BULLETIN

OF THE

ocr 22. 1940 *

SKARl

Natural History Society

OF

NEW BRUNSWICK.

No. XX.

Volume IV. Part V.

PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY

SAINT JOHN, N. B. , CANADA :

Barnes & Co., Printers, 84 Prince Wm. Street,
1902.

BULLETIN

I '

OF THE

( I

NftTURflL History Society

OF

NEW BRUNSWICK.

No. XX.

Volume IV. Part V.

-f

PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY.

SAINT JOHN, N. B. , CANADA :

Barnes & Co., Printers, 84 Prince Wm. Street,
1902.

Vi (i.UiO\,V(/,(Ui,i Ul/,

ARTICLE I.

ADDITIONAL NOTES ON THE CAMBRIAN OF CAPK
BRETON, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF
NEW SPECIES.

By G. F. Matthew, LL.D., F.R.S.C.

A visit to the Cambrian areas in Cape Breton during the past
summer has enabled the writer to supplement his observations on the
range and structure of the Cambrian System in that island.

As a full statement of the results of observations in that island in
this and the two previous years will be embodied in a report to the Geo-
logical Survey of Canada, only a very brief outline will be given here.

In consequence bf the finding of trilobites and Cambrian genera of
Brachiopods, etc., in the Etcheminian strata, the writer proposes to
revert to the classification of 1889, wherein these deposits are called
the Basal Series (of the Cambrian System).*

Further, it has been found that slates with fossils of Cambrian
genera are included in the important group of volcanic rocks which
lie at the base of the Etcheminian, and that where the dip of the
volcanics can be found, as is not infrequently the case, it agrees with
that of the Etcheminian. It is thought therefore that those volcanics,
(the Coldbrook group) should be included in the Basal Cambrian.

Both in New Brunswick and in Cape Breton the Coldbrook group
begins with lavas showing deposition free of pressure, as they are
amygdaloidal ; or with agglomerates devoid of evidence of marked
aqueous wear. The deposition therefore did not begin in deep water,
or on exposed sea coasts, or under heavy pressure.

The foundation upon which the volcanics rest shows in several
places marks of deep sub-aerial decay at the line of contact. Cal-
careous bands are dissolved, leaving the silicious portion of the strata.
The feldspar of the granitic rocks is kaolinized, and the magnesian

Trans. Roy. Soc. Can,, vol, vii, Sec. iv, p. 135.

378

/ •*

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

silicates are hydrated, impure graphite ■ beds are changed to a black
amorphous crumbling shale, and a depression or narrow valley is usu-
ally found at the contact of the two terranes. These conditions
appear to indicate that the pre-Cambrian complex had long been above
the sea-level in these districts when the first Cambrian effusives were
thrown out upon it.

Another point worthy of note in this connection is the large
amount of feldspathic material in the Etcheminian beds ; the very
sands are often composed of feldspathic grains, and these largely of
unkaolenized feldspar, as though they had not been exposed to sub-
aerial decay. Feldspar in this condition is found in two kinds of
deposits, those that are the result of glacial wear and those found
around volcanic vents, where particles of rock have been torn from
the walls and blown out upon the surface of the earth. These if
dropped into the sea would soon be covered up by fine mud and pre-
served in their original crystalline condition. The Etcheminian
appears to represent the submarine condition of these effusive rocks.

On the other hand the Coldbrook series, as has been intimated
above, represents the preceding sub-aerial phase of the eruptives.
It is true that we find in many places conglomerates at the contact
of these two series of rocks, so diverse in appearance; but elsewhere
there are no beds of rolled fragments at the contact, and the passage
is direct from ash-beds or diabases, to the slates and sandstones.

In reports of the Canadian Geological Survey of 1870-71, pp.
57-59, etc , both these groups of rocks have been included in the
Huronian System. They may be equivalent in age to the upper part
of that series, but unfortunately the absence of fossils in the original
Huronian leaves this matter in doubt.

As we contemplate the physical conditions of the initial epochs of
Cambrian time in the Maritime Provinces, we seem to see a region
long elevated above the sea, now subjected to depression nearly to the
sea level, the depression being accompanied with extrusion of lavas
and volcanic mud and the ejection of stones and ashes. These at first
were cast upon a land surface, but, as the crust of the earth continued
to sink, into sounds and bays of a shallow sea, diversified with pre-
Cambrian ridges and islands, of greater or less extent.

For the above reasons as well as because the stratified rocks of
the underlying complex are markedly unconformable to the Cam-

Base of the Pal.eozoic Rocks in thf. Maritime Provinces of Canada.

ADDITIONAL NOTES ON THE CAMBRIAN OF CAPE BRETON 379

brian, the volcanics are thought to belong to the latter, and to give the
natural base of this system.

The accompanying table will then show the classification of the
Cambrian System, as seen in the Maritime Provinces of Canada.

See accompanying sheet. )

In this table we have been able to present one of the faunas
of the European Cambrian, heretofore unrecognized in Eastern
Canada, i. e., the Tremadoc fauna of English writers, the Ceratopyge
fauna of the Swedes (the Euloma-Niobe fauna of Prof. W. C. Brogger),
the Dicellocephalus fauna of Mississippi valley.

This is based on the discovery of examples of Asaphellus, Para-
bolinella and Triarthrus in soft shale on the upper part of McLeod
Brook, in Boisdale district. It happens that at St. John the strata
which would carry this fauna is in the channel of the river in the upper
part of the harbor of St. John, with the Dictyonema fauna on one
shore, and the Tetragraptus fauna on the other, hence it has not been
recognized in the St. John Basin.

Also, the strata of Division 2 of the St. John group, the
Johannian division, which we have all along spoken of as the probable
place of the Olenus, it would seem will have to be assigned largely to
the Paradoxides Zone, since Mr. Loper, who has been collecting in
Cape Breton for the U. S. Geological Survey, has found a Para-
doxides, which proves to be a variety of P. Forchhammeri, in the
middle of this Division. From this it may be inferred that the two
lower bands {a and h) of this division may be assigned to the Para-
doxides zone. I had found in the Mira R. Cambrian a cheek of
Paradoxides type in this division, but this alone was not sufficient
to determine the presence of this genus in the Johannian division.

Another important point made during the past season was, that
the strata at Young’s Point (or McFee’s Point), from which the fossils
came, collected by Messrs. Weston and Robert many years ago for the
Canadian Geological Survey, and which the author had described, and
referred (on account of their resemblance to European forms) to the
Ordovician fauna, are in the Etcheminian or basal Cambrian. The
more abundant material gathered since Messrs. Weston and Robert’s
visit, show that the species referred by me to Orthisina is a Billing-
sella. The Holasaphus does not agree with any other basal Cam-

380

HULLETIX OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

brian trilobite so far described ; but the Hyolithes may be a form
of //. americanus of Billings.

The writer has suggested the possibility that from the composition
of the Hastings Cove Paradoxides fauna, the genus Olenellus, sens,
strict., might occur above Paradoxides. This now seems the less
probable from the occurrence in Cape Breton of the latter genus as
high up as the middle of the Johannian division, where Olenus would
naturally be looked for. It would seem that Olenellus must occur
lower down than the Johannian division.

New Species of the Etcheminian or Basal Cambrian.

1. — Development of the genera Acrothyra^ Acrotreta and Acrothele.

The value of small species of fossils in determining geological hori-
zons is well shown in Tullberg’s monograph on the Agnosti, of which
genus certain types are peculiar to special horizons of the Cambrian
and of the Ordovician. A small fragment of rock only has been found
sufficient, when containing certain Agnosti, to determine the age
of a group of strata.

I hope it may hereafter be possible to use the three genera above
mentioned in a similar way for determining the age of parts of the
Etcheminian and the higher Cambrian, where these genera occur. It
is as a contribution to this object that the writer presents here de-
scriptions of such species and varieties as have been recognized in the
Canadian Cambrian rocks. *

It will be seen that so far as our knowledge goes, the first two gen-
era are among the oldest that have been recognized in the Cambrian
rocks of Flastern Canada, since they are found among the volcanics
that lie at the base of the Paheozoic terranes, as well as higher up in
the Cambrian ; and they were distinct from each other, even at that
early time.

The following table shows the distribution of these early forms of
Brachiopods in the basal Cambrian rocks and their relative abundance
at Dugald Brook at the several horizons at which they occur :

ADDITIONAL NOTES ON THE CAMBRIAN OF CAPE BRETON

381

Distribution of Acrothyra and Acrotreta in the Coldbrookian
AND EtCHEMINIAN OF CaPE BrETON.

These species and mutations are
described in the following
pages.

W

o

o

M

C

iJ

O

O

Etcheminian.

1 1

2 1

00

a

b

c

d

•1

h

'1

“

b

c

d\

e j

/

A f’rr*!', hyrn. ciicrnn.ta.

7^

18

primal.

SGra

59

6

hn.rd n, .

24

*

3

A prnn.via,

6

m

?i

A primn

1

7

A orM.ssn

1

? 1

Acrotreta pn.pillata

! 2

A prima ^

1

1 ?

i

A SD

1 • •

i

i

•-r'

i

1

N. B. — The figures in the columns show the number of individual shells
examined. The horizons where the types of these species are found are marked
by heavy faced numbers. Only the ventral valves are recorded in this table.

ACROTHYRA.

For the characteristics of this genus see this Bulletin, Volume IV, page 303.

Acrothyra signata, n. sp. Plate XIII, figs. 2 a-e.

Valves corneous or calcareo-corneous, tumid, rather thick shelled.

Ventral valve— Owd(\, pointed at the umbo, beak depressed and sides
•compressed. Hinge larea oblique. Interior. — There is a strong

narrow callus, one-third of the length of the valve, bounded by a
raised ridge at the sides and in front ; at the front of this callus is an
■oval pit, from which a groove runs backward nearly to the apex of the

382

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

shell, where it is supposed, to connect with the foramen. Outside the-
callus, on each side, near the margin of the valve, are lenticular marks
of the lateral muscles. About the middle of the valve the position of
the anterior adductors is indicated by a faint impression of the lozenge
or “ heart-shaped ” depression. The margin of the valve is thickened..

The dorsal valve is orbicular, strongly convex, and has a somewhat
triangular appearance, because of the sides being depressed from the
umbo, and because the front is strongly bent downward. Interior. —
This shows a sharp, thin, median septum for half of the length of the
valve. This ridge is broader and more distinct at the front ; at each
side are lateral obscure ridges, diverging from the umbo. Outside
of these ridges are the lenticular imprints of the lateral muscles.

Sculpture. — The surface of this shell (which perhaps is not the
real outer surface) is shining, and has fine concentric ridges visible
only with a lens.

Size. — Length of the ventral valve, 3 mm.; width, 2 mm.; depth,

1 mm. In the dorsal the length and breadth are equal, and the depth
is less than that of the ventral.

Horizon and locality. — This species' is found in Assise h of the
lowest Etcheminian Zone at Dugald Brook, a branch of Indian Brook
in Escasonie, X. S.

On a cursory examination the ventral valve of this shell might
pass for that of a Lingulella, but the closed deltidial area is that of
Acrotreta and Acrothyra ; the form of the dorsal and the nature of
its interior show that the species is closely related to Acrotreta.

Acrothyra signata-prima. Plate XIII, figs. 1 a-g.

Test (calcareo-)corneous ; valves tumid. Ventral valve variable in-
form, longer than broad, often quite tumid, with the posterior half
straighter than the anterior, which in some examples is strongly
arched down toward the margin. Hinge area variable in height, beak
sometimes overhanging the hinge, sometimes withdrawn from the per-
pendicular. Interior — There is a visceral callus from one-quarter to
one-third of the length of the valve, wider in front than behind, bordered
Vjy vascular grooves ; the central depression is del^per toward the apex
than toward the front. Outside of the aforesaid grooves is another and
a shorter pair, more widely diverging ; traces of the lateral muscle scars
are seen outside of this latter pair of grooves.

A.DDITIOITA.L NOTES ON THE (^AMBRIAN OF CAPE BRETON .383'

The dorsal valve is more regular in form than the ventral, but also
often fjuite tumid. The umbo is low and close to the margin. Interior
— This possesses a shallow median septum extending to the middle of
the valve ; on each side of the septum, at the hinge line, are pits for
the cardinal muscle. A pair of diverging grooves in the posterior half
of the valve mark the position of the lateral muscles.

Both valves have thickened borders and are flattened along the
lateral margins.

Considering the variableness of this form one might be disposed to
think it a mutation of A. signata, and it is so classed here ; but the
following differences are apparent : The visceral callus of the ventral

valve is broader and not so distinctly impressed, and the groove at
the posterior end project farther backward. In A. signata the callus
does not have the strong bounding ridges that this frequently is seen
to have. The cardinal area in this form never has the extreme over-
hang that marks A. signata^ and the back part of the ventral valve is
not produced.

ScMlpture. — The surface is smooth, but a strong lens reveals fine
concentric ridges at intervals on the surface of the shell.

Size. — Ventral, length, 2^ mm. ; width, 2| mm. ; depth, TJ mm.
Dorsal, length and width, 2\ mm. ; depth, f mm.

Horizon and locality. — Fine grey shales in the volcanic beds of
the Coldbrook Group at Dugald Brook, Escasonie (C. B.), N. S.

AcROTHYRA (signata) SERA. P1‘. XIII, figs. 3 a-f.

Valves corneous, thick, especially the ventral. General form
orbicular, with the umbo of the ventral projecting.

Ventral valve nearly circular in outline, and with the back either
straight, or slightly hollowed near the apex, and rounded down toward
the front margin. The margin is somewhat straightened at the hinge,
and there is a depressed pseudodeltidium, with a narrow striate area
on each side. The area is at right angles to the base of the valve,,
which, when viewed from the side, has the margin someNvhat arched
up at the front and back. Interior. — This has near the hinge a thick
rectangular callus, hollowed at the middle, with a depression that
deepens towards the hinge ; from this it is divided by a low transverse
ridge, behind which is a pit leading to the foramen, which is just behind
the umbo. On each side of the callus, two low ridges extend forward

384

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

at a wide angle, and limit the area occupied by the lateral muscle
scars. The position of the central group of muscles in front of the
callus is not clearly defined.

The dorsal valve is orbicular and the umbo depressed. Two broad
obscure ridges radiate from the umbo to the sides of the valve. When
viewed sidewise the valve is seen to be bent down both at the anterior
and posterior ends. Interior. — The most prominent feature is the
median septum, which is usually visible from one-sixth of the length
of the valve from the back, to the middle of the valve. A pair of
diverging grooves originate at the hinge line, and forward, towards the
sides of the valve, divide off the space occupied by the impression
made by the lateral muscles. Midway between these grooves and
the median septum, are two faint vascular ridges. The margins of
both valves are thickened and flattened.

Sculpture. — This consists of fine concentric ridges with smooth
intervals between ; the known surface is smooth and shining, but
there are fragments of what appears to be an outer layer, with a dull,
minutely granulated surface. The surface is cften ridged with growth
lines, especially toward the anterior margin.

Size. — Length and width of the valves equal, mm. The depth
of the ventral is mm.; that of the dorsal, 1 mm.

Horizon and locality. — The Assise Ic of the Etcheminian at Dugald
Brook, Escasonie (C. B.) N. S.

This differs from the type in the shorter and wider shell, upright
hinge area, wider visceral callus, and straighter back of the ventral
valve. From A. signata prima in the more regularly conical form
of the ventral valve.

Acrothyra signata-tarda. pi. XIV, figs. 1 a-d.

Only the ventral valve known. This is tumid, with a broad low
umbo, and convex on the median line. Interior. — Distinguished by
two short prominent grooves that end abruptly, short of the end of
the callus ; the callus is narrow and has a low ridge along the middle;
it ends 1 \ mm. from the hinge, and the two lateral grooves are about
1 mm. apart. Outside of the two grooves above named are low
■crescentic ridges in front of the lateral extensions of the hinge line,
that enclose the scars of the lateral muscles.

ADDITIONAL NOTES ON THE CAMBRIAN OF CAPE BRETON 385

The dorsal valve has not been separated from that of Aerotreta
papillata, which occurs with it.

Sculpture. — This, on the lateral slopes of the valve, consists of fine,
closely vset ridges, visible only with a lens.

Size. — Length, 2| mm.; width, 3 mm.; depth, 1| mm.

Horizon and locality. — In the gray shales of E. 1 c and d at Dugald
Brook, Escasonie, (C. B.) N. S. Common in the latter assise.

This mutation is distinguished from Acrotreta papillata, with which
it is associated, by the form of the callus, etc., and from Acrothyra
signata (typical) by its flatter callus and deeper and shorter lateral
groves; the same characters distinguish it from A. signata-prima and
A. signata-sera.

Acrothyra signata-orta. PI. XIII, figs. 4 a-f.

This rather tumid form has an overhanging beak. Ventral valve
broadly ovate, bluntly pointed, convex along the back, especially
toward the front of the valve, where the curve becomes abrupt.
Interior — A callus about three times as long as its width in front, ex-
tending from the beak one-third of the length of the valve, sometimes
there is an apophysis in front of it, of equal width, sometimes an ap-
parent extension of the callus, with a median ridge dividing it length-
wise. The callus usually has a transverse raised thread towards the
posterior end, and sometimes another near the front. A faint, nar-
rowly triangular hollow, divides the callus from the impression of the
lateral muscles.

The dorsal valve is oblately orbicular in form, with inconspicuous
umbo. The valve is somewhat depressed in the middle and toward
the front. Interior — This part of the valve exhibits a median septum
in the posterior quarter of the valve, and behind it two lateral septa,
that fork from near the umbo ; the place of the lateral muscles is
faintly marked.

Sculpture. — Of fine concentric ridges, as with other forms of this
species.

Size. — Length of ventral, 2 mm. ; width, mm.; height, 1 mm to 2
mm. Dorsal length. If mm. ; width, 2 mm. ; height, about J mm.

Horizon and locality. — Fine, greenish grey calciferous sandstone
of E. 2 c. at Dugald Brook, Escasonie. Not rare.

38G

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

This mutation shows a change in the direction of A. 'proavia
described below, and of a higher horizon..

The ventral valves lie on their sides on the layers of the rock, but
the dorsals are on edge.

Acrothyra proavia. pi. XIV, figs. 2 a-g and 3 a-f.

Acrotreta j^yoavia, n. sp. Xat. Hist. Soc. N. B. Bull., Vol. iv, p. 203,
pi. iii, figs. 2 rt to /

Shell substance calcareo-corneous. The thin outer crust sometimes
wanting from corrosion, abrasion or absorption.

Ventral valve oblique-conical, with a prolonged beak. Caidinal
area narrow, as is also the pseudo deltidium ; in the pseudo deltidium
near the apex is a small oval tubercle, between which and the apex, the
foramen is supposed to be situated. The valves slope evenly down
from the apex to the anterior and lateral margins. Xo good examples
of the interior of this valve have been obtained ; imperfect ones show
two vascular lines enclosing a narrow visceral callus, and extending as
far down from the apex on one side as the hinge area does on the other;
the front margin exhibits on the interior a row of about ten radiating
vascular ridges. This valve is often undulate with one, sometimes
several strong grooves concentric to the umbo, marking periods of rest
in the growth of the shell ; corresponding ridges are found on the
deltidial area.

The dorsal valve is round, and broadly rounded in front ; the con-
tour of the surface is varied by a moderate projection of the umbo
behind, and by a slight flattening of the valve in front, giving the
valve a round, slightly triangular relief. The interior has the impres-
sion of a pair of muscles in the umbo, whence a low ridge extends for-
ward across the valve. Not infrequently the edges of this valve are
flattened, and one or more grooves, concentric to the umbo, marking
stages of growth, indent it.

Sculpture. — A irtrong lens reveals a series of concentric striie on
the surface on some examples of this shell, there being about 20 in
the space of a millemetre. Between these ridges a still stronger
magnifier (1 inch objective) shows a fine granulated surface with
occasional rows of coarser granules, parallel to the concentric striie.
On the inner, chitinous surface there is a similar ornamentation, but
less distinct than that on the surface of the outer layer.

ADDITIONAL NOTES ON THE CAMBRIAN OF CAPE BRETON 387

Size. — Length of the ventral valve in the largest examples, 3 mm. ;
width, 2 mm. The dorsal valves in both diameters is 2 mm. Depth
of the ventral valve from the beak mm. ; that of the dorsal at the
middle, h mm. A great majority of the valves are smaller and of the
size given in the original description.

Horizon and locality. — In the Assise e, common (and less common
in d where it is larger) of the upper Etcheminian, Dugald Brookr
Escasonie, Cape Breton. Very thin shells are found in Assise f.

There is a good deal of variation in the form of the ventral valves
of this species. The majority are of the dimensions given, but some-
times the width of the valve is equal to the longest diameter. Also
the concentric furrows of growth are in some examples so profound as
to give the ventral valve, when slightly distorted obliquely, the appear-
ance of a minute Raphistoma.

This species differs from all others of the genus known to me, ex-
cept L. inflata of the Protolenus fauna, in the overhanging apex, which
in the typical form projects one-quarter beyond the base of the valve,
but in the variety from Assise /, one-third beyond. As a result of
their form, the ventral valves of this species, in place of standing erect
like many of those of the genus Acrotreta, rest on the dorsal side, on
the layers of the shale in which they are imbedded, and except for
their strong convexity might be mistaken for those of a minute
Lingulella. As they occur scattered over the layers of the shale they
also strongly recall the ordinary aspect of the conical teeth of fishes,
brilliant with black enamel.

No described species of Acrotreta is as small as the more abun-
dant valves of this species, though A. gemmula of the Protolenus
fauna approaches it in that respect.*

Sir William Dawson has called attention to the resemblance in
structure between the shells of Hyolithidfe and the Brachiopoda, and
has compared the ventral valve of a Brachiopod to the tube of a
Hyolithes. Had Sir William been acquainted with this species he
would have found it a good example for comparison. This will be
seen if the ventral valve be so oriented, as to make the areal side cor-
respond to the ventral side of a tube of Hyolithes. The dorsal valve
with its round form and excentric umbo, with radiating lines, also re-
sembles the operculum of a Hyolithes. A detailed comparison of this

* Trans, Roy. Soc. Can, Vol. xi, p 87, pi. xvi, figs 2 ato d.

388

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

species with certain Hyolithidie has been made in an article contri-
buted to the Royal Society of Canada (Trans. New. Ser. Vol. VII,,
Sec. IV. p. 93).

A study of layers of the shales of the horizon E. 3 e., studded with
the valves of this species, failed to reveal any ventral valves, showing
clearly a thickened callus. For the relationship of this species we
have therefore to depend on the forms prima and crassa, both of
which possess a narrow thickened callus. These show that these three
forms are of the same genus as A. signata, but of a different species,
and reveal a series in the upper Etcheminian Fauna parallel to the
Signati of the lower fauna ; they are distinguished from the latter by
their naiTOw visceral callus. The absence of a thickened callus in the
typical form of A. proavia would seem to show that the pedicle in this
form was slender and weak, and from the fact that this shell, above
all its fellows, shows a perfect orientation in one direction, as im-
bedded in the shale, there is a presumption that the pedicle was also
long, enabling the animal to swing in the currents of the sea in which
it lived.

Often the ventral has an even slope along the back, but many old
valves, especially long ones, show from two to three heavy concentric
ridges, marking stages of growth of the shells.

Interior. — The ventral valve of this species has a quite small tubercle
in front of the foramen. Two-fifths from the apex of the ventral
valve there is a shallow depression on the interior surface, which, by
analogy with mut. prima should mark the position of the central
muscle scars. On each side of the shallow depression a shallow groove
runs forward toward the front of the valve. Some examples show a
median and two lateral septa in front of the shallow depression.
Faint ridges, running forward on each side of the front slope of the
ventral valve, may indicate the position of vascular trunks.

Interior. — The dorsal valve has inside, a median and two lateral
ridges. On some valves the median ridge extends only so far as to
divide the pits of the cardinal muscle ; in others it extends to the
middle of the valve. A pair of median pits are sometimes visible
near the end of the median septum, one on each side of it.

ADDITIONAL NOTES ON THE CAMBRIAN OF CAPE BRETON 389'

Acrothyra proavia-prima, n. mut. PI. XIV, figs. 4 a-f.

Ventral valve triangular-ovate, about twice as long as wide, pro-
longed into a long pointed beak, and rounded and bent down in front.
Interior. — This exhibits a long narrowly tapering callus originating in
the beak at the foramen ; the callus is a third of the length of the valve,
or more. In front of the callus is a shallow transverse depression,
marking the position of the central group of muscles.

The dorsal valve is nearly circular, projecting at the back, where
there is a somewhat low beak, and rounded down more at the front
than the sides. Interior. — A median septum is visible, dividing the
pits of the cardinal muscles. A shallow median ridge traverses the
middle of the valve, which is flattened at each side near the hinge.
The edges of both of the valves are flattened and thickened, also the
apical third of the ventral valve is thicker than the middle of that
valve.

Sculpture. — This consists of a very fine granulation, with frequent,
thread-like, concentric ridges.

Size. — Ventral valve : length, 3 mm.; width, 2 mm. ; height of
the cardinal area, 2 mm. Dorsal valve, 2 mm. in each diameter ;
depth, J mm.

Horizon and locality. — E 3 a = base of the upper Etcheminian
shale at Dugald Brook, Escasonie (C. B.), N. S. Frequent. In this
rock the ventral valves of Acrothyra lie flat on the layers. Also a
valve apparently of this form, 3x2 mm., from E. 3 /1, occurs at Gillis
Brook, a branch of Indian Brook, Escasonie.

This mutation is distinguished from the type by its greater size
and by the possession of a thickened callus.

Acrothyra proavia-crassa, n. mut. PI. XIV, figs. 5 a-c.

Only the ventral valve known. This is short, tumid and conical.
Interior. — This possesses a narrow callus, four or five times as long as
wide, and nearly a third of the length of the shell. At the front of
the callus are two small oval scars divided by a faint septum. The
callus is concave and extends back nearly to the beak.

Sculpture. — Some fragments of the surface which are preserved'
show fine, close set, concentric ridges.

Size. — Length, 2|^ mm.; width, 2 mm.; height, mm.?

Horizon and locality. — Lower layers of the assise E. 3 e. at

390

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

Dugald Brook, Escasonie (C. B.), N. S. Also a doubtful ventral
from E. 3 /! at Gillis, Indian Brook, Escasonie. Scarce.

This mutation is distinguished from the type and from mutation
prima by its robust form, and from proavia^ the type, also by the
possession of a thickened callus. From the mutations and type of
A. signata by the narrowness of its callus.

Of the two species of Acrothyra herein described, signata was
found specially to characterize the lower half of the Lower Etcheminian
fauna, being found most abundant in the middle measures of this set
of beds. It is not, however, limited to these measures, but by muta-
tions is sparingly represented in the upper part of this lower fauna.

Acrothyra proavia, on the contrary, has been found only in the
Upper Fauna, and mostly in its higher part, where some layers are
crowded with thousands of these little shells.

ACROTRETA. Kutorga.

While this genus appears as a contemporary of Acrothyi-a in the
earliest Basal Cambrian, it seemingly lived on after the latter had
passed away. But throughout the Coldbrook and lower Etcheminian
measures, it is (piite subordinate in numbers to Acrothyra, and we
have not found it at all in the upper Etcheminian. Throughout the
true Cambrian, in the Acadian Provinces, however, these conditions
were reversed, for, with the doubtful exception of LingulcUa (Acro-
thyra ?) inj^lata of the Protolenus fauna, an undoubted example of the
genus xVcrothyra is unknown to me above the Etcheminian horizon,
and Acrotreta has full possession of the field.

Acrotreta papillata, n. sp. PI. XV, figs. 2 a-f.

(Calcareo-)corneous valves moderately arched, nearly orbicular.

A'entral valve with a moderately elevated umbo, one-fifth from the
back of the valve; the back of the valve somewhat concave toward
the umbo, Vjut convex toward the front margin. There is a concave
pseudo-deltidium, and the side slopes of the hinge area are convex.
Interior — In this the visceral callus is short, sub-circular, and marked
at the middle by a deep circular pit ; at its sides, obscure, short,
straight, diverging grooves are usually seen within the circular groove
that surrounds it,

ADDITIONAL NOTES ON THE CAMBRIAN OF CAPE BRETON.

391

The dorsal valve is moderately arched, the slope being steepest
toward the umbo, which is but slightly raised. On each side of the
umbo flattened slopes run along the sides of the valve in the posterior
half. There is a shallow median sinus on the back of the valve, which
widens toward the front. Interior — Under the beak is a boss from
which a median septum runs forward, that forks about a fifth of the
length of the valve from the hinge line ; from the space between the
forks, at a third of the length of the valve from the hinge, the median
septum reappears, widens, and terminates at a point nearly a third
from the front of the valve. On each side of umbo are pits of the
cardinal muscles, and outside these, in advance of them, and near the
margin, are large scars of the lateral muscles.

The margins of both valves are flattened and thickened.

Sculpture. — This shell has a dull, minutely granulated surface,
across which run narrow ridges concentric to the umbo, widely spaced
in the middle of the shell, more closely arranged toward the margin,
and closely crowded and narrow, on each side toward the hinge.

Size, — Ventral, 2^ mm. long, 2J to 3 mm. wide, and 1 J mm. high.
Dorsal, as the ventral, except that the height is about ^ mm.

Horizon and locality. — E. 1 d, the Gregwa shale of the Etche-
minian at Dugald Brook, Escasonie, (C. B.) N. S. Common. It
occurs also in Assise E 1 c.

Var. pi. XV, figs. 3 a-c.

In examples from Boundary Brook the form of the callus in the
interior of the ventral valve varies from a perfectly circular elevation
to one that is somewhat squared at the sides ; the groove outside of
the callus is sometimes indistinct. On each side of the foramen is
sometimes a short, sharp furrow directed forward. In the dorsal
valve the depressed posterior lateral slopes and the somewhat flattened
anterior slope gives the valve a triangular appearance. The interior
shows a pit at the hinge area, which is narrow, and thence a narrow
median ridge runs nearly to the middle of the valve. An inconspicuous
lateral branch is thrown off on each side of the median ridge.

Acrotreta papellata-prima, n. mut. PI. XV, figs. 1 a-c.

Only the ventral valve of this form is known. This is wider than
long, tumid, with the cardinal area vertical. Interior. — In this the

392

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

visceral callus is of a circular form, and only one-quarter of the length
of the valves. Its ridge closely encircles a deep pit, which lies just
in front of the foraminal opening, in the direction of which it becomes
narrower and shallower. The traces of a pair of straight diverging
grooves are discernable at the sides of the callus.

This consists of minute concentric ridges, visible only
with a strong lens.

Size. — Length, 2 mm.; breadth, 2J mm.; depth, 1 mm.

Horizon and locality. — Fine gray shales in the volcanic beds at
Dugald Brook, Escasonie (C. B.), X. S. Scarce.

The short callus distinguishes this species from A. crothyra signata-
prima with which it occurs. The pit in this callus, though so short, is
analogous to that of A. signata, so that in this earliest fauna these two
types of umbonal muscle scar and groove were already diflferentiated.

Acrotreta c. f. sociALis. vonSeebach. PL XV, figs. 5 a-k.

c. f. Acrotreta socia/is, v.Seeb., Zeitschr. der Deutsch. geol. Gesell-
schft., Vol. xvii, 1865, p. 341, pi. viii, a, figs. 1-4.
c. f. xicrotreta socialis, v.Seeb., G. Linnarsson, 1896, Brachiopods of
Paradoxides Beds of Sweden, Bihang till K. Svenska vet. Akad-
Handl. Bd. 3 Xo. 12, p. 16, Tail, hi, figs. 32-34.

A small species with coarse surface characters and strong muscle
scars.

Ventr<d valve moderately elevated, sub-circular in outline, some-
what flattened on the cardinal slope, where, in outline, it is slightly
convex ; nearly straight on the anterior slope. Interior — At the back
there are one or two faint grooves on the median part of the cardinal
slope ; the foraminal boss is a wedge-shaped one with the point
directed forward ; this is enclosed by two sub-parallel, deep, rounded
pits, for attachment of muscles. Behind the foramen is the back
of a ridge, similar to a crescent, that encloses the apical part of
the shell behind, and laterally ; in the front half of the space thus
enclosed is a faint outline of a visceral callus of a lozenge shape.
The position of the vascular trunks is probably outside of the horns
of the crescent, thence extending forward ; about a third or a quarter
from the front of the shell is a crescentic row of short vascular-
grooves. In front of this row of grooves are one or two growth
ridges, and the flattened border of the valve.

ADmTlONAL NOTES ON THE CAMBIUAN OE CAPE UUETON

393

The dorsal valve is orbicular in outline ; its height is less than
half of that of the ventral. The valve is strongly arched in the
posterior half, but somewhat flattened on the posterior lateral
slopes. Interior. — This is marked by three strong radiating ridges in
the posterior half of the valve ; at the origin of these ridges are a pair
of pits with a small tubercle in each, marking the position of the
cardinal muscles. Of the three radiating ridges, the central is a nar-
row median ridge, with three sharp keels ) for half of the length of
the valve this ridge is prominent, but fades away in the anterior third
of the valve; at the end of this ridge would be the scars of the
anterior laterals (“j-”) The lateral ridges are broader than the
mesian one, but not so long ; outside of them are the impressions of
the lateral muscles.

Sculpture. — The roughness of the matrix prevent a good presenta-
tion of the surface characters of this species. Some examples of the
ventral valve show fine concentric ridges, of which there are about
ten in half the length of the anterior slope {i. e. about 10 to 1 mm.) .
the surface of these ridges appears to be granular.

Size. — The largest dorsal observed was 3 mm. across, but the
greater number are not more than 2 mm. The full-grown ventral is
about 2 mm. high, and the dorsal less than one.

Horizon and locality. — In gray flags of Div. 2c on the eastern
slope of the valley of McNeil Brook, on the road to Trout Brook.
Found in various attitudes in the sandy bed. The ventrals are both
upright, inclined and lying on their sides in the layers. From this
locality Mr. Fletcher has reported Obolella, a genus in which, at the
time his report was written, many of these small brachiopods were
included.

liinnarsson described very fully a species like this from the Para-
doxides beds of Sweden.* He found it to range through the whole of
the Paradoxides Zone. Our form belongs somewhat higher up.

From A. Bailey i of the (lower) Paradoxides beds in New Bruns-
wick! this species is distinguished by its smaller size, narrow umbonal
ridge to the ventral valve, higher cardinal area, and by the enclosing
longitudinal pits that enclose the umbonal ridge. It diflfers from A.

* Loc. cit.

t Trans. Roy, Soc. Can., Vol' iii, sec. iv, p. 36, pi. v, figs. 13, 13a, h and

nULLF.TlN UF THE NATUItAL HIHTOUV SOCIETY.

gemnuda of the Protolenus fauna|. (see PL XV, figs. 1 a-d) in the
sharp iimhonal ridge, and by the strong lateral ridges of the dorsal
valv'e. From Acrofhyra proavia of the Etcheminian fauna (see PI.
XIV, figs. 2 a-g) it is distinguished by the more central apex of
the ventral valve, and by the prominent ridges of the interior of
the dorsal valve, as well as by its larger size. From A. gemma,
Bill. (Walcott)^ it is distinct by its smaller size, less proportionate
height of the ventral valve, its narrow umbonal boss and its more
obscure cardinal area, also by a difference in the internal markings
of the dorsal valve.

Acrotheta bisecta. pi. xvi. Figs. '2a to g.

Occurs in the Upper Cambrain of Cape Breton (Dictyonema hori-
zon) and IS described in a previous number of this Bulletin (vol. iv.,
p. 275). It agrees best with A. Baileyi, but differs from all the others
by the strong median septum of the dorsal valve.

Acrotreta. sp.

A species of this genus occurs in the sandstone of E 2a at Young’s
Point with TAnguJella Selwyni. It is rare, and only a dorsal valve
has been found.

Uevelopment of Acrotreta.

This is one of the most conservative of the genera of the Cambrian
and Ordovician. Though its species occur at intervals at various hori-
zons in this system, the uniformity of size and sculpturing are remark-
able. The latter consists of fine concentric striation, only visible with
a strong lens. The size did not increase more than about four-fold in
area in the vast space of time included in the Cambrian and Ordovi-
an Systems. Contrast this with Paradoxides, which increased in area
an hundred fold in the first two sub-faunas of the Paradoxides Zone.

X Trans. N York Acad. Sci., xiv, p. 126, pi. v, fig. 5a to d.

S> Nat, Hist. Soc. N. B. Bull, xviii, Vol. iv, p. 203, pi. iii, figs. 2a to /.
U. S. Geol. 8urv. Bull. 30, p. 98, pi. viii, figs. 1,1a and b.

additional notes on the CAMBRIAN OF CAi>E tlRETON

The series of Acrotreta run in size about as follows :

Size and Form of the Ventral Valve in Species of Acrotreta
OF THE Cambrian and Ordovician.

Horizon

OR

Group.

Coldbrook

Group,

Lower

Etchminian,

Upper

? Etchminian,
Probolenus
Fauna,
Lower

Paradoxides,

Upper

Paradoxides,
? Dolgelly,
Uolgelly,
Tremadoc,
Tremadoc,
Arenig,
Llandello,
do.

Etage D,

In Millimetres.

0

Namk and Reference.

Length

Width.

Height.

