at the bottom of the advancing lake ; it thus encroached
upon the yielding shores, and removed what traces there might
be, of aboriginal camping sites.

Leading from Maquapit into French Lake are two thorough-
fares of which that nearest the river is bordered by high banks
of alluvium, and only at the ends shows exposed banks of Leda
clay. The other thoroughfare, which is shallow, is kno^\'n as
the Blind thoroughfare, and shows banks of Leda clay all along
its winding course.

The whole country around these lakes is of gently undula-
ting land, diversified wath low rounded hills of Boulder clay and
with a few gravel ridges. Over the Boulder clay is spread a
thick coating of Leda clay of a grey color, from which are
washed great numbers of pellets of iron ore, which form layers
as of sand alono; the shores of the lakes.

APPENDIX — SUMMER CAMP AT FRENCH LAKE. 87

We have called the clay which bordered and underlies these
lake basins, Leda clay, becavise it holds the same relation to the
Boulder clay below, and the alluvial deposit of the river above, as
the red Leda clay of the valleys at the coast holds to correspond-
ing deposits along the Bay of Fundy. It should be said, however,
that no trace of marine shells has been found in this clay; and it
is quite possible that the basin in which the clay was deposited
may have had no free communication with the ocean.

This visit to French Lake disabused us of a notion as to the
relative stage of culture of the men who lived on the river, and
those who inhabited the shores of the Bay of Fundy. Previously
we had been inclined to allow a possible difference in the degree
of artistic finish of their weapons, by the men of the Stone age
occupying these districts, respectively.

Such a distinction has been claimed between the men who
left the kitchen-middens on the coast of Denmark, and those who
formed the tumuli of that country, and lived in its interior.
It is quite evident, however, that such a distinction does not
hold for the Stone-age men of the St. John river and the Bay of
Fundy coast respectively, as many of the weapons gathered on
the shores of the lakes which we examined, were quite as rude as
those found at Bocabec.

The difference which has existed in this respect between the
collections made on the river St. John and those gathered from
the shell heaps on the Bay of Fundy, appears to be due to the fact
that around the lakes only the tools and weapons which possessed
a good finish were recognized as works of art, and collected by
the ordinary observer, and the coarser implements were entirely
overlooked. This is quite natural, if we observe how difficult it
is to distingnish some of these rude tools from ordinary boulders
and stones — such were many of the celts, hammers and scrapers
which we collected.

The flaked implements showed in many cases considerable
nicety of finish, and were of several patterns. The spear heads
were of two principal types, one a heavy head for a stout spear,
the other having a slender point, and being similar to forms
which have been thought to be points of fish spears.

The arrowheads were very variable in size, and were barbed
or tined, or wedged-formed at the base.

We found two types of skin scrapers which are new to the
New Brunswick collections: one is of a triangular form, the
pointed end of the triangle being for insertion in a handle; the
second form was oblong with a rounded back and apparently
equally well finished at either end; this may have been intended

bo BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

for use without a handle. A novel implement found here which
may have been a scraper to hold in the hand, was of the form of
an ordinary bivalve shell with a bulbous swelling on each side
corresponding to the umbones of such a shell. The wood
scrapers were not of so definite a form as those found at Bocabec,
nor did they so frequently show proofs of use as scrapers.

Knives and knife-flakes were common, and did not show
unusual forms, except one scymitre-shaped example, and one
larger and coarser than usual, having chipped edges.

Among the relics found there were a few axes fitted for
mounting in with handles and one small war axe. Celts were
numerous, but many were of the rudest kind, and evidently
were boulders of suitable form which could be adapted for use
with very little preparatory chipping or grinding.

At this camp eighteen persons were present, and instruction
was given in archology, geology, botany and microscopy. The
camp was under the management of the Seci-etary of the Society
— S. W. Kain — and the instructors were G. F. Matthew, W. D.
Matthew, and Frank Berton.

The members were greatly indebted to the late J. S. Jewett
of Lakeville Corner, and his family, who extended their hospital-
ity to the members of the Society on their arrival, and aided
them in many ways during their stay. It was through Mr.
Jewett's instrumentality that a public hall was placed at the
disposal of the Society for lectures and class work. — G. F. M.

Report on the Summer Camp at Lepreau Basin.

(HeldJuly 1895).

The neighborhood of Lepreau Basin affords excellent oppor-
tunities for the study of botany, marine zoology and geology, and
for this reason, as well as for the unusual facilities for laboratory
work and lodgings afforded to the Society through the liberality
of G. K. Hanson, Esq., Collector of Customs at Lepreau, was
chosen by the Council for the exploratory work of this summer.
This place is accessible by means of the Shore Line Railway to
Lepreau Station, whence a drive by stage of about four miles
brings one to the shores of the Basin.

Lepreau Basin is a land-locked sheet of water, closed in from
the sea by a gravel beach and low cliffs of sandstone. At low
tide there are extensive sand flats in the basin, which are trav-
ersed by interrupted creeks and ponds, affording a refuge to the
marine animals which the risinc; tide bring into the basin. Outside

APPEXDIX — SUMMER CAMP AT LEPREAU BASIN. 89

of the basin, also, on the shore of Mace's Bay, the ledges of
sandstone, laid bare at low tide, afford opportunities to collect
other species, which are rare in the enclosed waters of the basin.

The headquarters of the camp were in a vacant house on a
mining property owned by Mr. Hanson, near the shore of the
basin. A large room served for a lecture and demonstration
room, and the rest of the house gave ample accommodation for
the party of members who attended the camp.

