^TofComS^

BULLETIN^™'

Nvl/BRAK

OF THE

Natural History Society

NEW BRUNSWICK,

No. XXVIII.

Vol. VI. Part III

PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY.

ST. JOHN, N. B.,

Barnes & Co., Ltd., Printers, Prince Wm. Street.
1910.

CONTENTS

ARTICLE I.— Page.

The History of Carries Mountain — An Old Nezv
Brunswick Volcano. — By L. W, Bailey ,

LL.D., F.R.S.C 189

ARTICLE II.—

Notes of the Natural History and Physiography

of New Brunswick. — By W . F. Ganong. . . . 199

ARTICLE III.—

The Marine and Estuarine Diatoms of the Nezv
Brunswick Coasts. — By L. W. Bailey, LL. D.,

F. R. S. C 219

ARTICLE IV.—

The Oldest Silurian Flora. — By G. F. Matthews,

D. Sc., F.R.S.C 241

ARTICLE V.—

Average Opening of Flozvers. — By G. U. Hay. . 251 -

ARTICLE VI.—

Notes on New Brunszvick Weather for 1909. — By

D. Leavitt Hutchinson 255

APPENDIX.—

Report of Council 261

Donations 278

Officers and Committees for 1911 282

List of Members 284

BULLETIN

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QP THE

Natural History Society

NEW BRUNSWICK.

No. XXVIII.

Vol. VI. Part II.

PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY.

ST. JOHN, N. B.,

Barnes & Co., Ltd., Printers, Prince Wm. Street.
1910.

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’ Zoology ^

OCT 22 1940

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ARTICLE I.

THE HISTORY OF CURRIES MOUNTAIN— AN OLD
NEW BRUNSWICK VOLCANO.

Upon the left bank of the St. John river, about five miles
above Fredericton, is the eminence formerly known as Clark’s,
and now as Curries Mountain. It has certainly no claim to the
latter designation, its elevation being quite insignificant, only
280 feet, but rising somewhat steeply from the river’s bank, and
separated by a marked depression from the hills in the rear, it
stands out with some degree of prominence, and is a conspicuous
feature in the landscape, as from its sides or summit may be
had a somewhat extensive view of the river valley, and of the
city in the distance. Along its western slope, near the base,
between it and the river, run the highway and the Woodstock
branch of the Canadian Pacific Railway ; and in the construction
of these the structure of the mountain was to some extent
revealed ; while in the hills behind, traversed by what is known
as the “ Back Road,” leading to Rockland, and which attain an
an elevation (five hundred feet) somewhat exceeding that of
the mountain itself, are other exposures from the study of which
information as to the origin and history of the mountain may
be had.

Curries Mountain is, in a sense, an old volcano. That is to
say, it is of volcanic origin. It is true that it is not now possible
to recognize about it anything of the nature of a crater and it
may never have possessed one ; but volcanic eruptions do not
always lead to that result. They may determine outflows along
extended cracks or fissures. Craters, even if originally present,
may be obliterated by later flows, by sedimentary deposits or

By L. W. Bailey, LL. D.. F. R. S. C.

(Read by Tide, May 4, 1909.)

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BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

by erosion. The molten rock from the earth’s interior, though
penetrating the crust, may fail to reach the surface, and subse-
quently be revealed by the removal of the surrounding beds, or
this may come up along a narrow vent, forming a pipe or
chimney, and, without forming a crater, overflow the region in
its neighborhood. On the other hand the fact of the igneous
origin of Curries Mountain is placed beyond question (i) by the
study of its rocks as regards their nature and arrangement ; and
(2) by the relations of these to the other rocks with which they
are associated.

Volcanic Rocks.' — The rocks which constitute the main mass
of Curries Mountain are of a dark grey, almost black colour, quite
hard, of uniform texture and breaking with a broad conchoidal
fracture. Fresh surfaces glisten somewhat from the presence
of minute crystals, and on the northwestern face of the hill are
ledges showing a distinctly columnar structure, similar to that
of Blomidoin or the Giant’s Causeway. Technically the rock is
Diabase, a variety of “ trap ” consisting of an intimate admixture
of felspar (labradorite or anorthite) and augite or pyroxene.
To the latter, an iron-bearing mineral, the colour, hardness,
toughness and weight of the rocks are due. It is an admirable
material for road making, and considerable quantities of some-
what similar but inferior rock, derived from the outskirts of the
hill or from boulders, have been used in macadamizing the
streets of Fredericton, the main mass of the mountain, owing to
the cost of removal, remaining still untouched.

No other rock than that last referred to is visible iin the
mountain itself ; but along the crests of the hills which, as
already stated, lie in the rear, and extend for several miles in
the direction of Rockland, are numerous exposures of beds of
related origin. These are of lighter colour than the diabase
described above and are earthy rather than crystalline, though
not unfrequently containing crystalline minerals. These latter
are usually scattered through the rock in the form of blebs or
nodules, and include quartz, calcite, heulandite and a variety of
chlorite known as delessite. Thus the rock is a .sort of volcanic

HISTORY OF CURRIES MOUNTAIN.

191

ash, which in places assumes the character of a coarse
amygdaloid or toad-stone. No bedding is discernible in these
rocks, but they may be seen to rest horizontally upon non-
volcanic stratified rocks to be presently noticed, showing that
they are either of the nature of flows or of showers of ashes.
They may be well studied on either side of a ravine traversing
the hillside about a mile and a half above Curries Mountain,
where they form a conspicuous and vertical bluff, half-buried by
a talus of detached fragments, and commanding a view probably
unexcelled in beauty in the whole valley of the St. John.

Sedimentary Rocks. — The rocks of this character found
associated with the volcanics consist of conglomerates, sand-
stones and shales, of which those below the volcanics are
noticeable for their intensely red colour and calcareous nature,
while those above are as uniformly grey and non-calcareous.
The former are identical with those which in various other parts
of the Province occupy a similar position and are referable to
the Lower Carboniferous system, while the latter represent the
Millstone Grit formation or Lower Division of the Coal
Measures. The latter are remarkable as mainly made up of
well-rounded white quartz pebbles. The red rocks may to some
extent be seen along the Back Road where this makes its ascent
to the hills behind Curries Mountain, but better in the ravine
referred to above or along the steep hillsides leading to Rockland.
From the height of the hills, the horizontal attitude of the beds,
and the position of the exposures, it may be inferred that they
have a thickness of at least five hundred feet. The grey beds
are not seen in the immediate vicinity of the mountain, but come
into view on either side, in one direction becoming continuous
with the great Carboniferous tract of southern New Brunswick,
in the other helping to mark the northern escarpment of that
formation to and up the valley of the Keswick River. They are
noticeable, in addition to their coarseness and silicious character,
for the extent to which they have been planed and even polished
by glacial action. Poorly preserved stems of plants are occasion-
ally found in the red as well as in the grey beds.

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BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

Stratigraphical Relations. — These may be most readily
understood by the accompanying sectional view of the mountain
and its immediate surroundings. As has been stated, nothing
else is revealed in the mountain itself but compact crypto-
crystalline diabase or doleryte, exposed both near its base and
on its sides and summit. It thus forms a somewhat conical mass
arising from the level of the river and presumably extending
beneath it to an unknown depth and rising to a height of nearly
three hundred feet. Upon either side the structure is quite
different. Thus, quite near the base of the mountain on its
northwestern side ? are beds of red conglomerate in nearly
horizontal position, and which, if they do not underlie the whole
mass of the mountain, as seems improbable, must have been
penetrated by the volcanic rock in its efforts to reach the surface.
This view is rendered almost certain by the fact that upon either
side of the mountain similar red beds are exposed to within
about sixty or seventy feet of the summits of the hills, being
then capped by horizontal masses not of dolerite but of vesicular
ash-rock and amygdaloid. Such open vesicular rocks are some-
what of the nature of a slag, their cavities being the result of the
expansion of gases under diminished pressure, and they are
believed to have been formed at or near the surface, while those
of a more solid crystalline character, such as constitute the
mountain, were formed at lower levels and under greater
resistance. Thus the mountain proper represents a volcanic
neck or chimney, penetrating the red sediments from an un-
known depths while the ash beds and amygdaloids are the
lighter and more scoriaceous materials thrown off from the
summit of the pipe, possibly under water, and spread over the
surrounding deposits. These do not include the grey beds. At
no point can the volcanic materials be found to rest upon the
latter; but at no great distance to the north of the ravine the
coarse grey beds of the Millstone Grit formation may be seen
in a position which clearly indicates that they lie above the
amygdaloids and ash-beds.

HISTORY OF CURRIES MOUNTAIN.

193

Time of Eruption. — From the facts above stated it is easy
to determine the time of overflow of the Curries Mountain
lavas. Resting upon the red sediments of the Lower Carboni-
ferous system they could not have reached the surface until
near the close of the Lower Carboniferous period, or altogether
subsequently; while, covered as they are by the lowest beds of
the Coal-period, they must have antedated the latter. The time
of eruption was between the two.

Contemporaneous New Brunswick Volcanoes. — New
Brunswick has been the seat of volcanic activity at many periods
during its history both before and since that of which Curries
Mountain is a monument. Volcanic products are a very marked
feature of the so-called Huronian age, and in parts of St. John
and Kings counties, as about Loch Lomoind, Kingston and the
Nerepis region, cover large areas. They recur again in the
Silurian, represented by many of the finer hills about the Bay
des Chaleurs, Passamaquoddy Bay and the eminences, such as
Mount Tenerifife, Mount Wightman, Sagaook Mountain, etc., at
the sources of the Tobique and Nepisiquit; and in comparatively
recent times there were the outflows now so conspicuously repre-
sented fn the Bay of Fundy trough by Grand Manan and the
North Mountains of Nova Scotia; but the Lower Carboniferous
period is also remarkable for the extent to which volcanic
operations were then carried on. One evidence of this is not
very far removed from the locality which forms the subject of
this paper. Upon what is known as the Royal Road, which
runs in the rear or to the east of Curries Mountain at a distance
of about five or six miles, is a conspicuous bluff known as
McLeod’s Hill. Like the bluff at the ravine described above,
and like most of the beds of volcanic origin of the Lower
Carboniferous system, it presents upon one side a bold front,
perpendicular towards the top but covered below with broken
fragments, while in the opposite direction it slopes off more
gradually and is mostly covered by superficial deposits. This

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BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

corresponds to what in Scotland is known as the “ Crag and
Tail/’ The rock, like that at Curries Mountain, is a dolerite or
diabase, but is more coasely amygdaloidal, containing not un-
frequently considerable cavities lined with quartz crystals, or of
calcite encrusted with quartz. This overflow may have been
connected with that of Curries Mountain, but the connection, if
existing, is now obscured by the overlying rocks of the Coal
Measures which occupy all the intervening area. Other localities
for these volcanic outbursts are : the Miramichi river, about six
miles above Boiestown, where again they form conspicuous
bluffs ; the vicinity of Harvey Station where they include the
eminence of Cranberry Hill, at the base of which passes the
main line of the Canadian Pacific Railway, as well as Bald
Mountain a few miles to the east; the west shore of the St. John
river, near Long Island, in Queens County, where they spread
over a large area and are associated with beds of limestone
which by the heat accompanying their ejection have been con-
verted into marbles ; and yet again about the Emigrant Settle-
ment north of Grand Lake in the same county ; — in each of
these instances exhibiting the same relations to the red and grey
rocks, respectively beneath and above them, as are seen near
Fredericton, and hence showing they all belong to the same
great period , of volcanic activity. The red beds and associated
limestones contain in many places corals and other forms of
marine life, showing the presence of the sea at the time of their
formation ; the grey beds on the other hand hold only the trunks
and roots of trees and ferns, indicating their origin about fresh
water streams and lakes.

History.— From the above data it is easy to summarize the
probable history of Curries Mountain.

In the Lower Carboniferous period, antedating our own by
some millions of years, the sea covered a large part of New
Brunswick, including not only the great central triangular basin
now occupied by large portions of York, Queens, Sunbury,
Northumberland and Gloucester counties, but also a considerable

HISTORY OF CURRIES MOUNTAIN.

195

part of both the northern and southern Highlands. In the
south they are found on the top of the Quaco Hills and Shepody
Mountain, nearly one thousand feet above the present sea-level ;
in the north they form high hills on the Beccaquimic river and
about the Blue Mountains on the Tobique, though it is not
probable that they ever covered the summits of the latter range
or the much higher hills about the sources of the Tobique and
Nepisiquit rivers. In the central basin and in the depressions
among the higher hills waves, tides and currents were at work,
and by their action the hills were being levelled and the
depressions filled with pebble, sand and mud beds, the con-
glomerates , sandstones and shales which now occupy them.
Here and there, where the waters were pure enough, corals were
growing and shells accumulating, the former indicating that
the temperature of the waters was at least sub-tropical. In the
same waters were numerous fish, but mainly of types related to
the sturgeon and shark, and along the shores basked frogs and
reptiles of gigantic size in comparison with their modern
relatives. For untold centuries this condition of things prevailed,
the sediments gradually becoming thicker and thicker until they
had attained a maximum of some thousands of feet. This
would only be possible upon a sinking floor, and with a sinking
floor sooner or later fractures must come. In the production of
these fractures the Lower Carboniferous period came to a close;
through the vents thus made, sometimes perhaps in single pipes
or chimneys, in other cases along extended fissures, came floods
of molten material from the earth’s interior ; in the eminences
which have been referred to as occurring in Curries Mountain
and elsewhere we have, now open to our study, what has been
left of these old ejections. For we can hardly suppose that the
whole of the materials poured out have been left undisturbed,
and some of the events in the later history of the country were
well calculated to remove them. Yet it does not seem probable
in the case of Curries Mountain that its height was ever con-
siderable. Its present base is too small to justify such a belief,
and the relations of the sedimentary to the igneous rocks also

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BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

points to a different conclusion. For had volcanic action continued
into the Coal-era, or had there been then any considerable
eminence subject to wear and waste, the products of such waste
would be found in the Carboniferous strata, at least in the
vicinity of the hill. None such have been observed, and con-
sidering the origin of the strata last mentioned, in fresh water
swamps and estuaries, it would seem probable that the mountain,
so called, was at this period not only quiescent but actually
buried beneath many hundreds of feet of sedimentary rocks.
Still the mountain must have been somewhat higher than now,
for the ash beds derived therefrom are found nearly two hundred
feet higher in position than the summit of the mountain, which
must therefore have been cut down at least to that extent. Just
when the overlying materials were removed or when the old
pipe or chimney, by becoming exposed, was thus made liable to
loss, we know not. It may have remained buried through all
the vast lapse of time represented by the formations, Triassic,
Jurassic, Cretaceous and Tertiary, which followed the Car-
boniferous, but of which the region affords no record; but it is
hardly possible that the Ice age, with its powerful instruments
of erosion, could have passed without materially affecting the
region, as it did all others subject to its influence. And the
wonderful exhibition of planed and polished rocks to be seen,
not far away, upon the Rockland hills, leaves little doubt upon
this point. They show beyond question the presence of ice in
such quantity, and moving under such pressure, that the pebbles
of conglomerates several inches in diameter and composed of
pure quartz, have been cut through or planed down as though
they had offered no resistance whatever to the abrading agent.
For a time, no doubt, and possibly for a long time, this mantle
of ice and snow believed by many to have been some thousands
of feet thick, would have still farther buried the seat* of the old
volcanic fires as it did the beautiful valley of the St. John near
by ; but with the return of less rigorous climatic conditions, and
as the result of the floods following the melting of the ice, the
mass now forming the mountain had its load removed, and the

HISTORY OF CURRIES MOUNTAIN.

197

surroundings were made to assume somewhat nearly their
present aspects.

Only a few more words are necessary. The view which the
hill commands — one of the most beautiful, as has been said,
which the river affords — includes two very large islands, Sugar
and Indian islands, lying between the main river and the mouth
of the Keswick. As indicated by its name, one of these was
formerly a favorite camping-place of the Indians, and tradition
tells of severe conflicts here between the native tribes and the
invading Iroquois from the west. Stone axes and other imple-
ments of like nature are not of uncommon occurrence, and in
connection with the excavations made at the base of Curries
Mountain for the construction of the railway, human skeletons
wrapped in bark and accompanied by beads and ornaments,
were exhumed and destroyed by the navvies engaged in the
work. But we have no reason to believe that the mountain or
its surroundings were materially different then from what they
are now, except as regards the removal of the forests and the
changes incidental to the advent of civilization. So we have no
reason to anticipate any serious change in the future. The
volcano, if we are right in so terming it, is dead, and has been
so for many millions of years. Volcanic activity has been trans-
ferred to other regions of the earth, and Curries Mountain and
its associated hills are now chiefly interesting as helping to
determine a beautiful landscape or as affording to the geologist
opportunity for the study of some problems of the remote past.

19 S

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

ECONOMIC MOLLUSCA OF ACADIA.

By W. F. Ganong.

Some years ago Professor W. F. Ganong prepared for this
society an account of the “Economic Mollusca of Acadia,”
which is a mine of information for those who wish to investigate
the history, habits and economic value of our native shell-fish.
The book is of 116 pages, well furnished with wood-cuts of the
several molluscs described, and with these and the descriptions
given, those interested should have no difficulty in identifying the
several species of shell-fish described.

One excellent feature of this work is that the uses and the
quantity that enters commercially into consumption, are given ;
this is under the head of “ Economics ” for each species, other
headings of information applying to the several species are “Dis-
tribution” and Habit. So that from this little book one may
learn much about each of the kinds of shell-fish treated of.
Thirty different kinds of molluscs, having economic value are
treated of in this volume of which two are Cephalopod
(“Squids”), seven Gasteropod (Univalves), and the remainder
Lamellibranchs . (Bivalves).

Professor Ganong has gone to much painstaking research in
connection with this subject, and the result is a little volume full
of educational value and a useful vade mecum to the wanderer
on the seashore.

Bound copies of this book may be had from the Curator of
the Natural History Society of New Brunswick, at the price of
fiftv cents each.

ARTICLE IT.

NOTES ON THE NATURAL HISTORY AND PHYSIO-
GRAPHY OF NEW BRUNSWICK.

By W. F. Ganong.

117. — On the Physical Geography of the Muniac Stream.

Read by Title, Nov. 3, 1908.

Some ten miles below the Tobique, there falls into the Saint
John from the east the little river called Muniac. Last summer,
in a search for the pre-glacial outlet of the Tobique, I descended
this stream along the highway road which follows it closely from
source to mouth; and I made the following observations.*

Below the mouth of the Tobique, that river and the Saint
John are separated by a great ridge, one of the parallel pair
which confine and give direction to the Saint John in this part
of its course. Southward this ridge swings around to the east
and joins the central highlands which run northeast from Moose
Mountain. Just in this turn, very close over to the Tobique
side, interlocking with branches of the Tobique and the Munquart

*The name is Maliseet Indian, but of uncertain meaning. A map of 1785 names is Muineck
or Bear Riier, evidently connecting it with Moo-in, bear, and the locative ek; and the local
explanation of the word is to the same effect. But I incline to think that this is simply a
surveyor’s etymology, for two of the best-informed Maliseet Indians have told me independently
that the word is really Am-wee-neck or Am-oo-een-ek, which one of them said he could not
interpret at all, while the other said it meant “very gnarly” (?) whatever that may mean to
an Indian. An interpretation which I believe to be correct has been sent me by Rev. Father
Ryan of Andover, who has consulted the best informed Indians on my behalf; they say it
means “Gorge-like* or a stream running between two great hills or mountains,” which perfectly
fits the place. The word probably involves the root of the word “to cut”, which is given in
Father Rasle’s Abnaki Dictionary as nouek: that is the valley is a cut or gash in the hills. The
name is no doubt allied also to mool-a-kesk, the Maliseet name for Sullivans Creek, to which
they give the meaning, “it runs deep.”

The river was not laid down upon any map until after 1872, in which year it was mapped
in connection with surveys made for the settlement of Scotch immigrants, who arrived the
next year and founded the thriving settlements of Stonehaven and Kintore upon the highlands
above the river.

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BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

and some 500 to GOO feet above the Saint John, rises the Muniac.
Its extreme source spring I did not see, but it appears to lie in
a great wild ravine-like basin, or circ, with towering wooded
walls, a strikingly wild and impressive place such as one sees
but rarely in this province. Then the little stream falls rapidly
as a very clear and beautiful mountain torrent in the bottom
of a deep and charmingly-wooded valley. A mile or two down,
where it receives the first large branch from the west, the valley
opens out into a little basin with terraces and settled intervales,
through which the stream, rapidly-enlarging but ever cosey,
cheerful and companionable, flows more gently over gravel and
cobbles. Thus it continues, receiving many small branches
full as clear as itself, down to the first large branch from the
east. Below this it narrows again, becoming once more almost
a ravine, the walls rising steeply and the stream falling rapidly.
And here, at a place on the west of the road, is a feature I was
charmed to see, — namely, great ledges of granite; for their
presence is another confirmation of my belief that all of the
great north-and-south ridges which control the topography of
this part of New Brunswick possess intrusive cores, where they
are not composed wholly of intrusive rock. Below, the valley
again opens out, is settled somewhat, and receives the Inman
Branch from the east out of another great ravine- valley. Then,
below the Kincardine Road, the valley narrows again and becomes
steep-walled, this part, like all of the narrow parts, being
unsettled and incapable of settlement; while the clear and
fast-growing waters pour down over a rocky bed. The valley
opens out a little at the grist-mill, half a mile from the Saint
John, then closes in more narrowly than ever; here the stream
winds with much fall and is cutting into slate ledges in the
bottom of a V-shaped valley, so narrow that the mill-dam at
its mouth holds the water against walls of ledge rock. Then
suddenly, after a course of about ten miles from its source, it
pours its waters, sullied now by the refuse ol the mill, through
a narrow gap into the Saint John.*

♦Certain minor points of interest concerning the river have been communicated to me by
Mr. Benjamin Kilburn, a prominent resident of Kilbum settlement at its mouth. He says

NATURAL HISTORY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY OF NEW BRUNSWICK. 201

Thus the Muniac, though pre-glacial in its origin, is a new
river still in the torrent stage, and now cutting its valley directly
into the rock. Indeed, it is, I believe, the most perfect example
in New Brunswick of a new river of homogeneous development.
And of course it cannot have been an old outlet of the Tobique.
Scenically it is one of the most beautiful of New Brunswick
streams, combining a perfection of the purest running water,
with the wildest of mountain valleys clad in the finest of woods.
It has a companion stream, similar in every feature except size,
in the brook at Perth followed by the road to Tobique. It is
very likely, also, that the present outlet to Tobique, which was
once continuous, I believe, with Little River, was similar. The
heading of these streams so close to the Tobique valley illustrates
very clearly a stage in the formation of cross-connections between
distinct river systems.

118. — On the Physiographic Characteristics of Cains

River.

