BULLETIN

OF THE

Zoology ^

' OCT 22 1940

... U38 AitV

Natural History Society

NEW BRUNSWICK.

No. XXX.

VOL. VI. Part V.

PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY

ST. JOHN, N. B.:

Barnes & Co., Ltd., Printers, Prince Wm. Street.
1913.

CONTENTS.

Page

ARTICLE I—

Diatoms of New Brunswick — By L. W- Bailey ,

LL.D F.R.S.C. 387-417

ARTICLE II —

Notes on the Natural History and Physiogra-
phy of New Brunswick — By W. F. Ganong.. 419-451

ARTICLE III. —

Record of our Fiftieth Anniversary.— By G. U.

Hay 453-456

ARTICLE IV. —

Sketch of the History of the Natural History

Society of New Brunswick. — By G. F. Matthew 457-474

ARTICLE V —

Notes on New Brunswick Weather for 1911. — By

D . Leavitt Hutchinson 475-480

APPENDIX—

Fiftieth Annual Report of Council 481-493

Donations 494-496

Officers and Committees. 497-498

List of Members 499-503

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY
ST. JOHN, N. B.

BULLETIN

OF THE

Natural History Society

OF

NEW BRUNSWICK.

No. XXX.

Vol. VI. Part V.

PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY

ST. JOHN, N. B.:

Barnes & Co., Ltd., Printers, Prince Wm. Street.
1913.

ARTICLE I.

DIATOMS OF NEW BRUNSWICK.
By L. W. Bailey, L.L.D., F. R.S.C.

III. — Forms From The North Shore.

In a previous Bulletin of this Society (Vol. VI, Part II), an
account is given of the Marine and Estuarine Diatoms of the
south coast of New Brunswick, including lists of species obtained
in Passamaquoddy Bay and adjacent waters, about St. John
and the lower portion of the St. John River, and at St. Martins.
In the present paper it is proposed to give lists of those since
observed on the north shore of the Province fronting the Gulf
of St. Lawrence. The localities from which the collections
were made include Shediac, Cocagne, Richibucto, Chatham,
Newcastle, Bathurst, Campbellton, and Dalhousie, as well as
intermediate points, but in most cases near the shore, little
opportunity having been available for dredging at more distant
points or for the making of plankton gatherings.

Compared with the south or Bay of Fundy shore of the
Province, that of the “ North Shore” presents in many particulars
important contrasts. Thus, while along the whole length of
the former the coast is rocky, often bordered by precipitous
bluffs and with waters of considerable depth quite up to their
base, and with numerous rocky islands fringed with sea weed,
the northern shores are almost everywhere low, and the adjacent
waters very shallow, even for long distances from the coast-
line. About the Bay of Fundy tidal action is powerful, and
the change of tidal level from twenty-five to thirty feet; that
of the Gulf Shore is feeble, and the change does not exceed five
or six feet. The waters of the Bay, and even in the lower part
of the St. John River, constantly stirred by tidal movements,
are very cold; those of the north shore are much warmer and
387

388

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

more uniform. In the former instance the waters are usually
clear and transparent, in the latter generally muddy, discoloured
and opaque. Finally, while in Passamaquoddy Bay especially,
the bottom is not unfrequently found to consist of a fine mud,
in which Diatoms are abundant, that of much of the shore
facing the Gulf is made up of a fine sand brought down by the
riyers from the great central Carboniferous plain which here
borders the entire coast, and in this sand the Diatoms are com-
paratively infrequent and difficult to separate. About the
mouths of these rivers, however, such as the Richibucto and
Miramichi, and in shallow bays and harbors like those of Richi-
bucto and Bathurst, muddy areas may be found, while sub-
merged objects, such as buoys, wharves and piers of bridges,
are often coated with a muddy slime, largely made up of Diatoms.
The same is true of the eel grass (Zostera) which grows profusely
in shallow waters, and from these rich harvests may be gathered.

The species of Diatoms so far obtained from the localities
examined are given in the following lists. In presenting them
I desire to express my indebtedness to Mr. Oliver Kendall, Jr.,
of Providence, R. I., who has not only checked most of them
from material sent to him for that purpose, but has also added
quite largely to their number. The literature employed in
the identifications embraces Smith’s “British Diatoms,” Wolle’s
“Diatoms of North America,” Schmidt’s “World Diatoms,”
Van Heurch’s “Diatoms of Belgium,” Rabenhorst’s “Flora
Europaea,” “La Diatomiste,” Pritchard’s “Infusoria,” Mann’s
“Diatoms of the Albatross Expedition,” and various articles
on Diatoms by J. W. Bailey, F. H. Lewis, Greville, Walker
Arnott, A. M. Edwards and others.

The work upon which this paper is based was done under
the auspices and with the assistance of the Marine Biological
Station at St. Andrews.

Diatoms from Bathurst Harbor.

Bathurst Harbor is a broad, shallow basin, traversed by
two or more tidal currents, and receiving small additions of
fresh water from streams about its head. Except for the very

DIATOMS OF NEW BRUNSWICK.

389

narrow channels referred to, it is everywhere occupied, above
and between the bridges which span it, by a dense growth of
eel grass, and in dragging a plankton net through the latter,
even for a distance of a few feet only, this becomes completely
filled with the mud adherent to the grass. This mud is very
largely composed of Diatoms, including the sixty or more species
enumerated below, while the piers of the bridges are also covered
with a dense growth, consisting mainly of concatenate and
filamentous forms, such as Melosita , Grammatophora and
Tabellaria.

Acnanthes longipes Ag.
Acnanthes subsessilis Ehr.
Actinoptychus undulatus Kutz.
Amphiprora pellucida.
Amphiprora vitrea.

Amphora costata W. S.
Amphora ovalis Kutz.
Bacillaria paradoxa Gmel.
Biddulphia aurita Breb.

Himantidium arcus W. Sm.
Homoecladia filiformis.
Homoecladia sigmoidea W. S.
Hyalodiscus subtilis.

Melosira nummuloides Kutz.
Melosira varians Ag.

Melosira Borerii Grev.
Navicula aspera Kg.

Navicula Baileyana.

Biddulphia (Zygoceros) Mobilensis BaiNavicula brevis (?)

Colletonema subcohaerens Thw.
Campylodiscus.

Cocconeis scutellum Ehr.
Cocconeis placentula Ehr.
Cocconema lanceolatum Ehr.
Cymbella cuspidata Kutz.
Coscinodiscus eccentricus Ehr.
Coscinodiscus minor Ehr.
Coscinodiscus omphalanthus (?)
Cyclotella.

Doryphora Boeckii.

Navicula didyma Kutz.
Navicula elegans W. Sm.
Navicula elliptica Kutz.
Navicula forcipata Grev.
Navicula humerosa.
Navicula longa.

Navicula Lyra.

Navicula nobilis Ehr.
Navicula semen Kutz.
Navicula Smithii Ag.
Odontidium mesodon K.

Doryphora (Raphoneis) amphiceros KtzlOdontidium hyemale.

Epithemia argus W. Sm.
Epithemia musculus Kutz.
Epithemia turgida Ehr.
Epithemia zebra Ehr.

Eunotia monodon Ehr.

Eunotia tetraodon Ehr.
Fragillaria capucina Desm.
Gomphonema constrictum Ehr.
Gomphonema geminatum Ag.
Grammatophora marina Kutz.

Pinnularia acuta W. Sm.
Pinnularia nobilis Ehr.

Pinnularia viridis Ktz.
Podosphenia.

Pleurosigma Balticum W. S.
Pleurosigma acuminatum.
Pleurosigma elongatum (?) W. S.
Pleurosigma strigilis Sm.
Pleurosigma strigosum Sm.
Plagiotropis vitrea Grun.

390

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIERY.

Nitschia longissima Rais.
Nitschia plana W. S.

Nitschia sigmoidea W. S.
Nitschia Tryblionella Han.
Nitschia vermicularis Hantz.
Raphoneis Boeckii W. Sm.
Raphoneis amphiceros Kutz.
Rhabdonema arcuatum. K.
Rhabdonema minutum Kutz.
Rhizosolenia setigera Bright.
Stauroneis phoenicenteron Ehr.
Stauroneis aspera.

Surirella crumena.

Surirella elegans Ehr.
Surirella Febigerii Lew.
Surirella gemma Ehr.
Surirella ovalis Breb.
Surirella striatula Turp.
.Synedra capitata (?)

Synedra acuta.

Synedra salina W. S.

Synedra ulna Ehr.

Synedra ulna var. longissima.
Tabellaria fenestrata Kutz.

Diatoms from the Vicinity of Chatham, N. B.

Chatham is situated upon the south side of Miramichi Bay,
the most considerable of the indentations which mark the North
Shore of New Brunswick, receiving at its head the very con-
siderable volume of fresh water brought down by the Miramichi
River. It is also, in the vicinity of Chatham, of considerable
depth and therefore in contrast with the harbor of Bathurst.
It is for the most part bordered by low bluffs of grey sandstone,
and the material of the bottom, as elsewhere, is largely made
up of fine sand derived from the latter, and in these few Diatoms
are to be found. From the scrapings of wharves and buoys,
however, a rich harvest may be gathered, embracing the forms
included in the following lists: —

1. Diatoms from soundings near wharves, Chatham:

Actinoptychus undulatus Kutz.
Amphipleura sigmoidea W. S.
Amphora affinis Kutz.

Amphora lanceolata Ehr.
Amphora obtecta H. L. S.
Biddulphia aurita Breb.
Campylodiscus cribrosus W. Sm.
Coscinodiscus radiatus Ehr.
Cocconema lanceolatum Ehr.
Cyclotella striata Thw.
Colletonema subcoherens Thw.
Cymbella.

Dickieia pinnata Ralfs.
Epithemia turgida Ehr.
Epithemia Hyndmani.

Epithemia musculus Kutz.
Grammatophora marina Kutz.
Grammatophora serpentina Ehr.
Hyalodiscus subtilis.
Homoecladia sigmoidea W. S.
Homoecladia filiformis W. S.
Himantidium arcus W. Sm.
Melosira varians Ag.

Melosira nummuloides Kutz.

DIATOMS OF NEW BRUNSWICK.

391

Melosira subflexilis Kutz.

Meridion circular e Ag.

Navicula cyprinus.

Navicula ovalis W. S.

Navicula permagna Bail. *

Nitschia bilobata W. Sm. 4

Nitschia circumsuta Bail.

Nitschia Hungarica Grun.

Nitschia sigmoidea W. S.

Nitschia Tryblionella Han.

Nitschia vermicularis Han.

2. On barnacles adherent

Acnanthes longipes Kutz. Abundant.
Amphipleura pellucida Kutz.

Nitschia sigmoidea W. Sm.

Synedra salina. Very abundant.
Synedra radians. Kutz.

Navicula Gallionii (?)

Navicula Smithii C. Ag.

Navicula amphisbaena (?) Bory.
Navicula viridis Kutz.

Navicula longa Rails.

Navicula ovalis Kutz.

Navicula directa W. Sm.
Coscinodiscus radiatus Ehr.
Coscinodiscus marginatus K. B.
Cocconeis scutellum Ehr.
Himantidium.

Melosira nummuloides Kutz.
Melosira varians Ag.

Actinoptychus undulatus Ehr.
Amphora affinis Kutz.

Amphora obtecta H. L. S.

Amphora lanceolata Ehr.

Odontidium mutabile S. B. D.
Pleurosigma Balticum W. Sm.
Pleurosigma obscurum W. S.
Pyxidicula compressa Bail.
Raphoneis Boeckii W. S.
Raphoneis amphiceros Kutz.
Rhabdonema arcuatum K.
Stauroneis phoenicenteron Ehr.
Synedra ulna Ehr.

Tabellaria fenestrata Kutz.

to Buoy No. 10:

Hyalodiscus subtilis Bail.
Rhizosolenia setigera Br.
Pleurosigma Balticum Grun.
Pleurosigma.

Gomphonema marinum W. Sm.
Grammatophora serpentina Ehr.
Grammatophora marina Lyn.
Grammatophora stricta Ehr.
Surirella.

Rhabdonema arcuatum Lyn.
Ripidophora.

Epithemia zebra Ehr.

Epithemia turgida Ehr.

Tryblionella.

Biddulphia aurita Lyn.

Biddulphia rhombus Ehr.

Biddulphia mobiliensis Bail.
Campylodiscus cribrosus W. Sm.
Rhoicosphenia curvata Grun.
Caloneis Schuminiana Lewis.
Caloneis Schuminiana var. trinodis L.

Diatoms from the Miramichi River.

With a view to the determination of the effects of the admix-
ture of fresh and salt waters upon the distribution of Diatoms,
collections were made at several points upon the Miramichi
River from Chatham up to Red Bank, with the following results:

392

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

1. From the wharves at Newcastle:

Acnanthes longipes Ag.
Actinocyclus sp (?)

Actinoptychus undulatus Kutz.
Amphipleura pellucida Kutz.
Amphiprora alata Kutz.

Amphora ovalis Kutz.

Amphora salina W. S.

Auliscus sculptus Ralfs.
Biddulphia aurita Breb.

Biddiilphia laevis.

Biddulphia Mobilensis Bail.
Biddulphia rhombus W. Sm.
Caloneis Schuminiana Grun.
Campylodiscus argus Bail.
Campylodiscus Ralfsii W. Sm.
Campylodiscus cribrosus W. Sm.
Campylodiscus Hodgsonii W. Sm.
Cocconeis pediculus Ehr.
Cocconeis scutellum Ehr.
Cocconeis placentula Ehr.
Cocconema lanceolatum Ehr.
Coscinodiscus asteromphalus Ehr.
Coscinodiscus centralis Ehr.
Coscinodiscus concavus Ehr.
Coscinodiscus eccentricus Ehr.
Coscinodiscus minutus.
Coscinodiscus minor Ehr.
Coscinodiscus nitidus Gray.
Coscinodiscus radiatus Ehr.
Coscinodiscus subtilis Ehr.
Cyclotella compta Kg.

Cyclotella Meneghiniana Kg.
Cyclotella striata Grun.

Cymbella Cistula Hem.

Cymbella Ehrenbergii Kutz.
Cymbella cuspidata Kutz.

Dicladia capreolus Ehr.
Eupodiscus sp.

Eunotia pectinalis Kg.

Eunotia monodon Ehr.

Eunotia tetraodon Ehr.

Eunotia major Raf.

Eunotia robusta Ralfs.

Epithemia argus W. Sm.

Epithemia turgida Ehr.

Epithemia zebra Ehr.

Epithemia gibba Kutz.

Epithemia musculus Kutz.

Fragillaria virescens Ralfs.

Fragillaria Harrisonii Grun.

Fragillaria capucina Desn.
Gomphonema geminatum Ag.
Gomphonema constrictum Ehr.
Grammatophora marina Lyc.
Grammatophora serpentina Ehr.
Himantidium bidens Ehr.
Himantidium pectinale Kutz.
Homoecladia filiformis W. Sm.
Homoecladia sigmoidea W. Sm.
Hyalodiscus subtilis Bail.

Melosira nummuloides Kutz.

Melosira varians Ag.

Melosira Jurgensii Ag. var. octogona G.
Melosira granulata Ralfs.

Melosira orichalcea Ken.

Navicula acuta.

Navicula didyma Kutz.

Navicula elliptica W. S.

Navicula firma Kutz.

Navicula forcipata Grev.

Navicula granulata Breb.

Navicula producta W. S.

Navicula radiosa Kutz.

Navicula ovalis W. Sm.

Navicula semen Kutz.

Navicula elegans W. S.

Navicula Baileyana Grun.

Navicula peregrina Ktz.

Navicula Lyra Ehr.

Navicula cardinalis Ehr.

Navicula viridis Ktz.

Navicula exempta.

Navicula nobilis Ehr.

Navicula bombus Kg.

DIATOMS OF NEW BRUNSWICK.

393

Navicula divergens Ralfs.
Navicula Beckii Heib.

Navicula rhyncocephala Kutz.
Navicula longa Gray.

Nitschia circumsuta Bail.
Nitschia vermicularis Hantz.
Nitschia sigmoidea Ehr.
Nitschia sigma W. Sm.

Nitschia linearis W. Sm.
Nitschia plana W. Sm.

Nitschia Hungarica Grun.
Nitschia Tryblionella H.
Nitschia closterium W. S.
Odontidium mutabile S.
Odontidium tabellaria W. S.
Pinnularia viridis Ktz.
Pinnularia nobilis Ehr.
Pleurosigma Balticum W. S .
Pleurosigma strigilis S.
Pleurosigma obscurum W. Sm.
Pleurosigma estuarii W. Sm.
Rhabdonema arcuatum Lyn.
Rhizosolenia styliformis Bright.
Stauroneis acuta W. S.

2. Diatoms from near

Amphiprora alata Kutz.
Amphora ovalis K. B.

Amphora lanceolata Cleve.
Actinoptychus undulatus Kutz.
Campylodiscus cribrosus W. S.
Cocconema cistula Ehr.
Cocconeis scutellum Ehr.
Cocconeis placentula Ehr.
Coscinodiscus eccentricus Ehr.
Coscinodiscus radiatus Ehr.
Coscinodiscus nitidus (?)
Colletonema subcoherens Thw.
Cyclotella compta Kg.

Dickiea pinnata Ralfs (?)
Eunotia.

Epithemia turgida Ehr.
Epithemia musculus Kutz.

Stauroneis anceps Ehr.

Stauroneis phoenicenteron Ehr.
Stauroneis pulchella W, S.
Stauroneis salina.

Stauroneis aspera.

Syndendrium diadema Grev.
Surirella ovalis Breb.

Surirella cruciata A. S.

Surirella Brightwellii W. Sm.

= S. crumena Breb.
Surirella Febigerii Lewis.

Surirella elegans Ehr.

Surirella minuta Breb.

Surirella Mollerianum Grun.
Surirella splendida Kutz.

Surirella craticula Ehr.

Surirella striatula Turp.

Surirella limosa.

Synedra ulna Ehr.

Synedra radians W. Sm.

Synedra salina W. Sm.

Tabellaria flocculosa Kutz.
Tabellaria fenestrata Kutz.
Tryblionella scutellum Sm.

rf one mile above Nelson:

Epithemia zebra Ehr.
Gomphonema constrictum Ehr.
Gomphonema acuminatum Ehr.
Gomphonema capitatum Ehr.
Homoecladia sigmoidea W. Sm.
Homoecladia = Nitschia fasciata.
Grammatophora marina Lyn.
Melosira nummuloides Kutz.
Melosira varians Ag.

Navicula didyma Kuyz.

Navicula Hennedyi W. S.
Navicula peregrina Kg.

Navicula Smithii Breb.

Navicula elliptica.

Nitschia vermicularis Hantz.
Nitschia sigmoidea.

Nitschia Tryblionella H.

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BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

Odontidium mesodon K.
Orthosira marina W. Sm.
Pleurosigma acuminatum W. S.
Synedra ulna Ehr.

Synedra salina W. S.

Tabellaria fenestrata Kutz.
Surirella ovata Kutz.
Surirella circumsuta Bail.
Surirella Febigerii Lewis.

3. Red Bank, sixteen miles above Newcastle:

This prosperous village is situated on the right bank of the
Northwest Miramichi, about two miles below the confluence
of its two principal branches, the Northwest and Little South-
west. The water is subject to slight change of level, due to
the backing action of the tides below, but contains to the taste
no trace of salt. Not far below the confluence referred to mud
from the bottom yielded the following forms, all of which are
fresh-water types, though some of them are also found in brackish
waters.

Surirella splendida Kutz.
Navicula viridis Ktz.
Epithemia turgida Ehr.
Meridion circulare Ag.
Cocconema lanceolatum Ehr.
Cymbella cuspidata Kutz.
Licmophora.

Synedra ulna Ehr.

Fragillaria.

Tabellaria flocculosa Kutz.
Himantidium gracile Ehr.
Gomphonema constrictum Ehr.
Melosira punctata (?)

Diatoms from Southern Portion of Chaleur Bay.

With a view to a comparison of the Diatoms of Bathurst,
Chatham and the lower part of the Miramichi River, contained
in the preceding lists, gatherings were next made along the
south shore of the Bay of Chaleur where the conditions are
more purely marine. The larger part of the coast is fronted
by high bluffs of Carboniferous sandstones and shales. The
accompanying waters, however, are not deep, and about the
long piers which have been constructed for wharfing purposes
considerable areas occur in which there is an abundant growth
of eel grass, and from these as well as from the wharves many
collections were made. The species found in these are contained
in the following lists:

DIATOMS OF NEW BRUNSWICK.

395

1. Diatoms from Shippegan:

Acnanthes longipes S. B. D.
Amphiprora alata Ehr.

Amphora ovalis Kutz.
Actinoptychus undulatus S. B. D.
Actinoptychus planus.

Auliscus spinosus (?) Chris.
Actinocyclus crassus W. S.
Biddulphia aurita Lyng.
Biddulphia laevis Ehr.

Cocconeis scutellum Ehr.
Cocconeis pediculus Ehr.
Colletonema eximium.
Campylodiscus sp (?)

Chaetoceros boreale Bail.
Chaetoceros didymum.
Coscinodiscus relatus.
Coscinodiscus radiatus Ehr.
Coscinodiscus omphalanthus Ehr.
Coscinodiscus eccentricus Ehr.
Coscinodiscus concinnus.
Cyclotella striata Grun.

Cyclotella compta Kg.

Epithemia zebra K.
Gomphonema.

Grammatophora marina K. B.
Grammatophora serpentina Ehr.
Hyalodiscus subtilis Bail.
Licmophora flabellata W. S.
Licmophora tincta.

Mastogloia exigua Lewis.
Mastogloia lanceolata S. B. D.
Melosira varians Ag.

Navicula Lyra Ehr.

Navicula maculata Bail.

Navicula longa Ralfs.

Navicula viridis Kg.

Navicula aspera Kg.

Navicula liber S. B. D.

Navicula peregrina Kg.

Navicula semen Ehr.

Navicula radiosa S. B. D.
Navicula elliptica W. S.
Navicula Americana Ehr.
Nitschia longissima Cleve.
Nitschia sigmoidea S. B. D.
Nitschia angularis S. B. D.
Nitschia scalaris W. S.

Nitschia vermicularis Hantz.
Nitschia gracilis.

Nitschia closterium S. B. D.
Plagiotropis vitrea Ehr.
Pleurosigma Balticum Ehr.
Pleurosigma delicatulum W. S.
Pleurosigma hippocampus N. S.
Pleurosigma fasciola S. B. D.
Pleurosigma formosum W. S.
Podosphenia Lyngboei.
Rhizosolenia setigera.
Rhabdonema arcuatum Kutz.
Rhabdonema Adriaticum Kutz.
Rhoicosphenia curvata.
Schizonema sp (?)

Striatella unipunctata Ag.
Stauroneis phoenicenteron Ehr.
Synedra ulna Ehr.

Synedra salina W. S.

Tabellaria fenestrata K. B.
Tryblionella gracilis.

2. Diatoms from Miscou:

Coscinodiscus.

Nitschia longissima Ralfs.
Pleurosigma fasciola W. S.

Rhizosolenia setigera Br.
Rhoicosphenia curvata Grun.

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BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY

3. Diatoms from Lemeque:

Amphora ovalis Kutz.

Amphiprora alata Ehr.

Actinoptychus undulatus S. B. D.
Auliscus sculptus Ralfs.

Biddulphia aurita B. Lyn.
Campylodiscus bifurcatus Schm.
Campylodiscus cribrosus S. B. D.
Cocconeis scutellumEhr.

Coscinodiscus concinnus.
Coscinodiscus minor Ehr.

Cymbella.

Epithemia zebra K.

Gramma tophora marina K. B.
Hyalodiscus subtilis Bail.

Melosira nummuloides Ag.

Melosira varians Ag.

Navicula aspera Kg.

Navicula maculata Bail.

Navicual Jennerii S. B. D.

Navicula humerosa Breb.

Navicula viridis Kg.

Navicula Americana Ehr.

Navicula elliptica W. S.

Navicula longa Ralfs.

Navicula radiosa S. B. D.

Navicula liber S. B. D.

Navicula convexa S. B. D.

Navicula Smithii S. B. D.

Navicula permagna Kutz.

Navicula forcipata Grun.

Navicula interrupta Bail.

Navicula Baileyana Grun.

Navicula didyma Kg.

Nitschia granulata.

= Pyxidicula compressa Bail,
Nitschia longissima Cleve.

Nitschia lanceolata S. B. D.
Nitschia scutellum S. B. D.
Nitschia vitrea Nonn.

Orthosira marina.

Plagiotropis vitrea Ehr.
Pleurosigma Balticum Ehr.
Pleurosigma formosum W. S.
Pleurosigma affinis Grun.
Pleurosigma delicatulum (?) N. S.
Pleurosigma fasciola S. B. D.
Pleurosigma macrum W. S.
Rhabdonema arcuatum Kutz.
Rhabdonema adriaticum Kutz.
Rhoicosphenia curvata.

Stauroneis salina W. S.

Surirella striatula Turp.

Surirella gemma Ehr.

Striatella unipunctata Ag.

Synedra radians Kg.

Syndendrium diadema Grev.
Tryblionella gracilis.

Surirella circumsuta Bail.

Diatoms from Carraquette.

Collections were made from several points in this vicinity,
but, though the conditions seemed favorable, the results were
meagre. The forms actually observed are enumerated below,
but no doubt the list might be largely extended. Probably
all the forms found at Shippegan occur here as well.

Cocconema lanceolatum Ehr. Gomphonema constrictum Ehr.

Cocconeis scutellum Ehr. Gomphonema capitatum.

Cyclotella striata Thw. Grammatophora marina Ktz.

Cymbella gastroides. Homoecladia sigmoidea W. S.

DIATOMS FROM NEW BRUNSWICK.

397

Melosira Borerii Grev.
Melosira varians Ag.
Navicula directa.

Navicula elegans.
Navicula viridis Kg.
Navicula ovalis W. S.
Nitschia longissima Ralfs.
Nitschia sigmoidea W. S.

Nitschia closterium.
Pleurosigma.

Pyxidicula compressa.
Rhabdonema minutum Kutz.
Rhabdonema arcuatum.
Svnedra radians W. S.
Synedra ulna Ehr.

Tabellaria flocculosa Kutz.

Diatoms of the Northern Portion of Bay Chaleur.

The conditions prevailing here are very different from those
found in the other indentations of the northern coast. The geologi-
cal formations bordering this part of the Bay Chaleur are not, as
elsewhere, the sandstone of the Carboniferous system, but slates
and volcanic rocks assigned to the Silurian and Devonian systems.
The shores are much higher and bolder, and the waters of con-
siderably greater depth than those of Bathurst and Chatham
Harbors, and are also more free from suspended and dissolved
matter, while the Restigouche River, which enters the Bay
a few miles above Campbellton, unlike the Miramichi, is remark-
able for the clearness and purity as well as for the coldness of
its waters. The study of the distribution of Diatoms here
should therefore present some facts of interest, but the lateness
of the season at which observations were made, and the preval-
ence of stormy weather, made the results less satisfactory than
they otherwise would have been.

Diatoms from Campbellton.

Acnanthes subsessilis S. B. D.
Actinoptychus undulatus S. B. D.
Actinoptychus planus.

Amphora ovalis Kutz.

Cyclotella Meneghiniana Kg.
Cyclotella compta Kg.

Cocconema lanceolatum Ehr.
Cocconeis scutellum Ehr.
Cymbella gastroides Kg.
Cymatopleura elliptica S. B. D.
Coscinodiscus eccentricus Ehr.

Coscinodiscus radiatus Ehr.
Coscinodiscus minor Ehr.
Campylodiscus cribrosus S. B. D.
Climacosphenia elongata Bail (?)
Cocconeis Placentula.

Encyonema coespitosum Kg.
Eunotia arcus.

Eunotia tetraodon Ralfs.
Fragillaria Harrisonii Grun.
Epithemia zebra K.
Grammatophora marina S. B. D.

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BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

Homoecladia sigmoidea S. B. D.
Melosira nummuloides Ag.
Melosira varians Ag.

Navicula (Doryphora) Boeckii.
Navicula interrupta Bail.

Navicula peregrina S. B. D.
Navicula patula S. B. D.

Navicula acuta S. B. D.

Navicula stauroneifromis Lewis.
Navicula distans (?)

Navicula pelagi Schm. At.
Navicula longa Ralfs.

Navicula ovalis Kg.

Navicula maculata Bail.

Navicula semen Ehr.

Navicula rhomboides Ehr.

Nitschia sigmoidea S. B. D.
Nitschia sigma S. B. D.

