Geology Series \\2 NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM VOLUME 55 NUMBER1 24 JUNE 1999 SSS EE EEE The Bulletin of The Natural History Museum (formerly: Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) ), instituted in 1949, is issued in four scientific series, Botany, Entomology, Geology (incorporating Mineralogy) and Zoology. The Geology Series is edited in the Museum’s Department of Palaeontology Keeper of Palaeontology: Prof S.K. Donovan Editor of Bulletin: Dr M.K. Howarth Assistant Editor: Mr C. Jones Papers in the Bulletin are primarily the results of research carried out on the unique and ever- growing collections of the Museum, both by the scientific staff and by specialists from elsewhere who make use of the Museum’s resources. Many of the papers are works of reference that will remain indispensable for years to come. All papers submitted for publication are subjected to external peer review for acceptance. 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(Geol.) © The Natural History Museum, 1999 Geology Series ISSN 0968-0462 Vol. 55, No. 1, pp. 1-45 The Natural History Museum Cromwell Road London SW7 5BD Issued 24 June 1999 Typeset by Ann Buchan (Typesetters), Middlesex Printed in Great Britain by Henry Ling Ltd, at the Dorset Press, Dorchester, Dorset Bull. nat. Hist. Mus. Lond. (Geol.) 55(1): 1-45 HISTORS MUSEUM Latest Paleocene to earliest Eocene BB Once from Chatham Island, New Zealand oo apecenire GENE DENNISP.GoRDON KX (S\bLOu .W) National Institute 6f Water & Atmospheric Research, P.O. Box 14-901 Kilbirnie, Wellington, New Zealand PAUL D. TAYLOR Department of Palaeontology, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 SBD, England, UK CONTENTS MIM EGO GUC COM ysac cctiacscwatess sbaxsssaete wal heylcs sata bates dean ecenecas cae tag tere aeep ewan en dallvaeeca eens caus pec een east beeena el saad dhs aeccnereaeseeoeeertenaaeens 2 Geological setting Colony morphology and palaeoecology nA & WwW bY Systematic Ral acontol o iyjisec icsceeeciagese fyeeee cscs ss oe eac ce eran vacave Mesa ce sat acto mea eee tetas Se or cTeE EEA Sate nee eee oo sce Order G yClosto mata. sce-caec. fice Sesser cece oso scsteasenci ote sexs acted: Saeeeene nee aaae nee ws Saar ea ene eee cr oeatoncerees SLOMUALOP OT UIE SP sos cvce sacs i vesen ins aaa tsz ie cteneaayanss¥saauesli ciate evs t2¥ ce 250 URS USO AeA CERT UN ETE COV SITES RE EITC USER Ca CONTI SCTE LIOTTA 5 OME OUSO ECLA SD seas cccsccorecvssevecsesssdsn sees sees ovse susie tusvs sacs oustias Sue Toe Estat dW SEU EUs Cae SET gNE oS aa Scat SetsetieT EMO t OS 5 ELITE OFLC CUS DO snc esas a oan acs ea ae SaaS RST odo en Ree nse sane Re 6 GIGI POTA SOLOMOMESP MOV tone snvccenacect- conse tnetecSecsnedssusesess uss ssae atc aun es canst ta edueh caste. «eal a avus ations RECO acca seeeeea sabe TRC re 6 VATLINOP ORGS Pe cescesteer se teeste ec ‘Entalophorid’ sp. .. BB CSENICEA. SPurercescscnccescenaresncs Erect tubuliporine base sp. 1 ... Erect tubuliporine base sp. 2.......... os (CETIOP OTA EKONUCNSISHSD STO Sie caspet cet tecten seer eee ee Aen ceanec rear et aa deve suas asnscadadeteseii tae ciceus cottos tens vaicccateateetocsensenesnesoae 11 VTC UO CY CLOCCIG:S Pc osace sts se svesnssszcsvuctuets se caeetcts sae esse unease tesa brani vase rasssacqae sts éxssenvouront thoctuch dacs teccusteosedéueuvestousti ses testes orees 11 DD ESP OTELIGIS P Warren cccsoest cots foccen ssi -ata neste se tats Cootese re eva toa sus bcos sibacskauue sud senses sussvesvacssisessestsstsotsituvescsstsetistsetseestorsscenteatsvartensir 11 Order fenostomatarrer. caste cwceck. soveccs: stents Aea test tasons ce eeceste 2 vc sck denser scsusasertceerscstes cncdicrrsedienseveucrasraccsrentucaas evenersresatetteensesze ters 13 SU PITITLE TIS CHILLS ce easton a soca are estaee tas «cure eae ace sera ene = Cosnessntertences sooner reswsescececerreerse reencne entteree iat asensemennennetentent eases 13 Order Chetlostommatecatereetecsrere ese se cene tase eerste sree Senn c sone e oteteteeecee nner creerenceitretetrtnctctacnseaney-seesuuetrturtentaneateccarererstts 14 Flustrellaria australis sp. nov. ... Bplis) Akatopora chathamica sp. nov. .. . 16 (CONSE OES Os ccorpecnereccecnecp:ctereccnre . 16 IME GTO DOT.GGUAAIIDOTOSGISP pMOM ca cencnetscoscennretesce cece cs nec ance sovereeten etter eeaneetrceseee tat euee sence see Tea etna nnc te oneness 17 WEI ONC CEN TAOS), Ce cecececcreceboarenerernerconascan acer n6h6ar07¢ IFEEEORETEICOSCoCCO “Cac cho-Cod. cre coccoceccAgacbesoscbnc besensiohsPeodenbere nso accésantedaccnsoconeee 17 IM CROPORIAG Spe ceecrscecestectactsucescescicescecnetessceceeceercerener tse s= vs: casunestbanonnette tones tonesaee terre mee setae eee ert ace secs coe eeeeeetna eee eee TG 19 NyiVETSATIGNG ONG WANGEISP MOVs cet eca-e se rore ee tecc etre siete ances ose aes eee cere SER ace Se aoe aR eee 21 (Ghondrioveltin’fOsstlisisp MOV iesevsess cowsiey sss even Ne ore heee sean’ Se neeecpen aed Soencaveaccweceuacbane Sec tai vec as oes cect ev nce onieennventase sates ew 21 (OPEN TRO ADS DSTO, cobsercco-t0920 c09209500 0-05 FEAT EERO S0- SO SED EBSEBNC CC 500072170 70001900 090590200 HG NCOU CGH CEOS SHO Ar O BOSCH SCOT RHE ReroG NADH 28 Onychocella? lamellosa sp. nov..... 23. 2Onychocella sp. ...- ao 2D) Onychocellid sp. ..............-+- a) PNG aha aN CON ONT OHERY SOs ENE, coceacecon canes peor Gace cbsc0cc 80050 °CODSEDECD. ROGSESOIN 000" Ce ZECOL DISD b SAE EE AB a ERU REE Pane MP CH BRE aeRO POON absDAPSACED 27 PASI OST OMGNG) ILC DAT LILGLS Pill O Vote neetenennner cna tunes ce nect eaten te sarnnt cacent saanettne arvaeacnesanesnsnereanasaraasenea siascasadactae hese vanisantesctsetenstsaree PH] GeV GTi TTAUASKS Py UL OV oe ects soc casas aaec een cae ener v ave aae Seek iano wasn ssc srera teen arse dan Reto een ae oe aoa aa eons Se one earns tareaecees 27 (CAW ei rte je XQ REIN GLIEN SOTO tec D WoO OL OCLC ION HE OOOIO OE EEIDSDOCSCEOSSEEOSCEL HO TE oCEEC0 D075 cE EOS HGS HBO EECCAL BES EL SPS OEEFEE HOE DoS oL RE UREDEE cares 27 Gel art AH ETE YELLING PMU OV reser terre ecco tear ne ces eeh apes asec a en ettan can eons snes ConseeyCaE cme cUsenswaeree cones resces cartisccureraceatattartersens 28 Gellarigatiedepressaiviaplestone nS OO fascscsesta ceceseeteceee se scnece-cerneanes:savussncnevenccurenstsrcva tec caseescrsstestcrtastantoscenterstenmartetersecanr 28 ISTPIELIC CL LAT TENITIO NTO RIC ILEa CIN ACLIS fl ei LlO Vom anassserenceancsaeenactansacnnrstetscatranten cencaree tatty cententesncancantarectanentarctecsncctentastransensaecnets 30 UES CHAT IGELIQNICUNS Darcercerceccatartarecererceree a ca Sil Melychocella cynura gen. et sp. nov. .... = ays INGE EGLO) OAC! ETOH TS Be TWN ececoreececucrechcteoncotcerecenstccencecetecBeceonce-oenotoosococcuor corn iceorecoce Cec ueceocetcencocececbecoooonsceccenecocoNNCUECOte 35 DPGVODEISSELINE Sperrmrtesneitecnretanenectoertattcnasenrersenraecanvos=comacsaconemeentemniertittterstaantacettetasttemnatecensatae sacar tear aceretarecesttrveraraatcctetee 35 Jabpepptoyel AWA CU SOLIS Ss) 4 artorcecccocnscoccen coed rrereees eee cock cece Ccceceo- oro cece cco oe pase ceeece eo cecceocc cecepececicen cence seuLecr ect 38 EXO CHEUAPRE TACIISISP MU OVAbairitetrarssncrscenececeereestescuteenttatesn reas otuvecter temuadetencanna tence teraccsactsonrcentevaycesenctaceetessVecvaransetecerrecscsoce 38 EAS GHATOULES HU CTESS ONS PNMLOVE se setts. aazcevexest¥ac.tsaeventers tates acd -x «abredstastasted stemenconareonstas Totter ra ccate vaxcteaveebicae tude scesteaumnatceeersesince 38 JR yop UU TENU LS a5 Tl aha cp cccecececerentuces ob-Pem-oeceeoprtecco ceo core Oe eCREOS ECE Cer ccrceca coScece chee co: en CLcoePenoc cbr coc CeLRSCU-PeCeC a EEN eee COCOA WepralielliGisp yee crysestestascsserevstoaeeoesenes Chataimulosia primaeva gen. et sp. nov. © The Natural History Museum, 1999 eee Issued 24 June 1999 | " oY ST D.P. GORDON AND P.D. TAYLOR IBIS CUTS SHON seo scis case c Pa eLE So essed jus basa wu ce daa cu nan ona snk sSGaT Sse oun te uncaa date dba estue eu eesexuten tuntan set couse duces easveedan @enaeeerntet ietett tees Acknowledgements RELETEM CES ee eee cee co ae cn ac ee URS nwt aad ue eo ania ca fo chcey ea dates fA PUREE Ewa ENDER oT REEE Pee eT ge RRR cai Me et eae Synopsis. Named bryozoans have not previously been recorded from the New Zealand Paleocene or earliest Eocene. We here describe 42 species, 21 new, from the Red Bluff Tuff of Waipawan age (latest Thanetian to earliest Ypresian) collected from Pukekio, Chatham Island, New Zealand. Twelve of the species are cyclostomes, one is a ctenostome boring, and 29 are cheilostomes. Three genera are new — Melychocella, Smitticellaria (Cellariidae) and Chataimulosia (Buffonellodidae), the latter comprising the earliest occurrence of the Buffonellodidae, the only family in the collection representative of a “cryptocystidean’ frontal shield. The following species are new: Cinctipora solomoni, Ceriopora rekohuensis, Flustrellaria australis, Akatopora chathamica, Micropora quadriporosa, Inversaria gondwanae, Chondriovelum fossilis, Ogiva incompta, Onychocella? lamellosa, Aspidostoma litotes, A. cinnabarina, Cellaria minus, C. perexigua, C. elementaria, Smitticellaria morioriana, Melychocella cynura, Arachnopusia gracilis, Hippopleurifera australis, Exochella? gracilis, Escharoides? crassa and Chataimulosia primaeva. Forward range extensions include Flustrellaria, Inversaria, and possibly Escharicellaria and Pavobeisselina. Backward range extensions include unequivocal Cinctipora and Cinctiporidae, and Akatopora. Newly recorded for the southern hemisphere are Flustrellaria, Inversaria, Hippopleurifera, and possibly Hoplitaechmella, Escharicellaria, and Pavobeisselina. The overall taxonomic character of the bryofauna is mixed, both geographically and temporally, with genera reminiscent of northern hemisphere Maastrichtian and Danian bryofaunas co-occurring with families like Arachnopusiidae and Romancheinidae that are common in Neogene and Recent southern hemisphere bryofaunas. INTRODUCTION This is the first of a projected series of publications intended formally to describe the Cenozoic Bryozoa of New Zealand. The last, and only, major monograph of New Zealand Cenozoic bryozoans was that of Brown (1952): The Tertiary cheilostomatous Polyzoa of New Zealand, a seminal work for the study of New Zealand bryozoans, including living faunas. The title notwithstanding, Brown’s material also included Pleistocene specimens then re- garded as Pliocene in age. Further, no material older than Oligocene was studied, so the rich Eocene bryofaunas of the Oamaru District and Chatham Islands have remained neglected until very recently, when two species of Catenicellidae were described (Gordon & Braga 1994), and virtually nothing has been reported from the Paleocene. The Paleocene in New Zealand is represented by the local Teurian Stage, deposits of which are widespread but thin. With the exception of two well-known early Teurian (= Danian) localities at Wangaloa and Boulder Hill, eastern Otago, Teurian rocks are almost devoid of microfossils. Bryozoa (undescribed) have been recorded from only one mainland Paleocene locality, the Kauru Formation near Oamaru (Stilwell et al., 1994), where they are reportedly abundant, and latest Paleocene bryozoans are richly represented in parts of the Red Bluff Tuff on the Chatham Islands (Campbell et al., 1993). New Zealand Paleocene bryozoans potentially have considerable evolutionary interest. Whereas Maastrichtian bryofaunas are known from several parts of the world, Paleocene faunas are much rarer (MacLeod et al., 1997), and limited knowledge of bryozoan system- atics and stratigraphy across the K-T boundary hampers interpretations of extinction and survival which have relied almost entirely on evidence from northern European localities (e.g., McKinney et al., 1998). Studies of European and North American Cretaceous and Paleocene Bryozoa have shown that, although nu- merous Maastrichtian taxa disappeared at the K-T boundary, a number of genera and species persisted into the Danian (Voigt 1985a; Viskova & Weiss 1998). In fact, the Danian is notable for the relative paucity of taxonomic novelty among Bryozoa, and this is true also of the Thanetian. By contrast, there is a spectacular Ypresian diversification of Bryozoa, including higher taxonomic levels (families and genera) (Voigt 1985a; Taylor 1993; Gordon & Voigt 1996). Indeed, Voigt (1985a) regarded the Danian as taxonomically the last stage of the Cretaceous for Bryozoa. The reasons for taxonomic conservatism among Paleocene bryozoans are unclear, especially since frontal-shield evolution in Late Creta- ceous cheilostomes appears to have resulted in innovative morphological characters (most notably the ascophorine ascus and hypostegal coelom) that predominate in Eocene taxa (Gordon & Voigt 1996). A macroevolutionary lag in recovery following the K- T extinction event is one possibility, but the relative paucity of Paleocene bryofaunas compared to later Eocene ones may accentu- ate the contrast. Here, we describe a bryozoan fauna of 42 species from the latest Paleocene to earliest Eocene Red Bluff Tuff on Chatham Island, New Zealand. Apart from a study of Argentinian bryozoans of the Roca Formation early this century (Canu 1911) and that of Brood (1976) on a Madagascan fauna, no other Paleocene bryozoans have been reported from the Southern Hemisphere. Consequently, the fauna reported here helps to fill a major gap in our knowledge of the taxonomy, stratigraphy, and palaeobiogeography of early Palaeogene Bryozoa. GEOLOGICAL SETTING The Chatham Islands form a small archipelago located some 850 km east of the South Island of New Zealand, at the eastern end of the Chatham Rise, a submarine extension of the New Zealand subconti- nent (Fig. 1). The two largest islands — Chatham Island and Pitt Island — are populated. The geology of the Chathams has been comprehensively described by Campbell er al. (1993). A pre-mid- Cretaceous basement of metamorphic rocks (Chatham Schist) is overlain by a sequence of Cretaceous and Cenozoic sedimentary, volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks. Many of the sedimentary units are richly fossiliferous, and include several cool-water limestones domi- nated by bryozoans, foraminifera and molluscs. The Red Bluff Tuff is described by Campbell et al. (1993: 74) as ‘... a predominantly calcareous palagonite tuff of basaltic compo- sition, with beds of lapillistone and tuff-breccia’. Widely distributed on both Chatham and Pitt Islands, at most localities it is a brick-red to yellow-brown colour, except for the lower parts which are dark green and grey-brown, and is generally well bedded with cross- bedding, graded bedding, and other evidence of water sorting BRYOZOANS FROM CHATHAM ISLAND CHATHAM ID PUKEKION,. oD PITT ID “ CHATHAM IDS Fig. 1 Simplified map of the Chatham Islands with the distribution of the Kekerione Group (Paleocene-Miocene), which includes the Red Bluff Tuff, marked in black (redrawn from Campbell et al., 1993: fig. 4.35) and the bryozoan locality Pukekio indicated. Inset map shows the position of the Chatham Islands relative to the mainland of New Zealand. (Campbell et al., 1993). At several localities (Waihere Bay on Pitt Island, Red Bluff and the coast south of Point Weeding to Pukekio Hill on Chatham island) the formation is reasonably accessible and can exceed 50 m in thickness. In high land south of Lake Huro it is around 100 m thick. The Red Bluff Tuff is a fossiliferous and largely marine unit belonging to the Kekerione Group. Fossil content includes spores, pollen, foraminifera, calcareous nannofossils, sponges, corals, bryozoans, brachiopods, bivalves, gastropods, nautiloids, barnacles, echinoderms, vertebrates (teeth), and trace fossils, with epifaunal assemblages dominating (Campbell ef al., 1993). Though reported as being present, the Bryozoa of the Red Bluff Tuff have never been described. The collection described here was made during a recent (February 1997) palaeontological expedition to the Chatham Islands (see Acknowledgments) and comes from Pukekio (Fig. 1), south- west of the radio station near Waitangi on the main Chatham Island (NZMS 260 Chatham Islands 1: 50 000 topographical map, 1981, grid reference 432540). The locality is New Zealand Fossil Record CH/f477. Determinations of foraminifera from Pukekio show the lower part of the formation to be late Teurian (= mid-Thanetian). The middle part of the formation ranges from early to late Waipawan (= latest Thanetian to earliest Ypresian). Whereas stratigraphy, cross- bedding, and textural characters suggest shallow-marine depositional conditions, fossil evidence is said to indicate mid-shelf to upper bathyal environments (Campbell ef al., 1993). COLONIAL MORPHOLOGY AND PALAEOECOLOGY Listed below are the 42 bryozoan species found in the Red Bluff Tuff with their colonial morphologies. Cyclostomata Stomatoporina sp. ?Oncousoecia sp. ‘Berenicea’ sp. ?Idmidronea sp. ‘Entalophorid’ sp. ?Attinopora sp. Cinctipora solomoni sp. nov. Erect tubuliporine base sp. 1 Erect tubuliporine base sp. 2 Ceriopora rekohuensis sp. nov. ?Tetrocycloecia sp. Disporella sp. Ctenostomata Immergentia sp. Cheilostomata Flustrellaria australis sp. nov. Akatopora chathamica sp. nov. Caleschara sp. Micropora quadriporosa sp. nov. ?Hoplitaechmella sp. Microporid sp. Inversaria gondwanae sp. nov. Chondriovelum fossilis sp. nov. Ogiva incompta sp. nov. Onychocella? lamellosa sp. nov. 2Onychocella sp. Onychocellid sp. Aspidostoma litotes sp. nov. Aspidostoma cinnabarina sp. nov. Cellaria minus sp. nov. Cellaria perexigua sp. nov. Cellaria elementaria sp. nov. Cellaria aff. depressa Maplestone Smitticellaria morioriana sp. nov. ?Escharicellaria sp. Melychocella cynura sp. nov. Arachnopusia gracilis sp. nov. ?Pavobeisselina sp. Hippopleurifera australis sp. nov. Exochella? gracilis sp. nov. Escharoides? crassa sp. nov. Lepraliellid sp. 1 ?Lepraliellid sp. 2 Chataimulosia primaeva sp. nov. encrusting, runner encrusting, runner encrusting, patch/sheet fixed-erect, planar tree fixed-erect, tree-like fixed-erect, tree-like fixed-erect, tree-like fixed-erect, ?tree-like fixed-erect, ?tree-like encrusting, mound fixed-erect, tree-like encrusting, patch shell-boring, runner encrusting, patch/sheet encrusting, patch/sheet encrusting, patch/sheet multi- lamellar encrusting, patch encrusting, patch ?fixed-erect, ?rod/?planar tree fixed-erect, tree-like ?fixed-erect, tree-like ?fixed-erect, planar tree encrusting, patch/sheet/mound/ multilamellar encrusting, patch/sheet ?encrusting, ?patch/sheet fixed-erect, ?tree-like encrusting, patch/sheet flexible-erect, tree-like flexible-erect, tree-like flexible-erect, tree-like flexible-erect, tree-like ?flexible-erect, planar tree ?flexible-erect, planar tree ?flexible-erect, ?rod/?planar tree fixed-erect, ?rod/?planar tree rooted, lobate encrusting, patch/sheet fixed-erect, ?rod/planar tree encrusting, patch/sheet encrusting, patch/sheet self-encrusting, free, multi- lamellar encrusting, patch/sheet There is some margin of error in interpreting colonial morphologies owing to the incompleteness of colony fragments. Almost 50% of the 42 species are surface encrusters, predominantly those forming more-or-less circular patches or sheets. Only ca. 7% (excluding the shell-boring species) of the fauna consists of ramifying, runner-like colonies. Some 46% of the fauna are erect species, of which slightly less than half were probably basally rooted, allowing for bending of whole colonies in a current. The proportional representation of colonial morphologies in the Red Bluff Tuff fauna can be compared with bryofaunas from other settings (Table 1). Although encrusters dominate taxonomically the bryofauna in the 4 D.P. GORDON AND P.D. TAYLOR Percentage occurrences of different bryozoan colony morphologies in different settings based on numbers of species, not numbers of colonies or Table 1 colony fragments (* from Gordon (1987); + from Lee er al. (1997)). Red Bluff Recent, shell Tuff gravel* MORPHOLOGY Shell-boring 2 0 Total encrusting 50 72 runner 7 6 patch 38 61 mound 5 5) Total fixed-erect 29 12 tree 22 8 rod 7 0 lamellar 0 4 Total flexible-erect 17 15 tree U7/ 15 rod 0 0 lamellar 0 0 Total dwarf-rooted 2, 0 conical 0 0 lobate 2 0 pedunculate 0 0 Free-living 0 <1 Red Bluff Tuff at Pukekio (ca. 50% of all species), this proportion does not conform to the generalised pattern of modern bryozoan colonial morphologies on hard substrata around New Zealand. Gordon (1987) has shown that from a range of modern habitats, excluding the deep-sea and regardless of bryozoan diversity, the proportion of bryozoan species as planar or mounded encrusters of hard substrata is fairly consistent, ranging from 67—76% of the total bryofauna. This is a taxonomic measure, independent of actual numbers of colonies in each category, which are very difficult to obtain. The lower proportion of encrusting species in the Red Bluff Tuff samples could be correlated with the relative paucity of hard substrata (e.g., basaltic pebbles and cobbles, shell and other bio- genic carbonate like stylasterid colonies). Alternatively, it may be a function of poor sampling. For Cenozoic cheilostome faunas in tropical America, Cheetham & Jackson (1998) have shown that encrusting species are far more numerous than erect or free-living species but have fewer occurrences per species and much less abundance per species. They are consequently the least well-sam- pled, and this may also be the case for the Red Bluff Tuff. The relative numbers of encrusting species at the Pukekio site is even less than that (59%) at Alma, Oamaru, where there is a notable mobile rockground dominated by bryozoans (Lee et al., 1997). At the Alma site (and also at nearby Fortification Road, Kakanui) it is possible to count actual numbers of colonies because of the large numbers of lithoclasts, available for attachment in life, and the preservation of the bases of fixed-erect colonies. (Numbers of colonies of species that are articulated in life are impossible to determine owing to fragmentation.) The numbers of fixed-erect colony bases (mostly Recent, shell/ Eocene, mobile _Terrigenous, volcanic gravel* rockground+ carbonate mud (deep sea)* <1 0 0 a 59 10 15 7 0 59 50 8 3 2) 2} 8 26 10 6 26 8 <1 0 0 2 0 2 13 14 39 13 13 31 0 1 2) 0 0 6 2 0 41 2 0 33 0 0 4 0 0 4 0 1 0 indeterminable to species but representing only 8 out of 301 bryozoan colonies counted) was significantly less than the numbers of fixed- erect species (20) represented in the Alma fauna and Fortification Road bryofauna from broken fragments found in the sieved sedi- ment matrix between the clasts. Smith (1995) has summarised the range of taphonomic and other problems that confound palaeoecological reconstruction of bryozoan faunas, and these apply to the Red Bluff Tuff and Oamaru sites. One feature of the Red Bluff Tuff fauna may be noted, however — the unusually high number of cellariid species, including four species of Cellaria. Even account- ing for taphonomic filters, this preponderance of Cellaria species at a single locality is truly noteworthy compared with later Cenozoic and Recent bryofaunas in New Zealand. Generally, the basally rooted, often articulated, erect colonies of cellariids are adapted to live in significant current speeds, as well as being able to tolerate moderate amounts of fine sedimentation (Lagaaiy & Gautier 1965). SYSTEMATIC PALAEONTOLOGY Specimen repositories and abbreviations: NHM, The Natural His- tory Museum, London; IGNS, Institute of Geological & Nuclear Sciences (formerly New Zealand Geological Survey), Hutt City, New Zealand. The species described were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), using type and other specimens. Sorted material was soaked in hypochlorite solution overnight then washed in water BRYOZOANS FROM CHATHAM ISLAND while being subjected to light sonication. Cheilostomes and shelly specimens with boring ctenostomes were mostly gold-coated and imaged using secondary electrons at IGNS. The majority of cyclostomes were left uncoated and examined in an environmental chamber with back-scattered electron detector attached to an ISI ABT-55 SEM at the NHM. Morphometric determinations were made using eyepiece micrometres or from micrographs. Class STENOLAEMATA Borg, 1926 Order CYCLOSTOMATA Busk, 1852 Suborder TUBULIPORINA Milne Edwards, 1838 Family STOMATOPORIDAE Pergens & Meunier, 1886 Genus STOMATOPORINA Balavoine, 1958 TYPE SPECIES. Alecto incurvata Hincks, 1859, by original desig- nation: Recent, U.K. (see Hayward & Ryland 1985). Stomatoporina sp. Figs 2, 3 MATERIAL. NHM BZ 4766, colony encrusting a pectinid bivalve shell. DESCRIPTION. Colony encrusting, a narrow branch, about 5 mm long and 0.25—0.48 mm wide, initially uniserial and gently bowed, subsequently biserial and straight, lacking bifurcations but with beginnings of a single lateral ramification proximally; early astogenetic stages not preserved. Autozooids curved to left in uniserial part of branch, alternating in position of direction of curvature in biserial part; extent of frontal walls obscure, ridged distally, without preserved peristomes; apertures small, longitudinally elliptical, 0.06 x 0.04 mm, opening ina plane oblique to colony surface. Gonozooids absent. Kenozooids present at branch margins. REMARKS. The sole specimen of this species is provisionally 5 assigned to Stomatoporina on account of the curved proximal, uniserial branch with autozooids opening to one side and straight distal, biserial branch with autozooids opening alternately left and right. There is a particularly close resemblance in colony shape to a specimen of S. spirata (Walford) from the Jurassic of Dorset figured by Illies (1975, fig. 2a, pl. 1, fig. 6). Only three species of this Middle Jurassic (Bajocian) — Recent genus have been described (see Illies 1975; Hayward & Ryland 1985; Pitt & Taylor 1990), all from northern Europe. Therefore, the recognition of a probable Stomatoporina species in New Zealand greatly extends the known geographical range of the genus. More material is required before formally describing the species as new. Family ONCOUSOECIIDAE Canu, 1918 Genus ONCOUSOECIA Canu, 1918 TYPE SPECIES. Tubulipora lobulata Hincks, 1880 (=Alecto dilatans Johnston, 1847; see Hastings 1963), by original designation; Re- cent, U.K. 2Oncousoecia sp. NHM BZ 4767. {not figured] MATERIAL. DESCRIPTION. Colony small, fewer than 10 zooids being pre- served, encrusting, initially uniserial, becoming bi- or triserial; ancestrula lacking or not identifiable. Autozooids with transversely elongate apertures about 0.10 mm long by 0.12 mm wide. REMARKS. This small, immature colony lacks gonozooids and is therefore of highly uncertain affinity. However, the oligoserial zo- oids are reminiscent of some species of Oncousoecia to which the colony is very provisionally assigned. Alternatively, the specimen may be an immature Tubulipora or the encrusting base of an erect genus. Figs 2-3 Stomatoporina sp., NHM BZ 4766. 2, entire colony with short lateral ramification arrowed, x 18. 3, uniserial proximal branch, x 115. Family TUBULIPORIDAE Milne Edwards, 1838 Genus IDMIDRONEA Canu, 1920 TYPE SPECIES. Jdmonea maxillaris Lonsdale, 1845, by original designation (see Ostrovsky & Taylor 1996); Jacksonian (= Priabonian), Wilmington, North Carolina. ?Idmidronea sp. Fig. 4 MATERIAL. NHM BZ 4768. DESCRIPTION. Colony erect, branching, only proximal branches preserved, considerably thickened by kenozooidal overgrowths, basal branch up to 1.5 mm in diameter, attached to a cheilostome. Autozooids opening on laterofrontal sides of branches, with two or more apertures per series, most completely covered by kenozooidal overgrowths; visible apertures about 0.08—0.10 mm in diameter. Kenozooids extremely worn, narrow, apparently variable in growth direction. REMARKS. This basal fragment of an erect colony is impossible to assign with certainty to a particular genus although the likelihood is that it belongs to the common and diverse genus /dmidronea. Hinds (1975) showed how homeomorphic genera of ‘idmidroneid growth form’ cyclostomes could be recognized on the grounds of the presence, orientation and skeletal organization of the kenozooids. Branches beyond the immediate vicinity of the colony base and in a good state of preservation are required before generic attribution can be undertaken using Hinds growth mode criteria. In the case of the Red Bluff Tuff specimen, it is impossible even to determine whether the overgrowing kenozooids are fixed-walled (1.e. having calcified D.P. GORDON AND P.D. TAYLOR exterior frontal walls) or are free-walled (i.e. lacking calcified exterior frontal walls). Family CINCTIPORIDAE Boardman, McKinney & Taylor, 1992 Genus CINCTIPORA Hutton, 1873 TYPE SPECIES. Cinctipora elegans Hutton, 1873, by monotypy; Pliocene to Recent, New Zealand. Cinctipora solomoni sp. nov. Figs 8-11 HoLotyPE. IGNS BZ 203-1, from Pukekio, Chatham Island. PARATYPES. IGNS BZ 203—2. NHM BZ 4769-4770. NAME. To commemorate Tommy Solomon (Tame Horomona Rehe) who died in 1933 as the last full-blooded Moriori, the first people to inhabit the Chatham Islands. DESCRIPTION. Colony erect, with narrow, cylindrical, bifurcating branches, 1.2—2.1 mm in diameter (typically less than 1.6 mm), widest immediately prior to bifurcation and narrowest immediately after bifurcation. Autozooids large, disposed in annular rings, 9-11 zooids around branch circumference. Skeletal organization free- walled, each autozooid intersecting colony surface at a low angle, with an elongate, subhexagonal skeletal shield averaging 1.18 mm in length (n = 23 zooids from 4 colonies; range = 0.98—-1.37 mm) and 0.39 mm in minimum width (n = 23 zooids from 4 colonies; range = 0.30-0.54 mm). Skeletal shield having large interzooidal pores, diminishing in number distally, and occasional broad pustules. Figs 4-7 Erect branching cyclostomes. 4, ?/dmidronea sp., NHM BZ 4768, proximal branches and colony base, x 11. 5, ?Attinopora sp., NHM BZ 4771, x 29. 6, ‘Entalophorid’ sp., NHM BZ 4773, bifurcating branch, x 12. 7, ?Tetrocycloecia sp., NHM BZ 4778, worn branch, x 15. BRYOZOANS FROM CHATHAM ISLAND Figs 8-11 Cinctipora solomoni sp. noy. 8-9, IGNS BZ 203-1, holotype; 8, bifurcating branch, x 13; 9, skeletal shields, including one example (lower right) divided by a transverse wall, x 40. 