Read Nov. 2, 1909-

Of the several rivers which follow the slope of the Carboni-
ferous basin of Eastern New Brunswick, the longest which lies
wholly within that formation is Cains River. For this reason
it could be expected to illustrate with particular clearness the
physiographic evolution of the simpler rivers of the Northumbrian
system. Accordingly, after long and eagerly looking forward
to its studv, it was with particular pleasure that I was able, in
late August and early September last, under good conditions
of weather and exceptionally good conditions of water, to descend
this river in a canoe from near its source, and observe its physio-
graphic features.*

there is a high fall on the Inman Branch, and a cave somewhere near Cox Brook. Traces of
gold have been found in the stream; and many attempts have been made to obtain gold in
another way by digging, about half a mile up the river on the north side, for money supposed
to have been buried by the French. The stream is a wonderful trout river, and visited through-
out the summer by local sportsmen from far and near.

*1 was accompanied by Mr. S. A. R. MacDonald of Fredericton. We were portaged over
the usual road from Taymouth (or Zionville) to “The Meadows,’’ a mile below the upper Forks.
I visited it again, to study the old Indian portage, in July, 1910, with Mr. William Laskey of
Fredericton. We were taken in by the old Grand Lake road, went down stream on foot to the
portage, crossed to the Gaspereau, and came down that river to the settlements.

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BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

The history of the development of our knowledge of the
river is of considerable interest, so that I shall here treat the
matter in some detail. The river makes its first appearance in
records on the remarkable De Meulles-Franquelin map of 1686
(published in the Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada ,
III, 1897, ii, 364, though with some errors corrected in a photo-
graphic copy which I now possess) where it is laid down with
an accuracy wholly surprising and indicative of a personal visit
by the map maker. It is there named Ouelamoukt, which is
obviously identical with the name Wel-a-mook-took by which
the Micmacs call it to this day. Happily the meaning of the
word is perfectly clear, for the Indians themselves say it means
'‘handsome river” or "fine river,” and Rand’s Micmac-English
Dictionary (169) gi\res Welamook as meaning "beautiful,”
"kind.” The word is etymologically identical with Oromocto,
which is a corruption of Welamooktook, while the Maliseets call
Cains River Mic-ma-we-wel-a-mook-took, that is "Micmac’s
Oromocto.” The name "handsome,” or "beautiful,” I believe,
does riot apply to the scenery so much as to its characteristics
as an easy canoe river, an idea confirmed by Rand’s meaning
"kind,” and by the character of the river itself. The same
valuable map also applies the Micmac names to three branches,
Minooisak to Muzroll’s Brook, N amamgamkikac (or something
very like, for the original map is injured at this place) to Sabbies
River, and Kepchkigoe to a branch which appears to be Lower
Otter Brook. These names I have not yet been able to interpret.
It is said, by the way, that the Indians had favorite camping-
places at the mouths of Six-Mile and Muzroll Brooks, and
Sabbies River; and, as I know from observation, all of these
places offered exceptionally favorable and pleasant sites. The
name Cains is without question a corruption of Etiennes , (the
name of an Indian Chief), for all of the intermediate stages in
the evolution of the word are known, as traced in the Transactions ,
above cited, II, 1896, ii, 223. Of great interest are the names
of its principal branches, Muzrolls and Sabbies. Upon the
origin of these, local tradition is not clear except that they were
given for persons, but I have no question that they are the

NATURAL HISTORY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY OF NEW BRUNSWICK. 203

French family names Muzroll and Savoy, two of the commonest
names in the French settlements at the mouth of the Miramichi.
This is confirmed by the fact that Sabbies is simply a corruption
of Savoys, the form which appears, as I have recently found, in
the earliest records. I have no question that these names are
a survival of the actual residence at the mouths of those branches
of French families of those names. They probably settled there
at the time when the French were being driven from the accessible
parts of the Province by the English, in the same way that they
settled at, and gave names to, the French Lakes on the St. John.
Their settlement here would be natural for the reason that this
river was the great route of travel from the Miramichi to the
St. John via the portage to the Gaspereau, a route which was
used not only in early Indian and French times but even after
the arrival of the Loyalists. The exact route of this portage I
have been able to work out on the ground, and the matter is of
so much antiquarian interest that I have treated it with some
detail in a supplement to this Note. As to the other names of
places along the river, they are mostly of an obvious descriptive
sort, given no doubt by the earliest lumbermen.*

The first survey of the river, from the mouth nearly to
Muzrolls Brook, was made by W. Harley in 1826; this part was
later surveyed also by B. R. Jouett. The headwaters were
sketched in connection with timber-line surveys as far down as
Bantelorum Brook, by Kilpatrick in 1835, while all the inter-
mediate portion was surveyed by Fairw'eather in 1836. Some
surveys in connection with proposed roads, (never built) to
Gaspereau and Grand Lake were made by J. A. Beckwith in
1850. All of the plans of these surveys are in the Crown Land
Office, and have been used, along with new information and

♦Except the curious name Bantelorum, which I have not been able to interpret. Local
explanations vary much, — from an origin in recollection of a stream of that name elsewhere,
to a slang expression for a drunken revel by some early lumberman. The word first appears,
and in this form, upon Kilpatrick’s survey plan of 1835. Wilkinson, 1859, gives it the form
Bartholomew, perhaps under the supposition that it is a corruption of that word, which was a
family name among the Micmacs; though such an origin seems unlikely. The word certainly
has, however, much the appearance of a somewhat jocose corruption of some Indian word.
Six-mile Brook is perhaps so called because its southern branch is crossed by the Indian
Portage about six miles from Cains River.

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BULLETIN OF T1TE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

observations, in compiling the accompanying map. Settlers,
partly English but mostly of Irish descent, began to extend up
the river as an expansion from the growing Miramichi settlements
about ISIS, and more rapidly after the great fire of 1825; and
they continued to increase until about 1870 when they
reached up beyond the old Indian Portage, and included some
forty or fifty families.* A considerable village had also grown
up, some time after 1825, around some large mills at Sabbies
River, where the foundations and abandoned gardens are still
to be seen. In recent years, however, owing partly to the
destruction of most of the timber by fire, with a consequent
failure of a market for the farm produce, and partly to the
universal movement of the young people to the more attractive
life of the towns, the settlements have been steadily contracting,
until now the river is abandoned by all but a dozen families,
and the former large farms are rapidly reverting to wilderness.
This phenomenon of the contraction of settlement in a time of
prosperity, a striking fact in the history of the settlement of
New Brunswick, is characteristic of the other North Shore
Rivers as well, but nowhere is so conspicuous as on Cains River.
Some day these rivers will all be settled again, and then the
settlement will be permanent.

The greater part of the country along the river has been
burnt and is now barren and worthless, though it is said locally
that the great Miramichi Fire did not touch this valley. In
addition to a considerable amount of lumbering which has been
done on the river, it is a favorite resort of trout fishermen and

*The general place of the river in the history of New Brunswick is briefly discussed, with
references, in the Transactions of the Koyal Society of Canada, X, 1904, ii, 120. The locations
of all of the families on the river in 187$, at the time its settlement was most thriving, are shown
upon Roe and Colby’s Map of Northumberland County, published at Saint John in that year,
while other facts are contained in the grant plans of the Crown Land Office. In addition I
have been so fortunate as to obtain very full information as to the nationality etc. of the early
settlers, — too much in fact to publish in the present paper as I originally intended, For this
information, and much more besides, I am greatly indebted to Mr. Alexander Arbo, himself
an almost life-long resident on the river, who has answered my many troublesome inquiries
with the greatest readiness and courtesy, and to Mr. J. J. MacKinnon, long a school teacher
in the settlement. The information they have given me I expect later to publish in full in
another connection.

NATURAL HISTORY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY OF NEW BRUNSWICK. 205

other sportsmen,* and two or three sporting camps, reached
by roads from the Miramichi, now stand in good places along
the stream. While a remarkably good trout river, especially
in its upper course, it has never been, according to local report,
good for salmon, those fish not being partial to such dark waters
as it possesses. Only a single mention of the river occurs in the
Reports of the Geological Survey, and that a brief mention of
glacial striae by Chalmers in his Report for 1895, M, 60, though
there is considerable additional information, which must have
been added by him as result of a visit, upon the Surface Geology
map. The structural geology is correctly laid down, as
Carboniferous sandstones throughout the entire course and
watershed of the river, upon the geological map. though
apparently no geologist had previously visited it. Finally,
the latest point of interest in its history is the construction across
it, near its head, of the new Transcontinental Railway, now
nearing completion.

So much for the history of Cains River so far as man is
concerned. We turn now to an account of its geographical
evolution. The river rises on the Carboniferous plateau inter-
locking with branches of the Nashwaak, as shown by the map.
At the pleasant low upland bank, (The Meadows), where the
Zionville portage reaches it, the stream comes winding out of
an extensive meadow lying in a large basin in a very open country.
This basin is not, however, on the very surface of the plateau,
since one descends a good deal from the Nashwaak watershed
to reach it. Cains River is here a small narrow dark stream,
easily navigable for canoes in high water such as we had, though
in ordinarylow summerwater it is too shallow for such navigation.
It runs northeast as a pleasing little stream, though long still-
waters broken by short reaches of quickwater or gentle ripples
between pretty banks of intervale, meadow and low upland

*There is a brief mention of a hunting trip to the river by Dashwood, in his very interesting
book Chiploquorgan (page 119). An account of a trip by a fishing party down the river is in
Forest and Stream, May 3, 1902, 345; a narrative of a hunting trip to Muzroll Lake (“Maswell
Pond*’) is in the same journal for October 7, 1905, 293. Another account is in the National
Sportsman, XII,, 1904, 314, and another in more detail, is said to be promised for an early
number,

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BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

occupied by mixed woods in a country showing no hills or
elevations of any kind. This character continues down to near
the crossing of the railroad, when the stream become swifter and
a little broken, with a wide bed and stony bottom which would
give the canoeman much annoyance at low water. At the
railroad, where the bed of the stream is 410 feet elevation by
spirit level, the river has evidently begun to cut down into the
plateau, for the banks here rise steeply some 30 feet which is the
height of the railway bridge. Below, it continues of much the
same character, though with some long quiet pretty pools, down
to Upper Otter Brook, where, as so often along this river, is a
charming open camp ground.

Below Otter Brook, the river continues a series of quick-
waters, with intermediate stillwaters, broken by occasional small
rips, between banks usually of meadow but sometimes of low
upland, though gradually some banks of sandstone in the form
of low cliffs appear. Below McKinley Brook, the river is
evidently cutting more deeply into the plateau, for the valley
walls, at first low, gradually grow higher, and in places show
marked cliffs. In this part the river seems to be cutting across
a ridge, for below the North Branch the country falls off and
continues lower to beyond Lower Otter Brook. In this part,
the river is a very charming canoe stream, smooth and ever
swift though with little fall. Here and there the bed of the
river is composed of flat sand stone ledges, apparently indicating
that this river is now cutting into its rock bed, and has not a
bed of drift. Below Lower Otter Brook, the river becomes
gradually shallower and more rocky and would give trouble to
the canoeman at low water. Here the valley walls soon rise
steeply, and the great burnt country is entered which extends
for most of the distance to the mouth of the river, though the
new growth is developed enough to give the country a rather
pleasing park-like aspect in many places. The river now runs
for some miles in a deep valley of steep walls, evidently a plateau
cut 50 or 60 feet at least deep; and from the bare knolls an
appearance can be seen as if this deeper and newer valley were
cut below a more ancient and shallow trough valley, but of this

MAP

¥

Cains River

and adjacent waters
to illustrate their -physiographic relations
compiled, hy
W.T. Qanony

mo

, Scale if ctiles to 1 inch.

ocr u 194$

NATURAL HISTORY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY OF NEW BRUNSWICK. 207

I could not be sure. The river meantime becomes very quiet,
and runs between its high walls and occasional cliffs in a series
of great stillwaters and gently moving quickwaters, with only
occasional little rips between. This part of the river is not post
glacial, for there is much intervale and glacial material, but it
has an appearance in places almost of “interglacial” origin.
At Layton and Blue Rock Brooks the country falls off and is
lower and more open, but soon rises again, while the river for
a distance becomes shoaler and swifter. Below Ten Mile Brook
the valley becomes narrower and the valley walls steeper and
higher with many fine cliffs, this part appearing almost “inter-
glacial” in age, and cut 100 feet or more into the plateau, while
the river is narrower and deeper. But soon it again opens out,
and develops some fine slopes and low terraces, which have been
cleared and farmed, though now once more reverting to wilder-
ness. Thus the river continues down to Arbo’s, now the upper-
most house (though abandoned) on the river, and thus it
continues also, a series of fine long Stillwater reaches through
high valley walls, but with occasional fine low terraces, a very
pleasing country, down to Six Mile Brook, where now stands
the uppermost occupied house on the river.

Below Six Mile Brook the valley is wider, though it rises on
one side or the other into a high wall, sometimes in abrupt cliffs,
but there is room for wide terraces and intervales.* These are
more or less cleared and settled, but in many places are abandoned
and growing up in park-like and attractive manner, providing
innumerable pleasing camp-grounds. Meanwhile the river bed
remains mostly quiet and deep, forming a canoe stream of the
easiest and quietest character, explaining very fully why this
route to the St. John was such a favorite in early days. The
low terraces afford at many places, and especially at Muzrolls
Brt>ok, and Sabbies River, camp grounds of the most pleasing
character, which I have no doubt were great favorites in Indian
and French times. Below Salmon Brook the river turns abruptly

*At one place, at the Oxbow, are some mineral springs which we examined. They come
out of a high rock bank, and stain the rocks a rusty red, but have no very marked taste,

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BULLETIN OF T HE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

northward to t lie Miramichi and runs in a deep, rather narrow,
course in an almost unsettled valley which is somewhat, though
not very different in character from the part above; but the
ri\rer bed continues deep and still all the distance with the
exception of one small rapid at Hell Gate, almost the only rapid
worthy of the name on the entire river. The plateau here is
higher, apparently, than anywhere above, and the river is
evidently cutting across a considerable ridge. Finally Cains
River flows quietly into the Miramichi.

We summarize now the physiographic evolution of the river.
Inspection of a general map will show that the flat country in
which it rises lies nearly in a continuation of the upper part of
the Nashwaak valley. The whole appearance of the topography
of that region, as I have seen it from different directions, together
with the analogy of the direction of the parallel Taxes-Miramichi
valley to the northward, makes it seem wholly probable that
the upper Nashwaak, above Cross Creek, formerly continued
its course right along the direction where now lie McCallums
and Youngs Brooks to the present source of the river, and thence,
probably by the North Branch, (the part above McKinley
Brook belonging to the Gaspereau), along the present course of
Cains River as far as Salmon Brook. This combined Nashwaak-
Cains River valley was subsequently bisected by the working
back of the present lower Nashwaak, leaving the Cains River
part as a shallow valley cut but little below the general surface
of the Carboniferous plateau. In the course of time this stream
has cut its valley deep down below the old valley, resulting in
the typical case of a “rejuvenated” valley such as Cains River
really presents.

The remarkable parallelism of all the streams of this region,
and their striking continuity of direction with other rivers to
the eastward, has already been discussed in earlier notes (Nos.
50 and 93) ; the facts seem to make it certain that both Cains
River and Gaspereau formerly continued their main courses
north-eastward to the sea through some of the smaller North
Shore rivers, and received the right-angled turns of their lower
courses by subsequent changes. Thus, Cains River probably

NATURAL HISTORY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY OF NEW BRUNSWICK. 209

followed the present course of Salmon Brook across to Barnabys
River while the Gaspereau probably had a course into the
Kouchibouguacsis.as I shall discuss more fully, with new evidence,
in a note upon that river. In a country of such flat relief as this
possesses, the evidence for such former connections must be
chiefly cartographical, but everything I have seen able to observe
upon the ground is strictly in harmony therewith.

The alignments of the streams shown within the limits of
the accompanying map suggest one or two other possibilities.
Thus it seems plain that the upper part of Burnt Land Brook
must have emptied through Muzrolls Brook, but was turned
into the Southwest Miramichi by a process exactly identical
with that which turned Cains river itself into the Miramichi.
Again, the alignment of the upper Gaspereau with the upper
part of Six-Mile Brook suggests a possible old course by this
route and the west branch of Sabbies River, though this is much
less likely than the other course for the Gaspereau already
mentioned. One can also fancy an alignment between Cains
River above Trout Brook, and the course of Sabbies River
through to the Kouchibouguac, leaving Muzrolls Brook as the
head of the river through Salmon Brook, a view which I
suggested in the discussion of these rivers in Note No. 93, but
which I now regard as less probable than the arrangement
suggested above.

There is an interesting fact about the easterly sloping plateau
through which Cains River flows. It is by no means a uniform
slope, but on the contrary seems to present a series of low crests
and troughs across the course of the river. Possibly these have
only been formed by erosion, but there is a possibility that they
are tectonic. Thus, there is a crest below McKinley Brook,
while Lower Otter Brook lies in a trough, one which can, I think
be traced along the lower course of Burnt Land Brook and a
part of the southwest Miramichi itself. Below is another crest,
and then a trough at Blue Rock and Layton Brooks, and I am
told that this low country extends through to Gaspereau by
Mountain Brook, while Muzroll Lake seems to lie therein to the
northwest, and it is possible that Big Hole Brook and Dungarvon

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BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

Lake lie in the extension northward. Another crest comes
below Blue Rock Brook, and a trough at Six Mile Brook, of
which the valley of Big Fork of Salmon River may be an extension.
Then follows another crest, with another trough at Sabbies
River and the lower course of Cains River, a trough which is
continuous with that of the northwest Miramichi, after which
comes another crest. If these troughs and crests actually exist
they are probably minor synclines and anticlines parallel with
those larger ones which have given the north coast of New
Brunswick its form, and have made the Straits of Northumber-
land and Prince Edward Island.

Supplement to Note 118. — The Ancient Indian Portage
from Cains River to the Gaspereau.

One of the most interesting of the features of Cains River,
and one which will remain of interest to the people of New
Brunswick as long as they care for their history at all, is the
ancient porthge route which connected this river with the
Gaspereau, as a link in the most important aboriginal route of
travel from the Miramichi to the St. John waters. Its importance
is witnessed by the references which occur in our early records,
(all of which are summarized in the Transactions of the Royal
Society of Canada , V, 1899, ii, 251 and XII, 1906, ii, 93,) and
also by physiographic or geographical probabilities, — since this
route is by far the easiest of travel, and most practicable at all
seasons, between the St. John and Miramichi systems. It was
used, no doubt, by the Indians from the time of their earliest
migration into this part of America; it was surely the principal
route of the French when they had to move back and forth
through Acadia in the troubled times of the expulsion, and it
was even used as a regular route of travel by the English after
the foundation of the Province. But although thus historically
important, it has, by one of those freaks of historical fortune
which are sufficiently common, escaped exact description in maps
or records, and, having been now for over a half century out of
use and having therefore become overgrown by the forest, it
has been only by a combination of the fragmentary historical
records, the recollection of certain old people who knew it when
still in use, and a minute examination of the country itself that
I have been able to recover its location with certainty.

Natural history and physiography of new Brunswick. 211

The portage left Cains River, as shown by the accompanying
map, about twenty one miles from its mouth. Up to this point
both Cains River and Miramichi are extremely easy for canoe
navigation at all stages of water, being comparatively deep,
quiet, and free from rapids, the few of these which occur being
of insignificant difficulty. To one ascending the river, the
approach to the portage is marked, in one of the very prettiest
parts of the whole stream, by the presence, on the north side of
the river, of an immense and conspicuous solitary sandstone
boulder, a flat fragment of ledge which has slipped down from
the low cliffs above and now rests slanting against the bank.
This rock is known universally to all who use the river as Portage
Rock. On its flat surface, by the way, can be traced a crude
suggestion of a human face, and no doubt the Indians had some
interesting legend, now forever lost, to explain this noticeable
feature. Some 200 to 300 yards further up river, on the south
side, started the portage, as all evidence agrees. Thus far the
matter is plain, and it is only when we try to locate the exact
spot at which the path left the river that we meet with any
uncertainty. There is in the Crown Land Office an important
plan of the timber lands on Cains River made by Fairweather
in 1836, and exactly at the crossing of a timber-line of his in this
vicinity there is written in pencil, faintly but unmistakeably,
old portage leading from Cains River to Gaspero , and there is also
a plan of lots on the river which refers to this line as Deputy
Fairweather' s line at the old portage. These references appear to
show that the line started exactly at the portage, which could
thus be located if the line could now be found. All trace of it
in this vicinity has, however, vanished, though it could perhaps
be recovered by a skilled surveyor; and its location is not known
exactly even by the one man who would be likely to know it best,
viz., Mr. Alexander Arbo, who formerly lived on a farm, now
abandoned, a half mile above the portage, and who has known the
river intimately since early boyhood. Mr. Arbo has been so kind
as to give me a great deal of information about the river and
the portage, both by letter and by word of mouth ; for I had
the great good fortune to meet him almost on this very spot
during my visit in July last. Mr. Arbo remembers that the
line came down to the river in the near vicinity of the camping
ground marked on the map, but he cannot remember exactly
where. He himself does not remember the actual Indian path,
but he does remember that the old wood road, marked as
ascending the hill upon the map, and which was early cut out
and used for travel through to the Gaspereau, has always been

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BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

said to follow the old Indian path. This, for the most part,
it no doubt did, as I shall presently note, but in this vicinity
the road is evidently and naturally so placed as to give an easy
slope for teaming up the steep wall of the valley to the higher

ground, which forms a plateau nearly one hundred feet above
the river level, though it is to be noted that it is not at all
necesvsary that the path should have taken such a course. No
direct evidence being thus available for the exact location of
the path, we must turn to probabilities indicated by the nature
of the locality; and fortunately these speak in no uncertain

NATURAL HISTORY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY OF NEW BRUNSWICK. 213

tone. Considering that the Gaspereau lies directly to the south*
the path would naturally have left Cains River at the most
southerly point, which is a little to the westward of the limit§
of the accompanying detailed map. But this most southerly
bend lies against an inaccessibly steep wall of the valley, and
the nearest point at which this valley wall becomes accessible
at all is at or just east of the leg brow shown upon the map. If,
now, one views the shore of the river all along this part of its
course, he finds one spot, clearly indicated upon the map,
marked out by characteristics which strongly point to its probable
use as the starting point of the path. In the first place, there
is here a piece of firm flat shore of gravel and clay forming a kind
of natural platform alongside of which canoes can be brought
very conveniently, while there is no other spot just above, and
none for a long distance downward, (where the immediate shore
is mostly low and soft) so convenient for the purpose. Of course
the place must have been altered somewhat in the course of time
and especially through the action of the waters carrying lumber
in recent years; but the whole tendency of the log-laden floods
of spring is to wash away and not build up such places, whence
I infer that this platform is not new, but rather a remnant of
one which was formerly larger. Close beside and below it there
gushes out from the bank a very clear cold little spring, the best
by far for a long distance up or down this shore, and up the bank
a few feet is a fine dry level flat, now an attractive shady glade.
This flat forms one of the very finest of camping places, much
the best for a long way up and down the Shore, and one which
has evidently been much occupied, as witnessed by its long-used
fireplace. We have ourselves camped upon it with a deep
feeling of satisfaction in the belief that we had this bond in
common with a very long and ancient line of worthy voyageurs,
with whom we have no little pride in being numbered. Close
behind the flat the valley wall rises steeply, but not too steeply
for ascent, as is shown by the fact that old paths, evidently used
by the same lumbermen who made the log brow just above,
wind easily up it. All probabilities appear to me to unite in
connecting the old Indian path with these places, and I believe
there is no doubt that the Indians used the gravel platform as
their canoe landing, camped on the dry flat, drew their water
from the spring on the shore, and climbed the valley wall by a
winding path just behind, somewhat along the course shown
by the map.