Nitschia vermicularis Hantz.
Nitschia angularis S. B. D.
Nitschia plana S.B. D.

Orthosira marina.

Odontidium mesodon S. B. D.

Diatoms ]

Acnanthes subsessilis S. B. D.
Actinoptychus undulatus S. B. D.
Bacillaria paradoxa.

Biddulphia aurita Lyn.

Biddulphia laevis Ehr.
Chaetoceros didymus Ehr.
Chaetoceros boreale Bail.
Chaetoceros decipiens.
Chaetoceros Wighamii.

Cocconeis scutellum Ehr.
Coscinodiscus eccentricus Ehr.
Coscinodiscus radiatus Ehr.
Coscinodiscus omphalanthus Ehr.
Dickiea pinnata.

Doryphora Boeckii.
Grammatophora marina K. B.
Grammatophora stricta.
Homoecladia sigmoidea S. B. D.
Melosira varians Ag.

Plagiotropis vitrea Ehr.
Pleurosigma Balticum Ehr.
Pleurosigma hippocampus S. B. D.
Pleurosigma acuminatum S. B. D.
Pyxidicula compressa Bail.
Podosphenia Lyngboei..
Rhabdonema minutum (?)
Raphoneis Boeckii.

Surirella circumsuta Bail.

Surirella striatula Turp.

Surirella ovata Ehr.

Surirella crumena Breb.

Surirella Febigerii Lewis.
Stauroneis aspera Kg.

Stauroneis salina S. B. D.
Schizonema vulgare S. B. D.
Syndendrium diadema Grev.
Stephanodiscus (?)

Synedra ulna Ehr.

Synedra radians Kg.

Synedra longissma W. S.
Tryblionella gracilis.

M Dalhousie.

Melosira nummuloides Ag.
Navicula didyma Kg.

Nitschia closterium S. B. D.
Nitschia sigmoidea S. B. D.
Nitschia bilobata.

Nitschia longissima Cleve.

Nitschia vermicularis Han.
Orthosira marina.

Pleurosigma acuminatum S. B. D.
Pleurosigma Balticum Ehr.
Pleurosigma decorum W. S.
Rhabdonema.

Surirella ovata Ehr.

Synedra undulata Bail.

Synedra acuta Ehr.

Synedra radians Kg.

Tabellaria fenestrata K. B.
Tryblionella gracilis.

DIATOMS OF NEW BRUNSWICK.

399

Diatoms from Coast Between Bay Chaleur and Bathurst.

This coast is also bordered by Silurian and Devonian rocks
(calcareous limestones and intrusives) usually forming low
bluffs and islands; but these are crossed by many streams, the
shallow mouths of which, more or less occupied by eel grass,
afford favorable opportunities for diatom collecting. The
stream-outlets examined include Jacquet River, Benjamin
River and Tattagouche River, while some collections were also
made at intermediate points.

1. Diatoms from Benjamin River

Acnanthes.

Amphiprora.

Amphora ovalis Kutz.

Actinocyclus.

Actinoptychus undulatus S. B. D.
Biddulphia aurita Brelo.
Campylodiscus parvulus S. B. D.
Cocconeis scutellum Ehr.
Cocconema lanceolatum Ehr.
Coscinodiscus omphalanthus Ehr.
Coscinodiscus eccentricus Ehr.
Coscinodiscus minutus.

Cymbella gastroides Kutz.

Eunotia monodon.

Epithemia.

Grammatophora marina S. B. D.
Gramma tophora serpentina S. B. D.
Grammatophora stricta Ehr.
Hyalodiscus subtilis Bail.

Melosira varians Ag.

Meridion intermedium H. L. S.
Navicula aspera Kg.

Navicula permagna Kutz.

Navicula maculata Bail.

Navicula ovalis W. S.

Navicula interrupta Bail.

Navicula longa Ralfs.

Navicula Boeckii.

Navicula radiosa S. B. D.

Navicula liber S. B. D.

Navicula didyma Kutz.

Nitschia closterium S. B. D.
Nitschia longissima Grun.
Nitschia sigmoidea S. B. D.
Nitschia vermicularis Hantz.
Nitschia vitrea var. major Norm.
Nitschia granulata Grun.

Nitschia bilobata S. B. D.
Nitschia scutellum S. B. D.
Nitschia Tryblionella.

Pinnularia viridis.

Plagiogramma pulchellum FGrev.
Pleurosigma fasciola W. S.
Pleurosigma angulatum S. B. D.
Pleurosigma lanceolatum.
Pleurosigma Balticum Ehr.
Pleurosigma formosum W. S.
Pleurosigma affine Grun.
Podosphenia.

Rhabdonema arcuatum Kutz.
Rhoicosphenia curvata Kutz.
Skeletonema costatum.

Surirella elegans Ehr.

Surirella ovata Ehr.

Synedra radians.

Synedra ulna Ehr.

Syndendrium diadema Ehr.

400

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

Diatoms from Mouth of Jacquet River.

Actinoptychus undulatus S. B. D.
Amphora ovalis Kutz.

Biddulphia aurita Breb.
Biddulphia laevis Ehr.

Caloneis Schuminiana.

Caloneis var. trinodis Grun.
Campylodiscus spiralis W. S.
Cocconeis scutellum Ehr.
Cocconeis placentula.

Cocconema lanceolatum Ehr.
Coscinodiscus eccentricus Ehr.
Coscinodiscus omphalanthus Ehr.
Cymbella cistula Hem.

Cymbella gastroides K.
Doryphora (Raphoneis) Boeckii.
Epithemia zebra K.

Fragillaria capucina Des.
Gomphonema acuminatum Ehr.
Grammatophora marina Kutz.
Grammatophora serpentina Ehr.
Hyalodiscus subtilis Bailey.
Homoecladia sigmoidea W. S.
Himantidium major.

Licmophora flabellata Ag.
Mastogloia lanceolata S. B. D.
Melosira nummuloides Kutz.
Navicula dicephala.

Navicula amphirhynchus Ehr.
Navicula ovalis Kg.

Navicula liber S. B. D.

Navicula Hennedyi S. B. D.

Navicula maculata Bail.
Navicula brevis Greg.

Navicula didyma Kg.

Navicula Boeckii Herb.
Navicula peregrina Kg.

Navicula longa Ralfs.

Navicula aspera Kg.

= Stauroneis aspera.
Navicula interrupta Bail.
Nitschia sigmoidea W. S.
Nitschia vermicularis Hantz.
Nitschia bilobata W. S.

Nitschia scutellum S. B. D.
Nitschia Tryblionella.

Nitschia coarctata Grun.
Pleurosigma Balticum Ehr.
Pleurosigma affine,.
Pleurosigma hippocampus W. S.
Plagiotropis vitrea Ehr.
Rhabdonema arcuatum K.
Rhoicosphenia curvata Grun.
Stauroneis acuta W. S.
Stauroneis salina W. S.

Surirella ovalis Breb.

Surirella crumena Breb.
Surirella striatula Turp.

Synedra radians Kg.

Synedra ulna Ehr.

Tabellaria flocculosa Kutz.
Tryblionella gracilis.

Diatoms from Shore near Dickie’s Station, I. C. R.

Cocconeis scutellum Ehr.
Melosira nummuloides Kutz.
Nitschia longissima Ralfs.
Orthosira marina W. Sm.

Pleurosigma.

Rhoicosphenia curvata Grun.
Synedra ulna Ehr.

DIATOMS OF NEW BRUNSWICK.

401

Diatoms from Mouth of Nash’s Creek, Restigouche Co.

Actinoptychus undulatus S. B. D.
Amphiprora alata Ehr.

Biddulphia aurita Lyn.
Campylodiscus spiralis.
Campylodiscus sp (?)

Cocconema lanceolatum Ehr.
Cocconeis scutellum Ehr.
Coscinodiscus minor.
Coscinodiscus omphalanthus Ehr.
Coscinodiscus (?)

Coscinodiscus marginatus.
Cymbella cistula Brun.

Cymbella gastroides Kg.
Epithemia turgida Kg.
Gomphonema acuminatum Ehr.
Grammatophora marina K. B.
Homoecladia sigmoidea S. B. D.
Mastogloia lanceolata S. B. D.
Melosira nummuloides Ag.
Meridion intermedium.

Navicula ovalis Kg.

Navicula didyma Kg.

Navicula viridis Kg.

Navicula Boeckii Heib.

Navicula peregrina Kg.

Diatoms from Shore at

Amphora turgida (?)

Actinoptychus undulatus Kutz.
Cocconeis scutellum Ehr.
Epithemia zebra Kutz.
Homoecladia sigmoidea W. S.
Melosira nummuloides Kutz.
Navicula radiosa Kutz.

Nitschia sigmoidea W. S.

Navicula aspera Kg.

Navicula interrupta Bail.

Nitschia scalaris W. S.

Nitschia sigmoidea S. B. D.
Nitschia Tryblionella.

Nitschia bilobata S. B. D.

Nitschia vermicularis Hantz.
Nitschis gracilis.

Nitschia longissima S. B. D.
Raphoneis Boeckii.

Rhoicosphenia curvata Rab.
Rhabdonema arcuatum.
Pleurosigma strigosum.
Pleurosigma Balticum Ehr.
Pleurosigma hippocampus (?) W. S.
Surirella ovata Ehr.

Surirella ovalis K. B.

Surirella nobilis.

Surirella Brightwellii.

Surirella striatula Turp.

Triceratium sp (?)

Tabellaria flocculosa.

Tabellaria fenestrata K. B.
Tryblionella gracilis.

New Mills, Restigouche Co.

Nitschia closterium W. S.
Pleurosigma fasciola W. S.
Rhoicosphenia curvata Grun.
Synedra ulna Ehr.

Synedra radians W. S.

Surirella ovalis Breb.

Surirella ovata Kutz.

Diatoms from Richibucto.

Richibucto Harbor, like most of those on the North Shore,
is broad but shallow and largely occupied by eel grass, but
traversed by a narrow channel sufficiently deep to allow vessels

402

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

of light draught to reach its wharves. It receives at its head
the waters of Richibucto River, a stream of only moderate size.
Collections were made from the channel, from the wharves,
and from salt marshes on the shore, and from these the following
species were obtained.

Acnanthes longipes Ag.

Acnanthes subsessilis K.

Actinoptychus undulatus Kutz.

Amphiprora alata Kutz.

Campylodiscus Ralfii W. Sm.

Campylodiscus spiralis.

Climacosphenia curvata.

Cocconeis pediculus Ehr.

Cocconeis scutellum Ehr.

Coscinodiscus eccentricus Ehr.

Coscinodiscus radiatus Ehr.

Coscinodiscus nitidus Gray.

Cymbella cuspidata Kutz.

Diatoma elongatum Ag.

Diatoma hyalinum.

Eunotia monodon Ehr.

Eunotia diodon Ehr.

Fragillaria Harrisonii Grun.

Fragillaria capucina Desm.

Fragillaria virescens Ralfs.

Himantidium majus W. Sm.

Himantidium gracile Ehr.

Himantidium bidens Ehr.

Himantidium pectinale Kutz.

Grammatophora marina Lyn.

Homoecladia filiformis W. Sm.

Homoecladia sigmoidea W. S.

Hyalodiscus subtilis Bail.

Licmophora flabellata Ag.

Melosira nummuloides Kutz.

Melosira marina.

Melosira varians Ag.

Navicula mesolepta Kutz.

Diatoms from Mouth of Cocagne River.

The following species, mostly common elsewhere on the
coast, were found in mud scraped from the piers of Cocagne
River bridge:

Navicula viridis Kutz.

Nitschia bilobata W. Sm.
Nitschia plana W. Sm.

Nitschia sigmoidea Ehr.

Nitschia vermicularis Hantz.
Nitschia longissima Ralfs.
Nitschia sigma W. S.
Pleurosigma fasciola W. S.
Pleurosigma Balticum W. S.
Pleurosigma hippocampus (?) E.
Podosphenia Jurghensii Kutz.
Rhabdonema Adriaticum Kutz.
Rhabdonema arcuatum Kutz.
Rhoicosphenia curvata Grun.
Stauroneis anceps Ehr.
Stauroneis phoenicenteron Ehr.
Stauroneis salina (?)

Striatella unipunctata Ag.
Surirella Mollerianum Grun.
Surirella ovata Kutz.

Surirella splendida Kutz.
Surirella ovalis Breb.

Synedra ulna Ehr.

Synedra lunaris Ehr.

Synedra undulata Bail.

Synedra radians W. S.

Synedra salina W. S.

Synedra acus Kg.

Synedra biceps W. Sm.
Tryblionella scutellum Sm.
Tryblionella gracilis W. S.
Tabellaria flocculosa Kutz.

I

DIATOMS OF NEW BRUNSWICK. 403

Melosira nummuloides Kutz.
Melosira Borerii Grev.
Melosira varians Ag.

Nitschia closterium W. Sm.
Nitschia vermicularis.
Nitschia sigmoidea.
Pleurosigma Balticum W. S.
Pleurosigma acuminatum (?)

Navicula didyma Kutz.
Cocconeis scutellum Ehr.
Doryphora Boeckii W. Sm.
Synedra.

Pinnularia viridis Kutz.
Tryblionella.

Surirella.

Diatoms from the Vicinity of Shediac.

The coasts at Shediac and in the vicinity present the same
features as those found elsewhere on the north shore, tfie waters
being very shallow for considerable distances from the shore
line and the bottom composed mainly of fine sand, from which
Diatoms can be obtained only in small numbers and with diffi-
culty. Probably richer gatherings could be made from the
extremity of the steam-boat wharf at Point du Chene, but,
owing to stormy weather, these were impossible at the time of
my visit. Somewhat better results were obtained at the Mouth
of Shediac River, a few miles north of Shediac itself, the following
species having been obtained from the piers of the bridge at
this point.

Amphiprora alata Kutz.

Grammatophora marina Lyn.

Pleurosigma Balticum W, S.

Navicula elegans W. S.

Navicula viridis Kutz.

Navicula Smithii var. ovalis Ag.

Navicula maculata Bail.

Campylodiscus spiralis W. Sm.

Synedra ulna Ehr.

Homoecladia sigmoidea W. S.

Surirella.

Amphora ovalis Kutz.

Nitschia sigmoidea Ehr.
Nitschia Tryblionella H.
Nitschia vermicularis Hantz.
Rhabdonema arcuatum Lyn.
Rhabdonema.

Odontidium mutabile S. B. D.
Biddulphia aurita Lyn.
Acnanthes longipes Ag.
Cocconeis scutellum Ehr.

SUMMARY.

From a review and comparison of the foregoing lists some
interesting conclusions may be drawn.

The first feature of the collections to attract attention is
the general similarity of the forms met with at the several points

404

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

examined, indicating that most of these prevail along this entire
sea board. Of the species found at nearly all the localities the
following may be mentioned.

Grammatophora marina; Melosira varians and M. nummu-
loides ; Navicula viridis ; N. ovalis; Actinoptychus undulatus;
Cocconeis scntellum ; Coscinodiscus radiatus ; Epithemia turgida;
Synedra ulna ; Surirella ovalis ; Biddulphia aurita ; Coscinodiscus
eccentricus ; Homoecladia sigmoidea; Hyalodiscus subtilis;

Nits chia sigmoidea ; N. vermicular is; Pleuro sigma Balticum.

While those which are very rare or found only at one or two
points include:

Synedra undulata ( Toxarium undulatum Bail); Eunotia
diodon and E. tetraodon ; Grammatophora stricta; Himantidium
bidens; Navicula mesolepta and N. elegans; Nitschia circumsuta
and N. closterium ; Raphoneis amphiceros; Caloneis Schuminiana;
Amphora ovalis and A . costata; Bacillaria paradoxa; Biddulphia
rhombus and B. Mobilensis ; Cyclotella striata and S. compta;
Campylodiscus spiralis; Encyonema coespitosum, Rhoicosphenia
curvata , Dickiea pinnata {?); Colletonema subcoherens ;

Rhoicosphenia curvata ; Syndendrium diadema ; Skeletonema
costatum (?)

Of species of which only one or two specimens have been
observed the following may be mentioned:

Campylodiscus Hodgsonii; C. Ralfsii; Climacosphenia curvata;
Auliscus sculptus ; Triceratium sp(?); Mastogloia exigua ;

Stauroneis acuta; Stauroneis aspera; Plagiogramma.

The association of certain species at particular points in
great numbers,, sometimes to the almost complete exclusion of
everything else, may be noticed here. Thus in the channel
of the harbor of Richibucto Rhabdonema occurs in great
numbers, accompanied by sessile clusters of Cocconeis scutellum,
sometimes embracing a hundred or more individuals, while in
that of Bathurst Acnanthes longipes is equally noticeable, accom-
panied, though to a lesser extent, by Grammatophora marina.
The abundance of Diatoms in this latter harbor is beyond con-
ception, it being only necessary to drag a plankton net through
a few yards of water in the flats between the bridges to have

DIATOMS OF NEW BRUNSWICK.

405

this completely filled with a mud which is to a very large extent
.made up of Diatoms only. Nitschia vermicularis , var. sigmoidea
and Homoecladia sigmoidea are found in large numbers in the
waters of the Miramichi River, at Chatham, Newcastle and
Nelson, while Nitschia longissima is more abundant about the
Bay Chaleur. No doubt the abundance of these organisms
in the shallow and warm bays of the northern coast, such as
those of Shediac, Cocagne and Buctouche, have had something
to do with the abundance and fine quality of the oysters for
which these localities are so well known.

From the close resemblance of the collections made at so
many points from the Bay Chaleur to Shediac, it may be inferred
that they are fairly representative of the Diatom flora of the
North Shore, and that similar forms are to be found in the
numerous other indentations which diversify this coast.

If now the Diatom flora of the North Shore be compared
with that of the southern or Bay of Fundy sea-board, some
noticeable differences may be observed.

Many forms, of course, are common to both, including
Actinoptychus undulatus ; Cocconeis scutellum and C. placentula ;
Epithemia turgida and E. Zebra ; Tabellaria flocculosa and T.
fenestrata; Navicula Smithii and N. didyma ; Stauroneis phoe-
nicenteron and S. anceps ; Surirella splendida , S. ovalis and S.
Molleriana; Melosira nummuloides and M. varians; Synedra
ulna , Cocconema lanceolatum : and many others; — but in the
North Shore collections no specimens of Triceratium alternans ,
Isthmia, Scoliopleaura or Stephanodiscus were observed.
Pleur osigmas occur in both, including PL Balticum and P.
attenuatum , but they are fewer in number and include a less
variety on the northern than on the southern coast. The same
is to some extent true of Coscinodiscus, though in the Miramichi
waters between Chatham and Newcastle, specimens of C .
radiatus , C. eccentricus and C. asteromphalus are quite abundant
and of large dimensions. Grammatophora marina is common
on the North Shore as it is also in the Bay of Fundy,
but G. serpentina is much more rare. Acnanthes longipes is
common to both shores but much more abundant in the northern

406 BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

than in the southern waters. Biddulphia is comparatively
rare in the north, as is also Campylodiscus , though several species
of both genera occur. On the other hand Synedra undulata ( .=
Toxarium undulatum Bail) found at Richibucto and Dalhousie,
has not yet been observed in the Bay of Fundy, though reported
by Dr. Mackay as occurring at Canso and common around
the shores of Prince Edward Island. Synedra longissima,
Biddulphia rhombus , Caloneis Schuminiana, Campylodiscus
Ralfsii and C. Hodgsonii , Syndendrium diadema , Dickiea pinnata ,
Meridion circulare , with many Naviculae, Coscindisci and
Nitschias, found on the North Shore, have not yet been noted
in *the waters of the southern coast.

Another point of interest on the North Shore is the com-
mingling of fresh water and salt water types. In a previous
Bulletin of this Society (No. XXVII) this subject was well
illustrated, it being pointed out that both upon the St. Croix
River and the St. John, with its tributary, the Kennebecasis,
typical marine forms are to be found at a distance of fifteen
or twenty miles from the sea, while forms usually regarded as
of fresh water origin occur in the harbor of St. John. The
same commingling is noticeable upon the North Shore, but it
is seen in the occurrence of fresh water species in waters that
are decidedly salt rather than the reverse. Thus Pinnularia
viridis, Synedra ulna , Stauroneis phoenic enter on, Surirella elegans
and S. spenldida , all typical fresh water forms, occur, not infre-
quently, in the salt waters of Miramichi River at Newcastle
and Chatham. There are not, however, upon the North Shore
such powerful river and tidal currents as in the lower St. John,
and falls or dams frequently mark a point, above which, of
course, marine forms cannot enter, though fresh water swarms
from above may be swept outward.

The comparative absence of distinctively plankton forms
in the waters bathing the northern coasts as compared with
their abundance and variety in the waters of the Bay of Fundy
is also worthy of notice, though this may be due to the fact that
the collections herein alluded to were nearly all littoral, con-
sisting mainly of muds from shallow waters, washed from eel-

DIATOMS OF NEW BRUNSWICK.

407

grass ( Zostera ) or the piles of' wharves and bridges, while in
only a few instances were plankton nets employed. Of the
five genera — - Chaetoceros , Skeletonema, Rhizosolenia, Thalas-
siosira and Asterionella — -usually regarded as distinctively
planktonic — only three have been observed and these hot in
large numbers. Chaetoceros decipiens Cleve; and Rhizosolenia
setigera Bright; were found at several localities, (the latter
especially about Bathurst Harbor, Shippegan and Lemeque)
and Skeletonema in one instance only (at Benjamin River),
but Nitschia longissima , which, with its long processes, is well
adapted for flotation, is quite common, especially in collections
from Bathurst and Dalhousie. Biddulphia Mohilensis Bail,
found in Bathurst Harbor, is also usually regarded as a planktonic
form, as are the several species of Coscinodiscus.

COMPARATIVE DISTRIBUTION OF DIATOMS ON NORTH SHORE OF NEW^BRUNSWICK.

408

BULLETIN OV THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

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417

418

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

THE MINUTE LIFE OF THE SEA.

The most abundant (of this minute plant life of the sea) are
probably the diatoms which form an isolated group of very curious
little one-cell algae. Each cell is enclosed in a little flinty case
very strangely ornamented by artificial-looking dots and lines.
Some are circular, others rectangular, some are torpedo-shaped,
whilst others are quite indescribable without illustrations.

These diatoms are as important to the harvest of the sea as the
grasses are to man and his domestic animals, for it is upon diatoms
that those minute animals feed who themselves supply cuttle-
fishes, ordinary fishes, and whales with daily nourishment.

There seems to be two crops of diatoms in most parts of the.
world, one in spring and the other in late summer, but on this
very essential point our information is by no means clear.

In Southern Newfoundland, at depths of 5,000 to 6,000
metres (2,500 to 3,280 fathoms,) there are extraordinary quant-
ities of the dead shells of a circular form (Coscinodiscus radiatus).
This is the place where the cold Labrador current mingles with
the warm water of the Gulf Stream, and the consequence is a
continual massacre of the diatoms which sink to the depths and
are there forming the mud or clay of the bottom.

Such diatoms, even if they do escape the codfish, have not
necessarily wasted their lives. Each minute cell contains a drop
of oil, and such oil-drops accumulating in the muddy deposits
may become infinitely valuable stores of petroleum.

“Chocolate creams” and “wax” candles made from them may
be very useful and agreeable after a few more geological aeons.
— Botany of To-day.

ARTICLE II.

NOTES ON THE NATURAL HISTORY AND PHYSIO-
GRAPHY OF NEW BRUNSWICK.

By W. F. Ganong.

( The map of the Bartholomew River, to accompany one of the
Dungarvon as promised in the last Bulletin , is withheld for the
present pending the acquisition of further information concerning
the sources of the latter river.)

124. — On Temperature Measurements of New Brunswick

Springs.

Read June 4, 1912.

New Brunswick is a wonderfully well-watered country, and
amongst these waters are innumerable cold crystalline springs.
Often and often in the summers, after physical enjoyment of
their coolness and a visual delight in their clarity, I have turned
to the intellectual consideration of their low temperatures and
the causes. But my measurements of those temperatures thus
far have been spasmodic and planless, and not over-careful,
though I mean to reform in these respects for the future. In
particular I have often wished I could follow the temperature
changes of some large spring through all of the seasons, in com-
parison with the fluctuations of the air-temperatures and with
the mean annual temperature of the place, and could compare
the temperature fluctuations of the same spring in different
years and of different springs through the same year. No such
measurements have yet been made in New Brunswick, easy
and satisfactory though the matter would be for some scientific-
ally minded resident; and it is largely in order to call attention
to the problems and their interest that I present this note to
the Society, especially commending the subject to the attention

419

420

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

of some of the enthusiastic younger members. Unable myself,
for obvious geographical reasons, to make any seasonal tempera-
ture measurements, but greatly desiring some information upon
the subject, I recently enlisted the aid of some relatives of mine
in St. Stephen, who made weekly measurements as often as
practicable through the winter of 1910-11. The measurements
were made by my brother, Mr. J. E. Ganong, who was ably
T assisted, and I suspect kept up to his task, by my young niece,
Miss Jean Webb Ganong, and my nephew, Master J. Edwin
Ganong, Jr. The temperatures were taken with a standardized
Centigrade thermometer, read after an immersion of several
minutes in the spring itself, and checked by a reading in a dish
of water taken quickly therefrom. The spring is a constantly-
flowing one lying on the easterly slope of a place known to the
youth of the region as “Tiger Hill,” a little beyond and northeast
of the last house on Elm Street, St. Stephen.

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19/OJvly Juyust Sept r Octx Aov- r Dec r Ja-rt y. Teh? March .April May Jane t9//

The results are incorporated in the accompanying graph,
in which the dots represent the readings. The cotemporaneous
air readings are omitted because taken only a part of the time.
I have no question as to the substantial accuracy of the figures,
and the unexpected fluctuations they show are unquestionably
genuine. However, the data are obviously too scanty to have
any appreciable value as a contribution to a knowledge of this
subject, but I present them as an illustration of method, and a
foundation for further studies. Of course they should be carried
through the entire year, at weekly intervals at least, and the
cotemporaneous air temperatures should be recorded with equal
care, as should the daily temperatures, and other marked features

NATURAL HISTORY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY OF NEW BRUNSWICK. 421

of the weather. Comparative graphs showing the relation
between the temperatures of springs and the cotemporaneous
weather conditions, carried throughout an entire year, would
certainly yield information of the highest scientific interest.

125. — On the Physiographic Characteristics of the
Gaspereau (Sunbury-Queens) River.

Read in Abstract, June 4, 1912.

One of the least known, though most accessible, of the minor
rivers of New Brunswick is the Gaspereau, the principal branch
of Salmon River in Queens County. For many a year I had
gazed longingly upon its somewhat conventionalized representa-
tion upon our maps, with a great desire to make its personal
acquaintance, but it was not until the summer of 1910 that I
was able actually to examine it. In that year I descended its
lower course, below Portage Island, on foot and by team, while
in 1911 I followed almost its entire length, theoretically by canoe
but practically almost wholly on foot, making observations
and running surveys which are incorporated on the accompanying
map and in the following notes.*

First, we note the development of our knowledge of the
river. It first appears, without name, in connection with the
representation of the important portage to Cains River, on the

*1 was accompanied on both trips by Mr. William Laskey of Fredericton. On the first we
crossed on foot, with our camp outfit on our backs, from Cains River, in connection with our
study of the old Indian portage, as noted in Bulletin XXVIII, 201. On the second we were
portaged by team with our canoe from Chipman through to Yankee Brows, just below Briggs
Brook, though probably a canoe could be brought all the way from Smith and Day Spring,
where another portage road crosses the river. Our canoe was specially prepared, by shoe
runners, for shallow water, of which we found plenty below Flewelling Brook, though above,
that point the canoeing was pleasant.

My survey was made from the mouth of Briggs Brook to the mouth of the river, the angles-,
being taken by compass and the distances estimated. Later I checked up my results with all
other available material, especially the plans of the Crown Land Office, and thus constructed
. the accompanying map.

In the preparation of both notes and map, I have had much cheerful and highly, valued aid
from Mr. P. H. Welch, so often mentioned in these notes, and from Mr. Martin Farraher, of
Dohertys Corner, Sunbury County, the chief guide to the upper waters of the river, to both
of whom I wish to express my obligations and thanks.

422

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

great Franquelin-de Meulles map of 1686, and thereafter on a
few French maps. Its first modern appearance occurs in 1785,
under its present name, in one of the Land Memorials preserved
at Fredericton. It is then indicated or sketched, obviously
because of the prominence of its portage route, on various maps,
finally achieving a tolerable representation upon that of Bonnor,
of 1820.