Proportion
Wi<lth to
Ileisht

A. papillata — prima, PI, xv, Hgs. la to c

2

2.^

H I

1 2. ‘

A. papillata, PI. xv, figs. 2a to f

2^

8

n \

2.4

A. gemma, (Bill.) Walcott*

8

2 i

1.0

A. gemmula,! PI. xv, figs. 4a to d. .. .

H

H

1

1.5

A. Baileyi:]: PI. xvi, figs, la to d

:u

4

’ + 1

3. -

A. socialis, v. Seebach,§

8

3

2 '

1.5

A. gemma, (Bill.), Walcott* * §,

8

8i

01

“'2

1.4

A. bisecta,li PI, xvi, 2a to g

8

31

01

"2

1.8

A. cf. socialis (Seeb), Brogger** * * §§

2

u

1.3

A. sipo, n. sp. , Pi. xviii, figs. 1 and 2..
A. gemma, Billings, ! i

If

2

2 i

1.

A. subconica, Kutorga,Jt

4

4

^ 1

.85

A. Nicholsoni, Davidson, ^55

4

4

H

.94

A. babel, Barrande, nil

2

2^

21 !

1.1

It will be noticed that not only are the later species as a rule
larger, but they are proportionately higher. Also we may observe
that there were two lines along which there was a divergence in the
relative height of the ventral valve, A. Baileyi had low umbones and
approximated in form to Linnarssonia, a genus which, so far as has
been observed, appeared in the Canadian Cambrian a little before it
The other line of development culminated in the high umboned
species of the Ordovician faunas.

* Bull, U. S., Geol. Survey No. 30 p. 98. ■

t Trans. N. York, Acad. Sci.. No. XXVIII, p. Wi.

t Trans. Roy, Soc , Can.. Vol. III., Sec. IV, p. 36.

§ Brachiopoda Paradox. Beds, Sweden, Linrs. p. 16.
t Nat. Hist, Soc., N. B., Bull, No. XIX, p. 275. ,

Die Silurisch. Eltagen 2und 3, p. 46.

*t Paleozoic Fossils, Vol. I, pt. 1, p. 216.

7+Monog. Br. Brachiopoda. Vol. 1, pi, IX. Fischer, Conchyliologie p. 1266.

§§ Monog. Br. Brachiopoda, Vol I. pi. XVI, Vol. Ill, p. 338.

IID Syst. Silur. Bohem, Vol. V, pi. 95.

t5ULLEtIN OP THP: NAtUKAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

For information regarding several European species of Acrotrata I
am indebted to Mr. Gilbert Van Ingen, of the School of Mines, Col.
umbia College, New York.

ACROTHELE Linnarsson.

Acrothele avia. pi. xvi. Figs, la to f and 2« and 6.

Acrothele avia, n. sp. Nat Hist. Soc. Bull., vol iv., p. *202, pl. iii.,
figs, a to h.

A rather large species with oblately oval valves and a thick horny
shell.

Ventral valve somewhat concave in front of the apex. This valve
has a triangular, somewhat convex, high area, including a narrow,
slightly convex, pseudo deltidium, divided into two equal parts by an
obscure central groove. There appears to be a foraminal opening at
the slender pointed apex.

The interior of the ventral valve is marked by a shallow circular
pit, on each side of the pedicle opening ; and behind, at the margin,
is a shallow triangular pit, resembling the pedicle groove of an Obolus
In front of the pedicle opening is a strong oval tubercle, on each side
of which extend the ridges that bound the oval centre of the visceral
cavity. Four low vascular ridges extend forward from this oval area
to the anterior margin of the valve. The parts of the interior of the
shell, above described, are enclosed by an ox-bow shaped groove, re-
.sembling the impression of vascular trunks ; these trunks have about
four anterior branches, and each trunk extends nearly to the front of
the valve. On the lateral slopes of the shell are three crescentic
grooves, which may be accidental and due to pressure.

The dorsal valve is strongly bent down behind and in front. The
umbo is slightly prominent, is appressed, and is close to the posterior
margin. The sides of this valve have about a dozen radiating, branch-
ing, crenulated ridges, that extend to the margin.

The interior of the dorsal valve has a strong median septum, ex-
tending to the middle of the valve ; at the end of this ridge is the
central muscle. Scars of the latter are seen on each .side of the broad
(;nd of the median l idge, near its end. On each side of the median
ridge at the cardinal margin are two larger pairs of muscle .scar.s.

Al>mTIONAL NOTES ON THE CAMBRIAN OE CAPE BkETON.

397

From the posterior part of the shell several faint radiating ridges
extend toward the front margin.

Sadpture. — The surface of the valves is marked by irregular, con-
centric, rounded ridges, that frequently anastomose ; and the front of
the ventral valve and the sides of the dorsal valve have a number
of radiating ribs. The sculpture is very variable ; on the central
part of the dorsal it shows an irregular network of low, rounded
ridges ; on the sides of the valve these ridges are more regular in their
course; arid on the margins, especially of old shells they are stronger
and more continuous. There is also much variation in the distinctness
of the features of the interior, both of the dorsal and ventral valves,
the smoother shells being thinner. There is no trace on the interior
of the dorsal valve of the ridges on its lateral slopes.

Size. — Length 9 ram. ; width 10 ram. or more. Depth of the two
valves together 2 mm. or more. Horizon and Locality. — In assises d
and e of the Upper Etcheminian (E. 3 d and e) Dugald Brook, Esca-
sonie, N. S.

As the outer layer of this shell is thin and fragile, the strong
inner layer is the one most commonly exposed, and might be thought
the real surface. The outer surface has an ornate sculpturing, while
that of the second layer is smoothed.

This species of Acrothele is distinct from all others by the long
tubercle or callus in front of the pedicle opening. The ribs of the
outer surface of the lateral slopes of the dorsal valve are peculiar to
it. A. Matthewi and its varieties have no such ribs. A. Matthewi-
prima has a granulate-latticed surface, but no lateral or anterior ribs.
A. Matthewi-costata also has a granulated surface, and ribs on the front
of the ventral, but none on the sides of the dorsal valve. The varieties
of A. Matthewi also have the foramen nearer the cardinal margin
than is the case with this species.

Examples of this species occurring in the Assise E. 'id differ from those
of A. ahavia occurring with it, in the thinner corroded valves, larger
size and oblate form ; they are doubtfully referred to this species, for
the ventral valve is more concave in front of the umbo than are the
typical shells occurring in Assise E. 'ie. It does not Hake at the middle
layer of the shell as A. ahavia of the same assise docs.

In Assise E. id valves appear, which, by their oblate form and surface
markings, may, without much doubt, be referred to this species. Not

398

HULLETIX OK THE NATUKAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

only are they broader than the Acrotheles of the lower assises, but
they are larger, some valves attaining 9^^ mm. in width. An exterior
of a ventral which is nearly one-half wider than long, and an interior
of a dorsal about a third wider than its length, are figured.

In the examples from this horizon the ventrals show surface mark-
ings, hinge area and foramen ; their interiors show crescentic grooves
of the vascular trunks, and at the margin, prints of its branches. Some
of the dorsals show the surface sculpture; others, which have the
interior exposed, show median and lateral ridges, vascular lines, etc.

A. AViA-PUTEis. n. mut. PI. xv, figs. 5 a and h.

This seems to be a variety of ^1. avia. It differs in the possession
of a pair of pits, one of which lies on each side of the space between
the foramen and the visceral callus, partly overlapping each. The
visceral callus is quite short in this form and has but little prominence.
The ridges on the surface of the valve are more regularly concentric
than in the type, and more sharply cut ; about ten are found in the
space of one millemetre. The cardinal area is curved forward towards
the top, and finely striated. The foramen is about a fifth of the length
of the valve from the cardinal line, and the front of the callus about a
third. Vascular trunks and branches are visible on the surface of the
ventral valve as in the type. The dorsal valve does not sensibly differ
from that of A. avia.

Size. — The largest valve seen was 8 mm. long, and about the same
width.

Horizon and localily. — Found in the Bretonensis shale (E.3cf.) at
Gregwa Brook, Escasonie, Cape Breton. Fre<juent.

Acrothele abavia. n. sp. PI. xv, figs. 3a to d, and 4a and h.

Outlines of the valves nearly circular. Length of the hinge line
less than a third of the diameter of the valve.

Ventral valve rather flat, with the umbo slightly raised. The umbo
is about one-quarter of the length of the valve from the cardinal line.^
Interior. — In the examples known tlie horizon E.3a., the interior is
smoothly moulded, except along the front slope, wliere faint vascular
grooves may l)e detected, but in those from E.3A. a visceral callus is
faintly outlined, with a swelling on the middle ; some valves here have

ADDITlONAIi NOTK.S ON THK OAMHHIAN OF CAPE fOUirON

399

faint impressions of vascular trunks on each side of the callus runninji^
forward.

The dorsal valve has its greatest height near the middle, and has an
appressed umbo, close to the» hinge line ; the lateral margin, in the pos
terior half are re volute. Interior. — A median septum starting near
the hinge line, extends across the middle of the valve to nearly one-
third from its front ; it is widest in the middle and fades away to a
point in front. On each side of it is a vascular grove, the pair radi,
ating from near the umbo and extending nearly to the front margin
they are nearly as far apart at the front as half of the width of the
valve. Another pair of such grooves, about half as far apart as these ,
are faintly impressed on each lateral slope of the valve. The visceral
cavity is faintly marked out by striated lines in the pqsterior half of
the valve, and has an irregular arched front, projecting near median
septum towards the front of the valve. Faint vascular stria* are
visible on the median area towards the front of the valve. Some
examples from the horizon E.3/> have a shorter septum, and show
the position of the central and lateral muscles closer to the hinge
line. These shells are more o-blate.

Sculpture. — This is only known near the side of the valve, where
it consists of fine, closely set, more or less tuberculated ridges, parallel
to the margin.

Size. — Length and width equal, 7 mm. Depth of the ventral
valve about f of a millimetre ; that of the dorsal 1 mm.

Horizon and locality. — All the horizons from E. 3a to E. 3e, ex-
cept E.3cf, at Dugald Brook, Escasonie, N. S.

The Acrotheles of E.3c are much corroded, and do not show
the characters well ; they are mostly moulds from which the shell has
been exfoliated. One ventral shows well the hollow behind the hinge
area, and the foramen.

Examples from the assises E.3e. have in the ventral valve quite a
small tubercle in front of the foramen ; the visceral callus extends
half of the length of the shell, and at each side in front are sometimes
seen pits of the adductor muscles ; on each side of the callus a groove
runs out toward the front margin. Some examples show a median
and two lateral septa in front of the callus. Often the shell has an
even surface to the margin, but frequently there are a few strong con^
centric ridges that mark stages of growth.

100

Rl'l,LK'riN OF THE NATURAL HLS'l'OKT SOCIETY.

Tho <lon«il valve of tins species (from E.3e.) has inside, a median
and two lateral ridges ; on some valves the median ridge extends only
so far as to divide the cardinal muscles; in others it extends to the
middle of the valve. A strong pair of median pits are sometimes vis-
ible near the end of the median septum.

This is the oldest undoubted Acrothele detected in the Eopaheozoic
rocks of Eastern Canada. Almost all show only the interior surface,
or intermediate layers of the shell. One ventral has a corroded out-
side, with traces of concentric ridges.

Ackothele PROLES. 11. sp, PI. xvi, figs. to e.

General form lenticular with the umbo of the ventral valve
projecting.

The length and breadth of the valves of this species are sometimes
equal, though usually the width is somewhat greater.

The ventral valve is convex on all the slopes, except close to the
umbo, where it is slightly concave in front. The umbo is low, and is
about one-seventh of the length of the valve from the hinge line, the
area is about 1 mm. high, and the length of the hinge line nearly one-
third of the width of the valve. Interior. — This has an obscurely
lozenge shaped callus in front of the foramen, upon which at the pos-
terior end is a small, more elevated portion. On each side of the
callus is a pair of vascular ridges, marks of the advance of the central
muscles. A pair of short ridges, near the hinge line, are of the nature
of teeth outlining sockets for the articulation of the two valves. Faint
curving ridges in the anterior part of the valve appear to be vascular
trunks ; these fork toward front, and show eight or nine ridges with
corresponding depressions along the anterior margin.

The dorsal valve is more regularly lenticular, but more abruptly
bent down behind than elsewhere, the umbo is depressed, and not
easily recognized. Flattened valves exhibit costie radiating from the
umbo, but not reaching the margin. Interior. — This shows a strong,
broad median septum extending nearly half of the length of the valve ;
at the front it fades away into fan-like ridges that rapidly sink to the
level of the valve. On each side in the cavity of the valve, and
extending nearly as far forward as the median septum and, diverging
from it, is a pair of sharp vascular ridges. Ontside of these, on the
rounded edge of the valve at the ends of the cardinal line, are a pair

ADDITIONAL NOTES ON THE (LVMDUIAN OF OAl'E BRETON.

101

of elongated, flattened teeth, that articulate with the sockets in th<!
ventral valve. The margins of the dorsal valve are l>road and rolled
backward at the edges.

Sculpture. — This consists of fine, regular concentric ridges that
occasionally anastomose. There are about eight or ten ridges in the
space of one millimetre, the ridges being more widely spaced toward
the margin.

The largest valves seen was 12 mm. long; valves of 9 mm.
are common, the height of each valve is about 1 mm.

Horizon and locality. — In the shales of E. 3/., near the top of the
Etcheminian at Dugald and Gillis’ Brooks. Frequent.

This interesting species seems best represented in Europe by A.
coriacea of Linnarsson, but that species is of the Paradoxides Zone,
its umbo is further from the hinge line, and the cardinal features are
different.

It will be noted that the supposed vascular trunks in this species>
Acrothele avia and Obolus ( PaUrobolus ) Bretonensis are far removed
from the margins of the valves.

Acrothele, sp.

A' species of this genus occurs in the flags of Division 2 (/; ?) of the
St. John Group at a cutting on the Intercolonial R. R. at Long
Island passage, St. Andrews Channel. The material is too imperfect
to determine the species.

Xotes on the following table.

It seems quite probable that when the Acrotheles that have been
described from the Lower Paradoxides Beds are compared, some of the
names may be found to be synomyms, there being five species accred-
ited to the Band c. But it is to be remembered that there are two
sub-zones in this band, showing considerable differences in the fauna.
To the lower sub-zone of Paradoxides lamellatus (c J. CElandicus)
A. granulata and A. cf coriacea are to be assigned, and to the higher
or sub-zone of P. eteminicus and Conocoryphe Matthewi, the other three.

As Mr. Walcott’s species are referred simply to Lower Cambrian,
one cannot compare them closely with the others ; but it seems pos-

. ( Co)ifhiued at page 404- )

Kill

BULLETIN UF TfIK NATURAL HISTOKV SOCIETY.

Distribution of Acrotiiele in the

j Name of Species

} AND RkFEHENCE.

Upper Etcheminian.

Faunal Sub- zones.

1

a ' b

r

I"

^ /

Acrothele abavia. n. sp

A. avia, mut. puteis, n. in. . , .

A avia*

X

'■'■1

X

....

X

X

1 ^

X

X

X

A. proles, n. sp

;A. decipiens, Walcott ]

1 J. c

A Mfiftbpwi, mnt. pn"m;i+..

i

A. mnt. lataf. .

A. Gamagei. Hobbs

A. intermedia, Linnarsson*^. . .

1

A. o'ranulata, Linnars''On-r^ .

. . . . 1

.A. c. f. coriacea, sp. ined

A. Bohemica, Barrande

A. Matthewi, Hartt*,^

A. coriacea, Linnarssonfl ....

A. siibsidua, Whitc^T - • ■

1

1 L C

A. incobans, Barrandctt .

1

1

1

* Bull. Nat. Hist. 8oc. N. Bruns’k, vol. iv, p. 202, pi. iii, figs, la to A, 1890.

I 'Frans. Roy. Soc. Can., vol. iii. sec. iv, d. .39, j)l. v, figs, IH, 16a, 17, 17a,
188.5.

7 BaUeont. Canib. Terranes, Boston Basin. A. W. Grabau, p. 61.5, pi. 31,"
figs, la to d, 1900.

r- Brachiopoda of Paradoxides Beds of Sweden, p. 24, pi. iv, fig. 51, 1876.

,1 Proc. r. S. Nat. Mus. No. xix, p. 716, Id. 60, fig, 2, 1897.

At)l)lTlON"AL NOTES ON THE OAMtiKlAN OF CAFE ImETON.

103

Cambrian Rocks of Eastern Canada, etc.

Ibidem, p. 21, pi, iv, tigs. 44 to 48.

** Acadian Geology, Dawson, London, p. G44, fig. 221, 1868.
f t Geog. and Geolg. Expl, West 100 Merid., vol iv, pt. 1, p. 34, pi. i. figs. 3a
to d, 1875.

it Fauna med Conocoryphe exsulens, Stockholm, }). 25, taf. iii, tigs. 40-44,
1879,

77 Faune Silur. de Hof, p. 1C2, figs. 74 and 75, 18()8.

lot UULLKTIX OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

( Conthiued from pcujc .^01.)

sible that the one referred to J. subsidua may be some other species,
as it occurs with a different fauna than that of the original form, and
apparently, should be much older.

I have ventured to assign White’s A. subsidua to the Peltura Zone,
Ixicause it appears to be the same with a species which occurs in the
]\[t. Stephen Fauna ; this fauna contains an Ogygia and an Olenoides
with other forms which appear to indicate this as the low’est horizon
to which it should be assigned. White’s species is said by Director
Walcott to occur with Asaphiscus and Olenoides, which also appear
to be Upper Cambrian forms.^

Near the same horizon, or perhaps a little higher would come Bar-
rande’s A, incohans which occurs in the “ Fauna of Hof ” equivalent
to the Tremadoc Fauna.

Among the Acrotheles there are several types of sculpturing of the
surface of the valves. The most characteristic is that of fine, short,
irregular wavy ridges, such as are found in A. Mattheivi and ^1. gramdata.
Another type is represented in A. proles, A. gamagei and A. cf. coriacea
wherein the ridges become more regularly concentric ; the valves in
this group are larger, and the ventral less selliform than in the pre
ceeding one. White’s description of A. subsidua would indicate that
there is a third style of ornamentation in the latter species, in which
the surface is papillose, yet with concentric lines of growth.

From the time of its sudden appearance in the base of the Upper
Etcheminian group, Acrothele continues to be common until we pass
the liOwer Paradoxides beds; from this point upward they are rarely
met with in Eastern Canada. It is thus more limited in range than
Acrotreta which extends up into the Ordovician. Its range also dif-
fers from that of Acrothyra, which is a common genus in the Lower
Etcheminian, can be found even as far down as the Coldbrook, and
also is present with Acrothele in the Upper Etcheminian, but hardly
invades the Protolenus fauna ; where, as well as in the Lower Para-
doxides beds, shells of Acrothele are common.

Bull. U. S. (leol. Siirv. No. :30. p. 40.

Aln)ItlONAI. NOTES ON THE (^AMHRIAN OF CAFE HUETON.

io5

(B) The Tremadoc Fauna.

In this fauna one enters upon the debatable ground between Cam-
brian and Ordovician. In the Edition of Dana’s Geology, 1875, this
group was classed as Silurian {i. e. Ordovician). In the later edition
(1896) it is transferred to the Cambrian. Prof. Jas. Hall referred
species of this fauna from the Sandstones of the Mississippi valley to
the Potsdam (therefore Cambrian) in 1863 ? Director Walcott has
referred strata in the west of America and at Saratoga, N. Y., hold-
ing this fauna to the Potsdam or Upper Cambrian.

But in Europe the consensus of opinion (omitting Great Britian)
places this fauna in the Ordovician or Lower Silurian. Lindstruun
says that in Sweden not one species passes from the Cambrian to the
Ceratopyge Fauna (i. e. the Tremadoc) while nineteen species pass
from the Ordovician to the Silurian (Upper). Four species, however,
are recorded as passing in Wales from the Lingula Flags to the Tre-
madoc Group.* Elsewhere it is stated that 6 out of 37 species of Crus-
tacea pass from the Tremadoc to the Arenig in Wales.! So that it is
difficult to draw a line of absolute division between Cambrian and
Ordovician either above or below the Tremadoc.

On the whole it seems better to hold to the prevalent English
opinion which places the line of the division above the Tremadoc, not-
withstanding the conditions that prevailed in Northern Europe, and
notwithstanding the fact that new and important genera of crusta-
ceans appeared in the Tremadoc slates.

To adopt the line drawn by the paheontologists of Scandinavia and
Germany would make necessary a revision of the Cambrian geology of
America, whereby large areas and extensive faunas that have been
classed as Cambrian would of necessity be transferred to the Ordo-
vician, or Lower Silurian.

Further, it may be inferred that this hiatus in the faunas will be
bridged over by the discovery of connecting faunas in the strata of
some other region than that of Europe. The Mount Stephen fauna,
for instance, in British Columbia, associates genera of Ffestiniog, Dol-
gelly and Arenig types, and generally in the Rocky Mountain region
there is a blending of Cambrian and Ordovician types. For these reasons
it seems undesirable to abandon the old classification which drew the

*Mem. Geol. Surv. G. B., vol. iii, p. 8<!5, etc.
I Ibid. p. 3.53.

HULLKTIX 01^ THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

m

dividin" line at the base of the Arenig, and made the appearance of the
Arenig graptolites the starting point of a new system.

The beds from which this fauna was taken appear in outcrops
along the left bank of McLeod Brook, in Boisdale, Cape Breton, X S.,
the best locality being about an eighth of a mile below the bridge that
crosses that stream in McMullin Settlement. The rock is a soft, fine-
grained, dark gray shale, not very different in appearance from that
which, on the opposite side of the valley of McLeod Brook, carries the
Dictyonema fauna. The rock easily softens when exposed to the
weather, but is compact and firm lower down. No reference is given
to ‘‘ locality ” in the following descriptions, as all come from McLeod
Brook. The classes represented here are Brachiopoda, Lamellibran-
chiata. Gasteropoda, Vermes and Crustacea.

Acrotreta sipo. n. sp. PI. XVIII, figs. 1 and 2.

A small species with somewhat overhanging umbo.

Ventral valves nearly as high as long. Umbo projecting behind
the cardinal line, somewhat bluntly pointed, (some valves are trumpet
shaped toward the margin) and a little broader than long. Interior.
The foramen passes outward through a short siphon which is attached
to the dorsal side of the valve ; on each side of it are traces of lateral
septa : in front of it is the faint impression of a callus which extends
one-third of the distance to the anterior margin.

The dorsal valve is transversely oval, and arched from hinge to front,
more strongly near the hinge ; the lateral edges are flattened, especially
toward the hinge. Interior — This shows traces of scars of lateral (?)
muscles on each side of the umbo, and of a pair of central muscles near
the middle of the valve. A distinct, though low, median septum
crosses the valve nearly to the front margin.

Sculpture. — No concentric stri;e were observed on this species, but
the surface of the valves is minutely granulated.

Size. — The largest ventral observed had a size at the orifice of
3 X 3 mm., and others a height of '2}, mm. A dorsal was 2| x 3^
mm. ; height ^ of a mm.

The siphon is seldom preserved.

Three quarters of the ventral valves collected stand vertically in
the mucl in which they were entombed.

ADDITIOXAIi NO’l'KS ON Til 10 CA VimUAN OK (U IMO IJIIK'I ON.

1U7

This curious little shell seems to throw light on the function of
the callus in Acrothyra and Acrotreta. fn ordinary species of Acro-
treta the strong thickened ring around the foramen, within the shell,
only needs to be raised still further to produce a siphon. And the
siphon in this species, attached as it is to the dorsal side, holds the
position of the callus in Acrothyra.

This must be near in age to Acrotreta (jemma of Billing’s, than
which it is a little larger, but as we do not know anything of the
interior of Billing’s species (which belongs to the Arenig horizon) we
do not use his name.

LePTOHOLUS cf. LINOULOIDES.

A small linguloid shell is not rare in this shale. As in others of
this genus, the umbo of the ventral is weak and short, and so the two
valves are not easily distinguishable. Owing to the thinness of the
valves the internal features are only faintly indicated. The ventral
shows two lateral ridges diverging from the umbo, and a callus is
obscurely indicated ; one example shows a trace of a vascular trunk
on one side. The dorsal has an obscure medium septum extending to
the middle of the valve.

Sculpture. — A very fine concentric striation is visible on some
valves.

Size. — Usual length, .3 mm.; (largest, 3^ mm.); width, 2| mm.;
(largest, 2| mm.)

This species is nearly as large as Liugulella lincjuloides of the
Lower Paradoxides beds near St. John, a species which we would also
refer to Leptobolus. The outline also is similar, but the umbo of the
ventral is weaker ; this and the smaller size may be due to a more
pelagic habitat.

Linoulella cf. Davisii, McCoy.

Examples of a Linguella, which though smaller than the above
species of the Lingula Flags and Tremadoc slates of Britain, has the
same general form, are found in the Cape Breton beds. It has the
nearly straight base and sub-parallel sides of McCoy’s species. The dor-
sal valve has on the interior a median septum two-fifths of its lengthj

108

IJUhLKriX OF THK NATUKAL llKSrui{V SOCIKTV.

and the whole interior, especially towards the umbo, is marked with
scattered pits.

Sc(i/ptn7'f\- K.xternally this shell has fine concentric ridges, which
aie crossed by very fine radiating stria'. The middle third is marked
by numerous fine radiating vascular lines, and the lateral borders are
flattened at the sides.

Size. — Length 101> mm. ; width 9 mm. Infrequent.

LlN(iULELLA cf. LEPIS.

Another Lingulella, a smaller species, occurs with preceding. It
has a similar but proportionately coarser concentric striation ; between
the ridges it is marked with a fine granulation ; the outline is more
regularly rounded than that of the preceding species. It appears to
agree with Salter’s species as regards the form and striation, though
it is smaller, being only half the length. The interior markings are
not known.

Size. — Length, G mm.; width, 5 mm.

MoniOLOPsis (?) cf. SoLVEXSis, Hicks.

Long-ovate, elevated tONvard the umbo and carrying its fullness
towards the lower posterior end of the valves.

The umbo is ^near the anterior end, and there is a small, trans-
versely elongated scar just in front of it.

Sculpture. — The bad condition of the surface leaves this doubtful
for most of the surface, but there are faint concentric striations
toward the lower margin and the posterior end. Only two examples
known.

Size. — Length mm. ; width ’2h mm.

This species resembles that above cited, but lacks the strong ridge
extending backward from the umbo. It is also only half of its length.

Hellerophox ixsul.e, n. sp. PI. XVIII, fig. 3.

A small thin species, having about three whorls, of which outer is
enlarged and more than twice the height of the others ; it is emarginate

ADDITIONAL NOTES ON THE CAMBRIAN OF CAPE BRETON. 409

on the ventral side, and shows no keel ; it has from two to three con-
centric growth ridges in the outer half of the last whorl.

Sc\dpture. — The outer whorl shows a very fine concentric striation,
visible only with a strong lens.

Size. — Height across the whorls, 7 mm.; width across the shell
from the emargination of the aperture at the ventral side, to the
dorsum opposite, 4 mm.; width across the aperture from ventral to
dorsal, mm.

Dr. Henry Hicks’ species ( B. Ramsayensis), which is about the size
of this one, may be con-specific with it, but the Welsh specimens are
too much distorted to be used for satisfactory comparison, and his
description is brief.*

Prof. W. C. Broegger figures a species ( Bellerophon Nnrvegicus ),
from a corresponding horizon in Norway.! It is a little smaller, the
outer whorl expands more rapidly and is free for half of its length ; it
is not deeply notched like our species ; though differing in these
respects, it has a striation similar to the Canadian species, only in
place of being sharply curved back at the dorsum, the strife curve
forward in crossing that line.

Bellerophon Bretonensis, n. sp. PI. XVIII, 4a-d.

Shell of about two or more whorls, the outer whorl large and
moderately expanded. Orifice somewhat enlarged and strongly em-
arginate on the dorsal side by a sharp Y-shaped sinus. Sides of the
opening strongly aiched upward between the dorsal and ventral sides.
No distinct keel.

Sculpture. — The surface is diversified with numerous rounded
ridges concentric to the umbo, with fiat spaces between ; there is a
sharp, narrow furrow along the crest of each ridge ; the ridges near
the orifice are sharper and more crowded than farther back on the
whorl ; here there are about three in the space of 2 mm., but towards
the mouth about four. The fine sculpturing of the surface appears
to be a minute granulation.

Size. — Length from the inner part of the last whorl to the lateral
edge of the lip, 20 mm. Width across the shell from the dorsum to
the inner part of the last whorl, 12 mm.

* Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc., Londou, vol. xxix, No.' 113, p. 50, pi. iii, figs. 30-32.

1 Memoir cited, p. 53, pi. x, figs. 15, 15ti, 156.

410

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

The characters of this shell are obscured by flattening in the shale
The umbo appears to be excentric, and it resembles B. CElerti, Ber-
geron, of the Lower Ordovician of the Montaigne Noir in Southern
France,* but has fewer whorls. Similarly to that species, the ridges on
the shell are more distant from each other on the upper part of the
main whorl than towards the aperture. I could not detect any flat-
tened ridge along the keel of the dorsum.

This shell is distinct from B. arfonensis Salter by the sharp angu-
lation at the dorsal line, and the stride that cross it are angulated, not
arched.

Bellerophon semisculptus, n. sp. PI. XVIII, figs. 5.

Only the last whorl known. This is free from the inner part of
the coil. The proximal part is smooth with faint concentric undula-
tions of growth.

The lines of growth arch backward toward both ventral and dorsal
side, and at the dorsum there is an elevated flattened keel, separated
from the lateral slopes by a slight furrow ; the striae that run back-
wards to this keel traverse it at right angles.

Sculpture. — The outer two-thirds of the whorl is marked by sharp-
edged, concentric ridges of growth ; at first there are about four in the
space of a millimetre, then they become more distant with flattened
spaces between, and toward the orifice of the shell there are about two
ridges in the same space. Between the ridges, and on the smooth
part of the whorl, the surface of the shell is minutely granulated.

Size. — Only one example is known, which is 7 mm. across from the
back of the whorl to the mouth, and 6 mm. across from the ventral
side of the mouth to the dorsal keel.

This species resembles B. hippopus, Salter, of the Arenig horizon
in Wales. It differs in its smaller size and in the very regular ridges
of growth ; there being no alternation of weak and strong ridges.
From B. arfonensis^ of the same author, it differs in the raised keel in
place of a depressed band along the dorsum.

♦Etude geologique du Massif Ancien situe au sud du Plateau Central, J. Bergeron,
Paris, 1889, p. .343, pi. iv, figs. 10 and 11.

ADDITIONAL NOTES ON THE CAMBRIAN OF CAPE BRETON. 411

Urotheca, sp., PI. XVIII. fig. 6.

A thin chitinous tube seemingly of this genus occurs sparingly.
It is thickened along one side and is marked by very minute longitu-
dinal stride.

Parabolinella quadrata, n. sp. PI. XVIII, fig. 7.

Middle piece of the head shield subtrapezoidal in outline. Anterior
marginal fold narrow ; width of the front area of the cheek, one-fourth
of the length of the glabella. Glabella quadrate in front, and as wide
there as its length, but considerably narrower at the posterior furrow.
Posterior and second furrow directed backward, and deeply impressed
in the outer third, but not reaching the margin of the glabella,
Eyelobe slightly elevated, extending opposite the two anterior furrows
of the glabella ; ocular fillet broad and indistinct. Fixed cheek
triangular, about as wide behind as the length of the dorsal suture
behind the eyelobe. The posterior marginal furrow is faintly marked.
The dorsal suture arches outward in front of the eyelobe, and behind
it goes direct backward and outward to the posterior margin, and in
that part is nearly half as long again as the chord of the eyelobe and
anterior part of the suture together.

The pleurje are long and narrow, and have a sharp, deep furrow,
which is nearest the posterior margin ; they are sharply bent, and
pointed at the ends. The ring is pushed up in the middle into a
pseudo-tubercle, such as is common on the occipital ring of species of
this genus.

Sculpture. — A row of faintly marked tubercle-like swellings are
found along the bottom of the anterior marginal furrow. The middle
piece of the head-shield in all its parts appears smooth, except for a
minute punctation.

Size. — Middle piece of the head-shield 25 mm. long. It is 25 mm
wide at the anterior and about 40 at the posterior end.

This species is near Parabolinella limitis of Brtegger. It differs in
its longer and more quadrate glabella. The fixed cheek also is longer
and the eyelobe less prominent. Apparently also it is a larger species.

From P. rugosa of the same author it is distinguished by its more
quadrate glabella and by a different arrangement of the glabellar
furrows. It resembles this species in the possession of a comparatively

-til’ HULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

wide area in front of the glabella. The glabella, so wide in front
(one- seventh wider than at the posterior lobe), recalls that of Ctr atopy ge
forficula, Sars., of a similar horizon in Sweden.*

PaRABOLINELLA cf. LIMITIS, Bl'(Vg.

The middle piece of the head-shield of a young individual which,
by its form, agrees with the figures of this species, given by Professor
P»negger,T was found in these beds. Only one example was met with.
The size of the shield is 2|x 4 + mm. The interior of the shield
shows three pairs of furrows, a strong ocular fillet, and a well-marked
eyelobe.

Triarthrus Belli, n. sp. PI. XYIII, fig. 8.

Only the middle piece of the- head-shield is known ; this is sub-
quadrate, with narrow cheeks and anterior margin.

There are traces of a very narrow anterior marginal fold, and
behind it a narrow convex anterior area of the cheeks. The glabella
is quadrate, rounded in front, and bears three pairs of furrows, which
are progressively less bent backward from the back to the front pair,
though the two posterior pairs are already parallel ; the anterior pair
are (juite faint, and more strongly arched than the others. The gla-
bella is somewhat keeled along the axial line. The fixed cheek is long
and quite narrow, and is separated from the front area by a shallow
furrow ; at the eyelobe it is about one-third of the width of the gla-
bella, and at the back about one-half. The eyelobe is long, narrow
and obscure. The posterior marginal told is narrow but prominent.
The occipital ring is bent forward at the ends, and has a tubercle on
the axial line.

Sculpture. — This species has a smooth test, but under a small lens
shows a somewhat uneven surface.

Size. — Only one example known ; in this the middle piece of the
head is 6 mm. long and 10 mm. wide at the back. Scarce.

This species is clearly distinct from T. Beckii Green by its nar-
rower cheek and v/ider space between the sutures in front. It resembles
more closely T. Angelini Linrs, but it differs from the type of that

* Die Silurischen Etagen. 2 und 3, p. 14, tab. iii, fig. 3.

Die Silur. Etag. 2 und 3, p. 102, tab. iii, figs. 2 and 4.

ADDITIONAL NOTES ON THE CAMBRIAN OF CAPE BRETON. 413

species as figured by Linnarrsson in the wider frontal area of the cheeks
and its convex front margin ; also in possessing three pairs of furrow’s,
etc. From the Norwegian form, referred to this species by Bru'gger,
it differs in its narrower glabella, rounded front, and in having three
pairs of furrows, though the third one is faint ; the anterior area of
the fixed cheek is wider, and is separated from the rest of that cheek
by a shallow furrow ; it is, however, nearer this form than to any
other known to me.

Billings does not describe T. Fische?'i, except by contrast with
other species (Upper Ordovician chieMy), but from his figure of that
species, the Cape Breton form differs in the posterior marginal fold,
which is not turned forward, like T. Fischeri. It also differs from that
species in having an anterior buccal area and in the absence of pits on
the front of the glabella.*

I refer this species to Triarthrus rather than Parabolinella because
of the narrow fixed cheeks, the long, backward-turned eyelobes and
the regular, straight furrows on the glabella.

Angelina ? sp. ? PI. XVIII, fig. 9.

While we have no adult of this genus from the Tremadoc of Cape
Breton, there is a young larval shield which seems to agree reasonably
well with the characters of this genus by its suture and general out-
line. Only the head-shield has been preserved. This is narrow, as are
all its parts. The eyelobes are curved and linear, starting from near
the front of the glabella in a heavy ocular fillet, the eyelobes are
placed about the middle of the cheek. The movable cheeks have,
extended spines, and are cut off in front by the curving suture. The
glabella is ridged along the middle, and has traces of three pairs of
faintly marked furrows. The occipital ring is narrow and weak.

Sculpture.— The surface appears smooth.

Size. — Length of this larval headshield, 5 mm. (or to the end of
the spines 8 mm.) ; width, 7 mm.

Asaphellus Homfrayi, var. PI. XVIII, figs. lOa-e.

Salter’s description of this species is as follows ;

Asaphus (Isotelus) long-oval, gently convex, having the head sub-
angulate in front, and having short [genal] spines. Facial suture

Palaeoz. Fossils, vol. i, p. 291, fig. 280.

414: BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

within the margin. Eyes submedian [near the mid-length of the
shield], small. Pygidial axis long, somewhat prominent at the apex.
Tt is three inches long and one and a half broad.”

The addition to this description in Salter’s trilobites is as follows :
“The head is more than a third of the whole length, and longer
than the thorax, which in its turn, is longer"^ than the caudal shield.
The head is semi-oval, rather pointed in front, and has mry short pos-
terior spines ; it is broadly depressed around the margin. The gla-
bella portion is scarcely marked out ; the eyes are placed nearly half-
way up the head ; they are small (two lines long), the facial sutures
curving out boldly beneath them, and cutting the posterior margin
more than half way out from the axis.

Above the eye they form a narrow ogive, and nearly follow the
front margin. On the underside of the head the vertical furrow on
the epistome shows distinctly through the cast. The labrum [hypos-
tome] is imperfect, but exhibits a strong marginal groove, and two
small lateral furrows.

The body rings have the axis as broad as the sides, and moder-
ately convex. The pleune are flat as far as the fulcrum, truncate at
their ends, and have but a slight groove, which reaches two-thirds
of the length. The fulcrum is at one-third in front, and less than half
way out in the middle pleune.

The caudal axis extends three-fourths down the smooth tail, very
indistinctly marked above, but in some specimens crossed by several
faint rings, and is always prominent at the tip.”

The Cape Breton form, by its hypostome, is clearl}^ within Calla-
way’s genus Asaphellus. Allowing for the distortion of the type
species, figured by Salter, it is quite as large.