10-11, IGNS BZ 203-2, paratype; 10, x 28; 11, interzooidal pores on skeletal shield, x 265. Aperture width averages 0.23 mm (n = 23 zooids from 4 colonies; range = 0.18—0.30 mm). REMARKS. This species is very similar to C. elongata Boardman et al. (1992) which is also recorded from the Chatham Islands, though from the considerably younger Whenuataru Tuff (Pliocene). How- ever, colony branches in C. solomoni are typically narrower, with generally fewer zooids around the branch circumference (9-11 cf. 10-16), and the zooids are smaller and less elongate: length:minimum width ratio is about 3:1 in C. solomoni compared with 4:1 in C. elongata. Unlike other species of Cinctipora, none of the specimens of C. solomoni have terminal diaphragms but it is unclear whether this is due to preservational factors or ontogenetic stage of the available zooids, or is a species difference. Two autozooids from separate branches have a transverse wall subdividing their skeletal shields into proximal and distal halves (Fig. 9). In another branch the apertures of several proximal autozooids are plugged by clusters of small zooids which are best interpreted as kenozooids, although it is possible that they are the zooids of a fouling species which settled within the dead autozooids of an old branch of C. solomoni. At the present day Cinctipora is endemic to the seas around New Zealand, and knowledge of the fossil record suggests that it has been so throughout the Neogene. Hitherto, the only pre- Neogene record of putative Cinctipora is from the Upper Cretaceous of South Africa (Boardman ef al., 1992), but there is some doubt about the correct attribution of this Upper Campanian or Maastrichtian species, especially in view of the small size of the zooids compared with all other cinctiporids which are charac- terized by zooidal gigantism. Therefore, the recognition of an unquestionable species of Cinctipora in the Red Bluff Tuff is important in providing a clear range extension of the genus in its modern biogeographical province back into the Late Paleocene or 8 Early Eocene. Unfortunately, the discovery of C. solomoni does not favour one or other of the two models for the origin of cinctiporids which were proposed by Boardman et al. (1992; note that a slight modification of model 1 has subsequently been pre- sented as the preferred hypothesis by Boardman 1998). Genus ATTINOPORA Boardman, McKinney & Taylor, 1992 TYPE SPECIES. Pustulopora zealandica Mantell, 1850, by original designation; Recent, New Zealand. ?Attinopora sp. Fig. 5 MATERIAL. NHM BZ 4771-4772. DESCRIPTION. Colony erect, with narrow, cylindrical branches, 0.7—0.9 mm in diameter, strongly curved in one specimen; bifurca- tions assumed to exist but not observed. Autozooids large, fixed-walled, frontal walls flat and minutely pseudoporous, about 0.9 mm long; zooidal boundaries not prominent; autozooids dis- posed in annular to irregularly spiral patterns with about 7 zooids around the branch circumference; apertures subcircular or slightly elongate longitudinally, 0.16—0.20 mm in diameter. REMARKS. With only two small specimens available, it is impossi- ble to be certain of the generic identity of this species. There are several genera of vinculariiform tubuliporines to which it may potentially belong, e.g., Diaperoecia, Mecynoecia, Entalophoroecia. However, the large size of the zooids and their arrangement on the colony surface, together with the biogeographical provenance, prompt a tentative identification as the cinctiporid genus Attinopora. Like other cinctiporids, gonozooids have never been observed in Attinopora, but a much larger suite of specimens would be needed for their absence to be reasonably established in the Red Bluff Tuff species. D.P. GORDON AND P.D. TAYLOR Family ENTALOPHORIDAE Auctt. ‘Entalophorid’ sp. Fig. 6 MATERIAL. NHM BZ 4773. DESCRIPTION. Colony erect, with bifurcating cylindrical branches, slender, about 0.8 mm in diameter. Autozooids large, fixed-walled, 7-8 around the branch circumference; frontal walls slightly convex, slender, approximately 1.6—1.8 mm long by 0.4 mm wide, a narrow groove marking the zooidal boundary; aper- tures longitudinally elongate, 0.3 mm long by 0.2 mm wide. Gonozooids not observed. REMARKS. The absence of a gonozooid in the solitary specimen belonging to this species precludes generic identification. In the older literature such vinculariiform tubuliporines are generally as- signed toEntalophora Lamouroux, 1821 (type species E. cellarioides Lamouroux, 1821 from the Middle Jurassic). However, this genus is nowadays applied in a more restricted sense for species with simple, subtriangular gonozooids and, moreover, branches having a narrow axial canal (see Walter 1970). An axial canal is not present in the Red Bluff Tuff material. Family INCERTAE SEDIS Genus ‘BERENICEA’ Lamouroux, 1821 TYPE SPECIES. Berenicea diluviana Lamouroux, 1821, by subse- quent designation; Jurassic (Bathonian), Calvados, France. REMARKS. Following Taylor and Sequeiros (1982), the generic designation ‘Berenicea is used informally for species of bereniciform tubuliporines in which the gonozooecium is unknown (Berenicea Lamouroux, 1821 is a nomen dubium). Figs 12-13 ‘Berenicea’ sp., NHM BZ 4774. 12, ill-preserved, multilayered colony, x 37. 13, lobate outgrowth, x 70. BRYOZOANS FROM CHATHAM ISLAND ‘Berenicea’ sp. MATERIAL. NHM BZ 4774. Figs 12, 13 DESCRIPTION. Colony encrusting, multiserial, sheet-like, multi- layered with superimposed discoidal subcolonies; maximum colony diameter 9 mm. Distal fringe of basal lamina broad, extending well beyond budding zone. Autozooids with gently convex frontal walls; apertures longitudinally elongate, about 0.15 mm long by 0.09 mm wide. Gonozooids not observed. REMARKS. The only specimen is poorly-preserved, with a heavily corroded colony surface. In the absence of gonozooids the correct 9 genus cannot be determined, nor can any useful comparisons be made with other species having the same general morphology. The multilamellar colony appears to result from eruptive budding of new subcolonies which grew as radial discs, covering the older zooids from previous layers, and prompting comparison with such species as “Berenicea’ sowerbyi (Lonsdale) (see Pitt & Taylor 1990). Genus INCERTAE SEDIS REMARKS. The Red Bluff Tuff collection contains two examples of the encrusting basal parts of erect tubuliporine species. In both Figs 14-17 Miscellaneous cyclostomes. 14-15, Erect tubuliporine base sp. 1, NHM BZ 4775; 14, extensive, ramifying basal encrustation with broken stump of erect branch arrowed, x 13; 15, autozooids flanked by kenozooids forming branch edges, x 54. 16, Erect tubuliporine base sp. 2, NHM BZ 4776, encrusting zooids and stump of erect branch (top), x 52. 17, ?Tetrocycloecia sp., NHM BZ 4778, detail of branch surface showing autozooidal and kenozooidal apertures with thick intervening walls, x 170. 10 D.P. GORDON AND P.D. TAYLOR Figs 18-21 Ceriopora rekohuensis sp. noy. 18-19, IGNS BZ 204-1, holotype; 18, upper surface of colony, x 10; 19, abraded gonozooid with roof remnant on left, x 35. 20-21, NHM BZ 4777, paratype; 20, entire colony, x 16; 21, autozooidal and kenozooidal apertures, x 170. cases only the broken stump of one erect branch remains, the arborescent parts of the colonies having been lost along with any taxon-diagnostic gonozooids. Characters of the basal zooids show quite clearly that the two specimens represent different species. However, it is unclear whether they are species whose erect branches have yet to be recovered in the Red Bluff Tuff, or if they are the bases of the three fixed-walled, erect species described above as ?Idmidronea sp., ?Attinopora sp. and “Entalophorid’ sp. Erect tubuliporine base sp. | Figs 14-15 MATERIAL. NHM BZ 4775. DESCRIPTION. Colony base encrusting, comprising narrow (0.5— 1.0 mm wide), oligoserial branches, with 2-4 series of autozooids bordered by kenozooids forming branch edges; branch profile low, gently convex; two branch bifurcations present, each at an angle of about 120°; stump of a broken erect branch, subcircular in cross-section, present at distal end of one of the encrusting branches. Autozooids with short, slightly convex frontal walls, about 0.4 mm long by 0.18 mm wide, their long axes divergent from branch mid-line; apertures more-or-less circular, 0.11—0.13 mm in diameter; pseudopores longitudinally elongate. Gonozooids absent. REMARKS. The well-preserved colony, which encrusts an echinoid plate, has a maximum dimension of 7 mm and comprises three, long encrusting branches. The broken base of an erect branch is visible at the distal end of one of these three encrusting branches. BRYOZOANS FROM CHATHAM ISLAND Erect tubuliporine base sp. 2 Fig. 16 MATERIAL. NHM BZ 4776. DESCRIPTION. Colony base encrusting, comprising a single oligoserial branch, about 1 mm wide, with 5—6 autozooidal series; branch profile high, well-rounded; stump of a broken erect branch, subcircular in cross-section, present at distal end of the encrusting branch. Autozooids with short frontal walls, about 0.5 mm long by 0.25 mm wide, attaining maximum width opposite the aper- ture; zooidal boundary walls slightly salient; apertures subcircular, small, 0.09—0.10 mm in diameter; pseudopores circular. Gonozooids absent. REMARKS. This poorly-preserved specimen encrusts a pebble. Unlike the previous species, kenozooids do not appear to be devel- oped at the edges of the branch, and the branch has a much more robust morphology. Suborder CERIOPORINA von Hagenow, 1851 Family HETEROPORIDAE Waters, 1880 Genus CERIOPORA Goldfuss, 1826 TYPE SPECIES. Ceriopora micropora Goldfuss, 1826, by subse- quent designation of Gregory (1896); Upper Cretaceous, locality uncertain (see Nye 1976: 56). REMARKS. The genus Ceriopora is here interpreted to include cerioporids with a semi-erect, ‘massive’ colony-form. Colonies tend to be globular, dome or mound-shaped, pedunculate or columnar. They lack the bushy morphology seen in other cerioporid genera (e.g. Tetrocycloecia, Heteropora auctt.) in which colonies are con- structed of bifurcating cylindrical branches having a well-marked internal differentiation between endozone and exozone. Ceriopora rekohuensis sp. nov. Figs 18-25 HOLOTYPE. IGNS BZ 204—1, from Pukekio, Chatham Island. PARATYPES. IGNS BZ 204-2 (thin sections plus remnants); NHM BZ 4777. NAME. From Rekohu (Misty Skies), the Moriori name for Chatham Island. DESCRIPTION. Colony small, the holotype measuring 8 mm in maximum width and the taller, sectioned paratype 10 mm high, pedunculate, a proximal stalk (broken-off in all available colonies) grading into an expanded head; head underside comprises exterior wall, upper surface covered by zooidal apertures of variable size, sometimes with larger autozooids distinct from smaller kenozooids but in other instances without obvious dimorphism in size; skeletal organization free-walled, apart from fixed-walled gonozooids. In thin section no clear distinction exists between endozone and exozone; budding apparently interzooecial in pattern; zooidal tubes long and gently curved in longitudinal section; walls variably mon- iliform, at least some of the constrictions marking positions of interzooidal pores, about 0.03—0.05 mm thick, not increasing appre- ciably in thickness from endozone to exozone; microstructure indistinctly laminated, cloudy, clotted in transverse sections of endozone; diaphragms present but extremely scarce; zooidal tubes disrupted by fouling organisms, including worm tubes, subsequently overgrown and embedded in colony structure. Autozooidal aper- tures subcircular, about 0.11—0.15 mm in diameter; kenozooidal apertures ovoidal, ranging down to 0.03 mm in diameter. Overgrown gonozooids visible in section (Fig. 25) and from one eroded example I] seen on surface of holotype; stellate in frontal outline, chamber extending as lobes between radial series of autozooidal apertures; floor formed of occluded, undifferentiated zooidal apertures; roof remnant probably comprising calcified exterior wall but microstruc- ture poorly-preserved and no obvious pseudopores visible; ooeciopore not observed. REMARKS. Mostaspects of the morphology of this new species are very similar to the type species of Ceriopora, C. micropora Goldfuss, as redescribed by Nye (1976). These include the gently curved zooidal tubes with variably moniliform walls, and the indistinct dimorphism in zooidal aperture size. However, wall thickness and aperture diameter is slightly greater in the Red Bluff Tuff species. Whereas only questionable gonozooids in thin section were observed by Nye (1976) in C. micropora, the stellate frontal outline of the gonozooid inC. rekohuensis resembles that seen in C. farringdonensis Gregory (see Pitt & Taylor 1990: fig. 117D), an Aptian species in which dimorphism of zooidal aperture sizes is totally lacking. Judging from Cuffey & Sorrentino’s (1985) redescription of three species of Ceriopora from the Pliocene of the eastern USA, all three species have zooids of distinctly larger diameter than C. rekohuensis. Genus TETROCYCLOECIA Canu, 1917 TYPE SPECIES. Tetrocycloecia dichotoma Canu, 1917, =Ceriopora dichotoma Goldfuss, 1827, sensu Reuss 1848, by original designa- tion; Miocene, Eisenstadt, Austria (see Nye 1976: 147). ?Tetrocycloecia sp. NHM BZ 4778-4780. Bo SW/eul MATERIAL. DESCRIPTION. Colony erect, with cylindrical, bifurcating branches, 1.3—2.1 mm in diameter; skeletal organization free-walled; colony surface with autozooidal apertures surrounded and separated by smaller, more numerous kenozooidal apertures; interzooidal walls very thick at colony surface. Autozooids long and horn-shaped in branch longitudinal sections, budded within an axial endozone; apertures small, 0.07—0.09 mm in diameter, elongated parallel to growth direction. Kenozooids seemingly budded closer to colony surface; apertures subcircular, 0.02-0.05 mm wide, typically less than half the diameter of neighbouring autozooidal apertures. Gonozooid unknown. REMARKS. An etched, off-centred longitudinally ground surface provides the only indication of internal morphology in this species. In the absence of well-oriented thin sections, and of a gonozooid, this species can be no more than questionably assigned to Tetrocycloecia. Ranging from the Aptian to the Miocene (Pitt & Taylor 1990: 120), the relatively narrow branches of Tetrocycloecia, for example in 7: dichotoma and T. multiporosa, with kenozooidal apertures considerably outnumbering autozooidal apertures, are, however, characters also seen in the Red Bluff Tuff species. Suborder RECTANGULATA Waters, 1887a Family LICHENOPORIDAE Smitt, 1867 Genus DISPORELLA Gray, 1848 TYPE SPECIES. Discopora hispida Fleming, 1828, by original designation; Recent, Shetland Islands, U.K. Figs 26-29 MATERIAL. IGNS BZ 205, asingle colony encrusting the stylasterid Sporadopora cf. marginata, Pukekio, Chatham Island. Disporella sp. D.P. GORDON AND P.D. TAYLOR ihe shed A ail ¥, Wak he SE Sal’ AT" { ’) Pes ox /) 0 ee Vil Yao if f, beg af Y 7, Figs 22-25 Ceriopora rekohuensis sp. nov., thin sections, IGNS BZ 204-2. 22, partial transverse section, x 9.5. 23, oblique longitudinal section showing long, curved zooidal tubes x 10.5. 24, detail of longitudinal section, x 33. 25, overgrown gonozooids visible in the transverse section, x 33. DESCRIPTION. Colony encrusting, more-or-less circular, maxi- mum diameter 4.43 mm, maximum height 0.84 mm, completely adnate or the margin, slightly elevated above the substratum; mar- ginal basal lamina little apparent, 0.35 mm wide where present; behind marginal lamina is a 0.75-1.31 mm wide zone of autozooids and kenozooids. Autozooids without projecting peristomes, and not aligned in definite radii, although up to 3-4 non-connate apertures may occur in a radial row amongst kenozooids; apertures 0.11 mm in diameter, the rim of even height all round. Kenozooid apertures 45-70% of the diameter of autozooidal peristomes, none closed by diaphragms. Brood cham- ber occupies most of colony centre, broken in the present colony; floor marked by thin layer of calcification over autozooids and kenozooids; almost none of the brood chamber roof remains ex- cept for a tiny area which indicates that thick-walled zooidal chambers may occur above the roof. BRYOZOANS FROM CHATHAM ISLAND Figs 26-29 Disporella sp., IGNS BZ 205. 26, entire colony encrusting a stylasterid, x 14.27, edge of disk showing autozooidal and kenozooidal apertures, x 134. 28, one autozooidal and two kenozooidal apertures, x 465. 