SBM lols ISSN 0968-0454 Bulletin of The Natural History Museum THE NATURAL MESTORY MUSEUM 22 "Vv 2000 PRE vs = iNT ED GENERAL LIBRARY S)2 THE NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM VOLUME 69 NUMBER2 30 NOVEMBER 2000 The Bulletin of The Natural History Museum (formerly: Bulletin of the British Museum (Naturai History) ), instituted in 1949, is issued in four scientific series, Botany, Entomology, Geology (incorporating Mineralogy) and Zoology. The Entomology Series is produced under the editorship of the Keeper of Entomology: R.I. Vane-Wright Editor of Bulletin: Gaden S. Robinson Papers in the Bulletin are primarily the results of research carried out on the unique and ever-growing collections of the Museum, both by the scientific staff and by specialists from elsewhere who make use of the Museum’s resources. Many of the papers are works of reference that will remain indispensable for years to come. All papers submitted for publication are subjected to external peer review before acceptance. 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(Ent.) © The Natural History Museum, 2000 Entomology Series ISSN 0968-0454 Vol. 69, No. 2, pp. 115-221 The Natural History Museum Cromwell Road London SW7 5BD Issued 30 November 2000 Typeset by Ann Buchan (Typesetters), Middlesex Printed in Great Britain by Henry Ling Ltd, at the Dorset Press, Dorchester, Dorset Bull. nat. Hist. Mus. Lond. (Ent.) 69(2):115—169 Issued 30 November 2000 Systematics of Onirion, a new a _ genus of Sabethini (Diptera: | 2754.05, | Culicidae) from the Neotropical ;. font | Region x (22 * a | teal i ED Py GENCRAL LISRAR’ RALPH E. HARBACH Department of Entomology and Biomedical Sciences Theme, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, U.K. E.L. PEYTON Department of Entomology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, DC 20307-5100, U.S.A. CONTENTS BSS DLO PISS erence crate cer neencatnear nea raee ca accor noses cused src incuster vers sane onmath cane nev cans Unucwasoveppeswaxcrsos seperate 115 BRetace and ACKNOW LEC SCMIEDES casters ahcscccnenncnosnacunnsnasncresnidenapsterseaeasOiey-abecarsuey-tscresedasvaranssnen 116 TE FAGAN Nts nescence gartne ome res tee eater oene das since ta ecshe dup hens oardssseecgaceastxckcptoreasenesocenaatt se 116 INMPAT EMI a SFA TIE LOU a aey er teerer es cenasccstennaectacusssbscecgustszspeveterencsuusscusuaestasuscnsasssaveneseczconsoarssarecns 117 OMITOMPE TOM Qo LAO AC ISG CIN tees tat entycoccens dadpsaxtacnave s 132 OGITOMGE NGI FLAT AGING PEIN ee cee scsi ce oss ex sesreeeeee ceke onc vetesncenes sor 2 cans inhevaceeeceneeuahsoe ae 132 FRET OTC LIC ES teresa. aceon eee nc erste rae note ne nati eee a oes gener asain apap es nalvscohacucpsenaisec apy sovegacs 133 DEAL ONITES (eee aces ea sccescuavh x= 24 vackh sn sat eapsavons vesueanetesaecuscsiuaapmenetace suas aaceccahsvssdepaswaseNasasesucsscnadonbnesacnapany 136 BUA GG yeeecne nes see cece ae Se marae eee a coc ons caret ae cccreextcnceevsxiacuateneate kavetenvlccress sentncaeenzesene 157 PNT OIIG CO Sir me eae ee eect nee Re ee earl n Sass Ree Oe tap eosin tuog nc) Ant suey seve aae takeantvn ewnenaspateegeis 163 1. Anatomical characters used in the cladistic analysis .............::.:cssccesseeecescenceesceeeseaeenees 163 PPM) AAMT A GDR eee seater te osegtes eater cee esta ern occnekcnsr vars ceestancasonisnssSasecactsivarvacgnrestoneesb+etenesce 165, Be @haractem cha Se swre- cme cere tee tree cece cas cas ne eee ere sie vec da hexene steerer does enercewactue re vpacecezeezs 168 Conispe ctisrofitaxomomnic Ghai geste csette ests: ei nna caa sce censaCensi ss: ips seeschucs«sesenspretvarescstescedeessszess 168 BAK OMOIMLC Hin LEK Fe eres cere ee es ene es eee vans son caso steecesmeucussspeccaues saees cote cadens kcubeparee;svesseoentess 169 SYNOPSIS. Onirion, anew genus of mosquitoes of tribe Sabethini from the Neotropical Region, is described and defined on the basis of shared morphological features observed in the adult, larval and pupal stages of seven species, three previously included in Wyeomyia Theobald and four that are new. Generic status of Onirion is supported by cladistic analyses of morphological data. Nominal species belonging to the genus include Dendromyia personata Lutz, Goeldia luederwaldti © The Natural History Museum, 2000 116 R.E. HARBACH AND E.L. PEYTON Lane, Wyeomyia (Dendromyia) belkini Casal & Garcia, Wyeomyia (Dendromyia) brucei del Ponte & Cerqueira and Wyeomyia (Dendromyia) sirivanakarni Duret. Goeldia luederwaldti is formally recognised as a junior synonym of Dendromyia personata. Wyeomyia (Dendromyia) brucei is resurrected from synonymy with Dendromyia personata and recognised as the senior synonym of Wyeomyia (Dendromyia) belkini. The taxonomic species comprising the genus are Onirion personatum (Lutz), On. brucei (del Ponte & Cerqueira), On. celatum sp.n., On. sirivanakarni (Duret), On. imparis sp.n., On. regale sp.n. and On. aenigma sp.n. These species are described and illustrated, and a key is provided for the identification of the adult males. The adult females, pupal and larval stages are remarkably homogeneous and for the most part no diagnostic characters are evident for their separation. The treatment of each species also includes an annotated summary of previous literature, a brief systematic discussion and information on bionomics and distribution. PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. This manuscript was written by the first author. The second author passed away on 26 April 1999. Study of the new genus described herein was initiated by the second author in the late 1980s when we were working together at the Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit located in the Museum Support Center of the Smithsonian Institution. We were great friends, relished working together on mosquito taxonomic problems and got along famously. Because of this association, it was E.L.’s intention to name the new genus in my honour. Although I was aware of this, I was surprised to find the name Harbachia written in his notes and on header labels associated with the specimens that were entrusted to me several months after he died. Though I miss my good friend and colleague, I consider it a much greater honour to have had the opportunity to complete this work on his behalf than to have had the genus named after me. It is no over-statement that E.L. provided a solid foundation for the completion of this work. However, the bulk of the morpho- logical study and all of the writing was completed by me. Hence, the responsibility for details of observation, interpre- tation, analysis and presentation is solely mine. This study is based on relatively few specimens, many of which are in rather poor condition, especially some male and female genitalia that were badly damaged and over stained by whomever dissected them. Additionally, the associated larval and pupal exuviae and dissected genitalia of some specimens are missing and presumed lost. In the case of the type species, the location of reared specimens from two larval collections listed in published collection records is unknown. Despite these shortcomings, the available material is sufficient to recognise seven species, which conform to one distinct type in all life stages and form a very compact group. However, this work must be considered preliminary because too few speci- mens were available to determine the actual distributions and the reliability of the potentially diagnostic or differential characters in all life stages of the species. Collections consist- ing of adults reared from immature stages are needed from throughout Central and South America to verify many exist- ing literature records and determine the species ranges. As new material becomes available, it seems likely that new species of the genus will also be discovered. This work could not have been completed without the help and contributions of several people. I am most grateful to my deceased colleague and friend E.L. Peyton for beginning the study and sharing his initial findings with me. Particular thanks go to Dr Richard C. Wilkerson, Manager of the Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit (WRBU), for allowing me to resur- rect and complete this study after E.L.’s death. He also provided valuable comments on the manuscript. Dr Ian J. Kitching, The Natural History Museum (NHM), assisted me with the cladistic analysis and made constructive suggestions about phylogenetic relationships. Drs Bruce A. Harrison (North Carolina Department of Natural Resources Public Health Pest Management), John F. Reinert (Center for Medical, Agricul- tural and Veterinary Entomology, USDA, ARS, Gainesville, Florida) and Thomas J. Zavortink (Department of Biology, University of San Francisco, California) examined the manu- script and suggested many useful improvements. I am delighted to acknowledge Ms Taina R. Litwak (formerly of WRBU) and Miss Theresa M. Howard (NHM) for preparing the superb drawings, and I am equally grateful to Mrs Joanna G. Elphick (NHM) for taking numerous photomicrographs with a com- puter image analysis system. The Photographic Unit of the NHM skillfully converted Joanna’s images into illustrations. Joanna also assisted in finding a number of elusive literature references. Finally, I am especially grateful to Mr James E. Pecor and Mr Thomas G. Gaffigan (both of WRBU) for locating specimens, collection records and E.L.’s notes and records and sending them to me; to Prof. Oswaldo P. Forattini (Laboratorio de Entomologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil), Dr Diego J. Carpintero (Departmento de Entomologia Sanitaria, Instituto National de Microbiologia, Buenos Aires, Argentina) and Dr Jane M. Costa (Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) for the loan of specimens from their institutions. INTRODUCTION Despite along history of intense study, the taxonomy of mosquitoes is far from complete and the currently accepted system of classification is not entirely natural. While the number of formally recognised species and subgenera has increased substantially since Edwards (1932) published the first catalogue of mosquitoes, the number of formally recognised generahas only increased from thirty to thirty-eight (Harbach & Sandlant, 1997; and subsequent changes to generic status by Judd, 1998: Reinert, 1999b, 2000a,b; Sallum etal., 2000; and Navarro & Liria, 2000). As noted by Zavortink (1990), SYSTEMATICS OF ONIRION GEN.N. the number of recognised genera falls far short of the number expected for a family the size of Culicidae. From a comparison with groups of organisms that have reached a higher degree of beta-level taxonomy, Zavortink estimated that the total number of genera within Culicidae should be 225. Although this may never be achieved, the general trend in recent years has been to recognise more smaller generic-level taxa within the family, especially within the New World Sabethini (Zavortink, 1979; Harbach, 1991; Harbach & Peyton, 1990, 1992, 1993; Motta & Lourengo-de- Oliveira, 1995; Lourengo-de-Oliveira et al., 1999). Until relatively recently, the classification of the New World species of Sabethini was based entirely on the interpretations of Lane & Cerqueira (1942) and Lane (1953). In fact, no supraspecific changes to their classification were made until Zavortink (1979) revised the generic limits of Trichoprosopon Theobald, and Belkin et al. (1970) noted that the subgeneric classi- fication of Wyeomyia Theobald appeared to be unnatural and recommended a thorough study of the immature stages to elucidate phyletic lines. Belkin ef al. noticed the ‘slit-like’ development of the occipital foramen in Wyeomyia, as well as Limatus Theobald and Sabethes Robineau-Desvoidy, and Zavortink subsequently used this feature to distinguish larvae of Runchomyia Theobald (including /sostomyia Coquillett) from those of Trichoprosopon, Shannoniana Lane & Cerqueira and Johnbelkinia Zavortink. Judd (1996) later recorded the presence of dorsolateral slits in all sabethine genera except Maorigoeldia Edwards, Tripteroides Giles and the three noted by Zavortink (1979). Judd also observed the absence of slits in Wyeomyia personata (Lutz), one of several species recognised by Heinemann & Belkin (1977, and later publications) as members of an informal “Subgenus B’. It became apparent that this group of species represented a new genus when one of us (E.L.P.) examined virtually every Wyeomyia larva and pupa in the mosquito collection of the U.S. National Museum of Natural History prior to 1990 (Harbach & Peyton, 1990). Except for these species, all other species currently included in Wyeomyia appear to have dorso- lateral slits. In a cladistic analysis of sabethine relationships, Judd (1996) found that Wy. personata appeared as a separate lineage arising between Wy. melanocephala Dyar & Knab and a monophyletic group comprised of species of Limatus, Phoniomyia Theobald and six subgenera of Wyeomyia, including the type species of Wyeomyia, arrayed in nine terminal clades. Further analyses utilising partitioned data supported this pat- tern of relationships (Judd, 1998qa). As a result, Judd (19985) formally reduced Phoniomyia to subgeneric status within Wyeomyia. Wyeomyia melanocephala and Wy. personata were both recognised as members of subgenus Dendromyia Theobald until Motta & Lourengo-de-Oliveira (1995) restricted the concept of NW this taxon to include only six species. Wyeomyia personata and the other nominal species previously included in Dendromyia were retained in Wyeomyia without subgeneric placement. Concordant evidence from the analyses of Judd (1996, 1998a) and those described below support the recognition of ‘Subgenus B’ as a new genus within the New World Sabethini. Because no pre-existing generic name is available for this taxon, it is formally described and given the name Onirion in this publication. The new genus includes three previously described species and four new species that are described here. The former include Dendromyia personata Lutz, 1904a, Wyeomyia (Dendromyia) brucei del Ponte & Cerqueira, 1938 (= Wyeomyia (Dendromyia) belkini Casal & Garcia, 1966) and Wyeomyia (Dendromyia) sirivanakarni Duret, 1982. Edwards (1932) recog- nised Dendromyia as a subgenus of Wyeomyia for some thirty-four species with lower mesokatepisternal setae and broad scales on the wings. Lane & Cerqueira (1942) reorganised the internal classification of Wyeomyia but hardly altered Edwards’ concept of Dendromyia. They included twenty-three species that Edwards placed in the subgenus, as well as thirteen species subsequently described as species of Dendromyia, including seven new species that they proposed. Lane (1953), with relatively few changes, followed his earlier work with Cerqueira, and_ his treatment of Dendromyia was largely accepted until Motta & Lourengo-de-Oliveira (1995), as noted above, redefined the subgenus based largely on shared char- acteristics of the immature stages. In the absence of an accurate definition of Dendromyia prior to Motta & Lourengo-de-Oliveira, it is no wonder that the nominal species Wy. brucei, Wy. belkini and Wy. sirivanakarni were described as members of that taxon. MATERIALS AND METHODS Morphological structures were examined in the adult, pupal and fourth-instar larval stages. The majority of specimens are deposited in the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC (USNM). Some additional material and type speci- mens are deposited in The Natural History Museum, London (BMNH); Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro (IOC); Universidade de Sao Paulo Faculdade de Satide Publica, Sdo Paulo (USP); and the Instituto Nacional de Microbiologia, Buenos Aires (INM). All type specimens of new species are deposited in the USNM. Measurements and numbers are from at least five specimens when available, and are given as a range followed by the mean or mode, respectively, in paren- theses. Diagnostic and differential characters were 118 confirmed in all specimens listed in the material exam- ined sections. Observations of adult mosquitoes were made under simulated natural light. Larval and pupal chaetotaxy was studied using differential interference contrast microscopy. The morphological terminology follows Harbach & Knight (1980, 1982) and Harbach & Kitching (1998). Taxonomic treatments begin with a synonymy, where applicable, and a summary of previous taxonomic treatment. The type species of each nominal taxon is given in the original combination, followed by infor- mation about the primary type specimen. References to previous taxonomic works are given in chronologi- cal order under the nomenclatural combinations used by the authors. Combinations are listed in sequence beginning with the most recent taxonomic usage. Adult females, larvae and pupae of species of Onirion offer little useful information for species recognition, and it is not always possible to know which species formed the basis of published records. In cases where it has not been determined which species is represented in pub- lished works, author citations are preceded by a question mark (7?) in the taxonomic summaries of one or more species. Life stages are indicated by the symbols A (adult), ¢ (male), 2 (female), L (fourth-instar larva) and P (pupa). Male and female genitalia are denoted by the letter G (genitalia) used in combination with the male and female symbols, respectively. An asterisk (*) to the right of one of these symbols indicates that at least part of the life stage or genitalia was illustrated in the publication cited. Additionally, the symbols Le (fourth-instar larval exuviae), Pe (pupal exuviae) and LU (location unknown) are used in the material exam- ined sections. The phylogenetic relationship of Onirion to other sabethine genera was examined by including character data for Onirion in the parsimony analysis of Harbach & Kitching (1998). Inasmuch as the procedures des- cribing the cladistic analysis were published previously (Harbach & Kitching, 1998), they are not repeated in detail here. Briefly, forty-three genera (forty-two of Harbach & Kitching + Onirion) were coded for sev- enty-three characters (Appendix |). Genera that were polymorphic for different states of a character were explicitly coded as possessing all those states. The data (Appendix 2) were analysed using PIWE version 2.5.1 (Goloboff, 1996). All multistate characters were treated as unordered. The commands amb-, hold 1000, hold/ 100, mult*50 were used in the analysis. In no instance was it necessary to further swap the cladograms found by ‘mult’ by using the command max*. All characters were initially equally weighted to find the most parsi- monious cladograms. Implied weighting was then implemented to select among these cladograms. In the analyses, most characters were homoplastic to some degree, with observed numbers of extra steps ranging from one to more than twelve. In order to down-weight R.E. HARBACH AND E.L. PEYTON the most homoplastic characters as much as possible, implied weighting was implemented with the constant of concavity value set at K = 1. ONIRION PEYTON & HARBACH, GEN.N. TYPE SPECIES. Brazil. Dendromyia personata Lutz, 1904a, Wyeomyia (subgenus B) of Heinemann & Belkin, 1977: 263, 286; Heinemann & Belkin, 1978a: 193, 196: Heinemann & Belkin, 19785: 380, 381, 396; Heinemann & Belkin, 1979: 67, 68, 71, 83, 97, 109. Trichoprosopon (Isostomyia) in part of Stone et al., 1959: 75; Knight & Stone, 1977: 312. Trichoprosopon (Isogoeldia) in part of Lane & Cerqueira, 1942: 506-508; Lane, 1953: 832-836. Wyeomyia (Dendromyia), Series Dendromyia in part of Lane & Cerqueira, 1942: 537-539, 589-611; Lane, 1953: 868-879, 946-988. Goeldia (Isogoeldia) in part of Lane, 1939: 165-166. Wyeomyia (Dendromyia) in part of Lane, 1939: 139- 148; Edwards, 1932: 86-88; Stone ef al., 1959: 83-88; Knight & Stone, 1977: 327-332; Gaffigan & Ward, 1985: 62. Dendromyia (Triamyia) in part of Dyar, 1928: 75-77. Wyeomyia (Triamyia) in part of Bonne & Bonne- Wepster, 1925: 61, 128-131. Prosopolepis (Triamyia) in part of Dyar & Shannon, 1924: 481, 482. Triamyia in part of Dyar, 1919: 116, 120. Dendromyia in part of Theobald, 1907: 603-604; Blanchard, 1905: 634; Peryassu, 1908: 55-56, 74— 75, 296-310; ?Theobald, 1910: 587-593; Surcouf & Gonzalez-Rincones, 1911: 256-263. ADULTS. Sexes essentially identical in body size and outward appearance, exhibiting slight secondary sexual differences in antennal structure and pale scaling of mid- and hindtarsi. Medium-sized mosquitoes. Mod- erately ornamented; dark scaling with dull to subdued bluish iridescence when viewed from certain angles. Scales of head capsule and abdomen very broad and flat, scales of thorax moderately broad and recumbent. Vertex, occiput, most of antepronotum, scutum and scutellum dark-scaled with moderate iridescence; paratergite and mesopostnotum without scales; scal- ing of postgena, lower part of antepronotum, postpronotum, thoracic pleura and coxae white to sil- very white. Proboscis and legs predominantly dark-scaled, proboscis darker; mid- and hindtarsi with conspicuous white scaling; wing entirely dark-scaled, without iridescence. Abdominal terga primarily dark- scaled, lateral margins pale-scaled (creamy white to SYSTEMATICS OF ONIRION GEN.N. light yellow), line of demarcation between dark and pale scaling essentially straight; sterna with pale scal- ing very nearly same colour as lateral pale patches of terga. FEMALES. Head: Eyes joined above and below; interocular space constricted, without scales. Inter- antennal ridge absent from postfrons, with discrete frontal pit removed from postfrontal sutures. Occiput with transverse row of short, semi-erect scales at back of head. Ocular setae dark, relatively numerous, close to margin of eye; 2 long, dark, approximated interocular setae present. Scales of vertex with frosty to dirty white appearance centrally, becoming darker with stronger bluish iridescence laterally, with hint of green and yellow iridescence depending on angle of observa- tion; few white or off-white scales at base of interocular setae; ocular line with white scales extending dorsad from postgenal scaling of same colour. Antenna dark, slightly if at all shorter than proboscis; pedicel large, surface pubescent, with minute setae and inconspicu- ous scales on mesal side, basal microsetae (sensu Harbach & Kitching, 1998) present; flagellum moder- ately verticillate, whorls with 10 setae, longest setae about 0.3 antenna length, flagellomere 1 with incon- spicuous cluster of pale scales on mesal side. Clypeus and frons without setae and scales, with dense cover- ing of fine silvery aculeae (pubescence). Proboscis essentially straight, slightly expanded in distal 0.3- 0.4; about 0.7 length of forefemur; labellum comprised of 2 separate sclerites, proximal sclerite longer and covered in scales. Maxillary palpus short, about 0.2 length of proboscis; dark-scaled, ventral surface with- out scales; 2 palpomeres, proximal palpomere small, inconspicuous. Thorax: Integument yellowish to light brown. Dorsum with strong dark setae on anterior margin of antedorsocentral area (sensu Reinert, 1999a), supraalar area, posteriorly on either side of prescutellar area and scutellum; weaker, paler setae on mesopost- notum. Anterior promontory and mesal margin of antedorsocentral area with few broad pale scales; ante- rior promontory also with pale piliform scales and 2 stronger posteriorly directed setae. Antepronota mod- erately large, rather widely separated; scales largely same dark colour as lateral scales of vertex, small ventral area with pale scales same colour as adjacent pleural scaling. Pleura with yellow to golden setae on prespiracular, upper proepisternal, prealar, lower mesokatepisternal and upper mesepimeral areas. Lower part of proepisternum bare; upper portion of anteprocoxal membrane with scales; postprocoxal membrane with or without scales; mesopleuron with scales except on lower anterior margin of mesokatepis- ternum and posterior margin of mesepimeron; scales absent from mesomeron, metapleuron, metameron, postmetacoxal membrane and membrane posterior to metapleuron. Mesomeron small, dorsal margin in line 119 with base of hindcoxa. Wing: Uniformly dark-scaled (brown); dorsal scales broad spatulate with rounded ends, of uniform size and shape on all veins except plume type on veins R., R,,, and M slightly longer and those on CuA and 1A slightly smaller; no setae in basal portion of wing (dorsal or ventral). Ventral scales very similar to dorsal scales except plume type present distally on CuA and 1A; base of CuP with small scale- patch. Vein R_ without basal spur; vein R, much longer than vein R,_,; vein 1A ends well beyond junction of meu and CuA. Alula with piliform setae on distal half of margin. Upper calypter with 1-3 stiff setae near junction with alula; lower calypter without setae and scales. Halter: Scabellum without scales, integument pale; pedicel and capitellum dark-scaled. Legs: Coxae with white to silvery white scales. Trochanters dark- scaled dorsally, pale-scaled ventrally. Foreleg with posteroventral line of pale scaling from base of femur to apex of tarsus. Midleg with posteroventral line of white scaling on femur and tibia; tarsus with bright white scaling on anterior surface from middle of tarsomere 2 through tarsomere 5, extending onto dor- sal surfaces of tarsomeres 2-4, tarsomeres 2 and 3 narrowly dark posteroventrally except at apex where pale scaling tends to encircle tarsomere, tarsomeres 3 and 4 sometimes all white. Hindleg with ventral line of white scaling on femur, tibia and proximal portion of tarsomere 1, tarsomere 2 entirely dark-scaled, distal half of tarsomere 3 through tarsomere 5 with bright white scaling ventrally, these tarsomeres narrowly dark- scaled dorsally. Forefemur about 1.5 length of proboscis, slightly longer than midfemur, about 1.25 length of hindfemur; hindtibia distinctly shorter than hindfemur, hindtarsomere | slightly longer than hindfemur. Ungues small, simple, black. Abdomen: Coloration as noted above; tergum I completely scaled except among anterolateral setae, with small postero- lateral patch of pale scales concolorous and adjacent to lateral pale scaling of tergum II. Laterotergite without scales. Setae conspicuous on terga I and VIII, small and inconspicuous on posterior margins of terga II— VII; terga II-VI with narrow lateral patches of creamy yellow scales from base to apex. Sterna II—VIII com- pletely scaled, scales creamy yellow, scarcely if at all paler than lateral pale scaling of terga; setae pale and inconspicuous on posterior margins of sterna II—VII, darker and conspicuous on sternum VIII. Genitalia: Tergum VIII with rounded lateral margins, posterior border lined with several irregular rows of long setae, longest setae along posterior edge of tergum. Sternum VIII biconcave; all but anterior border and anterola- teral corners covered with scales and setae; setae in more or less V-shaped patch from posterior border to middle of anterior margin. Tergum IX narrow, caudal margin straight or slightly emarginate in middle, normally with one or more setae posteriorly on either side of midline. Insula slightly longer than wide, with 120 slight depression in middle and row of small setae on either side. Postgenital lobe as long as cerci, slightly broadened distally, caudal margin emarginate in middle; distal half of ventral surface largely covered with small setae, usually with few median setae borne on weakly sclerotized area adjacent to upper vaginal lip; distal area of dorsal surface with few slightly larger setae on either side of midline. Cercus short, flattened, covered with setae distally. 