Certain features, not mentioned by Salter, are characteristic of the
Cape Breton form. The glabella is somewhat ridged along the axial
line, and its margins more distinct. About one-fifth of the length of
the head shield from the back there is a slight but distant prominence
(scarcely a tubercle) on the axial line ; a fairly marked tubercle is also
found on the median line of the axis of the pygidium, at the back of
the first ring, and faint traces of similar prominences on succeeding
rings.

=*= Tlie italics are inserted to mark points of difference from the Canadian variety.

ADDITIONAL NOTES ON THE CAMBRIAN OF CAPE BRETON.

415

The genal spines are not as short as Salter’s description indicates,
for the points are opposite the fourth segment of the throax ; the
length of the movable cheek and spine, behind the facial suture, is just
equal in length to the part of the latter behind the eyelobe.

The eyelobes are variable in position ; in the type figured they are
just half way between the front and back of the shield ; in examples
of the narrow form they are, proportionately, further back ; and in
both forms the width of the middle piece in front is considerably less
than at the eyelobes.

In the broad form, the headshield, thorax and pygidium are each
of about equal length ; others have the pygidium shorter than the
thorax by the width of one joint. In the narrow form examples occur
in which the pygidium is longer than the thorax. The pygidium has
more numerous somites than A. Homfrayi as figured by Salter.* From
A. affinis McCoy (Ibid) it differs in having the middle piece narrower
in front, and the glabella and axis of the pygidium more markedly
elevated.

Young individuals have the pygidium proportionately shorter and
wider ; one of about 15 mm. in length has a pygidium equal in length
to only six rings of the thorax. The thoracic ring is narrow, for one
is equal in length to the breadth five rings.

Hypostome.

This for A. Homfrayi seems very imperfectly known. A good
example of the Cape Breton variety has the following characters :

Hyyosiome 16x17 mm. main lobe 11 x 11. No anterior wing or
doubleur attachment was observed.

Nearly circular, though wider towards the back than the front.
It has a moderately arched oval body, with a broad convex border, wider
towards the back. The main body of the hypostome is divided by a
pair of diagonal furrows that impress each outward third about two-
thirds from the front. Immediately behind these furrows are the
maculiv, sharp, narrow ridges, raised above the general level of the
hypostome ; no ocular facets are visible, but there are several small,
obscure pits along the ridge. The macula of the hypostome is opposite
the eyelobe of the cephalic shield, but is nearer the axial line of the
body. The furrow within the border is depressed at the back and

Monograph British Trilobites, p. 165, pi. 24, figs. 6-12.

416

HULLKTIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

bordered by a narrow upturned liange, but there is no emargination,
nor does the border project backward in a fork. The hypostome is
liighest in the middle of the main lobe, and the convex border is bent
down in the middle, where it is broadest.

Development. — Young, 2 x T^ mm.

This form is interesting as a connecting link between several genera
of the AsaphidaL It may be said to antedate the development of the
generic characters.

At this stage the carapace had no flattened borders, and the head
shield especially was strongly bent down in front and at the sides.
The back of the glabella is very distinctly marked out, and here the
head-shield is strongly trilobed. About the middle, on the inside
of the shield, a flaring ridge runs out on each side from the
glabella, and fades away on the surface of the test, that appears to be
the back part of the eyelobe. At this stage no movable cheek had
been detached, but the genal corner of the shield is somewhat ex-
tended into a short point. There are indications of several somites
in the head shield ; first the neck ring and posterior marginal fold,
then a pair of somites indicated by incipient furrows on the sides of
the glabella, then the ocular segment.

The thorax, at this stage, possessed two joints, with rounded rings
and pleune.

In the pygidium, the neopygidium and protopygidium* are dis-
tinct ; the former has three rings as strongly marked off as those of
the thorax, the protopygidium has the same number of obscure somites.

In this larval form, which in development is close to the unseg'
mented larva, the outline of the headshield distinctly recalls the adult
in Illnenus and Dysplanus, but the strongly segmented pygidium has
an even more generalized meaning.

Young G X 5 mm.

This moult already possesses many features of the adult.

The flattened borders are obvious on both shells, and the head-
shield is broken up into the three principal pieces. The movable
cheeks have heavy genal spines, and the course of the suture is function*
ally that of the adult. The slipping of the cheeks in this example
has obscured the eyelobe, which, however, appears to be not far from

* Trans. Roy. Soc. Can. 2nd Ser., vol. iv, sec. iv, p. 145., lines 24, 27.

ADDITIONAL NOTES ON THE CAMBRIAN OF CAPE BRETON

417

the glabella. The glabella, though slightly marked elsewhere, is
•marked off in front by a slope to the flattened margin.

The thorax now has five joints, and the pleunv has grooves and
-facets like the adult.

The pygidium has about the same number of segment as in. the
younger shield, but those of the neopygidium are less prominent than
in the younger moult ; they are, however, still discernable on the side-
lobes, as well as on the rachis. In this, while not agreeing with the
genus Asaphellus, they recall many others of the Asaphidie.

Note on the Young of Asaphellus Homfrayi.

Since writing the above in regard to the young of Asaphellus
Homfrayi the writer has consulted Dr. Callaway’s article on the
fauna of the Shinton Shales,* and was at once struck with the resemb-
lance between the youngest form here described, and Conophrys Salo-
piensis, and it is clear that the latter is a later stage or development
of the former.

There is no question that in the Canadian form three rings, of the
five that are strongly marked, are still a part of the pygidium; but if
they were free rings there would be a remarkably close assimilation to
Conophrys, the difference lieing only in the greater number of rings
in the thorax of this genius. Looked upon as a developmental stage
of Asaphellus this difference is to be expected, as our form is smaller
than Conophrys Salopiensis.

The differences in the headshield are also of a kind that naturally
follow from the two being different stages of development. Dr. Calla-
way shows the front lobe of the glabella as much more distinct than
that of the Canadian form, though he speaks of it as being “ hardly dis-
tinguishable from the front of the head in the Canadian form this
lobe is barely discernable, except at the sides of the glabella. Again
the speaks of the neck furrow being “deep,” whereas in the Canadian
form it cannot be discerned, and the lateral furrows are fainter and
more embryo-like. Conophrys Salopiensis therefore may very well
stand as a developmental stage of A. Homfrayi^ somewhat , more
.advanced than the youngest form ascribed to this species from the

♦Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, vol. xxxiii, p. 662,

418

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

Canadian beds. The development of one genus from another in the
earliest larval stages is shown in the observations on the development
of Anomocare stenotoides from an Olenus-like (Acantholenus) larva.*

On the other hand, those studies show that Conophrys or rather
IShumardia may be a valid genus, arrested in the phylum from which
Asaphellus and Asaphus were elaborated ; if so, however, we should be
able to find it in faunas from which these genera are absent. Never-
theless it is quite possible that it might be absent from faunas which
have the later Asaphi, if the Shumardia stage were passed over in the
development of the later forms of this family. Such a case of arrested
development, and fixation of larval as specific characters, seems to be
presented to us in the species Bathynriscus pupa of the Mt. Stephen
fauna,! as well as in Acantholenus spiniyer.

That the form which we have described as an early moult of Asa-
phellus Homfrayi is Asaphoid, though so far removed from the adult
in form, I think is shown by its peculiar glabella, fading away at the
front into the frontal area of the cheeks, so that the line of demark-
ation between the two is not clearly traceable, a very common charac-
ter in the Asaphoid trilobites. In this form it appears to the writer
that the faint cresentic lobe in the front of the glabella is homologous
with the front lobe of the glabella and the eyelobes collectively, and
that the Haring anterior ends of the dorsal furrows represent the pos-
terior half of the eyelobes. The obscurity of the occipital furrow is
also an Asaphoid character.

If Conophrys is a valid genus Mr. E. Billings’ genus Shumardia
has precedence of it by five years. S. granulosa (Billings) of the
Quebec group is evidently a diminutive trilobite of the same type and
from near the same horizon..:; S. glacialis, of the same author, prob-
ably belongs to another genus. t

The late Dr. Henry Hicks, described from the Tremadoc group in
South WaleS; two species of “Niobe,” which Prof. W. C. Broegger
refers to Asaphellus^; one of these, N'. Menapiensis, is too large to
compare with the Cape Breton species ; the other, N. .Solvensis, differs
in the form of the movable cheek, and of the hypostome.

* Bull. Nat. Hist. Soc. N B. St. John, 1898, No. xvi, p. 40.

t Trans. Roy. Soc. Can. 2nd Ser., vol. v, sec. iv, p, 51, pi. ii, fig. 5.

t Pala*ojcoic Roy. Soc. Can. 2nd Ser., vol, v., sec. iv, p 51, pi. ii, fig. 5.

^ Euloma Niobe Fauna, Christiania, ’90, 47. p.

ADDITIONAL NOTES ON THE CAMBRIAN OF CAPE BRETON 419'

AsAPHELLUS (?) PLANUS, H. sp. PI. XVIII, fig. 11.

A broad oval species with smooth shield and prominent eyelobes.

The head shield is semicirclar, with strong cheek spines. It is
about twice as wide as long, and has a broad flat margin.

The middle piece of the head shield is narrowed in the middle by
the eyelobes being placed close to the side of the glabella.

The facial sutures are strongly arched out in front of the eyelobe and
turning meet along the front margin ; the front area of the cheek thus
left, is wider than the middle piece at the eyelobe, and three-fifths of
the width at the back of the middle piece. The suture curves out
boldly behind the eyes, turning inward again near the posterior margin,
which it cuts about a third of the distance from the outer margin of
the head shield.

The glabella is level with the cheeks, except at the front, where it
slopes down to the flattened anterior margin. The eyelobes are
strongly elevated, short, and placed about half way from the front of
the shield. There is a minute tubercle on the axial line one-quarter
from the back of the head. The posterior marginal furrow is short
and shallow, and the occipital ring narrow and obscure.

The movable cheek behind the eyelobe is nearly as wide as the
glabella ; the front runs beneath the front margin of the middle
piece in a wide semi-doubleur what extends to the axial line. Pos-
teriorly, it is lengthened into a genal spine, which, from the facial
suture to the point, is as long as the posterior extension of the suture.

The movable cheek, under the eyelobe, carries a convex band of
several rows of minute ocular facets arranged diagonally ; those in
front of the middle of the band run diagonally upward and forward,
those behind the middle run diagonally upward and backward.

The thorax of eight joints has long, narrow segments, terminating
in rounded points, strongly facetted ; the ring of the middle segment
is about as long as the pleurie ; the pleura? are bent (but scarcely
geniculate) at one-half of the length of the first segment ; they bear a
quite shallow furrow directed backward ; each ring of the thorax has
a narrow articulating band.

A thorax and pygidium of smaller size, supposed to belong to this
species, has the following characters : The pygidium is broadly semi-
circular and no axis is visible; a slight broad protuberance one-third.

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

4l>0

from the posterior end indicates the termination of the rachis ; the
sides lobes are sloped down to a somewhat flattened margin. On each
side lobe there is a shallow groove near the front.

The hypostome in this species is unknown, therefore the reference
to Asaphellus is provisional.

Sc^dpture. — The surface of the shell of this trilobite is smooth or
minutely punctate. The underside of the movable cheek has a rugu-
lose surface on the upper part, and a finely concentrically striated band
on the slope outside of this ; the flattened band is covered with widely
spaced anastomosing raised lines, parallel to the margin of the shield.

The composition of the test in this species is different from that of
A. llomfrayi which has a shining and polished surface as preserved in
the shale ; this, on the contrary, had a dull surface, and appears to
be more calcareous, as there is little but a film of the shell .substance
left, where the containing shale has been exposed to weathering.

Length, about 70 mm.; width, about 55 mm.; length of
head shield about 26 mm.; of the thorax, 20 mm.; of the pygidium,
about 24 mm. The pleune are about 45 mm, long, and the pygidium
of about the same width. Scarce.

A. (1) planus is distinguished from A. lloynfrayi, var. by its
broader glabella, more prominent and more distant eyes, broader and
less pointed front to the middle piece of the head shield, more obscure
neck furrow, narrower thoracic rings, and the smooth and obscure axis
of the pygidium.

This form might be referred to Niobe, but for the obscurity of the
glabella (and the almost entire absence of rachis to the pygidium, if w^e
are right in referring the smooth pygidium to this head and thorax).
This form cannot belong to Platypdtis^ Cal., becau.se it has eight
segments, and no frontal enlargement of the glabella is traceable ; on
the contrary, the glabella is conically rounded, as in Asaphus.

This article is published with the permission of the Director of the Geological Survey,
Dr. R. Bell.

Issued, St. .John, N. B., January, 1902.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

421'

Explanation of the Plates.

Plate XIII.

Fio. 1. Acrothyra signata mut. prima n. mut. 2^ x 2\ x 1|- m. Mag.

— a Ventral valve; — b Mould of interior of same;
— c Ventral from the side; — d Another ventral with low
umbo ; — e Dorsal valve ; — f Mould of the interior ; — g
Dorsal from the side. From Coldbrook Group at Dugald
Brook, Escasonie, N. S. See p. 382.

Fig. 2. Acrothyra signata n. sp. 3x2x1 mm. Mag. ; — a Ventral
valve; — b Mould of the interior; — c Ventral valve from
the side ; — d Dorsal valve ; — e Mould of interior of same.
From Assise E.16 (Lower Etoheminian), Dugald Brook,
Escasonie. See p. 381.

Fig. 3. A. signata mut. sera, n. mut., 2|^ x 2| x IJ. Mag. Lo • —
Ventral valve ; — b Mould of interior of same; — c Ven-
tral from the side ; — d Dorsal valve ; — e Mould of in-
terior; — -f Dorsal from the side. From Assise E. Ic
(Lower Etchemin.) at Dugald Brook, Escasonie, N. S.
See p. 383.

Fig. 4. A. signata, mut. orta, n. mut., 2 x 1| x 1 mm. Mag. ; — a
Ventral valve, mould of interior showing visceral callus ;
— b Another narrower, showing traces of extension of
the callus ; — c Ventral from the side ; — d Dorsal valve ;
— e Mould of interior of the dorsal ; — / Dorsal from the
side. From Assise E.2c (Lower Etchemin.) at Dugald
Brook, Escasonie, N. S. See p. 385.

Plate XIV.

Fig. 1. Acrothyra signata mut. tarda, n. mut., 2^ x 3 x 1| mm. Mag.

S” ; — a, Ventral valve from above ; — b Mould of interior
of a ventral ; — c Same seen from behind ; — d Ventral
valve from the side. From Assise E.lc? (Lower Etchemin.) '
at Dugald Brook, Escasonie, X. S. See p. 384.

422

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

Fig. 2. Acrothyra lyroavia^ 2 x x | mm. Mag. ^ 5 — Ventral
valve ; — h Same from behind ; — c Same from the side ;
— d Dorsal valve ; . — e Mould of the inside of this valve ;
— -f Dorsal from the side ; — g Outline of the two valv’es,
from the side. From Assise E.3c (Upper Ktchemin.) at
Dugald Brook, Escasonie, N. S. See p. 386.

Fig. 3. .1. proavia, large valves, 3 x 2| x J mm. Mag. , — a Ven-

tral valve ; — b Another ventral with corrugated front ;
— c Ventral from the side ; — d Dorsal ; — e Mould of
interior of the dorsal ; — /Dorsal valve in profile. From
Assise E 3e, lower part, (Upper Etchemin.) at Dugald
Brook, Escasonie, N. S. See p. 387.

Fig. 4, A. proavia, mut. prima, n. mut., 3 x 2 x 1 J mm. Mag. Y 1 ^

Ventral valve ; — h Mould of interior ; — c Ventral, from
the side ; — d Dorsal valve ; — e Mould of interior ; — f
Dorsal from the side. From Assise E.3« (Upper Etchemin.)
at Dugald Brook, Escasonie, N. S. See p. 389.

Fig. 5. A. proavia, mut. crassa, n. mut., 2-^ x 2 x mm. Mag.

— a Ventral valve ; — b Mould of same ; — c Ventral from
the side. From Assise E.3e, lower part, (Upper Etchemin.)
Dugald Brook, Escasonie, N. S. See p. 389.

Plate XV.

Fig. 1. Acrotreta papillata, n. sp., 24 x 2^ x 1^ mm. ]\lag. i/; — a
A narrow ventral valve ; — b Same from the side ; — c
Mould of interior of a ventral valve ; — d Dorsal valve ;
— e Same from the side; — Mould of interior. From
Assise E. Icf (Lower Etchemin.) at Boundary Brook, Esca-
sonie, N. S. See p. 390.

Fig. 2. A. papillata, mut. prima, 2 x 2^ x 1| mm. Mag. ; — a
Ventral valve ; — b Same, side view ; — c Mould of ven-
tral. From the Cold brook Group, Dugald Brook, Esca-
sonie, N. S. See p. 391.

Fig. 3. A. papillata var. lata, n. var., 2 x 2^ x mm. Mag. tj-®; — a
Ventral mould of interior ; — b Same froiu the side ; — c
Same from behind. From Assise E.lc? (Lower Etchemin.)
at Boundary Brook, Escasonie, N. S. See p. 391.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

42:?

Fig. a. Acrotreta gemmula^ x l^x 1 mm. Mag. Y; — a Ventral
from behind ; — b Same from the side ; — c Ventral, mould
of interior ; — d Dorsal, interior. From Protolenus Beds,
Hanford Brook, N. B. See p. 395.

Fig. 5. Acrotreta cf. socialis, v. Seebach 3x3x2 mm. Mag. ^
(except e. and k.) ; — a Ventral valve; — b Same from
the side ; — c Mould of interior ; — d Same from the side ;
— e Apex of the mould, mag. | ; —f Dorsal valve ; — g
Same from the side ; — h Mould of interior ; — i Same
from the side ; — k Enlargement of surface sculpturing,
mag. Y- From Lingulella radula Zone, (St. John Gr :
C.2c), McNeill Brook, Mira, N. S. See p. 392.

Plate XVI.

Fig. 1. Acrotreta Baileyi, 3^ x 4 x 1 mm. Mag. \ ; — a Ventral,
mould of interior ; —b Same from the side ; — c Dorsal,
mould of interior ; — d Same from the side. (C. 1<^) Lower
Paradoxides Beds, King’s Co., N. B. See p. 395.

Fig. 2. Acrotreta bisecta 3 x 3| x 3^ mm. Mag. f ; — a Ventral valve ;

— b Mould of interior from the side ; — c Same seen from
above ; — d Dorsal valve ; — e Mould of interior from
behind ; — / Same from the side ; — g Same from above.
From the Dictyonema Beds, (C. 3c) McLeod Brook, Boisdale,
N. S, See p. 394.

Fig. 3. Acrothele abavia n. sp., x x f mm. Mag. ^ ^ Ven-

tral valve, interior, the umbo is filled with a plug of fine
sand; — b Same from the side ; — c Dorsal valve, interior,
the shell is broken away at the umbo ; — d Same from the
side. From Assise E.3g (Upper Etchemin.) at Dugald
Brook, Escasonie, N. S. See p. 398, 402.

Fig. 4. Acrothele abavia n. sp., 5^ x 6 x 1mm. Mag . \ a Ventral
valve, interior ; — b Dorsal valve, interior. From Assise
E.36 (Upper Etchemin.) at Dugald Brook, Escasonie,
N. S. See p. 398.

424

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

Fi«.. 5.

Acrothele avia, niut. putpis, n. mut. 6 x 6.j x 1 mm. Mag. |
— a Ventral valve, mould of interior ; — h Dorsal valve^
interior. From Assise E.3o? (Upper Etchemin.), Dugald
Brook, Escasonie, N. S. See p. 398, 402.

Fig. 6.

Acrothele Mattheivi var. costata, 5x6 mm. Mag.
From the Protolenus Beds, Hanford Brook, St. John Co.,
N. B. See p. 397.

Fig. 7.

Acrothejp avia — Enlarged sculpture. See Plate XVII.
Plate XYII.

Fig. 1.

Acrothele avia 9 x 10 x 1 mm. Mag. ^ (except c. to /.); — a
Ventral valve, central part ; — h Same seen from the side ;
— c Ventral, interior of ; — d Dorsal valve ; — e Same in
outline ; — f Dorsal, interior — c. to f. mag. f. Fig. 7 of
Plate XVI ; — a Surface sculpture on lateral slope of ven-
tral j — h Sculpture on middle part of ventral. Both mag.
Y- All from Assise E.3e (Upper Etchemin.) at Dugald
Brook, Escasonie, N. S. See p. 396, 402.

Fig. 2.

Acrothele avia, broad form, ventral, 7 x 9|^ x 1 mm. Mag. \,
Dorsal 5^ x 7 mm., mag. — a Ventral valve; — h

Dorsal valve, mould of interior. From Assise E.3(i (Up-
per Etchemin.) at Dougald Brook, Escasonie, N. S. See p.
397.

Fig. 3.

Acrothele proles 8^ x 9 x 1 mm. Mag. \ ; — a Ventral valve ;
— h Interior of same ; — c A smaller dorsal valve ; — d In-
terior of same ; — e Outline of the valves from the side.
From Assise E.3/ (Upper Etchemin.) at Gillis’, Indian
Brook, Escasonie, N. S. See p. 400, 402.

Fig. 4.

Acrothele Matthewi mut. prima. Mag. | ; — a Ventral valve,
showing the umbo close to the posterior margin ; — h Same
in profile. From Protolenus Beds (C.16), Hanford Brook,
N. B. See p. 397, 402.

Fig. 5.

Acrothf'le Matthewi. ]\Iag. f ; —a Dorsal valve, interior, show,
ing median septem and its branches, and fine striae on the
valve radiating to the anterior and lateral margins ; — b
This valve in profile. From Lower Paradoxides Beds (C.
Ic), Hanford Brook, N. B. See p. 397, 402.

ACROTHYRA.

Plate XTTL

ACROTHYRA.

Plate XIV.

ACROTKETA.

Plate XV.

ACROTRKTA — ACROTHELE.

Plate XVI,

ACROTHELE.

Plate XVII.

TKKMADOC FATNA

Plate XV HI.

1

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

425

Fkl G. . Acrothele MattheAvi mut. lata. Mag. — a Ventral valve,

interior ; has two pits in front of the foramen, diverging-
arched ridges on each side of the foramen, and a low ridge
on each side of the foramen extending to the hinge line •
— h A dorsal in profile, showing the position of the hinge-
line. From Protolenus Beds (C.16), Hanford Brook, N. B.
See p. 402.

Plate XVIII.

Fiu. 1. Acrotreta sipo n. sp. — Section of ventral valve. Mag.

See p. 406.

Fig. 2. Acrotreta sipo. — Interior of dorsal valve. Mag. f. See p.
406.

Fig. 3. Bellerophon insulce n. sp. — Sinistral side. Mag. f. See p..

408.

Fig. 4. Bellerophon Bretonensis n. sp. ; — a Dextral side ; — h Broken
valve, showing interior, etc., both natural size ; — c Dor-
sum, showing the angle of the growth lines. Mag. \ ; — d
Part of surface of body whorl. Mag. See p. 409

Fig. 5. Bellerophon semisculptus n. p. — Showing the outer whorl.
Mag. f. See p. 410.

Fig. 6. Urotheca sp. — Tube showing the larval part and the living
chamber. Seep. 411.

Fig. 7. Farabolinella quadrata n. sp. — Middle piece of the head-
shield; Natural size. Seep. 411.

Fig. 8. Triarthus Belli n. sp. — Middle piece of the headshield, left
side and occipital ring restored. Mag. |. See p. 412.

Fig. 9. Angelina ? sp. % — Larval cephalic shield. Mag. See p. 413.

Fig. 10. Asaphellus Homfrayi^ Salter, var.; — a Adult, broad
form partly restored ; h Middle piece of the head shield of
the narrow form ; — c The hyposteme. All natural size; — d
Early larval form, mag. ^ ^ later larval form,

mag. f^. See p. 413.

Fig. 11. Asaphellus {^\) planus. Adult. Natural size — the pygidium
enlarged from another example supposed to be of this
species. See p. 419.

ERRATA.

Page

319,

380,

381,
387,

391,

393,

395,

397,

398,

400,

401,

line 21, after “ Mr.” insert, S. Ward.

“ 10, before “ New,” insert (A)

in the table two heavy bars should be replaced by light ones,
line 8, for “ in Assise /,” read, on the highway at Y.
McPhee’s, in Assise e ?

-15, for “genus,” read, Acrotretina*

18, for “ the ” read, one ; and for ” read e
23, after “ var ” insert lata

34, for PAPELLATA, read papillata
33, after “ size,” insert, and as to its interior by its

35, for “ It,” read, its interior ; and for “ A.,” read,

that of A.

“ 22, In the columns to the right of “A. sipo” insert

3, 3, 21 1.2.
last line, erase “ larger ”
lines 10 and 27, for “ XV,” read, XVI.
line 10, for “XVI,” read, XVII.

3rd hue from the bottom, for “ Conocoryphe ” read Cteno-
cephalus.

NATURAL HISTORY AND PH YSIOCJ RAPH Y OF NEW BRUNSWICK.

427

ARTICLE II.

INOTPIS ON THP: natural history and PHYSIO-
GRAPHY OF NEW BRUNSWICK.

By W. F. Ganoncl

44.— On Forestry Literature Important for New' Brunswick.

(Read January 8, 1901.)

A well-formulated forestry policy is the most pressing need of New
Brunswick. Its development must be based upon a knowledge of the
experience of other countries, particularly of those which, like some of
the eastern United States, are conditioned as to the forestry problem
not unlike this province. For this purpose the reports of the United
States government, and of the different states which have established
Forestry Boards or Commissions, are invaluable. It would be of the
greatest service to the forestry interests of this province if these
reports could be collected together in some accessible place in New'
Brunswick while they are still obtainable. This could most appro-
priately be undertaken by this Society working through a “ Forestry
Committee,” whose duty it would be to apply in the name of the
Society, and of the Province, for these reports, and to keep them, when
obtained, clas.sified and accessible to all inquirers. The committee
should also collect newspaper and other articles relating to Canadian
forests, and take the leading American journals devoted to the subject.
The principal reports of value would 'be the following. The United
States Government, both through the Division of Forestry of the
Department of Agriculture and through recent reports of the Geolo-
gical Survey, has published the most abundant and valuable matter
upon American forestry. The following states, through their Forestry
Boards or Commissions, have issued valuable reports, — New York,
New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, Minnesota, North Carolina.
Maine has a Forestry Board which has published two or three reports,
but its work appears to be suspended. There are also some scattered

4'J^ hulli«:tin ok the natural history society.

publications of lesser importance by other states. A most valuable
summary of the forestry legislation of these states is given in a recent
article, “Progress in Forestry Under State Control,” by Spalding, in
Science, for December 28, 1900.

The attention of young men in New Brunswick should be called to
the fact that two universities, Cornell and Yale, have established
schools of forestry. There can be no question that forestry is opening
up to young men a most attractive and remunerative profession, and
one which will be in demand in New Brunswick within another
decade.

45. — On the Physiographic History of the Tobique River.

(Read February .5, 1901; re-written January, 1902.)

In earlier notes I have tried to trace the physiographic evolution
of two of the finest of our northern rivers, the Restigouche and the
Nepisiguit ; I shall now attempt to treat in the same way the third of
a noble trio, the Tobique. All three of these rivers are notable for
their great natural beauty, but each has its own personality and differs
from the others. The Restigouche is the lovelier, but the least varied.
The Nepisiguit is the sterner, and the least friendly. The Tobique is
the riper, most varied and most companionable.

The reader can the better follow the present discussion if he has
before him the excellent sheet of the Geological Survey including this
river, from which the accompanying reduced sketch is taken (Map
No. 1). Although both topography and geological boundaries are
necessarily inaccurate in some details, we may, as a whole, assume
their essential correctness.

From our present point of view the Tobique falls into four portions
as follows : (1) The river below the Forks, which I shall call the Main
Tobique, (2) the Right Hand Branch, (3) the Little Tobique, and (4)
the Mamozekel. Of these, all are a complete wilderness except the
Main Tobique. I am personally acquainted with them all except the
Mamozekel, and the following observations and conclusions have, for
the most part, been worked out upon the ground.

We must, first of all, note the general structure of the region.
Excepting the Right Hand Branch, the Tobique flows southwest,
approximately parallel with the line of contact of two distinct series of
geological formations. On the southeast lie the Central Highlands, of

NATURAL HISTORY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY OF NEW BRUNSWICK.

429

crystalline Pre-Cambrian, fringed by a border of Cambro-Silurian or
Cambrian, rocks, having a minimum water-elevation on the principal
lakes of over 1,200 feet, and rising thence into broken plateaus and
hills from 1,700 to 2,700 feet in height. As will later be shown
(Note No. 49), these highlands are the remnants of an ancient much-

dissected, warped, and perhaps faulted, peneplain, — the same, I believe,
as that described by Daly in Nova Scotia, which he homologizes with
the Cretaceous Peneplain of New England. Sharply marked off from
this is the great rolling plateau on the northwest, in which the
Tobique runs, witl^ minimum lake levels of over 700 feet and a general
elevation of 800 to 1,000 feet. It is composed, for the most part.

430

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

of highly disturbed Upper Silurian rocks, but includes a large area of
little disturbed Lower Carboniferous on the Lower Tobique. Evidently
this plateau represents the remnant of a second and younger peneplain,
far less dissected than the older, which, although much higher above the
sea level, is without doubt the equivalent of the newer peneplain recog-
nized by Daly in Nova Scotia, and homologized by him with the Tertiary"
Peneplain of New England. Whatever we may think as to the
mode of origin of these peneplains, or as to their age, there can be no
question as to their real existence. This conception of the two pene-
plains throws a flood of light upon the topography of Central New
Brunswick, which, without them, is most confused and well nigh
impossible of interpretation.

We turn now to the Right Hand Branch. As already described
(Note No. 39), this includes a number of valleys deeply cut into the
Pre-Cambrian highlands, and conv^erging northward. All that we can
be sure of as to their age is that they are at least as old as the pene-
plain into which they have cut, which, tentatively, we may agree with
Daly in assigning to Cretaceous age, but they may be very much
older An important point about them, however, is this : that their
direction of flow is nearly in reverse of that of the Main Tobique
river. This can only be explained by the supposition that the pene-
plain, when they began to cut into it, had a slope to the northward
and sent these rivers draining into waters whose modern representative
is the Bay Chaleur. The entire Silurian plateau would at that time
have been filled with rocks to the level of this Cretaceous plateau, and
the remainder of the Tobique could not then have been in existence.

In this connection we may well consider another part of the
Tobique which has probably had a similar history, namely, the upper
part of the Little Tobique, together with the Nepisiguit Lakes. As
has been pointed out by Chalmers (Note 33), in Pre-Glacial times the
Nepisiguit Lake valley doubtless emptied into the Nictor Valley; and
the direction of flow of this Nictor Nepisiguit valley, parallel with the
Right Hand Branch, and its similar general relation to the formations
of the region, makes it seem certain that it is of the same age and has
had the same history as the Right Hand Branch.

We next turn to the Main Tobique and the Mamozekel, the latter
a direct continuation of the former. It seems plain that these two
are morphologically one river, and together form the real Main
Tobique. With the Mamozekel I am not familiar, though T have .seen

NATURAL HISTORY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY OF NEW BRUNSWICK. 431

its valley at its mouth, and from the mountains near Nictor Lake.
The Main Tobique has cut from three or four to six or seven hundred
feet into the Silurian plateau in a winding rock-walled but well-
matured valley, provided frequently with extensive intervales. Its
age must therefore be at least that of the peneplain into which it
has cut, which tentatively we may assume with Daly as of Tertiary
age, and it may be very much older. The question now arises as to
why it flows southwest into the St. John, instead of northeast into
Bay Chaleur, as the Right Hand Branch doubtless once did '? There
can be no doubt, I believe, that the same causes sent it southwest (in
fact, originated it) which turned the St. John from its proper course
into Bay Chaleur and sent it through the highlands southward, a
peculiarity which has greatly complicated not only the physiographic,
but also the human history of this region.*

There are three possible explanations of the age and cause of this
change of course of the St. John and origination of the Main Tobique.
First, it may be co-temporaneous with the beginning of the elevation
of the newest peneplain. In this case we must hold that the pene-
planation (Tertiary 1) of the Silurian plateau was effected by rivers
flowing into Bay Chaleur, and that all through this period the St.
John, the Right Hand Branch and the Nictor-Nepisiguit thus emptied
while the Main Tobique did not exist. With the beginning of the
elevation of this peneplain, however, inaugurating the present cycle,
and allowing the rivers to cut their present deep channels, that eleva-
tion would have commenced, and must been comparatively rapid on
the northward, thus turning back the slow-moving St. John, Right
Hand Branch and Nictor from their courses into Bay Chaleur, and
throwing their waters southwest where they would accumulate, perhaps
in a huge lake, until this reached the height of the lowest point in the
highlands, when they would escape southward, thus originating the
course of the present St. John and the Tobique. The Main Tobique
would therefore have originated by the turning southwest of the drain-
age of the Right Hand Branch, while the Mamozekel, similarly
originated by the same turning of the Nictor-Nepisiguit waters, \/hich
as will presently be shown, formerly emptied by the Mamozekel.
Both Main Tobique and Mamozekel would follow the trough between
this uplift on the north and the higher land on the southeast. On

* Particularly in connection with political boundaries, as I shall show in a later note.

432

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIPTI'Y.

this supposition the change of the St. John and origin of the Main
Tobiqiie would be Tertiary, or post-Tertiary. Second, it is possible
this change was one cycle older, namely, that it took place by the
same method of more rapid elevation northward (and scarcely any
other explanation is under the circumstances imaginable) with the
elevation of the earlier (Cretaceous) peneplain, and that the peneplan-
ation of the later plateau was effected largely by rivers flowing into
the St. John. There are certain facts which tend to substantiate this
view, notably the very winding course of the rock-valley of the Main
Tobique, which is best explained by the supposition that it existed as
a ripe river wandering in a matured flood plain when the latest
elevation began. This would make its age Cretaceous, or post-Creta-
ceous, on the hypothesis of that age for this older peneplain. Third,
the presence of little-disturbed Lower Carboniferous rocks in the low’er
valley of the Main Tobi(]ue suggests an early connection with the sea
by way of the present St. John valley, for fragments of that formation
are found at intervals along the St. John down to the great central
Carboniferous basin ; while on the other hand, in the northeasterly
direction, no traces of it are known until the present Bay Chaleur is
reached. Both the St. John and the Tobique may therefore be the
successors of rivers which have flowed in their respective directions
from pre-Carboniferous times. In this case the change of direction of
the St. John an^ the formation of the Tobique would have occurred
in consequence of an elevation northward accompanying the profound
disturbances which took place in this region in the Devonian period,
disturbances which affected the Upper Silurian rocks of this region,
but did not affect those of the Lower Carboniferous.

Further research will doubtless yield facts which will permit a
decision as to these three ^possibilities. In the meantime it seems
most probable that the Main Tobique existed prior to the latest
elevation and assisted with the St. John in the peneplanation of this
Silurian plateau.*

* In iny earlier note on the Restigouche (No. 37), I iuiplj' too great an age to that river
by speaking of it simply as post-Silurian. Its age must, I think, he the same as that of the
Tobique, although in many ways it seems much newer. Thus, although in i-ocks at least
as soft as the Main Tobique, its valley is much narrower and more V shaped, and almost
entirely lacks intervales, which the Tobique nearly everywhere has. Were it not for
its very winding valley in the lower part of its course, implying that it, like the Tobique,
was a mature river wandering on a Hood plain at the beginning of the last elevation, I
would consider it as originating only after the elevation of the peneplain, and hence much
newer than the Tobique. In any case I think there is no douht its upper waters from the
Kedgewick. if not from Tracy’s Brook, have been captured from the St. John.

NATURAL HISTORY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY OF NEW BRUNSWICK. 433

Turning attention more particulary to the Maraozekel, we note that
it forks at its head into two branches, which approach respectively
the Nictor and Nepisiguit Lakes. As shown in an earlier note (No.
29), there are but low valleys between the lakes and these branches,
indicating a former connection and drainage into the Mamozekel.
All of the facts seem in harmony with the explanation of this region
already given, that the Nepisiguit-Nictor-VaUey and the upper part of
the Little Tobique, as far as the right-angled bend, form part of an
ancient valley, whose waters, by the same causes which turned the
Right Hand Branch southward to form the Main Tobique, were turned
southward to form the Mamozekel. Which of the two connections
with the Nictor-Nepisiguit- Valley is the older, remains to be deter-
mined. Subsequently the latter valley was captured from the Mamo-
-zekel by the Little Tobique, and finally the Nepisiguit part of the
valley was turned by glacial drift down the Nepisiguit River.

We turn next to the Little Tobique which winds about in a wide
gravel-bottomed valley. It enters the Main Tobique at exactly the
same point as the Right Hand Branch, a fact which can hardly express
a mere coincidence, and which, doubtless, indicates some casual con-
nection. This is, probably, because the lower part of the Little Tobique
occupies the ancient valley by which the Right Hand Branch flowed
northward before the Main Tobique was formed. Possibly the Sisson
Branch occupies the position of that ancient river, -and the Little
Tobique may originally have been but a branch of it. Probably the
Little Tobique at first headed in the present Little Cedar Brook, and
then sent off a branch which captured the Nictor Valley at the right,
angled Bend.

The present Tobique River, therefore, has had its present approxi-
mate form and extent since, at least, the beginning of the elevation of
4)he younger peneplain, and, perhaps, much longer. It is still steadily
cutting its channel into the peneplains, giving origin to its charming
scenery, and cutting back at its heads. One phase of this extension
deserves special mention, namely, one of its branches, the Gulquac, has
extended back at its head until it has actually tapped the system of
lakes at the head of the Right Hand Branch. Theoretically, this
process can go on until all of those lakes are turned by shorter courses
into the Tobique, thus further complicating the physiography of this
^region. The Main Tobique has cut down in one place into ancient

4,'U JiULLKTIX OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

intrusive rocks which, no doubt, underlaid the Silurian rocks when-
the valley of the river began to cut its present channel.

