>x- ,

M

H

/^

>j^

\7J

'4V.

\

^ibrarD of iht gluseitm

OF

COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY,

AT HARVARD COllGGG, CAUBRIIOE, MASS.

. '\/^^'^.^'^_'^_'^^'^^''y_'\_-

The gift of dJemjMmj

u

JVo. fl fqo

VJri^/\i\ V iL-ui:.,

V^ 1 1 1V_. ,

BULIxKTIK

OF THE

Scientific Laboratories

OF

DENISON UNIVERSITY.

VOL. VIII. PART I.

WITH TWO PLATES.

EDITED BY

W. G. TIGHT, M.S.,
Department of Geology and Natural History.

GRANVILLE, OHIO, MAY, 1893.

PRESS OF GRANVILLE TIMES.

i h^o lo:;;?

ADDITIONAL NOTES ON THE CLADOCERA AND OSTRA
CODA OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. I. SYSTEMATIC POR-
TION, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES. II.
LATE LARVAL HISTORY OF CYPRIS HERRICKI.
UI. ILYOCRYPTUS SPINIFER, Herrick, NOT THE
SAME AS ILYOCRYPTUS LONGIREMUS, Sars.

By C. H. Turner.

[Plates I, II.]

I. Systematic Portion.

In continuing these notes on the Cincinnati Cladocera and Ostra-
coda it is thought desirable to give under each species as complete
references as possible to the American writers who have described it.
To accomplish this it has been necessary to repeat a few of the species
described in my former paper, ^

ORDER CLADOCERA.
Family SIDIDAE.
Genus Sida, Straus.

Sida crysiallin'a, ......... O. F. Muller.

Sida crystallina, . . . E. A. Birge, Notes on Cladocera, 1878, p. 2.

Sida crystallina, . . . S. A. Forbes. On vSome Lake Superior En-

tomostr^ca, 1890, p. 714.

Sida crystallina^ . . ■ E. A. Birge, List of Crust. Clad. f. Madi-

son, WIb,, 1891, p. 382.

Family DAPHNIDAE.
Genus Scapholeberis, Schodler, 1858.

ScapJioleberis niiicronata, O. F. Muller.

Scapholeberis mtccronata, . . . E. A. Birge. Notes on Cladocera,

1878, pp. 8-9; pi I, fig. 7.

Scapholeberis mucronota, . ... S. A. Forbes. On Some Lake Supe-

rior Entom., 1890, p. 712.

^Notes Upon the Cladocera, Copepoda, Ostracoda, and Rotifera of Cin-
cinnati. Bui. Sci. Lab. Den. Univ. Vol. VI, part II, pp. 57-74, pi. I, II.

4 BULLETIN OF THE LABORATORIES

Additional locality : In a shallow, sluggish, grassy creek ; Lock-
land, O. September, 1892.

Genus Simocephalus, Schodler, 1858.

Simocephaltis vettilus, O. ¥ . Miiller.

Simocephahis vetuhts, . . . E. A. Birge. Notes on Clad., 1878,

p. 8.

Additional locality : In a shallow, sluggish, grassy creek ;
Lockland, O. September, 1892.

Genus Daphnia, Schodler.

Daphnia pulex, O. F. Miiller.

Daphnia pule X, . . . E. A. Birge. Notes on Clad., 1878, pp. ii-
12 ; pi. I, fig. II.

Additional locality : During high water in the spring of 1892,
myriads of this species were found in a large creek (Mill Creek). It
is very probable that these were washed into the creek, by the flooding
of the ponds near its banks.

Normally at this place the ephippal females of this species are
formed about the middle of September. But last June numerous
ephippal females were collected from small pools that were rapidly
drying up.

Family BOSMINIDAE.

Genus Bosmina, Baird, 1850.

Bosmina cormita, Jurine.

Bosmina cormita, . . . E. A. Birge. Notes on Cladocere, 1878,
p. 15, pi. II, fig, 10.

This species seems to be rare. I have only encountered it once,
when I found several in a shallow, grassy pool at Tusculum, Ohio.
Length, 0.256 mm.

Family LYNCEIDAE.

Sub-family LYNCEINAE.
Genus Camptocercus, Baird, 1851.

Caviptocercus niacrurus, O. F. Miiller.

Camptocercus macriirtis, . . . E. A. Birge. Notes on Cladocera,

1878, p. ZZ.
Camptocercus macrurus, . . . C. L. Herrick. Final Report on

Minn. Crust., 1884, p. ?>t„ pi. E, fig. 10.

The specimen here identified as a member of this species is
smaller than the specimens found by Prof. Birge in Massachusetts and

OF DENISON UNIVERSITY. . 5

Wisconsin, and by Prof. Herrick in Minnesota, yet it agrees with
Prof. Herrick's description in all other respects. Legth, 0.63 mm.
Height, 0.42 mm.

Habitat : Shallow, grassy creek, Lockland, O.

Genus Leydigia, Kurz.

Leydigia qiiadrangularis , Leydig.

Leydigia qtiadrangu/aris, . . . E. A. Birge. List of Crust. Clad.

f. Madison, Wis., 1891, p. 393.
Leydigia quadrangularis, . , . C. L. Herrick, Final Report.

Minn. Crust., 1884, p. ?>?,, pi. H., fig. 4.

Length, about i mm. Height, about 0.5 mm.

Habitat : Clifton, in large canal basin, on bottom, not abundant.
July. Lockland, shallow, sluggish, weedy creek ; abundant. Sep-
tember.

Genus Dunhevidia, King.

Dnnhevidia se tiger, Birge.

Crepidocercus setiger, , . . E. A. Birge. Notes on Cladocera, 1878,

p. 26; pi. I, fig. 18.
Dunhevidia sedge)', . . . C. L, Herrick. Final Rep. Minn. Crust.

1884, p. 91; pi. F, fig. 13.
Dunhevidia {crepidocercus) setiger, . . . E. A. Birge. List of Crus-

tacea Cladocera from Madison, Wis.; p. 394; pi. XHI, fig. 20.

This species has been encountered here but once. On the 28th
of August, 1892, several were found in a small weedy pool.
Length of female about 0.43 mm. Height of same about 0.31 mm.

Genus Alona. Sars, 1862.

Alona porrecta , B i r ge .

Alona porrecta, . . . E. A. Birge. Notes on Cladocera, 1878, pp.

29-30; pi. I, fig. 16.

Additional locality : Shallow, weedy, canal basin in Camp
Washington.

Length of female, 0.35 mm. Height, 0.22 mm.
Alona glacialis, Birge.

Alona glacialis, . . . E. A. Birge. Notes on Cladocera, 1878,
PP- 30-31-

Genus Pleuroxus.

Pleuroxus dcnticulatus, Birge.

Pleuroxus dcnticulatus, . . . E. A. Birge. Notes on Cladocera,

pp. 21, 21 ; pi. I, fig. 21.
Pleuroxus dcnticulatus, . . . E. A. Birge. List of Cladocera from

Madison, Wis., 1891, p. 395 ; pi. XIII, fig. 21.

6 BULLETIN OF THE LABORATORIES

Additional locality : Lockland, O. Shallow, weedy, sluggish

pool.

Length of female 0.44 mm. — 0.54 mm. Height, 0.32 mm. —

0.33 mm.

Plenroxus hamattis, Birge.

Pleuroxus haj?iatus, . . . E. A. Birge. Notes on Cladocera, 1878,

pp. 22, 23; pi. IT, figs. 13, 14.

Additional locality - Lockland, O. Sluggish, shallow, weedy
creek.

Length of female of Lockland specimen, 0.5 mm. Height,
0.3 mm.

Genus Chydorus, Leach.

Chydorus sphaericus^ O. F. Miiller.

Chydorus sphaericHs, . . . E. A. Birge. Notes on Cladocera, 1878,

pp. 23, 34; pi II, fig. 19.

Chydorus sphaericns, Baird, . . . S. A. Forbes. Some Lake Supe-

rior Entomostraca, 1890, p. 7 2.

Length of female, 0.5 mm. Height, 0.43 mm.

Additional locality : Shallow, sluggish, grassy creek, Lockland.

ORDER OSTRACODA

Family CYPRIDID^.

Genus Cypria, Zenker.

Cypria inequivalva, sp. n.

[Plate I; Figs, i, 8.]

Shell inequivalve, one valve overlapping the other in front.
Valves glossy, finely pubescent.

In fresh specimens, near the cephalic end of the shell, there is
an irregular cross shaped dorsal dark spot, [fig. i, 2], the arms of
which extend latero-ventrad along each valve for about one half the
height of the valve. Near the caudal extremity of the shell there is
another irregular dorsal dark spot. This spot is somewhat fan shaped,
with the expanded portion directed caudad. Occasionally, on the
ventral surface, about one third the length of the valve from the
cephalic extremity, a small dark spot is seen. In fresh ^specimens
these markings are very pronounced ; but in alcoholic specimens,
they are usually more or less obscured.

Viewed from the side [fig. i] the shell is sub-reniform, higher

OF DENISON UNIVERSITY. 7

near the middle. It is about twice as long as high. Dorsal margin,
feebly convex; cephalic margin, convex; ventral margin, nearly
straight, slightly concave in the middle; caudal margin convex.

Viewed from above [fig. 2] the shell is sub-elliptical, inequivalve,
one valve overlapping the other in front Shell widest near the mid
die. Cephalic extremity about as wide as the caudal. All margins
convex. Hinge line straight.

Viewed from below [fig 3] shell presents the same outline as
when viewed from above, but the line of contact of the two valves is
sinuated.

Viewed from the end, the shell is oval, widest in the middle,
ventral margin about as wide as dorsal.

Antennules typical for the genus.

Antennae of female [fig. 4] composed of four joints, the joints
diminishing in size from the most proximal to the most distal joint.
The most proximal joint bearing at about the middle of its ental
margin a long seta. The next joint bears at about the middle of its
ental margin the usual biarticular sensory hair and at its disto- ental
angle a moderately long plumose seta, this seta extends to about the
base of the terminal claws. From the base of the penultimate joint
arise five very long non-plumose setae, these setae extending far be-
yond the tips of the terminal claws. At the middle of its ental
border this joint bears a short seta and opposite this on the ectal bor-
der there is a slightly longer seta. From the disto-ental angle of this
joint arise two short seta. From the ectal half of its distal margin
arise two long claws ; one of these claws extends beyond the tip
of the claws springing from the terminal joint, while the other extends
nearly to the tip of those claws. At the extremity of the terminal
joint there are two large claws and two short setae ; one of these seta
is located at the disto-ental angle and the other at the disto-ectal
angle of the joint.

First foot of female [fig. 5] long and slender, composed of five
joints. The most proximal joint large, the broadest of all. The
next joint the shortest of all. The antipenultimate joint about as long
as the most proximal, but more slender. From the margin of this
joint arise two short setae. From the disto caud il angle of this joint
arises a long seta which extends to beyond the base of the terminal
claws. From near the disto-cephalic angle of this joint arises a short
seta. Along the cephalic margin of the penultimate joint there is a
longitudinal row of fine hairs. From the disto caudal angle of this
joint arises a seta medium length. From the extremity of the terminal

8 BULLETIN OF THE LABORATORIES

joint arises a long claw ; this claw is much longer than the joint and
appears to be composed of two portions ; a short proximal and a long
distal portion. From the cephalic margin of the proximal portion
arises a short seta.

Second foot of female [fig. 6] composed of four jomts, the joints
diminishing in size from the most proximal to the most distal joint.
The most proximal joint bears at about its proximo-caudal angle a
long plumose seta which is as long as the joint; and from the distal
third of its cephalad margin arises a somewhat shorter seta. From
the distal fourth of the cephalic margin of the antipenultimate joint
arises a seta. From a corresponding point on the penultimate joint
there also arises a seta. From the extremity of the terminal joint
arises two long and two short setae. The two long setae are about as
long as the combined lengths of both the ultimate and the penultimate
joints. The two shorter setae are but little longer than the terminal
joint.

Post abdomen [fig. 7] is curved, bearing one terminal claw and
at its base a short terminal spine. On the convex surface there is a
sub-terminal claw.

Verticillate sac [fig. 8] of male as usual in this genus. It seems
to be enclosed by a transparent capsule.

Length of female, 0.52 mm. Height, 0.36 mm. Breadth,
0.26 mm.

Habitat: This little species is very abundant here. The major-
ity of the ponds that contain either grass, water plants or hydrodic-
tyon, contain it. Found at Tusculum, Clifton, Mill Creek bottoms.

Genus Cypris, Miiller.

Cypris inco7tgrne7is, . . Ramdohr [PI. I; fig. 9, 16; pi. II, fig. 17, 21.]

Cypris incongruens, . . . G. S. Brady. Recent British Ostracoda,

pp, 362, 363; pi. XXIII, figs. 16, 22.
Cypris incongruens, . . . G. S. Brady and Alfred M. X'orman.

Mon. of Marine and Fresh Water Ost. of N. At. and N. W. Europe; Part

I, PP- 73^ 74; ph XII, figs. 8, 9.

The American representative of this species is almost an exact
counterpart of the European species. A comparison of the figures
given here with those in the monographs referred to above, will show
how close is the resemblance.

Length of female, 1.35 mm. Height, 0.75 mm. Habitat: Rare.
Found in stagnant water.

OF DENISON UNIVERSITY. 9

Cypris crenata, sp,n.
[Plate II, Figs. 22-32.

Cypris STp (?), . . . C. H. Turner. Bull. Sci. Lab. Denison Univ,,
Vol. VI, part II, p. 71; pi. II, figs, ii, 13.

The shell is equivalve, very thin, the free margins of one valve
is bordered with blunt teeth. The ventral margins of both valves
bear hairs. Shell reticulated with contorted lines, the reticulations
are most distinct on the cephalic portion of valve. Lucid spots
about nine, sub-central. Color, various shades of greenish yellow.
The caudal half of shell of male appears to be marked with concen-
tric retort shaped lines. Since the shell is very thin this appearance
may be due to the presence of spermatozoa or spermatophores within
the shell.

Viewed from the side [fig. 22] the shell is sub-reniform, highest
about the middle, cephalic and caudal extremities about the same
width. Caudal, dorsal, and cephalic margins convex ; ventral
margin nearly straight, slightly convex, at the middle.

Viewed from above [fig. 23] the shell is sub-oval, widest behind
the middle. Caudal margin rounded, cephalic margin bluntly
pointed. Hinge line sinuate.

Viewed from below [fig. 24] same as when viewed from above.
Line of contact of valves sinuate.

Viewed from end [fig. 25] shell is oval, a little higher than
wide.

Antennules [fig. 25] and antennae as usual in genus Cypris.

The mandible [fig. 26] terminates in four large teeth, between
each two of these teeth there is a short, slender rod. The mandibular
palp consists of four joints. The first joint is very large, about as
large as the combined lengths of the other three ; it bears about the
middle ot its dorsal surface a branchial appendage, which in turn
bears four long setae ; and from the distal fifth of its ventral surface
arises two long setae. The antipenultimate joint is very short ; from
the distal half of its dorsal surface arises two long setae and one short
one. The penultimate joint is long ; from its disto-dorsal extremity
arise three long and one short setae ; from the disto-ventral angle of
the shell arises two shori setae. The terminal joint is very narrow
and about as short as the antipenultimate joint ; at its tip it bears four
short claws.

TO BULLETIN OF THE LABORATORIES

The first foot [fig. 27] of male is composed of four joints. The
most proximal joint is large. The antipenultimate joint is about as
long as the preceding joint. From its disto-caudal margin arises a
medium sized seta; and from its disto-cephalic margin arises a some-
what smaller seta. The terminal joint is about the same size as the
penultimate. From its disto-caudal margin arises a medium sized
seta and a small spine ; from its disto-cephalic margin arises a very
short spine. From the distal end of joint arises a long claw ; the
claw is about as long as the combined lengths of the three distal joints.
The claw is composed of a short basal and a long termmal portion.
At the disto-caudal portion of the basal joint of claw there is a short
seta; at the disto-cephalic margin of the same joint there is some-
what smaller seta. A row of fine hairs extends along the middle por-
tions of the caudal margin of the terminal joint of the claw.

The second foot of the male [fig. 25] is composed of three joints.
The antipenultimate joint is medium sized. From about tne mid-
dle of this joint arises a median seta; and from the disto-caudal
margin a long seta. The penultimate joint is the longest joint ; from
its disto-cephalic margin arises a median spine. Tlie terminal joint
is about as long as the antipenult ; from the middle of iis cephalic
border arises a short seta ; from its tip arises a short seta ; from its tip
a more or less curved short claw and a median seta.

The post-abdomen [fig 29] of male is curved. At its tip there is a
long claw and a short seta. Entad of this terminal claw is another
long claw ; further entad arises a short seta. Post-abdomen of female
is straighter, otherwise the same.

In the male there is a pair of verticillate sacs [fig. 30]. From the
distal extremity of each arises a vas deferens. Length of sac, 0.35
mm.; width, o.ii mm. The copulative organ of male consists of
distinct halves, each half of which is composed of a large basal and
a small terminal portion. The basal portion of each division receives
at its proximal end a vas deferens. Length of copuluive organ, 0.37
mm. Width, o. 11 mm.

Length of female, 1.23 mm. Height, 0.63 mm Width, 0.60
mm. Length of male, 1.14 mm. Height, 060 mm. Width, 0.45
mm. Habit: Abundant in canal basin containing water plants or
grass. Clifton, Camp Washington.

OF DENISON UNIVERSITY. II

II. Late Larval History of Cypris Herricki, Tur.

[Plate I, fig. 33-39; plate II, fig. 40-42-]

Historical. — As far as I ca;i discover we are indebted to Profes-
sor C. Clans, for all we know about the development of the Ostraco-
da.' His researches upon Cypris ovum [Cypria opthalmica (J urine)
Brady] led to the discovery that ihis form passes through nine larval
stages. This Cypria escapes from the egg as a free swimming nau-
plius; but the nauplius differs from the typical nauplius in two im-
portant particulars : The animal is enclosed in a bivalve shell and
none of the appendages are biramous. In the second stage the man-
dible attains its adult form and the first pair of maxillae and the first
pair of feet appear. The maxilla resembles somewhat a phyllopod
appendage. In the third stage no essential change occurs. In the
fourth stage the first pair of maxillae attain their final form and the
second pair of maxillae appear. The rudiment of the post-abdomen
is also visible. In the fifth stage the second pair of maxillae develop
a blade and function as an ambulatory organ. In the sixth stage the
second pair of maxillae lose their ambulatory function, and at the
same time the second pair of feet is formed. In the seventh stage all
appendages have attained about the permanent form. The next two
stages are characterized chiefly by internal changes.