3 spermathecal capsules, one larger, each with moderate number of pores near orifice. MALES. Like females except for sexual characters as follow. Head: Antenna distinctly more strongly verti- cillate, whorls with 14 setae, distal 2 flagellomeres not disproportionately longer than others. Legs: Simi- lar to female but midleg with posteroventral line of white scaling on tarsomere | and tarsomeres 4 (normally) and 5 entirely dark-scaled; hindleg with continuous line of white scaling on ventral surface from base of femur to apex of tarsus. Midtarsomere 2 with white scaling encompassing distal half or less of tarsomere, sometimes all white except for narrow line of dark scaling ventrally at base; midtarsomere 3 with pale scaling on proximal portion of dorsal surface, sometimes mostly white-scaled except distally and very narrowly on ventral surface; midtarsomere 4 occasionally with few pale scales dorsoanteriorly at base. Genitalia: Tergum VIII (ventral in position) nar- row, 3X as wide as long; posterior margin slightly concave, lined with 2-4 rows of long setae. Tergum and sternum IX fused laterally, forming a complete ring of sclerotization; tergum IX lobes not developed (except in On. sirivanakarni), bearing strong setae in single row or separate submedian clusters; sternum IX produced caudally between bases of gonocoxites, appearing triangular in dorsal view, apex of triangle with small sternally directed spiculate flap of weakly sclerotized cuticle (not shown in figures). Gonocoxite elongate, tapered in apical half; tergomesal surface membranous; apical sternal area covered with short setae and scales; apex on mesal side with short row of minute setae on edge of sclerotization; tergal surface with | or 2 groups of very long setae, proximal group a dense cluster of setae in more than one row (repre- sented by a single seta in On. celatum), distal group a longitudinal row of close-set setae borne distolaterad of proximal group (absent in On. brucei, On. celatum and On. aenigma); tubercle of long lateral seta (sensu Belkin et al., 1970) located a short distance distolaterad of distal tergal setae (or proximal tergal setae when distal group absent). Basal mesal lobe tri- angular in outline, margins irregular, largely covered with short setae, single longer seta present or absent on outer caudal angle; usually few setae on membrane immediately proximal to lobe. Gonostylus relatively simple, as long as gonocoxite, slightly curved R.E. HARBACH AND E.L. PEYTON tergally; sternal surface with small cluster of flexible piliform spicules at mid-length, bearing a flexible membranous flap in distal half (full extent of flap only apparent in illustrations of On. brucei and On. celatum); apex with 3-5 setae, usually one on sternal side and 2 shorter ones on tergal side. Aedeagus longer than wide, widest at middle; submedian tergal arms joined at midline to form a tergal bridge; apical tergal arms joined by weaker sclerotization to form an apical bridge with a small median caudal protru- sion; median sternal plate moderately sclerotized, apex flared and hood-like. Proctiger strongly devel- oped; paraproct with apex slightly enlarged, bearing small apical teeth; cercal setae numerous and very long. PUPAE. Cephalothorax: Lightly pigmented with mottling of slightly darker areas on dorsum. Seta 1-CT strongly developed, long, double, usually but not always sigmoidally curved, branches with hooked apices; 8,9- CT normally single. Trumpet: Slightly flattened but little if at all expanded laterally; pinna short, shorter than trumpet width; meatus nearly cylindrical, slightly narrowed before pinna; supporting tubercle and tracheoid area absent. Abdomen: Broad central area of terga and sterna I-VII darkly pigmented; terga II-VII with distinct pair of lightly pigmented scar-like de- pressions (see Fig. 4A); little or no pigment around bases of some dorsal setae, especially seta 4-II-V, puncture III,IV and seta 3-IV (see Fig. 4A). Seta 1-I well developed, moderately long, dendritic, 1-II,III rather weakly developed, 1-II mesad of seta 2, 1-III laterad of seta 3, 1-[V—VII moderately developed, normally single or double; 2-IJ—-VII near posterior margin of tergum, 2-I[I-VII well mesad of other dorsal setae; 3-I-III well developed, long, single, 3-II, III near caudal margin of tergum posterior to level of seta 4; 5- I,1U,VU weakly developed, 5-II normally single, 5-I, VI normally multiple, 5-['V—VI strongly devel- oped, long, usually single (sometimes forked, infrequently double or triple); 6-I-VI similarly devel- oped, moderately long, normally single, inserted mesad and usually slightly anterior to seta 9, 6-VII weakly developed, small, normally multi-branched, inserted mesad and posterior to seta 9; 7-I slightly if at all longer than seta 6; 1-[X absent; puncture present on segments III and IV, absent from V. Genital lobe: Length about 0.5 mm in male, about half length of paddle in female. Paddle: Short, not much longer than seta 9-VIII; narrowed in distal half, spiculate at apex; asymmetrical, outer part about 1.3 width of inner part; outer margin and distal third of inner margin with minute submarginal serrations. LARVAE. Head: Slightly wider than long, nearly round in dorsal view. Occipital foramen somewhat triangular with mid-ventral angle extended anterior to level of posterior tentorial pit (PTP), bounded by distinct collar. SYSTEMATICS OF ONIRION GEN.N. PTP removed from collar. Hypostomal suture com- plete, gently curved, extending to PTP. Dorsomentum short, median tooth and most lateral (sometimes sublateral) tooth slightly longer than others. Maxilla (see Fig. 12A,B) relatively short, mesal margin pro- duced and rounded in ventral view; maxillary brush short, composed of independent simple spicules; api- cal process (‘apical tooth’ of Harbach & Peyton, 1993) stout, rigid, tapered, slightly bent mesad, nearly half length of maxillary brush; teeth of laciniarastrum | in arched row, longer teeth acuminate; palpus adnate to maxillary body, triangular in ventral view with base extended mesad; maxillary sclerite apparently fused with maxillary body, seta 6-Mx borne on margin of maxillary body. Mandible (see Fig. 12C,D) short, ven- trolateral margin finely spiculate. Seta 1-C strongly developed, stout; 4—7,14-C normally single, simple; 6- C midway between and well laterad of 4,5-C; 9-C in line with or slightly anterior to 10-C; 15-C small, near mid-length of labiogula, in line with 14-C. Antenna: Short, slender, slightly broader proximally; seta 1-A short, single, borne dorsally about 0.8 from base. Thorax: integument hyaline, smooth. Seta 1,2-P long, single; 1-Premoved from 2,3-P, about midway between 0-P and 2,3-P; 4-P and 7-T uniquely developed with numerous strong aciculae borne predominantly on one side of branches (see Fig. 4B and 4C, respectively); 8- M strongly developed, long, with 3—5 branches; 5-T well mesad and only slightly anterior to 6-T; 8-T ventrolaterad of plate bearing 7-T; 11-T rather stout with stiff spike-like branches in distal half; 13-T slightly longer than thorax, well developed with strongly aciculate branches, borne on small plate removed from plate supporting pleural setal group. Abdomen: Integu- ment hyaline, smooth. Seta 1-I,I11 moderately developed, mesad of seta 2, 1-III—VII strongly devel- oped, especially on segments III—V, 1-IILIV laterad of seta 4, 1-V—VII laterad of seta 2; 2-I,I] anterolaterad of seta 1, 2-III—VII well mesad of other dorsal setae; 3- I] moderately long, slightly longer than seta 1, 3-III-VI strongly developed, about length of seta 1, 3- VII very long, reaching apex of siphon; seta 5-LII weakly developed, 5-III-VI strongly developed, simi- lar to setae 1 and 3; 6-I—VI strongly developed, 6-I,II multi-branched, 6-III—VI single; seta 13-I,II small, borne well mesad of other ventral setae, 13-III-V very long, single, 13-III mesad of other ventral setae but well laterad of 13-I,I[, 13-IV,V displaced laterad of setae 11 and 12; puncture present on segments III and IV, absent from V. Segment VIIT: Comb plate absent; scales largest dorsally, becoming progressively smaller and more lightly pigmented ventrally, in irregular sin- gle row; individual scales relatively narrow, tapered, evenly fringed. Seta 1-VIII immediately dorsad of most dorsal comb scale; 2—5-VIII posterior to dorsal half of comb; 1,3-VIII similarly developed, small, multi-branched; 2,4,5-VIII moderately developed, 121 fairly long, single. Siphon: Widest at base and gradually narrowed to apex; lightly pigmented with basal edge darkly pigmented; surface smooth except for some minute inconspicuous rows of spicules basally. Filamentous pecten extends from base to near apex of siphon; basal filaments in 2 rather irregular close-set rows that gradually merge to form a single row beyond level of seta 1-S. Seta 1-S moderately developed, single, arising a distance above base of siphon equal to approximately one-third of siphon length; 1a,2a-S each represented by 2 setae near apex of siphon; la-S longer than diameter of siphon at point of attachment, usually single; 2a-S small, multi-branched; 2-S strong, later- ally compressed, comb-like, with row of short denticles on one side beyond basal third. Segment X: Saddle relatively large, extending below lateral midline of segment. Setae 1-3-X well developed, very long, sin- gle; seta 4-X well developed, multi-branched, about half length of seta 1, without basal support plate. EGGS. Unknown. ETYMOLOGY. Onirion is derived from the Greek Oneiros (m.), dream or vision. Addition of the diminu- tive suffix —ion results in a neuter name meaning ‘little dream’. It should be pronounced Oh-near-ee-un (O as the ‘o’ in open, nir as the ‘neer’ in sneer, i as the ‘i’ in machine and on as the ‘on’ in ton). In keeping with the practice initiated by Reinert (1975), the two-letter abbreviation On. is recommended for this genus. DISCUSSION. Onirion differs markedly from other genera of Sabethini. The larvae are easily distinguished by the predominance of aciculae on one side of the branches of setae 4-P and 7-T, the stout apically spiked seta 1 1-T, the placement of strongly developed seta 13- IV,V laterad of setae 11 and 12, and the presence of a dense filamentous pecten extending the length of the siphon. Pupae have punctures only on terga III and IV, a noticeable pair of scar-like depressions borne cen- trally on terga II-VII and terga I-VI are largely darkly pigmented centrally with little or no pigment around the bases of many setae. Adults are similar to Wyeomyia in overall ornamentation, but the pale markings on the tarsi are quite characteristic of Onirion. In the male genitalia, the development of cercal setae is greater than in any other genus and is distinctive of Onirion. The collection of long tergal setae on the gonocoxites (except On. celatum) is an unusual feature but is closely approximated in a number of other sabethine taxa, e.g. subgenus Exallomyia Harbach & Peyton of Wyeomyia. Onirion consists of a small, homogeneous assem- blage of species whose relationships cannot be determined at present because of the paucity of ana- tomical distinctions available for a meaningful cladistic analysis. The species are differentiated in adult males, but are only weakly if at all differentiated in the adult females and immature stages. Onirion 122 brucei (as Wy. belkini) and On. sirivanakarni, as well as the four new species described below, would not have been recognised as species distinct from On. personatum if the males of these species had remained unknown. Because the females, larvae and pupae are virtually identical, accurate identification may require the elucidation of species-specific DNA sequences. However, the close similarity of the species in all life stages would seem to indicate little overall genetic divergence between them. Species of Onirion can be divided into two groups based on the presence or absence of distal tergal setae on the goxocoxites of males. This character appears to be indicative of natural affinities. The Personatum Group includes On. personatum, On. sirivanakarni, On. imparis and On. regale. These species possess both proximal and distal tergal setal groups. The geni- talia of On. sirivanakarni and On. regale exhibit autapomorphic characters that suggest these species may have diverged from an ancestral form similar to the other two species. The Brucei Group includes On. brucei, On. celatum and On. aenigma. Distal tergal setae are absent in these species. Onirion celatum differs from the others in having only one proximal tergal seta, which appears to be the derived state within the group. It is impossible to know at this time whether the presence of one or two groups of tergal setae is the plesiomorphic condition. BIONOMICS. Little reliable bionomical information is available for species of Onirion. All species are sylvan, and adults are active during the daytime. Fe- males are attracted to humans, but the species are of no known medical importance. The immature stages are only definitely known to inhabit bamboo internodes (one specimen of On. sirivanakarni from a terrestrial bromeliad requires confirmation). Records of immatures collected in other phytotelmata and arti- ficial containers probably refer to species of other genera. DISTRIBUTION. Species of Onirion are only definitely recorded from Costa Rica, Panama, Venezuela, Co- lombia, Ecuador, Peru, Brazil, Bolivia and Argentina. Species of the genus probably occur in tropical forests from southern Mexico to northern Argentina. PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS In the cladistic analyses, most characters were homo- plastic to some degree, with observed numbers of extra steps ranging from one to more than twelve. In order to down-weight the extremely homoplastic characters as much as possible within the limits of PIWE, a constant of concavity (K) value of 1 was applied. Two most parsimonious cladograms (MPCs) were then obtained R.E. HARBACH AND E.L. PEYTON with fit = 285.8 and a length of 311 steps (CI=0.31, RI = 0.68). Since the topology of the Culicini + Sabethini clade was the same in these MPCs, this portion of the strict consensus of the two cladograms is illustrated in Fig. 1B. Character changes for the numbered nodes are listed in Appendix 3. The topology of the Culicini + Sabethini clade obtained by Harbach & Kitching (1998) in the absence of Onirion is included in Fig. 1A for comparison. Prior to the recent reduction of Phoniomyia to subgeneric status within Wyeomyia (Judd, 1998b), nine sabethine genera were recognised in the New World: Isostomyia, Johnbelkinia, Runchomyia, Shannoniana, Trichoprosopon, Phoniomyia, Limatus, Sabethes and Wyeomyia. Based on historical associations (Judd, 1996) and the pattern of relationships shown in Fig. 1A, these genera can be divided into two functional groups: the Trichoprosopon group, which includes the first five genera, and the Sabethes group, which includes the last four genera. When Onirion is included in the analysis, this arrangement of taxa is disrupted between nodes 65 and 61. The trichotomy at node 65 is resolved in favour of placing Trichoprosopon as the sister group to Johnbelkinia + Runchomyia (node 60 in Fig. 1B), and Onirion is placed in an unresolved relationship with /sostomyia + Shannoniana and the Sabethes group (node 66 in Fig. 1B). The sister-group relationship of Trichoprosopon + (Johnbelkinia + Runchomyia) is supported by an interesting feature of the wing: vein R_ with a basal spur (ch. 64: 0 > 1, with independent occurrence at node 62). Although this clade is sup- ported by only one synapomorphy, there is little homoplasy in the distribution of the applicable character states; thus, the character appears to provide fairly strong support for the relationship. Node 66 is also supported by a single synapomorphy: postpronotal setae absent (ch. 55: 1 — OQ). Since this condition occurs elsewhere only in Anopheles Meigen, Bironella Theobald (not recognized as genus by Sallum ef al., 2000) and Toxorhynchites Theobald, it appears to be an important character providing strong support for the terminal clade. Within the trichotomy defined by node 66, the sis- ter-group relationship of Isostomyia + Shannoniana (node 58) is only supported by a feature of the larval mouthparts: maxillary brush represented by a solid claw-like structure (ch. 8: 0 — 2). This character only occurs elsewhere in subgenus Rachisoura Theobald of Tripteroides. The monophyly of the Sabethes group (node 63) is supported by three synapomorphies: slit- like occipital foramen (ch. 2: 0 > 1, with occurrences at node 64 and in Runchomyia and Isostomyia), apical flagellomeres of males not disproportionately long (ch. 42: 0 — 1, homoplastic) and upper calypter with- out setae (ch. 62: 1 — O, with six independent occurrences in Culicidae, one in Sabethini at node 64). Whether the inclusion of additional character data in SYSTEMATICS OF ONIRION GEN.N. the analysis would resolve the trichotomy is a moot question. Despite the results of the cladistic analyses reported here and by Judd (1996), the affinities of Onirion are ambiguous. The larvae resemble Trichoprosopon, Shannoniana and Johnbelkinia in having a circular occipital foramen, but resemble /sostomyia, Runchomyia and many phyletic lines of the Sabethes group in the presence of a filamentous pecten on the siphon. The latter taxa, however, have a slit-like occipi- tal foramen. The larvae of Onirion have unique features that distinguish them from all other New World sabethine genera, including the concentration of aciculae on one side of the branches of setae 4-P and 7- T, the stout seta 11-T with multiple apical spikes and the strong development and placement of seta 13-IV,V lateral to setae 11 and 12. The pupae of Onirion have punctures on abdominal segments III and IV. Punc- tures are absent in Trichoprosopon and Shannoniana, present on segments IV and V in Johnbelkinia, present on segments ILI—V in Jsostomyia and Runchomyia, and occur in various combinations from all present to all absent in members of the Sabethes group. The male genitalia of Onirion are unusual in the radical develop- ment of the cercal setae and the tergal setae of the gonocoxite, but the basal mesal lobe is detached from segment IX and borne on the tergomesal surface of the gonocoxite as it is in most members of the Sabethes group (note that Judd, 1996, incorrectly scored the basal mesal lobe as absent in Wy. personata). All genera of the Trichoprosopon group have the basal mesal lobe fused to segment IX and distinctly sepa- rated from the gonocoxite. The maxillary palpus of Onirion males is composed of two palpomeres, a con- dition shared with Jsostomyia, Runchomyia and the Sabethes group. Males of Trichoprosopon, Johnbelkinia and Shannoniana have maxillary palpi composed of five palpomeres. Without a thorough review of Sabethini at species level, itis difficult to determine the affinities of Onirion. From an intuitive interpretation of available anatomi- cal data, the genus probably represents a specialized offshoot from the ancestral stock that gave rise to Isostomyia, Runchomyia and the Sabethes group. IDENTIFICATION OF SPECIES Except for adult males, species of Onirion are remark- ably homogeneous in all life stages. Because discrete anatomical differences are not evident for distinguish- ing adult females, larvae and pupae, only a key to males is provided below. Characters that may partially or potentially differentiate females, larvae and pupae are recounted following the key. 123 Key to males of Onirion 1. Ventral surface of proboscis partly white-scaled with bright blue iridescence when viewed from certain angles; tergum IX with short flattened setae in more or less COMMMUOUSTOW ereresee: Ares mer ttt ey revere cextece seer scecertenees 2 — Ventral surface of proboscis partly or completely yellow- scaled; tergum IX with short setae distinctly separated into lateral groups, or with long setae in more or less GONE OUS LO Wasa aaccsanemeendersassis tsestsisteedaesseseeenaneeae 3 2. Proximal half of proboscis with semi-erect scales impart- ing a shaggy appearance, ventral white scaling in 4 more or less distinct patches, one distal and 3 median (Fig. 2D,E); gonocoxite with a single proximal tergal seta (no distal tergal setae) (Big. USA). ..cc:-.s:--sceceec-et-ss celatum — Proboscis without shaggy appearance proximally, ven- tral white scaling confined to distal end of prementum (Fig. 2B,C); gonocoxite with a cluster of proximal tergal setae (no distal tergal setae) (Fig. 9G) ............ brucei 3. Proboscis enlarged beyond middle, enlarged portion with ventral patch of bright yellow scales and lateral tufts of long black scales 0.75 from base, distal 0.25 narrower and often abruptly upturned (Fig. 3A,B); tergum IX with widely separated lobes, each bearing numerous short setae and one large seta (Fig. 15J) .......... sirivanakarni — Proboscis slightly expanded distally but not noticeably enlarged beyond middle, most or all of ventral surface yellow-scaled, brighter yellow distally; tergum IX with- QUITO WES HSCkAc OLMEG WISE neerarcterssasenceseceeteeaetersersseeceet 4 4. Postprocoxal scales usually absent; gonocoxite with both proximal and distal tergal setal groups, these contiguous Pre acs satan Sesser coe vyea taah cnuasei geet easicewds cue cieuboeteavaaselecse 5 — Postprocoxal scales usually present; gonocoxite with only proximal tergal setal group or both groups present Duinwidelysse manatee trccccecserccene ence erccsersneea cere 6 5. Ventral surface of proboscis always entirely yellow- scaled, with yellow scaling extended onto lateral and dorsal surfaces at base (Fig. 2A); tergum IX with short flattened setae separated into lateral groups (Fig. 9D) SOS Rom Cee eerie ee eee err personatum — Ventral surface of proboscis not always yellow-scaled in proximal half, yellow scaling not extending onto lateral and dorsal surfaces basally (Fig. 3D); tergum IX with rather long slender setae in more or less continuous row (LEECH Bee crectecece BCE REO SE ACen eR Cre cee Reece Caen regale 6. Gonocoxite with both proximal and distal tergal setal groups, these widely separated (Fig. 18A); tergum IX with rather long flattened setae in more or less continuous TOWNS. USD) iesecsscctehes cesgay Av esnsudeeesaeseedeiesseaes imparis — Gonocoxite with cluster of proximal tergal setae, distal tergal setal group absent (Fig. 9G); tergum IX with short flattened setae narrowly separated into lateral groups (somewhat intermediate between personatum, Fig. 9D, ANGIBTUGEL SEIS ON) eee ere teeere eee ee eee aenigma 124 Females Females of On. sirivanakarni are distinguished by the unusual development of tergum IX, which is produced posteriorly on either side of the midline, with each lobe bearing a cluster of setae (Fig. 13H). The entirely dark proboscis of On. brucei, On. celatum, On. imparis and On. regale distinguish these species from the others. The available specimens of On. regale do not have scales on the postprocoxal membrane, but this character, even if it holds true, will not distinguish females of this species from the others that have an entirely dark proboscis because the scales are not always present in those species. Onirion personatum and On. aenigma have a ventral streak of pale scaling on the distal half of the proboscis. Since On. personatum occurs in eastern Brazil and On. aenigma is probably confined to the foothills and plains on the east side of the Andes Mountains of Peru and Bolivia, individuals of these two species can be identified on the basis of provenance. Pupae The pupal stages of On. sirivanakarni and On. regale are unknown. The trumpet is generally larger in On. celatum (see species descriptions). Setae 1-CT is rather variable in On. brucei but tends to be weakly if at all sigmoidal. Seta 10-CT is usually single (sometimes forked apically) in On. personatum, On. brucei and On. imparis, whereas it is usually double (sometimes triple) with the branches arising basally in On. celatum and On. aenigma. Seta 1-1 usually has more branches in On. celatum than the other species. Seta 6-VII is larger, noticeably longer than seta 5-VII, and usually has fewer branches in On. brucei and On. aenigma. This seta is never longer than seta 5 in the other species. Finally, On. personatum has the longest pad- dle: equal to or greater than 0.68 mm in this species and less than 0.68 mm in the other species. These observ- ations are based on few specimens, and the perceived taxonomic value of the characters may diminish once the full range of variation is known for the individual species. Larvae The larva of On. sirivanakarni is unknown. The sclerotized parts (head, antenna, siphon and saddle) of On. personatum are generally larger than in the other species. Based on available specimens, only On. regale exhibit any overlap in the size of the head with On. personatum (see species descriptions). Seta S-[I— VI is double in these two species and normally single in the others. Seta 1-IV,V is single in On. aenigma and double in the other species. Onirion celatum tends to have a greater number of comb scales and On. aenigma tends to have fewer. On the average, On. brucei has a R.E. HARBACH AND E.L. PEYTON