ISSN 0968-0454 | Bulletin of The Natural History Museum Entomology Series NZ i NATU RAL HISTORY MUSEUM VOLUME 65 NUMBER2 28 NOVEMBER 1996 The Bulletin of The Natural History Museum (formerly: Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) ), instituted in 1949, is issued in four scientific series, Botany, Entomology, Geology (incorporating Mineralogy) and Zoology. The Entomology Series is produced under the editorship of the Keeper of Entomology: Dr R.P. Lane Editor of Bulletin: Dr Gaden S. Robinson Papers in the Bulletin are primarily the results of research carried out on the unique and ever-growing collections of the Museum, both by the scientific staff and by specialists from elsewhere who make use of the Museum’s resources. Many of the papers are works of reference that will remain indispensable for years to come. All papers submitted for publication are subjected to external peer review before acceptance. A volume contains about 192 pages, made up by two numbers, published in the Spring and Autumn. Subscriptions may be placed for one or more of the series on an annual basis. Individual numbers and back numbers can be purchased and a Bulletin catalogue, by series, is available. Orders and enquiries should be sent to: Intercept Ltd. P.O. Box 716 Andover Hampshire SP10 1YG Telephone: (01264) 334748 Fax: (01264) 334058 Claims for non-receipt of issues of the Bulletin will be met free of charge if received by the Publisher within 6 months for the UK, and 9 months for the rest of the world. World List abbreviation: Bull. nat. Hist. Mus. Lond. (Ent.) © The Natural History Museum, 1996 Entomology Series ISSN 0968-0454 Vol. 65, No. 2, pp. 105-164 The Natural History Museum Cromwell Road London SW7 5BD Issued 28 November 1996 Typeset by Ann Buchan (Typesetters), Middlesex Printed in Great Britain by Henry Ling Ltd., at the Dorset Press, Dorchester, Dorset - 3 a i on i = - " “a ar Wale - ee] _ — Se =e oe i = - = | - Bmerrade (isiicnenierd: ~~ | ¥ fay | unden) 20< ‘sgt 444 Ar tht ’ LENG Epectcs == oes Berrien iw" 4 Pat uL by i¢ ie ete we { \ Figs 1-3. Metaphycus electra 2 — 1; Sectiliclava isis 2 — 2; Psyllaephagus trioziphagus 2 — 3. Bull. nat. Hist. Mus. Lond. (Ent.) 65(2): 105-164 Issued 28 November 1996 THE NATURAL Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera: HISTORY MUSEUM Chalcidoidea) of Costa Rica: the genera and species associated with: jumping plant-lice (Homoptera: _ Psylloidea). 11 Dev 1996 PRESENTED NERAL LIBRARY JOHN S. NOYES, A Department of Entomology, The Natural History Museum, London SW7 SBD, London, England PAUL HANSON Department of Biology, University of Costa Rica, San Pedro, San José, Costa Rica CONTENTS SSCTLG) PSUS Ue cv tacaries asi kare votases Iativoa cova Baca a cuaviace clhs's. coven vasbe samc @ ree URUaaants eee my send de ade ceginzxenents sx 105 MXN LUIGI ODN eeer cu cctaaacestsacayscneseceusntdsstausdceacanthns (ques dasagtt ads ihenaxesavn saundayadistnasascisesenssvicivaoseecas 105 PETES SLUGS Share ee ceeret eaten aaa Totes sonata shes canto, ose ter teed -ee tay ee dNeurc sax aqctncatecadawsvaradvutsViveceaisytres 106 PRG MMO WEG SC ILCINGM cmeetencesec smasuracuseccuccsitserscssidcvanasize rete TanonreerntcatiasscastneceStarcussdtacanevsasseseucavere 106 PN INSLOWAAUL OMS MISCO MIM LON resercesecetancasccueceseucessideSencen See coesPaeedattdauccractec Mtsesceccastachereeetesuds severe 106 REVIEW Ome een asan Ouse CLO Swen re ccsceveuaysasagbesscesaecer-sotetcorcersate ters secakontetatmeeens raceseceersscccteecars 107 HSV EOS RCUISU Aigerxsceaaa tesa acs Mets aces Ph eteens sated icasnccatuantes daeeeatente cath saexactonte mtteoesacueniwia.ckpercese 107 IREWISLON OLA SPECIES): ees cos