ARNOLD ARBORETUM

HARVARD UNIVERSITY

( OEC 27 1940 )

BULLETIN

OF POPULAR INFORMATION

SERIES 4 VOLUME VIII
1940

PUBLISHED BY THE

ARNOLD ARBORETUM

JAMAICA PLAIN, MASSACHUSETTS

4'

<•

, *

ILLUSTRATIONS

James Arnold, George B. Emerson, Plate I, p. 5

Flowering branch of Cornus mas, one of the earliest shrubs to bloom
in the spring, Plate II, p. 15

Showing the differences in the flowers of three early magnolias : Mag-
nolia kobus borealis, M. kobus, M. stellata, Plate III, p. 23

The Japanese tree lilac (Syringa amurensis japonica) is the last of all
lilacs to bloom and is the most conspicuous in flower, Plate IV,

p. 26

The Virginia rose (Rosa virginiana) as it grows in a border planting
at the Arnold Arboretum, Plate V, p. 31

Alfred Rehder, Plate VI, p. 59

Hardiness Map, Plate VII, p. 62

1. Harvard House, 2. Casa Catilina, Plate VHI, p. 67

1. View across one of the ponds in the Palm Collection, 2. Ceiba
pentandra, Ceiba or Kapok Tree, Plate IX, p. 69

1. Ravenala madagascariensis, Travelers’ Tree, 2. Bamboo at its best,
Plate X, p. 7 1

[iii]

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i^TOLD ARBORETUM

HARVARD UNIVERSITY

BULLETIN

OF POPULAR INFORMATION

Series 4. Vol. VIII

APRIL 26, 1940

Number 1

THE GENESIS OF THE ARNOLD ARBORETUM

HE development of the Arnold Arboretum from the time of its

A establishment in Jamaica Plain has been described with thor-
oughness and understanding, especially by the late Charles Sprague
Sargent, and more recently by Mrs. Susan D. McKelvey. From shortly
after the date of its founding in 1872 until his death in 1927 it was
continuously in the capable and creative hands of Professor Sargent,
under whom it grew from scarcely more than an idea to an artistic,
horticultural, and educational institution of first rank in the world.

The history of the institution is usually considered to have begun
with the execution of an indenture between the President and Fellows
of Harvard College and three trustees under the will of James Arnold
of New Bedford. These three men were George B. Emerson, John J.
Dixwell, and Francis E. Parker, all of Boston. To them, as trustees,
had been bequeathed one and a quarter twenty-fourth parts of the resi-
due of Mr. Arnold’s estate, ‘‘to be by them applied for the promotion
of Agricultural or Horticultural improvements, or other Philosophical,
or Philanthropic purposes at their discretion . . .”. The indenture
contained agreements between the contracting parties that the

trustees would transfer the fund at their disposal to Harvard College,
with the understanding that it be kept as a separate unit and allowed
to accumulate until the principal had reached 8 150,000 and until the
Bussey land in West Roxbury had finally become available to the
College; second, that 5 percent of the net income each year should be
added to the principaP ; third, that the income should be used for the
establishment of an arboretum to be known as the Arnold Arboretum,

The James Arnold Fund now contains 8174,793.17.

[1]

and to support the ^^^rnold Professorship*’ in the Collej^e ; yb?/;7//,
until the happeninjj of the events named in the first clause, the college
should be allowed to spend a third of the income in each year for
preparations toward future development of the Arboretum;.^/?/?, that
the fund should be subject to the same minimal expense of adminis-
tration as other College funds; and siA-f/i, that the arboretum should
be established upon a part of the Bussey estate in West Roxbury.

Mr. Arnold’s will was drawn in January, 1867; and he died in
December, 1868. The above indenture was signed on March t29th,
1872. Within this short space of time, therefore, the idea of starting
an arboretum in the vicinity of Boston had crystallized ; further, it was
to be established as a part of the botanical organization of Harvard
College, and was to be located at the newly-organized Bussey Insti-
tution in West Roxbury. The consequences of these arrangements
have acquired such broad significance that it becomes of great interest
to trace the stages by which they came about, to visualize the motives
that determined them. The Arnold Arboretum was the first of its kind
to be established in America, and has been the principal inspiration
and source of ideas for the many institutions of similar aims now in
existence. With whom did the idea of starting an arboretum originate,
and how was it brought to the attention of the College? What were
the causes for its establishment in West Roxbury rather than in Cam-
bridge? There is nothing in the terse wording of the clause in Mr.
Arnold’s will to indicate that he had such a specific purpose in mind ;
in fact the latitude given the trustees was so great that they could
have used the fund for a purpose entirely outside the field of botany.
Professor Sargent states (lO) that Mr. Emerson proposed that the
Arnold bequest should be used for an Arboretum; and in two of the
published accounts of Emerson’s life (l, IS) there are brief notes to
the effect that he was instrumental in securing the bequest.

A number of letters between the principal actors in the drama have
recently been examined, and these throw new light on the questions
just noted. The remainder of this sketch will be devoted to a brief
account of their contents, together with such biographical items as
seem pertinent.

James Arnold was born in 1781, at Providence, R.L, of Quaker
parentage. Very little is known of his early life or education, but he
came as a voung man to New Bedford where he entered the business
office of Mr. William Rotch, Jr. In 1807 he married Sarah Rotch, a
daughter of William Rotch, and eventually became a partner in the
Rotch mercantile concern. With increasing wealth he acquired an

estate of about eleven acres in New Bedford and built, in 1821, a
mansion house of his own, surrounded by large lawns aud gardens.
This establishment was a mecca for visitors through many years. The
Arnolds both took a keen interest in the garden, building it in the
varied but orderly manner of the English type. They carried on the
unusual practice of opening it to the public on Sundays. Other than
this natural interest in gardening, equaled if not superceded by that
of his wife, we have no indication that James Arnold had any partic-
ular interest in natural history or horticulture. In fact, if he had any
consuming interest outside his business, it appears to have been his
study of classical literature. For this he was well-known among his
neighbors, and was a prominent member of a local literary society of
the day.

We do not know all the facts leading up to his bequest to the three
trustees in Boston. It is clear, however, that he was influenced toward
it by one of them, Mr. George B. kmierson, who was a relative by
marriage, and apparently a rather close friend. Since Mr. Emerson
played an important part in the succeeding events, some account of
his life will no doubt prove significant.

George Barrell Emerson was born in 1797, at Wells, Maine, and
died in Brookline in 1881. His father was a prominent physician in
Wells, a graduate of Harvard in 1784. Young Emerson took his degree
at Harvard in 1817, but suffered a severe illness during the latter part
of his work there which considerably impeded his further studies. For
two years after leaving Harvard he was master of a private school at
Lancaster, Mass., and in 1819 was called to Harvard as a tutor in
mathematics. In 1820 the English Classical School was founded in
Boston, with Mr. k^merson as its first principal. He remained in this
capacity until 1828, when he established a girls’ school of his own in
Boston. This proved to be a highly successful undertaking, and ab-
sorbed Mr. Emerson’s active teaching energies for thirty years. In
1823 he married Olivia Buckminster, who died in 1832, leaving two
sons and a daughter. A second marriage occurred in 1834, to Mrs.
M ary (Botch) Fleming.

He was prominent in the organization, in 1830, of the American
Institute of Instruction ; and a report on the school situation in Massa-
chusetts, prei)ared by him and presented to the Governor of the
Commonwealth , led to the organization of a State Board of k’ducation
with Horace Mann as its secretary. This step proved to be an impor-
tant milestone in the development of public education, not only in
Massachusetts but in the wliole nation.

Althoufrh widely recognized in the field of education, he is also well
known in the world of natural science for his classic work on the
“'frees and Shrubs Growin<r Naturally in the Forests of Massachu-
setts.” This book was prepared as a result of his appointment as
chairman of a commission to make a zoolo<rical and botanical survey
of the state. It went through five editions, the first of which was
published in ISdb. For six years, between 1887 and 1848, he was
president of the then recently formed Boston Society of Natural
History. In subsequent years Mr. Emerson travelled extensively in
England, France, Italy and Germany, making observations of plant
life and studies of educational methods. In 1870 he made a journey
to the Pacific coast.

Here, then, was a man who by training, inclination and experience
might have been a prime mover in the development of the arboretum
idea. That he was is clear from the following letters. We have but
little information concerning Mr. Dixwell or Mr. Parker. Professor
Sargent says that the former was “a successful Boston business man,

. . .also a lover and student of trees, and had assembled on his place
in Jamaica Plain one of the largest and best collections of native and
foreign trees which was growing at this time in New England”(l 2).
A passage in one of Mr. Emerson’s letters, quoted below, gives fur-
ther indication of Dixwell’s interest in matters botanical and horticul-
tural. Mr. Parker was an attorney in Boston, and there is some evidence
that he handled the financial transfers connected with the bequest.

In the Harvard College Archives is a letter from Professor Asa Gray
to Dr. Andrew Preston Peabody who was Acting President of the Col-
lege during a short period of months between the administrations of
Thomas Hill and Charles W. Eliot. The letter is dated February 20,
1869 and was written from Egypt where Dr. and Mrs. Gray were
travelling at the time. Dr. Gray says, “ I am apprised in a letter from
Mr. John Lee that Mr. Arnold of New Bedford, just deceased, has
left a legacy of $100,000 to trustees for horticultural, agricultural,
scientific or other like purposes, and that Messers Geo. B. Emerson,
J.J. Dixwell, and F.B. Parker are the trustees. Whether any, or if any
what sum is applied or applicable to horticulture and the like, I have
not the means of knowing, nor whether the disposition is at the dis-
cretion of the trustees under the will. But I have reason to think that
some provision may be made for arboriculture and an arboretum, and
it is known to the Corporation of the Universit.v that I have, from
time to time pressed the recommendation that the grounds around the
Observatory, having the advantage of being contiguous to the Botanic

PLATE I

James Arnold George B. Emerson

Garden, with some extensions (which could lately have been had with-
out very great cost) should be utilized for the purpose of an arboretum,
if ever the means for its support were to be had. Now, if any specific
legacy has been made for such purposes, or one which may be so di-
rected by Mr. Arnold’s trustees, it would be well that the wants and
desires of the University should be represented. And I dare say you
may have already been in communication with the Trustees in regard
to it. Two of them, Messers Emerson and Dixwell, are very well ac-
quainted with our state and our wants at the Botanic Garden, and
would no doubt give attentive consideration to any application of or
in behalf of the University. Would you kindly let me know if there
is anything to be expected.”

This appears to have been the first time the Arnold bequest was
brought to the attention of the College. The following note from Mr.
Emerson to Dr. Peabody indicates that he had been approached as a
result of Dr. Gray’s letter. This note from Mr. Emerson is so illumi-
nating that it will be quoted in full.

3 Pemberton Sq. Mar. 31. ’69.

Rev. Dr. Peabody,

My dear friend. Dr. Gray is correctly informed in regard to sev-
eral things about Mr. Arnold’s will. He did leave to me, J.J. Dixwell
and F. II,. Parker, for purposes made known to Dr. Gray — a large be-
quest, probably two thirds of what it is reported to be. This was orig-
inally intended for an arboretum. But Mr. x\rnold, to leave us at
liberty, extended the limits of the bequest. We have hoped that an
arboretum might be formed by it. But, if the greater part of the
money would have to be expended for land at house-lot prices, I would
be very unwilling to give it that direction. So far as I am concerned,
I mean, if possible, to have an arboretum — and for Harvard College;
and, if land can be found near the College, already in possession of
the college or procurable at reasonable price, the arboretum will be
more likely to be in Cambridge as an appendage to the Botanic Gar-
den, than anywhere else. Indeed my original idea, in recommending
such a bequest to my dear friend and brother, was the hope that the
management of the whole garden by Dr. Gray might be facilitated
by this bequest. Have the goodness to give my kindest regards to Dr.
and Mrs. Gray, and tell him that now for the first time I feel jealous
of you.

Ever sincerely yours.

Geo. B. Emerson

[T]

It thus becomes clear that Mr. Emerson, actintj indei)endently, and
with a definite idea of an arboretum in mind, suggested to Mr. Arnold
that he insert a favorable item in his will. The actual wording of the
be(iuest was to give the trustees freedom in case it should not prove
feasible to carry out the original idea. It is clear, further, that the
original intention was that the arboretum should be a |)artof Harvard
College; if possible, an adjunct to the then existing Botanic Garden
under the capable direction of Dr. Asa Gray. In his letter to Dr.
Peabody, however, Mr. Emerson was already doubtful as to whether
the last would be possible, since he did not approve of diverting any
large part of the money to “capital investments” in land. It is of
interest to note, in passing, that his reasoning is still good in many
aspects of the financing of biological education and research. The fact
that such institutions as Harvard University already have large in-
vestments in lands, etpiipment and personnel is of first importance to
donors who wish to see their gifts used largely for actual teaching or
investigations rather than for expensive material developments.

It is difficult to determine how much influence was exerted by Dr.
Gray in formulating the project. He says, in the letter quoted above,
that Emerson and Dixwell were both familiar with the problems of
the Botanic Garden in Cambridge, and it is not impossible that they
had discussed the development of an arboretum. It seems clear, how-
ever, both from Gray’s and Emerson’s letters, that the idea had not
taken definite form.

With the purpose established, and the means available, it was fin-
ally decided that the arboretum should be at the Bussey Institution,
on land already owned by the College. Who made this decision is not
definitely known. In the minutes for the meeting of the Harvard
Corporation of March 18th, 1872, it is stated that President Eliot
“read a memorandum of a proposed contract between George B.
Emerson, John J. Dixwell and Francis E,. Parker. . . .whereupon it
was voted that the President be authorized to sign a contract in con-
formity with the terms of the memorandum. ...” A marginal note
describes this as the “Memorandum of a proposed contract for an
Arboretum at the Bussey Inst’n.”

The memorandum itself has not been found, although it may have
been only an original draft of the later indenture. Sometime between
March, 1869, and March, 1872, the whole matter must have been
threshed out. By June, 1872, the indenture had been ratified by
both parties and signed. Three letters during this short period are
worthy of note. The first is from Dr. Gray to President Eliot, undated

but presumably in the first half of 1870. In it is the following para-
graph : ‘‘Mr. Longfellow met me yesterday with a plan in his head
that you ought to know about. He proposes to be one of 12 or more
to buy a large bit of Brighton Meadows for $12,000 and present it to
the College — [l suppose land directly opposite his house !] I told him
that if the land he proposed to acquire would serve for an arboretum,
I thought the likelihood of his finding partners in the purchase would
be largely increased. After inquiring what an arboretum might be and
why I thought so, he said he would go and see Mr. ^Emerson. ” The
land along the Charles River, some 70 acres, was purchased and pre-
sented. Mr. Longfellow’s letter of transmittal was dated July 4,1870,
but it contains no mention of the possible use of the property for an
arboretum.

It is probable that the plan for using the Bussey land was already
underway at this time. A letter from Mr. Emerson to President Eliot
dated December 8, 1869 (Mr. Eliot had been elected President in May
of that year) begins with the following sentences: “it would be of
little use for us to go to Roxbury while the snow would prevent our
walking freely about the Bussey fields and woods. But I would like
to talk with you about the intentions of the President and Corporation
as to an agricultural school to be established upon that estate.’’ The
remainder of the letter contains an outline of what Emerson considered
should be the aims and methods in the proposed school of agriculture.
We may infer from this letter that Mr. Emerson had been approached
by President Eliot as early as 1869 with the proposal that they ex-
amine the Bussey land together, presumably with the idea of placing
the Arboretum there.

By way of summary, it may be said that a large portion, if not most,
of the credit for the starting of an arboretum at Harvard is due to
Mr. George B. Emerson. The idea appears to have first taken form
in his mind, and he secured an initial endowment fund sufficiently
large to make a concrete beginning of the project. Further, together
with his fellow trustees of the Arnold bequest, John J. Dixwell and
Francis E. Parker, he formulated an unusually far-sighted arrange-
ment with the College for the future handling of the money. Also,
we cannot underestimate the significance of Dr. Asa Gray’s influence,
not only upon Mr. Emerson himself, but in first bringing the whole
matter to the attention of the College. That Dr. Gray continued his
interest in the Arboretum, and later influenced tlie actual planning
of the grounds, is indicated by an item found in an account of the life
of Frederick Law Olmsted, the great landscape architect who had

so prominent a part not only in the development of the Arboretum,
hut also of the entire Boston park system. This note states that Olm-
sted spent the summer of 1878 ^Svith E. L. Godkin in Cambridjre in
order to work out plans for Arboretum with Professor Gray and Sar-
jrent.'* (8) 'I'he first topof^raphie map of the fjrounds, with proposed
driveways, was made at about the same time. It is probable that to
Dr. Gray must also be «:iven the credit for the extraordinarily wise
appointment of Charles Spra<rue Sargent as the new Arnold Professor
of Aboriculture and head of the youthful Arboretum. There are sev-
eral references to Sar^jent in Gray’s published letters, esj)ecially to
his friends in Piurope, all of them in terms of highest praise. Pro-
fessor Sarf^ent was for several years in charo’e of the Botanic Garden
in Cambrid^re, and closely associated with Dr. Gray.

