BULLETIN

OCT 22 1940

OF THE

1 1 ci

Natural History Society

OF

NEW BRUNSWICK

No. XXVI.

Vol. VI. Part I.

PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY.

ST. JOHN, N. B.:

Barnes & Go., Printers, Prince Wm. Street.
1908.

CONTENTS.

Page.

ARTICLE I.—

The Physical Evolution of Acadia.

Part I. The Insular Stage of Pre-Devonian Development 3-16

ARTICLE II.—

Notes on the Natural History and Physiography of New Bruns-
wick., 17-39

ARTICLE III.—

The Fungi of New Brunswick, 40-43

ARTICLE IV. —

Observations on Weather and Plants, 1907, 44-45

ARTICLE V: —

Memorial Sketch of the Late John Moser, 46

ARTICLE VI. —

Phenomena of the Tides at Indiantown, 47-49

ARTICLE VII. —

Notes on New Brunswick Weather for 1907, 50-54

APPENDIX.—

Summary of President’s Address, 55

Report of Council, 56-70

Report of the Ladies' Association, 71

Donations , 72-74

Officers and Committees for 1908, 75-76

List of Members, 76-83

BULLETIN

' ' i[)F THE *

Natural History Society

OF

NEW BRUNSWICK.

No. XXVI.

Vol. VI. Part I.

PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY.

ST. JOHN, N. B :

Barnes & Co., Printers, Prince Wm. Street.
1908.

v f: / f. (; | .1
■' ; f1' f os rui.'i ui,'

em

.^C o m Paif^v
^ Zoo\oav V

f^OCT 2219+0

u b k *

ARTICLE I.

THE PHYSICAL EVOLUTION OF ACADIA. PART I.— THE
INSULAR STAGE, OR PRE-DEVONIAN DEVELOPMENT.

By G. F. Matthew, LL. D., F. R. S. C.

Read December 3, 1907.

Under the above title the writer proposes to give a brief
sketch of the physical geography of Acadia at different periods,
of its geological history. This sketch is based on the observations
of various field geologists from the time of Dr. Abraham Gesner
to the present, and much of the data is drawn from the reports
of the Canadian Geological Survey. While using these report
the writer has given his own interpretation to the facts recorded,
which, while they may not in all cases agree with those of other
observers, are, he believes, the best and most natural explanation
of the phenomena observed.

This sketch of the geology is written in a somewhat popular
vein, and details are as far as possible omitted, as their insertion
would swell the paper to undue proportions.

For this occasion I propose to confine myself to the early
part of the history, namely, the ages preceding the great
“ Devonian Revolution,” which thoroughly changed the physical
geography of this region, introducing new faunas and floras,
and raising up land areas and mountain ranges which did not
exist before.

The Laurentian Phase.

On the north shore of the Bay of Fundy are some low hill
ranges of great antiquity, whose rocks form the core on which
the later geological terranes were built, and which had a tendency,
age after age, to be pushed up or elevated when earth-movements
were in progress, else they would long since have been buried

3

4

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

under thousands of feet of the deposits of later periods; but this
tendency of elevation has prevailed and brought them repeatedly
to the surface.

The structure of this Eaurentian terrane in the lower part
is confused and obscure, but its upper part has a clear succession
of limestones, quartzites and gneisses, which together form the
“ Upper Series” so called, and exhibit a succession of strata and
of changes in the sedimentation, quite as distinct as those which
are found in later formations. Organic remains are rare in the
fragmental sediments, for there are only a few worm burrows
and other indications of the presence of marine animals in the
quartzites and a few strap-like fossils in the silicious mud rocks.
In the limestone, however, are reefs of that peculiar calcareous
organism, Archoeozoon (apparently allied to the “ Layer Corals”)
to proclaim the existence of organic life at this dawning time in
the world’s history. Fossils of this type are known only from
the oldest Palaeozoic rocks — and these more ancient ones — and
this particular genus only in strata that are Pre-Cambrian.

The physical history of these old sediments and the changes
they have undergone are of intense interest to the thoughtful
observer, as they lead us back to the very dawn of geological
history.

Even before Huronian time this great formation had under-
gone important dynamical changes, had been deeply buried in
the earth’s crust, and had been injected with extensive masses
of syenite and quartz-diorite, which now separate the limestones
into isolated basins. In many of these igneous masses the horn-
blende has been chloritized, and sometimes we find the diorite
dykes that cut this system converted into serpentine, showing
that the whole mass of these rocks had been steeped in heated
waters, and their anhydrous constituents changed to hydrated
compounds, long before Cambrian times.

In the island of Cape Breton, areas of rocks of this system,
known as the George R. limestones, are found, some of which
show even less change by metamorphism than those on the north
side of the Bay of Fundy. They show a similar banded appear-
ance in gray and dark gray colors, parallel to the bedding, and,

THE PHYSICAL EVOLUTION OF ACADIA.

5

where they come in contact with the Cambrian rocks, are always
found to run beneath them.

It is supposed that this system is of the same age as the
Laurentian limestones of the Grenville area near Ottawa, though
the latter show a greater metamorphism, and the whole set of
strata there are greatly disturbed and injected with masses of
intrusive rocks carrying various crystalline minerals. In the
New Brunswick area, near the Bay of Fundy, these foundation
rocks are brought up in several parallel ridges, arranged
in echelon, and separated by the strata of the succeeding terrane.

Were we to attempt to interpret the physical history of
this region, as shown in the “ Upper Series” of the Laurentian
area, it might be stated in general terms as follows: —

First — Omitting the lower and more altered part, with its
feldspathic schists and its marbles, there is

Second — A quartzite formation (originally a fine sand)
marking the prevalence of ocean-shoal conditions — a sea bottom
traversed by strong marine currents, and showing few evidences
of the existence of living beings other than worm burrows, and
casts and exuviae of these animals.

Third — A thin formation of silicious mud, formed in stiller
and deeper water than the above quartzites, as the ocean bottom
sank. It contains strap-like organisms, probably seaweeds.

Fourth — A great limestone formation. In the lower part this
is chiefly a carbonate of lime with disseminated carbonaceous
matter; in the middle it becomes magnesian and in the upper
part it has many intercalated beds of fine grained pyritous trap
and of fine grained gray clay- slate. A formation like this exposes
a natural succession of members of a great sedimentary series.
It is in the limestone that we find remains of the primitive reef
builder, Archceozoon, and it is such a formation as in later ages
would indicate pure ocean waters and a warm temperature.

Synopsis. — To sum up this history there was: —

First — A rather deep ocean with muddy and some calcareous
deposits.

6

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

Second — A shallow ocean with strong marine currents — a
sandy formation.

Third — A deeper ocean devoid of strong currents, giving a
fine mud formation.

Fourth — An open ocean with pure sea-water, having reef
building organisms; and, as a result, a calcareous mud formation,
now converted into limestone.

As yet we have no proof that any part of Acadia was above
the sea at this time, but it is evident that the sands of the second
period must have been derived from the waste of some pre-
existing land not very far away containing granitic rocks.

The Huronian Phase.*

We have to contemplate the existence of two terranes in this
portion of the geological column in New Brunswick — a lower of
clay slates and magnesian schists and grits with intercalated
trap beds and levigated eruptives, capped by fine dark argillites;
and an upper a great and uniform series of volcanic effusives.

The relations of the different parts of the main or lower
terrane are more difficult to trace than that of the preceding
system owing to the softness of the upper member, which is
usually concealed in the hollows of valleys where it has been
eroded and subsequently covered up by later terranes of Palae-
ozoic Age.

The thickness of this terrane is very great as it may, in some
places, be crossed for a distance of five miles, showing consecutive
beds dipping at a high angle.

As in the Laurentian system we found a great limestone
member marking a period of rest and slow accumulation, so
in this there is a mass of fine gray argillites or clay slates, indi-
cating a time of repose when the earth’s crust was at rest and in
this region and covered by an ocean of considerable depth. Such
conditions and such deposits are likely to be wide-spread and
serve to trace geological terranes from one region to another.

*In this paper the term Huronian is used for the formations that intervene between
the terrane just described and the base of the Cambrian System.

THE PHYSICAL EVOLUTION OE ACADIA.

7

The lower portion of this division of the Huronian system
in New Brunswick is of granitic grits and coarse clay-slates,
having numerous chloritic schists and igneous intrusions in the
eastern exposures; but in the Passamaquoddy district dark
clay-slates with whin-stone beds or diorites prevail. In this
division are most .of the metallic mineral found around
Passamaquoddy Bay.

In the more central part of Charlotte County, to the west-
ward, these slates are heavily charged with sulphurets, chiefly
of iron, but having also copper and nickel ores.

The upper division of the Huronian system (“ Kingston
series or terrane”) consists chiefly of igneous rocks, and pre-
vailingly of volcanic deposits. It does not everywhere run
concurrently with the lower division for, though adjacent to it
in Kings County, is separated in Charlotte County by a dome or
ridge of Laurentian gneisses and limestones. This division is
very uniform in the character of its rocks, and extends north-
east in New Brunswick from Beaver Harbor for a distance of
seventy miles with a width of about five miles, to where it
passes beneath later Palaeozoic formations and is lost to view.

The magnetic iron-ore deposits of Lepreau, or New River,
are in this mass of volcanic rocks.

The Huronian terranes in southern New Brunswick, as a
whole, are intimately associated with the Laurentian and form
bands of strata alternating with the Laurentian masses. Of
these, the most easterly exposed extends from Bellisle, in Kings
County, to Beaver Harbor, in Charlotte County; a branch of this
passes to the islands of Passamaquoddy Bay. Another belt
of these rocks lies to the north-west of the granitic and gneissic
area at the St. Croix river, near St. Stephen, in the latter county.

In the very remote age in which this system was deposited
it would seem that the earth’s crust, in this region, was already
being thrown into those parallel north-east to south-west folds,
which have marked it in all subsequent time, and the causes
which now operate to squeeze and disturb the strata here were
active even then. Perhaps the most distinct proof of this
pressure and consequent dislocation is the sharp line bordering

s

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

the Kingston terrane on its south side, where it comes in contact
with the Laurentian. In Charlotte County the great mass of
the Kingston series, 10,000 feet thick, may be seen dipping
towards the Laurentian rocks, but never transgressing this sharp
dividing line. Hence, we conclude that this was an old fault
line where these igneous effusions found vent, and that as fast
as the Huronian lava and ashes were poured out they were de-
posited on a sinking land north of the fault, while the earth's
crust south of this line continued to rise, preserving the emerged
Laurentian land. Any lava and ashes that may have been
thrown out on the south side of the fault have been eroded and
removed ages ago, owing to the frequent elevation of the land
in the area on that side, where now the Laurentian rocks are
exposed.

Following the deposition of the Huronian rocks there must
have been elevation and a period of denudation before the depo-
sition of the Palaeozoic sediments, for these lie in valleys worn
in the softer parts of the Huronian; such a valley is that occupied
by the Long Reach of the St. John River and Belleisle Bay
and others farther west.

In all this region throughout Huronian and most of Palae-
ozoic time wTe find no great limestone deposits such as belong
to the Laurentian below; the next important limestones are
those at the base of the Carboniferous system, which are easily
recognized by their organic remains. No such fossiliferous land-
marks are known in the Huronian strata, so that, in determining
the age of these, we have to rely on their stratigraphical relations
to adjoining Laurentian or Palaeozoic masses of rock; and from
their relation to the Laurentian on one side and the Cambrian
on the other, we conclude that the rocks described above should
be referred to the Huronian System.

The system of rocks in Nova Scotia which we would parallel
with the Huronian of New Brunswick is the Maguma or gold-
bearing series of the Atlantic coast. As seen in the eastern half
of the peninsula of Nova Scotia, the lithological appearance is
in strong contrast with the Huronian on the north side of the
Bay of Fundy; but Professor Bailey, in tracing the gold-bearing

THE PHYSICAL EVOLUTION OF ACADIA.

9

series westward along the coast of that province, found that
hornblende schist and other volcanic rocks were intercalated;
and with these were red and greenish slates such as are found
in the corresponding rocks of Kings County, New Brunswick,
so that there would appear to be a passage through such beds
from the quartzites of the gold-bearing series to the dark-gray
slates with intercalated whins and diorites found in New Bruns-
wick. Or in other words, the sandy shallow water strata of
eastern Nova Scotia gradually change to mud-beds in the deeper
water which would then have prevailed to the north-west.

Over eastern and central Nova Scotia a body of black and
dark gray slates (‘‘Halifax formation”) overlie the quartzites
of the gold-bearing series, and reminds one greatly of the graptolite
schists of the older Palseozoic rocks. But these dark slates are
folded in with the old quartzite series above named and form
an integral part of it. They are to be paralleled with the fine
slates in the upper part of the Lower Huronian in New Brunswick;
the Kingston volcanic terrane which overlies them being younger
and not occurring, so far as we know, in that part of Nova
Scotia.

No remains of animals or plants have been found in the
Huronian of either New Brunswick or Nova Scotia; worm bur-
rows, however, and some obscure markings are known in the
quartzites of the gold-bearing series in the latter province. But
as there are well marked indications of organic forms in the
Laurentian rocks below, no doubt lowly forms of life existed
through all these periods. The destructive effects of igneous
or volcanic outbursts, which took place at this time in New
Brunswick, may have obliterated all traces of the marine animals
that then existed.

Synopsis. — To sum up the physical conditions in Huronian
time it may be said that there was in geographical sequence a
condition of things similar to a portion of the geological sequence in
the “Upper Series” of the Laurentian, of which we have previously
spoken, corresponding to the two first formations named, only
on an immensely greater scale as regards bulk. The Goldenville
division of Nova Scotia represents the ocean shoal deposit,

10

bulletin of the natural history society.

while in the deeper waters, north-west of it, in New Brunswick
were deposited the dark gray slates and whinstones of a deeper
ocean. In Nova Scotia, the Goldenville quartzites pass upward
into dark carbonaceous slates (“Halifax formation”) as the
coarse slates and grits of New Brunswick pass up into fine dark
gray slates.

As yet, however, we find no Acadian land, though as in the
Laurentian time the , sands of the quartzites and grits indicate
that some adjoining portion of the earth’s crust was above the
sea — now, however, more definitely placed than in Laurentian
time by the long Atlantic border of the Maguma formation.

To the Kingston effusives, as indicative of an active volcanic
movement along a definite line in southern New Brunswick, we
have already alluded. They mark an episode and a time not
yet recognized in the Maguma area in Nova Scotia but probab-
ly in certain effusive rocks to the north of it.

EXPLANATION OF MAP NO. 1.

The time chosen for representation in this map is for Nova
Scotia the upper part of the quartzite division of the Maguma
or gold-bearing series. At this time, while the quartzites still
continued to be deposited in eastern Nova Scotia, as shown by
E. R. Faribault, the western half of the peninsula had variegated
slates, etc., as shown by Professor L. W. Bailey, and, in the
extreme southwest, volcanics. The fine dark slates and silicious
mud rocks of northern Nova Scotia, here considered deep-water
Huronian, in the Canadian Geological reports are called Cambro-
Silurian. For New Brunswick the map shows also Laurentian
and Upper Huronian belts and a basin of Cambrian rocks.

The Cambrian Phase.

There is good reason to suppose that a large amount of
denudation occurred after the Huronian formation was deposited
and before the oldest Cambrian deposits were produced and
therefore that a long time-period intervened with the earth’s
crust in this region raised above the sea.

One reason for this view is that all the known Cambrian
areas have terranes that began with land depositions and that

THE PHYSICAL EVOLUTION OF ACADIA.

11

the older rocks beneath the Cambrian are softened and decom-
posed at the contact as with the basement beds of the latter,
as though they had for a long time been exposed to atmos-
pheric wear before being buried under volcanic ashes, etc

Another reason is that while one Cambrian basin may rest
on Huronian, another has its foundation on the Laurentian
rocks; this implies the erosion, in some places, of the whole
Huronian terrane, a mass of enormous thickness, before the
deposition of the Cambrian.

As contrasted with the enormous bulk of the Huronian forma-
tion, those of the Cambrian time in this region are of modest
proportions, unless one gives a large value to the volcanic masses
which, in some districts, lie at the base of the Cambrian. These
seem always related to a subsequent subsidence which brought
in the sea upon the land; thus, the Cambrian basins (marine
deposits) were, as it were, a consequence of these eruptions

The Loch Lomond and the Quaco hills in southern New
Brunswick are the best known bodies of effusives of this time
and between them lies one of the deepest basins of Cambrian
sedimentary rocks of which the Acadian region can boast, and
it is in this that the most complete series of Cambrian faunas of
this part of the world has been discovered.

In like manner in Cape Breton the Cambrian basins are
underlain by great masses of effusive rocks; this is particularly
marked on the Mira River, but is also seen elsewhere. The
undermining of the earth’s crust by such agencies was a pre-
disposing cause for the production and also the preservation
of such deep Cambrian basins. Yet we know from the similarity
of the succession of strata in New Brunswick and in Cape Breton,
that the agencies for its production were common to the whole
region of Acadia; and that these now isolated patches of sediment
are but small remnants of what was once a widely extended
terrane.

Such being the case the description of the variation in the
sedimentation of one basin will, with considerable accuracy,
apply to all.

Passing the volcanic formation and its related red and greenish
sandstones and shales (Etcheminian), the members of division

12

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

I of the St. John Group make up a formation largely of gray
and dark gray clay shales (the Acadian) which would have been
deposited in shallow sheltered bays among the volcanic islands —
active volcanoes in earlier times but now with their fires extinct.

The opening up of marine passages to the northern seas
allowed the ingress from that quarter of strong currents that
spread fine sands over the submerged surface and produced the
formation known as Division II (Johannan). The sands of this
division may have been the worked-over sands of theMaguma series
of the earlier Huronian time, which spread all along the south-
eastern side of the Acadian peninsula, then probably an island.

A further depression of the bottom would carry it beneath and
free of the range of the strong northern currents into the deeper
and more sluggish ocean waters, and would allow of the deposi-
tion of the fine dark mud of Division III (Bretonian), the highest
formation of the Cambrian terrane, which is partly Ordovician.

This was the condition of things along the northern border
of the Acadian (or Nova Scotian) peninsula, but in the northern
part of New Brunswick conditions were different and the Cam-
brian age is represented by a formation of quartzites on sandy
deposits, capped by Lower Ordovician mud rocks that are found
on the Beccaguimic River and extend thence northeastward
and southwestward.

Synopsis. — To sum up the history of this geological system,
we find it to have been ushered in by the bursting forth of
volcanoes over various parts of the area north and northwest
of the district occupied by the great Huronian, or gold-bearing
series, of Nova Scotia, and that where these volcanoes appeared
the earth’s crust was above the sea. Next followed the sinking
of the volcanic deposits beneath the sea, and the invasion of
the bays thus formed by a succession of Cambrian faunas termi-
nating in that of Paradoxides. This sea was then opened to
the incursion of cold currents from the north and east, and the
Syrtensian or Ocean-shoal phase was inaugurated, with its com-
paratively barren sands. Finally the exclusion of these strong
currents and the deepening of the sea afforded a sheltered area
of the sea bottom where the Parabolina, Peltura, Dictyonema
and Tetragraptus faunas in succession held sway.

THE PHYSICAE EVOLUTION OF ACADIA.

13

The Silurian Phase.

It will be understood from remarks in the preceding section
that the Tower Ordovician is included in the Cambrian terrane;
this is shown by the presence of the Tetragraptus fauna in
southern New Brunswick, the Tremadoc in Cape Breton, and
the Tlandeilo fauna in the northern part of New Brunswick.
But what of the great Trenton and Hudson River faunas of the
interior basin of North America and of the St. Lawrence valley?
these are wanting in all Acadia and Maine , hence we assume
that this region was above the sea during the long period of
time marked by the deposition of these formations, and Acadia
was again restored to the condition of dry land, which existed
there at the opening of the Paselozic time. During this
period, deep weathering and great erosion of its land surfaces
took place; for while we find the succeeding terrane resting in
some places on the upper beds of the Cambrian terrane, in others
it rests on the Paradoxides beds, and elsewhere on the Huronian.
We cannot doubt, therefore, that there was a great erosion of
this part of the earth’s surface while Acadia thus remained above
the sea in the later Ordovician age, and that deep weathering of
the land surface then provided ample material for the building
up of the succeeding terrane.