29, floor of brood chamber, with part of roof (?0vergrown) present at upper left, x 29. REMARKS. The loss of the brood chamber roof and the relative paucity of zooidal characters precludes naming this single specimen. Class GYMNOLAEMATA Allman, 1856 Order CTENOSTOMATA Busk, 1852 Suborder EUCTENOSTOMATA Jebram, 1973 Family IMMERGENTIIDAE Silén, 1946 Genus IMMERGENTIA Silén, 1946 TYPE SPECIES. Immergentia californica Silén, 1946; original designation; Recent, California. Figs 30, 31 MATERIAL. IGNS BZ 206, a single colony fragment from Pukekio, Chatham Island. Immergentia sp. DESCRIPTION. Colony boring in molluscan shell, the positions of zooidal orifices indicated by perforations in the shell surface. Perfo- rations circular or, where the shell surface is slightly eroded, spindle-shaped, giving evidence of each zooid being connected directly to a principal stolon on each side of the ‘spindle’. Width of zooid at level of stolon connection 0.09 mm. Apparent distance between one zooid opening and the next connected by the same principal stolon 0.65 mm. Zooids vertical in the shell substratum, 0.52-0.58 mm long measured from the depth of the excavation. Principal stolons connected by adventitious (secondary) stolons that arise quite close to the zooidal aperture or at varying distances between consecutive apertures. REMARKS. The monogeneric Immergentiidae is first recorded from the Santonian of Germany (Taylor 1993), subsequently becoming widely distributed in the Miocene of Europe, the USA, southeastern Australia, and New Zealand, and extending through the remainder 14 D.P. GORDON AND P.D. TAYLOR Figs 30-31 Jmmergentia sp., NHM BZ 206. 30, portion of surface of eroded molluscan shell with bryozoan borings, x 39. 31, close-up of borings made by three autozooids; furrows indicating some of the traces of former principal stolons (ps) and adventitious stolons (as) are labelled, x 109. of the Neogene to the present day. Three other boring ctenostome genera (Pohowsky 1978) have been accorded ranges coinciding with the age of the Red Bluff Tuff — these are Orbignyopora Pohowsky (?Silurian-Pliocene), Penetrantia Silén (?Lower Creta- ceous-Recent), and Spathipora Fischer (nominally Jurassic- Recent, but the age and precise characters of the type species are uncertain). Orbignyopora can be discounted as a name for the Red Bluff Tuff specimen in that the zooids, although ‘non-pedunculate’ like Immergentia (i.e., separated from the principal stolon by a short connecting stolon), are disposed horizontally immediately beneath the shell surface. Penetrantia zooids are pedunculate, so this genus, otherwise common in the New Zealand Neogene, can also be ruled out. Spathipora, as understood, is also pedunculate and has never been recorded from the New Zealand region. No other genus of boring ctenostome accords with the characters of the form from Red Bluff Tuff and we are confident that the charac- ters of the borings in the specimens correlate with the characters of Immergentia. We do not ascribe a species name to these borings, however, inasmuch as most of them are sediment-infilled, preclud- ing polyester-resin casting which provides many more characters than are presently determinable. Order CHEILOSTOMATA Busk, 1852 Suborder FLUSTRINA Smitt, 1868 REMARKS. Smitt’s suborder included the families Flustridae, Cellariidae, and Membraniporidae (sensu lato, comprising later calloporids, chaperiids, etc.) but excluded many “cellularine anascans’ like Aetea, Eucratea, Bugula, etc. It is used here as an available taxon in a historically significant work (see Schopf & Bassett, 1973) in preference to Neocheilostomina d’Hondt (1985) which also included ascophorans. Family CALLOPORIDAE Norman, 1903 Genus FLUSTRELLARIA @ Orbigny, 1853 TYPE SPECIES. Flustrellaria fragilis d Orbigny, 1853; by subse- quent designation of Bassler (1935); Cenomanian, LeMans, France. REMARKS. According to the taxonomic criteria used by d’Orbigny (1851-54), based on colonial and zooidal characters, Flustrellaria was established for membraniporiform unilaminate fragments whose zooids lacked frontal ‘pores’ (i.e., adventitious avicularia). The first-named species, selected as type by Bassler (1935), was F. fragilis, based on unattached fragments. According to the illustrations of this species (d’ Orbigny 1853, pl. 723, figs 5— 9) there is a large, rimmed opesia occupying most of the zooidal length, with a small to vestigial gymnocyst, and a dependent prominent hyperstomial ovicell apparently not closed by the zooidal operculum in life. Oral and marginal spine bases were not illustrated, but according to Canu (1900: 372) there are 8-10 spine bases in the specimen he examined from the d’Orbigny Collec- tion, and spine bases are visible in photographs of the type and another specimen loaned by Prof. E. Voigt. A similar, shell-en- crusting species, Flustrellaria ornata d’Orbigny, 1853 was illustrated with marginal spines (d’Orbigny 1853, pl. 728, figs 11, 12). This was chosen as the type species of Ornatella Canu, 1900, a new subgenus of Membranipora de Blainville. D’Orbigny’s reli- ance on colonial characters, frequently superficial, was rejected by most late nineteenth- and early twenteeth-century bryozoologists including Canu, and Flustrellaria and related genera were rel- egated to Membranipora, ironically already a very heterogeneous taxon as then used. Accordingly, Flustrellaria has been scarcely used as a genus, although it was listed by Bassler (1935, 1953), who cited Ornatella as a junior subjective synonym. It appears possible to use Flustrellaria as a valid genus, although SEM examination of d’Orbigny’s material is desirable in order to BRYOZOANS FROM CHATHAM ISLAND Figs 32-35 Calloporid cheilostomes. 32-33, Flustrellaria australis sp. nov., IGNS BZ 184, holotype; 32, two entire autozooids, the one on the right with the base of a broken ovicell present on the gymnocyst of the distal zooid; note the lack of a proximal gymnocyst on some of the adjacent zooids, x 96; 33, close-up of the broken ovicell base, x 287. 34-35, Akatopora chathamica sp. noy., IGNS BZ 185-1, holotype; 34, three ovicellate zooids, x 107; 35, a heterozooid on the lateral rim of an autozooid, x 430. give precision to the characters of the type species. One potential problem appeared in that d’Orbigny’s family-rank taxon Flustrella- radae d’Orbigny, 1852 antedates the well-known equivalent taxon Calloporidae Norman, 1903. According to Sherborn (1899), how- ever, the name Flustrellaradae was formally published in the year prior to its type genus, thus it may be treated as a nomen nudum and the current usage of family Calloporidae and superfamily Callop- oroidea (Gordon 1989a) can remain unaffected. An encrusting species from Chatham Island appears to conform to the characters of Flustrellaria, which, if the generic attribution is correct (the specimen appears to lack spine bases), would be the youngest species of the genus, extending the range beyond the KT boundary. Flustrellaria australis sp. nov. Figs 32, 33 HOLOTYPE. IGNS BZ 184, from Pukekio, Chatham Island. No paratypes. NAME. From the Latin, australis, southern. DESCRIPTION. Unique colony encrusting, unilaminate; multiserial but somewhat linear in form with maximum diameter 14 mm (ca. 10 mm on one side of the ancestrular region) but, since the substratum is fractured, the original diameter may have been several mm longer; with pluriserial lobes 2—?8 zooids wide. Zooids arranged quincuncially, each being surrounded by 6 others, suboval to pyri- form in shape; length = 0.29-0.39 mm, width = 0.28-0.30 mm in the zone of astogenetic change; length = 0.44—0.62 mm, width = 0.31— 16 0.47 mm in the zone of astogenetic repetition. Zooidal margin somewhat thick-rimmed; the presence of marginal spine bases in the present material equivocal owing to inadequate preservation. Proxi- mal gymnocyst absent to infrequently present, occupying up to 20% of zooidal length, with the proximal ends of the lateral rim encroach- ing onto it; or the gymnocystal area slightly depressed, with the faint outline of the base of a broken ovicell on it. Avicularia not present. Complete ovicells absent, but the base of one broken ovicell (Fig. 33) clearly indicates a disproportionately small, dependent hyperstomial ovicell not closed by the zooidal operculum in life. Ancestrula unknown, the ancestrular region missing. REMARKS. Better-preserved material is needed to determine if oral and marginal spines are truly lacking, and complete ovicells would give precise evidence of the relationship of the ovicell open- ing to the maternal zooid. This is a rare species. The sole colony encrusts a stylasterid (Sporadopora cf. marginata Tenison-Woods). Genus AKATOPORA Davis, 1934 TYPE SPECIES. Akatopora clausentina Davis, 1934, by monotypy; Lutetian, Southampton, England. Akatopora chathamica sp. nov. Figs 34, 35 IGNS BZ 185-1, from Pukekio Hill, Chatham Island. IGNS BZ 185-2; NHM BZ 4781. HOLOTYPE. PARATYPES. NAME. From the name of the main island in the Chathams group. DESCRIPTION. Colony encrusting, unilaminate, multiserial, with maximum diameter 13 mm. Zooids arranged quincuncially, more or less elongate-oval in shape; length = 0.41—0.49 mm, width = 0.24— 0.28 mm in the zone of astogenetic repetition. Zooidal opesia oval, bordered on each side by a narrow lateral cryptocyst, probably originally granular, broadening to a sloping shelf proximally. Bounda- ries between zooids concealed by contiguous adventitious avicularia or kenozooids that occur along the rims; these heterozooids variable in shape, generally elongate on the lateral rims in the direction of zooid growth, or more subquadrangular to subtriangular at the proximal corners of the zooid where they are paired and partly cover the cryptocyst; the frontal chamber walls elongated along the mar- gins so that adjacent polymorphs are continuous. Heterozooid opesia oval; a cross-bar or distinct condylar pivots not evident. Ovicell hyperstomial, though somewhat recumbent on the proximal part of the cryptocyst of the succeeding zooid; the ectooecial surface smooth with a thin median suture line; becoming covered on both sides of the suture line by secondary calcification that may represent kenozooidal overgrowth. Ovicell probably closed by the zooidal operculum in life. Ancestrula unknown, the ancestrular region miss- ing. REMARKS. Preservation is generally poor but, because of the occurrence of ovicells and adventitious heterozooids, is adequate to show the distinctive characters of the genus and species. Akatopora was first described monotypically by Davis (1934) who interpreted the chambers of the interzooidal polymorphs as ‘lacunae’ in ‘interoecial secondary tissue’, applying the terminology used by Lang (1916, 1921) for cribrimorph cheilostomes. Because of their variable size he concluded that the lacunae could not be avicularia. Subsequently, Gordon (1986) recognised Pleistocene-Recent Aplousina (?) circumsaepta Uttley, 1951 from New Zealand as congeneric with Akatopora. Study of fresh specimens (deep purple D.P. GORDON AND P.D. TAYLOR in life) and scanning electron micrographs make it clear that these variable-sized chambers are heterozooids comprising both avicularia and kenozooids. The avicularia are distinctly differentiated into a rostral area and opesia with proximal cryptocyst, whereas kenozooidal opesiae are entirely surrounded by a narrow granular cryptocyst (see Taylor et al., 1989, fig. 9A). The ovicells of A. circumsaepta become covered over by thin kenozooidal chambers, and this appears to be the case in A. chathamica. Akatopora circumsaepta has a much narrower proximal zooidal cryptocyst and lacks an ectooecial median suture, otherwise the two species are very similar. Additionally, A. circumsaepta has an obli- gate symbiotic relationship with hermit crabs in bryozoan-modified gastropod-shell extensions (Tayloretal., 1989;Taylor 1994), whereas A. chathamica (two specimens) encrusted what appears to have been dead (disarticulated and broken) bivalve shell. No other fossil Akatopora species is known in the New Zealand region and A. chathamica is the earliest record of the genus globally. Family CALESCHARIDAE Cook & Bock, in press Genus CALESCHARA MacGillivray, 1880 TYPE SPECIES. FEschara denticulata MacGillivray, 1869, original designation; Recent, SE Australia. Caleschara sp. Figs 36, 37 MATERIAL. IGNS BZ 207, asingle colony from Pukekio, Chatham Island. DESCRIPTION. Colony of unique specimen encrusting, in places multilamellar owing to self-overgrowth. Zooids large, dimorphic, arranged quincuncially, length = 0.65—0.97 mm, width = 0.52-0.71 mm, with distinct interzooidal grooves. The cryptocystal shelf slopes inward from the proximal rim where it is highest to the mostly horizontal edge of the opesia where it appears to descend abruptly toward the zooidal interior; opesiae variable in shape depending on overall shape of zooid, ranging from a normally high-arched D shape to roundly triangular, widest proximally where it is 0.28—0.46 mm wide. Brooding zooids larger than autozooids overall, although some dimensions may overlap; 0.89—1.03 mm long including ovicell, 0.69-0.74 mm wide; easily distinguished not only by size but more especially by the distal ovicell chamber, which is not concealed by cryptocyst in the present material but, owing to poor preservation, it is not possible to say if this is because of breakage and loss of a cryptocystal cover; because there is no cryptocyst cover the opesiae appears very long; width of brooding zooids 0.46—0.50 mm. Avicularia not seen. REMARKS. Thanks to a recent revision of the genus Caleschara and a better appreciation of its characters (Cook & Bock, in press) it is now possible to compare the present material with the known living and fossil species. Recent Caleschara is mostly Indo-West Pacific in distribution, and fossil species are predominantly Austral- ian with the exception of the oldest-known species of the genus, C. squamosa Meunier & Pergens, from the Danian of Belgium. The present material thus constitutes the earliest occurrence of the genus in the Australasian region. Although preservation of the Red Bluff Tuff specimen is poor, the generic attribution appears reliable. Owing to the imperfect expres- sion of the characters of the brooding zooids, however, we prefer not to erect a new species name until better-preserved material is found. Pitting of the skeletal surface is pervasive and even gives the impression of holes where oral-spine bases might occur. This is BRYOZOANS FROM CHATHAM ISLAND Figs 36-37 Caleschara sp., IGNS BZ 207. 36, autozooids with variably-shaped opesiae, x 33. 