It is difficult to conceive of a finer memorial to an individual than
that of the Arnold Arboretum to James Arnold. He did not deliber-
ately plan it so during his own lifetime, but entrusted it to a group
of friends whose judgment he respected. The peculiarly fortunate
combination of events and ideas described above has probably given
perpetuity to his name far more effectively than would have been
possible had a specific program been laid down by Mr. Arnold himself.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The writer is indebted particularly to the keeper of the Archives
of Harvard University for permission to search the files of correspon-
dence and records for notes on the Arboretum’s early history. He
wishes to express his appreciation also to Mr. Jerome D. Greene,
Secretary to the Corporation, for granting permission to publish parts
of the correspondence. Miss Lucy Lowell of Boston, a granddaughter
of Mr. Emerson, has very graciously placed at the writer’s disposal
her personal recollections of the man himself and of his connection
the beginnings of the Arboretum. The portrait of Mr. Arnold is from
Ellis’ History of A etc' Bedford that of Mr. Emerson is taken from
Waterston’s Memoir.

[10]

REFERENXES

1. Anon. George B. Emerson. Proc. Am. Acad. 16: IST-SQ (l88l).
(This note has been attributed to Professor Asa Gray, but his
name does not appear as the author of it, nor is it in the volume
of his collected necrologies).

2. Bouve, Thomas T. Note on Geo. B. Emerson in a Historical Sketch
of the Boston Society of Xatural History, etc. Anniversary Mem.,
Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1880, pp. 235-37.

3. Ellis, L.B. History of Xexc Bedford and its Vicinity, 1602-1892.
D. Mason & Co. (l892).

4. Jenkins, Edw. H. George Barrell Emerson. Diet. Am. Biography
6: 127-8 (l93l).

5. McKelvey, Susan Delano. The Arnold Arboretum. Harv. Alumni
Bulletin 38: 464-72 (l936).

6. Morison, J.H. George Barrell Emerson. Unitarian Rev. 16: 59-
69 (1881).

7. Morison, Samuel Eliot. The Development of Harvard University
Since the Inauguration of President Eliot, 1869-1929 . Harv. Univ.
Press (l930).

8. Olmsted, F.L. Jr., and Theodora Kimball. Frederick Laic Olm-
sted, Landscape Architect, 1822-1903; Early Years and Experiences.
Putnam's, New York (l922).

9. Pease, Z.W. The Arnold Mansion and its Traditions. Old Dart-
mouth Historical Sketches No. 52 (l924) New Bedford.

10. Potter, W.J. To the Memory of James Arnold, New Bedford (l868).

11. Ricketson, Daniel. Xeic Bedford of the Past. Houghton-Milliin
(1903).

12. Sargent, Charles Sprague. The First Fifty Years of the Arnold
Arboretum. Jour. Arn. Arb. 3: 127-171 (l922).

13. Waterston, Robert C. Memoir of George Barrell Emerson, LL.D.
Proc. Mass. Hist. Soc. 20: (l 882-3).

Hugh M. Raup

[n]

ARNOLD ARBORETUM

HARVARD UNIVERSITY

MAY 3 1940
i/BRAgt

BULLETIN

OF POPULAR INFORMATION

Series 4. Vol. VIII MAY 3, 1940 Number 2

THIS FAST WINTER

This past winter has been very hard on many of the evergreens
not only in the Arboretum but also in many of the Boston sub-
urbs. Particularly injured have been the rhododendrons, Canada hem-
locks, and arborvitaes. It is difficult to cite the exact time when injury
occurred, but it is doubtful whether any of it took place much before
March 1. This is certainly the case with the hemlocks. Many of the
native Canada hemlocks have been under observation, the trees ap-
parently remaining in good condition throughout the winter, with
green foliage and no apparent injur}’ whatsoever even as late as the
end of February.

However, during early March there were a few warm, sunny days.
Since the ground was still frozen, transpiration from the foliage was
at a maximum, and because of frozen soil, the plant roots were unable
to take in sufficient water to make up for the loss from the foliage.
The warm sunny days were followed by a period with low temperatures
and high, cold winds. As a result, evergreens in exposed situations were
badly burned, and in many cases have become unsightly.

One particular instance proved interesting. On the grounds of the
Adams House, adjacent to the Arboretum, there is a planting of large
Canada hemlocks. As would be expected, these were very badly burned
on the southwest side. Standing in the same location, with exactly
the same amount of exposure, was a fifteen year old Carolina hemlock.
'Phis tree showed no burning whatsoever. \o general conclusions
should be drawn from this, since Carolina hemlocks in other situations
around Boston were injured also, but apjjarently in this particular soil
with this particular exjiosure, the Carolina hemlock was more resis-
tant to injury.

[18]

The rhododendron collection suffered considerably because of foli-
age injury, especially those plants immediately opposite the road
junction. This is the windiest spot in the collection; and, though
these plants were protected with evergreen boughs, as they are every
year, the covering was not sufficient to protect the foliage completely.
Some plants have lost a number of leaves and it may be necessary to
prune these individuals later.

Other plants that have suffered are the green-twigged brooms on
Bussey Hill. Some of the Cytlsiis scopariiis varieties had grown to be
about six feet tall, but were so badly injured that they will have to
be cut back materially. The interesting hybrid Warminster broom
iC.praecox), which has been recommended in other issues of the Bul-
letin, came through with no serious harm, showing that it is well
adapted for New England planting.

Some years the oriental flowering cherries on Bussey Hill have suf-
fered materiall.v from sun-scald. However, though it is a little too early
to tell definitely, there was apparently no injury to the trunks this
past winter.

The winter has not been so unusually cold as far as low tempera-
tures are concerned. According to the official figures of the Weather
Bureau, the temperature went below 10° (above zero) only four times
during the winter, one day in December and three days in January.
Even then the minimum was 6° (above). Consequently, none of the
injury can be blamed entirely on low temperatures even though these
temperatures listed by the Weather Bureau are higher than those for
the surrounding suburbs. As a result, we anticipate little, if any,
injury to deciduous plant material.

This Spring

Officially spring began on March 20, but a few days later an un-
usually cold spell descended on the northeast. Four days after spring
officially started the temperature went down to 14'° fabove) making
this day an inauspicious one for spring flowers. At the time this is
being written, woody plants are blooming almost two weeks late.
Earlier this season, azaleas were blooming in northern Florida about
four weeks late. Farther north, in Washington, D.C., the Japanese
cherries were in full bloom in a snow storm, blooming as late as they
have at any time during the past six years. In Philadelphia, forsythia
was just beginning to show a yellow color on April 20; while in the
Arnold Arboretum, it has not even started hy April 27— at least two
weeks later than it normally blooms.

[14]

PLATE II

Flowering branch of Corn us mas, one of the earliest shrubs
to bloom in the spring.

It is difficult to sa.v just liow tlie blooniinjr dates of later fiowerinjr
shrubs will be affected, but undoubtedly they will all be retarded for
a period. An examination of the bulletin of Popular Information of
Nov. 129, 1989 (\ol. \ II, No. 1 1 ) will show the approximate bloomin«f
dates of many ornamental dowerin'? shrubs. Interesting? comparisons
can be made with this list and with bloomin'? dates for 191-0. Another
interestin'? comparison is afforded by carefully observin'? the table on
the last pa^?e of the Bulletin for April 129, 1989 (Vol. \"II, No. 8). It
will be noted that last year bloomin'? dates were later than they had
been since 1981, when these particular records were first started. 'Phis
year (l91-()) is even later. On the date this is written (April 2?),
Daphne mezereunt, Cornus mas, Forsi/tina ovata, and Magnolia stellata are
not in full bloom. Kach of these plants shows considerable color, but
the Hower buds are not fully open. Thouf?h one very warm day would
hasten results, the cold temj)eratures and overcast skys of the past
week have not been conductive to brin'?in'? these plants into full bloom
immediately.

The perennial question of. When will the lilacs bloom?” is as yet
unanswerable. Probably, Memorial Day would be a conserative ‘?uess,
but this year, as last, we will have to wait a week or two before bein'?
able to give a dependable reply.

Donald Wyman

Notes

Dr. E.D. Merrill, Director of the Arnold Arboretum, has recently
been elected an Associate Member of the Museumd’Histoire Naturelle,
Paris, in appreciation of his services to that institution.

On the evening of March 18, the Horticultural Club of Boston hon-
oretl Professor Alfred Rehder, Curator of the Herbarium of the Arnold
Arboretum, with a testimonial dinner at the Parker House. This was
in appreciation of his 4-2 3’ ears of service at the Arnold Arboretum and
for his outstanding contributions to the literature of botany and horti-

culture.

Subscription renewals for 1940 are now due. Those who have not
resubscribed, and who desire to continue to receive the Bulletin,
should remit $1.00 to the Bulletin of Popular Information, Arnold
Arboretum, Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts, at an early date to insure
continuity in the receipt of the numbers as issued.

ARNOLD ARBORETUM

YARD UNIVERSITY

BULLETIN

OF POPULAR INFORMATION

Series 4. Vol. VIII MAY 10, 1940 Number 3

SOME TRIALS AND TRIBULATIONS OF AN ARBORETUM

ONE of the many services conducted by the Arnold Arboretum is
that of distributing material for propagation, (seeds, cuttings,
or living specimens) of new and rare plants to individuals who ask for
them explicitly. This includes some species of no particular ornamen-
tal value, since other institutions frequently desire specimens of these
for scientific study. Naturally, requests for material representing orna-
mental species far outnumber those for species and varieties of merely
scientific interest.

Throughout its history the Arnold Arboretum has sent out thousands
of packets of seeds, cuttings, scions, and plants, mostly representing
rare or otherwise desirable material. The following figures represent
the distribution from 1922 to 1938.

Seed packets 43,000

Living plants 38,167

Lots of cuttings and grafts .... 11,200

Distribution to Various Parts of the World
To the United States ... 87%

To Europe 10%

Elsewhere 3%

These figures clearly indicate the practical services of the Arnold
Arboretum to the horticultural public. Certain plants of outstanding
merit are described in the Arboretum publications and in papers writ-
ten by Arboretum staff members, and published elsewhere. Some spe-
cies or varieties are quickly accepted, perhaps because of their appeal
to popular fancy. Others, just as valuable from an ornamental stand-

[17]

y)oint, are very slow in findinj? their way into nurser.v catalogues. Such
listing is necessarily the first step in order that these plants may
eventually reach the wider gardening public. There are at least two
reasons why nurserymen do not propagate all new plants immediately.
In the first place, it is relatively expensive to establish a large stock
and to advertise a new plant, for, of course, professional nurserymen
must be interested in financial returns. Secondly, many nurserymen
are already overstocked in more or less standard species and varieties
and thus naturally hesitate to propagate forms that are new and hence
unknown to the horticultural public.

We hear frecpient criticism to the general effect that new woody
plants are not available since nothing new is listed in current cata-
logues. As a matter of fact, there are hundreds of relatively rare plants
not only in the numerous arboreta in America but also in private gar-
dens, which are perhaps better suited for landscape planting than
others which have been generally available for many years. Some of
our experiences at the Arnold Arboretum in attempts to popularize
outstanding species and varieties may be of interest.

Acer saccharum monumentale: This tree is a striking example of
the trials and tribulations that beset an arboretum. One plant was
found in a cemetery in Newton, Massachusetts, and scions were taken
January 21, 1885. As a result of this propagating our plant has since
been growing in the Arboretum for over fifty years only a hundred and
fifty feet from the Arborway, one of the very busy parkways serving
Boston. Approximately 11,000 cars pass in sight of this tree from 7
a.m. until 6 p.m. on an average day in winter and, of course, this
number is considerably greater during the spring and summer. Its
picture has appeared in the Bulletin of Popular Information (Plate
XII, 1938, p. 65), it has been illustrated in newspapers and garden-
ing magazines throughout the east, and as a result it has undoubtedly
been seen by at least a million readers during the past fifteen years.
It has been discussed before garden clubs and nursery organizations
throughout the east and middle west. On several occasions during the
last fifteen years, it has been carefully described in nationally circu-
larized garden magazines.

This tree is always pointed out to Arboretum visitors as outstanding
among the many unusual ones grown at the institution. It has all the
meritorious characteristics of the sugar maple, differing only in its
columnar habit. It has the growth form of the Lombardy poplar with-
out the objectionable characters of that widely known and commonly
planted columnar tree. Many people photograph it, write us about it.

and inquire where it may be purchased. Yet, it is offered in no nursery
catalogue.

What has the Arboretum done to disseminate it? Our propagator,
Mr. Judd, has kept detailed records about this plant since 19^22. Ap-
proximately 4000 scions have been cut and distributed from this one
tree, and 22 living plants have been sent to various organizations in-
terested in the propagation of rare or unusual varieties. In spite of all
this, still the tree is not available to the general public. During the
last three years there have been so many requests for propagating
stock that it is now practically impossible to select suitable material,
even with the aid of a tall ladder and pole shears. One nurseryman
obtained grafting material five different times between 1927 and 1933;
yet he has never listed it in his catalogue.

Euonymus planipes: This shrub was introduced into the United
States by the Arnold Arboretum in 1902. Realizing its value as an
ornamental, the Arboretum, between 1920 and 1938, has distributed
12 lots of cuttings, 63 plants, and 49 packets of seeds. It was not,
however, until 1938 that it was first listed in an American nursery
catalogue by a leading Massachusetts nurseryman. It apparently takes
a considerable amount of ‘^distributing” before a new plant is deemed
by the grower to be worthwhile.

Syringa pubescens: Commonly called the hairy lilac, this is the
most fragrant of all the lilacs and for this reason alone is a valued
addition to lilac collections, even though the flowers are not as beau-
tiful as the varieties of S. vulgaris. Between the years 1922 and 1940,
no less than 157 plants and 63 lots of cuttings have been sent to var-
ious individuals and nurseries. Although it has been offered in one or
two catalogues for a short period only, it was soon dropped either be-
cause there is no apparent demand for it or because it is too difficult
to propagate rapidly.

Viburnum dilatatum xanthocarpum: This was obtained by the Ar-
boretum as a small plant in 1919. Approximately 30 nurseries in the
United States have obtained propagating material in one form or
another since then, but it has yet to be listed in a catalogue. Another
form f Viburnum set iger urn auranliacum) of particular value for its orange
fruits, has been growing in the Arboretum since 1908. Between 1931
and 1939, plants have gone out to 89 different individuals, seeds to
40 others, and cuttings to many more; still the plant is not listed in
any catalogue.

Of course, woody plants cannot be propagated as rapidly as {peren-
nials and annuals. Coml)ined with this is {)erha{)s a lack of interest

[19]

on the part of nurserymen and gardeners — two facts which make it
exceedingly difficult to place new woody plants within the reach of
the public. Do not blame the Arboretum ! The plants are here, they
are being propagated, and they are being discussed. It is for the
garden-minded public to study these interesting plants and to begin
to ask for them. Only then will they be grown, for nurserymen are
naturally interested in plants for which there is a demand.

It is manifest that the garden-minded public is becoming increas-
ingly plant conscious. The garden clubs are doing excellent work in
educating their members to consider better plant materials. There is
even a movement among some of the nurserymen to be more selective
in growing only the better varieties and in discarding inferior forms.
Such a movement, if aggressively carried on by both garden clubs
and the nurseries, should aid materially in bringing the better plants
into more common use.