As in the Cambrian time so also in the Silurian, one of the first
steps in the process of formation building was the beginning
of volcanic effusions with the piling up of diabases, felsites or
ryolites and other igneous rocks, which, with the accompanying
elastics, form the Bloomsbury formation in southern New Bruns-
wick, and similar deposits in Northern Nova Scotia. These
are about the horizon of the Medina sandstone of' New York.

Resting upon these is a formation which, in most of the
sections, is a fine dark shale, but which, at St. John, in its lower
part, exhibits a thick, strongly cemented sandstone, with beds
of such shale. In northern Nova Scotia this formation contains
graptolites etc., of Clinton age; in southern New Brunswick it
has Silurian fishes and Phyllopods, and at St. John, in this
province, remains of land plants.

The next formation is one of paler shale with more calcareous

14

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

matter. This has Niagara marine fossils in northern Nova
Scotia and a continuation of the land flora of the preceding
formation in southern New Brunswick ; also elsewhere in the
same province, a Niagara fauna and graptolites of Upper Silurian
type.

Still paler shales follow these in southern as well as northern
New Brunswick and while in the northern part of the province
they contain a Lower Helderburg fauna, along the southern
coast of New Brunswick they have a continuation of the land
flora of the older sections of the terrane and, elsewhere in New
Brunswick, Helderburg marine fossils.

Capping these rocks and somewhat unconformable to them
along the shores of the Bay of Fundy, is a formation of felsitic
volcanic effusives with red slates and conglomerates, known as
the Mispec Group or terrane. These are not found in the centre
and north of New Brunswick; they are probably the equivalents
of the iron-bearing slates of Nictaux and Torbrook of the
Annapolis Valley and of the Knoidart formation with fish remains
of Lower Devonian type, recognized by Dr. Ami in northern
Nova Scotia.

Synopsis. — If we were to take a definite horizon of somewhat
broad range chronologically, viz., including the Clinton and
Niagara, the Acadian region would present an interesting variety
of conditions in its land area and submerged water-front.

First, we would have the Acadian Silurian land border,
extending in a curve from Canso, in Nova Scotia, to Point Lepreau,
in New Brunswick, and thence, no doubt, further south-west;
in the western part of this area, at St. John and its vicinity,
are the remains of an old delta-plain of a river having its sources
seemingly somewhere to the south-east, (or to the northeast)
and faced by estuarine deposit to the north-west, containing re-
mains of fishes and crustaceans.

Bordering this land area on the north and west is a series
of beds containing a littoral marine fauna such as might find
shelter in shallow protected bays; this line of deposits
extends from Machias, in Maine, by way of the Nerepis Hills,
in New Brunswick, to the Cobequid Hills and the Arisaig shore,
in Nova Scotia.

as?

THE PHYSICAL EVOLUTION OF ACADIA.

15

Outside of this, to the north and passing through the south-
central part of New Brunswick diagonally, is an area of gray
slates and flags, mostly barren of fossils but having a few grap-
tolites. This is a Syrtensian or ocean shoal area, similar to
the ocean shoal area of Lower Huronian time in Nova Scotia,
it was traversed by cold currents from the northeast which
brought the graptolites from a more northerly station.

Finally, extending across the northern part of the province
is an area of more calcareous and lighter colored slates with
layers of reef building corals and various genera of brachiopods
and lamellibranchs. These corals indicate a warmer temperature
of the sea, and so probably a current setting north-east and
carrying warm waters from a southern source.

This contrasted condition of the sediments going northwest-
ward on the Silurian rocks, reminds one of the succession
vertically in the St. John terrane, only that the highest division
of the latter, with its Scandinavian faunas, evidences the con-
tinued presence of cold ocean waters from the North Atlantic,
rather than of warm currents from a tropical or warm-temperate
sea, was found in northern New Brunswick in the Silurian age.

EXPLANATION OF MAP NO. II.

The time chosen for representation in this map is the middle
of the Silurian Time, marked in this region by the deposits of the
lower third of the terrane. Judging by the absence of strata of this
age, from all southern Nova Scotia it was then dry land, and was a
part of the gathering ground whence came the rafts of trees that
are now found in the Dadoxylon sandstone of New Brunswick. In
front of this Nova Scotian highland (to the north-west) are the
deposits of a marsh and lagoon area containing a varied
land flora of pseudo Carboniferous facies. Northwest of this
(in the Nerepis Hills) are estuarine beds with Silurian fishes
and crustaceans and dwarfed brachiopods. East and south-west
of these we find Silurian littoral animals of several classes. North-
west of the Nerepis hills is a wide belt of flags and slates with
a sparse fauna including Monoprionoid graptolites, indicating
cold ocean waters. This is separated by a ridge of older rocks

16 bulletin of the natural history society.

from an area in northern New Brunswick, where a Bower Helder-
burg fauna with corals is prevalent.

The known facts relative to the early geology of this region
would lead to the conjecture that during the greater part of
earl)’ Palaeozoic time this part of Acadia was cut off from the Laur-
entide region of Quebec and from the Archaean areas of New Eng-
land by one or more sounds of the sea, and that the peninsula of
Nova Scotia, with probably a portion of the earth’s surface to
the south-west of it, now submerged, was the nucleus of the
Acadian land; this is more clearly shown in Silurian time than
earlier, by the abundance and variety of the fossils, and their
wide distribution.

Protected from the arctic winds of the Labradorean region
by the warm currents of the sea to the north, this favoured
land had every opportunity to develop a remarkably varied
and highly organized land vegetation such as has not been recog-
nized in rocks of this age in any other part of the world.

In a future paper we shall show how the marine barrier,
separating this Acadian Atlantis from the adjoining continent,
was removed and how in, and subsequent to the Devonian
time representatives of its flora were spread over the continent
southward and westward, finding there new homes and develop-
ing into new species and mutations, while the original home of
these plants became the abode of another type of vegetation,
namely, the Devonian type that had flourished in Gaspe and
the Baie Chaleur region in the earlier time.

The munificent benefaction of $1,000,000 given by the late
Morris K. Jessup to the American Museum of Natural History
in the city of New York, will show the appreciation at which such
institutions are held in the neighboring republic, and may stimu-
late some liberal-minded Canadian to aid in a similar way the
Museum of the Natural History Society of New Brunswick.
What this institution most needs at present is a liberal gift that
will pay off its mortgage, aud enable it to devote all its funds to
the advancement of its work in the lines of study and general
improvement to which it is devoting its energies.

ARTICLE II.

NOTES ON THE NATURAL HISTORY AND PHYSIO-
GRAPHY OF NEW BRUNSWICK.

By W. F. Ganong.

107. — On the Physiographic Characteristics of Portage
and Fox Islands, Miramichi.

Read (in abstract) May 1, 1906.

The islands of the coasts of New Brunswick fall into two
classes. They are either the tops of submerged hills, as in those
of the Bay of Fundy and Bay Chaleur, or else they are banks
of sand heaped up by waves and wind, as in nearly all that re-
markable series along our North Shore from Miscou to Buctouche.
Of the sand islands two differ in size, in details of structure,
and in vegetation, from all the others, namely Portage and
Fox Islands, which lie across the mouth of the Miramichi.*

*The origin of the name Portage as applied to this island is not known. One persistent
local tradition, current especially among the English, asserts that formerly this and Fox
Island were united, with a narrow neck where now is the passage between them, and that
across this neck the Indians portaged their canoes when wishing to change sides in passing
along the coast. Substituting a neck at the north end of the Island, where no doubt
it was once attached to the mainland, the explanation is rendered possible, if not probable.
It receives support from a Des Barres map of 1780 which marks just there, “carrying place.’
Another local explanation, given by the French, is that the word was originally potage,
and was applied because the hunters and others who went there used to plan to cook their
noon * 'potage’’ upon it, an explanation which receives a certain support from the fact
that two early maps, made independently of one another, use that form (Jumeau, of
1685, and L’Hermitte, of 1727). It is possible that neither explanation is correct, and
that the name arose from some early circumstance or custom obscure to us; and this is
rendered probable by the existence, near Cape Sable, Nova Scotia, of a Bon Portage Island
to which neither of the above explanations would seem likely to apply.

Fox Island was very probably named not from the animal but in honor of the great
parliamentary leader, for the name appears first upon a map (of about 1780) by
DesBarres, most of whose names were given in honor of persons; thus he named Portage
Island Waltham, though the name has not persisted. Aside from a traditional reference
given by Cooney in his History, (page 30), to the effect that the island was the seat of an
•early establishment for the Walrus fishery, the Islands have apparently no history, even
of a traditional sort. They are each owned by a number of persons, to whom they have
been granted in lots for the valuable salmon and lobster fisheries of the shores. In the
autumn they offer good opportunities for the shooting of wild fowl. They have no per-
manent residents, for in winter even the light keepers and the many summer fishermen
abandon them. The lighthouses and beacons, the fishermen’s sheds and huts, their
boundary stakes, their net- racks, their paths, their -wells, and the occasional stacks of
.dried beach or marsh grass cut for hay, — these are all the signs of their use by man.

17

IS

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

I have made some study of them, with results as follows.

Portage Island is composed of a series of approximately-
concentric low dune-beaches with intermediate shallow hollows,
a series of sand swells or billows, arranged somewhat as shown
by the accompanying map, which, as to the beach lines, is merely
a crude sketch. Near its northern end the beaches, bearing
the oldest woods, are parallel with the axis of the island, and
here they are being cut away, together with their covering woods,
by the sea. Farther south these same beaches curve around
to the westward and finally sink gradually beneath the waves
of the Inner Bay, their summits projecting as points, while
their intermediate hollows form coves of salt marsh. These
beach lines, as may be seen at many points, form only above
the reach of the highest tides, and their gradual disappearance
beneath the waters of the Inner Bay forms one of the very best
evidences we possess of progressing subsidence in this region,
evidence still further strengthened by the occurrence, near the
north end of the island, of peat in situ on the beach below high-
water mark. Farther south the beaches are very obviously
newer; at first they are clothed with young birch woods but
finally they are entirely bare except for the ubiquitous beach
grass. Towards the extreme south the beaches are very wider
with very broad hollows, and are forming so rapidly that not
only have they every aspect of newness, but the driftwood some
hundreds of yards from the sea has not yet had time fully to
decay. The rapidity of growth, far surpassing anything I have
seen elsewhere in this region, is fully confirmed by local tradition.
Not only is the growth thus rapid at present, but it appears
to have commenced abruptly; for not far from the margin of the
older woods and beaches there lies a great broad beach hollow
now occupied by a considerable lake, while two or three others
of much smaller size exist in the woods near by. It is thus
evident that while this island is now being rapidly washed away
at its northern end it is forming rapidly, no doubt from the same
materials, at its southern end, and the whole island is, so to
speak, rolling southward along its outer margin. In this respect,
as well as in the general construction of its beaches, in its lower

- ■■■, . ••

'

'

'

.

•••

NATURAL HISTORY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY OF NEW BRUNSWICK. 19

inner margin and in other features, this island bears a very
striking resemblance to Grande Plaine, Miscou, which I have
already fully described (Note 97, and especially the Botanical
Gazette, XUI, 1906, 81). This resemblance, I believe, is not
accidental but genetic; all the facts seem to me to indicate that
Portage Island, like Grande Plaine, was formed against neigh-
boring upland, of which, perhaps, the Horse-shoe Shoal represents
a part, and which the increasing subsidence of the land has
submerged below the surface of the lagoon. The reason why
the north end of the island is now being washed away is plain;
the headland north of it, at Blaeklands, which would naturally
protect it, as will be more fully considered in the following note,
is composed only of soft peat which is rapidly being removed
by the waves.

While Portage Island thus resembles Grande Plaine very
closely in general physical features, albeit with its beach pheno-
mena upon a markedly larger scale, there are some notable
differences in the vegetation. Thus, while the woods of Grande
Plaine are of mixed formation, with white spruce as the dominant
tree and the one which leads into the open, the pines being nearly
or quite wanting, here at Portage Island the old woods are mainly
coniferous, composed largely of Prince’s Pine, with White Spruce
and some White and Red Pine. Further, the woods advancing
upon the open ground are preceded by dense copses of White
Birch, (with some intermingled Aspen) a tree not found in this
situation at Grande Plaine, where its place is taken, but only
in small part, by dwarf Poplars. Further, the characteristic
and attractive grassy swales of Grande Plaine are here quite
wanting, their place being occupied by thickets of Sweet Gale,
Spiraea and Roses, while *a still more remarkable and unexplained
lack is the creeping Juniper so abundant at Grande Plaine.
Certainly we have, in the striking differences of vegetation in
these two physically-similar and floristically-contiguous places,
an attractive problem for the ecologist. As at Grande Plaine,
the oldest woods are perfectly closed or dense, and the newer
beaches are perfectly treeless, while the intermediate areas show
open park-like glades and vistas, interspersed among lines and

20

bulletin of the natural history society.

scattered individuals of very perfectly formed trees; while the
glades are more or less carpeted by a close mat of Bearberry,
Hudsonia, Reindeer Moss and low Blueberries. From a distance
this scenery is most attractive, but it does not improve upon
acquaintance, because of the thinness of the carpet and omni-
presence of the sand.

Fox Island I was able to study only hurriedly, and my sketch
map must be very imperfect. Fox Island differs markedly from
Portage Island in the great irregularity of its beach lines, which
in many places are simply complexes of irregular flat mounds
or low dunes to w^hich it is impossible to assign any prevailing
direction. Yet at times the beach lines are distinct, and then
frequently they run not parallel with the axis of the island but
across it, as the lines on the map will indicate, though in other
places a parallelism is plain. The cross direction of the beaches
may simply be relics of ancient gullies, but more probably they
indicate that the present island is a remnant of a much larger
plain which must have extended out much to the westward,
where it no doubt included the great shallow flats between it
and Bay du Vin Island, now submerged by the subsidence of
the region. Turning to the charts we find that off to the north-
east of the Island, in the direction some of the beach lines point,
there lies a great shallow bar,* with only four feet of water upon
its highest part at low water. This also may have been formerly
a part of the Fox Island Beach Plain, though it is also possible
this bar is a remnant of a former sand island destroyed by subsi-
dence and erosion. In the former case the main channel out of
the Miramichi must have run north of the bar. across where
now is the newest part of Portage Island, while the present
channel inside the bar was later gouged out as the northern
channel was filled by the extension southward of Portage Island.
In any case, it seems fair to conclude that Fox Island is a rem-
nant of a former much greater beach plain, reduced to its present
dimensions by erosion and subsidence. The irregularities of the
beach lines, however, indicate that this plain was somewhat

*The fishermen, under the spell of the universal wonder-spirit, say this bar is exactly
the same size and shape as Fox Island.

NATURAL HISTORY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY OP NpW BRUNSWICK. 21

irregular in its formation. I believe traces can be seen of an-
old channel across the narrowest part of the island in line with
Bay du Vin Harbor and Black River.

The vegetation of Fox Island differs from that of Portage
Island mainly in the greater proportion, amounting almost to
a pure growth, of Prince’s Pine in its woods, and in the greater
irregularity of distribution of these woods, which are as indeter-
minate as the beach lines. In places, especially towards the
southwest of the island, lie great open carpeted spaces which
extend off through glades and vistas, with scattered perfect
trees, strongly suggestive of a baronial park. The whole presents
from a distance a striking scenic attractiveness unfortunately
not increased by a closer acquaintance.

Both Portage and Fox Islands, therefore, appear to have been
formed as true beach-plains against neighboring upland, precisely
as Grande Plaine is forming to-day. Their separation from the
upland is due to subsidence of the land admitting the sea to flow
over their oldest and, therefore, lowest parts, while their outer
parts have been more or less eroded by the advancing ocean.
The question now arises, against what land did they form? Of
course it may have been against the present neighboring upland
shores, but the somewhat deep channels intervening seem against
this. Considering, however, the probable physiographic evolution
of this region, a subject earlier discussed (Note 93), it seems
likely that originally three rivers flowed through the present
Miramichi Bay, (a) the main Miramichi ( Miramichian ) following
near the Neguac Coast and out near the Blacklands (whose peat
was perhaps formed in its valley), (b) the Napan ( Napanian )
which went out where now is the south end of Portage Island,
and (c) the Black River (M atquantian) which went through the
deep Bay du Vin Harbor and out across the middle of Fox Island.
Low ridges must originally have existed between these valleys,
and these ridges, I take it, as they were carried to sea level by
the general subsidence (aided perhaps by the synclinal folding
which has so powerfully influenced this valley), constituted
nuclei about which formed the first of these sand plains, which,
however, have suffered many changes since their first formation.

22 bulletin of the natural history society.

At least such seems to me a reasonable general hypothesis, one
which I trust some successor of mine will try ere long to test by
more prolonged study of these interesting questions.

108. — The Physical Geography of the North Shore Sand

Islands.

Read (in Abstract) May 1. 1906.

Those who have knowledge of the physical geography of
New Brunswick are aware that our North Shore, all the way
from Miscou to Buctouche, is fringed by a line of long, low,
narrow sand islands; but few have any idea of their great scien-
tific interest or know that they constitute the finest example
of this particular physiographic structure found any where upon
the American coast north of New Jersey. In the course of
three summer trips in that region, during which I have coasted
in a canoe throughout practically their entire length, I have
been interested to observe their salient characteristics, upon
which I would now offer the following comments.

The eastern part of New Brunswick, from Miscou far to the
southward, consists of a great low plateau sloping gently east-
ward until it dips gradually beneath the sea. This plateau is
drained by a series of ancient broad shallow valleys, now occupied
by rivers far smaller than those which originally formed them;
and these valleys are separated by low-swelling ridges. Where
land and water meet, there the ridges project as low headlands,
while the valleys are entered by the sea in the form of markedly
inbowred coves, cut in some place or other by the channel of the
present river. It is across these coves, converting them into
lagoons, that the sand islands extend, festooned from headland
to headland in great curves inbowed by power of waves and
wind, and cut here and there by the unstable and shifting gullies
which give exit to the waters of the rivers. These islands, which
are often peninsulas, are composed almost wholly of gray sand,
derived from the wear of the sandstone headlands, but with
some intermingled gravel, small cobbles, shells and sea-drift.
Towards the sea, where they are endlessly pounded by the great
billows, they present a moderate slope, smooth and hard, which,

NATURAL HISTORY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY OF NEW BRUNSWICK. 23

above the high tide, gives place to loose sand easily moved by
the wind, but prevented by the omnipresent beach grass from
forming dunes of appreciable size. Landward the slope is more
gentle, and is clothed above by the waving beach grass, lower
by a close, fine, swale-like turf, still lower by a close salt marsh,
whence, with a very irregular margin, it dips imperceptibly
beneath the surface of the lagoon. This lagoon is varyingly
shallow, with a bottom of sandy mud which supports a great
growth of the salt-water eel grass, Zostera marina, whose extreme
abundance is a characteristic feature of these lagoons, and which
is only wanting where salt marshes form in coves or angles, or
where the river channels wind their sinuous ways to the gullies.
These lagoons, partly because of their shelter and partly because
of the calming effect of the eel grass, are always smooth and
safe no matter how hard the winds may blow, or how roughly
the sea is breaking upon the coast just outside. This safety
made them great canoe routes for the Indians and led an early
voyager (Smethurst, in 1761) to speak of them as “the finest
conveniences possible for canoes.” This is something of which
I can myself assure the truth, for I have sailed my canoe upon
them miles and miles in happy safety under a wind that strove
to tear the sail from its fastenings and raised roaring surges upon
the beaches outside. Somewhere the lagoon receives the river,
up which the tide, here with a range of some five or six feet,
runs as a quiet estuary or tideway for many miles, branching in
places into many marshy coves and creeks.

Taken as a whole these islands, which the residents invariably
call Beaches, are singularly uniform in their characters. Except-
ing Portage and Fox Islands, which are beaches of such immense
development and special features as to deserve treatment in a
separate note (Note No. 107), they are quite treeless, clothed
only with the sparse Beach Grass, intermixed, in sheltered places,
with low clumps of the Wax Myrtle, Hudsonia, Dwarf Roses,
Sweet Gale, and a few rarer plants of humble habit. This grass,
with that of the salt marshes, is cut sometimes for hay, and some-
times is used as pasture for horses and cattle, whereby the
Beaches yield a small tribute to man. But a richer harvest is

24

bulletin of the natural history society.

gleaned from the fisheries, for salmon following the coast are here
caught in nets, and lobsters are trapped just off the shores. The
buildings connected with these fisheries, sometimes small, scat-
tered huts, but more often clustered near the little lighthouses
at the gullies, are the only habitations the Beaches show. From
a distance, especially in certain quiet hazy states of the atmos-
phere, the low-lying Beaches seem to sink from view, and leave
the gray buildings floating mirage-like upon the waters. The
low, gray line of distant Beaches, the weathered buildings shim-
mering on the water, the distant roar of billows on the outer
beach, the murmur of wind in the Beach Grass, the screaming
of the gulls over the still lagoon, a feeling of peace and content,
these are the character-feelings of the Beach country. To some
the Beaches may seem drear and without charm, but they have
ample attraction for those who love strong and simple things
and the open places of the earth.