The building we used had been put up by a mining company
which undertook to operate on the beds of coal which are found
in the Dadoxylon sandstone. The earliest work on these beds
was undertaken by Mr. Hanson at his boat landing, on the shore
of the basin, where two seams appear. The company referred to
above, after operating on the noi'thernmost of these seams, trans-
ferred their works to where the seam is exposed at the edge of
the bank, one hundred yards or more to the westward. Not being
satisfied with the position of the pit, which, being near the shore,
was subject to a heavy flow of water, the company undertook to
sink a new shaft some distance back from the bank, with the
intention of drifting south to the coal seam. This shaft was
entirely in the red shales of the Mispec group, which are here
let in behind the sandstones of the Little River group by a fault.
The sinking of this shaft, the cost of new buildings, and other
expenses which were incurred, crippled the company financially,
so that they were unable to carry their work further, and their
buildings and property have reverted to Mr. Hanson, the oi'iginal
owner and one of the stockholders.

Operations on these seams have been undertaken at the middle
and at the eastern end of the basin by other lessees, but as these
mines are beyond the limit of the district examined by our party,
it is not necessary further to refer to them.

Beside the tract immediately around Lepreau Basin, our
party spent a day in visiting Point Lepreau, which lies some
miles to the south of the basin. In some respects very little
was gained from this visit, but the members had a good oppor-
tunity of seeing the picturesque cliffs and shores around this
Point and of inspecting the lighthouse at its extremity. No
traces of aboriginal camping-grounds were found on the l)eaches,
either east or west of the point. Professor Ganong found
reason to think the shores around this point would prove an
excellent collecting ground for those in search of marine animals
and plants.

90 bulletin of the natural history society.

The Word "Lepreau."

Prof. W. F. Ganong has sent the following note respecting
the origin of this word :

'The ultimate origin not known with certainty; but doubtless
it is French of same period with " L'Etang," etc. But our word
is unquestionably a lineal descendant of the Point la Proe of the
English maps of the early part of the last century — those of
8outhack and others, and it can be traced all through maps of
ths last century. Our Lepreau may be only an effort to
restore the French form. Upon grounds both historical and
philological the word should be " Lepreau " and not " Lepreaux."
If the " X " is put at the end it should be written " Lespreaux,"
but there is no historical basis for this. I therefore think
" Lepreau " should be the form used.

'Modern dictionaries give "Preau" as meaning a flat or mea
dow, which is not very appropriate to the place, and we are
not sure that it was the original word. Another puzzle about
it is that cei'tain French maps of 1744-55 have " Napreaux " ;
but earlier English ones call it " la Proe." I cannot find any
meaning for the word " Napreaux," and it is possibly a misprint
for something else — misprints are very common on old maps.
The "x" may have some significance in explaining where the
" x" in our form Lepreaux came from.'

Topography.

The district where we spent our week consists of two essen-
tially different tracts of land separated by the main arm and
outer part of Lepreau Basin.

To the north of the basin is a low lying tract extending north-
ward to Lepreau harbor and river, diversified with alternations
of heath covered clay flats, low rocky ridges with gravelly slopes
clothed with straggling forest and copses ; and in the wettest
parts peat bogs of considerable extent.

To the south of the basin the land is higher and carries on
its higher ridges tracts of hardwood forest, and on the slope
toward Mace's Bay has a range of fai-ms in a good state of culti-
vation, extending nearly to Point Lepreau.

Around Lepreau Basin itself there are clay flats where the
soil has been turned into meadow land, but these are of no great
extent.

appendix — summer camp at lepreau basin. 91

Geological Structure.

The topographical features of this peninsula are clearly trace-
able to its geological conditions in past time. Running through
it in a north-east direction are two axes of Laurentian rocks ;
one near Lepreau River, consisting of quartz-diorites and gneissic
rocks ; the other lying to the south of the main arm of Lepreau
Basin, consisting of quartzites and limestones of the " upper
series " of the Laurentian area.

Between these axes is a narrow basin extending through to
the Musquash River, filled with sediments of the Little River
and the Mispec groups, which have been crushed together and
thrown into a number of broken synclinal, anticlinal and mono-
clinal folds. The great dislocations which these beds have
suffered makes it difficult to trace their structure, and has
detracted from the commercial value of the coal beds which they
contain, and which are of exceeding interest to the naturalist
on account of their unrivalled antiquity.

Resting upon both the old Laurentian sediments, and these
later ones of the Little River and Mispec groups, is a series of
conglomerates and sandstones, skirting the eastern shore of
Mace's Bay, and extending around Point Lepreau toward Dipper
Harbor. Mace's Bay is largely underlain by this series of rocks,
which rises to view in Salkeld's Islands, and when the tide is low
is seen to extend in wide reefs, miles away from the shore.

Owing to the calcareous cement binding these sandstones and
and conglomerates together, which dissolve on exposure to the
rain and weather, they waste away rapidly at the high tide
line, and form a line of low cliffs facing Mace's Bay; and to the
easy solution of this same calcareous cement is largely due the
fertility of the farms constituting the thriving settlement along
this shore.

From the attitude of the slates and sandstones of Lepreau
Basin, the histoiy of some of the dynamical movements which
have affected the rocks of this district may be inferred. Thus,
on the line of the main arm of Lepreau Basin there is a narrow
strip of the lower carboniferous conglomerates and sandstones
that has been let down among the Little River and Mispec sedi-
ments, and is boundedby sharply defined fault lines. So also
on the Lepreau harbor, on the north side of the peninsula, there
is a narrow belt of these same sandstones and conglomerates,
lying between the rocks of the northern axis of Laurentian, and
the schist and diorites on the north side of Lepreau Harbor.

The bands of softer unaltered rocks among the older sedi-
ments and igneous rocks, appear to have determined the place of

92 BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIEXY.

these two harbors, and so the main hnes of depression of this
peninsula area. Not that this condition of depression is entirely
due to the softer texture of the later rocks, but there is little
doubt that the lines of weakness and faulting that have been
determined where these strips of the more recent sediments are
let in, have continued to be lines of weakness and faulting in
later ages.

The history of geological events in this district may be sum-
marized as follows :

1. The oldest recognizable deposits are the quartzites and
limestones of the " upper series" of the Laurentian area, which
appear in the hills south of the basin.