It is of interest, incidentally, to note that on the extensive
intervale, formerly cleared and now half open and half grown

214

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

lip to bushes, eastward of the camping place, there exists a
conspicuous old cellar, in a curious double or triple form. Mr.
^rbo tells me that the first settlers found here the ruins of a
house, which contained two fireplaces, surrounded by about two
acres of cleared land, while in the vicinity have been found
some relics, — pottery, stone and iron axes, a stone pipe, etc.,
showing extensive early use by French and Indians. Further-
more, there is a tradition on the river that this was a French
“station,” and that another existed at the mouth of Muzrolls
Brook, and a French settlement also at the Long Hole. The
French origin is wholly probable, and it is no doubt a relic of the
time when the Acadians had to settle temporarily in retired
places beyond reach of their English enemies who were trying
to expel them wholly from the Province; and it is quite probable
that it really was a post or station for travellers by the portage.

We turn now to the route of the portage south to the
Gaspereau, a distance of about seven miles across the plateau
country. According to Mr. Arbo its course is coincident with
an old road which, though much overgrqwn, can still be followed
as far south as Cold Brook. This road swings up the hill by an
easy route as shown on the map, crosses the head of the log brow,
and then turns southward, which course it originally kept to
Cold Brook; but later a deviation was made westward along
an old road now following the river, in order to avoid a great
blow-down caused by the Saxby Gale. With the exception of
the part where it ascends the bank, and the deviation above
mentioned, I have no doubt that the road and the old path are
practically coincident It is wholly probable that the makers
of the road, in crossing this very level country directly south-
ward, would follow the route already clearly marked out for
them by the portage path; and moreover, as Mr. Arbo tells me,
at the point where the road crosses Cold Brook an old kettle
has been found, turned over various utensils, etc., all of which no
doubt were abandoned by the French in some hasty portage,
showing a coincidence of road and portage at that point.
Beyond this place, according to Mr. Arbo, the old road crossed
the western end of an immense open barren. This my
companion and I missed, for after following the road to the brook
we took a wrong route and held too much to the westward.
Thence, partly along timber roads and partly steering by compass,
we held to the magnetic south, and crossed a level and undulating
country, no doubt substantially like that crossed by the path,
through some open barren, some burnt upland, and some swamps

NATURAL HISTOR% AND PHYSIOGRAPHY OF NEW BRUNSWICK. 215

and bog, intersected by some five different brooks all running
to the eastward, and reached the Gaspereau a half mile above
the portage.

The Gaspereau end of the portage has proven equally
difficult to locate exactly. No known map marks it in any but the
crudest manner, even the plan by Beckwith, earlier mentioned,
which professes to show it, being obviously only a sketch. But
from Mr. Arbo, and especially from Mr. P. H. Welch, one of the
most valued of my correspondents, who speaks not only from
his own long and extensive knowledge of that region, but after
consultation with other old residents, I have learned that the
path left the Gaspereau above Portage Island, which is half a
mile above Meadow Brook. This place I have examined and
mapped with care, but I withhold the map, partly because it
belongs properly with my note upon the Gaspereau which I hope
later to publish, and partly because I wish before publishing it
to re-examine the locality. Portage Island lies in the extreme
northerly bend of the river. It is an insignificant island, lying
close to the northern bank, flat, treeless and little more than a
weed-covered gravel bar; but it is unmistakeable, for it is the
only island for a long distance up arid down the river. To the
eastward a bogan separates if from high rocky land leading up
to a line of sandstone cliffs, while north and west of it lie the
“Portage Island Flats,” a low open intervale, almost a marsh,
covered with coarse grass. In our visit I was under the
impression that the portage path left the river east of the island,
at a place where a clear little brook falls into the river, paralleled
by an old lumber road along its western side. Here we detected
and surveyed a very old path, west of the road, leading up by a
very easy ascent to the plateau one hundred feet over the river,
and this we thought was probably the Indian path. But Mr.
Welch tells me that the path left the river nearly a quarter of a
mile above Portage Island, and above the intervale flats, and
that it led up through a ravine or gap in the cliffs which afforded
the only route to the plateau at this place. Later a lumber
road was cut along the same route, though now it is quite
obliterated. Where the path left the river, on the western side,
was formerly a camping place, now overgrown; and a few years
ago the washing away of the bank about a hundred yards farther
down stream brought to light a large store of bullets, doubtless
buried for safety and never reclaimed. Additional details I
hope to give with the map in the later note.

Below the Portage the Gaspereau is a swifter and shallower
stream than Cains River, but yet is comparatively an easy canoe

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route, and must have been ever better in earlier times before
lumbering operations had widened and shoaled its bed.

Some day, the important historical sites of the Province will
be marked in suitable and permanent fashion by our Historical
Societies, and among the first to be fixed in this manner should
be the ends of the Cains River-Gaspereau portage.

i

119. — An Absolute Measure of the Rate of Recession of
the New Brunswick Coast Line.

It is a fact familiar to all concerned with our physiography
that New Brunswick is slowly sinking beneath the sea, thus
allowing the waves of the ocean to encroach upon the land and
wear it away. Naturally, it is a matter of much interest to
measure this rate of sinking and the correlated recession of the
coast. In an earlier note of this series (No. 83) I called attention
to a very favorable opportunity for a measurement of the latter
phenomenon. It is based* in brief, upon the fact that in the
open level field which forms the northern and exposed end of
Beaubears Island there happens to stand a line of old fence posts,
cut so close to the ground that they are likely to remain indefin-
itely undisturbed, and so situated that offsets at right angles to
the line can easily be measured to the seaward edge of the field,
which is being undermined and washed away by the sea. It
should therefore be possible to use the posts as a basis for
measurements at considerable intervals, which would permit a
somewhat exact determination of the rate of recession. My
first measurement was made in August, 1904, and is recorded
in the aforementioned note, with a suitable diagram. In August
of the present year, after an interval of exactly six years, I was
able to measure the offsets by aid of the same methods, the same
companion and even the same tape measure (or one exactly
similar, since I possess two alike), In order that the measure-
ments should not be influenced by any pre-conceptions upon
my own part, I carefully refrained from reading my former
figures until after all of the new ones were made and recorded.
The results are shown on the accompanying diagram where the

NATURAL HISTORY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY OF NEW BRUNSWICK. 217

change in the coast line is shown on a true scale, and the figures
are added in parentheses upon the very copy from which the
cut was made to illustrate the earlier note.

The testimony of the figures is unmistakeable. In the very
short space of six years, the sea has eaten horizontally into this
coast for a distance averaging one foot eleven inches, which
means almost four inches a year, and thirty-three feet in a century.
There is no reason which I can imagine why this particular
locality should be subject to a faster erosion than the North Shore
in general, but on the contrary the comparative shelter given

by the position of the island within the Miramichi would tend
to make the action of the waves much less rapid than at many
places on the more exposed coasts. Hence these figures are
probably conservative for the coast as a whole. This rapid
removal of the flat coast is a fact which must be taken into
account not only in physiographic but also in archaeological
studies.

I found that the posts had decayed considerably since my
last visit, and in order to make their positions secure for future
measurements, I gathered small boulders, of cobblestone size,
from the beach, selecting always some kind other than the
sandstone of the island; and I forced one of these into the
decaying center of each of the posts, driving them just below
the level of the ground. If should be possible to locate these

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boulders for a long time in the future, since, although they will
become more or less buried, the compass directions of the lines,
(as shown on the diagram), and the regular distances apart of
the posts, (somewhat under fourteen feet from center to center),
will permit the positions of all to be determined when any one
of them is once found. It should, however, be remembered
that while my measurements were taken from the nearest edges
of the posts to the shore, the stones are in the centres of the
posts, which will make a difference of a few inches wdien the
stones are used. While thus marking the posts I was able to
locate the position of those designated ‘‘missing” on the earlier
diagram, and accordingly they are added upon that accompanying
this note.

ARTICLE III.

THE MARINE AND ESTUARINE DIATOMS OF THE
NEW BRUNSWICK COASTS.

By L. W. Bailey, LL. D„ F. R. S. C.

Read December 6, 1910.

Introduction.

The land flora of New Brunswick has been the subject of
study by many observers, and a fairly complete though not
exhaustive list of the terrestrial plants of the Province has been
made. But there is one group of low but very beautiful forms
to which almost no attention has been paid. This is the group
of the Diatoms, a family of microscopic Algae of the Class
Chlorophyceae, abounding everywhere, but, owing to their
minuteness, beyond the reach of ordinary observation. A list
of those occurring at Harris’s (or Matthew’s) Cove, on the
Kennebecasis, was published by the writer in the Bulletin of the
Natural History Society for 1863, and subseqently short lists of
forms observed about Chatham were published in the Proceed-
ings of the Miramichi Natural History Society, by Dr. J. McG.
Baxter, but, with these exceptions, there is absolutely no
reference to these interesting forms in the botanical literature
of the Province.

It having been the writer’s good fortune to spend several
weeks in the summer of 1909, at the Biological Station at St.
Andrews, and a considerably longer period in 1910, his interest
in the study of the Diatoms was, after nearly fifty years neglect,
renewed, and the opportunities afforded for their more careful
study were eagerly embraced. These opportunities included not
only the examination of collections made by members of the
staff in the immediate vicinity of the Station, including the

(219)

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viscera of fishes, Molluscs and Echinoderms, but soundings,
dredgings and plankton gatherings from all parts of Passama-
quoddy Bay, about the Western Isles and Grand Manan. Many
gatherings were also made from the bottom and shores of the
lower St. John and Kennebecasis rivers, from the wharves in
St. John Harbour and Courtenay Bay, and finally about St.
Martins. To these were added interesting collections, made by
Dr. Baxter, from buoys in Miramichi Bay. So that, taken
together, we have in them a very fair representation of the
characteristic forms of the New Brunswick seaboard, especially
in its southern portions.

It is the hope of the writer that by presenting in this and
subsequent articles the results of his studies of these lowly
organisms he may not only add an interesting chapter to our
knowledge of the flora of the Province, but also lead other
observers to take up a study which, besides being of economic
importance, never fails to fascinate those who, with proper
equipment, enter upon it. He proposes, therefore, in addition
to giving lists of the species observed, to represent by figures the
more common and typical species of the different genera, with
brief descriptions of their character and distribution. Later
this may be followed by similar articles upon the fresh-water
Diatoms and those which, under the names of Tripolite and
Infusorial Earth, are often found constituting the bottom of
lakes and ponds.

To make the subject intelligible to beginners a few words
are necessary as to the structure and life history of Diatoms.

If the reader will take the trouble to glance at the accom-
panying plates he will get a good idea of their general
appearance. They exhibit great variety of form, including
shapes which are linear, bacillar, ovoid, circular, triangular,
quadrangular, sigmoid, crescentic, boat-like, wedge-like and
others. As a rule they are remarkable for their beauty of out-
line and also for their perfect symmetry. In addition to their
exquisite shapes, which often suggest artistic patterns, their
beauty is greatly enhanced by the marvellous details of their

MARINE AND ESTUARINE DIATOMS.

221

surface, upon which are to be seen vast numbers of minute lines
or striae , variously arranged and sometimes separated into
distinct areas by smooth bars or empty spaces. Though usually
free and independent they are often connected together in chains,
sometimes side by side or end to end, in other instances by their
alternate corners, thus forming either ribbands or zig-zag chains.
Each individual, whether independent or connected with others,
has a complete wall enclosing a cavity and is therefore a true
cell, and the Diatoms belong to the group of the Unicellular Algae.
Within the cell there is, of course, more or less protoplasm, the
source of its vital activities, and with this various other sub-
stances, including coloring matters, but while the other chloro-
sperms, as their name indicates, contain much chlorophyll and
are of a bright green tint, the Diatoms have relatively little of
this substance and their color, instead of being green, is brownish
yellow. But the most remarkable feature possessed by all the
members of the group, is the power of secreting silica from the
waters in which they dwell and depositing this in their tissues.
Other plants, like certain grasses, do indeed separate silica and
deposit it in their cells, thus acquiring increased strength, but
in the Diatoms not only is the quantity comparatively much
larger but it is so disposed as not only to give to the individual
permanency of form and a considerable power of resistance but
also to determine the wonderful and often very elaborate
patterns with which the exterior of the cell is decorated. When
we remember that the Diatoms stand very nearly at the base of
the scale of vegetable life, it is truly wonderful to find them
manifesting a constructive activity and a variety of architectural
conceptions such as ain accomplished artist might well emulate.
It is the formation of these siliceous skeletons, as transparent as
crystal, which gives to Diatoms, as will be presently explained,
their economic and geological importance.

But what perhaps is still more wonderful is the power of
independent movement possessed by many of the Diatoms, and
which in some instances is truly marvellous. They may often
be observed swimming across the field of view of the microscope

222 BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

f

with a somewhat rapid motion (though this is in reality magni-
fied as well as the objects themselves) encountering or retiring
from obstacles, and with every appearance of spontaneity.
How it is done is* a puzzle not yet satisfactorily settled, but is
doubtless connected with the internal activities of the cell and
the work of that wonderful substance, Protoplasm- It was
this property, no doubt, which led the earlier observers to regard
the Diatoms as animals and to rank them with the group of the
Infusoria as they are still often called. But no trace of organs
of locomotion, such as are found in the latter, have yet been
observed even with the most powerful microscopes.

In order to get an idea of the structure of the Diatom cell
it is well to compare the latter with one or two familiar objects.
The first comparison is with an ordinary pill-box. This consists
of a circular collar, with a fixed base and a moveable cover.
If the base be also made moveable the resemblance to a Diatom,
especially one of the circular forms (such as Coscinodiscus,
Fig 15) is very marked. The Diatom also has two covers,
termed “ valves,” and between these a collar or “ connecting
membrane,” all easily separating from each other, and it is
from this easy separation that the name of Diatom (dividing
into two) is derived. Similarly, when compared with a watch,
the valves correspond to the two lids of the latter while the
“ conmecting membrane ” finds it counterpart in the circular band
upon which the lids are fastened. In this case the comparison
may be carried further, for the sculpturing on the valves of the
Diatom correspond to the artistic designs with which the watch
lids are usually ornamented, and in the case of certain circular
forms the resemblance to an ordinary engine-turned watch is
very striking. Even when the forms are not circular, the
structure is essentially the same. All Diatoms, whatever their
shape, consist, so far as the cell wall is concerned, of three parts,
the two “ valves ” and the “ connecting membrane.” It is well
to add that when viewing a Diatom the part turned towards
the observer, if it be that of a valve, is regarded as constituting
the “ lateral ” or “ valvular ” view, while if both valves are

MARINE AND ESTUARINE DIATOMS.

223

visible together with the “ connecting membrane,” this is known
as the “ front ” or “ zonal ” view.

The multiplication of Diatoms is by one or other of two
processes, both common to all the lower forms of vegetation.
The first of these is “ by division,” the second “ by conjugation.”
When a Diatom is about to multiply by “ division ” two new
valves, are formed within the old one, applied back to back, and

each united with one of the old valves by a new “ connecting

membrane,” and as this grows and elongates, the old “ connect-
ing membrane ” is ruptured and falls off, leaving two new

individuals where previously there was only one. The new

individuals thus formed may remain adherent to each other,
wholly or partly, or may become entirely free as already described.
In some instances they remain embedded in a sort of gelatinous
envelope or enclosed in gelatinous tubes. The process takes
place simultaneously in many cells (or frustules as they are
technically termed) and with comparative rapidity, thus account-
ing for the vast number of individuals usually found associated
together. “Conjugation” on the other hand is a comparatively
rare process and has actually been observed only in a relatively
small number of species. In this case, much as in Spirogyra, a
common water plant, often known as Pond Scum, two cells or
frustules, lying side by side, mingle their contents ( endochrome )
to form one or two reproductive bodies, known as sporangia,
usually much larger than the two cells from which they are
derived, and which will eventually by “division” form new
frustules similar to those from which they were derived. This
process, however, is but very imperfectly understood. Single
individuals of adjacent chains may be “ conjugating ” while the
others are multiplying by ordinary “ division.” So rapid is this
latter process that it has been estimated that one thousand
millions of new individuals may be produced in a single month.

The Diatoms are essentially aquatic, and are to be found in
all waters, fresh or salt, to which light has access. They are,
however, most abundant and most varied in sea water, while
estuaries, like the Kennebecasis, and marshes and creeks to

224

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

which the sea has access, usually also afford large numbers of
species. They make up a very considerable proportion of the
so-called “ plankton ” or assemblage of free swimming micro-
scope organisms which abound everywhere near the surface of
the sea, whence they may be obtained by the use of “ plankton
nets,” constructed of the finest silk gauze, and which are drawn
through the waters by row boats or motor boats. Many are
attached to sea-weeds, others to buoys or to the piers of wharves,
still others, though usually in a dead condition, are found in the
products of sounding and dredging. Finally, the stomachs of
fishes and various marine invertebrates often afford a rich
harvest.

The Diatoms are of considerable economic interest both
when living and when dead. It has been stated that they exist
in countless numbers in all waters, fresh or salt, and hence it is
not to be wondered at that they play a part of the first
importance in connection with the food supply of the animal
life tenanting the same waters. This is directly proved, as just
stated, by finding them so abundantly in the stomachs of these
animals ; but it has been further observed, in connection with the
cultivation of oysters and clams, that these thrive best where
Diatom life is most abundant, and that the development of
Diatoms by artificial fertilizers in artificial oyster beds leads to
a great increase iin the number of the oysters, besides improving
their quality. Indeed so important is the part taken by Diatoms
as purveyors of food to marine animals that one writer has
made the remark that “ All fish are Diatoms,” in the same sense,
of course, that we also say that “ All flesh is grass.” In other
words they are, to a great extent, the basis of the food supply
of the entire animal life of the ocean, even to the highest forms,
and we cannot attach too much importance to a knowledge of
everything which concerns their life history and distribution.

But again, Diatoms are not lost by death. Possessed of
indestructible silicious skeletons, preserving all their more
prominent characteristics and still capable of easy identification,
they simply fall after death to the bottom of rivers, ponds, lakes

MARINE AND ESTUARINE DIATOMS.

225

or the ocean, and notwithstanding their minuteness, may give
rise in time to silicious deposits of vast extent. The material
thus formed is known as Tripolite or Infusorial Earth, and
several very interesting beds of it occur in New Brunswick,
which will be treated of in a later article. But it is in the ocean
that the results of Diatom growth and accumulation are most
remarkable, it having been ascertained through the explorations
of the Challenger and other expeditions, that large portions of
the ocean’s bed are made up of little else. Sir Joseph Hooker,
during the expedition of the Erebus and Terror to the Antarctic
seas, found a bank of Diatoms 400 miles long and 120 miles
broad, in latitude 6o° S., and the later investigations of the
Challenger indicated that what is probably the same bank, really
has a length of not less than 1,700 miles. The naturalists of the
latter exploration were also led to believe that a great zone of
Diatoms, or rather of Diatom-ooze, surrounds the South Polar
regions between the Antarctic circle and the latitude of 40° S.,
which is estimated to cover nearly 11,000,000 square miles,
while a smaller patch in the North Pacific covers about 40,000
square miles.

Considering the indestructibility of the skeletons of Diatoms,
it is not to be wondered at that these should also occur in a
fossil condition. As a matter of fact they are found in various
formations as far back as the Cambrian era, but are most
abundant in the Mesozoic and Tertiary periods, then forming
deposits comparable with those of the existing oceans. The beds
of Tripolite, already referred to as occurring in New Bruns-
wick, are of this nature, and though doubtless still in process of
formation, may have begun their growth in the Pleistocene or
even in earlier periods. But of these we propose to speak more
fully on a later occasion.

I must mow close this introduction by a few remarks upon
the collection, preservation and study of Diatoms.

I have already indicated the places in which Diatoms are to
be sought. It is a good plan to carry a number of small
collecting bottles, which, by closing with the finger and inversion,

226

MARINE AND ESTUARINE DIATOMS.

may be placed in or over the material sought, which will, by
suction when the finger is withdrawn, pass up into the bottle, to
be there tightly corked. Or a quantity of pond scum may be
directly dipped up by the hand or a cup and introduced into the
bottle. If this is to be kept for any considerable length of time
it is well to add a few drops of a weak solution of formaline to
prevent putrefaction. Mud from river, pond or lake bottoms
may be obtained when the waters are not too deep, by cups or
scoops attached to poles of suitable length, while submerged
objects of almost all kinds are covered with a scum, often richly
diatomaceous, which may be readily scraped off with the edge
of a knife. For plankton collections, as already stated, very fine
silken nets are required. The collection having been made, it
may be necessary to remove impurities. If these consist of sand
or mud, a separation may be made by mere decantation, the
Diatoms being usually much lighter than ordinary mineral
matters. If the collection is from sea water, the salt must be
gotten rid of, as otherwise it will crystallize upon the glass slides,
but the removal is easy as the result of the addition of fresh
water and decantation until all traces of salt is removed. Finally,
if there be much organic matter either in or with the Diatoms,
it will be well to place the material in a test tube and boil for
some minutes with strong nitric acid, subsequently removing
this as before by dilution and decantation.

A good microscope is required for all work with Diatoms
and high powers are needed for satisfactory results. A one-
quarter inch or a one-sixth inch objective, such as made by
Leitz, Zeiss, or Bausch and Lomb, answers well for ordinary
observations, but for the smaller and finer forms a one-twelfth
oil immersion will be needed. Some means of exact measure-
ment, in other words some form of micrometer, will also be
required for specific determinations. ,

The material having been cleaned, as above described, is
ready for mounting. This is done on ground glass slides which
may be obtained, with thin glass covers, from dealers in
microscopic supplies. (Lyman & Co., Montreal). A small

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

227

quantity is placed in the centre of the slide and on this is placed
a single small drop of Canada balsam. The cover glass is next
put on, and the slide being gently warmed, the balsam spreads
beneath the cover, carrying any air bubbles with it, while by
gentle pressure the former is made to take its final position.
The exposed edges soon dry, and the slide is ready to be labelled
and used.