It remains but to speak of the effect of the glacial period upon
the development of the river as we find it to-day, I can trace but
four effects. First, the various lakes were formed, at least in part, by
dams of glacial drift. Second, the Nepisiguit Lake valley was, doubt-
less, tiu’ned from the Nictor into the Nepisiguit by glacial drift.
Third, all of the Little Tobique and the Main Tobique are smooth-
fiowing, gravel-bottomed rivers, because of the masses of drift available
to the rivers for thus smoothing their beds. That they lack the boulder
rapids, so abundant in most of our rivers, is due to the character of
the drift brought into them from the north west — the soft Silurian
slates easily worn down, instead of granite and felsite. Fourth, several
falls and gorges have been formed on the river by the blocking of the
old valley in places with drift. Of this nature are, probably, at least
some of the falls on the Right Hand Branch, the Little Falls, the
Ledges, Red Rapids, certainly Sisson Falls with their grand gorge, and
the Narrows in which the fall is extinct.

The Tobique, then, despite its apparent complexity, appears to be a
comparatively simple river with a steady and homogeneous develop-
ment. It has captured no other rivers, and it has lost to other rivers
nothing but the part of the Nictor Valley turned into the Nepisiguit
in glacial times.

46. — Great Forest Fires in New Brunswick.

(Read March 5, U»01.)

By far the deadliest enemies of forests are fires, and their preven-
tion is the greatest problem of the forester. In New Brunswick they
have been abundant and disastrous from very early times, doubtless
from the one near St. John two thousand years ago, which Dr. Matthew
has described,* down to the present. A list of these great fires, with dates
and extent, would have much interest and considerable economic use
in helping to determine the rate of rapidity of natural reforestation in
given districts. Such data about forest fires are being gathered by
the Division of Forestry of the United States. I wish here to call
attention to early accounts of two of our greatest fires. The worst

» Canadian Record of Science, viii, 213.

NATURAL HISTORY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY OF NEW BRUNSWICK. 435-

the province has ever suftered was, of course, the great Miramichi fire
in 1825, of which we have a vivid description by Cooney in his
History of Northern New Brunswick and Gaspe. A brief reference
to the effects of a great fire before 1677 between the Nepisiguit and
Miramichi is given by Father Christian LeClercq in his “ Nouvelle
Relation de la Gaspesie,” in 1691, of which the part of interest to us
is translated into English and published in Hay’s Canadian History
Readings (St. John, 1900), page 275. It is of interest to note that
Father LeClercq attributes this fire, which must have nearly or quite
equalled the later great fire of Miramichi, to lightning. In a still
unpublished report on a survey of the river St. John, by Chas. Morris,
in 1765, in the Public Record Office, a great fire of 1761 is referred
to. Thus, he says of the Belleisle ; “ the Timber of all the Lands hav-
ing been burnt about Four years ago by the Indians.” Later he says :
“All the Timber upon both sides Washademoak has been burnt by
the Indians.” Of Grand Lake, he says : “ The Lands for a good way up
the lake have suffered the same mischief as the lands of Washademoak,
being burnt and all the timber destroyed.” The implication in
Morris’ words is that the fires were set purposely by the Indians,
which, if true, would recall the fires set periodically in the west by the
Indians for purposes connected with hunting, and which are believed^
to be a chief cause of the treelessness of those regions.

47. — Measurements of Magnetic Dip in New Brunswick.

(Read March .5, 1901).

In the Society’s Bulletin, No. XVII, page 105, Professor Duff
gives a brief account of the scientific status of the study of magnetic
dip, together with the results of some measurements made by himself
in different parts of the province. He states that earlier observations
are not known to him.- Some earlier observations, over three hundred
in number, were made, however, in 1840-41, by the surveyors of the
north line from the source of the St. Croix, under charge of Major
Graham. (United States, Executive Documents, 27th Congress, 2nd
Session, 1841-42 Doc. 70). The results appear not to have been
published in detail, but are doubtless preserved in manuscript im
Graham’s report in the Department of State at Washington.

13G

15ULLET1N OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

4^8. — The JMorrholo(;y of New Brunswick Waterfalls.

IRead March 5. 1901).

New Brunswick is a glaciated land of many rivers, and hence has
many waterfalls. Waterfalls interest us in three ways : for their
jesthetic charm, for the scientific problems involved in their origin,
and for their economic value. I shall here discuss particularly the
second of these phases of the subject.

Considered as to their origin, waterfalls group themselves into the
following categories, which, like all of our classifications of natural
objects and phenomena, are not distinct and exclusive, but merge into
one another in the most varied combinations. Nor is it possible to
draw any line between falls and rapids, for not only are there all
gradations between, but there are some undoubted rapids which are
much higher than some undoubted falls.

1. Glacial Falls. — This class includes the greater number,
the best known and the largest of our waterfalls. Their mode of
formation is familiar to all. In the Glacial Period masses of drift
were often thrown into and across our river valleys. Where the
valleys were deep and not completely filled, the drift was easily washed
out again, leaving only the larger boulders to form the falls and rapids
to be considered in the next class. Where the valleys were shallower,
or the sides very irregular, the glacial dam often forced the water to
leave its old channel and flow along or over a part of the rocky wall
of the valley to fall again into the old valley below the obstruction. At
the latter point a fall would be formed into a basin receiving both the
old and the new courses of the river. But the fall, as falls always do,
would begin to cut back into the rock over which the river flowed
until a deep gorge is formed with the fall at its head. Above such
falls, the river, still dammed back, often shows but a gentle current
for a long distance. In this condition are most of the greater falls of
the prov^ince, particularly those in the main courses of our principal
rivers. Such are the Grand Falls of the St. John, with its pre-glacial
valley on the right bank, the Grand Falls of the Nepisiguit, with its
old valley on the left bank,* the Falls of the Magaguadavic at St.
(George, with the old valley on the left bank, where the town stands,
Aroostook Falls and the great falls on the Sisson branch of Tobique.

On this channel, see this Bulletin, No. XIX, 818.

NATURAL HISTORY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY OF NEW RRUNSWICK.

437

Here belong also, no doiabt, Gordon Falls on Pollet River, all the
principal falls of the St. Croix (Salmon, Sprague’s, Grand, Chepednec,
Little and Tagwaan), those at the mouth of the Digdeguash, Upper
Falls on the Magaguadavic, the four fine falls on the Lepreau*
(Ragged, Big, Little, and that at the mouth), the Upsalquitch Falls
at Ramsay’s Portage, Pabineau and other falls on the Lower Nepisi-
guit, and numerous others on various streams throughout the province.
Many of these, particularly those flowing in the hardest rocks, have
insignificant gorges, but some of them possess gorges of great extent
and impressiveness, of which the finest are those of the Grand Falls
of the St. John, of the Nepisiguit and of the Sisson Branch, f

In some cases, where falls of this class once existed, there is now
but a gorge, for the fall has worked completely back through the
rocky ledges to the level of its old channel. The four greatest examples
of such gorges in the Province are, that at the mouth of the St. John,
the Narrows at the mouth of the Tobique, the Narrows on the Nepisi-
guit, four miles above Grand Falls, and the Narrows described by
Ells on the Northwest Miramichi. ; Probably most of the many places
on our rivers which have the name Narrows, have had this origin.

Looking next at the distribution of the greater falls of this class,
we at once observe that they are much more abundant on rivers, or
portions of rivers, running in a general north and south (more exactly
south-east) direction than on those running in a general west and east
(more exactly north-east) direction. No doubt special local conditions
of strike of formations, depth of valleys (in such a river as the Resti-
gouche) and amount of drift available, etc., explain this peculiarity to
a great extent, but they do not entirely ; and the fact that the falls
are most common in valleys following the direction of movement of
the glaciers suggests that the glacial dams causing the falls are mostly
of the nature of terminal moraines.

2. Boulder Falls. — When glacial drift was thrown into valleys
in quantities not too great, the rivers afterwards removed it all except
the boulders too large to be moved, which remained as obstructions in
the channel, forming bad rapids and even small falls. Thus are caused

* I am surprised that the great and picturesque falls on this river, particularly Ragged
and Big Falls, seem so little known in the province.

1 The Sisson gorge, unlike the others mentioned, which are U-shaped, and with mostly
bare walls, is V-shaped, and with heavily-wooded walls.
i Geological Report for 18S1, D. 29,

438

HULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

most of the troublesome rapids on our rivers, notably on the St. Croix,
the Nepisiguit, and the Southwest Miramichi. Small falls of this
type occur also commonly at the outlets of lakes, and at the lower
-ends of long dead-waters.

3. Affluent Falls. — In the process of erosion of any country,
the larger, especially if sediment-carrying, rivers tend to wear down
their channels more rapidly than do the smaller branches, especially if
these be clear streams. This process may often have been aided by
glacial erosion of the greater streams.* Hence, the smaller branches
must enter the larger valley with a fall, which will not be a vertical
drop, but an irregular sloping fall or rocky rapid. Very large branches
would not show such a fall, since they would cut down as rapidly as
the main stream.. If now^ we note the way in which the smaller
branches of our principal rivers enter the main valleys, w^e will find
that it is usually with either a broken fall or else with rocky rapids.
This is true, for instance, of most of the streams entering the St. John
between Grand Falls and the head of tide above Fredericton. The
phenomenon is less marked than it would otherwise be since the main
river is, for the most part, not flowing in its ancient rock bed, but
upon drift with which it is partially filled. Some of the falls at the
mouths of these branches may be of glacial origin ; indeed, they may
all be, for the subject has not received, though it deserves, investi-
gation from this point of view.

4. Plateau Falls. — New Brunswick is largely of the physio-
graphic character known as rejuvenated, that is, consists of great
imperfect peneplains which have been re-elevated, thus allowing the
rivers to cut their valleys deeply into them. On the resulting plateaus
new streams are of course forming ; and where these reach the valleys
of the older rivers, they make a long fall into them, which may be
steep even to vertical. Thus is produced, I believe, the highest fall
in the province, namely, that on Fall Brook, on the southwest Mira-
michi, a few miles above Boiestown. This fall, 120 feet in height,
and a single vertical drop into a beautiful rocky basin, occurs just
where the brook meets the valley of the main Miramichi. The next
highest. Hays, or Thompson’s Fall, below Woodstock, is also of this
character, as are the falls on the brook emptying Milna'gek or Island

* Davis (Science, xiv, 779) appears to advocate the view that where such “hanging:
•valleys ’’ occur, the main stream has been deepened by glacial ice.

NATURAL HISTORY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY OF NEW BRUNSWICK.

4:59

Lake into Long Lake, and innumerable other small ones in various
parts of the province. Such falls will, of course, occur in tlieir most
typical form only upon very small and new streams. As those streams
grow larger the falls will become reduced in height until they disappear,
and they will pass through a stage in which they will merge with
those of the preceding class.

Here also belong falls which occur where streams drop from a
plateau to lower levels, even if these be not river valleys but have
been formed by faulting or other method. Of this nature is probably
the fall of ninety feet said to occur upon the stream emptying Lake
Antonio into Sparks Lake in Charlotte.* Moreover, the many small
falls on any streams coming from elevated land to lower levels belong
partially here, but not entirely, for the mere slope alone would produce
smooth sluices and not falls, and the actual fall comes rather under
the next class.

5. Erosion Falls. — Where streams are flowing down a sloping
bed and cross bands of harder and softer rocks, they erode out the
softer, forming falls over the harder. The same result follows where
portions of the rock are met with, more jointed than elsewhere ; these
parts are more easily removed, leaving a fall over the less jointed part.
Thus are formed many of the minor falls along the courses of our
smaller streams, and especially along torrents flowing in rocky beds,
such, for example, as the small rivers entering the Bay of Fundy
between Quaco and Point Wolfe. By this method, also, falls forr^ed
in other ways are often given a more irregular character than they
would otherwise possess. Usually falls of but a few feet in height are
thus formed.

6. Tidal Falls. — Where heavy tides pour through narrow chan-
nels into large basins, there must be a considerable drop towards the
water level beyond the barrier. If now in addition there is a shallow
reef at the narrow place, the conditions are present for a true tidal
fall, which may run inward with the rising and outward with the
falling tide. Our best example of such a fall, and doubtless the best
anywhere known, is that at the mouth of the St. John. Another of

* I have not seen this fall. It is mentioned in a pamphlet issued by the Mag:aguadavie
Fish and Game Association, which states that Lake Antonio (locally Anthony) is 500 feet
above Sparks Lake. An early plan by Holt gives it as 250 feet above Sparks Lake. All
printed maps are in error in making this lake empty into Forked Lake ; it empties into
Sparks Lake, between Red Rock and Clear Lakes. The maps make it also far too small.

440

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

lesser perfection occurs in Cobscook Bay, and there are approaches
to it in some of the passages in the Passamaquoddy region.

There may be yet other methods of formation of waterfalls nob
here considered;^ and there lies open to us an attractive field for
investigation, not only in the search for new types of falls, but also in
the examination, description and reference to their proper types of all
the leading falls of the province.

So far as concerns the economics of our water falls, it is plain that
their value lies more in the past and future than in the present, for
very few of them are now utilized, even of those which were once valued
mill privileges. In the future, however, when fuel becomes dearer and
methods of transmitting and storing power become improved, they are
sure to rise again into lasting importance, and they may fairly be
reckoned among the potential resources of the Province. It would
be a great advantage from this point of view if exact data as to their
height, volume, constancy and surroundings were available, such data
as the United States Geological Survey has gathered for those of
Blaine. T Such data could best be secured as a part of the work of that
thorough topographical, economic and scientific survey of New' Bruns’
wick w'hich would be invaluable to the province in all of its greatest
interests. The need for such a survey offers to some citizen of great
wealth the opportunity to make to the province a gift of the most
serviceable, lasting and satisfying character.

49. — The Origin of the NEtv Brunswick Peneplains.

(Read .June 4, 1901).

An important and very suggestive paper, entitled, “ The Physio-
graphy of Acadia,’' has recently been published; by Dr. Reginald A.
Daly, of Harvard University. The author deals chiefly with Nova
Scotia, but refers also to New Brunswick, particularly its southern
and eastern part. It is the object of the present note to inquire in
how far his conclusions apply to New Brunswick as a whole.

* Davis (Science xiv, 779, Nov. 1901^, reviews a paper by Sturm on the origin of water-
falls. Two additional classes are recognized by Sturm, of which there are no cases known
to me in New Brunswick. (1 ) W^here side streams bring in boulders (as in the canons of
Colorado), and (2) where travertine is deposited in a channel as in Bosnia,
t Nineteenth Report, vol. iv, 43 -.52.

t In Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Geological Seiies, v, 73-104.

NATURAL HISTORY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY OF NEW BRUNSWKHC. 441

As a result of evidence drawn from his personal observations^
from a review of the literature of the region, and from a comparison
with the well-known districts of New England, the author concludes
that the surface of Acadia consists essentially of two great peneplains.
The oldest of these, completed in the Cretaceous age, includes all the
harder rocks, and hence the greater elevations, the surviving facets of
which are the Southern Plateau of Nova Scotia, including all its
central and southern parts, the North Mountain, the Cobequid Plateau,
the Southern Highlands of New Brunswick, and, presumably, the
Central Highlands also. This peneplain must once (according to
current theories of the peneplain) have stood at or very near the sea
level, to which, with the exception of some harder rocks remaining as
monadnocks, hard and soft rocks alike must have been planed down
by erosion. Then an elevation began, which, as the progressively
greater height northward of the surviving facets shows, was much
greater northward, carrying the New Brunswick highlands much
higher than those of Nova Scotia, which on the southern coast of that
province dip down beneath the sea. This elevation of the land per-
mitted the rivers to begin again their work of erosion, and they
proceeded to carve the peneplain. In the harder rocks they slowly
cut deep channels, while in the softer rocks this was relatively quickly
accomplished, and then lateral erosion began. A long period of
stability followed in the Tertiary, during which the rivers (possibly
with some tidal co-operation) carved the soft Carboniferous and
Triassic rocks down to a new peneplain at sea level, or near it, thus
giving origin to the second or Tertiary peneplain,* which includes the
Annapolis Valley of Nova Scotia, the Colchester and Cumberland
lowlands, and the great Eastern Carboniferous plain of New Bruns-
wick. An elevation followed, permitting the rivers again to cut down
deeply into these lowlands, as in many places they have done, and
this was succeeded by a period of submergence, drowning many of the

♦The fact that neither Cretaceous nor Tertiary formations occur in these provinces is
not necessarily a fatal objection to the theory assigning those ages to the peneplains.
According to the theory, the highest facets of the entire country would have stood near
sea level at the close of the peneplanation in the Cretaceous ; but since the newer peneplain
is very much lower than the older, any deposits formed in the Cretaceous would necessarily
have been eroded away before the erosion could affect the older rocks. Similarly we may
suppose that any Tertiary rocks formed during the Tertiary planation of the newer and
lower peneplain have since been washed away, or, more probably, lie outside of the limits
of this peneplain, which in many places dips beneath the sea.

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JiULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

valleys, which brings us to the present. But the periods of elevation
{and, doubtless, of submergence also), were accompanied by warpings
of the surface, and this was of two kinds ; first, warpings parallel
with the Appalachian trend, one of which is responsible, in part at
least, for the Bay of Fundy; and second, folding about a hinge line
running through Cape Sable, Digby, and east of St. John, the part
to the westward having a slight westerly slope.

We pass now to investigate the application of this conception of
the two peneplains to New Brunswick. First, we have to consider
the Southern Highlands, a range of ancient crystalline ridges and
hills extending parallel with the Bay of Fundy from Charlotte to
Albert counties. Its extreme elevations reach about 1,400 feet, but
the general elevation is very much less. I have not had the oppor-
tunity to observe these Highlands with the peneplain idea in mind,
but in one position, at least, I recall that a distinct facet of the
Cretaceous peneplain of Nova Scotia is finely shown, namely, . in
the great plateau, some 600 to 800 feet above the sea, extending from
near Quaco to Point Wolfe, several miles broad and merging north-
ward with the greater heights which are either monadnocks of the
ancient peneplain, or are a result of subsequent warping. Again,
another facet probably occurs in Douglas Mountain and the Broke-
Neck-Blue-Mountain ridge, over which Mount Champlain (Bald) rises
as a monadnock. No doubt other facets will be found.

North of these Highlands lies the great central Carboniferous
Basin, which consists, for the most part, of soft sandstones, which have
an elevation west of the St. John of 300 or 400 feet above sea level, and
slope off gradually, with some local monadnocks and anticlinal warp-
ings, to the eastward, where they dip evenly beneath the sea. The
rivers, particularly the St. John, have cut deeply into it. As Daly
himself points out, this basin falls in perfectly with his idea of the
Tertiary peneplain. It is an extension of this peneplain which forms
the great flat area in south-western York County, a typical peneplain
from which rise a number of marked monadnocks. Mount Henry,
Mount' Prospect, Magaguadavic Ridge, Cherry Hill, Wedawamketch,
etc , representing remnants of the earlier peneplain.

We pass next to the Central Highlands. This range lies north-
east and south-west, entering the Province south of the Aroostook
*nd Tobique, extending between Tobique and Miramichi, and across

NATURAL HISTORY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY OF NEW RRUNSWICK. 44.’)

the Nepisiguit to Bay Chaleur near Belledune. It is composed
of the same ancient crystalline rocks as the Southern Highlands, but
rises to extreme heights of 2,600 to 2,700 feet, with a general elevation
•considerably lower. In two places I have recognized beautiful facets
of ancient peneplains. The first is in the level plateau, 1,700 to 1,800
feet above the sea, which exists between the headwaters of the Right
Hand Branch of Tobique and the headwaters of the Little Southwest
Miramichi (compare Note 55.) As seen from Long Lake on the
Tobique, or from the Big Lake on the Miramichi, it presents the
aspect of an extensive flat-topped ridge, which is shown upon nearer
acquaintance, especially by crossing it, to be a rolling plateau. Frag-
ments of it exist off to the eastward in Mount Braithwaite and ridges
along the Little Southwest’ River, and to the southward of the
Crooked Dead water.* I have no doubt that this is one of the facets
of the same great peneplain which Daly describes as the Cretaceous
peneplain of Nova Scotia, and further study will unquestionably show
that it has a much wider extension in this region. Its height is little
greater than required by the angle at which it slopes upward in Nova
Scotia and the Southern Highlands. Second, the Governor’s Plateau,
which I described in an earlier note (No. 29) without at all under-
standing its significance, appears to be a very typical facet of a true
peneplain. It stands, however, at a higher elevation, some 2,400. to
2,500 feet. One at first inclines to consider that it is a fragment
of an earlier peneplain, but, recalling the present high elevation of the
Silurian plateau, presently to be spoken of, we see that it is doubtless
due to the up warping which this region must have undergone, and
which, probably, explains in part the height of the plateau between
Tobique and Miramichi, already considered. The mountains centering-
in Bald Mountain on the South Branch of the Nepisiguit probably
represent another facet of the same peneplain similiarly upwarped,
but these stand also on the hinge line of the greatest elevation, presently
to be referred to.

North and west of these central highlands lies the great Silurian
plateau, a fine type of a peneplain, of undulating surface, some 800 to
1,000 feet abov^e the sea, composed of soft Silurian rocks, into which
the Tobique, St. John, Restigouche and other rivers have deeply cut.
This answers perfectly to Daly’s younger or Tertiary peneplain in

* I expect later to continue the study of this peneplain, and to present a map of it.

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HULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

every respect, except in its greater elevation, which, however, is^
readily explained by an upwarping of this region. Unlike the central
Carboniferous plain, it does not slope off to the eastward, but holds its
height to near the mouth of the Restigouche (if, indeed, it does not
slope slightly thence to the westward), whence it falls ofip relatively
rapidly to Bay Chaleur. Why, now, does this plateau not slope
to the eastward when its contemporary, the Carboniferous plain, does
so ! Here Daly’s suggestion as to warping about a hinge line extend-
ing through Cape Sable, Digby, and east of St. John, is most import-
ant. If, now, that line be continued in a northerly direction, it will
pass over the eastern end of Grand Lake (through the highlands
occupied by Marr’s and Emigrant Settlements),* through the highest
part of the Central Highlands, and across the mouth of the Resti-
gouche River, t This would represent an anticlinal uplift from which
the old peneplain sloped on the one side to the eastward (thus explain-
ing the slope of the Carboniferous plain), and on the other to the
westward (thus explaining the lack of easterly slope in the Silurian
plateau). But it explains many other facts as well, of which the most
important are these, that the St. John has been turned south from
its proper morphological course into Bay Chaleur, and that the Tobique
runs southwest instead of northeast (Note 45) ; and further, that the
St. John, after thus reaching the Carboniferous basin, does not follow'
it to the sea, but continues southward into the Bay of Fundy. It
perhaps explains also the turning of the Miramichi southward from its
course into the Dungarvon to the Taxes, near Boiestown (Note 50).

Such a syncline usually is accompanied by corresponding anticlines^
however, and one of these we doubtless have in the great trough
occupied by Nepisiguit Bay, the Lower Nepisiguit, the north and
south part of the Northwest Miramichi, and the right-angled bends of
the main Southwest Miramichi. East of this appears to come another
anticline, followed by a syncline, forming Northumberland Straits,
while another anticline forms the higher lands of Prince Edward

* Independently of Daly's suggestion as to the anticlinal hinge line, I had previously
come to the conclusion that the ancient watershed east of the lower St. John was at the
head of Grand Lake, that most of Salmon River formerly flowed into Richibucto (whose
morphological head was Salmon Creek, west of the Gaspereau), and imich of the Canaan
into the Buctouche (whose morphological head was Prices Brook), a subject to which I
shall return in a future note.

+ Possibly the south branch of Nepisiguit and the Upsalquitch may occupy the crest of
this anticline.

NATURAL HISTORY AND PH YSIOCJRAPH Y OF NEW BRUNSWICK.

445

Island. As to the age of this hinge line, we are at present in doubt,
but it is likely that further studies will determine it, and tentatively
we may assign it to the period of the uplift of the Cretaceous pene-
plain, though it may be a cycle later.

It remains to notice the warpings parallel with the Appalachian
trend.* As already mentioned, one of these probably helped to form
the Bay of Fundy ; the Southern Highlands owe, probably, a part of
their height to an upwarping, while the Carboniferous plain along
the Richibucto-Grand-Lake-Oromocto axis, and again in the part
occupied by the Miramichi river, represents either one, or, perhaps,
more, syncling.1 downwarpings. An extensive upwarp raised the
Central Highlands and the great Silurian plateau, and these Central
Highlands perhaps owe their height to the fact that they stand at the
intersection of the two great lines of upwarping (the one parallel with
the Appalachian trend, and the one at right angles), while on the
other hand the great depression of the region where the branches of
the Southwest Miramichi come together (and, indeed, the peculiar
manner in which they come together), may be due to the fact that
that region is at the intersection of two lines of synclinal warping.
If the cross warping parallel with the great hinge line followed the
elevation of the Cretaceous peneplain, probably the longitudinal warp-
ing accompanied the elevation of the Tertiary peneplain, but the
reverse may be the case.

In a general way, then, Daly’s theory applies well to Xew Bruns-
wick, and it will form a valuable working hypothesis. Much investi-
gation will, however, be needed before it can be either on the one
hand applied in detail, or on the other, disproven.

50. — The Physiographic History of the Miramichi River.

(Read June -1, 1901.)

In earlier notes of this series (Nos. 33, 37, and 45) the attempt
has been made to trace the probable physiographic evolution of the
Nepisiguit, Restigouche, and Tobique rivers; a similar treatment of
the Miramichi here follows. It is, of course, plain that the deductions

* It is of interest to notice that the axes of these warpings and of the crystalline rocks
do not coincide. Thus the axis of the crystalline rocks is on a line drawn from Belledune
point to the mouth of Eel Rii?er, in Oarleton County, but the axis of the greatest upwarping
as on a line from Mars Hill to Miscou Island. Thus the branches of the Southwest
3Iiramichi are strictly parallel with the warpings, though not with the crystalline rocks.

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

4U)

set forth in these notes often rest upon very scanty data ; and they
are to be viewed, therefore, not as matured conclusions, but rather as
tentative liypotheses suggested by the known facts and needing the
test of further investigation.

The Miramichi is remarkable for the great number and regular
radiation of its large branches, which, considering its mouth as at
Beaubair’s Island, cover at least 260° of a circle. As the geological
maps, or the accompanying sketch (Map No. 2) will show, most of
its branches rise in^he Central Highlands, How eastward to the Car-
boniferous plain, uniting as they go, to fall by a single trunk into the
sea. This Carboniferous plain is a peneplain of three or four hundred
feet elevation in its \vestern part, where the rivers have cut deeply
into it, but it dips gradually to sea level towards the east. It is com-
posed of Carboniferous strata which are mostly nearly level, and hence
have been little disturbed since their formation.

For physiographic study the river falls naturally into three por-
tions ; (1) the Northwest, (2) the Little Southwest, and (3) the Main
Southwest.

AVe consider first the Northwest. This river shows two parts
first, the numerous streams rising far back in the wild, uninhabited
Highlands amid high felspathic and granitic hills, and flowing east-
ward in deep valleys over rough beds, converging as they go ;* and
second, the trunk stream running from north to south, collecting
their waters to pour them into the Little Southwest. As to the
origin of the former streams, they must at least go back to the Cre-
taceous peneplain of which the Highlands are probably remnants (see
Note No. 49 preceding), and very probably they are much older and
represent streams which helped in the planation of that peneplain
before its post-Cretaceous elevation. They run now from their sources

* As laid down on our maps, there is a most astonishing resemblance between the two
great western branches, the Main Branch and the Sevogle. Taking tlie Geological Survey
map, for instance, we note that both rivers enter the north and south part at about the
same angle. Some miles (though at different distances) up both divide into branches, strik-
ing off at similar angles. Taking the north branches, both give off small ones to the south
and then fork into approximately equal streams. Taking the south branches, both fork at
about the same distance, and these branches are not unlike in the two cases So remarkable
is this resemblance that we must conclude either there is hei*e some extraordinary coin,
cidence, or that the two rivers have been laid down from sketches intended to apply to the
same river. The two streams are little more unlike that would readily be explained by two
traverse surveys of the same river. The chief difference consists in the greater distance of
the first branching of the one than of the other from the main river.

NATURAL HISTORY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY OF NEW BRUNSWICK. 447

to near their mouths in pre-Carboniferous formations, but no doubt, in
the lower parts of their courses at least, they formerly ran over Car-
boniferous rocks, the removal of which has let them down upon and
into the older strata. It is very possible that the most ancient contact
line of Carboniferous and earlier strata (in the shore line of the Car-
boniferous seas) occurred at the places where these branches now
unite and abruptly change their direction, somewhat west of the present
contact line.* The possibility that some of the Nepisiguit branches

once formed a part of this system has been considered in an earlier

note (No. 33.)

We pass next to consider the north and south v^alley of the North-
west, which is very remarkable for the way it cuts across nearly at

right angles to the directions of the western branches. Its true

morphological head is unquestionably Portage River, from which a
low portage leads into Gordon or Portage Brook, a branch of the
Nepisiguit. All these streams (Miramichi, Portage River, Gordon
Brook and Lower Nepisiguit) are practically nearly in a line, and
occupy a single great north and south trough or depression with much
higher ground both east and west ; and the same influences, therefore,
whatever they were, appear to have determined the Lower Nepisiguit
and the north and south part of the Miramichi. If now we seek an
explanation for this great depression, we at once conclude that it can-
not be a great valley of erosion, but must rather represent a synclinal
trough due to earth warping. To the eastward the Carboniferous
rocks rise to a height of over 500 feet above the sea, in consequence,
as Ells states,! of a great anticlinal uplift represented by “ the high
ridge that extends eastward from the vicinity of Bartibog station on
the Intercolonial Railway.” As mentioned in the preceding note, this
elevation is probably a continuation of the anticline which extends
through the New Brunswick highlands, and the question arises : How
originated the depression extending right across this anticline?
Here, no doubt, the explanation is to be found in a synclinal depression
parallel with and corresponding to the anticlinal hinge line extending
from 8t. John to the mouth of the Restigouche, mentioned in the
preceding note, forming a trough here well marked, and tending to

* The Carboniferous rocks are here fringed by a narrow band of Lower Carboniferous
not included within the boundary drawn on the accompanying map,

. 't Geological Report, 1882, D. 3.

448

HULLETIX OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

disappear southward. It is possible that before this trough was
foi med, all the western branches in question, together with the main
Nepisiguit, flowed across the country to empty into the sea where the
Pokeraouch, Tracadie and Tabusintac now do.

We pass next to consider the Little Southwest Miramichi. The
part of this river from Beaubair’s Island to Bed Bank is commonly
called a part of the main Northwest, but it seems plain that it
belongs to the Little Southwest physiographically, and we shall so
consider it. The general history of this river seems comparatively
simple, but it is complicated in detail, as will be shown in a later note.
It rises with numerous large branches in the heart of the highlands,
and flows with a great fall (1,100 feet and more) in a deep and wind-
ing valley over a very rocky bed eastward to the sea. It represents,
perhaps, the morphological axial river of the entire system.

We consider next the Main Southwest and its branches, excluding
at first the part above the Taxes, the latter river being no doubt
the morphological head of the main river. This part of the Miramichi
consists of a series of nearly equal rivers running nearly parallel with
one another, but brought into one stream by a remarkable series of
right-angled bends (compare Map No. 2). Examining these rivers
more closely, and passing upward from its mouth, it is quite plain
that the Renous (perhaps including its branch, the Dungarvon) forms
the true morphological head of the part of the river below it, while
what is now the main river comes into it as a side branch. Passing
up the main river, it swings again to the west, and here plainly the
Bartholomew is its morphological head, while again the main river is
morphologically but a branch. Passing farther up the main stream,
it again swings to the west, and soon after Cains river comes into it
precisely in the same manner as it fell into the Bartholomews and the
combined streams into the Renous. Small branches of Cains river
appear almost to attempt to continue still farther the remarkable
arrangement,* while it is very probable the upper Gaspereau emptied
by the west branch of Sabbies River into Cains River. Were the part
of the main river above the Taxes wanting, it is plain that Cains would
be the main and largest stream. All of these branches, except Cains

* Indeed, one is inclined to think it possible that theUpper Nashwaak above Cross Creek
may once have flowed by Cains River into the Miramichi, a theory by no means without
facts in its support.

NATURAL HISTORY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY OF NEW HRUNHWICK. 449

river, rise in the Pre-Carboniferous highlands, and all show a change
of direction near the line of contact between Carboniferous and Pre-
Carboniferous, which must have some physiographic meaning ; and
the parts of these rivers flowing over the Carboniferous plain have
cut well into that great peneplain, which rapidly falls in elevation to
the eastward. What, now, is the explanation of the remarkable right-
angled bends which thus throw these several independent streams into
one trunk ? We notice, first of all, that the general line of these
bends is nearly that of the trunk valley of the Northwest, and this
suggests that they lie in the same synclinal depression, which is
probably the case. Moreover, it is likely this part of the Miramichi
occupies a great trough parallel with the Appalachian trend (see pre-
ceding note), so that another influence has aided in throwing them
together. In any case, however, their direction and parallelism
suggests that they formerly (i. e. on the Tertiary peneplain) emptied
independently into the sea to the eastward, following an even slope of
the little disturbed Carboniferous strata. Indeed, it is possible that
traces of such an arrangement still exist, for our maps"^" show a
remarkable arrangement of rivers to the eastward. Barnabys River
cuts straight back from the lower Miramichi and has long branches
from the westward, which are approximately in line with the Miramichi
branches, while still farther to the eastward the Napan, Black and
Bay du Vin rivers continue the same lines. It seems possible, there-
fore, that the Bartholomew, the main Miramichi and Cains river
formerly flowed along the present branches of Barnabys River, and
along the Napan, the Black and the Bay du Vin rivers independently
into the sea, but that the synclinal warping of the Tertiary peneplain
(aided perhaps by fault lines) threw them into one another, while
Barnabys River, flowing down the slope of the trough of Appalachian
trend, has cut back and bisected their lower courses.

We consider next the part above the Taxes. That the Taxes is
the morphological head of the lower river, there is, I believe, no
doubt. This part of the Miramichi is the most puzzling of all. Pro-
ceeding first to its head, we notice that its upper course runs nearly
south, until, at the junction with the western branch, it turns abrupt!}^
to the eastward. But exactly in line with this upper part of the

* Unhappily, the lack of accurate maps is a well-nigh insuperable obstacle to more
than speculative conclusions in such studies as these.

450

HULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

river, and separated from it by only a short interval, lies the upper
part of the Nashwaak Valley,^ while still further south in the same
line lies the low land at the head of the Becaguimec and Keswick
rivers. I believe, therefore, that there existed here an ancient river
valley which emptied southward, and which has been beheaded by
both the Miramichi and the Nashwaak. The remainder of the part
of the river above the Taxes flows at first in a rather open country,
but soon cuts deeper into it ; the valley becomes winding, narrow
and with a very rocky bed, until below Kocky Brook it bends nearly
at right angles to flow into the main river. We notice, however,
that this part of the river is in line with the Bartholomews (or possibly
the Dungarvon), and it seems most probable that it formerly was the
continuation of one of those rivers, thus preserving the parallelism of
the entire series. The change of direction, as we have seen, may be
connected with the hinge line passing north and south just to the
eastward. All this part of the country was, probably, once covered by
the Carboniferous sediments presenting their regular slope to the
eastward, and their removal has let down the river into the under-
lying older formations, explaining its present course across them.

So much for the more ancient history of the river ; what effect
upon it had the glacial period ? Aside from several minor gorges and
falls (of which a particularly fine one is described by Ells upon the
Main Northwest, above Stony Brook t), the filling of valleys with
drift and the formation of some small lakes, I have not been able to
trace any important influence, though field study will, doubtless, reveal
other glacial influences. The river has no great waterfalls anywhere
upon its main branches, though it has innumerable rapids.

The Miramichi, therefore, has had a comparatively uneventful
development. The great Cretaceous peneplain must here have had
an even easterly slope, explaining the parallelism of the numerous
branches, which, by warpings during the peneplanation of the Tertiary
peneplain, were considerably altered in direction and thrown together.
The river has lost some of its old waters, perhaps to the Nepisiguit,
to the Gaspereau, and possibly to the Nashwaak ; it has gained from
the ancient Keswick ; its upper part has been transferred from one
of its Ijranches to another, and some of its lower branches have been
changed from independent courses into a single trunk.

* The Nashwaak Mountain placed at this anpjle on the Geological Survey Map is out
of place.

‘ Report 1881, 20 D.

NATURAL HISTORY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY OF NEW BRUNSWICK. 451

51. — On a Lunar Rainboav Seen on Trowsers Lake.

(Read Nov. 5, 1901.)

The lunar rainbow is a not infrequent phenomenon, but a remark-
ably perfect example, seen by Mr. M. I. Furbish and myself at
Trowsers Lake on the evening of August 3rd, 1901, may be worth
mention. About ten o’clock, a light shower with fleecy clouds came
up opposite to the waning but bright moon, and against the clouds
appeared a very perfect bow with the arch complete. No colors were
visible, but instead the bow was of grayish light, not unlike the
northern streamers.

52. — On an Unusual Frost-effect of 1901 on the Tobique.

(Read Nov. 5, 1901.)