The river, however, has never been surveyed, and its represen-
tation on our modern maps is pieced together from land surveys
in the lower parts and timber line intersections in its upper.
Its lower course receives an occasional brief mention in the
Geological Reports, and scattered references occur in several
works, though these hardly constitute a literature of its own,
of which it has practically none.*

The river was settled part way up its lower course by an
expansion of native settlers, with a few Irish immigrants; but,
as in all the rivers of this region, the settlement is contracting
and the upper farms are abandoned. Above, it is wholly a
wilderness river, unburnt, and yielding much lumber. Its
upper course abounds in trout, and the lower, for about eight
miles up, was a favorite resort of gaspereau, whence of course
its name, while pickerel are abundant in its sluggish lower three
miles. Beaver are building dams across its upper cour^ and
the tributaries, and moose are plenty.

The Gaspereau River heads, as Mr. Farraher informs me,
in low swampy or boggy ground lying in approximately the
position shown by the accompanying map. I have myself seen

*An early reference to the upper river, and especially the Lake, occurs in Cockburn’s Emi-
gration Report of 1828 (British Blue book, 1828, 92). Some interesting material, including
mention of early settlers, occurs in Sir James Alexander’s account of a survey for a military
road along the country line from Moncton to Boiestown, made in 1844, as related in his book
L'Acadie, II, 173-183. Some account of hunting trips on Pleasant Brook is contained in Dash-
wood’s book Chiploquorgan, 122-130. A brief account of its settlement is in the Transactions
of the Royal Society of Canada, X, 1904, ii, 133.

We may here note also the place nomenclature of the river. Its own name is obviously
descriptive. Alexander’s book, by the way, contains, at page 169, an interesting reference to
the former abundance of Gaspereau in this river. Its Indian name was Obscache, meaning
Smaller Stream, or Branch, in contrast with Salmon River ( Transactions of the Royal Society
of Canada, V, 1911, ii, 190.) The names of the branches are all of the usual sort, either obviously
descriptive, or else reminiscent of some lumber boss who first operated upon them.

Scale- </- Traits to l inch

W"- Portage Hoads
W. Open barrens

Umber tines

MAP Of

Gasper eau and. Salmon Rivers

New Jirunsmcl

their physiographic relations
complicity
W. T. Ganont]

19/2.

NATURAL HISTORY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY OF NEW BRUNSWICK. 423

the neighboring country, which contains some low ridges dis-
tinguished by their remarkably fine hemlock trees, while between
the ridges lie the swamps, bogs, and barrens, everywhere charac-
teristic of this flat sandstone plateau. Thence the river flows
eastward in a flat country, receiving two small clear branches
from the north, until it reaches the vicinity of Smith and Day
Spring, where it is a small deadwater stream between boggy
banks. This spring, by the way, is one of the largest, coldest,
and clearest, I have seen in New Brunswick. Below, for three
miles I have not seen the river, but is is said by Mr. Farraher
to keep the same quiet, largely deadwater, character. A mile
above Briggs Brook, from which point I have seen it to the
mouth, it is a clear brown running brook; and thence downward
it is a series of. Stillwater sand-bottomed pools, separated by
smooth slides and little gravelly rips, winding abruptly at times,
and cutting into sandy or gravelly banks, all densely wooded
in a flat drift-covered country, — a very pleasing stream, large
enough for use of a canoe at fair water. Briggs Brook is a small
sluggish alder-encumbered stream, the outlet of Half Moon
Lake. This I have not seen, but it is said to be largely sur-
rounded by bog and barren, as are most of the lakes of the
sandstone country, although Timber Lake, and Spruce Lake,
both shown on our map, are said to have stony shores, and
bordering ridges, making them rather attractive. Below, the
river enlarges, but keeps much the same character as above,
with sand-bottomed pools abounding in trout, occasional dead-
waters, and low terrace and meadow banks in an open drift-
covered country, — a very good canoe stream of a charm quite
unexpected in this region. Thus it continues down to the V,
and the same below, ever enlarging and deepening, but keeping
much the same character, while at times the pools become so
large and deep as to make it a considerable river, though the
country remains open and flat. Gradually however, below the
V (and once above), sandstone ledges appear, and low cliffs, with
stony banks containing fine springs, some of them of the mineral
kind, while in places the river bed broadens over shallow rips. In
this part it receives several brooks, which, by the way, make

424 BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

their first map appearance upon that accompanying this paper.
Such is its character down to Flewelling Brook.

Below Flewelling Brook the character of the river gradually
changes. It becomes shallower and broader, with more fall
and rather frequent shallow rips, and occasional flat ledge
bottom. The banks meantime are rising into low bluffs or
cliffs of sandstone, and the country behind becomes higher,
with some abrupt hills and ridges amongst which the river valley
winds with markedly abrupt turns. This higher country, how-
ever, continues only for three or four miles, when it opens out
again at Mountain Brook, a stream insignificant at its mouth
but occupying a considerable valley, which, Mr. Welch assures
me, extends through to Cains River in continuity with the
valley of Blue Rock Brook. Into this same valley the main
river now swings for a mile or two, running southeast through
long stillwaters. Then it turns again abruptly northeast and
enters a high country, through which it winds and zigzags in
an even more complicated course than the scale of our accom-
panying map permits to be shown. Here the slopes, bluffs,
and often vertical cliffs, of much-jointed gray sandstone rise
up to near a hundred feet from the river, while the country rolls
up higher in marked ridges behind. Meantime, the river is
almost continuously shallow, swift, and rocky, a grievous trial
to the canoeman who must drag his craft (in our case a wooden
canoe specially provided with runners for the purpose) for miles
together. Downward the country becomes even higher, and
the windings more abrupt, the fall greater, and the valley appar-
ently narrower, these features culminating in the vicinity of
McAllister Brook, below which they perhaps mitigate a trifle.
And thus the river continues, ever in its deep winding rock-
walled, stony-bottomed valley, with occasional large granite
boulders in the stream, down to Meadow Brook, just below
which it makes its great bend to the southward.

The Gaspereau down to this point thus exhibits features
comparable with those of Cains River lying to the northward,
as the description of that river in Note No. 118 will attest. Both
have the quiet upper course in an open country; then both

NATURAL HISTORY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY OF NEW BRUNSWICK. 425

enter a higher country, evidently the same elevated mass,
crossing both rivers in a northwest-southeast direction; then
both cross an open trough, probably synclinal, occupied by
Mountain, Blue Rock and Layton Brooks; then both enter a
longer distance of still higher country, likewise extending con-
tinuously northwest-southeast between the two rivers and
beyond in both directions, probably a great anticline. There
is, however,' this difference, that the Gaspereau is a much newer
looking, and apparently much younger, river, with steeper and
more cliff-like walls.

But the relation between the two valleys does not end here-
Although the river at Meadow Brook turns abruptly and per-
manently southward, its original direction, as the map will
show, is continued by Meadow Brook, which flows directly
back against its course. I have seen this stream for only a
quarter of a mile, in which distance it has high rocky banks
like the Gaspereau; and Mr. Welch tells me it keeps this char-
acter for a mile up, above which point the banks become low
and the country open to the lake. This alignment of river
and brooks in comparison with the course of Cains River and
Salmon River, (which latter, as the next note will show, formerly
headed in Salmon Creek and flowed in the opposite direction),
suggests that the Gaspereau originally continued its course
along the general direction of the Meadow Brook valley, (across
the sharp angle now lying between them), thus falling into
harmony with the parallelism exhibited by the other rivers of
the region, as I have described in my Note on the Northumbrian
system (No. 93). In this case it probably continued its course
across country to the valley now occupied by the Kouchibou-
guacis, and thence into Northumberland Strait forming the
Kouchibouguacian Valley of the Northumbrian system. The
analogy of the great right-angled bends of the Miramichian
streams on the northeast, however, would suggest a possible
later course into Cains River, either through Six-Mile Brook,
or else the West Branch of Sabbies River. As to the causes
which turned it southward into its present course, they will be
noted later.

426 BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

Although the part of the Gaspereau which is now cutting
into the high country seems very new, it represents, I believe,
simply an instance of rejuvenation, that is, in which the river
is cutting into a rising country below a wide open meandering
course it had before the land thus started to rise. From the
higher ridges along the course of the river, indeed, I believe I
have seen this more ancient shallow valley. And the fact that
these rivers have the most pitch and are shoalest in the hilliest
parts, is evidence that these anticlinal ridges are now in course
of elevation.

Tracing back the Gaspereau in the other direction, it seems
possible, as already noted in the description of Cains River
(Note 118), that it had a former connection with the present
upper part of that river, through which, it is possible, it once
headed across the Nashwaak in the Tay, in parallelism with
the head of Cains River in the upper Nashwaak itself. But
another alignment of the Gaspereau is also traceable through
Little River, and the notable east and west part thereof, clear
to the Penniac, and even beyond along the Heron Lake valley
to the St. John, though whether this represents anything more
than coincidence, it must remain for future researches to decide.

Below Meadow Brook the river turns southward, but other-
wise keeps much the same character for a long distance. In
this part of its course, it has cut at least one hundred feet into
a plateau, and winds greatly, now against sandstone cliffs, now
against stony beaches, always with much fall and constant rips
and small rapids. Precisely as above, the semicircular lines
of vertical cliffs are often faced on the opposite side not by low
points, but by sloping stony ridges, down which the river is
evidently sliding, so to speak, as it undercuts the opposite cliffs.
And so it continues, a rather wild and striking river, but growing
ever larger, and developing downward in places some terraces
and intervales, as far as Bear Brook. Then the country begins
to open out somewhat, and finally at the bridge at upper Gas-
pereau it opens out very markedly and falls off rapidly south-
ward, while the river flows more and more quietly through
extensive and well farmed intervales down to its union with
Salmon River.

NATURAL HISTORY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY OF NEW BRUNSWICK. 427

It is thus plain that most of this part of the river below
Meadow Brook is cutting through the same mass of high land
which crosses the Gaspereau east of Mountain Brook, and
which, as the next Note will show, extends southeast across
Salmon River. Into this higher country both McKeens and
Pleasant Brooks, as well seen at their crossing of the portage
road, and others also, have cut wide deep valleys, nearly as deep
and wide, indeed, as that of the Gaspereau itself. Furthermore,
as the map will show, those streams line up remarkably with
Trout Brook, in a way to suggest that originally one or both
flowed along the course of Trout Brook into the eastward exten-
sion of the Gaspereau valley, perhaps along the upper course
of the present Big Forks of Salmon River. Cullen Brook and
Cochrane Brook, on the other hand, suggest in their directions
a former course through Castaway Brook into Salmon River,
which then flowed to the eastward.

But what caused the formation of the present lower Gaspereau
valley, from Meadow Brook to Salmon River? If, now, one
takes a small scale map of the Province, one which presents it
all at one view, he will find that this lower Gaspereau is part
of a very remarkable line of valleys running nearly north and
south through the province, — extending northward to include
the right-angled bends of the lower Miramichi, the Northwest
Miramichi. and the lower Nepisiguit, while in the opposite
direction it includes the course of Salmon River below the
junction with the Gaspereau, and various minor valleys to the
southward, and, if prolonged, it passes through Saint John
Harbour and Petite Passage, Nova Scotia, and is tangent to
the southwest coast of Nova Scotia. This line cannot possibly
represent a mere coincidence of erosion valleys, but must be
tectonic in origin; and it represents either a synclinal hinge
line which is steadily sinking while the province folds up on
both sides of it, — - somewhat as a book closes up, or else a great

*This same line is marked in part, as the “St. John’s line,” on the Lineament Map of the
Atlantic Coast Region, by W. H. Hobbs, in the Report of the Eighth International Geographic
Congress, 1905, 196. Other parallel, though less marked, lineament lines occur in New Bruns-
wick both to the eastward and (especially) westward, as I shall show in a later note.

428

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

fault line. Evidently it is erosion along this line which has
produced this long series of valleys.

In any case, the direction of the lower Gaspereau is continued
by the lower part of Salmon River so perfectly that there can
be no question as to their common origin. But as this lower-
most valley is now occupied by Salmon River, we shall consider
it under the next note.

The most striking feature of the Gaspereau is unquestionably
the remarkable prevalence of sandstone cliffs, which make it
the rockiest-walled river in the province. And these cliffs present
collectively a very remarkable feature, viz., — on the part of
the river above Meadow Brook, the most abundant and steepest
cliffs, as well as the earliest met with in descending the river,
occur as a rule on the right bank, while on the part below Meadow
Brook the most frequent and the steepest cliffs occur on the left
bank. Furthermore, on Salmon River the most striking cliffs
prevail on the left bank. Obviously this phenomenon cannot
be explained by the well-known tendency of rivers in the northern
hemisphere to erode their right banks, in consequence of the
earth’s rotation; and I was very much puzzled by the phenom-
enon until I happened to notice that in all cases these greater
cliffs have this point in common, — that they occur on the south-
easterly sides of those rivers. Then the matter became plain,
because all of this country has a general slope from the northwest
to the southeast. Obviously, on a level country the current
of a river would tend to erode both banks about equally, but
on one with a southeasterly slope the current will be thrown by
gravity with greater force against the southeasterly than the
northwesterly bank, and hence will uncut the former more
rapidly and forcibly than the latter.

Another feature of considerable interest about the Gaspereau
is the occurrence of a remarkable line of open barrens south of,
and parallel with, its course, as indicated upon the map. Mr.
Welch is my chief authority for this remarkable feature, which
he has mapped for me, and has described substantially as follows.
This chain of treeless heaths, about sixteen in number, extends
from Kouchibouguac, south of Chatham, in a southwesterly

NATURAL HISTORY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY OF NEW BRUNSWICK. 429

direction to Nashwaak in York County. They are from one
to three miles wide, and nearly continuous, only from one-fourth
of a mile to two miles of quite flat country separating them.
They are skirted on the south side with heavy growth such as
hemlock and spruce and hardwood, while the north side for
their full length is covered with a dense growth of dwarf spruce
and princes pine, mixed with little ridges of dwarf birch and
short knotty poplar. This heath chain crosses the head of
Richibucto River, Big Forks, Little Forks, Sabbies River,
crosses the Gaspereau just where it takes its turn to the south,
follows the course of the Gaspereau to its head, and crosses the
head of Newcastle Stream and Little River to near Nashwaak.
They contain a good many little lakes, up to a mile across,
which give origin to streams; and Mr. Welch adds other details
of minor interest. Since these barrens lie on the height of land
giving origin to streams flowing in both directions, they cannot
occupy an ancient valley, a precursor of the later Gaspereau,
as^ one’s first thought would have it; and they are probably
nothing more than an unusually well-developed series of the
barrens which everywhere occupy the remarkably level, and
therefore badly drained, surface of the Carboniferous plateau.
And, as Mr. Welch remarks, they were doubtless at one time
open shallow lakes, of which the present small lakes are the
remnants.

Supplement to Note 125. — The Ancient Indian Portage
from Gaspereau to Cains River.

In the earlier Note on Cains River (No. 118, in Bulletin
XXVIII, page 210), I called attention to the great interest of
this old Indian portage route, one o fthe most important in all
of New Brunswick,* and described its Cains River end together
with its course across country; and I added a brief comment
upon its Gaspereau end. But on our visit in 1911 I was able
to examine the latter place far more carefully than before, and
to glean new information, the results of which are contained
on the accompanying map and in the following remarks.

*The information we possess about this portage is recorded in the Transactions of the Royal
Society of Canada, V, 1899, ii. 251, and XII, 1906, ii, 93.

NATURAL HISTORY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY OF NEW BRUNSWICK. 431

In the first place, the testimony of men still living who knew
the portage while yet clearly visible, is unanimous in placing
its starting point a short distance above Portage Island, whose
location is perfectly well known and represented upon the accom-
panying maps. My informants are Mr. P. H. Welch, who has
known this region intimately since early youth, and who remem-
bers the portage when still distinct all the way from Gaspereau
to Cains River: two or three old residents of Gaspereau, (inter-
viewed for me by Mr. Welch), one of whom, now over eighty
years of age, claims to have seen Indians cross it: and Mr.
Alexander Arbo, whose long and intimate knowledge of this
region I have mentioned in the Note on Cains River. And their
evidence is in general agreement with that of the only map
known to me which marks the portage, a MS sketch of proposed
roads in this region by Beckwith in the Crown Land Office,
though this map is too crude to be of any real service in the
exact identification of the place. As to its position more exactly,
Mr. Welch and the old resident of Gaspereau agree that the
Indian path left the river a short quarter of a mile above Portage
Island, followed a ravine or gully giving an easy access to the
higher country behind, and was later followed by a lumber road
cut along the course of the old path, and used by the lumbermen
to obtain an easier slope to the higher ground.

Aided by this information, we had little trouble in locating
the position of the ancient path, despite the fact that no visible
trace of it now remains. Portage Island is an insignificant
island, little more than a flat weed-covered gravel bar lying
near the northern bank in the extreme northerly bend of the
river; but its identity is unmistakeable, for the lumbermen
and others who use the river all know it by that name, while,
moreover, it is the only island for a long distance up or down
the stream. North and west of it lie the Portage Island Flats,
a low open intervale, almost a marsh, covered with coarse grass.
Here the usually narrow and rock-walled valley opens out a
little, for the line of abrupt cliffs lying east of the island gradually
gives place north of the flats to . a wooded slope which becomes
more gradual to the westward towards the limits of our map.
A short quarter of a mile above Portage Island, at about the
place where, according to information, the portage path should
lie, is a little cove formed by a grass grown gravelly projection
from the beach; and emptying into this cove it a tiny rivulet
running deep down among stores, and probably dry at
times. The upland here is very low, and this rivulet reaches
the river through the center of a flat, £tony, bushy-wooded

432 BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

swale. Tracing its course inland as the country rises, the
rivulet becomes more distinct and the stony swale narrows,
until, a hundred yards from shore, the tiny stream is running
down among stones in a distinct little gully or small open ravine
cut some dozen or fifteen feet into the rather steeply rising
river bank, while fifty yards farther inland the gully opens
gradually out on the higher level of country, which then slopes
evenly and gradually back to the higher land. This gully,
for the most part densely wooded, is wide enough for a road as
well as a path, and does afford a markedly easy grade permitting
the avoidance of the otherwise rather steep ascent at this place ;
and moreover, as it is bottomed with stones deep among which
the waters runs, it would give always a firm and dry footing.

It was Up this gully, accordingly, I have not the slightest
doubt, the old Indian portage path ran. Very likely the path
kept for the most part right up its middle, but where it had
to take to one bank or the other that was probably the western,
i. e. nearest the direction the path took towards Cains River,
which was west of north.* The camping ground, also, which
marked the ends of all of these ancient Indian trails, lay west
of the path, as Mr. Welch personally knows. The low upland
both east and west of the stony swale is now partially cleared
as a persistance of an old lumber brow at this place; and one
can see that a tolerably good camp site lies to the westward,
with a much less favorable possibility on the east. Eastward
the bank remains very low for some distance, but westward it
rises gradually until, just beyond the limit of the map, it becomes
too high and steep to be easily ascended. The old lumber roads
marked on the map, near the path and camp ground, are still
distinct though faint, but of course will presently disappear.
The lower one is thought by Mr. Welch to be a persistence of
a road which the early lumbermen cut along the old path clear
through to Cains River.

There is no doubt, I think, that the path left the river about
or near the spot marked on my map: that the principal camp
ground lay just west of it: and that the little cove formed the
canoe landing, which is an excellent one. Allowance must be
made of course for changes since the days the path was in use,
but the main features have doubtless changed little. All geo-
graphical probabilities likewise favor this site, since it is in
reality, for portage purposes, the nearest practicable point of
the Gaspereau to Cains River. The shoals and bars marked
on the map interpose a great obstacle to ready access to the
shore for a considerable distance above the cove, while before

NATURAL HISTORY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY OF NEW BRUNSWICK. 433

they come to an end the banks have again risen too steeply for
ready ascent; and before the ascent again becomes practicable
the river has swung away to the southwest.

The only relics, or other traces of the use of the place, that
have been found in the vicinity, so far as Mr. Welch knows
or can find by inquiry, consist in a large store of bullets (some
600 in number, of 20 caliber, weighing about 44 pounds) found
a good many years ago by one of the afore-mentioned old resi-
dents of Gaspereau. They were exposed by the washing away
of the low bank about one hundred feet (not yards, as my former
note stated), below the camp-ground, and hence at about, or a
little above, the place where the old road reaches the beach.

There is one other matter deserving of mention in this con-
nection. In our first visit, in 1910, I was under the impression
that the portage path left the river east of Portage Island, and
accordingly we made our search for it there. It soon became
evident that only a single route was physiographically possible,
for only a single gap occurs in the cliffs. The line of abrupt
■Sandstone cliffs 'north of Portage Island is broken towards the
east, as shown on the map, by an open ravine containing a clear
little rivulet, alongside of which now runs a modern lumber
road. Just west of this roatl we detected the traces of an old
path leading by an easy grade up the sparsely-wooded slope to
the high land along the course shown (by survey) on my map;
and we felt confident at the time that this was the Indian path.
It is not impossible, though I agree it is highly improbable, that
this was the actual starting point of the Indian path, which
joined the other route a little to the northwest, the reputed
portage being simply the course of the first portage road cut by
the early lumbermen in their desire to reach the river by the
shortest and easiest slope. Such a view might have a slight
support in Beckwith’s map, which shows two endings of the
Portage on the Gaspereau, though this map is too crude and
generalized to be cited as authority. Against such a view,
however, is the fg.ct that the camping facilities at this place,
while possible for a tent or two, are impracticable for any number.
The path is doubtless a work of the later lumbermen.

The Gaspereau below the portage is a rather swift stream,
and moderately troublesome from the canoeman’s point of
view, especially at low water. It is much more difficult than
Cains River, which, however, is unusually easy. But its rougher
part is not very long, and moreover is much easier than many
a stream which the Indians travelled habitually; so that I have
no doubt it was reckoned a fairly easy route by the skilled Indian
polers.

434 BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

In time to come, all of these historic sites will be suitably
marked for the benefit of future generations of our people. On
the shore of the river at the cove near the swale should stand
a granite stone bearing some such inscription as this; —

ON OR NEAR THIS SPOT

STARTED THE ANCIENT INDIAN PORTAGE PATH
TO CAINS RIVER.

IT FORMED ONE OF THE IMPORANT LINKS
IN THE CHAIN OF ABORIGINAL ROUTES OF TRAVEL
THROUGH NEW BRUNSWICK,

AND THE PRINCIPAL LINE OF COMMUNICATION
BETWEEN THE MIRAMICHI AND THE LOWER SAINT JOHN.

126 — The Physiographic Characteristics of Salmon River
(Queen’s-Kent.)

Read in Abstract, June 4, 1912.

The principal river of south-central New Brunswick is
Salmon River, heading over towards Richibucto, and flowing
southwest into Grand Lake. I have twice given some study
to its physiographic characteristics, — first, some years ago,
during a driving trip along the road which runs parallel with
much of its course, and again, last summer, during a canoe trip
along most of its length. The resulting observations, supple-
mented by facts from other sources, are presented in the follow-
ing paper and on the accompanying map.*

*My companion on the canoe trip was Mr. William Laskey, of Fredericton. We were
portaged by team from Harcourt Station to Smith’s Landing, whence we poled up to Hazen
Jam Brook, and then descended the river to Grand Lake. We found subsequently that it
would have been possible to portage through Adamsville to the South Forks, and thus have
seen a little more of the river.

In the preparation of these notes and the map, I have had, as befo re, the constant and
cheerful aid of the man I regard as knowing the region the best, Mr. P. H. Welch, of Fulton
Brook; and it is chiefly because of his interest in these studies that I am able to make the
accompanying map much more complete than any heretofore published for this region. For
the headwaters of Salmon River I have also had very valuable assistance from Mr. Leonard
Smith of Grangeville, Kent County, who has, indeed, sent me much more information about
that region than the scope of these notes or the scale of the map permit me to use. And I
have also received information concerning Lake Stream from Mr. T. McEacheron a guide in
that region, sent through Mr. H. Orchard, the Postmaster at Chipman. To all of these gentle-
men I wish here to express my grateful acknowledgements.

NATURAL HISTORY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY OF NEW BRUNSWICK. 435

The development of our knowledge of the river is easily
traced. It makes a first appearance in records on the remark-
able Franquelin-de Meulles map of 1686, under its Indian name
Cheminpy, where it appears well drawn, with the Indian names,
now extinct, of the branches, and the portage to Richibucto.
It persists thereafter on a great many maps through the French
period, with its name often misspelled to Chiamaristi, etc. On
the English maps it is barely indicated down to the fine large
map of the Province by Bonnor of 1820, where it is well sketched
through most of its length; while on Lockwood’s map of the
Province, of 1825, it is shown with considerable accuracy,
evidently from survey. The origin of this survey, however,
I do not know, since no plan of a date so old exists in the Crown
Land Office. The lower part of the river was accurately sur-
veyed in 1832 by S. MacDonald, while our maps of the upper
parts are based upon Layton’s good survey of 1836 (made in
connection with a proposed line of railway from Richibucto to
Grand Lake), of which a copy is also in the Crown Land Office,
with a published reduction thereof. Subsequently, additions
have been made from various timber line surveys and other
sources, though our maps are still far from complete.

The geology of the river was first studied by Gesner, with
results contained in his well-known Third and Fourth Reports
on the Geology of the Province. Gesner described the very
simple geological formation of its basin so fully and accurately
that nothing has since been added thereto, although various
scattered references occur in later Reports, chiefly in connection
with boring, and other operations, for coal on its lowermost
part, and in description of some of its glacial phenomena. The
river is well settled along its lower course, partly by expansion
from the earliest English settlements of the province, and partly
by the descendants of later immigrants from Great Britain
and Ireland, while some scattered settlement exists towards
the Richibucto portage. But as in all of our New Brunswick
smaller rivers, the settlement is contracting in extent while

436 BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

condensing towards the larger centers.* Above the portage
the river is wholly unsettled, and given over to the lumberman
and game, with which its sources abound. Moose and beaver,
and the smaller animals are abundant. A good many salmon
still ascend the river, explaining its name, running to spawn
up the Little Forks, while shad, trout, gaspereau, pickerel,
and other fish characteristic of this region are found in its waters,
while even togue, usually a denizen of deep lakes, are locally
claimed to occur in the river.

Salmon River, as the geological maps well show, lies wholly
within the great Carboniferous basin of New Brunswick; and
hence nothing is to be anticipated from its geology except the

*Noting, farther, the literature of the river, we find the following in addition to the refer-
ences in the Geological Reports, which may be traced very readily through the fine Index
volumes. Some of its branches receive early mention in Cockburn’s Emigration Report, in a
British Blue book of 1828, (page 91), while others, notably branches of Lake Stream, are
described, with some interesting matter about the river and its settlers, by Sir James Alexander
in his account of his exploration in 1844 for a military road along the course of the Queens'
Kent County line, ( L'Acadie , II, 152-172). There also exist certain letters written by Gesner
and his friend Moses H. Perley, describing the trip they made up this river. They were pub-
lished in 1837 in the New Brunswick Courier, and are of such very great interest in themselves,
as well as in their exhibition of the genial characters of these two men, that I hope to reprint
them later in another connection. Another reference to this trip is contained in a book pub-
lished by a companion of theirs, — Levinge’s Echoes from the Backwoods, I, 169. It was this
trip which Moses Perley made the basis for some very highly fanciful articles upon New Bruns-
wick woods life and Indian mythology which he published in the London Sporting Review, and
which I have had opportunity to read through the kindness of my friend Mr. D. Russell Jack.

The history of the settlement of the river is outlined in the Transactions of the Royal Society
of Canada, X, 1904, ii, 123.

We may here note also the place nomenclature of the river and its principal branches,
excepting the Gaspereau which was considered in the preceding Note. Most of its nomen-
clature is very obviously of the simplest descriptive sort, the personal names being those of
early lumber operators. The exceptions are the following. Cook, (now practically obsolete),
is pure Maliseet Indian, meaning ‘‘Pine place,” that is ‘‘Pine tree brook.” It is, by the way
called Indian Portage Brook on a plan by Colling, for a reason mentioned in the supplement
to this note. Naleguagus, is obviously Indian, and probably identical with N arraguagus in
Maine, though whether belonging aboriginally to this place, or a letter importation by some
American resident, I do not know, but probably the former is true. A genuine importation
of this character is Alagash, which Mr. Welch informs me was given in his own personal know-
ledge by lumbermen in recollection or suggestion of that river in Maine. The word Forks
applied to streams, is reminiscent of the French, who have that usage, and it was probably
adopted from them; for of course the first English voyagers on this river had the company
of the Acadians, who must have used it incessantly in their travels from the Saint John to the
North Shore. The name Castaway was applied originally to the Island, a low bar on which
rafts, etc., were often caught or cast away. On some older maps the names Tyne and Tay
occur for Lake Stream and Little Forks respectively; they are were probably given by the
Surveyor Layton, but never came into use. Blacks Brook occurs on some maps for Little
Forks, doubtless for Hon. William Black, who had a large grant on this stream.