MERITORIOUS ORNAMENTAL PLANTS

Plants and material for propagation of which have been
sent out by the Arnold Arboretum since 1922

Name First offered in Nursery Catalogue

Acer griseum Not yet

Acer rubrum columnare
Acer saccharum monumentale
Albizzia julibrissin rosea (hardy strain)

Cedrus libani (hardy strain)

Enkianthus cernuus rubens
Euonymus planipes
Halesia monticola rosea
Laburnum alpinum
Ligustrum vulgare pyramidale
Magnolia stellata rosea
Prinsepia sinensis
Prinsepia uniflora
Sophora japonica pendula
Stewartia koreana
Syringa persica laciniata
Syringa pubescens
Viburnum dilatatum xanthocarpum
Viburnum sargenti flavum
Viburnum setigerum aurantiacum

Not yet
Not yet

1936
Not yet
Not yet

1937
Not yet

1939

1937 (l yr. only)

1937

1925 (l yr. only)
Not yet
Not yet
Not yet

1937

1937
Not yet
Not yet
Not vet

[20]

Doxald Wyman

ARNOLD ARBORETUM

^^-THTp^ftARVARD UNIVERSITY

^herbIJ;^

MAi 1j 1940 )

BULLETIN

OF POPULAR INFORMATION

Series 4. Vol. VIII MAY 17, 1940 Number 4

MAP OF THE ARBORETUM

IN this number of the Bulletin, as an insert, is included a copy of the new map
of the Arnold Arboretum. The methods used in making this map were fully
explained by Dr. Croizat in the Bulletin of May 16, 1938 (Series 4. Vol. VI
No. o). This map is complete and as nearly accurate as many months of careful
work can make it. To the average visitor, it is complete as it appears on the in-
sert; but to those who know the Arboretum and are accustomed to looking up
individual plants within its 265 acres, the map represents only a very small part of
our very extensive mapping program, which is now rapidly reaching completion.

The grounds are arbitrarily divided into 74 equal sections, and individual maps
have been made for each, each map being divided into quadrants. The location
of every tree and shrub growing in the planted collections of the Arboretum is
registered. These maps are permanent records but would not be useful to the
average visitor if it were not for a complete card index on which are listed the
numbers and map quadrants for each individual plant. With this as an aid, it is
possible then to go to the card index, find the name of the plant in question, get
the corresponding map number and quadrant number from the card, and thus
find immediately the location of the plant on its particular map. Such a system
is most useful, not only to Arboretum staff members but also to many visitors
who come for the sole purpose of studying individual plants, to check their char-
acteristics or growth habits, or to see them in flower.

Two staff members have been trained in the making of these maps, and it is
their duty to keep them up to date. This in itself is not as easy as it might ap-
pear to be. Each year from 400 to 500 new plants are distributed throughout
the collections. Some die and accurate information must be kept concerning
these. With others, name changes may have been made, or certain individuals
may have been re-identified. Therefore, it takes much time and careful work to
keep all this information completely up to date.

Mapping is the only method by means of which a very large collection of living

plants such as are foiiiul in the Arboretum, can be kept properly labeled, there
beinj? approximately 7000 named species and varieties in the collections. Labels
disappear, either because of ajje or sometimes because of vandalism. However,
if collections are mapped properly, plants with missing labels can be immediately
identified by reference to the map; and, because the registration number of each
plant also appears on the map, not only the name of the plant but also its com-
plete record can be located immediately, even though the label is lost. Conse-
(juently, this mapping program, which is now practically completed, is a great
boon to the Arboretum and is the means by which accurate labeling will be co-
ordinated with permanent records in the future.

Early Magnolias: All of the early flowering magnolias were in splendid condi-
tion at the Arboretum last week. Most of these have white flowers, and, though
the flower buds Magnolia stellata rosea are pink, the flowers themselves even-
tually fade white. Of course, M. soulangeana and its several varieties are not
considered in this group since they bloom after the early flowering white species
and varieties.

A new hybrid, M. proctoriana has recently been named by Professor Rehder.
Occurring in 1928 in a batch of seedlings grown from seed collected on the
Proctor estate at Topsfield, Massachusetts, it is a cross between 3/. sa/icifo/ia and
M. stellata. It differs from M. salicifolia in the number of petals being 6-12 in-
stead of 6 as in M. salicifolia and in the pubescent leafbuds while those of M.
salicifolia are glabrous; it differs from M. stellata in that the number of petals in
the flower are 6-12 rather than 12-18 as is the case with M. stellata. Also, it is
apparently growing to be an upright tree, vigorous of growth, and not slow-
growing and mound-like as M. stellata.

The following notes on the white flowering magnolias appearing in early spring
may be of assistance as identification aids.

MAGNOLIAS WITH EARLY WHITE FLOWERS
Name No. of Petals Diameter of Flowers Shape of Petals

M.denudata

9

Oblong-obovate

M.kobus

6

4"

Oblong-obovate

M. kobus borealis

6

4j"

Oblong-obovate

M. proctoriana

6-12

Narrowly oblong-obovate

M. salicifolia

6

4f"

Narrowly oblong-obovate

M. stellata

12-18

3"

Narrow-oblong

The shadblows also have been unusually beautiful during the past week. Much
has been written in other issues of the Bulletin concerning the beauty of Ajne-
lanchier graudijlora, a large flowering hybrid between A.laevis and A. canadensis.
Its “plrik” flowering variety, rubescens, has also been discussed. However, A.

[22]

PLATE III

Showiiif? the differences in the flowers of three early ina^rnolias.
From left to rig^ht; Magnolia kobus borealis^ M. holms, M. stellala.

grandifora ruhesceus, as it is now growinn: in the Arboretum, does not show any
liorticulturally outstanding characters that would warrant its being grown instead
of the species. It is true that tlie flower buds are slightly pinkish, though at a
distance of a few feet this color is practically unnoticeable and as the flowers open
they fade to white. Consecpiently , the “pink” flowering A.gramliflora riibescem
is relatively unimportant after all, and need not be substituted for the species in
landscape work.

'rhis week the Japanese flowering quinces are in full bloom. Over 30 species
and varieties are planted in the shrub collection where they can easily be observed
and studied.

'riie bush honeysuckles are also coming into bloom, the greater number of
which are located in the shrub collection and across the road from the lilacs.

'Fhe largest displays of the week are the azaleas on Bussey Hill and the ori-
ental flowering crabai)ples. Rhododendron schlippenbachi, the royal azalea, came
into full bloom about the first of the week, but R.yedoense and its variety pouk-
hanense should be in full bloom by the time this Bulletin reaches its readers.
Rhododendron obtusum haempferi has been showing a little color on its flower buds,
and during the week of May 19 it should be in full bloom. Hundreds of these
excellent shrubs have been planted in the woods in various parts of the Arboretum,
the planting having been done years ago under the direction of Professor Charles
S. Sargent and Mr. E. H. Wilson, both of whom were justly fond of this gorgeous,
fiery red azalea.

NEW PLANTS FROM ABROAD

Despite the European war, over 200 living plants have been received from
Europe during the past few weeks. None of the species and varieties are in the
Arboretum collections, many of those in these shipments being first introductions
into the United States. Over 100 distinct species and varieties are represented.
In spite of the fact that they were about six weeks in transit, all arrived in good
condition and are now growing in the nursery.

From the other side of the world, where another war is being waged, comes
an important shipment of seeds. This lot, containing about 150 packets, comes
from the Lu-Shan Arboretum, Likiang, China, the seed having been collected
in 1939 at higher altitudes in northwestern Yunnan Province. The package was
actually shipped about six months ago. This accession came as the result of a
small grant made by the Arboretum last year to support cooperative horticultural-
botanical field work in China. More recently the corresponding botanical material
has been received in the form of twenty-three large parcel post packages.

With wars being waged on opposite sides of the globe, it is interesting to note
that the Arboretum is continuing to import seeds and living plants from both
war-torn areas.

[24]

Donald Wyman

ARNOLD ARBORETUM

HARVARD UNIVERSITY

BULLETIN

OF POPULAR INFORMATION

Series 4. Vol. VIII MAY 24, 1940 Number 5

THE ARBORETUM LILACS IN THEIR ORDER OF BLOOM

The. RE are at least five full weeks of lilac blooms at the Arnold
Arboretum. This is not known to every Arboretum visitor, since
to the majority, lilacs bloom only during a ten-day period in late May.
It is true that the largest display comes at this time, since three
fourths of the lilac collection consists of Syringa vulgaiis varieties. But
it is still true that there is a continuous display of lilac blooms for a
five-week period at least, and sometimes this is extended for another
week or two if weather conditions remain favorable.

When some of the species are compared with the many beautiful
varieties of S. vulgaris, they are found lacking in color, fragrance and
size ; but when the S. vulgaris varieties are not in flower for comparison,
these species and their comparatively few varieties are of interest and
contain several plants well worth including in many garden plantings.
The Bulletin of Popular Information (May 20, 1936, Series 4 Vol. IV
No. 8) contained considerable information concerning the care of
lilacs, their history and some of the outstanding varieties of S. vulgaris,
so that it is unnecessary to repeat that information here. However,
it may be of interest to note the sequence in which these plants nor-
mally bloom.

The Arboretum lilacs are listed according to the times at which
they start to bloom. Frequently they may remain in bloom sufficiently
long so that they can be used ornamentally with lilacs in another
group. d'liLis, S.chinensis and S.persica come into bloom after the S.
vulgaj'is varieties have reached their peak, but still can be used at the
same time effectively. As is the case with the secience of bloom of
other ornamental trees and shrubs, weather conditions may alter the
dates. However, after com])aring the records based on the lilac col-
lection at the Arnold Arboretum for several years, we find that the
following groujis of species and their varieties bloom together.

SK(^UKNCK OF lU.OOM
1. Hloominij about May 10
Syringa oblata

“ “ affinis

“ “ dilatata

“ “ giraldi

‘2. Blooming about May 15

X Syringa hyacinthiflora C S. ohlafa X vulgaris )
Berryer
Buffon
Catinat

Claude Bernard
Descartes
Louvois
Mirabeau
Montesquieu
Necker
Pascal
Turgot
Vauban
Villars

pinnatifolia

3. Blooming about May 20
Syringa vulgaris and its 300 varieties

4. Blooming about May 25

X Syringa chinensis ( S.persica X S. vulgaris)
“ “ alba

“ “ bicolor

“ “ metensis

“ “ President Hayes

“ “ saugeana

“ julianae

“ meyeri

“ microphylla

“ persica

“ “ alba

“ “ laciniata

“ “ rubra

“ pinetorum

“ potanini

“ pubescens

5. Blooming about June 5

X Syringa henryi ( S.Josik'aea'KS.vil/osaJ
“ “ Floreal

** “ Lutece

X Syringa josiflexa C S.josikaea X S. rejiexa)
“ “ Enid

“ “ Guinevere

Syringa josikaea

“ “ H.Zabel

“ “ pallida

“ “ rosea

“ “ rubra

“ komarowi

[ -26 ]

PLATE IV

The Japanese tree lilac (Syrhiga amurensis Japonica) is the last of all lilacs to
blootn and is the most conspicuous in flower. This tree was photop:raphed in the
Arboretum several years before the Hurricane destroyed the upper half of the tree.

X Syringa prestonae C S. rejiexa X S. villosa )

** “ Audrey

“ “ Alice

‘‘ “ Desdemona

“ “ Elinor

“ “ Isabella

“ Jessica

“ Miranda

“ “ Oberon

“ Octavia

“ “ Romeo

“ ** Ursula

“ “ Virgilia

“ “ W.T.Macoun

“ reflexa
“ “ pallens

X Syringa swegiflexa ( S. reflexa X S.sweginzowi )

Syringa sweginzowi

“ “ albida

“ tomentella
“ “ superba

“ villosa

6. Blooming about June 15

Syringa amurensis

“ “ japonica

“ pekinensis

Not all the lilacs listed are of outstanding ornamental value, and not
all are available in the trade in this country. It may be of value to
Bulletin readers if a few in each group are pointed out as being good
ornamental additions to garden plantings.

Group 1. The broadleaf lilac S.oblata comes from northern China
and is valued because it is the first of all the lilacs to bloom and also
because it is the only lilac with a red to orange autumn color. Un-
fortunately, there are times when the flower buds are injured by
severe winters. The leaves are rarely disfigured by the mildew so ev-
ident on the common lilac in late summer. The variety dilofota is
perhaps the best because of its large lilac-pink flower clusters.

Group 2. The several named varieties of S. hyacinthiflora chiefly
originated in France as a result of Victor Lemoine’s hybridization at
Nancy, France, and are of an intermediate lavender color. The vari-
eties I'urgot and Necker are probably the most prominent of the group.
However, all the varieties of S. hyacinthiflora can be used for ornamental
planting since they bloom slightly in advance of S. vulgaris and as a
rule form larger growing and more vigorous shrubs. S.pinuatifolia is
the least ornamental of any lilacs here listed.

Group 3. Tlie Arboretum collection contains over 300 varieties of
the common lilac. The better varieties, according to our selective list,
were published in the Bulletin of May 20, 1930.

Group 4. This group of lilacs begins to bloom at the time the com-
mon lilac varieties are at their best. Both the Chinese and the Persian
lilacs are valued for their lower habit of growth and for the larger

[27]

number of blooms j)rodu(*ed every year. Frequently tlie varieties of
tlie common lilac tend to bloom well one year but have compara-
tively few blossoms the year followin«;. These two species, however,
bloom i)rofusely every year and so are particularly jjood for cutting
purposes. Of the Chinese lilac varieties, saugeana is possibly the best
because of its deep i)ink flowers, d'he cutleaf variety ( laciniata ) of
the Persian lilac is also of value because of the feathery texture of its
small lobed leaves. I’iie hairy lilac ( S.pubescens) is important because
it is considered to be the most fragrant of all the lilacs, but the flowers
are not as beautiful as those of tlie Chinese or Persian lilac or, in fact,
those of most of the common lilac varieties, d'he blooms of the com-
mon lilac varieties last long enough so that they are still ornamental
when the lilacs in (Iroup 4 are at their best.

Group 5. Probably the best known of the varieties of S. Iienry\ is
Lutece, noted for its large pale purple flower clusters which are not
fragrant. This variety and the others in Group .5 are important for
they bloom at a time when all the flowers of S. vulgaris varieties have
faded. 'I'he variety Lutece grows vigorously and is available from
many nurseries.

The late lilac S.vi/losa is common in gardens, and justly so, because
of its many creamy-white flower clusters and good dense habit of
growth.

Two new hybrids are well wmrth growing, both being the result of
Miss Isabella Preston's work at Ottawa, Canada. Syringa prestonae,
named by Mrs. McKelvey in honor of Miss Preston, is a group of hy-
brids, the flowers of which contain a great deal of pink. Most of the
lilacs blooming in early June have white flowers but, because the pink
flowering S.rejiexa is one parent, S. prestonae varieties are predominant-
ly pink. This whole group is very important because the plants retain
the vigorous growing qualities of S.villosa and some of the good color
of S. rejiexa. Syringa reflejca at the Arboretum has not proved a good
shrub, though the individual flowers are ver}' beautiful; but Miss
Preston’s hybrids are well worth growing in the United States. The
second hybrid group has been named S.sxcegiflexa. At the Arboretum
our plants are very small, but at Ottawa large plants are growing and
clearly show that nurserymen in the United States would do well to
grow at least a few of these varieties for their late flowers.

Group 6. The last of the lilacs is the largest growing of all — the
Japanese tree lilac. This was formerly considered to be a separate
species (and is listed by most nurserymen as S.japonica), but it is now
considered to be a variety of S.amurensis. It forms a single trunk and
has very conspicuous large creamy white flower clusters in mid- June.
The bark is distinctlv ornamental for it is very similar to that of Prunus
avium. Where it is given sufficient space in which to expand, it de-
velops into the most prominent of all lilacs.

[28]

Donald Wyman

ARNOLD ARBORETUM

r^ARVARD UNIVERSITY

BULLETIN

OF POPULAR INFORMATION

Series 4. Vol. VIII

JUNE 28, 1940

Number 6

SOME ROSE SPECIES

Roses are too little used in our present day landscaping. There
may be several reasons for this, but after a careful examination
of the types available, one is not surprised to find that there are cer-
tain species which deserve a place in almost every garden. Attention
is here called to some of the more outstanding rose species for use in
modern gardens.

The exact number of rose species has been a much debated point
for many years. In 1892 Gandoger recognized 4266 species, while a
few years before Bentham and Hooker recognized only 30 — a rather
striking dilference of opinion! Be this as it may. Professor Alfred
Rehder suggests that there are probably between 150 and 200 species
of roses in the temperate and subtropical regions of the northern hem-
isphere. On the basis of Rehder’s estimate, it is of interest to note
that over one half of these occur in the living collections at the
Arnold Arboretum, and that one nursery (Bobbink and Atkins) has
recently listed 93 species and botanical varieties as being grown by
them and ready for sale in the form of two year old, field grown plants.
With these figures as a background, let us examine some of the im-
portant reasons why more of these rose species should be grown in
the garden.

In the first place, as these are the wild roses of the world, they are
entitled to a place in any wild garden, in the woodlands or at the
border of roadways and woods. Every wild garden typical of New
England should have at least one plant of the beautiful Virginia rose
which is so prominent along our seacoast. Other species have been in
cultivation for a long time. Centuries ago, before the advent of tlie
‘‘modern rose,’’ it was these wild species wliich were grown and ap-

preciatecl in Hfardens. The native cabbaf^e rose of Europe, for instance,
has been grown for over two thousand years. At one time it was used
a great deal in Greek garlands, and later played a prominent part in
the social festivities of the Romans. Certainly such a rose, rich in
historical background, might well find a place in our modern garden
if for nothing else than sentiment alone!