In the valley of the Tobique and elsewhere in central New
Brunswick the firs and spruces in August last (1901) arrested atten-
tion by the remarkable appearance of the tips of all their branches.
The new growth of the year, from two to four inches in length, hung
downward, brown, withered and dead. I was informed, no doubt
correctly, that the destruction was caused by a severe frost during the
first week in June. I noticed that many of them were sprouting
again behind the dead part, and usually by two buds on opposite
flanks of the branch. The growth of these trees for 1901, therefore,
is likely to be marked for the future, both by its shortness, and also
by the unusual amount of bifurcation in the branches, features which
may puzzle the student unless he knows the true cause.

53. — On a Hypsometric Section Across Central New Brunswick.

(Read Nov. 5, 1901.)

In August last, in company with Mr. M. I. Furbish, I crossed New
Brunswick from the Tobique River to the mouth of the Miramichi, by
way of Trow.sers, Long, Milnagek (Island), Little Southwest (Tuadook)
Lakes, and the Little Southwest Miramichi River. Careful aneroid
measurements* were made throughout the trip, after the methods and
with the results described below. The great majority of the places
mentioned have not hitherto been measured for elevation.

452

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

Instruments. — We had with us, ‘and read constantly, three
aneroids, a small one belonging to Mr. Furbish, another of my own
which has been used in making the measurements communicated in
previous years to the Society, and a new Watkin Mountaineering
Aneroid made by Hicks of London (No. 117, 4| inches in diameter.)
This instrument, possessing a new device which entirely overcomes
^he “creeping” error inseparable from the older forms, is the best
aneroid now manufactured. It was tested for me just before the trip
by Dr. Harrison at Fredericton, and, although at first it seemed to
give a considerable error, it was later found that this was due to an
improper mode of reading it, and when correctly read it gave no

measureable error. After the trip it was compared by Mr. Hutchin-

son with his standard instrument at St. John, and found to be without
appreciable error. Moreover, it has since been examined by its
maker, Hicks, who reports it in perfect order. It was found to be

more sensitive than either of the other instruments, and hence its

readings alone have been used in making the following calculations,
though the readings of the others have been used as a check.

Comparison Base. — For this I have used the Fredericton station
from the beginning of the trip until Little Southwest Lake was
reached, i. e. August 2nd to 19th, and the Chatham station from
August 14th to September 2nd. For lists of readings from the two
stations, I wish to express my thanks to Dr. Harrison and to Mr. J.
F. Connors, the dominion observers at the two stations. Both stations
are too distant to form satisfactory bases (both being about sixty to
seventy miles from the principal places measured), this distance allow-
ing of considerable error due to difference of weather conditions
between the places measured and the stations. To lessen this error
(or indeed to eliminate it), I have devised the following method, which
applies, however, only where several measurements are made of the
same locality : The station readings were plotted as polygons (curves),
in which the abscisste were the dates and times of reading, and the
ordinates (made long to bring out slight variations) were the barome-
tric readings. Over these my own readings were plotted upon the
■same scale, but with the first reading superposed over the first base-
station reading. It is now obvious that, if the w’eather conditions at
base-station and the places measured are identical, and the barometers
read alike, the curves should be coincident throughout, and that the

NATURAL HISTORY AND PHYSIOORAPHY OF NEW RRUNSWICK. 453

deviation from coincidence will afford a measure of the variation in
weather conditions between base-station and place of observation.
Local weather-changes are thus brought out with great clearness.
One can therefore eliminate all readings showing a marked deviation
from this coincidence and retain only those in which the base-station
reading gives a correct index of the weather changes. This method
is, of course, only applicable where several measurements are made of
the same locality, and in such cases I have applied it in the calcula-
tions yielding the results below, selecting from my total number of
readings only those which are thus shown to be the best.

Method. — The readings were in nearly every case made at the
exact minute when the barometer was being read at the Fredericton
station, and the temperature was recorded at the same time. The
results have been worked out by Airy’s tables and with his formula
for allowance for temperature. In the case of the readings compared
with Chatham, however, owing to a misunderstanding of the time at
which they were to be taken, our readings are some minutes earlier
(Chatham taken at 7.50, 2.50 and 7.50, ours at 7.24, 2.24. and 7.24,
standard), and hence they are, theoretically, less accurate than the
series compared with Fredericton, though the error would be very
slight, especially where several readings are averaged.

Probable Accuracy. — The instruments and methods used, and
the care exercised in all observations and calculations are such as to
make me feel confident that the following measurements are as accurate
as aneroid measurements can be made with Fredericton and Chatham
as base-stations.

Results. — The following figures express heights above mean-tide
level at St. John. Unless otherwise specified, the places have not
been measured before.

Trotvsers Lake. Mean of two measurements, 1,286 feet. Chalmers
gives (Summary Report for 1900) 1,350, and Mclnnes (Geological
Map) 1,360 feet, both, in my opinion, impossibly high. Concerning
my own lower result of last year (viz.: 1,243) some observations will
be given below.

Long Lake. — A single measurement, 1,302 feet, probably too high.
Mr. Chalmers makes Long 30 feet lower than Trowsers, which seems
to me incorrect. Mclnnes made it 10 feet higher, and I made it 13-
feet higher last year, and 16 feet higher this year.

454

HULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

^[Unagek (Island) Lake. — ]\[ean of seventeen good measurements
1,584 feet. The only previous measurement of this charming lake is
my own of last year, 1,510 feet, concerning which remarks are made
below. I made this lake by direct measurement this year 260 feet
above liOng, which seems to imply that 1,584 feet is somewhat too high.

Just east of Milnagek lies Squaw Lake, a small shallow lake 175
feet higher by direct measurement, and hence 1,659 feet, the highest
lake yet measured in New Brunswick.

Watershed Plateau — (a remarkable facet of the ancient “Cretaceous”
peneplain) between Island and Little South West Lakes. Mean of four
measurements with Fredericton as a base, gave 1,725 feet with 1,768
feet as the highest point reached by us. With Chatham as a base,
the average of four measurements is 1,667 feet, with 1,697 feet as the
highest point. The discrepancy in these results will be discussed
below.

A small lake on this plateau must be between 1,725 and 1,750
feet, the highest noted in the Province.

Little Southwest Miramichi, or Tuadook Lake, also known as
Big Lake. — ^ Mean of five measurements, with Fredericton as a
base, gave 1,161 feet ; with Chatham as a base the same five measure-
ments gave 1,126 feet. The mean, however, of thirteen measurements
compared with Chatham is 1,136 feet. Ells measured this lake some
years ago, and gave its height as about 1,200 feet.*

The Crooked Deadwater at the head of the Little Southwest
INIiramichi River is by direct measurement about 175 feet above the
Big Lake, and hence about 1,311 feet.

Pocket Lake is about 10 feet above Big Lake, and hence 1,146
above the sea.

Holmes I^ake is about the same height, as Big Lake.

Jacks Tjake is by estimation (based upon the small drop from it to
its junction with the main river in comparison with the large drop in
the main river from the lake to the junction) about 1,100 feet.

Junction of the West Branch with the main stream. Mean of three
measurements, 1,052 feet. This makes the drop from the lake only
84 feet, which appears l ather small.

Big Deadwater at junction with the Main North Branch. About
-30 feet above the latter, and hence 1,082 feet.

Report 1881, 32 D.

NATURAL HISTORY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY OF NEW imUNSWICK.

455

River at heyinning of had rapids above Indian Brook. Mean of
two measurements, 1,045 feet.

• River two miles above Mains Brook. Mean of two measurements
■S28 feet.

River in the principal gorge below Mains Ledges and above Libby s
Brook. Mean of two measurements, 566 feet. At this place the
river has cut deeply into a great peneplain, which by direct measure-
ment here lies from 230 to 250 feet above the river, and hence about
800 feet above the sea.

River just above Devils Brook. Mean of two measurements, 328 feet.

River just above Red Stone, a single measurement, 180 feet.

River ten miles above Red Bank. Mean of two measurements, 94
feet.

Sea level is reached about two miles above the junction with the
Northwest Miramichi.

The general physiographic significance of these results will be dis-
cussed in later notes to be offered to the Society. I shall here refer
•only to two points connected with the measurements themselves.
First, my own measurements for Trowsers, Long and Milnagek Lakes
are higher this year than last. I am convinced that those of this year
are more accurate. My smaller aneroid, I am pleased to find, runs
remarkably well with the new Watkin, but it lingers a little behind it
on the changes. Moreover, I find that in previous calculations I have
not made a sufficient allowance for air- temperature, the introduction
of which in summer measurements always gives greater heights. I
believe, however, that all of my earlier measurements, if absolutely a
few feet too low, are yet correct relatively to one another. Second,
where calculations have been made with both Fredericton and Chatham
as bases, the heights obtained with Fredericton as the base are con-
siderably higher than those from the Chatham base. I had a similar
experience some years ago in comparing readings from the Fredericton
^nd St. John stations (see this Bulletin, XVI, 63), and I then sug-
gested that the height of 164 feet assigned to the Fredericton station
might be somewhat too great. This appears to me to be the most
probable explanation of the discrepancy shown by the results of this
summer. It would be a satisfaction if the height of the Fredericton
station could be re-determined, since, if in error, it not only vitiates
^11 past measurements, but will continue to vitiate measurements to be
made for many years to come.

450 HULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

54. — Ox THE PlIYSIOCiRAHHIC HiSTORY OF THE LiTTLE SOUTHWEST

Miramichi River.

(Read November 5, 1901.)

Tlie Little Southwest Miramichi is noted among guides and
lumbermen as the roughest river in all New Brunswick. It is conse-
ijuently one of the least visited and least known, although it has some
of the wildest scenery, and is one of the richest in game and fish, in
the province. I have been along its entire length from the Crooked
Dead water to its mouth,* and have made the following observations
upon its physiography :

Its general physiographic origin and earlier history have been
traced in brief in an earlier note (No. 50). It is one of that series of
branches of the Miramichi, all having a history in common, rising in
the ancient crystalline highlands of the province and flowing eastward
across various formations, cutting deeply into all of them. It is its
later <|uaternary, especially glacial, history which is now to be con-
sidered. The subject is illustrated by the accompanying map. No. 3.

There is no question, I believe, that the group of lakes which we
are accustomed to consider as the source of this river (viz., the Little
Southwest Lakes) belong morphologically to the Renous system, and
have only a post-glacial (or, at all events, very late pre-glacial) con-
nection with the Little Southwest Miramichi, by the very rough
stream between the lakes and the main river (West Branch), a con-
clusion reached as a result of evidence to be presented in the next note
of this series. The true morphological head of the Little Southwest
Miramichi lies eastward of Long Lake, of the Negoot group, and the
Upper North Branch is a true morphological branch, even though it
exceeds the main stream in size. Possibly, like some other branches
larger than their main streams, its headwaters have been captured
from some other river, a subject still to be investigated. I have my-
self been only a mile above the junction of the Upper North Branch
and the Main River; here the river, 1,082 feet above the sea, is a
dead water for three miles or more, below which, to the junction with
the West Branch, it falls some twenty-five to thirty feet through a
.series of boulder trains across its course, evidently the remains of old
glacial dams. From the West Branch, 1,052 feet above the sea, down
to the six and one-half mile turn, and somewhat beyond, the river

* In company with Mr. M. I. Furbish, in August, 1901.

NATURAL HISTORY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY OF NEW BRUNSWICK. 457

flows swiftly, but smoothly, and the whole aspect of this part of the
valley from above the Upper North Branch is that of an ancient
ripened, though drift-bottomed valley. At the six and one-half mile
turn the river bends abruptly northward ; the country happens to be
burnt, affording an excellent view of the surroundings, and here,
extending off to the southeastward, in the line of the course of the
river above, is a series of unmistakeable kame-hills of the typical form
and appearance. Less than a mile below this turn, at an elevation of
1,045 feet or less, begin the bad rapids and falls which have made this
river famous. Here the river narrows and falls over granite ledges
and through small gorges with vertical granite walls. The whole
aspect of this stretch to Indian Brook is typically post-Glacial.
Below Indian Brook, to the North Pole Branch, the river continues
rough, though not in so marked a degree as above. At the North
Pole Branch the character of the river changes, and it becomes broader,
more open, comparatively easy and pleasant for canoeing, with a con-
tinuous slope, but no bad rapids and no falls. This character continues
to the mouth of Mains Brook, and beyond it to near seventeen mile
bend. Evidently ail the river from the North Pole Branch to the
seventeen mile bend runs in an ancient well-ripened valley, and the
part between Indian Brook and the North Pole Branch seems some"
what older than the obviously post-Glacial part above Indian Brook.
The interpretation of these facts might be difficult enough were it not
for another brought out by the maps,* namely, that in a line between
the six and one-half mile bend and the mouth of Mains Brook lies the
valley occupied by Mains Lake and Brook. All these facts taken
together seem to point to but one conclusion, namely, that in pre-
Glacial times the main river flowed through the present valley of
Mains Lake and Brook. The kame hills at the-six and one half mile
bend constitute the great glacial dam which turned the river aside and
sent it over a low part of its valley to fall by a post-Glacial channel
into the valley of Indian Brook, then a small branch of the North
Pole Branch. It followed this valley, which it is now enlarging, to its
junction with the North Pole Branch, then a large stream which fell
into the old main river at the mouth of the present Mains Brook. It

* For all the facts of topography referred to in this paper, the original very detailed
survey map of 1838, by Berton, is much more valuable than the modern imperfect compila.
tions from it.

458

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

will be noticed, further, that the directions in which all these streams
tlow, and in which they enter one another, are fully consistent with
this interpretation.*

Down to the ^orth Pole Branch there are few hills near the river,
and the first lofty hills appear just below that branch, on both sides
of the river. They appear to be well up towards 1,000 feet above the
water and to form part of a ridge crossing the river and separating
the North Pole from the Lower North Branch. This range is exactly
on the hinge line described in the preceding note. Eastward of this
ridge the country appears to fall away to a great plateau, a true pene-
plain, which slopes off to the sea.

Just above the seventeen-mile bend, the falls and rapids suddenly
begin again, and the river falls over crystalline ledges for half a mile,
at the foot of which is a typical small gorge and pool. Here again the
valley seems typically post-Glacial, and although I did not trace out a
pre-Glacial valley, I suspect that one exists in the direction shown by
the shading on the map. Below this the river is not so rough for a
mile, this part being, doubtless, the ancient valley; but at Island Rock
begins the worst series of rapids and falls on the entire river. Here
the river falls over rocky ledges, into which it has cut small gorges, a
very typical example of which occurs at the foot of the series. The
whole aspect of this part of the river bed is typically post-Glacial, but
yet it is very difficult to interpret it in that way. The valley here is
V-shaped, with the walls of great irregular angular masses of rock,
cut by actual measurement about 250 feet below the surface of the
great rolling plateau, or peneplain, of which this region is constituted.
There appears to be no room in the valley for a pre-Glacial channel
around these present ledges and falls, and yet it is equally difficult to
imagine that it lies outside of the present valley ; for the amount
of work required to cut down the present valley to such a depth in
such hard rocks appears too great to have been accomplished in post-
Glacial times. If, however, this has happened, the pre-Glacial channels
would have run in one of the directions indicated by the shading on
the map. More detailed study than I could give the question will, no
doubt, settle it. At Libbys Brook (566 feet above the sea), which
enters the main valley by a lofty post-Glacial fall, the character of the

• It is quite possible that the North Pole Branch emptied earlier at the angle to the
-eastward of its present mouth, where a small brook now is.

NATURAL HISTORY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY OF NEW BRUNSWICK.

4o9

river changes again, and, especially at the twenty and one-half mile bend,
it assumes the gentle slope and drift-bottomed character of an old
valley. This matured character becomes yet better marked below the
twenty-one and one-half mile bend. At the twenty and one-half mile
bend there appears to be an old valley entering the main river in the
line of the stretch between twenty and one-half and twenty-one miles,
and this, I believe, was the pre-Glacial mouth of Libby’s Brook. If
now, the pre-Glacial channel ran as shown on the map, the part of the
valley from the twenty and one-half mile bend to the twenty-one and
one-half mile bend must have been in pre-Glacial times a part of labbys
Brook. At these falls the ancient peneplain character of the country
is very marked. The line between plain and river valley (viz., the rim
of the valley) is sharp and level. By actual aneroid measurement this
plain here lies about 250 feet above the river, and hence 800 feet above
the sea.

From the twenty-one and one-half mile bend to the Lower North
Branch the river is pleasant and more open, with a steady slope, but
no bad rapids nor falls. Just above the Lower North Branch is a
small rocky rapid, evidently post-Glacial, and the pre-Glacial valley is
beautifully clear on the north bank. The Lower North Branch
enters with rocky falls, also evidently post-Glacial, and the original
survey map by Berton has on this branch this legend, “ very rocky and
broken for three miles up.” At the twenty-five and one-half mile bend,
however, a broad, low valley extends northwestward, and no doubt
represents the pre-Glacial mouth and lower course of the Lower North
Branch.

The scenery at the mouth of the Lower North Branch is altogether
charming, as indeed it is at many points along this remarkable river.

For a mile below the Lower North Branch the river is drift-
bottomed, open, and of ancient aspect; but at the twenty-five and one-
half mile bend it narrows somewhat, here passing, according to our
geological maps, from the pre-Cambrian to the Cambro-Silurian forma-
tion. Below twenty-six miles, begins another short series of falls over
rocky ledges, extending to twenty-seven miles. These are also typic-
ally post-Glacial, and both ends of the pre-Glacial valley are clearly
visible on the North Bank. This is the lowest series of bad rapids on
' the river.

460

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

Below twenty-seven miles, and down to Devil’s Brook, the river
runs swiftly with continuous drop, but with no falls nor bad rapids.
Throughout all this part, however, the valley is very narrow and the-
walls steep, at times forming almost true cliffs. The edge between
the valley and the peneplain into which it has cut is very sharp and
level, and apparently somewhat under 200 feet above the bed. This
part of the river in places recalls that part of the Nepisiguit between
Nine ]Nlile Brook and the Narrows, although on the geological map it
is given as of a different formation. Despite its narrowness, however,
it is probably a part of the ancient valley, for its bed is drift-filled.
Probably its narrowness and the steepness of the banks is a character-
istic determined by the hardness of the rocks.

From Devils Brook to Catamaran Brook the valley is more open,
the peneplain lower, the river bed broader and drift-filled, and terraces
appear, of a height estimated from thirty to forty feet. Higher up the
river low terraces of coarse materials had been seen at the mouth of
the Lower North Branch, and at twenty-six miles. Below Catamaran
Brook the river bed becomes yet broader and more shallow, the walls
of the valley farther back and the peneplain yet lower, and terraces
become more frequent and higher, and of finer materials. At Otter
Brook the first settlement is met with, and soon after the river breaks
up among many islands and flows through a broad, well-matured and
charming valley until it reaches the head of tide, a mile or two above
the junction with the Northwest Miramichi.

In summary, the chief characteristic of the Little Southwest
Miramichi River, from the physiographic point of view, consists in the
many changes in its course due to the Glacial period. In this respect
no other of our rivers, excepting the lower twenty-two miles of the
Nepisiguit, can compare with it. As to why this river in particular
shows this character in so marked a degree, I can only suggest that
there may be some connection between this fact and the position of
the river on the southeast, and therefore in the lee, of the Glacial
movement over the highest land in New Brunswick. The leward
position would be that in which glacial debris would most accumulate,
and glacial debris is the indirect cause of the roughness of this river.

Map No 5.

NATURAL HISTORY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY OF NEW BRUNSWICK. 461

55. — On the Physiography of the Tuadook (Little Southwest
Miramichi) Lake Region.

CRead December 3, 1901.')

Near the head of the West Branch of the Little Southwest
Miramichi River lies a group of attractive lakes, still in a state of
well-nigh primeval wilderness, extremely difficult of access, hitherto
nnsurveyed and unstudied by the physiographer. In August last I
spent eight days there in company with Mr. Furbish, and, favored by
good weather, we surveyed them and made such other observations as
follow.

History. — The first appearance of these lakes in any record is
upon the remarkable Franquelin-DeMeulles map of 1686, where,
though but a single lake is shown, it is unquestionably the Big Lake
of this group.* * * § They do not re-appear until they were visited by
Hind in 1864.f In his well-known report,! he gives an account of
his portage from Long I.ake to Big Lake, which he briefly describes.
He made no map, however, and the first map after that of Franquelin ,
was made by Edward Jack, who visited the lakes in connection with
explorations of timber-lands in 1873. Jack’s map was, however, not
based upon a survey, but was a simple sketch, and it formed the
foundation of the first published map of the lakes, that on the “Map of
the Principal Timber Lands of New Brunswick,” 1875. A short note
by Mr. Jack upon the geology and mineralogy of the region was pub-
lished in the report of the Geological Survey for 1870-71, page 251.
The lakes and river were visited by Ells in 1879 or 1880, though the
references to the lakes in his report are very scanty.§ Aside from the
very hasty visits of Hind and of Ells, no geologist had been in this
section. In 1884 Mr. R. H. Lyle, a deputy surveyor, ran certain
timber lines through the region, two or three of which crossed these
lakes. From these lines the lakes were sketched by Lyle, forming the

* This map is mentioned in earlier notes, 29 and 39 ; it is reproduced for the first time
from the original MSS. in Trans. Royal Society of Canada, new series. III, section ii, 364.

tThey should have re-appeared in 1838, for in March of that year Deputy Surveyor
Berton was sent to survey the Little Southwest from its head. He missed the West Branch
altogether, and began his survey at the head of the Big Deadwater, at the point marked on
the accompanying map. This explains the appearance of the river and absence of the
lakes on Wilkinson’s map of 1859, and others.

$ Preliminary Report on the Geology of New Brunswick, Fredericton, 1805, 152.

§ Report of the Geological Survey, 1879-80, D.

4G2

HULLKTIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

map shown in the accompanying cut (Map No. 4), and this sketch has^
formed the original for all published maps of the lakes, from Loggie’s
of that year down to the present. The Geological Survey map has,
however, certain additions at the western end, of which I do not know
the origin, and which are incorrect. In 1890 Mr. W. J. Long and
Dr. Philip Cox ascended the river with Indian guides and spent
several weeks upon the Big Lake, and it was there that Mr. Long
made many of the observations upon animal life, which he describes
with matchless charm in his well-known books.* Dr. Cox, however,
has published no account of his observations. Both of these gentle-
men made sketch-maps of the Big Lake, of which they gave us copies,
and from which we have adopted many of the names upon our own
accompanying map. More recently this region has been visited

repeatedly by another charming writer, Mr. Frederic Irland, who, in
his beautifully-illustrated articles in “Scribner’s Magazine,”! has given
delightful, even if somewhat exuberant, accounts of his trips, though
he has not many references to these lakes in particular. The late
Frank Bisteen has also described in his pleasing style a trip to thia
region. |

These include all of the published references to these lakes which
I have been able to find, and I believe I have missed nothing of
importance. As to unwritten history, two points should be mentioned.
The lakes were first lumbered about 1866 (for pine only), were later

* Wilderness Ways ; Ways of Wood Folk ; Secrets of the Woods (Ginn & Co., Boston};
recently re published under the titles, Beasts of the Field ; Fowls of the Air.

t Sport in an Untouched American Wilderness, Vol. xx, 350 ; The Coming of the Snow,
Vol. xxvii, 87; The Beguiling of the Bears, Vol. xxx, 313. See, also, Forest and Stream,
Feb. 1, 8, 15. 1902.

t Forest and Stream, Dec. 22, 1894, 530.

NATURAL HISTORY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY OF NEW BRUNSWICK. 4G3-

abandoned, and within the past five years lumber operations have again
been commenced, and are now being actively carried on at the Crooked
Dead water. About 1866 a lumber road, still called the old Mac-
Dougal pine road, was cut from Big Lake to Milnagek, and thence to
Trowsers Lake for hauling out pine timber, but it has now almost
entirely vanished. A winter portage road connects the Big I^ake with
Boiestown, over forty miles away. Again, this entire region is notable
as the hunting and trapping ground of that prince of hunters, Mr.
Henry Braithwaite, who knows it intimately, and who takes to it a
number of sportsmen each autumn. It is a pity that Mr. Braith-
waite’s knowledge of its topography and natural history cannot, through
publication, be made available to others and safe from loss.

Place-Nomenclature. — There is no name in use for the group, as
a whole, and, therefore, I have revived the Indian name for the Little
Southwest Miramichi River, namely, Tu-a-dook, universally used by
the Micmac Indians, but of unknown meaning. Jacks Lake was given
by Mr. R. H. Lyle during his survey of 1884, as he tells me in a
letter, in honor of the late Edward Jack, of the Crown Land office.
Holmes Lake appears to have been named by Mr. Lyle for a lumber-
man. Irland Pond was named by Mr. Braithwaite, as he has told
me, for Mr. Frederic Irland above mentioned, who shot here his first
moose. Big Lake and Pocket Lake are descriptive, and self-expla-
natory, and probably originated with the lumbermen. The names of
the Islands are mostly adopted from those given by Long and Cox in
1891, as shown on their sketch maps. Longs and Coxs are for them-
selves; Tanaas Hares for their guides, while the others are descrip-
tive and self-explanatory. Station (of our survey), Beaver^ Birch and
Big Deadwater have been given by us, and are descriptive. South of
the lake is a fine mountain which has no recognized name, and we
propose that it be called henceforth Braithwaites Mountain^ in honor
of Mr. Henry Braithwaite above mentioned. Another rounded moun-
tain is udiUiQd Risteens Mountain for the late Frank Risteen, well-known
to all lovers of the New Brunswick woods, who has hunted in this
region, while Lyles Mountain is for R. H. Lyle who surveyed the
region in 1884, and Bertons Ridge is for Deputy Surveyor Berton who
surveyed the Little Southwest Miramichi River in 1838.

Altitudes. — The heights of the lakes above sea level have bten
discussed in a preceding note (No. 53), and are recorded upon the accom-

4G4

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

panying map* (Map No. 5). Big Lake is made by us 1,136 feet above
the sea. The only previous measurement was by Ells, who says :f
“ The general elevation of the lake at the head of the Little Southwest
^liramichi is, by aneroid, about 1,200 feet above sea level,” an estii
mate which our measurements make somewhat too high.

Geology. — On this I have nothing to add to what is given by
Hind, Jack and Ells in the notes earlier mentioned, and incorporated
on the geological map. The whole country is covered with granitic
and schistose boulders, the former in great majority, but Jack is not
correct in stating that from Devils Book to Gulquac and Serpentine
no rock in place is to be seen, for Hind records schistose ledges below
the outlet of Big Lake, and I found some fine, large ledges of schist
south of the old MacDougal road, over a mile west of the Big Lake
on the line of a recent timber line, and ledges occur also on Milnagek
Lake, as will be shown in a later note.

Natural History. — On this subject no publications exist aside
from the notes by Long already mentioned. Doubtless, few animals
or plants occur here that are not found elsewhere in the province.
For studies upon the habits of the larger animals, the region is, how-
ever, unsurpassed. Beaver are now building their houses in Big Lake ;
moose and caribou wander in abundance and tamely around its shores,
and other animal life is there in great display.

Economics. — The region abounds in fine spruce timber, the princi-
pal game and fur-bearing animals, and big trout. It is, on the other
hand, utterly useless for agriculture and settlement. It is, therefore,
a part of that central wilderness of New Brunswick, marked out by
nature for a great timber and game preserve, and needing only good
management to make it a perpetual source of revenue to the province,
and an enduring natural recreation ground for her citizens.

The Lakes Individually. — This region, as a whole, has the features
characteristic of so much of the interior of New Brunswick. Its
shallow lakes, with margins and islands of boulders and bog, are con-
nected by swift boulder-strewn streams, and lie amongst low domed
hills and ridges clothed with unbroken forest.

* All of this map, except the Big Deadwater, taken from Berton’s plan, and the Pear
and Renous I^kes, taken from the Crown Land office plants, is based upon our own plane-
table and traverse surveys.

t Rei>ort of the Geological Survey, 1879-80, D. 32.

NATURAL HISTORY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY OF NEW BRUNSWICK. 465

The Tuadook lakes by no means lie, as our printed maps imply, at
the head of this branch of the Little Southwest. Flowing into Big
Lake is a large stream of constant volume, large enough to be navigable
for canoes at low water were it not for its excessive roughness. This
flows from the Crooked Dead water five miles to the westward, where
it receives several branches of considerable size heading in lakes. I
hope later to present a fair map of this region, but my own observation
of it in a single hurried visit was insufficient to give me any knowledge
of it. It lies some 175 feet above Big liake in the same deep valley,
which here has cut down deeply below the great central peneplain.
The curious directions and the close approximation of the streams
about the Crooked Dead water suggest some remarkable physiographic
relationships for investigation by the future student. A mile above
Big Lake this stream becomes a dead water winding amid bog, and is
■ on the same level with Pocket Lake. Evidently Pocket Lake and
this dead water are the remnants of a much larger lake which once
filled this basin. Pocket Lake is mostly but a foot or two deep, with
a bottom of the whitish mud, though it is deeper in its southeast
corner. The stream from it to Big Lake falls several feet over boulders,
evidently a moraine between the two lakes. The water pouring out
of this stream is markedly colder than that of the Big Lake, which is
easily explained by the great shallowness of the latter.

Big Lake is sufficiently described as to its shape and size by the
accompanying map (Map No. 5). Its immediate shores are nearl}^
everywhere low, it is very shallow and is rapidly filling up with
organic mud and by the growth of bog in places from its shores.
Like Pocket and Jacks Lakes, it is deepest on its south-eastern side.
It is permanently held nearly two feet above its natural level by the
lumber dam built a few years ago, and the further raising of the water
when the gates are closed has destroyed all the trees around its margin,
making the shores most unsightly. The lake abounds in islands of all
■sizes, from single isolated boulders up to one nearly half a mile in
length, but in every case they are composed of boulders, to which, in
some cases, is added considerable bog. It is the presence of this bog
which appears to make the long axes of the larger islands lie at right
angles to those of the smaller. In fact, however, the long axes of the
rocky parts of all of the islands is in the same general direction,
namely, north-east and south-west, showing that they are really parts

HULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY,

of terminal moraines. Some of the points of the main shore are also
rocky islands connected with the shore by bog. The greater abund-
ance of islands and the greater shallowness of the water on the north-
westeiTi side of the lake, and the greater depths of all of these lakes at
their south-eastern angles, is no doubt correlated with the general
south-easterly movement of the glacial ice, and is to be explained by
the tendency of the drift to accumulate in the immediate lee of the
bounding ridges or walls of the old valley. This entire lake is very
typical of the sort formed by the partial filling rather than the damming
of a valley by drift. Immediately to the southward of this lake rises
Braithwaites Mountain, a fine mountain of some 500 to 600 feet above
the lake. Off to the westward the edge of the great central pene-
plain can be seen resembling a fiat-topped ridge, and to the north-
eastward runs the ridge of Lyles Mountain, while, from some points,
other hills are to be seen in the distance, including Cow Mountain,
Big Bald, and others. These hill views give a considerable charm to
the scenery of the lake.

Jacks Lake, separated by a low ridge from Big Lake, is very
shallow, and a typical mud lake, having almost no water, but much
new bog at its upper end, where it is rapidly filling up. It is quite
possible that the stream now emptying near its head into Big Lake
was in pre-glacial times an inlet to it.

The lake is held permanently some fifteen inches above its natural
level by an old beaver dam. The organic mud must, therefore, have
formed in the lake to the depth of over a foot since this dam was
built ; and since its sticks are still undecayed, we have evidence that
the formation of this mud can be comparatively rapid. On the north-
east this lake is bounded by an abrupt ridge (Berton’s Ridge) some three
liundred feet high which separates it from the’ Big Dead water.

Holmes Lake is very pretty, the deepest of the group, and is not
a mud lake. I do not understand at all the conditions which determine
the formation of this organic mud* in some lakes and its absence
from others apparently as favorable. Pocket and Jacks Lakes contain
it abundantly, while Holmes does not, although the physical conditions
appear to be about the same in both cases. Between Holmes and

* The nature of this mud in our lakes is discussed in an earlier note [No. 17, Bulletin No
17, 126]. Its presence does not appear to depend, as might be supposed, upon the al)senc©
of lime from the water.

NATURAL HISTORY AND PfI YSIOGRAPHY OF NEW BRUNSWICK. 467

Big Lakes there is only a few feet of elevation obviously composed of
boulders, while just to the east of Holmes, is another small lake, and
eas^t of that comes Pear Lake emptying into Renous, all with insignifi-
cant elevations, apparently solely of drift, between.

The outlet from Big Lake is a very rough stream flowing over
trains of immense boulders (and according to Hind, over schistose
ledges), with occasional quiet pools to the junction with the outlet of
Jacks Lake, below which it continues, though with more frequent
pools, but with many bad boulder rips, to the junction with the
main stream. Just above the junction it breaks up among islands,
and enters the main stream by two or three inconspicuous mouths,
even the principal one of which is so small that it resembles a small
brook. It is, no doubt, for this reason that Berton missed it in
1838, as would anyone unaccompanied by guides acquainted with this
peculiarity. This part of the river is so narrow and shut in by woods
that views of the hills are impossible, though the actual banks are
everywhere low. It appears to me to be a new valley made across
great beds of glacial drift, and prevented from cutting deeper by the
great size and hardness of the boulders of which that drift is largely
composed.

Physiographic Origin. — We turn now to the very interesting
question as to the mode of origin of these lakes. First, as to the
origin of the valleys in which they lie. It is plain that the Big Dead-
water, Jacks Lake, Big Lake and Renous valleys, all approximately
parallel, have been cut deeply (at least more than 500 to 600 feet)
into the surface of an ancient peneplain, which still exists in great
perfection immediately to the westward of them, and of which facets
are found in Braithwaites Mountain, and in the range running eastward
from Lyles Mountain. The lesser elevations between the other valleys
are due, of course, in part to the greater proximity of those valleys to
one another, leading to the interference of their rims and the more
rapid erosion of the intervening ridges. Their general northwest and
southeast direction was, no doubt, determined by the slope of the
peneplain at the beginning of the present cycle of elevation and
erosion. The valley from the Crooked Deadwater to the Big Lake
has a difiFerent direction, but its consideration must await further
knowledge.

NATURAL HISTORY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY OF NEW BRUNSWICK. 469^*

The first known reference to the lake occurs in Hind’s Report on
the Geology of New Brunswick (Fredericton, 1865, 152), where its
position and size, as reported by the Indians, are mentioned. It first
appears upon a map, but very erroneously, upon the Geological Survey
sheet of this region of about 1888, where it seems to be laid down<
from Hind’s description. The first map of it made from observation
is that contained on our map of the Negoot Lakes accompanying the
above-mentioned note, on which, however, it is shown too far to the
westward. After our visit in 1900, a surveyor running timber lines
in this region for the New Brunswick Railway Company ran a line
across it (see the map), and made a crude sketch of the lake, which is
in the Company’s office at Fredericton.* Two or three scattered
references to the lake occur in sportsmen’s notes in “ Forest and
Stream.” These, with my own reference in Note 39 of this series,
seem to include the entire documentary history of the basin down to
the present time. It has never before been visited by any naturalist^
and, as implied above, has never been mapped. As to its unwritten
history, there appears to be very little. Some thirty-five years ago
some of the excellent pine was hauled from this lake into Trowsers by
the “ MacDougal pine road,” but it has otherwise never been lumbered.
A few sportsmen have visited it, guided by Messrs. Alexander and*
David Ogilvy, who know this region thoroughly, and who have a small
hunting camp on the shore of the lake (Camp Comfort on the map).

The name Milnagek {g hard and accent on last syllable), is Maliseet
Indian, and signifies, very appropriately, lake with many islands. It
is the same word as Milnocket, occurring several times in Maine.
The other names upon the accompanying map have been given mostly
by the Ogilvys, either descriptively or, in the case of the proper names
for sportsmen who have been taken there by them.

A chief point of interest about Milnagek is that it appears to be
the most elevated lake of any importance in New Brunswick. Our
single measurement of 1900 gave it as 1,510 feet ; but the average of
our seventeen good measurements (see Note 53) gave it as 1,584 feet,
which, I believe, is very nearly correct. Squaw Lake, to the eastward,
and lying very nearly on the top of the plateau, is 175 feet higher,
and hence 1,659 feet, but it is little more than a shallow pond. The
other lakes, Reeds and Cabots, are not much higher than Milnagek.

* I am indebted for a sketch of it, and of the Company’s map of the region, to Mr,

T. Whitehead, the Company’s agent at Fredericton.

470 HULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

The scenery of Milnagek is beautiful. On the east, south and
west the hills rise 200 to 300 feet near the lake, and are densely
wooded with a fine, mixed forest, above which towers often the stately
pine. The lake is studded with islands, all heavily forested, and
between them and into the coves are many most charming vistas. The
immediate shores are the more pleasing in that the forest comes
to the very water, and the unsightly bog is wanting.

The physiographic origin of the lake basin is quite plain. The
apparent ridges, nearly surrounding it, are really the sides of a valley
cut from 200 to 300 feet below a great rolling plateau, a part of that
great central peneplain of the province which has been described in an
earlier note (No. 49.)* Southward towards its head the valley rises,
and Cabots Lake, the very head of this branch of Tobique, lies about
150 to 200 feet below the plateau beyond it. Squaw Lake, on the
other hand, lies upon the very surface of the plateau in one of its less
elevated parts, and is one of the innumerable small and very shallow
lakes which dot the surface of that peneplain. The valley where
Milnagek lies was no doubt once much deeper, for it is evidently
bottomed with glacial drift, which forms the most of the points and
all of the islands. It is such drift which plainly dams back the lake,
though the dam which does it is only a few feet above the water ;
that is sufficient, however, to turn the outlet from its natural and pre-
Glacial course into the eastern branch of Trowsers Lake, and send it by
a post-Glacial torrent-channel into Long Lake over a series of beautiful
cascades. My supposition of last year (Note 39), that the Milnagek
valley is morphologically the continuation of that of the eastern branch
(the “left-hand leg”*of the lumbermen) is fully confirmed by the
observation of this year. After the outlet turns into Long Lake, this
valley slopes away rapidly to Trowsers Lake, and indeed is occupied
by a small stream for most of its length.