In this connection it is not intended to discuss the early slages of
Cypris Herricki. These remarks will be confined to what corresponds
to the seventh to ninth ecdyces of Cypria opthalf>iica, Jurine. Not
only that, but the remarks will be restricted to the external morpholo-
gy. It is hoped to discuss the internal anatomy in a subsequent
paper.

The earliest stage here discussed has been compared to the
seventh stage of cypria opthalmica, Jurine, because in that stage the
appendages have attained about their permanent form ; but it must
not be supposed that in this Cypris there are only two subsequent
larval stages. These stages are tabulated in the following table :

^ Zur Kenntnis der Jungenforinen von CypHs ovum. Zeit. f. unss. Zool. Bd.
XV, 1865.

Beitrage zur Kenntnis d. Ostracoden. Entwicklungsgeschicte von Cypris
otniin. ScJiriftcn d. Gcscll. zur Befdrdcrting d. gesamm. Natiirwiss. zu Marburg,
Vol. IX, 1868.

Untersuchungen zur Erforschung der genealogischen (Irunlage des Crusta-
ceen Systems. Wien 1876.

12

BULLETIN OF THE LABORATORIES

TABLE I.

Stages.

Length

Height

Position of Dorsal Hump, etc.

For-vi of Post-abdomen.

A

0.90 mm.

0.57 mm.

Some distance in front of middle.
Teeth on caudal margin of shell.

Rudimentary ; fewer
spines than in adult ;
terminal about as long
as or longer than re-
mainder of the ap-
pendage.

B

1.32 mm.

to
1.38 mm.

0.71 mm.

to
0.84 mm.

Approaching middle.
Teeth on shell much larger.

Form normal; num-
ber of spines normal;
ratio of the length of
the post - abdomen
greater than in adult.

C

1.98 mm.

1.20 mm.

Near the middle.
Teeth on shell large.

Ratio of the length
of terminal spine to
the length of post-
abdomen more nearly
normal than in B.

D

2.79 mm.

1.64 mm.

At middle.

Teeth disappearing.

About as in adult.

Adult.

3.00 mm.

At middle.

No teeth on shell.

In Cypi'ia opthalmica (Jurine) Claus found that by the time the
seventh^ stage was reached, the shell had practically assumed its final
form. In the form here described there are pronounced differences
between the earliest stage here considered and the adult.

In the adult of Cypris Herricki. the dorsal border of the shell is
almost uniformly convex and the cephalic border of the shell is about
the same height as the caudal. In stage A [fig, 33], however, the
shell is highest near the cephalic extremity, and the cephalic border
of the shell is higher than the caudal. As the animal passes through
stages B to D, the highest point of shell moves gradually towards the
middle and the height of the caudal margin of the shell approaches
more and more the height of the cephalic margin.

In the adult Cypris Herricki, the caudal margin of the shell is
entire. But in stage A, the caudal margin of the shell is bordered
with minute teeth [fig. 34], In this stage the teeth are quite small
and might easily be overlooked; but in stage B [fig. 35], these teeth
have become very conspicuous. Indeed, they are the characteristic
feature of the shell. These teeth are present throughout stage A to
D, but in stage D they have begun to disappear. In the adult stage
there is no trace of these teeth.

OF DENISON UNIVERSITY. I3

A careful study of the adult shows that the shell is covered with
hairs. These hairs are very conspicuous in stage A. The shell of the
adult is marked with very conspicuous dark bands.

An effort has been made to discover at what period these bands
appear, and to see if they conform to the rules laid down by Professor
Eimer. The characteristic bands on the shell may be present in any
stage from A to the adult; and when they are present they do not
differ essentially from the markings on tiie adult. The chief points of
difference being variations in the width of the bands. In all examples
of stages C and D examined, these characteristic markings were
found; but in stages A and B, they were occasionally absent. An
examination of figure 35 will show that some of these bands are longi-
tudinal while others are oblique.

Professor Eimer has attempted to establish the followmg rule for
the formation of oblique markmgs on animals.' Oblique markings
first appear as longitudinal lines. These lines become resolved into
dots, these dots, in turn, rearrange themselves in oblique lines. If
these laws were applicable to the markings on Cypris Herricki^ in
stages A and B, where we have some specimens with bands and
others without them, we ought to find some transition stages — some
stages in which the oblique markings were represented either by par-
allel lines, or by series of dots. But such is not the case. The shell
is either unmarked by bands, or both oblicpie and longitudinal bands
are present.

As stated above, in stage A the appendages have practically
assumed their permanent form. The post-abdomen is a notable excep-
tion. This appendage is quite rudmientary ; not only has it not yet
acquired the typical number of setae, but the longest terminal
seta is as long as, or longer than, the remainder of the post-abdomen.
This great relative length of the terminal seta is due, not to an over-
development of the seta ; but to an under-devolopment of the body of
the post-abdomen. That the post-abdomen appears to be the last
appendage to development is rendered more striking by the discovery
of C. Claus that the post-abdomen appears before the formation of the
second pair of legs. In stage B the post-abdomen has developed
the permanent number of setae, but the ratio of the length of the
terminal seta to the length of the body of the member is much greater

' G. H. Th. Eimer. Organic Evolution is the Result of the Inheritance
of Acquired Characters According to the Laws of Organic Growth. Translated
by J. T. Cunningham, 1S90, p. 73.

14 BULLETIN OF THE LABORATORIES

than in the adult. In passing through stages C and D, the parts of
the post-abdomen gradually assume the proportions of the adult.

Every precaution has been taken to be sure that all the stages
above described were stages of one and the same animal. A definite
number of each stage were isolated in saucers of water and a record
kept of the number placed in edch saucer, and also of the stage of
growth exhibited by each set at time of isolation. The water used
was collected from a pool which did not contain any Ostracodes which
in the least resembled those under consideration. As a further pre-
caution the water was allowed to stand in the laboratory a couple of
weeks. The loss in volume was replaced by river water, taken from
the city hydrant. I never have found any Ostracoda in said river.
Thus there was no possibility of the water containing the eggs of
Cypris Herricki, The larvae stages which were placed in this water
were examined from time to time. In every case the specimens
developed into the adult form.

The morphological differences between the shell of stage B and
the shell of stage A, and between the shell of stage B and the adult
are certainly as great as the morphological differences between the
shells of closely allied species. The mor])hological differences be-
tween stage A and the adult are differences, not only in the shell
structure, but also in che structure of the post-abdomen. And these
differences are as great as those between the genus Cypris and the
genus Cypridopsis. These facts show that shell structure of Ostra-
codes, when taken alone, is of almost no taponomic value.

These facts also have phylogenetic significance. These various
larval stages are resting stages in the development of Cypris Herricki.
Since it is true that the ontogenetic development of an individual is a
rapid and compact repetition of its phylogenetic history, these larval
forms must represent past stages m the evolution of Cypris Herricki.
As has been stated above, stage A corresponds very closely to the
genus Cypridopsis. The main distinction between the genus Cypris
and the genus Cypridopsis is the difference in the form of the post-
abdomen. In the genus Cypridopsis the body of the post-abdomen is
but slightly developed, while the setae are quite long. In stage A, in
the larval history of Cypris Herricki the post-abdomen is in this
rudimentary condition; thus it corresponds very closely to the genus
Cypridopsis. Not only that, but the unhanded forms of this stage
correspond very closely to Cypridopsis hystrix, Herrick. ' Indeed, when

^ C. L. Ilerrick, Contribution to the Fana of the Gulf of Mexico and
the vSouth, 1887. p. 30, pi. IV, fig. 6.

OF DENISON UNIVERSITY. 1 5

this Stage was first encountered, it was supposed to be a Cypridopsis.
While working at its anatomy, a specimen with the markings charac-
teristic of Cypris Herricki was discovered. This led to an investiga-
tion of the larval history of the crustacean.

These facts give us a very strong hint that the genus Cypris has
been evolved directly from the genus Cypridopsis. Should future
research show that all members of the genus Cypris have a Cypridoysis
stage, ^ the discovery would give much weight to the hint. And if, at
the same time the internal structure should prove to be similar, the
evidence would be conclusive.

III. Ilyocryptus spiniff.r, Herrick, not the same as Ilyocrvp-

Tus LONGiREMUS, Sars.

In a recent j^aper'-' Professor Birge remarks that it cannot be
decided whether Ilyocryptus spinifer., Herrick, is identical with Ilyocryptus
longiremus, Sars. or not, because none of the specific characters of the
former are mentioned or figured. Evidently Professor Birge has not
seen a paper written by the author of the Final Report on Minnesota
Crustacea, the next year after that report was published f for in that
paper the author has not only fully described and figured Ilyocryptus
spinifer, Herrick, but he has also made comparisons between it and
three then known European representatives of the genus. For con-
venience, I quote the entire description :

"The size varies gready, a full grown female with eggs in the
brood cavity is nearly 0.90 mm. long and 0.70 mm. high, while a
smaller female measures 0.65 mm. long by 0.44 mm. high. The
form of shell is nearest like that of /. acutifrons. the height being less
than in /. sordidus, and the angle between the ventral and posterior
margins less than in /. ai^iiis. The entire length of the post-abdomen
in the lar^^e female is 0.^6 mm. measured to the base of the caudal
stylets, of which length 0.168 mm. pertains to the claws. The width
of the post-abdomen is but 0.14 mm. Thus it is evident that the
proportions of the post-abdomen differ greatly from any of the
other species, it being very long and narrow. The terminal claws

' It must be remembered that Cypris o'i'uvi Clau.s is a member not of the genus
Cypris, but of the genus Cypridopsis.

2 List of Crustacea, Cladocera from Madison, Wis., 1891. p. 393.

3 C. L. A^^-rr/rX'— Mud-inhabiting Crustacea. Bulletin of the Scientific Lab.
of Denison University. Vol.1, 1885; pp. 39-41 ; pi. IX, I'lti"^- i-3-

1 6 BULLETIN OF THE LABORATORIES

are exactly as in /. agilis, having two small basal spines and a few
sharp serrations near tlie apex, anteriorly. Near the base of the claw
is a cluster of small spines of two sizes, then begins a series of about
sixteen lateral teeth averaging 0.02 mm. in length and extending to
the sides of the anus. Above this point the contour of the margin is
convex and is ornamented with nine spines twice as long as the pre-
ceding. Then follow the prominences which bear the long and sim-
ple caudal setae. Besides the above mentioned spines there are four
spines on either side upon the lower posterior angle of the post-abdo-
men which are four times as long as those of the previously men-
tioned continuous series (i. e. 0.08 mm.) .\bove the abdomen is
hirsute or thorny as in /. agilis, and the process for closing the brood
sac is similar. It will be seen that the post-abdomen differs in arma-
ture as much as in form from the other species. From /. sordidus it
differs in the following points : The claws are not pectinate behind,
but are serrate in front, the anal opening is higher and the details of
the spines vary ; from /. acutifroiis it differs in that the claws are not
pectinate, neither is there a spine in front of the claws, and the anus
is not terminal ; from /. agdis it differs, in that the shape is different,
there are fewer enlarged spines, and the shape of the nine spines
above the anus is different. The head is convex, resembling /. sor-
didus most nearly, but the antennules are much longer and more slen-
der than in any other known species. They are 0.17 long and about
0.016 mm. wide, while the longest seta is 0.084 ^o^^g- The antennae
are almost exactly as in /. sordidus. The labrum has the usual shape,
as have the jaws and other appendages. The margins of the shells
are ornamented with spines simply pectinate or barbed, as in /. agilis.
In /. sordidus these spines are variously branched and in that form
alone of the European species, according to Kurz, is there a failure to
perfect the moult ; in our species, which has simply pectinate setae,
the old coverings are all but uniformly retained. The spines of the
lower posterior margin are from 0.16 mm. to 0.20 mm. long."

Since we have a full description of Ilyocryptus spinifer, Herrick,
we have the data for deciding whether it is identical with Ilyocryptus
longiremus, Sars, or not. To facilitate the comparison the following
table has been comj)iled. The characteristics of /. longiretnus are taken
from Professor Birge's description and illustr: tion. The characteris-
tics of /. spinifer are taken from the above cjuotation and the illustra-
tions which accompany it.

OF DENISON UNIVERSITY.

17

TABLE II.

Shell not perfectly moulted,

Both.

Claw of post-abdomen not pectinate,

Both.

Fine bristles in front of the claw,

Both.

Anus about midway post, border of post-abomen,

Both.

Marginal spines of shell nowhere much branched,

Both.

Upper spines af supra-anal series like remainder.

Both.

Elongated anal spines on either side, 3 or 4,
" " " " " 4 or 4,

I. longiremus.
I. spinifer.

Antenules less than 8 times as long as brood,
(( more " " <' " <' << <<

I. logniremus.
I. spinifer.

Antennal setae as long as or longer than height of shell.
" " about half as long as height of shell.

I. logniremus.
I. spinifer.

Supra-anal teeth 5-7,
" 9,

I. logniremus.
I. spinifer.

Post-anal spines about 8,
(( .( li q

I. longiremus.
I. spinifer.

Post-anal teeth 11-12,

•' about 15,

I. longiremus.
I. spinifer.

The above table shows that these two species are very closely re-
lated, yet there are distinctive points enough to make them two dis-
tinct species.

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES.

Plate I.

Fig. I.

Cypria

incquivalva,

sp.

n.. Lateral view, female.

Fig. 2.

((

Dorsal view, "

Fig' 3-

((

Ventral view, "

Fig. 4.

((

Antenna, "

Fig. 5-

<(

First foot, "

Fig. 6.

<(

Second foot, *'

Fig. 7.

((

Post-abdomen, "

Fig. 8.

(<

Verticillate sac, male.

Fig. 9.

Cypris

incougruens,

Randohr. Lateral view, female

Fig. JO.

11

Dorsal view "

Fig. II.

i<

Ventral view, ♦*

Fig. 12.

<(

Antennule, "

Fig' 13-

((

Antenna, '*

Fig. 14.

((

Mandible, "

Fig. IS.

{(

First maxilla, '*

Fig. 16.

((

Second maxilla, "

i8

BULLETIN OF THE LABORATORIES

Fig. 40. Cypris Herricki, C. H. Turner. Larval stage A, end view.
Fig. 41. " '« " " " dorsal view.

Fig. 42. " ♦♦ <' " " ventral view.

Plate II.

Fig. 17.

Cypris incongrttens, Randohr.

First foot, female.

Fig. 18.

H ( <

Second foot, female.

Fig. ig.

( ( (<

Post-abdomen, female.

Fig. 20.

( ( (<

Portion of shell.

Fig, 21.

( ( (<

Lucid spots.

Fig. 22.

Cypris crcnata, sp. n. Lateral

view, female.

Fig. 23.

Dorsal

( ( ( t

Fig. 24.

" " Ventral

< I < t

Fig. 24 A

. " " End

t ( ( (

Fig. 2S.

" " Antennule, male.

Fig. 26.

" " Mandible, female.

Fig. 27.

" " First foot, male.

Fig. 28.

" " Second foot, male.

Fig. 2g.

" " Post-abdomen, male.

Fig. JO.

" " Verticillate sac, male.

Fig. J/.

" " • Copulat

ive organ, male

Fig. 32.

" *• Portion

of ventral margin of shell, female.

Fig.\33-

Stage A

, lateral view.

Fig- 34-

<( ( (

Stage A, teeth on caudal margin
of shell.

Fig. 35-

Cypris Hcrricki, C. H. Turner.

Stage B, Lateral view.

Fig. j6.

<( ((

Stage B, Dorsal view.

Fig. 37-

<< ( (

Stage A, Post-abdomen.

Fig, 3^-

(( 0

Stage B; Post-abdomen.

Fig. 39-

«< (<

Stage B, Ventral view.

THE ERUCTAVIT, AN OLD FRENCH PARAPHRASE IN

VERSE OF PSALM XLV.

BY GEORGE F. MCKIBBON, A.M.
Presented before the Denison Scientific Association, April 22, iSgj.

This poem of the twelfth century, though of unknown author-
ship and mediocre in style and thought, may claim attention for sev-
eral reasons. It is an example of the curious allegorical interpreta-
tion of the Bible, so prevalent in medieval times. In the numerous
copies which the popularity of the poem caused, it contributes
to the material for studying the different forms of the early language
of France.

But, long before the present interest in medieval life, thought
and speech had begun, the Eriutavit was known for another reason :
it was composed under the patronage of a royal personage. From
the opening lines, and from the closing address also, (though some
copies lack both passages), it appears to have been written for Marie
of Champagne, sister of Philip Augustus, Kmg of France. She was
the literary patron of several poets. Chretien de Troyes wrote for
her his Roman de la Charette. Quesne de Bethune probably num-
bered her among the readers of his lyrics. At her suggestion Everat
prepared a poetic translation of Genesis, finishing the task after her
death in 11 98. Perhaps a score of years earlier, and also at her wish,
the Eructavit was composed. Some ascribe it to Guillaume the Nor-
man, others, with more reason, to Gautier de Coinsy, both contempora.
ries of the princess and writers on sacred subjects.

The poem is found in Mss. at Madrid, Rome, Vienna and Lon-
don; but copies are most numerous at Paris, where (without counting
fragments) five are preserved. All these were carefully examined ex-
cept the Vienna copy. Eight or nine copies were made from as
many manuscripts, and some of the more important readings from
these shall be compared, but no attempt shall be made to restore the
original text. The text here reproduced, however, may be consid-
ered the oldest and nearest to the original of all that exist, being that
of Ms. 15606 at the British Museum. It is in the Burgundian dialect,
in which the poem was originally composed, and is assigned to the
thirteenth century.

In the same century and in the fourteenth were written the Mss.
that have furnished the other copies. They were made in parts of

20 BULLETIN OF THE LABORATORIES

the then French-speaking world as far apart as England and Southern
France, and offer many differences in language and expression. As
to the plan of the poem, however, they agree quite closely. This
may be briefly stated as follows : An address, 14 lines, to the
"dame de Champagne." The introduction proper, which alludes to
royal marriage customs and describes David as writing an Epithala-
mium in prophetic anticipation of the nuptials of the Lord and his
Church, and as bringing his song to the gate of Paradise, — 190 lines.
The paraphrase itself then begins, setting out with a passage from the
Latin original of the Psalm, which is then freely translated and incor-
porated in the dialogue already begun between the angel at the gate
and the inspired poet. This dialogue is carried on a little further ;
thereafter the plan appears to be merely to cite the original Latin in
brief passages and to develop therefrom long and fanciful explana-
tions. The princely bridegroom's sword, bow, arrows, throne, gar-
ments; the bride's beauty, her ornaments; the offspring of the pair;
are all treated at length in the characteristic allegorical manner. An
epilogue, addressed to the same person as at the beginning, concludes
the poem.