So definitely are the Beaches marked off by their bounding
headlands that it is possible to classify them very definitely,
as indeed is done in the speech of the residents, who name them
for the /i vers before which they lie. They are as follows:

1. Miscou Beaches. With these belongs the remarkable and instructive
great beach plain at Grande Plaine, which I have already described in an
earlier Note (No. 97, and in the Botanical Gazette, XLH, 81) and which
is mapped, with those following, on the physiographic map accompanying
the note mentioned. Then follows a series of five beaches, extending from
headland to headland, enclosing ponds and the two Mai Baies, all clearly
shown upon the map above-mentioned. The headland between the two
Mai Baies is of soft peat, rapidly disappearing before the inroads of the sea,
and here the beaches are following it inward to the detriment of their typical
forms. Finally there is the fine great beach extending across to Shippegan
Island, cut by Miscou Gully.

2. Shippegan Beach. A very short and imperfect beach, extending
from Shippegan Island to the mainland, and cut by Shippegan Gully.

The maps appear also to show a small beach enclosing some ponds
just south of Pigeon Hill on Shippegan Island .

3. Pokemouche Beach. Extends from the upland point close to Shippegan
Gully clear to Green Point, enclosing Little Pokemouche and Pokemouche
Lagoons, and cut by two gullies.

4. Tracadie Beach. Extends from Green Point (glacial upland on a

ira m ich

V. ;

J ■■>, . .■

V;V;.'VU'. .

. -- : " 'it

-r . . . ,• •;

NATURAL HISTORY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY OF NEW BRUNSWICK. 25

ledge foundation) in a fine typical curve to the upland of Pointe a Barreau,
(a low ledge point) broken by two and sometimes more gullies.

5. Tabusintac Beach. Extends from the headland of Point a Barreau,.
to the Blaeklands. It is notable for its reversal of the usual shape, for it
is concave to the land, for reasons to be explained below At its southern
end, and inside are two or three small islands now in process of formation.

6. Miramichi Beaches. These consist of a series embracing Neguac
Beach, (or Island) Portage and Fox Islands, with the outer beaches of
Huckelberry Island (which border, outside, a nucleus of upland) and the
small beach outside McLean’s Cove. The more important of these have
been sufficiently discussed in the preceding note. Bay du Vin Island and
Egg Island are not Beaches but upland islands, as is the nucleus of Huckle-
berry Island.

7. Escuminac Beaches. These consist of three, extending between
Escuminac and Sapin Points and intermediate minor headlands, across the
mouths of Escuminac River, Eel River and a brook just north of Point
Sapin. These are of especial interest as showing the mode of origin of the
greater Beaches, for in the case of the first two, while they are still shore
beaches, lagoons are forming inside them.

8. Kouchibouguac-Richibucto Beaches. These, in reality, extend all the
way from South Point Sapin, in a splendid great inbowed curve, clear
to the rocky Richibucto Head, and constitute by far the longest and most
perfect in every way of the entire series. For some distance south of Cape
Sapin the beach encloses simply bog and marsh, with small lagoons at Portage
River and the creek south of it; but for the remainder of the distance it
borders a fine series of large lagoons.

9. Chockpish Beach. Extends from the rocky Richibucto Head in an
inbowed curve south to a rocky point just north of Buctouche Beach; encloses
mostly bog and marsh, but with rudimentary lagoons. It is thus another
forming beach.

10. Buctouche Beach. Extends from the rocky point, mentioned under
9, southeasterly, but curving in towards the shore and ending in a free point;
it is thus, like Tabusintac Beach, exceptional, for reasons to be discussed
below. At present, the sea is trying to cut across the head of this beach,
and extensive works are in progress to prevent its accomplishment, which
would injure Buctouche Harbor.

Beyond Buctouche no true beaches are found, though there
is some slight approach thereto at Cocagne, and especially at
Aboushagan. The series is really continued in that along the
outer coast of Prince Edward Island.

Of the Beaches in this list, all are hung in the typical inbowed

26

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

curues from headland to headland except three, — the minor case
at the Mai Baies already explained, and those of Tabusintac
and Buctouche. The latter are attached only at one end but
are free at the other, and are outbowed. Yet in both cases the
explanation is plain. The Tabusintac Beach has at present no
southern headland except the peat-cliffs of the Blacklands,
which are being eroded with great rapidity, and which obviously
the free end of the Beach is following steadily landward. Yet
I have no question that in recent times this Beach had a southern
headland, off to the eastward, towards which it ran inbowed,
though only a suggestion of such a place is given by the charts.
Not only is the existence of such a headland probable from the
Beach phenomena, but it is necessitated by the presence of the
Blacklands, whose great deposits of peat must have had an
upland rise between them and the sea. At Buctouche. the
-explanation is different; here there is no peat and. at first sight,
no visible cause for our phenomena. But inspection of the
charts will show that off to the east of the Beach, in. exactly
the position to which it would extend in the usual concave form,
there lies a shoal of rock, called the “ North Patch," having
upon it only two fathoms of water. This shoal was. no doubt,
the old anchorage of the outer end of this Beach, which, deprived
of support by its subsidence, is now swinging gradually land-
wards at its freed end. This is confirmed by the presence of
a great, somewhat incurved, bar extending from the North
Patch south to near Cocagne Head, which bar. without doubt, is
the eroded and sunken remnant of another old incurved Beach.

I have spoken of the Beaches following the coast inward,
which at once raises the question as to how these solid Beaches
can thus move. One’s first explanation is that as the land sinks
the sea mounts higher and higher upon them, so that the waves
and wind can continuously move their crests landward, thus
rolling the crests, so to speak, over and over landward. Yet
observ ation shows that this mode of movement does not occur,
except under unusual conditions to be mentioned below, for
the sand can be built up above the highest tides very much
faster than the subsidence occurs; and, moreover, the sand is

NATURAL HISTORY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY OF NEW BRUNSWICK.

27

soon so fixed by the beach grass that there is no great movement
landward thereafter. On the contrary, the whole tendency of
wind and waves is to build the beach outward, precisely as we
see them doing upon a huge scale both at Grande Plaine and
at the south end of Portage Island. There are, however, two
principal ways in which the Beaches are moved inwards. In
the case of those with one free end, like Tabusintac and Buc-
touche, it is easy to see that the waves and wind are continually
planing off the sand and moving it in the prevailing wind direc-
tion (here from the northeast), towards the free point, where
it is carried around and dropped in the quiet eddy under shelter
of the point. This process, if continued long enough, especially
when aided by the occasional action of winds blowing into the
lagoon, gradually works the whole point inwards in a long curve
concave to the shore. Moreover, as the older Beach thus becomes
worn thin and low, the Beach Grass can no longer hold it, and
then the wind may aid directly by rolling the sand inward over
the crest of the beach. The second, and upon the whole the
most important, method is the carrying of the sand through
the gullies into the lagoons, where it is deposited as bars and
shoals; these gradually become low islands which form the nuclei
of a new inner line of beaches. A very fine example of this
mode of origination of a new inner beach line is found in the
series of new-forming little islands inside and between Tabusintac
Beach and Neguac Beach; and there are other cases in Kouchi-
bouguacsis Lagoon and elsewhere. Then in time the gully fills
up, and this is always at the expense of the material of the
neighboring beach, which is thereby moved inward just that
much. Every formation of a gully, therefore, means the move-
ment inward of a considerable portion of old beach. Now these
gullies are very unstable and shifting structures, and in two
main ways. First, every gully is steadily, though slowly,
building out its windward point, viz., that towards the prevailing
winds, on exactly the principle described above for the free
ends of beaches, and is cutting away its leeward point. Thus
the gully is moving slowly along the coast in the direction of
the prevailing wind, and its movement is accompanied by the

2> BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

local movement of sand landward as above described. Thus,
in a general way, the entire line of beach from headland to head-
land is in time worked over by gullies and moved a little landward.
Second, local changes of various sorts, notably the backward
erosion of the soft sandstone headlands, may cause local planing
of the beach to such an extent that new gullies may break through
at irregular places, with a marked result upon the inward move-
ment of the beach at that point. These gullies do, in fact,
break through with relative frequency. A considerable propor-
tion, I should say at least one-fourth, of the gullies on the coast
are now in markedly different positions from those shown on-
the early plans of the coast, few of which antedate a century
back; and their present positions, the visible traces of the older
gullies, and the memory of the older residents all show that
these changes are not the gradual movement of the old gullies
but the breaking out of new ones. One can readily distinguish
the position of old gullies by traces of the old incurving beach
lines. It may happen at times that two gullies are formed at
moderate distances apart, and when this occurs in conjunction
with a large lagoon, they may co-operate to form an inner line
of shoals and islands, which later becomes the foundation of a
beach, the older beach outside being gradually cut away and
reduced to a bar. It is possible that in this way originated the
great bar outside of Fox Island, and perhaps others elsewhere.*
It thus seems plain that while the beaches as individual
units grow only outwards, as a whole they are steadily moving
inwards, following the retreating coast line. Originally, and
of course post-glacially, they no doubt formed against the margin
of the flat upland as ordinary shore beaches. But the steadily-
progressing subsidence carried the land beneath the sea faster
than the beaches, whose rate of inward movement is largely
determined by the rate of erosion of the protecting headlands,

*1 have made attempts to trace the movements of the gullies and beaches through
old plaus and ancient maps, but have been able to derive little therefrom on account of
their sketchy and inaccurate character. One can find support for very great and inter-
esting changes in these beaches from the maps of Jumeau, 1685, DeMeulles, 1686, and
L'Hermitte, 1727, (all given in Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada, III, 1896,
ii, 368, 369, 372), but I am convinced that these maps are too unreliable for any scientific

use.

NATURAL HISTORY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY OF NEW BRUNSWICK. 29

could follow; hence the lagoons were formed. The coast is still
sinking, and the beaches are still travelling inward, the sum
total of the factors concerned giving us the conditions of the
present day. It is thus seen that these beaches are remarkably
mobile structures, and certainly they are among the most living
and interesting of geographical features.

109. — The Height of the Highest New Brunswick Water-
fall.

Read November 5, 1907.

It is commonly believed by those having interest in such
matters that the waterfall on Fall Brook, Miramichi, is the
highest in New Brunswick. But the evidence is conflicting.
Sir James Alexander, who was the first to mention it, estimated
its height as sixty to seventy feet (L’Acadie, 1849, II., 225),
and his opinion is of value, since he was a surveyor. I have
been told by one of the Miramichi lumbermen, repeating no
doubt a statement current among them, that it is ninety feet
high. The Geological Survey map gives it as one hundred and
twenty feet.

All of these figures are obviously estimations, and apparently
no measurement has yet been made. In September last I made
aij attempt to measure it with precision. I was prepared with
two methods. By the first I sought to find the height directly
by lowering a weighted line from the brink above to the pool
below, but it ended in failure and disaster to the apparatus.
By the second I applied triangulation to the problem. With
the aid of my companion, Professor A. H. Pierce, I measured
a base line on the level of the pool, but some distance away,
and from both ends took the angle of the brink by means of
an altazimuth supported on a tripod. The results when worked
out gave a few inches over seventy-five feet. This, however,
is the height of the fall visible from below. Immediately above,
though invisible from below, and separated from one another
and from the main fall by intervals of a few yards, are three
other leaps which make together about twenty- two feet. The

30

bulletin of the natural history society.

entire fall therefore must be somewhat under one hundred feet.
Since, however. Hay’s Falls, below Woodstock, is probably
more than eighty feet, it is necessary to include the part of the
Miramiehi Fall not visible from below in order to make it the
highest in the province.

Its height is, however, not the only recommendation of this
fall to our attention, for it is remarkably beautiful as well, es-
pecially when seen at high water. It is not truly vertical, but
runs in a symmetrical sheet down the very steep face of a great
cliff, against the ledges of which it is dashed to the finest veil
of fleecy lace, while all the surroundings are strikingly wild and
fine. It is about fifteen miles above Boiestown, but very easily
accessible from the Miramiehi by a path less than a quarter of
a mile in length.

110. — On the Occurrence of the Wolf in New Brunswick.

Read November 5* 1907.

Conflicting statements are current as to the occurrence,
past and present, of the Wolf in New Brunswick, and therefore
it is desirable to bring together the available evidence upon
the subject. The species in question is the Gray, alias Timber,
Wolf, ( Canis occidentalism , the only one of Eastern North America.
Evidence upon this subject may be derived from four sources,
namely, — from contemporary accounts, from government records
of bounties paid for their destruction, from the studies of
naturalists upon the subject, and from the testimony of trappers
and other woodsmen.

First we consider the contemporary records.

The earliest known mention of the wolf in connection with New Bruns-
wick* is found in a list of furs exported from Saint John between 1764 and

* Negative evidence has some value, and it is worth noting that the Wolf is not men-
tioned by Lescarbot in his enumeration of the animals of Acadia in 1609, nor in any of
the Jesuit Relations on Acadia, nor by Nicolas Denys in his Natural History of Acadia
in 1672, nor by John Gyles in his account of the animals hunted by the Indians of the
River Saint John in 1680-1690, nor by LeClercq in his account of the animals hunted
by the Micmacs in 1691, nor by Diereville in his account of the animals of Acadia in 1713,.
nor by any other writer of the French Period so far as I can find. Nor are they mentioned
in connection with the settlement of the Loyalists so far as I can recall.

NATURAL HISTORY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY OF NEW BRUNSWICK. 3 1

1774, which includes two skins of “Nova Scotia Wolf.” (Raymond in the
New Brunswick Magazine, I, 18, and History of the River Saint John, 182).

In the year 1792 the Legislature of New Brunswick established a bounty
upon wolves and the preamble to the act reads, — “Whereas many losses
have been suffered by sundry Inhabitants of this Province from the destruc-
tion of their Sheep by Wolves” ( Statutes of New Brunswick, 1786-1836,
97). This thoroughly establishes their occurrence at that time, and shows
that Gesner was mistaken when he said ( New Brunswick, 358) that prior
to 1818 a wolf had not been seen in New Brunswick.

In 1825 the wolf is recorded among the animals of the Province in one
of the most accurate of New Brunswick books, — Fisher’s Sketches of New
Brunswick, 8). But it is omitted from the excellent list given in 1832 by
Cooney ( History of Northern New Brunswick and Gaspe, 231). In 1836-37
it is given as “now but seldom seen” in another accurate work ( Notitia of
New Brunswick, 25).

In the winter of 1841-42 Gesner heard them howling nightly on Eel
River in Carleton County (New Brunswick, 171), and the same winter,
apparently, he saw a pack of eleven on Eel River Lake (Ibid., 358).

In 1844 wolves prowled around the camp of Sir James Alexander, near
the New Canaan (Washademoac) River (his L’Acadie, II, 151), and, later
in the same year, one of his colleagues on a survey was nearly destroyed
by a pack of wolves, apparently near Grand Falls (Ibid., 238). In the winter
of 1844-45, they became very destructive to sheep at Sussex and at Mus-
quash ( L’Acadie , II, 151, and contemporary newspapers cited by Clarence
Ward in the Saint John Globe, December 20, 1905). It was probably in
the same winter, and certainly not long prior to 1846, that a large pack of
wolves appeared on the Lepreau River, and, by an ingenious device, some
fifteen of them were trapped (Levinge, Echoes from the Backwoods, I, 146).

In 1846, Lieutenant Colonel Baird saw tracks of a wolf, and heard them
howling at night upon Eel River, Carleton County (Seventy Years of New
Brunswick Life, 149-150).

In 1864, Dashwood found the tracks of wolves, in the snow, following
a herd of caribou, near the Little Southwest Miramichi Lake (Chi ploquorgan ,
113-137)*. It was probably somewhere about this time, though no date
is given, that Rowan heard them howling beside “a lake in New Brunswick”'
(Emigrant and Sportsman in Canada, 344).**

*Without at all Questioning the correctness of Dashwood’s indentification of these-
tracks, it should be added that evidence from tracks alone may be misleading. Mr. tY.
H. Moore, in his article later-quoted, gives an instance of this. \\ hen hunting with his
brother, Adam Moore, in Northern New Brunswick, one winter, they came upon large
tracks, which they thought might be those of a wolf, following a herd of caribou. They
followed the animal and found it was a fox!

**While this paper is in press, I have heard from Mr. Rowan, who tells me he heard'
the wolves on the Nepisiguit in 1866.

32

BILLETIN' OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

These are the latest contemporary records of its occurrence
in New Brunswick that I have been able to find.

In 1873 A. Leith Adams recorded the wolf as “found in the northern
parts only” ( Field and Forest Rambles , 295), but since he neither mentions
it in his full descriptions of the Mammals of the Province; nor marks it upon
the map showing their distribution, it is evident that it was then practically,
if not actually, extinct, and his inclusion of it in his list was not based on
his own knowledge, but was merely suppositive.

In 1900 Mr. George A. Boardman’s List of the Animals of the Saint
Croix Region was published ( The Naturalist of the Saint Croix, 320) and
the wolf is given as common. This list, however, is simply Mr. Boardman’s
summary of all the animals he had known to occur in that region during
his long life, and is not meant to imply that the wolf occurred on the Saint
Croix at that date, which it certainly did not.

From time to time the New Brunswick newspapers report the reappear-
ance of the wolf in their news columns, but invariably these reports fail
of confirmation. In December, 1905, especially abundant and circumstantial
reports of the appearance of wolves in Charlotte County appeared in the
newspapers, but not only have these failed of confirmation, but it was con-
fessed in the paper which started them ( Saint Croix Courier, January 11,
1906) that the report originated in a story told in joke!

Turning now to the records of bounties paid by the local
GoYernment for the destruction of wolves, obviously an important
and authentic source of information upon their occurrence. I
learn from Mr. G. X. Babbitt, Deputy Receiver General of New
Brunswick, that an act establishing a bounty of three dollars
for each wolf destroyed was in force from 1858 to 1870. but
that the last bounties paid thereunder were for three killed in
1S62.

We consider next the conclusions reached by naturalists
who have studied the subject.

The first to write on the occurrence of the wolf was Gesner, who originated
the still-current statement that wolves first entered New Brunswick, fol-
lowing the deer, in 1818 ( New Brunsuick, 358). As shown above, this is
an error, for there is evidence that both wolf and deer occurred in the
province at an earlier date. It is also a common belief that the wolf followed
the deer from the Province between 1850 and 1S60. The fact that the
deer are now again increasing in numbers keeps alive a popular expectation
that wolves may at any time reappear in the Province.

In his catalogue of the Mammals of New Brunswick, published by this
Society in 1884, (Bulletin III, 37), by far the best which has yet appeared,

NATURAL HISTORY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY OF NEW BRUNSWICK. 3&

Mr. Chamberlain states that the wolf was “common from about 1840 until
about 1860; since then, it has entirely disappeared.”

In his Notes on Mammals from New Brunswick (in Bulletin of the American
Museum of Natural History » VI, 1894, 105), Mr. J. A. Allen writes: “Mr.

Rowley (an expert collector of animals who had worked on the Tobique),

informs me that the gray Wolf has been, so far as he could learn

from extended inquiries, quite extinct in this region for many years. Even
one of the oldest Indian trappers he had met had never seen one.”

In one of his valuable little articles upon New Brunswick Mammals,
which have been appearing in the Montreal Family Herald and Weekly
Star, (and which deserve a far more prominent and permanent publication),
Mr. W. H. Moore of Scotch Lake, as a result of his inquiries into the subject,
states that the last wolf in that part of New Brunswick was killed in 1854..