The islands and points of Milnagek are composed of granite
boulders, somewhat angular, as a rule, and hence from no great dis-
tance. The long axis of both points and islands, as the map shows,
is nearly northwest and southeast, suggesting an origin as lateral
moraines of a glacier pushing up the valley. In two places shown
upon the map there appears to be bed granite in place ; in the most
easterly locality it encloses masses of stratified rock, confirming the

* Rumsey’s Hill is a fine example of a monadnock rising 150 to 200 feet above it.

NATURAL HISTORY AND PIIYSIOORAPTI Y OF NEW BRUNSWICK. 471

intrusive origin assigned to this granite by the geologists of the
province.

The lake is very irregular in depth, as is to be expected from its
mode of origin, with a maximum of forty-two feet. The places of
greatest depth mark clearly enough the course of the original channel
or valley, which evidently lay near to the western side.

A very remarkable feature of this basin is the way its inlets inter-
lock with those of the Little Southwest Miramichi system, as is shown
by the map. This interlocking takes place upon the surface of the
plateau, and shows how nearly level the latter is. It is most remark-
able of all, however, at the Squaw Barren. This is an opened bog of
the raised or “ Hochmoor ” type. On the west it drains into Squaw
Lake, an affluent of Tobique, and on the southeast into Rumsey Lake,
a beaver pond draining into the Little Southwest Miramichi. It can-
not often be that such a bog forms the watershed between two systems
so important.

These lakes abound in moose, caribou, deer and smaUer game, with
some beaver and abundant trout. Gulls nest on the islands, but
otherwise we noted nothing remarkable in the natural history of these
lakes.

Finally we consider the economics of the region. It contains
some pine and spruce of value which will of course in time be removed,
and its big game will make it increasingly attractive to sportsmen.
It is of no value for agriculture, and its chief use is marked out by
nature, as a part of that great forest and game reserve for which
central New Brunswick is so admirably fitted. There is, however,
another use for it suggested by its elevation and general attractiveness,
namely, as a sanitarium for lung troubles, for which it should be better
adapted than any place I have met with in New Brunswick. At
present it is very difficult of access, but this will not always be the

case.

472

HULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

ARTICLE III.

THE SOUTH TOBIQUE LAlvES.

By G. U. Hay, 1). Sc.

Before the end of the twentieth century there will probably be few
unexplored regions in this province, or lakes where the tell-tale dotted
line marks them as unsurveyed, or lakes that have no existence on our
maps. But that is the case now. There are some eighteen lakes —
large and small — that form the sources of the rivers and streams that
enter the Tobique river from the south side. A third of these are
either not marked at all or are imperfectly outlined on the maps of New
Brunswick in common use. These lie close to the watershed that
separates the sources of the Tobique and Miramichi water systems.

In this region Prof. Ganong and I spent nearly four weeks during
the summer of 1900, going in to Trowsers Lake from the Tobique
river over a portage road twenty miles long, camping nearly a week
at the upper extremity of that lake, whenee we made short daily
excursions to the lakes and streams adjacent. From Trowsers Lake
we made a portage to Long I.ake, the largest of the system. Here
there is also within easy reach of either extremity a number of small
lakes. From Long Lake we visited in succession, “carrying” over
intervening portages. Portage, Adder and Serpentine Lakes. The
outlet of the last named lake is Serpentine River, which, after a swift
run of thirty miles, brought us to the Forks of the Tobique, nearly
thirty miles';above the point where we started in. While Prof. Ganong
attended to the physiographic features of the country and took measure-
ments, I examined and collected plants, and took views by means of a
camera.

The country traversed is a wilderness, the low lying portions of
which are thickly wooded with spruces, firs and other evergreens,
giving a .somewhat sombre aspect to the country. The ridges are
clothed with a more diversified growth of deciduous and evergreen
trees. All the smaller lakes are shallow, and the low-lying shores.

THE SOUTH TOIHQUE LAKES.

473

adjacent are the resorts of moose, deer, caribou, beaver, and many of
the small fur-bearing animals. Trout abound in great numbers in the
streams and thoroughfares adjacent to the lakes, while the togue or
namaycush, a fine species of lake trout, is found in at least one lake of
the series — Long Lake.

Owing to the remoteness of this district, the difficulties of trans-
portation, and the fact that the waters do not contain salmon, the
lakes are seldom visited by fishermen. But in the fall of the year
they are a great resort for moose and deer hunters, and in winter
trappers visit the region. The “deadfalls” and other cunningly
devised traps met with in every direction during the summer show the
elaborate plans made for the capture of the small but valuable fur-
bearing animals. The distance from the main waterways of the
province is also an obstacle to lumber operations, but in proportion as
lumber has become scarce in the more easily reached areas, this region
has been penetrated to quite a considerable extent by lumbermen who
have erected dams at the oatlet of Trowsers, Serpentine, and some of
the smaller lakes to hoard up an adequate supply of water for artificial
freshets in the small streams that flow from these lakes. As a result,
the water has risen five or six feet in the lakes, drowning the plants
and roots of trees along the shores, which now present a desolate
appearance from the dead trunks leaning out over the waters.

Our two day’s journey over that portage road which brought us to
Trowsers Lake gave plenty of opportunity to study the general features
of the country and the plants by the wayside. The road, for the first
three or four miles after leaving the Tobique river, led through bogs
and low grounds with the vegetation usually found in such situations,
The Labrador Tea (Ledum latifolium) exists in profusion ; and should
our tea-drinkers ever turn to the brewing of the home product there
will be an abundant supply in this South Tobique Lake region. Vibur-
nums, red and black spruces, Rhodora, Yacciniums, Kalmias, Andro-
meda and other heath plants were found. Then, as the country
became more broken and we wound through valleys and over hills, the
vegetation became entirely changed. Along the courses of streams
the osmundas and ostrich ferns lifted their luxurious fronds, purple
trilliums and violets, blue and white, reminded us that this northern
country was still in the midst of its spring season. As we neared
Trowsers Lake magnificent forests, some of them such as I had never

474

liULLETlX OF TIIK NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

seen before, crowned the sides and summits of the ridges. Grav,
yellow and white birches, rock maples, beech, spruce, with occasion-
ally some giant white pines told of generous conditions for growth.
The white birch and red spruce were especially noteworthy. Tlie
white birch in all its luxuriance I had never seen until I saw it on
these hillsides. Some well-rounded and symmetrical boles, fully two
feet in diameter, rose tapering to the height of sixty or seventy feet,
the white bark contrasting with the vivid green of its wealth of foliage.
Tt deserves its title of “ The Lady of the Woods.” And here were
lordly spruces that guarded the gateway to what might be well termed
the “ Country of the Spruces ” that we were now entering. They rose
from seventy to ninety feet in height, straight as an arrow, long,
slender cone-shaped trees like church spires that were suggestive of
some sylvan city of churches — and who would not be a worshipper in
a city like that

When our guides left us at the lower end of Trowsers Lake on the
morning of the 5th July, we devoted ourselves to the consideration of
how our 300 pounds weight of baggage and stores could be put away
with sufficient compactness and safety in our little basswood canoe of
sixty pounds weight. This accomplished, we paddled up the left
“ leg” of the lake, before a stiff north-west breeze, to the site of our
first permanent camping ground, five miles away. Here we remained
several days exploring the lakes and forests in the vicinity.

The next morning we started out through a woodland portage path
to the next lake, about a mile and a half distant, carrying our canoe,
Indian fashion, on our shoulders, resting at times and enjoying the
rare beauty that met the eye at every step. It was an ordinary well-
beaten path, trodden, perhaps, for centuries past by the feet of Indian
hunters, guides, trappers, and perhaps by mere adventurers like our-
selves. The vegetation was typical of nearly all our northern forests, but
the different layers of vegetation had never appeared so distinct and well
arranged as along this particular woodland path. Lowest down was a
carpet of moss, chiefly hypnums, amid the dead leaves of previous
summers. Struggling through this and forming the second layer were
those plants that delight the wayfarer in nearly all our woodland
grove.s, the Wood Oxalis not yet in bloom, the slender Linnsea, “ with
its twin-born heads ” and delicate fragrance, the Solomon’s Seal
{Smilacina), occasional patches of blue violets, the Clintonia, the Gold-

THE SOUTH TOBIOUE LAKES.

475

thread (Coptis trifolia), the Star of Bethlehem (Trientalis Americana),
with occasional clumps of ferns and lycopodiums. Forming the third
layer were the shrubs and young growths of trees, viburnums, maples^
the Canadian Holly, etc.; while towering above all these were the
trees — spruces, firs, white, yellow and grey birches, maples and others.

The end of our portage path brought us to Milpagos Lake, which
-means the lake of many cpves. It is about two and one-half miles
long, very irregular, as its name signifies. A red deer on a little
interval fifty yards away gazed on us with wondering eyes for a
moment and then disappeared into the woods. We paddled along the
shore of this lake for about half a mile until we found a path leading
to Gulquac Lake. This, like the lake we had just left, has low-lying
and boggy shores. Both lakes are muddy and shallow, the shallower
parts sending up a growth of rushes, yellow and white pond lilies,
while among innumerable small plants along the shores the Droseras are
spreading their leaves to catch unwary flies. Here we came face to face
with our first moose. The wind was blowing toward us, and he did
not see us, so we had a fine opportunity to examine him at our leisure,
and a noble-looking animal he was. We watched him browsing, and
not until the camp-fire was lighted for our mid-day lunch did he take
the alarm. He saw the trail of smoke as it curled up over the trees
and vanished. It is thus with all wild animals ; the moment they
see the smoke, or when the smell of fire reaches their delicate sense of
smell, they flee in terror.

Gulquac Lake is a beautiful sheet of water, even though its shores
are boggy and low in most places. To the north-west rise two moun-
tains of equal height — about six hundred feet high, and these are in
view from every part of the lake. It is about a mile and a half long,
and, like Milpagos Lake, it has numerous little bays, with islands near
«ach end, and a fine sheet of water between. Near its west end,
where it flows out into the Gulquac river, we came upon a beaver dam,
^constructed across the narrow part of the lake, the difference of level
between the water above and below being about eighteen inches. It
was composed of sticks placed slanting in the water and made firm
with mud and stones. The cutting of these sticks and small logs in
the woods beyond, often a considerable distance away, the carrying
and putting them in their places, and then firmly placing them together,
anchored with rocks, and cementing the whole with mud and clay.

4 7l) BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

shows not only the wonderful skill and ingenuity, but most extra-
ordinary industry on the part of this animal. Their houses, too, are
built on the same substantial plan. They are found usually on the
borders of the lake, at some distance behind the dam, the water stored
by the latter means being necessary to secure free entrance and exit
at all seasons of the year. The beaver house is a broadly conical
structui-e, built strongly of small logs placed deep in the ground and
slanting upwards, secured by stones, the interstices being filled with
moss, twigs and clay, forming a fortress absolutely invulnerable to all
predatory animals.

Our approach to this, our first beaver house, was slow and cautious,,
with the hope of obtaining a sight of one of these interesting animals,,
and we were not disappointed. Just as we rounded a point and the
house came in view, we saw a beaver basking in the rays of the after-
noon sun, or perhaps taking in the beauties of the purple pitcher
plants which bordered the avenue of water that led up to the house.

On becoming aware of our approach, he greeted us with a grunt of
displeasure, then dived and entered his castle through its only portal.
There was a communication to those below in the same grunting tones,
sounding more like regret than anger ; then all was still. We
lingered about the house for a time awaiting some sign of that hospi-
tality due to strangers in a strange land. But no sound came, nor did
we get sight of another beaver on that whole trip.

THE SOUTH TOBigUE LAKES.

477

The beaver dam in Gnlquac Lake was the largest and best con-
etructed of any that we saw. But nearly everywhere on these shallow
lakes and their adjacent streams dams were found, and houses, many
of them unoccupied. The advent of the lumbermen, who build dams,
often on the sites of the beaver dams, has driven them to more remote
wilds. The illustration here shown is of an unoccupied beaver house,
in a good state of preservation, at the lower end of Serpentine Lake.
Beyond the house may be seen the lumbermen’s dam built upon the
sight of a former beaver dam.

On Saturday, July 7th, and the following Monday, we made excur-
sions beyond our camping ground to the lakes and sources of the
streams in the South Tobique Basin. As a description of these has
already been given to this Society by Dr. Ganong in his “ Physiography
of the South Tobique Lake Basin,” I shall merely give an account of
some of the plants found : A few of the most common were Ledum

latifolium, whose white blossoms mingled with the white tufts of the
cotton grass (Eriophorum polystachyon) formed a striking contrast to
the rose-colored blossoms of the Rhodora Canadensis and the two
Xalmias (K. augustifolium and K. glauca), and the rich purple blos-
soms of the Pitcher Plant (Sarracenia purpurea).

The abundance and variety of blossom, mingled with the vivid
green of the foliage in the foreground of these lakes, relieved the som-
bre character of the woods of black spruce and other evei’greens which
-extended to the hillsides beyond. The black spruce, with its jagged,
uneven tops, is everywhere in evidence here. There were very few
tamaracks, few alders, except along the courses of the streams, a
sprinkling of white birch of a small growth, numbers of Spinva
(especially S. salicifolia). Viburnums (Viburnum cassinoides, V. opu-
lus, V. pauciflorum), Cornuses (C. stolonifera, C. alternifolia). Rowan
tree (Pyrus Americana, with its smaller congener P. arbutifolia),
wild cherry and bilberry (Prunus Pennsylvanicum and Amelanchier
•Canadensis.)

The lakes were filled with Yellow Pond Lilies (Nuphar ad vena,
and N. kalmiana). The root stocks of these, especially the newer
portions as well as the young shoots, serve as food for the moose and
-other wild animals. The moose may often be seen out in the lakes
with head in the water digging them up out of the mud, and on these
•occasions when their eyes are blinded with the muddy water, and with

47'^

HULLETIX OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

the wind in your favor, a very near approach to the animals can be
made. Tlie older and tougher portions of the root stocks of the yellow
pond lilies cover the surface of the lakes sometimes, especially along
the shore, to such an extent that it is difficult to make a landing from
a canoe. Whether such a wholesale destruction is caused by moose
and by beavers, which are also said to feed upon these, or whether it
is caused by the ice in winter freezing dovv^n to them and raising them
up with the mud in the spring freshets, we could not decide. Along
with these the white, sweet-scented Pond Lily was growing, whose
root stocks are also said to be relished by moose. Then there were
Erasenia peltata, numerous potamogetons, Tiimnanthemum lacunosum,
the horsetail, Equisetum limosum, very abundant, a grass whose bright
steel blue leaves lay on the surface of the water — Glyceria borealis —
which turns out to be a new plant to the province, many sedges,
especially carices, with some half dozen species also new to the pro-
vince. A fuller report of the new and rare plants is given in an
appendix in Bulletin Number XIX.

The farthest point examined in these lakes, the waters of which find
their way to Trowsers Lake, was a small lake in the form of a triangle,
its vertex pointing to the south-east. Into this flowed a stream of ice-
cold water from springs in the hills beyond, indicating the sources of
the southwest branch of the Tobique. The lake was shallow, with
low-lying grounds around, the shores covered with flat stones, and
numerous moose and deer paths leading to the water’s edge. In the
meadow, bordering the stream that flowed into this lake, were found
Iris versicolor, Osmunda regalis, O. claytonana, Onoclea struthiopterisy
Ranunculus abort! vus, R. septentrionalis. Cal la palustris, with
droseras and violets in profusion ; and Hydrocotyle, Nasturtium
palustre, several carices and the moss, Fontinalis antipyretica — all
lovers of cold water.

The country about the sources of the South Tobique River has-
Vjeen untouched by forest fires. May it long remain so ! Owing to
its remoteness, it has not been lumbered to any great extent. Far as
the eye can reach from the top of some lofty pinnacle, it is a great
evergreen forest — the country of the spruces — the swamps and lake
Viorders covered with the slender black spruce of the swamps, the
higher grounds and ridges covered with red spruce, that valuable
timber tree, intermingled with birches, maples, and a few pines.

THE SOUTH TOBIQUE LAKES.

470

This country, with other tracts at the headwaters of our great rivers,
may be preserved for ages, and, by judicious management, it may
yield every year a handsome revenue, and still steadily increase in
value. New^ Brunswick’s greatest source of wealth must be her
forests. What has taken many generations of the past to come to
perfection should not be despoiled by one generation. It should be
the pride of our government and people, and a sign of their growing
public spirit and scientific knowledge, sacredly to hand down that
wealth that we have inherited to future citizens of the country.

The dangers threatening extinction to our forests are three : from
forest fires; from selfish, illegal and unintelligent plans of lumbering;
and from the cutting of young trees for pulp mills. The bare tracts
of country in the southern parts of the province, and on the Nepisiguit,
and some portions of the Miramichi, show how a country may be
utterly devastated by ravages from fire, without hope of restoration to
its former condition for many generations. The pictures of deso-
lation from forest fires, which can be seen from so many hill-tops
in the province, should show us how careful we should be to lessen
this great danger to our forest wealth ; and not only have forests been
destroyed, — in many instances the land has been rendered incapable
of production perhaps for centuries.

If our lumbermen select the largest and best trees for their opera-
tions. gathering the tops and branches, with some of the smaller
growth in the denser portions, for the pulp-mill manufacturer, this
region of the South Tobique and others through the province would
increase in value each succeeding year. The great need in these
forests is a judicious pruning of small trees, especially on the low
grounds, in order to give an opportunity for the stronger and more
shapely trees to grow ; and the careful removal of branches and tops
to lessen the danger from forest fires. Thus the waste products of
the lumberman, which have been the source of so much damage in
times past to our forests, and the stunted and misshapen growth of
smaller trees in the denser woods, would not only be removed, but
much of it made use of for manufacturing purposes. In Germany the
forests, in spite of the large and profitable lumber “cut ’’each year,
are constantly becoming more valuable. And this is the result of
trained and intelligent supervision. And so it would be in New
Brunswick if similar methods prevailed. Our game and fish wardens

480

HULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY. '

should be trained in forestry. It would pay the government a hundred,
yes a thousand-fold, to give our game commissioner added authority
over forests, give him intelligent and trusted wardens, skilled not only
in the knowledge and habits of game and fish, but also in forestry.
It would take a little time to train such a body of experts, but the
results would be great, placing New Brunswick in a position to pre-
serve and add to what must prove the source of her greatest material
wealth — her forests, her game, and her fisheries. At the same time
she would place herself in line with those countries which, by wise
and effective legislation, are laying a foundation for the preservation
and future development of rich material resources.

We were encamped at the head of Trowsers Lake for five days.
During the next ten days, amid almost continuous rains, with here
and there a fine day, we journeyed eastward to the Serpentine river?
passing over Long, Portage, Adder and Serpentine Lakes with several
smaller lakes and ponds. Owing to the heavy rains the streams were
swollen to freshet size, and the swamps and low grounds near them
were dithcult to cross. There was water everywhere. Of the port-
ages, one was two and a half miles long (between Trowsers and Long
Lakes) ; another was fully three miles, and very rough and uneven,
but several small ponds intervened, which were easily crossed in
canoes. The lakes, above named, are all very beautiful, especially Long
Lake, a sheet of water bordered by high hills, six miles long and from
one to two miles in breadth The soundings at one place in this lake
showed a depth of 117 feet. A mile or two to the southwest of this
lake is Milnagek, or the “ Lake of Many Islands,” no less than four-
teen of which dot its surface. About six or seven miles to the south-
east lies the lake which is the source of the Little Southwest Miramichi,
the portage path to which, described by Professor Hind many years
ago. Professor Ganong, aided by Mr. Furbish and guide, attempted
to find, but in vain.*

The Serpentine Lake and River, both of which have remarkable
windings, brought us into the Right Hand Branch of the Tobique
river, and from that we came to the main Tobique to our place of
starting. The Serpentine river is thirty miles long, and descends in

^Dui’ing the summer of 1901 Professor Ganong and Mr. Furbish again visited this sec-
tion, made a patli for themselves across the country from Long Lake, and descended the
Little Southwest Miramichi. See Professor Ganoug’s articles in this Bulletin.

THE SOUTH TOHigUE LAKES.

481

that length 1,000 feet. The water was very high and the stream
running like a race-horse. Our canoe shot over boulders and turned
the many windings of the river with a speed that was exhilarating to
the highest degree. I shall never never forget the joy of that first
afternoon on the Serpentine, the delight of riding full speed on the
back of a rapid torrent, racing past little islands covered with Osmun-
das (O. regalis and O. claytoniana), the tumultuous waters rioting
among the fronds, whose dainty green contrasted with the darker
shades of alder and viburnums on the banks. Virgin’s Bower twdned
gracefully in festoons over shrubs, with Meadow Rue and Joe-Pye
Weed bending their tall stems over the waters, while on the neai- hill-

sides beyond were the darker evergreens. It was difficult to take in
the full beauty of the scene, as each turn of the river brought fresh
pictures constantly into view. The delights of days like that, with a
little spice of danger thrown in, linger in the memory for a lifetime.
I have often since found myself careering in imagination over that
wild and capricious little river, involuntarily ducking my head to
escape an overhanging branch, or shying to avoid some dangerous
boulder as we swept by ; and then as we came into more quiet
stretches of the river, resting on our paddles and taking in these
scenes of wildness and beauty.

T can only briefly refer to two side trips that we made wffiile
descending the Tobique, — one to Sisson gorge, six miles from the forks
of the Tobique, and the other to Bald Head mountain, a picture of

HULLETIX OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

4^^-J

which is liere given from a photograph taken from the plain near the
base. The trip up the Sisson Brandi, as far as the gorge, was accom-
plished with the greatest difficulty, owing to the high water, although
the stream itself presents no obstructions. We were well repaid, how-
ever, for the extra exertion by a view of the gorge, one of the wildest
and most picturesque spots in New Brunswick. There is a succession
of five cataracts tumbling one after the other to a depth of one
hundred feet, after which the stream flows in a series of rapids
through a gorge walled by perpendicular rocks until it reaches the
smoother stretches beyond. On the rocks overhanging the stream
further down were found Aspidinm fragrans and Woodsia glahellay
two of the rarest ferns in the province.

The descent of the Sisson Branch and the main Tobique, as far as
Riley Brook, a distance of twelve miles, was made in a little over an
hour and a half in the midst of torrents of rain. On the following
afternoon, Friday, July 27th, we paddled leisurely twenty miles
further down in about three hours, which may show the swiftness of
the current, the river being unusually high for this season.

On the morning of this day we visited Bald Head, a dis-
tance of five miles from the village of Riley Brook. This elevation,
which is about 1,400 feet above the valley of the Tobique, is perhaps
the most typical and regular mountain in New Brunswick, rising one
thousand feet from the plain at its base, in the shape of cone, the upper
portion covered with loose stones and boulders. On the top we found
a narrow ridge which contained a great variety of plants, as follows,
the trees being stunted and irregular : Pyrus Americana, Betula lenta,
B. papyracea, B. pumila, Prunus Pennsylvanica, Acer rubrum, A.
Pennsylvanicum, white and black spruces and firs, Nemopanthes
fascicularis, Ledum latifolium, Sambucus pubens, Epilobium angusti-
foliurn, Cornus Canadensis, Vaccinium Canadense, V. Pennsylvanicum
(narrow and wide leaved forms), Ribes lacustre, R. prostratum, Rubus
strigosus, R. triflorus, Antennaria margaretacea, A. plantaginifolia,
Galium triflorum, Kalmia angustifolium, Aralia nudicaulis, Trillium
erythrocarpum, Aspidium spinulosum ; besides several grasses and
caiices, two species of lycopodium ; hypnums, polytrichums, and
lichens covering the rocks and trunks of trees.

[For a list of the new and rare plants found during the trip, see
Bulletin XTN, 1901.]

pkksident’s address.

483.

APPENDIX.

PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS.

By Hon. J. V. Ellis, D. C. L.

With considerable feeling of anxiety I have undertaken to prepare
what our programme describes as the annual address of the president-
If custom had made it imperative that I should review the incidents
of our operations during the year, describe our meetings and criticize
our proceedings in a judicial and friendly spirit, I would have con-
sidered myself fortunate ; but on looking over the addresses delivered
by gentlemen whom it is my good fortune to succeed here, I got no
suggestion as to the form which the address of a mere layman might
take. It has been the practice of almost all of the preceding presi-
dents to consider some matter of interest along their own special lines
of study and of knowledge, and from their fields of information and
observation both interest and enlighten us. Unfortunately, I cannot
take any excursion into the field of natural history in which I would
care to be your guide, and you will see from this the difficulties of my
position. Yet as I have turned over the numbers of our Bulletins for
several years, I have had some reward. I have been able to appreciate
more fully than ever before the amount of work which has been done
by our more active members in their varied fields of labor, in their
study of land animals, birds, fishes, insects, plants ; in their close
enquiry into our past and present geological conditions ; and in the
facts which they have acquired respecting the habits and customs and
general life of the original occupants of this land, by means of which
they have increased our interest in all forms of life in our province,,
and widened and enlarged the bounds of knowledge in many useful
and attractive directions.

As near as may be, this meeting is our fortieth anniversary. The
first steps in the formation of the Natural History Society of New
Brunswick were taken at a meeting held in the Mechanics’ Institute-

484

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

on January 29, 1862, at which it was resolved to form a scientific
association under the name which we now bear. Two specific declara-
tions were made, viz.: that “one of the efforts of the society shall be
to form a collection of books of a scientific character for the use of the
members,” and another, that it shall be a special aim to make “ such a
•collection of specimens in the different branches of scientific research
as shall fully illustrate the natural history of this province, and, as far
as possible, that of other countries.” That was our beginning, and
the field of work laid out has been amply tilled and cultivated, and
we have developed investigations whose fame has gone out far beyond
the limits of our city and province, and of whose work as original
discoverers we are justifiably proud.

The forty years that have elapsed have been years of marvellous
progress in the scientific world. Of course it cannot be claimed that
what has taken place in the forty years is the product alone of the
period, for there are antecedent causes and the work was well under
way with the commencement of the nineteenth century. But the
practical application of science to utilitarian purposes has, in the words
of Huxley, created a New Nature, begotten by science, and has worked
-miracles which have modified the whole fashion of our lives. Natur-
ally and easily we may draw a mental distinction between those who
investigate and endeavor to interpret the voices of nature, who pursue
their work with untiring energy, and who are thrilled with joy as they
extract from her some of her closely kept secrets ; and those who merely
make application of the knovvledge thus acquired by others to the uses
and needs of man. The first are nearer and dearer to us and we can
share their joyous thrills at every discovery they make, not only for
their own sake but because they make possible the labors of those who
would apply their work to man’s advantage.

The philosopher and student to whom I have just referred expressed
the opinion that our epoch has produced three great things in physical
science : one of these is that doctrine of the constitution of master
which is spoken of as molecular, the second is the doctrine of the con-
servation of energy, the third the doctrine of evolution.

No doubt Mr. Alfred Russell Wallace is correct in his assertion
that in popular estimation and perhaps in real usefulness the establish-
ment of the general theory of evolution, by means of the special theory
•of the development of the or’ganic world, through the struggle for

prksident’s address.

485

existence and its but necessary outcome, Natural Evolution, is the great
scientific work of the nineteenth century. And a philosopher and
student of an entirely different kind, Mr. Leslie Stephen, declares that
he has no doubt that the future historian of thought will regard the pro-
mulgation and the rapid triumph of evolutionist doctrines, as the most
remarkable phenomenon in the intellectual development of the century.
Although there had been hints at such a theory in the past, they had'
been merely hints and no definite statement had been made. The
ordinary amount of scientific knowledge or information in evidence
concerning the material world, did not seem to require any general
theory of how species came into existence.

With great pains and great care scientific men had classified
birds and animals and plants, and had pretty well settled upon the-
order and species to which they belonged, but the enquiring mind
could not rest here fully satisfied that all was known that could be
known. How did these species originate 1 If all matter could be
reduced to simple atoms, by what law did matter operate, and upon-
what principle did it arrange itself in the various forms, simple and
complex, living and dead, in which we find it? No doubt the earlier
students of natural history, so far as the living, growing world was
concerned, busied with their classifications and efforts at determina-
tions, were generally satisfied that each species of animals and plants
was a distinct creation, and this was sufficient for their purposes, but
there were among them men who often wondered how these distinct
creations were produced, and by what law they came into being.
Those who had studied or were studying the physical world, the earth,
the solar system, the stellar universe, had had their attention drawn
to the origin of things, and here and there were suppositions, vague
theories, ingenious speculations, but it will be found among those who
investigate the subject, that at first naturalists were less inclined to-
look with favor upon the idea of evolution than were the mathematician
and philosopher, who were engaged in working out a natural law for
the whole universe. lean remember reading about 1850 the work
“Vestiges of Creation,’ which was published six years before by an
anonymous writer, who for the first time gathered up and placed in a
very attractive manner, the ideas of those English and continental
students who believed in a progressive development, due to an impulse-
imparted to the forms of life, by which impulse they were advanced i

4S6

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

in definite lines by generation through grades of organization eventua-
ting in the production of the highest plants and animals.

This work, after some years, was found to be the production of
31 r. Robert Chambers, of the great publishing house of J. W. a: R.
Chambers, of Edinburgh. It was really the first publication in
Europe in any orderly and popular way, of the theory of progressive
development. Its tone was mild and serious. It went further, I
think, than modern science will justify in respect of some statements
which it made regarding the coming into existence of new creations of
life, but it made no attempt to show how or why the various animals
and plants have distinct characters, and how there came to be in the
world all the existing variations. “ Vestiges of Creation was the
first attempt to put into systematic shape, from the naturalist’s point
of view, the views of the evolutionists. In 1852 Herbert Spencer,
who was not a naturalist so much as he was a logician, published his
Creation and Development ” essays, in which, with all his logical
force and consistency, he discussed the idea of development as against
a special creation. Eight years later came Darwin’s Origin of Species,
an almost marvelous work, in which the whole subject w^as presented
with a fulness and thoroughness which forced the question upon the
honest consideration of thoughtful men ; and thus the subject was
before the world in all its strength I Of course it met with great
opposition. It was believed to be a doctrine fatal to the received
religious faith of Christendom, and even scientific men, liberal and
broad-minded as Sir John Herschel, condemned it as heresy, while a
no less eminent geologist, 3Ir. Lyell, declared in the earlier editions of
his great work, that the known facts of geology were fatal to the theory
of progressive development. Sir Charles must have receded from this
position eventually, and, indeed, it is surprising that he ever held it ;
for his own view, which he so successfully established, that all the
changes which had taken place in the earth’s crust could be accounted
for by conditions which now exist, and which are in operation in this
age, was a declaration of a belief in a general and universal law govern-
ing the operations of nature ; or, in other words, if natural causation
is competent to account for the not living part of our globe, why
should it not account for the living part ? Although the literary and
scientific w^orld, as w’ell as the religious world, regarded with disfavor
■the arguments and reasoning in support of the theory set forth by

president’s address.

4S7

•Chambers and proved by Darwin ; the theories advanced gained adher-
•ents, and, as fact after fact was brought to light, which sustained the
idea, men gradually became reconciled to it. * It may be of interest to
observe that the theory of the survival of the fittest in the process of
evolution was reached by two thinkers acting independently of each
other. This theory is held to account for the variation and develop-
ment which have taken place, and which are taking place in the
origination and creation of species. Mr. Chambers declared ihat there
was a principle of progressive development. He did not, as I have
already stated, explain how or why there was such a law. Mr. Alfred
R. Wallace and Charles Darwin thought out the subject. Mr.
Wallace’s statement of his share in the matter is an interesting para-
graph in one of his latest books, page 140 :

“ While considering, he says, the problem of the origin of species,
something led me to think of Malthus’ Essay on population which I had
read about ten years before, and the positive checks — war, famine,
disease, accidents, etc., — which he adduced as keeping all savage
populations nearly stationary. It then occurred to me that these
checks must also act upon animals, and keep down their numbers ;
and as they increase so much faster than man does, while their
numbers are always very nearly if not quite stationary, it was clear
that these checks in their case must be far more powerful, since
a number equal to the whole increase must be cut of! by them
every year. While vaguely thinking how this would affect any species
there suddenly flashed upon me the idea of the survival of the
fittest — that the individuals removed by these checks must be on
the whole inferior to those that survived. Then considering the vari-
ations continually occurring in every fresh generation of animals or
plants, and the changes of climate, of food, of enemies alwa}^s in pro-
gress, the whole method of specific modification became clear to me,
and in the two hours of my fit I had thought out the main points of
the theory. That same evening I sketched out the draft of a paper ;
in the two succeeding evenings I wrote it out and sent it by the next
post to Mr. Darwin. I fully expected it would be as new to him as it
was to myself, because he had informed me by letter that he was
engaged on a work intended to show in what way species and varieties
differ from each other, adding, my work will not fix or settle anything,
I was therefore surprised to find that he had really arrived at the very

4^8 BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

same theory as mine long before (in 1844), had worked it out in con-
siderable detail, and had shown the MSS to Sir Charles Lyell and to
Sir Joseph Hooker; and on their recommendation my paper and suffi-
cient extracts from his MSS, work were read at a meeting of the
liiiinjcan society in July of the same year, when the theory of natural
selection or survival of the fittest was first made known to the world.
But it received little attention till Darwin’s great and epoch-making
book appeared at the end of the following year.”

En(juiring as to the state of educated, literary and scientific
opinion on the general subject at the present hour, Mr. Wallace says :

“ Evolution is now universally accepted as a demonstrated princi-
ple, and not one single writer of the slightest eminence, that I am

aware of, declares his disbelief in it What was ‘ a great

heresy ’ to Sir John Herschel in 1845, and the ‘ mystery of mysteries^
down to the date of Darwin’s book, is now the common knowledge of
every clever school-boy, and of everyone who reads even the news-
papers. The only thing discussed now is, not the fact of evolution —
that is admitted — but merely whether or no the causes alleged by
Darwin are themselves sufficient to explain evolution of species, or
require to be supplemented by other causes, known or unknown.
Probably so complete a change of educated opinion on a question of
such vast difficulty and complexity was never before effected in so short
a time.”

One of the surprises which greets the ordinary mind in dealing
with the Darwinian work is the extent of the variations which are
possible and probable under the one general law. All that Darwin
tells us of results obtained, of the effects of domestication, of cross-
breeding in plants and animals, of knowledge which he derived from
the motions of plants and from the lives of insects which lived among
the vegetation that he observed, is delightful reading, and yet quite as
much may we observe were our opened eyes at some flower show,
where we see gorgeous masses of bloom, lovely developed and beauti-
fully painted leaves, the very aristocracy of plant life, produced by the
skill of the planter from some weed of humble origin.

]\Ir. Huxley raises the point — he almost vexes us by raising it —
whether it may not be possible that while this existing universe is a
universe of law and order, a universe of simplest matter and definitely
operating energy, it is as well a product of evolution from some pre-

president’s address.

489

ceding universe in which the manifestations of energy were not defi-
nite, in which, in other words, law did not regularly prevail, in which
there are, for example, some good units and some bad ones, and in
which, possibly, like the boys and girls at school, the good are some-
times bad and the bad, at times, surprisingly good. It is sufficient
for us now that we have a recognized law, and into its ancestry
enquiry would be fruitless. The effort of the general acknowledgment of
a law fixing definitely the rules of operation of the causes of motion and
development of the material universe has been sought in every depart-
ment of human investigation. If all kinds of matter are modifications
of one kind, if all modes of motion are derived from the same energy,
a great deal of difficulty is removed in consideration of causes which
produce certain results. We seem to find this in the great advances
which we have made in the last few years in electrical knowledge, and
jn the application of that knowledge to practical uses. So, too, the
steadying influences of the law of evolution upon the “cell theory.”
Regarding this theory the fact appears to be established that all living
bodies are composed of a substance which is nearly alike in all — pro-
toplasm. This composition, in the language of Huxley, is the physical
basis of life ; and this substance resolved into minute cells, each cell
having its own independent life makes up into the complex bodies of
animals and plants, so that as regards the nature of the material
of which animals and plants are composed there is little or no differ-
ence, the real difference being in the arrangement, differentiation and
development of the cell. Huxley says that all the “ physiological
, activities of animals and plants — assimilation, secretion, excretion,
motion, generation— are the expression of the activities of the cells
considered as physiological units. Each individual among the higher
animals and plants is a synthesis of millions of subordinate individual-
ities. With this brief and somewhat imperfect statement it may be
seen that if men could master the nature, structure and metamorphosis
of the nucleus of the cell he would stand, at least, on the very verge of
the knowledge of the origin or principle of life. How far can he go ?
It was made a charge against Faraday that he believed electricity was
life. There seems to be no good ground for this statement. One of his
biographers declares that it may be doubted if Faraday ever tried to form
a definite idea of the relation in which the physical forces stand to the
Supreme Intelligence ; but another states that on more than one occa-

490

BULLETIN OK THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

sion when Faraday had been discoursing on some of the magnificent
pre-arrangements of Divine Providence so lavishly scattered in nature,
I have seen him struggle to repress the emotion which was visibly
striving for utterance ; and then, at the last, with one single, far-
reaching word he would just hint at his meaning, rather than express
it. On such occasions, he only who had ears to hear could hear.”
And I remember to have read in some report of his lectures that he
declared that more than once, while in the midst of some important
experiment, he seemed to be on the verge of some great discovery
which, almost at the moment of success, eludes his grasp. I refer to
this, because as naturalists, we cannot fail to have observed an inter-
esting statement lately put forward in the public press concerning the
investigations of a man of science in a western city. Prof. LoeV), a
man of considerable eminence in the University of Chicago, seems to
say absolutely what Faraday, undoubtedly, came so near saying, that
life is electricity, and electricity is life, and that in taking food into
our system we are taking in vitality through the electricity which the
food generates. In other words, electricity, instead of the dynamic,
force from heat, is “ the basis for muscular health and activity.”