37, opesiae and cryptocysts, x 60. almost certainly an artifact, especially since oral spines are not known in any other species of Calescharidae. The Red Bluff Tuff specimen most closely resembles the morphology expressed in some populations of Recent C. minuta Maplestone which lack a median process of the cryptocyst. Lack of this process is more typical of the calescharid genus Tretosina Canu & Bassler, 1927 which typically has longitudinally elongate-oval opesiae, unlike those in Caleschara and the present specimen. Family MICROPORIDAE Gray, 1848 Genus MICROPORA Gray, 1848 TYPE SPECIES. Flustra coriacea Johnston, 1847, non Esper, 1796, by monotypy; Recent, NE Atlantic. Micropora quadriporosa sp. nov. Figs 38, 39 HOLOTYPE. IGNS BZ 186, from Pukekio, Chatham Island. No paratypes. NAME. Alluding to the number of opesiular pores (four) in the zooidal cryptocyst. DESCRIPTION. Colony encrusting, tiny, apparently with very short pluriserial groupings of zooids. Zooids oval to subpyriform, mostly contiguous, but some very slightly disjunct and thus separated by distinct interzooidal furrows; length = 0.33—0.45 mm, width = 0.24— 0.28 mm. Zooids generally with smooth, steeply sloping gymnocystal sides and sometimes a short proximal gymnocyst, accentuating the appearance of a raised cryptocystal rim. Cryptocyst at a lower level than the rim, more or less flat and granular, with 4 circular opesiules; one on each side proximal to the orifice, the other pair near the proximal end of the cryptocyst. Orifice more or less semicircular, but nearly twice as wide as long. No oral spines. Avicularia interzooidal, the combined rostral-opesial area somewhat pyriform in shape, indented in the middle on each side, possibly lacking a complete cross-bar. Ovicell present (broken in the only specimen), hyperstomial, evidently not closed by the zooidal operculum in life, the outer skeletal surface apparently smooth and imperforate when fresh. Basal pore-chambers present in distal half of zooids. REMARKS. _ In its range of characters, the genus Micropora is quite variable. Species generally have a deep pair of recessed suboral opesiules but a few have two to many accessory opesiules (e.g., M. variperforata Waters, 1887b; M. gracilis (Uttley, 1949)); most lack oral spines, but a few species have them (e.g., Micropora stenostoma (Busk, 1854); M. notialis Hayward & Ryland, 1993); avicularia are generally present, but are lacking in some species (e.g., M. coriacea (Johnston, 1847);M. inarmata Soule, 1959); ovicells are characteris- tically imperforate, but M. santacruzana Soule, Soule & Chaney, 1995 is pseudoporous; how the genus may be split, if this is appro- priate, is uncertain, although d’ Hondt & Gordon (1999) have segregated as anew genus (Promicroa) a strictly biserial form with pseudoporous ovicells and erect dichotomous branches. Because of occlusion of avicularian opesiae in the present material it is uncertain whether M. quadrispinosa lacks complete cross-bars. If they are lacking, this character, the tendency to disjunct zooids separated by deep furrows, and especially the hyperstomial ovicell not closed by the zooidal operculum, may warrant future segregation at the generic level. Genus HOPLITAECHMELLA Voigt, 1949 TYPE SPECIES. Cellepora vespertilio von Hagenow, 1839, by original designation; Upper Senonian, Rtigen, Germany. ?Hoplitaechmella sp. Figs 40-42 MATERIAL. IGNS BZ 208, a single colony fragment from Pukekio, Chatham Island. DESCRIPTION. Colony encrusting. Autozooids arranged quin- cuncially; length =0.52—0.60 mm, width =0.43—0.45 mm. Cryptocyst granular (preservation of granulation seen proximal to the orifice in one zooid). Opesia-orifice wider (0.20-0.24 mm) than long, the proximal rim gently concave, with distinct rounded opesiular inden- tations at the corners. Oral-spine bases not apparent. As many as three small avicularia occur along each lateral margin interzooidally, 18 D.P. GORDON AND P.D. TAYLOR Figs 38-42 Microporid cheilostomes. 38-39, Micropora quadriporosa sp. novy., IGNS BZ 186, holotype; 38, part of a small colony, one zooid ovicelled and two interzooidal avicularia seen at left, x 65. 39, ovicelled zooid seen in 38, with an interzooidal avicularium at lower left, x 152. 40-42 ?Hoplitaechmella sp., IGNS BZ 208; 40, colony fragment with ovicelled zooids, x 60; 41-42, close-up of zooids in Fig. 40; note occluded openings of ovicells and probable avicularia interzooidally, x 115 and x 130 respectively. BRYOZOANS FROM CHATHAM ISLAND obscuring interzooidal boundaries; in the poorly-preserved material at hand these appear to be elongate-oval, with a single central foramen surrounded by a concentric granular cryptocyst. Ovicell endozooidal, immersed under the succeeding cryptocyst, the more- or-less semicircular opening occurring immediately distal to the opesia-orifice. REMARKS. The single tiny specimen, imperfectly preserved, com- prises only three complete zooids, all fertile, with parts of adjacent broken zooids. Most of the diagnostic characters are present but the generic attribution is uncertain. Aechmella Canu & Bassler, 1917 seems ruled out, as the interzooidal avicularia of the type species are relatively large and distinct with acute rostra Hoplitaechmella species have numerous small avicularia, occasional vicarious avicularia, and endozooidal ovicells as in the present material but distinct oral-spine bases occur in the type and other species (see Voigt 1949; Berthelsen 1962). Known species include: H. antecedens (Brydone, 1914), Upper Senonian, England H. deshayesi (von Hagenow, 1851), Upper Senonian, The Nether- lands H. nitescens (Brydone, 1914), Upper Senonian, England H. nonna (von Hagenow, 1839), Upper Senonian, Germany H. smitti (Hennig, 1892), Danian, Sweden and Denmark H. vespertilio (von Hagenow, 1839), Upper Senonian, Germany H. vespertilioides Berthelsen, 1962, Upper Danian, Denmark. If the present material is Hoplitaechmella, then it represents the first known occurrence of the genus outside Europe, and the young- est stratigraphical record. 19 Figs 43, 44 MATERIAL. IGNS BZ 209, a unique specimen from Pukekio, Chatham Island. DESCRIPTION. Specimen erect, apparently slightly worn, compris- ing part of a narrow bilamellar branch, 1.75 mm long and up to 1.16 mm wide. Zooids sub-elongate, widest in the middle, tapering distally and proximally, length = 0.62—0.69 mm, width = 0.41-0.45 mm, arranged such that there are three alternating longitudinal rows facing frontally on each side of the branch, separated by a row along each branch margin that faces laterally. Zooidal frontal shields flattened with the rims slightly elevated above the shield centre, implying a cryptocyst. Faint paired excavations proximolateral to the orifice in several zooids indicate opesiules; additional faint excavations may occur along the margins and in the centre of the shields, indicating possible accessory opesiules as well as sparse pseudopores. Opesia/orifice generally transversely oval, wider (0.13— 0.15 mm) than long (0.10—0.11 mm). Oral spine bases absent, with the possible exception of one orifice in which a faint pair of excavations occurs distally. Ovicells and avicularia not present in the sole fragment. Microporid sp. REMARKS. Owing to the paucity of diagnostic characters it is not possible to be certain of the genus. Maastrichtian Puncturiella Levinsen (type species P. gudumensis Levinsen, 1925) is character- ised by cylindrical stems of zooids with coarsely perforated frontal shields and dimorphic opesiae/orifices. Species of the nominal subgenus Puncturiellina Voigt (type species Puncturiella (Punctu- riellina) subsculpta Voigt, 1987) (Maastrichtian-Danian) exhibit a range of colony forms including erect-bilamellar, the frontal Figs 43-44 Microporid sp., IGNS BZ 209. 43, part of erect bilamellar colony fragment, x 59. 44, close-up of an autozooid; positions of possible suboral opesiules and frontal pseudopores faintly indicated, x 126. 20 D.P. GORDON AND P.D. TAYLOR Figs 45-50 Onychocellid cheilostomes. 45-47, Inversaria gondwanae sp. nov.; 45, IGNS BZ 187-1, holotype, erect branching colony, x 14; 46, IGNS BZ 187-2, autozooids and orifices; note the granulation of the cryptocyst in one zooid and circular holes indicating the location of possible heterozooids in some zooids, x 65; 47, IGNS BZ 187-3, longitudinal section of a branch showing interiors of two peristomes and parts of two autozooids, x 116. 48- 50, Chondriovelum fossilis sp. nov.; 48, IGNS BZ 188-2, part of a branch, proximally fractured, x 38; 49, IGNS BZ 188-1, holotype, vicarious avicularium, x 67; 50, IGNS BZ 188-3, autozooidal orifice, x 180. BRYOZOANS FROM CHATHAM ISLAND shields are less coarsely perforated, and opesiae/orifices are mono- morphic and semicircular. Ovicells are lacking and, although characteristic small avicularia occur distally to the orifices, they do not occur on every zooid. Lutetian-Bartonian Poropeltarion Cheetham (type species P lebanonense Cheetham, 1963) has frondose to narrow-branched bilamellar colonies of pseudoporous zooids. Both avicularia and ovicells are lacking. Recent Promicroa d’Hondt & Gordon, 1998 from the Norfolk and Kermadec Ridges in the Southwest Pacific produces erect, narrow-branched colonies, but these are unilamellar and the zooids have both semicircular orifices and ovicells; there are no avicularia. In the sum of the limited number of characters available, the Chatham Island specimen most closely resembles species of Poropeltarion, or possibly Punctu- riellina. Family ONYCHOCELLIDAE Jullien, 1882 Genus INVERSARIA von Hagenow, 1851 TYPE SPECIES. Ceriopora tubiporacea Goldfuss, 1826, subse- quent designation by Gregory, 1899; Upper Maastrichtian, Maas- tricht, The Netherlands. Inversaria gondwanae sp. nov. Figs 45-47 IGNS BZ 187-1, from Pukekio Hill, Chatham Island. IGNS BZ 187-2, 3. NHM BZ 4782, 4783 (sample). HOLOTYPE. PARATYPES. NAME. Alluding to the first record of the genus in a part of former Gondwana. DESCRIPTION. Colony erect, stout, irregularly branching, attached by a somewhat thickened base not greater than 4 mm in maximum width or diameter. Wide-angled bifurcations are usual but, as at a rare anastomosis of branches in a colony, 34 branches may origi- nate; each branch pair of a bifurcation is in the same plane but other bifurcations are in other planes. Branches more or less cylindrical, ranging (among the broken fragments available) from 0.74—3.27 mm diameter, widening to ca. 4.5 mm before the widest bifurcation. Autozooids in 9-11 regularly alternating longitudinal series, increas- ing to 20 such series immediately proximal to a bifurcation; zooid outlines defined by shallow interzooidal grooves, diamond-shaped with four sides and widest at the lateral points or the distal and proximal and/or lateral points truncated so that the shape is unevenly 6-8 sided; often wider (0.46—0.63 mm across the width of the diamond) than long (0.37—0.58 mm). Zooidal cryptocyst evenly granular in the best-preserved example, sloping, initially shallowly then steeply, all around the opesia which is more distally placed, with a straighter proximal rim, in neanic zooids and centrally placed and circular in ephebic zooids with thicker frontal calcification. Opesial-peristomial shaft of equal longitudinal diameter, sloping inwards proximally and widening from 0.15 mm at the level of the primary orifice to 0.20 mm at the frontal opening. Simple avicularium-like heterozooids may occur between zooids in a longi- tudinal series (i.e., between the lateral points of adjacent zooids in transverse rows); more or less circular or transversely oval with a small concentric foramen. Ovicells not seen frontally or in section. REMARKS. Jnversaria is a relatively little-known genus, originally attributed to the Cyclostomata. Voigt and Williams (1973) reviewed the known species, described them, and gave stratigraphic ranges and geographic distributions as follows: I. tubiporacea (Goldfuss, 1826), Campanian-Maastrichtian, ?Danian, The Netherlands, Belgium, Germany. 21 I. crassipes (Marsson, 1887), Lower Maastrichtian, Germany, Den- mark, Poland. I. flabellula (von Hagenow, 1846), Upper Campanian, Sweden. I. ramosissima (Eichwald, 1865), Upper Maastrichtian, Lower Danian, Crimea, Ukraine. I. trigonopora von Hagenow, 1851, Upper Maastrichtian, Belgium, The Netherlands. I. tuber Voigt & Williams, 1973, Upper Maastrichtian, The Nether- lands. I. verrucosa Voigt, 1962, Upper Maastrichtian, Crimea, Ukraine. Colonial morphology among these species ranges from mounded, through erect and branching to bilamellar-foliaceous. Cryptocystal morphology is relatively similar throughout the species, which all have deep peristomial shafts. Calcified opercula and occlusor mus- cle scars have been preserved in some material of the type species (Voigt & Williams 1973). The present species most closely resem- bles J. crassipes in colonial and zooidal morphology, but has more-regularly arranged zooids in narrower branches and smaller, simpler avicularia. The Chatham Island species is the youngest in the genus, extend- ing its Upper Campanian-Lower Danian range by ca. 5 MY, and the first record outside Europe. Genus CHONDRIOVELUM Hayward & Thorpe, 1988 TYPE SPECIES. Labioporella adeliensis Livingstone, 1928, by original designation; Recent, Antarctica. Chondriovelum fossilis sp. nov. Figs 48-52 HOLOTYPE. IGNS BZ 188-1, from Pukekio, Chatham Island. PARATYPES. IGNS BZ 188-2, 188-3, 188-4, 188-5. DESCRIPTION. Colony erect, dichotomously branching, the stems more-or-less cylindrical except for a slight flattening at a bifurca- tion, 0.44—0.76 mm in diameter, being widest before a bifurcation. Zooids more-or-less alternating, in 6-8 longitudinal series, the larger number occurring before a bifurcation, reducing to 6 immedi- ately after. Autozooids relatively elongate, length = 0.44—-0.74 mm, width = 0.20-0.32 mm, the boundaries marked by narrow grooves between adjacent raised cryptocystal margins. Cryptocyst shallow, sloping to the opesia-orifice, the imperforate surface lightly reticu- lated in the best-preserved zooids. Opesia-orifice wider (0.11—0.19 mm) than long (0.07—0.13 mm), more-or-less bean-shaped with the middle part of the proximal rim slightly projecting as an inverse crescent, the ends of which appear as denticles. Large avicularia occasionally present, shorter than autozooids but occupying their place in a longitudinal series, with the autozooid distal to an avicularium longer and/or wider than other autozooids; the rostrum acute, with an area of palate encircling a longitudinally oval palatal foramen that is separated by a bridge of calcification from a tiny circular opesial foramen; proximal end of the avicularium truncate, the boundary slightly curved around the proximal autozooid. Ovicells not definitely seen; one zooidal orifice has a distal depression occluded with debris but its nature is equivocal. REMARKS. The generic placement of this species is problematic. The shape and size of the opesia-orifice and the equivocal ovicellular depression are indicative of a cellariid affinity; on the other hand, some onychocellids can have relatively small opesiae. The large avicularium is very similar to that seen in Recent Chondriovelum adeliense (Livingstone) and C. angustilobata (Moyano) (family Onychocellidae) from Antarctica and magellanic South America, fea D.P. GORDON AND P.D. TAYLOR Figs 51-54 Onychocellid cheilostomes. 51-52, Chondriovelum fossilis sp. nov.; 51, IGNS BZ 188-4, branch fragment; notice reticulation of cryptocyst, x 211; 52, IGNS BZ 188-5, vicarious avicularium, x 162. 