2. A great break in the succession of beds then follows. This
includes the time when the Coldbrook (Hvironian ?) and St. John
groups were deposited, and so extends from pre-Cambrian to
early Ordoviciaii time both included. It also includes the later
Ordovician, which appears to have been a time of continental
elevation in New England and Acadia.

3. Second period of sedimentation. At this time the Little
River group was deposited.

4. Folding of this group with heavy erosion, exposing the
limestones and quartzites of the Laurentian.

5. Another period of sedimentation during which the Mispec
group was deposited.

6. Third period of erosion, with folding and faulting of the
beds, exposing again the Laurentian rocks. Great lateral pressure
and partial metamorphism of all the older terrains accompanied
these changes.

7. Another period of sedimentation, during which the Lowe^
Carboniferous terrain was laid down.

8. This terrain also was uplifted and folded, but the subse-
quent geological changes are not exemplified by any deposits in
this district until the Glacial epoch.

The organic remains collected from the sandstones, etc., at
Lepreau will form the subject of a future communication.

— G. F. M.
Zoology.

The zoological results were mostly negative. Owing to the
shortness of time the camp was in session, unfavorable weather
and difficulty of obtaining a proper boat, no dredging was done,
and exploration was confined to walks along the shore at low
tide. The fauna is the usual beach fauna characteristic of this
region, and nothing was observed to difFei'entiate it from the
well-known assemblage of animals about Frye's Island. It was
hoped that in Lepreau basin, sheltered as it is, traces would be
found of the southern forms which linger in small colonies in

•APPEKDIX — SUMMER CAMP AT LEPREAU BASIN. 93

sheltered spots on the shores of Acadia, and traces of which
have been found on the St. Croix River. But although some
search was made no trace of them was found. Lepreau Basin
itself is disappointing, for it is rather barren of any forms except
the economic clam ; at all events this is true of mollusca and
echinoderms, the two test-groups of our fauna. Star-fishes and
even sea-urchins occur there hardly at all ; a fact due, no doubt,
to the long time the basin is empty at each tide and consequent
warming of water in the pools. Much was expected also from
the excursion to Point Lepreau itself, but the tides were neap
and on our arrival an hour flood. But enough was seen in the
tide-pools to show that this is a most promising locality, and it
is earnestly commended to the attention of those members of the
Society who may have opportunity to visit it. Mace's Ledges
were also found extremely barren of animal life, and the forms
found were of the commonest.

Visits were made to Clear Lake, a remarkable basin not much
more than a quarter of a mile long, and without inlet. Locally
reputed to be bottomless, an extreme depth of seventy-eight feet
was found, after thorough soundings; but this is a great depth
for so small a lake. On both sides of the lake are ledges belong-
ing to the Dadoxylon sandstone, and the lake seems to occupy
a gorge in them. Interesting water plants grow in the lake,
including Eriocaidon septangulare, growing at a depth of nine
feet. There are interesting biological problems connected Avith
this plant, particularly as to how it obtains the oxygen needed in
the development of its enormously long flower stalks.

The camping party spent about ten days at Lepreau Basin.
The instructors were Professors W. F. Ganong and L. W. Bailey,
Principal G. U. Hay and Dr. G. F. Matthew. Lectures were given
in the evening on zoology, botany and geology, with excursions
and class-work during the day. — W. F. G.

94 BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

Report on Geology.

It may be of interest to the members of this Society to know-
that the Cambrian rocks of St. John have yielded several brachi-
pods, which have thrown considex-able light on the early history
of this o-reat class of the mollusca ; a group of much greater
importance in past time than now : but of which, nevertheless,
several very ancient types have subsisted until the present time.

The progress which has been made of late years in the
knowledge of this ancient group, has led to the suggestion of
several systems of classification, looking to the incorporation of
this new knowledge.

One of the latest systems of classification is that proposed by
Prof. Chas. E. Beecher, which has been amplified and extended by
Chas. Schuchert, and illusti-ated by Prof. J. M. Clarke and Miss
Agnes Crane. In this system the position of the opening or pas-
sage for the byssus or thread, by which the shell was anchored,
is taken as of primary importance in classification.* Thus
there are the (1) Atremata, in which there is no passage through
the shell for the byssus, or merely a groove in the edge of one of
the valves. (2) The Neotremata in which the shell may have
a perforation at various distances, from the back of the valve
along the central line. (.3) The Protremata, in which there
is a slit at the back, more or less completely closed by a
plate. (4) The Teleotremata, which belong to a period later
than the Cambriam, and in which the " arms " within the shell
have a calcareous supporc.

Some primitive and therefore, to the naturalist, highly inter-
teresting examples of genera of the first three orders are found
in the Cambrian rocks at St. John, among which may be named
for the first order, Botsfordia jyulchra (Matt.), the young of which
have the form of the most primitive type of Brachiopod known ;
for the second order Trematoholus insignis (Matt.), (figured
below), which unites the general characteristics of the first order
with the perforated valve of the second and the articulating
hinge of the third ; for the third order, Protorthis Billiiigsi
(Hartt), remarkable for the broad low opening in the valves, and
its resemblance to the genus Orthis of later Cambrian time.

* The value of this character in the classiflcation of the Brachiopoda was urged
a good many years ago by Prof. Jas. Hall of Albany.

APPENDIX — REPORT ON GEOLOGY.

95

Fuller accounts of these a.ncl other j^enera of the St. John Group
may be seen in the transactions of the Royal Society of Canada,
in Genera of the Brachiopoda, by Jas. Hall and J. M. Clarke,*
and in the Protolenus Fauna, f

<p a S

Trematobolus insignis.

a. Interior of the ventral valve, b. Interior of the dorsal valve, c. Dorsal valve
seen from behind, d. Ins'de of beak of ventral valve. Notation of the muscles, etc.
p. n. Posterior adductor, a. d. Adjuster muscles I. rn. Lateral muscles, a. p. An-
terior depression, c. p. Cardinal pit. c. Cardinal process, s Hinge socket, t.
Dentiform process of the ventral valve. /. Foramen. From Assize 2. Band 6, Div. 1,
St John Group at Hanford Brook, St. John County, N. B.