NATURAL HISTORY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY OF NEW BRUNSWICK. 437

usual jointed gray sandstones of that formation, while its physio-
graphy may be expected to harmonize with that of the other
rivers in the same region. The river is said to rise in a large
spring in the approximate position shown by the accompanying
map, whence it flows northward without striking features, as
Mr. Leonard Smith tells me, and hence doubtless winding in
the usual open gently-undulating country characteristic of the
surface of the Carboniferous plateau. It passes here and there
through meadows, and once through some abrupt rocky turns
(Cherry Turns), down to the Horton Branch, when it turns
abruptly eastward. A mile or two lower it receives the South
Forks, a stream of much the same character, which passes so
close to the Coal Branch Lake of Richibucto that tradition
says it was once planned to drain the lake for temporary lumber-
ing purposes into Salmon River. The united stream flows
northeastward to Hazen Jam Brook, (whence I have seen it to
the mouth), displaying above this brook, as far as Horton Brook,
much the same character as below, according to Mr. Smith.
At Hazen Jam Brook it is two canoe lengths broad, and, down-
ward, its very dark water slips quietly along through lengthened
stillwaters broken by occasional short rips, all perfectly smooth
except for an occasional boulder of sandstone. The banks are
everywhere low, mostly with a border of meadow or alders,
backed by birches and poplars, though here and there small
groves £>f princes pine appear on low sandy terraces. And the
country is everywhere open and flat, without perceptible plateau
or valley walls. It forms a canoe stream of the easiest character
at fair water, and one rather pretty though somewhat monoton-
ously so.

As the map will show, this part of Salmon River lines up
very perfectly with the upper part of Lake Stream, two small
brooks, indeed, partially filling the gap, while in the other direc-
tion it lines up accurately with the head of Trout Brook, of
which the wide open trough valley extends right through to
Salmon River, as I have seen for myself from the roads. Accord-
ingly, there is no question, I believe, that these three streams
all occupy one ancient valley, now separated into three parts^

438 BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

precisely as I suggested in my note on the Northumbrian Rivers
(Note No. 93, this Bulletin No. XXIV, 1906, 423). This valley
probably followed Trout Brook to the Richibucto, and, in the
other direction, can be traced clear back to Red Bank Creek,
which, as one can see clearly from the high railroad bridge at
Chipman, lies in a wide valley here crossing Salmon River and
extending northeast-southwest.

At Smith’s Landing, marked by a pleasing high camp ground
close beside a spring brook falling over a ledge, the river turns
abruptly northwest, and changes its character somewhat, becom-
ing swifter and a little more broken by rips; while rocky valley
walls appear, in sandstone cliffs, some twenty feet or more high,
or very steep slopes with higher country behind. Evidently
this part of the valley is much newer than the portion above,
and is obviously homologous in origin with other northwest-
southeast valleys of this region, (e. g., — the lower five miles
of Cains River) representing a stream which has worked back
along a synclinal valley and captured the upper river. An
extension of this valley northwest and southeast is suggested
by the topography on the Geological maps.

At Van Buskirk’s Brickyard, relic of an ambitious but fruit-
less enterprise, the river swings more to the westward, and
again changes its character, becoming now a typical deadwater
stream, — narrow, deep, and winding greatly through soft banks
of intervale, covered densely with the usual intervale vegetation;
and this character continues, with occasional small rock exposures,
down to below Trout Brook. Obviously the river here occupies
a large basin in which the bed rock lies mostly much below the
present water level. The origin of this basin is plain enough.
It lies exactly in the line of that great trough, occupied by the
Richibucto and Salmon Rivers, which almost converts the part
of New Brunswick southeast of it into a separate island; for
it would require a depression of not much over 100 feet, as the
railway levels show, to fill this trough with salt water all the
way from Richibucto Harbour to Saint John Harbour.

Below Trout Brook, the river gradually broadens and becomes
swifter, and a mile farther down the sandstone banks reappear

NATURAL HISTORY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY OF NEW BRUNSWICK. 439

in low cliffs; the river gradually becomes broader, swifter,
shoal, and stony, with almost incessant rips and considerable
drop, constituting by far the most troublesome part of the
entire river for the canoeman. The country is here higher,
and the banks, while often stony, are commonly low sand
terraces, — evidently the cut edges of the very extensive sand
plains which form a characteristic feature of this part of New
Brunswick and give it an unfortunate sterility. This character
continues down to within three miles of Little Forks, when the
river gradually becomes quieter, smoother and deeper, slipping
along through stillwaters separated by smooth slides, into the
very attractive basin of Little Forks.

This part of the river, while obviously a portion of the great
trough valley above mentioned, has the characters which indicate
that it is cutting across an anticlinal ridge, — the same which to
the southeast separates upper Salmon River from Lake Stream,
and is probably identical to the northwest with the one that
turns the lower course of Cains River. These northwest-southeast
ridges are a characteristic feature of the Carboniferous Plain,
as I have already stated in the Notes on Cains River and Gas-
pereau ; and the fact that in most cases the rivers in their courses
across them are shoal and stony with considerable fall, seems
to show that the ridges are now in process of elevation.

Little Forks Stream I have not seen above its very attractive
lowermost course, but Mr. Welch informs me that it is through-
out a rather shallow stream, with mostly low banks which
occasionally rise in low swells, but without any of the cliffs which
distinguish the branches farther west. It has clearer water
than the main stream, and abounds in fine trout, while some
salmon run up it late in the season. Mr. Welch has given me
a sketch map of the entire stream, which I have incorporated,
the best that I could, upon the accompanying map.

Below Little Forks, the river is a long series of stillwaters
and deadwaters, separated by gentle slides or occasional mild
rips, the easiest and pleasantest canoe stream imaginable. The
banks are mostly intervales or sandy terraces, though occasional
low sandstone cliffs occur, not over twelve or fifteen feet in

440 BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

height, but with higher country behind, all very densely wooded.
And thus the river continues down to Lake Stream.

Lake Stream is the most important branch of Salmon River
next after the Gaspereau. I have myself seen it only at the
mouth, but have received much valued information concerning
it from those mentioned in an earlier footnote. It heads in
two lakes as shown by the map. The upper Lake is about a
mile and a half long, surrounded by heath, and sixteen feet
deep with muddy bottom, while the Lower Lake, connected
with the upper by a thoroughfare, is somewhat smaller, with
gravelly bottom, twelve to eighteen feet deep. At the head
of the upper Lake is the spring supposed by some to be poisonous
to fish, as described earlier in one of these notes (No. 79 in Bulletin
No. XXII, 238).* Leaving the Lower Lake the stream quietly
runs for some two miles through alders, and then becomes a
good canoe stream, flowing smoothly through alternate burnt
land and green woods, in a valley that sometimes is cut rather
deeply into the country (at least such is true at a point south of
Little Forks where I have seen it) ; and thus it continues down
to within less than a mile of its mouth, when it becomes stony
and shoal for the rest of the distance.

One of the branches is Coy Brook, shown on our map, and
upon it occurs a remarkable pile of great boulders described,
from Mr. Welch’s letters, in an earlier one of these notes (No.
79 in Bulletin No. XXII, 239).

It is only a mile from Lake Stream to Big Forks Stream.
Mr. Welch has sketched this stream for me to its head, and I
have worked his data into the accompanying map. He tells
me the banks of the river are flat up to McLeod Brook, whence
up to Mountain Brook the banks are steep ledges and cliffs

*The fact of the occurrence at times of large numbers of dead fish in this lake is well known
locally, and a great puzzle. Mr. Leonard Smith tells me he has seen a great many dead fish,
White Perch and Suckers, in the outlet of Coal Branch Lake; and this, I presume, is precisely
the same phenomenon, due to the same causes. Dead fish at Lake Stream Lake (obviously)
are mentioned by Rowan in his Emigrant and Sportsman in Canada, 257; he saw them chased
out upon the ice by a trapped Otter, but this cannot be the ordinary explanation. My own
theory is this, that at times in these shallow and fish-infested lakes, the supply of dissolved
oxygen, essential to the support of fish life, falls for some reason below the normal, causing
the death of the weaker individuals.

NATURAL HISTORY AND FHYSIOGRAPHY OF NEW BRUNSWICK. 441

like those which prevail on the Gaspereau, above which, again,
the banks are low all the way to the head of the stream, which
is mostly shoal with considerable fall, and everywhere uncanoe-
able.

As the map will show, its head swings around pretty well
into the line which must have been followed by the ancient
predecessor of the Upper Gaspereau flowing across to the Kouchi-
bouguacis. Its main course, however, lines up rather well
with a possible Pleasant Brook — Trout Brook Valley, forming
a branch of the Gaspereau-Kouchibouguacis valley; while its
lowermost course lines up well with Six-Mile Brook, and
perhaps occupies an identical syncline.

Below Lake Stream the character of the river changes a
little, and the country a great deal. The river becomes a suc-
cession of long quickwaters and smooth glides, with only occas-
sional deadwaters, separated by a good many rips and a few
real rapids, with marked pitch but not at all rough, the river
thus constituting one of the easiest and most pleasing of all
canoe streams. Meantime the country becomes steadily higher,
displaying marked terraces, rocky beaches, and bluffs, often
in fine great circs and steep wooded slopes, with the country
rolling up to a plateau behind. This higher country, apparently
a plateau some 100 feet or more in elevation above the river,
culminates near Coak Brook, and downwards falls off to the wide
open marshy basin of the entering Gaspereau. The cliffs, in
this part, while sometimes finely developed on the north bank,
are upon the whole most abundant on the south bank, for the
reason, I have no doubt, already given in connection with a
similar phenomenon on the Gaspereau.

In this part of its course the river has evidently cut across
another section of higher country, the same, I take it, as north-
westward is cut by the Gaspereau and Cains River, as described
in my earlier notes thereon (Notes No. 118 and 125), while
southeastward it forms the watershed between Coal Creek
and Lake Stream. The greater drop of the river in this part,
as compared with the parts above, is fully in harmony with the
conditions prevailing on the corresponding parts of Cains River

442 BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

and Gaspereau, and confirmatory of the supposition that this
higher country is a rising anticlinal ridge.

Taking the course of the river as a whole, however, it is
evident that its fall, especially of the part below Little Forks,
is very small for so long a stream. On my visit I supposed it
must be less than that of an equal stretch of any other flowing
New Brunswick river; but 'later I found that the Washademoac
displays even less, as I shall show in a forthcoming note upon
that river.

On this part of the river, as elsewhere not infrequently in
the Carboniferous basin, occur mineral springs, of which one of
the best known is near Castaway Island. It is mentioned by
Gesner, with an analysis of its contents, in his Third Report , 75.
Mr. Welch has sent me other particulars.*

The last rapid occurs a mile above the Gaspereau; below,
the river is a deadwater stream, flowing through intervale,
marsh, and low-rising banks, in a very open valley all the way
to Grand Lake. Half a mile, or less, below the Gaspereau, one
sees in the broadened river bed the numerous waterlogged
stumps and timber sticks which, on the North Shore rivers, mark
always the position of the head of tide, — not of course of the
salt water, but of the backed-up fresh water. Mr. Welch tells
me the influence of the tide is not perceptible above Jesmeg,
but I predict that careful instrumental studies would show that
some influence is felt as far as this point. Just below begins
a series of low intervales and marshes, largely forming islands,
which obviously constitute the real delta of Salmon River, their
very presence at this point being another indication, as in the
case of the Keswick Islands, of the presence of the head of tide.
Just below the islands, the river makes an abrupt bend to the
south around a prominent ridge which lies right across its course,
and then swings southwest again, and continues as a deadwater

*Mr. Welch writes; — “We have several mineral springs here. Some have so bad a taste
that no person could drink a cupfull without being made sick. We have one near where I
live [evidently the same mentioned by Gesnerj, that tastes like weak salts. Strangers cannot
drink it at all. Cattle and birds seem to like it better than any other water. Some springs
here you can smell a quarter of a mile, and there are lots of them.”

NATURAL HISTORY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY OF NEW BRUNSWICK. 443

stream between low-rising banks, with much marsh, intervale,
sand, and other alluvium, the whole displaying a good deal of
quiet charm, down to Chipman, which lies in a very open country.
Farther down, in the westerly swing culminating in Ironbound
Cove, rocky banks again appear, in stony beaches and vertical
miniature cliffs, showing, no doubt, the presence of another of
the low anticlinal ridges. Below this, the country again falls
off as the river empties into Salmon Bay which is the real head
of Grand Lake, for the interposed peninsula of Indian Point is
merely of modern alluvial wash from the Lake.

But while the present river has this course below the Gas-
pereau, its original valley obviously did not; for, above the turn
around the aforementioned Ridge, the valley is perfectly con-
tinuous with the wide open trough-like valley of Salmon Creek
which here enters Salmon River directly against its course.
There can be no question that originally these two valleys were all
one. Taking into account this fact, together with others earlier
mentioned in these notes, — the remarkable uniformity in course
and direction of all the Northumbrian Rivers, (Note No. 93),
and certain facts already mentioned in the preceding note on
the Gaspereau (including the strongly re-entrant direction of
Castaway Brook), there is no doubt, I think, that Salmon River
originally headed in Salmon Creek, and flowed in a direction
opposite to its present course, emptying through the Richibucto
into Northumberland Strait.* This is the valley which in the
Note on the Northumbrian Rivers I called the Richibuctian.
It is quite probable, by the way, that it heads even farther back
in the East Branch of Newcastle Creek, which lies partly in
the same line. As to the great changes in level of the land
which have originated these changes, this is not the place to
discuss them, and it must suffice to say that movements and
forces ample to effect such changes are well known to our geo-
logists.

As the note on Gaspereau has pointed out, and as the map
suggests, the valley below the ridge is in reality an extension

*It is a matter of much interest that Mr. P. H. Welch, as he long ago wrote me, had inde-
pendently come to this same conclusion.

444

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

of the lower Gaspereau valley, and formed by the same causes.
There is, however, another valley parallel with that of Salmon
River, and probably of the same origin and age. Thus Coal
Creek, the lower part of Newcastle Creek, and, even perhaps,
a part of Little River, line up in a manner to suggest that they
occupy fragments of one old valley which originally emptied
northeastward, perhaps including a part of Lake Stream and
the upper course of Salmon River. But all of these details
remain still to be worked out, and for the most part must await
the completion of accurate contour maps.

Supplement to Note 126. — The Ancient Indian Portage
from Salmon River to the Richibucto.

It is known locally, as to our historians, that an ancient
Indian portage connected the Salmon and Richibucto Rivers,
forming a link in the main route of aboriginal travel between
the Saint John and extensive territory centering in the Richibucto.
Its importance was hardly, if at all, inferior to that of the Cains
River-Gaspereau portage already described in this and a
preceding Bulletin, and therefore it was one of the most impor-
tant in all New Brunswick. Its documentary history, with
other information, is summarized in the Transactions of the
Royal Society of Canada , III, 1897, ii, 248, and XII, 1906, ii,
91, 92. In a general way its approximate location is known,
and shown upon some early maps; but these are far too general
to permit its exact identification upon the ground, where,
through long disuse, it has become overgrown with woods to
its complete obliteration. It was in order to locate, and per-
manently fix, this interesting place for future historical purposes
that I undertook the studies which had the following successful
termination.

In pursuit of the evidence of tradition I turned to my model
correspondent, often mentioned in these notes, Mr. P. H. Welch,
who knows all this region so well; and he not only gave me
valuable information, but performed a still greater service by
putting me in communication with Mr. John C. Hutchison,
now of Harcourt, but until lately a resident of the farm nearest
the portage. Mr. Hutchison has known this vicinity intimately
since early boyhood, and remembers clearly when the portage
path was open all the way from Salmon River to Richibucto.

446 BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

Moreover, he not only has answered all of my many questions
most fully and courteously, but even took the trouble to drive
over from Harcourt, by appointment, and devoted a day to
showing me all of the places of interest in this connection, and
giving me the benefit of all his accurate knowledge about them.
I could not have been more fortunate, and I wish here to express
to Mr. Hutchison my warm appreciation of his kindness, and
my sincerest thanks therefor.

The portage is marked upon Layton’s map of 1836, which
shows that it left Salmon River below the Oxbow, at the nearest
turn to the Richibucto, as shown on our general map. Its
position is approximately fixed by the placename Indian Portage
Brook applied locally to a little stream marked (for the first
time) on the accompanying maps. The brook itself is a little,
sand-bottomed, sluggishly- winding, stream, with a wide grassy
outlet cut through a soft low terrace lying some eight feet above
Salmon River. This terrace extends down along the river,
and is covered with second growth small woods, in the midst
of which is a very pleasant modern camp ground used by sports-
men and lumbermen, whence a good path leads down to an
excellent landing on the shore. Farther westward is a little
rivulet, which, when followed back to the road, is found to run
through an aldery swale, coming out from a swamp to the north-
ward. Across this rivulet is a bridge, which is a strategic point
in our investigation, for just west of it the land rises in a gentle
slope, on the crest of which, a dozen paces from the bridge, the
portage path formerly crossed the line of the present road, as
Mr. Hutchison well remembers, although no trace thereof can
now be seen in the dense young growth of the woods. If, further-
more, one follows the general direction the path must have
taken towards the river, he passes through dense second growth
woods, and comes out on a continuation of the same terrace
already mentioned, still some eight feet above the river. Mr.
Hutchison does not remember exactly where the path reached
the river, but just at this place the bank presents a fairly easy
slope from the terrace to the river, with a kind of middle level
leading down to a stony beach, just above a stony point which
affords an excellent landing for canoes. The place, indeed,
offers the best landing for a considerable distance up or down;
it is the place to which the known part of the path points; and
it is the precise place where the river bends farthest up towards
the Richibucto. All evidence, accordingly, combines to designate
this as the place of starting of the old portage path. Of course
the bank has changed with time, and with lumbering operations;

NATURAL HISTORY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY OF NEW BRUNSWICK . 447

but, because of its rocky foundation, its main features are doubt-
less not very different from their condition at the time when
the path was last in use.

The terrace beside the path offers fair opportunity for a
camp ground, of which, however there is now no trace, nor does
Mr. Hutchison remember any. One thinks at once of the
attractive camp ground with an even better landing a little
closer to Portage Brook, but Mr. Hutchison tells me one impor-
tant fact which shows that the path could not have started
there, although the place may have been used as the camp
ground, namely, the little rivulet west of it comes from extensive
swamps which swing around north of this place, making very
bad travelling, while the position assigned by him to the path
not only keeps it upon dry ground, but is the only position in
this vicinity which does so.

No relics of any kind have been found in this immediate
vicinity, so far as Mr. Hutchison has heard, but on his farm,
a half mile above, on the pleasant elevated knoll where his house
is built, Indian hatchets and other relics have been plowed up.
The surrounding country is largely meadows, intervales, and
swamps, and therefore inundated at flood times; and this
explains the occupation of the elevated knolls.

We consider now the course of the path across country to
the Richibucto. Here again Mr. Hutchison’s knowledge is
positive. He knows that the portage was followed by a lumber
road cut out in the sixty’s by one Vance, for hauling pine timber
across from the Richibucto to float it down to St. John. This
road from Salmon River took a course somewhat east of north,
deviating, when needful, to keep on the higher ground between
wet places; and in this was so successful that only one wet
heath was crossed in its entire course. It passed in this way
between the Hutchison and McCartney meadows, and across
a corner of the Hutchison lot. All trace of the road has now
vanished in the new growing woods excepting certain parts
where it has been kept open by later roads. This happens in
two instances. Thus a winter road, striking directly north
from Mr. Hutchison’s farm, comes into the old portage after
a mile or so, and swings northeast into it for a quarter of a mile
before turning out northward again to join the main, or Beck-
with, road. Again, a little to the eastward of this place, the
Beckwith road itself swings into the line of the old portage, and
follows it for three-quarters of a mile, again swinging off to the
eastward as the Richibucto is approached. Still farther east,
as the Beckwith road nears the Indian Portage Brook, (of

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BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

Richibucto), a lumber road turns off at right angles, and runs
down to the river under the name of the Indian Portage Road.
It bears that name, I think, not because it follows the Indian
Portage, but because it leads to the end of the portage at the
river; for not only is this road much out of the way of the direct
course of the old path, but it runs mostly in low swampy land,
which is avoided by the shorter and direct route across the
angle between the two roads, in which direction, I have no
doubt, the actual path ran.

We turn now to the Richibucto end of the portage, which
is also mapped herewith. Layton’s map, Mr. Hutchison’s
and Mr. Welch’s testimony, and geographical considerations,
all agree that the portage reached the river in the angle where

NATURAL HISTORY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY OF NEW BRUNSWICK. 449

it makes its southernmost bend, though there is no direct evidence
as to the exact spot. This place is in every way most pleasing,
with the swift dark river issuing from the woods, and swinging
around against an open field and intervale banks. Just on
the westward of the southernmost turn, and above a mass of
larg'e stones in the river bed, the river washes against a firm
low bank of clayey intervale, forming an excellent landing.
Immediately behind it, the bank rises into a fine level open
terrace which constitutes an admirable camping ground, all
the better because of the proximity of the little rivulet with
its supply of camp water. Hereabouts have been found, as
Mr. Hutchison tells me, Indian stone axes and other relics of
that sort. This place moreover lies right in the line of the most
probable course of the path, arriving presumably as I have marked
it on the map, from Salmon River. All considerations point
to this location as the end of the path, although the landing,
and opportunities for camping, are nearly as good a little lower,
just below the mass of stones, and where the word “fence” is
placed on the map. The Indian Portage Brook is so called by
people of the neighboring settlements.

This portage also, like that between Cains River and Gas-
pereau, should some day be marked by suitable inscriptions at
its ends.

We may here appropriately take note of another Indian
Portage connected with Salmon River. The early plans name
Coak Brook Indian Portage Brook , and mark, a little above on
the opposite side of Salmon River just west of a rivulet there,
at a very pleasiant terrace which probably formed an Indian
camp ground, Indian Portage. Despite much effort I have been
unable to determine the direction and use of this portage.
Before visiting this place I thought it might refer to a local
portage around a bad rapid in Salmon River, but here the river
is deep and still. Mr. Welch suggests a local hunter’s portage
to Castaway Brook. The general topography of the region would
also suggest a short cut route to the upper Gaspereau, (for those
intending to cross by the portage to Cains River), following
Castaway Brook, and Bear Brook or Trout Brook; but the
difficulties of traversing such small streams, if they are really
navigable at all, must have involved far greater time and labor
than the longer but easier route. It is, indeed, a puzzle.

450

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

127. — On the Stability of the New Brunswick Coast.

Read June 4, 1912.

In various notes presented before this Society (Nos. 43, 83,
of this series), I have given evidence from different sources
tending to show that the coast of the Province is steadily sinking.
None of the items of evidence are wholly conclusive in themselves,
but their aggregate weight has seemed considerable. Last
summer our North Shore was investigated from this very point
of view by two prominent American geologists, Professor J. W.
Goldthwait, of Dartmouth College, working for the Geological
Survey of Canada, and Professor D. W. Johnson, working for
the Shaler Memorial Investigation of Harvard University.
Professor Goldthwait has not yet published his conclusions, so
far as I know, but he has informed me in brief as to their tenor;
while Professor Johnson’s are contained in a brief note in Science ,
35, 1912, 318, and more fully in Annales de Geographie , No.
117, 1912, 193-212. In substance, the conclusions of both
investigators differ from mine, for they consider that the evidence
shows the coast to be stable at present, although recent extensive
subsidence is of course evident. They hold that the facts which
have been interpreted as demonstrating a progressing subsi-
dence really do not sustain that conclusion and are otherwise
explainable. Having the greatest respect for the conclusions
of experts, I am ready to believe they are probably right, but
must hold my opinion in abeyance until their material is
worked over by other experts; for it is only after the acquisition
of ‘‘impersonal validity” that such conclusions can be accepted
as science.

Meantime, however, I would like to contribute these two
items to the subject.

First, it occurred to me some years ago that a valuable
criterion of coastal movements would be afforded by a com-
parison of the position of the head of tide on our rivers as shown
by the earliest plans and its position at present; and I have
since been collecting data on this subject, though so far I have
more facts from the plans than I have been able to work out

NATURAL HISTORY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY OF NEW BRUNSWICK. 451

on the rivers. I have already mentioned in these Notes, however
(No. 101, in Bulletin No. XXV, 1908, 522) that the head of tide
on the Tabusintac is considerably above the position assigned
it on the old plans of the Crown Land Office. I have been told,
also, by the residents of the Petitcodiac that the head of tide
on that river has moved over a mile up the river within historic
times. But my best piece of evidence consists in a survey plan
and document, later to be published in the Collections of the
New Brunswick Historical Society , which shows that the head
of tide on the Main Southwest Miramichi in 1786 lay consider-
ably below its present position, which is close to the mouth of
the Renous, or a little above. The plan marks “Rapids”
nearly half a mile below the Renous, where now the tide flows
without any break. I have not found any case showing a lower
position of the tide on any of our rivers. I am well aware that
such tidal evidence would be viewed with particular suspicion
by Professor Johnson, but nevertheless I think it well worth
collecting, and I hope later to report more fully and accurately
upon this subject.

Second, there is one very interesting, and possibly significant,
feature in common to all of the evidence bearing upon this
question of subsidence, namely, — all of the many items, no
one of which by itself may be conclusive, point in the same
direction, viz., towards a subsidence of the coast. None of
the items indicate an elevation. If the evidence is illusory,
one would expect a part of it to point in the other direction.

452

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

FOREST CONDITIONS IN NEW BRUNSWICK.

In the Province of New Brunswick we classify forest fires as
of two kinds: Forest fires which start in the month of May are
known as “leaf fires” and fires which start in. the latter part of
June and July (occasionally in August and even as late as
September) and are known, as “soil fires.” The leaf fires are
caused by the carelessness of fishermen leaving fires in the woods,
matches or cigar stubs carelessly thrown aside, and then the sparks
from locomotives. These leaf fires kill the woods but do not
destroy the soil. A nurse crop of grey birch generally springs up
the following year; in a few years there is a good growth and in
30 years a good forest from nature’s seeding. On the other hand,
soil fires not only destroy the forest by burning the soil (in some
cases to a depth of two feet), and leave the trees without any
support so that they are soon blown down or fall over of them-
selves. After such a fire as this any scheme of reforestration is
entirely impractical for hundreds of years, or until such time as
the small bushes known as “hardtack” can collect sufficient leaves
to form a forest mulch in which seedlings can get a start.

Practical ideas for reforestration in this Province are based
principally upon the protection of our forests from the fires spoken
of and confining our operators to the cut of nothing but merchant-
able logs, (that is logs not exceeding 16 feet in length and 9 inches
in diameter) and the protection of seedling and sapling trees
amongst the forest growth. The importance of this protection
has in many cases been absolutely and needlessly overlooked
and many saplings have been and are being wantonly cut down
and destroyed for some imaginary purpose by the axeman. It
is well known that where the soil is not destroyed by fire, nature
will supply us with a nurse crop of seedlings more quickly than
any scheme ol reforestration yet devised. If, however, the soil
is severely burned, the fire-swept territory is practically beyo.nd
redemption. — Extract from address of Hon. W. C. H. Grimmer,
Surveyor General of N. B., before Canadian Forest Convention.
Toronto.

ARTICLE III.

RECORD OF OUR FIFTIETH ANNIVERSARY.

By G. U. Hay.

Two young naturalists, engaged in Dominion scientific research
work in these provinces, who recently took part in an evening at
the Natural History Society of New Brunswick, said that for
equipment of audience room and museum, and for intelligent
appreciation of a scientific subject by the audience, they had
seen no Natural History Society in Canada to equal that in
St. John. When it is recalled that the growth of the Society
extends over but half a century and that the acquiring of the
fine building in which the Society now has its home, and the
rearrangement of its museum, is the work of but six years,
it will be seen that members have cause for congratulation.