Many of the rose species are far more hardy than the commonly
grown hybrids. Gardeners living in the northern United States and
Canada should remember this for it means less care and less winter
protection. Also, the wild species are less susceptible to insect pests
and disease troubles ; and this means less dusting, spraying and prun-
ing, important factors in keeping any garden looking at its best. It
is these plants which require less care that should be more commonly
grown, in order to reduce maintenance drudgery.

A formal rose garden is beautiful when the roses are in bloom. Many
of the rose species, however, are valuable in the landscape because
they are attractive at more than one season of the year. A species like
the Virginia rose is of interest at every season of the year — in late
spring and early summer when the light pink flowers appear, all
through summer because of the shining dark green leaves, in the fall
with its red fruits and beautiful orange autumn color, and in the winter
because the red twigs and persistent fruits are bright colored through-
out the cold season. It is such plants — those that are of interest at
more than one season — that should be more commonly grown regard-
less of whether they are roses or dogwoods.

Of importance is the fact that these rose species are hardy shrubs
and as such can be grown with other shrubs in the border or even in
foundation plantings when desirable. Many of the hybrid varieties, so
popular in formal rose gardens, cannot be so used, but most of the spe-
cies can. They add variety and interest when planted with any group
of shrubs, for their flowers, fruits and foliage, and frequently their
twigs are unusual, and thus contribute to the landscape features.

There are many other reasons why rose species should be more
commonly grown, but the points above made are sufficient to start a
train of thought in the right direction. With these ideas in mind,
then, let us examine a list of twenty-four rose species which have been
selected for their wide variety in size and shape, color of their flow^-
ers, and also because of their wide adaptability for various landscape
uses. This list does not contain all of the best forms but is merely
offered to show the wide range of plants available, and in the hope
that it will stimulate horticulturists to give this group of plants more

[30]

at the Arnold Arboretum.

attention. It is unnecessary to enumerate the merits of all these roses ;
conseciuently, only a few of the more outstanding are discussed in
the following short paragraphs :

Rosa ceutlfolid, the cabbage rose, has been mentioned in literature
from as early as "270 B.C. It was one of the first wild roses introduced
into cultivation and derives its name from the fact that its flowers were
supposed to have one hundred petals. Being one of the few species
with double flowers, several distinct varieties have evolved, one in
particular designated as var. mucosa. This is the moss rose, so called
because of the glandular moss-like excrescences of the sepals and
flower-stalks. Many beautiful derivatives or selections have comedown
through the years from the moss rose, and even today it is one of the
most interesting of roses in the older gardens.

Rosa damasceua, the damask rose, another double flowering species,
is a native of Asia Minor, and its pale pink to red flowers are very
fragrant. It is one of the parents of the large class of hybrids called
hybrid perpetuals. It was this rose that the early European hybridists
started with and crossed in so many ways. It was probably grown in
Gaul (France) and England by the early Romans. There is a variety
called versicolor, which is credited as being the true York and Lan-
caster rose, and its history is interesting.

In 1455, Henry VI of the House of Lancaster was the ruler of all
England. However, the Duke of York, head of the House of York,
felt he should be ruler instead, and as a consequence a long and bitter
war commenced, known as the war of the Roses which lasted until
1485. Those members of the House of Lancaster, and others loyal to
it, selected the semi-double dark red Rosa ga/lica, or French rose, as
their badge. Members of the House of York and its followers selected
the white Rosa alba as their particular flower. As a result of long
fighting, the throne passed between the two families until 1485, when
Henry VH of the House of Lancaster was eventually proclaimed king.
He married an heiress of the House of York in order to avert hard
feelings, and shortly a new rose appeared. On the same bush grew
red flowers and pure white flowers and some that where both red and
white. This is supposed to have been Rosa damasceua versicolor, or the
York and Lancaster rose, symbolic of the final union of the House of
Lancaster and the House of York. It is of interest to note in this
connection that in the true York and Lancaster rose, the variegated
flowers have white or red (or pink) petals and are not striped. Some-
times the striped flowers of R. gallica versicolor are assumed to represent
the true York and Lancaster rose, but this is incorrect.

[32]

Rose Species for Landscape Use

Botanical Xame

Common Xairie Single or

Double

Color

R.bella

^Solitary Rose

S

bright rose

U.blanda

^Meadow Rose

S

rosy pink

R.canina

^Dog Rose

s

white to light pink

R.centifolia

^Cabbage Rose

D

red

R.cinnamomema

^ 'Cinnamon Rose

s

purplish red

R.damascena

^Damask Rose

D

pale pink to red

R.eglanteria

^Sweetbrier Rose

S

pale pink

R.foetida

^Austrian Brier Rose

s

deep yellow

R.gallica

"French Rose

s

dark red

R.helenae

^Helen Rose

s

white

R.hugonis

^Father Hugo’s Rose

s

yellow

R.moyesi

^Moyes Rose

s

dark red

R. multiflora

^Japanese Rose

s

white

R.omeiensis

^Mount Omei Rose

s

white

R.palustris

^Swamp Rose

s

pink

R. primula

^Primrose Rose

s

yellow

R. rubrifolia

"Redleaf Rose

s

deep red

R.rugosa

^Rugosa Rose

s

purplish red

R.setigera

^Prairie Rose

s

deep rose

R.spinosissima

^ "Scotch Rose

s

white to pale pink

R. virginiana

^Virginia Rose

s

pink

R. wichuraiana

^Memorial Rose

s

white

R.willmottiae

HVillmott Rose

s

rose purple

R.xanthina

^Korean Rose

S and D

V el low

^Native of China, Korea or Japan 'Native of Europe

^Native of North America

[33]

riiere are several yellow roses in the list, the hardiest of which is
R. hiigonls (Father Hujjo’s), 'I'his rose is a sturdy plant, a vigorous
grower producing bright yellow single Howers in late May. It is re-
ported that in some sections of Westchester County, N. Y., this rose is
susceptible to a certain stem canker; but \vhere this disease is not
prevalent. Father Hugo's rose can be considered as one of the hardiest
and earliest of all. 'Fhe Persian Yellow rose, R.foetida persiaua, might
also be added for it is a beautiful rose with double flowers that are a
deeper golden yellow color than Harison’s yellow.

Rosa primula, another single yellow rose is just as early in bloom
and is as hardy as R.hugouis. Splemlid plants of this rose are growing
in the Arboretum and are now about six feet tall. It would be an ex-
cellent substitute for Father Hugo’s rose in situations where the latter
is susceptible to canker.

Rosa harisoiii is really not a wild species but a hybrid, originated
by the Reverend Harison of Frinity Church in New York about 1880.
It is mentioned here because it is the most common of yellow roses.
At one time it was considered to be a variety of R.foetida ) actually
it is a cross between R.foetida and R. spiuosissima.

'Fhe Japanese rose, R. midtifora, was first introduced into the United
States before 1868. It is covered with small, jnire white flowers in
early June. With wide arching branches, vigorous growth, and bright
red fruits which remain on the plant a greater part of the winter, the
Japanese rose has been used considerably as one of the parents of the
rambler roses; and, in fact, one of its varieties f canieaj, first coming
to England from China in 180-t, had double red flowers.

'Fhe redleaf rose ( R. rubrifolia ) is outstanding among other shrubs
because of its dark reddish foliage. It blends with green foliage ex-
tremely well, and should be classed with FJeaguus augustifolia as one
of the really good foliage plants that can be used for modifying an
unbroken line of green when desirable.

It is impossible to say too much in favor of the **sea tomato” of
Japan, Rosa rugosa. It is widely planted in the eastern United States
and has become naturalized in various places. It grows vigorously
within reach of salt water spray, and survived a complete submergence
under salt water as the result of the Xew England hurricane of Sep-
tember, 1938. Several varieties are available with single or double
flowers. The fruits are large and beautiful in the fall and the foliage
takes on an orange color — ^one of its chief merits for fall use. It is
well adapted for use in hedges and as barriers, and is not subject to
serious diseases.

[34]

Probably one of the best of the North American roses from the
landscape point of view is Rosa setigera. It grows from six to twelve
feet high, with wide-arching, thorny branches, and is covered with
pink blossoms in the early summer. This is the last of the rose species
to bloom, and should be used only in situations where it can run
rampant, unrestrained by too much pruning.

The Scotch rose, R. spinosissima, is the most widely distributed rose
in the world, being found from the British Isles to Japan. Incidentally,
it is the only rose native of Iceland. Growing about four feet tall, it
makes a dense, compact thorny mass of stems and foliage. The prickles
are straight and of different lengths but very pronounced. The flowers
are normally single and vary from white to pale pink, although forms
or varieties occur even with red flowers, and double-flowered forms
are known, while one variety ( lutea ) has yellow flowers.

Much could be written about the rose species given in the accom-
panying list and others not included therein. It is urged that gardeners
study these plants and select a few for inclusion in the garden. They
bring interest and color everywhere, and afford a close connection
with the horticulture of past centuries.

Donald Wyman

[35]

REHDEirS MANUAL OF CULTIVATED TREES
AND SHRUBS

A second edition of this work^ first published in 1927 has just been
issued. It lias been brouorht up to date by the addition of numerous
new introductions, the inclusion of the results of recent studies of
certain groups, and the revision of the botanical names in conformity
with the decisions of the last International Botanical Congress. The
number of species fully described and mentioned in the keys has in-
creased from 2350 to 2535 and of varieties from 2465 to 2685 ; the
number of species and hybrids only briefly described has increased
accordingly. Some genera, as Rosa, have been entirely rearranged,
and in Rhododendron the number of species fully described has in-
creased from 62 to 86. The general use of the term var. for all sub-
divisions of the species has been given up and the names are cited as
trinomials with the author’s name followed by the exact rank of the
subdivision (subspecies, variety, form, lusus) as given by the original
author of the combination. This will satisfy both the horticulturist
and the systematic botanist. The zones of hardiness have been re-
duced from eight to seven and the small map of the climatic zones in
the first edition has been replaced by a full page size map with the
zones clearly indicated in color. The explanation of author’s names,
restricted in the old edition only to abbreviations of less than 500
names, contains now about 1250 entries with full names, dates, and
country. The index of plant names contains over 14,400 names cited
in the book.

^Rehder, Alfred, MANUAL OF CULTIVATED TREES AND
SHRUBS hardy in North America exclusive of the subtropical and
warmer temperate regions. Second edition revised and enlarged.
XXX. 996 pp. map O. Macmillan Co. , New York, 1940. Price8l0.50

[30]

ARNOLD ARBORETUM

HARVARD UNIVERSITY

BULLETIN

OF POPULAR INFORMATION

Series 4. Vol. VIII JULY 19, 1940 Numbers 7-10

A BRIEF GLOSSARY OF THE MORE COMMON BOTANICAL

AND HORTICULTURAL TERMS

aberrant - differing from usual structure, departing from the type;
used mostly of variation.

abortive - barren; imperfectly or not developed ; as abortive stamens
when only filaments are present,
acaulescent - stemless; as in the dandelion.

achene - a small, dry, indehiscent, one-celled and one-seeded fruit;
as in the buttercup,

acuminate - having a gradually diminishing point; long pointed,
adnate - grown to, united with another part; stamens adnate to the
corolla-tube.

adventitious buds - those produced abnormally as from the stem in-
stead of the axils of the leaves.

adventive - applied to an introduced plant, not definitely established
or naturalized.

alate - winged; furnished with an expansion, as found on the stem
or petiole.

ament - a catkin ; a spike of fiowers usually bracteate and freiiuently
deciduous, as the male flowers of willow, birch, beech and oak.
androecium - the male or stamen bearing part of the flower. See
also gynoecium.

'This glossary is merely a selective compilation of the more common technical
terms used in horticultural literature and is recorded here as an aid to horti-
culturists and amateur gardeners who do not liave easy access to the many well
prepared glossaries already in existence. The works of many authors have been
utilized, among them L. II. Hailey, A, Gray, B. I). Jackson, A.Reluler, A.B.
Stout, et al.

angiosperms - plants having tlieir seeds enclosed in an ovary. See
also gymnosperms.

anther - the i)ollen bearing part of the flower.

anthesis - flowering; strictly the time of expansion of a flower; often
used to designate the flowering period,
apetalous - without |>etals ; as in willows.

apomictic hybrid - hybrid which can be reproduced true to type
from seed, which develops without fertilization,
appressed - lying flat and close against.

articulate - jointed ; having a node or joint where separation may
take place naturally.

asexual - destitute of male or female organs ;

asexual reproduction - reproduction produced vegetatively ; with-
out the aid of sexual organs.

attenuate - tapering slenderly ; applied usually to the apex of a leaf,
auriculate - furnished with ear-shaped appendages (auricles), as the
base of a petal or leaf.

awl-shaped - tapering from the base to a slender or stiff point,
awn - a bristle-like appendage.

axil - the upper angle formed by a leaf or branch with the stem,
axillary - situated in the axil.

baccate - berry-like; pulpy or fleshy as in the gooseberry.

barb - hooked hair, frequently doubly hooked.

barbellate - finely barbed.

basifixed - attached or fixed by the base.

beaked - ending in a beak or prolonged tip.

bearded - furnished with a tuft of hairs.

berry - an indehiscent fruit developing from a single ovary, having
few to many seeds and a fleshy or pulpy outer wall; as the tomato
or gooseberry. See also drupe and pome,
bi or bis - Latin prefix signifying two or twice,
bicolored - two-colored.

biennial - a plant which requires two years to complete its life-cycle ;

as the hollyhock,
bifid - two cleft.

bifoliolate - a leaf composed of two leaflets.

bigener (bigeneric hybrid) - plant hybrid resulting from a cross be-
tween two genera.

bilabiate - two-lipped; as in flowers of Salvia.
bilocular - two-celled.

binomial - the combination of a generic and specific name to denote
a given organism ; as Acer ruhrum.
biotype - an elementary stable form.

bipinnate - twice pinnate; when the divisions of a pinnate leaf are
again pinnately divided,
bisexual - having both stamens and pistils,
blade - the expanded portion of a leaf.

bloom - (l) See blossom. (2) The white waxy or pruinose covering of
mail}’ fruits and leaves.

blossom - the flower, more often applied to those of fruit trees,
bract - a much reduced leaf, particularly the small or scale-like leaves
in a flower-cluster or associated with the flowers,
bracteate - having bracts,
bracteolate - having bractlets.

bractlet - bract borne on a secondary axis, as on the pedicel,
breed - a group of plants having distinctive qualities in common,
which, developed through the influence of man, requires control by
man to prevent mixtures with other groups ; does not imply directly
traceable descent from any particular plant and may be propagated
from seed,
bristle - stiff' hair.

bud - the nascent state of a flower, leaf or branch,
bud mutation - an abnormal shoot, (caused by genetical change)
which can be propagated only asexually.
bud-scale - covering of a bud.
bud-sport - same as bud-mutation,
bud-variation - same as bud-mutation.

bulb - a modified bud with fleshy scales, usually underground,
bulbil - a diminutive bulb.

bullate - blistered or puckered ; as the leaf in Savoy cabbage,
bush - a low, several-to many-stemmed shrub, without distinct trunk.

caducous - falling off early.

callus - a hard prominence or protuberance; in a cutting or on a sev-
ered or injured part, the roll of new covering tissue,
calyx - the outer perianth of the flower,
campanulate - bell-sliaped.
canescent - gray-pubescent and hoary,
capitate - head-like; collected in a dense cluster,
capsule - a dry fruit of more than one carpel, opening at maturity,
carinate - keeled.

carpel - a simple pistil or a member of a compound pistil,
catkin - a deciduous s|)ike of unisexual, apetalous flowers. See ament,
caudate - havinof a slender, tail-like appendage,
caudex - the main axis of a plant, includino: both stem and root,
caulescent - more or less stem-bearin*^ ; havin'^ an evident stem above
‘jround.

cauline - belonfjino: to the stem, as cauline leaves,
cell - one of the minute compartments or vesicles of which plants are
composed or made up; also a cavity of an anther or ovary,
cespitose (or caespitose) - <rrowinw in tufts; formino; mats,
channeled - deeply g^rooved longitudinally,
chartaceous - havinf? the texture of stiff writingr paper,
chimera - prraft hybrid exhibitinjr characters of both the stock and
the scion, caused by the fusion of tissues of both ;
periclinal chimera - one in which the cells of one have grown com-
pletely around the cells of the other;
sectoral chimera - chimera in which the two different cell masses
merge but one does not completely encircle the other,
chlorophyll - the green coloring matter within the cells of plants,
choripetalous - having separate petals ; poly petalous. See also gamo-
petalous.

ciliate - fringed with hairs,
ciliolate - minutely ciliate.
cinereous - ash -colored, light gray.

circumscissile - opening or dehiscing by a regular transverse line of
division.

clavate - club-shaped; said of a long body thickened toward the top.
cleistogamous - closed self-fertilized flowers : as in some violets,
cion - a group of plants composed of individuals produced vegetatively
from a single original plant ; cions differ from races and strains in
failing to come true from seeds ; examples : Concord-grape, Baldwin-
apple.

coalescence - the union of similar parts or organs, or of those in the
same series as stamens with stamens and petals with petals,
coalescent - two or more similar parts united,
columnar - having the shape of a column.

compost - a soil mixture containing balanced plant requirements,
compound - of two or more similar parts united into one whole ;

compound-leaf - one divided into separate leaflets,
conifer - cone bearing (not synonymous with evergreen),
connate - joined in one organ.