We consider finally the testimony of men who have known
the New Brunswick woods for a long time, as trappers, guides
or fur-dealers. I have written to several of the more promi-
nent of these, and they have replied as follows :

Mr. Manley Hardy, of Brewer, Maine, has been a life-long student of
large animals, has hunted and trapped much in both Maine and New Bruns-
wick, and has been a large dealer in furs. After giving me many facts about
the occurrence of the wolf in Maine,* Mr. Hardy tells me that since 1865
he has bought extensively of furs from the principal dealers at Fredericton,
Saint John, Bathurst, Campbellton and elsewhere, but among all the furs
from New Brunswick he has received only one wolf skin, which he had reason
to believe came from Labrador, as it was accompanied by one of a white
fox.

Mr. J. A. Williams, of the Tobique River, who has been a trapper and lias
a wide knowledge of New Brunswick animals, tells me he has never met
with a wolf, and does not know of the occurrence of any in the Province
within fifty years.

Mr. Henry Braithwaite, the acknowledged leader of all New Brunswick
guides and trappers, whose territory lies in the very wildest part of the

^Concerning the wolf in Maine, Mr. Hardy writes in substance as follows, basing his
statements mostly upon notes of his own; — Up to 1845-46 they might be called plenty.
In 1853 I heard them while hunting on Union River and saw their tracks. In 1855 or
56 I saw one within eighteen miles of Bangor. In 1860 one was trapped near Mooseluck..
In 1864 two were killed in summer near an old lumber camp. Between 1870 and 1875
one was found drowned in the Union River. In 1887 I saw a track, heading west on
Moosehead Lake, near Mount Kineo, and the same year wolves were said to have killed
a deer. This is the last sign of a wolf of which I have heard in Maine.

There is also valuable matter on wolves in Maine in Springer’s Forest Life and Forest-
Trees, 1856, 109-114.

It will be of interest to add here the only record I have found of their occurrence in
Nova Scotia. This is in Campbell Hardy’s two fine books, which state that Wolves entered.
Nova Scotia from New Brunswick about the year 1850, but did not long remain there..
( Sporting Adventures in the New World, 1855, I, 51, and Forest Life in Acadie, 1869, 152 )

34

BULLETIN OF THE HATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

Province, writes me, — “As you are well aware I have followed hunting
for over fifty years. I have never, seen a track nor have I ever heard a
wolf.”

Mr. Arthur Pringle, of Stanley, who hunts in a more northerly region
than Mr. Braithwaite, and has had also an extensive experience in our
woods, writes me: “I have never seen any signs of the wolf in any part

of New Brunswick that I have hunted in.”

Mr. W. H. Venning, of Sussex, who has been interested in New Bruns-
wick animals and woods life for some seventy years and who, since 1860,
has been a good deal in the interior with guides and hunters, writes me he
has never met with a wolf, nor has he received any authentic evidence as
to their presence.

Mr. Clarence Ward, of Saint John, a well-known student of local history,
especially as revealed in old newspapers, writes me that he has not found
any references in old New Brunswick papers to wolves other than those
cited above. But he adds that in travelling by stage from Saint John to
Fredericton in December, 1857, when near Darby Gillan’s, he heard in the
hills a howling which he was told by the stage driver was ' that of wolves,
and was further told that two or three had lately been seen on the same
road. But since then Mr. Ward has not heard of their occurrence in the
Province.

Dr. B. S. Thorne, of Havelock, who has had a long interest in such
matters, writes me that he remembers the occurrence of wolves in that
section in his youth, their destructiveness to sheep in 1842, and a great wolf
hunt organized by the settlers in 1846, since which time none have ever
been known in that part of the Province.

An observant correspondent, Mr. I. T. Hetherington, of Jenkins, Queens
County, writes me that to his knowledge wolves were very abundant in
1842, especially around Salmon Bay and Newcastle Creek, where they killed
a number of sheep, and he himself, as a boy, heard their howling. He adds
that a neighbor claims to have seen one about twenty years ago (viz., in
1887), while Mr. Hetherington himself saw the tracks of one on Ryder Brook
in 1888.

The information sent me by another correspondent, Mr. P. H. Welsh,
of Fulton Brook, Queens County, differs completely from all other data
I have received. He writes that some thirty-three years ago, (viz. in 1874)
he saw a wolf on a lumber road on Coy Brook (a branch of Salmon River),
that the same winter he saw two others, of which he shot one through the
shoulders, that in the same winter he saw the tracks of seven wolves chasing
caribou on the Snowshoe Barren between Canaan and Lake Stream, and
that as late as 1901 he saw one about two miles from his home. Taking
this and Mr. Hetherington’s statement together, it seems possible that the
wolf lingered in the .Salmon River region later than in Northern New Bruns-
wick, but it is surprising that no other record of such persistence seems to
•exist

NATURAL HISTORY AHD PHYSIOGRAPHY OF NEW BRUNSWICK. 35

Summarizing now all the available evidence, and remembering
that the Wolf is a conspicuous and dreaded animal whose pre-
sence is always promptly made known, it seems clear that it
has ever been of sporadic appearance and irregular abundance
in New Brunswick. It must have been rare, if not absent,
during the earlier periods of our history; it came into some notice
about 1774, again about 1795, again after 1818, while about
1840 it became somewhat abundant, reaching its culmination
about 1845-46. After this it steadily diminished in numbers
until, in 1867, it had become practically extinct throughout
most of the Province, though it may possibly have persisted
until much later in the Salmon River region in Queens County,
and a stray individual may even have entered the Province
elsewhere.

There is one other reference to the Wolf in New Brunswick
which is of a different character. President Roosevelt, in an
article in Everybody’s Magazine for June last, condemned, and
very correctly, as impossible and absurd, the central idea in one
of Mr. C. G. D. Roberts’ stories dealing with Wolves and Lynxes.
In an interview given to a newspaper reporter in New York on
June 15, and published in a number of newspapers the next
day, Mr. Roberts defended his story and added that “he wrote
of the animals of New Brunswick (viz. Wolves and Lvnxes)
■with the habits of which I am thoroughly familiar. The facts
are based on long and careful observations.” The evidence
above given shows that the Wolf had vanished, except as an
excessively rare, if not doubtful, constituent of our fauna, before
1867. Mr. Roberts was born in 1860.

111. — On the Fundamental Construction of the Central
Highlands of*New Brunswick.

Read December 3, 1907.

A year ago I laid before this Society a description, based
in part upon earlier Notes and in part upon new studies, of the
Central Plateau of New Brunswick, the nucelar-axial and most
striking part of the Central Highlands of the Province. I
reserve the paper until after further study, but I wish to state

36

bulletin of the natural history society.

in brief the conclusion to which the data point as to the mode
of origin of both Plateau and Highlands. I desire to make this-
statement now because I find that in my earlier notes I h^ve
been laying too much stress upon the factor of primary erosion,
(viz. erosion of the primitive slopes of the country), as a factor
in modelling this complex central mass. The more striking
facts to be explained include, — (a) the existence of a great irregu-
lar highland mass running northeast through the north central
part of the Province, (b) the presence of an axial plateau, with
outlying minor plateaus, parallel ridges and groups of isolated
conical hills, (c) the dissection of the mass by valleys which
sometimes cut clear across it, sometimes run parallel with it,,
sometimes radiate from it, (d) the presence of slopes, from central
plateau to bordering plains, of escarpment-like steepness, and (e)
a great complication of granites, felsites, schists and even of
conglomerates, all bearing little relation to details of the actual
topography. The explanation of the topography of the region,
is found simply in this, that the Highlands are primarily a series
of gigantic, parallel, intrusive, abrupt-sided but sloping ended,,
ridges or dikes, here and there completely interrupted, greatest
and most regular in the centre, vrhere they are planed to flat
tops, and lowest and most irregular around the margins; these-
ridges were anciently forced up among much softer rocks which
in part they have hardened to schist but in part have permitted
to be removed by erosion, thus letting the eroding streams settle
down in the intermediate soft hollows, leaving the hard rocks
in relief as the highlands. As I shall later show, some of the
most puzzling details of the topography thus find a satisfactory
solution.

112.— On the Psychological Basis of New Brunswick Sea-

SERPENTS.

Read December 3, 1907.

The progress of science finds its greatest obstacle in the
imperfections of the mind of man. Our innate proneness to-
belief in mysteries and wonders, our preference for pleasant
fiction over commonplace fact, our habit of turning everything.

NATURAL HISTORY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY OF NEW BRUNSWICK. 37

to self justification or self-magnification, all tend to warp the
judgment from the objective towards the subjective. We can-
not, however, reject all reported wonders as untrue, for while
most of them are false a few are not; science must examine all,
to determine whether they have a real existence, or are simply
imaginings born from the credulity of ignorant men or the men-
dacity of cultured ones. Credulity may evolve wonders either
by an exaggeration of a real phenomenon, as in the case of the
Fire Ship of Caraquet (Note 92), or by forcing real phenomena
into support of a pre-conceived notion, as in the myths of the
Sea-serpent.

Some of the reports of New Brunswick Sea-serpents have a
perfectly genuine basis in all but name, that being adopted for
reasons more or less humorous. Thus, for the past few summers,
the local papers have often reported the appearances of the
11 Sea-serpent ’ ’ at Passamaquoddy and the Saint Croix The
animal is really there, but it is, according to the testimony of
observant persons, a White Whale, an animal very rare in these
waters, though abundant in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. Locally
it is stated that it came into the Bay with the war-ships taking
part in the Champlain celebration, June 25, 1905. But in this
belief we have nothing but an illustration of another wonder-
tendency, viz., the habit of linking together, as casually con-
nected, prominent events which are merely (or only approximately)
contemporaneous ; for data in my possession show that this
animal was seen in the bay at least one season before 1905.

But of Sea-serpent myths of the more usual type, three cases
have come under my notice. The first is the locally well-known
Monster of Lake Utopia, of which more is below. The second
is probably but an echo thereof, for Dr. J. Orne Green tells me
there is locally a shadowy belief in the former presence of a
Sea-serpent in Oromocto Lake. The third is the locally-celebrated
case reported by the late Mr. Eben Hall, of Saint Stephen, who
as a young man saw a strange monster on some of the lakes of
Maine, upon which he gave lectures and often discoursed, all
in perfect good faith.

38

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

Returning now to the Monster of Lake Utopia, we possess
a contemporary record of great interest in A. Leith Adams'
Field and Forest Rambles, page 56; Adams found, in 1867, large
baited hooks set by the residents around this lake for the capture
of the monster. He traced the evidence for its occurrence to
a strange disturbance observed a short time before in the calm
waters of the lake, a disturbance he explained as due to some
such natural causes as the opening of sub-aqueous fissures, or
else shoals of small fishes, or else tiny squalls from the neigh-
boring hills. He also mentions that the track of some huge
animal was claimed to have been traced from the sea to the
lake some thirty years before.*

With these matters in mind I have been on the lookout for
some years past, during my trips on New Brunswick waters,
for appearances which might sustain a Sea-serpent pre-concep-
tion, and I have noticed these. In lakes long dammed for lum-
bering purposes the marginal trees are killed, fall over, and
float around half water-logged. When the waves roll these over,
their irregular shapes, dark slimy surfaces, and occasional
projecting roots make them resemble somewhat a long slender
animal moving in the water. Again, on the mud bottoms of
our northern lakes, one often sees long sinuous troughs of
serpentine suggestion, really made by moose, which wallow
there for hours together on warm summer days (compare the
“ furrows in the sand” of the accompanying footnote). More
serpent-suggestive still are the beaver paths made by those
animals from one pond to another, — naked paths rounded in
contour and winding close to the ground through overhanging

, ]:
li

*As illustration of the local tales about this Monster, I copy the following from my
note-book of the year 1891. Mr. McCartney, an observant and well-informed resident
of Red Rock, Charlotte County, said that some twenty years ago he often saw the Monster
of Lake Utopia while lumbering there; it was dark red in color, the part showing above
water was twenty< feet long (about) and as big around as a small hogshead ; it had two large
flapping affairs like fins; no head was ever shown; it was much like a large eel; it never
let anyone get near it but was often seen by lumbermen from the shore; he had seen it
many times with his own eyes; he had also seen or heard of great furrows in the sand which
it had made; it disappeared about eighteen years ago and has not since been heard of
by anyone.

NATURAL HISTORY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY OF NEW BRUNSWICK. 39

vegetation. Also I think the ancient Indian portage trails, in
which the hollowed path persists long after it has been over-
arched by vegetation, would give the same impression. And I
venture to think the old serpent path from the sea to Lake Utopia,
mentioned by Adams, was simply the important old Indian
trail which we know existed between the Lake and the Letang
River.

If the reader will spread before him a modern map of New Brunswick,,
and will fix his attention upon all the boundary lines shown thereon
he will be impressed by the irregularity of the network the boundaries make,
and by the seeming lawlessness of most of their courses. Close observation
will show that a few of the lines coincide with natural features of the country,
such as sea-coast and rivers; but the great majority have no such deter-
minants, and are obviously entirely artificial. Every one versed in the history
of this Province will readily recall that some of these boundaries have been
subjects of serious international contentions, have exhausted the powers
of the highest diplomacy, and have brought great nations within sight of
war. A few are old, and interwoven with the earlier periods of our history,
while others have had experiences sufficiently remarkable or curious. Al-
together, it is unlikely that any other country of equal size has had
its boundaries so often or conspicuously in contention, so fully discussed
by many and weighty commissions, so closely interlocked with its general
history, or determined by so many distinct considerations as has the Province
of New Brunswick. — W F. Ganong, Preface to the Evolution of Boundaries
of New Brunswick. Trans. R. S. C., Vol. vii, 1901.

ARTICLE III.

THE FUNGI OF NEW BRUNSWICK.

Bv G. U. Hay.

The seasons of 1906 and 1907 were widely different in their
relative productiveness of fungi. The late summer and autumn
of 1906 were very dry and, in consequence, the out-growths of
these moisture-loving plants were much less abundant than
usual, many familiar forms being entirely absent. The abnor-
mally wet season of 1907 produced an abundant and varied crop,
beginning early in July and extending to late in the season.
The woods and fields, literally speaking, were full of them.
Repeated rains and a continuous moisture-laden atmosphere
brought successive growths of spore-bearing forms that seemed
toward the end of the season to exhaust the supporting mycelia;
or, perhaps, the paucity of forms then may have been the result
of early frosts which played havoc among growths more water-
soaked and less hardy and persistent than usual. Especially
abundant were the slime moulds or Myxomycetes forms, which
revel under extremely damp conditions. Many of the species
in the subjoined list belong to this class. Others were found
which, owing to their tendency to speedy decay and the insuffi-
ciency of literature on the subject, were not satisfactorily
determined.

The Boleti, a genus allied to the Polypori but mushroom-like
in form and habit, were very abundant throughout the season.
Some of these, as the Boletus edulis and kindred species, have
the reputation of being good for food; others, like the Boletus
luridus, which change colour quickly on being bruised or broken,
are looked upon as poisonous. The doubtful appearance of the
greater part of the members of this group, and the masses of
grubs which infest them, warn the fungus-eater to avoid them
et hoc genus omne.

The Cortinarii, probably the most interesting in their varied
colors and forms, certainly the most abundant of the larger

40

THE FUNGI OF NEW BRUNSWICK.

41

fungi found in the woods of our northern latitudes, were excep-
tionally plentiful during the season. The rich violet and purple
colorings of several species of this group add very attractive
tints to the floor of our woods during the months of September
and October. Their abundance and beauty constitute their
principal claim to recognition. They are not regarded as mush-
room delicacies. The brilliancy of coloring and abundance of
the Russulas made them also an attractive feature of our wood-
lands during the season, while the picturesque fly-agaric ( Amanita
muscaria), from its size, commonness and flaunting colors, drew
upon it the attention of the least observant. Nearly all Amanitas
and several of the Russulas are poisonous and should be avoided.

Strange to say, there was an unusual scarcity during the
past season, in places where I have been accustomed to find
them, of the two most common and prized edible forms — the
common mushroom ( Agaricus campestris ) and the shaggy-mane
mushroom ( Coprinus comatus). When I wished to obtain these
for illustrations, on the first of October, I could not find them
in the St. John market or in the haunts near the city, where I
had been accustomed to observe them. The same was true
of the “fairy-ring” mushroom ( Marasmius oreades). But this
was not the case by any means with other edible mushrooms
not so well known as the two mentioned above, but which should
be well-known on account of their abundance and excellence.
As I have referred to these in previous papers in the Bulletin ,
I need only make a reference to them here.

During the past season the Lactarius deliciosus (it is a matter
of regret that this and other species here mentioned have no
common names) which, to coin an English name, may be called
the Delicious Eactar, has been unusually abundant. It is
certainly delicious when properly cooked and has long been
regarded by many as the chief of edible mushrooms. From
frequent tests of its appetizing flavor I have no hesitation in
agreeing with this opinion. Cantharellus cibarius, known as the
Chantarelle, is a mushroom of wide distribution in temperate
latitudes. Its symmetrical tapering form, rich chrome yellow
color, and blunt wrinkled gills make it easily recognized. It

4'2

bulletin of the natural history society.

grows in fields and woods and is known as one of our most
palatable mushrooms. This beautiful plant, as well as the little
mitrula (Mitral a vitellina var irregularis), which is found in
moss along roadsides and in evergreen woods, were very abundant
during the months of September and early in October. The
latter plant, about the size of a lady’s thumb, or less, is of a
rich yellow color and is of a very attractive appearance as it
rises from the green mosses amid fir and spruce trees. Eaten
raw or cooked, its pleasant nutlike flavor makes it delicious as
a salad during the autumn months until heavy frosts render it
insipid.

Other noteworthy forms, not so grateful to the taste as the
above, were Cantharellus umbonatus, a beautiful little plant
having a steel-blue cap with a conical boss rising from the centre,
the puff-balls, clavarias, and a few others not so delicately flavored
but fairly good eating, on a pinch. If people, both in country
and city, would take the trouble to become acquainted with
about a dozen species of our edible mushrooms, and learn how
to serve them up as palatable dishes, there would be wholesome
dainties added to the tables of many households.

The writer is indebted to Mr. C. G. Lloyd, of Cincinnati,
for his kindly courtesy and assistance in determining many of
the species found in the following list.

Additions to Previous Lists.

Agaricus diminutivus Peck. Small; Pileus depressed; reddish.

Tricholoma decorosum Peck. Covered with brown tomentose scales.

Clitocybe ochrapurpureum Berk. With purple gills.

Collybia dryophila Bull. Pileus grey or tan-colored.

Hygrophorus conicus Fr.

Hygrophorus chlorophanus Fr.

Lactarius turpis Fr. Gills crowded, forked; milk acrid.

Lactarius flexuosus Fr.

Russula pectinata Fr. Pileus toast-brown.

Russula puellaris Fr var intensior Cooke. Centre of pileus black.

Russula furcata Fr. Pileus green.

Russula depallens Pers. Pileus pallid brown.

Entoloma rhodopolium Fr. Pileus grayish, shining.

Stropharia semiglobata Batsch.

Boletus elbensis Peck. Pileus brown, viscid.

Polyporus adustus Fr. Pileus smoky-black on the margin.

Hydnum caput-ursi Fr. Spines nearly one inch long. A beautiful plant-

Stereum tabascinum Fr.

THE FUNGI OF NEW BRUNSWICK.

4 3

Clavaria fumosa Pers. Smoky in color. Ill smelling.

Lycoperdon cepaeforme Bull.

Trametes abietinus. On dead fir.

Lycoperdon Wrightii (?) [I judge it is what Morgan has taken for h.
Wrightii.— C.G.L.]

Helvella lacunosa Apzel. Cap thin, black.

Helotium citrina.

Thelephora terrestris Ehrb.

Peziza acetabulum Linn. Greyish-white when fresh, becoming black
on drying.

Peziza badia Pers. Of a rich brown color. Somewhat transparent.

Fuligo septica. The Fuligoes are the largest slime moulds.

Fuligo ochracea Peck.

Pilacre Petersii Engler & Prantt. (Having only conidial spores).

Lycologa epidendrum. (Resembling a puff ball, but belonging to the
Myxomycetes) .

Corticium amorphum Fr.

Corias spongiosa (fide Patouillard).

Leotia lubrica Pers. Cap olive-yellow, slimy.

Leotia chlorocephala Schweinitz. Cap greenish, slimy.