53-54, Ogiva incompta sp. nov., IGNS BZ 189-1, holotype, part of large colony fragment showing disposition of autozooids and vicarious avicularia, x 41 and x 87 respectively. respectively (Moyano 1974; Hayward & Thorpe 1988). In this genus the avicularium also has both rostral and opesial foramina, although they tend not to be regular in shape. There are some similarities with the monotypic Antarctic aspidostomatid genus Larvapora Moyano in the form of the orifice and the vicarious avicularium. Larvapora mawsoni (Livingstone) has folded bilamellar colonies, however, projections from the distal rim of the orifice, and elevated rostral rims. It also has distinctive BRYOZOANS FROM CHATHAM ISLAND ovicells. When definite ovicells are discovered in C. fossilis they should clarify the taxonomic position of this species. Genus OGIVA Jullien, 1882 TYPE SPECIES. Eschara actaea d’Orbigny, 1851; by original designation; Coniacian, Fécamp, France. REMARKS. Originating in the Cenomanian (Taylor, 1993), the family Onychocellidae is especially well represented in the Late Cretaceous by a bewildering number of species whose colonial, autozooidal, and avicularian characters seem to intergrade to such an extent as to defy clear circumscription into genera. Such is also the case among the Cenozoic forms which are, however, relatively less diverse. In his voluminous work on the Cretaceous bryozoan faunas of France, d’Orbigny (1851-54) distributed the species, among which are encrusting, branching-cylindrical. and bilamellar forms, between several ‘form-genera’ based on colonial morphology. As Canu (1900) pointed out in his revision of this work, d’Orbigny often failed to account for ontogenetic variation in the appearance of zooids, and the illustrations accompanying the descriptions were often inexact, so that both he and Pergens (1889), who had attempted to revise the cyclostomes, frequently had difficulty in matching illustrations with specimens. Jullien (1882) introduced the family Onychocellidae, the genera Onychocella, Ogivalina, Floridina, and Smittipora with Recent type species, and four other genera (Ogiva, Dictuonia, Collura, and Rhebasia) based on d’Orbigny species. The genera were distinguished, not primarily by colonial morphology, but by zooidal, opesial, and avicularian characters. A few years later, Koschinsky (1885) added Rhagasostoma, with an Eocene type species. Canu (1900) merged Dictuonia, Collura, and Rhebasia in Ogiva (which has page priority in Jullien 1882) on the grounds that the range of zooidal morphologies represented by these genera varies according to the ontogenetic age of the zooid and more than one such morphol- ogy can occur in the same colony — ‘La forme colluréenne est toujours un signe de vieillesse; une ogivalia passe rapidement soit en dictuonia soit en rhebasia; c’est encore un signe de vieillesse. Les formes dictuonienne ou rhébasienne envahissent parfois tellement une espéce que la forme ogivalienne jeune est trés rare’ (Canu 1900: 387-388). Complicating an appreciation of the validity of the four Jullien genera based on species of d’Orbigny (1851) (and which influenced Canu’s conclusions) is a lack of definitive knowledge of those species. Eschara aceste (type species of Dictuonia) was lacking from the collection when Canu revised it, and the specimen and illustrations of E. actaea (type species of Ogiva) did not correspond (Canu 1900: 420); E. dorilas (type species of Rhebasia) and E. athulia (type species of Collura) were represented by worn specimens only. A thorough revision of the d’Orbigny collection using scanning electron microscopy of all available material is critically needed. Pending such a revision, and its impact on the classification of onychocellids, the genus name Ogiva is used here for the following new species. Ogiva incompta sp. nov. Figs 53-56 IGNS BZ 189-1, from Pukekio, Chatham Island. IGNS BZ 189-2. HOLOTYPE. PARATYPE. NAME. From the Latin, incomptus, unadorned, referring the plain appearance of the zooids. DESCRIPTION. Colony erect, comprising narrow to moderately wide bilamellar stems that broaden, in the two fragments available, 23 from 1.08 mm diameter to 3.70 mm wide. Autozooids generally ‘dictuonian’, 1.e., regularly 4-sided, alternating and arranged very evenly in oblique rows in the narrow-based fragment; most zooids very slightly rounded at distal and proximal ends, with some drawn out proximally and approaching the ‘rhebasian’ form in the broader, more worn fragment; length = 0.41—-0.65 mm, width = 0.33-0.43 mm. Zooidal boundaries marked by a shallow but distinct furrow, the cryptocyst neither smooth nor granular in the present material, sloping inwards on all sides to the more-or-less centrally placed circular to subcircular opesiae (0.14—0.19 mm long, 0.14—0.17 mm wide). No spine bases or other features. Avicularia vicarious, per- fectly replacing autozooids in a series without disrupting the regularity of oblique rows, almost identical to autozooids in appear- ance and width (0.31—0.37 mm) but distinguished from them by: (1) their slightly greater relative length within rows (0.54—0.77 mm) such that the acute rostral tip overlaps the proximal end of the distal autozooid, making that end W- instead of V-shaped; and (2) a more longitudinally oval opesiae (0.18—0.22 mm long, 0.11—0.14 mm wide). Lateral margins of colony comprising both autozooids and avicularia. No enlarged brooding or ovicelled zooids seen. REMARKS. Although differing in size, the two fragments are suffi- ciently alike in zooidal characters to be considered as conspecific. The smaller, paratype fragment (Fig. 55) has an almost circular diameter proximally, broadening to bilamellar distally, with slightly smaller zooidal dimensions overall than the larger, holotype frag- ment (Fig. 53), which being broader and therefore certainly more distal in a colony would be expected to have incrementally larger zooid sizes. The larger fragment also lacks lateral margins so would have been broader in life than its current maximum breadth of 3.70 mm. Brown (1958), without comment on the status of the genus, attributed two Tertiary Victorian species to Ogiva: Membranipora concamerata Waters, 1881 (Janjukian-Balcombian = Chattian- Langhian) and Omoiosia elongata Canu & Bassler, 1935 (Balcombian). The former species has slender, cylindrical branch- ing stems and may represent a new genus of Onychocellidae; the latter species is definitely congeneric with O. inornata, from which it differs in having more longitudinally oval opesiae set in the distal half of the cryptocyst. (Based on the type species, Omoiosia Canu & Bassler, 1927, is, as Brown (1958) pointed out, a junior subjective synonym of Chaperia Jullien, 1881.) Genus ONYCHOCELLA Jullien, 1882 TYPE SPECIES. Onychocella marioni Jullien, 1882, by original designation; Recent, Cape Verde Islands to France and the Mediter- ranean, = Cellepora angulosa Reuss, 1848; Badenian (Langhian- Serravallian), NuBdorf, Austria (see Harmer 1926). Onychocella? lamellosa sp. nov. Figs 57-59 HoLotyPe. IGNS BZ 190, from Pukekio, Chatham Island. NAME. From the Latin /amella, a thin plate, veneer, alluding to the layered nature of the colony from self-overgrowth. DESCRIPTION. Colony encrusting, self-overgrowing. Autozooids arranged quincuncially, sometimes almost as broad as long, length = 0.65—0.84 mm, width = 0.43—0.65 mm, with the lateral margins and especially the distal rim thickened and raised. Frontal cryptocyst granular, the opesia-orifice wider (0.21—0.26 mm) than long, the proximal rim broadly and narrowly anvil-like and slightly upturned, with rounded opesiular indentations at the corners. Avicularium D.P. GORDON AND P.D. TAYLOR Figs 55-59 Onychocellid cheilostomes. 55-56, Ogiva incompta sp. noy., IGNS BZ 189-2, paratype, neanic colony showing disposition of autozooids and vicarious avicularia, x 51 and x 84 respectively. 57-59, Onychocella? lamellosa sp. nov., IGNS BZ 190, holotype; 57, autozooids and avicularium, x 58; 58, close-up of avicularium, x 129; 59, zooid with entrance to concealed ovicell, x 109. subvicarious, occurring sporadically at the bifurcation of zooid rows but not every new zooid row starts with an avicularium; 0.65—0.71 mm long and 0.35—0.45 mm wide, the acute rostral tip overlaps the proximal end of the distal autozooid, making that end W-instead of V-shaped; rostral foramen subtriangular, bordered proximally by a stout pair of ridge-like pivots that do not fuse medially to form a cross-bar; no opesial foramen. Ovicells immersed under the cryptocyst of the succeeding zooid, visible as a slight bulge, with a narrow transverse opening just distal to the opesia-orifice of the maternal zooid. Lateral communication pore areas recessed between slight buttresses of inner autozooidal walls. REMARKS. The zooidal and especially the opesial characters of this species are as much aspidostomatid as onychocellid, and the generic and family attributions are uncertain. Nevertheless, it is clear from the literature that there has been (and remains) considerable difficulty in distinguishing generic and, hence, familial boundaries in the large range of fossil species attributed to Onychocella sensu BRYOZOANS FROM CHATHAM ISLAND lato, related genera, and aspidostomatids. A perusal of a range of literature covering Late Cretaceous and Tertiary onychocellids and aspidostomatids (e.g., Brydone 1930; Voigt 1930, 1949, 1957, 1962, 1967, 1968, 1975, 1979, 1981, 1983, 1985b, 1987, 1989; Berthelsen, 1962) shows that a very wide range of colonial, zooidal, opesial, larval-brooding, and avicularian morphologies have been attributed to Onychocella alone. These include encrusting, erect uni- and bilamellar, and erect cylindrical and quadrilateral colony forms, broad subcircular to transversely narrow opesiae, nonexistent to vestigial to hyperstomial ovicells, and large and small, symmetrical to asymmetrical avicularia. Theoretically, heterochrony during zooidal ontogeny could account for all or most of this variation, but it is likely that, within the huge and bewildering array of species of Onychocella sensu lato, fine-grained statistical analysis would iden- tify a number of clades, some of which would correspond to the variety of generic concepts within the family. The type species of Onychocella is encrusting, the opesiae are relatively large and somewhat bell-shaped in outline, the ‘ovicells’ are endozooidal, and the avicularium is asymmetrical, with the rostral tip reflexed against the distolateral corner of an adjacent autozooid and the mandible unimembranous (i.e., on one side of the rachis only, the other half of the membrane being suppressed on the reflexed side of the rostrum). The nominal type species isOnychocella marioni Jullien, 1882, Recent, distributed from the Cape Verde Islands to France and the Mediterranean. Unquestionably this is a junior synonym of O. angulosa (Reuss, 1848), first described from the Austrian Tertiary (see Harmer 1926, and compare scanning electron micrographs of Recent (Hayward 1974) and fossil (Schmid 1989) material). Schmid’s (1989) illustrations show more clearly than those of other authors that the avicularia have distinct, but weakly-developed mandibular pivots at the widest part of the avicularium. There is little information on the arrangement for larval brooding in O. angulosa. If it is the same as in Floridina levinseni Canu & Bassler (type species of Velumella Canu & Bassler, 1917), then there is no ovicell as such, just a cap-like overhang of the proximal end of the next zooid in the series (see Levinsen 1909: pl. 24, fig.10). In the sum of their characters, Semieschara d’ Orbigny (type species S. flabellata d’Orbigny, 1852) and Rhagasostoma Koschinsky (type species R. hexagonum Koschinsky, 1885) accord with those of Onychocella as conservatively based on O. angulosa and these genera may be considered as synonyms. How stable are the above morphological characters? The form of the avicularium and mandible appear visually distinctive, but Hast- ings (1930) has shown remarkable variation in the form of the mandible, at least, in O. alula Hastings, confirmed by Cook (1985). In this species most avicularia are skeletally symmetrical and the majority of the mandibles straight but, surprisingly, untmembranous. Occasionally the rachis may be set obliquely with a slight develop- ment of a membrane opposite the larger membrane. In older parts of colonies the thin and fragile membrane is normally lacking alto- gether. The evidence from this species, then, is that symmetrical avicularia need not imply bimembranous mandibles (as inSmittipora Jullien, 1882 and Rectonychocella Canu & Bassler, 1917 (a prob- able synonym of Smittipora)). Skeletally, the distal deflection of the avicularian rostrum is a variable character also. In several Creta- ceous species attributed to Onychocella the avicularium may be symmetrical with no distal curvature, or have varying degrees of curvature, within the same colony (see for example, Voigt 1989). Mandibular pivots are lacking in many species attributed to Onychocella — it may be that the occurrence and shape of these is a useful character, along with the shape of the avicularian opesiae, but little study has been made. Frequently, published photographs and micrographs are not of adequate quality or magnification to give 25 detailed information on some avicularian characters. The presence of hyperstomial ovicells has been taken to be a ‘good’ character. Thus their occurrence in Recent ‘Rectonychocella’ disjuncta Canu & Bassler, 1930 led Hayward (1974) to state that a new genus is required for this species. The presence of hyperstomial ovicells, and their consistent occurrence in erect cylindrical colonies in several species has allowed for the discrimination of Latereschara d’Orbigny, 1851 (Brydone 1930; Voigt 1959, 1967), which appears to be a ‘good’ genus. Cheethamia Shaw, 1967 also has hyperstomial ovicells but is encrusting. Scanning electron microscopy of the type species of both of these genera is needed to determine if they are congeneric. Semiescharellina @ Orbigny, 1852 (type species. mumia d’Orbigny, 1852) may also be a synonym. Voigt (1989: 54) used Cheethamia subgenerically for a species of Onychocella. The present species is excluded from Cheethamia in having transversely narrow opesiae with distinct opesiular indentations, well-developed articular ridges in the avicularium (lacking in Cheethamia), and a separate ovicell opening (not cucullate as in Cheethamia). Large subvicarious avicularia are not characteristic of Aspidostoma so the present species cannot be included in that genus — in the type species, A. giganteum, they are proportionately much smaller and interzooidal; they have similar articular ridges but a separated avicularian opesia (Hayward 1995). ?Onychocella sp. Figs 60-63 MATERIAL. IGNS BZ 210, a single eroded colony from Pukekio, Chatham Island. DESCRIPTION. Colony encrusting. Autozooids arranged quin- cuncially, mostly longer than wide; length = 0.44—0.62 mm, width = 0.20—-0.22 mm, with the lateral margins and periopesial rim thick- ened and raised. Frontal cryptocyst of an even level below the rim, the opesia-orifice high-arched in regular autozooids, generally as wide as long (0.13—0.19 mm), proximal rim with rounded opesiular indentations at the corners. Avicularium subvicarious, occurring sporadically at the bifurcation of zooid rows but not every new zooid row starts with an avicularium; 0.48—0.50 mm long, the broad lingulate rostrum either rounded distally or subacute, with an exten- sive palate; an indentation occurring on each side approximately half-way along the avicularium; a single, elongate-oval medial foramen. Ovicells hyperstomial, the narrow transverse opening separated from the zooidal opesiae by the distal rim of the zooid and apparently unable to be closed by the zooidal operculum in life. REMARKS. As with the preceding species the generic and familial attributions of this species are uncertain. In both species the clear separation of the ovicellular opening from the opesia-orifice is not compatible with Onychocella sensu stricto. Genus INCERTAE SEDIS Onychocellid sp. not figured MATERIAL. IGNS BZ 211, asingle colony fragment from Pukekio, Chatham Island. DESCRIPTION. Colony encrusting? Autozooids large, exceedingly thick-walled. Measured from orifice to orifice at the colony surface the zooids are 0.73—0.92 mm long, but internally one zooid is only 0.52 mm long between orifices whose length at the surface is 0.73 mm. This appears to be a consequence of the convex colony surface in the sole fragment whereby, as the zooidal cryptocysts thickened frontally in life, the peristomial orifices became more separated. D.P. GORDON AND P.D. TAYLOR Figs 60-64 Onychocellid and aspidostomatid cheilostomes. 60-63, ?Onychocella sp., IGNS, BZ 210; 60, eroded colony showing disposition of autozooids, ovicellate zooids and vicarious avicularia, x 45; 61, vicarious avicularium and ovicellate zooid, x 95; 62, vicarious avicularium, autozooidal and ovicelled orifices, x 127; 63, ovicellate zooid (ovicell partly broken) and tip of avicularian rostrum proximally, x 116. 