[40]

connective - the portion of the stamen which connects the cells of
the anther.

cordate - heart-shaped ; usually referring to the base of the leaf,
corolla - the inner series of floral envelopes consisting either of con-
nate or distinct petals.

corm - the enlarged fleshy base of a stern, bulb-like but solid, as in
gladiolus.

corymb - a flat-topped or convex flowering cluster with the outer
flowers opening first. See also cyme,
costa - a rib; the midrib or middle-nerve of a leaf,
cotyledon - the primary leaf or leaves in the embryo,
creeper - a trailing shoot that produces roots at intervals,
crenate - toothed with rounded, shallow teeth,
cross - hybrid of any description.

cross-fertilization - fertilization secured by pollen from the flower of
another plant.

cross-pollination - transfer of the pollen of one flower to the pistil
of another.

crustaceous - having a hard or brittle covering,
culm - the stem of grasses and sedges.

cultigen - a plant, group, or series known only in cultivation. See
also indigen.

cultivar - so-called ‘^horticultural variety” or “garden variety”.
Progeny of a cion, chimera, or the result of selective hybridization,
which is known only in cultivation and may or may not be repro-
duced from seed. The name, usually selected by the propagator,
appended to either a generic name or a binomial, should be set off
by different type or included within quotations to distinguish it from
the binomial of a natural species. Examples: Syringa Congo or
Syringa Congo; Malus “Bob-White”; Deutzia scabra “Pride of
Rochester”.

cuneate - wedge-shaped ; triangular with narrow end at point of at-
tachment.

cupular - cup-like or cup-shaped,
cupule - cup of such fruits as the acorn,
cuspidate - sliarp-pointed.

cutting - a severed vegetative or asexual part of a plant used in prop-
agation ; as a cutting of root, of stem, or of leaf,
cyme - a convex or flat flower-cluster with the central flowers opening
first. See also corymb,
cymose - arranged in cymes; cyme-like.

[n]

cytolojiy - the braiieh of biolooy wliieh treats of eells, especially of
their internal structure.

damping off - collapse of seedlings usually ascribed to the attack of
fungi.

deciduous - falling, not persistent, as the leaves of non-evergreen
trees.

decompound - more than once compound.

decumbent - reclining or lying on the ground but with the ends as-
cending.

decurrent (leaf) - extending down the stem below the insertion,
decussate - opposite leaves in four rows up and down the stem; al-
ternating in pairs at right angles,
defoliation - the casting or falling off of leaves.

dehiscence - the method or process of opening of a seed-pod or an-
ther. See also indehiscent.
deltoid - triangular; delta-like,
dentate - with more or less spreading teeth,
di, dis - Greek prefix signifying two or twice.

diadelphous - in two groups, as the stamens of some Leginnittosaey
joined by their filaments,
diandrous - with two stamens,
dichotomous - forked regularly in pairs.

dicotyledons (dicots) - plants having two cotyledons or seed-lobes ;

see also monocotyledons,
diffuse - loosely or widely spreading,
digitate - with the members rising at one point,
dimorphous - occurring in two forms.

dioecious - staminate and pistillate flowers on different plants. See
also monoecious.

dissected - divided into many narrow segments,
dissipiment - a partition in an ovary or fruit.

distichous - disposed in two vertical ranks, as the florets in many
grasses.

divaricate - spreading, widely divergent,
divided - separated to the base.

dorsal - relating to the back or outer surface of an organ,
drupe - a fleshy indehiscent fruit with a bony, usually one-seeded en-
docarp; like the cherry or peach.

e or ex - Latin prefix usually denoting parts are missing, as ebracteate
or exstipulate meaning without bracts or without stipules.

ellipsoid - a solid body, elliptic in section.

elliptic - a flat part or body that is oval and narrowed to rounded ends,
emarginate - with a shallow notch at the apex,
embryo - the rudimentary plantlet within the seed,
endemic - native or local.

epigynous - borne on the top of the ovary. See also hypogynous and
perigynous.

epiphytic - growing on other plants but not parasitic,
ericoid - of leaves which are like those of heaths.

escape - a cultivated plant found growing as though wild, dispersed
by some agency.

espalier - a fruit tree trained lattice-fashion in one plane,
evergreen - remaining green throughout the year as pines and some
rhododendrons. Does not necessarily refer to cone-bearing plants.
See also deciduous.

excurrent - with a projecting tip, as the nerve of a leaf projecting
beyond the margin; the trunk of a tree with undivided main stem,
as in the fir.

exfoliating - peeling off in thin layers; as the bark of the birch,
exotic - foreign, not native.

exserted - prolonged beyond the surrounding organs, as stamens from
the corolla.

exsiccatae - dried, pressed specimens,
exstipulate - without stipules.

eye - the marked center of a flower; a bud on a tuber, as on the
potato; a single-bud cutting.

falcate - sickle-shaped.

fasciated - an abnormal widening and flattening of the stem or
branches.

fascicle - a dense cluster.

fastigiate - with close, and erect branches, as in the Lombard}" poplar,
ferrugineous - rust-colored.

fertile - capable of producing fruit and seeds; also said of pollen-
bearing anthers.

fertilization - effect of [)ollen deposited on a stigmatic surface resulting
in conversion of flower into fruit and of ovule into seed,
filament - stalk of the anther,
filiform - thread-like; long and very slender,
fimbriate - fringed,
flaccid - not rigid; lax and weak.

[ -^3]

floccose - clothed with tufts of soft hair or wool,
florets - small individual Howers of comi)act heads or spikes,
floriferous - flower-bearinjr, usually in the sense of abundantly flow-
eriiifj.

foliaceous - leaf-like in texture or appearance; said particularly of
sepals and calyx-lobes and of l)racts that in texture, size or color
look like small or lar<re leaves.

-foliate - in combinations, -leaved; havintr leaves; as tri-foliate,
iliree-letived , as the stem of trillium. Often confused with trifoliolate.
-foliolate - havinji: leaflets; as trifoliolate, oj' three leajlets.
follicle - dry, dehiscent i)ericari) openinjr only alont; one suture; as
the milkweed or i)eony.

form - sub-division of a variety or species usually differinjr in one
character and usually perpetuated vejjetatively .
frond - leaf of fern ; sometimes used in the sense of foliafje.
fructiferous - producing or bearing fruit.

fructification - the act or process of fruiting; also the fruiting organ,
fruit - the seed-bearing product of a |)lant.
frutescent - nearly shrubby.

fruticose - shrubby ; with woodv persistent stems and branches,
fugacious - falling or withering away very early.

funnelform - said of a corolla with the tube gradually widening up-
ward; as in the morning-glory,
furrowed - with longitudinal channels or grooves,
fusiform - spindle-shaped ; narrowed toward both ends from a swollen
middle; as in the roots of the dahlia.

gamopetalous - having the petals more or less united. See also
choripetalous and pol\ petalous.
gamosepalous - calyx of one piece; sepals united,
geniculate - bent abruptly like a knee.

germination - the develo[)ment of the plantlet from the seed,
glabrate - nearly glabrous or becoming glabrous with age.
glabrous - not hairy,
gladiate - sword-shaped or sword-like.

gland - a definite secreting structure on the surface embedded in or
ending a hair; also any ])rotuberance of the like nature which may
not secrete, as the warty swellings at the base of the leaf in the
cherry and peach.

glandular - bearing glands or gland-like ap{)endages.
glaucous - covered with a bloom ; bluish white or bluish gray.

glochidiate - barbed; tipped with barbs,
glomerate - in compact clusters.

glume - a chaff-like bract ; particularly one of two empty bracts at the
base of the spikelet in grasses.

gourd - a fleshy one-celled many-seeded fruit; like the melon,
graft - a branch or bud inserted on another plant with the intention
that it will grow there; a scion.

graft-hybrid - plant showing influences of scion and stock caused by
mechanical union of the tissues. See chimera,
grafting - the process of inserting a scion in a plant (stock) with the
intention that the tissues of both shall unite and that the stock
shall furnish the nourishment for the growth of the scion,
granular, granulose - composed of or appearing as cov^ered by minute
grains.

gymno - in Greek compounds, signifying naked or not covered,
gymnosperms - plants with uncovered ovules, as the conifers; see
also angiosperms.

gynoecium - the female or pistil-bearing part of the flower. See also
androecium.

habit - the general aspect of a plant, or its mode of growth,
hastate - halberd-shaped ; like an arrowhead but with the basal lobes
pointing outward nearly at right angles,
head - a dense cluster or short dense spike of sessile or nearly sessile
flowers.

heel - an enlarged or more or less transverse part on the lower end
of a cutting secured from the older or larger branch from which
the cutting is taken.

heliotropism - the characteristic of turning toward the light,
herb - a plant not woody, at least above ground,
herbaceous - of the texture of an herb; not woody,
heterogen - group of plants heterozygous from hybridity or mutation
among which there are several phenotypes. Individuals here may
be propagated as cions, or cultivars may be segregated by selective
breeding, k'^xample : Japanese azalea,
heteromorphous - parts of different shape,
heterophyllous - with two sorts of leaves,
hip - the fruit of the rose,
hirsute - with rather coarse or stiff hairs,
hirtellous - minutely hirsute,
hispid - beset with rigid hairs or bristles.

[45]

hispidulous - diminutive of liispid.
homo - in (ireek eoinpound, all alike or of one sort,
homogamous - hearinjr only one kind of flowers,
horny - hard and dense in texture,
host - a plant which nourishes a parasite,
humus - decomposing organic matter in the soil.

humus soils - {garden soils enriched with orj^anic manure,
hyaline - transparent or nearly so.

hybrid - a plant resultin<r from a cross between two or more parents
that are more or less uidike.

hybridization - ( 1 ) the art of obtainin'^ hybrids by artificial crossing?;

(•■i) also used for the same operation occurrintr naturally,
hydrophytes - water plants, partially or wholly immersed,
hygrophytes - marsh plants, or plants which need a large supply of
moisture for growth.

hypanthium - the cup-shaped or tubular receptacle on which the
perianth and the stamens are inserted ; as in the flower of the cherry,
hypogynous - borne on the receptacle beneath the ovary ; said of
stamens and petals. See also epigynous and perigynous.

imbricate - overlapj)ing, as shingles on a roof; as the bud-scales of
horse-chestnuts and azaleas.

impari-pinnate - pinnate with a single leaflet at the apex ; odd-pinnate.
See also pari-pinnate.

imperfect flower - having either stamens or j)istils, but not both. See
also perfect flower.

inarching - grafting by approach, the scion remaining attached to its
parent, until union has taken place,
incanescent - hoary or gray-pubescent,
incised - cut sharply into the margin.

indehiscent - not opening by valves or along regular lines. See also
dehiscent.

indigen - a plant of known origin growing spontaneously or in culti-
vation. See also cultigen.

indigenous - original to the country, not introduced,
indumentum - any covering, as hairiness.

inferior ovary - one that is below the perianth. See also superior
ovary.

inflorescence - disposition of the flowers on the floral axis,
infructescence - the inflorescence in a fruiting stage,
infundibuliform - funnel-shaped.

insectivorous - used of those plants which capture insects and absorb
nutriment from them.

insertion - mode or place where one body is attached to its support,
integument - covering of a body or organ ; envelope of an ovule,
internode - the space or portion of stem between two nodes,
introduced - used of plants which have been brought from another
country ; exotic.

involucre - a whorl or set of bracts around a flower, umbel or head,
etc., as in the heads of composites and the flowering dogwood,
involute - having the edges of the leaves rolled inwards,
irregular flower - some parts different from other parts of the same
whorl; usually applied to zygomorphous flowers.

keel - a projecting ridge on a surface, like the keel of a boat; the
two front petals of a papilionaceous corolla,
key or key fruit - a winged-fruit, like in the maples; samara,
knee - an abrupt bend in a stem or tree-trunk ; an outgrowth of some
tree-roots.

labellum - lip, particularly the odd petal in orchids.

lacerate - with margins appearing as if torn.

laciniate - cut into deep narrow lobes.

lactescent - producing milky juice; as in the milkweeds.

laevigate - smooth, as if polished.

lanate, lanose - woolly, clothed with soft entangled hairs,
lanceolate - lance-shaped, about four times long as broad and broad-
est below or about the middle.

lanuginose, lanuginous - woolly or cottony ; with long and interwoven
hairs.

latex - the milky juice of such plants as the milkweed,
latifoliate, latifolious - broad -leaved.

leaching - losing material by percolation, as rain washing away nu-
triment through the soil,
leader - the primary or terminal shoot of a tree.

leaf - the principal appendage or lateral organ borne by the stem or
axis. Simple-leaf - when undivided, compound-leaf - wlien divided
into distinct parts.

leaf-scar - the mark or cicatrix left by the fall of a leaf.

leaf-stalk - the stem of a leaf, petiole.

leaflet - the sei)arate division of a compound-leaf.

legume - seed vessel or pod of the pea or bean family, usually de-
hiscing by both sutures.

lemma - the lower of the two bracts enclosin<y the Hower in tlie
i^rasses.

lenticel - lens-sliaped spots on younjj bark correspondiiif; to tlie
stomata on the leaf,
lepidote - with small scurfy scales,
liana, liane - a woody climbinjr or twininj? plant,
ligneous - woody.

ligule - the strap-shaped corolla in the ray florets of composites; the
membranous appendage at the summit of the leaf-sheaths of most
grasses.

linear - long and narroAv with nearly parallel margins,
lip - the principal lobes of a bilabiate corolla or calyx,
loam - combination of clay with enough sand to counteract the co-
hering i)roperty of the clay ; usually implies the presence of con-
siderable decomj)osed organic matter with accompanying fertility,
lobed - divided into or bearing lobes.

loculicidal - dehiscent on the back of the cells of a capsule. See also
septicidal.

lyrate - pinnatifid with a large terminal lobe and small basal lobes.

macro - in Greek compounds meaning long, large, or great,
maculate - blotched or spotted.

male (dowers or plants) - having stamens but no pistils.

marcescent - withering but not falling off.

midrib - the central vein or rib of a leaf; costa.

monadelphous - stamens united in one group by their filaments.

moniliform - resembling a string of beads like the legume in Sophora.

mono - in Greek compounds meaning one.

monocotyledons (monocots) - plants having one cotyledon or seed-
lobe, as lilies and grasses ; see also dicotyledons,
monoecious - with unisexual flowers of both sexes on the same plant.
See dioecious.

muck - any kind of impure or decayed peat or black swamp earth,
especially when used as manure,
mucronate - tipped with a short abrupt point or mucro.
mulch - strawy dung or any other material, as leaves etc. spread on
the surface of ground to protect the roots of newly planted shrub
or tree.

mule - an old word for a cross, particularly between different species ;

hybrid; cross-breed; usually an infertile hybrid,
multiple fruit - the united product (in one body) of several or many

[48]

flowers; as the pineapple or mulberry. See also syncarp.
muricate - roughened with short hard points.

mutation - variation derived by sudden changes in seedlings. See also

bud-mutation.

naked flower - a flower without perianth.

nectary - a place or organ where sugar or nectar is secreted,
nerve - a slender rib or vein, particularly if unbranched,
node - the place upon the stem which normally bears a leaf or leaves,
nut - an indehiscent one-seeded hard and bony fruit.

ob - Latin prefix usually signifying inversion.

oblanceolate - inversely lanceolate : with the broadest part of a lan-
ceolate body away from the point of attachment,
oblique - slanting; unequal sided,
oblong - at least twice as broad as long,
obovate - inverted ovate,
obtuse - blunt, rounded,
odd-pinnate - see impari-pinnate.

offset - a plant arising close to the base of the mother plant.