— G. F. M.

Botanical Report.

The Botanical Committee report the occurrence of the follow-
ing plants :

Plantago maritima, Lepreau (Hay) ; Gilia linearis. Gray,
Lepreau (Roy Van wart and Geo. W. Bailey) ; Lathy r us praten-
sis, L. Ledge, St. Stephen (F. A. Pickett) ; Comandra livida,
Richardson, Lepreau; Ralfsia deusta, an addition to our Algoid
flora, on rocks at low water. Entrance of Lepreau basin (W. F.
Ganong). Some notes upon the plants of the peat bogs will be
communicated at a future time by Prof. W. F. Ganong.
— G. U. H.

* Published by the State of New York, Albany.

+ Published by New York Academy of Sciences, New York.

96 BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

Bibliography of Scientific Publications relating to the
Province of New Brunswick other than those con-
tained in the Bulletins of the Society, 1890-1895.

By Samuel W. Kain.

It is proposed to publish each year in the Bulletin the titles
of all works other than those contained in the Bulletins them-
selves relating to New Brunswick, in the subjects coming within
the scope of the Society's work.

General works, merely with occasional references to New
Brunswick, will not be included, but only such as relate specifi-
cally to the natural history of New Brunswick, or contain chap-
ters or sections devoted specifically to it, or which contain results
of studies carried on in New Brunswick or upon materials obtain-
ed in the province.

The multiplication of scientific publications makes it impos-
sible for any, except specialists, and difficult for them, to keep
track of scientific literature ; hence for those interested in a more
general way, as well as for the use of coming students, it is
desirable to have placed permanently on record all obtainable
titles.

It has been thought advisable to begin with the year 1890
and bring it up to present date, but in future to give only those
of the year with any omissions from previous lists. Members
and correspondents are earnestly requested to aid in making
these lists complete.

GEOLOGY.

Bailey, L. W. — The Gold-bearing Rocks of New Brunswick,
and the Possible Discovery of Remunerative Gold
Deposits. Trans Royal Society of Canada, Vol. IX,
sec. iv, j3]). 21-27. 1891.
On the Mineral Resources of New Brunswick. Canadian
Mining and Mechanical Review. 1891.

Chalmers, Robert. — Report on the Surface Geology of Eastern

New Brunswick, North-western Nova Scotia, and a

portion of Prince Edward Island. (In press).

Annual Rejjort. Geological Survey of Canada, Vol. VII,

(N. S.), Part M., pj). 149. With three maps. 1895.

APPENDIX — BIBLIOGRAPHY OF SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS. 97

Ells, R. W. — The Geology of the Proposed Tunnel under the
Northumberland Strait. Trans. Royal Society of
Canada, Vol. XI, Sec. IV, pp. 75-81. 1893.

Goodwin, W. L. — Reclaiming Bog in Westmorland County,
N. B. Can. Record of Science, F-^J. 364. 1893.

Matthew, Geo. F. — On Cambrian Organisms in Acadia. Trans.

Royal Society of Canada. VII, Sec. 4, pp. 135-163,

5 plates, 3 cuts. 1890.
On Some Causes which have Influenced the Spread of

the Cambrian Faunas. Ca7iadian Record of Science,

Vol. IV, pp. 255-269. Jan. 1891.
Illustrations of the Fauna of the St. John Group. No. V.

Trans. Royal Society of Canada. VIII, Sec. 4,

jyp. 123-169. 6 plates, 3 cuts. 1891.
On a New Horizon in the St. John Group. Canadian

Record of Science, Vol. IV, pp. 339-343. Oct. 1891.
Notes on Cambrian Faunas. I, The Taconic Fauna of

Emmons compared with the Cambrian Horizons of

the St. John Group. American Geologist, Nov. 1891,

jyp. 287-291.
Note on Leptoplastus. Canadian Record of Science, pp>.

461-462. Dec. 1891.
Illustrations of the Fauna of the St. John Group, No. VI.

Trans. Royal Society of Canada. Vol. IX, Sec. 4,

pp. 33-65. 2 plates. 1892.
Trematobolus, an Articulate Brachiopod of the Inarticu-
late Order. Canadiaii Record of Science, j)]). 276-

279. January, 1893.
On the Diffusion and Sequence of Cambrian Faunas.

Trans. Royal Society of Canada. Vol. X, Sec. 4,

pp. 3-16. 2 cuts. 1893.
Illustrations of the Fauna of the St. John Group. No. VII.

Ibid., pp. 95-109. 1 plate. 1893.
Illustrations of the Fauna of the St. John Group.

No. VIII. Ibid., Vol. XI, Sec. 4, pp. 85-129,

2 plates, 1 cut. 1894.
Post-Glacial Faults at St. John, N. B. American Journal

ofScience,XLVIII,pp.'oO\-Q02,. Z^ec. 1894. \ plate.

98 BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

On the Organic Remains of the Little River Group.

JVos. 2 and 3. Trans. Royal Society of Canada.
Vol. XII, Sec. 4,2)]). 89-112. 1 plate. 1895.
The Protolenus Fauna. Trans. New York Academy of

Sciences. IW. X/K, ^j^^;. 101-153. 1 1 plates. 1895.

Matthew, Wm. D. — On Phosphate Nodules from the Cambrian
of Southern New Brunswick. Trans. New York
Academy of Sciences. Vol. XII, j). ^0^. 1893.
The Intrusive Rocks near St. John, New Brunswick.
Trails. New York Academy of Sciences. Vol. XIII,
p. 185, p^. V. 1894.
The Effusive and Dyke Rocks near St. John, N. B.
Trans. Netv York Academy of Sciences. Vol. XIV,
]). 187, pi. XII~XVII 1895.