For the determination of Diatoms certain literature is
required. It is hoped that the present series of articles, with the
accompanying plates, will enable students in New Brunswick to
recognize at least the genera of the more common and typical
forms met with in the Province, and lists of all species so far
observed will also be given, but to identify all of these it will be
necessary to have access to standard works. The most generally
useful of these, on account of the number and accuracy of its
figures, is “ Smith’s British Diatomaceae,” which includes a
great number of forms found also in America, but if to this the
student can add copies of “ Van Heurck’s Diatoms of Belgium,”
“ Castracane’s Diatoms of France,” and “Wolle’s Diatoms of
North America,” he will be well equipped for work. Numerous
more special articles are to be found iin the Smithsonian Contri-
butions, in the London Microscopical Journal and in the Reports
of various exploring expeditions. Type specimens may also be
obtained from dealers but are expensive.

I shall now proceed to give a tabulated list of all the marine
and estuarine Diatoms so far observed about the coasts of New
Brunswick, leaving the fresh water and fossil forms for later
consideration. A figure representing at least one species of each
genus will be given in the accompanying plates. For the more
exact determination of a considerable number of the species
indicated I am indebted to Dr. A. H. MacKay, of Halifax.

228

MARINE AND ESTUARINE DIATOMS.

EXPLANATION OF TERMS.

Frustule , one complete diatom cell. Front view , the aspect looking at the
connecting membrane. Side view, looking at a valve. Valve, one side of cell,
connecte 1 w'ith its fellow by the connecting membrane. Strife, lines of dots.
Costce, ribs. Nodules, swellings at centre or extremities. Median line, central
longitudinal space, destitute of striae. Stauros, a lateral expansion of median
line to form a cross. Stipe, a stalk or pedicel, found in attached species. Keel,
a line of prominences or projections. Awns, long and sharp processes. Plankton
free, floating microscopic forms of life, plant or animal. Bacillar, rod like.
Arcuate, bowed. Flabellate, in fan-like clusters. Cuneate, wedge-like. Sigmoid.
like the letter S. Annulate, ringed. Septa, partitions. Calyptriform, like a cap,

ACNANTHES.

Acnanthes. Frustules bent, the upper surface convex, the lower concave.
Solitary or aggregate, attached to a stipe, which may be long or short.
Valves striate, unsymmetrical, the lower with a longitudinal or trans-
verse line. Central and terminal nodules.

A. longipes Ag. Very abundant in Miramichi Bay, Pasfeamaquoddy Bay
and Grand Manan (rare). (Plate 1, Fig. 1.)

A. brevipes Ag.

A. subsessilis K. Kennebecasis. Rare.

Actinoptychus. Frustules free or adherent, disciform. Valves plane or
slightly convex, cellular, undulated, with conspicuous central nodule
and radiating lines, dividing the surface into triangular segments.

A. undulatus Kiitz. Common about Passamaquoddy Bay, St. John and
St. Martins. Typically marine. (Plate 1, Fig. 2.)

AMPHIPRORA.

Amphiprora. Frustules, free, simple, in front view constricted in the middle;
valves convex, with a longitudinal wing or keel, and central or terminal
nodules. Striae, when present, transverse.

A. alata Kiitz. Rothesay, St. Martins, Passamaquoddy.

AMPHORA.

Amphora. Frustules free, or adherent. Valves cymbiform; lateral view
lunate or arcuate, with central marginal nodule.

A. ovalis. (Plate 1. Fig. 3.)

AMPHIPLEURA.

Amphipleura. Frustules free, linear or sigmoid. Valves with longitudinal
ridges.

A. sigmoidea W. Sm. Rothesay, St. Martins.

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

229

BACILLARIA.

Bacillaria. Frustules linear, straight, united into a short band, moving on
each other by a sliding motion, without separation. Valves with a
longitudinal punctate keel.

B. paradoxa Gmel. Near wharves at Indiantown, Rothesay. In plankton
gatherings from lower part of St. John river. Readily recognized by its
singular movements. (Plate I, Fig. 6.)

BIDDULPHIA.

Biddulphia. Frustules compressed. Quadrilateral. More less perfectly
united into a continuous or zig-zag filament. Valves convex, elliptical ,
cellulate, with or without spines. Angles equal, elongated into tooth-
like or horn-like projections. Cellules circular.

B. aurita Lyngb (Plate I, Fig. 7). Passamaquoddy, Kennebecasis, Mira-
michi, Grand Manan, Le Tete, L’Etang.

B. pulchella? Gray. Passamaquoddy.

B. baileyi. See Zygoceros.

CAMPYLODISCUS.

Campylodiscus. Frustules free, solitary, saddle shaped. Valves equidistant,
tortuous or saddle shaped, with radiating costae.

C. cribrosus Kennebecasis. (Plate I, Fig. 8.)

CHAETOCEROS.

Chaetoceros. Frustules, smooth, without striae, usually united to adjacent
ones by means of awns, thus forming a filament. The awns proceed
either from the frustules or from a band between the latter, and are
often, at maturity, extravagantly long. A very peculiar and charac-
teristic plankton genus, the long awns adapting the forms to flotation.
It is still only imperfectly known, but the following species have been
recognized in the plankton of Passamaquoddy Bay and adjacent waters.

Ch. decipiens. (Plate I, Fig. 10.)

Ch. boreale Bail.

Ch. dicladia ?

Ch. chriophyllum Cast. (Plate I, Fig. 9.)

Ch. (dicladia) Capreolus. (Plate I, Fig. 11.)

COCCONEIS.

Cocconeis. Frustules generally small, adherent to larger algae. Valves
elliptical or orbicular, with a median line and central nodule.

C. scutellum Ehr. Passamaquoddy Bay, common. Miramichi Bay. (Plate
I, Figs. 12 and 13.)

C. pediculus. Mouth of Nerepis.

C. placentula ? Harding’s Pt., St. John river, Passamaquoddy, Kennebe-

casis.

230

MARINE AND ESTUARINE DIATOMS.

COCCONEMA.

Cocconema. Frustules stipitate. Cymbiform. Lateral surface lunate,
striae divided unequally by a longitudinal line with median and
terminal nodules.

C. lanceolatum. Kennebecasis, estuarine. (Plate I, Fig. 16.)

COSCINODISCUS.

Coscinodiscus. Frustules often large, simple, discoid, free or adherent.
Valves or discs flat or convex, cellulate, the cells, which may be large
or small, closely or loosely aggregated, being arranged either radiately
or in curving lines, sometimes with a central rosette.

C. radiatus. (Plate I, Fig. 15.) C. Liniatus. C. Americana. C. Eccentricus.

C. pellucida. C. griseus. C. marginatus.

C. oculus iridis.

The first seven of the above species are from Harris’s or Matthew’s Cove

on the Kennebecasis. C. radiatus and C. oculus iridis are common in the

waters of Passamaquoddy Bay and abound in the plankton of the Bay of

Fundy.

CYCLOTELLA.

Cyclotella. Frustules free or adherent, disciform, simple or binately con"
joined. Valves plane or slightly convex. Striated, striae rayed.

C. Kutzingiana Thw. Kennebecasis, St. John, (Plate 1, Fig. 14.)

C. meneghiniana. Kennebecasis.

C. compta Grun. Passamaquoddy. Kennebecasis.

CYMATOPLEURA.

Cymatopleura. Frustules free, oblong or elliptical. Valves undulated.

Cy. scutellum Rothesay. (Plate I, Fig. 14A.)

CYMBELLA.

Cymbella. Free, cymbiform. Valves lunate, striated, with a longitudinal
line and central and terminal nodules.

C. ehrenbergii, Kennebecasis.

C. gastroides, Kennebecasis. (Plate I, Fig. 17.)

C. lanceolata. Kennebecasis.

DIATOMA.

Diatoma. Frustules oblong. Quadrangular. Cohering by their opposite or
more generally by their alternate angles into zig-zag chains. Valves
elliptical or linear. (Plate I, Fig. 18.)

D. tenue Ag. Kennebecasis.

D. hyemale Lgng. Kennebecasis.

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

231

ENCYONEMA.

Encyonema. Frustules cymbiform, arranged in longitudinal series within
submembranous tubular filaments producing a frond. Valves divided
unequally by median line and nodules. Striae moniliform. (Plate I.
Fig. 19.)

E. caespitosum Kutz. Kennebecasis.

E. ventricosum K. Kennebecasis.

EPITHEMIA.

Epithemia. Frustules quadrilateral, lunately curved, with transverse ribs.

Strongly marked transverse lines.

E. turgida Ehr. Kennebecasis. (Plate I, Fig. 20.)

E. gibba Kutz. Kennebecasis.

E. zebra Ehr. Kennebecasis. (Plate I, Fig. 21.)

E. musculus Ktz. Kennebecasis. Passamaquoddy.

EUNOTIA.

Eunotia. Frustules free, oblong. Valves arcuate, with terminal nodules and
convergent striae.

E. monodon Ehr. Kennebecasis.

E. diodon Ehr. Kennebecasis. (Plate I, Fig. 22.)

E. major. Kennebecasis.

E. pectinalis. Kennebecasis.

E. lunaria. Kennebecasis.

FRAGILLARIA.

Fragillaria. Frustules linear, straight. United into a filament, free or at-
tached. Valves linear or elliptical, smooth or finely striated. (Plate I,
Fig. 33.)

F. Sp? Passamaquoddy.

F. pacinca? Grun. Kennebecasis.

F. construens? Grun. Kennebecasis.

F. mutabilis? Grun. Kennebecasis.

GOMPHONEMA.

Gomphonema. Frustules stipitate, wedge-form. Valves variable in outline,
striated, with median line and central nodule.

G. acuminatum Ehr. Kennebecasis.

G. angustatun. Kennebecasis.

G. exiguum K. Kennebecasis.

G. marinum. Passamaquoddy, Grand Manan.

G. geminatun A. Kennebecasis. (Plate I, Fig. 24.)

232

MARINE AND ESTUARINE DIATOMS.

GRAMMATOPHORA.

Grammatophora. Frustules oblong, adhering by opposite or alternate angles
in a zig-zag chain. Valves linear or elliptical, marked by conspicuous
opposite septa which are usually more or less curved.

G. serpentina E. (Plate I, Fig. 25.) Kennebecasis, La Tete, Grand Manan.

G. marina Lyn. (Plate I, Fig. 26). Kennebecasis, La Tete, Grand Manan.

HOMOCLADIA.

Homocladia. (Plate I, Fig. 27). Frustules bacillar, usually somewhat
fascicular, enclosed within submembranaceous branched filaments,
forming a frond.

H. filiformis W. Sm. Kennebecasis.

HYALODISCUS.

Hyalodiscus. Frustules simple, disc-like. The central or umbilical portion
more or less granulated, and separated from the delicately striated
marginal portion by a distinct suture.

H. Sp? Passamaquoddy Bay. (Plate I, Fig. 28.)

ISTHMIA.

Isthmia. Frustules large, compressed, trapezoidal, conspicuously cellular,
cohering by short neck like processes to each other or to higher algae.
Frustules always more or less oblique. Cellules more or less hexagonal.

I. nervosa Kutz. Passamaquoddy, La Tete.

I. enervis Ehr. Passamaquoddy. (Plate I, Fig. 29.)

LICMOPHORA.

Licmophora. Frustules wedge-like, arranged in fan-like clusters on thick
irregularly branched stipes. Valves convex, elongated, inflected at
larger extremity and traversed by a longitudinal median line.

L. Lyngbei Grun. (Plate I, Fig. 30.)

L nov Sp. Kennebecasis.

MASTOGLOIA.

Mastogloia. Frustules oblong, boat-like, annulate, enclosed in a gelatinous
cushion or frond. (Plate I, Fig. 31.)

M. Smithii Thw. Kennebecasis.

M. elliptica. Kennebecasis.

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233

MELOSIRA.

Melosira. Frustules cylindrical, disciform or globose, connected into cylin-
drical conferva-like filaments, usually embracing many individuals.
Valves hemispherical or sub-cylindrical, more or less convex.

M. varians. Kennebecasis, Nerepis, The Wolves.

M. Borerii. Kennebecasis, Passamaquoddy, Miramichi.

M. octagona. Kennebecasis.

M. granu.lata. Kennebecasis.

M. crenulata. Kennebecasis.

M. sulcata. Kennebecasis.

M. nummuloides. Indiantown, Miramichi, Passamaquoddy, St. Martins.
(Plate I, Fig. 32.)

M. marina. Passamaquoddy, St. Martins.

M. subflexilis. Harding’s Pt., St. John River and harbor.

M. Jurgensii Ag. Biological Station, St. Andrews.

M. orichalcea Ken. (Plate I, Fig. 33.)

MERIBION.

Meridion. Frustules cuneate, united in a spiral filament, attached or free
Valves elongate, cuneate, with transverse costae. Striated.

M. intermedium. Harris’s Cove, Ken. (Plate I, Fig. 34.)

NAVICULA.

Navicula. Frustules free, oblong, lanceolate or boat like. Valves convex,
with similar ends, divided by a median line, with nodules at centre or
extremities, sometimes constricted in the middle or near the ends, or
with apices produced or beaked.

N. nobilis Ehr. Kennebecasis, (Plate II, Fig. 1.)

N. major Ktz. Kennebecasis.

N. viridis Ktz. Kennebecasis.

N. peregrina Ktz. Kennebecasis, Passamaquoddy.

N. Smithii C Ag. var. ovalis. Kennebecasis, Passamaquoddy.

N. elliptica Kennebecasis. (Plate II, Fig. 4.)

N. marina Ralfs. Kennebecasis, Passamaquoddy.

N. maculata Bail. Kennebecasis. (Plate II, Fig. 3.)

N. permagna Bail Kennebecasis.

N. roteana ? Grun. Kennebecasis.

N. minuscula. Kennebecasis, Passamaquoddy.

N. crabro or didyma. Passamaquoddy.

N. distans. Passamaquoddy. (Plate II, Fig. 2.)

234

MARINE AND ESTUARINE DIATOMS.

NITSCHIA.

Nitschia. Frustules free, elongated, compressed. Valves linear, keeled,
with one or more longitudinal lines of puncta. Keel frequently eccentric.
N. scalaris E Sm. Passamaquoddy, Kennebecasis. (Plate II, Fig. 8).

N. sigmoidea Ehr. Passamaquoddy, Kennebecasis. (Plate II, Fig. 5.)

N. sigma W Sm. Passamaquoddy, Kennebecasis, (Plate II, Fig. 6.)

N. bilobata. Passamaquoddy, Kennebecasis, (Plate II, Fig. 7.)

N. closterium. Passamaquoddy, (Plate II, Fig. 9.)

N. punctata Sm. Kennebecasis.

N. Tryblionella H. Kennebecasis.

N. circumsuta Bail. Kennebecasis.

N. thermalis Ktz. Kennebecasis.

N. angularis W S. Kennebecasis.

N. longissima Ralfs. Kennebecasis.

N. granulata Grun. Kennebecasis.

N. paradoxa? Grun. Kennebecasis.

N. constricta? Grun. Kennebecasis.

N. littoralis Grun. Kennebecasis.

N. levidensis Ant. Kennebecasis.

ODONTIDIUM.

Odontidium. Frustules quadrangular, united into *a filament. Valves
elliptical or cruciform, with conspicuous costae.

O. mutatile S. Kennebecasis. (Plate II, Fig. 37.)

PLEUROSIGMA.

Pleurosigma. Frustules simple, free, elongated, more or less boat-like.
Valves sigmoid, with a central longitudinal line, which is also sigmoid,,
and nodules at centre and extremities. Striae numerous and delicate
arranged longitudinally, transversely or obliquely, and with very high
powers resolvable into dots, which are frequently hexagonal. A very
beautiful genus, embracing many species.

PI. angulatun S. Passamaquoddy. (Plate II, Fig 13.)

PI. balticum W S. Passamaquoddy. (Plate II, Fig. 11.)

PI. strigilis S. Passamaquoddy.

PI. fasciola E. Passamaquoddy. (Plate II, Fig. 12.)

PI. strigosum S. Passamaquoddy.

PI. aestuarii? Breb. Passamaquoddy.

PI. formosum. Passamaquoddy.

PI. Spenceri Grun. Passamaquoddy.

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

235

RHABDONEMA.

Rhabdonema. Frustules united in elongated filaments, attached or stipitate,
annulate. Annulae plane, cellulate on their circumference, forming
internal septa. Valves elliptical, striate, with a median line. Striae
bead-like, and giving a latticed appearance. (Plate II, Fig. 14.)

A. arcuatum Lyn. Common in Passamaquoddy region.

RAPHONEIS.

Raphoneis (Doryphora). Frustules free, simple or shortly stipitate. Front
view narrowly linear. Valves much broader, with transverse dotted
striae and a median longitudinal line.

R. amphiceros Ehr. Kennebecasis. Common.

R. (Doryphora) Boeckii. Kennebecasis, Passamaquoddy. (Plate II, Fig. 15.)

RHIPIDOPHORA.

Rhipidophora. Frustules stipitate, on front view cuneate, in lateral view
obovate lanceolate, Inflected at larger extremity and traversed by a
median line. (Plate II, Fig. 16.)

R. sp? Bocabec. Passamaquoddy, Miramichi.

RHIZOSOLENIA.

Rhizosolenia (Filamentous). Frustules sub-cylindrical, greatly elongated,
silicious, annulate. Annulae broadly cuneate. Surface striated, extremi-
ties calyptriform, pointed with a bristle.

R. setigera? Passamaquoddy Bay, in plankton gatherings. (Plate II,
Fig. 18.)

R. ? Several forms not determined. (Plate II, Figs. 17-19.)

SKELETONEMA.

Skeletonema. This is a very rare genus of Diatoms not described in many
standard works. Frustules cylindrical and resembling Melosira, like
the latter united in chains of many individuals, but with considerable
intervening spaces crossed by groups of fine hair-like processes. The
form represented in Plate was obtained from plankton gatherings in
Chamcook Harbor.

Sk. Sp undetermined. (Plate II, Fig. 20.)

236

MARINE AND ESTUARINE DIATOMS.

SCHIZONEMA.

Schizonema. Frustules naviculoid (boat-like) arranged confusedly or in a
single file, within a capillary, sub-membranaceous single tubed, more or
less branched frond, of nearly equal diameter throughout.

S. crucigerum W Sm. Passamaquoddy Bay. (Plate II, Fig. 21.)

SCOLIOPLEURA.

Scoliopleura. A single species of this genus (Sc. tumida) was observed by
Dr. A. A. Mackay in collections from Passamaquoddy Bay, but is unknown
to the writer.

STAURONEIS.

Stauroneis. Frustules free, oblong or lanceolate. Valves convex, striated,
with a median line and terminal nodules. Central nodule dilated into a
band (Stauros) free from striae. General appearance like that of navicula,
but easily distinguished by the “stauros” or cross.

S. phoenicenteron Ehr. Kennebecasis. (Plate II, Fig. 22.)

S. obliqua Passamaquoddy. (Plate II, Fig. 23.)

S. anceps Ehr.

S. spicula. Kennebecasis.

STRIATELLA

Striatella. Frustules united to form short filaments, attached by a long
stipe. Individuals longitudinally striated, lateraly lanceolate, with a
median line. Imperfectly silicious. (Plate II, Fig. 24.)

S. unipunctata Ag. Kennebecasis, Passamaquoddy.

SURIRELLA.

Surirella. Frustules simple, free, ovate or elliptical. Valves with a longi-
tudinal central line and margins produced into wings (alae). Canaliculi
distinct, usually parallel.

S. splendida Kutz. Kennebecasis. (Plate II, Fig. 26.)

S. ovata Kutz. Kennebecasis, Harding’s Pt.

S. ovalis Breb. Kennebecasis. (Plate II. Fig. 25.)

S. Mollerianum Grun. Kennebecasis. (Plate II, Fig. 27).

S. biseriata W Sm. Kennebecasis.

S. constricta. Kennebecasis, St. Martins.

S. gemma. (Plate II, Fig. 28). Passamaquoddy.

S. striatula. Salt marsh, St. Martins.

Surirella sp? Kennebecasis. (Plate II, Fig. 29.)

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

237

SYNEDRA.

Synedra. Frustules elongated, rectangular,, attached at one end. Valves
linear or lanceolate, plane or convex. Often grouped in fan-like radiating
clusters. Lateral view traversed by a smooth median longitudinal line.

S. pulchella Ktz. Kennebecasis, Passamaquoddy.

S. acus Ktz. Kennebecasis.

S. Ulna Ehr. Kennebecasis, Passamaquoddy. (Plate II, Figs. 30, 31, 32.)

S. radians. Milkish, St. John river, Passamaquoddy, Grand Manan.

S. salina. Miramichi, Campobello.

S. sigma. Indiantown and Courtney Bay.

TABELLARIA.

Tabellaria. Frustules quadrangular, united into a filament or cohering in a
zig-zag chain. Septa equal, alternate, straight. Lateral surfaces inflated
at ends and middle.

T. fenestrata. Kennebecasis. (Plate II, Fig. 33.)

TRICERATIUM.

Triceratium. Frustules free, simple, with lateral view (in N. B. species)
markedly triangular. Surface of valves divided into cellular spaces,
wanting at the angles which are somewhat produced.

Tr. alternans Bail. Rare, but several specimens obtained from Harris Cove,
Kennebecasis, and from a salt marsh at St. Martins. (Plate II, Fig. 34.)

TRYBLIONELLA.

Tryblionella. Frustules simple, free, elliptical or linear. Valve plain. Alae
or wings submarginal or obsolete. Canaliculi inconspicuous, Parallel,
small. (Plate II, Fig. 35.)

T. scutellum Sm. Surirella circumsuta Bailey. Kennebecasis.

T. gracilis? Kennebecasis.

ZYGOCEROS.

Zygoceros. This genus in general appearance closely resembles Biddulphia’
with which it is united by many authors. It differs in being much
larger than the ordinary forms of the latter, not forming long chains.

Zygoceros Mobilensis Bail. (Biddulphia Baileyi Sm.) Several individuals
of this species were observed in the plankton of Passamaquoddy Bay
and the Western Isles. (Plate II, Fig. 36.)

23S

MARINE AND ESTUARINE DIATOMS.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

The following figures are only rough sketches, drawn in most instances
from the objects themselves, without any attempt to represent, except in a
general way, their relative proportions. Owing also to their small size, it
has been impossible to represent upon them their finer markings. As, however,
only generic differences are aimed at, the want of these particulars is less
important. For more accurate delineations, and figures drawn to scale, the
student is referred to the standard authorities mentioned in the text.

Plate I.

. 1.

Acnanthes longipes Ag.

Fig. 18.

Diatoma.

2.

Actinoptychus undulatus Kutz.

19.

Encyonema.

3.

Amphora.

20.

Epithemia turgida.

4.

Amphiprora.

21.

Epithemia zebra.

5.

Amphipleura

22.