oleaginous - oily and fleshy.

oligo - in Greek compounds meaning few.

opaque - applied to a surface means dull, not shiny.

orbicular - circular; rounded in outline.

ortet - the original plant from which a cion is derived.

ovary - that part of the pistil containing the ovules or future seeds.

ovate - having an outline like that of a hen’s egg.

palea - the upper bract which with the lemma encloses the flower in
grasses.

paleaceous - chaffy.

palmate (leaf) - radiately lobed or divided with three or more veins
arising from one point.

panicle - a compound, usually loose flower-cluster, longer than broad
as a branched raceme or corymb,
pannose - covered with a felt of woolly hair.

papilionaceous - butterfly-shaped ; applied to such a corolla as that
of the pea.

papillose - bearing minute nipple-shaped protuberances,
pappus - peculiar calyx-limb of composites, being plumose, bristle-
like, scales or otherwise.

parasite - ortraiiisin which (jrows on and derives nourishment from
another |)lant, the liost.

parietal - borne on or j)ertaininfj to the wall of a fruit,
pari-pinnate - pinnate with an even number of leaflets. See also
impari-pinnate.

parted, partite - cleft nearly but not (piite to the base,
parthenogenesis - producing seed without fertilization,
peat - carbonaceous substance formed by partial decomposition in
water of various plants esi)ecially sphagnum; used as fertilizer or
mulch.

pedicel - the stalk of a flower,
pedicellate - borne on a pedicel.

peduncle - the stalk of a flower-cluster; also used for the stalk of a
solitary flower.

pedunculate - borne on a peduncle.

peltate - shield-shaped; attached to its stalk inside the margin, like
the leaf of nasturtium {Tropaeolum) and nelumbium.
penninerved - nerves arising along a central midrib,
pentamerous - in fives.

pepo - a hard-rinded berry of the gourd family such as pumpkin,
squash, etc.

perennial - of three or more seasons duration.

perfect flower - having both stamens and pistils; bi-sexual. See also
imperfect flower.

peri - Greek prefix meaning around.

perianth - the floral envelope; commonly used when there is no clear
distinction between calyx and corolla ; as in the lilies,
pericarp - the wall of the ripened ovary.

perigynous - borne around the ovary and not at its base, as in flowers
of cherry, where the perianth and stamens are borne on a cup-
shaped hypanthium. See also epigynous and hypogynous.
persistent - remaining attached, not falling off ; opposite of deciduous,
petal - one of the separate leaves of the corolla,
petiole - leaf-stalk,
petiolule - stalk of a leaflet.

phenotype - biotype of mixed individuals having like external char-
acters but of unlike germinal composition,
pilose - with long straight hairs.

pinnate (leaf) - compound with the leaflets placed on each side of a
rachis. See also impari-pinnate and pari-pinnate.
pinnatifid - cleft or divided in a pinnate way.

[50]

pistil - the seed-bearing organ of a flower consisting of ovary, style
and stigma.

pistillate - having a pistil and no stamens.

placenta - part of the ovary which bears the ovules.

platy - Greek prefix meaning broad.

pleio - Greek prefix for full or abounding, or many.

plicate - folded into plaits.

plumose - feathery.

pluri - Latin prefix meaning many.

pod - a dry dehiscent fruit.

pollen - the fertilizing powder contained in the anthers,
poly - Greek prefix meaning many,
polycotyledonous - having several cotyledons.

polygamous -bearing unisexual and bisexual flowers on the same plant,
polypetalous - having separate petals; choripetalous. See also
gamopetalous.

pome - a fleshy fruit like the apple and pear,
procumbent - trailing on the ground,
prickle - spine-like outgrowth from bark or epidermis,
pruinose - covered with a waxy, powdery secretion on the surface;
a bloom.

pruning - artificial removal of twigs or branches from trees, shrubs,
etc.

pseudo - Greek prefix for false, as pseudo-bulb,
puberulent, puberulous - minutely pubescent,
pubescent - covered with hairs, particularly if short and soft,
pulvinate - cushioned.

punctate - with translucent or colored dots or depressions,
pungent - prickly-tipped as in the holly ; acrid,
pyrene - a seed-like nutlet or stone of a small drupe,
pyriform - pear-shaped.

quadri - Latin prefix meaning four; as quadrangular - four angled;

quadrifoliate - four-leaved ; quadrifid - four-cleft,
quaternate - in fours,
quinate - in fives.

quinque - Latin prefix meaning five; as quinquelocular - five-celled.

race - a permanent variety, or group of individuals whose distinguish-
ing characters are constant and are reproduced true to tyi)e from
seed.

[.n]

raceme - a simple inflorescence of stalked flowers on a more or less
elonjrated axis.

racemose - in racemes or resemblintj a raceme.

rachis - an axis hearing flowers or leaflets.

radiate - spreading from a common center; wdth ray -flowers.

ramet - any individual of a cion.

ray - the margin portion of a composite flower when distinct from the

disk.

receptacle - the more or less expanded portion of an axis which bears
the organs of a flower or the collected flowers of a head,
recurved - curved downward or backward,
reflexed - abruptly turned downward,
reniform - kidney-sliaped.
repand - with a sliglitly sinuate margin,
reticulate - in the form of a network; net-veined,
retuse - slightly notched at the rounded apex,
revolute - rolled backward,
rhachis - see rachis.

rib - a primary or prominent vein in a leaf,
rostrate - beaked,
rufous - reddish brown,
rugose - wrinkled.

runcinate - coarsely saw-toothed or cut, the pointed teeth turned
toward the base of the leaf; as in the dandelion,
runner - a slender and prostrate branch, rooting at the end or at the
joint.

saccate - sac-shaped.

sagittate - shaped like an arrow-head, the basal lobes directed down-
ward.

salver-shaped (flower) - with a slender tube abruptly expanded into
a flat limb.

samara - an indehiscent winged fruit; see key.
scabrous - rough to the touch.

scale - a minute leaf or bract, usually appressed or dry.
scandent - climbing.

scape - a peduncle rising from the ground, naked or without proper
foliage.

scarious - thin and dry, not green.

scion - a slip or shoot used for grafting ; see graft.

scorpioid - coiled (ring-like) wiiile in bud.

scrobiculate - pitted.

seed - the ripened ov’^ule consisting of the embryo and its integuments,
sepal - a division of the calyx.

separation - multiplication of plants by means of naturally detachable
asexual bodies or organs, as offsets, stolons,
septicidal - dehiscing along or in the partitions. See also loculicidal.
septifragal - where the valves in dehiscence break away from the
partitions.

septum - a partition.

serrate - having teeth pointing forward,
serrulate - serrate with fine teeth,
sessile - without any stalk,
setaceous - bristle-like,
setose - beset with bristles.

sheath - a tubular envelope, as the lower part of the leaf in grasses,
shrub - a woody plant branched from the base,
sinuate - with the outlines of the margin strongly wavy,
sinus - the recess between lobes, as in the leaves of some oaks,
slip - a softwood cutting ‘^slipped*’ off or pulled off; applied also to
similar parts cut off.
spadix - a spike with a fleshy axis.

spathe - a large bract or pair of bracts inclosing the inflorescence ;
like Jack-in-the-pulpit.

spathulate - gradually narrowed from a rounded summit,
species - a natural botanical unit; composed of individuals which ex-
hibit characters distinguishing them from all other units within a
genus, still not differing from one another beyond the limits of in-
dividual diversity.

spicate - arranged in or resembling a spike.

spike - a simple inflorescence with the flowers sessile or nearly so on
a common axis.

spine - a sliarp-pointed woody outgrowth from the stem,
sport - a variation starting from a bud or seed.

spur - any projecting appendage of a flower, looking like a spur but
iiollow ; like in larkspur.

stamen - the pollen-bearing male organ of a flower,
staminode, staminodium - a sterile stamen or similar structure in-
serted between the corolla and the pistil,
standard - the upper broad petal of a papilionaceous flower,
stellate - star-shaped; where several similar parts spread out from a
common center, like a star.

stem - the axis or axes of a plant arisinj^ from its root,
sterile - barren ; not fertile.

stigma - the |)art of the pistil that reeeives the pollen,
stipe - the stalk of a pistil,
stipitate - having a stipe.

stipule - an appendage at the base of the petiole, usually one on each
side.

stock - the part on which the scion is grafted ; the strain or parentage,
stolon - a subterranean stem,
stoloniferous - bearing stolons.

stoma (pi. stomata) or stomate - a breathing pore in the epidermis of
the leaf leading into an intercellular space communicating with the
internal tissue.

stool - a clump of roots or rootstalk that may be used in propagation ;

also an established low plant from which layers are taken,
strain - a group of plants differing from the race to which it belongs
by no apparent morphological characters, but by some enhanced or
improved physiological tendency propagated from seed ; as heavier
yield in fruit.

stratification - the operation or method of burying seeds to keep them
fresh and to soften their integuments, or to expose them without
injury to cold temperatures, that they may be more readily and
successfully germinated,
striate - marked with fine longitudinal lines,
strict - very straight and upright.

strigose - beset with appressed straight and stiff hairs,
strike - to emit roots as from a cutting.

strobile - an inflorescence marked by imbricated bracts or scales ; as
in the pine-cone.

style - a stalk between the ovary and stigma,
subulate - awl-shaped,
succulent - fleshy ; juicy.

sucker - a shoot arising from the roots or beneath the surface of the
ground.

suffrutescent - slightly woody ; woody at the base,
suffruticose - perennial plant with only the lower part of the stem
and of the branches woody and persistent,
sulcate - grooved or furrowed.

superior ovary - borne above the insertion of the perianth and free
from it. See also inferior ovary,
suture - a line of splitting.

[54]

syncarp - a fleshy aggregate fruit.

tendril - a coiling thread-like organ by which a plant grasps an object
for support.

teratology - the subject of monstrosities, or of abnormal and aber-
rant forms and malformations,
terete - circular in cross section,
ternate - in threes,
testa - the outer seed-coat.

tetra - Greek prefix meaning four; tetragonal - four-angled; tetra-
gonous - with four pistils or styles ; tetramerous - with its parts
or sets in fours ; tetrandous - with four stamens,
tetradynamous - six stamens, four long and two short,
throat - the place where the limb of the corolla joins the corolla-tube,
thyrse - a compact narrow panicle,
tomentose - dense woolly pubescence,
tomentum - dense covering of matted hairs,
tortuous - twisted or bent.

tree - a woody plant with one main stem, and at least four to five
meters tall.

tri - Latin prefix signifying three or thrice, as trifoliolate - with
three leaflets.

truncate - the end nearly straight across ; as the apex of the leaf in
the tulip-tree.

tuber - a thickened portion of a subterranean stem or branch, pro-
vided with eyes (buds) on the sides,
tumid - swollen.

turbinate - top-shaped ; inversely conical.

type - individual plant or part of plant (prepared and preserved) from
which the description of a genus, species, variety, etc., has been
prepared and upon which the scientific name has been based.

umbel - an inflorescence with pedicels or branches arising at the
same point and of nearly equal length,
undulate - wavy surface or margin,
uni - in compound words meaning one.
unisexual - of one sex, either starninate or pistillate,
urceolate - urn- shaped.

utricle - a small bladder; a bladdery one-seeded fruit.

vaginate - sheathed, or surrounded by a sheath.

valvate - opeiiinjr by valves ; ineetin^r by tlie edges without overlapping
as leaves or petals in the bud.

variety (as a botanical unit) - a sub-division of the species composed of
individuals differing from other members of the species in certain
minor characters which are usually perpetuated through generations
by seed.

vascular - with vessels or ducts.

veins - the small ribs or branches of the framework of leaves.

velutinous - velvety.

venation - arrangement of veins.

ventral - relating to the inner surface or part of an organ; the part
nearer the axis.

ventricose - swelling unecpially, or inflated on one side,
vernation - the arrangement of leaves in the bud.
verrucose - covered with wart-like elevations.

versatile - relating to an anther attached near the middle and moving
freely on its support,
verticillate - disposed in a whorl.

villous - bearing long and soft, usually curved or curly, hairs,
viscid - glutinous ; sticky.

whorl - the arrangement of three or more like organs in a circle
around the axis.

wing - any membranous expansion.

woolly - clothed with long and entangled soft hairs.

zygomorphic - said of a flower which can be bisected only in one
plane in similar halves.

Clarence E. Kobuski

[56]

ARNOLD ARBORETUM

BULLETIN

OF POPULAR INFORMATION

Series 4. Vol. VIII OCTOBER 25, 1940 Number ll

PROFESSOR ALFRED REHDER'S RPLTIREMENT

OX August the thirty-first of this year Professor Rehder retired
from active service as Associate Professor Emeritus, after having
been a staff member of the Arnold Arboretum for forty-two years.

Born at Waldenburg, Saxon.v, September 4, 1863, he became a
gardener and later studied at the Universities of Berlin and Gottin-
gen, after which he began his scientific career as assistant editor of
Moller’s Deutsche Gartner-Zeitung, at that time one of the better
known German horticultural publications. In 1 898, at the age of thirty-
five he came to the United States to study American trees and shrubs
at their source. He was employed by the Arboretum as a working
student for the summer, and at the same time maintained his con-
nection with Moller’s Deutsche Gartner-Zeitung by writing articles
for publication in that periodical. His intentions were to return to
Germany in the autumn.

By mere chance he became associated with Professor L. H. Baile.v
of Cornell University who was beginning work on his Cyclopedia of
American Horticulture and was engaged to prepare the data apper-
taining to the important genera of woody plants for that publication.
A year later. Professor C.S. Sargent, director of the Arnold Arboretum,
in initiating work on the Bradley Bibliography arranged that the
important task of compiling the data for this monumental work be
assigned to Professor Rehder. During the years 1904-1906 Professor
Rehder worked in European botanical libraries compiling the detailed
information needecl for the preparation of the manuscript, d'he first
volume of this Bibliography was not published until 1911. Wliile the
Bradley Bibliography was in the final stages of j)ublication. Professor
Rehder began the preparation of “iMantae Wilsonianae' ‘ tlie two
great works appearing almost simultaneously.

On returning to the United States, after the completion of his

Kuropeaii library work on account of the Bradley Bibliojrraphy , he
was appointed assistant ir» the herbarium at the Arnold Arboretum
and in 1918 assumed the title of curator. Professor Rehder set the
standard for productive taxonomic research at the Arnold Arboretum
and vastly widened its scope. At the same time he jjreatly stimulated
the expansion of the herbarium which under his leadership was in-
creased rapidly until it now contains in excess of half a million spec-
imens.

I'he year followinjr his appointment as curator, Professor Kehder
or<;anized the Journal of the Arnold Arboretum as a vehicle for the
publication of technical papers prepared by staff’ members, and from
that date has been its editor. Fortunately, for the best interests of
the institution, he has consented to continue as editor of this publi-
cation which he instituted twenty-two years ajjo. Eighty-four numbers
have been published and seldom has an issue appeared without at
least one article written by him, for during this period Professor
Rehder made eighty-two contributions to the Journal. However, this
is but a small fraction of his published botanical and horticultural
papers which to date approximate 980 titles. We sincerely hope that
time will permit him to increase this number to well over the thousand
mark. (Reprinted from the Journal of the Arnold Arboretum XXI
No. 4, Oct., 1940.)

Dr. A. C. Smith, formerly associate curator of the New York Botan-
ical Garden, has been appointed curator of the Herbarium at the
Arnold Arboretum, his duties beginning October 1, 1940. A graduate
of Columbia University in 19(26, Dr. Smith received his Ph. D. from
that institution in 1983, doing his research Avork at the New York
Botanical Garden. He has been very much interested in the plant
explorations in tropical regions, having accompanied E. P. Kilip of the
Smithsonian Institution into Colombia and later on another trip trav-
elling from Lima, Peru, across the Andes and down the Amazon,
studying the plants used by the South American Indians for fish poi-
sons. He also spent nearly a year in Fiji ( 1933-34) on a fellowship
from the Bernice P. Bishop Museum in Honolulu. Again in 1937-38
he made another trip to South America as botanist for the Terry-
Holden expedition to British Guiana. Dr. Smith is the author of
numerous botanical papers, dealing chiefly with the flora of tropical
America, and Fiji. Previous to his appointment at the Arnold Arbo-
retum, Dr. Smith was associate curator of the herbarium at the New
York Botanical Garden.