[CHI COUMENCHE ERUCTAVIT.]

I t 2

Une chanson que David fit, A costume et a chose usee

Que nostre sires ou cuer li mit, Tient chascuns rois an sa contree,

Dira ma dame de Champaigne, Cant il doit son fil marier

Celi cui damedex enseigne Ou il li vet fome doner :

Et espire de toz ses biens ; 5 Grant piece avant se fait savoir

Si qu'en li ne faut nule riens. Qu'il puisse a son besoingne avoir

Ainceis ja cui dire I'ose Barons et prince et chasez,

I[un] pou trop d'une sole chose, Homages fiez et ligehez.

Tant hi mist cil qui la cria; Chascuns des sergens se porvoit

Largesce que trop (en) hia, 10 De son servise an son endroit.

Largesce et li aus despens Jugleors font sonez noueauz,

Tvletent cusenson et espens • Chansons et notes et faubleauz.

Mainte foiz ou gentil coraige. Que droiz est que chascuns s'atort
Dex gart que ni oains[aions] domaige. Contre la joie de lor cort.

Lou jor de Noel au matin 15 Damedex, qui est rois et sire,

Vos dit sainte eglise an latin Fit autresi de son empire :

Lou saume que je vos comanz, Ains que li veras rois venist,

Metre lou vos veul an romant, Vot Dex que li sieglez sentist

Si porrons prendre quenque soit, L'odor de son avenemant.

Se folic ne nos deceit. 20 Si fit naitre une sainte gent,

OF DENISON UNIVERSITY.

21

Cui il monstra par son plaisir
Ce qui estoit a avenir.
Les prophetes les apeloient
Li prodome qui lor vivoient,
Sainz homes et espiritez. 5

Des prophetes dit damedex
Que cil seroit si tesmoingn,
Por qu'il verroient de loig
Et nonceroient sa venue;
Par ce seroit la foiz crehue 10

Par ce que li saint home et saige
Vindrent avant comme messaige.
Fait sainte eglise les avans :
Si lut[lit] et chante les douz chans,
Qu'il mistrent an sainte escriture, 15
Qui dirra[durra]tant com siegle dure.
Trestuit ansamble s'acorderent ;
A une voiz lou ban crierent :
Que li fiz deu viendroita terre,
S'ennor et son raine querre ; 20

Sires seroit de tot lou mont ;
Jusques an enfer lou plus parfont
Descendroit il la droite voie,
L'en amanroit sa riche proie,
Les anchartrez et les chaitiz, 25

En la joie de paradiz.
Por vor seroit la proie grans :
Tuit li mort de. \' mil ans
Que li siegles avoit dure
Seroient lors asseure ; 30

For que sa part an retaindroit
Li deables qui remaindroit,
Li crual et li desloial
Qui avoient tot jors fait nial,
N'auroient ja nul reconfort 35

Sens repentir jusquez a la mort.
Ains seroient en sa baillie,
Se 11 faroient compaignie.
Si com recunte li escrit
.1. des prophetez fut David. 40

Ceste chanson que ja escrite
Trova il par saint esperite.
Puis fut il rois coronez
.M.ans ainceois que dex fut nez.
Si par ofifri il son servise 45

4

Es noces Deu et sainte eglise.

Bien sot que des ses heris seroit

La virge ou il s'aombreroit.

De ce n'ot il nule dotance

Ains hi mit tote s'esperance;

Que puis que Dex naistroit de nitre,

Tuit serienz sereur et frere ;

Sauriens part an I'aretege

Por qu'il facoit son pere ymaige ;

Por vor bel homaige li fist,

Cant an forme d'ome se mist,

Et li douz peres voiremant

Li redona en chaucemant

Toz seoz qui sont de sa naissance,

Por qu'il aient droite creance.

Ceste pais et ceste devise

Prist nostre sire an sainte eglise.

Et il la redo[n]a a doble

Qu'il ne la do[n]a pas de moble,

Ains dona li et son linaige

La gloire Deu et I'eretaige ;

Et ele promit damede

Vera amor et charite.

Ce saichiez bien que ce ne tient

Qu'a sainte eglise n'apartient.

Les nocent [noces] furent atornees
Par Gabriel I'ange nommees
An une chambre aute et bele :
Ce fut an la virge pucele.
Leans vestit nostre nature
Li rois de tote creature.
Ne plus que la virge sentit
Que Dex, ([ui onques ne mantit,
An son preciors cors se mist,
Et la voiz que li anges dist.
Ne sentit ele la naissance.
Cant damedex par sa puissance,
Qui ert en son benoit cors,
S'aparut antre nos sai fors ;
Par ce li fit ele semblent
De gecine et d'acochement.
Que li Juif contralious
Et Hcrodes li envious.
Qui aparceuz s'en estoit,
Es monstrances que Dex facoit.

22

BULLETIN OF THE LABORATORIES

5

Li correust maintenant sore.
• Mas encor n'estoit raie 1 'ore,
Que dex devoit la mort s'otfrir
Per vos pechiez espeneir.

Cant David sot ceste novale, 5

Sa arpe prit et sa viole,
Si commance sa chancenote,
Qui mont est bele et sainte et note.
De latim I'a en romant traite
Au meauz qui pet cil qui I'a faite. 10
Oaint [devant] tuit bon clers dit il bien
Qu'il n'i a entrepris de rien,
Fors la endroit ou rime faut
Si met lou mot qui autant vaut.
Mas ains qui vaigne au commancier, 15
Vos contera por agencier
Commant Dex li mostra sa glore,
Si com j'a trove en 1' estoire.

Ou fin cuer ou David estoit,
Qui en la cendre se seoit, 20

Et avoit la haire vesiue,
Fort aspre ampres la char nue,
Comme penancier verais,
Li vint dever lou ciel .1. rais
Don la clarte suz li s' assist. 25

En cele clarte li aprist
Et ansoigne tot canqu' il sot,
Damadex qui faire lou pout.

En cele grant devocion,
Li sambla por avision 30

Que .1. anges vint par la lenestre,
Qui lou saisist par la main destre ;
Droit lou conduit, ce li iut vis,
A I'antree de paradis.
Mas la porte trova il close. 35

De ce est il certainne chose.
Que Dex hi avoit mis son ban
Des lou premier pechie d'Adan,
Que nuls n'i anteroit gimais
Jusquez cil en feroit la pais 40

Qui dou liniaige Adan viendroit,
Qui lou pechie sus lui prendroit.
Et sou[ce]convenoit estre tel.
Si saint et si esperitel.
Qui onques n'eust enteichie 45

Ne cuer ne cors de nul pechie.
lie Dex ! hons (tels) ou fu trovez,
Que si lust tins et esmarez ?
Entre nos ne fut il pas pris,
Se Dex ne s'en fut antremis
Ni ai si fim ne si loiau
Ou il n'ait aucun pou de mau :
Par nos ne par nostre deserte
Ne lust gimais la porte overte ;
Ou siegle n'ai home si net
Qui defformest pas lou guichet.
Tant ai Dex fait que la porte ovre
Celui qui est pris en bone ovre.

Or fut David toz antrepris.
A cele porte I'ot assis
Li anges qui partiz s'en ere.
Mont velontex trovast menere
Qu'il se peust leans boter.
Lors commancai a escouter.
Mas la bar re fut bien sarree
Et li anges tenoit I'espee,
Qui rctiambeoit comme feus.
De I'ettorcier n'estoit nul geuz.
Et cant David s'en aparceut
Toz quoiz se tint qui ne se mut.
Par ce qui n'osa apaler.
Si commansai a violer :
A la corde toiche I'arson,
S'en commansa ceste chanson.
Kructavit cor tueum verbum bonttvi ;
Dico ego opera mea regi.

D'une dossour a plain lou cuer ;
Ne puiz soffrir n'en esse fuer.
Ma chanson veul dire lou roi,
Lou aut signor cui aim et croi.
Ancor est an sa chambre ancloz,
A son desduit, a son repos.
Sains esperiz, ovre moi hus :
Je chantera, s'antrer hi puis ;
Se li dirai .1. son novel.
Se li rois I'ot, mont li ert bel.
De cele part ou I'antree ere
Revint une voiz ante et fere
Qui li dit ' David, trai t'en sus : '
Garde que ni aprochier plus.

OF DENISON UNIVERSITY.

23

Li rois se desduit et repose.

Ne seroit pas secure chose,

A ton heus oir ne savoir,

Ce que hons charnez ne pet avoir,

Ne pet savoir nuls hons charnez

Quex est la joie esperitez.

Mas la chanson que tu veuz dire,

Escri la an chartre ou an cire

Et je ferai bien tant por toi ;

Que je la mostrerai lou roi

Se tu la baillez escrite,

Bien li serai mostree et dite :

Je li dirai ce que tu diz.

'Merci, sire,' ce dit David,

' Se je leanz antrez estoie

Avec les moz violeroie.

Juglerrez suiz saigez et duiz.

Se lou roi plaisoit mes desduiz,

Ce sai je bien que les sodees

Me seroient mont grans donees.'

Lingua viea calamus scribae,
Velociter scrihentis.

' Ne dites pas que je I'escrive
La langue cui li cuer avive
L'escrira sans dois et sans mains,
Assez meuz que nuls escrivains.'
La vois respont ' Amis, bel frere,
Saichez por voir que nest de mere
Ne pet ceans matre lou pie,
Ains seront quite li pechie
Que tu es[as]fait et ti encestre.
Ni baier pas : ce ne pet eslre.
[Tu te travailler por noiant.] '
David respont en soploiant,
'Merci, beal frere; or ne vos griet,
Se ciz chaitiz a I'uis se siest :
Sai defors me co[n]vient atandre,
Cant je verra lou roi descendre.
Tost aura faite ma besoinne,
Se mes pechiez ne m'en esloigne.'
La voiz li dit, ' Trop demorriez,
Davi, se tant hi atandiez.
Atandre ne te vaudroit rien
Jusqu' au terme que tu sez bien :
Devant .vii. et .xiii. anz

8

N'istra li rois fors de ceanz.

Tu ne porroies tant soffrir.

Ains te coviendra a morir,

Ausi com tuit li autre font.
5 Si en iraz la ou il vont

En enfer ert t'arme saisie ;

Mas la ne remainra ele mie :

Cant mes sires li rois ira.

An enfer qu'il desconfira,
10 Et tu orraz sa douce vois.

Apres ce qui ert mis an crois

Avec les autres t'an vanras.

Bien sai que ja ni remaindras.

Or ser lou roi et si li proie
15 Qu'il t'an ramoint avec sa proie.'

Mont vient Davi a grant mervoille

De ceie vois que li consoille ;

Noveauz consot dou cuer li muet.

Qu'or set il bien qu'antrer ni pet ;
20 Encor parole a son huissier.

Si lou commance a losaingier.

' Beau sire, .1. pou me conforte :

Por Deu, antrove moi la porte.

Si verra en cele charte
25 Commant li gloriouz filz De

Viendra por naissance novelle,

En la sainte dame pucele ;

Qui doit estre de mon lignaige,

Si com tu m'as mis en coraige.'
30 Cant David ot ce mot fine,

Soplemant ai lou chief cline

Jointes les mains en bas se tient

Estez vos qu' .1. grans escroiz vient

Et apres I'escrois espartit.
35 Mas la chartez n'en departit

Jusquez tant que li anges vint,

Qui por la destre main lou tin.

Si se leva sus des ii. piez,

Et cant David se fut dreciez
40 S'esgarda tout et descovert

Que Dex li ot son heus overt.

Ne je ne autres ne puis dire

La grant joie ou sez cuers se mire.

Bien nos quenoist et devis
45 La grant joie de paradis

24

BULLETIN OF THE LABORATORIES

Si en sai tant por I'escriture

Qui les doutances asseure.

Bien lou puiz dire sens mentir

Cil cui Dex I'a donee sentir;^

Que ou siegle n'est joie si grant 5

Qui vers celi na soit neant.

Leans furent totes portraites
Les noces que Dex ai or faites
Ou premier chief de sainte eglise,
Qui delez lou roi est assise. 10

Fut nostre dame coronee,
Cui nostre sires avoit donee
Sus toz I'enour et la corone,
Por ce qu'en sa digne persone
Avoit Dex lou siegle refait 15

Et a sa sainte gloire atrait.
Cil qui sauf furent et seront
Jusqu' al derrer jor dou mont
Li aparirent tuit devant,
Ausi com cil fussaint vivant ; 20

Et David lez voit et escoute.
Mont par hi avoit bale rote.
Moyses nos dit et ensoigne
Que nuls ou siegle ne se feigne :
A bien faire soient tuit preu. 25

Or lou fassons, car lou vos leu.^
La letre nos dit et devise
Que jusqu'al jor dou grant joise
Ai Dex overte sa maison.
Car si qui ai senz et raison, 30

Qui jamais ni recevrera,
Qui jusqu'al lors ni entrera.
Damedex dit an I'avangile,
Ou il n'ai faucete ne guile,
Que lors sera la cort pleniere 35

1. In most Mss. there follow here these six
lines, taken from the Madrid copy :
D'autre joie ne li souvient,
Tot a quant que il li eovient ;
Que nus ne li porroit aydier 40

A poTiser ne a souhaidier,
Ne rien ne porroit demauder
Qui li seust conseil doner.

2 Kant misiii puet x)rendre son lieu.

— Madrid Ms.
Si puet bien perdre son leu.

— Paris, Arsenal Library, Ms. 3518.

10

Et la joie fine et antiere.

Ce nos dit la letre et la glose :

C apres si tient une [nule] autre

chose.'
Leans en cele sainte gloire
Sera la joie et la baudoire,
Et cil qui remaindra defors
Aura perdu e arme et cors.
Qui en joie et en lioce,
N'est mervoille sor [se] il s'adrace
A faire ce qu' autre gent font.
David meisme s'en semont
De chanter et de faire joie.
Mont deserre que li rois I'oie.
La voile a faite et agence,
L'arcon a trait, les mos commance.
Lou roi I'ot premeremant,
Et puis la roine aussimant.
De chascun dit ix vers antiers
Et li rois I'ot mont velontiers.
Speciosus foinna pre Jiliis hominum.

Precios rois, clere figure,
Beauz suz trestote creature,
A vos, sire, ne se prent nuls:
Beaus par defors et desans plus.
Et en cele beaute abite
La vertuz dou saint esperite.
Ce est lou temple Deu lou pere
Que por ce naistre vot de maire.
Beas sire et vicndrez antre nos
Que Dex se mostrera en vos.

Diffusa est gratia in labiis ttiis.

La vostre sainte bele boiche,
Don la vohiz ist qui les cuers toiche,
Plains de dossour et de grace,
Qui tot lou monde rassolace,
Issi puisse nos cuers toichier,
Que vers vos nos face aprochier.
Ce est la fontaigne et la doiz
De quoi sordra la sainte voiz,
Don sainte eglise ert replenie
Et conformee et estaublie.

1 liue apres ce iert la portc close.

— Rome, Vatican Library, Ms. 1682.

OF DENISON UNIVERSITY.

25

II

Proptcrea benedixitte Deus in etermim.

Por la bonte qui en vos est
Ne vos est pas donee aprest
L'onour et la beneissons
Qui est an vos e an vos nons. 5

Benois estes et serois
Suz quanquez vos beneirois,
Et ert beneissons anterine
Qui ja n'aura fin ne termine.
Et bele ert la senefiance : 10

Bien il devons avor creance,
[Quant li ange se monstreront,
Qui de la joie chanteront.] *
Beas serois et sans totes taiche,
Lors que vos gerroiz an la croiche, '1 5
Cant la grant beaute ou vos estes
Aparcivront les mues bestes.
Vostre aparicion ert bele,
Cant r estoille viendra novele ;
Qui de si grant clarte luira, 20

Que les .111. rois en conduira
De la contree d' oriant
A vostre pie en Belleant.
Quant la verges, relievera.
Qui au temple vos offrera, 25

Bele ert cele processions
Ou mes sires. Sains Simeons,
Vos portera autre ses bras ;
Si dira toz li solaz

Et la gloire du mont venue 30

Qui tant ai este atandue

Li baptoismes resera beaus.
Cant la [voiz] vos reviendrades ceaus,
Et Sains Jehans en tremblera
Qui suz lou chief vos versera. 35

Li bons batitres [a] en sa main
La sainte aigue dou flu Jordain.
An I'aigue antrera tel vertu,
Qui recevra vostre cors nu,
Qui puis en serai bautisiez 40

Lavez sera de toz pechiez.

Apres la aige de .xxx. anz
Sera vostre beatez mont granz.

1 Supplied from Paris aud Madrid copies. 45

12

Cant vos feroiz les mors revivre
Qui saudront suz sain et delivre
Meseauz, aveuglez, sorz et muz
Garroiz vos toz par vos vertuz.
Por suz la mer irois a pie
Si que ja ne I'aures moillie

Mont por seroiz beaz a la cene
Lou geudi la grant semeine,
Cant vos seroiz a vostre table.
Lou pain dou ciel esperitable
Recivront de vos li apostre.
La mendre part an sera vostre
Cant sainte eglise aura I'estraine
De vostre gent cors en demaine.
Qui ert sacrez antre nos mains
Mont sera preciors se pains
Ja ne faudra a vostre ahue
Lou jor qu'ele en sera pahue.

Mas la beate qui tot esclaire
Aurez vos an mont es Calvaire
La sacrerez vos lou servise
Qui puis ert faiz an sainte eglise.
La voire crois ert li autex
Ou recevra li pere Dex
De vostre bel cors I'offerande,
Por nos forfaiz feroiz I'amande,
Qui nos getera de prison
Et conduira a garison.

Totez les autres passera
La beautez qui en vos sera,
Cant vos viendroiz de mort a vici
Que vostre char ert reflorie :
Ce est vostre robe novele,
Qui suz totez beate ert bele,
Lors aurez vos morte la mort
S'aurois pris et lie lou fort,
Lou deable, lou Pharaon,
Qui vostre gent tient en prison.
Qui vos delivrerez d'Egipte,
Si les ammanrois en melide.

Apres la resurrection
Seroiz beas a I'acension.
Cele beatez par est mont bele [clere],
Cant vos hiroiz a Deu lou pere.
Tuit li deciplelou verront,

26

BULLETIN OF THE LABORATORIES

Qui as eauz vos convieront.

Tant com il pahuent esgarder plus

Vers la sainte gloire laissus.

Lai amont en cele contree

Hert des anges grant assanblee. ' 5

Mont hi sera la joie grans,

Et por defors et por dedans,

Cant cil dedans auront crie

* Qids est iste rex glorie ? '

Q\\ xt.%'^ox\ Ax ovi\. cum gaudio 10

* Deus potens in prelio.^

Ce est a dire tot sans faille :
' Li rois revient de la bataille.
Ostez la barre ; ouvrez la porte !
Anfers est pris ; la mors est morte !' 15

Accingere gladio tuo s?tper femur
tinan, potentissime.