Eunotia diodon.

6.

Bacillaria paradoxa Gmel.

23.

Fragillaria.

7.

Biddulphia aurita Lyn.

24.

Gomphonema geminatum A.

8.

Campylodiscus Lyn.

25.

Grarnmatophora serpentina.

9.

Chaetoceros chriophyllum Cast

26.

Grammatophora marina.

10.

Chaetoceros decipiens.

27.

Homoecladia filiformis.

11

Chaetoceros.

28.

Hyalodiscus.

12.

Cocconeis scutellum.

29.

Isthmia.

13.

Cocconeis scutellum.

30.

Licmophora.

14.

Cyclotella.

31.

Mastogloia.

14a Cymatopleura.

32.

Melosira nummuloides.

15.

Coscinodiscus.

33.

Melosira orichalcea.

16.

Cocconema lanceolatum.

34.

Meridion.

17.

Cymbella gastroides.

*

Plate II.

. 1.

Navicula (Pinnularia) nobilis

19.

Rhizosolenia

Ehr.

Fig. 20.

Skeletonema.

2.

Navacula distans.

21.

Schizonema crucigerum.

3.

Navicula maculata Bail.

22.

Stauroneis Phcenicenteron Eh

4.

Navicula Smithii Ag.

23.

Stauroneis obliqua.

5.

Nitschia sigmoidia Ehr.

24.

Striatella unipunctata.

6.

Nitschia sigma W. S.

25.

Surirella ovalis Breb.

7.

Nitschia bilobata.

26.

Surirella splendida Kutz.

Plate. I

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

239

8. Nitschia scalaris E Sm.

9. Nitschia closterium.

10. Pleurosigma.

1 1 . Pleurosigma Balticum.

12. Pleurosigma fasciola E.

13. Pleurosigma angulatum.

14. Rhabdonema.

15. Raphoneis (Doryphora) Boeclcii

16. Rhipidophora.

17. Rhizosolenia.

18. Rhizosolenia setigera.

27. Surirella Mollerianum.ii

28. Surirella sp?

29. Surirella sp?

30. Synedra radians, side view.

31. Synedra ulna, side view.

32. Synedra radians, front view.

33. Tabellaria.

34. Triceratium altemans Bail.

35. Tryb ionella scutellum?

36. Zygoceros (Biddulphia)

Mobilensis Bail.

37. Odontidium.

240

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

ADDITIONAL NOTES ON DIATOMS.

By L. W. Bailey, LL. D.

In the preceding article reference has been made to the dia-
tomaceous forms found in Plankton collections in and about
Passamaquoddy Bay. A few words may be added as to the
forms associated with the latter, their relative abundance and
mode of treatment.

These collections are made by means of plankton nets drawn
through the water at some distance behind slowly moving motor
boats. When allowed to stand the contents of the collecting
bottles were found to settle very slowly, assuming at the surface
of the deposit the appearance of a flocculent precipate, disturbed
by the slightest movement.

Examined in this condition, the collection is found to consist
mainly of vast numbers of Copepods and related Crustaceans,
mingled with great numbers of the Diatom Coscinodiscus, the
whole forming a somewhat sticky mass, which soon begins to
decompose, emitting a disagreeable odor. Reduced by evapor-
ation nearly to dryness, and thoroughly washed, the residue is
of a dark brown color, but still very soft and light.

Examined in this condition, the Copepods, etc., will be found
to have been largely or completely removed, the mass now con-
sisting mainly of large Coscinodiscus (see preceding Plate I), the
characteristic deep brown endochrome, which in the untreated
frustules largely conceals their sculpture, having entirely disap-
peared, while great numbers of marginal rings or hoops, derived
from the same Diatom are seen. Coscinodiscus oculus-iridis is
probably the most common form, but with this are specimens of
C. radiatus and C. centralis. Another noticeable feature is the
abundance of forms of the genius Chaetoceros, which, by its
awns, often of extravagant length, are admirably adapted for
flotation. There are many species, several of which are figured
in the preceding plates.

It is proposed to treat of all these forms more fully in a later
article.

ARTICLE IV.

THE OLDEST SILURIAN FLORA.

By G. F. Matthews, D. Sc., F. R. S. C.

(Read 7th November, 1910.)

Much interest centres in the early Palaeozoic floras, with
their strange forms of vegetation, so different from modern
plants, yet (if evolutional theories are to be accepted) these old
plants are the channel through which modern species are
descended. If the Neo-Palaeozoic plants are worthy of special
study, how much more interest attaches to the investigation of
the Eopalaeozoic forms, those of the three earlier ages, Silurian,
Ordovician and Cambrian.

Two floras of the first of these Ages, the remains of which
have been found near St. John, N. B., have been the subject of
investigation by several leading palaeo-phytologists, and have
been found to be mostly of deltaic habit, like the majority of
those of the Coal measures. In following the formation that
carries these plant remains of St. John westward along the
shore of the Bay of Fundy, one can see how the emerged beds
of the delta with their plant remains gradually pass into sub-
merged deposits in which such plants are rarely found, but in
which, eventually, remains of marine animals appear. This
terrain is shown, by the occurrence of these marine remains, to
be of Silurian age.

But a further step backward in the history of the Silurian
Flora is taken when we discover that there are still earlier plant
remains in this district in its Silurian rocks than those of the
deltaic flora above mentioned, remains which are quite different
both in genera and species, from those of this flora.
Beds with these older plants were discovered a year ago in

241

242

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

Charlotte county, ajnd in the past summer collections of the
plant remains were made, and are now undergoing examination
and study. We propose to give here a brief notice of the mode
of occurrence of these plants, and to state in a general way, what
they appear to teach.

The plants occur in beds along a shore line on the eastern
side of Beaver Harbor. On the western side of the harbor
south of the village there is an exposure of the characteristic
black silicious slates of No. 2 of the Mascareen phase of the
Silurian series ; above these are sandstones which further west
carry a Niagara fauna ; hence, (and for other reasons) these black
slates are regarded as of Clinton age. The black silicious slates do
not appear on the eastern side of Beaver Harbor, but their place
would be to the south of and above the plant beds and associated
strata on that side of the harbour. The composition of the
measures here, and the fact that the base of the Silurian system
is seen on this shore, leads us to regard these plant beds as of
Medina age.

A section of these rocks is presented herewith, and the con-
tact of the Silurian with an older unconformable series of
sediments is shown. The older set of beds show a core of
massive gray quartzites, in a ridge, covered on each side by
masses of red volcanic ash rocks (grits and felsites), fragments
of both members of this series being plentiful as boulders and
pebbles in the overlying Silurian conglomerates. The section
shows a blank in the middle where there is a gravelly beach, which
probably is underlain in part by dark gray shales, such rocks being
found at this horizon, on the north end of the village beach at
Beaver Harbor, and in the keyhole pond at this north end of the
harbor. Thus it will be seen that the plant beds, from which the
fossils were taken, are not at the bottom of the Medina division
(No. 1 of the Mascareen section), but towards its top.

The plants of this flora do not show much variety of species,
but the uniformity in this respect enables one to speak with
greater confidence of the characteristics of the species that do
occur. One plant, of a new genus allied to Psilophytoin, is

SILURIAN FLORA.

245

shales, sandstones and conglomerates in which no plant remains
have been found. At some points almost the whole group
appears to be represented by volcanic efifusives.

Upon this group rests the strata of No. 2 of the Mascareen
series, represented in the eastern exposures mostly by the
Dadoxylon sandstone. The latter, however, is the littoral or fluvial
phase, for when followed to the west and south these sandstones
are replaced by hardened black silicious shales, which give charac-
teristic black sands at certain points along the coast of the Bay
of Fundy; a beach of these sands is seen at Black Beach, in
Musquash Harbor, and another at the village shore, in Beaver
Harbor.

The Dadoxylon phase is largely composed of river-sajnds, in
which were buried rafts and single trunks of trees, swept down
from the uplands of a Silurian interior country; hence these
trees, including Dadoxylon Ouangondianum of Dawson, and
other trees undescribed, are the only sure representatives that we
possess of an upland flora of Silurian age.

Associated in the sand beds with these trees are other, more
perishable plants, mostly of the Equisetaceae, that flourished and
grew iin the sands themselves.

Finally there was a third group of plants also contained in
the sandstone deposit, but in finer shaly beds, which represent
to us the more delicate of the Eauisetales, and still another type,
plants of higher grade that lived on the higher parts adjoining
the pools among the river sands. Many of these plants fall in
the group Pteridophyta and Pteridosperma of the accompanying
list. This, then, was the nature of the fauna of the second
column presented in the list.

A much richer fauna, that described by the late Sir William
Dawson, the late Professor C. F. Hartt, and others, is found in
the overlying group (Lower Cordaite shales, at St. John, No. 3
of the Mascareen series, Silurian, in Charlotte county). This
fauna is contained in alternations of clay and sand and marks
the advent of true deltaic conditions ; previously in the time
marked by the Dadoxylon sandstones the Silurian basin had

246

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

comparatively deep waters in the center, and sands at its margin
and in the river channel ; the deposits in the outer parts of the
basin being black silicious mud, but in this later time, i. e., that
of the Cordaite shales the silting up of the basin (or elevation of
its bottom) choked the outlets of the river and led to the formation
of a deltaic deposit, covering the whole basin ; here were entombed
in the shallow pools of its surface the remains of numerous
species of plants, remarkable for their high phytological stand-
ing, and for the delicacy of their foliage. These plants (of the
third column of the list) were twice as numerous iin species as
those of the Dadoxylon sandstone; and it will be noted that
while a large number of the group Equisetales are present, the
species here classed as Pteridophyta and Pteridosperma largely
preponderate.

The geological history is thus a record of a long quiescent
period, extending from the Medina to the eind of the Niagara
and iin some parts of New Brunswick probably through the
Upper Helderberg Time. During this time southern New
Brunswick was the border of a large oceanfc island, shut off from
the rest of America by sounds of the sea crossing New Brunswick
and Maine, and having a land flora and fauna, so far peculiarly
its own, but prophetic of that of the Coal Measures. An exception
to the university of this telluric calm in Acadia in the Silurian time
is seen in Charlotte county and further west in the State of Maine,
where volcanic effusives appear at the top of the terrane which
accumulated there in Silurian Time.

SILURIAN FLORA.

247

LIST OF SILURIAN PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW BRUNSWICK,
showing the species of the several floras, and their horizons.

N. B. — In the following list “Dn "= Dawson, “Brngt ’= Brongniart,
“Schl”= Schlotheim, “Matt ”= Matthew,

4_> 03
go £
.i3 °

TJ .

o 2

Thallophyta.

Rhizomorphia lichenoides Matt

Gyromyces Eriensis Dn. sp.

Equisetales.

Arthrostigma sp

Astrocalamites scrobiculoides Matt..

Calamites Suckovii Brngt

C. cannaeformis Schl

C. Cistii Brngt. mut. Matt

C. geniculosus Matt

Lepidocalamus scutiger Dn. sp

Ramicalamus dumosus Matt

Calamodendron antiquius Dn

C. tenuistriatum Dn

Astrophyllites parvulus Dn

A. parvulus var. Matt

A. fasciculatus Matt

A. lentus Dn

?A. fissus Matt

Annularia latifolia Dn. sp.

A. latifolia mut. minor. Matt

A. acicularis Dn. sp

?A. lenta Dn. sp.

A. recurva Matt

?A. ligata Matt

Pinnularia dispalans Dn

P. elongata Dn

P. nodosa Dn

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

S^PHENOPHYLLALES.

Sphenophyllum antiquum Dn

S. gemma Matt

S. latum et var. minus Matt

S. innocens Matt

Third

Flora.

- 248

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

LIST OF SILURIAN PLANTS. — Continued.

Lycopodiales

Sigillaria palpebra Dn

Stigmaria perlata Dn.

Lycopodites Matthewi Dn.

Pteridophyta et Pteridosperma

Psilophyton elegans Dn

?P. glabrum Dn

New genus allied to Psilophyton

Eremopteris sp

Aneimites sp

Aneimites obtusa Dn

A. (Triphyllopteris) valida Dn

Ginkgophyton Leavitti Matt

Pseudobaiera Mclntoshi Matt.

P. Mclntoshi mut flabellata Matt

Sphenopteris marginata Dn

S. Harttii Dn

S. splendens Dn

S. (Hymenophyllites) curtilobus Dn

S. subfurcatus Dn

?S. Gersdorfii Goepp

S. obtusilobus Goepp

Alethopteris ingens Dn

A. Perleyi Hartt

Johannophyton discrepans Dn. sp.

J. discrepans var

Neuropteris polymorpha Dn

N. retorquata Dn

N. crassa Dn

N. Selwyni Dn

Nephropteris (Odontopteris) varia Dn

N. problematica Dn

? Odontopteris squamosa Dn

Megalopteris Dawsoni Hartt sp

?Cardiopteris Eriana Dn

?Callipteris pilosa Dn.

Pecopteris (Aspidites?) serrulata Hartt

P. (A?) pretiosa Hartt

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

Third

Flora.

SILURIAN FLORA.

249

LIST OF SILURIAN PLANTS. — Continued.

•o

ed

5 si

O i*

Co

O o

EE

CAjE

P. (Cyathites?) densifolia Dn

Whittleseya Dawsoniana D. White.

W. concinna & var’s. Matt

Trigonocarpon racemosum Dn

T. perantiquum Dn

Gymnosperma

Dadoxylon Ouangondianum Dn

Cordaites Robbii Dn

C. Robbii narrow var. Dn

Cardiocarpon cornutum Dn

C. cornutum var

C. Baileyi Dn.

C. Crampii Hartt

C. ovale Dn

C obliquum Dn.

Carpolithes compactus Dn

Antholithes Devonicus Dn

A. floridus Dn

'hird

lora.

250

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTE ON LOCALIZED FLORAS.

Herr Gothan in one of the German scientific journals, pre-
sents evidence of dry- and of moist-climate areas in Europe dur-
ing the Carboniferous time. He eliminates from consideration
the cosmopolitan species of the Coal flora, which are very num-
erous, and turns his attention to certain characteristic species of
local distribution ; he thus establishes the range of a series of
coal basins in a region that had a moist climate, ranging from
Great Britain to Belgium, the Lower Rhine, and thence to Upper
Silesia. To the south of this range of coal basins there were
basins, as those in the valleys of the Saar and Zwickau and in
the mountains of Saxony and Bohemia, which had a dry climate,
as is shown in the floras of their coal basins.

One of the plants mentioned as indicating a wet climate is
the filicoid genus Lonchopteris, which differs from Alethopteris
in having a reticulate in place of a forked venation in the leaves ;
while on the other hand one which marks a dry climate is the
net- veined Neuropteroid form Linopteris ; he mentions three other
forms that are especially characteristic of a dry climate

A parallel condition to this is that of the flora in the group of
strata that underlies the Lower Carboniferous limestone in south-
ern New Brunswick. At Perry, in Maine, it has a flora which
has been pronounced Upper Devonian by Sir William Dawson
and Mr. David White, in the Kenebecasis valley the flora is
that of the “Lower coal measures” of Sir Wm. Dawson, which
^Messrs. Ells and Fletcher found to be in Upper Devonian rocks.
But on the shores of the Bay of Fundy the same formation
contains abundant Catamites, and the genus Neuropteris,
showing the existence of moist conditions of climate that encour-
aged the growth of water-loving plants. On the opposite slope
of the ridge in the Kenebecasis valley, ten miles away, flour-
ished Lepidodendraceae in great numbers, with the fern-like
Aneimites, while the Equisetaceae are rare and Neuropteris
fern-like forms wanting.

ARTICLE V.

AVERAGE OPENING OF FLOWERS.

By G. U. Hay.

The records that have been made by the writer and published
in the Bulletins, during the last nine years, (with unpublished
notes for the season of 1910) of the opening of flowers at
Ingleside, and incidentally a glance at weather conditions, have,
it is hoped, not been without interest to plant students. As far
as possible the same plants under the same conditions of situation
and temperature have been observed. This is an important
feature in taking such observations. It is well known that
flowers bloom and reach maturity much earlier in scanty soil in
sunny situations secluded from cold winds. It is obvious that
observations made in such chosen spots should not be compared
with those made in more exposed places where the rays of
sunlight have less chance of concentration and where the soil is
deeper. For instance, it is noted that plants bloom earlier on
the sunny south-eastern slopes of Rockwood Park, St. John, than
they do in the open places at Ingleside, although the latter,
situated about nine or ten miles, “as the crow flies,” from the
city, as well as places further inland, are much earlier than in
bleak exposed situations along the north side of the Bay of
Fundy.

One of the earliest plants to come into bloom about St. John
is the coltsfoot ( Tussilago farfara ), an introduced plant. The
writer saw it in bloom one year in a sheltered nook as early as
the 27th of March. The first native flowers to bloom are the
mayflower ( Epigaea repens ) and the hepatica or liverleaf
( Hepatica triloba ), if we except those earlier inconspicuous
flowers of certain trees and shrubs that are in haste to scatter
their pollen before the leaves appear.

Our spring-comings are uncertain, as may be gathered from
an examination of the earliest and latest openings of flowers in

251

252 BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

the summary that follows. The spring that promises well in
February and March is tolerably certain to be delayed into the
latter part of May or even June. This, with the prevalent cold
east winds that continue into late spring, account for the late
average opening of plants in southern New Brunswick in com-
parison with the more western sections of Canada, remote from
the polar currents of the ocean and from prevalent east winds.

No attempt has been made to average the time of opening of
the leaves on our deciduous trees or shrubs. Generally speaking,
the leaves of the fetid or skunk currant are among the first to
unfold, followed closely by the small native mountain fly honey-
suckle (Lonic era canadensis) . The birches, maples, amelanchier,
cherries, put forth their leaves nearly together, the white birch
leading; the poplars and elm are a little later; then the oaks and
the ashes, the latter the most tardy except the acacia. This, with
the black ash, retains its leaves longer than the others in autumn.

Among ferns the little woodsias are the first to unfold their
fronds, followed by the bladder fern and other smaller species,
whose habitat is usually on rocks, more or less exposed to the
sun. The tender fronds of the cinnamon fern are very suscep-
tible to early frosts. On the night of June 6, 1905, a severe frost
quite destroyed all the young fronds of this fern.

In the following list the name of the plant is followed by
the average date of its opening. The dates that come after are
the earliest and latest of its appearance. One flower was not
in general deemed sufficient to make a date, but several are
included in those first seen.

The spring of 1902, which leads all others in the “earliest”
opening of flowers followed a remarkably open winter. The St.
John river that year was clear of ice on the 27th of March — the
earliest on record. The spring of 1907, which marks the greatest
number of “ latest ” openings, was very backward with frequent
snowstorms in March and April ,and wet cold weather through
May and June.

AVERAGE OPENING OE FLOWERS.

253

Average Dates for the Flowering of Plants for the Past

Ten Years.

Average. Earliest.

1. *Coltsfoot (Tussilago farfara), . . .April 24

2. Mayflower (Epigaea repens) April 26

3. Liverleaf (Hepatica triloba) May 4

4. Sweet White Violet (Viola blanda) May 7

5. Red Maple (Acer rubrum) May 2

6. Strawberry (Fragaria virginiana) . May 8

7. Yellow Adders’-tongue (Erythron-

ium americanum) May 9

8. Bloodroot (Sanguinaria canaden-

sis) May 10

9. Blue Violet (Viola cucullata?) .... May 13

10. Mt. Fly Honeysuckle (Lonicera

canadensis) May 12

11. Goldthread (Coptis trifolia) May 16

12. Wood Anemone (Anemone quin-

quefolia) May 16

13. Painted Trillium (Trillium undula-

tum May 17

14. Purple Trillium (Trillium erec-

tum) May 18

15. Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale). May 18

16. Marsh M arigold (Caltha palustris) May 16

17. Bluets (Houstonia caerulea) May 18

18. Bellwort (Oakesia sessilifolia) . . . May 18

19. Shad Bush (Amelanchier cana-

densis) May 20

20. Rhodora (Rhododendron cana-

dense) May 23

21. Blueberry (Vaccinium canadense) May 27

22. Buckbean (Menyanthestrifoliata) May 28

April 8,1902
April 5,1902
May 1, 1902
May 1, 1901
April 25, 1902
April 25, 1902

May 1, 1902

May 1, 1902
May 1, 1902

May 1, 1902
May 10, 1902

May 10, 1902

May 1, 1902

May 12, 1902
May 12, 1901
May 10, 1901
May 10, 1901
May 10, 1901

May 16, 1902

May 17, 1901
May 20, 1901
May 25, 1901

Latest.
May 2, 190$
May 10, 190?
May 10, 1907
May 15, 1907
May 7, 1907
May 14, 1907

May 15, 1907

May 18, 1907
May 19, 1907

May 20, 1907
May 20, 1907

May 19, 1907

May 24, 1907

May 27, 1906
May 22, 1905
May 22, 1907
May 24, 1907
May 22, 1905

June 1, 1907

June 12, 1907
June 16, 1907
June 6, 1905

23. Clintonia (Clintonia borealis) . . . .May 28 May 25, 1901

24. Stemless Lady’s Slipper (Cypri-

pedium acaule) June 9, June 4,1902

May 30, 1909
June 16, 1907

This record is for St. John. Those following for Ingleside.

254

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

BOTANIZING IN NEW BRUNSWICK.

Professors M. L. Fernald and K. M. Wiegand make the
following interesting notes in Rhodora, of June, 1910: On August
6th we reached Ingleside, on the St. John in the parish of West-
field, about four miles below the mouth of the Nerepis. We were
very obviously in the St. John Valley, for in the rich alluvium of
the river were many plants familiar from above St. Francis to
Woodstock. A fine specimen was found of Acer rubrum L.,
var. tridens Wood (previously unknown north of Auburndale,
Massachusetts), and in short walks in the neighborhood other
notable plants were seen — Panicum tennesseense Ashe, P. impli-
cation Scribner, Glyceria laxa Scribner and Lycopodium sab-
inaefolium Willd.

One afternoon and evening were given to a sail up the lower
reaches of the St. John and the quiet winding channel of the
Nerepis River. The meadows along this stream were luxuriant
to a degree and we longed for more time than was available
to explore them. Shoulder-high stood a dense thicket of Scirpus
pedicellaris Fernald, N. cyperinus (L.) Kunth, var. pelius Fernald,
Zizania aquatica L., Sparganium eurycarpum Engelm, and other
marsh plants not generally known from so far east ; and in deep
water, forming broad dense islands nearly covered at high tide
but rising at low tide, a meter above the surface, stood acres of
clumps of Scripus fluviatilis (Torr.) Gray, a stately bulrush once
reported as growing at Perry, Maine, but heretofore unverified
from east of the lower Merrimac. About Passamaquoddy Bay
we had grown callous to the attractions of Potentilla palustris
(L.) Scop., var. villosa (Pers.) Lehm., but at twilight a beau-
tiful silvery variation of the species was found on the Nerepis
marshes and a single specimen taken in the dim light “for local-
ity,” under the impression that it was var. villosa. Later, how-
ever, too late to return for more, it proved to be var. subsericea
Becker (the first station known to us in America) a very beauti-
ful plant, worthy a place among cultivated semi-aquatics.