Dr. E. D. Merrill, Director of the Arboretum, has been appointed
by the President of the National Academy of Sciences as one of the

BACHRACH

■5

eijjht directors of the Canal Zone Hiolojjfieal Area. 'Fliis area within
the Canal Zone includes Barro Colorado Island, and is set aside by
Congress as an area in which the natural features shall, except in
event of declared national emergency, be left in their natural state
for scientific observation and investigation, d'he Board of Directors
includes the Secretaries of War, Agriculture, and Interior, the .Sec-
retary of the .Smithsonian Institution, the President of the National
Academy of .Sciences, and three appointed members. Dr. 'riiomas
ICarbour ( Director of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard),
Dr. Alexander Wetmore (Assistant .Secretary of the Smithsonian
Institution), and Dr. K. D. Merrill.

A VALUED (MET OF BOOKS

Mr. Ralph Lowell, Harvard 191*2, and Mr. James H. Lowell,
Harvard 1914, of Chestnut Hill, recently delivered to the Arnold
Arboretum library a distinctly important assortment of botanical and
horticultural publications. J'he gift, which is valued at more than
8700.00, was made in memory of Mr. John Lowell, Harvard 1877,
by his children, they being great grandchildren of Mr. George B.
Emerson, Harvard 1817, who originated the idea of establishing an
arboretum and who induced Mr. James Arnold to make provisions in
his will with the hope that such an institution could be established
(see Bull. Pop. Inf. ser. 4. 8: 1-1 1. 1940). With nearly 46,000 bound
volumes on our shelves, one of the largest and most important botan-
ical-horticultural libraries in the world, it is noteworthy that this re-
cent aceession should contain a number of important items new to
the collection.

TROPICAL FRUITS

One of the recent publications of the Arnold Arboretum is a 131
page booklet entitled ‘ ‘Tropical Fruits for Southern Florida and Cuba
and Their Uses,” written by David Sturrock, Superintendent of the
Atkins Institution of the Arnold Arboretum at Soledad, Cuba. Mr.
Sturroek has been interested in tropical fruits which can be grown in
southern Florida for a long time, and is well qualified to discuss the
subject. Many introductions of recent years afford an excellent op-
portunity for enterprising fruit growers of the sub-tropical areas, and
it is the author’s hope in discussing many of these exotic fruits that
the booklet will induce many local residents to appreciate more fully
what is actually available to them, and that some may be inspired to
develop local industries based on these exotic fruits, many of which
cannot be grown in the United States outside the warmer parts of
Florida. Over 125 fruits are discussed and some information given
concerning the culture and potential economical possibilities of each.
Because so little is known concerning some of these fruits, this book-
let should go a long way in promoting interest in growing new fruits
among southern Florida residents. (Priee Sl.25,atthe Arnold Arbo-
retum, Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts.)

[GO]

ARNOLD ARBORETUM

HARVARD UNIVERSITY

BULLETIN

OF POPULAR INFORMATION

Series 4. Vol. VIII NOVEMBER l, 1940 Number 12

A HARDINESS MAP FOR THE UNITED STATES

The hardiness of plants is naturally of o^reat interest to all plants-
men. It is only b,v long and careful trials that the northern limits
of growth of any particular exotic tree or shrub can be determined.
hLven when the northern limits of a number of different species become
known, it is somewhat difficult to divide the country into hardiness
zones that are wholly satisfactory. Many such maps have been pre-
pared, some reasonably satisfactory, others less so. After a careful
consideration of all factors, it was felt that the best basis for limiting
hardiness zones is the average annual minimum temperatures. The
map here offered, first published in Hedges, Screens and Windbreaks
by Donald Wyman in 1938, and later adopted and enlarged to in-
clude Canada by Alfred Rehder in the second edition of his Manual
of Cultivated Trees and Shrubs (l940), is about as accurate as any
small-scale map can be.

Hardiness of plants is an indeterminable quantit}’, based not only
on a plant’s resistance to minimum temperatures, but also on its re-
sistance to maximum temperatures, and other factors such as lack of
water, exposure, soil conditions, length of growing season, etc. It
would be impossible to prepare a map depicting all these factors,
though several might be included on a complex one. However, since
a map based on the average annual minimum temperatures agrees in
many instances with the known limits of hardiness of certain plants,
these data were adopted as the basis for hardiness zones.

Figures for the average annual minimum temperatures were pub-
lished by the U. S. Department of Agriculture in 1936, based on
data compiled by the Weather Bureau over a period of forty years,
189.5 to 193.5, and these figures were used as a basis for the prepara-
tion of the Hardiness Map. For this purpose the United States and
Canada were arbitrarily divided into ten zones, nine of which are in

the United States. 'Fhese were based siini)ly on .5, 10, or 1.5 degrree
differences in tlie averajre annual ininirninn temperatures. Professor
llehder used this same system in the first edition of his Manual of
Cultivated Trees and Shrubs ( 1 9"27) ; but since his work was published
before the U. S. Weather Bureau fijrures were available, there are
certain discrepancies between the zones as adopted by him and the
temperature data as publislied in 198(5. Professor Rehder's new revised
Manual ( 1 9 tO) contains a map based on the later data and similar to
the one shown in Plate VI I , aujjmented somewhat by zone information
for Canada.

On a small-scale map sucli as this, it is impossible to show all the
minute climatic variations within the limits of each zone. In this same
connection, certain strains of plants may prove hardier than others of
the same species or botanical variety. Take, for instance, the Cedar of
Lebanon (Cedrus libani) which was tried at the Arboretum unsuccess-
fully many times until seed was collected from the northernmost
source of this plant in the Anti-Taurus Mountains in Asia Minor.
Seedlings grown from this seed have proved perfectly hardy and
have been growing in the Arboretum for the past 87 years. Similar
variations in the hardiness of other plants of a single species or vari-
ety are common. If a map of any one of these zones were enlarged,
various zone changes would be noted due to altitude alone. The Grand
Canyon, for example, appears on our hardiness map in one climatic
zone; yet there are at least four climatic zones in this one canyon,
due, of course, to variations in altitude. Plants grow at the bottom of
the Canyon which thrive in the Mexican deserts, yet on the North
Rim (5700 feet above the Canyon floor) plants are found which are
native as far north as southern Canada.

Consequently, many local variations in this small-scale map are to
be expected. A plant is usually listed in the coldest zone ^^hele it
will grow normally, but at the same time it can be expected to grow
in many of the warmer zones where maximum temperatures and
drought conditions might prove to be the only limiting factors. With
these limitations in mind, the following plants are listed in the coldest
zones where they can be expected to do well, simply as indicators for
the large group of plants doing well in that particular zone. Using
this general map as a basis and these lists of plants as indicators,
similar hardiness maps could be worked out for limited areas or even
for each state in the United States and each province in the Dominion
of Canada, but in much greater detail. Such detailed maps would be
of much greater value to local plantsmen than a general map covering
the entire country, such as the one accompanying this article.

[ 6-2 ]

^ ^ o’ _l

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5 I

2

J ^ ^ 3
3 111 2

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■S' U

umm

iiy.tzi II"

t— rou*m5*

is^ _. t — ro u* m

5z

°o°c

liiniiil I

WOODY PLANTS HARDY IN DIFFERENT ZONES

Zone I

(This includes the Arctic Regions of northern Canada.)

Zone II

Zone VI

Acer negundo

Caragana arborescens
Cornus alba

Juniperus virginiana

Prunus virginiana

Berberis buxifolia

Bignonia capreolata

Ilex crenata

Myrica cerifera

Taxus baccata

Zone III

Zone VH

Euonymus alata

Ligustrum amurense
Lonicera tatarica
Philadelphus coronarius
Pinus strobus

Abelia triflora

Ilex cornuta

Prunus laurocerasus
Pyracantha crenato-serrata
Quercus virginiana

Zone IV

Zone VHI

Abies concolor

Betula populifolia

Juniperus chinensis
Ligustrum vulgare

Tsuga canadensis

Euonymus japonica
Ligustrum japonicum

Melia azedarach

Myrtus communis
Pittosporum tobira

Zone V

Zone IX

Abelia grand iflora

Berberis triacanthophora
Ilex opaca

Pieris japonica

Taxus cuspidata

Berberis darwini
Cinnamomum camphora
Cotoneaster pannosa
Nerium oleander
Raphiolepis umbellata

Buginvillaea spectabilis
Cocos nucifera

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis

Zone X

Musa sapientum

Roystonea regia

INCREASING THE ENDOWMENT OF THE ARBORE'rCM

Since tlie work of the Arnold Arboretum is dependent on the in-
come from its restricted endowment, plus gifts for special or general
purposes from its friends, it is very gratifying to report increases in
the General Endowment Fund. Recently this Fund has been increased
by two bequests totalling 8S.5,55E90. Of this, 812,500.00 was from
the estate of Miss Grace L. Edwards, formerly of Beacon Street, Bos-
ton, this being the final payment of her bequest of 825,000.00 ; and
82.S,054.90 from the estate of Mrs. James G. Freeman, formerly of
Boston and Weston. The latter is added to the Laura Lucretia Case
Fund which was established in 1925, the income to be used for the
general purposes of the Arboretum. It is interesting to note that the
total endowment of the Arnold Arboretum is made up of thirty-four
difierent items, each being carried under the names of the individual
donors.

GLOSSARY

The Brief Glossary of the More Common Botanical and Horticul-
tural Terms” published by the Arnold Arboretum as Bulletin Nos.
7-10 of the Bulletin of Popular Information (July 19, 1940) has
proved overwhelmingly popular. A few copies of this still remain and
can be purchased for 25 cents from the Arnold Arboretum, Jamaica
Plain, Massachusetts.

DIRECTIONS FOR THE PREPARATION
OF HERBARIUM SPECIMENS

The thirty-five page illustrated booklet by Dr. 1. M. Johnston, en-
titled The Preparation of Botanical Specimens for the Herbarium,
issued last year by the Arboretum, has proved to be so popular that
the original edition is now exhausted. It is to be reprinted in a larger
edition. Copies may be obtained from the Arnold Arboretum, price:
SO cents, prepaid.

INSECT PEST BOOKLET

An important booklet entitled Important Tree Pests of the North-
east has recently been published by the Massachusetts Forest and
Park Association. This contains descriptions of 50 of the most impor-
tant pests, written by a dozen or more experts. Full descriptions, pic-
tures, and control are given for each. Further information concerning
this excellent 187-page booklet may be obtained from Harris A.
Reynolds, Secretary, Massachusetts Forest and Park Association, 3
Joy Street, Boston, Massachusetts.

[64]

Donald Wyman

ARNOLD ARBORETUM

HARVARD UNIVERSITY

BULLETIN

OF POPULAR INFORMATION

Series 4. Vol. VIII DECEMBER I3, 1940 Number 13

THE ATKINS INSTITUTION OF THE ARNOLD
ARBORETUM, SOLEDAD, CIENFUEGOS, CUBA*

HE most distant of Harvard University’s separately endowed and

JL widely scattered units forming its botanical empire is the Atkins
Institution of the Arnold Arboretum. It is situated at Soledad, about
ten miles from Cienfuegos, on the south shore of Cuba, and approxi-
mately 190 miles from Havana. With the exception of the Harvard
Forest at Petersham, Massachusetts, the remaining seven botanical
institutions are located in Cambridge, Jamaica Plain, and Forest Hills,
reasonably close to the holding body, the University itself. As the
Atkins Institution, administratively a branch of the Arnold Arboretum,
and like the Arboretum, based essentially on a great collection of
living plants, is relatively little known to the botanical and horti-
cultural public of the United States, it has been thought desirable to
prepare this short paper summarizing its history, development, and
objectives. Essentially the Atkins Institution is a botanical garden,
one of the few in tropical America, and the only one not government
supported. In this latter respect, being essentially a private foundation
for the benefit of tlie public, it is unique in tropical America, and is
thus in a strategic position to render important services not only to
Cuba and its people, without cost to Cuba, but also to biologists in
general particularly in North, Central, and Soutli America.

Mr. Edwin F. Atkins, then a young man, left Boston for Cuba in
1869 to learn Spanish and Spanish business methods, and in 187.5 he
assumed full charge of the Cuban affairs of his fatlier’s firm, E. Atkins
ik Company. Commencing in 188^2, various tracts of land were accpiired
in connection with business matters, and previous to the Spanish-

*See also Barbour, T. and Robinson, H. M. Forty years of Soledad. Sci.
Monthly 51: 14()-]4(). illus. 1940.

American war in 1898, these tracts had been consolidated and organ-
ized into one of the most modern and progressively managed sugar
estates in Cuba*. The Soledad Sugar Company which he organized is
still a family corporation, and one that has been outstandingly suc-
cessful in its field. Mr. Atkins died in 1926 at the age of 76 years, but
in the meantime he had initiated and provided for the future support
of a project that is proving to be of increasing value to the country
in whicii it is located and to biology in general.

Mr. Atkins becoming interested in the possible development of
better strains of sugar cane through selection and breeding, consulted
with Professor George L. Goodale of Harvard University and with
Professor Oakes Ames in 1899, the latter then a young man recently
graduated from Harvard. These conferences resulted in an arrange-
ment by which Professor Ames undertook to supply a certain amount
of supervision and advice; Mr. Robert M. Grey, an experienced plant
breeder, then in charge of the Ames collection of living orchids, was
engaged foractual work at Soledad ; eleven acres of land were set aside
for experimental purposes; and Mr. Atkins undertook to provide the
necessary financial support. Thus began the botanical development
at Soledad, some 40 years ago, which in 1932 officially became the
Atkins Institution of the Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University. In
addition to the work on breeding new varieties of sugar cane, an early
project was the introduction and acclimatization of vegetables with
view to selecting and breeding varieties adapted to Cuban climatic
conditions.

From the time the work was initiated at Soledad until he retired
as Supervisor of the Arnold Arboretum in 1935, Professor Ames con-
tinued his interest in the project, operating it first as an adjunct to
the Botanic Garden in Cambridge, later in connection with the Bussey
Institution, with the advice of a special committee, and finally as an
official part of the Arnold Arboretum.

Both Mr. and Mrs. Atkins were interested in plants for their aes-
thetic and economic values, and Mr. Grey, a very keen plantsman,
encouraged and supported by them, commenced to assemble a repre-
sentative collection of tropical species. Among the first accessions was
an important collection of orchids and various other tropical ornamen-
tal plants transferred from the Ames greenhouses in North Easton to
Soledad. Thus over a period of years the so-called ^^old garden** was
developed, which now forms a section of the existing plantings at the
Atkins Institution. Gradually through Mr. Atkins’ continued interest
and support the acreage was increased, the last boundary adjustments

^Atkins, E. F. Sixty years in Cuba i-xii. 1-362, illus. 1926.

[60]

PLATE VIII

1. Harvard House
'2. Casa ('atiliiia

Iiavin*? been made in 1938, when important adjacent tracts were
added to the warden holdings by Mr. William H. Claflin, son-in-law
of Mr. and Mrs. Atkins, President of the Soledad Sugar Company,
and 'Preasurer of Harvard College. The total area of the garden is now
221 .6 acres, about 40 acres less than the Arnold Arboretum holdings
in Boston. Well over one half of the Soledad area has been develoi)ed
on an approved planting scheme; roads, paths and bridges have been
constructed, dams built across the small stream flowing through the
garden to form a series of small ponds, a water tank and irrigation
])ipes installed, and ample propagating facilities provided. A great
number of tropical plants that have been drawn from the warmer parts
of both hemispheres have been established and are now thriving at

Soledad.

A list of plants in cultivation at Soledad was published in 1933*.
In this work 1970 species were enumerated, representing 921 genera
and 165 families; the number actually planted out is now between
2500 and 3000 species. Accessions for trial have been very large in
the past few years. Thus in the period 1933-35 a total of 2250 species
were received for trial, while in 1937 six hundred thirty two additional
ones were accessioned. These figures suffice to give some idea of how
rapidly the plantings are being enriched with both native and exotic
species.

Established plantings include a large palm garden, a fine cycad
collection, water gardens, areas for marsh plants, a large succulent
garden, a rock garden on an exposed limestone outcropping at the end
of the seboruco, a large cactus garden, a special place for native and
exotic orchids and bromeliads, a vine section, a bamboo collection, and
special areas designated and now under development for representa-
tives of the great families of tropical flowering plants. Forming as it
does an “oasis** surrounded by pasture land and sugar cane fields,
and including a small permanent stream, the garden site forms a
natural wild life sanctuary in which bird life is particularly abundant
and interesting.

Since the garden is located in a region where most of the native
arborescent vegetation has been largely destroyed, it is fortunate that
a considerable tract of native forest is included. This area, a rocky
outcropping known as the seboruco, is being maintained as a character-
istic representation of native lowland Cuban forest. The entire region
is characterized by a relatively dry tropical climate, the annual rain-
fall averaging about 50 inches. Because of prolonged dry seasons, we

*Gray, R. M. and Hubbard, F. T. List of plants growing in the botanical
garden of the Atkins Institution of the Arnold Arboretum at Soledad, Cienfue-
gos, Cuba. i-vi. 1-24.5. 1983.