larger siphon index. Finally, the ventral anal papillae are longer in On. brucei and On. aenigma, about 4.5 times longer than the saddle. These structures are slightly less than 3 times the length of the saddle in On. personatum and only about 1.5 times longer than the siphon in On. celatum and On. imparis. Too few speci- mens were available for study to know to what degree, if any, the size of the anal papillae is influenced by the aquatic milieu where the larvae live. SPECIES TREATMENTS Onirion personatum (Lutz) (Figs 2, 5—9) 1904. Dendromyia personata Lutz, 1904a: 22-26; 1904b: 68 (2 &). Lectotype 3, Cantareira [Sao Paulo], Brazil (BMNH); designation by Belkin etal., 1971: 11; examined. Bruijning, 1959: 112 (synonymy with aporonoma Dyar & Knab). Comb.n. 1936. Goeldia UIsogoeldia) luederwaldti Lane, 1936a: 6-7. Holotype ?, Fazenda José Euphrasio, Avaré, [Sao Paulo], Brazil (USP); examined. Syn.n. Wyeomyia personata of Peryassu, 1923: 87 (Brazil; list); Deane et al., 1953: 103, 106 (Brazil; A bio- nomics); Forattini, 1965: 159, 160, 162 (Brazil; AL bionomics); Cova Garcia et al., 1966: in part, 3, 74, 353 (Vol. I) and 313 (Vol. II), taken from Lane, 1953; Forattini et al., 1970: 89 (in part, Brazil records from Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo only, specimen data; Panama record = Wyeomyia sp.); Forattini et al., 1988: 546 (Brazil; specimen data); Motta & Lourengo-de-Oliveira, 1995 (removal from subgenus Dendromyia); Guimaraes, 1997: in part, 130-131 (Brazil only; info. on type; literature; syn- onymy); Judd, 1998a: 68-71, 73, 76-79, 81, 83, 86, 89, 90, 93 (phylogenetic relationships); Guimaraes et al., 2000b: 20 (Brazil; A bionomics). Wyeomyia (Dendromyia) personata of Edwards, 1932: 88 (Brazil; list); Lane, 1939: 146 (in part, Brazil records only, literature; Venezuela record = On. imparis);,; da Costa Lima, 1943: 305-306 (Brazil; A; taxonomy); Lane, 1953: 869, 870, 874, 876, 962-964 (Brazil, excluding records from Mato Grosso and Venezuela; A 3G P L keys; 2 3* P* L*; distribution); Horsfall, 1955: 329 (Brazil only); Stone et al., 1959: 86-87 in part (Brazil only; info. on type; literature; synonymy); Cerqueira, 1961: 159-160 (Brazil, records from Amazonas and Amapa questionable; collection record; A L bio- nomics); Belkin, 1968: 41 (Brazil; info. on type); SYSTEMATICS OF ONIRION GEN.N. Belkin etal., 1971: 11 (info. on type; L bionomics); Neves & Pedersoli, 1976: 552 (Brazil; list); Knight & Stone, 1977: 330 in part (Brazil only; info. on type; literature, synonymy); Guimaraes & Arlé, 1984: 313, 314, 316, 317, 320 (Brazil; A bionom- ics); Guimaraes et al., 1985: 174, 176, 177, 179, 180 (Brazil; A bionomics); Guimaraes & Vict6rio, 1986: 95, 96, 98, 101 (Brazil; A bionomics); Guimaraes et al., 1987: 278-280, 282-285 (Brazil; A bionomics); Guimaraes et al., 1989: 248-252 (Brazil; A bionomics); Sant’ Anna de Souza et al., 1994: 185 (Brazil; list); Judd, 1996: 137, 138, 141, 148, 150 (phylogenetic relationships); Guimaraes et al., 2000a: 6, 8 (Brazil; A bionomics). Wyeomyia (subgenus B) personata of Heinemann & Belkin, 1979: 67, 68, 71, 83 (Brazil; collection record; L bionomics). Dendromyia (Triamyia) personata in part of Dyar, 1928: 68, 76-77 (excluding 2 = ?Wy. aporonoma) (Brazil; A key; &). Wyeomyia (Triamyia) personata of Bonne & Bonne- Wepster, 1925: 60, 131 (Brazil; A key; 2). Prosopolepis (Triamyia) personata {sic| of Dyar & Shannon, 1924: 482. Triamyia personata of Dyar, 1919: 120 (A key); Bonne- Wepster & Bonne, 1921: 11-12 (2). Dendromyia personata of Blanchard, 1905: 634 (Bra- zil; list); Theobald, 1907: 603, 604 in part, excluding 3G of Pl. IX (Brazil; A key); Peryassti, 1908: 55, 74-15, 297-298, ?Fig. 54 (Brazil; A key; 2 & L*; ?collection record); ?Theobald, 1910: 587, 592 (Bra- zil; A key; L*); Surcouf & Gonzalez-Rincones, 1911: 259 (Brazil: 2); del Ponte, 1939: 541 (Brazil; A); Townsend, 1990: 120 (Brazil; info. on type). Wyeomyia (Dendromyia) brucei of Lane, 1939: 140 (Brazil; catalogue); Lane & Cerqueira, 1942: 538, 539, 544, 546, 598-599, 738-739 (Figs 156-159), 793 (Fig. 340), 824-825 (Figs 410, 411) (Brazil; A 3G PLkeys; 2 3* P* L*; L bionomics; distri- bution); Horsfall, 1955: 328 (Brazil; L bionomics); Belkin et al., 1971: 11 (info. on type; L bionomics). Wyeomyia brucei of Davis, 1944: 229 (Brazil; collec- tion record; L bionomics); Davis, 1945: 255 (Brazil; collection record; A bionomics). Dendromyia brucei of del Ponte, 1939: 540 (Brazil; A). Wyeomyia luederwaldti of Zavortink, 1979 (transfer from genus Trichoprosopon); Guimaraes, 1997: 129 (Brazil; info. on type). Trichoprosopon luederwaldti Forattini et al., 1970: 79-80 (Brazil; info. on type). Trichoprosopon (Isostomyia) luederwaldti of Stone et al., 1959: 75 (Brazil; info. on type); Belkin et al., 1971: 9 (info. on type); Knight & Stone, 1977: 312 (Brazil; info. on type). Trichoprosopon (Isogoeldia) luederwaldti of Lane & Cerqueira, 1942: 508 (Brazil; 2); Lane, 1953: 816, 835-836 (Brazil; ¢). 125 Goeldia (Isogoeldia) luederwaldti of Lane, 1939: 165 (Brazil; literature). Goeldia Luederwaldti | sic] of Lane, 1937: 125 (Brazil; collection record). ADULT. As described for genus. Measurements in Table 1; numbers of setae in Table 2. Thorax: Postprocoxal scales more often absent than present. Pleural scaling generally silvery white. FEMALE (Figs 5, 6). | Proboscis dark-scaled with streak of pale scales on distal half of ventral surface, streak widest before labella, sometimes rather indis- tinct. Genitalia (Fig. 7C-H): As illustrated; tergum IX with | or 2 setae on either side of midline; insula with 8 setae on either side; dorsal surface of postgenital lobe with 4-6 setae distally on either side of midline. MALE. Ventral surface of proboscis (Fig. 2A) broadly yellow-scaled from base to apex of prementum; pale scaling extended laterally and dorsally at base; bright yellow in distal half, duller in proximal half. Maxillary palpus same dull yellow colour as base of proboscis. Genitalia (Fig. 9A-F): Tergum IX without lobes, bear- ing 2—-4(4) strong flattened setae on either side of narrow median bridge, apices of setae bent slightly laterad. Gonocoxite with proximal and distal tergal setal groups; proximal group a tight cluster of 35—54 (x = 44) long slender flexible setae (about 0.7 length of gonocoxite), contiguous with distal group; distal group a longitudinal row of 17—26 (x = 20) longer and thicker close-set setae (slightly longer than gonocoxite). Basal mesal lobe with single long seta on caudal angle. Proctiger with 18—25(20) cercal setae. PUPA (Fig. 7). As described for genus; character and positions of setae as figured, numbers of branches in Table 3. Cephalothorax: Seta 1-CT normally strongly sigmoid; 10-CT usually single, sometimes forked apically. Trumpet: Length 0.33-0.41 mm (x = 0.37 mm), pinna 0.04—0.09 mm (x = 0.07 mm), width at mid-length 0.12—0.15 mm (x = 0.13 mm), index 2.43-— 3.17 (X=2.74). Abdomen: Length 3.9-4.4 mm (x =4.1 mm). Seta 1-II usually double (1-3); 6-VII no longer than 5- VII, with 2—8(5) branches. Genital lobe: Length about 0.35 mm in female, about 0.50 mm in male. Paddle: Length 0.68—0.80 mm (x = 0.73 mm), width at widest point 0.44—0.53 mm (x =0.48 mm), index 1.37— ish (Ge Salles LARVA (Fig. 8). As described for genus; character and placement of setae as figured, numbers of branches in Table 4. Generally larger than other species. Head: Length 1.18—1.37 mm (x= 1.30 mm); width 1.28—1.52 mm (xX = 1.37 mm). Dorsomentum with 10—-12(11) teeth on either side of median tooth. Maxilla with 1 1— 16(13) lateral teeth (laciniarastrum 1). Antenna: Length 0.32—0.35 mm (X= 0.34 mm). Abdomen: Setae 1-IV,V and 5-III-VI double. Segment VIII: Comb with 15— 126 18(17) scales. Siphon: Length 1.40—1.70 mm (x = 1.50 mm), width at base 0.29-0.42 mm (x = 0.36 mm), index 3.57-4.84 (x = 4.25); pecten with 99-132 fila- ments (x = 115). Segment X: Saddle length 0.32—0.39 mm (x = 0.36 mm); siphon/saddle index 3.89-4.69 (x = 4.21). Dorsal anal papillae about length of saddle, ventral anal papillae about 2x length of saddle. DISCUSSION. Lane & Cerqueira (1942) confused the descriptions and illustrations of On. personatum (as Wy. personata) and On. brucei (as Wy. brucei), which they recognised as separate species. They also synonymised Wy. aporonoma Dyar & Knab with Wy. personata. The interesting aspect is that the male geni- talia, larva and pupa that Lane & Cerqueira described and illustrated for Wy. personata actually apply to Wy. aporonoma, and those of Wy. brucei apply to Wy. personata. Most of the larval habitats listed for Wy. personata are those utilised by Wy. aporonoma. This problem was corrected in Lane (1953) when he recog- nised Wy. aporonoma as a valid species. Unfortunately, Lane mistakenly synonymised Wy. brucei with Wy. personata, undoubtedly based on the male genitalia of Wy. personata collected in Rio de Janeiro that were incorrectly identified as Wy. brucei. There are seven specimens from Rio de Janeiro State in the USNM and BMNH collections that are labelled as paratype males of Wy. brucei, and these probably contributed to Lane’s decision to place Wy. brucei in synonymy with Wy. personata. These specimens were collected in the same year that del Ponte & Cerqueira (1938) described Wy. brucei from eleven females captured in Cuiaba (as Cuyaba), Mato Grosso in 1935; hence, they are invalid paratypes of this nominal species. As indicated below, On. personatum appears to be confined to eastern Brazil where On. brucei is not known to occur. At present, there is no evidence that On. personatum occurs in sympatry with any other species of the genus. Zavortink (1979) examined a female of Goeldia (Isogoeldia) luederwaldti Lane, presumably the holotype, from the Universidade de Sao Paulo and noted that it was ‘similar to, and perhaps even the same as, Wyeomyia (Dendromyia) personata (Lutz 1904)’. This observation led Zavortink to transfer uederwaldti from Trichoprosopon, where it was placed by Lane & Cerqueira (1942), to Wyeomyia. The holotype female is in relatively good condition and easily identified as a species of Onirion. Based on provenance, it can only be On. personatum. Onirion personatum appears to be most closely related to On. regale. The males of these two species are very similar, exhibiting ostensible differences only in the degree of pale scaling on the proboscis and the development of setae on tergum IX of the genitalia. BIONOMICS. Females of On. personatum are readily attracted to humans in forest during the day (Cerqueira, 1961; Guimaraes & Arlé, 1984). Davis (1945) cap- R.E. HARBACH AND E.L. PEYTON tured this species (as Wy. brucei) on avian and human bait. In a study using human, opossum and chicken baits, Guimaraes et al. (1987) found that 65% of captured females were attracted to humans, 11% to opossum and 24% to chicken. Using human bait, Deane et al. (1953) and Guimaraes et al. (1985) collected significantly more specimens at ground level than in forest canopy. Guimaraes & Vict6rio (1986) found this species to be most abundant at human bait during the morning hours, with peak activity between 10.00 and 12.00 hours. They also captured a few females at- tempting to bite in late afternoon. In recent studies by Guimaraes et al. (2000a,b), females attracted to hu- mans were captured between November and March mainly in forest but also in an area of shrub (sic, = scrub?) vegetation. The immature stages of this species are only definitely known to inhabit bamboo. Larvae have been collected from cut bamboo and living and dead internodes with man-made openings (cuts) and beetle holes (Cerqueira, 1961; Davis, 1944; Heinemann & Belkin, 1979). Immature stages collected in Brazil were found in association with Corethrella appendi- culata Grabham, Culex (Carrollia) soperi Antunes & Lane, a member of the Cx. (Microculex) imitator sub- group, Cx. (Mcx.) neglectus Lutz, Orthopodomyia albicosta (Lutz), Sabethes (Peytonulus) aurescens (Lutz), Shannoniana fluviatilis (Theobald), Trichoprosopon digitatum (Rondani), 77. pallidiventer (Lutz), a species of Toxorhynchites (Lynchiella), Wyeomyia (Wyeomyia) limai Lane & Cerqueira and Wy. (Wyo.) ?oblita (Lutz). Reports of larvae taken from ground bromeliads and old cans (Peryassu, 1908; Davis, 1944) probably refer to species of Wyeomyia. DISTRIBUTION. Onirion personatumis only definitely known to occur in eastern Brazil (Fig. 20C), where it appears to be associated with the Atlantic rain forest system. Records from Bolivia (Cerqueira, 1943; Prosen et al., 1963) probably refer to either On. aenigma, On. brucei, On. celatum or any combination of these species. Four females from western areas of Mato Grosso, Brazil (Lane & Cerqueira, 1942; Lane, 1953) examined during this study appear to be On. brucei. Records of this species from localities in the states of Amazonas and Amapa, Brazil (Cerqueira, 1961) require confirmation. Published reports of On. personatum in Argentina, Colombia, Mexico, Panama and Venezuela almost certainly apply to other species. MATERIAL EXAMINED. Ninety-four specimens (19 2,343, 142G, 1G, 12Le, 14Pe), including fourteen individual rearings. Lectotype 3 of Dendromyia personata, with dissected genitalia on microscope slide, BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, Cantareira; paralectotype 3, with head, wings and legs on 3 sepa- rate microscope slides and dissected genitalia on acetate strip on pin (remainder of specimen lost) (BMNH). Holotype 2 of Goeldia luederwaldti (439), BRAZIL: SYSTEMATICS OF ONIRION GEN.N. Sado Paulo, Avaré (USP). Non-types, BRAZIL: 82 153 53G, Rio de Janeiro, Cachaeira, Faz. Martinez, May 1938 (1¢ 13G, invalid paratype of Wy. brucei) (USNM); Mangaratiba, May 1938 (1¢ 1G, invalid paratype of Wy. brucei), Junho 1938 (12), Julho 1938 (12) (USNM), Junho 1938 (12, invalid paratype of Wy. brucei) (BMNH); Petropolis, April 1938 (32), May 1938 (32 3a) (USNM), May 1938 (1¢ 13G, invalid paratype of Wy. brucei) (BMNH); Terezoépolis, April 1938 (12 2c), May 1938 (43 2G, including 2 invalid paratypes of Wy. brucei) (USNM), May 1938 (12, invalid paratype of Wy. brucei) (BMNH). 12, Pard, Belém, 23.8.53 (Duret) (USNM); 12 3¢ 3d¢G 4Le 4Pe, Parand, Quartas Barras, Estr. da Graciosa, Serra do Mar, 7.X.1979 (1LePed 1¢G — E-6264), 10.11.1981 (1LePe 2 — E-6261), 10.IV.1981 (2LePeo 23G — E-6262, E-6263) (A. Lozovei) (USP); 22 6¢ 23G 8Le 10Pe, Sao Paulo, Juguia, Jan 1943 (1LePe 2 — 3869; 1LePeod — 3868); Taubaté, Maristela Farm, bambu fechado. mata, 17.x.1989 (1LePe? S5LePed 2Ped 23G) (Gomes) (USP). Onirion brucei (del Ponte & Cerqueira) (Figs 2, 4, 9-12) 1938. Wyeomyia (Dendromyia) brucei del Ponte & Cerqueira, 1938: 231-232 (¢). Holotype 2, Cuyaba [Cuiaba], Mato Grosso, Brazil (IOC, Marchon-Silva et al., 1996: 476); examined. Synonymy with Dendromyia personata Lutz by da Costa Lima, 1943: 306. Comb.n. & Stat.n. 1966. Wyeomyia (Dendromyia) belkini Casal & Garcia, 1966: 155-161 (2*a* P* L*). Holotype 2, Misiones (Igu 26), Argentina (INM); examined. Syn.n. Wyeomyia (Dendromyia) belkini of Barrera Oro et al., 1966 (Argentina; collection record); Belkin ef al., 1968: 11 (info. on type; A L bionomics); Knight & Stone, 1977: 328 (Argentina; info. on type); Louton et al., 1996: 232, 234 (Peru; L bionomics). Wyeomyia belkini of Guimaraes, 1997: 128 (Argen- tina; info. on type). Wyeomyia personata in part of Forattini et al., 1970: 89 (Brazil records from Mato Grosso only, specimen data); Guimaraes, 1997: 130 (Argentina, ?Bolivia). Wyeomyia (Dendromyia) personata of Duret, 1950a: 228, 232 (Argentina; collection record); Duret, 1951: 376 (Argentina; collection record); Stone et al., 1959: 86-87 in part (Argentina, ?Bolivia); Castro et al., 1960: 560 (Argentina; collection record); ?Prosen et al., 1963: 79, 80 (Bolivia; collection record; A bionomics); Knight & Stone, 1977: 330 in part (Argentina, ?Bolivia). Wyeomyia (Dendromyia) brucei of ?Cerqueira, 1943: 21 (Bolivia; collection record); Duret, 1949: 449, 450-451 (Argentina; 2; collection record); Duret, 127 1950b: 314 (Argentina; list); Duret, 1951: 375 (Ar- gentina; collection record); Castro et al., 1960: 560 (Argentina; collection record). Dendromyia personata of Lane, 1936b: 181 (Brazil; A bionomics). ADULT. As described for genus. Measurements in Table 1; numbers of setae in Table 2. Thorax: Post- procoxal scales usually present. Pleural scaling more white that silvery white. FEMALE. Proboscis entirely dark-scaled, very dark (black). Genitalia (Fig. 10C-H): As illustrated; tergum IX with none or | seta on either side of midline; insula with 8 or 9 setae on either side; dorsal surface of postgenital lobe with 24 setae distally on either side of midline. MALE. Proboscis (Fig. 2B,C) black-scaled dorsally; ventral surface white-scaled in distal 0.8, with brilliant blue iridescence in middle (0.40—0.65 from base) and slightly yellowish appearance distally. Maxillary palpus dark-scaled. Genitalia (Fig. 9G-L): Tergum IX with- out lobes, bearing 4—8(4) stout flattened setae on either side of midline, in more or less continuous row or only slightly separated at midline, apices of setae bent slightly laterad. Gonocoxite without distal tergal setal group; proximal group a tight cluster of 11-19 (x= 15) very long slender setae (slightly shorter than gonocoxite). Basal mesal lobe with single long seta on caudal angle. Proctiger with 9—11(11) cercal setae. PUPA (Figs4A, 10). As described for genus; character and positions of setae as figured, numbers of branches in Table 5. Cephalothorax: Seta 1-CT variable, gener- ally not noticeably sigmoidal; 10-CT usually single, sometimes forked apically. Trumpet: Length 0.29- 0.42 mm (x = 0.36 mm), pinna 0.02—0.12 mm (x =0.07 mm), width at mid-length 0.10-0.16 mm (x = 0.12 mm), index 2.50—3.70 (x = 2.98). Abdomen: Length 3.34.5 mm (x = 3.8 mm). Seta 1-II usually triple (1— 4); 6-VII noticeably stronger and longer than 5-VII, usually with few branches (3-10, mode 3). Genital lobe: Length about 0.35 mm in female, about 0.50 mm in male. Paddle: Length 0.54—0.66 mm (x =0.60 mm), width at widest point 0.37—0.50 mm (x = 0.43 mm), index 1.32—1.62 (x = 1.41). LARVA (Figs 11,12). As described for genus; character and placement of setae as figured, numbers of branches in Table 6. Smaller than On. personatum. Head: Length 0,88—1.10 mm (x = 0.99 mm); width 1.00—1.15 mm (x = 1.08 mm). Dorsomentum with 9—12(11) teeth on either side of median tooth. Maxilla with 9-14(11) lateral teeth (laciniarastrum 1). Antenna: Length 0.26— 0.30 mm (x =0.28 mm). Abdomen: Seta 1-IV,V double; 5-III-VI single. Segment VIII: Comb with 12—18(16) scales. Siphon: Length 1.28—1.48 mm (x = 1.39 mm), 128 width at base 0.25—0.31 mm (x = 0.27 mm), index 4.68—-5.48 (x = 5.16); pecten with 94-129 filaments (x = 114). Segment X: Saddle length 0.26—0.34 mm (x = 0.30 mm); siphon/saddle index 4.26—-5.35 (x = 4.67). Anal papillae very long, ventral pair about 4.5x length of saddle, dorsal pair shorter, about 0.7 length of ventral pair. DISCUSSION. Because females of this species are in- distinguishable from those of On. celatum, itis possible that the holotype female of brucei is conspecific with that species. Since available collections suggest that this species is distributed throughout a tract of land from southeastern Peru to northeastern Argentina, and because the name brucei was previously applied to specimens from the type locality of Wy. belkini, I have concluded that the species is likely to be represented by the holotype of brucei, and belkini is its junior synonym. This interpretation may be incorrect, but it is impossible to resolve the issue in the absence of diag- nostic features in the females. This is further complicated by the possibility that the holotype of brucei may not be conspecific with either of the cur- rently recognised species. Onirion celatum is only known from the type locality in southeastern Peru, approximately 1,600 km west-southwest of the type locality of On. brucei. Onirion brucei shows a marked relationship to On. aenigma and On. celatum. Distal tergal setae are absent from the gonocoxites of these three species, and the genitalia of On. brucei and On. aenigma appear to be identical. Pupae of the last two species also resemble one another in the development of seta 6- VII, which is distinctly larger and generally has fewer branches than it has in other species of the genus. The only feature that distinguishes On. brucei from On. aenigma is the iridescent scaling of the proboscis in males. Males of On. celatum differ from those of On. brucei in having more extensive iridescent scaling on the proboscis and a single proximal tergal seta on the gonocoxites. BIONOMICS. The type specimens of On. brucei, eleven females, were captured with human and unspecified animal bait (del Ponte & Cerqueira, 1938). Lane (1936b) captured females attracted to humans in forest at mid-day in August and September. The type speci- mens of Wy. belkini were collected as adults, apparently attracted to humans, and reared from larvae collected from bamboo internodes. Three adults examined dur- ing this study were reared from larvae found in perforated bamboo at the type locality of Wy. belkini (collection ARGS11, see below); likewise, four larvae from Peru (Louton et al., 1996) were collected from perforated bamboo internodes. Other specimens from Peru included in the material examined were taken from bamboo stumps and cut bamboo in association with unidentified species of Culex (Carrollia), Culex (Melanoconion), Orthopodomyia, Trichoprosopon and R.E. HARBACH AND E.L. PEYTON Wyeomyia. A single adult was captured in a malaise trap in rain forest. Nothing else is known about the bionomics of this species. DISTRIBUTION. Onirion brucei is only definitely known from localities in extreme western Brazil (Mato Grosso), southeastern Peru and northeastern Argen- tina (Fig. 20C). Records of On. personatum in Bolivia (Cerqueira, 1943; Prosen et al., 1963) probably refer to this species because it is likely to occur there. Some reports of On. personatum in extreme southern Brazil may also apply to this species. The species appears to be distributed from southeastern Peru eastward to the plateau of Mato Grosso and south-southeastward through Bolivia, Paraguay and northern Argentina, but the exact limits of its distribution are unknown. MATERIAL EXAMINED. Forty-six specimens (122,60, 22G,56G, 7Le, 7Pe, 7L), including seven individual rearings. Holotype © of Wyeomyia (Dendromyia) brucei (4724), BRAZIL: Mato Grosso, Cuiaba, Junho 1935 (G. Cesar) (IOC). Holotype 3 (C57) and allotype 2 (C59) of Wyeomyia (Dendromyia) belkini, ARGENTINA: Misiones, Igu 26, 26-vi-1965 (Hepper, Garcia & Casal) (INM). AR- GENTINA: 32 22G1¢ 1dG IL, Misiones, Iguazu, Arroyo Ibicui, at Rt. 101 ~20 km from Cataratas del Iguazu, 5-v-1967 (22 22G — ARGS11-10, -11; 1¢ 1¢G — ARGS511-12) (O.H. Casal & M. Garcia) (USNM), Deseado, 10.11.51 (AL — USNM; 1? — BMNH) (Duret); 12, Corrientes, Les Piedias, XII.66 (Duret) (USNM). BRAZIL: 4 2 , Mato Grosso, Cuiaba, Fevereiro 1935 (12 — 3317), Pocinho, Agosto 1924 (12 — 3017), Ponce, Agosto 1934 (12 — 3017), Chapada, 600 m (12 — 324) (Lane) (USNM); 12, Santa Catarina, Nova Teutonia (27°11'S 52°23'W), 7.4.1937 (F. Plaumann) (BMNH). PERU: 2? 40 3dG 5Le 5Pe 6L, Madre de Dios, Rio Manu, Pakitza (11°55'48"S 71°15'18"W), 250 m, Sept. 89, water in Guadua bamboo, internode #37-3 (3L), internode #44- 1 (AL) (Louton, Bouchard & Gelhaus) WRBU Acc. 1426 (USNM); same locality, 28 Oct 90 (1LePed 1 3G — PE427-6), 29 Oct 90 (3LePed 33G — PE433- 2, -3, -4), 30 Oct 90 (1LePe 2 — PE457-2), 3 Nov 90 (1L—PES520), 7 Nov 90 (1L — PE623), 16 Nov 90 (1 2 — PE760) (Wilkerson, Gaffigan & Mallampalli) ACC 1445 (USNM). Onirion celatum Peyton & Harbach, sp.n. (Figs 2, 13-15) ADULT. As described for genus. Measurements in Table 1; numbers of setae in Table 2. Thorax: Postprocoxal scales usually present. Pleural scaling generally silvery white. FEMALE. Proboscis entirely dark-scaled. Genitalia SYSTEMATICS OF ONIRION GEN.N. (Fig. 13C-E): As illustrated; tergum IX with 0-2 setae on either side of midline; insula with 7—9 setae on either side; dorsal surface of postgenital lobe with 14 setae distally on either side of midline. MALE. Proboscis (Fig. 2D,E) mainly black-scaled, with shaggy appearance due to semi-erect scaling in proximal half; ventral surface with extensive white scaling concentrated in 4 patches, 3 between 0.2-0.6 from base and one apically, which become bright iridescent blue when viewed from anterior and antero- lateral angles. Maxillary palpus dark-scaled. Genitalia (Fig. 15SA-F): Tergum IX without lobes, bearing 7 or 8 strong flattened setae in continuous row, apices of setae bent slightly laterad. Gonocoxite without distal tergal setal group; proximal group represented by a single long seta (as long as gonocoxite). Basal mesal lobe without long seta on caudal angle. Proctiger with 6-11 cercal setae. PUPA (Fig. 13). As described for genus; character and positions of setae as figured, numbers of branches in Table 7. Cephalothorax: Seta 1-CT moderately sig- moidal; 10-CT usually double, often triple, divided at base. Trumpet: Length 0.40—0.44 mm (x = 0.42 mm), pinna 0.08—0.11 mm (x = 0.09 mm), width at mid- length 0.14—0.16 mm (x = 0.15 mm), index 2.56—2.93 (x = 2.73). Abdomen: Length 3.9-4.3 mm (x = 4.1 mm). Seta 1-II generally with more branches than other species (1-8, mode 5); 6-VII no longer than 5- VII, with 3—8(5) branches. Genital lobe: Length about 0.35 mm in female, about 0.50 mm in male. Paddle: Length 0.60—0.66 mm (x = 0.63 mm), width at widest point 0.48—0.50 mm (x =0.49 mm), index 1.22—1.38 (x =u 29). LARVA (Fig. 14). As described for genus; character and placement of setae as figured, numbers of branches in Table 8. Smaller than On. personatum. Head: Length 1.06—1.18 mm (x = 1.12 mm); width 1.14—1.24 mm (x = 1.19 mm). Dorsomentum with 9—12(10) teeth on either side of median tooth. Maxilla with 10—13(12) lateral teeth (laciniarastrum 1). Antenna: Length 0.29- 0.30 mm (x =0.30 mm). Abdomen: Seta 1-IV,V double: 5-II-VI normally all single (S-IV double on one side of one specimen). Segment VIII: Comb with 13—22(20) scales. Siphon: Length 1.33-1.39 mm (x = 1.37 mm), width at base 0.28—0.29 mm (xX = 0.28 mm), index 4.59-4.96 (x = 4.85); pecten with 99-118 filaments (x = 108). Segment X: Saddle length 0.29—0.30 mm (x = 0.29 mm); siphon/saddle index 4.43-4.79 (x = 4.65). Anal papillae short and stout, dorsal pair about length of saddle, ventral pair about 1.5x length of saddle. ETYMOLOGY. This name celatum, Latin for ‘con- cealed, hidden’, was chosen for this species by E.L.P., perhaps because he thought it was On. brucei (as Wy. belkini) until he dissected the male genitalia. 