scxceatancencsestsanecusstheasn ic teem tomer emetenee Mae cec cnet M err mede dato cema sete 107 EK COV ELIS NV AIK ON hoz esac ed Seas nscs ks see cugn caves wade: TERRR Rates oS ees See 107 Tie CUM ESP MM OLIS OL Maes. eS ce et che oak awacasuncandesteeeaee nee duane» code Metanaccnmunaceeseyeaeantescatoee 112 PEA CVRRLELL CI GULLS an VLAN Teter cae tae sat sctonnaca enravgisssi52vn04teeree cae aoe tote en dk ndaseonceneck sake oe carts doterees sa 113 GE CIAGNGIETES SEIN MOVs, cctosustessecssicveenestsuasunenacacsilf onttoen atom neanee ce rattan me ee ab cece eta 114 VIC TADAYCUSNISL CEC arceertace teerese cet eva es cot ce ohiss va sshee Rata. Ges ee een RRR a Rael wkd ete? 118 SEGLTLECI AVG ALLONLED: (Mrceencorecteakesswsdencaeteecatasoss s«axdianataskeuteteniins ecarstebiee ster kavatgeactes Heat 121] E2ILORLOIIUUTUS INRA Memetttea serene eee aoe sae keteesaeses couse. ‘seaunckonsdebncee scudntaaactsoscsPanasiveweiuucanciadansdansacens 123 SW ILGEY) RB IES MNS MING AGO Metaer cae eecrcsciteses code sacis Mtaycactiense apse WO weenie Week cubatnane alana absacerus 125 PRETLETETIC Gyre e cera sree oem caecc cc esas nv Ssh aviduseveMe Ua fats chasienaadiiannst smacareds sueeekaadersussepayis tes 138 MUIStHATL OTS iw ce-ce7-cesrerenee octcree MASK LO SCLEM ULC MARTE Stee ete ese saerce sec devras ot sete cx eon oocsey cre oecaccarscseadanenensnedceaseacrante-osasduesnuxancetsceee> 163 Synopsis. Eight genera and 26 species of encyrtids found in association with jumping plant lice (Psylloidea) in Costa Rica are reviewed. Three genera are recorded for the first time from the Neotropical region, and one genus and 21 species are described as new. Dichotomous keys to all genera and species are provided, each species is further characterised by a diagnosis and notes are provided on distribution and host associations where known. INTRODUCTION Such projects normally devote large areas to rela- tively few tree species in order to make plantations easier to manage. The resulting increased density of Alarming rates of deforestation in tropical countries have generated considerable interest in reforestation projects utilising native trees (Butterfield, 1994). © The Natural History Museum, 1996 20 \) Bal AN individual tree species will inevitably heighten the risk of plantation trees being severely damaged by outbreaks of indigenous tree-feeding insect groups. 106 One such group of potential forestry pests, the jump- ing plant-lice or Psylloidea, is particularly species rich in Neotropical forests and in Costa Rica species are known to feed on several important native tree genera, eg. Alaroa, Cedrela, Haematoxylum, Hymenaea, Inga, Lonchocarpus Pentaclethra and Virola (D. Hollis, pers. comm.). The use of pesti- cides to control new forest pests may prove to be ineffective, uneconomic or environmentally unsound and therefore other control measures, such as bio- logical control, will be required. A taxonomic study of the existing parasitoids of psyllids will provide the necessary foundation for biological control of these potential pests. One group of parasitoids of particular importance is the chalcidoid family Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera; Chalcidoidea) because it includes many species which are specialist primary parasitoids of jumping plant-lice. At least one Costa Rican species, Psyllaephagus yaseeni Noyes, has been introduced into various countries from Hawaii to the Indian subcontinent in order to aid in the control of Heteropsylla cubana Crawford, a pest of Leucaena leucocephala (see below). This plant is important as cattle fodder, green manure, a shade plant for coffee and cocoa and as a nitrogen fixing plant in alley