PLATE IX

1. View across one of the ponds in the Palm C’ollection

2. C eiba pentandra, Ceiba or Kaj)ok 'I'ree

thus have the opportunity of developing? tropical plantings of those
species that are more or less characteristic of those parts of Asia, Aus-
tralia, Africa, Mexico, and South America which have somewhat sim-
ilar climatic conditions ;all of these ret?ions have contributed extensively
to the rapidly expanding plantings at Soledad. At the same time,
with irrigation, it is possible to grow a great many tropical species
that are adapted to regions of higher humidity and a greater or more
evenly distributed annual rainfall.

'I'o provide for the future support of tlie growing garden, Mr. .Atkins
in 1919-''20 presented to Harvard University the initial payments on
an endowment fund. I'his was increased by additional gifts from 19'21
to 19''i5, until the total amounted to S 1 8.5, 1 f 1 .00. 'I'liis fund was des-
ignated as the .Atkins Fund for Tropical Research in Economic Bot-
any, the annual income to be expended at Soledad. Naturally with
an assured annual income limited to that received from this endow-
ment,the activities at Soledad must of necessity be restricted, and much
highly desirable work must be deferred. .Again as the planted areas
are increased, the cost of maintenance also increases. In 19^4- the
Cuban unit was designated as the Harvard Biologic Institute in Cuba,
and eight years later, in 193‘2, under the administration of Professor
.Ames, to simplify administration and to bring about a somewhat closer
atiiliation with the northern units in Massachusetts, the name was
changed to the Atkins Institution of the .Arnold .Arboretum. Thus in
effect the general held of the .Arnold .Arboretum in its attempt to
maintain a great collection of hardy plants in the not too hospitable
climate of New England, has been extended to the tropics, where,
with the income from the .Atkins fund, a great collection of tropical
plants is now established, and is being maintained and increased.

In 1 9"^4', Mr. .Atkins provided for the construction of Harvard House,
as a combined headquarters building, laboratory, and living quarters,
and here, since that date, many scientists have been entertained for
longer or shorter periods of time. Here stall' members of Harvard
University , and graduate students, recipients of Harvard Fellowships
for work at Soledad, and representatives of other institutions have
made their home. The facilities include desk space, microscopes, glass-
ware and other laboratory equipment, an herbarium containing a large
collection of Cuban plants and representatives of species cultivated in
the garden, a reference library, plant presses and driers; in fact that
general type of equipment that is normally needed for biological lab-
oratory and field work, so that visitors need take little with them other
than what is needed to meet their special personal requirements. ATt
from the time Harvard House was constructed, in spite of the limited

[70]

PLATE X

1. Kavenala iiiadag-ascaricnsis. Travelers' Tree
■2. Bamboo at its best

facilities available therein, an incomplete list of registrants who have
lived and worked there exceeds 180 individuals, about half of whom
were botanists and half zoologists.

A new dortnitory, Casa Catalina, was constructed in 1938, with funds
generously provided by Mrs. Atkins and Dr. Thomas Barbour, Direc-
tor of Harvard University Museum and Custodian of the Atkins Insti-
tution I'his is beautifully located at the crest of the ridge overlooking
the garden, with a magniticent view of the 'I'rinidad Mountains beyond.
Casa Catalina now provides sleeping accomodations for at least twelve
persons so that there is no reason why the facilities at present available
at the Atkins Institution should not be more widely utilized.

Up to the time that Casa Catalina was constructed it was, of course,
necessary to limit the nutnber of residents or workers at Soledad,and
naturally preference was given to the officers and students of Harvard
University. I'liree Harvard University Fellowships for work at Soledad
are available annually to graduate students registered at the Univer-
sity, and from time to time others have been made available, either
from the income from the Atkins Institution endowment, or from gifts
received for this purpose. In the summer of 19 4<(), nine graduate stu-
dents and one instructor worked at Soledad on various botanical and
zoological problems. Representatives of other institutions and individ-
uals interested in general biological problems, in botany, and in horti-
culture, are always welcome up to the limits of available space in
Casa Catalina and Harvard House.

Aside from the excellent facilities now available at the Atkins In-
stitution for biological work based on material cultivated in the garden,
there are, of course, a great number of problems appertaining to the
native Hora and fauna of the region as a whole. The Atkins Institution
forms an excellent center for biological field work on these wider prob-
lems, for many interesting regions are accessible from Soledad, in-
cluding the Trinidad Mountains, with their tropical vegetation, a
short distance north of the garden, which attain altitudes of between
3000 and 4<000 feet; while for individuals more interested in marine
zoology the brackish reaches of the Caunao, Arimao and Anaya Rivers
and the salt waters of Cienfuegos Bay and the Carribean Sea are ac-
cessible. Or again, one interested in fioristic studies can reach the
extensively developed xerophytic vegetation characteristic of coastal
areas, the mangrove swamps, and farther along the largest fresh water
swamp in Cuba, the Cieuega de Zapata, with many interesting endemic
plants and animals ; and to the north and east, in Santa Clara Province,
between Cienfuegos and Havana, the extensive palm barrens with
their characteristic plant and animal life.

In 1927, Dr. Thomas Barbour, because of his long interest in Cuban
biology, his knowledge of the Spanish language and of Cuban condi-
tions, was appointed Custodian of the Atkins Institution. Since then
he has continued to direct its general program and handle its budget-
ary details. Because of increasing interest on the part of leading Cuban
officials and citizens in the progress of the work at Soledad, on the
recommendation of Dr. Barbour, the following Cuban citizens were
officially appointed as Collaborators of the Atkins Institution by the
President and Fellows of Harvard College in 1938: Dr. Juan T. Riog
y Mesa, Brother Leon (Joseph Sylvestre Sauget y Barbier), Dr. Gon-
zalo Martinez Fortun y Foyo, Dr. Julian Acuna y Gale, Dr. Alberto
J. Forsy Reyes, Dr. Jorge Dechapelle, and Jose Perez Carabia. Thus
we have the sympathetic interest and support of a group of Cuban
citizens who are alive to the benefits that the Atkins Institution can
bestow on Cuba.

As an example of what may come through the pioneer work of the
Atkins Institution, our experience with teak, first introduced in Cuba
at Soledad, may be cited. This tree grows with remarkable rapidity,
and its timber is highly resistant to decay and to the ravages of ter-
mites. Some of the officials of the Soledad Sugar Company, intrigued
by this and by other exotic and native tree species, have established
extensive forest plantings on land not particularly adapted to, or
needed for, the cultivation of sugar cane, with view to providing for
a future supply of durable timber for railroad ties and general con-
struction purposes. It is evident, because of the extensive deforest-
ation of many parts of Cuba, that in the future this problem of
local timber supplies will become more and more important, and it is
highly probable that other sugar estates will follow the lead of Sole-
dad and establish similar plantings. It is very important to have a
body of knowledge available regarding the cultural requirements of
selected tree species, and at the same time a ready supply of fresh
viable seeds.

A project that is now engaging the attention of Mr. Sturrock, the
present superintendent, is the amplification of the collection of trop-
ical plants that produce edible fruits, supplementing the large collec-
tion assembled by Mr. Grey. The objective is to have available breeding
stock from widely scattered sources that may be used to produce better
varieties by selection and hybridization. Mr. Sturrock is also interest-
ed in the possible utilization of tropical fruits and their products'"' and
as was his predecessor, Mr. Grey, in the introduction and establish-

^'Sturrock, D. Tro{)ical fruits of southern Florida and Cuba and their uses.
l-LSl. 19M) (published by the Arnold Arboretum).

merit of supplementary food plants to augment and diversify the
present not too satisfactory diet of the gudjiros.

riie garden already contains representatives of the leading tropical
economic species, such as the bread fruit, jak fruit, coffee, nutmeg,
clove, Manila hemp, litchi, cinnamon, etc., as well as botanical
curiosities like the baobob tree, cannon ball tree, and traveler’s
palm (which isn’t a palm at all), as well as a great collection of true
palms (over *2()0 species) and cycads from the tropics of both hem-
ispheres, and a great variety of economic and ornamental trees, shrubs,
vines, and herbs. Some of the large groups are Aloe, with 90, Afrave
with 00, and Euphorbia (the flesh}’ forms) with 40 species. The Cacta-
ceae is represented by 47 genera and about (260 species. I'he plantings
are easily accessible through a series of roads and grass paths extend-
ing to all parts of the grounds.

In the local administration of the Atkins Institution, Mr. Robert
M. Grey retired as Superintendent Emeritus in IfkSO, after a long pe-
riod of efficient service, but he still resides at Soledad. He was succeed-
ed by Mr. David Sturrock, the present Superintendent. Mr. Sturrock
is ably assisted by Mr. F. G. Walsingham, a Kew Garden graduate,
who is in charge of accessions and exchanges, propagation and records.
Individuals wishing to avail themselves of the facilities at the Atkins
Institution fora few days or longer should address the Custodian, Dr.
Fhomas Barbour, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Massa-
chusetts. Accredited individuals planning to visit Soledad via Havana
should communicate with our Havana agent. Miss Marion Henriquez,
Western Union Building, Dept. 604, Havana, who will make all neces-
sary local arrangements. Cienfuegos mav be reached from Havana by
train, by bus, or by airplane, or one may drive from Havana direct to
Soledad over surfaced roads. Mr. Sturrock's address is Apartado ^51
(Soledad) Cienfuegos, Cuba. Dormitory facilities and private rooms
are available at Casa Catalina and at Harvard House, while meals
may be had at Harvard House. The charges are very moderate.

Doubtless some horticulturally minded individuals visiting Cuba
may wish to see this great collection of named palms and other trop-
ical plants. Visitors are always welcome at the Atkins Institution,
and we will be only too glad to advise them, and to assist in any way
that we can in reference to any such proposed pilgrimage. Frankly,
one of the objectives in writing this account was to make the general
facilities at the Institution better known to our botanical and horti-
cultural public with the hope that more and more individuals, visiting
Cuba, may include a trip to the Atkins Institution in their itinerary.

[74]

E. D. Merrill

INDEX TO SERIES 4

VOLUME VIII

Illustrations are in bold face type.

Acer saccharurn monumentale,

18

Amelanchier canadensis, “22

— grandiflora, 22
rubescens, 24

— laevis, 22
Ames, Oakes, 66
Anti-Taurus Mountains, 62
Arnold, James, Plate I, 5

— James, 1 , 2, 60

— Fund, The James, 1

— Professorship, 2
Atkins, Edwin F., 65

— Fund for Tropical Research
in Economic Botany, 70

— Institution of the Arnold Ar-
bor etum,Soledad,Ceinfuegos,
Cuba, The, 65-74

Bamboo at its best, Plate X, 7 1
Barbour, Thomas, 72, 73, 74
“Bradley Bibliography”, 57
Brighton Meadows, 9
Broom, Warminster, 14
Bussey estate, 2

— Institute, 8

Canal Zone Biological Area, 60
Casa Catalina, Plate VIII, 67
Casa Catalina, 72
Case Fund, The Laura Lucretia,

64

Cedar of Lebanon, 62
Cedrus libani, 62
Ceiba pentandra, Plate IX, 69
Claflin, William H., 68
Cornus mas. Flowering branch
of, Plate II, 15

[77

Cytisus praecox, 14

— scoparius, 14
Distribution of Plant materials

to various parts of the world,
17

Dixwell, John J., 1, 4, 7, 8
Edwards, Miss Grace L., 64
Eleagnus angustifolia, 34
Eliot, President, 8
Emerson, George B., Plate I, 5

— George B. , 1 , 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 60
Endowment of the Arboretum,

Increasing, 64
Euonymus planipes, 19
Founding of the Arboretum, 1
Freeman, Mrs. James G., 64
Genesis of the Arnold Arbore-
tum, The, 1-10

Glossary of the more common
botanical and horticultural
terms, A brief, 37-56
Godkin, E. L., 10
Goodale, George L. , 66
Grand Canyon, 62
Gray, Asa, 4, 7, 8, 9,

Greene, Jerome D., 10
Grey, Robert M., 66, 73, 74
Hardiness map for the United
States, Plate VII, 62

— map for the United States,

6 1 -64

Harvard Biologic Institute in
Cuba, 70

— House, 70, 72

— House, Plate VIII, ()7
Hemlock, Canada, 13

]

— Carolina, IS
Henriquez, Miss Marion, 7 t
Henry \ 'I, 3 ‘2
Honeysuckles, Bush, 21-
Horticultural Club of Boston, 16
Japanese flowerin'; quinces, 24

tree lilac (Syringaamurensis
japonica) Plate IV, 26
Kapok Tree, Plate IX, t)9
Lancaster, House of, 32
Lilac, Chinese, 27
— , Hairy, 28
— , Persian, 27
Lilacs in their order of bloom,
The Arboretum, 25-28
Lowell, James H., 60
— , John, 60
— , Lucy, 10
— , Ralph, 60
Lu-Shan Arboretum, 24
Magnolia denudata, 22

— kobus, 22
borealis, 22

— proctoriana, 22
Magnolia salicifolia, 22

— soulangeana, 22

— stellata, 22

rosea, 22

Magnolias, Early, 22

— , Showing the differences in
the flowers of three early,
Plate III, 23

— with early white flowers, 22
“M anual of Cultivated Trees

and Shrubs’*, 61
Map of the Arboretum, 21, 25
Merrill, E. D., 16, 58
Museum d’Historie Xaturelle,
16

Olmsted, Frederick Law, 9

Ornamental plants. Meritorious,
20

Palm Collection, View^ across
one of the ponds in, Plate IX,
69

Parker, Francis PL, 1,4, 7, 8
Peabody, Andrew Preston, 4
“Plantae Wilsonianae” , 57
Plants from abroad. New, 24

— hardy in different zones.
Woody, 63

Prunus avium, 28
Quinces, Japanese flowering, 24
Ravenala madagascariensis,
Plate X, 7 1

Rehder, Alfred, Plate VI, 59

— Alfred, 16

— -, Retirement of Alfred, 57-60
Rehder’s “Manual of Cultivated
Trees and Shrubs*’, 36
Rhododendron collection, 14

— obtusum kaempferi, 24
Rhododendron schlippenbachi,

24

— yedoense, 24

poukhanense, 24

Rosa alba, 32

— centifolia, 32

mucosa, 32

— damascena, 32
versicolor, 32

— foetida, 34
persiana, 34

— gallica, 32
versicolor, 32

— harisoni, 34

— hugonis, 34

— multiflora, 34
carnea, 34

— primula, 34

— rubrifolia, 34

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— ruo’osa, 34

— setigera, 35

— spinosissima, 34, 35
lutea, 35

— virginiana, The Virginia rose
as it grows in a border plant-
ing at the Arnold Arboretum,
Plate V, 31

Rose, Cabbage, 30, 32
— , Damask, 32
— , Father Hugo’s, 34
Rose, French, 32
— , Japanese, 34
— , Persian Yellow, 34
— , Redleaf, 34
— , Scotch, 35

— species for landscape use, 33

— species. Some, 29-35
— , Virginia, 30

— , York and Lancaster, 32
Sargent, Charles Sprague, 10
Sea tomato, 34
Sequence of bloom of lilacs,
26-27

Shadblows, 22

Smith, A. C. , 58

Soledad Sugar Company, 68, 73

Spring, This, 14

Sturrock, David, 60, 73, 74

Sugar cane, 66

Syringa amurensis, 28

— amurensis japonica, Plate
IV, 26

— chinensis, 25
saugeana, 28

— henryi, 28

— hyacinthiflora, 27

Necker, 27

Turgot, 27

— japonica, 28

— oblata, 27

dilatata, 27

Syringa persica, 25
laciniata, 28

— pinnatifolia, 27

— prestonae, 28

— pubescens, 19, 28

— reflexa, 28

— swegiflexa, 28

— villosa, 28

— vulgaris, 25
Travelers’ Tree, Plate X, 72
‘^Tree Pests of the Northeast,

Important”, 64

Trials and tribulations of an Ar-
boretum, Some, 17-20
Tropical Fruits for Southern
Florida and Cuba and Their
Uses”, 60

United States Department of
Agriculture Weather Bureau,
61

Viburnum dilatatum xanthocar-
pum, 19

— setigerum aurantiacum, 19
Walsingham, F. G., 74
Winter, This past, 13-16
York, Duke of, 32

— , House of, 35

These Bulletins will be discontinued until spring of next year.

Subscription renewals for 1941 are now due. Send the subscrip-
tion price of $1.00 to the Bulletin of Popular Information, Arnold
Arboretum, Jamaica Plain, Mass., at your early convenience.

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