ARTICLE VI.

NOTES ON NEW BRUNSWICK WEATHER FOR 1909.

By D. Leavitt Hutchinson.

January. — Weather changes were very rapid during the
first half of the month. Mild thawing weather from 4th to 6th.
followed by an immediate return to colder conditions, temper-
atures below zero being general on the 8th. Then moderately
cold until the 13th. Between this date and the 19th, decidedly
cold weather prevailed, excepting the 18th, when a change of
remarkable rapidity occurred, with a range of temperature of
52 degrees in twenty-four hours. Milder the 22nd, and then
moderately cold until the end of the month. In most parts of
Southern New Brunswick the ground was bare of snow, or
nearly so, up to the 12th, but at the end of the month the cover-
ing in Southern New Brunswick ranged from six to twenty-eight
inches. A phenomenally heavy and record rainfall for January
on the 5th and 6th, was the distinctive feature, causing much
damage, freshets in rivers and streams, flooding of low lands,
and unusual delay to railway and other traffic. This storm was
attended by heavy thunder and lightning, and a southeast to
southwest gale, with maximum velocity of eighty-four miles
per hour in the Bay of Fundy. The highest temperature was
fifty-six at Sussex, on the 6th ; lowest, minus twenty-five, at Dal-
housie, on the 17th.

February. — Very low temperatures were general on the first
four days, followed by alternating periods of mild, thawing and
moderately cold weather. Fine and bright on fourteen days,
snow on seven, rain on three, and rain and snow on three days.
Six gales occurred during the month, the heaviest being from
the southeast and southwest, that on the 10th was accompanied
by snow, sleet and rain, and one from the southeast on the 24th
with snow, turning to rain in southern parts of the Province.
More than half the total snowfall fell between the 15th and 17th.

255

256

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

The snow covering varied from one inch at St. John, to twenty-
four inches -at Dalhousie, with good roads throughout the month.
The highest temperature was fifty-nine, at Grand Manan, on
the 14th ; the lowest, minus twenty-eight at St. Stephen, on
the 4th.

March. — Generally moderate weather conditions prevailed
throughout March, though in some localities zero temperatures
were reported early in the month. One of the heaviest snow-
storms of the season occurred locally on the 17th and 18th.
otherwise in southern New Brunswick the snowfall was light.
Fresh easterly gales on the 26th and 28th, the latter being
accompanied by an exceptionally heavy rainfall. Towards the
close of the month there was much open water in the river beween
St. John and Fredericton. The ground was mostly bare of snow,
and wild geese were passing northward . The highest temperature
was fifty-four, at Grand Manan, on the 26th; lowest, minus eight,
at Fredericton, on the 2nd.

April. — ‘A cold, dull, wet and backward month, with precipita-
tion much above the average. There was a marked deficiency of
warm, spring-like days. Rain fell on eleven days ; heavy snow
fell on the 4th, 17th and 25th. Thunderstorm on the 19th ; moder-
ate northwest gale on the 4th ; fresh southwest to northwest gale
on the 8th. Considerable snow remained in the woods of the inter-
ior and in northern New Brunswick. Navigation on the St. John
River opened on the 17th. Owing to cold weather, freshets in
rivers and streams were not up to the usual height at the close
of the month. The highest temperature was sixty-three, at Fred-
ericton and St. Stephen, on the 13th; lowest, minus six, at Dal-
housie, on the 1 2th.

May. — The month was cool and wet with excessive cloudiness
and high winds ; rain fell on seventeen days, but excepting the
nth, the amounts were exceptionally small, varying from .01 to
0.3 inch ; vegetation was generally backward and greatly in need
of bright sunshine ; northwest gales occurred on the 12th and 13th.
The highest temperature was seventy-nine, at St. Stephen, on the
27th; lowest, twenty-three, at Dalhousie, on the 1st.

NOTES ON NEW BRUNSWICK WEATHER.

257

June. — A remarkably fine, warm and dry month, the first ten
days being absolutely without rain at most places. During this
period forest fires were very destructive. The rainfall, which was
abnormally light fell chiefly in showers and varied greatly with
localities. Frosts were general on the 2nd, but did little damage:
coast fogs were exceptionally infrequent, but smoke from forest
fires was, at times, quite thick. Owing to the warmth and timely
showers of the last ten days, crops made remarkable progress.
The highest temperature was ninety, at Moncton, on the 25th;
lowest, twenty-five, at Dalhousie and St. Stephen, on the 2nd.

July. — The weather for the greater part was fine and warm,
with frequent light showers and no heavy rainfalls. Thunder-
storms were numerous, but not severe, and coast fogs were much
below the average. The highest temperature was eighty-eight,
at Fredericton, on the 28th ; the lowest, thirty-nine, at Dalhousie,
on the 6th.

August. — A month of fine and exceptionally warm weather,
with a marked deficiency of fogs near the coast. Rainfall varied
with locality, some places being below and others much above the
average. Moncton reported the heaviest rainfall for any month
during the past thirteen years. Frosts were reported from the
river counties on last days of the month. On the night of the 10th
a local northeast gale of unseasonable severity was the cause of
some damage to small pleasure crafts on the lower portion of the
St. John River. In this district it was accompanied by the heaviest
rainfall of the month. The highest temperature was ninety-three,
at St. Stephen, on the 8th; lowest, thirty-one, at St. Stephen, on
the 31st.

September. — Exceping the 1st and 6th, when rain fell heavily,
the weather was generally fine and seasonable up to the 23rd, when
a period of comparatively high temperatures and excessive rain-
fall set in and continued until the close of the month. Rivers and
springs were swollen to spring freshet level; interval lands were
under water with serious damage to crops in some places. Travel
by rail and highway was interrupted by washouts and flooding.
This was the heaviest autumn rainfall and freshet since October.

258

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

1900. During the first half of the month local frosts were reported
at intervals, with freezing temperatures in some places. A south-
east gale, with velocity of fifty miles an hour at Point Lepreaux.
occurred on the morning of the 27th. Highest temperature,
seventy-nine, at Moncton, on the 24th ; lowest, thirty-two, at Dal-
housie, on the 12th.

October. — During the first ten days, bright, dry and almost
summer-like conditions prevailed, while with a few exceptions the
weather of the remainder of the month was mild, dull, wet and
windy. Freezing temperatures were locally recorded on the 20th
and 2 1st, and generally on the 30th and 31st. The water in lakes,
rivers and streams was unseasonably high. There was a south-
west gale on the 17th, and a northwest gale on the 26th, the latter
being the heavier, with an hourly velocity of forty miles at St.
John, and forty-four at Point Lepreaux. The highest temperature
was eighty, at St. Stephen, on the 9th ; lowest, twenty-two, at
St. Stephen, on the 21st and 31st.

November. — Extremely mild and unsettled conditions prevailed
throughout the month ; fair and foul days being about equally
divided, with temperature much above the average; the St. John
River and its tributaries were absolutely free of ice, and greatly
above the seasonal level; in southern New Brunswick, the snow-
fall was abnormally light, and at the close of the month the ground
was everywhere bare of snow ; there were northwest gales on the
18th, southwest on the 23rd, and southeast on the 25th; more
than half the total precipitation occurred during the period covered
by the last two gales. The highest temperature was sixty-seven,
at Moncton, on the 3rd ; lowest, thirteen, at Dalhousie, on the
4th and 1 6th.

December. — Phenomenally mild weather in all localities pre-
vailed till the 27th, when a change to decidedly colder conditions
occurred. The St. John River closed on the 12th, a remarkably
late date, and the Miramichi on the 26th, making one of the longest
periods of navigation on record. Near the coast line the ground
was practically bare of snow until the 26th, while on the north
shore, and in the interior, sleighing was good during the last half

NOTES ON NEW BRUNSWICK WEATHER.

259

of the month. Lumbering operations in northern New Brunswick
were delayed by mild conditions and lack of snow. There was
a moderate southeast gale on the 8th, heavy southeast on the
14th, moderate northwest on the 27th and 30th. At the close of
the month the snow covering ranged from two inches near
the coast to two feet in Northumberland County. The highest
temperature was fifty-one, at Grand Manan, on the 6th; lowest,
minus twenty, at Sussex, on the 29th.

METEOROLOGICAL ABSTRACT FOR 1909.
ST. JOHN OBSERVATORY.

Meteorological Service of Canada.

Latitude, 45° 16' 4.50" N. Longitude, 66° 3' -5l" W.

Months

1909.

Barometer.

Thermometer.

Cloudii ess :

0 = Clear,

10= Wholly Clouded.

Precipitation :
Rain & Melted Snow.

Thunder Storms.

Fogs.

Mean

Highest

Lowest

Mean

Highest

Lowest

January

30.098

30.882

29.047 |

21.5

53.3

- 9.6

5.6

6.53

0

2

February

29.872

30.628

28.708

21.8

48.0

- 7.3

5.9

5.30

0

0

March

29.696

30.163

29 . 127

30.4

46.7

7.0

5.87

4.71

0

0

April

30.016

30.645

29.296

37.4

53.5

18.5

6.0

5.58

1

3

May

29.919

30.375

29.448

49.0

69.0

32.7

6.1

2.15

0

4

June

29.907

30.223

29.571

57.7

79.5

38.7

5.2

1.75

3

4

July

29.866

30.251

29 . 326

60.8

80.2

48.7

5.5

2.61

5

11

August

29.966

30.361

29.451

63.0

81.8

45.7

4.5

2.86

2

7

September

30.112

30.511

29 . 594

57.0

67.0

43.3

6.2

7.43

0

4

October

29.891

30.397

29.275

49.3

72.9

28.7

5.4

4.37

0

2

November, fl . . .

30.106

30.699

29.364

40.3

57.8

21.0

6.6

5.58

0

2

December

29.729

30.639

28 . 992

25.5

42.5

3 . 5

7.0

2.60

0

0

Mean height of barometer for year was 29.931, the highest reading
30.882 on January 16th, and the lowest 28.708 on the 20th February. The
mean temperature for the year was 42.8 which- was 1.8 above the aver-
age for the past 37 years. Maximum temperature 81.8 occurred on the
2nd of August and minimum — 9.6 on the 17th of January. Total pre-
cipitation was 5147 which was 5.03 above the average. The first frost
was recorded on October 20th and the last on June 2nd.

D. Leavitt Hutchinson,

Director St. John Observatory.

ST. JOHN OBSERVATORY.

260

BULLETIN OF THE

NATURAL

HISTORY SOCIETY.

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1909

MONTHS.

January

February

March

April

May

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

Totals

REPORT OF COUNCIL.

261

APPENDIX.

FORTY -EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

COUNCIL OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY

OF

NEW BRUNSWICK.

The past year has been a most successful one for the Society.
The membership still continues to increase. There has been nearly
double the number of visitors to the Museum. The educational
work is growing. The specimens which the Curator lends to the
schools are in continual demand. The lecture courses have all
been well attended and the Museum is becoming better known and
appreciated.

The Society suffered a loss in the death of one of its most
valued members, Mrs. Catherine Murdoch. Mrs. Murdoch was
always very generous to us, and at her death bequeathed the
Society a handsome sum which will make it possible to pay off the
mortgages, and thus be the means of adding Dr. Matthews’ valu-
able Paleontological collection, which he offered to the Society
when the mortgages shall have been paid.

The Society has also suffered a serious loss in the death of
Mr. S. W. Kain, who was for many years one of its most valued
and useful members. Mr. Kain did excellent work in the Arch-
aeological branch of the Society, of which it may be said, he and
Dr. Matthews were the founders. As a member of the Council,
Tiis intelligent and active interest was always manifested in advanc-
ing the welfare of the Society.

Mr. McIntosh, the energetic Curator, has made many improve-
ments in the arrangements of the different departments of the
Museum, and the plans for its further extension will provide for
a more modern equipment, such as will give to the Society and
citizens an institution of which they may be proud.

262

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL UISTORY SOCIETY.

The Ladies’ Association has been active as usual, and also
reports a successful year. They have given the Society a beautiful
quartered oak desk with a brass tablet, in memorial of the late
Mrs. Catherine Murdoch. They have also decided that they will
present the Society with a piano, a gift that will be greatly
appreciated.

The Society wishes to thank all those who have helped to make
this year so successful.

Membership.

The membership of the Society has increased during the year..
The enrollment is as follows :

Honorary 3

Life....." 20

Corresponding 15

Regular 173

Associate 360

Junior 35

J unior Associate 24

•

Total 630

Financial.

Treasurer’s Statement for Year Ending September 30, th 1910.
Income —

Balance from 1908-9 $716.91

Regular Fees $325.00

Associate Fees 330.00

Junior Fees 23.00

Junior Associate Fees 12.00

690.00

Rent of Barn 100.00

Rent of Reflectoscope 4.00

Donation, Jas. E. White 10.00

Grant from N. B. Government 400.00

Grant from City of St. John 250.00

From Executor Estate Catherine Murdock 3,500 00

Carried forward

$5,670 91

REPORT OF COUNCIL.

263

Brought forward

$5,670 91

Expenditure —

Improvements to Building 140.83

Cleaning Building 23 95

Fuel... 137 10

Stationery and Printing 62 85

Postage and Expressage 33 79

Lighting 73 82

Maintenance of Museum 33 55

Sundries 13 35

Insurance 83 00

Indian Relics Purchased 5 00

Bulletin XXVII 263 85

Interest on Mortgages 170 00

Water Rates 28 00

Library, Books and Binding 2 00

Commission, Collection of Fees 59 00

Expenses re Lectures 29 80

Telephone 19 42

Salaries, 575 00

Wiring, Main Building $18.63, Barn $19.85 38 48

Deposit, Special Account Bank of N. B 3,500 00

Balance in Bank of New Brunswick 378 12

Audited and found correct.

$5,670 91

TIMOTHY O’BRIEN,
T. H. BELYEA,

Auditors.

Our liabilities consist of two mortgages, amounting to $3,500,
and a few unsettled bills amounting to probably $75 ; say $3,575 in
all ; and the amount to our creditt in special account in Bank of
New Brunswick, $3,561,01, will practically pay them off.

The building is insured for $8,000, and the collection for

$3>5°°-

All funds are iin the Bank of New Brunswick, Reg. account,
$378.12; special account, $3,561.01.

A. Gordon Leavitt, Treasurer.

P. S. — Since closing the above statement, I have been handed
the sum of one hundred and fifty dollars by Miss G. W. Leavitt,
Treasurer of the Ladies Association. A. G. L.

264

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

Curator's Report (Wm. McIntosh).

As Curator of the Museum of the Natural History Society of
New Brunswick, I have the honor to submit the following report
for the year ended 30th September, 1910.

During this period the principal work done on the collection
lias been in improving the method of installation. Further prog-
ress can not be made in the Museum until new cases are obtained
and some changes made in the building to give additional space
for exhibition purposes.

The following is a detailed report of the work done in the
various departments during the year :

Zoology. — The mammals formerly spread about the building
are now grouped in the centre of the zoological room.

The interior of the bird cases has been repainted, the collec-
tion re-arranged and new labels made for each specimen. Many,
of the stands have been repainted. This has improved the appear-
ance of the collection very much. Our bird collection is an ex-
cellent one, but a few common species are lacking, and it is im-
portant that these should be added.

Some minor changes have been made tending to the improve-
ment of the collections. Some fine shells have been donated and
.a number of invertebrate specimens collected.

Botany. — -The most important work in this department has
been the collection of material for an exhibit of economic botany.
Specimens have been obtained to complete the New Brunswick
wood collection and a few rare plants obtained for the herbarium.

Minerals and Rocks. — A collection of Canadian minerals
and rocks presented by the Department of Mines of Canada, has
been placed on exhibition in the Zoological hall. A group of
beautiful minerals has been placed in this department, and
attracts much attention.

A very interesting collection of New Brunswick minerals and
rocks is available, but cannot be shown until new cases are
obtained.

REPORT OF COUNCIL.

26S

The study collection of minerals is now ready for use, and
will, no doubt, be found very useful by teachers and students gen-
erally. During the year much valuable material has been donated
and collected for this department.

Paleontology. — Little change has been made in this depart-
ment. A few hundred specimens of local fossils have been col-
lected and added to the material for study and exchange.

Archaeology and Ethnology. — This department was entire-
ly re-arranged last year, but so much material has been acquired
recently it was found necessary to again re-arrange the specimens..

During the past two years the Archaeological collection has
been more than doubled. Much of the new material being different
in type from anything previously collected. It has been found
necessary to store a number of interesting French and early col-
onial relics, as no cases were available for showing them.

The educational work of the Museum has outgrown our time
and means. This is regrettable, for this is at the present time
considered the most important department of modern Museum
work. I refer more particularly to

(1) Loaning collections to schools. During the past year
we have loaned birds, insects, minerals, ores, rocks, woods, plant-
fibres, grains petroleum and its products, osteological specimens,
archaeological specimens, etc. In a number of cases teachers
wishing to obtain the same collection had to wait over two months
.before getting it.

(2) Giving information. Teachers, students, farmers, citi-
zens are coming in constantly increasing numbers seeking infor-
mation on subjects with which they think we are familiar. In
the majority of cases the enquirer is satisfactorily answered.

(3) Children's Work. During the winter a series of young
people’s lectures was given. They were open to the public and
were well attended. In May we began a series of outings for our
young people, at these we learned much of outdoor life and gave
simple lessons in emergency surgery.

266

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

In July the junior members spent twelve days camping. After
the summer vacation the outings were commenced again, and will
be continued until November.

Geology (G. F. Matthew, Chairman.)

The Committee reports that a visit was made to the plant
beds, discovered last year by Dr. Matthew at Beaver Harbor.
He and Wm. McIntosh spent two days there studying the
relation of the beds and collecting from them. Only a few

species of plants were found, but they are of special interest to
the palaeontologist and botanist, on account of their great
antiquity.

Mr. W. J. Wilson, of the Canadian Geological Survey, has
also been engaged in New Brunswick, in studying the coal mines
at Minto, and collecting the varied and interesting fossil plants
that are found with the coal. Dr. R. W. Ells, also of this survey,
has visited the eastern counties in connection with the exploita-
tion of the oil shales that occur there.

Dr. L. W. Bailey has been making a study of the living
Diatomacere and other minute organisms that occur in the
Kennebecasis’ and St. John rivers, and of the fossil Infusoria
found at the bottom of these waters. The Drummond company
that are opening up the iron ores of Gloucester County have
extended their railway connections to the Miramichi, near
Chatham, where they will ship their ore from large pockets
erected there. The ore is a magnetite from the Ordovician sla es
of Gloucester County.

Botany (G. U. Hay, Chairman*.)

The following are additions of new and rare species of New
Brunswick Plants, discovered during the past two seasons. The
list is the result of investigations made by Professors M. L.
Fernald, K. M. Wiegand and by G. U. Hay, were not otherwise
specified.

REPORT OF COUNCIL.

267

(The names of species and varieties in italics have not
liitherto been reported from N. B.)

Acer rubrum L. var. tridens Wood. Ingleside. A tree of
wide-spreading habit. Leaves, small, the middle lobe broadly
triangular. Not hitherto found north of Auburndale, Mass.

Potentilla palustris (L.) Scop. var. subisericea Becker.
Nerepis River. The first station known to us in America. —
Fernald.

Betula alba L. var. cor difolia (Regel) Fernald. A doubtful
variety in our woods.

Thalictrum confine Fernald. Ingleside. (All N. B. plants
reported hitherto as T. dioicum and T. occidentale belong
here. — Fernald. )

Scirpus fluviatilis (Torr.) Gray. Nerepis River.

Neslia paniculata (L.) Desv. Fairville and Ingleside. A bad
weed.

Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt. Fairville.

Artemisia frigida Wild. Fairville.

Achillea Ptarmica L Ingleside. Apparently naturalized.

Senecio Robbinsii Oakes. Near Harvey Station.

Solidago racemosa Greene. Aroostook Falls. (Erroneously
■called S. humilis in previous lists. — Fernald.

Salix pellita Anders. Ingleside and Nerepis. A beautiful
shrub.

Salix nigra Marsh. Ingleside.

Populus balsamifera. Ingleside. Aroostook River.

Potamogeton filiformis Pers. Ingleside.

Potamogeton Vaseyi Robbins. Ingleside. The first station,
apparently, east of Penobscot River. — Fernald.

Sporobolus uniflorm (Muhl.) Scrib & Merr. Ingleside.

Setaria viridis (L.) var. Weinmmii (R. & S ) Brand.
Ingleside.

Apocynum medium Greene. Ingleside.

Euphorbia glyptosperma Engelm. Hartland.

Euphorbia hirsuta (Torr.) Wiegand. Aroostook Jet.

Vaccinium caespitosum Mich. Aroostook Falls.

26S

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

Amelanchier spicata (Lam.) C. Koch. Aroostook Falls.

Agastache Foeniculum (Pursh) Ktze. Moore's camp, near
Fisk's Mill, St. James, Charlotte Co., Apparently introduced;
but well established under trees at the edge of the clearing and
beginning to spread. — J. V.

Lysimachia quadri folia L. Mouth Nerepis.

Adiantum pedatum L. Shogomoc Falls. F. W. Holt, C. E.,
Albert, Albert Co., Miss Mildred Murray.

Ornithology (A. Gordon Leavitt, Chairman) .

Very little outside work has been done in this department, but
the collections have received some careful consideration by the
Curator, who, having observed that the small branch-birds, such
as the warblers and finches, appeared to appeal more strongly to
the visitors (students or others), re-arranged these forms, doing
away with the old stands on which they were mounted, and giving
them a position where they could be most easily examined or
admired.

A glance at these collections will convince one that the change
has made a great improvement and, when the rest of the material
is similarly arranged, the Birds will continue to be one of the
most attractive features of our collections.

Finances (A. Gordon Leavitt, Chairman) .

After a glance at the treasurer’s statement, the members of
this Society will surely feel pleased at the present financial
position.

The darkest cloud is said to have a silver lining, and, al-
though the Society had the misfortune to lose a member, Mrs.
Catherine Murdoch, a lady who took a keen interest in its welfare,
and who, from time to time, gave to it both financial assistance
and articles of value for its museum, we have been so well and
kindly remembered in the will of this lady that we have now on
hand funds sufficient for the paying off of our entire mortgage
indebtedness, and place us in that ever enviable position — free
from debt.

REPORT OF COUNCIL.

269

It is a great pleasure to be able to state that although the mort-
gages have yet some time to run, arrangements have been made
whereby we will be permitted to pay them both off on the next
date on which interest is due, namely, December 12th, and with-
out having to pay one cent of additional interest, which is a
usual requirement when mortgages are taken up before they are
due.