cropping. In addition to their use in biological control, psyllid parasitoids may be useful for studies in host speciali- sation or perhaps even co-evolution. Species in some taxa, such as Psyllaephagus, appear to have special- ised and diversified on psyllids whereas others, such as afew species of Metaphycus, appear to have switched from their normal scale-insect hosts (Homoptera: Coccoidea) to psyllids. Further to this, psyllids that induce gall formation seem to be attacked primarily by two sets of parasitoids: those that specialise on psyllid hosts and those that generally attack gall-forming hosts. As aresult of recent field work in Costa Rica several species of encyrtid parasitoids have been reared from jumping plant-lice and their galls. Most are primary parasitoids of psyllids, whilst some are parasitoids of insects otherwise associated with psyllid galls, eg. parasitoids of coccinellid larvae feeding on gall-form- ing psyllids. Additional material, belonging to these encyrtid groups, has also been made available through the extensive Malaise trapping programme undertaken in Costa Rica since 1985 (see Noyes & Ren Hui, 1995). The present study thus directly results from this work and is intended to facilitate the identification of Encyrtidae that may be reared from psyllids or their galls in Costa Rica, or adjacent areas. It is the second in a series that is aimed at eventually revising all Costa Rican Encyrtidae. J.S. NOYES AND P. HANSON DEPOSITORIES CNC Canadian National Collection, Ottawa, Canada BMNH The Natural History Museum, London, UK INBio Instituto National de Biodiversidad, Costa Rica NMHS _ Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Stockholm, Sweden NMID _ National Museum of Ireland, Dublin, Eire UCR Museo de Insectos, University of Costa Rica, Costa Rica USNM United States National Museum, Washington D.C., USA ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. We thank Dr M.E. Schauff (USNM), Dr L. Masner (CNC) and Dr J. Huber (CNC) for the loan or gift of material. Our special thanks go to Pam Mitchell for her painstaking sorting of Malaise trap catches from Santa Rosa National Park. Dave Hollis (NHM) helped us by checking the psyllid names and several friends and colleagues provided us with information relating to multiple species rearings from a single host species, although not all examples were used (Jacques van Alphen, Lex Kraaijeveld, John LaSalle, Andrew Polaszek, David Rosen, Jim Woolley and Bob Zuparko). We would like to thankAldo de Oyarzabal for the colour illustration of Psyllaephagus trioziphagus, Sectiliclava isis and Metaphycus electra (Figs 1-3). Finally, we would like to acknowledge financial support for this work from the Vicerrectoria de Investigaciones of the Universidad de Costa Rica. ABBREVIATIONS USED IN TEXT AL length of aedeagus (CNL; length of costal cell of forewing CW maximum width of costal cell of forewing Fl, F2, etc. first funicle segment, second funicle segment, etc. EL maximum eye length EW maximum eye width Vs minimum frontovertex width FWL forewing length FWW forewing width GL maximum length of gonostylus (or third valvula) HI depth of incised part of posterior margin of hypopygium HW head width HWL hindwing length HWW hindwing width MS malar space (the shortest distance from the eye to mouth margin) MT mid tibia length MTS mid tibial spur length OL ovipositor length OOL ocular-ocellar line, or the shortest distance COSTA RICAN ENCYRTIDAE ASSOCIATED WITH PSYLLOIDEA 107 between each posterior ocellus and the adjacent eye margin POL posterior ocellar line, or the shortest distance between the two posterior ocelli Sl scape length (excluding radicle) SW maximum scape width Key to Costa Rican genera of Encyrtidae associated with psylloids or their galls 1 Antennae with fewer than 6 funicle segments............ 