At eight o’clock on the evening of November 12, the date
appointed for holding the Society’s Fiftieth Anniversary, the
audience room was comfortably filled with members, repre-
senting the professional and business interests of the city, with
tastefully dressed ladies, members of the Ladies’ Association,
and with many bright young people, representing the Junior
and Junior Associate branches, the hope of the Society in years
to come; a gathering numbering fully five hundred persons.
The President, Senator J. V. Ellis, in calling the meeting to
order, referred to the half century mark which the Society
had now reached so prosperously, its years of usefulness in the
past, its present activities, and the promise for the future.
He referred particularly to those who had been its founders
and charter members, very few of whom are now living. These
included Dr. G. F. Matthew, Dr. P. R. Inches, Mr. Joshua
Clawson and Mr. Ellis himself, who were present this evening,
and Chief Justice Barker, Judge Wedderburn and Mr. J. B.
Hegan, of Charlottetown, who unfortunately were not able to

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454 BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

meet with them, but had sent their regrets and good wishes.
He also referred to the work of the la^e Professor Charles Fred.
Hartt, Dr. LeBaron Botsford, Mr. William Jack, Dr. L. W.
Bailey (who was present this evening), and to other workers
in the Society. He spoke of the good results accomplished by
the Ladies’ Association, which had greatly promoted the inter-
ests of the Society.

A group of portraits was then unveiled by Miss Grace Leavitt
and Mr. McIntosh, the curator, representing the past presidents:
the late Mr. William Jack, Dr. G. U. Hay, Dr. H. G. Addy,
added to the protraits of the late Dr. Botsford and Dr. Matthew
which had been placed on the walls of the audience room in
former years; also in the group unveiled this evening the por-
traits of the late Professor C. F. Hartt, General D. B. Warner,
Mr. James B. Hegan. To these were added those of President
J. V. Ellis and of Mrs G. F. Matthew, President of the Ladies’
Association.

[ 4 His Honor, Lieutenant Governor Wood, who was present
as the Society’s patron and guest, made a brief address, con-
gratulating the Society on its worthy record of the past, its
activities of the present, and the achievements possible for it
in the future. He deplored the fact that in the hurry and
competition of our modern life men of affairs were not able
to give that attention to natural science which adds a healthy
interest and enjoyment to human life. He gave expressions
to his own sympathy and appreciation of Nature, and warmly
commended the educational work the Society was doing. His
Honor was afterwards shown through the Museum and
expressed a very favorable opinion of what he saw.

His worship Mayor Jas. H. Frink congratulated the Society
on the work it was accomplishing for New Brunswick, not only
in education, but in the advancement of the economic interests
and in the development of the resources of the province.

Dr. G. F. Matthew gave a historical sketch of the Society,
which will be found on another page of this Bulletin.

Mr. William McIntosh, the energetic curator of the Society,
gave an address on its work of the present day In the past

RECORD OF OUR FIFTIETH ANNIVERSARY.

455

two years 13,000 people had visited the museum. School
teachers and people all over the province were making appli-
cation for information and the Provincial Government had
authorized the employment of a stenographer to handle the
correspondence. The society was sending out a large number
of collections to schools, and also providing lecturers to talk about
the collections. Arrangements were now being made for an
extensive collection of products of the farms, forests and mines
of the province, with the idea of providing an up-to-date illus-
tration of its natural resources as well as its products. This
collection would be of great value.

A varied and interesting musical programme was carried
out, recalling old times and the present. Mr. D. Arnold Fox
was the accompanist. Mrs. Douthwaite, an English lady, a
recently elected associate member, rendered several songs very
acceptably. Two members, Mrs. Gordon Dickie and Mrs.
Church, played a duet of the Overture from “ William Tell.”
Miss Barker, the daughter of Chief Justice Barker, rendered
a violin solo very admirably. A patriotic song, “The White
Throat,” written by a Canadian, and set to music by Edward
Manning, the son of a charter member, was sung very charm-
ingly by Miss Elsie Matthew, daughter of Dr. G. F. Matthew.

The refreshment room was in charge of Mrs. John A Mc-
Avity and a capable corps of assistants, who were most attentive
to the large number of visitors.

Letters of regret were received from Hon. J. D. Hazen,
Hon. J. K. Flemming, Chief Justice Barker, and others.

There is no more active and energetic member of the Natural
History Society of New Brunswick than Professor W. F. Ganong,
He is a man who has, by his ability, energy and industry, gained
a place among the scientific leaders of the United States and
Canada. This Society is to be congratulated in having among
its members one who is so devoted to its interests. He has for
years spent his summer vacations in this province, exploring
its mountains and forests, rivers and lakes, collecting and pre-
serving its historical records, and publishing a vast amount
original data, much of which is embodied in our volumes
the Bulletin.

456 BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

In a letter dated Northampton, Mass., November 10, Dr.
Ganong sends the following message to his fellow-members:
Dear Dr. Hay:—

I deeply regret that I cannot attend the anniversary meeting of the
Natural History Society on November 12, and have a part in so notable an
occasion; but I wish to send' through you my heartiest congratulations to
the Society upon the solid success of the first half century of activity, much
of which is due to Dr. Matthew and yourself. I am sure that very few local
societies can exhibit so worthy a record of substantial achievement, whether
one views the fine building, so admirably adapted to its work, which it has
acquired and equipped, its six volumes of Bulletins replete with accurate
scientific information concerning the province, or its enterprise in the diffu-
sion of scientific knowledge among the people within range of its influence.
And I cannot forbear at this time to express my admiration fo<r the devotion
and public spirit of the leaders who have made this achievement possible.
I am strongly of the opinion that you have builded even better that you
know. In America the opinions and services of scientific men and societies
in connection with public affairs have generally been viewed as practically
negligible — chiefly because their advice has usually been inconveniently
in contravention of the exigencies of local politics. But the better type
of political life now in active evolution in this country is rapidly bringing
among us the day (which has dawned long since in some European countries,
notably Germany, to their very great profit), when scierftific and learned
societies and their leaders will take, a much more prominent part in public
affairs. This movement will find in New Brunswick, all ready for public
service, a long established, fully equipped, and admirably managed scientific
society wholly devoted to the interests of the province. And that is no small
oak to have grown from the tiny acorn planted a half century ago.

With my renewed congratulations to the Society upon its highly success-
ful past, and my very best wishes for a greater prosperity in its promising
future, I am,

The Society’s devoted member, friend and fellow-worker,

W. F. Ganong.

ARTICLE IV.

SKETCH OF THE HISTORY OF THE NATURAL HISTORY
SOCIETY OF NEW BRUNSWICK.

By G. F. Matthew.

It is now fifty years since our Society was formed, and but
few of its originators remain alive to tell of its inauguration.
This, then, would seem a fitting occasion to recall its early days,
and the men who were then active in promoting its objects.

In the years preceding its formation there were a few
enthusiastic students of the then still new science of geology
who were applying its rules to the rock-formations about St.
John, and who had for their text-books Lyell’s works and
Gesner’s reports on the geology of New Brunswick, and for
working material the Gesner museum in the Mechanic’s Institute
and the rocks exposed around the city.

Having made some important discoveries bearing on the
geology of the province, this group of young geologists, who
called themselves the “Steinhammer Club,” communicated
them to Sir Wm. J. Dawson (then Dr. Dawson) who advised
them to organize a Natural History Society in St. John as a
stimulus to scientific investigation.

In pursuance of this suggestion, a meeting was called at the
Director’s room of the Mechanic’s Institute, on January 29,
1862, to inaugurate the society. Dr. LeB. Botsford was chair-
man of this meeting and the first president of this Society; and
William Jack, Esq., seconded by Mr. J. W. Lawrence, moved
that a scientific association should be formed and that it be
called the Natural History Society of New Brunswick. It \yas
moved, also, that a “special aim of the Society should be to
form in connection with it such a collection of specimens in the
different branches of scientific research as shall fully illustrate

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458

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

the Natural History of this province, and so far as possible that
of other countries. ” This was the basis of the Society and these
were the objects it sought to promote.

The first “Council” of the Society was composed of the
following officers: President, LeB. Botsford, M.D.; Vice-

President, M. H. Perley; Treasurer, E. Allison; Recording
Secretary, R. P. Starr; Corresponding Secretary, H. W. Frith;
Curator, G. F. Matthew. Other members: W. Jack, W. P.

Dole and C. F. Hartt. Three of the above were members of the
Steinhammer Club.

The following is a list of the citizens who formed this associa-
tion and who were its charter members : —

Allison, Edward.
Armstrong, Rev. Wm.
Armstrong, Rev. G. M.
Barker , F. E.

Baxter, John, M.D.
Bennett, Rev. Jas.
Botsford, LeB., M.D.
Broad, Elisha.

Brittain, Robt.,

Burtis, W. R. M,
Clawson , Joshua
Cormack, P.

Dole, W. P.

Duval, E. H.

Ellis, J. V.

Ferguson, T.

Frith, Id. W.

Grey, J. W.

Hamilton, G. A., M.D.
Perley, M. H.

Preston, H. C., M.D.
Reynolds, W. K.

Ruel, J. R.

Scott, Robt.

Sharp, J. G.

Sinclair, Geo., M.D.
Skinner, John, M.D.

Hartt, J. W.

Hartt, C. F.

Hegan, Jas. B.
Hutchinson, Jas.
Inches, P. R.

Jardine, Alex., Jr.

Jack, William.

Jolly, T. R.

Keator, G. E. S., M.D.
King, G. E.

Lawrence, J. W.
Livingstone, John
Lunn, William.
Mclnnis, J. L.

Manks, M. F.
Manning, Edw.
Matthew, G, F.
Murdoch Gilbert.
Payne, W. R.

Smithson, B. E.

Starr, W. J.

Starr, R. P.
Wedderburn, Wm.
Whitney, G. W.

N. B. — The names in italics are those of men still living.

HISTORICAL SKETCH.

459

In this list there is a total of fifty-one members, of whom
eight still survive, and among these, two, J. B. Hegan and
G. F. Matthew were members of the Steinhammer Club, out
of which the Society grew.

In the list will be found the names of many men who took an
active part in the public affair's of the city and province, and
others who rose to eminence at the Bar and in the medical
profession.

One of the first steps taken by the new Society was the
formation of a museum. For this purpose they purchased by
subscription the fine collection of fossil ferns that had recently
been made by Mr. Chas. Fred. Hartt, one of the members,
of the Steinhammer Club, and received as a donation from the
club their collections of minerals and fossils, providing for the
same a set of cases.

In those days the monthly meeting was the only public
record of the work of the Society. Lectures were then given
and original papers presented and read. The doctors^ (phy-
sicians) and the educators were the classes most prominent in the
Society’s work in those early days, though the engineers and
members of the civil service helped. Notable among the early
contributors were Doctors Sinclair, Hamilton and Fiske, and
among the educators Professor L. W. Bailey and Mr. E.
Manning. Among the engineers was Gilbert Murdoch, who
wrote on the meteorology of the district, and whose widow in
the later years of the Society’s existence, gave a large legacy to
its funds. Among others who contributed lectures and papers
at the monthly meetings were Robert Matthew and I, Allen
Jack, each of whom held the office of Recording Secretary; also
C. F. Hartt and G. F. Matthew.

One of the most zealous members of the Society in its first
year was Moses H. Perley, Imperial Commissioner of Fisheries,
who by liberal gifts of money, books and a paper on Newfound-
land, sought to promote its advancement. He died within a
year after the Society was instituted.

Much of the field work and many of the articles read before
the Society in its early years were the work of the Steinhammer

460

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

Club, many of whose members, however, owing to the pressing
cares of life or the call to other fields of activity, were unable
longer to promote the objects of the Society. Only two of this
club are now living, and only one is still in active geological work.

For six years after the Society was formed it continued to
meet and work in the Mechanic’s Institute. Circumstances then
induced it to move to the “ Board room” of the Grammar School,
where it continued to meet and work for six years more.

During the years the Society met in the Grammar School,
Dr. Botsford resigned the presidency and was succeeded by Mr.
William Jack. During those years we had several addresses at
the monthly meeting and papers from Dr. Fiske, who had
donated to the Society a fine series of the native wild ducks of the
province; other papers came from educators, merchants and
members of the civil service; and we had the faithful services
of Mr. Adolphus Hoyt as Recording Secretary.

In consequence of the diminishing number of workers it
became difficult to get a quorum at the monthly meeting of the
Society, and these regular meetings were suspended for several
years.

Owing to the dampness of the quarters at the Grammar
School, which affected some of the articles in the museum, the
Society in these years moved back to the Mechanic’s Institute,
and placed their collections again in the Institute’s Museum
room, but the monthly meetings were not resumed again for
some years. The interregnum was partly due to the great fire
of 1877, which swept away the Grammar School, where the
Society had had its collections, but did nor reach the Mechanic’s
Institute where they were at the time of the fire.

About three years after the fire, feeling the need of a centre
for the presentation and exchange of knowledge on matters
connected with Natural Science, a reorganization of the Society
was undertaken. In the eighteen years that had elapsed since
the Society was originally instituted a new generation had grown
up, and quite a number of members active in the earlier time
had passed away or removed to other spheres of activity, and a
new generation entered the Natural History field. The gaps in

HISTORICAL SKETCH.

461

the membership of the Council which had occurred since the
last election six years before, were filled up, and the Society
once more entered on an active career.

The meeting was held on March 5, 1880.

Some of the men who were present at the reorganization
were the following: —

Wm. Jack, Q. C.

Rev. G. Armstrong
*W. F. Best, M. E.

H. G. Bridges
*W. F. Burditt
*R. Chalmers
*D. P. Chisholm
W. F. Coleman, M.D.

*W. N. Gould
G. A. Hamilton, M.D.

*G. U. Hay
P. R. Inches, M.D.

William Jack, Esq., the President, was in the chair, and G.
Ernest Fairweather was chosen as Recording secretary. Certain
vacancies in the Council were filled by the election of Col.
D. B. Warner as second vice-president, W. N. Gould as Curator,
D. Waterbury as Librarian and G. U. Hay as member of Council.
The other members of the Council were those who had been
elected before the fire of 1877.

Another meeting was held in March, at which new members
were elected and old members rejoined, and thence onward except
for the summer vacation, monthly meetings were held through-
out the year. Papers and lectures wera given at these
meetings by the following: W. F. Coleman, M.D., Wm. Jack,

Esq., *W. F. Best *.R Chalmers, Prof. L. W. Bailey, *M. Cham-
berlain, P. R. Inches, M.D., L. C. Allison, M.D., *G. U. Hay,
*E. Jack, C.E.

Mr. Chamberlain’s name reminds one that his advent in
the Society marks the establishment of the Ornithological com-
mittee, of which he was organizer and chairman, and which did

*W. A. Jack.

*G. H. Lee.

G. F. Matthew.

*C. A. McDonald.

*J. A. C. McKeen
W. M. McLean
G. F. Smith.

R. P. Starr

*D. B. Warner, (U. S. Consul.)'
*D. Waterbury.

*G. E. Fairweather.

*The names with asterisks are those of new contributors.

462

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

excellent work in the study of our native birds and in adding
largely to the collections in this department of the museum.
Mr. Chamberlain is also responsible for the establishment of our
Bulletin, for under the old organization of the Society, articles
that were thought of permanent value were contributed to the
“Canadian Naturalist and the Canadian Record of Science, ”
published in Montreal.

Seven years after this Mr. Chamberlain moved to Boston,
became Dean of the Laurence Scientific School at Harvard,
and was unable longer to continue his work for the Society; but
he left a good second in Mr. F. W. Daniel, who was chairman
of the Ornithological Committee -dor several years, and Mr.
Alt'. Morrissey, who contributed several papers on birds.

Some important changes were made in the organization
of the Society at this time. The fee of the “ordinary” member
was reduced and a new class of “Associate” members was added,
which in later years was to show a remarkable development.

After a sojourn at the Institute for two (one and one-half)
years the Society obtained more commodious quarters in the
new market building on King Square, from the Common
Council, and the Museum and Library were moved there.

In 1883 the Society was incorporated by Act of the Provincial
Legislature, and in 1884 a corporate seal was designed and
adopted. The design on the seal has for its centre a large
crustacean animal of the Cambrian time, found at St. John,
enclosed by two characteristic plants from “Fern Ledges”
near St. John; while the upper part of the shield contains a
bird mounted for exhibition, an emblem of the zealous work
of the ornithological committee.

The papers presented at the monthly meetings after the
re-organization of the Society show mingled among the Society’s
workers of an earlier time a number of new names as contri-
butors: Messrs. Hay, Ganong, Best, Chalmers, Kain, Cham-

berlain, Morrissey, Estey and others.

About 1890 another important move was made by the
Society in the purchase of the Mechanic’s Institute Museum,
and the taking over of the Gesner Museum which was in the
charge of the Mechanic’s Institute.

HISTORICAL SKETCH.

463

This accession came through the resolve of the Directors
of that institution to wind up its affairs and dispose of its
properties. The Council of the Natural History Society under-
took the care of the Gesner Museum and bought from the
directors the objects that had been added to the Mechanic’s
Institute Museum * since Dr. Gesner ’s time. This Gesner-
Institute Museum was placed chiefly in a large upper room
of the market building, the use of which had been granted by
the Common Council to the Natural History Society.

Eighteen hundred and eighty-eight was an epochal year with
the Natural History Society. In the beginning of that year we
lost by death our president, Dr. Botsford, who, with the excep-
tion of a few years in the seventies had presided over its delib-
erations since its institution in 1862, and whose punctuality
and business-like methods had helped to hold the Society
together, in adverse as well as prosperous times. In the same
year we lost Mr. M. Chamberlain, one of the most enthusiastic
and able workers in the Museum.

In the years from the re-organization (1880) to this time
(1888) much attention was given to the needs of the school
teachers, who had attached themselves to the Society in
considerable numbers. For these and other members courses of
elementary lectures in science were instituted, and eventually as
the Associate membership grew, series of afternoon lectures were
instituted, and managed by this class of the members.

These latter lectures were largely in illustration of liter-
ature and art, which thus became an important branch of the
Society’s work. It is worth noting that in this respect it has
followed a course parallel to that of the Mechanic's Institute,
which was established to give instruction to artizans in the
newly discovered sciences relating to trade and manufactures,
but its lecture course gradually became a literary one, and the
large lecture hall built to promote the diffusion of useful
knowledge, was eventually turned into a theatre, and the
famous Institute Lecture course given up. We must be careful
to avoid this final stage in the history of the JVIechanic’s Insti-
tute.

464

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

After Dr. Botsford’s death there had been several changes
in the presidency, this office having been occupied successively by
G. F. Matthew, G. U. Hay and Dr. H. G. Addy. In 1901
Hon. J. V. Ellis was called to the chair and has continued
president until this year. His repeated re-election shows that he
has proved a most efficient officer.

His term of eleven years may be divided into two periods,
the first that in which we continued to occupy the quarters
in the market building granted to us by the Common Council,
the latter that when we had moved to our present quarters.

Dr. Botsford, by his will, left a part of his estate to the
Natural History Society. This money was held for the purchase
of a building as a home for the Society, and was eventually
invested in the purchase of the Finn building on Union street,
which has been changed to suit the requirements of the Society
for a museum, library and quarters for the Curator.

With added facilities for carrying on their work, and added
instruments for making it entertaining, the activities of the
Society have had full scope. In no way is this better shown
than in the remarkable expansion in numbers of the Associate
membership between 1882 and 1899, when it varied by various
numbers, seldom rising to half a hundred, to the succeeding
seven years, in which it averaged nearly one hundred, and
now is far beyond that mark. The increase seems to be asso-
ciated with the institution of the ladies’ afternoon lectures,
of which two courses were established, one before and the other
after the New Year.

In this connection it may be mentioned that two classes
of junior members have shown a large increase in the last few
years, the “Juniors” and the “Junior Associates” (girls).
The increase in these branches may be traced to the devotion
of the Curator in giving these young people chances to study
Nature at first hand on the River St. John.

Referring to these young students leads one’s thoughts to
some activities of the Society which have fallen into abeyance
of late years. These are the Summer Camps that used to be
held. There is a record of six such camps in the Bulletin:

HISTORICAL SKETCH.

465

1883, August 6, at Bocabec, Charlotte County.

1885, September 2, Frye’s Island.

1887, July 7, at St. John, for teachers.

1893, August, at French Lake, Sunbury County.

1895, July, at Lepreau Basin, Charlotte County.

1897, July 1-10, at Quaco, (St. Martins) St. John County.

These gave the members opportunities for field work under
guidance, and were largely availed of.

In later years the Summer School of Science occupied this
field with a more formal teaching staff, and this work was dis-
continued by the Society. The Summer Camps appear to have
been confined to the three lustra between 1882 and 1897.

After the Society was re-organized in 1880, field meetings
were held from time to time during the summer, which were
well attended ; they gave opportunities for field study, but
only such as might be had in a single day. These field meet-
ings were held at numerous points near the city that possessed
features of interest to the zoologist, botanist or geologist.
We find records of these field meetings in the Proceedings of
the Society from 1881 onward.

In later years there have been from four to six held each
year, depending upon the weather. In some of the earlier
years they were held on Saturdays especially for the benefit
of school teachers.

Taking the chief epochs in the history of the Natural
History, Society it may be divided into the following stages:

1862- 8 —6
1868-74 —6
1874-80 —6
1881-82 ' —2
1982-90 —8
1890-1900—11

1901-06 —6
1907-12 —5

Initial years at the Mechanics Institute Building.

At the Grammar School Building.

Interregnum when there were no monthly meetings.

At the Market Building. Society Incorporated. Seal adopted
At the Market Building. Dr. Botsford, President. Kgi
(6 years G. F. Matthew, 4 years G. U. Hay, 1 year H. G.
Addy) successively President. Years of steady work.
Institute Museum taken over and arranged.

(J. V. Ellis, President) Still at Market Building.

(J. V. Ellis, President) In Society’s own Building.

50

466

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

Brief Record of Meetings of the Natural History Society
of New Brunswick from its Formation to the Year
1881.

The summary of the meetings from the year 1881 will be
found in the Society’s first Bulletin, published in 1882.

This brief record of the meetings will show the present
members of the Society who those men were, who were active
in promoting its interests in the first twenty years of its exist-
ence when the fortnightly or monthly meeting was the only
occasion when scientific questions were discussed.

March 7, 1862. — At this meeting two honorary members were elected,
Dr. J. W. Dawson and Dr. W. Bry done- Jack, and several corresponding
members, of whom only S. W. Hatheway, Esq., of Boston, survives. The
Lieutenant-Governor, Hon. Arthur Gordon, was invited to become Patron
of the Society.

March 21, 1862. — At this meeting Moses H. Perley, the Vice-President,
read an excellent paper on the Physiography and Geology of Newfoundland.
He was a Commissioner for defining the coast limits in connection with the
Colonial fisheries.

^ April 4, 1862. — Dr. H. C. Preston read his paper on Entomology and
presented specimens of native insects.

Outline of the Business at the Regular Meetings from 1862
to 1882, When the Society Began to Publish its Annual
Bulletin.

January 29, 1862. — The inaugural meeting, particulars of which may be
found on a preceding page.

February 14, 1862. — The constitution is adopted and officers elected.
LeB. Botsford, M. D., President; M. H Perley, Vice-President; R. P. Starr,
Recording Secretary; H. W. Frith, Corresponding Secretary; E. Allison,
Treasurer; G. F. Matthew, Cuirator; Wm. Jack, W. P. Dole and C. F. Hartt,
members of Council.

April 25, 1862. — Mr. C. F. Hartt read a paper on “Gold,” and exhibited
a map of the gold fields of Nova Scotia.

November 28, 1862. — Resolution of condolence passed relative to the
death of the Vice-President, Moses H. Perley. He had died in the early
part of the season on the coast of Labrador, when engaged in the Fisheries
service. One hundred copies of his paper on Newfoundland were received
by the Society.

HISTORICAL SKETCH.

467

December 12, 1862. — G. F. Matthew read a paper on the Minerals of
New Brunswick, published in the city papers. E. Allison read a paper on
the Copper of Simpson’s Island.

January 2, 1863. — G. A Hamilton, M. D., read a paper on “Variety of
Complexion and Figure in the Human Species.” It was discussed by clerical
and other members.

January 16, 1863. — Professor L. W. Bailey’s paper on “Microscopic
Flora” was read by Dr. H. C. Preston.

January 20, 1863. — Annual meeting at which the report of the Council
was read and officers elected for the ensuing year. Most of the officers were
re-elected. William Jack, Esq., became the Vice-President, and R. Brittain
and Drs. Hamilton and Preston joined the Council.

Some extracts from the annual report will show how the Society of that
day compares with the present conditions. There were eighty-one regular
members; the sum that passed through the treasurer’s hands was two hundred
and fifty-two dollars; there were one hundred and twenty volumes in the
library and the number of forty-one benefactors (i. e. donors) are named.

January 30, 1863. — Dr. Geo. Sinclair read a paper on “Certain Theories
concerning the Origin of Species.”

February 13, 1863. — Owing to the small attendance at the January
meeting, Dr. Sinclair’s paper was re-read at this meeting.

February 27, 1863. — The cabinets of minerals and fossils of the Stein-
hammer Club were presented, and the members of the club made life mem-
bers: C. F. Hartt, R. P. Starr, G. F. Matthew, W. R. Payne, J. B. Hegan.

C. K. Fiske, M. D., presented twenty-four species of native Anatidse. He
also was made a life member. Mr. Justice Parker read a paper on the “Early
History of the Province.”

March 13, 1863. — Dr. G. A. Hamilton read a second paper on “Natural
Causes of Variety of Complexion, etc., in the Human Species.”

March 27, 1863. — No paper read. Reports on various topics connected
with the business of the Society.

April 10, 1863. — ■ G. F. Matthew read his paper, “Observations on the
Geology of St. John County, New Brunswick.” (Published in Canadian
Naturalist, yol. VIII, August, 1863, Montreal, 241-261).

April 24, 1863. — -Gilbert Murdoch read his “Notes on Meteorology,”
being a summary of observations at St. John between 1850 and 1862.

November 20, 1863. — C. F. Hartt gave notice of a proposed amendment
to the Constitution. Dr. G. A Hamilton read a paper, “A General View
of the Method of Study in Natural History.”

November 27, 1863. — Dr. C. K. Fiske made a Life Member. The
society undertook to purchase Mr. C. F. Hartt’s collection of fossil plants
for the museum. Mr. C. F. Hartt read a paper on “Reptiles of Acadia.”

December 18, 1863. — Dr. Geo. Sinclair read a paper, on “Observations on
Phrenology as a Science.” It was illustrated by diagrams and specimens.

46S

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

January 15, 1864. — William Wright, Esq., gives forty dollars toward the
funds and becomes a life member. J. Matthew Jones, of Halifax, sends a
paper on “Currents and their Effects on Islands Far-removed from Con-
tinents.” He also presented books and some tropical Mollusca.

January 19, 1864. — The Annual Meeting was held on this date. Assistant
curators were added to the Council.

January 29, 1864. — H. W. Frith read a paper on “Social Science.”

February 12, 1864. — I. Allen Jack presented a head of an “Indian” found
on a hillside at Lake Utopia, Charlotte County, and read letters relating to
the same. It is in medallion form on a flat slab of coarse granite. Prof.
L. W. Bailey gave a paper on “Motion.”

February 26, 1864. — L. Donaldson, Esq., read a paper on “Transplanting
Oysters to the Kennebecasis.” Application was made to the Government
for fifty copies of Dr. L. W. Bailey’s pamphlet on “Mines and Minerals of
New Brunswick. ’ ’

March 11, 1864. — I. A. Jack read a paper on the stone “Medallion Found
at Lake Utopia.”

April 8, 1864. — R. Matthew read a list of botanical species found in New
Brunswick. J. W. Hartt read a paper, by C. F. Hartt on “Geological Teach-
ings.”

November 18, 1864. — H. F. Perley, C. E., gives a set of specimens of rock
and ore from the gold formation of Nova Scotia.

November 25, 1864. — H. W. Frith proposes the holding of a Conversazione,
and suggests getting the lower floor of the Mechanic’s Institute building for
the purpose.

December 9, 1864. — H. W. Frith reports favourably from Conversazione
Committee. Dr. G. Sinclair reads H. F. Perley’s paper on the “Gold Fields
of Nova Scotia.”

December 23, 1864. — A successful Conversazione was held this month,
and a vote of thanks given at this meeting to those who assisted. Gilbert
Murdoch read a paper on “Meteorology of St. John.”

January 2, 1865. — E. Manning, (one of the surviving charter members)
took the office of Recording Secretary this year.

February 3, 1865. — G. F. Matthew read papers on (a) “ Dunsinane Coal,”
(b) “Cupriferous Rocks of Southeastern New Brunswick;” (c) “Geology of
Charlotte County.” (Published in the report of the Provincial Geological
Survey of New Brunswick).

March 10, 1864. — J. W. Hartt read a paper on the “Geology and Scenery
of the Basin of Mines.” Robert Matthew read paper on (the recently dis-
covered) “Oliver’s Cave” (near St. John).