Plants previously reported 286

Additions named above 35

Total 321

SFf | The distrust and suspicion with which many of the fungi are looked
upon show that more attention should be given to them, to educate popular
opinion in favor of a class of plants that have been much abused and
maligned. The presence of vast numbers of toadstools of every form and
color in our woods and fields every year, especially in September and October ,
is a source of curiosity to those people who kick them over and desire of
you the information whether such and such a plant is a “mushroom” or a
“toadstool.” Some there may be who, naturally observant, have found
in the despised toadstool a beautiful and complicated structure. They
recognize among the higher fungi an agaric by its gills, a polyporus or boletus
by its pores, a hydnum by its spines, a morel by the fluted folds of its cap,,
or a puff-ball by its spherical or balloon-like shape. But you may count
on the fingers of one hand probably those in Canada, outside of the Natural
History Survey, who have attempted the serious study of the higher fungi ,
while still fewer have attempted the “Imperfect Fungi,” as they are termed,
which are so destructive as parasites on cultivated plants. — G. U. Hay \The
Study of Canadian Fungi. Trans. R. S. C. Vol. x, p. 139.

ARTICLE IV.

OBSERVATIONS ON WEATHER AND PLANTS, 1907.

By G. U. Hay.

March 30. — Cold, clear weather throughout the month with
abundance of snow. There has been good sleighing all winter
with the exception of a short interruption about the last of De-
cember, 1906, which month was generally fine with clear, frosty
weather. March ‘20th the worst snow storm of the season occurred,
accompanied with high winds which caused huge drifts. The
sun and fog of succeeding days caused the snow to disappear
rapidly. Good Friday (March 29) was a fine warm day with
clear skies — like a day in June, except for the slush on the streets.
Beautiful weather continued for several days.

April was ushered in by a snowstorm which continued
throughout the first day of the month and the following night,
making snow sufficient for sleighing up to the 5th. There were
cold rains and frequent snow flurries during the month with a
considerable depth of snow in the woods and in sheltered places.

Wild Garden at Ingleside.

During May and June the weather continued cold and back-
ward and with few bright sunny days during May, except the
26th and 27th. Frequent frosts. Farming operations began
about the middle of the month and were pushed on steadily in
spite of comfortless days and frosty nights

May 19. — A few white violets observed with fawn lilies,
(adder’s-tongue) beginning to appear in sheltered places. May-
flowers and hepaticas in full bloom.

May 24. — A few blue violets to be seen, with strawberry
plants, bluets, dandelions in flower.

May 27. — Painted and purple trilliums and the white tril-
lium (not native) in bloom. Flowers of red maple which have
been in bloom for nearly two weeks beginning to fall, and hepati-
has dropping their petals. Cloudy weather and rains during
the last days of May. 44

OBSERVATIONS ON WEATHER AND PLANTS.

45

June opened with a few fine days followed by cold easterly
winds and cloudy weather. From the 12th to the 15th it was
warm and generally fair.

June 8. — Amelanchiers in full bloom, and the wild red cherry
beginning to unfold its petals in sunny places.

June 12.— Elder in bloom, striped trillium and moose wood
in woods, and strawberry and dandelions brightening the fields
everywhere. Crab apple trees in full bloom. A few buttercups,
with blue-eyed grass, red clover, and rhodoras appearing.

June 16. — Stemless ladies’ slippers, bunch berries, apple
trees in bloom, and blossoms of the blue berry appearing.

June 20. — White and purple lilacs opening; foreign lilacs
still in bud. These began to open on the 26th and continued
in flower for a fortnight or more. Pinguicula coming in bloom
on the 29th.

The weather continued wet during July with a few fine warm
days (17th-20th) but generally cool, especially at night. Haying
which usually begins about the 20th was deferred until August.

July 2. — A few ripe wild strawberries were picked. On the
6th they were fairly plentiful. The cultivated forms continued
to appear in great abundance from July 12th to the first of
August.

August 8. — A week of August has gone and still no hay has
been harvested, beyond a few scattered loads in poor condition.
The days for the past fortnight were not clear except for a few
hours at a time. Rains have been frequent. The river St. John
has been phenomenally high and intervales along its course have
been under water.

September, usually a fine season, was one of our most cheer-
less months. The first week was one of intermittent rains with
scarcely any sunshine. The marsh hay crop was nearly ruined
with poor prospect for oats and other crops. There were frosts
on the nights of Sept. 12th and 13th, and a severe frost on the
night of the 18th. Heavy rains at intervals from September
21st to October 10th made harvesting a matter of considerable
difficulty.

ARTICLE V.

MEMORIAL SKETCH OF THE LATE JOHN MOSER.

By G. U. Hay.

A tall venerable-looking man, with form somewhat bent
from age but with elastic step and cheeks ruddy with the glow
of outdoor exercise, used occasionally to walk into our
rooms bringing with him a package of mosses or fungi. This
was John Moser, who died recently at his home near Havelock,
N. B., in the eighty-first year of his age. Mr. Moser was of a
retiring disposition, of simple and unobtrusive manners and a
reverent student of nature. His holidays and many leisure hours,
for he was a country school teacher, was devoted to walks through
by-paths, glens and woods where he had trained his eye to observe,
in addition to the flowering plants, those lowly but beautiful
forms of mosses, lichens and fungi. It was his especial delight
to study -the mosses, and though not possessed .of a microscope
or many books on the subject, he was enabled by his quick eye
and a remarkably intuitive perception of differences of structure
to detect several hundred different species of New Brunswick
mosses, more than a dozen of which are new to science, having
been determined by the great Swedish bryologist, Kindberg,
and other specialists. Unfortunately many of his specimens
were rather crudely prepared and mounted, but their generous
abundance makes up in a measure for their lack of beauty on
herbarium sheets. A list of mosses discovered by him was pub-
lished in the Bulletin of the Natural History Society of New
Brunswick, volume IV, number 16, pp. 23-31. Shortly afterwards
a collection embracing all the mosses collected by Mr. Moser
and noted in the catalogue, was presented by him to our society
and placed in the herbarium where it will serve for future refer-
ence by students, and remain as a memorial of a quiet but
discerning and industrious nature student.

46

ARTICLE VI.

PHENOMENA OF THE TIDES AT INDIANTOWN.

By D. Leavitt Hutchinson,

Director St. John Observatory.

In the Autumn of 1907 a Richards recording tide gauge,
with the necessary appliances and protection, was installed on
the face of wharf adjoining the ferry slip at Indiantown. This
type of gauge gives a continuous record of the tide from high
to low and low to high, the curve being traced on a paper diagram
placed on the cylinder which is revolved once every twenty-
four hours by clockwork inside the cylinder. The pencil carrier,
being connected by suitable gear, is moved up and down in
accordance with the movement of the float. The diagrams used
in these observations were scaled 0.50 of an inch to the foot.
The purpose of installing this gauge was to determine the differ-
ence in time of high and low water compared with the Kelvin
recording tide gauge which the Tidal and Current Survey have
had in operation at Reed’s Point, St. John Harbor, for many
years, also to measure the tidal range at Indiantown.

The following table is the result of nearly one month’s ob-
servation,and shows by comparison the difference in time between
high and low water at Indiantown and in St. John Harbor,
also the range of tide at Indiantown.

47

COMPARISON BETWEEN THE INDIANTOWN AND ST. JOHN HARBOR TIDES.

4S

BULLETIN OF THE

NATURAL. HISTORY SOCIETY.

Range of Tide at
Indiantown in
feet and decimals
of foot.

Aft’noon

■ LOO ■ O O O CO iC • • C lO O O •O'OO'OOCJ
•C©0 •©ICOCOt'-Tji • • »© X »© ©4 ■ © O h O) O h

oo

■ © c© ■ N O lO o X W 'lOiOXCtONXSOONiO
-HHOINHCQ •CO^N'1i(NO©HOffi©

•jajeAV mot; S

UMOJUBipUJ

coc -re • O *© C O '0000^0 -co • •»©©©■

© hh . t-h .hONh 'CtHHfNCt • T-H • •COINO

©4 ©1 ■ ©4 • ©4 ©4 ©4 ©4 • ©4 ©4 ©4 ©4 ©4 • ©I • • ©4 ©1 ©4

Afternoon,
Low Water.

! Indian-
town.

h. m.

O© •© •©©©© • © i© © t"— © •’—i • ■©»©>©

CO •© • t-h ©4 1© Tjl • ©4 X ©4 t-h l© -CO • 'HCOH

4> X • © • ©4 X Tt- »© -XX©©© • ©4 • • X X

St.John

Harbor.

h. m.

i>- o • r- -©»©©o • ©4 1© »© »© © • >© • 'ifj»©i©

CO ©4 • • © T— • CO CO • i© ©4 © i© X • t-h • -COHr-t

»© © • i> • ©4 t-h ©4 x • i© © i> go . © . - i— i <©ci

*J3;bt -rai^AX. mot g

UMO^UBipUJ

•©i© • x »© © x © © -x©4©x©x©i©©x©

• ©1 © • ©4 ^h X h}h ©4 • ©t CO ©4 CO ©4 CO CO t-h CO i-H ©I

■ ©1 ©) • ©4 ©4 ©4 ©4 ©1 ©4 • ©4 ©4 ©4 ©4 ©4 ©4 ©4 ©4 ©4 ©4 ©4

Morning,
Low Water.

Indian-

town.

h. m.

• © i© • i© © t© © © c© -©4>-©©©©©»©©X©

•CO© • ^ C ©4 M Tf © ■ CO « © Tt r- IHOCOCOH©4

•X© • © ©4 X ^ *0 CO ■XO©©H©4HH©4CO't

St.John

Harbor.

h. m.

• © © ■ ^ © ©4 o o -r^io©r>-©i>©©©©©

• h © • T-H Tf Ttt co © Ttt •©•T,CO©LOCOCO©4©©©
•©r» -XtH ©rHXM •©©I>QOOO©©'-h©'-h©4

U3}BT -i3|BAV q3iH g

UMO^UBipUI

•lOlO • • X © X © •’ ■OOOOXOOIOCOO©

• ^ i© • -t-tco^hC: • -©T— ii©©c©C0XXT-H©Hti-

Afternoon.
High Water.

Indian-

town.

h, m.

• © c© • • co i© >© © • • r- © © © x © © © © © >©

• © c© . • Tf n I.C CO • • © © ©4 ©4 C© ©4 © o »© CO H

• hh • ■ l>» X OS © •t-h©4©4XX‘©©I>I>Xt-h

St.John

Harbor.

h. m.

• >© © • i© »© t> © ■ N © © © © i© © © N C O

•--H© • • ©4 ^ CO X • •©•<tlXT-H©TtHX©4XXX

• ©4 T-H - • © I> x © • '©4NH(NCOCO^I©®NO

J3*bt aa^BAV q3?H g

UMO}UBipUI

•©4 1© • © X X© © X © -©©X©X©©X©--<»0

• ‘ © 1© ■ H Tf c ©) C H • © ‘© T-H t-h 1© r-H x ©4 ©4 X Tf

• © © • t-H © t-H t-H t-H t-H 'tHOHHCHHHHHO

Morning
High Water.

Indian-

town.

| h. in.

• © © -©©I©©'©© •OCCOOOOOXNX‘0'

■ X -* ■ H Tf o ©1 H L© • © ©4. ©4 r-(X'^l©'^©4X'Tri

• © t-h • X © X © © © • ^H t-h ©4 X X 1© © I> X X

t.John

[arbor.

h. m.

•xc© • © ©4 © © t-» © • ©©©©t^©©u3i>i>©

• X Hf • © c© © o © Hf •OXt-h©XX©4t— 1©©©

• t-h © • (N >© N X fli C5 'OOHiNflXTjuoONoO

a 2

o oo © ^ n rc -r '!■: ?c n x © o ,
- h - :i :i ^ ©i ©i ©i ©i co jo

PHENOMENA OF THE TIDES AT INDIANTOWN .

49

When the first of the tabulated records was made (October
7th) the' high water reading on gauge was 5.90 feet; on the
morning of the 9th, 6.70 feet; afternoon high of the same date,
6.90 feet. This increase of water level was due entirely to a
heavy fall of rain on the 8th, when 1.42 inches was recorded
between 9 a. m. and 9 p. m. After that date there was a gradual
decline in the water level, the last record of high water on
November 1st registering 3.25 feet on the gauge.

The comparisons show that the high water at Indiantown
occurs, on an average, 1 hr. 6 m. later than the St. John Harbor
high, and the low at Indiantown, on an average, 2 hr. 20 m.
later. During the period under observation the minimum time
of delay of high water at Indiantown was 0 hr. 45 m., the
maximum 1 hr. 35 m. For the low tide, the minimum was 2
hr. and the maximum 2 hr. 40 m. The average range was 1.30
feet; the greatest range 1.73 feet and the least 0.65 feet.

The Indiantown tide rises faster than it falls. On an average
one hour and a quarter less time elapses from low to high water
than between high and low water. This, possibly, to a less
extent, is a phenomenon of all tidal rivers. While Indiantown
is less than a mile distant from St. John Harbor, the rising tide
must flow through the narrow gorge at the falls and reach the
level of the basin above before its effect becomes noticeable
on the Indiantown gauge. The tidal current continues running
up river after high water and until mean water level has been
reached with the falling tide. The ebbing current down stream
continues flowing until the following high water in the Harbor
has again brought the water to its mean level in the Indiantown
basin.

It is proposed that a more prolonged series of observations
be made at Indiantown, if possible, beginning early in the spring
and carried through the summer and autumn.

50

bulletin of the natural history society.

ARTICLE VII.

NOTES ON NEW BRUNSWICK WEATHER FOR 1907.

By D. Leavitt Hutchinson.

January. — The weather of the first nine days of the month
was comparatively mild, the remainder exceedingly cold. At
times temperature changes occurred with marked rapidity and
many days of considerably below zero readings were recorded.
At St. John the lowest temperature for twenty years — 16.9
was registered on the 7th. The snowfall was not excessive and
near the Bay of Fundy bare ground obtained until the 11th.
Northerly winds predominated with the velocity at St. John
twenty-eight hundred miles, in excess of that of the same month
last year. The highest temperature 53 was recorded at Moncton
and the lowest — 30 at St. Stephen.

February. — A remarkably cold and stormy month. Tempera-
tures below zero, at many places, were of almost daily occur-
rence. Snowstorms were frequent and at times heavy. Rain fell
heavily on the 21st, and was followed by a period of intensely
cold weather lasting until the close of month. The depth of
snow at the end of month was from thirty to sixty inches in
most localities. The highest temperature, 46.2 at Grand Manan,
and the lowest -33 at St. Stephen.

March. — There was considerable fine, bright weather during
this month, but as a rule it was quite cold, especially *during
the first part of the month when temperatures below zero were
recorded at intervals in all districts. Precipitation, which fell
mostly snow, was below the average. At the close of month
the snow covering varied from a trace in southern to upwards
of two feet in northern counties. Highest temperature 56.5 at
St. Stephen, lowest -34 at Woodstock.

April. — Exceedingly cold and wintry weather obtained
during the greater portion of the month, snowstorms occurring

NOTES ON NEW BRUNSWICK WEATHER.

51

at intervals up to the 21st, the snowfall aggregating fourteen
inches; after this date slightly warmer conditions prevailed, but
the weather was wet and cloudy. The St. John River opened
on the 27th with promise of a heavy freshet. In some localities
considerable snow remained; ice was quite firm in lakes, and
everywhere vegetation was remarkably backward. Highest
temperature 67 at Moncton, lowest 2 at Chatham.

May. — May weather was unseasonably cold. The temperature
at night generally being quite low and frosts occurring occasion-
ally at most places throughout the month. There was much
dull weather in Southern districts, elsewhere fine weather pre-
vailed. A heavy fall of snow occurred on the 11th, and vegetation
in all districts was exceptionally backward. Highest temperature
76.5 at St. Stephen, lowest 25 at St. Stephen.

June. — Unseasonably cool with excessive cloudiness. In
Northern districts rainfall was about average but in the South
it was below and occurred chiefly in scattered showers. Light
frosts were noted during the first half of the month, but little
damage was caused thereby. Vegetation backward. Highest
temperature 94 on 23rd at Chatham and 18th at Woodstock,
lowest 29 on 1st and 4th at Sussex.

July. — Unusually wet and dull. Temperatures from 80 to
90 were recorded between the 16th and 20th, otherwise maxi-
mums were not high. Severe thunderstorms were frequent,
considerable damage being caused by lightning, and, in some
places, growing crops were badly damaged by hail. • The heavy
rains on the upper St. John have given this river a record height
for the season. Near the Bay of Fundy fogs were recorded on
from 13 to 16 days. The gale of the 28th was most severe near
the Bay of Chaleur. Highest temperature 90 at Chatham, lowest
44 at St. Stephen.

August. — More fine days than either of the two preceding
months but without the usual warmth. There was at the same
time much cold, cloudy and wet weather, although little fog.
Southerly winds predominated as in the preceding month. No
gales occurred but some heavy thunderstorms were reported
during the first half of the month. Highest temperature 87 at
Chatham, lowest 36 at Sussex.

bulletin of the natural history society.

02

September. — Cool and dull. Rain fell between the 1st and
8th, and on the 12th, 17th, 21st, 25th, 29th, and 30th. The
intervening periods were cloudy to fine and cool. Heavy frosts
were general on the 19th. Thunderstorms on the 6th and 17th.
Owing to the excessive rainfalls rivers and streams are at a record
height. With the exception of the maple, foliage was quite green.
Highest temperature 79 at St. Stephen, lowest 29 at St. Stephen.

October. — The weather of this month was about equally
divided between dull, stormy, and wet and fine days. Rain fell
in small quantities at frequent intervals and heavily on the
4th, 8th, 28th, and 30th. On the latter date snow was reported
from some localities. Tight frosts were frequent and about the
18th ice formed in all sections. Gales were recorded on the 4th,
8th, and 21st. That of the 8th was exceptionally heavy with a
velocity of 64 miles at St. John. Highest temperature 66 at
Chatham, lowest 15 at St. Stephen.

November. — Exceptionally fine and comparatively mild, and,
though frosts were frequent, no low temperatures were registered.
Rain fell heavily on the 3rd, 7th, 10th and 25th, otherwise,
November was a pleasant month with many sunny days and
bright moonlight nights. Dense land fogs were fairly general
on the 2nd and 23rd. Moderate southeast gales on the 3rd and
25th, and a heavy easterly gale on the 27th. The 30th was the
coldest day with light local snowfalls. In northern New Bruns-
wick there was a light snow covering but elsewhere only a trace
here and there. Highest temperature 62 at Sussex, lowest 12 at
Sussex.

December. — An abnormally mild month with a light snowfall.
There were short, broken periods of sleighing and at times open
water in the rivers and streams. The distinctive feature was
the high minimum temperatures which for some localities was
considerably above any record. Heavy rainfalls on the 11th,
23rd, and 30th. Snow on the 2nd and 15th. Two fresh to heavy
and three moderate gales occurred. The snow covering varied
from one to three inches in northern and none in southern locali-
ties. Highest temperature 57 at Moncton, lowest -6 at Sussex.