129 DISCUSSION. This species appears to be derived from the same stock that gave rise to On. brucei and On. aenigma. These species are sympatric in Peru and distal tergal setae are absent from the gonocoxites of the males. Females of On. celatum are indistinguish- able from those of On. brucei, but differ from those of On. aenigma in lacking a ventral streak of pale scales on the distal half of the proboscis. Pupae differ in the weaker development of seta 6-VII. Males are strik- ingly distinct from these and the other species of Onirion in the ornamentation of the proboscis and the presence of a single proximal tergal seta on the gonocoxites. BIONOMICS. The type specimens of this species were collected as larvae in oily water contained in a bamboo internode perforated with a beetle hole. The specific collection site was partially shaded and located in primary rain forest. Nothing is known about the habits of the adults. DISTRIBUTION. Onirion celatum is only known from the type locality in southeastern Peru (Fig. 20C). The species may be confined to the eastern piedmont of the Andes Mountains in southeastern Peru, northwestern Bolivia and Acre State in western Brazil bordering on Peru and Bolivia. MATERIAL EXAMINED. Twenty-two specimens (49, 2¢, 3?G, 2dG, SLe, 6Pe), from six individual rearings. Holotype, 3 (PES22- 4), with LePe and dissected genitalia on separate microscope slides, PERU: Madre de Dios, Rio Manu, Pakitza (11°55'48"S 71°15'18"W), 30 Oct 90 (Wilkerson, Gaffigan & Mallampalli), ACC 1445 (USNM). Paratypes, 1Pe 2 (PE522-100 with dissected genitalia), 3LePe 2 2¢G (PE5S22-1, -2 with dissected genitalia, -5 with dissected genitalia), |LePed with dissected genitalia (PE522-3), same data as holotype. Onirion sirivanakarni (Duret) (Figs 3, 13, 15) 1982. Wyeomyia (Dendromyia) sirivanakarni Duret, 1982: 167-170 (d*). Holotype ¢, Darién, Panama (USNM); examined. Comb.n. Wyeomyia (Dendromyia) sirivanakarni of Gaffigan & Ward, 1985: 62 (Panama; info. on type); Harbach er al., 1991: 194 (Panama; info. on type); Ward, 1992: 207 (Panama; info. on type). Wyeomyia (subgenus B) sp 52 of Heinemann & Belkin, 1978a: 193, 196 (Panama; collection record; L bionomics). Wyeomyia sirivanakarni of Guimaraes, 1997: 132 (Panama; info. on type). Wyeomyia personata in part of Guimaraes, 1997: 130 (?Colombia, Panama). 130 Wyeomyia (Dendromyia) personata in part of Arnett, 1949: 247-248 (Panama; distribution; L bionom- ics, bamboo joints only?); Stone et al., 1959: 86-87 (Panama); ?Barreto & Lee, 1969: 418 (Colombia; A bionomics); Knight & Stone, 1977: 330 (Panama). ADULT. As described for genus. Measurements in Table 1; numbers of setae in Table 2. Thorax: Postprocoxal scales present, sometimes apparently absent. Pleural scaling generally silvery white. FEMALE. Proboscis progressively swollen toward apex beginning 0.4 from base; dark-scaled except for slight indication of some pale scales ventrally at apex of prementum. Genitalia (Fig. 13F-H): As illustrated; tergum IX produced on either side of midline, each lobe with 4-11(8) setae; insula with 7-12 setae on either side; dorsal surface of postgenital lobe with 4-6 setae distally on either side of midline. MALE. Proboscis (Fig. 3A,B) uniquely developed; mainly dark-scaled, with an enlarged (flared) section beginning 0.6 from base and bearing lateral tufts of long black scales 0.75 from base, ventral surface of enlarged area with long yellow scales; prementum narrower distal to lateral tufts, bearing creamy or yel- lowish scales of normal length ventrally and often turned upward with black tufts of enlarged section projecting anterolaterad at its base; yellow scaling of venter begins as narrow streak about 0.4—0.5 from base and rather abruptly broadens and scales lengthen in enlarged section. Genitalia (Fig. 15G-L): Tergum IX with widely separated lobes, each with 2 or 3 irregular rows of short stout setae and a single strong longer tapered seta, short setae decrease in length as they extend mesad onto long median bridge separating lobes. Gonocoxite with proximal and distal tergal setal groups; proximal group a partially double row of 7— 11(9) long slender flexible setae (about 0.7 length of gonocoxite), contiguous with distal group; distal group a longitudinal row of 18—26 (x = 22) slightly longer close-set setae. Basal mesal lobe with single stronger seta on caudal angle. Proctiger with 11-22 cercal setae. LARVA. Unknown. PUPA. Unknown. DISCUSSION. The male of On. sirivanakarni is unu- sual because of the unique development of the proboscis and tergum IX of the genitalia. The genitalia are other- wise similar to those of On. personatum and On. regale, indicating that On. sirivanakarni is probably a specialised offshoot from the stock which also gave rise to these two species. Females of On. sirivanakarni differ conspicuously from the other species in the development of tergum IX. BIONOMICS. The environment where the holotype male of this species was captured and what it was R.E. HARBACH AND E.L. PEYTON doing at the time of capture were not indicated in the original description (Duret, 1982). Published data in- dicate that personnel of the Gorgas Memorial Laboratory collected immature stages (denoted by GG in the material examined section) in terrestrial bromeliads (one specimen, GG108—109) and bamboo (Heinemann & Belkin, 1978a), but only the reared adults from these collections were available for study. Numbers identifying these specimens indicate that they may have been reared from pupae, but there are no associated pupal exuviae (and the dissected genitalia of four males are missing as well). The majority, if not all, of the information attributed to this species (as Wy. personata) by Arnett (1949) undoubtedly applies to species of other genera. Larvae are likely to breed in ‘bamboo joints’ but not in ‘tree holes, coconut shells, and tin cans’. Arnett stated that ‘adults were captured while biting, during the day’ and the ‘species breeds throughout the year and is common’. The biting activ- ity of this species requires confirmation; and based on the paucity of available collections of Onirion species, it seems unlikely that On. sirivanakarni would be a ‘common’ species. DISTRIBUTION. Onirion sirivanakarni 1s only known from collections made in the Darién of Panama (Fig. 20C). Females collected by Barreto & Lee (1969) in Colombia near the border with Panama may refer to this species. MATERIAL EXAMINED. Twenty-six specimens (132, 73, 32G, 3dG). Holo- type, 3 (5862), with dissected genitalia on microscope slide, PANAMA: Darién, 1.1958 (Duret) (USNM). Non-types, PANAMA: 132 6c 32G 3dG, Darién, Pucro, ‘Paya Camp’, 50 m, 6 Jul 58 (5 2 -GG105-105, -106, -109, -118, -119; 1¢ — GG105-122, dissected genitalia LU; 1d 1¢G—GG105-125) (Gorgas Memo- rial Lab. personnel); 8 Jul 58 (1 2 12?G—GG109-106; 12 —GG109-126; 36 —GG109-107, -111, -121, dis- sected genitalia LU; 1d 1¢G—GG109-125) (Gorgas Memorial Lab. personnel); Paya, “Quebrada Murqui’, 50 m, 9 Sept 58 (42 — GG117-102, -106, -111, -112; 12 12G—GGI117-105) (Gorgas Memorial Lab. per- sonnel) (USNM); locality unknown, 7 Jul58 (12 12G — GG108-109) (Gorgas Memorial Lab. personnel) (USNM). Onirion imparis Peyton & Harbach, sp.n. (Figs 3, 16-18) Wyeomyia (subgenus B) ?sp 34 of Heinemann & Belkin, 1978b: 380, 381, 396 (Venezuela; collection record; L bionomics). Wyeomyia (subgenus B) sp 34 of Heinemann & Belkin, 1979: 97, 109 (Ecuador; collection record; L bio- nomics). SYSTEMATICS OF ONIRION GEN.N. Wyeomyia personata in part of Cova Garcia et al., 1966: 73 (Vol. I; 74, 353 = 3 On. personatum), 68, 137, 313 (Vol. Il) (Venezuela; 2? L keys; collection record); Guimaraes, 1997: 130 in part (?Colombia, Venezuela). Wyeomyia (Dendromyia) personata of Lane, 1939: 146 in part (Venezuela record only, literature); Anduze et al., 1947: 13 (Venezuela; list); Lane, 1953: 964 in part (Venezuela); Levi-Castillo, 1953: 42 (Ecuador; distribution); Stone et al., 1959: 86— 87 in part (Venezuela); ?Barreto & Lee, 1969: 418 (Colombia; A bionomics); Knight & Stone, 1977: 330 in part (?7Colombia, Venezuela). ADULT. As described for genus. Measurements in Table 1; numbers of setae in Table 2. Thorax: Postprocoxal scales present. Pleural scaling generally silvery white. FEMALE. Proboscis entirely dark-scaled. Genitalia (Fig. 16C-E): As illustrated; tergum IX with | seta on either side of midline; insula with 6—8 setae on either side; dorsal surface of postgenital lobe with 4 or 5 setae distally on either side of midline. MALE. Proboscis (Fig. 3C) thinner than other species of genus; slightly flattened and laterally expanded in distal third; ventral surface yellow-scaled as in On. personatum, duller yellow proximally and extended laterally and dorsally at base. Maxillary palpus same colour as base of proboscis. Genitalia (Fig. 18A-F): Tergum IX without lobes, bearing 8—14 rather long flattened setae in continuous row, setae shorter in middle of row, apices of setae bent laterad. Gonocoxite with widely separated proximal and distal tergal setal groups; proximal group a tight cluster of 28-34 (x = 30) long stiff setae with flexible ends (about 0.7 length of gonocoxite); distal group a short row of 8-11(9) slightly longer and thicker setae slightly bowed before mid-length. Basal mesal lobe without long seta on caudal angle. Proctiger with 18—33(24) cercal setae. PUPA (Fig. 16). As described for genus; character and positions of setae as figured, numbers of branches in Table 9. Only one specimen known. Cephalothorax: Seta 1-CT strongly sigmoidal; 10-CT single. Trumpet: Length 0.37 mm, pinna 0.08 mm, width at mid-length 0.13 mm, index 2.85. Abdomen: Length 4.3 mm. Seta 1-II single/double; 6-VII shorter than 5-VII, with 5/4 branches. Genital lobe: Length (male) about 0.50 mm. Paddle: Length 0.65 mm, width at widest point 0.50 mm, index 1.30. LARVA (Fig. 17). As described for genus; character and placement of setae as figured, numbers of branches in Table 10. Smaller than On. personatum. Head: Length 0.97—1.08 mm (x = 1.03 mm); width 1.21—1.23 mm (x = 1.22 mm). Dorsomentum with 10 or 11 teeth on either side of median tooth. Maxilla with 11 or nS 12(11) lateral teeth (laciniarastrum 1). Antenna: Length 0.29-0.30 mm. Abdomen: Seta 1-IV,V double; 5-HI-— VI normally single (5-IV double on one side in each of 2 specimens). Segment VIII: Comb with 11—16(14) scales. Siphon: Length 1.44—-1.45 mm, width at base 0.29-0.31 mm (x = 0.30 mm), index 4.68-4.96 (x = 4.82); pecten with 110-129 filaments (x = 120). Seg- ment X: Saddle length 0.30-0.31 mm; siphon/saddle index 4.65—-4.83 (x = 4.74). Anal papillae short, dorsal pair about length of saddle, ventral pair about 1.5x length of saddle. ETYMOLOGY. The name imparis is a Latin adjective (impar, -is) meaning “unequal, unlike, discordant’. DISCUSSION. Onirion imparis appears to be derived from the same stock that gave rise to On. personatum, On. sirivanakarni and On. aenigma. It differs from these species in having the proximal and distal setal groups of the gonocoxites widely separated. The en- tirely dark-scaled proboscis of females more closely resembles the condition in On. sirivanakarni, i.e. a slight indication of some pale scales ventrally at apex. Females of On. personatum and On. aenigma have a ventral streak of pale scaling on the distal half of the proboscis. BIONOMICS. Specimens from Ecuador were collected as adults in traps in tropical forest (Heinemann & Belkin, 1979). Specimens from Venezuela were col- lected as larvae in association with Orthopodomyia albicosta (Lutz), Sabethes (Peytonulus) undosus (Coquillett) and Trichoprosopon pallidiventer (Lutz). The larvae were found in turbid water contained in cut bamboo internodes (0.5 m above ground) in deep shade (Heinemann & Belkin, 1978b). DISTRIBUTION. Onirion imparis is only known from localities where the type specimens were collection in Ecuador and Venezuela (Fig. 20C). Females collected by Barreto & Lee (1969) in Colombia near the border with Panama could belong to this species. MATERIAL EXAMINED. Twelve specimens (12, 76, 12G, 4dG, ILe, 1Pe, 1L), including one incomplete individual rearing. Holotype, 3 (VZ261-102), with dissected genitalia on microscope slide, VENEZUELA: Carabobo, Puerto Cabello, Borburata (19PFM1454), 5 m, 24 Jul 69 (J. Pulido & J. Valencia) (USNM). Paratypes, VENEZUELA: 1 with dissected genitalia (VZ261- 12), 2h (VZ261 with dissected genitalia, VZ261-16 with dissected genitalia LU), 1LePe (VZ261-1), same data as holotype; 1L (VZ274-2), Aragua, Ocumare de la Costa, Rio Cumboto 2 km §S of junc- tion of Rts 3 and 8 (19PFM3250), 60 m, 28 Jul 69 (/. Pulido & J. Valencia (USNM). ECUADOR: 4¢ (ECU8, 2 with dissected genitalia; 670123-14, -15 with dissected genitalia LU), Napo, Coca, confluence 32 of Rio Coca and Rio Napo, 250 m, 23 Apr—12 May 65 (L. E. Pena G) (USNM). Onirion regale Peyton & Harbach, sp.n. (Figs 3, 4, 16, 18, 19) Wyeomyia (subgenus B) sp 62 of Heinemann & Belkin, 1977: 263, 286 (Costa Rica; collection record; L bionomics). Wyeomyia personata in part of ?Guimaraes, 1997: 130 (Mexico). Wyeomyia (Dendromyia) personata in part of ?Stone et al., 1959: 86-87 (Mexico); ?Diaz Najera, 1966: 64 (Mexico; collection record, A bionomics); ?7Diaz Najera & Vargas, 1973: 125 (Mexico; distribution); Knight & Stone, 1977: 330 (Mexico). ADULT. As described for genus. Measurements in Table 1; numbers of setae in Table 2. Thorax: Postprocoxal scales absent. Pleural scaling generally silvery white. FEMALE. Proboscis entirely dark-scaled. Genitalia (Fig. 16F-H): As illustrated; tergum LX with 3 setae on either side of midline; insula with 8—11 setae on either side; dorsal surface of postgenital lobe with 4 or 5 setae distally on either side of midline. MALE. Similar to On. personatum but ventral pale scaling of proboscis (Fig. 3D) not as extensive in proximal half, may begin at base or at any point between base and mid-length. Maxillary palpus dis- tinctly paler than base of proboscis in dorsal and lateral view. Genitalia (Fig. 18G-L): Tergum IX without lobes, with row of 13-15 rather long slender setae, row with very narrow gap at midline, setae progressively longer from gap outward, apices of setae bent laterad. Gonocoxite with proximal and distal tergal setal groups; proximal group acluster of 20-31 (x =25) long slender flexible setae (about 0.75 length of gonocoxite), con- tiguous with distal group; distal group a longitudinal row of 19—23(23) thicker and much longer close-set setae (about 1.3 length of gonocoxite). Basal mesal lobe with single long seta on caudal angle. Proctiger with 9—-13(9) cercal setae. PUPA. Unknown. LARVA (Fig. 19). As described for genus; character and placement of setae as figured, numbers of branches in Table 11. On average intermediate in size between On. personatum and other species. Head: Length 1.05— 1.25 mm (x= 1.16 mm); width 1.21—1.35 mm (k= 1.27 mm). Dorsomentum with 10 or 11(10) teeth on either side of median tooth. Maxilla with 8—14(13) lateral teeth (laciniarastrum 1). Antenna: Length 0.31-0.33 mm (x = 0.32 mm). Abdomen: Setae 1-IV,V and 5-III-— VI double (5-III present on one side of each of 4 specimens examined, 3 double, one single). Segment R.E. HARBACH AND E.L. PEYTON VIII: Comb with 13-17(14) scales. Siphon: Length 1.25—1.38 mm (x= 1.31 mm), width at base 0.28-0.31 mm (x = 0.30 mm), index 4.19-4.46 (x = 4.38); pecten with 113-121 filaments (x = 117). Segment X: Saddle length 0.28-0.31 mm (xX = 0.30 mm); siphon/saddle index 4.26—4.60 (x = 4.41). Ventral anal papillae about 3x length of saddle, dorsal pair shorter, about 0.7 length of ventral pair. DISCUSSION. This species is a member of the Personatum Group. It appears to be most closely re- lated to the nominate species but the male differs in the amount of pale scaling on the proboscis and the devel- opment of setae on tergum IX of the genitalia. The divergence of these two species appears to be due to vicariance. ETYMOLOGY. The name regale is a Latin adjective (regalis, -e) meaning ‘of a king, royal, regal’. It is chosen for no reason other than it is an appealing name. BIONOMICS. The type specimens of On. regale were collected as larvae in association with a species of Corethrella, Culex (Carrollia) babahoyensis Levi- Castillo, Sabethes (Peytonulus) identicus Dyar & Knab, Sa. (Pey.) hadrognathus Harbach, Sabethes (Sabethes) cyaneus (Fabricius) and three species of Wyeomyia. The larvae were found in broken bamboo (1.3 m above ground) under deep shade in premontane wet forest. It is possible that records of Wy. personata collected from human bait at ground level and on platforms in forest in southern Mexico (Diaz Najera, 1966) apply to this species, otherwise nothing is known about the bio- nomics of the adults. DISTRIBUTION. Onirion regale is only definitely known from the type locality in Costa Rica (Fig. 20C). Records of Wy. personata collected in Chiapas, Ta- basco and Veracruz States in southern Mexico (Diaz Najera, 1966; Diaz Najera & Vargas, 1973) could conceivably apply to this species. MATERIAL EXAMINED. Sixteen specimens (7 2,66, 1?2G,23G). Holotype, 3 (CR423-49), with dissected genitalia on microscope slide, COSTA RICA: Heredia, Puerto Viejo, Finca La Selva (16PHG254), 100 m, 8 Aug 71 (D. W. Heinemann) (USNM). Paratypes, 7 2 (CR423-40, -42, -45, -47 with dissected genitalia, -48, -81, -83), 5a (CR423-41 with dissected genitalia LU, -43 with dis- sected genitalia, -44, -46 with dissected genitalia LU, -80), same data as holotype. Onirion aenigma Harbach, sp.n. (Figs 3, 20, 21) ADULT. As described for genus. Measurements in Table 1; numbers of setae in Table 2. Thorax: Postprocoxal scales present. SYSTEMATICS OF ONIRION GEN.N. FEMALE. Proboscis as in On. personatum, dark-scaled with streak of pale scales on distal half of ventral surface. Scaling of hypostigmal, subspiracular and postspiracular areas of mesopleuron more yellow than usual in only available female. Genitalia: Tergum IX with 2 setae on either side of midline; insula with 7 or 8 setae on either side; dorsal surface of postgenital lobe with 3 or 4 setae distally on either side of midline. MALE. Proboscis (Fig. 3E) and maxillary palpus as in On. personatum. Genitalia: As illustrated for On. brucei (Fig. 9G-L); tergum IX without lobes, bearing 4 or 5 stout flattened setae on either side of narrow gap at midline, apices of setae bent slightly laterad. Gonocoxite without distal tergal setal group; proximal group a tight cluster of 16—26 very long slender setae (about 0.75 length of gonocoxite). Basal mesal lobe with single long seta on caudal angle. Proctiger with 5S— 11 cercal setae. PUPA (Fig. 20). As described for genus; character and positions of setae as figured, numbers of branches in Table 12. Known from 3 specimens. Cephalothorax: Seta 1-CT sigmoidal; 10-CT single. Trumpet: Length 0.33-0.40 mm (x = 0.37 mm), pinna 0.05—0.10 mm (x = 0.07 mm), width at mid-length 0.12—0.14 mm (x = 0.13 mm), index 2.75—3.00 (x = 2.87). Abdomen: Length 3.54.3 mm (x = 3.8 mm). Seta 1-II with 3 or 4 branches, more often with 4; 6-VII noticeably stronger and longer than 5-VII, often triple (1-6). Genital lobe: Length about 0.30 mm in female, about 0.50 mm in male. Paddle: Length 0.54—0.62 mm (x = 0.57 mm), width at widest point 0.42—0.46 mm (x = 0.44 mm), index 1.22—1.35 (x = 1.29). LARVA (Fig. 21). As described for genus; character and placement of setae as figured, numbers of branches in Table 13. Generally smaller than On. personatum. Head: Length 1.08-1.15 mm (x = 1.10 mm); width 1.14—1.28 mm (x = 1.21 mm). Dorsomentum with 10 or 11(10) teeth on either side of median tooth. Maxilla with 9-12(10) lateral teeth (laciniarastrum 1). An- tenna: Length 0.28—0.30 mm (x = 0.29 mm). Segment VIII, Comb with 10—15(12) scales. Siphon: Length 1.24—1.32 mm (x = 1.28 mm), width at base 0.26—0.29 mm (x =0.27 mm), index 4.55-4.77 (x = 4.67); pecten with 100-126 filaments (x = 111). Segment X: Saddle length 0.26-0.30 mm (xX = 0.28 mm); siphon/saddle index 4.40-4.77 (x = 4.57). Anal papillae long, slen- der; dorsal pair only slightly shorter than ventral pair. DISCUSSION. E.L. Peyton failed to recognise this new species because the male genitalia are virtually indis- tinguishable from those of On. brucei. Onirion aenigma was not recognised as a separate species until detailed study of available males revealed that the ornamenta- tion of the proboscis is utterly different from that of On. brucei. The genitalia of On. aenigma are so similar to those of On. brucei that the illustrations of the latter 133 species (Fig. 9G-L) are applicable to the former species as well. The setae of tergum IX are narrowly separated into lateral groups in the two available males of On. aenigma, but this is likely to prove unreliable for distinguishing the two species once additional material is collected and studied. Based on the structure of the male genitalia, On. aenigma is clearly a member of the Brucei Group. The ornamentation of the proboscis is puzzling because it resembles that of On. personatum and On. imparis of the Personatum Group. ETYMOLOGY. The name aenigma is a Latin neuter noun meaning ‘a riddle, mystery’. It was chosen because of the mystifying similarity of the male geni- talia to those of On. brucei. BIONOMICS. The type specimens of this species were collected as larvae from a bamboo internode perfo- rated with a beetle hole. The collection also included unidentified species of Culex and Wyeomyia. The col- lection site was partially shaded and located in primary rain forest. Nothing is known about the bionomics of the adults. DISTRIBUTION. Onirion aenigmais only known from the type locality in southeastern Peru (Fig. 20C). MATERIAL EXAMINED. Twelve specimens (12, 26, 1?G, 2dG, 3Le, 3Pe), from three individual rearings. Holotype, 3 (PE454- 7), with LePe and dissected genitalia on separate microscope slides, PERU: Madre de Dios, Rio Manu, Pakitza (11°55'48"S 71°15'18"W), 30 Oct 90, (Wilkerson, Gaffigan & Mallampalli), ACC 1445 (USNM). Paratypes, |\LePe 2 with dissected genitalia (PE454-5), 1LePeo with dissected genitalia (PE454- 6), same data as holotype. 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The new sabethine genus Johnbelkinia and a preliminary reclass- ification of the composite genus Trichoprosopon. Contributions of the American Entomological Institute (Ann Arbor) 17(1): 1— 61. Zavortink, T.J. 1990. Classical taxonomy of mosquitoes — a memo- rial to John N. Belkin. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 6, 593-599. MxB = maxillary brush MxBo = maxillary body 1 = prothorax Pa = paddle PGL = postgenital lobe pts = proximal tergal setae (of gonocoxite) S = siphon Ali = metathorax I-X =abdominal segments 1-15 =setal numbers for specified areas 52 apts Deinocerites Galindomyia Maorigoeldia ripteroides oe 6 Mee Loe L7] 54 Ta Culex ie 53 Tare Deinocerites Topomyia Triche rosopon — ohnbelkinia incl omyia ay Isostomyia Shannoniana 1 Phoniomyia Dor Wyeomyia 59 i Limatus Sabethes Galindomyia Maorigoeldia Ores aig e i: (ee Fig. 1. Topom ue rosopon ohnbelkinia = LC Runchomyia Onirion 58 Isostomyia rs: Shannoniana OOO 5 9 HIE 1 Limatus L Sabethes A, Clade comprised of Culicini + Sabethini from the preferred cladogram of Harbach & Kitching (1998); B, altered topology of this clade when Onirion was added to the dateset (Appendices | and 2). SYSTEMATICS OF ONIRION GEN.N. 137 Fig. 2. Proboscises of Onirion males. A, Onirion personatum (left side); B,C, On. brucei (left side and ventral surface, respectively); D,E, On. celatum (left side and ventral surface, respectively). 138 R.E. HARBACH AND E.L. PEYTON '¢ “ . Cait At NE 7S Sit 5 ch byte «mf Fig. 3. Proboscises of Onirion males. A,B, Onirion sirivanakarni (left side); C, On. imparis (left side); D, On. regale (left side); E, On. aenigma (left side). SYSTEMATICS OF ONIRION GEN.N. 139 Fig. 4. Pupal and larval features characteristic of Onirion. A, Terga IV and V of pupa of On. brucei showing pattern of pigmentation, submedial scar-like depressions (arrows at right) and lack of pigment around bases of setae (arrows at left); B.C, setae 4-P (right side, On. regale) and 7-T (left side, On. brucei), respectively, showing preponderance of aciculae on one side of the branches. 