PHYSIOGRAPHY.

Bailey, J. W. — The Saint John River in Maine, Quebec, and
New Brunswick. Cambridge, Mass. 1894. 178pp.
Map. (An excellent popular work).

Eaton, Frank H. — The Bay of Fundy Tides and Marshes-
Popular Science Monthly, Vol. XLIII. No. 2,
pp). 250-256. June 1893.

KoBBE , Gustav. — The Tides of the Bay of Fundy. Scrihner's
Mag. XIV, 2). 335-343. 1893.

Murdoch, Wm. — Why Ice in the Kennebeccasis Expands in a
North-westerly Direction. St. John Globe. March
10, 1894.

Reclus, Elisee. — Physical Features, etc., of New Brunswick.
The Universal Geograj)hy, Vol. XV, pj)- 339-367,
1893. (?)

BOTANY.

Ganong, W. F. — On Raised Peat-bogs in New Brunswick.
Botanical Gazette, XVI, p2^- 123-126, May 1891.

Hay, Geo. U. — The Flora of New Brunswick. Trans Royal
Society of Canada, XI, Sec. 4., 2ip- 45-50. 1893.
Native Trees and Shrubs. Educatiorial Review, April
1891.

APPENDIX — BIBLIOGRAPHY OF SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS. 99

Perkins, H. F. — The Flora of Blissville. St. John Gazette,
March 8th, 1894.
Preliminary List of Plants found growing on Grand
Manan. St. Ci'oix Courier. Jan. 31, 1895.

ZOOLOGY.

Allen, J. A. — Notes on Mammals from New Brunswick, with

description of a New Species of Evotomys. Bull.

Am. Mus. Xat. Hist. VI, pp. 99-106. 1894.
On the Seasonal Change of Color in the Varying Hare

(Lepus Araericanus) Ibid., pp. 107-128.
Remarks on a Second Collection of Mammals from

New Brunswick. Iljid., pp. 359-362.

Bailey, Prof. L. W. — A New Snake Find. (Note on Storeria
occipjito-maculata.) Educational Review, Dec, 1890.

Fewkes, J. Walter. — On Excavations made in Rocks by Sea-
urchins. Ame7-ican Naturalist, XXIV. pp. 1-21.
1890.
A Zoological Reconnoissance in Grand Manan. Ibid.,
XX/F,;^;x 423-435. 1890.

Ganong, W. F. — Southern Invertebrates on the Shores of Acadia.
Trans. Royal Society of Canada, Vol. VIII, Sec. IV,
pp. 167-185. 1890.

Miller, G. S. — Description of a New Jumping Mouse from
Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. Am. Xaturalist,
XXIII, pp. 742-743. Axig., 1891.
Description of a new White-footed Mouse fi'om the Eastern
United States. Proc. Biological Society of Wash-
ingto7i, VIII. pp. 55-70. 1893. (The mouse also
from N. B.)

Prince, E. E. — A Morning among Moose. Ottawa Xatiiralist,
Vol. XI, Xo. 5, 2>P- 103-107. 1895.

ETHNOLOGY.

Adney, Tappan. — Milicete Natural History. Proc. Li7i. Soc,
Xeiv York, Xo. 5, j^P- 19-38. 1893. (Maliseet
names of the common birds and mammals, with
comments).

100 BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

Fewkes, J. Walter — The Use of the Phonograph in the Study
of the Languages of the American Indians. Ameri-
ca7i Naturalist, XXIV, jjp. 495-476, 1890.
Contributions to Passamaquoddy Folk- Lore. American
Journal Folk-Lore, pp. 24, plate. Dec. 1890.

Goodwin, W. L. — Notes on an old Indian Encampment. Can.
Record of Science, Jan, 1893.

Jack, Edward. — The Abenakis of Saint John River. Trans.
Canadian Institute, \ ol. Ill, 1891-2, ^jp. 195-205,
Toronto. 1893.

Maliseet Legends. Journal American Folk-Lore, VIII. pp.
193-208. Sept. 1895.

The Tide Gauge at St. John, N. B.

In 1892 the Dominion Government erected a tide gauge at
St. John. Gauges have also been erected at St. Paul Island,
Belleisle, Father Point, South-west Point (Anticosti) and Halifax.

The gauge cohimn at St. John is situated in the south-east
corner of the Reed's Point Wliarf (latitude N. 45° 17', longitude
W. 66^ 4'). The timber shaft contains two tubes, one of which
is used for the eye observation gauge, and the other for the Sir
Wm. Thompson self-recording gauge.

It is proposed to operate this gauge for nineteen years (a
lunar cycle). A bench-mark has been cut on the south-east corner
of the Custom House. The clock plate of the self-recording gauge
is 36*95 feet above zero on the eye observation gauge, and 23 "03
feet below the bench-mark on the Custom House.

The establishment of the St. John gauge is of interest to
geologists, as observations for a series of years would provide
data for detection of earth movements. — S. W. K.

Note.— For further information see Proceedings Royal Society of Canada, Vol.
VIII, pp viii-ix, 18J0 ; Vol. X, pp. ix-x, 1892. Reports of Marine Department
1891, 1892, and 1893.

APPENDIX REPORT OF THE COUNCIL. 101

THIRTY-THIRD ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

COUNCIL OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY

OF NEW BRUNSWICK.

The Council of the Natural History Society desires to lay
before the members its annual report on the work for the year
now ending:

MEMBERSHIP.

The following additions have been made to the roll of
members :

Honorai^y (Monsig'r J. C. K. Laflamme), 1

Life (Prof. William F. Ganong), 1

Corresponding, 3

Ordinary, 9

Associate 14

Total, 28

During the year, three of our members have been removed
by death.

Geo. F. Smith, Esq., died March 6th, 1894. He was a mem-
ber for many years, and by his death the Society lost a valued
member.