Although relieved of the mortgage burden, our members
must remember that much remains to be done in order that the
Society may accomplish what it has in view, namely — a collection
of local or Provincial antiquities, Minerals and their products,
Mammals, Birds, Fish Shells, -Wild Plants, Fruits and Grains,
which will possess a highly interesting and educative value, to
our citizens and visitors from abroad, regarding the history and
natural resources of our Province.

For the accomplishment of the above, more material must be
secured, cases provided and changes made in the building, all of
which will call for expenditure, and, as we have a high ideal,
and are working for the good of all, any demands we make should
meet with a hearty response by our members, and the public
generally.

The majority of present-day museums are up-to-date, and
also have sufficient funds for the carrying out of the desires of
those in charge, but, as we have not as yet arrived at that happy
stage, constant efforts are necessary if we are to accomplish the
great work which naturally falls to our lot, and which will be
done if we receive the necessary financial support.

Building Committee (T. H. Estabrooks, Chairman).

There have only been the most trifling expenditures made dur-
ing the past year by this Committee. The building is in good,
repair and no alterations or improvements will be required dur-
ing the next few months, but if we have the money to spare,
there are some important changes in the main building that
should be undertaken after the close of the winter’s lecture-

course.

270

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

Lectures (G. U. Hay, Chairman).

Eight lectures were given in the regular course of 1909-10,
the subjects referring chiefly to the Natural History of New
Brunswick, which our Society does well in keeping always before
its members and the public.

1909. #

October 5. Tides of the Bay of Fundy. — G. F. Matthew, D. Sc.

October 19. Annual Meeting. Reports. Election of Officers.

October 26. Conversazione.

November 2. The Interpretation of Natural Scenery, — L. W. Bailey, LL.D.

December 7. The Mammals of New Brunswick. — Mr. W. H. Moore.

1910

January 4. The Physiographic Characteristics of Cain’s River. — Prof.

W. F. Ganong, Ph.D., followed by Discussion on Some
Results of Dr. Ganong’s Work in New Brunswick.

February 1. Insect Enemies. (Illustrated). — Mr. Wm. McIntosh.
March 1. Our Native Trees. — G. U. Hay, D. Sc.

April 5. Benefactors in Feathers. — Mr. A. Gordon Leavitt.'
May 3. Nature Study in the Public Schools. — J. Vroom, A. M.

June 7. The History of Rockwood Bog. — Dr. G. F. Matthew.

Summer Field Work Outlined.

A course of popular lectures was given during the winter on
Tuesday evenings not occupied by the regular meetings of the
Society, These were free to members and their friends.

1910.

January 11. The Waterways of Canada. A Lecture for Teachers. The Bick-
more Course, McGill University.

January 18. Swiss Lakes. — Mr. J. B. Clawson.

January 25. Photography, with illustrations, The Photographic Section of
the Natural History Society.

February 8. A Quarter of a Century After. — Silas Alward, D. C. L., K. C.
February 15. The Drug Collector at Work. — Mr. W. H. Mowatt.

February 22. Evolution in the Light of Human History. — Geo. G. Melvin,
M. D.

REPORT OF COUNCIL.

271

March 8. An Evening in Tennyson’s Land. — Mr. W. F. Burdett.

March 15. Hampton Court and other Noted Places. — Rev. W. H. Cassup»
B. A.

March 22. The Drug Collector at Work. — W. H. Mowatt.

March 29. A Promenade. — J. McG. Baxter, M. D.

The course for Junior members embraced talks on easy scien-
tific subjects, travels in other countries and our own, and on sub-
jects in .the museum.

Field Meetings.

Four very pleasant Field Meetings were held by the members
of the Society during the past summer at places not hitherto
visited on such occasions.

The first was held July 9th, at Woodman’s Point, on the
beautifully situated grounds of Mrs. M. A. Woodman, the leader
being Mr. W. F. Burditt.

It was a perfect summer day, and though the heat of the
mid-day sun may have felt ,a little oppressive to some of the
members while walking from Lingley Station across the long
Nerepis bridge to Woodman’s Point, the delightful shade of the
tall spruce and pine trees in Mrs. Woodman’s grove soon brought
ease and refreshment. On account of the historical associations
of the locality, the attention of the gathering was taken up rather
with matters relating to history and genealogy, than with natural
science. After a brief rest in the welcome shade of Mrs. Wood-
man’s noble trees, a party, led by the rector of the parish, the
Rev. Mr. Beiliss, repaired to the nearby burial ground to view
the tomb of General Coffin, and there gleaned from the Rector,
Mrs. Woodman and others, many interesting facts with regard
to the pioneers of civilization on the St. John River. Dr. Hav
then took charge of the party and led the way; to the river shore,
along which a delightful ramble was enjoyed until the Point
itself was reached. Dr. Hay, as usual, discoursing by the way
and imparting information about the trees and plants met with
en route, explaining their distinguishing characteristics, how the

272

BULLETIN OF TIIE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

uninitiated might know and recognize them again, and, more diffi-
cult still, how their names might be remembered. On the return
journey a visit was paid to the site of General Coffin’s home — the
site of the original homestead, destroyed by fire many years
ago, and additional reminiscences were called forth.

Near this place, in an oak grove, was discovered the four-
leaved loose strife ( Lysimachia quadrifolia L.), a plant that has
not yet been found elsewhere in New Brunswick.

On the return to Mrs. Woodman’s grounds, the usual refresh-
ments were enjoyed, followed bv an intellectual dessert. As the
party gathered around the front porch of Mrs. Woodman’s hos-
pitable home, while the slanting rays of the evening sun lit up
with a warm glow the wooded hillsides and receding headlands
of the noble river outstretched before them, the scene and the
occasion was felt by all to be one that would long linger in the
memory with pleasurable recollection.

Dr. Matthew, being unable to be present, contributed a short
paper upon the geological aspects of the locality, which was read
by Mr. Burditt. Dr. Hay also making some references to the
subject, and the discussion was further contributed to by Mrs.
Woodman and the Rev. Mr. Beiliss. It was, on the whole, a
most enjoyable and instructive meeting, and the only regret
experienced was that it was not more largely attended.

The meeting at Kennebeccasis Island, on the 21st of July,
was well attended and the weather delightful. The headquarters
for the day was at Mrs. Grannan’s house, from which a fine view
is had of the Milkish passage and the lower reach of the Kenne-
beccasis River. The leader for the day was Dr. G. F. Matthew,
who described very interestingly, the geology of the Island, in
which there is much diversity. A party went out to investigate
the conglomerates, slates and trap-rocks at the ferry landing, and
the exposures of the rocky ledges along the road west of the
house. Meanwhile, the botanists, led by Mr. McIntosh, found
entertainment in the numerous wild flowers, intermingled with
introduced species that were found in the neighboring fields and
along the road. The return was by steam ferryboat and stages

REPORT OF COUNCIL.

273

from Millidgeville to the city. The visitors will preserve many
pleasant recollections of the day* and of the kindness and hospi-
tality of Mrs. Grannan and her friends.

The third meeting on the programme for August 4, to Ray’s
Lake, by invitation of Mr. Henry L. Everett, had to be cancelled
on account of the wet weather.

The fourth meeting, which was under the charge of Dr. G. U.
Hay, was held at Land's End, Kings County, August 20th, on
the heights overlooking the St. John and Kennebecasis rivers.
The invitation from Mrs. (Dr.) Skinner, Miss White and Miss
Carrie M. Skinner had been cordially accepted, and the reception
given by the kind hostesses to members of the Society, as they
climbed the steep hill from the river, or came by way of Millidge-
ville and Bayswater, was especially cordial. .

The day was perfect, the river smooth and the view from the
picturesque spot far extending, embracing the waters and hills
of the lower St. John in all their grandeur and loveliness. Mrs.
and Miss Skinner and Miss White made charming hostesses.

After all had partaken of afternoon tea on the lawn provided
by the hostesses, Dr. Bailey and Professor Klugh, of the biolog-
ical station at St. Andrews, who are making a survey of the lower
St. John, spoke of some results of their work. Dr. Bailey said the
surface water of the St. John at Westfield is almost fresh owing
partly to the volume of the St. John and the Nerepis. A stratum
of salt water lies below this.

Professor Klugh gave some interesting facts about the large
leaved aster and referred to the dozen or more kinds of asters
and golden rods now found in bloom in various places in the
Province.

A walk was then taken over ‘‘Ouangondy” path which over-
looks the St. John, giving a series of picturesque views — none
more lovely than that of Sunset Rock — onward to the ‘‘Amphi-
theatre,” formerly the site of a house whose grass grown cellar
is still visible, up to which from the cliff overlooking the river,
rises a series of gentle knolls bordered with noble pines and
cedars of rare beauty in shape and outline. The walk was enlivened

274

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

with talks on the trees, on the virtues of some edible mushrooms^
on the habits and ghostly appearance of the “Indian Pipe/’ on
the beauty of the paths and retreats which gird this region of
simple pleasures and untroubled quiet, which the owners, the ho ts
of the day, have appropriately named Arcadia.

As the sun neared the horizon, a warning that every delightful
day must have an end, luncheon was enjoyed. Senator Ellis,
the president, in a few well chosen words, expressed to the host-
esses the acknowledgements of the members of the Society for
the delightful hours which had been spent, which W. F. Hathe-
way, T. H. Estabrooks, W. S. Fisher and others supplemented
by a more formal vote of thanks. Miss White presented to each
guest on departure a beautiful* souvenir containing a text or
verse appropriate to the occasion. As the hours of twilight drew*
on Dr. Matthew* gave a sketch of conditions before the St. John*
River came into existence and Simon W. Hathew^ay entertained
the company from his exhaustless fund of character sketches
and anecdote.

The fifth and last outing w*as held on the grounds of Jas. Man-
chester, Esq., at Lancaster Beach, and the guests will remember
the occasion from the many attentions shown them by Mr. and
Mrs. Manchester. The leader was Dr. W. L. Ellis, and Dr.
Bailey and Dr. Matthew contributed valuable addresses on the
physical features of the district.

Photographic Section (C. P. Clarke, Chairman).

/

The Committee of this Section has little to report. Members
generally have not taken up w-ork earnestly or writh the energy
that might have been expected. On one occasion, during last
w inter, a most interesting paper written by F. H. J. Ruel was
read by Mr. Ernest Fainveather, and w as very favorably received
and commented on. At the same time lantern slides illustrating
various points of Mr. Ruel’s paper were shown with the reflecto-
scope. They appeared to be much enjoyed by those present.
It is hoped that the coming year will be productive of better
results in this fascinating branch of study and recreation.

REPORT OF COUNCIL.

275'

Microsocopic Section (W. H. Mowatt, Chairman.)

The Microscopic Committee reports that they conducted one
meeting in the popular course of lectures. No other work of
importance has been done during the year.

Press Committee (G. U. Hay, Chairman) .

Your Committee desires to acknowledge the courtesy ex-
tended towards the Society by the daily press of St. John in
publishing notices of our meetings and reports of our lectures
prepared by the Secretary and members of the Press Committee.

Ladies' Association (Mrs. K. M. Matthew, President) .

The Ladies’ Association of the Natural History Society has
pleasure in reporting another year of successful work. Our
course of six afternoon lectures, beginning Octber 28th, was
entitled “Episodes in the History of New France,” illustrated
with tableaux. They dealt with the following subjects:

Coming of the French.

The French in New Brunswick.

The Jesuit Missions.

The French in Quebec.

The French in Louisiana.

The French Habitant..

The proceeds of these lectures, amounting to $113.50, were
devoted as usual to paying the salary of our valued Assistant
Librarian.

The second course of afternoon lectures, which were freer
began in January, nine lectures w-ere given, all of exceptional
interest. We are happy to welcome two or three new lecturers
in this course. In the programme of children’s lectures, given
on Friday afternoons, two or three ladies gave very excellent
talks on subjects of general interest.

276

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

I may say that I think St. John should be proud of the fact
that there were twenty ladies able to give such excellent lectures
as we heard last year, and I feel sure that ther are many more of
our members who need only to make the effort to give us more
new lectures of equal value.

The three social evenings held last winter in January, Febru-
ary and March respectively, proved an unqualified success. All
the members of both sexes were invited and were able to inspect
the varied treasures of the Museum, new and old. After a short
literary programme, refreshments were served.

The ladies also took their part as usual at the annual con-
versazione in the fall and at the four very pleasant field meetings
held by the Society during the summer.

This coming year promises to be no less interesting and val-
uable. Good courses of lectures are planned for the fall and
winter, and we hope the social part of our work will not be less
useful.

W e have at present three hundred and seventy-three associate
members and twenty junior associates, which branch includes
girls from ten to twenty-one. The latter Class of the Society,
though young, shows signs of vigorous growth, and we hope
that when the ranks of our association may be depleted by death
-or removal, we may still fill up all vacancies from our junior
members.

W e are still, I trust, living up to our motto : “Progress is
the law of life.”

Junior Associates (E. MacKinnon, Secretary) .

The Junior Associate members of the Natural History Society
•of New Brunswick report a most favorable year. There are
about thirty members who were organized in April and have
since had five business meetings and a number of outings to
points of interest near the city which were well attended.

The members wish to express their appreciation to Mr. and
Mrs. McIntosh and Mr Leavitt, for making these outings both
interesting and instructive.

Treasurer's Report Ladies' Association.
(Grace W. Leavitt, Treasurer .)

Receipts —

1909 Balance $36 70

Course Ticket Receipts 113 50

Donation from Miss Mary Jardine, Boston . . 10 00

Sale of “ Erica ” 1 10

Memorial Desk Receipts 15 25

Withdrawn from Bank of Nova Scotia 40 05

$216 60

Expenditure —

Printing Course Tickets $ 3 50

Printing Lecture Tickets 50

Coaching 60

Cost of Memorial Desk 50 00

Brass Memorial Shield 12 00

Miss Hoyt, Corresponding Secretary, Salary. . . 150 00

$216 60

October 8th, 1910.

27S

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

Donations.

Archeology and Ethnology.

Allison, Mrs. L. C. — Iroquois Indian Work.

Balmain, David — Seventy-six stone age relics.

Campbell, Chas. — Indian war club.

Coster, Miss Constance — Stone Age relics.

Estabrooks, Chas. D. — Stone spear head.

Ganong, Dr. W. F. — Indian stone pipe.

Gunter, Harry — Collection of Stone Age relics.

Gunter, John — Collection of Stone Age relics.

Gunter, Mrs. Isaac, Grand Lake — Two old Malecite Indian baskets,
Hamilton, Mrs. Geo. A. — Hupa squaw cap, ornaments, Hopi bread baskets,
plaque, Hopi pottery, image of rain god, bow and arrows and other
articles.

Hamilton, Miss Alice — Micmac river canoe.

Hamilton, Mrs. Jas. — Fans from Fiji Islands, comb, caps, snuff box, opium
pipe.

Hoyt, Mrs. J. A. — Iroquois Indian beadwork from Ontario.

Harding, Geo., Nerepis, N. B. — Indian sinker or pendant.

Irvin, K. C., John, Bridgetown, N. S. — An Old Acadian Padlock.

Jones, F. C. — African pipe.

Kee, Miss Edith M. — Indian stone implements, and pottery.

Leavitt, A. Gordon — Indian stone implements and pottery.

Leavitt, R. F. — Indian arrow head.

McIntosh, Mrs. Wm. — Indian relics.

McIntosh, Wm. — N. B. Stone Age relics.

McKinnon, Miss Elizabeth — Stone Age relics.

McSorley, Chas., Gibson, N. B. — Iron spear head (French).

Nakane, N., Moosejaw, Can. — Indian baskets.

Smith, Merritt C. — Indian arrow heads.

Smith, Chesley C. — Stone Age relics.

Smith, J. Austin — French and Indian relics.

Smith, Vance E. — Indian relics.

Sturdee, H. Russell — Boomerang, Australia.

ZOOLOGY.

Anonymous — Two mounted specimens of deer.

Armstrong, Capt. Beverley — Paper Nautilus.

Banks, Jas. — Cocoon of large moth.

Daley, Mrs. Harry — Mounted specimen yellow shafted flicker.

DONATIONS.

279

Duffy, Martin G. — Object from stomach of moose.

Flewelling, C. H. — Collection of tropical birds.

Grant, C. W. Hope — Sponge on scallop shell.

Hall, C. T., Fredericton — Collection of local birds’ eggs.

Hamilton, Mrs. Geo. A. — Nest of trap door spider.

Hamilton, Mrs. Jas. — Osteological specimens.

Henderson, M. G. B. — Mastodon tooth from Yukon.

Knight, Miss — Egg cases of whelk.

Knight, Mrs. Joshua — Shell work, case of.

Lewis, S. D. — Skeleton of crucifixion fish, Dutch Guiana.

Leavitt, A. Gordon — Sponge.

McCallum, William, Amherst, — Frog skin from Africa.

McLaren, J. S. — Large lobster, (mounted.)

McMann, Frank — Specimen of giant water bug.

Scott, Geo. — Collection of shells and marine specimens.

Short, Miss Agnes — Mounted specimen of duckling and polyphemus moth.
Taylor, Mrs. John K. — Rattlesnake skin and horned toad.

Vroom, John P., Waneta, B. C. — Sand swallow nest from the Columbia river.

BOTANY.

French, Miss Mabel P. — -Twenty-five botanical specimens local wild flowers.
Hamilton, Mrs. Geo. A. — Sugar pine cone, blue gum, century plants, nuts
and fruits from California.

Hamilton, Mrs. Jas. — Fruits and nuts, also a large number of local botanical
specimens.

Hegan, Geo. B. — Botanical specimens from the most northerly Arctic
settlement, brought from the north by Capt. Bartlett of the Peary
expedition who presented them to Miss Hegan, a nurse in the Grenfell
hospital, who sent them to her brother, the donor.

Holt, F. W. — Specimen maiden hair fern.

Leavitt, A. G. — Seaweed.

Leavitt, R. T. — Sugar cane from West Indies.

Mowatt, Wm. — Collection of drugs.

Pender, James — Specimen of sensitive plant from Fiji.

Potts, Mrs. Walter — Seed pod of Martynia.

Stanley, Mrs. A. — Large specimen of polyporus (tree fungus).

Tennant, Mrs. W. B. — Woman’s tongue bean.

% Palaeontology.

Clayton, J. P. — Leda clay containing fossil mussels.

Leavitt, A. G. — Ripple marked stone, St. John.

Lawrence, Mrs. J. M. — Trilobite from Gaspe.

McLean, Wm. — Shark’s tooth (fossil) from South Carolina.

Scott, Geo. — Carboniferous fossil.

280

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

Minerals.

Bailey, Dr. L. W. — Antimony ore and galena, also specimens of
freestone.

Daley, Mrs. Harry S. — Cryolite from Greenland, and antimony ore.
Department of Mines, Canada — 150 mineral specimens.

Graves, Chas. — Tripolite.

Hunt, Miss Arianna — Sandstone with concentric bands.

Hamilton, Mrs. Jas. — Minerals and ores.

Hamilton, Mrs. Geo. A. — Minerals and ores from California.
Hillsborough Manf. Co. — -Specimen of gypsum and plaster.

Lawrence, Mrs. J. M. — Specimens of rock from Gaspe.

Maritime Oilfields, Ltd. — Crude petroleum, oil shale and sandstone.
Sackville Freestone Co. — Samples of freestone.

Vroom, W. E. — Specimens of albertite.

COINS AND MEDALS.

Armstrong, Morrison & Co., Vancouver, B. C. — Two medals issued on the
opening of the Granville street bridge, Vancouver, B. C.

Dykeman, Kenneth — One cent (Lincoln) United States.

Gunter, Ivan — One cent (Lincoln) United States.

Ritchie, Miss Mary E. — Medal, Rt. Hon. Geo. Canning, M. P.

Warlock, Mrs. B. — Collection of silver and copper coins.

LIBRARY.

Allison, Mrs. L. C. — Wood’s Natural History.

Alward, Dr. Silas. — Copies of two lectures delivered by Dr. Ahvard.
Anonymous — Four vols. U. S. Geol. Survey.

Blizard, Mrs. S. G. — Two old music books 1824, 1835.

Carman, Chas. — Books from the library of late Chas. H. Carman.
Emerson, R. B. — Two old volumes of work on geography, London, 1773.
Ganong, Dr. W. F, — Science, Vol. 27,

Le Clerq New Relation of Gaspesia, translated and
edited by W. F. Ganong, Ph.D.

Hamilton, Mrs. Jas. — Six volumes on a variety of subjects.

Hay, Dr. G. U. — Eight volumes of Natural Science Handbooks.

Educational Review, Vol. XXII. 4

Kerr, John — Auditor’s reports City and County of St. John, and several
volumes on Natural Science.

Leavitt, A. Gordon — Smithsonian Reports 1859, 62-64, 66, 69-72.

Reed, Miss Ellen T. — Five copies N. H. S. of N. B. Bulletins.

Scott, Geo. — Old work on Theology, A. D. 1654.

DONATIONS.

281

general.

Godfery, E. V. — Old shoemaker’s knife found in the centre of a tree cut
down in King Square.

Hamilton, Mrs. Jas. — Photographs, old silk mittens, and several interesting
relics.

Hayward, Mrs. H. P. — Portion of cloth from the first piece off the looms
of Sir Robt. Peel’s works.

Jones, Percy. — Cannon ball found in Princess street, St. John.

Kerr, John — Microscopical instruments.

Kingston, Wm. — Portion of first piece of paper made in Newfoundland.

Towle, Mrs. G. Bacon, New York City — Microscope.

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

Officers and Committees for 1911.

Officers,

President — Hon. J. V. Ellis, LL. D.

Vice-Presidents — G. F. Matthrew, LL. D., D. Sc., G. U. Hay, D. Sc.
Treasurer — A. Gordon Leavitt,

Corresponding Secretary and Curator — William McIntosh.

Recording Secretary — J. G. MacKinnon.

Librarian — W. L. McDiarmid.

Additional Members of Council — H. G. Addy, M. D., T. H. Estabrooks, Jas.
A. Estey, W. F. Burditt, J. Roy Campbell.

Standing Committees.

Archceology — Wm. McIntosh, Rev. J. J. McCaskill, A. Gordon Leavitt, Dr.

G. F. Matthew, John MacKinnon, Duncan London.

Botany — Dr. G. U. Hay, Dr. W. F. Ganong, J. Vroom, M. A., W. L. McDiar-
mid, J. G. MacKinnon, H. G. Perry, W. J. S. Myles.

Invertebrates — Wm. McIntosh, A. G. Leavitt, W. H. Mowatt, Miss S. B.
Ganong, Miss G. Frink.

Ornithology — A. G. Leavitt, Jas. W. Banks, Thos. Stothart, Mrs. G. U. Hay,
Mrs. J. W. Lawrence.

Astronomy and Meteorology — W. F. Burditt, D. L. Hutchison, Dr. G. U. Hay,
Joshua Clawson, Mrs. Geo. Lee, Mrs. G. U. Hay.