140 R.E. HARBACH AND E.L. PEYTON Fig. 5. Female (left side) of Onirion personatum showing the ornamentation characteristic of all species of the genus. SYSTEMATICS OF ONIRION GEN.N. 141 Fig. 6. Habitus of Onirion personatum female showing the pattern of dark and pale scaling characteristic of all species of the genus. A, Dorsal aspect of body and right wing, with anterior view of foreleg and posterior views of mid- and hindlegs; B, lateral (left side) of thorax; C, lateral (left side) of abdomen; D, foreleg (ventral); E,F, midleg (E, ventral; F, dorsal surface of tarsomeres 2-5); GH, hindleg (G, ventral; H, dorsal surface of tarsomeres 2-5). Scales in mm. 142 R.E. HARBACH AND E.L. PEYTON ae . ae a a an a) dorsal Fig. 7. Pupa and female genitalia of Onirion personatum. A,B, Pupa: (A) left side of cephalothorax, dorsal to right; (B) dorsal (left) and ventral (right) aspects of metathorax and abdomen. C-H, Female genitalia, aspects as indicated: (C) postgenital lobe and cerci; (D) tergum IX; (E) insula; (F) spermathecal capsules; (G) sternum VIII; (H) tergum VIII. Scales in mm. SYSTEMATICS OF ONIRION GEN.N. 143 Fig. 8. Fourth-instar larva of Onirion personatum, reconstructed from exuviae. A, Head, dorsal and ventral aspects of left side; B, thorax and abdominal segments I-VI, dorsal and ventral aspects of left side; C, abdominal segments VII-X, left side. Scale in mm. 144 R.E. HARBACH AND E.L. PEYTON sternal oS Lic h$— lateral Fig. 9. Male genitalia of On. personatum (A-F) and On. brucei (G-L), aspects as indicated: (A,G) gonocoxite; (B,H) gonostylus; (C,I) aedeagus, with parameres and basal pieces attached; (D,J) tergum IX; (E,K) sternum IX; (FL) proctiger (left side). Scales in mm. SYSTEMATICS OF ONIRION GEN.N. 145 at if a () AVG 1¢ BG mae Nast gat Fig. 10. Pupa and female genitalia of Onirion brucei. A.B, Pupa: (A) left side of cephalothorax, dorsal to right; (B) dorsal (left) and ventral (right) aspects of metathorax and abdomen. C-H, Female genitalia, aspects as indicated: (C) postgenital lobe and cerci; (D) spermathecal capsules; (E) insula; (F) tergum VIII; (G) tergum IX; (H) sternum VIII. Scales in mm. 146 R.E. HARBACH AND E.L. PEYTON OL = Fig. 11. Fourth-instar larva of Onirion brucei. A, Head, dorsal and ventral aspects of left side; B, thorax and abdominal segments I-VI, dorsal and ventral aspects of left side; C, abdominal segments VII-X, left side. Scales in mm. 147 SYSTEMATICS OF ONIRION GEN.N. dorsal Fig. 12. Maxilla (A,B) and mandible (C,D) of Onirion brucei, aspects as indicated. The mouthparts are similar in all species of the genus. Scale in mm. 148 R.E. HARBACH AND E.L. PEYTON ventral caudal ventral dorsal Fig. 13. A,B, Pupa of Onirion celatum: (A) left side of cephalothorax, dorsal to right; (B) dorsal (left) and ventral (right) aspects of metathorax and abdomen. C-H, Female genitalia of On. celatum (C-E) and On. sirivanakarni (F-H), aspects as indicated: (C,F) postgenital lobe and cerci; (D,G) insula; (E,H) tergum IX. Scales in mm. SYSTEMATICS OF ONIRION GEN.N. 149 Fig. 14. Fourth-instar larva of Onirion celatum, reconstructed from exuviae. A, Head, dorsal and ventral aspects of left side; B, thorax and abdominal segments I-VI, dorsal and ventral aspects of left side; C, abdominal segments VII-X, left side. Scales in mm. 150 cam We RN AOU mesal pts R.E. HARBACH AND E.L. PEYTON lateral Fig. 15. Male genitalia of On. celatum (A-F) and On. sirivanakarni (G-L), aspects as indicated: (A,G) gonocoxite; (B,H) gonostylus; (C,I) aedeagus, with parameres and basal pieces attached; (D,J) tergum IX; (E,K) sternum IX; (FL) proctiger (left side). Scales in mm. SYSTEMATICS OF ONIRION GEN.N. ventral = 0.2 wo 3 dorsal Fig. 16. A,B, Pupa of Onirion imparis: (A) left side of cephalothorax, dorsal to right; (B) dorsal (left) and ventral (right) aspects of metathorax and abdomen. C-H, Female genitalia of On. imparis (C-E) and On. regale (F-H), aspects as indicated: (C,F) postgenital lobe and cerci; (D,G) insula; (E,H) tergum IX. Scales in mm. Sl 152 R.E. HARBACH AND E.L. PEYTON \\ii WW Fig. 17. Fourth-instar larva of Onirion imparis. A, Head, dorsal and ventral aspects of left side; B, thorax and abdominal segments I-VI, dorsal and ventral aspects of left side; C, abdominal segments VII-X, left side. Scale in mm. SYSTEMATICS OF ONIRION GEN.N. 153 D tergal i Fig. 18. Male genitalia of On. imparis (A-F) and On. regale (G-L), aspects as indicated: (A,G) gonocoxite; (B,H) gonostylus; (C,I) aedeagus, with parameres and basal pieces attached; (D,J) tergum IX; (E,K) sternum IX; (F,L) proctiger (left side). Scales in mm. 154 R.E. HARBACH AND E.L. PEYTON Fig. 19. Fourth-instar larva of Onirion regale. A, Head, dorsal and ventral aspects of left side; B, thorax and abdominal segments I-VI, dorsal and ventral aspects of left side; C, abdominal segments VII-X, left side. Scale in mm. SYSTEMATICS OF ONIRION GEN.N. 155 ® = On. personatum @ = On. brucei ® = On. celatum @ = On. sirivanakarni © = On. imparis © = On. regale @ = On. aenigma oan a : T Howard Fig. 20. A,B, Pupa of Onirion aenigma: (A) left side of cephalothorax, dorsal to right; (B) dorsal (left) and ventral (right) aspects of metathorax and abdomen. C, Map of Central and South America showing the areas where species of Onirion are known to occur. Scale in mm. 156 R.E. HARBACH AND E.L. PEYTON Fig. 21. Fourth-instar larva of Onirion aenigma, reconstructed from exuviae. A, Head, dorsal and ventral aspects of left side; B, thorax and abdominal segments I-VI, dorsal and ventral aspects of left side; C, abdominal segments VII-X, left side. Scale in mm. ily// SYSTEMATICS OF ONIRION GEN.N. 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HARBACH AND E.L. PEYTON Table 3. Numbers of branches for setae of pupae of Onirion personatum. Range (mode) based on five specimens (10 setae) from Brazil. Cephalothorax Abdominal segments Paddle Seta CT I II Ul IV Vv VI VII VII Ix rR 0 ~ - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - 1 2 83+ 1-3(2) 1 1,2(1) 1,2(1) 1,2(1) 1,2(1) - - - 2 1-3(3) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - 3 3-5(3) 1 1 1 1-3(2) 1-3(2) 2,3(2) 1,2(1) - - - 4 3 3-9(4) 4-6(4) 1,2(2) 1-5(4) 3-6(5) 2-4(3) 1 1,2(1) - - 5 1,2(1) 1,2(1) 1 2-4(4) 1,2(1) 1,2(1) 1,2(1) 2-5(3) = - - 6 1-4(2) 1,2(1) 1 1 1,2(1) 1 1 2-8(5) ~ ~ — 7 1-3(2) 1,201) = 2,3(2) 2-4(2) 2-4(2) 3-8(3) 1,2(2) 1 ~ - - 8 1 - - 2-11(5) 1,2(1) 1,2(2) 14(2) 6-8(6) - - - 9 1 1,2(1) 1 1 1 1 1 8-13(11) 11-16(15) - = 10 1,2(1) - 1,2(1) 1,2(1) 1,2(1) 1 1,2(1) 1 - - - 11 1-6(3) 1 0,1(1)* 1,2(1) 1,2(1) 14(1) 2-5(3) 1,2(1) - - - 12 1,2(1) - ~ - - - - - - - - 13 = - = = = = = = = = - 14 ~ - - - - - - - 1 - — * Sometimes absent or alveolus without seta present. Table 4. Numbers of branches for setae of fourth-instar larvae of Onirion personatum. Range (mode) based on five specimens (10 setae) from Brazil. Head Thorax Abdominal segments Seta Cc P M T I II Ill IV Vv VI VII Vill Xx 10) 1 13-23 - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1,2(1) 1 2 2) 2,3(3) 2,3(3) 10-15(10) 1 2 - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1,2(2) 1 2,3(3) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5-10(8) 1 4 1 6-8(6) 1 4-7(4) 46(5) 4-8(4) l 1 4-6(5) 1-3(2) 1 1 3-5(4) 5 1 1 1 1 3,4(4) 24(2) 2 2 ?} 2 5-10(6) 1 - 6 1 1 1 1,2(1) 4-7(5) 3-8(4) 1 1 1 1 12-18(12) - - 7 1 7-10(8) 1-4(1) 8-11(9) 4-8(5) 3-6(4) 10-13(13) 10-16(14) 9-13(10) 5-8(5) 1,2(1) - - 8 1,2(2) 4-6(4) 3-5(3) 9-12(10) —- 1 3-5(5) 3,4(4) 4-7(5) 9-11(10) 20-34 1-S, 1 9 2-4(2) 1 2 9-12(11) 1 1 1 il 1,2(1) 1,2(1) 8-10(9) la-S, 1,2(1) 10 2-4(2) 1,2(2) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3-6(5) 2-5(3) 2a-S, 3-9(5,6) 1 11 4-9(7) 3-5(4) 3-5(4) 4-7(6) 3-5(4) 4,5(5) 4,5(4) 4-6(5) 7-12(10) —_5,6(5) = = i Bese) 1 1 es 1 1 1 1 1(1) 1 4 = 13 24(4) — 11-14(13) 5-9(7) 1 I 1 1 1 ~30 5-9(6) = = 14 1 TAG) =AO = = = = 1 = ij Pj) = 2 = = 2 = = = = = = = SYSTEMATICS OF ONIRION GEN.N. 159 Table 5. Numbers of branches for setae of pupae of Onirion brucei. Range (mode) based on five specimens (10 setae) from Argentina and Peru. Cephalothorax Abdominal segments Paddle Seta (Gil! I I Il IV Vv VI Vil Vill IX Ie 0 - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - 1 2 74+ 14(3) 1,2(1) 1 1,2(1) 1-3(1) I ~ - - 2 2-5(4) 1 1 1 1 I l I ~ 7 - 3 1,2(2) 1 1 1,2(1) 1-4(2) 1-4(2) 1-3(2) 1-3(2) - - - 4 1-3(2) 3-7(5) 4-6(5) 1-3(2) — 2-6(5) 3-5(4) 2-4(2) | 1,2(1) - - 5 1,2(1) 1,2(1) 1 1-4(3) 1,2(1) 1 1-3(1) 1-4(3) - - - 6 1-4(2) 1,2(1) 1 1,2(1) 1,2(1) 1,2(1) 1,2(1) 3-10(3) - - - 7) 1,2(2) 1,2(1) 1,2(2) 1-3(3) 14(3) 3-5(4) 1-4(1) 1 ~ - ~ 8 1,2(1) - - 1-6(3) 1-3(1) 14(2) 1-3(3) 3-7(6) - ~ ~ 9 1,2(1) 1,2(1) 1 | | | 1 8-16(8) 14-1815) - - 10 1,2(1) - l 1 1 1 1—3(2) 1,2(1) - - ~ 11 1,2(1) - - ~ 0,1(0) = 0,1(1)* 1,2(1) 1,2(1) 2,3(2) 1-4(3) 1,2(1) eRe WNP | | | | I | | | | ! | * Sometimes alveolus present without seta. Table 6. Numbers of branches for setae of fourth-instar larvae of Onirion brucei. Range (mode) based on eight specimens (16 setae) from Argentina and Peru. Head Thorax Abdominal segments Seta (e IP M Jt I I Til IV Vv VI VII VIL X 0 1 10-15(11) - - - l 1 1 1 1 1 ] - 1 I ] I I I I l 2 2 1-3(2) 2,3(2) 8-13(11) l 2 - 1 1 1 I 1 1 | I | 1 | I 3 1 1-3(2) 1 1—3(3) | | 1 | l l | 4-8(6) 1 4 I 6-9(7) —-:1,2(1) 4-7(5) 4-7(5) 3-6(5) 1-3(1) 1,211) 4-8(6) = 2,3(3) 1 1201) 3,4(4) 5) 1,2(1) 1 1 l 3-5(4) 2-4(2) 1 I 1 1 4-6(5) 1 - 6 1 i | 1,2(1) 5-8(5) 5 1 1 1 1 11-19(13) - - 7 1 6-11(8) 1-S(2) 8-11(9) 6-10(6) 3-8(4) 8-15(10) 7-11(10) 6-12(9) 4-6(6) 1 - - 8 1,2(2) 48(5) 3-5(4) 10-13(10) - 1 14(3) 24(4) 1-S(3) 5-10(8) 15-28(20) | 1-S, I 9 1-3(2) 1 2,3(2) 9-14(10) 1,2(1) 1 l 1 1 1 4-10(6) la-S, 1,2(1) 10 1-4(3) 1,2(2) I 1 1 1 1 I 1 5-7(5) 2,3(3) 2a-S, 2-7(3) 11 5-9(6) 2,3(2) I-4(1) 4-6(5) 1 2-4(3) 2-5(3) 2-7(5) 3-6(5) 9-15(10) 4~10(8) - - 12 4-6(5) 1 1 | - 1 1 l I 1 1 - ~ 13 2-5(4) — 13-18(16) 7-9(8) 1 1 | | 1 ~25 4-6(5) - - 14 1 1-3(2) ~18 - ~ - - - - - - 1 - 15 14(2) - - - = = = = = = = = = 160 R.E. HARBACH AND E.L. PEYTON Table 7. Numbers of branches for setae of pupae of Onirion celatum. Range (mode) based on five specimens (10 setae) from Peru. Cephalothorax Abdominal segments Paddle Seta CT I II il IV Vv VI Vil VIL Ix E 0 - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - 1 2 75+ 1-8(5) 1,2(1) 1-3(1) 1,2(1) 1,2(1) 1 - - - 2 3-5(4) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - ~ - 3 1,2(2) 1 1 1,2(1) 2,3(2) 1-3(2) 1-3(3) 1,2(1) - - - 4 14(2) 4-8(5) 4-7(6) 2,3(2) 2-6(5) 3-6(3) 1-3(2) 1 1,2(1) - - 5 1-3(1) 1,2(1) 1,2(1) 2,3(2) 1,2(1) 1-3(2) 14(2) 14(2) = - - 6 1,2(1) 1 1 1 1 1 Il 3-8(5) = ~ - 7 1-3(2) 1,2(1) 1,2(2) 14(2) 2-4(4) 3-7(5) 1,2(1) 1 - - - 8 1,2(1) - - 2-7(5) 1-3(2) 1-3(2) 1-9(3) 3—10(6) - = - 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10-14(11) 13-22(16) —- - 10 2,3(2) ~ 1,2(1) 1 i 1 1 1 - - - it 1-3(1) 1 1-3(1) 2a) 1-3(1) 1,2(2) 3,4(3) 1-3(2) = = - i 1,2(1) ~ - - - - - - - - - 13 - - - - - - - - - - - 14 - - - - - - — - 1 ~ - Table 8. Numbers of branches for setae of fourth-instar larvae of Onirion celatum. Range (mode) based on five specimens (10 setae) from Peru. Head Thorax Abdominal segments Seta Cc P M T I Il Ill IV Vv VI VII VI xX 0 1 10-13(11) = — = 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 = 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1,2(1) 1,2(2) 6-11(8) 1 2 - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 el 3 1 2,3(2) 1,2(1) 1-5(2) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5-7(6) 1 4 1 8-10(10) 1 4-6(4) 5-7(6) 4-7(5) 1 1 5-7(6) —2,3(2) 1 1 4-6(5) 3) 1 1 1 1 3,4(4) 2,3(2) 1 1,2(1) 1 1 5-8(6) 1 = 6 1,2(1) 1 1 1,2(1) 5-7(6) 5) 1 1 1 1 9-13(13) - = 7 1 7-11(8) =1,2(2) = 11-13(12) _6,7(7) 5-7(5) 10-13(12) 8-11(10) 10-13(12) 3-6(4) 1 = = 8 2 4-7(6) 4,5(5) 10 - 1 2-5(3) 4-8(4) 4-7(4) 7-10(8) 15-20 1-S, 1 9 1,2(2) 1 A 10-15 1-4(2) 1 1 1 1 1,2(1) 6-13 la-S, 1 10 1—3(2) 2 1 1 1 1 1 it 1 5-8(5) 2,3(2) |2a-S, 3-8(4) 11 5-9(6) 2-4(3) 24(2) 4-6(4) 1 2-5(4) 3,4(3) 4,5(4) 2-5S(4) 10-13(10) 6—11(10) = = 12 3-5(3) 1 1 i = 1 1 1 1-3(1) 1 1 - = 13 3—5(3) = 15-18(16) 8-10(8) 1 1 1 1 1 25-39 5,6(6) - = 1 1-3(2) ~20 - - - - - i ~ n+ 2,3(2) = = = = = SYSTEMATICS OF ONIRION GEN.N. 161 Table 9. Numbers of branches for setae of pupae of Onirion imparis. Range (mode) based on one specimen (two setae) from Venezuela. Seta SS eS ee PWN COMA AUNFLWNK CO Cephalothorax CT * Alveolus present without seta. Abdominal segments Paddle P 1/1 Table 10. Numbers of branches for setae of fourth-instar larvae of Onirion imparis. Range (mode) based on two specimens (four setae) from Venezuela. Seta a a MPWNK CTU ANANHFLWNK CO Head Sa | 1 2,3(2) 1,2 3,4(3) 5-8 5,6(5) 3-5(5) ep 2,3 5—9(9) 6,7 1 2 3 1 253 Thorax M Ah I! I I - - - i 1 i l l 1 1 1,2(1) 1 l 1 1 1 3,4)3) l | 1 i 45 47 48 1 1 1 355 2,3(3) 1 1 1,2 5-7(6) 4 I 2,5 9,10(9) 4-6(5) 3,4(4) 12-14 4,5 10+ - 1 5,6 2 10-13(11) 1 1 1 1 1 i 1 1 2 4,5(5) 1 2,3(3) 3,4(4) l 1 - 1 1 14+ 7,8 1 1 1 15+ = - - - Abdominal segments IV 10+ 5-7 l l 2 1 1 Vv VI Vil Vill Xx ] I | l - 2 2 2 10-13+ ] | | 1 ] 1 | 1 | 7,8(7) | 46 2,3(2) | ] 4-6(5) 1 1 3-9 | ~ | ! 12-16 - - 9-13 6-8(8) 1 - - 4-6(4) 10-15 30-35+ 1 1 ile 6-9 1 1 5-6 3 3,4(4) 3 10-15 7 = - 1 1 1 = - 1 30+ 8,9(9) = = 162 R.E. HARBACH AND E.L. PEYTON Table 11. Numbers of branches for setae of fourth-instar larvae of Onirion regale. Range (mode) based on four specimens (eight setae) from Costa Rica. Head Thorax Abdominal segments Seta Cc P M T I II Il IV Vv VI VII Vill X 0 1 7-110) - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 = 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 4-10(6) 1 2 - 1 1 1 1 1 i I 1 1 1,2(1) 1 1 3 1 2 | 2.3(3) 1 1 i 1 1 1 1 3-6(6) 1 4 1 10-12(11) 1 4,5(5) 4-7(5) 48 1 1 6,7(6) 2 1 1 5-10(5) 5 1 1 1 1 2-4(2) 1-4(3) 1,2(2) 2 2 2 4-6(5) 1 - 6 1 1 1 2-6(2) 5,6(6) 3-5(4) ? 2 ? ? 9-16(12) ~ - 7 1 8-12(11) 2,3(2) 11-13(11) 6,7(7) 3-6(4) 7-14(11) 8-14(13) 7-11(9) 4-6(5) 1 - - 8 12 3,4(4) 4,5(4) 6-11(9) - 1 3-5(5) 4-6(4) 4,5(5) 6-11(9) 14-19(16) | 1-S, 1 2316) 1 2 11-14(11) 1,2(1) 1 1 I 1 1 3-5(4) la-S, 1-3(2) 10 = 3,4(3) 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5,6(6) 1,2(2) 2a-S, 2-6(5) 11 3-5(4) 2,3(2) 2,3 5,6(5) 1 1-3(3) 2-4(4) 3,4 3-5(4) 7-12(9) 4,5(4) ~ - 12 4 1 1 1 = 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - 13) 2,36) — 10-13(11) 8-10(8) 1! 1 1 1 1 21-31(26) 6-8(7) ~ - 14 1 1-3(1) 7-13 - 7 ~ ~ - - - - 1 - 15 4) - - - ~ ~ - ~ - ~ Table 12. Numbers of branches for setae of pupae of Onirion aenigma. Range (mode) based on three specimens (six setae) from Peru. Cephalothorax Abdominal segments Paddle Seta Ci I II Il IV Vv VI VII VII IX P 0 - - l 1 I 1 1 1 1 - ~ 1 2 85+ 3,4(4) 1,2(1) 1 1 1,2(1) 1 - - - 2 2-4(4) 1,2(1) 1 1 1 1 1 1 - — - 3 1,2(2) 1 l 1,2(1) 1-3(2) 14(3) 2,3(2) 1,2(1) 4 1-3(2) 5-7(7) 4-6(5) 2,3(2) 3-6(4) 3-6(4) 1-3(3) 1 1 - - 5 1,2(1) 1,2(1) 1 2-4(2) 1-3(1) 1-3(1) 1-3(1) 2-5(2) - - - 6 1,2(2) 1 1 1 1 1,2(1) i 1-6(3) - - - 7 232) 1-3(2) = 1-3(2) 2,3(3) 2-5(3) 3-5(4) 1-3(1) | 8 I - ~ 4-7(5) 1-5(2) 1,2(2) 2-4(3) 5-11(11) 9 1 1 1 1 I 1 9-13(11) 15-1917) = - 10 1 OL 1,2(1) 1 1 1,2(1) iI 1 - - - 11 2,3(2) 0,1 0,1(1)* 1,2(1) 1,2(2) 1-3(2) 3-5(3) 1 - - - 12 1 - - - - - - ~ - = - 13 - - - - ~ - - - 14 - ~ - - - - - - 1 - = * Sometimes alveolus present without seta. SYSTEMATICS OF ONIRION GEN.N. 163 Table 13. Numbers of branches for setae of fourth-instar larvae of Onirion aenigma. Range (mode) based on three specimens (six setae) from Peru. Head Thorax Abdominal segments Seta C P M Ae I I I IV Vv VI VII VIII x 0 eaais(4)) = + Z 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 M I 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 2 I I 1 FAP I 2 - 1 1 I 1 I I I 1 I 1 l 1 3 1 2 1 2-4(3) 1 1 1 1 I 1 l 4-6(6) l 4 6 10(8). 1 4,5 5-8(8) 4-8(6) I 1 4-10(8) 24(3) 1 1,2(1) 4-7(7) 5 I | I I 2-473) 1-3(2) 1 l 1 I 4-6(6) I = 6 I | I 2 34-75) a4 I 2 ? l 10-19 = = 7 I 9-12 2,3(3) 9-11(10) 6-9(6) 4-7(6) 12-20(12) 8-13(12) 10-15(12) 5,6(6) 1 = = Simes-s7e 5 | LO-17d4). = I 4,5(5) 2-4(4) 3-5. 7-109) 22-29 1-S, I 9 2,3(2) I 1,2 10-13 I l I I 1,2(1) | 3-9 Se Mey) 10 232). 2 2 I | l I l l 5-6(5) 24(3)| 2a-S, 3-6(4) 11 6-8(8) 24(3) 2-5(4) 3-5(4) I 3,4(3) —3,4(3) 2A(3) 25 (4) 7-A16 (10) ne 4-5 (2) ne 14-76) 1 2 l = I 1 | I I I = = 13 4 — 11-20(14) 7,8(8) I 1 | I I 36-48 4-8(5) & Z 14 1 2 15-19119) —- ~ - - - - - - l - [Sing - x ~ = = = = = = = x 2 11. Seta 13-P: (0) absent; (1) present. APPENDIX 1 12. Seta 8-M: (0) absent; (1) present. Anatomical characters used in the cladistic analysis. i aie ay sate id i ere ak ta: See Harbach & Kitching (1998) for discussion and (palmate); (1) with normal stem-like branches. illustrations of the characters. See Appendix 2 for 14. Setae 6,7-L1I: (0) single main stem with numer- character state(s) observed in the analysed taxa. ous regularly arranged branches arising on either Bemiaeleourih-instars) side (plumose); (1) one or more main stems with- out plumose branching. 1. Hypostomal suture: (QO) short to absent, not reach- 15. Seta 12-I: (0) absent; (1) present. ing posterior tentorial pit; (1) complete to posterior 16. Seta 5-VIII: (0) removed from seta 4, well below tentorial pit. level of dorsal margin of segment X; (1) close to 2. Occipital foramen: (0) circular to oval; (1) trans- seta 4, usually near or above level of dorsal mar- verse and slit-like. gin of segment X. 3. Maxillary palpus: (0) appended to maxillary body; 17. Comb: (0) absent; (1) present. (1) fused with maxillary body. 18. Comb plate: (0) absent or weakly developed; (1) 4. Hypostomal sclerite: (0) part of lateralia; (1) nar- present, well developed. rowly attached to lateralia; (2) detached from 19. Siphon (degree of development): (0) absent; (1) lateralia. lobe with a narrow posterior band of sclerotized 5. Hypostomal sclerite and maxillary palpus: (0) cuticle; (2) short tube with separate anterior and separate; (1) fused. posterior sclerites; (3) elongate fully sclerotized 6. Hypostomal sclerite and maxillary body: (0) sepa- tube. rate; (1) fused. 20. Seta J-S: (0) inserted at base of siphon; (1) inserted 7. Apical process of maxilla: (0) absent; (1) present. beyond base of siphon. 8. Maxillary brush: (0) composed of independent 21. Pecten: (0) absent; (1) composed of spines; (2) spicules; (1) represented by a flexible bundle of composed of filaments. coalesced spicules; (2) represented by a solid 22. Accessory setae of siphon (other than 1,2-S): (O) claw-like structure without evidence of individual absent; (1) present. elements. 23. Saddle: (0) absent; (1) incomplete; (2) complete, 9. Seta 2-C: (0) absent; (1) present. forming a ring around segment X. 10. Seta 3-C: (0) absent; (1) present, on oral surface of 24. Pairs of seta 4-X: (0) absent; (1) one pair; (2) 2 head; (2) present, on adoral surface of head. pairs; (3) 4 pairs; (4) usually 25 pairs. 164 Pupae D5 33. 34. 3), 36. . Dorsal apotome: (0) evenly sclerotized, appearing as a single sclerite; (1) weakly sclerotized medi- ally, appearing as two sclerites joined by membrane. Trumpet: (0) supporting tubercle absent; (1) present. . Tracheoid area of trumpet: (0) absent; (1) present. . Seta 1-CT (degree of development): (0) absent; (1) normal, similar in development to setae 2,3- CT; (2) very strongly developed, considerably larger than setae 2,3-CT. Seta 14-III-VII: (0) absent; (1) present. Seta 9-IV—-VII: (QO) at or very near caudolateral angle of tergum; (1) removed from caudolateral angle of tergum. . Seta 0-VITI: (0) inserted on anterior area of tergum; (1) inserted at mid-length or on posterior area of tergum. . Seta 9-VIIT: (0) ventral in insertion; (1) dorsal in insertion; (2) inserted midway between dorsal and ventral surfaces. Seta 14-VIII: (QO) absent; (1) approximated; (2) widely separated. Seta 1-IX: (0) absent; (1) present. Seta 1-XI: (0) absent; (1) present. Paddle seta(e): (0) absent; (1) present. Adults (both sexes except where otherwise indicated) 37 38. 39) 40. 41. 42 43. . Erect scales of head: (0) absent; (1) few and restricted to occiput; (2) numerous and not re- stricted to occiput. Interocular space (principally females): (0) con- stricted, without scales/setae extending to postfrontal sutures; (1) broader with scales/setae extending to postfrontal sutures. Interantennal ridge (females): (0) complete, with very short or conjoined dorsal arms reaching postfrontal sutures and engulfing frontal pit (when evident); (1) incomplete in dorsal area of postfrons, with frontal pit reinforced by cuticular ring associ- ated with postfrontal sutures; (2) entirely absent from postfrons, with discrete frontal pit usually removed from postfrontal sutures. Interantennal ridge (males): (0) complete in postfrons; (1) incomplete (absent) in postfrons. Basal microsetae of antennal pedicel: (0) absent; (1) present. . Apical flagellomeres (males): (0) one or both (usually) of two apical flagellomeres dispropor- tionately long compared with the other flagellomeres; (1) these flagellomeres not dispro- portionately long in comparison with the others. Maxillary palpomeres (females): (0) five fully developed; (1) four, fifth vestigial or absent; (2) three, fourth vestigial or absent; (3) two, third vestigial if present; (4) one. 44. 45. 46. 47. 69. 70. TAs TP. DBs R.E. HARBACH AND E.L. PEYTON Maxillary palpomeres (males): (0) five; (1) four: (2) three, fourth vestigial or absent; (3) two, third vestigial or absent; (4) one. Mouthparts: (0) short, not developed into a pro- boscis; (1) long, developed into a proboscis. Labellum: (0) comprising two separate sclerites; (1) comprising partially (ventrally) fused proxi- mal and distal sclerites; (2) comprising a single sclerite. Proximal sclerite of labellum: (O) absent or unrec- ognisably fused with distal sclerite; (1) short, similar in size to distal sclerite; (2) elongate, distinctly longer than distal sclerite. . Labellar scaling: (0) absent; (1) present. . Antepronota: (Q) large and approximated; (1) smaller (usually) and more widely separated. . Acrostichal setae: (0) absent; (1) present. . Dorsocentral setae: (0) absent; (1) present. . Scutellum: (0) evenly rounded; (1) trilobed. . Mesopostnotal setae and/or scales: (0) absent; (1) present. . Paratergite: (0) bare; (1) with scales or setae. . Postpronotal setae: (0) absent; (1) present. . Prespiracular setae: (0) absent; (1) present. . Postspiracular setae: (QO) absent; (1) present. . Prealar setae: (0) absent; (1) present. . Upper mesokatepisternal setae: (0) absent; (1) present. . Lower mesepimeral seta(e): (0) absent; (1) present. . Metepisternal scales: (0) absent; (1) present. . Upper calypter: (O) bare; (1) with one or more setae or hair-like scales. . Vestiture of alula: (0) absent; (1) present. . Vein R, with basal spur: (0) absent; (1) present. . Vein R,: (O) shorter than vein R a4; (1) equal or longer than vein R,_, . Precubital furrow: (0) absent; (1) present. . Anal vein: (0) ends before or at junction of mcu and CuA; (1) ends beyond junction of mcu and CuA. . Microtrichia of wing membrane: (0) minute, incon- spicuous at low magnification; (1) distinct, clearly visible at low magnification. Tarsomere I of fore- and midlegs: (0) shorter than tarsomeres 2—5 combined; (1) longer than tarsomeres 2—5 combined. Base of hindcoxa: (0) well below dorsal margin of mesomeron; (1) more or less in line with or slightly above dorsal margin of mesomeron. Pulvilli: (0) absent or rudimentary (inconspicu- ous); (1) distinctly developed (conspicuous). Spermathecal capsules (females): (0) one; (1) three. Paraprocts (males): (0) absent or only weakly developed; (1) strongly developed, apex without crown of spicules; (2) strongly developed, apex with crown of spicules. ——— 165 SYSTEMATICS OF ONIRION GEN.N. APPENDIX 2 Data matrix for forty-three genera and seventy-three anatomical characters used in the cladistic analysis. Phoniomyia is included as a genus because it was a valid genus when Harbach & Kitching (1998) constructed the data matrix that was expanded to include Onirion. Phoniomyia was recently reduced to subgeneric status within Wyeomyia (Judd, 1998b), but was retained as a genus in the present analysis for convenience. This also applies to Bironella, which Sallum et al. (2000) synonymised with Anopheles, and Verrallina, Ayurakitia and Ochlerotatus, which Reinert (1999, 2000a and 20005, respectively) elevated from subgeneric status within Aedes. Navarro & Liria (2000) proposed the reduction of Deinocerites to subgeneric status within Culex, but we prefer to recognize it as a separate genus for the time being. ED BAe Me De oe 2) Gh ack So) 2 4D 1 3. 4 2, 1 Oe ee) SOF CORP FOR CORP HP HP RP RP PR RP RP RP HP RP HR RP RR HPP HP SPR HP Re HH RHP HAR ee a A A ice Ra RRS oA On i Og ee Sea at ee “=—=“OO rNwrw wee es SB re Se te ee ca 2 SS See ee ee ee ae ge ee eS eS Oe ee ar 2 Se eS ee COCOCF On HP On HF On RP Be Re Re eG Aoowteueosctaeosasaqeoaoo eae Se ae Sas eee aSeSaaaeaga eS eee SSS Sea a si Seta ee Sar = MAMNOMNMN HH MH HNAMNAMNAMANAMNAMNMNAMNANMNAMNANMNANMNMNAMNAMNMNMNMNAMNM|MMAMNANMNAMNMAMMMNMNMM M S18 Sol SO Oe S Ore SC CO. 1.9 SO CO. 0 9 OSS OS OSS OS SOS OS OSS OS SCOCOFP HF OR COR HB RP BR RP RP HP RP HP RP RR RRP RP RRP RP RRR eA se A COOnM Re Se SOC CO COO O CCH OC COCO HC COR HH OH HH HH OH CH OH HOS OH SCO H a.41.6 6 S.0 <2 SS SS ot ot Omwrrwr Oenr CCC OCOnr Orr Or onrcococoo7cooco=7 dd Saiitanianiienitentian! SA COR SP RP FR RP SP RP HP PR RP RR HPP RP FR RP RP RH BPH ee eee AS alianiianiieniianiian! ee Oe ee ee ee ee ee eee eT ee a iy Se pe) re ee ee Rr Ee ae yee eee Ree C= ne Sooo eo eGo = Oss OE 6G Oo Co Oo oO 2:90 02 0 So 0 0 oi] © Oo 2 2S Oo ©.o oO oOo = © OO ANN MFNANANAAANAANADCANDOAAANA SB wr AIN RAN TFTA TRA Rwy DAPIANwrwEAA SS SS SO OS OS SO. 1 SO OO © OS © Oo Oo CG oO © SG © ©: 3S 210.0 S''o.9 S'S So 'o o.© Sees eeceooosceo see eee Ses aaS6.o So oS Sco Sea Seine ecooe os Soo eo qcoe ecveceorooqooqoqoqcoo oo Ss se Saou CO as COS OS SS et On SS © = Se@qoodoeeoodoceoooaocqcoqoooooooo ocreH=as=sO Qo one od © o= So oo co 2 2 © ScOoCOoOth COCO COC CCC OC CCC OC OH CCC CC OCS OCC COCO COC OHHOCSCSO SS CI IR ye ee a RT ATR CWSI TE BOATS) TR SCT CT UTS =——=—es oO CGoqcooooqoocn oe ooo oqoqcoqoononoqooooqoo od © Oo =o oo Oo 2 2 oS eqooocoquunreqcoooqeqoqooqoqoqceqocooxxnenmsOo Oooo eooe ore Ont oOooo co oO See HP OFR FOR OR SR Se Re RS Ss Sata rea OO) Se) et 3 S : 3 2 S gs Ss Sse 283 AS s EVGnauelt Co Ceveln- = SESES RSTSS SETST LESSER ERS SSeS SS SSS PETS ESSE = Venw KFS = iv) ~ SA SL SSSSse Fess SSSR RFESES SASS SS SSF F2ESASSEESSE — — O OO OO OF 2 Ou 1 POG Zeugnomyia R.E. HARBACH AND E.L. PEYTON 166 Appendix 2, continued. 262 25.23 3 8 8 Bp BSS B33 4 4.4 4A AAR ea Of 8 9. 0 Digs) 4. 