In some of his declarations Prof. Loeb has affirmed that death was
not a “ negative process, a simple breaking down of tissues, as it has
been regarded up to this time, but an active agent born with the birth
of the egg and destined, if not checked, to gain the upper hand of the
life instinct and bring about extinction. But, greater even than the
apparent discovery of this death agent in all substance, is Prof. I^eb’s
announcement that he has been able to check it in the eggs of the sea
urchin at least, by means of chemical agents. This, it is cjaimed,
means nothing less than that on a minute scale the secret of eternal
life is in the power of mankind. The experiments. Prof. Loeb said,
were simple. Unfertilized eggs of the sea urchin were placed in a
weak solution of potassium cyanide and abandoned for several days.
In ordinary conditions an unfertilized egg dies in a few hours, destro^^ed
by the death agents born with it. At the end of several days the eggs
were again examined and were found to be still capable of fertilization
and of producing healthy animals.” “I have no doubt whatever,” said
one of the greatest physicists of the United States in speaking of the
subject, “ that in Dr. Loeb’s laboratory at Chicago or at the one in
Wood’s Hall, Massachusetts, life will be created, and that before long.”

president’s address.

491

You will observe that Prof. Loeb really requires the egg before he
•can fertilize it, but another scientific man, Dr. Houghton, comes for-
ward with what is an interesting assurance. If he cannot produce the
egg he can the cell from which in time an egg may be developed. One
of the lowest and Simplest forms of life is what is known to the man
of science as the amoeba. A popular writer upon the subject says :

“ It is composed of a single cell in a jelly-like substance. It is with-
out organs of any kind. When it wants something to eat, it extends
the part of its body nearest its food, in the form of a finger, draws in
the food and proceeds to absorb it. When the time comes for the
baby amcebas, the parent, if such it might be called, literally divides
up its body, and each part becomes an independent am(cba, to be
divided again when the time comes. What Dr. Houghton claims is
that he has produced and can produce from crystals, or dead matter,
bodies that closely resemble the amoeba. These artificially created
bodies move just like theamreba ; they absorb their food as the anueba
does ; they show the same chemical qualities, and they make a brave
attempt at reproduction by splitting up into different cells, each dis-
playing the same qualities as the mother cell. But there they stop.
While the progeny of the real ammba keeps on dividing and sub-divid-
ing interminably, the artificial amoeba fails after the first division, and
in a time, varying from half an hour to three weeks, becomes a dead
mass.”

If, however, life can be produced artificially from mere matter
which will live through two generations what may not yet result along
this line 1 and if it can be shown that by chemical combinations a
living creation can be made, it is an easy generalization that out of
this earth, once a gaseous mass, out of conditions entirely azoic, came
the combinations which gave us the primal cell, and that evolution
and development have done the rest. But this is proceeding too far,
just now. We must be content with what we know, while we go on
the search for new facts. Patiently, slowly, even with toil, must we
accumulate information ; and as by finding out things we add to the
available state of knowledge we increase our satisfaction at the con-
templation of the simplicity and the harmony of nature when we
thoroughly understand her methods, and to some extent, perhaps, her
purposes.

492

15UF.LETIN OK THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

Naturally enough there has been consideration of and even anxiety-
over the effect of the doctrine of evolution upon our religious concep-
tions. You may at once understand that it is not my intention to
discuss here any religious (question. But it may be no harm to observe
that with all his great knowledge of natural laws, Farraday remained
throughout his life an adherent of a stern and simple division
of the Presbyterians, and there are many able scientific men who
can infer the existence of deity as easily from the regularity of
the laws of nature as from the irregular operation of any of these laws.
No doubt a great change in our knowledge of natural laws affects
every department of human thought, and we are led to inquire more-
closely into what is history and which is legend. But we can perceive
that an important phase of a supposed conflict between science and
religion has passed and that no injury has resulted to either. Science
cannot yield her place or surrender her facts, neither can she suppress
or even ignore emotions, consciousness, aspirations or convictions which
are not within her domain. It may be indeed, as Mr. Leslie Stephen
found out, that evolution alarms religious minds by what might appear
to be its ultimate tendency. “To have the origin of organic beings,’^
he says, “ brought to a period at which no life existed is to imply that
nothing except matter exists, and that we are but a whirl of atoms.”
Yet Mr. Stephen is also able to see that evolutionism — the system-
atic application of the principle of continuity to every department of
thought — helps us to distinguish principles from dogmas and legends,
and to estimate the forces which have been at work, which are at
work, upon the moral nature of mankind ; and he justly says :
“ Beligion is an essential part of human nature. Men must always
need some theory of the world, and of their position in it, as consistent
as possible with the best established truths, some mode of uttering the
emotions and of setting forth the ethical ideals congenial to the theory,
and a social organization which may help to soften, purify and elevate
human relations. The evolutionist perceives the importance of making
the prominence of theory strong and sound — such as may have nothing
to dread from the moral unequivocal acceptance of the results of
scientific and historical enquiry. Therefore, however, great may be
the change, the evolutionist must recognize the true value of the
religious instinct in its place, and admit the best importance of finding
a mode of embodying it in the future. How that is to be done is the
great problem of the coming generations.”

PRESIDENT S ADDRESS.

493

1 began these somewhat detached observations with a reference to
the beginning of our organization forty years ago. How will it be
forty years hence ^ Will Dr. Matthew, Dr. Hay and Mr. Kain and
Mr. Lovitt, and Mr. Banks, and Mr. Stead, and Mr. Shaw, and Mr.
McIntosh, and Prof. W. F. Ganong, and all of our fellow workers and
inspirers, have covered completely their chosen fields of labor, and
reached the outer bounds of knowledge with respect to life organic
and inorganic in this province. Will our provincial park and reserve
be the happy home of our native fauna, innocent of the lumberman’s
axe, and immune from the sportsman’s gun ? Will our museum be
more completely housed and all of its treasures more effectively dis-
played for our information and our pleasure? No doubt you will say
that these are vain questions. Perhaps they are.

We may only hope that the Chicago professor will so readily and
so rapidly write out his theorem respecting the physical basis of life,
so speedily develop the life-continuing elixir that we may all participate^
and thus have the opportunity to assemble here forty years from now
and see for ourselves with our mortal eyes just how things are. The
prolongation of our longevity, even by any physical, chemical, . or
electrical appliance invented at Chicago or elsewhere, would not, I am
sure, lessen our friendship or weaken our moral forces or dilute the
•strength of our intellectual and spiritual consciousness.

494

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

. REPORT ON ARCH^:OLOGY.

During the past year considerable field work was done in this-
department. In July I visited Albert County, and spent some time
examining the region adjacent to the Shepody river. I was not able
to find any ancient Indian village sites on the Shepody river, but this
is not surprising, as the conditions there are not favorable for a
hunting and fishing people.

There is, however, a fairly well marked camp site on the northwest
side of the Germantown Lake. Here on a fiat by the lakeside, on the
farm of Mr. Berryman, a number of Hints have been found, and the
situation is in every way favorable both for fishing and for hunting.

The Honorable A. R. McClelan informed me that many years ago
he had found a stone axe on the hillside above the village of Riverside.

Prof. W. F. Ganong accompanied me on this trip, and made some
interesting observation on the remains of the early French occupation
of this region. The results of his work will appear elsewhere.

In August I proceeded to McDonald’s Point, at the mouth of the
Washademoak. Landing at Wright’s wharf I spent some days explor-
ing the surrounding region. Some two hundred yards to the westward
of the wharf I found a “ pitted stone,” while at and near the wharf I
found large quantities of fiakes and chips of jasper, chalcedony, etc.^
all undoubtedly made from material procured from the quarry not
far away, which have been described by Dr. G. F. Matthew.* I
found one broken arrow-head, but no perfect implements. Residents-
have found arrow heads, gouges, celts, spear heads and scrapers liere,
and some of these specimens are very good. Mr. R. P. McDonald has
a very fine felsite spear head inches long, and with sharp serrated

edges. When found in 1877 it was perfect, but it is now broken.

From McDonald’s Point I went to Lakeville Corner. Here I
spent some considerable time in company with Mr. D. London, one of
our corresponding members, in exploring what is to the archieologist
probaVjly the most interesting region in our province. An examination
was made of the physiography of the French and Maquapit Lakes,

* Proc. Royal Soc. Canada, new series, VI, section ii, 61-69.

REPORT ON ARCII.EOLO(JY.

495

particularly the course of the thoroughfare. Large collections of
Indian remains were made, and as a result, material is now available
for study, which I believe will enable us to form a much bettei^idea
than we have hitherto had of the antiquity of man in central^ New
Brunswick. I wish to express my thanks for the aid rendered me in
this work by Mr. London.

Later in the season E spent some weeks in field work at Grand
Lake. I made my headquarters at Douglas Harbor, and my excursions
ranged from Indian Point to Sypher’s Cove.

At the Key-hole, about two and a half miles above Douglas Har-
bor, a long, wide and high sea-wall confines a large pond. This pond
has a small, winding outlet known locally as the “ Lead.” This pond
is a great resort for fish, and as the outlet is narrow and shallow, it is
an excellent place to catch them. For this reason, probably, the inner
side of the sea-wall was occupied as a camp site in prehistoric times.
On the left hand side of the highway, about a hundred yards eastward
beyond the bridge over the “ Lead,” I made several excavations in the
sand and gravel, and secured numerous fragments of aboriginal pottery.
The storms and freshets of generations had piled sand and gravel over
the old camp site, and at depths of three and four feet, I uncovered
fragments of pottery, flakes, charred wood and charcoal. I consider
this the very best place in New Brunswick to look for ancient pottery.

I also examined Grand Point, and was able to make an improved
map of this point as well as of the “ Key-hole.”

On the east side of Douglas Harbor is pointed out the Indian Bath
house of Louis Joseph, an Indian proprietor who died about sixty
years ago.

While at Douglas Harbor I received aid from Messrs. Asa Balmain,
David Balmain, Lemuel Colwell, Abijah Coakley and W. S. Butler,
to all of whom I wish to express my thanks.

When my health will permit I hope to lay the results of my sum-
mer’s work before the Society in extended and illustrated form.

Muskoka, Ont., January, 13, 1902.

49G

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON BOTANY.

Tliere is urgent need of a new list of plants of the province that
will include the many additions to our flora since Professor Fowler
published his list more than twenty years ago ; and also to bring the
nomenclature more in accordance with the usage of botanists which
prevails at the present time. A strong effort should be made by our
botanists during the approaching season to accomplish this work for
the Society.

The list of fungi collected, new to the province, during the past
3^ear, embraces some twenty species, several of which are rare in North
America. The study of these interesting plants is now engaging the
attention of several students in different parts of the province, includ-
ing Miss Van Horne, at St. Andrews ; Mr. Vroom, at St. Stephen ;
Mr. Moser, in King’s County, and several others. Additions to the
list will be presented next year.

The following is a list of flowering plants new or little known
jn the province. A list of plants collected on the borders of Maine
and New Brunswick by Mr. M. L. Fernald, of the Botanic Garden,
Cambridge, Mass., and accompanied by specimens has been pre-
sented by that gentleman to the Society. He has for years mani-
fested a deep interest in our botanical section, and merits our
hearty thanks for his help and encouragement.

1 Clematis verticillaris, 1). C. New Canaan, Queens County. J. Moser.

A new station near St. Stephen. J. Vroom.

I) Anemone riparia, Fernald. Ury open woods. Four Falls. M. L.
Fernald.

UO Raiuianus Raphanistrum, L. Of late years becoming a very trouble-
some weed in Charlotte County. J. Vroom.

()3 Viola lanceolata, L. In different parts of Charlotte County. J. Vroom.
(>4 V. primuhefolia, L. Quite frequent on banks of St. Croix River, above
Sprague’s Falls. J. Vroom.

€S \\ cucullata, Ait. As heretofore understood in New Brunswick, this
species must be divided into several, of which, probably, the true
V. cucullata is among the least common. The group needs study.
68a Viola ovata, Nutt. A violet found some years ago on the shore of
Lake Utopia should probably be referred to this species, which
occurs near Bear River, Nova Scotia.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON BOTANY.

497

69 Viola Labradorica, Schrank ( = V. canina, var. Muhlenbergii of last year’s
report, and V. canina, var. sylvestris, of former lists). In wet
soil under trees near St. Stephen. J. Vroom.

'69o Viola subvestita, Greene. Much more abundant aiid showy than V.

Labradorica, with which it has been confused. It grows on dry
hill tops in and near St. Stephen, and is probably the form reported
from other places in the province under the name of V. canina,
var, sylvestris. Easily distinguished from V, Labradorica by its
habitat, and by its deep violet color, as dark as the darkest of our
stemless blue violets, and more reddish in hue. [In Prof. Greene’s
description of V. subvestita (Ottawa Naturalist, December, 1901),
the bractlets are said to be very near the flower, and notably
auriculate at their base. These characters are not very evident
in the St. Stephen plant.] J, Vroom.

122a Ilex g“labra. Gray. Found in Shelburne County, Nova Scotia, by Mr.
C. S. Bruce.

125 Vitis riparia, Michx. A single plant seen on the bank of St. Croix river,
above Sprague’s Falls, 1899. J. Vroom.

125a Vitis Vulpina, L. Gravelly bank of Aroostook river. Four Falls,
Victoria County. M. L. Fernald.

147a Astralaglis elegans, (Hook) Britton. Aroostook Falls. M. L.
Fernald.

165a Spiraea Sorbif'olia, L. Old pastures. Aroostook Junction. M. L.
Fernald.

191a AgrimODia striata, ^lichx. (See Rhodora, ii, 237). Sent from
Digby, N. S., by Mr. N. W. Hogg.

257 Cornus circinata, L’Her. Bank of Aroostook river. Four Falls. B. L,
Robinson and M. L. Fernald.

268 Viburnum Lentago, L. Abundant on Blood Island, St. Croix River.

270a Triosteum perfoliatum, L, Rich wooded banks of Aroostook river, Four
Falls, Victoria Count3^ M. L. Fernald.

307 Aster Lindleyanus, Torr and Gray. Dry woods. Four Falls. M, L.
Fernald.

347 Artemisia absinthium, L. Dry borders of woods. Grand Falls, M. L.
Fernald.

363a Hieracium aurantiacum, L. Rapidly" spreading as a weed in haj’ fields in
different parts of Charlotte County. J. Vroom.

433a Gentiana rubricauHs, Schwein (= G. linearis, var. latifolia, Gr, ) Dum-
barton (the third station reported in Charlotte Co.) J, Vroom.

434a Rartonia tenella, Muhl. Shelburne, N. S. C. S. Bruce.

446 Echium vulgare, L. Welsford, Queens County. G. U. Hay.

494 Calamintha Clinopodium (L. ) Kuntze (Satureia Clinopodium, Camel).
Alluvial soil. Four Falls. B. L. Robinson.

582a Salix glaucophylla, Bebb. Gravelly beach of Aroostook river. Four Falls,
Viet. Co. M. L. Fei nald. A form with pubescent twigs found
at the same place.

498

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

Salix nigra, Marsh. Washademoak Lake and Canaan Forks, Queens Co..
J. Moser. Brandy Point, St. John River, Macoun and Hay.

8; sericea, Marsh. M'ashademoak Lake. Rare. J. Moser.

.■)Sh Salix m3*rtilloides, L. (This willow, found last summer in Magnerawaak
meadow, Calais, probably" occurs on the Canadian side of the river.
J. Vroom). ^

{)‘A9n Sniilax rotllD difolia, L. Found at Lake Annis, near Yarmouth,
Nova Scotia, bj- Mr. D. Soloan ; and near Shelburne harbor, N. S.,
b}’ Mr. C. S. Bruce. (This and the other plants named above
from Nova Scotia maj' be looked for in New Brunswick.)

71 o Naias tlexilis, Rostk. St. Croix River, below Grand Falls (the second
station in Charlotte (Jount\J. J. Vroom.

9’Adn L^'copodium clavatum, L. Var. Monostachyon, Hook. Open spruce
woods. Grand Falls. M. L. Fernald.

940 L. complanatum L. Open woods. Grand Falls. B. L. Robinson and
M. L. Fernald. (The Q^pical form with more distinctl}" dimorphous
and narrower leaves and less erect and bush}' branches than the
variety Chamaci/paris.iu.'i.

940/> L. sabinaJolium, Willd. Open spruce woods. Grand Falls. B. L.
Robinson and M. L. Fernald.

OHSERVATIONS OF PLANTS.

499

OBSERVATIONS OF PLANTS, 1901.

After a winter of severe though not intensely cold weather and
abundant snow, the spring opened in early April with many warm
days during which the grass grew rapidly. In later April and early
May cold east winds prevailed. Tussilago farfara (coltsfoot), one of
the earliest plants to appear, was observed in bloom by the side of the
street opposite the Custom House, St. John, April 23rd.

Wild Garden at Ingleside, Kings County.

May 1st. — In the wild garden, at Ingleside, Viola blanda and'
Epigcca repens were observed in full bloom. In exposed places a few
strawberry blossoms were appearing. The red maple was coming into
bloom, and the Dog-tooth Violet (Erythronium Americanum) blossoms
were beginning to open.

May 10th. — A beautiful day — warm and spring-like — followed by
three days of rain. Temperature moderate, grass growing rapidly and
buds on the trees bursting into leaf, the white birch leading. Red
maple blossoms falling. Sanguinaria Canadensis in bloom. Blue
violets coming in flower, Dog-tooth Violet, the Gold Thread, Grove
Anemone and Mountain Fly Honeysuckle (Lonicera ciliata) in full
bloom. A few plants in bloom of the Painted Trillium, Dandelion,
Marsh Marigold, Strawberry, Bluets, the involucral blossoms, of broad
leaved Viburnum, (V. lantanoides). Purple Trillium, Bell wort (Uvularia
sessilifolia). The Woodsias and other small ferns on the rockeries
with fronds nearly expanded.

May 17th. — In full bloom — Blue violets. Purple and Painted Tril-
liums. Strawberries and Dandelions, Marsh Marigold, the Fetid Currant
(Ribes prostratum). Coming into bloom were the Amelanchier
Canadensis, central blossoms of Viburnum lantanoides, Thaspium
aureum, and a few blossoms were appearing of Rhodora, Vaccinium
Canadense, and the wild red cherry. Of the trees — white birches,
lilacs, black cherry (Prunus serotina). Viburnum lantanoides, mountain
fly honeysuckle, hazel, hawthorne, mountain ash, were in full leaf.
The leaves of poplars, horsechestnuts, and white maples were just
unfolding ; also those of the smaller trees of red maples and the Amel-
anchiers, the latter very beautiful from the contrast of the purple
leaves and the white blossoms. The delicate yellowish-green of the-

500

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

unfolding leaves of the aspen (Populus tremuloides), the greenish-white
of the poplar (Populus grandidentata), and the delicate green of the
Lombardy poplar added to the almost indescribable variety of coloring
in the groves and woodlands. The shrubs and trees not native, chiefty
those from the Central Experimental Farm, nearly all in leaf.

May 2oth. — The white petals of Amelanchier falling. Plants in
full bloom — Primus Pennsylvanicum, Cornus Canadensis, Corallorhiza
innata, Trientalis Americana, Rhodora Canadensis, Yaccinium Cana-
dense, Trillium grandiflorum (not native), Trillium cernuum, Viola
Watsoni (not native), Y. pubescens, Menyanthes trifoliata, Oxalis
corniculata, Aralia nudicaulis, Acta?a alba, Clintonia borealis. The
blossoms of the Stemless Lady’s Slipper (Cypripedium acaule) just
unfolding. The following named trees and shrubs just coming into
leaf : Quercus rubra. Acacia, Rhus typhina. Ilex verticillata Viburnum
opulus, Fraxinus sambucifolia ; also the leaves of the ivy Ampelopsis
■ quinquefolia) on the cottage.

June 1st. — After a week of wet, cold weather, June came in bright
and warm. The weather was so warm on June 2nd that shade from
the sun’s rays was grateful. Warm showers alternated with the bright
sunshine and vegetation was rapid. The nights remained cool in early
June up to the 15th and 16th, when frosts did much damage in low
places along the river, killing buckwheat, strawberries and other
tender plants, and wilting the fronds of what is perhaps the most
sensitive of our ferns to frost — Osmunda cinnamomea. Ice formed in
many places in the ponds and along the margins of the rivers and
streams.

During the remainder of the summer and fall, but little rain fell.
The streams became very shallow and wells were dried up. The crops
which were very promising in spring and early summer, suffered greatly
in later months from the prolonged drought. Fruits ripened early
(ripe strawberries were found as early as June 13th) and these with
raspberries and other small fruits in dry places were a scanty crop.

June 8th. — In full bloom — Lilacs, Oak-leaved Mountain Ash,
Honeysuckle, Horsechestnut, Yellow and Stemless Lady’s Slipper, Iris
'Versicolor, Viburnum opulus, Pinguicula vulgaris. Geranium Robert-
ianum, Oenothera pumila, Leucanthemum Vulgare, Erigeron Philadel-
phicum. Aster graminifolius. Ledum latifolium, Prunus serotina and
‘Others.

REPORT OF COUNCIL.

soil

FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

- COUNCIL

OF THE

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY

OF

NEW BRUNSWICK.

Your Council beg to submit the following report for the year now
ending :

Membership.

During the past year the Society has added four ordinary and
seven associate members to the roll. The following shows the classes
and total membership enrolled :

Honorary members 4

Life members 5

Corresponding members

Ordinary members

Associate members

Total membership of . . . . 211

Finance.

Treasurer’s Report, 1900-1901.

Receipts —

Balance from 1899-1900

Membership fees

Bulletins sold. . ....

Interest on investments

Donations . .

Government grant

Special deposit Bank of Nova Scotia withdrawn,

204 41
39 00
1 00
231 30
28 83
300 00
2,400 00

22

70

110

^3,204 54:

502

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

Receipt-^ hrou{fht fovirat'd, $3,2')4 54

Ex})enditnre —

Printing and distributing Bulletin XIX $ 155 48

Maintenance of museum. . 74 79

Library, books and binding 3 15

^liscellaneous 117 58

Loaned on mortgage Hazelhurst property 2,500 00

Balance in Bank of New Brunswick . 353 54

83.204 54

The balance of 8353.54 in Bank of New Brunswick includes 833.00 held in trust
for the Ladies’ Association.

The total funds of the Society are now represented by :

Balance Bank of New Brunswick 8 353 54

Mortgage (Hazelhurst property). .... 2,500 00

Special deposit. Building Fund, in Bank of X". B. . . . 10 Oo

?2,863 54

Our interest in the Hazelhurst property is protected by fire insurance policies
to the amount of 82,700.00, and the specimens, etc., are insured for
82,5* »0.0o.

A. Gordon Leavitt, Tren^Hnn'.

Examined and found correct.

James A. Estey,
Thomas Stothart,

I Audit or t<.

Library.

The year shows a considerable increase in the library, due princi-
pally to our large exchange list. A number of works on various
branches of nature study have been purchased, and several valuable
books have been presented by members of the Society.

Publications.

Bulletin XIX has been published. It contains articles by Dr.
Geo. F. Matthew, Dr. Geo. U. Hay, Samuel W. Kain, Prof. W. F.
Ganong, W. McIntosh and Chas. F. B. Rowe ; also a report of the
Fredericton Natural History Society. Several of the shorter papers
read before the Society have been published in the daily press.

REPORT OF COUNCIL.

503

Lectures and Essays.

Nine regular meetings were held, at which the following papers
were read :

1901.
Jan. 8.

Jan. 15.
Feb. 5.

Mar. 5,

April 2.

May 7.
June 4.

Oct. 1.
Nov. 5.
-Dec. 3.

(a) Botanical Trip among South Tobique Lakes. Additions to Nevv

Brunswick Plants, by G. U. Hay.

(b) Changes in the River Valleys of New Brunswick, by Prof. W. F.

Ganong.

(c) Annual Meeting. Reports. President’s Address.

(a) Sketches of Bird Life, by A. Gordon Leavitt.

(b) Native Plants in Rock wood Park, St, John, by G. U. Hay.

(c) Catalogue of New Brunswick Plant Formations, by Prof. W. F.

Ganong.

(a) Mountain, Lake, and River Scenery in New Brunswick, by Prof.

L. W. Bailey.

(b) A Plea for certain Birds, considered destructive, by J. W. Banks.

(a) Insect Life in the Nerepis Valley, by W. McIntosh.

(b) Physiography of the Digdeguash Lake Basin, by Prof. W. F.

Ganong.

An Evening with the Microscope, by Members of the Section on
Microscopy.

(a) Note on the Possibility of Developing Power by the Movement of

Tides at the Falls, by Prof. A. W. Dull.

(b) Morphology of New Brunswick Water Palls, by Prof. W. F.

Ganong.

(c) Report of Delegate to Royal Society.

(a) Random Notes on Cape Breton, (b) Additional Notes on the Cam-
brian of C. B., with descriptions of new species, by G. F.
Matthew, D. Sc.

(a) Observations on a Summer’s Work, by L. W. Bailey, Ph. D.

(b) Notes on the Physiography of the Tu-a-dook (Little Southwest

Miramichi) Lake Basin, by W. F. Ganong, Ph. D.

(a) Our Forests and their Inhabitants, by W. A. Hickman, M. A.

(b) Preliminary List of Coleoptera of New Brunswick, by William

McIntosh.

(c) On the Physiography of the Tobique-Miramichi Water Shed, by

W. F. Ganong, Ph. D.

(d) Observations in Wild Garden at Ingleside, by G. U. Hay, D. Sc.

In addition to the above, an elementary series of lectures was
-delivered, viz :

Jan. 22. (a) Depths of the Ocean.

29, (b) Tides and Erosion of the Bay of Fundy, by Dr. Geo. F. Matthew.

504

HULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

Arch.eology.

Mr. S. W. Kain has been doing some very valuable archieological'
work in the vicinity of Grand and Maquapit Lakes during the past
summer.

This region owing, no doubt, to the abundance of fish and game,
was a favorite camping ground of the Indians, and, in exploring these
ancient camp sites, Mr. Kain discovered a large number of stone imple-
ments, consisting of arrow-heads, stone-axes, hammer-stones, celts, and
many fragments of aboriginal pottery. A number of these fragments
show ornamentation distinct from any hitherto observed in New Bruns-
wick specimens of the Indian potters’ art. All the articles collected
were presented to the Society.

AVhile at Grand Lake Mr. Kain purchased for the Society a large
number of relics of the New Brunswick stone age from local collectors.

Geology.

Dr. Matthew has been doing some geological work in Cape Breton
and New Brunswick during the past summer. Among interesting
additions to our knowledge of Cambrian geology from the former
region, is the discovery of two new faunas in the Cambrian — one in
the flags corresponding to those in St. John, this is the Upper Para-
doxides fauna. The other is the Tremadoc fauna of Wales, whose
place at St. John would be in the channel of the river at the Straight
Shore, therefore inaccessible here.

Dr. Bailey has done a summer work for the Geological surveys of
Canada in Central and Eastern New Brunswick ; in the former district
he has found extensive areas of Upper Silurian slates, and in the latter
has been investigating the probable occurrences of coal and oil.

Mr. Kain’s discovery of submerged fire-places of the stone age
seen in Maquapit I.iake are referred to in the report of the Geological
Committee.

Warping of the Earth’s Crust near St. John in Recent Times,

By the term “ recent times,” in the above title, is -intended times
geologically recent.

Assuming that Post-Pleiocene time closed with the emergence of the-
Leda clay and the formation of the Saxicava, or Macoma sands, the

REPORT OF COUNCIL.

505

overlying, bog, marl, and marsh deposits, will be included in recent
deposits.

Certain phenomena observed in Southern New Brunswick, involv-
ing these deposits, indicate a differential sinking of the land in portions
of the interior which are best explained as a warping of the earth’s
crust.

About twenty-five years ago, excavations of the marsh-mud in
Harris’ Cove, fourteen miles from the mouth of the Kennebecasis
river, were made for the purpose of obtaining fertilizer. It was found
that for five feet below the present low water summer level of the
river there were marsh surfaces, indicated by layers of partly decayed
marsh grass, with roots and attached leaves.

These marsh grasses could not have grown under present conditions,
but must have flourished when the mud in which they grew was at a
level considerably higher, relative to the water level of the river, than
it is now.

Two possible causes of this former condition of the Kennebecasis
river may be suggested in explanation, one that the upper part of the
river stood at a higher level relative to the lower part than it does now.
The other is that there existed formerly a lower outlet of the river
than the present one at the Falls of the St. John.

The second possible cause of a lower outlet is not borne out by any
indications of a lower discharge for the waters of the St. John since
Post-Pleiocene time. Except the rock-bottomed passes of Drury’s Cove
and the present outlet, all other possible passages are at present filled
with Post-Pleiocene deposits.

Even if the passage at the “ Falls ” had been lower in former
times, it would not mend the matter, for at present the level of the
water in St. John harbor at high tide is about six or eight feet above
the summer level of the water in the Kennebecasis river. The only
result, therefore, of a lowering of the barrier would be to flood the
Kennebecasis marshes at high tide and prevent the marsh growth,
even at the present level.

With the opening of the barrier it would be necessary that there
should come a reduction in the height of the Bay of Fundy tides, in
order that the marsh-plants might flourish in Harris’ Cove five feet
below the present summer level. Such an assumption is gratuitous,
and without any evidence in fact.

rm

liULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

With the constant wear on the crown of the reef at Union Point
in the “Falls” it might be supposed that the tides would gain more
and have easier access to the river. But it seems a question
whether this cause of abrasion — the rushing water with its load of
mud and sand — has had any appreciable effect in historic times in
reducing the height of the barrier; and there certainly has been a
countervailing force at work, tending to lift the barrier higher.

In a former Bulletin attention was called to a force operating later
than the glacial period to raise certain portions of the solid rocks
around St. John. Of this, evidence may be seen on the hillside south
of the “ valley” in St. John, where, in a short space on the slope of
the hill, the rocks have been raised five feet since the glacial period.
There seems nothing to indicate subsidence at the barrier at the
“Falls,” and whatever evidence there is, favors elevation.

It would seem then that we are forced to regard differential uplift,
or in other words, warping of the earth’s crust, as the cause of the
phenomenon observed in Harris’ Cove. And, further, it would seem
that this movement was slow and continuous, as there were not only
marsh-surfaces at five feet below the present marsh only ; but the
marsh-surface was many times renewed, from the lower layers obser-
ved to the present surface.

As bearing upon the phenomenon of the drowning of the upper
part of the lower Kennebecasis valley since Pleistocene times, one
might call attention to a like condition of things effecting the valley
of the St. John river, as observed by members of this Society, when
the summer camp of observation was held by it at French Lake some
years ago.

During exploration along the south shore of the Maquapit Lake a
curious short creek was observed without outlet, save two, close
together, on the lake shore. This short creek seemed to be a bend or
loop of a creek, once existing, which had been obliterated, except for
this bend, by the encroachment of the lake.

One of our members, Mr. S. W. Kain, who spent- some time at
INIaquapit Lake last summer when the water of the river was low, has
traced this submerged creek under the shallow water at the south end
of the lake, and found that Ring Creek is indeed a bend of what was
formerly a continuous creek or thoroughfare from French Lake to
Orand Lake. And further, he made the interesting discovery that

REPORT OF COUNCIL.

507

along the banks of this drowned creek, under the shallow waters of
Maquapit Lake, can be seen collections of stones in some places, such
as the Indians would leave, of their camp fires, where they had lived
alongside the creek ; stone implements and other indications of abori-
ginal occupancy were also found at these places.

Evidences of camp fires of the aborigines along this submerged
water-way shows that the subsidence of this area was prolonged into a
comparatively late period, since such fresh marks of Neolithic occu-
pancy can be found.

A closer study of the sunken area in this part of the valley of the
St. John river would probably give interesting and valuable results.

Ornithology.

The Ornithological Committee report that the year has been an
exceedingly quiet one as far as new material is concerned.

At present they have under consideration the preparation of a
catalogue of specimens in the museum, which, when completed, will
fill a long felt want.

The specimens have, as usual, been the centre of attraction to the
majority of visitors.

Entomology.

The Entomological Committee report that during the past year
over 2,500 specimens have been collected by members of the Society.
Not only has a great deal of valuable field work been done, but the
majority of the specimens taken have been determined by specialists.

Field Work.

Two field meetings were held under the auspices of the Society
during the past summer, one at Ingleside, August 24th, and the other
in Rockwood Park in September. Both were well attended. The
one at Ingleside occupied the whole day. In the morning the members
of the Society and their friends examined the plants in the wild
garden, and in the afternoon a visit was made to a hill near Brandy
Point overlooking the St. John river. Here the meeting was called
to order by the president, Hon. J. V. Ellis, and an address was given
by Dr. Matthew on the geology of the locality, linking with it a very
interesting history of the St. John river valley in ages past. G. U.
Hay followed with a talk on the plants found in the neighborhood.

50S

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

their habits, uses, and the many curious ways they adapt themselves
to their surroundings. AV. A. Hickman gave an address on evolution
and some tendencies of modern science. Prizes were awarded in
geology and botany for collections found during the day.

At the meeting at Rockwood Park some of the most interesting
natural features of that beautiful locality were examined, including
the geology and botany. At the conclusion of the afternoon’s outing
the members were hospitably entertained at Dr. Matthew’s home, and
prizes were awarded to successful competitors in geology and botany.

Your committee would suggest, that as there are difficulties in the
way of holding a summer camp at a distance from the city, a series of
field meetings on a more extended scale than heretofore be held during
the coming summer. One at Ingleside, or some point on the St. John
river, or C. P. R., in which some effort should be made to have the
Fredericton Natural History Society unite; one on the Kennebecasis
river, in which the Kings County Society may share, one to the west^
and another to the east of St. John city, and one on the sea shore —
five in all.

And your committee would further suggest that adequate prizes
be provided that shall reward certain definite efforts, which it is hoped
may be put forth by our own younger members, to make collections of
specimens of natural history in the places visited, these prizes to be
awarded at the next annual meeting when the collections made shall
be exhibited and become the property of the Society.

G. U. Hay, Chairman.

General.

The museum has been open to the public on Tuesday, Thursday
and Saturday afternoons, and, as the register shows, has attracted
many visitors.

We regret that other duties make it necessary for Miss McBeath to
retire from the office of assistant curator. Three years ago the museum
was opened to the public three afternoons of each week with Miss
2\IcBeath in charge, and the success which has attended this movement
is largely due to the courteous and efficient manner in which she
performed the duties of her office.

The council wish to express their thanks for fhe very hearty
co-operation and valuable work done by the associate members. The

REPORT OF COUNCIL.

509

many improvements seen in the library are due to tlie efiforts of tlie
ladies’ branch, and the general work of the Society owes its success, in
no small measure, to their efficient assistance.

To the press of St. John our thanks are due for the free insertion
of notices and reports, and for the publication of articles from time to
time. The council also wish to thank thc^e who have delivered
addresses or lectures before the Society.

While reviewing the past year we do not find so many remarkable
features as in the preceding one. But we feel satisfied in considering
it a year of more than average progress. There has been a gain in
membership, and we have had a considerable increase in our grant
from the provincial government.

In archaeology, geology, botany and entomology much important
field work has been done. Our lecture course has been varied and
interesting, and our meetings well attended.

Respectfully submitted,

W. McIntosh,

Secretary to Council.

510

HULLETIX OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

DONATIONS TO THE MUSEUM, 1901.

Date.

Donor’s Name and Description of Gift.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

Oct.

5 Dr. Geo. F. Matthew, St. John. Two Colored Charts, Bay of Fundy.

Mrs. Baxter, St. John. Two Specimens of Fossil Plants.

") j Miss Georgie E. Curry, Shreveport, La. Miniature Bale of Cotton.

2 1). Ferguson, Esq., Chatham. Two Bayonets, a Shoe-buckle, and

two Knife or Spearblades.

j Stanley Thompson, St. John. Two Specimens Rock Crystal, from
Sheet Harbor, N. S.

1 I S. W. Kain, Esip, St. John. Stone Implements and Pre-historic
, Pottery, from Grand Lake Region.

A. Gordon Leavitt, Esq., St. John. Shells from Nerepis River.

Stanley Thompson, St. John. Native Woods.

, S. A. Coakley. Pisolithic Iron Ore.

Dr. W. 1). Matthew, New York. Series of Photographs of fossil
I remains of Pre-historic Horse.

Nov.

I Geotfrey Stead, Es(p, C. E., St. John. Copper Ore.

Prof. L. W. Bailey, Ph. D. , Fredericton. Fossils and Geological
Specimens.

DONATIONS TO THE FUNDS.

Anonymous

$28 8J

DONATIONS TO THE LIHKAHY.

511

DONATIONS TO THE LIBRARY, J90I.

Donor's Name.

Residence. I Work.

Mrs. Geo. A. Hamilton

Prof. W. F. Ganong

Mrs. John Berryman

Royal Society of Canada

Geological Society

Royal Colonial Institute

IMarine Biological A ssociation, U. K

Geographical Journal

Royal Gardens

British Museum.-.

• New Zealand Institute of Science

'"'Western Australian Government

N. S. Wales Linnaean Society

Smithsonian Institution

New York Academy of Science

Academy of Natural Sciences

Field Columbian Museum

Wyoming Historical and Geological Society. . .

American Museum Natural History

Wisconsin Natural Historj^ociety

Indiana Department of Geology

Newport Natural History Society.