Mont tarde David et demoire
Cil bons tens et cele bone hoire,
Qu'il voie lou jor acompli, 20

Que Dex ai leans estaubli.
Lou roi prie mont doucemant
Que ne demor pas longuemant.
Signor [ceigne] t'espee, qui si trainche,
Ampres lui sor sa sainte ainche. 25

Ce est la force qui doit estre
En la voiz [Deu] et en sa destre.
A ces vers ci fait bon entendre,
Qui talant ai de bien aprendre,
Quant vient au chanter e au lere, 30
Que pechierres vet ces vers dire.
Suz totes riens doit reclamer
Lou roi qui tant fait e amer
Que cele soe sainte espee,
Devant cui pechiez n'a duree, 35

Vaigne departir les pechiez
Don li pechierres est antaichiez.
Si est antaichiez d'avarice,
Qu'il ait talant de malvais vice,
La vertu Deu lou mate jus, 40

Que BUS lui n'en remaine plus.
Et si li face amer plus haut
La grant richace qui ne faut.
S'il est sorpris por avanture
D'aucune raalvaise luxure, 45

14

Cele sainte espee trainchanz

Descende jusques ou cuer dedanz.

Si li departe cele flainne

Qui dou cors muet si prant aleine

De quelques amor qui soit sopris,

L'amour Deu ait anme lou vis.

Si croie bien toz jors les los,

Que dit li apostres Sains Pouz,

Queques li cors d'aute amor face,

Gart se bien que li cuers lou hace.

Tost pet malvaise amor estaindre,

L'amor Deu por qu'els soit graindre,

Se pechierre ai ou cuer corine,

Qui trait home a mortel haine

Reclamer Deu et prier doit

Que cele espee li envoit.

Qui li roie jus et defface

Que jamais son prusme n'en hace.

Li rois dit ' Michi Ttridictain :

Ego sum qui retribuam.^

Ce nos ansoigne sanz dotance

Que sor lui laissons la vaingence;

Ja au pecheor n'en souainne.

Sor lui la laist bien Ten covainne.

Qui bien pense a son creatour

Qui tant softVi deshonour.

Que onques ne s'en vot revaingier

Bien an de[v]roit son cuer changier.

Specie tua et pulchritudine tua.

Bien ot David lou roi covant
Mont lou prie et loe so van t ;
De .11. grans beautez lou renome.
L'une ce est nature d'ome.
Qui en lui est si chere et fine
Que toz li mondes li encline.
Que beatez d'ome est en lui tote
Si que de pechie n'i a gote.
L'autre cele qui de Deu naist,
Qui les anges sostient et paist,
Les sains et les saintes norist,
La grant dogor qui de lui ist,
Cui Dex la done aparcevoir.
Bien lou vos puis dire, por voir,
Li deliz et la soatume
Anprent si son cuer c alume,

OF DENISON UNIVERSITY.

27

15

Que jamais ne s'en querroit mueure
Neis tant com .1. eauz clot et ovre.
Por avoir .M, an a devise
Tot lou joie que siegle prise.
Jntende, prospere, procede et regna.

David ot sa loseigne fraite
Por avoir sa besoigne faite.
Plus an seroit ses cuers a aise,
Lou roi prie mont qui li plaise.
Qu' un sol petit a lui entende
'Sire, fait il, 'mont vos demande
Li siegles et la gent menue.
Tuit deserrent vostre venue.
Bien est maiz droiz que vos vainnez
E issiez fors, sire, si regniez.
Nos qui vostre messaiges somez
Avons semons anges et homes,
Soloil et lune, terre et mer,
Et tot lou mont de vos loer.
Vos creatures vos atandent.
Mont vos covoitent et demandent,
Nes les estoilles, qui cler lusent,
A vos beneir se desdusent.
Sire, si vos vient a plaisir,
Bien poez mais sai fors issir.
Si dirons, Dex soit antre nos,
Vostre merci si seroiz vos.'

16

Ce est justise et beautez.

La justise espurge la terre

Et defant de malvaise guerre ;

Ne suefre pas grever atort
5 Lou foible ne que lou plus fort.

La ou droit et justise dure

Est la terre sauve et segure.

Por ce fait soi David ' Beau sire,'

Poons nos segurement dire
10 Que de .111. beatez estes beauz :

Vor disanz, pideus et leauz.

[Cels nos feront acheminer,

Les ciel ouvrir et encliner,

Por vos descendre et abessier
15 (^ue vos nel porriez lessier ] ^
Piegai que promis nos avez,

Si com vos meismes lou savez,

Que vostre siegle sauveroiz

Et vos sanz faille si feroiz
20 Vostre lactre [ chartre ] et vostre seel.

En orent li fil Israel,

Cant vos escreistes la loi

An Mont Sinay ou vostre doi.

De quant que vos avez mis ans
25 Vos en seroiz bien voir disans.

Ja nou lairoiz por vos pechiez :

Vostre autre teche est pitiez,

Propter veritatein ct mansuetiuUncm et (\vl\ vos an fait resovenir.
jiistitiavi : et dedticet te mirabiliter dex- Ne vos en porriez tenir.
tera tua. 30 Toz jors avez une costume.

Si remantoit David lou roi Qui nos cuers garit et ralume.

.III. costumes qu'il ai en soi. A quoi vostre plaisir s'acorde,

L'une est ce qu' en voir dit se tient De pecheor misericorde.

Quiques soit rois bien li avient. Pechie n'amez vos por nature;

Que ses covans soit veritables, 35 Que vostre clartez est si pure

Ne doit eslre vains ne muables ;
Ne doit amer ne consantir
Celui qui li loe a mantir.
L'autre, que douz est et pideus,
Bien hi avenent ambedeus
Mont sont la menue gent lie,
Cant lor princes ai d'els pitie ;
Mont les refait e asouaige
Ce que lor sire les sorglaize.
Apres vient li tierce bontez :

Que malvaitie ne vos puet plaire,
Mas qui lou pechie laisse a faire,
Por qu'il ait bon repentemant
Prier vos puet segurement.
40 Et celui qui se trait en sus,
Ce est cil (}ue vos haez plus.
Por ce voles que se repente.

1. These four lines wanting ; supplied as
45 found in Paris, Nat'l Lihrary, Ms. 24,429.

28

BULLETIN OF THE LABORATORIES

17

Que pardoner vos a talante.
Sire, vostre tierce maniere
Raniende mont nostre priere ;
Qui ne puet estre a nule guise
Que vos ne resinseiz ' justise.
Nos qui piegai vos atandons,
La justise vos demandons,
Si prions que il la nos atort
Au jugement de vostre cort.
Dou deable qui nos sormeine,
Qui nos pecheors met en peine,
Premiers lez loseinge e atrait,
Quant li hons ai lou peche fait.
Et il lou tient en son landon
Sel mene en enfer abandon.
Sire, malvaisement vos sert :
Ce doit pas estre soffert ;
Tel outraige ni ai il mie,
Son pooir et sa soignerie.
De[v]roit bien perdre tot adroit
Cil qui an fait plus qui ne doit.
Por ce creons nos tot devoir
Que vos li todroiz son pooir,
E abaisseroz sa malice
Par lou droit de vostre justice.

18

Et mist que qui feroit tort.
Mont durement lou comparroit,
Ja nule riens ne I'an garroit,
Et qui pecheroit laidemant,^
5 Occiz seroit isnelemant.'^
A eel arc prist Dex la justise
Ainceis que la corde hi fust mise.
Batuz et roilliez en estoit
Qui a mal faire s'arestoit.

10 Mas por ce que la loiz fu dure,
Et li rois n'ot de durte cure.
Si se pensai que il feroit
Tel chose qui la douceroit.
Car li ars ne vaudroit neant

15 S'il nou fagoit doux et pleant.
Li ars estoit durz et pesanz
Et la main Dou fort et puissant.
Si vossit a une colee,
Eust il sa gent afolee.

20 Ne li sembla pas avenant

Qu'il an ferest de maintenant.
Li douz sires, li debonaires,
Por ce qu'il an vot soef traire,
Et qu'il ama pais e acorde,

25 Plehia son arc, si mist la corde.

Sagittae tuae acutae,populi snh te cadent, Por ce li mit en sa persone

in cor da inimicorum regis.

David ot parle de I'espee,
Qui fut trainchanz e afilee;
Mas des seotes esmolues.
Que li rois ot au le[z] pendues,
Et de Pare qu'i[l] tenoit tandu,
A il a parler entendu.
Por ce vos anseigne an cest vers
Quex est la floiche et quex li fers,
Et que la corde senefie.
S'est bien raisons que lou vos die.

Li fuz de Pare fut la viez lois
Que nos li puissans dona rois.
Mont lou chapusai roide et fort

Li rois qui les autres biens done.

La sainte evangile qui dist,

Ce fut la corde qui hi mist,
30 Qui la loi fait vers lui ploier

Por les sahiotez anvoier.

La loi fa<;oit justise et droit,

De nule rien ne se laichoit.

L'avangile nostre soignour
35 Fut de petie et de dossour.

II fut justiserres et pidouz ;

Si se sot bien aidier dandouz,

Justise vers pidie ploia.

Carreas et dars nos anvoia,
40 Tel qui bien furent agusie

1. The word cannot be identified, but is 1. Paris, Arsenal Lil>iary, Ms. 3518, has

meant proba1)ly for a form of uefaike. durement.

Other coi)ies liave rkfaciez, refassez, or 2. Above iSIs. has sans .tugement.

RKFACHIEZ.

OF DENISON UNIVERSITY.

29

19

Et de justise et de pidie.
Li apostre qui Deu oirent,
Et li deciple qui I'oirent,^
Sont les seotes qu'il anvoie,
Et la penne qui les convoie ;
Saint Esperite qui les meine
Qui lor done force e aloine.
Li fers de la floiche qui vole,
Ce est la voiz et la parole
Que Dex anvoie por ses sers.
Mont soez est et douz li fers,
Qui si perce lou cuer dou ventre,
Que nuls ne set cant il entre.
Buer est nez cui li fers ataint :
C'est li couz don nuls ne se plaint;
Qui navre d'amor et de foi
Ces cuers as anemis lou roi.
Mont devrient avoir Tare chier,
Et mont devons amer I'archier,
Que si nos navre doucemant.
Qu'il nos atrait a sauvemant.

Li rois se mist an mi lou monde.
Tot antor trait a la roonde,
Por aenplir sa verite.
De Jherusalem la cite
Envoia seotes et dars
Qui volerent de totes pars.
Mont fut la seote ardie
Que li rois trait vers Lombardie :
Ce fut Sains Peres tot premiers
Que si fut coraigeors et fiers.
Dedans Rome se bota
Que roi ne comte ne dota,
Por ce que I'ennor et la some
De I'autoce estoit a Rome,
Li bons archiers s'en avanga,
Une autre seote langa :
L'apostre mon signor Sain Pou[l]
Qui vint a Rome de plain voul.
Ha Dex, qu'il furent cil .11. dart,
Et com lou fit por bel esgart,
Cil hui[qui] les ot an son tarquais !
Cil qui porterent plus grant fais,

20

Et endurerent les durs quouz,
Ce fut Sain Peres et Sain Pouz.
Bien durent signor de Rome estre
Li ,11. apostre, li .11. mestre
5 Qui de paradis ot les clers.
Tant ai por aux fait damedex,
Que la ou deables regnoit.
Qui lou siegle sor lui tenoit,
Et pormenoit en son lien,
10 Sont deslie li crestien,

Li bons archiers que si loint lance
Retrait .11. seotes an France,
Bien legerez et bien irainchans.
Qui s'arestirent droit a Sans ;
15 La estoit toz li bofoiz

Et li chief des Sarredinois.^
Li .1. fut Sains Sauveniens,
Li autres Sains Potenciens,
Selonc lor nons la vertu orent;

20 Cambedui sorent mont et porrent.
Des deciples damedeu furent :
Avec lui maingerent et burent.
Par ces .11. fut France conquise.
A Sans fut la premere eglise,

25 Qui ai non Sain Peres li Vis ;

C'ancor n'estoit Sains Peres occis,
Cant cele eglise fut fondee.
Qui de son non est honoree.
Des autres seotes volans

30 Ne fut pas li archiers trop lans.
II vit par tot et par tot trait ;^
Des oriant ou solois naist
Outre Illande"'^ ou il sa cote
Fut conquise la terre tote.

35 Sains Jaques maintint a sa vie
Tote la terre de Sulie.
Sains Jehans convertit les Grex
Si fit eglises e autex :
Par lui laissa Grece s'ereur

40 Et reconut son creatour.

Sains Andriers ot Eschavonie ''

1. Other Mss. read le virent.

1. In other copies Sarrazinois.

2. JusQu' EN Irlande, Dtsqu'en Islande
are found in otlicr cojjIcs.

:5. EscLAvoNiE in other copies.

30

BULLETIN OF THE LABORATORIES

21

Et la terre de Romenie.
Sain Thomaz fui plus avanciez ;
Que jusques an Vnde fut lanciez ;
O il ala por merci aiant, '
Si convertit tote la gent
Qui point de creance n'avoient,
Et qui de Deu riens ne savoient.
An I'autre Ynde la plus lointene
Ot Sain Berthelemex grant pene.
Sain Phelipez par sa merite
Conquit la terre vers Egipte.
Amont Arabe et en Perce.
Ou la sauvage gent-converse,
Fut Sains Judas et Sains Simons.
La traist li rois ces .ii. barons,
Qui an pou d'ore orent conquis
Jusquez an Ynde tot lou pahis.
Sain Mars fit la loi Deu antandre,
Au puple d'antor Alixandre
Sain Mathis conquist Moretene :
Par tot leva li rois sen soigne.
La outre est li grans biens
Et la loi Deu es Crestiens ;

22

Jusques an Espaigne contraval ;
Tant hi a Dex laissie demal,
Et tant hi ert com Deu plaire.
Ne Savons cant il hi traira.
5 Ce saichent bien tuit Cretien :
Maint mal soufrit por nostre bien.
Dex comandai, n'an dotez mie,
De Juif que nuls nes occie.
Ains les laissons autre nos vivre,

lo Por ce c'an lor loi sont li livre
De nostre foi et li tesmoig
A quoi vos alons au besoig.
Autel poons des Turs dire:
Por ce les soffre nostre sire,

15 Que aus poons nos apargoivre,^
De quel vie'- uos somes seiure,
Et com grant bien Dex nos ai fait
Que des Turs somes nos estrait.
De tel liu nos ai apele

20 Damedex, qui a revele
Son fil lou roi esperitabie,
Qui nos trait des mains au deable.
[Bien sont, merci Deu, avanceis

[Dont la novele est miex[meins] cer- Las saites qu'il a lanceies:]'
tainne , 25 Bien ai fait ce qu'il vot faire

Por ce que la terre est loingtainne,]''^ Vers nos ai trait por nos atraire.

Deables qui lou bien abaisse
Par la androitou Dex li laisse.-'
Ai antre douz .1. mur leve
Par quoi Cretien sont greve.
Cele forterace et cil murs,
Ce est li linaiges des Turs ;
Qui an commance outre la coine
Si an vient droit por Babiloine,

1. () il ana par nier iiaiaiit

— l^iris, Nat'l Lil.rary, Ms. 1747.

2 Supplied from Paris, Natl. Library Ms.
24,429.

3. Paris. Sainte Genevieve Library, Ms.
LJ.13, reads the.se two lines as follows:
' De Sesile qui tot le bien abesse
Par tot les Hex ou Diex li le.sse
The latter line is thus given in the Madrid
and Vatican copies, but the Sainte Genevieve

Es sains dona li larges sire
A toz corone de martire ;
Et il lou tindrent a grant don,
30 Lor cors livrerent abandon.

Ne lor chaloit bien lou vandoient
A la joie qu'il atandoient ;
Ni ot celui qui eust cure
De joie qui gaire ne dure.
Que cil qui les fa(;oit atandre
Pooit bien I'atandue randre.

1 Qu' a eu.s nos pooni aperceure Paris, Natl.
Library, Ms. 1747.

2 Paris, Natl. Library, Ms. 24,421) reads
' vice'; Ms. 1747, ' vilte', as also the Vatican
eoi)y ; the Madrid copy licfiins llic line ' I>c
(juoi vivre.'

:^. Found as here given in all other Mss.

Ms. is alone in beKinnins the i)receding one Supplied from Ms. 1747, Natl. Library, Paris,
with ' De sesile.'

OF DENISON UNIVERSITY.

31

23

Sedes ilia, Deiis, in sectiluni seculi ;
Virga directionis virga regni tiii.

Des saietez vos ai conte,
Grant partie de lor bonte.
Or escoutez que cez vers dist
Dou riche trone ou li rois sist,
Et de son septre qui tenoit,
Si beal com a lui avenoit.
Li trones sist sus .iiii. piez.
Si fut fors et si esU'ichiez
Que rien ne lou peust mouoir
For peine ne por estevoir.
Se ciel et terre et mer tramblast,
Ja li trones ne se crolast ;
Si fermeniant estoit assis
Ou plus beal lui de paradis.
.nil. barons de grant valour,
Qui bien furent de lor signour,
Purent sors lou trone atire ;
Si enbragai chascuns .1. pie.
Cil portent lou roi et sostenent
Et avec lui vont tuit et venent.
S'en ai chascuns tel chacemant
Qui ne faut a rien tpii demaut ;
.1. des chasez fut Vsaies ;
Li autres Sains Jhereraies;
Li tiers avait nom Daniel ;
Li quars fut Isechiel :
.nil. bestes qui a les hont
Furent es .nil. cors amont,
Et selonc la senefiance
Ot chascune vie et semblance :
Ce sont li nil. evangeliste;
Si tenoit chascun d'aiiz son tiste.
A seos de soz font grant haie.
Sain Matheux fut sor Vsaie,
Si ot d'ome vis et figure ;
Por cc (jue I'umaine nature,
Que li rois prist en la pucele,
Don Vsaias dest la novele,
Grant piece ainceois qu'il avenist.
Sit' Sains Matheux et si I'escrit.
Ysaies vit en la flor

24

L'avenement nostre signour.

Sain Matheux an ot lou desduit,

Qui de la flour cuillit lou fruit

Et se vit la flor espannie
5 An ma dame Sainte Marie.

Cist .ILl'unes des quepouz portoient.

Por ce qu'ensemble s'acordoient

[A escrivre la verite

De la sainte nativite.] '
10 De I'autre part a I'autre cor

Ot une semblence de tor.