NOTES ON NEW BRUNSWICK WEATHER

53

o

H

<

>

P4

w

co

PQ

O

£

W

o

H

co

.

rfrH(NO5‘OG0I>t>0500C0I>

o

HCOOC^Ol^^OOCOHO

CO

•S3[IH

05 cc o c© cq o o o co q oo^

to

P1°X

o' o' o os' go" o' o' co" t>~ o' 05 os'

co"

rH rH r-H

o

i-H

•rnpo

of

tO oO i-i H HNH Ol Ol

to

sanojj

1-1

NOOCOONOCOiOOOOM

LO

MNNiOO>(MCMO(N^OC'j

00

•sam^

HO^NtqiqrH co ^ co i> oo cq

trq

is-

of of r-T of t-T of of

I>"

1-1

£

C0l>HCO'^NrHH©O3ffl'^

CO

•SJnoH

HiOHHt' 04 CO Ol CD tP

Ol

T— 1 1—1 1—1 1— 1 T—l 1—1

o

1-H

■ *

OtOOOO^OCOtDiHNOHC^

00

o

•S31fp\[

oococor^oii>cooi-'tfr^coco

05

05

OSOi^TttTlHCO'^iOiOCOCD'O

Ol

•

1—1 1—1

05

£

tor-H-^HOioscoQOcoGOtocoto

to

•SJnoH

r^i>c5co^'^ioo5too5coLo

CO

o

O

OrHt^oOCOtOOIO^iO^Ol

HOOCDOOCOOCONCOOHH

to

to

•sairn

i> o^o --^ oo iono qq_o_q

TtH

;>

^ t“H rH rH rH rH

of

►>

><

c/i

TfiitOCOOC5t^t^l>COCOcO^

05

H

•sjnou

COtOOt^'OCONLOOOOOS

to

l>

HH

OlOOO^HONitCOOkO^

r-l

O^COMOONiOOOONCl

CO

o

■saniM

O_co 05 05 <0 0<0 CO Tt^OS (0 05

P

W

to

r-T i-T of of of i-T i-T

i>“

OOOONOO^O^I^Nth

Ol

p>

•sjnojj

iOiHGOrHl''CDNClMOMO

to

H -— 1 Ol CO CO 1-H r-H

00

i-H

Q

'^>OCOI>cO'^OiO‘OI>05CO

i-H

•saim

NfflOtD©t0 05 00Hi0(N0l

C0»0)I>C0HjH05C0C01>Ht>OTtH

05

W

1-H

I>

<1

HNCOONHOOOOICOOIN

H

CO

•sjnojj

COOl»OCOl>i-H05-^COOOOlOl

CO

1

CO

NN^NhCOOONhoOiO

h

o

•S3ITM

NHOOOCONCOHHOiflN

«

CO 1-H CO CO LO I> CO 1-h tJH 05

Hf

H

COHNOOlHOSOlNOlON

O

a

w

•SJTIOH

CO 1-H Ol CO to CO CO Ol tH

05

CO

rt

hOU'OhOOhoOhiom

‘S3ITK

C0011>0l0l050l00 00 c005c0

GO

hh

Ol to 00 ■'ct* Ol O Ol rti Hji 1— ICO

Q

W

T_l ^ T_l T_l

oo"

£

•sjnoji

05t^i-HCOC004'^l05000ll>t>-

to

q

OlOOOOHOOCO rfi Kf 1-H lO

Ol

1-H 1-H r-H

!>.

oii>r^oicoo5t^co^05r-Hoo

Ol

O00^C^35HO 05 05Hrt<

©

£

•S3ITH

*> >o to io i> °5 Htooo oqcw

Ol

P of of of i-T i-T 1-7 p i-T of of

co"

Ol

05©M050^CONO®©0

~C0

•smoH

©O^O^OSN^OONOOO

CO

CO Ol Ol 1-H i-i i-H i-H i-H Ol i-H

Ol

to

1907.

S

fn

£

o

S

January. .
February.
March. . .
April ....

May

June

July

August. . .
September
October . .
November
December

TOTALS ,

54

bulletin of the natural history society.

METEOROLOGICAL ABSTRACT FOR 1907.

ST. JOHN OBSERVATORY.

Meteorological Service oe Canada.

Latitude, 45° 16' 42" N. Longitude, 66° 3' 49.50" W.

MONTHS

1907.

BAROMETER.

THERMOMETER.

Cloudiness.

0 = Clear.

10 = Wholly Clouded.

Precipitation
Rain and
Melted Snow.

Thunder Storms.

m

be

o

Mean.

Highest.

m

V

&

0

tA

Mean.

Highest.

1/5

<V

£

o

A

J anuary

30.154

30.735

29.319

16.7

48.5

-16.9

5.4

3.27

0

3

February ....

29.976

30.755

29.313

15.5

43.3

-11.3

5.6

4.29

0

6

March

29 . 998

30 . 534

28.560

27.8

52.3

- 3.2

5.3

2.16

0

2

April

29 . 808

30.477

29 . 029

37.1

52.3

13.5

6.7

4.77

0

4

May

29 . 939

30 . 396

29 . 439

45.9

63.0

31.8

7.1

2.96

0

3

June

29.941

30 . 235

29 . 364

55.0

75.9

38.5

6.5

1.60

6

5

July

29.829

30 . 228

29 . 293

60.8

76.5

49.5

6.9

4.33

8

11

August

29.931

30.282

29.543

60.2

73.2

50.3

5.8

3.92

4

9

September . . .

29 . 994

30.410

29 . 502

55.9

69.3

39.5

6.3

4.83

3

8

October

29.981

30.529

29 . 336

45.5

60.3

25.9

5.7

4.24

0

1

November . . .

30 . 036

30.555

29.395

39.9

56.9

19.3

6.0

5.44

0

2

December ....

29.897

30.378

28.880

30.5

50.8

10.0

6.8

4.66

0

2

Mean height of barometer for year was 29.957. The highest reading
30.755 on 24th February, and the lowest 28.560 on the 20th March. The
mean temperature for the year was 40.9, being 1 degree below .the average.
Maximum temperature 76.5 on July 4th, and the minimum— 16.9 on January
17th. Total precipitation, 46.47 inches, was 0.39 of an inch below the
average. The first frost occurred on the 14th of September and last on
the 24th of May.

D. LEAVITT HUTCHINSON,
Director, St. John Observatory.

54

president’s address.

55

APPENDIX.

Summary of President’s Address.

In his annual address delivered January 21, the President
made reference to the growth of the Society in membership, to
the convenient premises which it now occupied, and which it
had purchased so that it might have a permanent home. He
referred to the work which had been done in arranging its
museum and in cataloguing its library. Its out-door meetings
in the summer of 1907 had been pleasant, as well as beneficial
to students of nature. Some excellent work had been accom-
plished by the more active members of the Society, but they
would all be glad if the number of workers along original lines
could be increased.

The President then went on to speak of the influence of the
imagination upon the scientific mind in studies of nature. He
illustrated his treatment of the subject by references to the
writings of Lieutenant Maury, U. S. N., upon the physical
geography of the sea; but more especially by references to the
theories of geologists who have maintained a belief in an ice
age, in recurring glacial eras, and the like; and in this connec-
tion he quoted largely from various writings of Sir Henry H.
Howorth who has summed up in several of his publications the
evidence which is held by the glacialists to maintain their views,
and who, on the other hand, states the grounds upon which he
dissents from the inferences and theories of the glacialists. In
the views expressed on both sides the influence of the imagina-
tion was apparent.

56

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

FORTY-SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

COUNCIL OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY

OF

NEW BRUNSWICK.

The Council of the Natural History Society of New Bruns-
wick submit the following as a summary of the work done by
the Society for the year ending Dec. 31st, 1907.

Membership.

During the year the membership has been increased by the
addition of eleven life, one corresponding, eighty-five ordinary,
one hundred and forty-five associate and forty-three junior
members, a total of two hundred and eighty.

The following table shows the numbers, classes and total
enrolled membership:

Honorary 8

Fife 20

Corresponding 25

Ordinary 151

Associate 284

Junior 47

Total 535

Receipts —
Balance from 1906
Ordinary Fees . . .
Associate F ees . . .
Junior Fees . . . .

Treasurer’s Report 1907.

312.00

262 . 00
.33.00

Proceeds “Popular Lecture Course”

Rent of Barn

Amt. rec’d from Prof. W. F. Ganong for printing articles

Grant from N. B. Government

Grant from City of St. John

482.51

607.00
90.20

100.00
16.15

500.00

250.00

Carried forward ,

$2045.86

REPORT OF COUNCIL.

57

Brought forward , $2045.86

Donations —

Miss S. Longmaid 40.00

H. E. Gillmore 2.00

“A Friend,” per A. G. E 2.00

Mrs. C. F. Woodman 50.00

‘ ‘ Ladies’ Association ” 150.00

244.00

Donations “Building Fund” —

G. W. Ganong, M. P 100.00

“A Friend,” per G. U. Hay 10.00

“A Friend,” per A. Gordon Leavitt 100.00

Wm. Thomson & Co 25.00

S. W. Hatheway 5.00

‘ 1 N etherwood School ” 10.00

Dr. Brittain 1.00

W. E. Earle 100.00

- 351.00

Donations to “Mortgage Fund” —

R. B. Kesson 7.00

Lewis J . Almon 5.00

Barnes & Co 10.00

F. W. Daniel 5.00

G. S. Fisher 40.00

“Cash” 10.00

L. G. Crosby 10.00

A. P. Hazen ' 2.00

J. Walter Holly 7.00

John Lee & Co 2.00

C. P. Humphrey 5.00

Wm. Brodie 10.00

Theo. Cushing 2 00

G. E. Barbour 10.00

Andrew J ack 10.00

E. A. Goodwin 10.00

Mrs. W. H. Hayward 5.00

C. H. Peters 10.00

‘ ‘ Ladies Association ” 200 . 00

Miss Bowman 5.00

Interest 2.93

367.93

$3,008.79

58 bulletin of the natural history society.

Expenditure —

Improvements to Building $ 384 . 88

Cleaning Building 26.95

Fuel and Removal of Ashes 166.79

Advertising 10.32

Maintenance of Museum 412 . 85

Bulletin XXV 150.28

Interest on Mortgages 195 . 00

Water Rates 26.50

Stationery and Printing 68.10

Lighting 41.73

Postage and Expressage 55.56

Exchange 55

Insurance 76.05

Sundries 30.30

Purchase pf Collection of N. B. Woods 40.00

Balance in Bank of N. B. (Reg. acct.) 955.00

“Mortgage Fund” in Savings Dept. B. of N. B 367.93

$3,008.79

Examined and found correct.

Jan’v 10th, 1908. Jambs A. Estey,

W. F. Burditt, Auditors.

Of the above balance of $955.00, $33.00 is held in trust for
the Ladies’ Association.

Our liabilities consist of two mortgages amounting to $4,000.00,
unsettled bills estimated at $40.00, and the cost of the Bulletin
now under way which will amount to about $150.00.

The building is insured for $8,000.00 and the collections
for $3,500 . 00.

A. Gordon Leavitt, Treasurer .

Curator’s Report.

I have the honour of presenting to you my first annual report
as resident Curator of the Museum, being the forty-sixth in the
series of reports since the organization of the Society. The year
just completed has been an exceedingly important one, and
a new epoch in the history of the Society has begun.

REPORT OF COUNCIL.

59

The following is a report of the work done in the various
departments of the Museum during the past eleven months:

Zoology. — It can hardly be said that the Museum possesses
a collection of mammals, and the most of those we have are
not fit for exhibition. The collections of reptiles and fishes are
not up to the standard required in a modern museum. It is
to be hoped that during the present year some new material
will be obtained for this department. Early in the year Mr.
Leavitt arranged and labelled the birds, of which the Society
possesses a very creditable collection.

Invertebrate Zoology. — The shelves and interior of the large
case containing the systematic collection of molluscs have been
repainted pale buff, the colour adopted for the interior of cases
throughout the museum. The collection has been re-arranged,
and many of the smaller shells have been removed from the
exhibition collection and placed in the study collection. The
shells have been mounted on black tablets, and with this system
of installation the general appearance of the collection is greatly
improved. Every specimen can be seen, and the label attached
to the front of the tablet is easily read. The shelves were re-
moved from the coral and sponge cases, the interiors painted,
the specimens relabelled and fastened on the wall of the case.
Arranged in this way the cases contain a larger number of objects
and the contents are better displayed than when shelves were
used.

The Ganong collection of marine invertebrates of New Bruns-
wick has been placed in vertical cases, forming a wall exhibit
occupying less space and making a better display.

A small collection of New Brunswick insects has been ar-
ranged on the south wall of this department. The collection
includes about 3,000 specimens of the common and more showy
forms found near St. John. In addition to the above this room
will contain two cases, the material for which is being prepared, —
one for crustaceans, the other for typical forms of every order
of invertebrate animals, forming a most interesting collection.
The most important accessions to this department during the
past year are two beautifully mounted specimens of the queen

60

bulletin of the natural history society.

lobster and a species of crab from Mexico, the gift of Mr. Jas.
F. Robertson.

Botany. — There has been little change in this department
of the museum during the year. The herbarium requires re-
arrangement. During the past summer I have been gathering
plants for a study collection which is necessary as large numbers
of school children and students come to the museum seeking
information regarding our local flora, and the constant handling
of the herbarium specimens would very soon render them unfit
for a place in the collection.

Dr. Geo. U. Hay has collected and installed a fine collection
of Fungi that forms an attractive feature of this department.
The society has purchased the collection .of New Brunswick
woods which I have been making during the past few years.
An exhibit of wild flowers kept up during the summer was one
of the most popular features of the museum. On several
occasions we were able to show over forty distinct species. The
number of teachers and pupils who come daily to examine the
flowers amply repaid us for the time spent in obtaining and
naming them.

Minerals and Rocks. — Of these the society possesses some
thousands of specimens which would require more time to clean
and classify than could possibly be spared during the past year.
About 500 specimens were placed on exhibition until time could
be found to clean the entire collection from which will be chosen
a good series for exhibition.

Palceontology . — The fossils have been temporarily arranged
by Dr. Matthew. They will also require attention during the
present year.

Archaeology and Ethnology — Several new cases are being
made for this department. They will be placed in the hall and
in them the foreign material will be displayed. The archaeo-
logical room will be used for New Brunswick relics only. The
interior of all the cases in this room has been painted pale buff.
Shelves have been almost entirely dispensed with. The specimens
can be arranged and shown much better without them. All the
objects in this department have been relabelled. Many descrip-

REPORT OF COUNCIL.

61

tive and general labels have been made. A large number of
valuable articles has been presented during the year, the most
important of which are a wampum belt, or collar and necklace,
presented by Dr. W. F. Ganong. Nine months ago, the museum
did not possess a single specimen of Indian beadwork, basketry,
or quill work. An appeal was made for articles of this description
with the result that up to the present time we have secured
eighteen specimens of bead work, eleven baskets, and five quill
work and birch bark boxes. These donations are due almost
entirely to the efforts of the lady members. A number of
important additions has been made to our fine collection of
New Brunswick stone age relics, and a considerable number of
coins, old books, and historical documents received.

Donations. — During the past twelve months we have had
over one hundred accessions to the museum, giving a total of
1,897 specimens. The total number of accessions for the previous
six years was seventy-eight. A full list of the donations will be
found in the Appendix.

Inventory. — This is probably the first time the collections
have been enumerated and few of the members are aware of the
large amount of material owned by the Society. The following
shows the number of specimens in the museum, and books, etc.,
in the library:

Mineralogy and Geology. 3,860

Palaeontology 2,681

Botany 6,231

Zoology 9,839

Archaeology and Ethnology 2,743

Total 25 ,354

Library — Books, Pamphlets and Maps, 10,333

Grand Total 35,687

General. — During the year about 246 letters were written in
reply to requests for information, and over 230 verbal enquiries
for information were answered. Over 2,460 specimens of all
kinds for teachers, farmers, students, and others were named.

62

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

557 specimens were given away, largely material for use in
school studies and as additions to small natural history collections.

The Junior members outings and other excursions gave
opportunity for some collecting. The trip to Grand Lake by
Mr. Leavitt and myself can not be classed as part of the Society’s
work as it was taken in vacation and at our own expense, but
as it resulted in the Society receiving over 1,000 ethnological
specimens, perhaps it is not out of place to mention it here.
Exclusive of the above material, I was able to collect 554 speci-
mens, as follows: botany, 240; zoology, 55; fossils, 218; minerals,

41.

Over 2,600 (printed script) labels were written, some of the
large descriptive labels containing over 160 words. Sixteen
Junior Members outings were held during the year.

The number of persons who visited the museum during the
past nine months was 1,949.

The thanks of the museum are due to the press of the city
for their kindly interest in keeping the public informed regarding
the work of the museum.

Respectfully submitted,

Wm. McIntosh, Curator .

Geology.

Remains of fishes — parts of the body and plates — were
discovered in the gray sandstones of Kennebecasis Island by
Dr. Matthew and Mr. Bastion of the U. S. Geological Survey.
These sandstones are the equivalent of the Albert shales of Albert
co., where fishes have been found in numbers and in a fine state
of preservation.

The party of the Canadian Geological Survey under Dr.
Ells completed the work of surveying around St. John for the
large map which is to be made of the vicinity of that city.

Dr. Matthew did some field work in St. John county and in

REPORT OF COUNCIL.

63

Nova Scotia in comparing the Silurian and Devonian rocks
on the two sides of the Bay of Fundy.

Dr. J. M. Clark, director of the Geological Survey of the
State of New York, has been collecting the Devonian and Silurian
faunas of Gaspe and the Bay Chaleur, and has (1907) published
figures and descriptions of a number of new species from Dal-
housie, etc. He advocates the Eo-Devonian age of the Dalhousie
fossils as being of Lower Helderberg age. This group (Lower
Helderberg) is still by many geologists regarded as the top of
the Silurian.

G. F. Matthew, Chairman.

Botany.

A well arranged set of native lichens, chiefly from Grand
Manan, collected and named by Professor W. G. Farlow, of
Harvard University, and presented by him to Mr. James Vroom,
of St. Stephen, has been donated by the latter to our Society.
They form a good model collection for any of our students who
may wish to study this attractive and least known part of our
flora.

Additions to the list of New Brunswick fungi will be found
on another page.

A few weeds, becoming more widespread each season, have
been noticed in the southern part of the province during the
past season. The most dangerous and persistent of these belong
to the Hawkweed family, of which there has been noticed near
Ingleside — and it has been reported from other parts of the
province — the Orange Hawkweed ( Hieracium aurantiacum L.)
called also from its fiery orange-red flowers the Devil’s-paint-
brush. Another species of this group is the Yellow-devil
(• Hieracium prcealtum Vill.) which produces small yellow flowers.
A third, reported by Dr. Fletcher from this province, is the
Branching Hawkweed {Hieracium cladanthum Arvet-Louve).
These and a few other foreign members of the same family are
extremely pernicious and persistent weeds. Unlike our native

64 BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

hawkweeds ( Hieracium Canadense and H. scabrum ) which are
found in open woods and are comparatively innocent, the intro-
duced species infest and soon overrun dry fields and pastures.
The only effective remedy appears to be in ploughing and culti-
vating the land for several seasons in succession.

A weed, noticed for the first time in this province, is the
Cow-Cockle ( Vaccaria Vaccaria (L) Britton), a showy plant
with pale rose-pink flowers and much inflated five-ribbed calyx
tubes. This was found in grain fields and is related to the Corn-
Cockles ( Lychnis Githago and L. flos-cuculi) found in similar
situations. An addition to the wide spread and noxious weeds
of the Mustard family was also noticed the past season, the
Ball Mustard ( Neslia paniculata (L) Desv.), a cruciferous plant
with small yellow flowers and round pods or siliques.

G. U. Hay, Chairman.

Ornithology.

[The numbers refer to the list of birds printed in Bulletin
No. 1, 1883.]

Species which occur in St. John and Kings counties:

65^* — Lincoln's Sparrow ( Melospiza Lincolni)- — It is a
great pleasure to be able to add this beautiful little bird to the
list. My specimen is a male and was sent me on May 14th, by
Mrs. M. V. Lawrence. It was picked up dead in this City.

69 — Rose-breasted Grosbeak ( Habia Ludoviciana) — Given
as “A very rare summer resident. Several specimens have been
taken at Hampton.”

Note. — A beautiful male, of this species, was sent me by Miss
E. V. Clarke, who picked it up dead, at Sutton, St. John County,
on June 4th.

Section B.

Species which have not been observed in Saint John or Kings
counties, but which occur in other parts of the Province.

23 7 i * — Scissor -tailed Flycatcher, ( Milvulus F or ficatus) — A

* This number is used to bring the species in proper position on list.

REPORT OF COUNCIL.

65

male of this species was taken on June 20th, at Alma, Albert
county, by Fred Rommel, and sent to Dr. George U. Hay by
T. E. Colpitts, Esq. Unfortunately, the specimen was in a state
that prevented its being mounted but, having preserved the
skin, we have an undoubted evidence of this bird’s occurrence
in our Province.

The home of this beautiful flycatcher is given as Texas, but,
as it is much given to wandering, it often turns up at unexpected
places — it has been observed at the posts of the Hudson Bay
Company all the way westward to the valley of the Mackenzie
River.

A. Gordon Leavitt, Chairman.

Field Meetings.

Several field meetings were held last summer. Mr. J. W.
Banks kindly placed at the disposal of the society for the first
of the summer excursions, his pleasant little retreat at Dark Lake
on the borders of Rock wood Park. The meeting was held on the
15th June. Dark Lake is a lovely little rock-bordered pond that
is of special interest, as its waters are discharged by a subter-
ranean channel that passes under a limestone cliff and finds its
outlet in the valley of the brook that enters the St. John at Indian-
town. Some fine ferns were found in the vicinity of the lake.
Showers somewhat interfered with the enjoyment of those
who took part in this excursion.