Natural Science Association

South Dakota School of Mines. . .

New York Public Library

Cornell University

Hamilton Scientific Society

University of Toronto

Morphology of Central Cylinder in Angiosperms

Library and Scientific Society

Entomological Society of Ontario. . .

Historical and Scientific Society of Manitoba..

^Department of Inland Revenue

Dalhousie University

Royal Society

Maryland Geological Survey .

Wisconsin Academy of Science, Arts and Letters

School of Geography

University of Michigan

Linnaean Society

U. S. Commissioner of Agriculture

U. S. Geological Survey

Canadian Institute

^Department of Inland Revenue

Johns Hopkins University

Connecticut Academy of Arts and Science

New York State University

McGill University

Essex Institute

Natural History Association

California Academy of Science

Colorado Scientific Society..

Australian Museum. .

Rochester Academy of Science

University of California

Director of Bureau of Ethnology

Public Museum

Geological Society

Missouri Botanical Gardens

Ohio Slate University

Society of Natural Sciences

Society of Natural History

St. John

Northamp’n, Mass.

St. John

Ottawa

Manchester

London

London

London

Kew, England. .

London

Hobartown

Perth

Sydney

Washington

New York

Philadelphia

Chicago

Wilkesbarre

New York,.

Milwaukee

Indianapolis

Newport, R. I

Staten Island

Rapid City

New York.

Ithaca, N. Y

Hamilton

Toronto

Ottawa .. ..

London

Winnipeg

Ottawa

Halifax

London

Baltimore

Madison

Lancaster, Pa....

Lansing

New York

Washington

Washington

Toronto

Ottawa

Baltimore

New Haven

Albany

Montreal

Salem. Mass

Miramichi

San Francisco

Denver

Sydney, N. S. W. .
Rochester, N. Y^..,

Berkley .

Washington

Milwaukee . . . . ,

London

St. Louis

Columbus

Buffalo

Boston

Books.

1 year’s Subt. to Science
Books.

Proceedings.

Transactions.

Journals.

Journals.

Bulletin.

Hand List of Birds.
Proceedings.

Mining Stat., (Gazette.)
Proceedings (Abstract.)
Reports.

Jour., Annals, Memoirs
Proceedings.

Reports and Bulletins.
Proceedings.

Bulletins, Report.
Bulletin.

Reports.

Proceedings.

do.

Bullet ins.
do.
do.

Studies.

By E. C. Jeffrey.
Transactions,

Canadian Entomologist
Reports and Transac.
Bulletins.

Calendar.

Proc., Rep’ts. Year Bk.
Atlas, Eocene. P-Am. Ex
Transactions.

Journals.

iBulletins.

Abstract.

Circul’rs. Bul’ts, Repts.
Mono’gphs, Rpts, Bul’ts
Proceedings.

Bulletins.

Circulars.

Transactions.

Report.

Papers

Magazine, Can. Erb,
Proceedings,
do.

Proc. College Studies.
Records, Reports.
Proceedings.

Bulletins
Annual Reports.

Annual Reports
Abs. of Proceedings.
Report.

Report.

I Bulletin.

Proceedings.

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

5 1 2

DONATIONS TO THE LIBRARY. -Continued.

Donou's Name.

Residence.

I.,loyd Library

Society of Natural History

Museum Association

Astronomical Society

U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey

U. S. Fish Commission

Iowa Geological Survey

3Iinnesota Academy of Natural Sciences

Society of Natural History

Geological Survey.

Yorkshire Geological and Polytechnic Society. .

Biological Society

Geological Society

Museum’s Journal

Academy of Science

Nova Scotia Museum

Field Naturalist Club

National Museum

Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes

Societe Geologique de Belgique

Geological Instiiution

Societe Scientifitiue du Chile

U. S. Weather Bureau

Colorado College

Experimental Farms

Indiana Academy of Science

Institute Geologico de Mexico. .

Crown Land Department of New Brunswick

Royal Academy of Science and Arts

Imperial Academy of Science

Field Naturalist Club

Field Naturalist Club, Sir Wm. Dawson

Royal Academy of Science

Royal Societe M^lacologique Belgium

Queen’s Quarterly

Public Library

Department of Agriculture

Cinncinati

Cincinnati.. .

Cincinnati

Toronto

Washington ...
Washington .. .
Des Moines —
Minneapolis . . .

Portland

Ottawa

Leeds

Liverpool

Liverpool

Sheffield

St. Louis

Halifax

Ottawa

Montevideo ....

Paris

Liege

Upsala

Santiago

Washington

Ottawa

Indianapolis, . .

Mexico

Fredericton

Barcelona ....
St. Petersburg.

Ottawa

Ottawa

Stockholm

Brussels

Kingston

Toronto

Ottawa

Work.

. . IBnlletin.

, . 'Bulletins.

, . i Annual Report.

. . I Transactions.

. . ! Report.

, . j Bulletin.

. . 'Report.

Bulletins.

. . Bulletin
. [Reports, Maps.

. . [Proceedings.

. . do.

. . i do.

. . I do .

. . I do.

. I Report.

. . Ottawa Naturalist.

. . Annals.

. . Journal.

. . Transactions.

. . Bulletin,
do.

. . Weather Review Rep’ts
. . Studies.

. . Bulletins.

M- Proceedings.

. . Bulletin.

. . Annual Report.

. . Bulletin,
do.

. Canadian Botany.

. . Bibliography.

. . Proceedings.

.. Bulletin.

. . Journal.

. . Catalogue.

. . Bulletin.

PURCHASED.

Chambers’ Cyclopedia of English Literature. Two Volumes.
Hicker’s Epidemics of Middle Ages.

Archaia. By Sir J. W. Dawson.

Drew’s Chronological Chart.

Statistical Year Book of Canada.

LIST OF MEMBERS.

513

LIST OF MEMBERS.

Honorary Members.*

Bailey, Prof. Loring W

Ganong, Prof. W. F

Laflamrae, Monsignor J. C. K

Marr, Prof. John E

Fredericton.

Northampton, Mass

Quebec*

. . .Cambridge, G. B-

Life Members.

‘Chamberlain, M

Hegan, James B.*

Hay, George, U

Matthew, R.*

Corresponding Members.

. . . Boston, Mass.
. . . Charlottetown.

St. John.

Cienfuegos, Cuba.

Baxter, Dr. John

Brittain, John

Butler, W. S

Chalmers, Robert

Cox, Dr. Philip

Duncan, Dr. G. M

Forir, H

* Gesner, G. W ...

Gilmor, Dr

London, Duncan

Hickman, W. Albert. . . .

Kirkland, Dr. R. J

Livingstone, Colin H

McLaughlin, I). J. W....
Matthew, Rev. C. R. . . .
Matthew, Dr. William D.

Moore, W, A

Perkins, Henry

Smith, Dr. A. C

'Trueman, Geo. J

Vroom, James

Wilson, W. J

Chatham.

Fredericton.

..Butler, Queens County.

Ottawa.

Chatham

Bathurst, N. B.

Liege, Belgium.

New York.

... .Quaco.

Lakeville Corner.

Pictou, N. S.

Grand Rapids, Michigan.

New York.

Grand Manan

Kingsville, Ont.

New York

York County.

McAdam, N. B.

Tracadie, N. B.

Sackville.

St. Stephen, N. B.

Ottawa.

Members since organization in 1862.

14

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

Ordinary Members.

Addy, H. Geo. 31. 1).
Allan, W. W'atson.
Barnhill, Geo. E.

Bowden, U'm. C.

Burdett, \S\ F.

Bustin, S. B.

Banks, .T. W.

Campbell, J. Roy.

Clarke, C. P.

Day, Geo. A.
deSovres, Rev. J.

Ellis; Hon. J. V., LL. D.
Ellis, W. L., M. 1).

Estey, James A.
Fairweather, G. Ernest.
Fisher, W. S.

Flood, Edward H. S.
Fotheringham. Rev. T, F.
Frink, J. H., 31. 1).
Gilmour, A. B.

Hall, Percy G.

Hatheway, W. Frank
Holman, F. E.

Howe, John D.

Indies, R. P., 31. D.^
Jones, Fred. C.

Kain, Samuel W.
Kingdon, Right Rev. Dr.
Kinnear, Harrison
Leavitt, A. Gordon
Lordly, Arthur R.

Lordly, Henry R.. C. E.

Markham, Alfred
31elvin, Dr. G. G.
3Iorrisey, Alfred
3Iowatt, Jas.

31owatt, W. H.
31urdoch, Wm., C. E.
McIntosh, W.
McKinnon, John
Paddock, 31. V.
Reynolds, James
Rowe, Chas. F. B.
Rogerson, John
Scammell, J. H., 31. 1).
Scovil, E. G.

Sears, Edward
Seelv, Alfred
Shewen, E. T. P., C. E.
Skinner, Hon. C. X.
Starr, F. P.

Stead, Geoffrey, C. E.
Stetson, F.

Stothard, Thomas
Thompson, Enoch
Vroom, Wm. E.

Walker, James. 31. D.
Waring, Geo. H.
Wetmore, Dr. H. C.
Wilson, J. E.

Wilson, LeBaron
White, W. W., 31. D.
White, Wm.

Junior 3Iember.
31urdoch, Robert

Associate 31embers.

Abbott, Mrs. E. X'.
Adam, 3iiss Helen
Add}’, 31 rs. H. Geo.
Allan, Mrs. W. Watson
Barker, 3Jiss Helen
Barker, 3Jiss Lizzie G.
Barker, 3Iiss Kate
Black, 31 rs. S. 3IcCully
Bowden, 3lrs. William
Bowden, 31 rs. Wm. C.

Boyer, 31iss
Brown, 31iss Ina S.

Bustin, 31rs. S. B.

Calhoun, 3Irs. J. R.

Clark, 3Iiss L. 31,

Clinch, 3Jrs. R. T. (England)-
Colwell, 3Iiss Emma
Connell, 31iss 31.

Connell, 31iss E. Joyce
Cotter, 3Iiss Kate A. 31.

Meml>er since organization in 1862.

LIST OF MEMBERS.

515>

Associate Members — Continued.

Duval, Miss Amelia
Dawson, Miss J. C.

Elkin, Mrs, E. C
Ellis, Mrs. J. V.

Erwin, Mrs.

Estabrooks, Miss J. E.
Fairweather, Mrs. G. Ernest
Fairweather, Miss Mabel L
Finen, Mrs. Jas. L.

Fiske, Mrs. Emma S.
Fowler, Miss Minnie
Gal li van, Miss May
Golding, Mrs. G. N.

Gerow, Mrs. Geo. W.
Gibson, Miss Maud
Goodwin, Mrs. A. L.
Goodwin, Miss E. M.
Gilbert, Miss Minnie
Gorham, Mrs. F. C.

Gray, Miss Sadie
Hall, Mrs. W. S.

Hamilton, Mrs. Geo. A.
Hatheway, Mrs. W. Frank
Hay, Mrs. Geo. U.

Hea, Miss Annie M.

Holman, Mrs. F. E.

Holman, Mrs. A. L.

Hogan, Miss C. M.
Honeywell, Miss Annie B.
Hunt, Miss Ariana L.

Jack, Miss A. D.

Johnston, Miss Annie E.
Jarvis, Miss Ethel Hazel
Kerr, Miss Kate A.

Landry, Mrs. I. J. D.
Lawrence, Mrs. J. M.
Lawlor, Miss Katie E.
Leavitt, Mrs. R. T.

Lingley, Miss Louise
Longmaid, Miss
Manning, Mrs. Edward
Matthew, Mrs. Geo. F.
Matthew, Mrs. R.

Matthew, Miss Theodora
Markham, Miss Edith
McBeath, Miss Edith M.
McGarron, Miss Alicia
Marshall, Mrs. Robt.

McKean, Mrs. Geo.

Morrisey, Mrs. Alfred
Morrow, Miss May I.

Mowatt, Miss M. J.

Murphy, Miss Grace
Murray, Mrs. Geo.

Nannary, Miss Mary A.

Olive, Miss K.

Otty, Miss H. A.

Paddock, Mrs. M. V.

Page, Mrs. H, C.

Page, Miss Annie L.

Price, Mrs. G. R.

Prichard, Miss Helen M
Pay son, Miss Estella T.
Racine, Miss L.

Rankine, Mrs. Thos. A.
Robinson, Miss Eleanpr
Robb, Miss Annie D.

Rowan, Miss Jean M.

Salter, Miss Laura
Schofield, Mrs. John K.
Scovil, Mrs. G. E.

Sears, Mrs. Edw’ard
Seely, Mrs. J. Fred.

Seely, Miss Jean
Sharpe, Miss M. C.

Shaw, Miss M. H.

Shefiield, Mrs. M.

Smith, Mrs. Morton
Smith, Miss M. Barry
Starr, Mrs. R. P.

Stetson, Mrs. F.

Stockton, Mrs. A. A.
Sutherland, Miss Jesie K.
Stead, Miss Frances M.
Simms, Mrs. T. S.

Titus, Mrs. F. R.

Thompson, Mrs. Robert
Thompson, Mrs. Mary
Travis, Mrs. A. McN.
Vincent, Mrs. T. Newton
Wardroper, Mrs. Herbert E..
Warner, Mrs. James
Wetmore, Miss I.

Whitney, Mrs. Jas.

Wright, Miss
Yerxa, Miss Ivy

■5 1 G

HULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

OFFICERS AND COMMITTEES OF THE NATURAL HISTORY
SOCIETY FOR

Patron.

His Honor the Lieutenant Oovernor, Honorable J. B. Snowball.
Council for 1902.

PremJtni — Honorable John V. Ellis, LL. I).

I ice- Presidents Geo. i. Matthew, LL j)^ Heniy George Addy, M. D.
Treasurer — A. Gordon Leavitt.

Serretary — G. U. Hay, 1). Sc.

Ldmirian — Geoffrey Stead, C. E.

Curators — S. Mb Kain, J. ^Y. Banks, Wm. McIntosh.

Additional Members — .1. Roy Campbell, James A. Esbey, W. F. Hatheway.

Associate Members’ Branch.

President — Mrs. Geo. F. Matthew.

Vice-Presidents — Mrs. Geo. U. Hay, Mrs. H. G. Addy.

Sec ret ary -Treasurer — Miss Edith McBeath.

Standino Committees for 1902.

Arrhrpoloyy — S. W. Kain, Dr. A. C. Smith, Mrs. ^Ym. Bowden, Miss Alice
-lack.

Botany — Geo. U. Hay, Prof. W. F. Ganong, John Brittain, Jas. Vroom.
Entomoloyy — W. McIntosh, A. Gordon Leavitt.

Finance — A. Gordon Leavitt, J. Roy Campbell, W. F. Hathevay.

(leoloejy — Dr. Geo. F. Matthew, Prof. L. ^Y. Bailey, G. Stead, C. E.

Lectures — G. U. Hay, Dr. H. Geo. Addy, Dr. Geo. F. Matthew, W. McIntosh.
Library — G. Stead, Mjs. Geo. U. Hay, Mrs. \Y. F. Hatheway.

Microscopes— \)v. \\. L. Ellis, Wm. H. Mowatt, Dr. Mb Mb MJiite, C. F. B.
Rowe, M. V. Paddock.

Ornitholoyy — A. Gordon Leavitt, M^illiam White, J. M^. Banks.

Physics and Chemistry — Mblliam Murdock, C. E., Prof. A. MJlmer Duff, E. T.
lib Shewen, C. E., G. Stead, C. E.

Press — Geo. U. Hay, S. Mb Kain, A. Gordon Leavitt, ML McIntosh.
Pnblicatirms — Dr. Geo. F. Matthew, S. W. Kain, G. U. Hay, A. Gordon
Leavitt.

Booms — Dr. H. Geo, Addy, Mrs. Geo. F. Matthew, Mrs. W. S. Hall, Mrs.
G. U. Hay.

OCSEKVAJIOMS KeCOKUEL) AT St. JoilN Oi5SEKVATOKY, LATITUDE 45° 17' N. LoNCJlTUDE ()6° 4' W.

D. Leavitt Hutchinson, Director.

METEOROLOGICAL ABSTRACT.

517

•siujoig jopnnqx

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Wind Direction and Velocity.

•saijivi

9,099

9,759

8,5'24

7.229

5,983

0,640

4,879

0,085

6,885

9,139

9,388

11,180

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70

70

94
115
161
142

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: uoT^iR^idiodJj

4.73

0.99

3.21

3.50
4.07
6,84
1.16
1.47
3.35

1.51
3.24
4.99

•papnop A’noqM = ot

t.reap=o tssaujuaio

5

7

0

5

5

5

6

Thermometer.

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-14.8
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—1.5
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32
40 6
49
52
40
31.2
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42.5

38.7

48.7

64.8

69.6

78.6

84.3

78.5

80.3

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51.1

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19.6
19 5

29.8

43.9

43.4

57 9

63.4

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48.5

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Barometer.

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30.57
30.08
30.46
30 57
30.. 30

30.31

30.32
30 34
30.48
30.69
30.45
30.67

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29.94
29.57
29.91
30.13
29.96
29.98
29 92
30.09
30.03
30.05
29.87

29.95

.

January

February

March

April

May

June.....

July

August

September

October

November

December

Barometer readings have been reduced to sea level and 32° Fahrenheit. The minus sign when used, indicates
temperatures below zero, The maximum temperature, 84.3, was registered on the 15th .Tul}’ ; the minimum,
14.8 lielow zero, on the 20th of January. The total precipitation for year was 39.12 inches.

( !■'

Page.

Acantholenus spiniger, development of .. . 41

Acrothele avia and varieties, 390

A abavia, ..... 398

A proles, . . 400

Acrothele, species, distribution of .... 402

Acrotnyra, a new genus. ... 303

A signata and varieties, 381

A proavia and varieties, ..... 386

Acrotreta bisecta, description of 275

A papillata and varieties 390

A socialis, 392

Acrotreta, development of. . . ....... 394

A sipo, description of . . . 406

Address (Annual) of the President, 345

Address (Annual) of the President, 48.3

Agaricacefe of New Brunswick, 342

Agnostus trisectus — ponepunctus, description of 278

A trisectus — germanus, 279

Analysis of Marsh soils ..... 1 04

Analysis of Well waters in N. B ...... 1.50

Animals of New Brunswick, list of works on 133

Annelidre, Etcheminian, 191

Annual Report of Council, 1898, page 80 ; 1899, page 173 ; 1900, page

.363; 1901, 501

Anomocare stenotoides, development of .. 41

Archaeology of New Brunswick, Notes on 287

Archaeology, Report on, S. W. Kain, ...... 494

Asaphellus Homfrayi variety, 413

A young of . . ..... 417

Asaphellus planus, description 419

Bailey, Prof. L. W., Life of James Robb, .... 1

Bald Mountain, Tobique, error in location of 130

Batrachia of New Brunswick, 64

Batrachians of New Brunswick, 169

Bay of Fundy Rivers, how they discharge into sea, .... 52

Bead of French Period, .... 310

Bellerophon insulae, description of ..... 408

B Bretonensis, description of 409

INDEX

11.

INDEX.

Page.

K semisculptus, description of 410

Bibliograph}’ of Scientific Publications of New Brunswick, 75

Biggar, N. N., Report of Kings County Natural History Society, . . 260, 179

Biological opportunity in New Brunswick, ...... 131

Birds of New Brunswick, additions to list of 73

Birds of New Brunswick, A. Cordon Leavitt, 170

Birds, Report on 356

Bone Harpoons from Oak Bay, 293

Botanj’, Report of Committee on 75, 168, 350, 496

Botany of Quaco, 70

Brachiopoda, Etcheminian 190

Brad or ia, new genus ..... 204

Brephida' of New Brunswick, 222

Brittain, Jno., Report of Fredericton Natural History Society, 259

Browsing effects, observed near St. Stephen, 236

Butterriies of New Brunswick, .... 225, 223

Butterffies of New Brunswick, by \\\ Mclntosli, 114

Cambrian trilobite, A New 137

Cambrian Fossils from Cape Breton, 270

Cambrian of Cape Breton, Additional notes, and descriptions of new

species, 377

Chicago Bay, Marsh and lake region, at head of ..... 93

Clavariacea? of New Brunswick, ..... 344

Color of water in New Brunswick rivers, 44

Committees of the Society: 1898, page 89; 1899, page 186 ; 1900,

page 374 ; 1901, 516-

Cox, Dr. Philip, on New Brunswick Batrachia, 64

Crayfish, The, in New Brunswick, 54

Crucifix, leaden, of French period, 310*

Crustacea, Etcheminian .... 194

Dalhousie and St. Andrews, a coincidence, 49’

Development of two genera of trilobites from one phylum, 41

Diatom Lake, mud deposit at 252

Duff, Prof. A. Wilmer, on tidal phenomena at Quaco. . . 69

Duff, Prof. A. Wilmer on the dip of the magnetic needle in New

Brunswick, 105

Kartlniuakes in New Brunswick, list of , . ...... 16

P^artlajuake shock, August 14, 1898 172

Earth’s crust, warping of, near St. John, 504

Ellis, Hon. J. V., President, Address ...... 483

P^tcheminian or Basal Cambrian, description of species, 380

Etcheminian I'auna of Newfoundland, notice of 190

Explanation of Plates, 421

INDEX. 111.

Page.

Faunas, successive of the St. John ^roup, 285

Field meetings held, ....:. .... 361

Field work of the Society ... 507

Fishes of New Brunswick, addition to list, .... 73

Fissure wells in New Brunswick, ..... 143

Fissure wells, table of. . . . ... 148

Forestry problem in New Brunswick 227

Forestry literature important to New Brunswick ..... 427

Forest fires in New Brunswick, 434

Formation of Lake and Bog deposits at Chignecto Bay, 98

Fossils of the Etcheminian of Cape Breton, 199

Fredericton Natural History Society, report of, page 84, 178, 259, 364

Fungi, Preliminary list of... . .... 341

'Ganong, Prof. W. F. His notes on Natural History and Physio-
graphy of New Brunswick, 313, 227, 122, 44

Gastromycetes of New Brunswick, 344

.Gasteropoda, Etcheminian... 190

Geological data at Quaco .... 67

Gouges and Scrapers, iron, of the French period, ..... 309

Grooved axe from Restigouche river, .... .... 289

Hall, P. G. , Annual Report, .... 83

Halophytic colonies in interior of New Brunswick 50

Harpoon of bone from Oak Bay, 292

Harpoon, iron, of French period, 308

Hay, Dr. G. U., List of Fungi of New Brunswick, .... 341

Hay, Dr. G. U., on Botany of Quaco, .... 70

Hay, Dr. G. U., Notes of a Wild Garden,. Ill, 108

Hay, Dr. G. U., Presidential Address, . . . . 345

Hay, Dr. G. U., Report of Committee on Botany, .... 496, 350

Hay, Dr. G. U., A wilderness journey in New Brunswick, ... . . 153

Hay, Dr. G. U., On South Tobique lakes, 472

Hay, Dr. G. U., Observations on Plants, 499

Heights of New Brunswick hills, 46, 62

Highest land in New Brunswick, What is the 231

Hevellacese of New Brunswick, 344

Highlands near Nictor lake, 245

Heights determined by aneroid in 1899.. . . .... 256

Hutchinson, D. L., on St. John observatory, 263

Hymenomycetes of New Brunswick 342

Hypsometeric section across central New Brunswick. . . ..... 451

Hypotheses to govern search for water, by boring, in N. B., 152

Hutchinson, D. L., Meteorological observations, ..77, 171, 373

Hydnacese of New Brunswick, 344

IV.

INDEX.

Page.

Improvements of marsh at Chignecto Bay, , 9(i

Insects, Report on .... ....

Invertebrates, Marine, of West part of Baie Chaleur, 55

Iroipiois {)ii)e, from Aroostook falls, .... 297

Kiiin, S. W., on Earthquakes in New Brunswick, .... .... 16

Kain. S. W., and G. F. Matthew, on Artesian and Fissure wells in

New Brunswick, 143

Kain, S. W., Notes on the Arclneology of New Brunswick, 287

Kain, S. W., and C. F. B. Rowe, on some early Relics of the French

period, .... 305

Kennebecasis Valley, Geological Map of 37

Kettles of Aborigines in New Brunswick, 305

Kings County Natural History Society, Report of . 85, 179, 260

Knives of the French period, 308

Lamellibranchs, Etchmin, 191

Leavitt, A. G., Report on Birds 356

Lectures and Essays, 1898, page 81 ; 1900, page 360 ; 1899, page 175

Leptobulus, cf. linguloides, 4o7

Library, Donations to 86, 184, 368, 511

Lingula (?) lens. Description of 274

Lingulella (?) Escasoni, Description of 270

L. concinna, Description of .... 273

L. cf. Davisii and lepis, .... 408

List of Members, 370

Little S. W. Miramichi, Physiographic History of 465

Lunar rainbow on Trowsers lake, 451

Lycanidie of New Brunswick, ..... 119

McIntosh, Wm., on the Butterflies of New Brunswick, 223, 114

McIntosh, Wm., on the Noctuidae of New Brunswick, . 209

McIntosh, Wm., on the Hawk and Bombycine Moths of N. B 301

McIntosh, W'm., Report on Zoology 355

McIntosh, W'm., Annual Report, 1901 ... ..... 50l

Magnetic Needle, Dip of in New Brunswick, 105

Magnetic Disturbances, .... 1^‘-

Magnetic Dip, Measurement of, in New Brunswick, .... 435

Mahood Lakes, Physiography of Basin of o7

Manchester, Jas., Donation of prizes, .... .... 185

Marsh and Lake Region at Head of Chignecto Bay 93

Marsh Formation at Chignecto Bay,

Marsh Soil at Chignecto Bay, lb-

Matthew, G. F., Recent Discoveries in St. John Group, 32

Matthew, G. F., on Geology of Quaco, .... b''

INDEX.

Page.

Matthew, G. F., on New Cambrian trilobite, 137

Matthew, G. F., on Etcheminian Fauna of Newfoundland, ... 1S9

Matthew, G. F., on Etcheminian Fauna of Cape Breton, ... 19S

Matthew, G. F., on New Species of Cambrian Fossils from Cape

Breton, 269

Matthew, G. F., on Acrothyra, a new genus of Brachiopods, 303

Matthew, G. F., Additional Notes on Cambrian of Cape Breton, . . . 37S

Matthew, G. F., and S. W. Kain, on Artesian and Fissure Wells , . . 143

Mean Sea Level at St. John, 78

Meteorological Observations, Table of, St. John, 77, 171, 266, 373,

Members of the Society, List of 513, 370

Metadoxides magnificus, Trilobite, ..... 137

Milnagek (Island) Lake Basin, 468

Mineral rods, use of in New Brunswick.. . 323

Miramichi, Little South-west, Physiography of 456

Modiolopsis (?) cf. Solovensis, 408

Moser, John, list of New Brunswick mosses, 23

Moths, Hawk and Bomb^’cine of New Brunswick, list of 301

“ Mud lakes,” on the nature of the mud . . ..... 126

Museum, donations to .... 87, 184, 365, 510

Nalaisk mountain, height of 3.36

Natural History and Physiography of New Brunswick, 56, 122, 227, 313, 427

Natural pavements and their mis-interpretation, 124

Negoot or South Tobi([ue lakes, ..... 324

Nepisiguit River, Physiographic history of 314

Nepisiguit River, Plants growing on . . ... 1,")5

Nictor Lake and heights above sea, 238, 319

(Nictor) Bald Mountain, error in location of 130

Noctuidpe of New Brunswick, List of ... . .... 209

Nomenclature, suggestions to amend 321

Nomenclature, proposed for New Brunswick hills. . . .. 248

Nymphalidiv of New Brunswick, 115

Observations in a Wild Garden, Ill

Observatory, The St. John. . . 263

Officers of the Society, 1898-1901, pages 89, 186, 374, 516

Optical illusion in peat bogs, 237

Origin of the Negoot lakes, . . 3,32

Outlook for our Society — Presidential address, 345

Oyster culture at Passamaquoddy Bay, attempts at. .. 125

Palaeobolus, a new sub-genus, . 201

Papilionidas of New Brunswick, ..... 126

Parabolina Dawsoni, new species, 282

VI.

INDEX.

Page.

Paraboinella quadrata, n. sp., .... 411

Pearl Fisheries of New Brunswick, Bibliography of ... . .... 133

Peat Bog, Strange position of a 338

Peneplains and Monadnocks in New Brunswick, 320

Peneplains of New Brunswick, Origin of 440

Pendent of stone, .... 291

Physiographic Districts of New Brunswick 223

Physiographic history of Miramichi River, 445

Pipes of Stone, various types in New Brunswick, .... 294

Pitted Stone from Ring Island, ..... 289

Plants of New Brunswick, list of works on 133

Plants found on Nepisiguit River, 158, 160

Plants, Observations on, 1901, G. U. Hay, 499

Portage routes. Origin of 313

“ Portashing on the Nepisiguit, 150

Polyporaceo3 of New Brunswick, ..... 343

Prince Edward Island Natural History Society, Report of 180, 261

Protolenus Fauna of St. John Group, .... 33

Quaco, origin of the name, . . 72

(,)uaco, summer camp at, report on • 67

t

Randomia, a new genus of molluscs 190

Relics of the early French period in New Brunswick. . . 305

Remarkable spring near Negoot lakes 337

Restigouche River, physiographic history of .... 322

Robb, Ur. James, sketch of his life and labors, 1

Robb, Dr. James, Botanical studies in New Brunswick, 4

Robb, Dr. James, Geological map of New Brunswick. . 7

Robb, Dr. James, additions to college museums, 13

Robb, Dr. James, his sudden and early death, 15

Robb, Dr. James, list of his published writings, 15

Rowe, C. F. B., on the Batrachians of New Brunswick. 169

Scenery on the Nepisiguit River, 161, 156

Schizambon priscus, description of ..... 277

Search for water by boring, rules to govern, 152

Shewan, E. T. P., on mean sea-level at St. John 78

Sinking of coast of New Brunswick 339

Soapstone pipe from Newcastle, 298

South Tobi([ue lakes, G. U. Hay, 472

S[>hmroi)bthalmus Fletcheri, n. sp., 281

St. Andrews and Dalhousie a coincidence, 49

St. John Group, recent discoveries in. . . . ,32

Stone with conical holes, ... 287

INDEX.

Vll.

Page.

Students, notable, of Natural History of New Brunswick, 166

Summer camp at Quaco, report on, 67

Surface geology of the marsh region, Chignecto Bay,. . ..... 94

Sword, iron, of French period in New Brunswick 308

Thyatiridai of New Brunswick, .... 209

Tidal phenomena at Quaco, ..... 69

Tobi^iue River, Physiographic history of ...... 428

Topographical Survey of New Brunswick, lack and cost of ..... 122, 230

Tourists on the northern rivers of New Brunswick, 163

Toy, Leaden, of the French period, 316

Tremadoc Fauna in Cape Breton, ....*.. 405

Triarthrus Belli, Description of 412

Trimellaceas of New Brunswick, ...... 344

Trueman, Geo. J., on Marsh region of Chignecto Bay, 93

Tuadook lakes region. Physiography of 461

University of New Brunswick, Centennial of 362

Unnamed New Brunswick hills and mountains, 248

Urotheca, new genus of Etcheminian Terrane, 191

Vegetation of New Brunswick, Plan for study of 127

Waterfalls of New Brunswick, Morphology of 436

Watson, L. W., Report of Prince Edward Island Natural History and

Antiquarian Society, 261

Wild Garden, notes of a . . . 108

Wilderness journey in New Brunswick and its suggestions, 153

Wind, Effects of, on vegetation at isthmus of Chignecto, ..... 134

Zoology, Reports on 169, 355

Maps.

Cambrian System in the Kennebecasis valley, 3q

The Mahood lakes, Charlotte County, .... 59

Isthmus of Chignecto, Part of ..... 93

Physiographic districts of New Brunswick, 234

Nictor lake, N. B., and its vicinity, .... 241

Nictor lake and Upper Nepisiguit, ..... 250

Nepisiguit River, and ancient courses of, ...... 318

Negoot or South Tobique Lakes, 328

Tobique river in New Brunswick, 429

Little S. W. Miramichi, a portion of 456

Tuadook (Little S. W. Miramichi) lakes, ^ 461

Milnagek or Island lake, etc., 468

Vlll.

INDEX.

Tables.

Page.

Artesian wells in New Brunswick, ..... .... 147

Fissure and Beep wells in New Brunswick, 148

Base of the Paljcozoic Rocks in the Maritime Provinces of Canada, . . 378

Distribution of Acrothyra and Acrotretain Cape Breton, 381

Size and form of ventral valve in Acrotreta, 395

Distribution of Acrothele in Eastern Canada, 402

^ Plates.

Portrait of Dr. James Robb, facing title page,

Types of the Protolenus Fauna, 34

Development of two Cambrian genera 40

Metadoxides magnificus, Cambrian trilobite, 136

Plate I — Mollusca, Etcheminian, Newfoundland, 196

Plate II and III — Tube worms, Etcheminian, Newfoundland, 196

Plate I and II — Lingulellidre, Etcheminian, Cape Breton, ...... 208

Plate III — Acrotretidae, Etcheminian, Cape Breton, 208

Plate IV— Ostracoda and sections. Cape Breton, 208

Plate V — New Cambrian fossils, Cape Breton . . 256

I’late VI — Stone with conical holes, Maquapit Lake, 300

Plate VIT — Bone Harpoon, Oak Bay, Charlotte County, 300

Plate VIII — Stone pendants from Cain’s River and Grand Lake, 300

Plate IX — Indian pipes from Tracadie, etc 300

Plate X — Iron weapons and copper kettles, French period. . 312

Plate XI — Beads, kettle and toy, French period, 312

Plate XII — Iron tools and sword and crucifix, French period . . 312

Plate XIII — Acrothy ra signata and varieties ...... 426

Plate XIV — Acrothyra signata proavia, ...... 426

Plate XV — Acrotreta species and varieties 426

Plate XVI — Acrotreta and Acrothele, . 426

Plate XVII — Acrothele, species and varieties 426

Plate XVIII — Tremadoc Fauna, species of 426

9

INDEX.

IX.

Cuts in the Text.

Effects of wind on vegetation,

Browsing effect upon spruces,

Optical illusion over peat bog,

Earlier maps of Nictor Lake,

Various views of Nictor Lake,

View from summit of Bald Mountain, etc..

Views from Mount Teneriffe,

Views from Denny’s Mountain,

Pitted stone from Mac)uapit Lake,

Grooved stone axe from Newcastle, Miramichi,
Soapstone pipes from Newcastle, Miramichi,

New genus of Brachiopods from Cape Breton,
South Tobique lakes, showing old vuilleys.
Serpentine river and Nalaisk mountain, . .

Beaver house on Gulquac Lake,

Bald Head Mountain on Tobique river, . .

Page.
13.5
237
23S
239
242, 243
246
252, 253
255
2S8
29(J
298
303
333
336
477
481

NOTICE

The Society has for sale the following publications, which may be had
on application to the Secretary.

PRICE.

Geological Map of St, John and Vicinity, by William D. Matthew, 1894, .10

Map of Nictor Lake and Vicinity, by Prof. W. F. Ganong 10

Map of South Tobique Lakes, by Prof. W. F. Ganong 10

How to find Time of High Water on the St. John River, by A. W. Duff, .10
Economic Mollusca of Acadia, by W. F. Ganong, Bound in cloth. Ex-
cellent handbook for students in the Atlantic Provinces of Canada
and Maine ; also of value to fishery officials, 50

The Bulletins of the Society contain the following articles,
among others :

Bulletin X. — Discoveries at a Village of the Stone Age at Bocabec, N. B. ;

Fossiliferous Horizons of the Cambrian Rocks at St. John, N. B. ,
by Geo. F. Matthew 40

Bulletin XI. — The Climate of Acadia in the Earliest Times, by Geo. F.

Matthew ; Observations on some New Brunswick Fishes, by
Philip Cox . . .40

Bulletin XII. — An Outline of Phytobiology, by W. F. Ganong ; Crystal-
line Rocks near St. John, by W, D. Matthew ; and Outlets of
the St. John River, by Geo. F. Matthew '. .50

Bulletin XIII. — An Outline of Phytobiology, by W. F. Ganong; Icthy-
ology of New Brunswick, by Dr. Cox ; Volcanic Rocks of
Maritime Provinces, by W. D. Matthew., . 50

Bulletin XIV. — Sketch of Dr. Gesner ; Flora of the Restigouche, by G.

U. Hay ; Remarkable Sounds in the Bay of Fundy, by W. F.
Ganong ; Two Shrews new to New Brunswick, by Dr. Cox 50

Bulletin XV. — Scientific Work of Dr. Gesner, by Geo. F. Matthew;

Description of an Extinct Palaeozoic Insect, by Geo. F. Matthew;

Tidal Phenomena of the St. John River, by Prof. A. W. Duff . . .50

Bulletin XVI. — Sketch of Dr. J. Robb, by Prof. Bailey ; List of Earth-
quakes recorded in New Brunswick, by S, W. Kain ; List of
Mosses of New Brunswick, by John Moser ; Recent Discoveries
in the St. John Group, by G. F. Matthew .50

Bulletin XVII. — Marsh Region at head of Bay of Fundy, bj^ G. J. True-
man ; “Dip” of Magnetic Needle in New Brunswick, by Prof.

A. W. Duff ; Butterflies of New Brunswick, by William Mc-
Intosh ; A New Cambrian Trilobite, by Dr. G. F. Matthew ;
Artesian Wells in New Brunswick, by G. F. Matthew and
S. W. Kain 50

Bulletin XVIII. — Etcheminian Faunas of Newfoundland and Cape
Breton, by Dr. G. F. Matthew ; Noctuidse of New Brunswick,

W. McIntosh ; Notes on the Physiography of New Brunswick,
by W. F. Ganong 50