Sain Luc sist sor Sain Jeremie.

Sorrois que li torel senefie :

Cant an la mer lor avenoit'^
15 Que toz li puples mesprenoit,

[Que par bruit ou par aventure

Fessoient aucun mespresture,] ^

Faire Ten convenoit I'amande ;

Si amenoit en ofterende
10 [Cil dui home lor fais portoient

Mont doucement le soustenoient.] ^

Au temple Deu en sacrefice

.L torel ou une genice.

Por lou torel sacrifie
25 Estoient quite dou pechie.

Sain Jeremies vivoit lors

Si lor disoit bien que li tors

Estoit une senefiance,

[ Ni eussent il sa fiance]^
30 Si lor denonsai propremant

Lou verai sacrefiemant,

Que damedex li rois feroit,

Qui tot lou monde espurgeroit.

Si com Jeremies hot dit
35 Et Sain Lucas lou sot et vit.

Que damedex acompli I'ot

Si lou nos escrit mot et [a] mot.

1 Siipplieu. Foun 1 in all other copies
40 -• Quant en la vicz loi avenoit. Madrid M.s.
3 Supplied, l-'ound in all other eopies.

4.
5.

1. Other copies have si vit, or vint.

32

BULLETIN OF THE LABORATORIES

25

De ce fut la vangile sainte : ^
Ni ot rien trouee ne fainte.
Por ce est bone la campaignie
De Sain Luc et de Jeremie ;
Que Jeremies fut li hons
Qui plus dist de la paission,
Et Sain Luc cil qui meuz I'escrit
Si propremant com Uex lou fit.
Et por ce avoient visaige'^
[Vost Dex qu'il eust visage]
Et lou semblent de cele beste
Don li Juif-* fagoient feste.
Cil qui valent .1 pou entendre
A Sain Luc poient il aprendre
Que por lou sacremant lou roi
Est trespassez cil de lor loi.

Sain Marc fut a .1. cor derrier,*
Qui ot une ardie chiere.
Et .1. senblent de lioncel
Si estoit sor Saint Daniel.
Daniel si com nos lisons^
Fut getez ou lac es lions.
Li larron com [qu'on] devoit lors
Occerre e afoler des cors,
A cez lions livrez estoient,
Qui maintenant les devoroient.
Quant il virent Sain Daniel
Si furent simple com aignel.
Antr'oux^ fut tote une semainne,
Qu' onques ni ot ne mal peine,

26

Ains s'an issi sauz et sains.
Si lou traist li rois de ses mains ;
Et maintenant qui I'an n'ot trait
Ceos par cui il li ot ce fait,
5 Fit leans trabuchier et motre,
Si com vos reconte la lotre.
Ni ont gaires demore.
Cant il furent tuit devore.
Ceste avanture qui avint

10 Agrinor^ chose apartint :
Sain Daniel senefia
Nostre signor qui tot crea,
Cui li Juif contralierent.
Por vor destrure lou cuidarent,

15 Et en enfer s'arme livrer
Es deables por devorer.
Mas Dex li peres Ten geta,
Qui de mort lou resucita.
Et ceos cui il ot en ahiz,

20 Par cui lor sires estoit trahiz.
Mist enenfer ouplus parfont,
Ou lac ou li deables sont.
Ce sont li lion qui devorent
Toz ceos qui avec aus demorent.

25 Daniel por ceste avanture
Et por les mos de I'escriture
Tesmoine la resurection ;
Et Sain Mars au vis de lion
Li aide a porter lou roi.

30 Si vos dira la raison porquoi.
Nos trovons, et est veritez,^
Que, cant li lionceaus est nez,
Qu'il n'ai en lui fum ne aloine.
Ne li bat point pouz ne voine;
Ain se git mors jusquez tier jor.

1. This and the following line found only
here and in Paris, Nat'l Lib'y, Ms. 1747,
2. E por eel ancian usatge.

—Paris, Nat'l Library, Ms. 1747.

3. 'Li Jueu,' ' Li Gieu,' 'Li Jui' in Ms.
1747, Nat'l Library, and 3518, Arsenal Li- Lqj. \\ vient li peres entor •

brary, Paris, and in Madrid copv respect- t-. .-id- r •

. , I. t Et quant il lai son tor fait,

ively. , ^ '

4. ' Au chief Meesrin,' Paris, Ste. Gene- ^' s'areste, si giete .1. brait
vieve Library, L. f., 13 ; 'a un chief deriere, Suz son faon qui trove mort ;
Madrid Ms. For ce qui brait et crie fort,

5. This line and the six following are not si en avient une mervoille :
found in Ms. 2094, Nat'l Library, and in Ms.

L. f. 13, Ste. (ienevieve Library, Paris. 1. Madrid Ms. reads, ' luont grant ; Paris,

6. This phrase appears differently in vari- Arsenal Library, Ms. 3518, ' molt tre~s grant.'
ous copies: ' Antr' els,' 'Antr' eus,' ' Entr' 2. 'Et voirs [vers] est provez' in all other
uz,' 'Entr'euls,' ' Entr' aus,' 'Antr' aus,' ^^^^^^'

' Entre ciex.'

OF DENISON UNIVERSITY.

33

27

A la voiz qui ot aute et clere
Si requenoit et sent son pare.

Dex qui est suz tote nature
Vet que Sain Mars ahut[eust] figure
Et de lion gere ardie,
Can lui n'ot point de coardie.
Sains Esperis li consoilla
Commant li fiz Deu s'esvoilla ;
En la vangile lou meist
Si quez de rien ne mesprist ;
N'i a celui qui meas vos die
Commant vint Dex de mort a vie.
Sain Daniel, qui lou vit ains,
Redut estre bien ses compains :
Mont se sorent bien antraidier.
Si .11. au trone menoier
Sovavent portent lor signor.
Mas apres sont li .11. grinour.

L'autre que pou darrier acole,

28

Bien dut la nuit dormir sorer,
Cant a son chevot ot la cler [clef],
Qui la glore Deu li ovri
Et son tresor li descouri.
5 Sains Esperis qui nos enseigne,
Qui si belemant acompaigne
Lou viez prophete et lou novel,
Nos mostre an [que] Jezechiel
Et sains Jehans ensemble sont;

10 Qu' embedui gardent contramont.^
Si sont plus prez dou roi a destre,
[Icist dui noncierent tot restre]^
Deu regne Deu et de sa gloire.
Si lou nos mostrent an memoire.

15 Ce sont li .11. qui plus aut volent,
Qui plus parfondement parolent ;
Qu'en romant ne poons escrire
Si com nos lou trovons an livre
Conte vos ai, si com je dui,

Une grant aigue [aigle] qui aut vole, 20 Commant oil baron .II. et .II.

Ce fut mes sires Sain Jehans.
Cil vit par tot et fors et ans;
Suz toz les autres vole an aut,
La endroit ou li cuers lor faut
Et la clartez les esbloist.^
Vot nostre sire qu'il veist
Et entendest plus autemant
Ce qu' il est senz commancement ;
Et ses reaumes est sen fim,
N'i a ne vespre ne matim.
Qui n'a en lui chose muable:
Tot est seur ; tot est durable.
Sains Jehans qui ce nos contai
Fut aigle que si aut montai.
Si ot li rois aut consoillier;
Mont li prestai richearoillier
A la cene ou il cena.
Cant suz son piz son chief china,
Mont ot eel ore beal repoz,
Que toz li mons estoit encloz
An ce aroillier qu'il avoit :
C'est ou piz Deu qui tot savoit.

Portent lou roi qu'en nos creons.
Or entendons et si veons,
Por nos armes reconforter,
Commant li rois se fait porter.

25 Li rois se siet an sainte eglise,
Que jusquez au jor dou grant ivise
Se vet deporter et esbatre.
Cil prophete, qui furent .IIII.,
Sont cil qui avant lou noncerent ;

30 Et li .IIII. qui lor aidarent
Sont cil qui I'avangile firent.
Si propremant com il lou virent ;
Et poiserent en lor fontene.
En la boiche lou roi demaine.

35 Cil .IIII. et .IIII. ce sont .viii.;
Mont bel servise li font tuit :
Lou roi desduisent et deportent.
De siegle en siegle lou deportent;
Savoir lou firrent et feront

40

1. All other copies read thus, except Pa-
Tis, Natl. Library, Ms. 24,421), which has,
Qui Dieu gardent en contremont.

2. Supplied from Paris, Natl. Library, Ms.

1. 'Esbahist' m Madrid copy and in several 24,429. Rome, VatiCiin copy, reads 'mostre-
others. rent tost.'

34

BULLETIN OF THE LABORATORIES

29

A ceos qui urent et seront.

L'avangile lou nos ensegne.

Cant tot li pueples Deu s'enseigne

Dou signe de la sauvete,

Par quoi nos somes rachete. 5

Dou roi nos font aparcevoir,

Se nos lou volons recevoir.

Saiche qui les at par defuer,

Si ne les laisse antrer ou cuer,

Et condure lou roi laeans 10

Que li oirs est finz neans.^

A nule fin ne puet oir

Cil qui n'en fait mas que I'oir,

Qui maintenant ai oblie

Celui qui I'a fait et cree. 15

[Ce sachez bien que I'armas morte]^

Qui encontre li clot la porte ;

Que I'arme (jui a Deu ne pense

Ne pet avoir nule deffense ;

Nestre ne pet a nule guise 20

Que dou pechie ne soit sorprise.

Mas cele arme est bien ahuree,'^

Et de tot bien asseuree.

Qui son signor rcgoit a joie

Et qui deserre qu'ele I'oie. 25

Nuls enemis ne lou degoit ;

Pechier pet il a la foie,

Mas puisqu' a bien est avoie

Et Dex la regoit an sa grace,

Ses enemis confont et chace, 30

Cant il revient si les depart ;

Qu' aprochier n'osent cele part.

Bien en doit I'arme sovenir :

Tel oste fait bon retenir.

Li beal ceptres que li rois tient, 35
C'est la justice qu'il maintient :
Se nos mostre senefience.
Confession et penetance,
C'est la verge qui vos adrace, 40

1. This aud preceding line lacking in JNIad-
rid copy and in Paris, Sto. (Jenevieve, Ms.
L. f 3L

2. Supplied from Ms. 1747, Natl. Library,
Paris.

3. Mais cele ame est bone euree, Paris,
Arsenal Library, Ms. 3518.

30

Qui por amor et por destrece
Nos fait au sentier assener
Par ou li rois vos doit mener.
Nos veons avenir sovant
Que li peres bat son anfant ;
De la verge lou chastie
Cant il li voit faire folic.
Por ce si lou bat et destraint
Si n'est il rien (jue il tant aint,
Ne qu'il ait ou siegle si chiere.
Et nostre sire en tel menere
Nos chastie comme bon pere.
Se la penitance est amere,
Sofifrir devons e andurer
Por nos armes asseurer,
Por la peine qui .1. pou dure
Fait Dex I'arme sauve et segure ;
Qui ne vet que chose hi remainne
Par quoi deables nos sorpreigne.
Dilcxisti jiistitiani^ et Oilisti iniquitatevi ;
propterea unxit te Dens, D:us tmis, oleo
laetitiac prae consortibus titis.

Ciz vers parole autemant
De I'onor dou coronemant.
Une raison vet com [qu'on] entende
Que li Juif quiert et demande
Commant li fiz Deu vot venir
Por son reaume maintenir.
Se lui pleust autre menere,
Li sires qui si puissans ere,
Ou ange ou home hi anvoiast
Qui de par lui nos anonceast,
Se commandast par sa parole.
Saichiez que tel demande est fole.
L'escriture nos en garist :
David li rois vos en escrit.
Une raison qui mont est droite ;
Qui lealte aime et covoite,
Qui heit pechie et felenie
Bien doit avor aute baillie;
E aut onor doit on atraire
Tel (jui pooir ait de bien faire.

Li fiz Deu siis tote rien
Aime canquez parti^nt a bien.
Qui felenie et mal feroit

OF DENISON UNIVERSITY.

35

31

Sus tote rien le desplairoit.
Et por ce qu'il ot lou voloir
De tot bien faire et lou pooir
Li fut adroi li donz donez,
Que suz toz fust rois coronez, 5

Que ange ne home ni eust
Qui tant poist ne tant seust.
De ce dit David et devise,
Sire, qui tant ames justise ;
Vos n' avez cure de malvaitie 10

De felenie, velain pechie,
[Molt par nos ere grans besongs
Que vos fussez deu roi enongs.]
Dex qui vos emplit de sa grace,
Vos enoint lou chief et la face 15

Dou bel cresme Saint Esperite,
Qui afiert a nostre merite.
Jhesu Chriz ane estez nomez :
Ce est sauverres ancresmez,
Que vostre siegle sauveroiz ; 20

Et rois coronez en seroiz ;
Rois de joie et de liece.
Sen fin, sen duel et sen tristece.
Min-a, etgutta, ei cassia avestimeiitis
tuis, a domibuseburneis: ex quibiis de- 25
lectavertint te filiae reguviin honorc tiio.
Si parole sainte escriture
De cele riche vestuhure,
Que Sains Esperites tailla;
Qui la reine la bailla. 30

Et ele an ot vestu lou roi
An sa chembre tot an requoi
Entre lui et Saint Esperit
Si coiement que nuls nou vit.
Cele robe deliciose, 35

Ce fut cele char preciose
Que li rois prist an nostre dame.
Qui fut sainte an cors (et) an arme.
En la robe ce aut seignor
Sent David une fine odour : 40

De la vertu Deu (|ui claire
Vient cele odor qui soef flaire ;
Si semble qu'il an sorde et naisse
Mirre, aloe, basme et caisse.
Cele dou<;or que David sent 45

32

Recevient en lui de pimant,

Portot e aval e amont

Les armes qui es nosses sont.

La mirre, que li flaire fort,
Senefie la nostre mort.
Que Jhesu Criz li roiz soffrit
En nostre forme qui vestit.
N'i a prophete qui ne die
Que sa mort nos randit la vie.
De la mirre et de I'aloe
Et[ot] li rois lou cors conroe
Cant il vi[n]t ou sepulcre mors,
Mont fut lou jor li pimans [fors],
De quoi sainte eglise est plains.
Sain Jehans et li Maseloine,
Qui la primere odour sentirent,
Leamant la nos departirent.

Li bames mostre I'onction
De la sainte surretion.
A ce jor fut li rois sacrez,
Benois e anbausemez ;
Lou jor fut li pimanz soef.
Bone part en fit damedex
A ses apostres qui an burent,
C'apres la mort lou reconurent.
La soatume de sa gloire
Lor niit en cuer et en memoire.
Et Sain Thomas, qui en dola,
Enz ou pimant sa main bota.
Cant il atoicha au coste
Don Longins ot lou fer oste.

La cause qui primers florist
C'est .1. fuiz que I'aigue norrist :
Si nos senefie en[et] anseigne
[La voire croiz, la haute enseigne]^
Que tel pooir ai ou batesme,
Ou cele est faite dou sain cresme.
Que li aigue antrait a lui tel force
Que des pecheiz abat I'escorce.
Des vestemant lou roi descendent
Ces odor qui loint s'espendent.
Bien devroit I'arme demorer
Au sentir et au laborer.

1. Suj)i>Jied from Madrid copy.

36

BULLETIN OF THE LABORATORIES

33

Qui est cils sires qui tant I'eime,
Qui sa doucor amie la cleime ;
Que, por li aidier au secors,
Vest morir por fines amors?
David dit que por ceste odor
Serviront lou roi a honor,
Filles au roi, dames, pucelles ;
Que por ce les fait li rois beles,
Qui an vest estre bien servis,
Cant lor bel cuers est ses deliz.
Quant gentis cuers a Deu s'adrace
Lors est doble la gentiloce.
Qui est de Deu et Deu lou rent,
Cant il fait lou bien aparant ;
Vilains cuers redevient gentis
Cant il est a Deu ententis ;
Et li cortoiz avilenist
Si tost com vilonie en ist.
Mas non por ce grant avantaige,
Cil cui Dex auce en aut paraige,
Cui il done force et puissance,
Senz et raison et conoissance.
Que damedex qui lou crea,
Et plus i met et plus hi a,
Bien se doivent estre garde
Cil qui pooir hont de par De :
Li baron, li prince et li roi,
Qui metent lou siegle an effroi.
Car se ce que Deu plaist n'est fait,
Qui plus i puet plus i mesfait.

SalemoBs li rois vos escrit
.1. sens que damedex ou cuer li mit.
Vos fait il qui terre tenez ;
Entendez moi, si aprenez :
Vie d' ome est si abregie
Que ce n'est mas une sargie.
Se Dex nos ai preste cest soir
Sa soignerie et son pooir,
Por lou bien qui nos ai preste
Poez avoir tot conqueste ;
Que nostre amor sera muee
Qu' a toz jors mais sera duree.
Amez Deu et justise et pais ;
Si regneroiz a toz jors mais :
Si tiendrez lors a droit conquest

34

Ce que vos est baillie aprest.

Abstitit reghia a dcxtei'is tia's in vestitu

de atirato : circitmdata varietate.
David ot dit de I'armeure
5 Et de la riche vestihure :

[Ke Saint Esperites tailla,

Ke la roinne li bailla]^

Des commandemans et de lois

Et des beautez lou roi des rois.
lo Si parole de la roine.

Qui delez lui estoit ancline,

Clere et bele et bien atornee.

Tot autresi com la jornee

Qui devant lou soloi se lieve,
15 Et com I'aube qui main crieve.

Vestu ot beauz atornemans ;

N'est richace neparemans;

Que nuls cuers saiche deviser,

Que I'en ni peust aviser ;
20 D'or ne de perre preciose

N'est nule ovre si graciose

Qu'en celi ne soit batarde.

Li rois d'un douz esgart I'esgarde,

Qui tote 1' esprent et avive.
25 Cele est en lui si ententive

Que riens ou siegle ne li plait

Fors de la doucor qui de li nait ;

Et lou roi riens tant n'a[m]beli

Com fait I'amor qui vient de li.
30 Cant David voit cele mervoille,

Cel joie que Dex aparoille,

Si se porpanse qui fera :

De la reine chantera ;

Si la loera en chantant,
35 Qu' a cele joie qu'ele atant

Formement se taine e arde ;

Bien se gart qu'ele ne la parde.

Que gimaiz an tot son eaige

Ne recovreroit lou domaige.''^
40 Audi filia, et vide, et ijiclina aurem tu-

atn : et obliviscere popjiluvi ttiuvi, et do-

inu7n patris ttii.