March 31, 1864. — I. A. Jack read a paper “ Paleontological and Histori-
cal Notes on New Brunswick.”

April 7, 1864. — Dr. George Sinclair read a paper “ Remarks on the Nature
of Force.”

HISTORICAL SKETCH.

469

April 21, 1864. — Robert Matthew read some “Notes on the Botany of
New Brunswick.”

November 24, 1864. — A resolution of condolence on the death of the late
Chief Justice Parker was passed by the meeting and William Jack, the Vice-
President, read a paper.

December 1, 1864. — Robert Matthew read a paper on (our) “Minerals,
what we do with them and what we might do.”

December 29, 1864. — C. R. Matthew read a paper on the “Antiquity of
Man,” which elicited some discussion.

January 16, 1866. — The Annual Meeting. The report of the Council was
read and officers elected for the ensuing year. R. Matthew became Recording
Secretary and Dr. Steeves and Rev. W. Elder were added to the Council.

February 9, 1866. — S. L. Rome’s paper on the “Abbeville Jaw” (found
in the gravels of the river Somme in France) was read and caused a warm
debate.

M'< February 28, 1866. — President recommended application for a room in
the proposed New Grammar School building. I. Allen Jack read paper on
the “Siege of Louisburg,” written by a French officer engaged there.

March 9, 1866. — -G. F. Matthew gave an address on the “Earlier froms of
Life as seen in the Menevian group at St. John and at St. David’s in Wales.”

March 23, 1866. — Donations of books were presented at this meeting,
but no paper was read.

April 6, 1866. — Robert Matthew read a paper on the “Geology of Cali-
fornia” (published in “Silliman’s Journal”).

November 16, 1866. — Rev. James Fowler, of Richibucto, presented a
collection of shells from the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and G. Murdoch fossil
shells from the clay beds at corner of Sydney and Union Streets. G. F.
Matthew read a short history of the Society since its formation. The issuing
of a small periodical was advocated at this meeting. It bore fruit fifteen
years later in the publication of the Annual Bulletin of the Society.

November 30, 1866. — Dr. Geo. Sinclair read Professor L. W. Bailey’s
paper on “Microscopic Algae.” A number of donations were presented at
this meeting.

December 14, 1866. — At this meeting Mr. R. P. Starr read a paper on
“Gems,”— ^referring especially to the beautiful collection in the British
Museum.

January 11, 1867. — R. Matthew read a paper on “Grand Lake, its
Scenery, Geology and Mineralogy.” In this connection the productiveness
of the Coal Measures there was discussed, and the opinions of various
geologists cited.

January 15, 1867. — ’The Annual Meeting, at which the Report of the
Council was presented and office bearers for the ensuing year elected. At
this election two Vice-Presidents were chosen, W. Jack and G. A. Hamilton.
The increase in the number of curators brought in J. L. Mclnnis, I. A. Jack
and J. McCurdy, and the Rev. James Bennet was added to the Council.

470

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

February 5, 1867. — Mr. I. A. Jack read a journal of a trip from Baltimore
to Shepody, etc., in 1771.

March 5, 1867. — Jules Morazain gave an account of a trip to the Rest-
auradora Copper Mine in the Argentine Republic.

April 2, 1867. — A. Leith Adam, M. D., Surgeon 42nd Regiment, read an
article on “Change of Color in the American Hare.” Discussed by Messrs.
Jack, Fiske and Spurr.

May 14, 1867. — Mr. McCurdy wrote from Sussex regarding snow-fleas
there, with specimens of these insects. Dr. Botsford read a paper on the
“History of Westmorland, N. B.”

July 2, 1867. — J. L. Mclnnis read a paper on the “Dynamics of the
Ocean.”

October 1, 1867. — The paper of J. W. Dawson, F. G. S., on “Icebergs and
Glaciers” was read by the Secretary. Reference was made to the Boulder
Clay of Canada.

November 5, 1867. — Edward Jack, C. E., sent a description of a “New
Fossil Locality on the Nashwaak,” a district where no fossils had hitherto
been found. Dr. A. Leith Adams sent a letter descriptive of a “Great
Destruction of Fish at Magaguadavic by Storm.” Several millions of fish
were cast up on the beach.

December 3, 1867. — R. Matthew, going to New York, resigns the secre-
taryship. I. Allen Jack is appointed in his place.

January 21, 1868. — Annual meeting. Report of Council read. Members
of Council mostly as preceding year. Jas. Christie, M. D., joins the Council.
It was announced that Dr. Dawson would publish an account of the Hartt
collection of fossil plants in his new edition of the “Acadian Geology.”
According to the agreement with Dr. Dawson the Society is to receive the
first complete set classified, Dr. Dawson the second, Mr. Hartt (if wishing
it) the third.

February 4, 1868. — Dr. A. L. Adams sent a paper descriptive of the
“Effect of Cold on Certain Trees; and the Destruction of the Birch Part-
ridge at Low Temperatures.”

March 3, 1868.— A proposal was made to remove the Society’s pro-
perties from the Mechanic’s Institute to Grammar School building, where
the Society could have the “Board Room” for their museum and Library.
Favoured by Messrs, R. P. Starr and G. F. Matthew. This proposal was
accepted.

May 5, 1868. — (In the Grammar School building). Read letter from
Dr. A. L. Adams, offering a collection of birds and small mammals for sale.
Offer referred to a committee, which later reported unfavourably to the
purchase.

June 2, 1868. — Paper of A. S. Bickmore on the “Ainos of Saghalien,”
read by I. A. Jack.

July 17, 1868. — J. A. Hoyt read a paper on the “Manufacture of Maple
Sugar in New Brunswick.”

HISTORICAL SKETCH.

471

December 8, 1868. — Dr. C. K. Fiske read a paper from Prof. L.
Agassiz, Harvard College, on “Fossil Tooth of an Elephant from Japan.”
It is a small extinct species.

January 29, 1869. — Annual Meeting (adjourned from 19th). New case
ordered for Hartt Collection, which has been returned. It was announced
that the minerals had been catalogued and arranged. Dr. Botsford declines
re-nominatioti as president. Wm. Jack becomes president. W. R. M.
Burtis elected Recording Secretary. Other members of Council as last
year.

February 19, 1869. — Dr. C. K. Fiske read a paper on the “Teeth —
Their Structure and Uses.”

April 13, 1869. — G. F. Matthew read a paper on “Arctic and Western
Plants in Continental Acadia.” (Published in Canadian Naturalist.) Letter
received from Dr. John Newberry acknowledging the receipt of fossil ferns
of the Hartt collection.

April 27, 1869. — G. F. Matthew read the remainder of his paper above
named.

December 3, 1869. — Thos. L. Taylor read a paper on the “Aurora
Borealis.” Letters acknowledging the receipt of fossil ferns of the Hartt
collection were received from the following: Smithsonian Institution,

Washington, D. C. ; Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; Academy
of Sciences, Chicago, 111.; University of New Brunswick, Fredericton;
Boston Society of Natural History. (These we're duplicates of the Hartt
collection, returned by Dr. Dawson. Other duplicate sets were sent to the
British Museum and to Paris, Berlin and Vienna.)

December 21, 1869. — Professor L. W. Bailey read a paper on the
“Co-relation of the Imponderable Agents — Heat, Light and Electricity.”
Rumkoff coils and Geissler tubes -were shown.

i\pril 5, 1870. — Annual Meeting (adjourned from January). Report
of the Council was read. Dr. Botsford was again made president and
N. G. D. Parker, Librarian. Other members of Council as last year.

May 31, 1870. — Dr. C. K. Fiske read a paper on the “Lower Forms of
Animal and Vegetable Life; how they may be distinguished.”

December 9, 1870. — Council report on dampness of the Society’s room
and advise removal of perishable articles to a dry place at once. Site was
offered by President (on Rock street) if sum can be raised to erect building.
G. F. Matthew read his paper on “Culture of Science.” R. P. Starr moved
that the paper be handed to Mr. Elder for publication.

December 23, 1870. — Committee on building report; are authorized to
procure plans and report at next meeting.

January 10, 1871. — R. P. Starr presents plan for a brick cased building
to cost $2,000. Dr. Keator moved the Society apply for an Act of Incorpor-
ation and a grant towards the building. Committee formed to solicit sub-
scriptions for the building.

472

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

January 25, 1871. — Annual Meeting. Report of Council. Dr. Inches
becomes Corresponding Secretary and H. F. Perley, C. E., a Curator.

February 10, 1871. — Dr. C. K. Fiske gives a lecture on the “Use of the
Imagination in Science” (written by J. Tyndall).

April 4, 1871. — G. F. Matthew reported from the Building committee
their inability to raise the, money required for a building for the Society and
requests to retire therefrom. H. F. Perley read his paper “A Pipe of Tobacco
and a Pinch of Snuff,” giving the history of the use of tobacco and tobacco
pipes.

After this for a year though there were meetings, there
were no quorums and therefore no record of the proceedings.

May 21, 1872. — Committee appointed to see Trustees of Schools and
Grammar School Board re quarters for the Society in the proposed High
School building. Nothing was accomplished.

For nearly two years no records of meetings were kept as
there were on quorums.

January 21, 1874. — Annual Meeting. Committee was appointed to
confer with Directors of Mechanic’s Institute and find best arrangement that
can be made for deposit and care of the Cabinet and Library of the Society.
Resolution of condolence on the death of Dr. G. E. S. Keator, our late Treas-
urer, was presented and passed.

February 6, 1874. — Adjourned Annual Meeting. The secretary reported
that eleven of the former members had offered to rejoin.

February 20, 1874. — Adjourned Annual Meeting. A report of the Council
was presented and officers elected. William Jack again became President.
Some new names appear on the reconstituted Board: J. W. H. Rowley, J.
Harper, Librarian.

March 9, 1874. — G. F. Matthew read a paper on the “Surface Deposits
of Acadia” (the substance of this was published in one of the Reports of the
Geological Survey of Canada).

April 7, 1874. — Committee appointed January 21 last, reported they had
agreed with the Director of the Mechanic’s Institute for space for the collec-
tions and for a room for meetings. Mr. T. L. Taylor read a paper on “The
Tides,” in which he advanced some original views as to their cause.

May 5, 1874. — Mr. Edward Manning read a paper on “The History*
Geography and Geology of Ipswich” (England).

July 7, 1874. — Mr. R. P. Starr read a paper on the “Springhill Coal
Mine.”

A vacation of three years then occurred without meetings.
In the meantime the Cabinet and Library had been moved
back to the Mechanic’s Institute and escaped the destruction

HISTORICAL SKETCH.

473

which fell upon the Grammar School building in the great
fire of June 20, 1877, after which, for some years, but few persons
had leisure from the more pressing cares of life.

After three years certain persons, feeling the want of a
public society for debate and for presenting the result of studies
in Natural History, reorganized the old Natural History
Society at the Mechanics Institute, where the Society’s pro-
perties were.

The following persons were present.

William Jack, Esq., as President, and
G. Ernest Fairweather as Recording Secretary.

Rev. G. M. Armstrong
W. F. Best
H. G. Bridges
*W. F. Burditt
R. Chalmers
P. R. Inches
*W. A. Jack

*Geo. H. Lee
G. F. Matthew
*C. A. McDonald
*J. A. C. McKean.
*D. P. Chisholm
W. F. CoHman
*W. N. Gould

G. A. Hamilton
*Geo. U. Hay
*W. M. McLean
G. F. Smith
R. P. Starr
*D. B. Warner
*D. Waterbury

The vacant offices were filled as follows: D. B. Warner, Second Vice*

President; W. N. Gould, Curator; G. U. Hay on the Council.

March 19, 1880. — The membership began to fill up rapidly, several old
members rejoined and fifteen new members were elected. Dr. Coleman read
a paper on “Refraction of Light in the Eye.”

April 2, 1880. — William Jack, the president, read a paper on the “Border-
land of Instinct and Intelligence.”

May 4, 1880. — W. F. Best read a paper on the “Undeveloped Resources
of New Brunswick.”

June 1, 1880. — R. Chalmers read a paper entitled “Botanical Notes.”

July 6, 1880. — Prof. L. W. Bailey gave an address on “Classification.”
Dr. L. C. Allison exhibited microscopic slides to illustrate it.

August 3, 1880. — Prof. Bailey gave a second address on “ Classification, ’’
chiefly on that of the Animal kingdom.

September 9, 1880. — M. Chamberlain read a paper on the “Language
of the Milicete Indians.”

October 13, 1880. — Dr. P. R. Inches read a paper on “Contagion.”

November 3, 1880. — Dr. L. C. Allison read a paper on “Sharks.”

*In the above list names with an asterisk are those of new members.

/

-474

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

December 7, 1880. — G. U. Hay read a “Biographical sketch of the Life
and Work of Chas. Fred. Hartt (ordered to be published).

January 4, 1881.— E. Jack, C. E., read a paper on “Antimony Mine at
Prince William.”

January 18.— Annual Meeting. G. F. Matthew moved reduction of fee
of ordinary members to $3 and $2.

In the election of officers Dr. Botsford was elected President and G. Ernest
Fairweather, Recording Secretary ; J. C. Alliso i and John Hammond were
added to the Council.

N. B. The record of meetings from this date will be found
in the Society’s Bulletin No. 1, and those that follow.

ARTICLE V,

NOTES ON NEW BRUNSWICK WEATHER FOR 1911

By D. Leavitt Hutchinson.

January. — Weather conditions throughout the month were
most variable and temperature changes remarkably pronounced,
mild, wet and thawing, and very cold following in rapid sequence,
A spell of cold weather between the 16th and 23rd gave tempera-
tures much below zero in all localities, attended by thick vapour
in the Bay of Fundy. The scarcity of snow was an important
feature; bare ground obtained during the greater part of the
month, but the heavy fall near its close was of valuable assistance
to the lumbermen in southern New Brunswick; southwest gales
on 2nd and 21st; heavy northwest gales on 29th and 31st.
Highest temperature was 52 at Grand Manan on the 4th, lowest
24 below zero at Chatham on the 18th.

February. — A fine, bright cold month with zero temperatures
of frequent occurrence, and only two short intervals of thawing
weather. The mean temperature was below the average, and
the amount of precipitation decidedly deficient, but the ground
was everywhere snow covered with good roads throughout the
month. The gales of the month were unimportant. Highest
temperature 57 at Sussex on the 24th, lowest 28 below zero at
Dalhousie on the 6th.

March.— In general March was abnormally cold, tempera-
tures well below zero being locally recorded between the 1st and
7th. The latter half of the month was stormy, nearly the total
precipitation occurring during that period. A southeast to*
southwest gale on the 15th and 16th, with a maximum velocity
of 52 miles at St. John, was attended by heavy rain. The

(475)

476 BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

heaviest snowfall of the season occurred on the 22nd and 23rd.
At the close of the month the ground was bare of snow in nearly
all parts of southern New Brunswick. Ice in rivers and streams
very thick and firm with little prospect of movement. Highest
temperature 52 at St. Stephen on the 26th, and at Moncton on
the 27th, lowest 16 below zero at Dalhousie on the 4th.

A pril. — The greater part of April was fine though remark-
ably wintry. Rainfall was abnormally light and snow fell to a
considerable depth on the 5th, 9th, 21st and 22nd. Owing
to these conditions lakes, rivers and streams were late in opening
and freshets were not up to usual mark. The last three days of
the month were warm, and on the 29th temperatures were high
and exceeded 80 in some localities. Highest temperature 82 at
St. Stephen on the 20th, lowest 7 at Chatham on the 3rd.

May. — May was abnormally fine, warm and dry. Freezing
temperatures were generally recorded on the 4th and 5th,
followed by many days of unusually high temperature. Thund-
erstorms were heavy locally. In southern New Brunswick the
rainfall was phenomenally light. At St. John the total fall,
0.36 of an inch, was much below any record for May for the
past fifty years. Forest and bush fires were destructive, and
stream driving was held up for lack of rain. No gales occurred.
Highest temperature 96 at Grand Manan on the 17th, lowest 20
at St. Stephen on the 5th.

June.— June weather opened with a heavy rainfall, then ten
days of fine and moderately warm conditions were followed by a
showery period lasting till the 23rd. The remainder of the
month was mostly fine, closing very warm. Thunderstorms
were frequent and in some instances quite heavy and destructive,
Coast fogs were prevalent on six days during the last half of the
month. Highest temperature 86 at St. Stephen on the 9th,
lowest 35 at Dalhousie on the 23rd, at Moncton on the 3rd and
1 1th, and at St. Stephen on the 6th and 25th.

July. — A month of mostly fine weather and high tempera-
tures; the rainfall chiefly from thunderstorms varied consider-
ably with localities; coast fogs were few and of short duration.

NOTES ON NEW BRUNSWICK WEATHER.

477

A gale occurred in the Bay of Fundy on the 29th with a maxi-
mum wind velocity at Point Lepreaux of 48 miles per hour.
Highest temperature 95 at Fredericton and Chatham on the
6th, lowest 45 at Sussex on the 8th.

August. — August weather, like that of the preceding summer
months, was exceptionally fine, warm, and for the greater part
very dry, nearly the entire rainfall occurred on the 11th, 16th,
19th and 26th. Previous to the timely and excessive rainfall
of the 16th, a general drought prevailed and forest fires were
most destructive. No frosts were reported. On the 16th a
northwesterly gale was locally heavy. Highest temperature
92 at Chatham on the 4th, lowrest 39 at Moncton on the 3rd.

September. — September was comparatively cool, with an
excess of cloudy days. The rainfall in the vicinity of St. John
was considerably above the average, but elsewhere it was below.
Thunderstorms on the 12th caused some local damage. The
first light frost occurred on the 13th, and heavy killing frost on
the 29th. Highest temperature 84 at Grand Manan on the 4th,
lowest 23 at St. Stephen on the 29th.

October. — A fine mild month, remarkable for the fewT wet
days and light rainfall. Nearly the total precipitation was
recorded on the 1th and 23rd. Snow flurries occurred on the
27th and the first freezing temperature on the 4th. The storms
of the month wrere unimportant; a moderate southwest to
northwest gale occurred on the 4th, and a moderate southwest
gale occurred on the 29th. Highest temperature 73 at St.
Stephen on the 11th, lowest 17 at St. Stephen on the 30th.

November. — The weather of the month was of a generally
seasonable character, the marked feature being the abnormal
prevalence of high winds and gales. At the close the ground was
bare of snow in the south, but in the interior and north the depth
ranged from 2 to 12 inches. Highest temperature 65 at Chatham
on the 13th, lowrest 6 at St. Stephen on the 26th.

December.- — December was a comparatively mild month
with temperature from four to eight degrees above the average.
Snowdall w^as exceptionally light and at the close of the

478

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

month in southern New Brunswick the ground, in most locali-
ties, was bare of snow. The most windy period was between
the 24th and 31st with a maximum hourly velocity of 55 miles
from the northwest on the 29th. The highest temperature was
59 at St. Stephen on the 12th and the lowest 7.5 below zero at
Chatham on the 31st.

D. L. HUTCHINSON,

Director.

NOTES ON NEW

BRUNSWICK

WEATHER.

479

ST. JOHN OBSERVATORY.

WIND DIRECTION AND VELOCITY FOR 1911.

sajijAj

Fioj,

10,852

9,847

10,843

8,448

7,728

6,303

5,851

6,479

7,965

8,984

12,467

10,516

106,283

UIIB3

aanoH

iOMM®OOOOSNO>OOMO) I

110 j

VV.

saillM

4,990
5,156
3,497
2,958
882
1,158
316
1,710
1 ,815
3,659
5,161
5,024

1 36,326

sanoH

267

264

216

180

53

66

44

111

150

222

217

245

2,035

£

S9IJJAI

585

642

425

619

401

200

84

504

210

415

1,251

950

6,286

sanoH

00MO0)NO0CMMf>0^
^ *o ^ m n h co <m -41 oi r-

530

£

c/5

S3IIIV

2,322

595

2,782

592

1,464

751

1,147

949

1,302

1,896

2,186

1,010

16 ,996

san°H

HOMiOHOOOO^ffiMNO

M^NOOlNOONOOCONffi

1,150

c/5

S9IIW

689

374

1,438

834

3,388

1.711

2,341

1,759

1,604

1,108

1,001

508

16,755

sjnoH

48
27
100
120
382
276
325
239
166!
104
57
. 39

1,883

S. E.

sal m

630
481
1,404
773
363
1,038 1
1,223
512
728
647
1,064
640

9,503

sjnoH

41

21

76

83

56

115

175

95

69

71

52

46

1 900

W

S9ITW

OfflionoiN'toMnwoo
H d n ® CO <N t-i

3,043

j sun oh

NNNNNNCOO^NCO^

r-H

|. 351

1 [
N. E. |

1

r

saiiH

522
1,392
379
1,538
489
213
86
234
1,053
431
1 795

| 1,230

1 8,362

sanoH

NHNfflCOHiOOOHCHd

Nd'THTfeOHMOlON^

CO

00

S3U1M

1,024
1 ,121
783
861
431
610
270
385
1,160
595
796
976

1 9,012

sjnoH

110

130

82

79
42
63
34
52

109

69

80
105

lO

to

05

1911

1 1
*5

January

February

March. •.

April

May

June

July

August

September. . . .
October. . . .
November. . . .
December. . . .

Totals

480

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

METEOROLOGICAL ABSTRACT FOR 1911.

ST. JOHN OBSERVATORY

Meteorological Service of Canada.

Latitude, 45* 16' 4".50 N. Longitude, 66* 3' 47".70 W.

Months.

1911.

Barometer.

Thermometer.

Cloudiness.

0= Clear

10 =» Wholly Cloudy.

Precipitation
Rain and
Melted Snow.

Thunderstorms.

Fogs.

Mean

Highest

Lowest

Mean

High-
| est

Low-

est

January

30.036

30.586

1

28.874

22,2

47.0

-14.0

5.7

3.42

0

2

February

30.014

30.600

1 29.486

16.7

44.3

- 6.2

4.2

2.06

0

0

March

30.091

30.697

1 29.069

27.4

46.1

2.3

5.0

4.71

0

3

April |

30.062

30.686

29.533

38.0

66.5

11.5

5.6

1.34

0

3

May j

30.001

30.367

29.450

50.9

71.9

31.0

4.7

0.36

1

9

June

29.913

30.365

29.519

59.9 !

81.3

44.3

5.8

3.15

4

9

July

29.966

30.316

29.592

66.7 j

82.0

54.0

5.3

2.65

6

7

August

29.999

30.428

29.270

62.8 !

80.3

50.0

4.9

3.15

1

8

September

30.032

30.436

29.464

56.4

70.5

37.3

5.6

5.28

2

4

Octoberfl

30.059

30.560

29.463

47.5 ]

65 . 5

27.5

4.9

1.08

-0

4

November

29.874

30.529

29.002

34.9

58.4

16.0

5.5

5 . 66

0

1

December *

30.047

30.489 !

29.078

29.7 i

52.0

3.0

5.9

2.95 |

0

3

Mean height of barometer for year was 30.015, the highest
reading 30.697 on 7th March, and the lowest 28.874 on 30th
January. The average temperature for the year was 42.8,
which was 1.6 above the average of the past thirty-nine years.
Maximum temperature 82 occurred on the 10th July and the
minimum 14 below zero on the 17th January. Total precipita-
tion 35.81 was 10.62 below average.

D. L. HUTCHINSON.

Director St. John Observatory ,

REPORT OF COUNCIL.

481

FIFTIETH ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

Council of the Natural History Society

OF

NEW BRUNSWICK.

The Council of the Natural History Society of New Bruns-
wick submit the following as a summary of the work accom-
plished by the Society for the year ending September 30, 1912.

Membership.

While the number of regular members shows a slight decrease
for the year, the large increase in the other classes more than
makes up for the loss, consequently the total membership is the
largest in the history of the Society.

The following table shows the numbers, classes and total
enrolled membership:

Honorary

Life

Corresponding . .

Regular

Associate

J unior

J unior Associate

3

19

16

142.

359’

32

54

Total

625

Lectures.

During the year there were ten meetings of the Society held.
At the meeting of October 3 the chairman of each Field meeting
held during the summer gave a synopsis of the work done. On
October 17 the annual meeting was held; and on November 7,
after a short business session, there was a reunion of the members*
which proved a very interesting and pleasant affair.

482

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

December 7 — Diatoms. — Dr. L. W. Bailey.

January 2 — Prehistoric Man. — Dr. G. F. Matthew.

February 6 — St. John River. — Wm. McIntosh, Esq.

March 5 — Educational Work in Apple Growing. — A. G. Turney, Esq.

April 2 — Entomological Problems of Today. — Wm. McIntosh, Esq.

May 7 — Winged Police. — A. Gordon Leavitt.

June 4 — Report of the Delegate. — W. J. Wilson, Esq., to the Royal

Society.

. Natural History and Physiography of New Brunswick. — Dr.
W. F. Ganong.

Temperature Measurements of N. B. Springs.

On the Physical Geography of Gaspereaux River.

On the Physical Geography of Salmon River.

On the Stability of the N. B. Coast.

Treasurer’s Report.

The statements submitted herewith, show the receipts and
expenditures for the year 1911-12, and also the Society’s financial
position on the first of October in the latter year.

It will be observed that the amount withdrawn from the
“Special Account,” $1,198.10, was all used in connection with
the repairs and alterations to the building, the charges for which
amounted to $1,246.81.

The balance of $84.13 in the Bank of New Brunswick is
considerably less than it was at the close of our last year, as it
was then $231.54, but it must be remembered that our barn
now gives us an income of only $25.00 per annum, while it
formerly gave $100.00, and that the ladies have discontinued
their annual grant of $150.00 — these changes reduce our annual
income by $225.00.

Our thanks are due the Provincial Government and the City of
Saint John for the grants of $400.00 and $250.00 respectively.

All conversant with our work must surely realize that our
museum is daily becoming more valuable as an educator and
that the more it does for the people, the more it is justified in
asking from the people, or from those representing the people,
and it would appear to be in the interest of all that the Society’s
work and position be brought to the special notice of the City
Commissioners, and an endeavour made to have the City’s
annual grant increased. A. Gordon Leavitt.

REPORT OF COUNCIL.

483

Statement for Year October 1, 1911, to September 30, 1912.
Receipts —

Balance in Bank of N. B. October 1, 1911 $231 54

Regular Fees $265 00

Associate Fees 311 00

Junior Fees 19 00

Junior Associate Fees 37 00

632 00

Grant from N. B. Government 400 00

“ City of St. John 250 00

Rent of Barn (2 Years) 50 00

From Ladies Association 31 35

“ Canadian Club, Use of Rooms 3 00

Withdrawn from “Special Account” 1,198 10

Loans “ “ “ 400 00

' $3,195 99

Expenditure —

Salaries, $550.00, $200.00, $25.00 $775 00

Repairs and Alterations 1,246 81

Postage 20 20

Cleaning 25 90

Fuel and Removal of Ashes 45 43

Commission, Collection of Fees 55 40

Insurance Premiums 82 10

Stationery 78 70

Books for Library 3 00

Lights and Lighting 69 95

Sundries 71 69

“ for Museum 12 89

Cartage 2 85

Bulletin XXIX 177 20

Plates for Bulletin 7 74

Expenses Visiting Lecturers 6 00

Telephone 24 00

Supplies for Reflectoscope 7 00

Returned to “Special Account” 400 00

Balance in Bank of N. B 84 13

$3,195 99

484

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

Special Account.

Balance in Bank of N. B., October 1, 1911 $3,876 55

Interest December 31, 1911 50 59

June 30, 1912 38 30

Loans Returned 400 00

$4,365 44

Withdrawals During Year $1,198 10

Loans to Regular Account 400 00

Balance in Bank of N. B 2,767 34

$4,365 44

A. Gordon Leavitt, Treasurer.

Saint John, N. B., October 1, 1912.

Examined and found correct.

(Signed) Timothy O’Brien, \

T. H. Belyea, / Aui'l°rs-

October 15th, 1912.

Curator’s Report. — ( William McIntosh).

As curator of the Museum of the Natural History Society
of New Brunswick, I beg to submit a report of the work of the
museum for the year ending September 30, 1912.

During the earlier part of the year, important changes in
the building were being completed and the museum was not
opened to the public until November 12th, and the collections
were not all in place until some weeks later.

Visitors. — About 6,000 persons visited the museum during
the year; among these were a number of scientists from abroad
who came to St. John to examine our collections.

Donations. — The donations have been numerous and valu-
able, showing the great interest taken in the museum by the
public. A complete list of the objects received, and the names
of the donors will be found in the appendix to this report.

Zoology. — No changes of importance have been made in
this department. It might not be out of place to draw attention

REPORT OF COUNCIL.