2 — Antennae with 6 funicle segment ..........-cccseeeerseeee 3 2 Antennae with 4 funicle segments Cercobelus (p. 107) — Antennae with 5 funicle segments Trechnites (p. 112) 3 Mesoscutum with notaular lines complete; forewing with stigmal vein abruptly bent below marginal vein (Fig. 28) erence a ee eee Homalotylus (p. 113) — Notaular lines absent or not reaching more than half way across mesoscutum; forewing with stigmal vein straight or slightly curved, not abruptly bent below marginal vein 4 Forewings with marginal vein at least 3 x as long as lon(oatal (Oey 31) epee ea een Caldencyrtus (p. 114) — Marginal vein not more than 2 x as long as broad, mostly punctiform or absent (Figs 37, 39, 40, 43, 47, AE Gaee | Pee CR feria anand caeunassteatdsuseavtavessusassatsestetacevaces 5 5 Mandibles tridentate (Fig. 132); head and thorax yellow to dark brown without metallic blue, green or purple WUDSHR Mes taste tirsss 7 7 Postero-lateral margin of mesoscutum, anterior to each tegula, with a deep, distinct submarginal indentation which is about as wide as the tegula. FEMALE: hypopygium reaching past apex of last tergite of gaster and enclosing most of ovipositor MERE os secs ins seen cs cas i cnaendie Sathana Prionomitus (p. 123) — Mesoscutum without an indentation anterior to the tegulae, sometimes with a shallow impression adjacent to the antero-lateral margins. FEMALE: hypopygium not reaching apex of gaster ..... Psyllaephagus (p. 125) CERCOBELUS Walker Cercobelus Walker, 1842: vi. Type species Cercobelus jJugaeus Walker, by monotypy. DIAGNOSTIC CHARACTERS. Female. Antenna inserted close to mouth margin and with funicle 4-segmented and clava 3-segmented; head oval or spherical in facial view with eyes relatively small, not longer than mini- mum width of frontovertex, or hardly so; inner eye margins slightly emarginate; occipital margin sharp; mandibles with one very small tooth and a broad truncation or three or four very short, obtuse teeth; forewings with marginal vein varying from very short, almost absent, to at least twice as long as broad; postmarginal vein almost absent; setae in basal cell much less dense than in disc; gaster, somewhat elon- gate and with segments telescopic, the ovipositor short and not more than 0.5 x as long as mid tibia, or hardly $0; Ovipositor with a unique, highly modified struc- ture. Male. Similar to female, but antenna usually with segments relatively slightly longer and clothed in setae which are longer than diameter of segments; clava entire; genitalia with aedeagus apically very acute and digiti distinct but relatively slender and apically armed with a pair of hooks. BIOLOGY. The only previously known species, the European C. jugaeus (Walker), has been recorded as a parasitoid of Psyllopsis fraxinicola Forster, P. fraxini Linnaeus and Psyllopsis proprius Loginova (Homoptera: Psyllidae) (see Trjapitzin, 1989). DISTRIBUTION. Although the genus is probably cos- mopolitan, in the New World it has only been found in Mexico and Costa Rica and has yet to be found in the eastern Palaearctic. IDENTIFICATION OF SPECIES. Other than the five spe- cies described below, there is only a single described species from Europe (jugaeus Walker) and several undescribed species from Mexico, Africa, India, Sarawak and Australia (material in BMNH, TAMU, see also Noyes & Hayat, 1984). Key to Costa Rican species of Cercobelus i Clayars=sexmenteds(emales) es-reasnencmenmeraen ts 2 =m G@lAVAlentine (MALES ik sc cccss se -adveseeeceasounsescannses sutteeyptnvdears 6 FEMALES DEP EA tANSVETSE OL GUACKALC .e..-sacone