1. Supi)lie(l from Madrid copy.

- 2| Ne rechevroit lues le damage.
45 — Madrid copy ,

OF DENISON UNIVERSITY

37

35

David, qui sainte eglise apele
Sa fille, comme une pucele
Qui de son parante fut nee
Et de ses droiz ors engendree,
Parole a li mont doucemant, 5

lA mostre son enseignemant
A chascune arme crestiene.
Por ce que n'est pas enciene
Crestientez si com il furent,
Qui la loi Deu avant connurent, 10

Li prophete, li patriarche,
Adanz et Noe qui [fist] I'arche,
Moyses et la grant lignie,
Cui la loi Deu fut enseignie.
Tuit cil vindrent a la jornee 15

Ains que la foiz fust atornee.
Se trevaillerent mont devant,
Cant ce vint au soloi levant.'
Si furent il ja tuit lasse,
Et de cest siegle trespasse, 20

Apres eaux qui furent greve,
Cant Dex ot lou soloi leve,
Son fil lou aut roi Jhesu Crist,
Celui qui lou siegle refist,
Qui est adroit soloz veraz, 25

Qui en nos cuers espent ses raz.
Lor fist li sires sordre et naistre
Sainte eglise qui soloit estre
S'amie douce et s'esposee,
Qui leva avec la rosee, 30

Quant Damedex qui I'esposa
De son batesme I'arosa.

Por ce doivent tuit bien savoir,
Cil qui tendent a lui avoir,
Que chascune arme batisie 35

Est a son creator loie :
Por lou baptisme et poi la foi
Est ele esposee lou roi.
Se doit oir que dit David,
Ses ansoignemans et ses diz; 40

Ce qu'il mostre et ensoigne a I'une
Doit a son hues oir chascune.

36

Cil parole il a la premiere
Sainte eglise cui Dex ot chiere.

' Fille, dit David, 'or escoute
Tu et ta compaignie tote.
Avant te proi de I'escouter
Et dou bien croire sanz doter,
Ce que tuit li prophete distrent
Qui ton sauveor te promistrent.
Tes sires et tes amis seroit
Qui por t'amour s'abaisseroit ;
Et tu seroies soie lige,
De tote joie ploinne et riche.

* Fille, ainceiz que tu fusses nee
Li fus tu promise et donee ;
Et, quant tu auras ce oi
Et dedans ton cuer conioi,
Fille, por ce que tu miheus croies,
.L pou va avant et si voies
Se Dex ai bien la chose faite,
Ensi com il I'avoit portraite.
Les voies que li rois alai,'
Qui por toi avoir s'avala :
N'i a chose faite ne dite
Que bien ne fut avant escrite.
Fille, bien t'ai covans tenir'
Por ce que tu vols avenir.
Bien ai toz forfait aquite,
Li rois, li Dex de verite.
Vien avant, fille ; oevre les eaulz";
Garde se tu pues faire meaulz.
Estil ne dus, ne rois, ne quens,
Si soit ensemble beas ne boens.
Com cil qui d'amer te semont ;
De cui totes les beatez sont.
La lune et li solos sont pale ;
Li ciel sont deslave et de sale,
Se la clarte qui de lui vient
En lor beate ne les maintient.

'Fille, or as hoi t vehu.
Trop auras lou cuer deceu

1. CoucnAxr in Vatican copy and Ms.
24,429, Natl. Library, Paris.

1. Ala in all other co]>ics.'

2. This couplet wanting in Madrid copy
and in that at Ste. Kenevieve Library, Paris,
Most others read tenu and avenu.

38

BULLETIN OF THE LABORATORIES

37

Se tu ne mas si entendue,

Que ta beatez li soit rendue,

Se li beas roiz au cuer te toiche.

Lieve sus, fille, si t'aproiche ;

Escou tes dras de la podriere ; 5

Si vest ta robe la plus chiere ;

Garde c'a ton cors ne se tiegne

Chose qui lou roi desavainne.

Per ce que tu soies plus note'

Si doiz boire de I'obliote. > 10

Se tu vehus estre bele et clere,

S'oblie tot [et] pere et mere.

La ou tu es estenorrie

Seroit tost la beatez porrie.

Aime lou roi por fine amor ; 15

S'a[n]belirras de jor en jor.

Et com plus sera li amor fine,

Plus ert la beatez anterine.

' Fille, aime lou roi finemant.
Nulle rien plus ne te demant. 20

Fim amor t'aprendra a faire
Commant tu li porras meuz plaire.
Fines amors venent de lui ;
Et fins amors con de celui
Qui onques d'amer ne se faint ; 25

Ne se demande fors c'on Taint.
Saige seras se tu me crois ;
Et fole, se tu te retrois
Des amors qui rejovenissent,
Et qui ne lassent n'en voillissent. 30
Lie et johians an doiz bien estre,
Qui es ami lou roi celestre ;
Que cil te rejovenira
Desus canquez son ampere ai
Sera tote la soignerie. 35

N'auras puis garde demorie
Ains seras tot jors bele et gente ;
Que la fontaine de jovente
Est chiez lou roi a grant plante,
[Qui te gardera en sante ]' 40

Et conciipiscet rex decoreni ttiuni : quo-
7iiam ipse est Dominiis, Deiis tuns, et
adorabnnt eiini.

Li rois David ot sainte eglise
Bien ansoignie et bien aprise 45

38

Commant ele se doit pener

De li saigement demener ;

Que ses cuers sont en amors fins

Et vers lou roi toz enterins.

Mas por ce que plus soit a aise.

Que li respit ne li desplaise,

Et que ne li doie anvier,

Promatre li vet grant loier.

Fille, sez que li rois fera :

Se tu I'aimes, il t'amera ;

Si covoitera ta beate

Por qu'il truisse leaute.

Sainz Esperis sera I'amors,

Li solois et li entrecors

Qui de par toi au roi ira

Et tom mesaige li dira.

Tu aparoilles lou sentir;

Sales lou cuer sainz et entir.

Oblie lou panser dou monde.

Que deables ne si responde.

Une chose te di je bien

Que tu garde suz tote rien :

Se t'amors hiere fause ou feinte,

Maintenant seroies atainte.

Sainz Esperite qui tot set.

Qui fointise despit et het,

T'auroit maintenant acusee,

Si seroit t'anior refusee.

C 'onque Dex n'ama ypocrite :

Ja n'aura s'amor ne sa grace

Por fauce priere qui face.

Qui lou mal fait et lou bien faint

Ne dessert mie que Dex I'aint

Garde toi bien de covoitise,

Por quoi li deables atise

Et les avesques et diens,

Si les ammene an ses liens.

vSi tu fassoies simonie

Done par seroies tu honie.

Bien pert s'enor et sa corone

Cil qui vent lou bien que Dex done.

S'avesques est simoniaus,

Si est s'arme pute, cor faus ;

N'est mais esposee lou roi ;

Qu'en son anel n'ai que lou doi ;

OF DENISON UNIVERSITY.

39

39

Et li cuers qui a lui sa ploie

S'est tornez por autre voie.

Tel doivent estre oil por voire

Qu'as bones oevres fassaint croire

Que lor vie est esperitauble 5

Et lor parole veritauble.

Tu doiz avoir tex tes chaloines,

Priors, clotriers, convers et moines,

Archediacres et abes,

Que lor ordres ne soit gabes. 10

An apres I'ordre cjue si aut monte,

Li baron, li roi et li conte

Doivent suegre lou bien qui voient

Et garder ceos qui por os proient.

Se cil qui tel honour receoveni, 15

Sont li prodome com il doivent,

Lors sera tes chiez beaz et gens

A totes les menues gens ;

P^t li puples Deu que tu hies

Verront que beal serai tes chies ; 20

Si se peneront d'agencier

Et d'aus meismes avancier,

Si qu'en ton cors contraval

N'aura taiche ne malvais mal.

Fille, ton cors et t'ennor garde. 25
Se tes amis li rois te garde,
Belle fille, nes t'esmaier ;
.1. pou te sofre a deslier.
Tant que tu soies andormie
Que li rois ne venrai or mie,* 30

Avant lou convient abergier
Por desdure an son vergier ;
Tant (jui aura cuilli son fruit,
Et si ami hi seront tuit.
[Quant tu aras i'amor sentie, 35

Vers cui nul hon n'a garantie.]
Et tes beas cors ce retrairai
A la mirre que Dex flerai,
Que ta chars sera anterree.
L'amors qui est or en arree 40

A mont grant joie essemblera, .

Quant tes amis t'esvoillera,
Lou matin au jor dou ivise,
Seras an ton reame assise,
Roine enointe et ancresmee, 45

40

Bele et clere et si acemee,
(^u'esmer ne dire ne sauras
La grant joie que tu auras.
A eel jor seras apalee
Amont an la chambre, celee,
A tes iuis verras revele
Ce que Dex ai tor jors cele :
La joie que la amont ai
Ou nuls hons fors lui ne monta ;
Ce qu'onques de iuis ne fut veu,
Ne de cuer d'ome aparaceu ;
La douceor que Dex aparoille
Celui qui a lui se consoille.
Hi qui te porras a asier
De I'acoler et de baisier.
Cil te fera joie et solas
Qui an crois te tent les bras ;
Qui si belement se desploie
Por sa douceor <ia'i[l] vet qu'on voie
[Fille, ne t'esmaier tu mie.
Dex te mande par Jeremie
Qui n'est mie de tel maniere,
De si cruel et de si fiere,
Comme ches genz du siecle sont.
D'une lor costume qu' il ont,
Quant feme a laisse son segnor,
Ou par pechie ou par amor,
Et d'autre amor est entreprise ;
Tant qu'ele son mari riens ne prise ;
S'ele vient a repentement
Et recounoist son errement,
Vers son mari riens ne li vaut ;
Por coi que son mari n'en caut,^
Por son pechie la en haie,
Seule le laist et esbahie,
Ne I'amaroit ne tendroit chiere :
Miex vaurroit qu'ele fust en biei'e.

Pour ce te mande damediex
(^ue li siens cors n'est mie lex.
II est li dois et la fontaine
Qui tous jors est de douchor plaine.

1. l'(»r(|iioiI car ail iiiarit ne chant.

— Paris, Nat'l Library, Ms. 1747.
Por (jiioy (jucr son mari n'eii chaut.

— Kome, Vatican copy.

40

BULLETIN OF THE LABORATORIES

41

Qui a bone fontaine puise

Ne puet estre qui aue ni truise.

Revien, fille, si esgarie :

Ja la douchors Dieu ni eit fallie.

Si est en luj grans la pities, 5

Qu' il ne fu onques esprisiez,

L'ame qui de Dieu est desjointe,

S'apres pechie a luj s'acointe,

Puis qu'ele est du pechie retraite,

Dont ele estoit vers luj mesfaite, 10

Fermement tiegne sa creance,

Si ait en Deu bone esperance.

Pour qu'ele voelle revenir

Qu'il est tout prest del retenir.]

Et Jiliae Tyri in niuneribus viiltum 15

tuum deprecabunttir: ovuies divitesplebis.

David vit an sa profecie
(^ue ma dame Sainte Marie
Seroit an cest siegle honoree
Et de tot lou mont aoree. 20

En sa chanson la remantoit ;
Dire vet ce qui an santoit.
Vos fait il, dame, aute et clere.
Qui seroiz Deu et file et mere.
Essauceroiz vostre linaige; 25

Sauve I'ennor dou pucelaige,
Virginite sauve et antiere.
Ne porroit soffrir la menere
Que de li essit hons charnez,
Se ce n'estoit meismes Dex. 30

Por ce savons que bien est vors
Que Dex meismes ert li rois
Don vostre ventres ert toz plains,
Et li pucelaiges tot sains.'
Tant li plairai li gentis vouz. 35

Qui fera vostre cors li prouz ;
Que chastete li prometra,
Que Dex meismes li metra.

La chastete ere saelee.
En[et]la letre sus neelee, 40

Qui dit que Dex hi entre et ist,
Et nature li obeist.
Ni clame usaige ne droiture

42

Qu'en centre Deu n'a rien nature :

Nature est (]ue nuls hons ne naisse,

Se lou pucelaige ne laisse

Tot avant cele qui lou porte.

A celui naistre oevre la porte.

De vos cera tot autrement ;

Bien lou savons segurement.

Que la vostre sainte [vjantree

Sera toz jorz close I'entret.

Ja au naistre ne au concevire

De chastete ne seroiz seivre.

Mas por ce que solz ert li hons

Qui naistrai sen corrupcion.

Saint Esperites hi serai

Qui toz nos onbeira.^

Se vos ferai onbre sanz nue,

La vostre char n'ert corrompue.

Por ce feront en remambrance
Vostre vuel et vostre senblance.
Les riches dames qui seront
A chief enclin la oreront.
Oninis gloriae e J us Jiliae regis ab intus fim-
briis aiireis circumamicta varietatibus.

Ce vers dit que mont par fut bela
Cele sainte dame pucele,
Que Dex ot a son hues eslite:
Sa beatez fut de grant merite.
Que le venoit devers lou cuer,
Dedans an ot plus que defors.
Si fut ele por tot si granz.
Com plus puet estre fors et danz.
Can deviser n'ot que redire.
Mas li rois qui ou cuer semire
Prise lou cuer sus tote rien,
Por ce (jue plains est de tot biens :
Ou cuer sont les freingetez d'or,
Li treceor et li honor,
Li joial et li tissu de soie.
Que la pucele li anvoie.
Li bons pensers que li rois eime
Dou gentil cuer se lou reclaime.
Qui font les bones sevres foire

1. Wanting in Madrid copy, and in Ms.
1747, Nat'l Library, Paris.

1. Spelled in varinus waysin other copies:

AOMBEKRA, AVMKRAKA, CVCn OBUMBKREA.

But AMEMSTEiiKA in Stc. Gencvieve Ms.

OF DENISON UNIVERSITY.

41

43

[Por avoir s'amor et atraire]
Sont li joial qui plus covoite.
Nostre dame an fut si adroite
Que toz ses cuers a Deu aloit.
Davidipanse ne li chaloit.^ ' 5

[Cele a lui pas ne falli
Que por ce revint Dex a li.]
Adducentur regi virgines post earn :
proximae eius afferentur tibi.

Qui bien orroit et entendroit 10
Que David conte ci endroit,
Toz li cuers li devroit esmeure
En bien panser e au bone oevre.
Si esgarda David mont loint
Cant Dex, qui tot ai an son poign, 15
Li mostra la gloire a ses sains,
Don il devoit estre compaifis.
Bien I'aperceut et bien lou vit
Et bien li fut mostre et dit,
C apres .1. jor dou grant ivise, 20

Cant damedex par sa justise
De sa paille et de son estrain
Aura seure tot lou bon grain,
Li grains ert sauz ou que il aille ;
Li yens araportera la paille. 25

Si ert departie et espandue
Ni aura puis nule atandue.
Bien sait qui de raison est plains
Que la bone arme est li bons grains.
Qui la bonte estraint et serre 30

Et fait venir an ferme terre.
La paille qui au vant s'envole
Cui li vens dechace et demeine,
Cant il la trove voide et vaine.
Li malvais vens est li orguez, 35

Qui I'arme fiert anrai les eauz.
Li orguez qui Tarme sostient,^
C'est li pechiez qui plus li grieve.

1. Tliis and the two following lines as fol-
low in M.S. 1747, Natl. Library, Paris :

D'autre chose ne li challoit
Cele a lui pas ne falli
Que por ce revolt Dex a li.

2. Other copies have sollieve, variously
spelled.

44

Pecherres qui par orguel peche
Ne pet avoir plus male teche.
Mostrer e ansoignier vos veul
Qui bien se garderoit d'orguel
Ne porroit pas estre si maus,
S'il avoit foi qu'il ne fut saus.
D'orguel venent malvais vice,
Larrecim, murtre e avarice,
Et maint pechie que nuls ne cuide,
Et traisons et horaecide;
S'autre peghie d'orguel ne vient,
S'est li orguez qui lou sostient.
Se pecherrez se sent mesfait
S'il maintenant ne s'en retrait,
E anvers Deu ne se humilie,^
C'est orguel qui lou cuer li lie.
Por ce vos di totella some
Riens sens orguel ne destrait home.
Si com David nos ai conte,
Cant damedex par sa bonte
Aura tot orguel abaissie,
Li orguillor, tuit eslaissie,
S'en torneront aval.fuant,
Et li deables apres bruant :
Tuit livre en' peine ventoire.

Lors ovreraji rois sa gloire :
Si verrons la procession,
Que David vit en vision ;
Mont ert la feste aute et bele
Ni aura dame ne pucele
Que ne voist apres nostre dame,
Saine et sauve an cors e an arme.

Si vers apres conte la joie.
S'est bien droiz que madame I'oie ;
Cui damadex maintainne et gart,
Si qu'ele entiere en ait part.
Afferentur in laetitia et exultatione :
adducentur in templutn regis.

Por .1. sanblant que David
conte,
Selonc ce qu'en cuer d'ome monte,
Poons antandre e aparsoivre

1. Relie in Ms. 2094, Natl. Library, Paris;
in other copies this and the preceding pro-
noun joined , s'uMiLiE, or s'imllik.

45

BULLETIN OF THE LABORATORIES

45

La grant joie don Dex aboivre

E anlumine toz les suens ;

Qui mont par est beals et boens.

Une senblence nos hi met

Por quoi gran joie vos promet ; 5

Ansinc com an cest siegle avient

A la gran joie que li rois tient,

Quant il doit corone porter,

Por sa autoce conforter :

Des barons hi a tant ansanble 10

Que desos aus la terre tranble ;

Les honors font ; les grans dons do-

nent ;
La feste est grans; les cloiches so-

nent; 15

De totes pars li siegles cort ;
Chascun s'adroce vers la cort.
Li prince ammenent la roine
An joie que Dex la destine ;
Toz li siegles fremit et bruit ; 20

Vers la roine esgardent tuit ;
Chascun se pene qui la voie.
Li ctiace vont mont beleraent ;
Se la portent seurement.
Ele s'oblie antre lor bras 25

De la grant joie et dou solas ;
Une doucor au cuer li vient
Si que de li ne li sovient.
Cest joie que la roine ai
Ensi com Dex li destinai, 30

Ce dit David a mont grinor,
Auront devant nostre signor *

Cil et celes qui sauf seront ;
Et tot ensi les porteront
Li ange Deu antre lor mains. 35

Et si ert cest joie certains
Comme cil qui faut ne lasse
Envers celui qui tost trespasse.
[N« dites pas que ja[je] contreuf
Ke cascune ame aura tot neuf 40

Des ammerres por lui embrachier
Et deporter et solachier.]'

i,tiil. Supplied from Madrid Ms., 'and found
in others also, Avhich read ame.s, anges, or

ANGELS, ANGLES, ANGRES instead of AMEU-
RE8.