5 16 8) 29) AO 2 33 oe OREO) Oo O 1 1 1 1 10 O 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 i 1 Corethrella Eucorethra Mochlonyx OO Oro Oo Wil Ae a Gah eg 1 1 0 OR UM OR 10) 9 (0) tl 3 Nothodixa 0) O © 2 Aedeomyia Aedes 1 LOE AO LE OO ZO Oe IE WA OL tk tl 1 1 Anopheles 0G 10 2° 0 Armigeres Bironella Pi (0) Vibe 0 © O Ol O © il HS 2, gl op 10) ol) We ol @ @ 2 0 Chagasia i 1 Coquillettidia Culex 0 0 Culiseta Sen il een ee Bl oe i oe i Deinocerites 1 Eretmapodites 0 0 2 Ficalbia 0) 0 1 Galindomyia 1 D) @) it 0 1 Haemagogus Heizmannia Hodgesia Ones 0 1 0) 2, 0) = 10) 0 2 @ O @ 2 al 0 1 OF OO Ol WA Wile Ps i ee A ee ee | 0 @ 2 W Isostomyia 0 2 @ Johnbelkinia Limatus Malaya Mansonia 00 2 Maorigoeldia Mimomyia Opifex Onirion 1 1 Orthopodomyia 0 O Phoniomyia 0 O42 0 OO O O 3 i 1 0 @ 2 0 Psorophora Runchomyia Sabethes Sul 0 L OO 2 OU WOW OM 3 YG 2 Y 0 VOSA O t 2 O27 Oo Oo WO I Shannoniana Topomyia il oO O09 20 OO O © 3 @ O 2 ON 1 0) Ok th HO 2-0 WO 1 i Toxorhynchites 0 0 2 O 0) 3 1 Trichoprosopon0 0 2 O Tripteroides Udaya 1 @) @ 2 oO 2 © © 0 oO 0 2 O OY WWM 3 Yo 0 2 @ © OFZ 2 0 Uranotaenia Wyeomyia Bis UL 1 1 0) 2 0 0 1 Zeugnomyia 167 SYSTEMATICS OF ONIRION GEN.N. Appendix 2, continued. Seo) SD) 6 eee 0) Or BO 6 eG On Of O16) 26: oan TIT 3 2 APES EON AES Dee Ory 23: TA DOTS, OL (Obed a2 1.3 1 roe) = = eo eee ee ee St oe Sa] SOS Sens ja a SS = Saaaoeea Se ere Sassen SaaS Sag s SHSCCSCC COCO OH OH OOH OOO OOOO OOO OOOO COO OC COO C SCS Sos cease neeseseess See eossaoSsS6 OoSe see eae aeeea ae er SSoOOH OOOO COO COCO OO COCO COC OO COOH OCC CCC OC CC CS a yet eh Rn eee a ee ee ee ee ne on ohne Neb oe See ee ee) eee ee S(t See Seer SeCoCoOoOH OH OCoOoC OC OOOO oC COCO Oo COO OOO COO oO oOHOOSSCO roi he 2) ee ee ee ee een | ee SaeSee oan 5 Saace< Soo ceoo4tommeeooeooocoootroseetoSenteCeeooeceoentHteomMSeSoScse SSS SE SSS sasaaanSeaeeaaaaeaaaecSasraaaasnasSeceeas Se) SS) Sete ee Ssa0 a Se Sree Ste Sai SS StS SS Jao SSS a Soo Ss SoCo oO oo OO OC OC OOOO COC COCOA O CCC COCO COO OH COC OSSCCS Some seioe cio tt i olor Soros ono olor loro oon tororon-o ee Ss oa SS So oo SSS oS oo Soo Somos aS Se = 6 SS Stet eter St ete Se Ses tet eye SS Sere soococomcocmoSceeonoo-Soo Sooo SoOMOooOtB OOo mM OC OoOOSCoOOOoOmSS a Wena eM a eewe Hee ane) fe) Cy ee =) ep ee ey Se oe en er ae Se eWay So) Sh Sy 2, SS) Snes) Ske as Se) Ss) SS Se SSCCOHSOHOHOOCH OOOOH HOO OO OOOO O OOO OOOO OOOOH SCS SSSeeeeoooeeseese ses Seas Teoooeeetesesnsseeosasecs SS eS tet ett et a ee arn ee (ee Oe ees SS SS St S23 SSS So or Sos Sa SoM Oto oOCOoOoOSooomS 3 me 8 er 3 3 aS = tS) 2 3. sERs 8 SS ee 28 SSe 38 ssa sige eas Eig OIL £8 S = PSs iS je Ske F OSs ae. ESS Ske SSeS eS os & SESE S RSP SSL SSPSS EASES TESTERS SS SES LEE SS aS E = Vs ££ $ at N ~ SAS is) SESS SS ESS SSS SGESSAE SSASIIESS SELESS SSE ESSE Zeugnomyia 168 R.E. HARBACH AND E.L. PEYTON APPENDIX 3 Character state changes of relevant characters on the branches of the cladogram (Fig. 1B) obtained when the constant of concavity, K, in PIWE is set to 1. Changes are not listed for Culicini and terminal taxa. Node 58 ch. 8:0 42 Node 59 ch. 8:05 1 Node 60 ch. 64:0 > 1 Node 61 ch. 6:0 > 1 Node 62 ch. 49: 1 > 0 Node 63 New Taxa aenigma, sp.n. celatum, sp.n. imparis, sp.n. Onirion, gen.n. regale, sp.n. ch. 2:0 1 ch. 42:0 1 ch. 62: 1 > Node 64 ch. 2:0 > 1 ch. 37:1 30 ch. 42:05 1 ch. 61:05 1 ch. 62: 1 > 0 Node 66 ch. 55: 130 Node 67 Chy os: Node 68 chao: Node 69 ch. 43 ch. 44 ch. 47: ch. 59: ch. 70 0-1 1-0 12. >.3 22> 3 1>2 130 [051 CONSPECTUS OF TAXONOMIC CHANGES Node 70 ch. 7:0 1 ch: 10:2 > 1 ch. 15:1 30 ch. 16:0 1 ch. 24:4 > 1 ch. 27:10 ch. 28: 1 32 ch. 36: 1 > 2 ch. 39:1 33 ch. 56:0 > 1 Changes in Taxonomic Status Wyeomyia brucei, to specific rank, from Wyeomyia to Onirion Wyeomyia belkini, synonymy with brucei Goeldia luederwaldti, synonymy with personatum Wyeomyia sirivanakarni, from Wyeomyia to Onirion Dendromyia personata, from Wyeomyia to Onirion SYSTEMATICS OF ONIRION GEN.N. 169 TAXONOMIC INDEX Synonyms are in italics; main citations are in bold. Aedeomyia, 165, 166, 167 Aedes, 165, 166, 167 aenigma, 120, 122, 123, 124, 126, 128, 129, 131, 132-133, 138, 155, 156, 157, 162, 163, 168 albicosta (Orthopodomyia), 126, 131 Anopheles, 122, 165, 166, 167 aporonoma (Wyeomyia), 124, 125, 126 appendiculata (Corethrella), 126 Armigeres, 165, 166, 167 aurescens (Sabethes), 126 Ayurakitia, 166 babahoyensis (Culex), 132 belkini, 117, 122, 127, 128, 129, 168 Bironella, 122, 165, 166, 167 brucei (Onirion), 120, 122, 123, 124, 126, 127-128, 129, 133, 137, 139, 144, 145, 146, 147, 155, 157, 159, 168 brucei (Wyeomyia), 117, 125, 126, 127, 128, 168 Brucei Group, 122, 133 celatum, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 126, 128-129, 137, 148, 149, 150, 155, 157, 160, 168 Chagasia, 165, 166, 167 Coquillettidia, 165, 166, 167 Corethrella, 165, 166, 167 Culex, 165, 166, 167 Culiseta, 165, 166, 167 cyaneus (Sabethes), 132 Deinocerites, 165, 166, 167 Dendromyia, 117, 118 digitatum (Trichoprosopon), 126 Eretmapodites, 165, 166, 167 Eucorethra, 165, 166, 167 Exallomyia, 121 Ficalbia, 165, 166, 167 fluviatilis (Shannoniana), 126 Galindomyia, 165, 166, 167 hadrognathus (Sabethes), 132 Haemagogus, 165, 166, 167 Heizmannia, 165, 166, 167 Hodgesia, 165, 166, 167 identicus (Sabethes), 132 imitator (Culex), 126 imparis, 122, 123, 124, 130-132, 133, 138, 151, 152, 153, 155, 157, 161, 168 Isogoeldia, 118 Isostomyia, 117, 118, 122, 123, 165, 166, 167 Johnbelkinia, 117, 122, 123, 165, 166, 167 limai (Wyeomyia), 126 Limatus, 117, 122, 165, 166, 167 luederwaldti (Goeldia), 124, 125, 126, 127, 168 Malaya, 165, 166, 167 Mansonia, 165, 166, 167 Maorigoeldia, 117, 165, 166, 167 melanocephala (Wyeomyia), 117 Mimomyia, 165, 166, 167 Mochlonyx, 165, 166, 167 neglectus (Culex), 126 Nothodixa, 165, 166, 167 oblita (Wyeomyia), 126 Ochlerotatus, 166 Onirion, 117, 118-122, 123, 126, 129, 130, 136, 137, 138, 139, 155, 157, 165, 166, 167 Opifex, 165, 166, 167 Orthopodomyia, 128, 165, 166, 167 pallidiventer (Trichoprosopon), 126, 131 personata, 117, 118, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 130, 131, 132, 168 personatum, 122, 123, 124—127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 137, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 155, 157, 158, 168 Personatum Group, 122, 132, 133 Phoniomyia, 117, 122, 165, 166, 167 Psorophora, 165, 166, 167 Rachisoura, 122 regale, 122, 123, 124, 126, 130, 132, 138, 139, 151, 153, 154, 155, 157, 162, 168 Runchomyia, 117, 122, 123, 165, 166, 167 Sabethes, 117, 122, 165, 166, 167 Sabethes group, 122, 123 Shannoniana, 117, 122, 123, 165, 166, 167 sirivanakarni, 117, 120, 122, 123, 124, 129-130, 131, 138, 148, 150, 155, 157, 168 soperi (Culex), 126 sp 34 (Wyeomyia), 130 sp 52 (Wyeomyia), 129 sp 62 (Wyeomyia), 132 subgenus B (Wyeomyia), 117, 118, 125, 129, 130, 132 Topomyia, 165, 166, 167 Toxorhynchites, 122, 165, 166, 167 Triamyia, //8 Trichoprosopon, 117, 122, 123, 125, 126, 128, 165, 166, 167 Trichoprosopon group, 122 Tripteroides, 117, 122, 165, 166, 167 Udaya, 165, 166, 167 undosus (Sabethes), 131 Uranotaenia, 165, 166, 167 Verrallina, 165 Wyeomyia, 117, 121, 122, 126, 128, 132, 133, 165, 166, 167, 168 Zeugnomyia, 165, 166, 167 Bull. nat. Hist. Mus. Lond. (Ent.) 69(2):171—221 Issued 30 November 2000 The Simuliidae (Diptera) of the secondary onchocerciasis focus at Minagu in central Brazil. 5.0/4.6) A.J. SHELLEY Biomedical Sciences Theme, Department of Entomology, The Natural History Museum, London, UK. M. MAIA-HERZOG Departamento de Entomologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. C.A. LOWRY Biomedical Sciences Theme, Department of Entomology, The Natural History Museum, London, UK. A.P.A. LUNA DIAS Departamento de Entomologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. P.R. GARRITANO Departamento de Entomologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. A. SHELLEY Biomedical Sciences Theme, Department of Entomology, The Natural History Museum, London, UK. M. CAMARGO Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Goids, Goids, Brasil. H.G. CARTER Biomedical Sciences Theme, Department of Entomology, The Natural History Museum, London, UK. CONTENTS SS ELC PSUS Hi cieg «cess xeduck vaest cs. veatess vtdbnntestebatiisecdikhaedesetsactvidscrss NIG ING HL OMS: Sree ans hastens sea avareahee ae knee reeb la Sekeseconecenarsnzee MiratemalsanGlMethod sircsce-. tstrncsesecaseonestasccesesseovenectvccstere PAC KHOWIEUSEIMENIES va Sl Weta, Auta danresaan tna tslvacs, Minagu 188 A.J. SHELLEY ETAL. - 4 oe: wa ey, 4 4 “4. - ; < Po. - Se Se eee ee ea cael teh FPN Pe Ee OI we a P * . Ss naaf 55 oe re Anat ——, npc — et EP aL ep Figs. 2-10. 2. Wing of S. nigrimanum showing setae on subcostal and basal sector of Radius veins. 3. Claw of hind leg of S. nigrimanum showing tooth. 4. Scale on hind leg of S. incrustatum. 5. Spermatheca of S. exiguum s.l. showing membranous insertion of spermathecal duct. 6. Spermatheca of S. cuasiexiguum showing sclerotised area of insertion of spermathecal duct. 7. Spermatheca of S. auripellitum showing internal spicules. 8. Male abdomen of S. exiguum s.l. showing areas of j pruinosity on tergites II, V- VII. 9. Slipper-shaped cocoon of S. subpallidum. 10. Shoe-shaped cocoon of S. guianense s.I. SIMULIIDAE OF THE SECONDARY ONCHOCERCIASIS FOCUS 189 nudiocular area frontal dilation Figs.11-20. Nudiocular areas of: 11. S. spinibranchium; 12. S. subpallidum; 13. S. exiguum s.l.; 14. S. auripellitum; 15. S. auripellitum (anchor pattern); 16. S. incrustatum; 17. S. minusculum; 18. S. lutzianum; 19. S. guianense s.1.; 20. S. nigrimanum. 190 A.J. SHELLEY ET AL. Figs: 21-30. Cibariums of: 21. S. spinibranchium ; 22. S. subpallidum; 23. S. exiguum s.1.; 24. S. auripellitum; 25. S. auripellitum (anchor pattern); 26. S. incrustatum; 27. S. minusculum; 28. S.lutzianum; 29. S. guianense s.1.;. 30. S. nigrimanum. SIMULIIDAE OF THE SECONDARY ONCHOCERCIASIS FOCUS 19] Figs. 31-41. Scutal patterns of female: 31. S. spinibranchium (light source anterior); 32. S. spinibranchium (light source posterior); 33. S. subpallidum (light source anterior); 34. S. subpallidum (light source posterior) ; 35. S. exiguum s.1.; 36. S. auripellitum holotype (light source anterior); 37. S. auripellitum holotype (light source posterior); 38. S. auripellitum (light source anterior); 39. S. auripellitum (light source posterior); 40. S.auripellitum (anchor pattern) (light source anterior); 41. S. auripellitum (anchor pattern) (light source posterior). 192 A.J. SHELLEY ETAL. iw o Figs. 42-48. Scutal patterns of female: 42. S. incrustatum (light source anterior); 43. S. incrustatum (light source posterior); 44. S. minusculum (light source anterior); 45. S. minusculum (light source posterior); 46. S. lutzianum; 47. S. guianense s.1.; 48. S. nigrimanum. SIMULIIDAE OF THE SECONDARY ONCHOCERCIASIS FOCUS 193 Figs. 49-51. Colour patterns and proportions of fore, mid and hind legs of female: 49. S. spinibranchium; 50. S. subpallidum; 51. S. exiguum s.l.. 194 A.J. SHELLEY ET AL. Figs. 52-54. Colour patterns and proportions of fore, mid and hind legs of female: 52. S. auripellitum; 53. S. incrustatum; 54. S. minusculum. SIMULIIDAE OF THE SECONDARY ONCHOCERCIASIS FOCUS HOS Figs. 55-57. Colour patterns and proportions of fore, mid and hind legs of female: 55. S. lutzianum; 56. S. guianense s.l.; 57. S. nigrimanum. 196 A.J. SHELLEY ET AL. Figs. 58-67. Eighth sternite and gonopophyses of: 58. S. spinibranchium; 59. S. subpallidum; 60. S. exiguum s.1.; 61. S. cuasiexiguum; 62. S. auripellitum; 63. S. incrustatum; 64. S. minusculum; 65. S. lutzianum; 66. S. guianense s.1.; 67. S. nigrimanum. ; SIMULIIDAE OF THE SECONDARY ONCHOCERCIASIS FOCUS 197 Figs.68-77. Paraproct of: 68. S. spinibranchium; 69. S. subpallidum; 70. S. exiguum s.1.; 71. S. cuasiexiguum; 72. S. auripellitum, 73. S. incrustatum; 74. S. minusculum; 75 . S. lutzianum; 76. S. guianense s.l.; 77. S. nigrimanum. 198 A.J. SHELLEY ET AL. Tiny, 83 Figs. 78-86. Genital fork of: 78. S. spinibranchium; 79. S. subpallidum; 80. S. exiguum s.l.; 81. S. auripellitum; 82. S. incrustatum; 83. S. minusculum, 84. S. lutzianum; 85. S. guianense s.l.; 86. S. nigrimanum. SIMULIIDAE OF THE SECONDARY ONCHOCERCIASIS FOCUS 199 Figs. 87-97. Scutal patterns of male: 87. S. spinibranchium; 88. S. subpallidum; 89. S. exiguum s.1.; 90. S. auripellitum: 91. S. incrustatum; 92. S. minusculum; 93. S. minusculum (with reduced submedian bands); 94. S. lutzianum; 95. S . guianense s./. (light source anterior); 96. S. guianense s.I. (light source posterior); 97. S. nigrimanum. 200 A.J. SHELLEY ET AL. Figs. 98-107. Gonocoxite and gonostyle of: 98. S. spinibranchium; 99. S. subpallidum; 100. S. exiguum s.1.; 101. S. cuasiexiguum; 102. S. auripellitum; 103. S. incrustatum; 104. S. minusculum; 105. S. lutzianum; 106. S. guianense s.1.; 107. S. nigrimanum (with distal part of gonostyle magnified to show spines). SIMULIIDAE OF THE SECONDARY ONCHOCERCIASIS FOCUS 201 Figs. 108-113. Ventral plate (ventral view) and median sclerite of: 108. S. spinibranchium; 109. S. subpallidum; 110. S. exiguum S.l.; 111. S. cuasiexiguum; 112. S. auripellitum; 113. S. incrustatum. 202 A.J. SHELLEY ETAL. @ — Figs. 114-117. Ventral plate (ventral view) and median sclerite of : 114. S. minusculum,; 115. S. lutzianum; 116. S. guianense S.l.; 117. S. nigrimanum. SIMULIIDAE OF THE SECONDARY ONCHOCERCIASIS FOCUS 203 Figs. 118-126. Paramere of: 118. S. spinibranchium; 119. S. subpallidum; 120. S. exiguum s.1.; 121. S. auripellitum; 122. S. incrustatum, 123. S. minusculum; 124. S. lutzianum; 125. S. guianense s.1.; 126. S. nigrimanum. 204 A.J. SHELLEY ET AL. Figs. 127-132. Pupal gill of: 127. S. spinibranchium; 128. S. subpallidum; 129. S. exiguum s.1.; 130. S. cuasiexiguum; 131. S. auripellitum; 132. S. incrustatum. 205 SIMULIIDAE OF THE SECONDARY ONCHOCERCIASIS FOCUS 134 Figs. 133-137. Pupal gill of: 133. S. angrense; 134. S. minusculum; 135. S. lutzianum; 136. S. guianense s.1.; 137. S. nigrimanum. 206 A.J. SHELLEY ET AL. 140 A “, a f a4 a SS 14 we 142a 142b 144 Figs. 138-147. Cocoon texture of: 138. S. subpallidum; 139. S. exiguum s.l.; 140. S. lutzianum. Trichomes of pupa of: 141. S. subpallidum, 142a &b. S. exiguum s.1.; 143. S. auripellitum; 144. S. auripellitum (anchor pattern); 145. S. angrense (with part of frontoclypeus). Frontoclypeus showing presence or absence of tubercles: 146. S. exiguum s.l.; 147. S. minusculum. 207 SIMULIIDAE OF THE SECONDARY ONCHOCERCIASIS FOCUS winuewl61u asueuein6 wnue!z}N} wunye}snJoul uunjnosnuiw ‘[Ize1g Jo vore nSeulyy oy} ul sorsads prynuiis Jo spuno1s SuIpsslg ‘gpy ‘Sly uuinn6ixeiseno wunyijadune wnnbixe wnpiyjedqns uuniyouesqiuids Se eeeeseeseeseesseses Ol 02 O€ OV OS UIPIM JOA A.J. SHELLEY ET AL. + $ + . = : : + - - + - + - - - - - - - + - - - - + - - - + + 2 + es ; + : + = = + + + - + + + + + - - = - + - - - - - : + S + : = = - + - + + - + + + + + + + + = = - + = = “ = = z : = - + : = + + 2 = : : 5 5 * + : rs - - = + ‘ + = + + < = < : : = F z + - = + = + = 7 + - + . - : + 3 = ; + 2 + - . = + : + “ + eS - — - - - - - - + - - - - - + - - - - - wnuewl6iu esusueinb winueiqn| wnjnosnuiw wunjeysnsou! winyyjedune winn6ixeiseno winnBixe winpi|jedqns wniyoueiqiuids S5lOAdS 208 epsanbz) wabiew y suljueoo] Y aPIM WS 18AO eunyo4 epuaeze4 epianbz| wobel\| Cpueze 4 OIUOJUY “OS eBAeIg Burd OY SpIM WOE-0Z2 OJP8q OBS OY ees} WO+4 epueze OluUoJUYY “O}S Bpueze oequeonw oly oebidsy epueze4 epueze} aaoge Aseynqii} epueze} mojeq ebpug YiNY e}S Bpusezey ‘Je OVUOG Oly Blas ep esleoyoeg SPIM WOL-S eBueINqW/ OY apuesd o6a109 oujnr ap siog 0638109 (Ofl4) OluojuYy OFS Je WeAL}S eiajyeg O68109 apim WE uey} SSe7y ALIIW901 "Bare NSVUIPY OY} UT Sotoads pII]NUIIs Jo spuNoIs SuIpssig = *T e1qUL SIMULIIDAE OF THE SECONDARY ONCHOCERCIASIS FOCUS 209 APPENDIX Material examined The following specimens were examined during the prepara- tion of this paper. The depositaries for these specimens are the Entomology Departments of The Natural History Museum, London, England (BMNH) and the Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (IOC). Species are listed alphabetically under subgenus as follows: Simulium (Chirostilbia) spini- branchium, subpallidum; Simulium (Notolepria) exiguum, cuasiexiguum; Simulium (Psaroniocompsa) auripellitum, incrustatum, minusculum; Simulium (Psilopelmia) lutzianum; Simulium (Trichodagmia) guianense, nigrimanum. Simulium (Chirostilbia) spinibranchium Lutz BRAZIL Federal District PINNED SPIRIT SLIDE R. Santo Antonio de Descoberto, 1km below dam; 8.vi.1976, (A.J.Shelley) — 1213 (reared) (BMNH). Goias State PINNED Minagu area, Cachoeira da Areia; 7—8.vii.1986, (A.J.Shelley and A.P.A.Luna Dias) — 522333 (reared) (BMNH). Niquelandia-Minagu Rd., R. Buriti; 3.vi.1976, (A.J.Shelley) — 1216 (reared) (BMNH). Uruacu, Uruagu-Niquelandia road, stream; 15.v.1996 (S.Carvalho) — 13 (reared) (BMNH). SPIRIT Minacu area, Cachoeira da Areia; 8.vii.1986, (A.J.Shelley & A.PA.Luna Dias) — 2? 2333 (reared), numerous pupae (BMNH). SLIDE Cachoeira da Areia (site 761); 8.vii.1986, (A.J.Shelley & A.P.A.Luna Dias) —2? 2233 (reared), 1d _(dissected from pupa) (BMNH). Simulium (Chirostilbia) subpallidum Lutz BRAZIL Goias State PINNED Minagu area: Fazenda Santa Ruth, Rio Bonito; 19.vii.1995, 22-23.viii.1995, 9.viii.1996, (Percil) — 42 2433 (reared) (BMNH), 22.vii.1995, 29.ix1995, (M. Elias) — 82 233d¢ (reared) (BMNH). Rio Bonito (bridge) (site 742); 3.vii.1986, (A.P.A.Luna Dias) —1?2¢ 3 (reared) (BMNH). Tributary of Rio Bonito (site 745); 3.vii.1986, (A.RA.Luna Dias)—1?233 3 (reared) (BMNH). 1km from R. Santo Antonio da Cana Brava, Coérrego (site 754); 5.vii.1986, (A.J.Shelley & A.PA.Luna Dias) — 322136 (reared) (BMNH). Coérrego Grande (site 765); 9.vii.1986, (A.J. Shelley & A.P.A.Luna Dias) — 1216 (reared) (BMNH). Rio Cana Brava (site 1155); 15.viii.1996, (A.PA.Luna Dias & P.R.Garritano) — 1212 (Reared) (BMNH). On road from Minagu to Palmeiropolis, Fazenda Santo Antonio. 14.x.1991, (A.J.Shelley) — 222 (reared) (BMNH). Formoso-Trombos border, Corrego do Sapato (1167); 19.viii.1996, (A.P.A.Luna Dias & P.R.Garritano)— 1212 (reared) (BMNH). Formoso, Rio dos Bois (site 1154); 12.viii.1996, (A.P.A.Luna Dias & P.R.Garritano) — 1223 3 (reared) (BMNH). Ceres, Rio das Almas (site 769); 1986, (A.J.Shelley & A.P.A.Luna Dias)—13 (reared) (BMNH). SPIRIT Minacu area, R. Bonito; 26.v.1992, (C.Lowry & A.P.A.Luna Dias)—6? 216 (reared), 8 pupae (BMNH). Fazenda Margem Esquerda, Rio Cana Brava; 28.v.1992, (C.Lowry & A.P.A.Luna Dias) — 12 (reared) (BMNH). Fazenda Margem Esquerda, Rio Cana Brava; v.1992, (C. Lowry & A.PA. Luna Dias) — 42 253 3 (reared), 9 pupae (BMNH). Goias/Tocantins border, Rio Mucambao (below bridge); 30.v.1992, (C.Lowry & A.PA.Luna Dias) — 522233 (reared), numerous pupae (BMNH). Fazenda Fortuna do Isaac, Rio Mucambao; 1.vi.1992, (C. Lowry & A.PA. Luna Dias) — 1° (BMNH). SLIDE Minacu area, Ribeirao Bonito; 26.v.1992, (C.Lowry & A.P.A.Luna Dias) — 12 (reared), 12 (dissected from pupa), 13 (reared), 1¢ (dissected from pupa) (BMNH). Goias/ Tocantins border, Rio Mucambao (below bridge); 30.v.1992, (C.Lowry & A.P.A.Luna Dias) — 12 (reared) (BMNH). Para State PINNED TransAmazon Highway between Maracaja and Pacaja, Km 220, Igarapé do Setenta (site 903); 7.viii.1993, (A.J. Shelley, M.Maia-Herzog, A.P.A.Luna Dias) — 13 (reared)(BMNH). Parana State PINNED Fazenda do Iguacu, Corrego Pomba-Que (Itaipti); 8.x1.1980, (A.J. Shelley) —43 3 (reared) (BMNH). SPIRIT Fazenda do Iguacu, Corrego Pomba-Que (Itaipti); 8.xi.1980, (A.J.Shelley) — numerous pupae (BMNH). Pernambuco State PINNED Nova Reforma, 20kms before Catendo on road from Caruaro, R.Una (site 916); 19.viii.1983, (A.J.Shelley, M.Maia-Herzog, A.P.A.Luna Dias) — 922 (oviposition swarm) 1? (reared)(BMNH). Roraima State PINNED Nr. Bonfim, R. Arraia; 3.xii.1980, (A.J.Shelley & A.P.A.Luna Dias) — 12 (reared) (BMNH). Nr. Normandia; 3.xii.1989, (A.J.Shelley & A.P.A.Luna Dias)—2? 213 (reared) (BMNH). Vila Pereira, R. Surumu; 26.xi.1980, (A.J.Shelley & A.P.A.Luna Dias)—1 246 3 (reared) (BMNH). Nr. Boa Vista, R. Murupt; 19.14.1979, (A.J.Shelley & A.PA.Luna Dias) — 13 (reared) 210 (BMNH). Boa Vista-Santa Helena Rd., Igarapé, 70km from Boa Vista; 29.xi.1980, (A.J.Shelley & A.P.A.Luna Dias) —13 (reared) (BMNH). Sao Paulo State PINNED Cornelio Procopio to Ourinhos road, Km 20 near Ourinhos, Rio Laranjinha (site 884); 29.vili. 1992, (A.J.Shelley)—22 91¢ (reared) (BMNH). Simulium (Notolepria) exiguum Roubaud BRAZIL Amazonas State PINNED Mission post, R. Toototobi; 16.viii.1976, 25.x.1976, B.M.1979-580 (R.R.Pinger) 24.x.1976, 24.viii.1977, B.M.1979-580 (A.J.Shelley) — 1122 (man-biting), 1? (man-biting), 52 ? (reared) (BMNH). SPIRIT R. Ituxi; v.1978, B.M.1979-580 (D.Roberts) — 122 ? (man-biting) (BMNH). SLIDE Mission post, R. Toototobi; 26.11.1976, B.M.1979-580 (A.J.Shelley) — 12 (man-biting) (BMNH). R. Ituxi; v.1978, B.M.1979-580 (D.Roberts) — 1 2 (man-biting) (BMNH). Federal District SPIRIT Corrego Papuda on DF 18 before R. SA40 Bartolomeu; 18.iv.1976, B.M.1979-580 (A.J.Shelley) — 12 (reared) (BMNH). Brasilia, under bridge on highway DF 6, R. Sao Bartolomeu; 12.iv.1976, B.M.1979-580 (B. Faustino) — 2° 2 (reared) (BMNH). R. Palmeiras (Maranhao); 7.1x.1975, B.M.1979-580 (A.J.Shelley), 5.iv.1976, B.M.1979-580 (B. Faustino) — 22 2 (reared) (BMNH). SLIDE Brasilia, under bridge on highway DF 6, R. Sao Bartolomeu; 12.iv.1976, B.M.1979-580 (B.Faustino) — 1213 (reared) (BMNH). R. Palmeiras (Maranhao); 5.iv.1976, B.M.1979-580 (B. Faustino) — 12 (reared) (BMNH). Goias State PINNED Campinagu at the following localities: Estrada Campinagu — balsa do Tocantins, 4 23km de Campinacu, Corrego Palmeirinha; 18.v.1996, (A.PA.Luna Dias & P.Garritano) — 22 213 (reared) (BMNH)(IOC). Estrada Campinacu — balsa do Tocantins, 4 23.5km de Campinacu, Cérrego do Rio Palmeirinha; 16.iv.1997, (A.P.A.Luna Dias & P.Garritano) — 32 2(reared) (BMNH, IOC). Pote, Fazenda Santa Fé, R. Cristalino; 17.viii.1996, (A.RA.Luna Dias & P.Garritano) — 2221¢ (reared) (BMNH, IOC). Estrada a Formoso, Rio Cristalino; 17.v.1996 & 24.viii.1996, (A.PA.Luna Dias & P.Garritano)—5? 223 3 (reared) (BMNH)(IOC). Minagu at the following localities: Fazenda Margem Esquerda II, Rio Cana Brava; 15.viii.1996, (A.P.A.Luna Dias & P.Garritano) — A.J. SHELLEY ET AL. 1 2 (reared) (BMNH). Fazenda Santo Antonio, R. Mucambao; 14.x.1991, (A.J.Shelley) — 1213 (reared) (BMNH). Rio Bateias (entre Cachoeira de Bateias e Agua Quente); 1 1.v.1996, (A.P.A.Luna Dias & P.Garritano) — 12 (reared) (BMNH). Rio Bateias (Serra da Mesa, na entrada pouco antes das aguas quentes); 11.vi.1996, (A.PA.Luna Dias & P.Garritano) -13 (reared) (IOC). Formosa, Salto do Itiquira; 8.v.1996, (A.PA.Luna Dias & P.Garritano) — 12 (reared) (IOC). Niquelandia, R.Traira, a 5km da cidade; 16.v.1996, (A.P.A.Luna Dias & P.Garritano) — 3° 2 (reared) (BMNH) (IOC). SLIDE Formosa-Itiquira road, Cérrego Bandeirinha; 23.11.1976, B.M.1979-580 (A.J. Shelley) — 12 1¢ (reared) (BMNH). State boundary with Tocantins, R.Mucambao; 30.v.1992, (C.A.Lowry & A.P.A.Luna Dias)—2? ? 13 (reared) (BMNH). Mato Grosso State PINNED R. Aripuana; 29.vi.1978, B.M.1979-580 (J.D.Charlwood) — 30.v.1978 & 12.1x.1978 (L.A.Lacey) — 52 2 (1 with pupal exuviae), 3¢ 3 (2 reared) (BMNH). SPIRIT R. Aripuana; 29.vi.1978, B.M.1979-580 (J.D.Charlwood) -1 exuviae (BMNH). SLIDE R. Aripuana; 29.vi.1978, B.M.1979-580 (J.D.Charlwood) — 1216 (reared) (BMNH). Roraima State PINNED Near Bonfim, R. Arraia; 28.xi. & 3.xii.1980, (A.J.Shelley & A.P.A.Luna Dias) — 3? 2233 (reared) (BMNH). Catrimani mission, R. Catrimani; 9.i.1977 & 12, 13 & 16.1.1979, B.M.1979-580 (A.J.Shelley) & (A.J.Shelley & A.P.A.Luna Dias) — 12 (man-biting), 142 2746 (reared) (BMNH). R. Mucajai, near mission post, 200m below Igarapé Coroconat; 21.vii.1984, (A.J.Shelley & A.P.A.Luna Dias) — 92 25338 (reared) (BMNH). Mucajai mission post; 6.1.1977, B.M.1979-580 (A.J. Shelley) — 12 (reared) (BMNH). North- ern perimeter road, R. Agua Preta; 18.xi.1980, (A.J.Shelley & A.PA.Luna Dias)—3 2 223 3 (reared) (BMNH). Normandia, Igarapé Inamart; 3.xii.1980, (A.J. Shelley & A.P.A.Luna Dias) — 19 (reared) (BMNH). Posto Meva, R. Auaris, 4°8’N, 64°29’ W; 3.iv.1977, (R.R. Pinger) — 1° (caught at black light) (BMNH). R. Preto, tributary of R. Ajarani; 28-29.iv.1979, B.M.1979-258 (R. W.Crosskey & A.J.Shelley)—13 2 ° (reared, 1 pupal exuviae missing), 16¢ ¢ (reared, 1 pupal exuviae missing) (BMNH). R. Uraricoeira; 20.1.1979, B.M.1979-580 (A.J.Shelley & A.P.A.Luna Dias) — 1?1¢ (reared) (BMNH). Vila Pereira, R. Surumu; 25 & 26.xi.1980 & 11.viii.1984, (A.J.Shelley & A.P.A.Luna Dias)—1 ? (man-biting),22 27d ¢ (reared) (BMNH). Cachoeira, R. Cauamé; 2.xii.1984, (A.J.Shelley & A.P.A.Luna Dias) — 1? (reared) (BMNH),. Uiramutaé, Maloca Mudubim, Rio Cotingo; 25.x.1997, (A.J.Shelley & A.PA.Luna Dias) — 1 ? (reared) (BMNH). Serra da Lua, Rio Urubu; 26.iv.1982, (A.PA.Luna Dias & R.Malaguti) — 13 (reared) (BMNH). SIMULIIDAE OF THE SECONDARY ONCHOCERCIASIS FOCUS 211 SPIRIT Catrimani mission, R. Catrimani; 9.1.1977, (A.J.Shelley) & 12.1.1979, B.M.1979-580, 13 & 14.vii.1984 (at intervals between 06.30 & 19.00 hrs), (A.J.Shelley & A.P.A.Luna Dias) — several 2 2(man-biting), 152 212d (reared), numerous pupae (BMNH). Mission post, R. Auaris. 29.ii1.1977, B.M.1979-580 (R.R.Pinger) — 12 (man-biting) (BMNH). Mucajat; 20.vii.1984, (A.J.Shelley & A.P.A.Luna Dias) — | pupa (BMNH). Mission post, R. Mucajai, Igarapé Coroconai; 21.vii.1984, (A.J.Shelley & A.P.A.Luna Dias)—2? 2 (reared), several pupae (BMNH). R. Mucajai, 200m below Igarapé Coroconai; 21.vii.1984, (A.J.Shelley & A.P.A.Luna Dias) — 121¢ (reared), several pupae (BMNH). R. Uraricoeira; 20.1.1979, B.M.1979-580 (A.J. Shelley & A.P.A.Luna Dias) — 1¢ (BMNH). Near Bonfim, R.Arraia; 3.xii. 1980, (A.J.Shelley) — 322303 (reared), several pupae (BMNH). Northern pe- rimeter road, R. Agua Preto; 29.iv.1979, B.M.1979-580 (A.J.Shelley) & 18.xi.1980, (A.J.Shelley) — 8° 2 (reared, 4 without associated pupal exuviae), 93 6 (reared, 5 without associated pupal exuviae), several pupae (BMNH). Vila Pereira, R. Surumu; 25-27.xi.1980 & 11.viii.1984 (A.J. Shelley) —5¢d¢ (reared) (BMNH). SLIDE Near Bonfim, R. Arraia; 3.xii.1980, (A.J.Shelley) — 121¢ (reared) (BMNH). Catrimani mission, R. Catrimani; 12.i.1979, B.M.1979-580 & 14. vii. 1984 (A.J.Shelley & A.P.A.Luna Dias) — 72 (man-biting), 22 ? (reared), 73d (reared; 1 pupal exuviae missing) (BMNH), 1 o (reared) (IOC). R. Mucajai, near mission post; 21.vii.1984, (A.J.Shelley & A.PA.Luna Dias) — 12 (reared) (BMNH). R. Mucajai, 200m below Igarapé Coroconai; 21.vii.1984, (A.J.Shelley & A.PA.Luna Dias) — 1233 3 (reared) (BMNH). R. Mucajat, near mission post, Igarapé Coroconai; 21.vii.1984, (A.J.Shelley & A.P.A.Luna Dias) — 1° (reared) (BMNH). Northern Perim- eter Road, R. Agua Preta; 29.iv.1979, B.M.1979-580 (A.J. Shelley & A.P.A.Luna Dias) & 18.xi.1980 (A.J.Shelley) — 229 (reared), 1¢ (reared) (BMNH). R. Uraricoeira; 20.i1.1979, B.M.1979-580 (A.J.Shelley & A.P.A.Luna Dias) — 1d (reared) (BMNH). Vila Pereira, R. Surumu; 25 & 27.xi.1980, (A.J.Shelley & A.P.A.Luna Dias) — 22212 (reared) (BMNH). Cachoeira do R. Cauamé; 22.xi.1980, (A.J.Shelley) — 12 (reared) (BMNH). Sao Paulo State PINNED 2—3km east of Bananal Road, Fazenda Barra de Turvo stream; 16.v.1979, (R.W.Crosskey & A.J.Shelley) — 1? (reared) (BMNH). Simulium (Notolepria) cuasiexiguum Shelley, Luna Dias, Maia-Herzog & Lowry Type specimens BRAZIL Goias State PINNED Ceres, Rio das Almas; 10.vii.1986, (A.J.Shelley &A.P.A.Luna Dias) — 1 (reared) [PARATYPE] (BMNH). Minacu at the following localities: Fazenda Margem Esquerda II, Rio Cana Brava; 15.viii.1996, (A.PA.Luna Dias) — 22 (reared) [PARATYPES] (BMNH, IOC). Fazenda Santo Antonio, Rio Mucambao; 14.x.1991, (A.J.Shelley) -1223¢3 (reared) [PARATY PES] (BMNH, IOC). Rio Bonito, acima da entrada da cidade; 13.iv.1997, (A.RA.Luna Dias & P.Garritano) — 4293320 (reared) [PARATYPES] (BMNH, IOC). Rio Bonito; 13.iv.1998, (A.PA.Luna Dias & P.Garritano) — 1° (reared) [PARATYPE] (IOC). Rio Bateias; 11.v.1996, (A.P.A.Luna Dias & P.Garritano)—1¢ (reared) [PARATYPE] (IOC). Niquelandia, Povoado Traira, Rio Traira; 11.v.1998, (A.P.A.Luna Dias & P.Garritano) — 32° (reared), [PARATYPES] (IOC). SLIDE Minacu at the following localities: Ribeirao Bonito; 26.v.1996, (C.A.Lowry & A.P.A.Luna Dias) —1 2 (reared) [HOLOTYPE] (IOC), 322104 (reared) [PARATYPES] (BMNH, IOC). Fazenda Santo Antonio, R. Mucambao; 1.vi.1992, (C.A.Lowry & A.P.A.Luna Dias) — 1? (reared) [PARATYPE] (BMNH). Fazenda de Isaac, Rio Mucambao; |.vi.1992, (C.A.Lowry & A.PA.Luna Dias) — 1 (reared), 1 pupa [PARATYPES] (BMNH). Near Porangatt, Belém-Brasilia road, Km 187, Rio Sao Patricio; 27.v.1976, (A.J.Shelley) — 1? (reared) [PARATYPE] (BMNH). SPIRIT Minacu at the following localities: Rio Bonito; 26.v.1992, (C.A.Lowry & A.P.A.Luna Dias) —42 ?1¢ (reared), 4 pupae [PARATY PES] (BMNH, IOC). Santo Antonio de Cana Brava, Rio Cana Brava; 27.v.1992, (C.A.Lowry & A.P.A.Luna Dias) —1¢ [PARATYPE] (BMNH). Border with Tocantins State, Rio Mucambao; 30.v.1992, (C.A.Lowry & A.P.A.Luna Dias) — 1o (reared) [PARATYPE] (IOC). Fazenda de Isaac, Rio Mucambao; 1.vi.1992, (C.A.Lowry & A.P.A.Luna Dias) — 22943 ¢ (reared) [PARATYPES] (BMNH, IOC). Fazenda Santo Antonio, Rio Mucambao; 1.vi.1992, (C.A. Lowry & A.PA.Luna Dias)—2 2? 