Gilbert Murdoch, C. E., died May 28th, 1894. He was one
of the founders of the Society, and in former years contributed
some valuable papers. His paper on Meteorology, embracing
observations at St. John from 1850 to 1862, was published in
1863, and is a most valuable record.

Mr. H. W. Northrup died June 18th, 1894. He had only
been a member for a short time, but was much interested in our
work.

102 BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

FINANCE.

The Treasurer's report shows the following receipts and
expenditures :

Balance from last year, $ 14 79

Dues collected, . . .' 107 00

Bulletins sold, 4 05

Government Grant, 125 00

Interest on Investment, 144 00

Other items, 45 50

$440 34
Current Expenses, 388 03

Balance, $52 31

LECTURES AND ESSAYS.

During the year, twelve meetings of the Society vvere held,
at which the following papers were read:

1894.
Feb. 6. Fish Life in the Upper Waters of the River St.
John. By Wm. M. McLean, M. A.
The Ingratitude of Societies. By Samuel W. Kain.

Mar. 6. (1) Report on the North-westerly Expansion of Ice
in the River Kennebeccasis. By Wm. Mur-
doch, Esq., C. E. (Published in Globe, March
10th, 1894.

(2) Dr. Silas T. Rand, Missionary, Linguist, and

Author. By Miss Eleanor Robinson.

(3) Botany of the Parish of Blissville, Sunbury

County, N. B. By Henry F. Perkins. (Pub-
lished in Gazette, March 8th, 1894.

(4) The Intellectual Pre-eminence of the Germans.

By William F. Ganong. (Published in Educa-
tional Review, March 1894.

April 3. (1) Spring Birds at Petitcodiac — with table showing
date of arrivals and departures for five years.
By John Brittain.
(2) Bacteria. By W. F. Best.

April 10. A New Re-agent in Blowpipe Analysis. By Prof.

W. W. Andrews.
May 1. An Outline of Phytobiology (1st Paper) By W. F.

Ganong. (Published in Bulletin XII.)

APPENDIX REPORT OF THE COUNCIL. 103

June 5. (1) Report of Delegate to Royal Society of Canada.
By Geo. U. Hay.

(2) Address on the Work of the Experimental
Farms. By John Craig, Esq.

(3) The Crystalline Rocks around St. John. By

W. D. Matthew. (Published in Bulletin XII.)

(4) Notes on the Botany of the Valley of the Upper

St. John. By Merritt Lyndon Fernald. (Read

by title.)

Oct. 2. The Mosses of New Brunswick, with a Description
of some New Species. By John Moser.

Oct. 9. Some Evidences of a Glacial Epoch. By Charles
R. Fisher, Esq. (Published in Bulletin XII).

Nov. 6. Post-Glacial Faulting at St. John. By Dr. Geo. F.
Matthew. (Published in Bulletin XII.)

Nov. 13. Outlets of the St. John River. By Dr. Geo. F.
Matthew. (Published in Bulletin XII.)

Dec. 4. Recent Plant-studies and Discoveries in New Bruns-
wick. By Geo. U. Hay, M. A.
1895.

Jan. 2. The Mountain Systems of America — A Comparative
Study. By Dr. L. W. Bailey. . (Synopsis pub-
lished in Bulletin XII.)

As in former years, a course of elementary lectures in
science has been given. It proved of great interest, and was as
follows :

PALEONTOLOGY.

Lecturer, Geo. F. Matthew, D.Sc, F.R.S.C.

Jan. 9. Scope and Purpose of the Science.
23. Trilobites of the St. John rocks.
30. Fossil Botany of the Palaeozoic Rocks, with special

reference to the coal measures and plant bearing

beds at St. John.

BACTERIA.
Lecturer, W. F. Best, Esq.

Feb. 13. Historical Sketch of Subject, etc.
20. Fermentation and Yeasts.
27. Bacteria of the Mouth, etc.

104 BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

BIRDS.
Lecturer, Philip Cox, B.Sc. Ph.D.

Mar. 13. Organization of Birds in Relation to their Habits.
20. Plan of Birds in the Economy of Nature.
27. Intelligence of Birds, inherited and acquired.

PLANTS.
Lecturer, Geo. U. Hay, M.A., F.R.S.C.

April 10. The Plant as a Living Being, etc.

17. Flowerless Plants, Structure, Classification, Uses.
24. Flowering Plants, Structure, Mode of Reproduction.
From seed to fruit. Classification.

LIBRARY.

The year has seen large accessions to the library. Among
donations specially worthy of mention are seven volumes of the
Educational Review, from Mr. Geo. U. Hay, and a large number
of zoological works from Prof. W. F. Ganong.

Prof. Ganong has also generously presented to the Society
200 copies of his work on the Economic Mollusca of Acadia,
bound in cloth.

A valuable set of works on Palaeontology has been acquired
by purchase.

BOTANY.

This delightful study has been brought before the Society
very prominently during the year. Six papers have been read
on this subject, and in the elementary course three lectures have
been given. A number of plants new to the province have been
discovered, and a complete list of our mosses has been prepared
by that veteran student, Mr. John Moser. Messrs. Hay and
Ganong have undertaken a new text-book in botany suitable for
these Atlantic Provinces, and it is confidently expected that the
proposed work will do much to increase the widening popularity
of this science.

MUSEUM.

The Custodian has continued mounting the European plants
and doing other museum work. The rooms received a thorough
cleaning, and the collections are all in fair condition.

The Room Committee have had the entrance and halls
thoroughly cleaned and painted. The mammals have been
removed from the Lecture Hall to the room up-stairs, formerly
used as a laboratory. It is considered that this change will be
an improvement.

The rooms have been open as usual, and a large number of
visitors have examined the collections.

I

APPENDIX REPORT OF THE COUNCIL. 105

PUBLICATIONS.

Bulletin XII will be issued shortly and sent to members.
It will be found a number of unusual interest. A number of
papers have been published in the daily press.

The Council regret that limited means makes it impossible
to publish a larger Bulletin.

GEOLOGY.