46

Nos savons par les escritures,
Don Its paroles sont seures,
Que .X. ordres d'anges estoient,
Qui ciel et terre et mer gardoient
Que Dex fit au commancemant.
Li une prit put amandemant
Qu'en contre lui s'en orgueilli;
Et li fiz Deu les acuilli
Par sa puissance la autisme ;
Les trabucha jusqu'en I'abisme.
Bien dut lor grans orguel abatre,
Ca vers lui se voudrent combatre.
Si en furent a ceu mene
Qui sont or deable en penne,
[En leu de eels qui lors chairent
Et qui dameldiex envairent]
Sera li hons qui se humilie,
Qui bien croit Deu et merci crie ;
Qu'en lui d'orguel est simpletez
Et dougor et humilitez.

A ce aut jor dou samedi
Sera por vor, si com je di ;
Et de chascune ordre de ceauz
Istra un anges clers et beauz..
.IX. et .IX. vanront tuit vers terre ;
Chascun .ix. por lor armes querre.
De char et d'os la vestiront,
Droit devant Deu la conduront ;
A douce vois iront criant ;
Cele en ira entr' aus riant.
A tel joie e a tel delit
Iront li sain et li eslit.
Lors ert la joie ou ciel pleniere
Que la maisine iert entiere.

Mas la raison vos dira gie
Por quoi li ange seront lie :
II ont bien I'oevre Deu vehue
Et sa pidie aparcheue ;
Que Dex ai forme d'ome prise
Par sa doQor et sa frainchise
Nos ai acuilli en frairage
Si s'est mis an nostre linaige ;
Por la autoce lor signor
Porteront la lignie honor.
Et cant home entr'aus ira
En la forme que lor sire ai

OF DENISON UNIVERSITY.

43

47

A lui servir et honorer,

Ne voudront mie demorer.

Flors de roses iront cuillant,

Et flors de lis soef flairant ;

Et violetes qui sont perses. 5

S'en feront corones diverses.

Chascun I'aura selonc sa vie,

Tel com il I'aura deservie.

De ce est il segure chose :

Que li martis aura la rose, 10

Qui est vermoille cornme sans ;

Lou lis qui est si beas et blanz

Celui aura, por verite,

Cil qui ai foi et cherite.

Cil qui tevent^ cherite florissent 15

Si que les flors de lis en issent.

Chastetez, qui est sainte et note,

Aura la flor de violote ;

Qui croit an bois et an montenes,

Si que marois venir ne deigne: 20

Si senefie en sa nature

Ceos qui se gardent de luxure.

Selonc sa vie et sa menere

Aura chascuns corone antere,

Tel que la flor ni blemira, 25

Et Dex meismes li dira

Qu'il li done par fim covant

A toz jor mais freiche, rovant.

Saura autre les flors devise.,

Li une erf^ an sus I'autre assise, 30

Por la corone qu'on la voie

Qui par antre les flors champoie.

Les corones sont anterines

De pierres precioses, fines.

N'i a celi qui bien ne pere. 35

L'une est d'esmaraude clere

Et I'autre d'un saphir espris,

De grant beate et chier pris.

Li niartir que Dex ai ame,

48

L'a d'un rubi si enflame^

C'a celui qui de loint I'esgarde

Semble que toz li chief li arde.

Cil cui Dex ai tel don done

Seront adroit roi corone :

Nuls rois n'a corone an cast monde

Si entiere, ne si roonde.

Tot jors hont roi guerre ou tenson,

Poor de mort ou cusanson ;'^

Et la androit ou li rois dote

Est la corone fauce et rote.

Mas qui cele corone aura

Ja tant regarder ne sera

Que de totes pars ne I'an sovene

La joie qui toz jors engreine.

Pi'o patrilms tuis nati sunt tibi jilii ;

constitues eos principcs super omnem

terram.

Bien devez matre la table
Por lou maingier esperitauble.
En cest joie que David voit,
Qui tot lou cuer li avivoit.
.III. vers vet violer et dire,
Que Dex meismes li espire.
Por leans va; si s'esbeloie ; '^
Ne li dessiet chose qui voie;*
L'arson retoiche a la viole ;
Si commance une note bele.
Chanter vet des fiz la roine.
Por sa chanson fai entreine
Mont belement la reconforte.
Vos cuidastes. dame, estre morte,
Cant vostre anfant furent ocis ;
Or sont signor de paradis.
Cist anfant, dame, sont tuit vostre,
Cist aut martir, cil saint apostre.
Mont por eutes grant delour ;

1. This word cannot lie identified
In Vatican Ms., Rome, tliis line reads
'Qvi' oevres de charite ttorisse.'
Similarly in other copies.

•1. Madrid and Sto. (Jenevieve copies
read est ; Ms. 201(4, Nat'l Library, Paris,

has SERA.

1. Aura le ruliin si enflambe.

— Rome, Vatican Ms.

2. Ste. (Jenevieve coj)y reads d'achoison.

3. Par leanz vet [vaj si s'esbanoie.
—Paris, Nat'l Lilirary, Ms. 24,421), and
most other copies likewise.

4. Ne li dcsplaist chose qu'il voic

— Madrid Ms.; Ste. Genevieve copy has

DKSPLRT.

44

BULLETIN OF THE LABORATORIES

49

Nerci lou cuer et la colour,

Cant vos lor veistes mal faire,

Lors cors traitier et detraire.

Toz li siegles vos corroit sore.

Dex vos sofifroit cele fort oevre, 5

Qui li maire quant ele anfante,

Qui est angoisseuse et dolante

Jusques tant que Dex la delivre ;

Cant ele set son anfant vivre,

Lors ai sa delor obliee, 10

Que Dex la tote recriee.

Dame, li vostre anfant naissoient

Cant par martire vos laissoient.

Et [A] eel grant joie, a eel bel

estre, 15

La fa(;oit Dex issir et nestre.
Grans fut li dues ^ au departir,
Cant vostre precios martir
Lou seigle avoient en despit,
I^or joie mistrent en respit 20

Et soffrirent en atandue
Jusques Dex lor heust randue.
Onques por prince ne por roi
Ne guerpirent Deu ne sa loi.
Or est la chose si changie 25

Que nos ai li rois vaingie.
Ou sont or li felon tirant.
Qui nos aloient detirant?
Lor vertu est bien assomee ;
Que tot issi come plomee 30

Sont en I'abisme descendu ;
Et vostre anfant vos sont randu.
Mont fut preciose la mors
Don si est bias li reconfors ;
Cor sont prince et signor de terre. 35
Ja en lor marche n'aura guerre.
Roine estes de riche cort.
Veez la joie qui vos sort.
Crehus ai Dex vostre lignie
Tant que vigae est avignie. 40

Cest chanson que je vos chant
Por quoi je vos garni avant,

50

Ensi com Dex lou me consoille,
Vos dira se pres de I'oroille,
• Cant ceste joie ert avenue.
Que je ai en vision vehue.
Memores erunt nonihiis tid in omni
generatione et generationem.

Ce vers conte le remembrance
Et la bele requenoissance.
Que cil de paradis auront.
Vos est provez que tuit seront,^
An sans I'auront e an memoire
Que Dex, li doux pere de g[l]oire,
Les aura delivrerai de I'essil
Por son tres chier precior fil.
Cest la fontene de pidie,
Por quoi sont de prison getie.
Lai iront^ tuit communement
Et araerons^ si finemant ;
Chascuns de tote sa vertu.
Conques si grans amors ne fut
Celui qui la besoine fit
Nostre Sauveor Jhesu Crit
Son fil, sa destre, sa poissance,
Sa douce voiz, sa sapiance
Por qu'il sot si soeure portraire
Qu'il ni eust rien que refaire
Celui devront il bien araer
S'entendront tuit a lui loer
Ja ne reposera cil los
Que li loiers hi ert li repos
Li beas rus de la fontene,
Qui lou siegle conduit et mene
Cest la vertu Saint Esperite
Por quoi Dex autre nos abite.
Lors apenra tot et dira,
Et tot lor cuer raemplira.

1. Deuls, uiax, diaux, Dors, dex in
other copies, dons in Madrid Ms.

1. This and next line as follows in Ms.
1747, Nat'l Library, Paris :
Vors est provez que tuit saiiront,
En cuer I'auront e en memoire,

2. This line in other copies begins with

I-OERONT, LOERENT, LOIUONT, LOERUNT Or
LOEBUM.

3. All other copies have a form of the
third ])erson here : ameront, amekunt,

ASIERENT,

OF DENISON UNIVERSITY.

45

51

Si qu'il sauront canques ou monde,

An ciel, an terre, an mer parfonde.

La chars est soltilz et legiere :

Ne la tienra murs ne maisiere ^

Plus iront de lui en lui 5

Que stancele ne saut de feu.

La ou ira la velontez

Hiert maintenant li cors ale.

Ne ja li hons n'aura mestier

Ne de boire ne de mengier ; lo

Que cors n'aura rien que desmise,

Que dechie ne que blemise.'^

Damedex qui est li veras pains

Qui or saombre entre les mains

A ceos qui font son sacremant ; 15

Qui s'abaisse veraemant

An la mie que nos veons.

Icil sires que nos veons.

Emplira sa senefiance

Qu'il sera nostre sostenance. 20

Li sacremans est fais de pain

Qui paist I'ome contre la fain ;

Et nostre sires qui i vient

Est li pains qui I'arme sostient.

Si nos ravive por son cors 25

Quant li deables nos ai mors.

Et por ce que li cors ravive

L'arme qui est morte et chetive,

Cil sacremens nos senefie

Qu'il meismes ert nostre vie. 30

Or vient il por nos conduire;

Que enemis ne nos puisse nuire. '^

Lor lou verrons nos face a face ;

Si nos paistra sa douce grace,

Qu'entre nos ert et remaindra, 35

Lou cors et l'arme sostenra.

Et puisque la vie ert si fors

Comment i revanroit la mors.

Qui vaincuz est il fuit a des,

Que cil qui vient nou tiene pres ; 40

52

La mors fut vaincue et conquise ^

Cant la vie fut ou cors mise;

Et par ,1. mot que Uex i dist

Savons nos bien qui s'en conquist.

Mors, or fai canques tu porras

Que tu meismes te morras ;

Lor fut por voir faite [la] lute

Por quoi Dex ai la mors destrute.

Et a eel jor la destrura

Si qu'en I'abisme s'en fura ;

Chacie an ert et fors seuree

Et nostre vie asseuree.

Propterea populi conjitebuntur tibi in

aeternum : ct in saecuhwi saeeuli.

Por cest leu et por cest desduit,
Ce dit David, loeront tuit
Coramunemant nostre signour,
Chascuns de tote sa vigour.
Nule riens n'ert an tot lou monde
Que au loer Deu ne sa ponde :
Les puissances et les natures
Et les diverses creatures,
Ange, archange et les vertuz,
Et li hons qui est revestiz,
Li ciels, la terre et la mer
Et li airs, qui si por est cler,
Que ni aura ne vent ne nue,
Ne rien qui grief a la venue.
Solois et lune chanteront ;
Les estoilles s'acorderont ;
Ce sont li ange qui les raeinent
Et qui de Deu servir se poinent.
[Ne sera nus que Dex ne lot
Ne qui ne die som bon mot.] '^
Chascuns a douce melodic.
Ni aura qui trop ne poi die.
De eel grant joie et de ce lox
Nos dit li apostre Sain Pox ;
Que nuls cuers sauroit esmer
Tant si seust bien acemer,

1. RociiiEitK in Ste. (Jencvieve copy.

2- Qui decline, qui enviellisso.

— Paris, Arsenal Library, 3.")18.

3. Que nus nes ne nos puisse dire.

—Ms. 2091, Nat'l Library, Paris.

1. The two following couplets wanting
in three copies: Paris, National I^ibrary,
Ms. 24,421) ; Ste. (fenevieve Library, L. f.
13, and Madrid copy.

2 Wanting only in this copy.

46

BULLETIN OF THE LABORATORIES

53

[Ne oil voir n'oreille oir] ^
Joie tant face conioir.

Ci endroit faut Eructavit,''
Li bons salmes au roi David,
Ou damedex nos mostre au doi
Lou fondement de nostre loi.
Chanson de chambre I'apela
Ainsi com Dex li revela.
vSaichiez que c'est fontaine et puis :
Plus hi a que dire ne puis.

Le gentil suer lou roi de France,
Recorde ci vostre creance.
Pansez, dame, de bien amer,
De servir Deu et reclamer
Celui qui la foi nos espire
Ou vostre gentiz cuers se mire.

54

Mont I'avez fin e agusie,
Ne sai ou vos avez pusie,
Mas d'une rien(?) fais je saige ^
Que mont avez grant avantaige
C'un mot ai en sainte escriture
Qui grant bien vos asseure :
Qui Deu aime, de lui enquiert
Seure soit il que meulz Ten ert ;
Mont met son cuer an bon escole

lo Qui velontex ot sa parole.

Et vos estes toz jors li prestes
Au roi a destre e a senestre,
Li bons maistre don vos avez
Retenu ce quevossavez.

15 Si com il est veras amis,

Croissent li bien qu'il hi a mis.

1. Wanting only in this copy.

2. Here and at the beginning spelled
by the copyist Erui'tavit.

[Explicit Eructavit.]

1. Mes d'une chose vos fais sage.
The above is the usual reading.

With one exception, all copies consulted are immediately followed
by some sixty lines, of the same meter and style, which were evi-
dently regarded by copyists as a continuation of the Eructavit itself.
This seems, however, to be a separate composition, or probably two, —
being a narrative of Isaiah's martyrdom and of the miraculous quench-
ing of his thirst, twenty lines, followed by a prayer of forty lines,
divided into three portions, to which the divine names of the Gloria
serve as titles. That these forty lines form an independent composi-
tion would appear also from the fact that they are found appended to
another Biblical paraphrase of a different meter ; in this case, too, a
metrical version of the Som::; of Solofnon.^

The Madrid copy is alone in adding at the end :

'Amen : que eel sire I'otroit
Qui ceu bien set et ot et voit.'

These two lines are much like a couplet ending an old metrical
version of tne Lord's Prayer and the creed, which version is consid-
ered the earlest existing in that form.'-

' See Bonnard's Traductions de la Bible en vers francais au Moyen Age, p.
161. This work, published in 1884, shows that this form of religious poetry
was very abundant, and that much of it is still worthy of study.

2 See Bulletin de la Societe des anciens textes francais, 1880, I.

OF DENISON UNIVERSITY.

47

To show the variations of text that arose from local varieties of
speech, and perhaps from liberties taken by the scribe with the origi-
nal, the same passage from two different copies is here compared. The
passage chosen for this purpose is the first part of the poem proper,
m which a dialogue is in progress between David and the angel at
the gate of paradise. The versions thus represented are most widely
separated geographically, the first being mide, it is said, in England,
and the second in Southern France, probably about the same time.

ENGLAND.

' D'une dolgor ai plain Ic quer ;
Ne pois muer en nul fuer.
Ma changon voil dire le rei,
Le halt seignor en qui io crei.
Encore en sa chambre est repos,
A son deduit et a son repos.

' Seinz Espiriz, oevre mei I'us.
Je chanterai, sijentrer pus;
Si dirrai un sonet novel.
Si li reis Tout, molt li ert bel.'

De cele part u I'entre iere
Revent une voiz halte et clere,
Que lui dist, ' David, irei te en suz ;
Gardez ; ni aprochiez plus.
Lui reis se deduit et repose.
Ne serreit pas asseure chose
A ton oes oir ne saver
Ceo qu'oin mortel ne pot veer;
Ne poet vere home mortels
Quels est ioie espiritels.
Mes la changon que tu vols dire,
Escrif la en href u en sire,
Et io frai tant por tei ;
Et io la mustrai al rei ;
Si tu la mc bailies escrite,
Ben li serra;mostre et dite.
Jo li dirrai ceo que tu diz.'
' Merci, sire,' ceo est Davis,
' Si io laienz entrez estoie,
Od les moz iugleroie;
Jogleres sui, sages et duiz ;
Et li reis pleseit mes deduiz ;
Jo sai molt ben que les sodles
Me sereient molt granz dones.

' Bels sire,' ceo dit Daviz,
' Ne ma nentez issi mes diz.

SOUTHERN FRANCE.

D'una dougor ai plen le cuer
Ne puis muer n'en isse fuer
Ma chanson vueil dire Io roi
Lo aut segnior en cui ie croi
Encore est en sa chambre enclous
A son desduit, a son repous.

Sains Esperiz, ovrez moj huis
Je chanterai s'entreir i puis.
Si li dirai un son novel.
Si li rois I'ot, molt lien er bel.

De cele part ou I'entree ert
Revint une voiz aute e clere
Que li dist, ' David, trai t'en sus,
Guarde que ni aprochier plus ;
Le rois se desduit e repose.
Ne seroit pas seure chose
A ton hues oir ne veoir
Ce que nus horn ne puet savoir
Ne puet savoir nuls hom charnex
Que est la ioie esperitex.
Mes le changon que tu vuels dire,
Escrit en chartre o en cire
E ie ferai bien tant por toi
Que ie la porterai lo roi.
Si tu la me bailes escrite
Bien li sera mostree e dite
Je li dirai ce que tu diz.
Merce sire, ce dist Daviz,
Si ie leens entrez estoie
Avec mes moz vieleroie :
Joglerres soi, sages e duiz ;
Si le roi plaisoit mis desduiz,
Ce sai ie bien, que las sodees
Me seroient molt grans donees.

48 BULLETIN OF THE LABORATORIES

Ne dites pas que io les escrive. ' Ne dites pas que ie I'escrive.

La lange et li quers advue (?) La leng[ua cui le cuers avive

L'escrivera sanz dei et sanz mein L'escrivra sens doiz e sens mains

Assez miels que nuls escriveins.' Assez meils que nus escrivains.'

The manuscripts of the Eructavit copied and cited above are as
follows: British Museum, add. 15,606; Rome, Vatican Library,
1682; Madrid, National Library, E.e. 150; Paris, National Library,
1747, 2094, 24,429, and the fragment found in 902 ; Arsenal Library,
3518; Ste. Genevieve Library, L.f. 13.

Copies examined besides are all at Paris : in the National Library,
1536, 20,046, 25,532; in the Arsenal Library, 3516.

The copy said to be at Vienna, Bibl. Palat., 3430, has not been
examined by the editor.

LANTERN SLIDES WITHOUT A NEGATIVE.