64, Aspidostoma litotes sp. nov., IGNS BZ 191, holotype, part of erect branch, x 53. Colony surface in the somewhat worn specimen rather featureless, with no trace of avicularia or other polymorphs. Peristomial and primary orifices more or less D-shaped or the proximal rim with a slight median convexity, 0.31—0.39 mm wide externally, 0.31—0.34 mm wide internally at the level of the primary orifice, with an indication in some orifices that slight opesiular indentations at the proximal corners continue as grooves down the inside of the peristome on each side. No indication of ovicells. REMARKS. The generic affinities of this specimen are very ob- scure. The excessive thickness of the cryptocyst is reminiscent of Inversaria, but opesiae and orifices in Inversaria species are typi- cally subcircular and more centrally placed. More and better-preserved material is needed. BRYOZOANS FROM CHATHAM ISLAND Family ASPIDOSTOMATIDAE Jullien, 1888 Genus ASPIDOSTOMA Hincks, 1881 TYPE SPECIES. Aspidostoma crassum Hincks, 1881 = Eschara gigantea Busk, 1854, by monotypy; Recent, SouthAtlantic, Patagonia to Gough Island and the Antarctic Peninsula. Aspidostoma litotes sp. nov. Pig. 64 HOLOTYPE. IGNS BZ 191, from Pukekio, Chatham Island. NAME. From the Greek, /itotes, f., plainness, simplicity. DESCRIPTION. Colony erect, cylindrical, evidently bifurcating, 0.54—0.80 mm diameter. Autozooids arranged in 5-8 longitudinal rows, the number of rows increasing distally, by row bifurcation, as a stem thickens. Autozooid length = 0.56—0.86 mm, width = 0.35— 0.45 mm. Zooids widest in the vicinity of the orifice, each with thick, raised, rounded lateral rims that converge distally around the orifice. Frontal cryptocyst between the rims sloping towards the orifice, the surface granular where well-preserved. Opesia-orifice subrounded, the centre of the proximal rim gently concave with a tiny projection on each side defining a very small opesiular indentation. Avicularia and ovicells not seen. REMARKS. Although lacking avicularia and ovicells, the zooidal and orificial characters of this species are similar to those of Runangan-Whaingaroan (Priabonian-Rupelian) Aspidostoma curvatum Uttley, 1949 and A. turricula Brown, 1952 from Oamaru which, however, have orifices opening on one face only. The lack of avicularia may be a genuine feature of A. litotes, or they may simply be rare as in A. turricula. There are some superticial similarities between A. litotes and a species from the Paleocene of Surinam described by Lagaaij (1969) as ‘Vincularia’ cristata. However, the opesiae of Lagaaij’s species have small pectinate denticles. Aspidostoma cinnabarina sp. nov. Figs 65-70 HOoLotyPeE. IGNS BZ 192, from Pukekio, Chatham Island, en- crusting a bivalve shell. No paratypes. NAME. From the Latin cinnabaris, cinnabar, and Greek kinnabarinos, red like cinnabar, alluding to the red-coloured tuff at the type locality. DESCRIPTION. Colony encrusting, large. Autozooids large, arranged quincuncially; length typically about 1 mm but ranging from 0.39 mm in zooids from zone of change to 1.14 mm in abnormal zooids; width usually 0.54-0.57 mm, but ranging from 0.45 mm in zooids from zone of change to 0.78 mm in zooids preceding row bifurca- tions. Frontal wall ventricose, sloping evenly all round, including distal to the orifice, into the deep interzooidal furrows, the surface regularly and evenly coarsely granular, the raised granules tending to be arranged into polygons so that the overall surface appears dimpled; there is a very slight elevation of the frontal wall immedi- ately proximal to the orificial region. Opesia-orifice transversely narrow, the proximal rim straight with no or vestigial indentations at the corners, the distal rim and lateral peristome raised, with irregular tuberculation or processes; no oral spines. Small interzooidal avicularia occur generally sporadically, each at the junction of three autozooids, narrow with a narrow acute rostrum orientated proxi- mally in the direction of the furrow; no apparent crossbar or condylar ridges. Ovicells hyperstomial, somewhat cucullate, the lateral mar- gins raised, relatively straight and somewhat converging, the proximal rim tending to project over the opesia-orifice; external calcification interpreted as endooecium, relatively smooth. Basolateral septular 2, communication pores set in narrow-buttressed recesses that simu- late pore-chambers, budding intrazooidal in the terminology of Lidgard (1985). Reparative budding common, and autozooids with reversed orientation or completely closed and often kenozooidal. REMARKS. Aspidostoma cinnabarina has virtually all of the char- acters typical of the Recent subantarctic type species of the genus, except for its overall robustness because of thick calcification, and appears easily accommodated in the genus. The interzooidal avicularia of the type species have a separate opesial foramen and are orientated obliquely distally, but these characters may be rela- tively trivial at the genus level in Aspidostoma. Family CELLARIIDAE Fleming, 1828 Genus CELLARIA Ellis & Solander, 1786 TYPE SPECIES. Farcimia sinuosa Hassall, 1841, by synonymy (see Ryland 1968); Recent, NE Atlantic. Cellaria minus sp. nov. Figs 71-73 HOLOTYPE. IGNS BZ 193, from Pukekio, Chatham Island. No paratypes. NAME: From the Greek, minus, little, small, short. DESCRIPTION. Colony erect, evidently articulated in life, the internodes extremely slender, straight, 0.27-0.28 mm diameter. Autozooids alternating, in six longitudinal series, proportionately elongate and spindle-shaped longitudinally, tapering at both ends; length = 0.46—0.48 mm, width up to 0.22—0.24 mm across the widest part of the spindle. Zooidal boundaries defined by a common, thin, raised line of calcification. Cryptocystal surface evenly granular at low magnification, the granules looking like small tubercles at higher magnification. A shallow, longitudinally crescentic cryptocystal ridge occurs on each side frontally between the opesia-orifice and the lateral angle of the spindle, these converging but not uniting. The cryptocyst most sunken in the vicinity of the opesia-orifice is bean- shaped and wider (0.09 mm) than long (0.05—0.06 mm), with a short, truncate median convexity in the proximal rim. Orificial denticles or condyles not seen owing to occlusion of orifices by sediment in the unique specimen. Avicularia and ovicells not seen. REMARKS. The unique holotype internode is well preserved but, owing to its fragility, broke in two when transferring from an SEM stub to the welled slide in which it now resides. The distal end, possibly eroded, nevertheless appears to represent a branch locus owing to the angles of zooids on opposing faces of the internode. Although this species is represented by a single specimen that is both infertile and lacks polymorphs, it is named here because of its excellent preservation and its distinctively tiny size. Only four Tertiary Cellaria species have been reported from New Zealand before (Brown 1952). The present material corresponds to none of these, nor to any of the approximately 21 species described from the Australian Tertiary (see Maplestone 1904; Brown 1958 — note that some of the species listed by Maplestone are now recognisable as belonging to other cellariid genera), most of which are larger. Cellaria perexigua sp. nov. Figs 74, 75 HOLOTYPE. IGNS BZ 194-1, from Pukekio, Chatham Island. PARATYPE. IGNS BZ 194-2. NAME. From the Latin, perexiguus, very small. 28 DESCRIPTION. Colony erect, evidently articulated in life judging from the slight but abrupt tapering of the proximal end of the holotype specimen, the internodes very slender with subparallel sides, more-or-less straight, and with or without a barely discernible sigmoid flexure, 0.31—0.37 mm diameter. Autozooids alternating, in six longitudinal series, proportionately elongate but fish- not spin- dle-shaped, i.e., with the distal end convexly rounded and the proximal end concavely rounded; length = 0.39—0.47 mm, width up to 0.22—0.24 mm at the widest part of the zooid. Zooidal boundaries worn in the present material, with no discernible raised boundary lines. Cryptocyst as in C. minus, but the lateral ridges converging to become continuous distally. Opesia-orifice more-or-less D-shaped, as wide as that in C. minus but proportionately longer (0.07—0.08 mm), with a small rounded denticle on either side of the proximal rim (but not in the corners) and lacking a median convexity. Avicularia not seen. Ovicells present, the opening somewhat semicircular (possibly eroded) and slanting upwards at an angle so that the distal rim of ovicellate zooids is higher than in autozooids; internode a little wider in diameter where ovicellate zooids occur. REMARKS. Cellaria perexigua is almost as diminutive as C. minus and is likewise distinguished from the other Cenozoic Australasian species on the grounds of very small size. It closely resembles C. minus but may be distinguished from it by the shape of the autozooid (not spindle-shaped), the distal convergence of the cryptocystal ridges, and the lack of a median convexity in the proximal rim of the opesia-orifice, instead having a pair of small, separated denticles. Cellaria elementaria sp. nov. Figs 76-78 HoLotyPeE. IGNS BZ 195-1, from Pukekio, Chatham Island. PARATYPES. IGNS BZ 195-2; NHM BZ 4784-4785. NAME. From the Latin, elementarius, pertaining to first principles, 1.e., a very typical Cellaria. DESCRIPTION. Colony erect, probably articulated in life, the internodes 0.74—1.14 mm in diameter, parallel-sided for part of their length, but tending to widen distally where ovicells occur. Autozooids alternating, in 13-15 longitudinal series, unevenly hexagonal in shape with the proximal and distal sides shorter than the lateral angles of the hexagon; length = 0.29-3.47 mm, width up to 0.20— 0.34 mm at the widest part of the zooid. Cryptocyst granular, the cryptocyst ridges confined to the zooidal margins, with thin furrows between adjacent zooids. Opesia-orifice more-or-less D-shaped, relatively large in proportion to the sunken part of the cryptocyst which it resembles in size, a little wider (0.13—0.19 mm) than long (0.09-0.11 mm), the median proximal rim slightly produced as a thin crescent (concave in the middle) whose ends delimit slight opesiular indentations at the corners of the orifice. Avicularia not seen. Ovicellate zooids 0.37—0.45 mm long including the ovicell (broken in the present material), whose diameter is a little smaller than that of the opesiae from which it is separated only by the thin distal wall of the zooid. REMARKS. This unremarkable species appears not to be conspecific with any of the other Australasian Cenozoic members of Cellaria. Cellaria aff. depressa Maplestone, 1900 Figs 79-81 aff. 1900 Cellaria depressa Maplestone, 1900: 167, pl. 18, fig. 15. D.P. GORDON AND P.D. TAYLOR aff. 1904 Cellaria depressa Maplestone; Maplestone: 193. MATERIAL. IGNS BZ 212-214, from Pukekio, Chatham Island; two internodes definitely conspecific, with a third, somewhat larger, internode probably also of this species. DESCRIPTION. The two smaller internodes: colony erect and ar- ticulated in life, internodes 2.19—2.40 mm long, widest distally (0.65 mm diameter), tapering proximally (0.41—0.52 mm diameter). Autozooids in 9-10 longitudinal series, rounded distally, truncate proximally; length = 0.32—0.47 mm, width = 0.24—0.30 mm, widest at mid-length where the lateral margins are acutely angled. Zooidal boundaries in the slightly eroded specimens marked by a thin shallow groove. Cryptocyst sunken for much of its length in the smaller, less-eroded, specimen, less so in the other specimen, sur- face granular, the cryptocyst ridges converging to become continuous distally. Opesia-orifice at the deepest part of the cryptocyst, a little wider (0.09—0.11 mm) than long (0.06—0.08 mm), the proximal rim with a thin, median, crescent-shaped section where the two ends of the crescent are expressed as small denticles. Avicularia not appar- ent. Fertile zooids sparse, marked by a conspicuous cavity (the front evidently broken) immediately distal to the zooidal orifice. Third internode somewhat more eroded, 2.81 mm long, with a diameter of 0.70-0.84 mm, and 13 longitudinal series of autozooids. Zooidal dimensions as in the two smaller internodes, the orifices have an identical proximal rim but are slightly higher-arched, and the broken ovicells have the same appearance. One zooid near the proximal end of the internode may have been aviculiferous; it has an inverse pear-shaped opesia sunken in the centre, surrounded by concentrically arranged calcification. REMARKS. If the larger, third internode obtained from the Red Bluff Tuff is conspecific with the two smaller internodes then the Chatham Island specimens have many of the characters of Cellaria depressa Maplestone, 1900 from Shelford and Campbell’s Point, Victoria (Miocene) (Maplestone, 1904). Using the magnification scale in Maplestone (1900), a C. depressa internode measures 1.02 mm diameter and the zooids are 0.50—0.59 mm long, i.e., larger than the Red Bluff Tuff specimens, but the width of zooids and orifices is the same. It is likely that the Chatham Island material is not conspecific with C. depressa, but more specimens (with more characters) are needed of both the Chatham Island and Australian populations for a definite conclusion to be reached. Genus SMITTICELLARIA gen. nov. TYPE SPECIES. Cellaria tectiformis Hayward & Cook, 1979. DIAGNOsIS. Colony erect, branching in one plane, unjointed or with secondarily developed fractures at bifurcations that are secured by frontally produced rhizoids. Autozooids Cellaria-like, with trans- versely bean-shaped opesia-orifices and proximal pivots. Avicularia vicarious, with one occurring on the upper side of each bifurcation and others scattered elsewhere. Ovicell with the opening small, occurring within the distal border of the maternal zooid. NAME. The name is a composite of Smittipora and Cellaria, alluding to the combination of morphological characters of these genera. REMARKS. As Hayward (1995) has remarked, the classification of Figs 65-70 Aspidostoma cinnabarina sp. nov., IGNS BZ 192, holotype. 65, disposition of autozooids and ovicellate zooids, x 35. 66, autozooidal orifice, x 290. 67, ovicellate zooids, x 65. 68, ovicell, x 170. 69, boundary between opposing zooids (some missing), some of which are incompletely formed, x 32. 70, interzooidal avicularium, x 250. Q Z, : he - a 7 = - ni a, = ; 1 tg oe a Py & a . ps of . = = 2 . 7, = = cap -clageecdia O88 xs ee oe) oa a Sp @ 2a rina ee 2 i> © eel ae eee ce : ~o. je i . be = 2 a er a, ————— > : a = ; . ee eee , at ine SS ; <0 eee . ae aa y i tae 7 i 2 1 7 ae = “ eo ‘ = — = Bulletin of The Natural History Museum Geology Series Earlier Geology Bulletins are still in print. The following can be ordered from Intercept (address on inside front cover). Where the complete backlist is not shown, this may also be obtained from the same address. Volume 34 No. 1 Relative dating of the fossil hominids of Europe. K.P. Oakley. 1980. Pp. 1-63, 6 figs, 17 tables. £8.00 No. 2 Origin, evolution and systematics of the dwarf Acanthoceratid Protacanthoceras Spath, 1923 (Cretaceous Ammonoidea). C.W. Wright & W.J. Kennedy. 1980. Pp. 65-107, 61 figs. £6.25 No. 3 Ashgill Brachiopoda from the Glyn Ceiriog District, north Wales. N. Hiller. 1980. Pp. 109-216, 408 figs. £14.75 No. 4 Miscellanea Type specimens of some Upper Palaeozoic Athyridide brachiopods. C.H.C. Brunton. 31 figs. Two new British Cretaceous Epitoniidae (Gastropoda): evidence for ev olution of shell morphology. R.J. Cleevely. 14 figs, 1 table. Revision of the microproblematicum Prethocoprolithus Elliott, 1962. G.F. Elliott. 4 figs. Basilicus tyrannus (Murchison) and the glabellar structure of asaphid trilobites. R.A. Fortey. 12 figs. A new Lower Ordovician bivalve family, the Thoraltidae (? Nuculoidea), interpreted as actinodont deposit feeders. N.J. Morris. 