The second excursion was that to Gondola Point and Clifton
on the 27th June. The party left Indiantown on the steamer
Hampton, and as the vessel steamed through the Narrows and
up the Kennebecasis, the members were able to take in the
geological structure of the former and enjoy the varied scenery
of the latter. Arrived at Flewelling’s wharf parties were made
up under different leaders who drew attention to the numerous
wild flowers in bloom, the insects that were to be found, and
the conglomerate rock ledges that showed in places along the
shore towards Gondola Point. Another party took the ferry

66

bulletin of the natural history society.

and crossed to Clifton, where on the road along the shore is some
picturesque scenery with high cliffs of trap rock (felsite, etc.),
rising abruptly from the road.

Camp Nature which has proved so attractive in former years
was re-visited on the 18th July, and the guests were made welcome
by Messrs. Leavitt and McIntosh and the lady members of the
household. On this occasion the weather was charming and
the members of the society who were present took occasion tc
visit a pretty dell in the wood where ferns and wild flowers grew
in abundance. The surface of the country here is diversified
with ridges and kettle holes formed of gravel, the work of the
glaciers in the olden time. While the party rested on a wooded
slope of one of the old glacial moraines, Dr. Matthew discoursed
very interestingly of past geological eras, referring more par-
ticularly to the glacial age and the part which the glaciers and
subsequent denudation had played in the formation of the sur-
rounding valleys, hills and plateaus. After full justice was done
to the generous repast provided, Dr. G. U. Hay gave a talk on
the plants found during the afternoon. The suburban trains of
the C.P.R. took the party close to the camp and returned them
to the city in the evening.

Another excursion on the river was planned for later. The
point selected being Renforth Station on the Intercolonial rail-
way, whence the party intended to visit Long Island, but as a
stormy wind compelled them to forego this trip, a visit was made
to Poverty Hall Point on the Kennebecasis on the 17th August.
Gathered on the gravelly beach of a pretty little cove the party
was able to look across the turbulent water at the intended
objective of the excursion and listen to Dr. Matthew’s inter-
esting explanation of the three-fold geological formation of Long
Island and its characteristic features. The society on this occasion
was indebted to Mr. F. A. Dykeman for means of conveyance
on the river and for hospitable entertainment at his summer
residence, at which on the return from the Point, Mr. McIntosh
gave an interesting account on the explorations recently made
by Mr. Leavitt and himself of ancient Indian camping grounds.

The principal feature of the last field meeting of the season,

REPORT OF COUNCIL.

67

held Aug. 31st, was a ramble along the seashore on the east
side of Courtenay Bay which afforded abundant material for
interesting discussion. At the top of the cliff just beyond Race
Horse Point the glacial deposits have been removed by denud-
ation, leaving the surface of the underlying rocks exposed for
a breadth of about three feet, forming a sort of natural terrace
along which the planing and grooving action of the glaciers is
plainly visible. Here the party would gladly have lingered en-
joying the beautiful outlook across the Bay, but the threatening
rain-clouds admonished an early return. The homeward route
skirting a clump of woods and then over a fine sandy beach,
was full of interest. Many specimens of seaweed and sea-side
plant life, gathered by the way, formed the subject of an inter-
esting and instructive talk by Dr. G. U. Hay, while the party
enjoyed the shelter of Mr. Burditt’s residence, rain having cut
short the outdoor pleasures all too soon. After a sumptuous
repast Mr. Burditt gave an exceedingly interesting address
on the planet Mars.

All the field meetings were well attended and proved both
enjoyable and instructive to the members present.

Lectures.

Ten regular meetings, including the annual meeting, and
one public meeting were held during the year 1907.

The following are the dates of the meetings and the titles
of the papers read :

J anuary 8 — Public opening of the Museum ; Reception ; Addresses by
Hon. J. V. Ellis, Mayor Sears, Dr. H. S. Bridges, Judge
Willrich and others; Inspection of the Museum.

January 15 — Ordinary business transacted, Annual Meeting. Reports
read. Election of Officers.

February 5 — Messengers from Outer Space and What They Have to Tell
Us, by Mr. W. F. Burditt.

J

OS

bulletin of the natural history society.

March 5 — Among the Game Birds of Miscou Island, by J. Orne Green,
M. D.

April 2 (a) — Our Shore Birds, by Mr. J. W. Banks.

(b) — Botanical Notes, Dr. G. U. Hay.

May 7 — Our Spring Birds, Mrs. J. M. Lawrence.

June 5 — Report from the Royal Society of Canada, Mr. W. J. Wilson.

October 1 — Mushrooms — Edible and Otherwise, Dr. G. U. Hay.

November 5 — (a) Results of Summer Field Meetings. Leaders — Dr. G.

F. Matthew, Dr. G. U. Hay, Mr. A. Gordon Leavitt,
Mr. William McIntosh and Mr. J. W. Banks.

(b) Notes on the Natural History and Physiography of

Fall Brook, Miramichi. Dr. W. F. Ganong.

(c) The occurrence of the Wolf in New Brunswick, Dr. W.

F. Ganong.

December 3. — (a)

<b)

(c)

Physical Evolution of Acadia, Dr. G. F. Matthew.

The Basis of Sea Serpent Beliefs. Dr. W. F. Ganong.
The Central Construction of the Central Highlands of
New Brunswick. Dr. W. F. Ganong.

During the winter a series of Popular Lectures were given
on Tuesday evenings not occupied by the regular meetings of
the Society. The dates of the meetings .and the titles of the
papers read were as follows:

January 22. — Things I have seen. — A. Gordon Leavitt.

January 29 — Electricity and Friction. — G. G. Corbett, M. D.

February 12. — Dinosaurs, The Reptiles of Past Ages. — Dr. W. D. Matthew .

February 19. — Architecture, as seen by the Man in the Street. — Mr. G. Ernest
Fairweather.

February 26. — The Duty of a Natural History Society Towards Forestry. —
Hon. C. N. Skinner.

March 12. — Treatment of the Insane, Past and Present. — J. V. Anglin, M. D.

March 19. — The Spectroscope and Its Wonderful Revelations. — Mr. W F
Burditt.

March 26. — Switzerland. — Mrs. E. A. Smith.

report of council.

69

On Thursday afternoons of January, February and March
a Course of Lectures free to the pupils of the High School and
members of the Society was given :

January 10 — Reminiscences of New York. — Mrs. Geo. F. Matthew.

17 — Some French Cathedrals. — Mrs. John Sealy.

24 — A Few South African Experiences. — Mrs. Gyde assisted by
Mrs. F. Lake.

31 — The English Lakes. — Miss Pitcher.

February 7 — The Warwick Pageant. — Miss A. Whittaker.

14 — The Struggle for Life in the Animal Kingdom. — Miss E.
Barker.

21 — Crustaceans. — Miss S. B. Ganong.

28 — An Hour With Invertebrates — Wm. McIntosh,

March 7 — Nature Seen Through the Eyes of an Amateur — Mr. A. G. Leavitt.
14 — Tuneful Woodlands. — Mrs. J. M. Lawrence.

Library.

The paper covered books and pamphlets when brought to
this building were thrown in a confused heap, and a considerable
amount of labor was necessary to classify and arrange on the
shelves over 9,000 of these.

From the various scientific societies and institutions of* this
country and abroad, a large number of scientific books and
pamphlets were received in exchange. In addition to these,
many books- were given by friends of the Society. At present
the library contains 1,197 bound volumes, and 9,136 paper
covered volumes and pamphlets.

The library, with its almost daily accessions, has outgrown
the possibilities of keeping order or knowing what we have or
where to find it, without a catalogue. On the recommendation
of the library committee, the council resolved to make the
library more useful by the introduction of a library card catalogue.
A few thousand cards and a cabinet have been purchased. The
curator is devoting his spare evenings to the preparations of a
catalogue. Up to the present time about 500 cards have been

prepared. Wm. McIntosh,,

For the Librarian .

70

bulletin of the natural history society.

General.

The activity which has marked all the lines of work of our
Society during the past year has been especially gratifying.
Our two greatest needs are, more workers and an improved
financial position. A generous and appreciative public assures
of the latter; the workers can only be increased by constantly
stimulating the members, especially the younger ones, to take
an active interest in the objects of the Society. The outlook
in the latter respect never seemed so encouraging as at present.
We should seek to enrol among our junior members those who
have a taste for natural science; and endeavour to train them, as
far as our limited resources will allow us, to take up the respon-
sible work of the Society when those who are now the active
members shall lay down the burden.

The large increase in the membership which has more than
doubled during the past year, and the healthy financial out-
look of the Society are matters for congratulation. The attend-
ance at our lecture courses is much larger than ever before and
the evident interest in our work is shown by the larger number
of visitors to our museum, which by Mr. McIntosh’s efforts and
skill in arrangement is being gradually p.ut into better condition
for examination. The services of Mr. McIntosh as curator have
already proved a great acquisition to the society. Miss Hoyt’s
work as assistant curator is much appreciated by visitors to
the rooms and by all the members of the society who are in-
debted in no small degree to her obliging and courteous attentions.

The activity of the Ladies’ Association in promoting the
interests of the society and their earnest co-operation in our
work calls for the hearty acknowledgment and warm thanks
of the council.

The press of the city has at all times shown its interest in
our work and given us every assistance in its power in carrying
out our plans.

W. L. McDiarmid,

Secretary to Council.

ladies’ association.

71

REPORT OF THE LADIES’ ASSOCIATION.

The Ladies’ Association have pleasure in reporting a very
successful year’s work. There have been one hundred and sixty-
five new members added to our roll, of whom five are life mem-
bers. This gratifying addition to our membership was partly
the result of papers sent in the spring to each member of the
association, requesting each one of them to secure a new member
or a subscription to the mortgage fund. $30.00 has been handed
in as subscriptions to the mortgage fund. Last summer the
Mamawa Club of New York gave three concerts under the aus-
pices of the Ladies’ Association by which we realized $80.00.
The course of historical sketches given in our hall this fall was
much appreciated and we realized about $225.00. The four
lectures on Acadia will be type written and placed on the library
table that any who wish may read them. The Ladies’ Association
have, as in former years, paid the salary of the assistant, Miss
Hoyt, and were able to contribute $200 towards the mortgage
fund. We also bought two dozen chairs and two dozen cups
and saucers, as well as the linoleum for the hall. At the lecture
on Weimar and the Times of Goethe and Schiller, Mrs. John
McAvity, the lecturer, recited Schiller’s Song of the Bell, and
presented 500 copies of the poem to be sold for the benefit of
the society. We have already sold $25.00 worth of these copies,
and some of our lady friends have been making ornamental
covers for that beautiful poem, so that before the Easter season
closes we hope to realize $50.00 from this generous gift.
The closing lecture of this course falling upon Mrs. Matthew’s
birthday, she was presented with a birthday cake containing
$17.00 in gold, the fees of eleven new members, three men and
eight women, who had been secured for the society. The course
of free afternoon lectures will be continued this year as usual
and we feel gratified that so interesting a course has been secured.

Respectfully submitted,

K. M. Matthew,

President Ladies’ Association.

bulletin of the natural history society.

DONATIONS.

ARCHEOLOGY AND ETHNOLOGY.

Armstrong, Christopher — A very old Lock.

Burns, T. M. — An old “Trade Pipe.’

Bohan, M. — Stone Spear or Knife Blade.

Berryman, Mrs. John — Two Mexican Feather Pictures.

Burton, Jas. S. — Two Paintings of old St. John Penitentiary.

Barker, Mrs. Fred — Beaded Front and Cuffs for an Indian Shirt.

Bogart, Mrs. Agnes A. — Indian Beadwork Apron.

CoaklEy, Chas. M. — Collection of Implements of the Stone Age, Grand Lake.
CoaklEy, Abijah, Grand Lake. — Ancient Spanish Bit; Ploughshare once
owned by the father, of the late Sir Leonard Tilley.

Crawford, Mrs. W. K. — An Indian Beaded Bag.

Edgecombe, R. S. — Gourd Cup, and Relics of the old Church at Ashburton,
Devonshire.

Flannigan, Dr. C. D., Providence, R. I. — Relics from a burial mound in
North Dakota, and stone Implements from Missouri and Illinois.
Fisher, W. Shives — French Cannon Ball, St. John River.

Ganong, Dr. W. F., Northampton, Mass. — A Wampum Belt or Collar
and Wampum Necklace.

Hoyt, Miss F. A. — Beadwork Canoe, Toy Basket.

Hay, Mrs. G. U. — Specimens of Indian Basketry.

Jones, F. Caverhill — Twenty-one South African Relics.

Jardine, Robt. — Relics of St. John Fire; key of historical interest and
specimens of old hand made nails.

Leavitt, A. Gordon — Stone Age Relics and Baskets.

Leavitt, A. Gordon and William McIntosh — Twenty-six Stone Imple-
ments and 950 Fragments of Indian Pottery.

Leavitt, Miss Grace W. — Indian Baskets.

Leavitt, Mrs. D. J. — Indian Baskets.

McKenzie Arthur Z. — An old Iron Implement.

McIntosh, Wm. — Stone Arrow Heads, Grand Lake.

Matthew, Miss Elsie K. — Indian Beaded Moccasins.

Murdock, Mrs. Gilbert — Indian Quill Work-box, beaded purse and collection
of gold and silver coins.

Matthew, Mrs. G. F. — Indian Basketry.

Matthew, J. D. — Micmac Snowshoes.

Paul, Jas. A. — Two old Coins.

DONATIONS.

73

Pickett, Mrs. Geo. — Indian Birch Bark Box.

Rainsford, Miss M. A. — Ivory Ornaments.

Sheehan, Mrs. John — Stone Axe, Australia.

Scott, Geo. — Indian Pipe.

Stockton, Miss — Miniature Boots, Chili.

Wiggins, Dr. E. Stone, Ottawa — Iron Fork made by Brigham Young’s
Father.

Wilmot, Miss, Oromocto — Indian Birch bark Box.

zoology.

Addy, Dr. H. G. — Specimens of Capelin.

Blaine, J. McN. — Small Shark.

Bohan, M. — Whalebone.

Berryman, Mrs. John — Mounted Canary and Tortoise.

Bowman, Mis 5 C. — Twenty-two Shells and Corals.

Chapman, E. R. — Horns of American Bison.

Carpenter, Miss Hazel — Luna Moth.

Carman, J. F. E. — Section of Mammoth’s Tusk.
deForest, Geo. — Zoological Specimens.

Edgecombe, R. S. — Ten Shells.

Frink, Miss Gladys — Nine Mounted Birds.

Hutchinson, Jas. — Egg of Toon.

Hamm, D. M. — Bear’s Skull.

Jardine, Robt. — Forty-two Shells, two Corals.

Jones, Ralph — Bear’s Teeth.

Long John W. — Sword of Swordfish.

Lewin, Dr. — Polyphemus Moth.

Leavitt, A. Gordon — Mounted Specimen of Northern Hare
Millican, Mrs. Jas. — Rattle Snake Skin.

Morrisey, Geo. — Painted Tortoise and Shells.

Michelson, David — Large Barnacle and Sand-dollar.

Pope, Mrs. A. H. — Two Haliotis Shells.

Patterson, Jas. — Twenty-four zoological specimens.

Robertson, Jas. F. — One Queen Lobster, one Crab, one Porcupine Fish,
one Flying Fish.

Scott, Geo. — Bear’s Claws and Teeth, and Coral.

Shewen, E. T. P. — Shells of Pholas.

Thomas, Mrs. F. S. — Mounted specimens of Fox and Racoon.

Winter, Bassell — Alligator Egg and Cicada.

Warner, Gen. D, B — Large Hornet’s Nest.

Wilson, Mrs. J. E. — Mounted Parrot.

Woodman, Mrs. C. F. — Zoological specimens from California.

Young, Wm. — Mounted specimen of American Alligator.

74

bulletin of the natural history society.

BOTANY.

Berryman, Mrs. John — Forty botanical specimens.
deforest, Geo. — Nuts.
deforest, Jack — Cocoa-nut.

Farlow, Dr. — Collection of Lichens.

Henderson, Miss Mabel M. — Twenty New Zealand Ferns.

Lane, Mrs. Edith — One Plant.

Moser, John — Sixty N. B. Mosses.

McKay, Mrs. Malcolm — One Rubber Plant.

Schofield, E. Allan- — 130 Weeds of N. B. -
Sheehan, Mrs. John — Olive Wood from Jerusalem.

Woodman, Mrs.. C. F. — Botanical specimens.

PALEONTOLOGY.

Leavitt, A. Gordon — Collection of Cambrian and 192 Silurian Fossils
Flannigan, Dr. C. D. — Seven Fossils.

McIntosh, Dr. J. R. — Encrinites or Stone Lily
Rainnie, Miss Alice — Devonian Fossils.

minerals.

Burditt, W. F. — Three Meteorites.

Campbell, Peter — Specimen Iron Ore.

Edgecombe, R. S. — Twenty-five minerals.

Flannigan, Dr. C. D. — Collection of minerals.

Flemming, H. J. — Sample of Chilled Iron Casting.

Foley, F. D. — Iron Pyrites. ’*

Fletcher, Hugh — Twenty specimens Dendrite.

Haslam, Wm. G. — Twenty-two Polished Pebbles.

Hoyt, R. C. — Minerals from N. S.

Jardine, Robt. — Minerals.

Johnston, Robt. A. A. — Sodalite from Ont.

Morrisey, Geo. — Native Coppe Lake Superior.

Markham, Lt. Col. — Agate from B. C.

McAdam, Chipman — Five specimens of rock.

Raymond, Rev. Dr. — Group Calcite Crystals.

Thomson, Robt. — Four minerals.

library.

Currey, Miss R. E. — Old Books.

Finley, Mrs. Hiram — Pictures and Books.
Hamilton, Mrs Geo. A, — Book Case.

OFFICERS AND COMMITTEES.

75

OFFICERS AND COMMITTEES OF THE NATURAE
HISTORY SOCIETY FOR 1908.

Officers.

President — Hon. J. V. Ellis, LL. D.

Vice-Presidents — G. F. Matthew, D. Sc., G. U. Hay, D. Sc.

Treasurer — A. Gordon Leavitt.

Corresponding Secretary and Curator — William McIntosh.

Recording Secretary — W. L. McDiarmid.

Librarian — J. G. McKinnon.

Additional Members of Council — H. G. Addy, M. D., T. H. Estabrooks, Jas.
A. Estey, W. F. Burditt, J. Roy Campbell.

Ladies’ Association.

President — Mrs. G. F. Matthew.

Vice-Presidents — Mrs. G. U. Hay, Mrs. G. F. Smith, Miss Grace W, Leavitt.
Treasurer — Miss Grace W, Leavitt.

Recording Secretary — Mrs. Chas. A. Macdonald.

Corresponding Secretary — Miss F. A. Hoyt.

Standing Committees.

Archaeology — S. W. Kain, Joshua Clawson, A. C. Smith, M. D., James Walker,
M. D., Mrs. C. F. Woodman, Mrs. John A. McAvity.

Botany — Dr. Geo. U. Hay, Dr. W. F. Ganong, J. Vroom, W. J. S. Myles,
Mrs. James F. Robertson, Miss Annie D. Robb, Miss Louise Purves,
Miss K. A. M. Cotter.

Invertebrates — A. Gordon Leavitt, W. S. Morrison, M. D., J. H. Scammell,
M. D., Mrs. J. A. Coster, Miss Kate Olive, Miss Gladys Frink.
Ornithology — A. Gordon Leavitt, James W. Banks, W. L. McDiarmid, Thos.
Stothart, Mrs. G. U. Hay, Mrs. J. M. Lawrence, Miss Maude Gibson,
Miss H. M. Ward.

Astronomy and Meteorology — W. F. Burditt, D. Leavitt Hutchinson, Wm.
Murdock, C. E-, Wm. Brodie, J. K. Scammell, C. E., Mrs. Geo. F.
Smith, Mrs. T. H. Estabrooks, Mrs. L. A. Curry.

Geology — Dr. Geo. F. Matthew, Dr. L. W. Bailey, James A. Estey, Rev.
David Hutchinson, Mrs. John Sealy, Mrs. T. H. Bullock, Miss Alice
Eainnie, Miss Annie M. Hea.

76

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

Microscopes— G. G. Melvin, M. D., W. L. Ellis, M. D., W. H. Mowatt, T.

D. Walker, M. D., Miss K. R. Bartlett, Miss M. A. Nannary.
Photography — G. Ernest Fairweather, C. P. Clarke, Geo. A. Henderson, T.
Percy Bourne, Mrs. W. Z. Earle, Mrs. J. Lupton McAvity, Mrs. F.
B. Cowgill, Mrs. M. V. Paddock.