2.13 (reared) [PARATY PES] (BMNH, IOC). Fazenda Margem Esquerda, Rio Cana Brava; 2.vi.1992, (C.A.Lowry & A.P.A.Luna Dias) —1 (reared) [PARATYPE] (BMNH). Mato Grosso State PINNED Fazenda Dona Inacia, Rio Jadarimani (tributary of Rio Vermelho) (site 813); 30.x.—1.xi.1990, (A.PA.Luna Dias & P.Garritano), 1°12 (reared) (BMNH). Simulium (Notolepria) gonzalezi Vargas & Diaz Najera BELIZE PINNED Nr Caya, Augustine; 27.vii.1961, (D.J.Lewis) —23 2 ? (mule- biting) (BMNH). SLIDE Augustine; 27.vii.1961, (D.J.Lewis) — 12(man-biting) (BMNH). 212 ECUADOR Esmeraldas Province PINNED, SPIRIT Numerous reared adults from the following localities: San Miguel de Cayapas, R. Cayapa & R.San Miguel de Cayapas; 17-19.vi.1981, (A.J.Shelley & M.Arzube) (BMNH). Tumbaviro, R. Sapallo Grande; 26.v. & 18.vi.1981, (A.J.Shelley & M.Arzube) (BMNH). Viruela & Calle Mansa, R.Grande (Cayapa); 24—27.v.1981, (A.J.Shelley & M.Arzube) (BMNH). Naranjal, R.Canandé; 25.ix.1983 & 21—24.vi.1985, (A.J.Shelley & M.Arzube) (BMNH). SLIDE San Miguel de Cayapas, R.San Miguel; 17.vi.1981, (A.J.Shelley & M.Arzube)—32 213 (reared) (BMNH). Calle Mansa, R.Grande (Cayapa); 27.v.1981, (A.J.Shelley & M.Arzube) — 13 (reared) (BMNH). Tumbaviro, R.Sapallo Grande; 24.v. & 18.vi.1981, (A.J.Shelley & M.Arzube) — 229233 (reared) (BMNH). Naranjal, Rio Canandé; 23 & 24.vi.1985, (A.J.Shelley & M.Arzube)—1¢ (reared) (BMNH). GUATEMALA Departamento Chimaltenango PINNED Finca Sibaja; 6.x1.1974, (R.Garms) — 32 2 (BMNH). SLIDE Departamento de Suchitepequez: Municipio de Chicacao, Finca Valle de Oro (site 3); 10.x1.1987, (A.J.Shelley & W.S.Procunier) — 1¢ (reared) (BMNH). MEXICO PINNED Tamazunchale, SLP; ix.1944, (M. Macias) — 12° (BMNH). Chiapas State SLIDE Tapachula, Finca Hamburgo; 19.x.1985, (H.Aguirre S.) — 22 2 (man-biting) (BMNH). Veracruz State SLIDE Cordoba; 15.11.1948, (L. Vargas) — 1 2? (BMNH). Simulium (Psaroniocompsa) auripellitum Enderlein Type material PARAGUAY PINNED Hohenau, 250m. 12.x.07, (C.Schrottky) — 12 [HOLOTYPE] — Staatliches Museum fiir Tierkunde, Dresden, Germany. [With determination label of Enderlein dated 1933] Other material ARGENTINA Corrientes Province PINNED Corrientes, 10km S.O. Sto Tomé, ruta 40; 17.vii.1972, A.J. SHELLEY ETAL. (S.Coscarén) — 1 2° (BMNH). Corrientes, Arroyo E] Sombrito; 9.vii.1971, (S.Coscarén) — | ° (reared) (BMNH). Corrientes, 20km N. De Alvear; 17.vii.1972, (S.Coscarén) — 1213 (reared) (BMNH). Santa Fé, Arroyo El Ceibalito, s/r 11 921km n. de Peconquista; 25.vii1.1972, (S.Coscarén) — 1d (reared) (BMNH). BOLIVIA PINNED Cochabamba: Carmelitas, nr La Angostura reservoir; 21.viii.1984, (C.J.Schofield) —4? 2 (man-biting) (BMNH). BRAZIL Federal District PINNED Brasilia-Formosa road, Ribeirao Pipiripau (site 138); 26.1x.1975, (A.J.Shelley) — 3 2 21d (reared) (BMNH). SPIRIT Road DF3, Cérrego Samambaia; 7.vi.1976, (A.J.Shelley) — 1d (reared) (BMNH). Road DF3, Corrego Tamandua; 7.vi.1976, (A.J.Shelley)—13 (reared) (BMNH). Rio Palmeiros (site 162); 5.iv.1976, (B. Faustino) — 12 (reared) (BMNH). 1km do Cérrego Taquaril, cérrego (site 254); 28.vi.1976, (A.J.Shelley)—1 2 (reared) (BMNH). R. Palmeiras; 5.iv.1976, B.M.1979-580 (B. Faustino) — 33 3 (reared) (BMNH). Near Planaltina, Cachoeira Pipiripau; 27.111.1976, B.M.1979-580 (B. Faustino)—4 2 2.43 3 (reared) (BMNH). Brasilia-Formosa highway, R. Mestre D’Armas; 5.iv.1976, B.M.1979-580 (B. Faustino) — 1° (reared) (BMNH, IOC). Brasilia, Univer- sity Farm; 9.x.1975, B.M.1979-580 (A.J.Shelley) — 32 9(BMNRH). SLIDE Cérrego Papuda, on DF 18 before R. Sao Bartolomeu; 18.iv.1976, B.M.1979-580 (A.J. Shelley) — 1 (reared), 24.3 (1 reared; | dissected from pupa) (BMNH). Brasilia, Univer- sity Farm; 9.x.1975, B.M.1979-580 (A.J.Shelley) — 4 2 2(man-biting) (BMNH). R. Preto; 12.iv.1976, B.M.1979-580 (B. Faustino)—4 2 2 (man-biting), 1 2 (reared), 1d (pupal exuviae missing) (BMNH). West D.F., DF 3, Corrego Samambaia; 7.vi.1976, B.M.1979-580 (A.J. Shelley) — 12(reared) (BMNH). DF 3, lkm from R. Samambaia; 7.vi.1976, B.M.1979-580 (A.J.Shelley) — 233 (reared) (BMNH). West Brasilia, 2km da Granja do Tamandua, Corrego; 7.vi.1976, B.M.1979-580 (A.J.Shelley)—1 2 (reared) (BMNH). BR DF 3, Coérrego Tamandua; 7.vi.1976, B.M.1979-580 (A.J.Shelley) — 13 (reared) (BMNH). 1km do Cérrego Taquaril, Cérrego; 28.vi.1976, B.M.1979-580 (A.J.Shelley) — 22 ? (reared) (BMNH). Goias State PINNED Minagu: Fazenda Santa Ruth, Rio Bonito (site 1); 27.ix.1995, 30.vi.1995, (Percil)—1 2 (man-biting), 1 2 (reared) (BMNH). Fortaleza, Fazenda, Rio Tocantins (site 2); 26.ix.1995, (Percil) —2 2 (man-biting) (BMNH). Near Minacu above bridge on road from Campinacu, Rio Bonito (site 1210); 13.iv.1997, (A.P.A.Luna Dias & P.Garritano)—122¢ 3 (reared) (BMNH). Stream on road from Fazenda Jacina to Serra da Mesa dam SIMULIIDAE OF THE SECONDARY ONCHOCERCIASIS FOCUS 23 (site 1216); 18.iv.1997, (A.RA.Luna Dias & P.Garritano) — 12 (reared) (BMNH). Road to Serra da Mesa dam, stream (site 1106); 14.v.1996, (A.PA.Luna Dias & P.Garritano) — 1 d(reared) (BMNH). Estrada para Colinas, 12km da antiga balsa, cérrego (site 1283); 25.1x.1997, (A.PA.Luna Dias & P.Garritano)— 1213 (reared) (BMNH). Minagu-Campinacu road Km 6 after Hits motel, road to Fazenda do Japonés, Km 3, stream, (site 1265); 1.vii.1997, (A.PA.Luna Dias & PR.Garritano) — 12232 (reared) (BMNH). 9km from Minagu, Fazenda Espigao, Rio Bonito (site 748); 4.vii.1986, (A.J.Shelley & A.P.A. Luna Dias) — 3? 2 (reared) (BMNH). Serra da Mesa, Posto da FUNAI. Corrego afluente do Rio Maranhao, no porto dos Ava-Canoeiros (site 1097); 1 1.v.1996, (A.P.A.Luna Dias & P.R.Garritano)—2° ¢ (reared) (BMNH, IOC). Estrada Santo Antonio de Cana Brava to R. Mucambao, Rio Dois de Julho. 12.v. & 12.x.1991, (A.J.Shelley) — 22 2 (reared) (BMNH). Estrada Santo Antonio de Cana Bravato R. Mucambao, Fazenda Sao Pedro, Rio Sao Pedro; 12.x.1991, (A.J.Shelley) — 1 2 (reared) (BMNH). Santo Antonio de Cana Brava (site 4), Rio Cana Brava; 29.1x.1995, (Percil) — 12 (reared) (BMNH). Municipality of Palmeiropolis, R. Mucambao. 12.x.1991, (A.J.Shelley) — 1 2 (reared) (BMNH). Campinacu, river at Km 300 of old Urua-Campinagu road (site 1112); 16.v.1996, (S.C.Thiengo, M.Sttort & P.C.dos Santos) — 1?10(reared) (BMNH). Campinagu, Fazenda Matinha, Corrego Matinha (site 1370); 10.v.1998, (A.J. Shelley, M.Maia-Herzog, A.P.A.Luna Dias & P.Garritano) — 1212 (reared) (IOC). Estrada Campinacu — balsa do rio Tocantins, 17km from Campinacu, Rio Palmeira (site 1120); 18.v.1996, (A.P.A.Luna Dias & P.Garritano) — 12 (reared) (BMNH). Estrada Campinacu — balsa do rio Tocantins, 14km from Campinacu, Rio Palmeira (site 1121); 18.v.1996, (A.PA.Luna Dias & P.Garritano) — 23 3(reared) (BMNH). Estrada Campinacu — balsa do rio Tocantins, 13.6km from Campinagu, stream (site 1214); 16.iv.1996, (A.P.A.Luna Dias & P.Garritano) — 2222¢a6 (reared) (BMNH). Estrada Campinacu — balsa do rio Tocantins, 49km from Campinacu, stream (site 1212); 16.iv.1997, (A.P.A.Luna Dias & P.Garritano) — 121¢(reared) (BMNH). Near Campinacu, Pote, Corrego do Bispo (site 1160); 15 &17.viii.1996, (A.P.A.Luna Dias & P.Garritano)—1?2¢6 3 (reared) (BMNH). Pote, Cérrego da Uniao (site 1161); (A.RA.Luna Dias & P.Garritano)— 13 (reared) (BMNH). Fazenda Sao Jorge, Rio Cristalino (site 1158); 15.viii.1996, (A.PA.Luna Dias & P.Garritano)—2 ? (reared) (BMNH). Fazenda Bom Jardim, corrego (site 1375); 14.v.1998, (A.P.A.Luna Dias & P.Garritano) — | 2 (reared) (IOC). Estrada do Garimpo Pela- Ema, 3km depois do asfalto, corrego (site 1374); 14.v.1998, (A.P.A.Luna Dias & P.Garritano) — 32 21¢ (reared) (IOC). Minacu-Campinacu border, unnamed — stream 13°43’S48°26’ W (sites 1164,1165); 18.viii.1996, (A.RA.Luna Dias & P.Garritano) — 1233 3(reared) (BMNH). Rio Boa Nova, (sites 1122, 1126, 1215, 1264); 19.viii.1996, 21.v.1996, 18.iv.1997, 30.vi.1997, (A.PA.Luna Dias & P.Garritano) — 322330 (reared) (BMNH). Minacu-Formoso road, 88km from Minagu, small stream (site 1113); 17.v.1996, (A.PA.Luna Dias & P.Garritano) — 1? (reared) (BMNH). Formoso, 4km from roundabout, Cérrego Cana Brava (site 1162); 17.viii.1996, (A.P-A.Luna Dias & P.Garritano)—2 3 3 (reared) (BMNH). Rio Sta Teresa (site 1150); 12.viii.1996, (A.RA.Luna Dias & P.Garritano)—2 2 923 3 (reared) (BMNH). Formoso, Rio Bonito, (site 1151); 12.ii1.1996, 14.viii.1996, (A.PA.Luna Dias & P.Garritano) — 1?1d(reared), 72 213 (reared) (BMNH). Formoso, Fazenda N. Sra. Aparecida, R. Sta Tereza (site 1367); 10.v.1998, (A.J.Shelley, M.Maia-Herzog, A.P.A.Luna Dias & P.Garritano) — 1°(reared) (IOC). Formoso, Rio Pipoca (site 1368); 10.v.1998, (A.J.Shelley, M.Maia-Herzog, A.P.A.Luna Dias & P.Garritano) — 1 2 (reared) (IOC). Formoso-Tromba road Km 7, Corrego do Lage (site 1166); 19.vili.1996, (A.P.A.Luna Dias & P.Garritano) — 13 (reared) (BMNH). Formoso-Trombas border, Corrego do Sapato, (site 1167); 19.viii.1996, (A.PA.Luna Dias & P.Garritano) — 13d (reared) (BMNH). Pirancajuba, Corrego Taioba (site 1127); 26.v.1996, (A.P.A.Luna Dias & P.Garritano) — 12 (reared) (BMNH). SPIRIT Minagu area: Fazenda Sao Raimundo, Rio Dois de Julho; 5.vii.1986, (A.J.Shelley & A.P.A. Luna Dias) —2¢ 3 (reared) (BMNH). Ribeirao Bonito; 26.v.1992, iii, vi, vii, vili.1995, (M. Camargo, C. Lowry & A.P.A. Luna Dias)—10¢ ? (reared), numerous 2 2 (man-biting), 3¢ ¢ (reared), 5 pupae (BMNH). Fortaleza, R.Tocantins; vii.1995, (M.Camargo) —3 ° 2 (man- biting) (BMNH). Goids/Tocantins border, Rio Mucambao (below bridge) (site 846); 30.v.1992, (C. Lowry & A.PA. Luna Dias) —2? ?(reared), 1 pupa (BMNH). Santo Antonio da Cana Brava, Rio Cana Brava (site 843); 1.vi.1992, (C. Lowry & A.PA. Luna Dias)—2 2 (reared) (BMNH). Estrada Padre Bernado-Dois Irmaos Km 39, Ribeirao das Pedras; 4.vi.1976, (A.J.Shelley) — 32 °3¢a¢6 (reared) (BMNH). Estrada Niquelandia-Dois Irmaos, Km 39, R. das Pedras; 4.vi.1976, B.M.1979-580 (A.J.Shelley) — 121¢ (reared) (BMNH). Estrada Padre Bernado-Dois Irmaos Km 44, Corrego Dois Irmaos; 2.v.1976, (A.J.Shelley) —1 2 (reared) (BMNH). Estrada Niquelandia-Dois Irmaos, Km 59, Corrego; 4.vi.1976, (A.J.Shelley) — (BMNH). Estrada Niquelandia-Dois Irmaos, Km 39, Rio das Pedras (site 235); 4.vi.1976, (A.J. Shelley) — 1 (reared) (BMNH). Estrada Niquelandia-Uruagu, Km 6, Corrego do Cigano; 3.vi.1976, (A.J.Shelley) — 13 (reared) (BMNH). Belém-Brasilia road, Km 22, Corrego; 26.v.1976, B.M.1979-580 (A./.Shelley) — 1d (reared), 3 pupal exuviae (BMNH). Brasilia-Campos Belos road, Km 39 from junction with Brasilia-Formosa highway, stream (site 192); 23.iv.1976, B.M.1979-580 (A.J. Shelley) — 43 3(2 with associated exu- viae), 1 pupa (BMNH). Brasilia-Campos Belos road, Km 138 from junction with Brasilia-Formosa highway, stream (site 190); 23.iv.1976, B.M.1979-580 (A.J.Shelley)—4¢ 3 (reared) (BMNH). Brasilia-Campos Belos road, Km 170 from junc- tion with Brasilia-Formosa highway, stream; 23.iv.1976, B.M.1979-580 (A.J.Shelley) — 1 pupa (BMNH). Brasilia-Campos Belos road, Km 237 from junction with Brasilia-Formosa highway, stream (site 180); 22.iv.1976, B.M.1979-580 (A.J. Shelley) — 1 213 (reared), numerous pu- pae, (BMNH, IOC). Brasilia-Campos Belos road, Km 239 from junction with Brasilia-Formosa highway, stream; 22.iv.1976, B.M.1979-580 (A.J.Shelley) — 13 (reared), (BMNH). Brasilia-Campos Belos road, Km 250 from junc- tion with Brasilia-Formosa highway, stream; 22.iv.1976, B.M.1979-580 (A.J.Shelley) — 3 pupae (BMNH). Brasilia-Formosa road, bridge, R. Pipiripau (site 138); 214 26.1x.1975, 31.x.1975, 23.111.1976, B.M.1979-580 (A.J.Shelley) — 63 (reared; 2 without associated pupal exuviae), 13 pupae, 13 pupal exuviae (BMNH). Mambai; 14.vii.1975, B.M.1979-580 (A.J.Shelley) — 1 pupa, 1 pupal exuviae (BMNH). SLIDE Brasilia-Formosa road, bridge, R. Pipiripau; 26.1x.1975 & 31.x.1975, B.M.1979-580 (A.J. Shelley) —9 2 263 3 (reared) (BMNH). Belém-Brasilia road, Corrego Riboleiro; 26.v.1976, B.M.1979-580 (A.J.Shelley) — 13 (reared) (BMNH). Belém-Brasilia road, Km 11, Coérrego; 26.v.1976, B.M.1979-580 (A.J.Shelley) — 1? (reared) (BMNH). Belém-Brasilia road, Km 22, Cérrego; 26.v.1976, B.M.1979-580 (A.J.Shelley) — 1213 (reared) (BMNH). Belém-Brasilia road, Km 72, Corrego; 26.v.1976, B.M.1979-580 (A.J.Shelley) — 13 (reared) (BMNH). Belém-Brasilia road, Km 238, Cérrego; 27.v.1976, B.M.1979-580 (A.J.Shelley) — 19(reared) (BMNH). Brasilia-Campos Belos road, Km 237 from junction with Brasilia-Formosa highway, stream; 22.iv.1976, B.M.1979-580 (A.J. Shelley) — 1 (reared) (BMNH). Brasilia-Campos Belos road, Km 138 from junction with Brasilia-Formosa highway, stream; 23.iv.1976, B.M.1979-580 (A.J.Shelley) — 234 (reared) (BMNH). Estrada Niquelandia-Dois Irmaos, Km 59, Corrego; 4.vi.1976, B.M.1979-580 (A.J. Shelley) — 13 (reared) (BMNH). Estrada Padre Bernardo-Dois Irmaos, Km 2, Corrego; 2.vi.1976, B.M.1979-580 (A.Taitson) — 22 2(1 reared; 1 dissected from pupa), 2¢ ¢ (1 reared; 1 dissected from pupa) (BMNH). Estrada Padre Bernardo-Dois Irmaos, Km 43, Corrego Faz Tudo; 4.vi.1976, B.M.1979-580 (A.J.Shelley) — 13 (reared) (BMNH). Estrada Padre Bernardo-Dois Irmaos, Km 44, Cérrego Dois Irmaos; 2.vi.1976, B.M.1979-580 (A. Taitson) — 1 2 (reared) (BMNH). Minagu area: R.Bonito; 17.11 & vi.1995, (M.Camargo) — 42 2 (man-biting); 26.v.1992, (C.Lowry & A.P.A.Luna Dias) — 329366 (reared); 13.iv.1997, (A.PA.Luna Dias & P.Garritano) — 12(reared) (BMNH). 9km from Fazenda Espigao, Rio Bonito (site 748); 4.vii.1986, (A.J.Shelley & A.P.A.Luna Dias) —1 ? 13 (reared) (BMNH). Corrego Grande (site 765); 9.vii.1986, (A.J.Shelley & A.P.A.Luna Dias)—2? 2 (reared) (BMNH). Near Campinacu, corrego 13.6km from Campinacu (site 1214); 16.iv.1997, (A.PA.Luna Dias & P.Garritano)—1 ? (reared) (BMNH). Conceigao do Tocantins, Rio Arraia (site 1235); 25.iv.1995, (A.PA.Luna Dias & P.Garritano) — | 2 (reared) (BMNH). Mato Grosso State PINNED Near Rondonopolis, Rondonopolis-Guaratinga road, Fazenda Dona Inacia, tributary of Rio Vermelho, R.Tadarimani (site 809); 28.ix.1990, (A.J.Shelley) — 112 2 (reared) (BMNH). 100km from Rondonopolis on Campo Grande Road, un- named stream (site 810); 31.x.1990, (A.J.Shelley)—1492 2333 (reared) (BMNH). Km 120 on Rondonopolis-Campo Grande Road, Fazenda José Fortes Bustamante, unnamed stream; 31.x.1990, (A.J. Shelley) — 19 (reared) (BMNH). Minas Gerais State PINNED Conceigao dos Ouros (near Pouso Alegre), R.Ilai (site 806); A.J. SHELLEY ET AL. 27.x.1990, (A.J.Shelley) — 366 (reared) (BMNH). Diamantina, Cachoeira Sentinela (site 656); 25.vii.1983, (A.P.A.Luna Dias & P.Garritano) —42 2 (reared) (BMNH). Sao Tomé das Letras, Cachoeira da Eubiose (site 708); 18.xii.1984, (A.PA.Luna Dias)—4 2 ? 23 3 (reared) (BMNH). Sao Tomé das Letras, unnamed stream on road to Cachoeira da Eubiose (site 709); 18.xii.1984, (A.RA.Luna Dias) —5 2 2 (reared) (BMNH). Rio de Janeiro State PINNED Junction BR494 and 139-Barra Mansa-Pouso Seco Road, Cérrego Pouso Seco, (collection no. 450); 15.v.1979, (R.W.Crosskey & A.J.Shelley) — 13 (reared) (BMNH). Rio Grande do Sul State PINNED Pelotas to Santa Maria Road, 20km from Pedras, Arroyo Luis Karsten (site 872); 20.viii.1992, (A.J.Shelley)— 1212 (reared) (BMNH). Santa Catarina State PINNED Road from S40 Joaquim to Lauro Muller, Rio Pelotas (site 867); 15.viii.1992, (A.J.Shelley) — 13 (reared) (BMNH). Nr Rio do Sul, Lontra, Alto de Subida; 14.viii.1992, (A.J. Shelley) — 19 (reared) (BMNH). Road from Sao Joaquim to Lauro Muller, Rio Pelotas; 15.viii.1992, (A.J.Shelley) — 121¢ (reared) (BMNH). Rio do Posto (site 866); 15.viii.1992, (A.J.Shelley) -7 2 243 3 (reared) (BMNH). Road from Sao Joaquim to Lauro Muller, Rio Barrinho (site 868); 15.viii.1992, (A.J.Shelley) — 1212 (reared) (BMNH). SLIDE Sta Catarina-Curitiba-Parana road, Km 20 from state border, Rio Pirabeiraba (site 776); 17.xi.1986, (A.J.Shelley & A.P.A.Luna Dias) — 1 2 (reared) (BMNH). Sao Paulo State PINNED Bananal to Sao José de Barreiros road (SP66), Fazenda Vargem Grande, small stream (Collection no. 456); 15- 18.v.1979, (R.W.Crosskey & A.J.Shelley) — 1223 (reared) (BMNH). 12km west of Sao José de Barreiros road (SP66) Km 281, R.Seis Marias (collection no. 458); 15—18.v.1979, (R.W.Crosskey & A.J.Shelley) — 1? 12 (reared) (BMNH). Km 264 on SP66 west — Sao José de Barreiros — Queluz road, unnamed river (collection no. 460); 15—18.v.1979, (R.W.Crosskey & A.J.Shelley) — 12 (reared) (BMNH). Serra de Mantiqueira, SP183 north west of Cruzeiro, Km 57, stream (collection no. 461); 15—18.v.1979, (R.W.Crosskey & A.J.Shelley) — 13 (reared) (BMNH). SPIRIT Serra da Bocaina, Corrego Mae d’ agua; 5.iv.1978, (A.J.Shelley & A.P.A.Luna Dias) — 13 (reared) (BMNH). Tocantins State PINNED Divinopolis do Tocantins, tributary stream of R.Araguaia, SIMULIIDAE OF THE SECONDARY ONCHOCERCIASIS FOCUS DAIS 17km from town (site 1262); 28.vi.1997, (A.P.A.Luna Dias & P.Garritano)—8 2 223 3(reared) (BMNH). Pium, Rio Matuca (site 1226); 22.iv.1997, (A.RA.Luna Dias & P.Garritano) — 1 (reared) (BMNH). SLIDE 17km from Divinopolis (site 1262); 28.vi.1997, (A.RA.Luna Dias & P.Garritano) — 12 (reared) (BMNH). PARAGUAY Canendiyu Department SLIDE Mbaracaju Reserve: Rio Jejui-mi; 18 & 24.vii.1996, (C.Nouzille & L.Lagache) — 32223 ¢ (reared) (BMNH). Horqueta-mi, Rio Jejui-mi; 23.vii.1996, (C.Nouzille & L.Lagache) —121¢ (reared) (BMNH). Horqueta-mi, Arroyo en Balbinoticue; 3.vii.1996, (C.Nouzille & L.Lagache) — 12(BMNH). Arroyo Guazu; 19.vii.1996, (C.Nouzille & L.Lagache) — 32 243 (reared) (BMNH). West border of reserve, Arroyo Guazu; 19.vii.1996, (C.Nouzille & L.Lagache) — 2? 2(reared) (BMNH). SPIRIT Mbaracaju Reserve: Estacion biologico, Rio Jejui-mi; 18 & 26.1.1997, (A.C.P.Costa)—5 2 2 (man-biting) (BMNH). Main camp (Posto Central)(=Estacion biologico), Rio Jejui-mi (site 2); 13.vi.1995, (A.J.Shelley) — 12 (man-biting) (BMNH). Path entering cerrado to east of reserve (site 10); 15.vi.1995, (A.J.Shelley) — numerous 2 ? (man-biting) (BMNH). Chorro Morrote (site 7); 14.vi.1995, (A.J.Shelley) — 22 2 (man- biting) (BMNH). Arroyo Morrote (site 9); 14.vi.1995, (A.J.Shelley) — 2 2 (man-biting) (BMNH). Carapa, water- fall Skm from control post; 7.iv.1996, (collector unknown) — 12 (man-biting) (BMNH). Western border of reserve, Rio Jejui-mi; 24.vii.1996, (C.Nouzille & L.Lagache) — numerous 22¢a¢ (reared) (BMNH). Horqueta-mi, Arroyo Tacuara; 14.vi.1995, (A.J.Shelley) — 1 2 (man-biting) (BMNH). Arroyo Amambay; 22.vii.1996, (C.Nouzille & L.Lagache) — 3 2 (reared) (BMNH). West border of reserve, Arroyo Guazu; 19. & 22.vii.1996, (C.Nouzille & L.Lagache) — numerous 2 23 (reared) (BMNH). 2850m east of Horqueta-mi, Arroyo en Balbinoticue; 20.vii.1996, (C.Nouzille & L.Lagache) — numerous 2 ° (man-biting) (BMNH). Horqueta-mi, Rio Jejui- mi; 23.vii.1996, (C.Nouzille & L.Lagache) —3 2? 212 (reared) (BMNH). Posto central abandonado near Hacienda Valinotti (site 201); 15.vi.1995, (A.J.Shelley) — numerous ? 2 (man- biting) (BMNH). Horqueta-mi, puesto de control, Rio Jejui-mi; 7.iv.1997, (A.C.Ferreira) — 62 2 (man-biting) (BMNH). Lagunita; 23.iii.1996, (A.C. Ferreira) — 52 2 (man-biting) (BMNH). Mbaracaju Reserve; no other collection data — 12 2 2 (man-biting) 1 2 (reared) (BMNH). Simulium (Psaroniocompsa) incrustatum Lutz Simulium incrustatum was dealt with comprehensively by Shelley et al. (1997) for which large numbers of specimens were examined. Only material held in the BMNH and IOC for Argentina, Brazil and Venezuela has been revised in the light of the discovery of S.auripellitum at Minagu. Most specimens recorded in the 1977 paper as Simulium sp. near to S.incrustatum have now been assigned to S.auripellitum. Specimens of S.incrustatum from Ecuador and Trinidad listed in Shelley et al (1997) were not consulted in the current paper because of the absence of S.auripellitum in these countries. Type material BRAZIL Minas Gerais State PINNED, SLIDE Mendes; 1910, (collector not stated) — pupa (on slide) [LECTOTYPE], 12, 1¢, [PARALECTOTYPES] (IOC). Alfenas; 10.x.1909, (collector not stated) — 12 (pinned) [PARATYPE] (IOC). Rio de Janeiro State PINNED Mendes; 24.ix.1909, (collector not stated) — 1 2(pinned) [PARATYPE] (IOC). as Simulium aequifurcatum Lutz BRAZIL SLIDE No collection locality; no date, (collector not stated), pupa (on slide) [HOLOTYPE] (IOC). as Simulium yarzabali Ramirez Pérez VENEZUELA Amazonas State PINNED, SLIDE Dept. Atabapo, Sierra de Parima, 1050m, Mayuwéteri; 20 & 28.iv.1980 (J.Ramirez Pérez) — 2? ? (reared, pinned), 1¢ (reared, pinned with abdomen and pupal exuviae on slide), | pupal exuviae (on slide) [PARATYPES] (BMNH). Other material ARGENTINA PINNED E.P. Dorado, Salto, Sta. Elena; 8.vii.1965, (C.G.H.)—12 (as S. opalinifrons) (BMNH). Misiones, Ao. Guavira, 5km N.E. of Eldorado; 19.vii.1972, ($.Coscarén) — 12 (reared) (as S. opalinifrons) (BMNH). BRAZIL Amapa State SPIRIT R. Limao; 22.v.1982, (A.RA. Luna Dias) — numerous 2 2 (man-biting) (BMNH). SLIDE SUCAM Reserve, R. Limao Branco, tributary of Tracajatuba; 22.v.1982, (A.P.A.Luna Dias)—10 ? 2 (man-biting) (BMNH). Espirito Santo State PINNED SPIRIT SLIDE 30km from Linhares, Forest Reserve of Companhia Vale do 216 R. Doce, Corrego Rancho Alto; 28-30.vi.1978, B.M.1979-580 (M.Aragdao, O.Tavares & A.PA.Luna Dias) — 12132 (dis- sected from pupa) (BMNH). Goias State PINNED Minacgu-Campinagu boundary, 40km from Minagu, unnamed stream (site 1122); 19.v.1996, (A.P.A.Luna Dias & P.Garritano) — 12 (reared) (BMNH). Formoso, Rio dos Bois (site 1154); 12.viii.1996, (A.PA.Luna Dias & P.Garritano) — 12 (reared) (BMNH). Stream 23.5km from Campinagu to ferry on R.Tocantins, R.Palmeirinha (site 1213); 16.iv.1997, (A.PA.Luna Dias & P.Garritano) — 12 (reared) (BMNH). SPIRIT Brasilia-Campos Belos road, Km 239 from junction with Brasilia-Formosa highway, stream; 22.1v.1976, B.M.1979-580 (A.J.Shelley) — 13 (reared) (BMNH). SLIDE Belém-Brasilia road, Km 149, corrego (site 212); 26.v.1976, (A.J.Shelley) —23 3 (reared) (BMNH). Estrada-Niquelandia- Dois Irmaos, Km 59, corrego (site 239); 4.vi.1976, (A.J.Shelley) — 13 (reared) (BMNH). Minacu area, Corrego Grande (site 765); 1 2?(BMNH). Minas Gerais State PINNED Lassance, carro; 26.vi.1980, (A.P.A.Luna Dias & P.Garritano) — 1? (man-biting) (BMNH). Pirapora, R. Sao Francisco; 29.vi.1980, (A.P.A.Luna Dias & P.Garritano) — 1% (man-biting) (BMNH). Corinto, R. das Velhas; 21.vii.1980, (A.P.A.Luna Dias & P.Garritano)—1 2° (man-biting) (BMNH). Corinto road (Km 70), Fazenda Olaria, (12km from Curvelo), Cérrego Rocinha; 15.x11.1978, B.M.1979-580 (A.J. Shelley & A.P.A.Luna Dias) —42 216 (reared) (BMNH). Corinto road (Km 70), Fazenda Cachoeira, (8km from curve 10), Corrego de Caveira; 15.xii.1978, B.M.1979-580 (A.J.Shelley & A.P.A.Luna Dias) — 12 (reared) (BMNH). Corinto, R. Cangalha; 2.vii.1980, (A.PA. Luna Dias & P. Garritano) — 1223 <¢ (reared) (BMNH). Sao Tomé das Letras, Cachoeira da Eubiose (site 708); 18.x1i.1984, (A.PA.Luna Dias) — 222162 (reared) (BMNH). Sao Tomé das Letras, unnamed stream on road to Cachoeira da Eubiose (site 709); 18.x1ii.1984, (A.PA.Luna Dias) — 22 9333 (reared) (BMNH). Delfim Moreira, Corrego no limite com Wenceslaw Bras; 19.v.1979, (A.J.Shelley & A.P.A.Luna Dias) — 1212 (reared) (IOC). Parana State PINNED Guarapuava, BR 277; 16.v.1986, (A.P.A.Luna Dias & P.R.Garritano) — 1 (reared) (IOC). Laranjeiras do Sul, R.Laranjeiras; 17.iv.1986, (A.PA.Luna Dias & P.R.Garritano) — 12 (reared) (IOC). Rio de Janeiro State PINNED Rio de Janeiro, Tijuca Forest, Corrego Cascatinha, 50m above waterfall; 7.ii.1979, B.M.1979-580 (A.J.Shelley) — 22 2(1 reared) (BMNH, IOC). Xerem, Floresta do IBDF, 0.5km da estrada Registro; 21.11.1979, B.M.1979-580 (T-Travassos & A.J. SHELLEY ET AL. A.J.Shelley) — 12 (reared) (BMNH). Xerem, Cérrego Joao Pinto, Floresta do IBDF; 21.11.1979, B.M.1979-580 (T:Travassos & A.J.Shelley) — 1 2 (reared) (BMNH). Itatiaia National Park, unnamed stream (locus 43); 23.v.1979, BM 1979-258 (R.W.Crosskey & A.J.Shelley) — 1 2 (reared) (BMNH). Itaguai, Sitio Porangaba, Cérrego da Barragem; 10.x1.1983, (A.P.A.Luna Dias) — 1 2 (reared) (IOC). Rio Grande do Sul State PINNED Road BR116 from Porto Alegre, nr Pelotas, Arroyo de Retiro (site 870); 18.viii.1992, (A.J.Shelley)—2 2 2 (reared) (BMNH). Roraima State PINNED Surucucus, Dalem; 11.x11.1986, (A.J.Shelley & A.PA.Luna Dias) — 152 2 (man-biting), 1 2 (reared) (BMNH). Serra dos Surucucus, Igarapé do posta do FUNAL; 5.v.1982, (A.RA.Luna Dias & R.Malaguti) — 42 2 (man-biting), 22 2 (BMNH, IOC). Serra dos Surucucus, Igarapé perto da Missao; 7.v.1982, (A.P.A.Luna Dias & R.Malaguti) — 23 3 (reared) (BMNH). Mission post, R. Auaris; 7 & 11.vii.1976, B.M.1979-580, 8.xii. 1986, (A.J. Shelley & A.P.A.Luna Dias) & 4°8’N 64°29’ W; 31.11.1977 (R.R.Pinger) — 352 2 (man-biting), 52 24a¢ (reared) (BMNH, IOC). Igarapé Murupu, near Boa Vista; 19.1.1979, IOC 432 (A.J. Shelley & A.P.A.Luna Dias) —25 2 2 (man-biting) (IOC). Near Boa Vista, R.Cauamé; 16.vii1.1977, (A.J.Shelley)—1 ? (man-biting) (IOC). Near Boa Vista, Igarapé Carana; 16.viii.1977, (A.J.Shelley)—6 2 2 (man-biting) (IOC). SPIRIT Mission post, R. Auaris; 29.ii1.1977, B.M.1979-580 (R.R.Pinger) — 3° (man-biting) (BMNH). R. Mucajat; 5.1.1977, B.M.1979-580 (A.J.Shelley) — 32 2 (man-biting) (BMNH). Surucucus, Dalem, (in river); 11.x1i.1986, (A.J.Shelley & A.P.A.Luna Dias)—numerous 2 2 (man-biting) (BMNH). Serra dos Surucucus, FUNAI Post; 6.v.1982, (A.P.A.Luna Dias & R.Malaguti) — 622 (man-biting) (BMNH). Serra dos Surucucus, American mission, Igarapé; 12.v.1982, (A.PA.Luna Dias & R.Malaguti) — 13 (reared) (BMNH). SLIDE Mission post, R. Auaris; 7 & 11.vii.1976, B.M.1979-580 (A.J.Shelley) & 8.xii.1986 (A.J. Shelley & A.P.A.Luna Dias) & 29.i11.1977, B.M.1979-580 (R.R. Pinger) —5 2 2 (man-biting) (1 head only, remainder pinned) (BMNH). R. Mucajai; 5.1.1977, (A.J.Shelley) — 222 (man-biting) (BMNH). Surucucus, Dalem; 11.xii.1986, (A.J.Shelley & A.P.A.Luna Dias) — 12? 