Geology — Dr. G. F. Matthew, Dr. L. W. Bailey. Jas. A. Estey, Rev. David
Hutchison, A. G. Leavitt.

Microscopes — W. H. Mowatt, Dr. G. G. Melvin, Dr. T. D. Walker, Dr. W. L.
Ellis, Dr. Wm. Warwick.

Photography — G. Ernest Fairweather, C. P. Clarke, Geo. A. Henderson,
T. Percy Bourne, Henry Town.

Library — W. L. McDiarmid, J. G. MacKinnon, W. H. Mowatt.

Lectures — Dr. G. U. Hay, Dr. H. G. Addy, Wm. Brodie, W. S. Fisher, Dr.
Mclnerney.

Building— T. H. Estabrooks, A. G. Leavitt, Dr. Geo. F. Matthew, W. F.
Burditt, Dr. H. G. Addy.

Press — Dr. G. U. Hay, A. G. Leavitt, Dr. G. F. Matthew, J. C. MacKinnon,
Chas. A. Macdonald.

Publications — Dr. G. F. Matthew, Dr. G. U. Hay, A. G. Leavitt, Chas. A.
Macdonald.

Finance — A. Gordon Leavitt, J. Roy Campbell, W. F. Hatheway, T. H.
Estabrooks, Jas. A. Estey, R. B. Emerson.

OFFICERS AND COMMITTEE^

283

Officers of Ladies’ Association.

President — Mrs. Geo. F. Matthew.

Vice-President — Mrs. G. U. Hay, Mrs. Geo. F. Smith, Mrs. J. V. Ellis.
Treasurer — Miss Grace W. Leavitt.

Recording Secretary — Mrs. F. B. Cowgill.

Corresponding Secretary — Miss F. A. Hoyt.

Executive — Mrs. J. A. McAvity, Mrs. J. R. Calhoun, Mrs. R. T. Leavitt,
Mrs. J. F. Robertson, Mrs. T. H. Estabrooks, Miss E. A. Estey, Mrs.
T. H. Bullock, Mrs. Wm. McIntosh, Mrs. J. A. Coster, Mrs. T. P.
Bourne, Mrs. Sarah Groenlund Mrs. J. H.Thomson, Mrs. F. E. Williams.

Press Committee — Mrs, F. B. Cowgill, Miss R, Waterman.

284

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

List of Members.

LIST OF MEMBERS.

Benefactors.

LeBaron Botsford, M. D. Mrs. Gilbert Murdoch.

Patron.

The Lieutenant-Governor, Hon. L. J. Tweedie, LL. D.

Honorary Members.

Bailey, Prof. Loring W., Ph. D University of New Brunswick.

Ganong, Prof. W. F., Ph. D Smith College, Northampton, Mass.

Marr, Prof. John E St. John’s College, Cambridge, G. B.

Life Members.

Campbell, J. Roy, St. John, N. B.
Chamberlain, Montague, Boston, Mass.
Earle, W. E., St. John, N. B.

Earle, Mrs. W. E., St. John, N. B.

Ellis, Hon. John V., LL.D., St. John, N. B.
Estabrooks, T. H., St. John, N. B.

Fisher, G. S., St. John, N. B.

Ganong, Prof. W.F.,Ph.D., Northampton, Mass.
Ganong, G.W., St. Stephen, N. B.

Hay, G. U., D. Sc., St. John, N. B.

Hegan, Jas. B., Charlottetown, P. E. I.
Leavitt, A. Gordon, St. John, N. B.
Leavitt, Miss Grace, W., St.John, N. B.,
Longmaid, Miss S., St. John, N. B.
Matthew, G.F.,D.Sc., LL.D., St.John.N.B.
Matthew, Mrs. G. F., St. John, N. B.
Matthew, Robt., M. A., Cienfuegos, Cuba
McIntosh, Wm., St. John, N. B.

White, Jas. E., St. John, N. B.
Woodman, Mrs. C. F., St. John, N. B.

Corresponding Members.

Bailey, Geo., M. D., St. Martins
Balmain, David, Indian Point, N. B.

Brittain, John ,D.Sc., Macdonald Col., Que.
Butler, W. S., Butler, Queens Co., N. B.

Cox, Philip, Ph. D., Fredericton, N. B.

Duff, Prof. A. W., Ph. D., Worcester, Mass.
Fowler, Rev. Prof. J..LL.D., Kingston, Ont.

Hamilton, D. W., Ph,

London, Duncan, Lakeville Corner, N. B.
MacKay, Dr. A. H., LL.D., Halifax, N.S.
Stead, Geoffrey, C. E., Chatham, N. B.
Vroom, James, St. Stephen.

Walker, Byron E., Toronto.

Wilson, William J., Ottawa.

Hoyt, W. B., Andover.

, D., Fredericton.

Adams, A. W.

Addy, H. G., M. D.
Agar, M. E.
Alward, Silas
Amland, W. E.
Anglin, J. V., M. D.

Banks, J. W.
Barbour, A. D.
Barbour, G. E.

Regular Members.

Barker, L. W.

Barker, L. W,

Barnes, J. W.

Baxter, J. B. M.
Belding, A. M.

Bell, Thomas
Bel yea, J. Fred
Belyea, T. H.

Bonnell, W. P.
Bostwick, C. M.

Bourne, T. Percy
Bourne, H. C.

Brodie, Wm.

Bruckoff, Wm.
Burditt, W. F.

Bustin, Stephen B.
Bullock, T. H.

Campbell, G. Wilford
Christie, W. A.

Christian, Thomas R.
Clawson, Joshua
Clarke, C. P.

Corbitt, Samuel A.
Coster, J. Arthur
Crosby, L. G.

Cushing, Theophilus

Day, J. L.

Dickie, Rev. Gordon
Doherty, H. A.

Downie, Wm.

Dykeman, F. A.

Edwards, M. B.

Ellis, F. B.

Ellis, W. L., M. D.
Emerson, R. B.

Emerson, H. W.
Emerson, Stanley L.
Estey, James A.
Estabrooks, W. G.
Everett, H. L.

Fairweather, G. Ernest
Ferguson, J. R.

Fisher, W. S.

Finley, Joseph
Flanders, C. R., D. D.
Fleming, Geo.

Fleming, W. M.

Forbes, Hon. J. G.
Foster, W. E.

Foley, Fenwick D.
Frink, R. W. W.

Fritz, H. D.

Gallagher, H.

Gibbon, J. S.

Gilmour, A. B.

Golding, W. E.
Goodspeed, Fred
Goodwin, E. A.

Gregory, J, S,

Hanington, A. H.
Hanington, F. E.
Harvey, J. N.

Hatheway, W. F.
Hawker, S. H.

Hawker, Wm.

Hay, Albert S.

Hayes, R. T.

Hazen, A. P.

LIST OF MEMBERS.

285

Hazen, Hon. J. D.
Henderson, G. A.

Holly, J. Walter
Holman, F. E.

Holman, Percy, B.
Hopkins, Stanley
Hoyt, G. W.

Hubbard, W. W.

Hunt, Donaldson
Hutchinson, D. Leavitt.
Hutchinson, Rev. David

Inches, P. Robertson, M.

Jarvis, C. E. L.

Jarvis, W. M.

Jones, Fred. Caverhill
Jones, Col. G. West
Jones, J. B.

Jones, R. Keltie
Kerr, S.

Kessen, R. B.

Knowlton, F. J. G.

Lantalum, T. T.

Leavitt, R. T.

Likely, J. A.

Long, John W.

Macintyre, John P.
Magee, J. M., D. D. S.
Manchester, James
Melvin, Geo. G., M. D.
Moore, Geo. A.

Mo watt, W. H.

Murdoch, Wm., C. E.
Myles, W. J. S.
McCaskill, Rev. J. J.
MacDonald, Charles A.
McAvity, John A.
McAvity, James L.
McDonald, Arthur
McDiarmid, W. L.
McInerney, J. P., M. D.
McIntosh, J. R., M. D.
McKendrick, Dawson
McKinnon. H. V.,
McKinnon, J. G.

Nobles, W. F.

Northrup, I. H.

O’Brien, Timothy
O’Brien, Richard

Olive, Stanley G.

Otty, G. O. D.

Paddock, M. V.

Page, H. C.

Patterson, R. B.

Peters, Charles H.
Philps, Ernest
Powell, H. A.
PUDDINGTON, HENRY F.

Raymond, W. E.

D. Rising, E. L.

Roberts, Harry
Robertson, James F.
Robertson, Geo. M.
Ryerse, Ernest

Sanford, Charles F.
Scammell, J. K., C. E.
Sears, Edward
Seely, Alfred
Sharp, A. W.

Shewen, E. T. P., C. E.
Sinclair, J. A.

Skinner, Stewart, M. D.
Starr, F. P.

Stetson, H. N.

Stockton, R. O.
Stothart, Thomas
Sullivan, H. J.

Sullivan, Richard

Tennant, W. B.
Thompson, Enoch
Thorne, W. H.

Town, Henry

Vroom, W. E.

Walker, James, M. D.
Walker, T. D., M. D.
Warner, Gen. D. B.
Warwick, O. H.
Warwick, Wm., M. D.
Wesley, F. C.

Wetmore, A. H.
Wetmore, F. H., M. D.
Wetmore, H. C.

White, J. Hunter
White, W. W., M. D.
White, Wm.

Williams, F. E.

Williams, W. L.

Wood, E. C.

286

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

Addison, Miss A. A.
Addy, Mrs, H. G.
Agar, Mrs. M. E.
Allen, Mrs. C. B.
Allen, Miss E.
Alward, Mrs. S.
Anderson, Miss M.
Anglin, Mrs. J. V.
Angus, Mrs. W. M.
Archibald, Mrs. E.
Arnold, Miss
Arscott, Mrs. R.

Baker, Mrs. C. F.
Barbour, Mrs. G. E.
Barbour, Miss M.
Barker, Mrs. E. F.
Barker, Miss Helen
Barker, Mrs. L. W.
Barlow, Miss J. R.
Barnes, Miss C. F.
Barnes, Miss E.
Bartlett, Miss K. R.
Bell, Mrs. T.

Bennet, Mrs. W. R.
Bent, Miss
Best, Miss H. L.

Best, Mrs. M. E.
Black, Mrs. K. E.
Black, Mrs. S. McC.
Blizard, Mrs. F. W.
Bogart, Mrs. J.
Bonnell, Mrs. W. P.
Bourne, Miss Emily
Bourne, Mrs. T. P.
Bowman, Miss
Boyer, Mrs. B. N.
Brundage, Miss B.
Braine, Miss
Brodie, Miss C.
Brown, Mrs. D. F.
Buchanan, Mrs. G. T.
Bullock, Mrs. J. F.
Buckley, Mrs.
Bullock, Mrs. T. H.
Burditt, Mrs. W. F.
Buchanan, Mrs. G.
Burditt, Miss

Caie, Miss I. J.
Calhoun, Mrs. J. R.
Campbell, Mrs. G. M.
Casson, Miss A.
Casson, Mrs, R.

Associate Members.

Chandler, Mrs. A. H.
Christian, Miss
Christie, Miss
Clift, Miss B.

Cochrane, Mrs. R. J.
Cole, Mrs. Horace
Corbett, Mrs. R. A.
Coster, Mrs. A.

Coster, Mrs. C.

Coster, Miss L.

Cotter, Miss K. A. M.
Cowan, Miss E.

Cowan, Mrs. C. E.
Cowan, Mrs. R. P.
Cowgill, Mrs. F. B.
Creighton, Mrs. H.
Crosby, Mrs. L. G.
Currey, Mrs. L. A.
Currie, Mrs. J. S.

Daly, Mrs. H.

Dawson, Miss J. C.

Day, Mrs. J. L.
Danforth, Miss
Dever, Mrs. M.
Disbrow, Miss E.
Dowling, Mrs. T. Q.
Downie, Mrs. Wm.
Driscoll, Mrs. J.
Dunham, Mrs. W. O.
Dunn, Mrs. J. L.

Dunn, Miss L.

Edwards, Mrs. M. B.
Elkin, Mrs. S.

Ellis, Mrs. F. B.

Ellis, Mrs. J. V.
Emerson, Miss E. L.
Emerson, Mrs. R. B.
Estabrooks, Mrs. T. H.
Estabrooks, Mrs. W. G.
Estey, Miss A. E.
Estaey, Miss Grace
Estey, Mrs. Jas. A.
Everett, Mrs. H. L.

Fairweather, Miss A.
Fairweather, Mrs. G. E.
Fisher, Mrs. G. S.
Fisher, Mrs. W. S.

Fiske, Mrs. E. S.
Flanders, Mrs. C. R.
Fleming, Miss G.
Fleming, Mrs. W. M.

Flood, Mrs. Thos. J.
Foster, Mrs. T. H.
Forbes, Mrs. M. M.
Fotherby, Miss E. P.
Fotherby, Miss M.
Foulis, Miss J.

Freeze, Mrs. R. J.

Frink, Miss G.

Frink, Mrs. J. H.

Frink, Mrs. R. W. W.
Fullerton, Miss C.

Grant, Mrs. W. P.
Gibbard, Mrs. T.

Gibson, Miss M.
Gilchrist, Mrs. W.

Gilmour, Mrs. A. B.
Godsoe, Miss A.

Godsoe, Miss I.

Golding, Mrs. Wm. E.
Goodspeed, Mrs. F.
Gorham, Mrs. C. F.
Grannan, Mrs. P.

Grass, Mrs. M. E.

Green, Mrs. L.

Greer, Mrs. Wm.
Gregory, Mrs. S.
Grunlund, Mrs. S.

Gunn, Miss M. G.

Haley, Mrs. R. G.
Hannington, Mrs. F. E.
Hamilton, Mrs. G. A.
Hamm, Mrs. W. L.
Harrison, Miss L. G.
Harrington, Mrs. J.
Harrison, Mrs. J. S.
Harvey, Mrs. J. N.
Hatiieway, Mrs. W. F.
Hawker, Mrs. S. H.

Hay, Mrs. G. U.

Hayes, Mrs. R. T.
Hayward, Mrs. W. H.
Hazen, Mrs. R. M.

Hea, Miss A. M.

Hegan, Miss E. P.
Henderson, Mrs. Geo. A.
Henning, Mrs. W.
Holman, Mrs. A. L.
Holman, Mrs. F. E.
Homer, Miss E. B.
Hopkins, Mrs. S.

Hoyt, Miss F. A.

LIST GF MEMBERS.

287

Hoyt. Mrs. G. W.

Hoyt, Miss M. E.
Hughes, Mrs. Geo.
Huestis, Mrs. L. S.
Hunt, Miss L. A.

Hunt, Mrs. D.
Hutchinson, Mrs. D.

Inches, Mrs. P. R.

Ingiu ham, Miss L. G.
Isaacs, Miss A.

Jack, Miss A. D.

Jack, Mrs. Andrews
Jack, Miss L.

Jardine, Miss M.

Jones, Mrs. F. C.

Jones, Mrs. J. B.
Jordan, Mrs. M. C.

Keith, Mrs. L. A.

Kerr, Mrs. S.

Kimball, Mrs. G. A.
Kirkpatrick, Mrs. A.
Knight, Mrs. F.

Knight, Mrs. C. P.
Knodell, Mrs. J. C.

Landry, Mrs. I. J. D.

L4 ne, Mrs. F.
Lawrence, Mrs. J. M.
Leavitt, Mrs. D. J.
Leavitt, Mrs. R. T.

Lee, Miss E. A.

Lee, Mrs. G.

Lee, Mrs. T. C.

Likely, Mrs. J. A.
Lindsay, Miss M.
Lingley, Mrs. B.
Lingley, Mrs. D. G.
Lordly, Mrs. C. E.
Lowe, Mrs. C.

Macaulay, Mrs. A.
MacDonald, Mrs. Chas.
McAvity, Mrs. G.
McAvity, Mrs. J. L.
McAvity, Mrs. J. H.
McAvity, Mrs. J. A.
McAvity, Miss M.
McBeath, Miss E.
McClaskey, Mrs. A. A.
McInerney, Mrs. J. P.
McInnis, Mrs. A.
McIntosh, Mrs. J. R.
McIntosh, Mrs. Wm.

McIntyre, Mrs. Wm.
McIntyre, Mrs. W. E.
McKay, Mrs. W. M.
McKean, Mrs. G.
McKendrick, Mrs. D.
McKeown, Mrs. H. A.
McKinnon, Mrs. H. V.
McLaren, Mrs. J. S.
McLellan, Mrs. D.
McMillan, Mrs. J.
McNaughton, Miss E.
Magee, Mrs. J. A.
Manning, Miss S.
Martin, Mrs. W. A.
Matthew, Mrs. W. C.
Matthew, Mrs. R.
Maxwell, Miss L.
Maxwell, Miss O.
Mellick, Mrs. C.
Melrose, Mrs. A. R.
Merrill, Mrs. A. H.
Merritt, Miss Maude
Miller, Miss P. E.
Moore, Mrs. J. E.
Morrison, Mrs. A.
Murdoch, Miss E.
Murphy, Miss G.
Murray, Miss E. L.
Murray, Miss F. E.
Murray, Mrs. F. W.
Murray, Mrs. G.
Murray, Miss I. L.
Murray, Miss P . O.
Myles, Mrs. W. H.

Nannary, Miss M. A.
Nase, Mrs. O.

Neales, Mrs. Wm.
Noble, Mrs. G. W.

Olive, Miss K.

Olive, Mrs. Murray

Paddock, Mrs. M. V.
Page, Mrs. H. C.
Palmer, Mrs. Chas. A.
Paterson, Mrs. R. B.
Paterson, Mrs. W. F. B.
Patterson, Mrs. A. P.
Peck, Mrs. H. B.
Perkins, Miss F.

Peters, Mrs. C. H.
Peters, Mrs. F. A.
Pickett, Mrs. H. H.
Porter, Mrs. A.

Powell, Mrs. H. A.

Powell, Miss
Price, Miss B.

Price, Mrs. G. R.
PUDDINGTON, MlSS A.

Rainnie, Miss A. M.
Rankine, Mrs. T. R.
Rankine, Mrs. R. R.
Rising, Mrs. E. L.
Ritchie, Mrs. R. J.

Robb, Miss A. D.

Robson, Miss D.
Robertson, Mrs. Geo. M.
Robertson, Mrs. J. F.
Robertson, Mrs. J. M.
Robinson, Miss E.
Robinson, Miss J. L.
Robinson, Mrs. J. M.
Robson, Mrs. W. L.
Rowan, Miss J.

Sadleir, Mrs. Wm. H. B.
Sadleir, Miss
Salmon, Mrs. J. G.
Salter, Mrs. E. V.
Sanford, Mrs. C. F.
Schaefer, Mrs. H. H.
Schofield, Mrs. H. B.
Schofield, Mrs. J. K.
Scott, Mrs. N. C.

Scovil, Mrs. E. G.

Sealy, Mrs. John
Secord, Mrs. J. E.

Seely, Mrs. Fred
Seely, Miss Jean
Sharpe, Mrs. J. A.

Sharp, Miss E. M.
Sheffield, Mrs. M. A.
Sheridan, Mrs. R. A.
Sinclair, Mrs. R. A.
Sipprell, Mrs. E. M.
Skinner, Mrs. A. O.
Skinner, Mrs. S.

Skinner, Miss C.

Skinner, Mrs. E.

Smith, Miss A. L.

Smith, Mrs. E. A.

Smith, Miss E. B.

Smith, Mrs. G. F.

Smith, Mrs. H. C.

Smith, Mrs. J. W.

Smith, Mrs. R. M.

Snider, Mrs. P. W.
Spangler, Mrs. H. L.
Stephenson, Miss M.
Sterling, Mrs. J.

£ £

2S8 BULLETIN

Stetson, Mrs. F.
Stevens, Mrs. Roy
Stewart, Miss I.
Sullivan, Mrs. H. J.
Sullivan, Mrs. R.
Sunder, Mrs. C. E.
Sutherland, Miss K. M.

Taylor, Mrs. E. R.
Tennant, Mrs. W. B.
Thomas, Mrs. F. S.
Thomas, Mrs. Henry
Thomson, Mrs. J. H.
Thompson, Mrs. J. S.
Thomson, Mrs. Robt.
Thomson, Miss M.
Tingley, Miss E. A.

Armstrong, Christopher

Bennet
Bourne, C. P.

Campbell, Lloyd
Clark, Harold
Cross, Paul

Davis, Edwin
Davis, Kenneth

Ellis, Shirley
Easson, J.

Fletcher, Otto
Foster, Douglas

Beville, Miss Florence
Brown, Miss Mary E.

Coster, Miss Constance
Coster, Miss Gertrude
Coster, Miss Grace
Culley, Miss Mary

Denham, Miss Muriel
Freeze, Miss Jane
Freeze, Miss Vivian
Frost, Miss M.

OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

Tuck, Mrs. W. H.
Turner, Miss K. E.

Vaughan, Mrs. J. R.
Vaughan, Mrs. S. B.
Vaughan, Mrs. S. T.
Vincent, Miss H.
Vincent, Mrs. T. N.

Wade, Mrs. John
Ward, Miss H. M.
Wardroper, Mrs. H. E.
Waring, Miss A. G.
Waring, Mrs. W. L.
Warlock, Mrs. B. B.
Warner, Mrs. J.
Wasson, Miss M.

Junior Members.

Gibson, Miles
Gibson, Will
Gifford, John

Holman, Arthur
Holman, Douglas
Holman, Harry
Haworth, William
Hutchinson, J.

Jones, Percy

Knowles, Robt.

Lane, John
Lingley, Gordon
Leonard, Geo.

Junior Associates.
Grunlund, Miss Vega

Kays, Miss Leona
Kee, Miss E. M.
Kuhring, Miss G.
Knight, Miss Jessie

Leavitt, Miss Jean
Lingley, Miss M.

Watt, Mrs. J. G.
Watt, Mrs. M.
Weldon, Mrs. C. W.
Wetmore, Mrs. A. H.
Wetmore, Mrs. H. C.
White, Mrs. J. H.
White, Mrs. Thos. F.
White, Mrs. W. W.
Whittaker, Mrs. E. L.
Williams, Mrs. F. E.
Williams, Mrs. J. D.
Wilmot, Miss E. B.
Wilson, Mrs. J. E.
Woodbury, Miss E. A.
Woodman, Mrs. A. M.
Worden, Miss D.

Machum, Ralph
Morris, F. R.

Nixon, Murray

Paterson, Balfe
Patterson, Edwin.

Somerville, Clark

Taylor, Ellis

Wetmore, Clarence
Willet, Arthur
Willet, Gordon
Willis, Edwin

Murdoch, Miss Mary
MacKinnon, Miss E.

Vanwart, Miss Myrtle

Waterman, Miss Rosalie
Williams, Miss Mabel
Williams, Miss Nettie
Willis, Miss Maud

V /-'