The Geological Committee report some additions to the
museum. Special reference is made to a fine collection of fossils
from the drift of Bedfordshire, Great Britain, presented by
Charles R. Fisher.

Geological work in the vicinity of St. John has been prose-
cuted by members of the Society, and by visitors from various
colleges and technical schools in the United States. Among
the former, one of our corresponding members, W. D. Matthew,
has during the past summer been pursuing his studies on the
volcanic rocks around St. John.

Among the visitors who were here in the past year were
professors from Columbia College, Yale College, and the Institute
of Technology, Boston.

GENERAL.

During the year no summer camp was held, but many mem-
bers spent some time afield. Our president made a hasty visit
to the Devonian deposits at Lepreau Basin, with a view of hold-
ing a summer camp there next season. Vice-president Hay
made an excursion to the Upper St. John. Dr. Cox has been
working hard at his special work, and Mr. F. G. Berton and the
Secretary made a survey of the sea-shore plants in the vicinity
of St. John.

We record with pleasure our hearty appreciation of the
support given to this Society by the ' ladies. In almost every
department of human activity women are showing that they are
capable of taking an advanced place. In England Miss Raisin
and Miss Crane, and in the United States Miss Rosa Englemann
have done scientific work of great merit, and won a recognized
place in the world of science. And it is a matter for congratula-
tion that we have in our midst some ladies who have done good
local work in natural science.

The Society gave a conversazione to the members of the
New Brunswick Educational Institute, which met last June in
this city. About 500 were present, and a very pleasant evening

106 BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

was spent. The Society has continued to co-operate with the
University Extension movement, and two courses will be given
in our rooms this winter. Our president gives four lectures on
Invertebrates, and will be followed by Dr. Cox with four on
Vertebrates.

The Council wish to thank the press of St. John for the free
insertion of preliminary notices of meetings, and they also thank
all who have prepared papers for the Society.

One-third of a century has passed away since the foundation
of this Society. Many of those who were active in carrying on
the work in years gone by are no longer here, but their work
remains.

The collections have assumed valuable proportions. In
geology, mineralogy, archaeology, botany, molluscs, fishes and
birds, we have excellent collections that would be valued by any
museum in Canada, and we look forward to the day when public
liberality or private munificence will provide for them a fit and
proper home.

These collections are not ours — they belong to the people of
New Brunswick, and we hope that an enlightened public spirit
will see that such a valuable heritage be preserved for genera-
tions to come.

Respectfully submitted,

SAMUEL W. KAIN,

Secretary to Council.

Natural History Rooms, Market Building, I
St. John, N. B., January 15th, 1895. j

appp:ndix

DONATIONS TO TIIK LIBRAIIY

107

DONATIONS TO THE LIBRARY, 1894.

Donor"s Name.

Royal Society

Geological Society

Director Koj'al Gardens

Manchester Geological Society

Biological Society

Marine Biological Association

Belfast Naturalists' Field Club

Koyal Society oi Canada

Ottawa Field Naturalists' Club

Director Experimental Farms

Department Inland Revenue

Canadian Institute

Entomological Society of Ontario

Natural History Society

Historical and Scientirtc Societj' of Manitoba,
Natural History Society of British Columbia.,

Nova Institute of Natural Sciences

New Brunswick Historical Society

The Author CGeo. U. Hay. M.A , F.R.S.C.)..
The Author (Geo F. Matthew.)

Geo. U. Hay

E. A. Charters . . .
William F. Ganong

London

do

Kew

Manchester

Liverpool . .
Plymouth . . .

Belfast

Ottawa

do

do

do

Toronto

London, Ont...

Montreal

Winniipeg . .
Victoria, B. C
Hahfax, N. S..
St. John, N. B. .
do
do

do
Sussex, N. B. . .
(Northampton,

Mass.)

The Government of Ontario Toronto,

Toronto Public Library do

Univers ity of Toronto do

(Geological Survey of New South Wales Sidney, N S.W.

Australian Museum do

Australian Assoc, for Adv. of Science do

Linnean Society of N. S. W Elizabeth Bay,

Government Geologist Perth, W. Aus

New Zealand Institute WelliDgton,N.Z

U. S. Geological Survey

Bureau of Ethnology

U. S. Fish Commission

U. S. National Museum

Smithsonian Institution

U. S. Dept, of Agriculture ,

U. S. Dept. of Agriculture (Botanical Division)

U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey

International Geological Congress..

University of Cal fornia

University of Michigan

Cornell University ..

Tufts" College

Johns Hopkins University

Ajnherst College

Boston Society of Natural History.

Marine Biological 1 aboratory

Boston Public Library

Essex Institute

Proceedings.

Absi ract Proceedings

Bulleiins.

Transactions

Proceedings and Tran

Journal.

An. Report and Proc.

Proceedings and Tran

Ottawa Naturalist.

Report.

Bulletins.

Traisactions

Can. Kntomologist

(^au. Record of Science

Transactions and Rep

Bulletin.

Procedings.

Collections, Vol. I.

Flora of N.Brunswick

Illus. of the Fauna of
the St. John Group.

Educ. Review, 7 vols.

Pamphlets.

1 56 vols, and pamph-
lets,mostly treating
of marine zoology.

Forestry Rep., I88t)-91

Report.

Pamphlet

Reports.

Catalogue of Birds.

Report of 4th Meeting-
Proceedings 1883 94.

Reports.

Proc.and Trans. Vol.26

Washington,

do
do
do
do
do
do

do

do
Berkley, Cal...

Ann Arbor

Ithaca, N. Y. . .
Tufts Col . Mass
Baltimore, Md.

Boston
do
do

Salem .

Reports, Bulletins and

3Ionographs.
Reports and Bulletins
Reports and Bulletins
Report and Proceed's
Report.