2 (man-biting) (BMNH). Serra dos Surucucus, American mission, igarapé; 12.v.1982, (A.PA.Luna Dias & R. Malaguti) — 2 pupal exuviae (associated 2 and o in spirit) (BMNH, IOC). Santa Catarina State PINNED State boundary on BR 101, R. Sao Joao; 18.x1.1986, (A.J.Shelley & A.P.A.Luna Dias) — 9224¢3¢ (reared) (BMNH). Santa Catarina-Curitiba-Parana road, Km 20 from state border, R. Pirabeiraba; 17.xi.1986, (A.J.Shelley & A.P.A.Luna Dias) —3 2 2233 (reared) (BMNH). Neer eee eee nee eee eee OOOO EEEOEOEOEO_O__eeeee SIMULIIDAE OF THE SECONDARY ONCHOCERCIASIS FOCUS 2A SPIRIT 15km from Parana/Sta. Catarina frontier, R. Garuva; 18.x1.1986, (A.J.Shelley & A.P.A.Luna Dias) — several pupae (BMNH). Sta. Catarina-Curitiba-Parana road, Km 20 from state border, R. Pirabeiraba; 17.xi.1986, (A.J.Shelley & A.P.A.Luna Dias) — several pupae (BMNH). State boundary on BR 101, R. Sao Joao; 18.xi.1986, (A.J. Shelley & A.P.A.Luna Dias) — 12436 (reared), numerous pupae (BMNH). SLIDE Santa Catarina-Curitiba-Parana road, Km 20 from state border, R. Pirabeiraba; 17.xi.1986, (A.J. Shelley & A.P.A.Luna Dias) — 12 (man-biting), 42 2 (reared), 46 4 (reared; | pupal exu- viae missing; 1 dissected from pupa), 2 pupal exuviae (BMNH). State boundary on BR 101, R. S40 Joao; 18.xi.1986, (A.J.Shelley & A.P.A.Luna Dias)—3 2 213 (reared) (BMNH). Sao Paulo State PINNED Serra da Bocaina, Fazenda da Bonito (site 350); 6.iv.1978, B.M.1979-580 (A.J.Shelley & A.P.A.Luna Dias) — 172 ? (horse-biting), 182 211¢¢ (reared) (BMNH, IOC). SP66 road from Bananal to Sado José de Barreiros, Km 302, small stream; 16.v.1979, (R. W.Crosskey & A.J.Shelley) — 12 (man- biting) (BMNH). SPIRIT Serra da Bocaina, Fazenda Bonito, R. Bonito; 5.iv.1978, B.M.1979-580 (A.J. Shelley) — 12 16 (both reared but without associated pupal exuviae), numerous pupae (BMNH). Serra da Bocaina, Fazenda Bonito, stable; 6.iv.1978, B.M.1979-580 (A.J. Shelley & A.P.A.Luna Dias) — 25 ? ? (horse-biting), sev- eral 2 2 (man-biting) (BMNH, IOC). SLIDE Serra da Bocaina, 200m before IBDF headquarters, stream; 4.iv.1978, B.M.1979-580 (A.J.Shelley & A.P.A.Luna Dias) — 1d (reared) (BMNH). Serra da Bocaina, Fazenda da Bonito, R. Bonito; 5.iv.1978, B.M.1978-580 (A.J.Shelley &A.PA.Luna Dias)—1 (man-biting), 3 2 223 3 (reared), 4 pupal exuviae (BMNH, IOC). Serra da Bocaina, Fazenda da Bonito, Cachoeira do Segredinho; 6.iv.1978, B.M.1979-580 (A.J.Shelley & A.P.A.Luna Dias) — 1? (reared) (BMNH). Serra da Bocaina, Fazenda da Bonito, R. Bonito; 5.iv.1978, (A.J.Shelley) — 1? (reared) (BMNH), stable; 6.iv.1978, BM1979-S80 (A.J. Shelley & A.P.A.Luna Dias)—2 2 ? (man- biting), 1 2 (man-biting)(BMNH, IOC). Tocantins State PINNED Divinopolis, 17km from town, tributary of R.Araguaia, un- named stream (site 1262); 28.vi.1997, (A.PA.Luna Dias & P.Garritano) —62 212 (reared) (BMNH). PARAGUAY Canindeyu Department SLIDE Mbaracaju Reserve: Rio Jejui-mi; 23.vii.1996, (C.Nouzille & L.Lagache) — 1? (BMNH). Rio Jejui-mi, road to eastern limits of reserve near Hacienda Valinotti, small stream; 15.vi.1995, (A.J.Shelley) — 1 2 (man-biting) (BMNH). Simulium (Psaroniocompsa) minusculum Lutz BRAZIL Goias State PINNED Minagu area: Minagu; 30.ix.1995 (M.Camargo) — 3 22 (man-biting)(BMNH). Minagu, Campus da SAMA (site 766); 9.vii.1986, (A.J.Shelley & A.PA.Luna Dias) — 12 (man- biting) (BMNH). Rio Bonito, river above bridge on airport- Minagu road; 13.iv.1997 (A.PA.Luna Dias & P.R.Garritano) —1 3 (reared) (BMNH). Rio Bonito, entrance to Minagu from Campinacu (site 1210); (A.PA.Luna Dias & P.R.Garritano) — 1 o (reared) (BMNH). Fortaleza Fazenda, Rio Tocantins (site 2); 27—28.ix.1995, (Percil) — 22 266 (reared) (BMNH). Rio Maranhao [=Tocantins ](site 767); 9.vii.1986, (A.J. Shelley & A.P.A.Luna Dias) — 52 2 (man-biting), 1¢ (BMNH). Sao Jose I. Fazenda, Rio Mucambao (site 3); 9.iii1. 1996, (Percil) — 5223a¢ (reared) (BMNH). Palmeiropolis Road, R. Mucambao (site M9); 12.x.1991, (A.J.Shelley) — 12 (reared) 1 2 (man biting) (BMNH). Santo Antonio da Cana Brava, Rio Cana Brava (site 4); 29-30.1x.1995, (Percil) — 82 260¢ (reared) (BMNH). Rio Cana Brava (site 763); 8.vii.1986, (A.J.Shelley & A.PA.Luna Dias) — 1 (man-biting), 12 (BMNH). Fazenda, Margem Esquerda, R. Cana Brava; 13.x.1991, (A.J.Shelley) — 12 (reared) (BMNH). Uruacu, Buritis, R.Tocantins; 21.iv.1997, (A.PA.Luna Dias & P.R.Garritano) — | ? (man-biting)(BMNH). SPIRIT Minacu area, R. Bonito; iii, vii, viii.1995, (M.Camargo) — numerous ? 2 (man-biting) (BMNH). R. Tocantins-Fortaleza; vill.1995, (M.Camargo) — numerous 2 ? (man-biting) (BMNH). Road from Fazenda S40 Raimundo to Minacu (22km from Fazenda); 5.vii.1986, (A.J.Shelley & A.P.A.Luna Dias) — numerous 2 2 (man-biting) (BMNH). Ribeirao Bonito; 26.v.1992,(C.Lowry & A.P.A.Luna Dias)—72 2233 (reared), 7 pupae (BMNH). Santo Antonio da Cana Brava, Rio Cana Brava; 27.v.1992, 1.vi.1992,(C.Lowry &A.P.A.Luna Dias) — 62 2 (man-biting), 72 2 9¢¢ (reared) (BMNH). Fazenda Margem Esquerda, Rio Cana Brava; 28.v.1992, 2.vi.1992, (C.Lowry & A.P.A.Luna Dias) —8 2 23d 3 (reared) (BMNH). Goias/Tocantins border, Rio Mucambao (below bridge); 30.v.1992, (C.Lowry & A.PA.Luna Dias) — 32 2 436 (reared) (BMNH). Fazenda Santo Antonio, Rio Mucambao; 1.vi.1992, (C.Lowry & A.P.A.Luna Dias) — 32916 (reared) (BMNH). Fazenda Fortuna do Isaac, Rio Mucambao; 1.vi.1992, (C.Lowry & A.P.A.Luna Dias) — 1? (reared) (BMNH). R. Mucambao; iii,vii,viii.1995, (M.Camargo) — 302 2 (man-biting) (BMNH). Station 2, R.Tocantins; vi.1995, (M.Camargo) — 20? 2 (man-biting) (BMNH). R. Tocantins-Fortaleza; iii,vii,viii.1995, (M.Camargo) — numerous 2 ? (man-biting) (BMNH). SLIDE Minagu area, Ribeirao Bonito; 26.v.1992, 16.iii1.1995, (C.Lowry & A.P.A.Luna Dias) — 12 (reared), 1° (dissected from pupa), 1? (man-biting), 1¢ (reared), 14 (dissected from pupa) (BMNH). 218 Maranhao State PINNED 30kms from Imperatriz on BR 010 to Araguaiana. Dirt road to Ribeirao zinho, R. Tocantins (collection site 902); 15.viii.1993 (A.J.Shelley, M. Maia-Herzog, A.P.A.Luna Dias)—62 253 3 (reared) (BMNH); BR 010 Estreito to Imperatriz, 7kms from R.Tocantins, R.Lajeado (collection site 912); 13.viii.1993 (A.J.Shelley, M. Maia-Herzog, A.P.A.Luna Dias) — 3? 2 (reared)(BMNH). Mato Grosso State PINNED Dardanelos Falls, R. Aripuana; 29.v1.1978, (J.D.Charlwood), 2.xi., 22.11.1977 (J.Hayes), 20,30.v.1978, 12.1x.1978, (L.A.Lacey) — 502 2 (man-biting) (BMNH). Minas Gerais State PINNED Lassance, Rio das Velhas; 27.vi.1980, 21—25.v.1981, (A.PA.Luna Dias & P.R.Garritano)—7 3 3 (reared) (BMNH). SPIRIT Lassance, Rio das Velhas (site 580); 21—25.v.1981,(A.PRA.Luna Dias & P.Garritano) — 232 218d (reared), numerous pu- pae (BMNH). SLIDE Lassance, Rio das Velhas (site 580); 21—25.v.1981,(A.PRA.Luna Dias & P.Garritano) — 32 2 (man biting), 2d d (reared), 5 pupae — (BMNH). Piaui State PINNED Sao Gongalo, 50kms from Corrente de Piaui, R.Gurgeia (collection site 899); 28—viii.1993, (A.PA.Luna Dias & P.R.Garritano) — 1? (Man-biting)(BMNH). Simulium (Psilopelmia) lutzianum Pinto Type material VENEZUELA (as S. lewisi Ramirez Pérez) Barinas State PINNED 80km de Parinas, R. Socopo; [no date], (J.Ramirez) — 12 (reared) [PARATYPE] (BMNH). Carabobo State PINNED Virigima; [no date], (J.Ramirez) — 1 2 (reared) [PARATYPE] (BMNBH). Miranda State PINNED Panaquire; [no date], B.M.1969-676 (J. Ramirez) —1 2 (reared) [PARATYPE] (BMNH). Acevedo District, Panaquire, 70m, R. Yaguapo; [no date], (J. Ramirez) —1 2 (reared) [PARATYPE] (BMNH). A.J. SHELLEY ET AL. Other material BRAZIL Goias State PINNED Campinagu, Nr Formoso turn off, Corrego Cana Brava (site 1162); 17.viii. 1996, (A.P-A.Luna Dias & P.Garritano) —2 2 2 (reared)(BMNH). Campinagu, Corrego do Bispo (site 1160); 17.viii.1996, (A.PA.Luna Dias & P.Garritano) —1 ° (reared) (BMNH). Minacu area, Mata do Café road, R. Boa Nova; 20.v.1996, (A.PA.Luna Dias & P.Garritano) -13 (reared) (BMNH). SLIDE Minacu area, Fazenda Margem Esquerda, Rio Cana Brava; 28.v.1992, (C.Lowry and A.P.A.Luna Dias) — 1212 (reared) (BMNH). SPIRIT Near Minagu, Fazenda Margem Esquerda, R. Umburara; 13.x.1991, (A.J.Shelley) — 1d (reared) (BMNH). Roraima State SLIDE Mission post, R. Auaris; 8.xii.1986, (A.J. Shelley & A.P.A.Luna Dias) — 1E (reared) (BMNH). Santa Catarina State SLIDE State boundary on BRIO1, R. Sao Joao; 18.xi.1986, (A.J.Shelley & A.PA.Luna Dias) — 1¢ (reared), 2 pupae, 2 exuviae (BMNH). Simulium (Trichodagmia) guianense Wise Type material GUYANA PINNED, SLIDE Lower Rupununi R; 1908, (K.S. Wise) — 1 2 (pinned with head, abdomen, mid and hind legs on slide) [LECTOTYPE], 32 ? (pinned with abdomen, wing and hind leg on slide) [PARALECTOTYPES] (BMNH). as Simulium (Trichodagmia) pintoi Andretta & Andretta BRAZIL Sao Paulo State PINNED, SLIDE Piracicaba; 28.vii.1944 (V.Andretta & Andretta Jr.) — 12 (reared with thorax pinned, remainder on slide no.999) [PARATYPE], 1¢ (head and thorax pinned with abdomen and hind leg on slide no.1020) [PARATYPE], 2 pupal exuviae (3 on slide no.1014 & 2on slide no.987) [PARATYPES] (BMNBH). Other material BRAZIL SIMULIIDAE OF THE SECONDARY ONCHOCERCIASIS FOCUS PMY) Amapa State PINNED Above Maripa Falls, R. Oyapock; 21.v.1992, (C.Lowry & A.PA.Luna Dias) —3 2 2 (reared) (BMNH). SPIRIT Above Maripa Falls, R. Oyapock; 21.v.1992, (C.Lowry & A.PA.Luna Dias) —1¢ (reared), several pupae (BMNH). R. LimAo; 22.v.1982, (A.RA.Luna Dias) — 152 2 (man-biting) (BMNH). SLIDE Above Maripa Falls, R. Oyapock; 21.v.1992, (C.Lowry & A.P.A.Luna Dias) — 1 2 (dissected from pupa) (BMNH). R. Limao; 22.v.1982, (A.PA.Luna Dias) — 12 (man-biting) (BMNH). Amazonas State PINNED Mission post, R. Toototobi; 24.x.1976, 26.11.1976, 19.viii.1977, B.M.1979-580 (A.J. Shelley) — 6? ? (man-biting) (BMNH). SPIRIT R. Toototobi; 1.xii.1977, B.M.1979-580 (A.J.Shelley) — 1 2(man-biting) (BMNH). SLIDE Mission post, R. Toototobi; 26.ii.1976, B.M.1979-580 (A.J.Shelley)—4° 2 (man-biting) (BMNH, IOC). R. Toototobi; 1.xii.1977, B.M.1979-580 (A.J. Shelley) — 22 2 (man-biting) (BMNH). Goias State PINNED Minagu area: Rio Bonito; 23.viii.1995 17—18hrs — 1 ° (man- biting) (BMNH). Fortaleza Fazenda (site 2), Rio Tocantins; 28.viii., 27—-28.ix, 30.ix.1995, 9.viii.1996, (Percil) — 119° 2 433 (reared), 1? (man biting) (BMNH). Rio Maranhao (=Tocantins) (site 768); 9.vii. 1986, (A.J. Shelley & A.P.A.Luna Dias)—1 216 (reared) (BMNH). Sad Antonio da Cana Brava, Rio Cana Brava (site 4); 29-30.1x.1995, (Percil) - 121¢ (reared) (BMNH). Road from Minagu-Palmeiropolis, Fazenda Fortuna de Isaac, 1km below bridge (site M13); 14.x.1981, (A.J.Shelley) — 32 233 3 (reared) (BMNH). SPIRIT Minacgu area, Rio Maranhao (=Tocantins); 9.vii.1986, (A.J.Shelley & A.PA.Luna Dias) — 5 pupae (BMNH). Near Minacu, 4km below hydroelectric works of Serra da Mesa, R. Tocantins; 11.x.1991, (A.J. Shelley) —5 pupae, 2 pupal exuviae (BMNH). On road from Minagcu to Palmeiropolis, Fazenda Sto. Antonio, R. Mucambao; 14.x.1991, (A.J.Shelley) — 13 (reared), 3 pupae (BMNH). Fazenda Fortuna do Isaac, Rio Mucambao; 1.vi.1992, (C.Lowry & A.PA.Luna Dias) — 22 223 (reared), 6 pupae (BMNH). On road from Minagu to Palmeiropolis, Fazenda do Fortuna do Isaac, R. Cana Brava, 1km below bridge; 14.x.1991, (A.J.Shelley)—32 9433 (reared), 3 pupae, 2 pupal exuviae (BMNH). Brasilia-Campos Belos road, Km 299 from junction with Brasilia-Formosa highway, stream; 22.iv.1976, B.M.1979-580 (A.J. Shelley) —2 pupae, 2 pupal exuviae (BMNH). SLIDE Minagu area, R. Bonito; 22.viii.1995, (M.Camargo) — 19 (man-biting) (BMNH). Fazenda Fortuna do Isaac, R. Mucambao; 1.vi.1992,(C.Lowry & A.P.A.Luna Dias)—121¢ (reared) (BMNH). Fazenda Fortaleza, (Station 2; UNDP Project), Rio Tocantins; 28.viii.1995, (M.Carmargo) — 13 (reared) (BMNH). Maranhao State PINNED 30kms from Imperatriz on BRO10 to Araguaiana. Dirt road to Ribeiraozinho, Rio Tocantins (collection site 902); 15. viii. 1993, (A.J. Shelley, M.Maia-Herzog, A.P.A.Luna Dias) —1¢ (reared) (BMNH). Mato Grosso State SPIRIT R. Aripuana, Dardenelos Falls; 5.x.1977, (D.Charlwood) — 1 2(man-biting) (BMNH). Para State PINNED R. Iriri, 52°53’ W, 3°50’S; vii.1984, (Harvey) — 322128 (reared) 212 2 (man biting) (BMNH). Altamira, 51°45’ W, 3°33’S; vii.1984, (T.Harvey) —402 2 (man-biting) (BMNH). Altamira, R.Xingu, 30kms downriver from Cachoeira Paratizao (collection site 908); 9.vili.1993, (A.J.Shelley, M.Maia-Herzog, A.P.A.Luna Dias) — 13 (BMNH). Urua, R. Tapajés, 4°33’S, 56°19’ W; 29.vill.1979, B.M.1979-580 (L.A.Lacey) — 35? 2 (man-biting) (BMNH). Amazonia Nacional Park, Urua, R. Tapajés; 1.ix.1978, B.M.1979-580 (L.A.Lacey) 42 2 (man-biting), 22 93¢¢ (reared, but no exuviae) (BMNH). R. Anapu; 8.iv.1976, B.M.1979-580 (W.Arouck) — 42 2 (man-biting) (BMNH). Mission post, R. Toototobi, 63°39’ W,1°47’N; 12.xii.1976, B.M.1979-580, 12.xii.1976, (R.R. Pinger) —3 2? 2? (BMNH). SPIRIT Near Altamira, Laranjal, R. Iriri, 52°53’ W 3°50’S; 1.111.1984, vi.1984, (Harvey) — numerous 2 ? (man-biting) (BMNH). Near Altamira, 100km south southwest of Pirauhaguara, R. Xingu, 52°34’W 4°8’S; 7.ii.1984, (Harvey) — several ? ? (man-biting) (BMNH). Near Itaituba, R. Urua; 12.x.1977, B.M.1979-580 (B. Ratcliffe) — 1 2 (man-biting) (BMNH). Km 360 Transamazonica road, (Maraba-Altamira), near R. Anapu; 8.iv.1976, B.M.1979-580 (W.Arouck) — several 2 9 (man-biting) (BMNH). Amazonia National Park; 1.ix.1978, B.M.1979-580 (L.A.Lacey) —52 2 (man-biting) (BMNH). SLIDE Near Altamira, Laranjal, R. Iriri, Indian camp by riverside, 52°53’W 3°50’S; 1.iii.1984, vii.1984, (T.Harvey) — 162 2 (man-biting) 1 ¢ (reared) (BMNH). Km 360, Transamazonica road (Maraba-Altamira), near R. Anapu; 8.iv.1976, B.M.1979-580 (W.Arouk) — 1 2 (man-biting) (BMNH),. Urua, R. Tapajos, 56°19°W 4°33’S; 29.viii.1979, 1.ix.1978, B.M.1979-580 (L.A.Lacey) — 22 ¢ (man-biting) (BMNH). Rio de Janeiro State SPIRIT Fregesia, road from Araticum; 9.v.1978, B.M.1979-580 220 (M.Aragado & A.P.A.Luna Dias) — 132 (man-biting) (BMNH). Roraima State PINNED Mission post, R. Auaris; 7.vil.1976, 29.1ii.-1.1v.1977, B.M.1979-580 (R.R.Pinger) & 8.xii.1986 (A.J.Shelley & A.P.A.Luna Dias) — 1822 (man-biting) (BMNH). Surucucucus, Dalem; 11.xii.1986 (A.J.Shelley & A.P.A.Luna Dias) — 1? (man-biting) (BMNH). R. Mucajai, 200m below Igarapé Coroconai; 21.vii.1984, (A.J.Shelley & A.P.A.Luna Dias) — 32 2533 (reared) (BMNH). Mission, R. Mucajai; 5.i1.1977, B.M.1979-580 (A.J. Shelley) -92 21126 (reared) (BMNH). Catrimani mission, R.Catrimani; 9.i1.1977, B.M.1979-580 (A.J.Shelley) — 1213 (reared) (BMNH). Catrimani mission, R. Catrimani; 13.i.1979, B.M.1979-580 (A.J.Shelley & A.P.A.Luna Dias) — 12 (reared) (BMNH). R. Uraricoeira; 20.1.1979, B.M.1979-580 (A.J.Shelley & A.P.A.Luna Dias) — 23 3 (reared) (BMNH). Vila Pereira, R. Surumu; 25.xi.1980 (A.J.Shelley) — 3222336 (reared) (BMNH). Near Normandia, Fazenda Guanabara, R. Mat; 2.xii.1980, (A.J.Shelley) — 13 (reared) (BMNH). SPIRIT Mission post, R. Auaris; 29.iii. - 4.iv.1977, (R.R.Pinger) & 8.x11.1986, (A.J. Shelley & A.P.A.Luna Dias) — numerous ? 2 (man-biting) (BMNH). R.Mucajai, mission post; 5.1.1977, B.M.1979-580 (A.J.Shelley & A.P.A.Luna Dias)—42 21333 (reared), 8 pupae (BMNH). Mucajai; 5.i.1977, B.M.1979-580 (A.J.Shelley) — 1 pupa (BMNH). R. Mucajai, 200m below Igarapé Coroconai; 21.vii.1984, (A.J.Shelley & A.P.A.Luna Dias)—1 253 3 (reared), numerous pupae (BMNH). Mucajai, Igarapé downriver from Coroconai; 6.1.1977, B.M.1979-580 (A.J.Shelley) — 1 2 (mass reared), numerous pupae (BMNH). Northern Perimeter road, Catrimani mission, R. Catrimani; 91.1977, B.M.1979-580 (A.J.Shelley) & 12.i1.1979, B.M.1979-580 (A.J.Shelley & A.P.A.Luna Dias) & 9.1.1977, B.M.1979-580 (A.J.Shelley) —-22 253 3 (reared), 17 pupae, 3 pupal exuviae (BMNH). Near Normandia, Fazenda Guanabara, R. Mau; 2.xii.1980 (A.J.Shelley) — 1 pupal exu- viae (BMNH). Cachoeira Bem Querer, R. Branco; 16.1.1979, B.M.1979-580 (A.J.Shelley & A.P.A. Luna Dias) — 233 (reared) (BMNH). Cachoeira Bem Querer, near Caracarat, R. Branco; 16.1.1979, B.M.1979-580 (A.J.Shelley & A.P.A. Luna Dias) — | pupal exuviae (BMNH). R. Uraricoera; 20.i.1979, B.M.1979-580 (A.J. Shelley & A.P.A. Luna Dias)—22 2233 (reared), 2 pupae, (BMNH). Vila Pereira, R. Surumu; 25.x1.1980 (A.J. Shelley) —3 2 293 3 (reared), numerous pu- pae (BMNH). Serra dos Surucucus, FUNAI Post; 6.v.1982 (A.P.A.Luna Dias & R.Malaguti) — 12 (BMNH). Surucucus, Igarapé in front of FUNAT; 9.xii.1986 (A.J. Shelley & A.PA. Luna Dias) — 22 2 (man-biting) (BMNH). 10km north of junction of Boa Vista-Sta. Elena-Surumu road, waterfall; 11.viii.1984, (A.J.Shelley & A.P.A.Luna Dias) — 22 2 (BMNH). 14km from junction Vila Pereira road, Boa Vista to Sta. Elena road, rapids on R. Surumu; 11 .viii.1984, (A.J. Shelley & A.P.A.Luna Dias) — 1 pupa (BMNH). SLIDE Mission post, R. Auaris; 29.i11-4.iv.1977, (R.R.Pinger)—5@ 2 (man-biting) (BMNH, IOC). Mucajai mission post; 5.1.1977, A.J. SHELLEY EAE B.M.1979-580 (A.J.Shelley) - 42213 (reared) (BMNH, IOC). R. Mucajai, 200m below Igarapé Coroconaij; 21.vii.1984, (A.J.Shelley & A.P.A.Luna Dias) — 32 223¢ (reared) (BMNH, IOC). Catrimani mission, R. Catrimani; 12.41.1979, B.M.1979-580 (A.J.Shelley & A.P.A.Luna Dias) — 23 3 (reared) (BMNH). Sao Paulo State PINNED Fazenda Santa Cruz, Rio Pardo (site 889): 30.viii.1992, (A.J.Shelley) — 42 2733 (reared) (BMNH). Cornelio Procopio to Ourinhos Road Km 20 near Ourinhos (site 884), Rio Laranjinha; 29.viii.1992, (A.J.Shelley) — 12132 (reared) (BMNH). Bandeirantes-Ourinhos-Cambara road, 15km from Bandeirantes, Rio das Cinzas (site 885); 29.viii.1992, (A.J.Shelley) — 12 (reared) (BMNH). Simulium (Trichodagmia) nigrimanum Macquart BRAZIL Goias State PINNED Road DF2a, R.Palmeiras, Corrego Sonhem; 5.iv.1976, (A.J.Shelley) — 1916 (reared) (BMNH). Formosa-Itiquira Road, Corrego Bandeirinha; 26.ix.1975, (A.J.Shelley)—121¢6 (reared) (BMNH). Km 15, Estrada Niquelandia-Dois Irmaos, R.Bagaginho; 4.vi.1976, (A.J.Shelley) — 121¢ (reared) (BMNH). Minacu area, Corrego Grande (site 765); 9. vii.1986, (A.J.Shelley & A.P.A.Luna Dias) — 12132 (reared) (BMNH). Cachoeira da Areia (site 758); 7.vii.1986, (A.J.Shelley & A.P.A.Luna Dias) — 12 (man-biting) (BMNH). Fazenda Espigao (site 749), Rio Bonito; 4.vii.1986, (A.J.Shelley & A.P.A.Luna Dias) — 32 ? (man-biting) (BMNH). Fazenda Santa Ruth (site 1), Rio Bonito; 27.ix.1995, (Percil) — 32 2 (man-biting) (BMNH). Rio Bonito (bridge) (site 742); 3.vii. 1986, (A.J.Shelley & A.P.A.Luna Dias) — 22 ? (reared) (BMNH). Chacara Sta Ruth, bridge, Rio Bonito (site 739); 2.vii.1986, (A.J.Shelley & A.P.A.Luna Dias) — 12 (man- biting) (BMNH). Fazenda Sta Ruth (site 1), Rio Bonito; 27.ix.1995, (Percil) — 1° (man-biting) (BMNH). Fortaleza (site 2), Rio Tocantins; 26.iv.1995, (Percil), 2.iv.1996, (Percil), 26.ix.1995, (M.Elias), 28.iv.1995 (Percil) — 3° 2 (man-bit- ing), 1d (reared) (BMNH). Rio Tocantins (as Maranhao) (site 767); 9.vii.1986 (A.J.Shelley & A.P.A.Luna Dias) —1 ¢ (man- biting) (BMNH). Fazenda Sao Jose I., Rio MucambAo (site 3); 30.ix.1996, (Percil) — 1 2 (man-biting) (BMNH). Minagu- Palmeiropolis Road, Rio Mucambao (site 9); 12.x.1991, (A.J.Shelley) — 13 (reared) (BMNH). Santo Antonio de Cana Brava (site 4), Rio Cana Brava; 23.vii.1995, (Percil) — 16 (reared) (BMNH). SPIRIT Minacu area, Cachoeira da Areia; 8.vii.1986, (A.J.Shelley & A.P.A. Luna Dias) —2 pupae (BMNH). Goias/Tocantins border, Rio Mucambao (below bridge); 30.v.1992, (C.Lowry & A.PA.Luna Dias) — 42 283¢ (reared), numerous pupae (BMNH). Fazenda Santo Antonio, Rio Mucambao; 1.vi.1992, SIMULIIDAE OF THE SECONDARY ONCHOCERCIASIS FOCUS 221 (C.Lowry & A.P.A.Luna Dias) — | ?_(reared) (BMNH). Rio Mucambao; vii. & viii.1995, (M.Camargo) — numerous 2 ? (man-biting) (BMNH). Ribeirao Bonito; 26.v.1992, (C.Lowry & A.P.A.Luna Dias)—15 2 2 (man-biting) (BMNH). Ribeirao Bonito; 26.v.1992, (C.Lowry & A.P.A.Luna Dias)—52 243 3 (reared), 12 pupae (BMNH). R. Bonito; iii. 1995, (M. Camargo) —12(man-biting) (BMNH). R. Bonito; vi.1995, (M.Camargo) — 1522 (man-biting) (BMNH). R. Bonito; vii.1995, (M.Camargo) — numerous ? (man-biting) (BMNH). Fazenda Margem Esquerda, Rio Cana Brava; 28.v.1992, (C.Lowry & A.PA.Luna Dias) — 22 21¢ (reared), 2 pupae (BMNH). Fazenda Margem Esquerda, Rio Cana Brava; 2.vi.1992, (C.Lowry & A.P.A.Luna Dias) —3 pupae (BMNH). Santo Antonio da Cana Brava, Rio Cana Brava; vi.1992, (C.Lowry & A.P.A.Luna Dias) — 4 pupae (BMNH). Santo Antonio da Cana Brava, Rio Cana Brava; 1.v1.1992,(C.Lowry & A.PA.Luna Dias) — 1¢ (reared) (BMNH). Santo Antonio da Cana Brava, Rio Cana Brava; 27.v.1992, (C.Lowry & A.P.A.Luna Dias) —3 pupae (BMNH). R. Tocantins-Fortaleza; vi.1995, (M.Camargo) — 1 2? (man-biting) (BMNH). SLIDE Minacu area, Ribeirao Bonito; 26.v.1992, 2,vi,1992, ili,vill.1995, (M.Carmargo, C.Lowry & A.P.A.Luna Dias) — 12 (reared), 5? 2 (man-biting), 1¢ (reared) (BMNH). Rio Tocantins, UNDP Project; 28.1x.1995, (M.Carmargo) — 12 (reared) (BMNH). BR 153 Belém- Brasilia Highway, Km 35 from Anapolis, Rio Padre Souza; 26.v.1976, (A.J.Shelley)— 1 (reared) (BMNH). BR 153 Belém-Brasilia Highway, Km 187 from Anapolis, Rio Sao Patricio; 27.v.1976, (A.J. Shelley) — 12 (reared) (BMNH). Federal District PINNED Descoberto dam, outlet stream; 8.vi. 1976, (A.J. Shelley) — 82 2802 (reared) (BMNH). Minas Gerais State PINNED 28.ix.1903, (A.Lutz) — 12 (IOC). COLOMBIA PINNED Mitd; viii. 1967 (C.J.Marinkelle)—4 2 2 (man biting) (BMNH). SPIRIT Mitu; viii.1967 (C.J.Marinkelle) — numerous 2 2 (man bit- ing) (BMNH). SLIDE Mitd; viii. 1967 (C.J.Marinkelle) — 1 2 (man biting) (BMNH). INDEX Synonyms are in italics; main citations in bold acarayense 176 aequifurcatum 215 angrense 180, 205, 206 auripellitum 171-174, 178-180, 188-191, 194, 196-201, 203, 204, 206-208, 212- 215. bonaerense 180 Chirostilbia 173 cuasiexiguum 171-174, 178, 188, 196, 197, 200, 201, 204, 207, 208, 211 exiguum 171-175, 177, 178, 181, 188-191, 193, 196-201, 203, 204, 206-208, 210 gonzalezi 211, 212 guianense 171-175, 183-184, 188-190, 192, 195-200, 202, 203, 205, 207, 208, 218-219 guarani 176. incrustatum 171-174, 178, 180-181, 183, 188-190, 192, 194, 196-201, 203, 204, 207, 208, 215-217 jujuyense 180 lewisi 182, 183, 218 lutzianum 171-175, 182-183, 189, 190, 192, 195-200, 202, 203, 205-208, 218 minusculum 171-174, 176, 181-182, 189, 190, 192, 194, 196-200, 202, 203, 205— 208, 217-218 nigrimanum 171-175, 181, 184-185, 188— 190, 192, 195-200, 202, 203, 205, 207,208, 220-221 Notolepria 173 oyapockense 182 papaveroi 176 pintoi 218 pruinosum 185 Psaroniocompsa 173 Psilopelmia 173 roraimense 182 spinibranchium 171-174, 175, 189-191, 193, 196-201, 203, 204, 207-209 subpallidum 171-175, 176, 188-191, 193, 196-201, 203, 204, 206-209 Trichodagmia 173 yarzabali 215 i| if ‘ 2h i ie tel a hilt > eee Gee * a, i? pe rie Sir a lei} {wil Vis ¥ hoot OE oy hay) OS PY lle 9 | 2 hl mud see A WANG il A, batt (141): (es Ce ew hee a> ; > fe é wh pe et | 8 ‘ ‘ 4 ) Peag}- a nwa apie a t) be? i “ tiehd aiid Aue i. Wy 7 net @ as a ak — a ei = vs vou} “4 i ¢ i —=tinbS of — sn may ls rT : » Lae . \ eek, 6 poy tele, AP ; { HA Deagneeke (usd 1 | ’ — _— ~~ a ee 4 Bulletin of The Natural History Museum Entomology Series Earlier Entomology Bulletins are still in print. The following can be ordered from Intercept (address on inside front cover). Where the complete backlist is not shown, this may also be obtained from the same address. Volume 63 No. 1 A revision of the Indo-Pacific species of Ooencyrtus (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), parasitoids of the immature stages of economically important insect species (mainly Hemiptera and Lepidoptera). D.W. Huang and J.S. Noyes. Pp. 1-135. No. 2 A taxonomic review of the common green lacewing genus Chrysoperla (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). S.J. Brooks. Pp. 137-210. Volume 64 No. 1 Revision of the neotropical genus Oospila Warren (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) M.A. Cook and MJ. Scoble. Pp. 1-115. No. 2 Encyrtidae of Costa Rica (Hymenhoptera: Chalcidoidea): the genus Aenasius Walker, parasitoids of mealybugs (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae). J.S. Noyes and H. Ren. Pp. 117-164. Volume 65 No. 1 A revised classification of the Asian and Pacific selenocephaline leafhoppers (Homoptera: Cicadellidae). Y. Zhang and M.D. Webb. Pp 1-103. No. 2 Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) of Costa Rica: the genera and species associated with jumping plant-lice (Homoptera: Psylloidea). J.S. Noyes and P. Hanson. Pp. 105-164. Volume 66 No. 1 Biosystematic studies on the Simuliidae (Diptera) of the Amazonia onchocerciasis focus. A.J. Shelley, C.A. Lowry, M. Maia-Herzog, A.P.A. Luna Dias and M.A.P. Moraes. Pp. 121. No. 2 Microtermes in East Africa (Isoptera: Termitidae: Macrotermitinae) S. Bacchus. 1997. Pp. 123-171. Volume 67 No. 1 Mealybugs of the genera Eumyrmococcus Silvestri and Xenococcus Silvestri associated with the ant genus Acropyga Roger and a review of the subfamily Rhizoecinae (Hemiptera, Coccoidea, Pseudococcidae). D.J. Williams. 1998. Pp. 1-64. Monophyly of the dacetonine tribe-group and its component tribes (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). B. Bolton. 1998. Pp. 65-78. An annotated checklist of bumble bees with an analysis of patterns of description (Hymenoptera: Apidae, Bombini). P.H. Williams. 1998. Pp. 79-152. No. 2 A revision of the leafhopper tribe Paraboloponini (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Selenocephalinae) in the Indian subcontinent. C.A. Viraktamath. 1998. Pp. 153-208. A review of the Palaearctic Neorhacodinae (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) with Eremura Kasparyan, 1995 new to the west Palaearctic. D.G. Notton and M.R. Shaw. 1998. Pp. 209-218. Volume 68 No. 1 Revision of the Oriental Opostegidae (Lepidoptera) with general comments on phylogeny within the family. Rimantas Puplesis and Gaden S. Robinson. 1999. Pp. 1-92. No. 2 A revision of the African and Malagasy species of the genus Leptomastix (Hymenoptera, Encyrtidae), parasitoids of mealybugs (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae). Jean-Marc Anga and John S. Noyes. 1999. Pp. 93-128. A revision of the north-west European species of the formosus species group of Spilomicrus (Hymenop- tera: Diapriidae). David G. Notton. 1999. Pp. 129-144. A review of the soldierless African termite genus Amicotermes Sands 1972 (Isoptera, Termitidae, Apicotermitinae). W.A. Sands. 1999. Pp. 145-193. Volume 69 No | Editorial. R.I. Vane-Wright. 2000. Pp. 1-2. . A review of the Central and South American Nepticulidae (Lepidoptera) with special reference to Belize. Rimantas Puplesis and Gaden S. Robinson. 2000. Pp. 3-113. CONTENTS | Systematics of Onirion, anew genus of Sabethini (Diptera: Culiidae) __ from the Neotropical Region — .: R.E. Harbach and E.L. Peyton The Simuliidae (Diptera) of the secondary bachocercinue focus at _Minagu in central Brazil A.J. Shelley, M. Maia-Herzog, C.A. Lowry, A.PA. Luna Dias, PR. Garrtano, A. ne M. Camargo and H.G. Carter : ENTOMOLOGY SERIES Vol. 69, No. 2, November 2000