485

to the fact that our collection of wild animals is remarkably
poor. It is to be regretted that, in the most important museum
in a province noted for the variety and abundance of its wild
animals, such an aged and faded collection should be shown.

A number of birds have been added to the collection of
native birds, and about twenty-five duplicate specimens have
been placed in individual cases for loaning to schools.

Three cases containing groups of corals, sponges, molluscs,
and crustaceans, have been placed on exhibition and are much
admired.

A considerable number of insects and other invertebrate
animals were collected during the year.

Botany. — A large number of native plants have been gathered
and mounted for the Study Collection, and some hundreds of
specimens were determined for teachers and others. This
branch of our work is increasing rapidly.

Minerals and Rocks. — Much material has been collected
during the past three years, and now the Society possesses a
fairly representative collection of the rocks and minerals of the
Province.

Paleontology. — The gathering of local fossils has been con-
tinued, and some valuable specimens have been obtained.
During the year, Dr. Matthew mounted and labelled the large
collection of fossils which he recently presented to this Society.

The collections have been studied by a number of specialists,
among these was Dr. Marie Stopes, of the British Museum
staff, who borrowed a number of specimens which she took to
Europe for comparison with fossils in London and Paris. Plates
of a number of these have been prepared to illustrate a work
soon to be published. These specimens have been returned
with the thanks of the British Museum.

Archaeology and Ethnology. — New Brunswick Stone Age
material has accumulated so rapidly that it has been found
necessary to again re-arrange the exhibition collections. In
this department the donations and material collected have not
been nearly so great as in the two preceding years, but a few
very rare and valuable specimens have been obtained.

486

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

Educational Work. — A series of lectures for young people
was given during the winter, and a number of teachers brought
classes for talks on objects in the museum. The loan collections
to schools have been continued; the teachers value these collec-
tions very highly, but I regret to say that, with our scant material,
we cannot nearly supply the demand.

Giving Information. — The museum is becoming a Bureau of
Information on Natural Science subjects, over 2,043 specimens
having been received for identification, sent in by about 1,000
persons.

The Curator gave a number of talks in the City schools on
Nature Study and Acadian Archaeology, and several lectures
in other parts of the Province. He was also a member of the
lecture staff on the ‘‘Better Farming Special.”

Archaeology (William McIntosh, Chairman).

During the earlier part of the summer, the Curator examined
the region between Fredericton and French Village; a rude axe,
two arrowheads and pottery fragments were found on the old
village site at Savage Island. Flakes of felsite, chalcedony,
jasper, etc., were found in a number of places between Freder-
icton and Bear Island, indicating Indian camp sites, or at least
showing where a prehistoric arrow-maker had worked.

Later in the season, McDonald’s Point was visited.
The only object of importance found in this place was a
very fine Indian implement shaped like a spade or hoe,
of the type called by American archaeologists an agricultural
implement. It is made of beautifully banded slate, twelve
and one-half inches in length, eight and one-quarter inches wide
at one end and five and one-quarter at the other, and is not
over three-quarters of an inch in thickness. Flakes were
found in abundance but no other implements or pottery. David
Balmain, of Indian Point, gave some interesting relics, the most
valuable being a broken stone dagger, the handle of which is
pecked and ground to fit the hand. This, I believe to be the
only example of this form of knife ever found in the Province.

REPORT OF COUNCIL.

487

Duncan London presented a sinker and a section of the rim
of a clay pot ; the ornamentation is unusually good and shows a
high stage of primitive art.

A number of specimens have been obtained from various
parts of the Province and much valuable data has been gathered.

I hope, at an early date, to be able to lay the results of our
Archaeological work before the Society, in more extended form.

Building Committee (T. H. Estabrooks, Chairman.)

As noted in the report of last year, the rooms throughout
the building were painted, and many important changes made;
nothing was done in the library at that time. During the
present year, an unused door and window in the library have
been closed and plastered, the ceiling whitened, the walls painted,
and the floor laid with cork carpet; the high shelves have been
removed and bookcases substituted. A room in the upper
story has been shelved and fitted up as a library.

The window casings and door frames in the exhibition halls
throughout the building have been painted, adding to the
general appearance of these departments.

At the present time, a number of exhibition cases are being
placed in the hallway on the second floor.

It was found necessary to take down the boiler to put in
a new grate, the old one being completely burned out.

The roof of the outbuildings connecting the barn with the
main building was repaired, and some other minor repairs were
found to be necessary.

An old stone wall, which stood against the west side of our
building, was removed ; water lodged behind it and ran through
our wall, causing damage in the rooms on the lower floor. After
the removal of the old wall, the lower part of our wall was coated
with cement.

Geology (G. F. Matthew, Chairman.)

During the past season the Canadian Geological Survey
has had a party at work around St. John, making a topographical
survey of the city and its vicinity. This map will be on a large

488

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

scale, and will afford a useful basis for plotting the geology of
the city on a larger scale than has hitherto been possible.

The past year, has seen a considerable development of the
gas and oil deposits of the eastern part of the province; and
arrangements have been made to supply the town of Moncton
with gas from the bituminous rocks of Westmorland and Albert
Counties.

During the past season Professor Van Ingan has been making
extensive studies of the Cambrian rocks of Newfoundland, and
found the faunas closely related to those of the Cambrian at
St. John, N. B.

Library (James A. Estey, Librarian.)

During the year, important changes have been made in
the library. The Society’s collection of books has out-
grown the room, used as a library, on the first floor, and a
room on the third floor has been set apart as a working or study
library. The tall, unsightly book shelves have been removed
from the library, and four handsome bookcases substituted.
In these are arranged the more valuable books, and works which
are in constant use.

In the Library, proper, the publications, in the English
language, issued by scientific societies; Government reports
and works of a like character are arranged alphabetically. On
another series of shelves, are arranged books and pamphlets
on the Natural History and Archaeology of North America.
They are grouped as follows:

Section 1. — Zoology — The Zoology of North America,
General.

Section 2. — -Handbooks, Lists and Catalogues of North
American Mammals.

Section 3. — Life Histories of North American Mammals.

Section 4. — Mammals, of economic importance.

Section 5. — Mammals, osteology and structure.

Works on birds, fishes, reptiles, and invertebrates are sub-
divided and arranged under separate sections in the same way

REPORT OF COUNCIL.

489

as the mammals. Archaeology of the east, west and south,
Botany, Geology and Paleontology are all arranged in numbered
sections. This makes it easy to get at works on these subjects.

On another series of shelves, are to be found bound books
of miscellaneous character, and the books and pamphlets in
foreign languages are stored on the top shelves.

The Library contains about 12,500 books and pamphlets.
A number of important publications have been added to our
exchange list during the year. Dr. W. F. Ganong has kindly
continued to send “Science” as he has done for many years.
The thanks of the Library Committee are due, not only Dr.
Ganong, but many others who have given books to the library.

Press.

The Society is much indebted to the daily press for notices
of meetings, reports of the various gatherings of the Society,
and for the publicity given to its numerous activities during-
the past year.

Publications.

The Society published its Annual Bulletin last year, giving
currency to several articles bearing on the Botany and Natural
History of the Province.

Two of the articles published were from the pen of Prof.
L. W. Bailey and were on the minute plants known as Diatoms,
of which he has made a close study owing to their value as
sources of food to the fishes of these northern waters. Dr.
Bailey has also made a study of the fossil remains of these plants
as sources of polishing powder, etc.

Professor W. F. Ganong has contributed to this Bulletin
a number of notes on the “Natural History and Physiography
of New Brunswick,” treating of the Bartholomew River, the
Renous Lakes, “the Saxby Gale,” and the “Duration of Open
Water on the River St. John.”

Several brief papers on the Natural History of Rockwood
Park follow. They treat of the Geology, Botany, Mammals,
etc., of the Park and are synopses of lectures on that locality

490

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

given by various members of the Society. The closing article,
by D. Leavitt Hutchinson is “ Notes on New Brunswick Weather
for 1910,” with tables of wind, temperature, etc.

Following these articles is the Annual Report of the Council
on the financial position and various activities of the Society
and reports of its officers and committees. Several series of
lectures were given, and the Summer Field Meetings were well
attended. Valuable donations were made to the library and
museum. The report closes with a list of the officers, committees
and members of the Society. The members are of several
classes and in all amount to about 540.

Report of The Ladies’ Association of the Natural History

Society.

The Ladies’ Association of the Natural History Society
are happy to report another successful year in connection with
their work for the Society.

The autumn and winter courses of lectures held last winter
did not fall behind those of former years either from a literary
or financial point of view. Six lectures on Cathedrals were
given, as follows:

November 9. — Rochester Miss E. R. Scovil

November 16. — Canterbury Mrs. G. F. Scovil

November 23. — Westminster Mrs. H. Lawrence.

November 30. — Chartres Mrs. John Sealy.

December 7. — Cologne Mrs. Fiske.

December 14. — Cathedrals of New York Mrs. G. F. Matthew*

And on December 19, Mrs. J. A. McAvity gave a charming
lecture on “The Blue Bird.” Three hundred copies of a very
beautiful and helpful sermon on the subject were printed by
the ladies and illuminated by various members of the Society.
The sale of these charming little booklets netted $45.75.

The Winter course consisted, last year, of nine delightful
free lectures on various subjects, viz.:

REPORT OF COUNCIL.

491

January

18.— ‘

January

25.— ‘

February

1.— ‘

February

8.—'

February

15.— ‘

February

22.— ‘

February

29.— ‘

March

7.— ‘

March

14.— ‘

“Seville” Mrs. James F. Robertson.

“The Truth about the Midnight Sun ”.. Miss Mary B. Hartt.

“A Visit to Washington” . .• Mrs. J. H. Thomson.

“A Schoolgirl’s Impression of Switzerland”. .Miss deSoyres.

“A Canadian in Rome” Mrs. Silas Alward.

“A Visit to Hawaii Island ” Mrs. Wm. Neales.

“An Afternoon with Dickens” Mrs. Alfred Morrisey.

“As You Like It” Mrs. A. R. Melrose.

“A Morning’s Ramble in Edinburgh”.. .Mrs. J. R. McIntosh.

The courses of lectures for the coming winter are planned
and will, we hope, be equally interesting and instructive. For
this fall, four lectures are planned on ‘‘Royal Residences” —
four different countries — and two on modern opera, telling
the stories, as Humperdinck so delightfully presents them, of
the old folk tales of “The Royal Children” and “Haensel and
Gretel.”

The Winter Free Course will consist of eight lectures on
varied subjects — scientific, literary and musical.

In commemoration of the fiftieth anniversary of the organi-
zation of the Society, the ladies have secured portraits of all
past presidents of the Society, and of one or two other prominent
members, and will present them to the Society. These will be
unveiled at the Jubilee Meeting to be held on November 12.

The number of members of our Ladies’ Association has
increased since last year and is now 359.

The Treasurer Reports Proceeds from lectures, Shake-
speare Evening, Bluebird Booklet, Rental of piano, a total of
$220.88. The disbursements included : final payment on piano,

a payment of $31.35 to A. Gordon Leavitt, Treasurer of the
Natural History Society, and other expenses, leaving balance
on hand of $66.43. This amount has been voted to procure
cases for Dr. Matthew’s collection of two thousand fossils which
he has lately donated to the Society.

Once more, in closing this brief report, we would repeat our
motto, “Progress is the Law of Life.” We belong to a live branch
of a live Society — Let us grow.

K. M. Matthew,

President .

492

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

Treasurer’s Annual Report.

October ,1911-12.

Cash —

Proceeds of Lectures $127 00

Shakespeare Evening 14 00

Sale “Bluebird” Booklet 68 00

Rental of Piano, per Wm. Matthew 10 00

Interest on Bank Deposit 1 88

$220 88

Contra —

Woman’s Council Affiliation Fee $2 00

Typewriting 3 00

Miss Hoyt (on account) 25 00

C. H. Townshend, Piano Fund, Final Payment 25 00

For Tuning Piano 1 50

Globe Publishing Co. for Bluebird Booklet 22 25

R. Worden for Coaching 60

A. G. Leavitt, Treasurer Natural History Society 31 35

Incidental Expenses:

H. Climo for Photos 28 00

F. E. Holman for Frames 15 75

Cash on Hand 66 43

$220 88

Sarah H. Gronlund,

Treasurer Ladies' Auxiliary Association Natural History Society.

Junior Report.

The .Junior Members report an interesting year. Since
their last report six monthly meetings have been held. During
the winter several snow-shoeing tramps, etc., were taken under
the guidance of Mr. and Mrs. McIntosh and in the spring and
fall of this year a number of enjoyable outings were held. On
some of these trips the boys and girls joined and explored the
woods for flowers, ferns, etc.

In the month of July a sixteen-day camp gave the members
a chance to explore the country along the river between Fred-
ericton and Central Kingsclear. Among the places visited
were the Nashwaaksis, Currie’s Mountain, Keswick Ridge,
Camp Comfort and Sugar Islands. Many good botanical

REPORT OF COUNCIL.

493

specimens were collected on this trip and a small amount of
Indian pottery was also found on Savage Island.

Several of the boys have now fairly good amateur collections
of some departments of Natural History work. One member
has between 500 and 600 specimens of the floral life of New
Brunswick, while two others have collections of over 400 speci-
mens each. Some have also collections of shells, woods, etc.
All the prizes in the Natural History section of the recent exhibi-
tion were taken by Junior Members of this Society.

Respectfully submitted,

D. Gordon Willet, Secretary.

Junior Associate Branch.

Herewith I submit the annual report of the Junior Associate
Branch of the Natural History Society as follows: —

There are fifty-four members enrolled. At the annual

meeting held on Tuesday, October 1st,, 1912, officers were

elected for the coming year, as follows: —

President Ruth Coster.

First Vice-President Maude Willis.

Second Vice-President Mary Murdoch.

Secretary Kathleen Walker

Treasurer Dorothy Jones.

Several outings were enjoyed through, the spring, fall and
winter, chaperoned by Mr. and Mrs. McIntosh. We visited
Green Head, Dark Lake, Ashburn Lake, and on September 14
a cornboil was held at the Breakwater. The girls were invited
to spend the King’s Birthday at Camp Nature on the Nerepis
River, those who were there had a delightful time.

In regard to the camp trip —

This is the second year it has been thrown open to all the
members of the Junior Associate Branch.

There were fifteen in the party — twelve girls, Mr. and Mrs.
McIntosh and Mr. Leavitt. The party camped for two weeks
at McDonald’s Point, Washademoak Lake and the remainder
of the trip at Evandale on the Saint John River.

Respectfully, Kathleen R. Walker,

Secretary of the Junior Associate Branch.

494

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

DONATIONS.

Archeology and Ethnology.

Armstrong, Christopher — Indian Relics.

Balmain, David — Relics collected at Indian Point and vicinity.

Chase, Mr. — Indian Stone Age Implements.

Coster, Miss M. Constance — Implements of Stone Age.

Coster, Miss Ruth — Indian Relics.

Holman, Douglas — Indian Stone Age relics.

Humphreys, Mrs. J. H., Petitcodiac, N. B. — Flaked blade found on farm of
late Hiram Humphreys, about three hundred feet from Petitcodiac
River, one and one-half miles east of Petitcodiac.

Kee, Miss Edith — • Indian relics.

Leavitt, A. Gordon — Indian implements of Stone Age.

London, Duncan — Indian Stone Age relics collected at Maquapit Lake
and vicinity.

McIntosh, Wm. — Stone Age relics.

MacKinnon, Miss Elizabeth — Implements of Stone Age.

Zoology.

Bradley, Mrs. J. C. G., Syracuse, N. Y. — Nine specimens cast skins of
Dragon Fly imago.

Clarke, Mrs. J. Alfred — Golden Woodpecker; Young Seal; American
Merganser (all mounted).

Jones, Percy — Sea Horse and egg of Skate fish.

Lawrence, Mrs. J. M. — Horned Owl; Hawk; (mounted specimens).
Merritt, J. F.— Section of Balsam Fir showing work of the Black Carpenter
Ant.

Warwick, Mrs. O. H. — Mounted birds; Carapace of Tortoise.

Wishart, Mr. Allison — Bone from whale’s ear, Newfoundland.

Botany.

Armstrong, Christopher — Specimens of the wood of Shadbush and Black
Birch.

Barlow, Miss — Collection of Sea Weeds.

Paleontology.

Bradley, Mrs. J. C. G., Syracuse, N. Y. — Fossils from Syracuse, N. Y.
Morton, Rev. H. H. — Fossils from Trinidad.

DONATIONS,

495

Minerals.

Clark, Mrs. J. Alfred — Carved Freestone.

Dinsmore, J. E. — Silver Matte from the silver mines of Cobalt.

Estey, Jas. A. — Two specimens of Emery from Smyrna, also eight vials
containing Emery powder, in various degrees of fineness.

Faribault, E. R. — Labradorite from St. Paul’s Island, Labrador; Scheelite
from Moose River, N. S.; Wolframite from Burnt Brook, S. W.
Miramichi.

Jones, Percy — Polished specimen of banded agate, about o>ne-half inch in
diameter; also imitation amethyst.

Pickett, Mr. Edward, Belleisle — Bog Manganese Ore.

Pidgeon, Chas. — Collection of Minerals.

General.

Barlow, Miss — Model of Indian in costume; twelve watercolor paintings
of New Brunswick wild flowers.

Coakley, Chas. M., Douglas Harbour, N. B. — Old Millstone, said to have
been used by the Loyalist settlers of Grand Lake.

Currie, Mrs. Thomas — Sand Box for blotting letters, once the property
of the donors’ ancester and bearing the inscription; “Dan’l Pikance,
Ye Strand, London, 1752.’* Also Mr. Pikances’ Seal and Calling
Cards.

Hall, Mrs. T. H. — Old Costume worn at an Old Folks’ concert about fifty
years ago; Music Book used at above concert; Old Newspapers.

Hannay, Executors of the estate of Jas. Hannay, through John Kerr, Esq. —
Oil Painting, portrait of James Hannay, Esq.

Hunt, Miss A. L. — Oil Painting "Coming to in a Breeze,” by W. C. Knell.
This picture was painted in England and was formerly owned by J.
Walter Beard, Esq., and was purchased from his family by the donor.

Jack, The Misses — Three pairs very fine old Malecite Showshoes.

Kerr, John, Esq. — The following old documents: "Commission,” John

Stewart, Esq., Receiver General, Collector of Quit Rents, etc., at St.
John, N. B., April 2, 1790, (on parchment); Letter to Ward Chipman
from Thos. A. Coffin, dated at Quebec, 29th May, 1787.

Morton, Rev. H. H. — Picture of Mud Volcano.

Warwick, Mrs. O. H. — Walnut Bookcase; Glass Globe.

Wiggins, late Dr. E. Stone, Bequest — Pastel portrait of Mrs. E. Stone
Wiggins, "Gunhilda” by H. Clarke of Ottawa.

Wilson, Mrs. J. E. — Glass Globe.

Coins and Medals.

Warlock, Mrs. — Farthing, Threepence and Sixpence, George V.

496

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

Library.

Allan, Mrs. Watson — “Illustrated London News,” Vol. 25, 1855.

Barlow, Miss — “Popular Encyclopedia,” 14 Vols.; “The Waldenses, ”
illustrated by William Beattie, M.D., Parts 1, 2, 4, 5-18; “Switzerland, ”
by Wm. Beattie, M.D., Parts 1-3, 5-11, 13-24, 27. “Scotland,” by
Wm. Beattie, M.D., Parts 1-16, 18-25, 27-30. “Book of Nature,”
1835; “The Sun” Newspaper, London, June 28, 1838, printed in gold
describing Queen Victoria’s Coronation.

Kerr, John, Esq.— Corporation Accounts, 1852-1855, 1858-1887, bound,
1843, 1849, 1850, 1863, 1884, 1887, 1888, 1890, 1896-1910; Water
Commissioner Reports, 1832-1866, 1881-1887, bound, 1883, 1884, 1885,
1888-1891, 1893, 1894, 1895, 1899, 1900, 1901, 1903, 1904, 1906, 1909;
City of Portland Accounts, 1871-1887.

Lawrence, Mrs. J. M. — “Brown’s Recent Conchology. ”

Simonds, Miss — “Illustrated Sydney News,” 1881; “Charlotte Gazette,”
printed in St. Andrews, N. B., 1846-1847.

Toule, Mrs. Laura Montclair, N. J. — Seven volumes on Nature Study as
follows: “Vegetable Kingdom,” “Mineral Kingdom,” “Animal

Kingdom,” “Starry Heavens,” “Winners in Life’s Race,” “Life and
Her Children,” “The Butterfly Book.”

OFFICERS AND COMMITTEES.

497

OFFICERS AND COMMITTEES FOR 1912-13.

Officers.

President — Hon. J. V. Ellis, LL. D.

Vice-Presidents — G. F. Matthew, LL. D., D. Sc., G. U. Hay, D. Sc.

Treasurer — A. Gordon Leavitt.

Corresponding Secretary and Curator — William McIntosh-
Recording Secretary — W. L. McDiarmid.

Librarian — Jas. A. Estey.

Additional Members of Council — H. G. Addy, M. D., T. H. Estabrooks*
W. F. Burditt, J. Roy Campbell, R. B. Emerson.

Standing Committees.

Archaeology — Wm. McIntosh, Rev. J. J. McCaskill, A. Gordon Leavitt, Dr.
G. F. Matthew, Duncan London.

Botany — Dr. G. U. Hay, Dr. W. F. Ganong, J. Vroom, M. A., W. L. Mr
Diarmid, J. G. MacKinnon, Prof. H. G. Perry, W. J. S. Myles.
Invertebrates — Wm. McIntosh, A. G. Leavitt, W. H. Mowatt, Miss May
Ward, Miss Beulah Knowlton.

Ornithology — A. G. Leavitt, Jas. W. Banks, Mrs. G. U. Hay, Mrs. J. W* '
Lawrence.

Astronomy and Meteorology — W. F. Burditt, D. L. Hutchinson, Dr. G. U.

Hay, Joshua Clawson, Mrs. Geo. Lee, Mrs. G. U. Hay.

Geology — Dr. G. F. Matthew, Dr. L. W. Bailey, Jas. A. Estey, Rev. David
Hutchinson, A. G. Leavitt.

Microscopes — W. H. Mowatt, Dr. G. G. Melvin, Dr. T. D. Walker, Dr. W. L.
Ellis, Dr. Wm. Warwick.

Photography — G. Ernest Fairweather, Geo. A. Henderson, I\ Percy Bourne.
Library — Jas. A. Estey, W. H. Mowatt, G. F. Matthew, Mrs. H. Lawrence,
Mrs. Wm. McIntosh, Mrs. J. Arthur Coster.

Lectures — Dr. G. U. Hay, Dr. H. G. Addy, Wm. Brodie, W. S. Fisher, W.
Frank Hatheway.

Building — T. H. Estabrooks, A. G. Leavitt, Dr. G. F. Matthew, W. F. Burditt*
Dr. H. G. Addy.

498

OFFICERS AND COMMITTEES.

Press — Dr. G. U. Hay, A. G. Leavitt, Dr. G. F. Matthew, W. L. McDiarmid,
J. Clawson.

Publications — Dr. G. F. Matthew, Dr. G. U. Hay, A. G. Leavitt, Chas. A.
Macdonald.

Finance — A. Gordon Leavitt, J. Roy Campbell, W. F. Hatheway, T. H.
Estabrooks, Jas. A. Estey, R. B. Emerson.

Officers of Ladies’ Association.

President — Mrs. Geo. F. Matthew.

Vice-Presidents — Mrs. John H. Thomson, Mrs. John A. McAvitv, Mrs. Sarah
Gronlund, Mrs. J. H. Frink.

Treasurer — Miss Grace W. Leavitt.

Recording Secretary — Mrs. F. B. Cowgill.

Corresponding Secretary — Mrs. W. H. Shaw.

Executive — Mrs. J. V. Ellis, Mrs. Geo. U. Hay, Mrs. Geo. F. Smith, Mrs.
John Bullock, Mrs. F. B. Ellis, Mrs. R. T. Leavitt, Mrs. M. A. Sheffield,
Mrs. J. Arthur Coster, Mrs. T. H. Estabrooks, Mrs. Wm. McIntosh,
Mrs. T. H. Bullock, Mrs. Alex. Macrae, Mrs. T. Percy Bourne, Mrs.
James F. Robertson, Mrs. J. R. Calhoun, Miss E. A. Estey, Mrs. F.
E. Williams.

Delegates to Woman's Council — Mrs. Wm. Neales, Miss Fotherby, Mrs. T.
H. Estabrooks, Mrs. John A. McAvity, Mrs. Gordon Cowie.

LIST OF MEMBERS.

499

List of Members.

Benefactors.

♦LeBaron Botsford, M. D. *Mrs. Gilbert Murdoch.

Patron.

The Lieutenant-Governor, Hon. Josiah Wood.

Honorary Members.

Bailey, Prof. Loring W., Ph. D Fredericton, N. B.

Ganong, Prof. W. F., Ph. D Smith College, Northampton, Mass.

Marr, Prof. John E St. John’s College, Cambridge, England.

Life Members.

Campbell, J. Roy, St. John, N. B,
Chamberlain, Montague, Boston Mass.
Earle, W. E., St. John, N. B.

Earle, Mrs. W. E., St. John, N. B.

Ellis, Hon. John V., LL. D., St. John, N. B.
Estabrooks, T. H., St. John, N. B.

Ganong, G. W., St. Stephen, N. B.

Ganong, Prof. W. F., Ph.D.,

Northampton, Mass.

Hay, G. U., D. Sc., St. John, N. B.

Hegan, Jas. B., Charlottetown, P E. I.
Leavitt, A. Gordon, St. John, N. B.

Leavitt, Miss Grace W., St. John, N. B.
Longmaid, Miss S., St. John, N. B.
Matthew, G. F., D. Sc., LL. D., St. John, N.B.
Matthew, Mrs. G. F., St. John, N. B
Matthew, Robt., M. A., Cienfuegos, Cuba.
McIntosh, Wm„ St. John, N. B
White, Jas. E., St. John, N. B.

Woodman, Mrs. C. F., St. John, N. B.

Corresponding Members.

Bailey, Geo., M. D., St. Martins, N. B. London, Duncan, Lakeville Corner, N. B
Balmain, David, Indian Point,Queens Co., N.B MacKay, Dr. A, H., LL. D., Halifax, N, S.
Brittain, John, D.Sc., Macdonald Col.,Que. Perry, Prof. H. G., Wolfville, N. S.

Cox, Prof. Philip, Ph. D., Fredericton, N. B. Stead, Geoffrey, C. E., Chatham, N. B.
Duff, Prof. A. W., Ph. D., Worcester, Mass. Vroom, James, St. Stephen, N. B.

Fowler, Rev. Prof. J., LL. D., Kingston, Ont. Walker, Sir Edmund, Toronto. Ont
Hamilton, D. W., Ph.D., Wilmot, Henry, Fredericton N. B.

Macdonald College, Que. Wilson, William J., Ottawa, Ont.

Hoyt, W. B., Andover, N. B.

Adams, A. W.

Addy, H. G., M. D.

Agar, M. E.

Allison, Walter C.
Alward, Silas, K. C.
Amland, W. E.

Anglin, James V., M. D,
Armstrong, Rev. R. A.

Banks, J. W.

Barbour, A. D.

Barbour, G. E.

Regular Members.

Barnes, J. W.

Baxter, J. B. M. K.C.
Belding, A. M.

Belyea, T. H.

Bonnell, W. P., D.D.S.
Bostwick, C M.

Bourne, T. Percy.
Brodie, Wm.

Bruckhof, Wm.

Bullock, T. H.

Burditt, Arthur.
Burditt, W. F.

Bustin, Stephen B.

Clawson, Joshua.
Cooper, Reginald.
Corbitt, Samuel A.
Coster, J. Arthur.
Crosby, L. G.

Dickie. Rev. Gordon.
Downie, Wm.
Dykeman, F. A.

♦Deceased.

500

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

Ellis, F. B.

Ellis, W. L., M. D.
Emerson, H. W.

Emerson, R. B.

Estey, James A.

Everett, H. L.

Fairweather, G. Ernest.
Fairweather, J. H. A. L.
Fisher, W. S.

Fleming. Geo. W.
Fleming, W. M.
Flewelling, C. H.

Foley, D. Fenwick.
Forbes, Hon. J. G.
Foster, W. E.

Frink, J. H.

Frink, R W. W.

Gallagher, H.

Gilmour, A. B.

Goodwin, E. A.

Gregory, J. Fraser.
Gregory, J. S.

Hanington, A. H., K C.
Hatheway, W. F.
Hawker, Wm.

Hay, Albert S.

Hayes, R. T.