Library — J. G. McKinnon, W. M. Jarvis, Hon. J. G. Forbes, H. A. Powell,

K. C., Mrs. W. F. Hatheway, Mrs. G. U. Hay, Mrs. Geo. F. Matthew,
Miss Grace W. Leavitt.

Lectures— Dr. G. U. Hay, H. G. Addy, M. D., T. H. Estabrooks, W. S.
Fisher, Richard O’Brien.

Building — W. F. Burditt, Dr. Geo. F. Matthew, Dr. G. U. Hay, G. Ernest
Fairweather, T. H. Estabrooks, A. Gordon Leavitt, W. L. McDiarmid,
J. G. McKinnon, James A. Estey, H. G. Addy, M. D., J. Roy
Campbell.

Press— Dr. Geo. U. Hay, A. G. Leavitt, J. G. McKinnon, W. F. Nobles, W.

L. McDiarmid.

Publications — Dr. Geo. F. Matthew, Dr. Geo. U. Hay, W. E. Earle, T. H.

Bullock, Arthur P. Hazen, Charles A. MacDonald.

Finance — A. Gordon Leavitt, J. Roy Campbell, W. F. Hatheway, T. H.
Estabrooks, Dr. G. F. Matthew, James A. Estey, R. B. Emerson,

President and Curator are members ex-officio of all committees.

list of MEMBERS.

Patron.

The Lieutenant-Governor, Hon. L. J. Tweedie, LL. D.

Honorary Members.

Bailey, Prof. Loring W., Ph. D University of New Brunswick.

Ganong, Prof. W. F., Ph D Smith College, Northampton, Mass.

Laflamme, Mgr. J. C. K Laval University, Quebec.

Marr, Prof. John E St. John’s College, Cambridge, G. B.

Life Members.

Campbell, J. Roy St. John, N. B.

Chamberlain, Montague Boston, Mass.

Earle, W. E St. John, N. B.

Earle, Mrs. W. E St. John, N. B.

Ellis, Hon. John V., LLD St. John, N. B.

life: and corresponding MEMBERS.

77

Estabrooks, T. H

Fisher, G. S

Ganong, Prof. W. F., Ph. D. . . .

Ganong, G. W., M. P

Hay, G. U., D. Sc

Hegan, Jas. B

Kain, S. W., M. A

Leavitt, A. Gordon

Leavitt, Miss Grace W

Longmaid, Miss S

Matthew, Geo. F., D. Sc., LL. D

Matthew, Mrs. G. F

Matthew, Robt., M. A . •.

Murdock, Mrs. Gilbert

McIntosh, Wm

Woodman, Mrs. C. F

.St. John, N. B.

.St. John, N. B.
.Northampton, Mass.
,St. Stephen, N. B.

.St. John, N. B.
.Charlottetown, P. E. I.
.St. John, N. B.

.St. John, N. B.

.St. John, N. B.

St. John, N. B.

St. John, N. B.

St. John, N. B.
Cienfuegos, Cuba.

St. John, N. B.

St. John, N. B.

St. John, N. B.

Corresponding Members.

Brittain, John, D. Sc

Butler, W. S

Cox, Philip, Ph. D

Duff, Prof. A. W., Ph. D

Fowler, Rev. Prof. James, LL. D

London, Duncan

MacKay, Dr. A. H., LL. D

McLaughlin, D. J. W

Smith, A. C., M. D

Stead, Geoffrey, C. E

Vroom, James

Walker, Byron E

Wilson, William J

Hoyt, W. B

Hamilton, D. W., Ph. D

Fredericton, N. B.

.Butler, Queens Co., N. B.
.Chatham, N. B.
.Worcester, Mass.

. Kingston, Ontario.
Lakeville Corner N. B.
Halifax, N. S.

.Grand Manan, N. B.
.Tracadie, N. B.
.Chatham, N. B.

.St. Stephen.

.Toronto.

. Ottawa.

. Andover.

.Fredericton.

bulletin of the natural history society.

78

REGULAR MEMBERS.

Adams, A. W.

Addy, H. G., M. D.
Angun, J. V., M. D.
Banks, J. W.

Barnhill, G. E.

Barbour, G. E.

Barker, L. W.

Barker, W. S.

Baxter, J. B. M.

Belyea, J. Fred
Beveridge, James
Bourne, T. Percy
Brodie, Wm.

Brown, J. Harvey
Bruckhoff, Wm.

Burditt, W. F.

Bustin, Stephen B.
Bullock, T. H.
Campbell, G. Wilford
Chamberlain, G. A.
Christian, Thomas R.
Clawson, Joshua
Clarke, C. P.

Corbitt, Samuel A.
Coster, J. Arthur
Crosby, L. G.

Dickie, Rev. Gordon
Doherty, H. A.

Downie, Wm.

Dykeman, F. A.

Ellis, W. L., M. D.
Emerson, R. B.

Emerson, H. W.

Estey, James A.
Estabrooks, W. G.
Fairweather, G. Ernest
Ferguson, J. R.

Fisher, W. S.

Finley Joseph
Forbes, Hon. J. G.
Fotheringham, Rev. T. F
Foster, W. S.

Foley, Fenwick D.

Frink, R. W. W.

Gallagher, H.

Gibbon, J. S.

Gilmour, A. B.

Goodwin, E. A.

Gregory, J. S.

Hall, Percy G.

Hanington, T. B.

Harvey, J. N.

Hatheway, W. F.

Hawker, Wm.

Hay, Albert S.

Hay, T. U. *

Hayes, R. T.

Hazen, A. P.

Henderson, G. A.

Hoben, Geo. W.

Holly, J. Walter
Holman, F. E.

Hooper, Rev. E. Bertram
Hoyt, G. W.

Hubbard, W. W.

Hunter, James
Hutchinson, D. Leavitt
Hutchinson, Rev. David
Inches, P. Robertson, M. D.
Jardine, Robert
Jarvis, C. E. L.

Jarvis, W. M.

Jones, Fred Caverhill
Jones, Col. G. West
Kerr, S.

Kessen, R. B.

IylST OF MEMBERS.

79

Knowlton, F. J. G.
Lantalum, T. T.

Leavitt, R. T.

Likely, J. A.

Long, John W.

Magee, J. M.
Manchester, James
Melvin, Geo. G., M. D.
Morrison, W. S., M. D.
Moore, Geo. A.

Mo WATT, W. H.
Murdock, Wm., C. E
Murray, Geo.

Myles, W. J. S.
MacIntyre, John P.
MacDonald, Charles A.
McAvity, John A.
McAvity, James L.
McDonald, Arthur
McDiarmid, W. L.
McIntosh, J. R., M. D.
McKinnon, J. G.
McLaughlin, HedlEy N.
Nobles, W. F.

O’Brien, Timothy
O’Brien, Richard
Olive, Stanley G.

Otty, G. O. D.
Paterson, R. B.

Peters, Charles H.
Phipps, Ernest L.
Powell, H. A.

PUDDINGTON, HENRY

Raymond, W. E.

Robertson, James F.
Robertson, Geo. M.
Rowe, Charles F. B.
Ruel, F. H. J.

Ryerse, Ernest
Sanford, Charles F.
Scammell, J. H., M. D.
Scammell, J. K., C. E.
Schofield, John K.
Sears, Edward
Seely, Alfred
Shanklin, W. R.

Sharp, A. W,

Spurr, J. de Wolfe
Skinner, Hon. C. N.
Starr, F. P.

Stewart, Thomas McA.
Stothart, Thomas
Sullivan, H. J.
Sullivan, Richard
Tennant, W. B.
Thompson, Enoch
Turner, J. Allen
Vroom, W. E.

Walker, James, M. D.
Walker, T. D., M. D.
Warner, Gen. D. B.
Wetmore, H. C.
Wetmore, A. H.

White, W. W., M. D.
White, Wm.

White, J. Hunter
Williams, W. L.

Wood, E. C.

ASSOCIATE MEMBERS.

Addy, Mrs. H, G.
Allen, Mrs. C. B.
Alward, Mrs. Silas
Anderson, Mrs. Fred
Anderson, Miss Mary
Anglin, Mrs. J. V.

Angus, Mrs. W. M.
Baker, Mrs. C. F.
Barker, Mrs. L.
Barker, Mrs. F. E.
Barker, Miss Helen
Barton, Mrs. J. H.

so

bulletin of the natural history society.

Barlow, Miss J. R.
Barbour, Mrs. G. E.
Barnes, Miss Ethel
Bennett, Mrs.

Best, Mrs. M. E.

Bell, Miss Minnie
Bent, Miss
Blizard, Mrs. F. W,
Blizard, Miss A.

Black, Mrs. K. E.
Black, Mrs. S. McCully
Bourne, Mrs. T. P.
Bridges, Mrs. H. I.
Brown, Mrs. Walter
Brown, Miss Nettie
Braine, Miss
Brodie, Miss C.

Bullock, Mrs. T. H.
Bullock, Mrs. J. F.
Burditt, Mrs. W. F.
Burditt, Miss
Calhoun, Mrs. J. R.
Carritte, Mrs. deB.
Campbell, Mrs. G. M.
Campbell, Mrs. G. W.
Case, Mrs. (Dr.)
Chandler, Mrs. A. H.
Christian, Miss
Christie, Miss
Chamberlain, Mrs. M. E.
Chisholm, Mrs. D. P.
Cochrane, Mrs. R. J.
Coster, Mrs. Geo.
Coster, Mrs. Arthur
Coster, Mrs. Chas.

Cole, Mrs. Horace
Cowgill, Mrs. F. B.
Cotter, Miss K. A. M.
Cowan, Mrs. Chas. E.
Cornwall, Mrs. Ira
Cornwall, Miss M.
Crosby, Mrs. L. G.
Creighton, Mrs. H.
Currey, Mrs. L. A.

Currie, Mrs. J. S.

Dale, Miss H
Dawson, Miss J. C.
Dever, Mrs. Margaret
deForest, Mrs. H. W.
Dowling, Mrs. T. Q.
Driscoll, Mrs. John
Driscoll, Miss E.
Dunn, Mrs. J. E.

Dunn, Miss Ada
Dunn, Miss
Dunham, Mrs. W. O.
Earle, Mrs. W. Z.
Edgecombe, Miss D.
Ellis, Mrs. J. V.
Emerson, Mrs. C. S.
Emerson, Mrs. R. B.
Emerson, Miss E. E,
Estey, Mrs. Jas. A.
Estey, Mrs. Jane
Estey, Miss A. E.
Estey, Miss Grace
Estabrooks, Mrs. T. H.
Everett, Mrs. H. E.
Fair weather, Mrs. G.
Fairweather, Mrs. C.
Finley, Mrs. J.

Fisher, Mrs. G. S.
Fiske, Mrs. E. S.

Flood, Mrs. Thos. J,
Fotherby, Miss M.
Fotherby, Miss E. P.
Forbes, Mrs. M. M,

Fox, Miss P.

Fraser, Mrs. F. A.
Frink, Miss G.

Frink, Mrs. R. W. W.
Frink, Mrs. J. H.
French, Miss M. P.
Freeze, Mrs. R. J.
Fullerton, Miss C.
Gibson, Miss M.
Gilmour, Mrs. A. B.
Gilchrist, Mrs. W.

W W

LIST OF MEMBERS.

81

Gibbard, Mrs. Thos.
Gorham, Mrs. C. F.
Gregory, Mrs. S.
Gregory, Mrs. J. A.
Grass, Mrs. M. E.
Grannan, Mrs. P.

Green, Miss A.

Greer, Mrs. Wm.

Hay, Mrs. G. U.
Hamilton-, Mrs. G. A.
Hatheway, Mrs. W. F.
Harrison, Miss E.

Hatch, Mrs. W.

Hawker, Mrs. S. H.
Hayward, Mrs. W. H.
Hayes, Mrs. R. T.

Haley, Mrs. R. G.
Harvey, Mrs. J. N.
Harrison, Miss L.

Hazen, Mrs. R. M.

Hea, Miss Annie M.
Hegan, Mrs. Geo. B.
Henderson, Mrs. Geo. A.
Henning, Mrs. Walter
Holman, Mrs. A. L.
Holman, Mrs. F. E.
Homer, Miss E. B.
Hopkins, Mrs. Stanley
Hoyt, Miss F. A.

Hoyt, Miss M. E.

Hoyt, Mrs. G. W.
Hubbard, Mrs. W. W.
Hunt Miss L. A.

Inches, Mrs. P. R.
Ingraham, Miss L. G.
Isaacs, Miss A.

Isaacs, Miss R.

Jack, Miss A. D.

Jones, Mrs Simeon
Kerr, Mrs. Samuel
Kinnear, Miss M.
Kimball, Mrs. G. A.
Knight, Mrs. Frances
Landau, Mrs R.

Landry, Mrs. I. J. D.

Lane Mrs. F.

Lawrence, Mrs. J. M
Lee, Mrs. T. C.

Lee, Mrs. C. h.

Lee, Miss E. A.

Leavitt, Mrs. R. T.
Lingley, Mrs. D. G.

Lowe, Mrs. Chas.
MacDonald, Mrs. Chas. A.
McMillan, Mrs. John
McAvity, Mrs. Geo.
McAvity, Mrs. Jas. L.
McAvity, Mrs. Jas. H.
McAvity, Mrs. J. A.
McAvity, Miss M.
McBeath, Miss E.
McCully, Mrs. O. J.
McInnis, Mrs. A.
McIntyre, Mrs. Wm.
McIntyre, Mrs. W. C.
McIntosh, Mrs. J. R.
McIntosh, Mrs. Wm.
McKenzie, Mrs. A. E. G.
McKean, Mrs. Geo.
McLellan, Mrs. David
McLaren, Mrs. J. S.
McNaughton, Miss E.
Masters, Mrs. C.
Matthew, Mrs. W. C.
Matthew, Mrs. R.
Maxwell, Miss O.
Merritt, Miss H.

Melrose, Mrs. A. R.
Morrison, Mrs J. H.
Morrison, Mrs. Atkinson
Morrison, Miss Bell
Murphy, Miss G.

Murray, Mrs. Geo.
Murray, Mrs. F. W.
Murchie, Mrs. E. H.
Nannary, Miss M. A.

Nase, Miss E. R.

Nase, Mrs. Otto

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

S2

Neales, Mrs. Wm.

Nixon, Mrs. Geo. H.
Noble, Mrs. Geo. W.
Olive, Miss K.

Olive, Mrs. M.

Paterson, Mrs. W. F. B.
Paterson, Mrs. R. B.
Patterson, Mrs. A. P.
Palmer, Mrs. Chas. A.
Paddock, Mrs. M. V.
Payson, Miss S. T.

Peck, Mrs. H. B.
Perkins, Miss F.

Philps, Mrs. E. L.
Pidgeon, Miss E. G.
Pickett, Mrs. H. H
Peters, Mrs. Chas. H.
Porter, Mrs. Alfred
Powell, Mrs. H A.
Powell, Miss
Price, Mrs. G. R.

Price, Miss B.
Puddington. Miss A.
Pullen, Mrs. J. H.
Purves, Mrs. W. C.
Purves, Miss L.

Racine, Mrs. J . W.
Rainnie, Miss A. M.
Rankine, Mrs. T. A.
Rising, Mrs. E. L.
Ritchie, Mrs. R. J.
Robb, Miss A. D.
Robertson, Mrs. J. F.
Robertson, Miss M.
Robinson, Miss E.
Robinson, Mrs. J. M.
Robson, Mrs. W. L.
Rowan, Miss J.

Sadleir, Mrs. Wm. H. B.
Sadleir, Miss
Sanford, Mrs. C. F.
vScovil, Mrs. E. G.
Schaefer, Mrs. H. H.
Schofield, Mrs. H. C.

Schofield, Mrs. J. K.
Secord, Mrs. J. E.
Sealy, Mrs. John
Seely, Mrs. Fred
Seely, Miss Jean
Shanklin, Miss A. J.
Sharp, Miss M. C.
Sheffield, Mrs. M. A
Shewen, Mrs. J. G.
Sinclair, Mrs. R. A.
Skinner, Mrs. A. O,
Smith, Mrs. E. A.

Smith, Mrs H. Colby
Smith, Miss M. B.

Smith, Mrs. R. M.
Smith, Mrs. G. F.
Snider, Mrs. P. W.
Spangler, Mrs. H. L.
Starkie, Miss V.

Stark ie, Miss A.

Starr, Mrs. R. P.
Stevens, Mrs. Roy
Stewart, Miss I.
Stetson, Mrs. F.
Stephenson, Miss M.
Stockton, Mrs. A. A.
Sutherland, Miss K. M.
Sutherland, Miss J. K.
Sullivan, Mrs. R.
Sullivan, Mrs. H. J.
Taylor, Mrs. E. R.
Tennant, Mrs. W. B
Thomas, Mrs. F. S.
Thompson, Mrs. M. H.
Thomson, Mrs. Robt.
Thomson, Miss M
Tilley, Mrs. L. P- D.
Trites, Mrs. Emily A
Turner, Miss K. E.
Wade, Mrs. John
Wardroper, Mrs. H. E.
Warner, Mrs. Jas.
Ward, Miss May
Waring, Mrs. W. L.

Warlock, Mrs. B. B.

LIST OF MEMBERS.

White, Mrs. Thos. F.

Watson, Mrs. Alex.

Whittaker, Mrs. E. !

Watson, Miss A.

Willrich, Mrs. G.

WetmorE, Mrs. H. C.

Wilson, Mrs. J. E.

Wetmore, Mrs. A. H.

Wilmot, Miss E. B.

Weldon, Mrs. C. W.

Williams, Mrs. J. D.

White, Mrs. W. W.

Woodman, Mrs. A.

White, Mrs. J. H.

•

JUNIOR MEMBERS.

Armstrong Christopher, Lane, John P.

Armstrong, Frank

Lingley, Gordon

Anglin, Arthur

Lynch, Chas

Bond, Ronald

Leavitt, Ronald

Bourne, G. Chester

MacLaren, Ian

Bourne, Chas. P.

Morrisey, Geo.

Campbell, Lloyd

Morrisey, Henry

Carritte, Jack

Patterson, Edwin

Creighton, Leslie

Paterson, Robt.

deforest, Geo.

Robertson, Egbert

deforest, Jack

Shaw, Clare

Dowling, Guy

Smith, A. C.

Davis, Edwin

Sharp, Laban

Hazen, James

Teed, Hugh

Hoyt, James

Thomas, Frank C.

Holly, James

Thompson, Stanley

Holman, Douglas

Vincent, Harold

Harding, Harold

Vail, Harold

Hayes, Harold

Winter, Bassell

Holman, Harry

Willet, Gordon D.

Jones, Ralph

Willet, F. Arthur

Kuhring, Gustave

Wisley, Burton

Kuhring, Paul

Wetmore, C. R. D.

Kingston, Rowland

The Regular Meetings of the Natural History Society of New Brunswick take place
at 8 o’clock, p. m., on the First Tuesday of Each Month, except during the vacation
months of July. August and September.

The Museum and Library are open every afternoon, except Sunday, from 2.30 to
o.30 o’clock. Visitors are always welcome.

All meetings are held in the audience room of the Society, 72 Union Street,
(opposite High School) St. John, N. B.

BULLETINS

«m,c i\(\\(\ H\ OH' ( Vr

OF THE

Natural History Society

OF

NEW BRUNSWICK.

Volume V.

(Bulletins XXI to XXV, 1903-1907.)

PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY.

ST. JOHN, N. B., Canada:

Barnes & Co., Printers, 84 Prince Wm Street.
1907.

V'f, / f, (i LI

•Y' f'.'OON AI/.OO.c-Ol/,

sn'?

ocrtlC%

a t

■

: '■■■■ ' ■ kt*.--:.-; m-sMSSSB

■

■ ■ • ■ i ; X Hi a 2 & m * “ - 1 | if .

- ' v V t '• ' •'

■,■■■•< ■•■ ‘v '•' ■■ - ,,A ,- ■

' ' ■ -\ ■

\ v ■ MBWHI

■ ■ ■ , - ■ :-r-

■ , & . - m '5P ;Ti*

1 ' w ^ V- I’Vvu - i

‘ V'-.: ., } ■ »; Y: ‘

■

., VvVi;-*, %»E

t:fg|

v ■■