Reports, 1888 to 1892.
Bulletins and Contri-
butions from U. S.
' Nai ional Herbarium
Report.

jProceedings, 1893.
Bullelins& Pamphlets
I Keports & Pamphlets.
[Bulletins.
Studies
Circulars.
(_;alendar.
Proceedings.
Annual Report.

do.
Bulletins

108 APPENDIX — DONATIONS TO THE LIBRARY.

Donations to the Library — {Continued.

Donor's Name.

Residence.

Work.

New York Microscopical Society

New York Academy of Sciences .

American Museum of Natural History

Linnean Society of New York

Nat. Science Assoc, of Staten Island

Rochester Academy of Sciences

New York State Museum

Iowa Academy of Sciences

Tacoma Academy of Sciences

Academy of Natural Sciences

Prof. E. D. Cope

Colorado Scientific Society

Cincinnati Society of Natural History

Public Museum

Missouri Botanical Garden

National Museum of Costa Rica . .

Museu National ,

Societe Scientiflque du Chile

Adrien Dollfus ..

Societe Royale Malacologique de Belgique

Vereins fur Erdkund

K. K. Naturhistorischen Hofmuseum

Comite Geologique du Russie

Imperial Academy of Sciences

Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. . .
Royal University of Norway

New York

do

do

do
New Brighton..
Rochester,N.Y,
Albany, N. Y . .

DesMoines, la.
Tacoma. Wash.
Philadelphia . .
do

Denver, Col

Cincinnati, O . .
Milwaukee. Wis
St. Louis, Mo. .

San Jose

Rio de Janeiro.
Santiago

Paris

Bi-ussels

Leipsic

Vienna . . . ..
St. Peters' )"g...
do

Stockholm

Christian, a

Journal.

Transactions.

Report and Bulletin.

Abstract of Proceed.

Proceedings, 4 vols.

Proceedings.

45th and 46th Annual

Report.
Proceedings, 1893.
Proceedings.

do
Several Pamphlets.
Proceedings.
Journal, Vol. XVII.
Eleventh Annual Rep
Annual Report, 1894.
Report.

Archives, Vol. VIII.
Actes, 1894.

Feuille des Jeunes
Naturalistes.

Proceedings.

Mitteilungen. 1894

Annalen, 1893.

Memoirs & Bulletins.

Bulletins.

Proceed. and Bulletins

Description of Norwe-
gian Rocks by Dr.
Kjerulf.

Purchased.

Reports of Geological Survey of Illinois, Vols. I-VIII

Report U. S. Geological Survey of the Territories, Vol. Ill, Book I.

Geology of Iowa, Vol. I, Parts 1 and 2.

Text-Book of British Fungi, by Wm. Delisle Hay.

Maury's Physical Geography.

Note. — The Library is open every Tuesday evening.

APPENDIX — DONATIONS TO THE MUSEUM.

109

DONATIONS TO THE MUSEUM.

Date.

Donor's Name and Description of Article.

1894.
Feb.

Mar.
Apr.
Oct.

J^ov.

Dec.

Frank E. Holm an Esq. — Albatross, mounted, in glass
case.

Geoffrey 8tead, Esq., C.E. — Indian relics from Grand
Cane, La., U. S. A. Arrow Heads of Stone
mounted on four cards. Ring-necked snake,
Portland, N. B.

Van wart Bros., 8t John, N. B., Ciyptocanthodes
maculatus (the wry-mouth), 8t. John Harbor.

Miss Bessie Matthew, 8t. John, N. B., Spanish Moss
from Florence, 8. C.

Mrs. Wm. Bowden, 8t. John, N. B., Stone Arrow Head,
Sandy Point, St. John County.

Mrs. Mary Lawrence, St. John, N. B., Caribou,
mounted.

Wm. M. McLean, Esq., St. John, N. B., Sea Turtle,
Bay of Fundy.

Dr. H. M. Ami, Ottawa, Ontario, Post Pliocene Fossil
Fish, (Capelin) Green's Creek, Ottawa River.

110 OFFICERS AND COMMITTEES.

Officers and Committees of the Natural History
Society for 1895.

Patron — His Honor the Lieutenant Governor, Honorable John
James Eraser.

Council for 1895.

Preside7it^(Jreo. F. Matthew, D. Sc, F. R. 8. C.
Vice-Presidents — Geo. U. Hay, M. A., F. R. S. C, Wm. M.

McLean, M. A.
Treasurer — Alfred Seely, Esq.
Secretary — Samuel W. Kain, Escj.
Curators— -'Wm. Murdoch, C. E., H. G. Addy, M. D., Charles

R. Fisher.
Additional Members — J. Roy Campbell, F. E. Holman and W.

F. Best.
Delegate to the Royal Society of Carnor/a-— Samuel W. Kain, Esq

Associate Members' Branch.

President — Mrs. Geo. F. Matthew.
Secretary-Treasurer — Mrs. F. E. Holman.

Standing Committees for 1895.

Physics— Wm. Murdoch, C.E., W. F. Best, Geo. U. Hay.
Geology — Geo. F. Matthew, C. R. Fisher, L. W. Bailey.'
Invertebrates — Samuel W. Kain, Wm. D. Matthew.
Vertebrates-— W . M. McLean, H. G. Addy, W. W. White.
Ornithology — Philip Cox, Alfred Morrisey.
Botany— Geo. U. Hay, J. Vroom, Mrs. H. G. Addy, Mrs. Win.

Bowden.
Library — P. G. Hall, Wm. Murdoch, Mrs. Bowden, Miss G.

Murphy.
Lectures — Geo. U. Hay, H. G. Addy, J. Roy Campbell, S. W.

Kain.
Archce.oloyy — C. R. Fisher, Frank E. Holman.
Publications — Geo. F. Matthew, Ct. U. Hav, Alfred Seely, S.

W. Kain, P. G. Hall.
Rooms — H. G. Addy, Wm. Murdoch, G. F. Matthew, S. W.Kain.
Finance — Alfred Seely, F. E. Holman, J. Roy Campbell.

'i'>l f