Hazen, Hon. J. D.
Henderson, G. A.
Hibbard, Rev. W. R.
Holly, J. Walter
Holman, F. E.

Hopkins, G. A. Stanley
Howe. John D.
Humphrey, R. B.
Hutchinson, Rev. David
Hutchinson, D. Leavitt

Inches, P. R., M.D.

Addison, Miss A, A.

Agar, Mrs. M. E.

Allen, Mrs. C. B.

Allen, Miss E.

Alward, Mrs. S.

Amland, Miss Ada
Anderson, Miss M.
Archibald, Mrs. I. E.
Armstrong, Miss Ethel S.
Armstrong, Mrs. R. A.

Jardine, Alex C.

Jarvis, C. E. L.

Jarvis, W. L.

Jones, Fred Caverhill
Jones, J. B.

Jones, Senator N. M,

Kerr, Samuel
Knight, J. T.

Knowlton, F. J. G.

Lantalum, T. T.

Leavitt, R. T.

Likely, J. A.

McAvity, John, A.
McCaskill, Rev J. J.
McDiarmid, W. L.
McDonald, Arthur
MacDonald, Charles A.
McDonald, Chas.
McIntosh, J. R., M. D.
Macintyre, John P.
McKinnon, J. G.
Manchester, James
Marshall, John J,
Maxwell, Hon. Robt.
May, Dr. J. J.

Melvin, Geo. G., M.D.
Milligan, David D.
Moore, Geo. A.

Morrisey, George.

Mo watt, W. H.

Murdoch, Wm., C. E.

Nobles, W. F.

Northrup, I. H.

O'Brien, Richard
Olive, Stanley G.

Otty, G. O. D.

Paddock, M. V.

Page, H. C.

Associate Members,

Arnold, Miss Helen H.
Arscott, Mrs. R.
Atchinson, Mrs Ada

Baker, Mrs. C. F.
Barbour, Mrs. G. L.
Barbour, Miss M.

Barker, Mrs. F. E.
Barker, Miss Helen
Barlow, Miss J. R.

Paterson, R. B.
Paterson, W. F. B.
Peters, Charles H.
Powell, Henry A., K. C.
PUDDINGTON, HENRY F

Queen, R. Wendall.

Raymond, W. E.

Rising, E. L.

Roberts, Harry
Robertson, J^mes F.

Sanford, Charles F
Sears, Edward
Sharp, A. W.

Shaw, W. H.

Starr, F. P.

Stothart, Thomas.
Sullivan, H. J.

Sullivan, Richard
Sutherland, Walter J.

Tennant, W. B.
Thompson, Enoch
Thomson, Robt.

Thorne, Arthur T.
Thorne, W H.
Turnbull, W. Rupert.

Walker, James, M. D.
Walker, T. D.. M. D.
Warner, Gen. D. B.
Warwick, Wm., M. D.
Wesley, F. C.

Wetmore, A. H.
Wetmore, F. H., M. D
White, J. Hunter
White, W. W., M. D.
White, Wm.

Williams, F. E.

Woods, E. C.

Barnes, Miss C. F.
Barnes, Miss E.
Bartlett, Miss K. R.
Bartsch, Mrs. R. M.
Bauer, Mrs. John A.
Bell, Miss Bertha H.
Bennett, Mrs. W. R.
Bent, Miss Elizabeth A,
Best, Miss H. L.

Best, Mrs. M. E.

LIST OF MEMBERS.

Bingham, Mrs. Wm. J. B.
Binning, Mrs. Alex.

Bishop, Miss Annetta M.
Black, Mrs. K. E.

Black, Miss Mildred M.
Black, Mrs, N. W.

Black, Mrs. S. McC.
Blizard, Mrs. F. W.

Bogart, Mrs. J.

Bonnell, Mrs. W. P.
Bourne, Miss Emily
Bourne, Mrs. T. P.

Boyer, Mrs. B. N.

Brittain, Miss Bertha.
Brodie, Miss C.

Brown, Mrs. D. F.
Brundage, Miss B.
Buckley, Mrs. J. F.

Buist, Miss Florence
Bullock, Mrs. J. F.
Bullock, Mrs. T. H.
Burditt, Mrs. W. F.

Caie, Miss I. J.

Calhoun, Mrs. J. R.
Carter, Mrs Thomas H.
Chalmers, Mrs. F. M.
Christian, Miss C. E.
Christie, Miss A. M.

Clift, Miss S. B.

Climo, Mrs. Harold
Coates, Mrs. H. N.
Cochrane, Mrs. R. J.

Cole, Mrs. Horace W.
Colwell, Miss Ada M.
Corbett, Mrs. Edward L.
Corbett, Mrs. R. A.
Coster, Mrs. C.

Coster, Mrs. Geo. C.
Coster, Mrs. J. A.

Cotter, Miss K.

Cowan, Mrs. C. E.

Cowan, Miss E.

Cowan, Mrs. James E.
Cowan, Mrs. R. P.
Cowgill, Mrs. F. B.

Cowie, Mrs. A. Gordon
Creighton, Mrs. H. C.
Crookshank, Miss J. McK.
Crosby, Mrs, F. S.

Crosby, Mrs. L. G.

Cuming, Miss Maud.
Cummings, Miss E.

Currey, Mrs. L. A.

Daly, Mrs. H.

Davidson, Miss Alice

Davidson, Mrs. G.

Delaney. Miss. M. A.
Dever, Mrs. M.

Disbrow, Miss E.

Dixon, Mrs. Clarence H.
Douthwaite, Mrs. Dorothy
Dowling, Mrs. T. Q.
Downie, Mrs. Wm.

Driscoll, Mrs. j. M.
Dunham, Mrs. W. O.

Dunn, Mrs. J. L.

Elkin, Mrs. S.

Ellis, Mrs. F. B.

Ellis, Mrs. J. V.

Emerson, Miss E. L.
Emerson, Mrs. R. B.

Erb, Mrs. John H.
Estabrooks, Mrs. T. H.
Estey, Miss A. E.

Estev, Miss Grace
Estey, Mrs. Jas. A.

Everett, Mrs. H. L.

Fairweather, Mrs. G. E.
Farmer, Mrs, Arthur B.
Ferguson, Mrs. C. H.
Finley, Miss Grace.

Fisher, Mrs. G. Fred.
Fisher, Mrs. G. S.

Fisher, Mrs. W. S.

Fiske, Mrs. E. S.

Fleming, Mrs. W. M.

Flood, Mrs. Thos. J.

Forbes, Mrs. M.

Forster, Mrs. W. D.

Foss, Mrs. C. O.

Foster, Mrs. Bessie J.
Foster, Mrs. F. H.
Fotherby, Miss E. P.
Fotherby, Miss M.

Freeze, Mrs. R. J.

Frink, Miss Gladys
Frink, Mrs. J. H.

Frink, Mrs. R. W. W.
Fowler, Mrs. A. Burpee
Fullerton, Miss C. R.

Gard, Mrs. W. T.

Gibson, Miss M.

Gilchrist, Miss S. J.
Gilmour, Mrs. A. B.

Godsoe, Miss A.

Golding, Mrs. A. W.
Gorham, Mrs. C. F.
Grannan, Mrs. P.

Grant, Mrs. C. W. Hope

501

Grass, Mrs. M. E.

Green, Mrs. L.

Greer, Mrs. Wm.

Gregory, Mrs. J. F.
Gregory, Mrs. S.

Gronlund, Mrs. S.

Gunn, Miss M. G.

Haley, Mrs. R. G.

Hamilton, Mrs. G. A.
Harding, Mrs. James S.
Harrington, Mrs. J
Harrington, Miss Mary A.
Harrison, Miss L. C.
Harrison, Miss Mary L.
Hatheway, Mrs. W. F.

Hay, Miss Clara C.

Hay, Mrs. G. U.

Hayes, Mrs. R. T.

Hayward, Mrs. W. H.

Hazen, Mrs. R. M.

Hea, Miss A M.

Hegan, Miss E. P.
Henderson, Mrs. Geo. A.
Holman, Mrs. A. L.

Holman, Mrs. F. E.

Homer, Miss E. B.

Hopkins, Mrs. G. A. S.

Hoyt, Miss F. A.

Hunt, Miss A. L.

Huntley, Miss Emily D.
Hutchinson, Mrs. D.

Inches, Mrs. P. R.

Isaacs, Miss A.

Jack, Miss A. D.

Jack, Mrs. Andrew
Jack, Miss L.

Jardine, Mrs. A. C.

Jardine, Miss M.

Jones, Mrs. F. C.

Jones, Mrs. J. B.

Jones, Mrs. Jorden K.
Jordan, Miss M. C.

Keith, Mrs. L. A.

Kerr, Mrs. Samuel
Kimball, Mrs. G. A.
Kirkpatrick, Mrs. A.
Knight, Mrs. C. P.

Knight, Miss Ruth
Knodell, Miss J. C.
Knowlton, Mrs. F. J. G.
Knowlton, Miss Minnie.

Landry, Mrs. I. J. D.

Lane, Mrs. E.

502

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

Lawrence, Mrs. Harold.
Lawrence, Mrs. J. M.
Lawson, Miss Jessie I.
Leavitt, Mrs. R. T.

Lee, Miss E. A.

Lee, Mrs. G.

Lee, Mrs. T. C.

Likely, Mrs. J. A.

Lindsay, Miss M.

Lingley, Mrs. Byron
Lingley, Mrs. D. G.

Lordly, Mrs. C. E.

Lowe, Mrs. C. E.

Macaulay, Mrs. A.
McAvity, Mrs. G
McAvity, Mrs. J. A.
McAvity, Mrs. J. H.
McAvity, Mrs. J. L.
McBeath, Miss E. M.
MacBride, Mrs. Wade H.
McClaskey, Mrs. A. A.
MacDonald, Mrs. Chas.
MacDonald, Mrs. Chas. A.
McGivern, Miss Clara O.
McInnis, Mrs. A. W.
McIntosh, Mrs. J. R.
McIntosh, Mrs. Wm.
Macintyre, Miss Janet A.
McIntyre, Mrs. John H.
McIntyre, Miss Lydia.
McIntyre, Mrs. W. E.
McIntyre, Mrs. Wm. E.
McKay, Mrs. W. M.
McKean, Mrs. G.
McKeown, Mrs. H. A.
McLean, Miss Annabel.
McLellan, Mrs. D.
McNaughton, Miss E.
MacRae, Mrs. Alexander
Matthew, Mrs. R.
Matthews, Mrs. W. C.
Maxwell, Miss O.

Melick, Miss Margaret K.
Melrose, Mrs. A. R.
Merrill, Mrs. A. H.
Merritt, Miss A. Maud
Merritt, Miss Fanny.
Miller, Mrs. P. E.

Moore, Mrs. J. E.
Morrisey, Mrs. Alfred
Morrison, Mrs. A.

Mott, Miss Georgie
Mulcahy, Mrs. A. J.
Munroe, Miss J. W.

Murdoch, Miss E.

Murray, Mrs. G.

Murray, Miss F. E.
Murray, Mrs. F. W.
Murray, Miss I. L.

Murray, Miss M. G.
Murray. Miss P. O.

Nannary, Miss M. A.

Nase, Mrs. O.

Neales, Mrs. Wm. S.

Nice, Mrs. Wm. H.

Noble, Mrs. G. W.

Olive, Miss C. A.

Olive, Mrs. E. Murray
O’Shaughnessy, Mrs. Robt.

Paddock, Mrs. M. V.

Page, Mrs. H. C.

Palmer, Mrs. Chas.
Patterson, Mrs. A. P.
Paterson, Mrs. R. B.
Paterson, Mrs. W. F. B.
Peck, Mrs. H. B.

Peters, Mrs. C. H.

Peters, Mrs. F. A.

Pickett, Mrs. H. H.
Porter, Mrs. A.

Powell, Mrs. H. A.

Price, Mrs. G. R.

Queen, Mrs. R. Wendall

Rainnie, Miss A. M.
Rankine, Mrs. T. A.
Raymond, Mrs. Wm. E.
Rising, Miss Alice.

Rising, Mrs. Edw. L.
Roberts, Mrs. J. H.
Robertson, Mrs. C. A.
Robertson, Mrs. J. F.
Robertson, Mrs. J. M.
Robinson, Miss Eleanor
Robinson, Mrs. Emily.
Robinson, Mrs. J. Morris
Robinson, Miss J. L.
Robinson, Mrs. John M.
Robson, Miss D.

Robson, Mrs. Wm.

Rowan, Mrs. A. M.

Rowan, Miss Jean M.
Rowe, Miss Elizabeth

Sadleir, Miss J. G.

Sadleir, Mrs. Wm. H. B.

Salmon, Mrs. John J.
Sanford, Mrs. C. F.
Schofield, Mrs. H. B.
Scovil, Mrs. E. G.

Scovil, Mrs. G. Fred.
Sealy, Mrs. John
Secord, Mrs. J. E.

Seely, Mrs. Fred J.

Sharp, Miss E. M.

Shaw, Mrs. Wm. H.
Sheffield, Mrs. Mary
Sheridan, Mrs. R. S.
Sinclair, Miss Cora
Sinclair, Mrs. Rankine A.
Sipprell, Mrs. E. M.
Skinner, Mrs. A. O.
Skinner, Mrs. S.

Smith, Mrs. E. A.

Smith, Miss Eva M.

Smith, Mrs. F. C.

Smith, Mrs. G. F.

Smith, Mrs. H. C.

Smith, Mrs. J. W.

Smith, Miss Jean M.

Smith, Mrs. R. M.

Snider, Mrs. P. W.
Spangler, Mrs. H. L.
Splane, Mrs. John B.
Stanley, Mrs. Almeda
Steeves, Mrs. C. McN.
Stephenson, Mrs. Jas. W.
Stetson, Mrs. F. A.
Stevenson, Miss M.
Sterling, Miss J. C.
Stirling, Mrs. J.

Sullivan, Mrs. R.

Sunder, Mrs. C. E.
Sutherland, Miss K. M.
Symonds, Miss Louise R.

Taylor, Mrs. E. R.
Tennant, Mrs. W. B.
•Thomas, Mrs F. S.
Thomas, Mrs. Henry
Thompson, Mrs. J. S.
Thomson, Mrs. John H.
Thomson, Mrs. Robt.
Turner, Miss E. K.

Vaughan, Mrs. J. R.
Vaughan, Mrs. S. T.
Vessey, Mrs. A. E.
Vincent, Miss Harriet.
Vincent, Mrs T. Newton.

Wade, Mrs. John
Ward, Miss H. M.
Wardroper, Mrs. H. E.
Waring, Miss Agnes
Waring, Mrs. Ernest J.
Waring, Mrs. W. L.
Warlock, Mrs. B. B.
Warwick, Mrs. O. H.
Watt, Mrs. M.
Wetmore, Mrs. A. H.
Wetmore, Mrs. H. C.

Armstrong, Christopher
Armstrong, Herbert

Bauer, James S.
Bennett, Randolph
Boyer, McLeod

Campbell, Lloyd
Cushing, Byron G.

Ellis, Shirley

Bauer, Miss Etta
Beville, Miss Florence
Bullock, Miss Jeanette

Cameron, Miss Mildred
Coster, Miss Constance
Coster, Miss Ruth

Davis, Miss Vera
Dick, Miss Florence

Freeze, Miss Janet
Freeze, Miss Vivian
Frost, Miss Marion

Gibson, Miss Grace
Gifford, Miss Hilder
Gifford, Miss Mildred

Harvey, Miss Florence
Henderson, Miss Faith
Holman, Miss Gerda
Holt, Miss Eugenia

LIST OF MEMBERS.

Whelpley. Mrs. E. A.
White, Mrs. J. H.

White, Mrs. Thos. F.
White, Mrs. W. W.
Whittaker, Mrs. Edward L
Wilkinson, Mrs. C. H.
Willet, Miss Annie C.
Willet, Miss David R.
Williams, Mrs. F. E.
Williams, Mrs. James. D.
Williams, Miss Jennie M.

Junior Members.

Gibson, Miles
Gibson, Will.

Holman, Douglas
Hoyt, James

Jordan, Coleman

Lewis, Wentworth
Lingley, Gordon

Macauley, William
McIntosh, John R.

503

Willis, Mrs. Samuel
Wilmot, Miss E. B.

Wilson, Mrs. John E.
Woodburn, Miss E. A. A.
Woodman, Mrs. A. M.
Worden, Miss Dora
Worden, Mrs. R. T.

Young, Mrs. William

Nobles, Claude

Paterson, Balfour
Peters, Chas. Leslie

Willet, D. Gordon
Willet, F. Arthur
Willet, Kenneth M.
Willis, Edwin
Wills, Kenneth
Wetmore, Francis
Wetmore, Horace

Junior Associate Members.

Jones, Miss Dora L.

Jones, Miss Dorothy

Kee, Miss Edith
Kee, Miss Ethel
Kee, Miss Jennie A.
Knowlton, Miss Beulah

Lister, Miss Hildegarde

McAvity, Miss Rosamond
MacFarlane, Miss Mirtha
Mckinnon, Miss Elizabeth
McLean, Miss Jessie
Maxwell, Miss Vere
Melrose, Miss Ellen R.
Millidge, Miss Elsie L.
Millidge, Miss Isabel E.
Murdoch, Miss Mary

Napier, Miss Lillian
Nevins, Miss Nora

Newcombe, Miss C.

Porter, Miss Daisy

RobiNSON, Miss Helen

Shaw, Miss Hilda
Smith, Miss Eva
Smith, Miss Madline
Smith, Miss Marion
Somerville, Miss Jean

Sf ringer, Miss Ida M.
Sutherland, Miss Maude

Teed, Miss Jean
Trento wsky, Miss Elsie

Walker, Miss Kathleen
West, Miss Ethneen
Whittaker, Miss M. D.
Willis, Miss Hazel
Willis, Miss Maud

504

INDEX

Page

Aboriginal Pottery of New Brunswick, Article on, by Wm. McIntosh. . . . 110

Acadia, Physical Evolution of, W. F. Ganong 3

Aneroid Measurements in New Brunswick, by W. F. Ganong 108

Anniversary, Fiftieth, of the Natural History Society of N. B 453

Annual Reports, 46th, p. 56, 47th, p. 149, 48th, p. 261, 49th, p.355, 50th, p. 481

Archaelogical Research, Grand Lake Region r 110, 486

Archaeology, Reports on, Wm. McIntosh 363, 486

Bailey, Prof. L. W.:—

History of Currie’s Mountain 189

On Mariine and Estuarine Diatoms of New Brunswick Coasts 219, 240, 387
On Fresh Water Diatoms and Diatomaceous Earths of New Bruns-
wick 291

Banks, J. W., Mammals of Rockwood Park 346

Bartholomew River, Physical Geography of, W. F. Ganong 321

Beaver Harbour, Locality of Oldest Silurian Flora 242

Big Clearwater, S. W. Miramichi 95

Birds, New or Rare to New Brunswick 64, 362

Botanizing in New Brunswick, by Profs. M. L. Fernald and K. M.

Wiegand 254

Botany, Reports on, G. U. Hay 63, 159, 266, 361

Building, Reports of Committee 165, 269, 366, 487

Burditt, W. F.:—

Report on Field Meetings 160

Reports of Building Committee 165

Burnt Hill Brook, S. W. Miramichi 93

Cain’s River, Physiographic Characteristics of 201, 429

Cambrian Phase in Geology of Acadia 10

Coal Measures of Europe, Flora of 250

Coast Line of New Brunswick, Rate of Recession 216

County Lines in New Brunswick, History of. . . 39

Curator’s Reports 58, 153, 264, 359, 484

Currie’s ‘Mountain, History of 139

Diatoms, Additional Notes on, L. W. Bailey 240

Diatoms, Fresh Water and Diatomaceous Earths of New Brunswick,

L. W. Bailey 291

Diatoms, Marine and Estuarine of New Brunswick Coasts, L. W.

Bailey 219, 387

INDEX

505

Page

Diatoms' Table of Comparative Distribution of, on the North Shore

of New Brunswick, L. W. Bailey 408

Donations to Museum 72, 174, 278, 377, 494

Egyptian Monuments, Prehistoric Chronology from 338

Ellis, Hon. J. V. President’s Addresses 55, 139

Estabrooks, T. H., Reports on Building Committee . .269, 366, 487

Estey, J. A., Report of Library Committee, 488

Ferns, Near St. John, W. J. S. Myles 344

Field Meetings, Reports on 65, 160, 271, 369

Financial Statements . 56, 150, 262, 357, 483

Flora, The Oldest Silurian, G. F. Matthew 241

Flowers, Wild, Average Time of Opening of, G. U. Hay 251

Forest Conditions in New Brunswick, Hon. W. C. H. Grimmer 452

Forestry in New Brunswick 104

Fox and Portage Islands, Physiographic Characteristics of . 17

Fungi of New Brunswick, G. U. Hay 40

Ganong, W. F.: —

A Preliminary Study of the Saxby Gale 325

A Test of the Accuracy of Aneroid Measurements in Interior New

Brunswick 108

An Absolute Measure of the Rate of Recession of the New

Brunswick Coast Line 216

Height of the Highest New Brunswick Waterfall 29, 107

On an Indispensable Pre-Requisite to a Successful Forestry Policy

for New Brunswick 104

On Temperature Measurements of New Brunswick Springs 419

On the Duration of Open Water on the St. John River 330

On the Fundamental Construction of the Central Highlands of

New Brunswick 35

On the Occurrence of the Wolf in New Brunswick 30

On the Physical Geography of the Bartholomew River 321

On the Physical Geography of the Muniac Stream. 199

On the Physiographic Characteristics of Cain’s River 201

On the Physiographic Characteristics of the Gaspereau River. 421

On the Physiographic Characteristics of the Renous Lakes 333

On the Physiographic Characteristics of Portage and Fox Islands,

Miramichi 17

On the Psychological Basis of New Brunswick Sea serpents 36

Oti the Stability of the New Brunswick Coast 450

The Ancient Indian Portage from Cain’s River to the Gaspereaux 210, 429
The Ancient Indian Portage from Salmon River to the Richibucto. . 444

The Evolution of the Boundaries of New Brunswick 39

The Physical Geography of the North Shore Sand Islands 22

The Physiographic Characteristics of the Upper Main S. W.
Miramichi River

506

INDEX

Page

The Physiographic Characteristics of Salmon River . . 434

Gaspereau River 421, 429

Geology, Reports of Committee on, G. F. Matthew, . . .62, 158, 266, 360, 487

Grande Plaine of Miscou, Physical Condition of 19

Grimmer, Hon. W. C. H., Forest Conditions in New Brunswick 452

Hay, Dr. G. U.:—

Botanical Reports 63, 159, 266, 361

Memorial Sketch of Late John Moser 46

Observations on Weather and Plants 44, 127

On Average Time of Opening of Wild Flowers 251

On Flowering Plants and Trees of Rockwood Park 342

On Fungi of New Brunswick 40

Record of Our Fiftieth Anniversary 453

Reports of Lecture Committee, 166, 270

Highlands of New Brunswick, Central. 35

Huronian Phase, Geology of Acadia . 6

Hutchinson, D. L.: —

Meteorological Abstracts 54, 137, 259, 354, 480

Notes on the Weather 50, 132, 255, 349, 475

Phenomena of the Tides at Indiantown 47

Wind Direction and Velocity 53, 136, 260, 353, 479

Infusorial Earths or Tripolites of New Brunswick. . . 316

Ingleside, Wild Garden at 44

Invertebrates, Report of Committee on 160

Juniors, Reports of .376, 492

Junior Associates, Reports of 276, 375, 493

Ladies’ Association, Reports ot 71, 171, 275, 373, 490

Laurentian Phase of Geology of Acadia 3

Leavitt, A. Gordon: —

Financial Statements. 56, 150, 262, 357, 483

Reports on Ornithology 64, 160 268, 362

Report of Committee on Invertebrates 160

Treasurer’s reports. 164, 268, 356, 482

Lectures, Reports on ’. 67, 166, 270, 368, 481

Library, Reports of Committee on 69, 170, 488

McIntosh , Wm. : —

Aboriginal Pottery of New Brunswick 110

Curator’s Reports 58, 153, 264, 359, 484

Reports on Archaeology 363, 486

McKiel Brook, S. W. Miramichi 92

Mackinnon, John G.:

Report on Library 170

Mammals of Rockwood Park, J. W. Banks 346

On Phosphate Deposits of New Brunswick and South Carolina 121

On the Oldest Silurian Flora 241

INDEX

507

Page

Physical Evolution of Acadia 3

Reports on Geology 62, 158, 266, 360, 487

Rocks and Minerals of Rockwood Park 339

Sketch of the History of the Natural History Society of New

Brunswick 457

Members, Lists of 76, 183, 284, 381, 499

Meteorological Abstracts 54, 137, 259, 354, 480

Miramichi, Upper S. W 85

Minute Life of the Sea 418

Myles, W. J. S., Ferns Found near St. John 344

Mollusca of Acadia, Economic, W. F. Ganong , 198

Moser, John, Memorial Sketch of, G. U. Hay 46

Muniac Stream, Physical Geography of 199

Natural History and Physiography of New Brunswick . . 17, 85, 199, 321, 419
Natural History Society of New Brunswick, Sketch of History of, G. F.

Matthew 457

New Brunswick, Boundaries of 39

New Brunswick Coasi Stability of W. F. Ganong 450

New Brunswick, Forest Conditions in, Hon. W. C. H. Grimmer 452

New Brunswick Volcanoes 193

Officers and Committees of the Society 75, 179, 282, 379, 497

Ornithology, Reports of Committee on 64, 160, 268, 362

Plants, New or Rare 159, 266, 361

Plants and Weather, Observations on, G. U. Hay 44, 127

Phosphate Deposits of New Brunswick and South Carolina 121

Portage, Ancient Indian, at Cain’s River 210

Portage, Ancient Indian, from Gaspereaux to Caih’s River 429

Portage, Ancient Indian, from Salmon River to the Richibucto 444

Portage and Fox Islands, Miramichi, Physiographic Characteristics of 17

Pottery, Aboriginal, Wm. McIntosh 110

President’s Addresses 55, 139

Renous Lakes, Physiographic Characteristics of 333

Reports of the Council 149, 261, 355

Richibucto River, W. F. Ganong 444

Rockwood Park: —

Ferns Found near St. John, W. J. S. Myles 344

Flowering Plants and Trees of, G. U. Hay 342

Mammals of, J. W. Banks 346

Natural History of 339

Rocks and Minerals of, G. F. Matthew 339

Rocky Brook, S. W. Miramichi 99

St. John River, Duration of Open Water in 330

Salmon River, W. F. Ganong 434, 444

Sand Islands of North Shore 22

Saxby Gale, Preliminary Study of 325

508

INDEX

Page

Sea-serpents of New Brunswick, Psychology of 36

Silurian Flora, the Oldest, by G. T. Matthew 241

Silurian Phase, Geology of Acadia 13

Silurian Plants of Southern New Brunswick 247

Sister’s Brook, S. W. Miramichi 98

South Branch, Main S. W. Miramichi 86

Springs, Temperature Measurements of New Brunswick, W. F. Ganong. 419

Tides at Indiantown, D. L. Hutchinson 47

Treasurer’s Reports 56, 164, 268, 356, 482

Tripolites or Infusorial Earth of New Brunswick 316

Waterfalls of New Brunswick, the Highest 29 107

Weather and Plants, Observations on, G. U. Hay 44, 127

Weather of New Brunswick, Notes on 50, 132, 255, 349, 475

Wind, Direction and Velocity, in New Brunswick 53, 136, 260, 353, 479

Wolf, in New Brunswick, Occurrence of 30

Volcanic Rocks of Currie’s Mountain 190

LIST OF MAPS,

Acadia in Middle Lower Huronian Time 10

Acadia in Upper Silurian Time 15

Cain’s River and Adjacent Waters 206

Currie’s Mountain, Vicinity of 189

Gaspereaux River, Indian Portage from, to Cain’s River 431

Miramichi, Part of Main Southwest 85

Portage and Fox Islands, Miramichi 18

Richibucto River, Indian Portage from, to Salmon River 448

Renous Lakes 334

Salmon River, Indian Portage from, to Richibucto River 444

Sand Islands, “North Shore” 24

LIST OF PLATES.

Aboriginal Pottery of New Brunswick, 112, 114, 116, 118

Currie’s Mountain, Geological Section of 192

Diatoms, Fresh Water, of New Brunswick 313

Diatoms, Marine and Estuarine . 238

LIST OF TEXT FIGURES.

Beaubear Island, Miramichi River 212

Cain’s River and Indian Portage 217

Section of Silurian Rocks at Beaver Harbour 243