7 figs. Cretaceous brachiopods from northern Zululand. E.F. Owen. 13 figs. Tupus diluculum sp. nov. (Protodonata), a giant dragonfly from the Upper Carboniferous of Britain. P.E.S. Whalley. 1 fig. Revision of Plummerita Bronniman (Foraminiferida) and a new Maastrichtian species from Ecuador. J.E. Whittaker. 34 figs. 1980. Pp. 217-297. £11.00 Volume 35 No. 1 Lower Ordovician Brachiopoda from mid and south-west Wales. M.G. Lockley & A. Williams. 1981. Pp. 1-78, 263 figs, 3 tables. £10.80 No. 2 The fossil alga Girvanella Nicholson & Etheridge. H.M.C. Danielli. 1981. Pp. 79-107, 8 figs, 3 tables. £4.20 No. 3 Centenary miscellanea Reassessment of the Ordovician brachiopods from the Budleigh Salterton Pebble Bed, Devon. L.R.M. Cocks & M.G. Lockley. 35 figs. Felix Oswald’s Turkish Algae. G.F. Elliott. 3 figs. J.A. Moy-Thomas and his association with the British Museum (Natural History). PL. Forey & B.G. Gardiner. 3 figs. Burials, bodies and beheadings in Romano-British and Anglo- Saxon cemeteries. M. Harman, T.I. Molleson & J.L. Price. 5 figs, 7 tables, VI appendices. The Jurassic irregular echinoid Nucleolites clunicularis (Smith). D.N. Lewis & H.G. Owen. 4 figs. Phanerotinus cristatus (Phillips) and the nature of euomphalacean gastropods. N.J. Morris & R.J. Cleevely. 12 figs. Agassiz, Darwin, Huxley, and the fossil record of teleost fishes. C. Patterson. 1 fig. The Neanderthal problem and the prospects for direct dating of Neanderthal remains. C.B. Stringer & R. Burleigh. 2 figs, 1 table. Hippoporidra edax (Busk 1859) and a revision of some fossil and living Hippoporidra (Bryozoa). P.D. Taylor & P.L. Cook. 6 figs. 1981. Pp. 109-252. £20.00 No. 4 The English Upper Jurassic Plesiosauroidea (reptilia) and a review of the phylogeny and classification of the Plesiosauria. D.S. Brown. 1981. Pp. 253-347, 44 figs. £13.00 Volume 36 No. 1 Middle Cambrian trilobites from the Sosink Formation, Derik- Mardin district, south-eastern Turkey. W.T. Dean. 1982. Pp. 1-41, 68 figs. £5.80 No. 2 Miscellanea British Dinantian (Lower Carboniferous) terebratulid brachiopods. C.H.C. Brunton. 20 figs. New microfossil records in time and space. G.F. Elliott. 6 figs. The Ordovician trilobite Neseuretus from Saudi Arabia, and the palaeogeography of the Neseuretus fauna related to Gondwanaland in the earlier Ordovician. R.A. Fortey & S.F. Morris. 10 figs. Archaeocidaris whatleyensis sp. nov. (Echinoidea) from the Carboniferous Limestone of Somerset and notes on echinoid phylogeny. D.N. Lewis & P.C. Ensom. 23 figs. A possible non-calcified dasycladalean alga from the Carbonif- erous of England. G.F. Elliott. 1 fig. Nanjinoporella, a new Permian dasyclad (calcareous alga) from Nanjing, China. X. Mu & G.F. Elliott. 6 figs, 1 table. Toarcian bryozoans from Belchite in north-east Spain. P.D. Taylor & L. Sequeiros. 10 figs, 2 tables. Additional fossil plants from the Drybrook Sandstone, Forest of Dean, Gloucestershire. B.A. Thomas & H.M. Purdy. 14 figs, 1 table. Bintoniella brodiei Handlirsch (Orthoptera) from the Lower Lias of the English Channel, with a review of British bintoniellid fossils. P.E.S. Whalley. 7 figs. Uraloporella Korde from the Lower Carboniferous of South Wales. V.P. Wright. 3 figs. 1982. Pp. 43-155. £19.80 No. 3 The Ordovician Graptolites of Spitsbergen. R.A. Cooper & R.A. Fortey. 1982. Pp. 157-302, 6 plates, 83 figs, 2 tables. £20.50 No. 4 Campanian and Mastrichtian sphenodiscid ammonites from southern Nigeria. P.M.P. Zaborski. 1982. Pp. 303-332, 36 figs. £4.00 Volume 37 No. 1 Taxonomy of the arthrodire Phlyctaenius from the Lower or Middle Devonian of Campbellton, New Brunswick, Canada. V.T. Young. 1983. Pp. 1-35, 18 figs. £5.00 No. 2 Ailsacrinus gen. noy., an aberrant millericrinid from the Middle Jurassic of Britain. P.D. Taylor. 1983. Pp. 37-77, 48 figs, 1 table. £5.90 No. 3 Miscellanea Glossopteris anatolica Sp. noy. from uppermost Permian strata in south-east Turkey. S. Archangelsky & R.H. Wagner. 14 figs. The crocodilian Theriosuchus Owen, 1879 in the Wealden of England. E. Buffetaut. 1 fig. A new conifer species from the Wealden beds of Féron- Glageon, France. H.L. Fisher & J. Watson. 10 figs. Late Permian plants including Charophytes from the Khuff formation of Saudi Arabia. C.R. Hill & A.A. El-Khayal. 18 figs. British Carboniferous Edrioasteroidea (Echinodermata). A.B. Smith. 52 figs. A survey of recent and fossil Cicadas (Insecta, Hemiptera- Homoptera) in Britain. P.E.S. Whalley. 11 figs. The Cephalaspids from the Dittonian section at Cwm Mill, near Abergavenny, Gwent. E.I. White & H.A. Toombs. 20 figs. 1983. Pp. 79-171. £13.50 No. 4 The relationships of the palaeoniscid fishes, a review based on new specimens of Mimia and Moythomasia from the Upper Devonian of Western Australia. B.G. Gardiner. 1984. Pp. 173- 428. 145 figs. 4 plates. 0 565 00967 2. £39.00 Volume 38 No. 1 New Tertiary pycnodonts from the Tilemsi valley, Republic of Mali. A.E. Longbottom. 1984. Pp.#1—26. 29 figs. 3 tables. 0 565 07000 2. £3.90 No. 2 Silicified brachiopods from the Viséan of County Fermanagh, Ireland. (II) Rhynchonellids. Spiriferids and Terebratulids. C.H.C. Brunton. 1984. Pp. 27-130. 213 figs. 0 565 07001 0. £16.20 No. 3 The Llandovery Series of the Type Area. L.R.M. Cocks. N.H. Woodcock, R.B. Rickards, J.T. Temple & P.D. Lane. 1984. Pp. 131-182. 70 figs. 0 565 07004 5. £7.80 No. 4 Lower Ordovician Brachiopoda from the Tourmakeady Limestone, Co. Mayo, Ireland. A. Williams & G.B. Curry. 1985. Pp. 183-269. 214 figs. 0 565 07003 7. £14.50 No. 5 Miscellanea Growth and shell shape in Productacean Brachiopods. C.H.C. Brunton. Palaeosiphonium a problematic Jurassic alga. G.F. Elliott. Upper Ordovician brachiopods and trilobites from the Clashford House Formation, near Herbertstown, Co. Meath, Ireland. D.A.T. Harper, W.I. Mitchell, A.W. Owen & M. Romano. Preliminary description of Lower Devonian Osteostraci from Podolia (Ukrainian S.S.R.). P. Janvier. Hipparion sp. (Equidae, Perissodactyla) from Diavata (Thessaloniki, northern Greece). G.D. Koufos. Preparation and further study of the Singa skull from Sudan. C.B. Stringer, L. Cornish & P. Stuart-Macadam. Carboniferous and Permian species of the cyclostome bryozoan Corynotrypa Bassler, 1911. P.D. Taylor. Redescription of Eurycephalochelys, a trionychid turtle from the Lower Eocene of England. C.A. Walker & R.T.J. Moody. Fossil insects from the Lithographic Limestone of Montsech (late Jurassic-early Cretaceous), Lérida Province, Spain. P.E.S. Whalley & E.A. Jarzembowski. 1985. Pp. 271-412, 162 figs. 0 565 07004 5. £24.00 Volume 39 No. 1 No. tO No. 3 Volume 40 No. 1 No. i) No. 3 No. 4 No. 5 Volume 41 No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 No. 4 Volume 42 No. 1 Upper Cretaceous ammonites from the Calabar region, south- east Nigeria. P.M.P. Zaborski. 1985. Pp. 1-72. 66 figs. 0 565 07006 1. £11.00 Cenomanian and Turonian ammonites from the Novo Redondo area, Angola. M.K. Howarth. 1985. Pp. 73-105. 33 figs. 0 565 07006 1. £5.60 The systematics and palaeogeography of the Lower Jurassic insects of Dorset, England. P.E.S. Whalley. 1985. Pp. 107-189. 87 figs. 2 tables. 0 565 07008 8. £14.00 Mammals from the Bartonian (middle/late Eocene) of the Hampshire Basin, southern England. J.J. Hooker. 1986. Pp. 191-478. 71 figs. 39 tables. 0 565 07009 6. £49.50 The Ordovician graptolites of the Shelve District, Shropshire. I. Strachan. 1986. Pp. 1-58. 38 figs. 0 565 07010 X. £9.00 The Cretaceous echinoid Boletechinus, with notes on the phylogeny of the Glyphocyphidae and Temnopleuridae. D.N. Lewis. 1986. Pp. 59-90. 11 figs. 7 tables. 0 565 07011 8. £5.60 The trilobite fauna of the Raheen Formation (upper Caradoc), Co. Waterford, Ireland. A.W. Owen, R.P. Tripp & S.F. Morris. 1986. Pp. 91-122. 88 figs. 0 565 07012 6. £5.60 Miscellanea I: Lower Turonian cirripede—Indian coleoid Naefia—Cretaceous—Recent Craniidae—Lectotypes of Girvan trilobites—Brachiopods from Provence—Lower Cretaceous cheilostomes. 1986. Pp. 125-222. 0 565 07013 4. £19.00 Miscellanea II: New material of Kimmerosaurus—Edgehills Sandstone plants—Lithogeochemistry of Mendip rocks— Specimens previously recorded as teuthids—Carboniferous lycopsid Anabathra—Meyenodendron, new Alaskian lepidodendrid. 1986. Pp. 225-297. 0 565 07014 2. £13.00 The Downtonian ostracoderm Sclerodus Agassiz (Osteostraci: Tremataspididae), P.L. Forey. 1987. Pp. 1-30. 11 figs. 0 565 07015 0. £5.50 Lower Turonian (Cretaceous) ammonites from south-east Nigeria. P.M.P. Zaborski. 1987. Pp. 31-66. 46 figs. 0 565 07016 9. £6.50 The Arenig Series in South Wales: Stratigraphy and Palaeontol- ogy. I. The Arenig Series in South Wales. R.A. Fortey & R.M. Owens. II. Appendix. Acritarchs and Chitinozoa from the Arenig Series of South-west Wales. S.G. Molyneux. 1987. Pp. 67-364. 289 figs. 0 565 07017 7. £59.00 Miocene geology and palaeontology of Ad Dabtiyah, Saudi Arabia. Compiled by P.J. Whybrow. 1987. Pp. 365-457. 54 figs. 0 565 07019 3. £18.00 Cenomanian and Lower Turonian Echinoderms from Wilmington, south-east Devon. A.B. Smith, C.R.C. Paul, A.S. Gale & S.K. Donovan. 1988. 244 pp. 80 figs. 50 pls. 0 565 07018 5. £46.50 Volume 43 No. 1 A Global Analysis of the Ordovician—Silurian boundary. Edited by L.R.M. Cocks & R.B. Rickards. 1988. 394 pp., figs. 0 565 07020 7. £70.00 Volume 44 No. 1 Miscellanea: Palaeocene wood from Mali—Chapelcorner fish bed—Heterotheca coprolites—Mesozoic Neuroptera and Raphidioptera. 1988. Pp. 1-63. 0 565 07021 5S. £12.00 No. 2 Cenomanian brachiopods from the Lower Chalk of Britain and northern Europe. E.F. Owen. 1988. Pp. 65-175. 0565 07022 3. £21.00 No. 3 The ammonite zonal sequence and ammonite taxonomy in the Douvilleiceras mammillatum Superzone (Lower Albian) in Europe. H.G. Owen. 1988. Pp. 177-231. 0 565 07023 1. £10.30 No. 4 Cassiopidae (Cretaceous Mesogastropoda): taxonomy and ecology. R.J. Cleevely & N.J. Morris. 1988. Pp. 233-291. 0565 07024 X. £11.00 Volume 45 No. 1 Arenig trilobites—Devonian brachiopods—Triassic demosponges—Larval shells of Jurassic bivalves—Carbonifer- ous marattialean fern—Classification of Plectambonitacea. 1989. Pp. 1-163. 0 565 07025 8. £40.00 No. 2 A review of the Tertiary non-marine molluscan faunas of the Pebasian and other inland basins of north-western South America. C.P. Nuttall. 1990. Pp. 165-371. 456 figs. 0 565 07026 6. £52.00 Volume 46 No. 1 Mid-Cretaceous Ammonites of Nigeria—new amphisbaenians from Kenya—English Wealden Equisetales—Faringdon Sponge Gravel Bryozoa. 1990. Pp. 1-152. 0 565 070274. £45.00 No. 2 Carboniferous pteridosperm frond Neuropieris heterophylla— Tertiary Ostracoda from Tanzania. 1991. Pp. 153-270. 0565 07028 2. £30.00 Volume 47 No. 1 Neogene crabs from Brunei, Sabah & Sarawak—New pseudosciurids from the English Late Eocene—Upper Palaeozoic Anomalodesmatan Bivalvia. 1991. Pp. 1-100. 0 565 07029 0. £37.50 No. 2 Mesozoic Chrysalidinidae of the Middle East—Bryozoans from north Wales—Alveolinella praequoyi sp. nov. from Papua New Guinea. 1991. Pp. 101-175. 0 565 070304. £37.50 Volume 48 No. 1 ‘Placopsilina’ cenomana @’ Orbigny from France and England—Revision of Middle Devonian uncinulid brachiopod—Cheilostome bryozoans from Upper Cretaceous, Alberta. 1992. Pp. 1-24. £37.50 No. 2 Lower Devonian fishes from Saudi Arabia—W.K. Parker’s collection of foraminifera in the British Museum (Natural History). 1992. Pp. 25-43. £37.50 Volume 49 No. 1 Barremian—Aptian Praehedbergellidae of the North Sea area: a reconnaissance—Late Llandovery and early Wenlock Stratigraphy and ecology in the Oslo Region, Norway— Catalogue of the type and figured specimens of fossil Asteroidea and Ophiuroidea in The Natural History Museum. 1993. Pp. 1-80. £37.50 No. 2 Mobility and fixation of a variety of elements, in particular, during the metasomatic development of adinoles at Dinas Head, Cornwall—Productellid and Plicatiferid (Productoid) Brachiopods from the Lower Carboniferous of the Craven Reef Belt, North Yorkshire—The spores of Leclercqia and the dispersed spore morphon Acinosporites lindlarensis Riegel: a case of gradualistic evolution. 1993. Pp. 81-155. £37.50 Volume 50 No. 1 Systematics of the melicerititid cyclostome bryozoans; introduction and the genera Elea, Semielea and Reptomultelea. 1994. Pp. 1-104. £37.50 No. 2 The brachiopods of the Duncannon Group (Middle-Upper Ordovician) of southeast Ireland. 1994. Pp. 105-175. £37.50 Volume 51 No. 1 A synopsis of neuropteroid foliage from the Carboniferous and Lower Permian of Europe—The Upper Cretaceous ammonite Pseudaspidoceras Hyatt, 1903, in north-eastern Nigeria—The pterodactyloids from the Purbeck Limestone Formation of Dorset. 1995. Pp. 1-88. £37.50 No. 2 Palaeontology on the Qahlah and Simsima Formations (Cretaceous, Late Campanian-Maastrichtian) of the United Arab Emirates-Oman Border Region—Preface—Late Cretaceous carbonate platform faunas of the United Arab Emirates-Oman border region—Late Campanian-Maastrichtian echinoids from the United Arab Emirates-Oman border region—Maastrichtian ammonites from the United Arab Emirates-Oman border region—Maastrichtian nautiloids from the United Arab Emirates-Oman border region—Maastrichtian Inoceramidae from the United Arab Emirates-Oman border region—Late Campanian-Maastrichtian Bryozoa from the United Arab Emirates-Oman border region—Maastrichtian brachiopods from the United Arab Emirates-Oman border region—Late Campanian-Maastrichtian rudists from the United Arab Emirates-Oman border region. 1995. Pp. 89-305. £37.50 Volume 52 No. 1 Zirconlite: a review of localities worldwide, and a compilation of its chemical compositions—A review of the stratigraphy of Eastern Paratethys (Oligocene—Holocene)—A new protorichthofenioid brachiopod (Productida) from the Upper Carboniferous of the Urals, Russia—The Upper Cretaceous ammonite Vascoceras Choffat, 1898 in north-eastern Nigeria. 1996. Pp. 1-89. £43.40 No. 2 Jurassic bryozoans from Balt6w, Holy Cross Mountains, Poland—A new deep-water spatangoid echinoid from the Cretaceous of British Columbia, Canada—The cranial anatomy of Rhomaleosaurus thorntoni Andrews (Reptilia, Plesiosauria)—The first known femur of Hylaeosaurus armatus and re-identification of ornithopod material in The Natural History Museum, London—Bryozoa from the Lower Carboniferous (Viséan) of County Fermanagh, Ireland. 1996. Pp. 91-171. £43.40 Volume 53 No. 1 The status of ‘Plesictis’ croizeti, ‘Plesictis’ gracilis and ‘Lutra’ minor: synonyms of the early Miocene viverrid Herpestides antiquus (Mammalia, Carnivora)—Baryonyx walkeri, a fish- eating dinosaur from the Wealden of Surrey—The Cretaceous- Miocene genus Lichenopora (Bryozoa), with a description of a new species from New Zealand. 1997. Pp. 1-78. £43.40 No. 2 Ordovician trilobites from the Tourmakeady Limestone, western Ireland—Ordovician Bryozoa from the Llandeilo Limestone, Clog-y-fran, near Whitland, South Wales—New Information on Cretaceous crabs. 1997. Pp.79-139. £43.40 Volume 54 No. 1 The Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous of Wadi Hajar, southern Yemen—Ammonites and nautiloids from the Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous of Wadi Hajar, southern Yemen. 1998. Pp. 1-107. £43.40 No. 2 Caradoc brachiopods from the Shan States, Burma (Myanmar)—A review of the stratigraphy and trilobite faunas from the Cambrian Burj Formation in Jordan—The first Palaezoic rhytidosteid: Trucheosaurus major (Woodward, 1909) from the late Permian of Australia, and a reassessment of the Rhytidosteidae (Amphibia, Temnospondyli)—The rhyn- chonellide brachiopod /sopoma Torley and its distribution. 1998. Pp.109-163. £43.40 CONTENTS 1 Latest Paleocene to earliest Eocene bryozoans from Chatham Island, New Zealand D.P. Gordon and PD. Taylor Bulletin of The Natural History Museum GEOLOGY SERIES Vol. 55, No. 1, June 1999