VV. G. Tight.

As improved methods of teaching are being constantly developed
and the instructor is anxious to avail himself of them, there seems to
be a growing demand for the stereoptican. In fact the time has al-
ready arrived when the class-room is not complete unless there is pres-
ent some good instrument for projection. And there is no depart-
ment of instruction in which it cannot be used to advantage. Its
value lies m the fact that a large number of individuals may view the
representation of the same object during its explanation. There are
a number of large firms who make it a business to prepare slides for
class-room and lecture work. But the instructor who depends wholly
upon these to supply the needed slides has yet to learn to what mani-
fold uses his instrument can be put. One can not buy what is de-
sired. One must learn to make for himself. As the requirements of
every teacher are different and each one laboring alone as it were
often hits upon little methods that might be useful to others working
in different lines, it is my intention to give a few of my various meth-
ods for the manufacture of my own slides, trusting there may be a
few points of value to some one. It is my purpose to speak only of
those methods in which no negative is required for the preparation of
the slide, and first of those methods in which not even a camera or
but little knowledge of photographic manipulation is required.

Next to the use of a blackboard and free hand drawing for rep-
resentation comes the preparation of a slide for the lantern by draw-
ing on glass. The glass must first be prepared and under this head
might be mentioned two ways :

First, flow the glass with a solution of collodian, or a negative
varnish and when dry, write or draw with a fine pen and india ink.
This gives the desired object in black against a white ground.

The second way gives a light drawing against a dark ground and
this may be accomplished by smoking the glass over burning camphor
and drawing the design with a needle point. To make this perma-
nent, flow with collodian or a negative varnish. Always preserve all

50 BULLETIN OF THE LABORATORIES

fogged negatives and light struck plates and with a glass cutter cut
them into lantern size and then utilize the opaque film by scratching
in designs with a sharp point. These are especially useiul for pre-
sentation of formulae and tables and outline work.

A sec<'nd class of slides may be made by transfere, a sort of de-
calcimania process, which as a rule has not been found satisfactory,
though sometimes employed. The picture desired may occur in a
newspaper, it can be cut out and cemented face down on the glass
with some cement insoluble in water, (collodian or negative varnish,)
then the paper can be moistened and by careful rubbing with the fin-
gers can all be removed and leave the ink of the picture on the glass.
This should also be varnished to protect it.

The third class of slides may be made by the use of thin objects
and sections mounted between glasses, opaque objects whose outline
is desired. Skeleton leaves to show venation. Histological prepara-
tions which are large enough. Of course it is not intended to include
under this head preparations for microscopic projection, as that would
make a subject for separate consideration.

We would now speak of the slides whicli are made by photo-
graphic methods.

And here the simplest slide is the negative. A negative is the
first plate or film made with a camera or otherwise, which reverses the
lights and shades. Very many slides show to a betcer advantage in
the negative than in the positive. A drawing may be made with a
black crayon on a white paper and with a white crayon on a black-
board— both may be positives. Many book illustrations which it is
desired to copy into a. slide hav^e a black background. Their negative
shows a white background and a dark object. The use of a negative
from a book illustration which had a white back ground, in many
cases, is very satisfactory. A sure rule is: Whenever the background
or the shade of the design does not represent a recognized character
of the object presented a negalive is equally as appropriate as a positive
When this is the case the shade should always accord with the recog-
nized character. For example, one may choose to illustrate the reces-
sion of the Falls of St. Anthony, from the plates in the Minnesota
Report. The water must be represented as white, hence a negative
must be made for each illustration and from them a positive, requir-
ing two plates, two developments and two elements of time for the
production of each slide. While going through just that tedious task
the method which is about to be described was discovered. When it
is desired to obtain but one slide from a photograph, picture or illus-

OF DENISON UNIVERSITY. 5 1

iration, or even a landscape, if no sky is present, it can be accomp-
lished directly from the camera, obtaining a positive on the first plate
in the following manner :

Develop with any good developer. Do not develop too far, just
enough so that the plate is all up. In no case develop through the film.
In developing use a black tray in which the plate lies perfectly flat on
the bottom. Pour off the developer and thoroughly wash the plate.

Now expose the plate to the light. The strength of the light
depends upon the blackness of the film developed. A. weak light for
a few mmutes gives better results than a strong light for a few sec-
onds.

Be sure that the plate is in close contact with the bottom of the
tray, and that no light gets to the back of the plate. Return to the
dark room and flow a fresh developer over the plate again and de-
velop until the entire plate is perfectly opaque and the picture appears
as a positive on the back of the plate. Wash, and fix as usual. After
fixing without washing, place the plate into a reducing solution, and
reduce until the high lights are clear, and the picture stands out a nice
clear positive. If the plate is stained yellow, it is probably caused by
the developer.

Wash very throughly in running water, dry, varnish and mount,
and there will have been produced a lantern slide positive, direct
from the camera, with the use of but one plate, one developing solu-
tion, and in less than half the time required the old way. This can
also be applied to contact printing and transparency work.

ERRATA.

Page 8, Line 13. The sentence should read, " The two long
setae are about as long as the combined lengths of the last three
joints."

Page 14, Line 25. The word, " taponomic " should read "taxo-

nomic."

Page 17, Line 8. The figures " 4 or 4" should read "4 or 5."

Plate I, Figure 6. The elongated spines at the distal extremity

of the leg should be three times as long as depicted.

From the middle of the convex border of Figure 7, a short seta
has been omitted.

Bulletin of the Laboratories of Denison University.

Plate I.

U

6

Bulletin of the Laboratories of Denison University. Plate II,

BULIaETIK

OF THE

Scientific Laboratories

OF

DENISON UNIVERSITY.

VOL. VIII, PART 11

WITH EIGHT PLATES AND NINE CUTS.

EDITED BY

W. G. TIGHT, M.S.,

Deparhnent of Geology and Natural History.

GRANVILLE, OHIO, JUNE, 1894.

PRESS OF GRANVILLE TIMES.

A PR £3 1895

I.

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS TO THE FLORA OF

LICKING COUNTY, OHIO.

H. L. Jones.

It has been thought desirable to record the additions which
have been made to the Catalogue of Phanerogams and Ferns,
published in 1892. A few mistakes which are to be found in
that issue are here corrected. Likewise new stations for rare
plants are given wherever new ones have been discovered.

The numbers refer to those given in the above mentioned
catalogue.

81. Viola sagittata Ait.

Welsh Hills, May, 1892 ; Ray Evans.

89. Dianthus Armesia L.

This has been increasing constantly, in number of individuals
since it was first discovered.

92, Silene stellata Ait.

Island in " Old Reservoir," July 13, 1892.

loi and 102 are interchanged. Although careful search has been
made no specimen of Cerastium viscosum L. have been found. It is
probably a mistaken identification, although the author has not had
an opportunity to examine Dr. Jacobs' herbarium.

114. Althaea officinalis L. should be A. rosea L. This was a
mistake of the author's in copying Prof. Herrick's notes.

140. Ceanothus Americanus L.

Roadsides southeast of Newark, July 6, 1891.

*i46^. Acer spicatum Lam.

Cat Run, north of Granville, June 7, 1892. Prof. C. J. Hcr-
rlck.

4 BULLETIN OF THE LABORATORIES

*i56j^. Polygala sanguinea L.

Tight's farm, three miles west of Granville, July 19, 1892.

166. Psoralea Onobrychis Nutt.

Licking Reservoir, July 13, 1892.

*i77}^. Desmodium pauciflorum UC.

Granville, O., Sept. 5, 1888. Prof. C. J. Herrick. "

180. Lespedeza polystachya Michx.

Welsh Hills.

*i8i^. Lathyrus palustris L. var. myrtifolius. Gray.

Licking Reservoir. W. C. Werner.

249. Lythrum alatum Pursh.

Welsh Hills, June 29, 1893.

270. Thaspium aureum, Nutt.

This is probably a mistaken identification, the variety trifoliatum
Coult. and Rose only being found. In the confusion which has arisen
concerning this species it has been thought best to place all our forms
under the variety, but many of them agree very closely with the de-
scription of the type.

*284%. Osmorrhiza longistylis DC.

Granville, Ohio, H. G. Dorsey, May 18, 1892. Licking Reser-
voir, C. F. Green, May, 1892.

309^. Lonicera Sullivantii, Gray.

On islands in the " Old Reservoir," July 13, 1892.

339. Solidago uliginosa, Nutt.

Cranberry marsh, " Old Reservoir," August 31, 1893.

*395^. Helianthus strumosus L. var. Mollis T. & G.

Granville, Ohio, September 22, 1890.

*430^. Cichorium Intybus L.

This plant was very common during the summer of 1892 in St.
Albans and Liberty townships.
i' *435^^- Prenanthes crepidinea Michx.
5. Etna, Ohio. H. W. Kuhn.

450. Campanula aparinoides Pursh.
..Licking Reservoir, August 31, 1893.

*467^. Lysimachia thyrsiflora L.

Cranberry Marsh, ''Old Reservoir," July i, 1892. Prof. A. D.
Selby.

*5i4^. Cuscuta tenuiflora Engelm.

Licking Reservoir, August 10, 1887.

OF DENISON UNIVERSITY. 5

547. Aphyllon uniflorum Gray.

" Dugway," on road between Newark and Granville, May 25,
1892. G. F. Osbun.

638. Comandra umbellata Nutt.

Cat Run, north of Granville, May, 1892. Prof. C. J. Herrick.

*677^. Quercus coccinea Wang. Quercus imbricaria Michx.

Brownsville, Ohio. Prof. W. A. Kellerman. See pages 234 and
241 of Bulletin of Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station. Technical
series, Vol. I, No. 3.

^678^, Quercus imbricaria Michx.

Licking Reservoir ; rather common at this locality.

698. Juniperus communis L.

Although frequently reported, I do not think it occurs within our
range. All the specimens examined turned out to be stunted forms
of J. Virginiana L.

*765^. Juncus Canadensis J. Gay. Var. longicaudatus Engelm.

Licking Reservoir. W. C. Werner.

775. Acorus Calamus L.

This species has been very abundant during the last two years in
the ponds around Granville.

779. Wolffia Columbiana Karsten.

This species has been found in one or two other ponds near the
Licking Reservoir. It also occurs in a small pool near " Old Man
George's Pond" a half mile south of Granville.

^1^9%- Scheuchzeria palustris L.

Licking Reservoir. W. C. VVerner.

*8i2^. Carex lupulina Muhl. Var. pedunculata Dewey.

Licking Reservoir. W. C. Werner.

831. Carex laxiflora Lam. Var. styloflexa Boott.

Mr. Werner reports that this is probably only a small form of the
type.

*84o^. Carex echinata Murray, Var. cephalantha Bailey.

Cranberry Marsh, " Old Reservoir," June 1892. Prof. A. D.
Selby.

^842)^. Carex interior Bailey, var. capillacea Bailey.

On a small island east of the Cranberry Marsh, "Old Reservoir."
W. C. W^erner.

844. Panicum proliferum Lam.

Granville, Ohio. Sep. 5, 1892.

6 BULLETIN OF THE LABORATORIES

*928^. Aspidium cristatum Swartz.

Cranberry Marsh, '' Old Rerservoir." Prof. A. D. Selby and
W. C. Werner.

929, Aspidium Goldianum Hook.

Abundant on Brushy Fork, north of Granville. Prof. C. J.
Herrick.

933. Cystopteris bulbifera Bernh.

Spring Valley, near Granville, O. Prof. C. J. Herrick.

940. Osmunda cinnamomea L.

Swamp in Spring Valley, near Granville, O. Prof. C. J. Herrick.

Species marked thus * are additions to the former lists. Sub-
tracting those which are probably mistaken identifications there are
960 species and varieties found in Licking County.

II.

NOTES FROM THE BOTANICAL LABORATORY.

W. G. Tight.
I. Phallus Daemonum.

The genus Phallus of the group of Gasteromycetes is a
very interesting one on account of its peculiar life history
which it shares with all the Phalloideae. What is usually
seen of the plant is only the fruit which arises from a fila-
mentous or compound mycelium resembling roots. This fruit
is at first a closed sac of globose form and is called the peridium.
It incloses a structure, the gleba, which bears in chambers on
its surface the mass of spores. The peridium is composed of
two coats, an inner and an outer, with a mass of hyphae which
become transformed into a thick gelatinous layer between.
Within the peridium and bearing the gleba is the stipe, a cen-
tral column of parenchyma tissue. The stipe is hollow and is
composed of 'several layers of round celled tissue, and it bears
at its apex the pileus which acts as a support to the gleba. At
maturity the gleba deliqueses with a very offensive odor. Be-
tween the pileus and stipe is borne the indusium or veil.

There are five American species in the genus Phallus.
The following description taken from a specimen found at Spring
Valley is of one of the rarer species. The accompanying illus-
tration, plate A, is reproduced from a photograph.

Phallus Daemonum Rumph.

Valva globose pinkish, outer wall of indusium i mm. thick,
volva 5-7 cm. in diameter.

Stipe 3.5 cm. in diameter. Plant 15 cm. high.

Stipe fusiform-cylindrical cellulose. Veil reticulate, hang-
ing straight down from under the pileus to the volva, attached
only to the apex of stipe.

8 BULLETIN OF THE LABORATORIES

Reticulation not extending to the edge of the veil ; margin
toothed.

Pileus attached to the apex of stipe, companulate, trun-
cate, gleba not extending to apex. Apex consists of a smooth
ring surrounding the perforation which is at first closed with a
gelatinous membrane which is the inner wall of the indusium.
Pileus 5 mm. long, 5 mm. in diameter at base. Reticulate
pitted after deliquesence.

Growing among leaves in woods, Spring Valley, Granville,
O., Nov. 5, 1893.

This species is reported by Morgan ; from New York by
Peck, Maryland by Miss Banning, Ohio by Lea and Morgan.
It is considered quite rare and is little known.

2. Some Floral Monstrosities.

The morphological relations of the organs of the flower
have been the subject of much discussion and while those rela-
tions are quite clearly expressed for the perianth and stamens
and carpels there still remains much doubt about the ovules and
pollen sac. While it can not be argued that malformations nec-
essarily assume the archetypical form and that teratological evi-
dence is always conclusive still the fact remains that these abnor-
mal expressions of floral development often illustrate more
clearly the morphological relations than the normal develop-
ment. Striking examples of these modifications are often use-
ful in instruction. The following have been observed and
entered upon our register as being worthy
of notice. As the sepals are more closely
related to the leaves in their position on the
stem it is to be expected that the rever-
sions to type will there be found more
common. Fig. i, presents one of these
reversions where in the gamosepalous calyx
of the Fuchsia one of the limbs has sep-
arated from the tube leaving its place vacant and has become

OF DENISON UNIVERSITY.

transformed into a perfectly developed leaf with a jointed
petiole. Otherwise the flower is perfectly normal.

5^C ^ >fC <^

That the flower is to be considered a modified stem as
indicated by its position in the axil of a leaf and also that the
sepals are to be considered as leave, as indicated in the Fuchsia
is shown by the peculiar development of a perfectly normal
flower in the axil of one limb of the calyx of a flower in Nar-
cissus as shown in
fig. 2, All the parts
are normally devel-
oped in each flower
except along the tube
of the lower flower
there is an expansion
extending to the lower
torus in line with the
upper flower.
* * * *

If we accept the Fig. 2.

theory that the ovules may be produced either on the carpel-
lary leaves as marginal, superficial and axillary or that they
may spring from the extention of the floral axis into the ovary
and may then be either lateral or terminal while the carpels
remain sterile, it then becomes evident that the morphological
relation must be determined for each separate group as the
above conditions give the greatest possible range of variation.

In deciding such embryological and morphological relations
the malformations become of greatest importance.

It is generally assumed that the female organs oc-
cupy the central position in the flower. They always appear in
the theoretical and empirical diagram as forming the central
circle or circles of organs. When the floral axis is elongated
the pistils may occur in concentric circles but more often in
close spirals. The latter usually occurs when the pistils are

lO

BULLETIN OF THE LABORATORIES OF

Fig- 3-

simple and numerous, when the pistil is compound there is pre-
sented a circle of carpels showing more or less perfect coales-
ence. It is by a possible combination of these two principles
that there is produced the peculiar form found in the navel
orange, figure 3, where the plurilocular
pericarp contains a second circle of lo-
culi bearing a separate style. It is evi-
dent that this second included fruit
must represent a continued develop-
ment of the floral axis but whether that
continued development should repre-
sent a pistil and so a circle of carpels
may be questioned. The fact that in
this particular variety of oranges the seeds are rare and often
entirely wanting, as they were in the specimen studied, would
seem to indicate rather that these accessory parts are closely re-
lated to the aborted seeds. It would appear then that in the
orange and so probably in the citrus family the seeds are to be
considered as lateral developments from the central floral axis
and the carpels entering into the compound pistil as sterile.
The thought suggests its self that the development of the pulp
from the innermost layer of the pericarp in the form of isolated
lobes of tissue, into the plurilocular fruit, may take the place
of the more usual form of seed development from the margin or
surface of the carpel leaves.

* * :^

*

The morphological relations of the ovules is pretty clearly
shown by the following interesting monstrosity in a single tulip:

Figure 4 is a full sized sketch of the pistil, showing two
faces of its triangular form.

Figure 5 is the top view of the stigma, which is sessile.
The two portions which are contiguous belong to the same
carpel as the ventral suture is in the middle of the face and
the dorsal at the angle of the ovary.

DENISON UNIVERSITY.

II

Fig. 4.

Figure 6 is the empirical formula for the flower. The
perianth is composed of two circles of three members each.
Stamens six, in two circles. Pistil composed of
three carpels with dorsal sutures at the angles.
Placentation central in three cells. Dehiscence
loculicidal. There is perfect symetry
and perfect alternation of parts on
the plan of 3.

Figure 7 is a view of the cross
section of the ovary, twice size.
There are six fibro-vascular bundles. ^^- S-

The three at the angles represent the midribs of the
carpel leaves. The three opposite the faces are the
united bundles of the two united half blades. At
dehiscence the bundles at the angles are divided, the
separation taking place through the middle of each bundle
into the loculi. The partitions are formed by the infolded
edges of the carpel leaves. Each leaf is completely rolled in
and each margin bears a row of carpels.
From the stigma and from the strongly
developed fibro-vascular bundle in the
middle of each face it would appear that
the latter was the midrib and the dehis-
cence down the ventral suture in which
case the ovules would probably be con-
sidered as lateral axial and so morpholog-
ically leaves. That this is not the
case is very clearly shown by the ex-
amination of the empirical diagram.
Fig. 8 made from a flower in which
the pistil is ruptured along the lines
of its regular dehiscence, but long
before its maturity and there is de-
^^^' ^" velopcd a circle of perfect stamens

on what must evidently be considered a prolongation of the

Fig. 6.

12

BULLETIN OF THE LABORATORIES OF

floral axis. The perfect symmetry and alternation of the flower
is also maintained in this extra circle. It will be observed that
the included stamens are placed alternate to the lines of dehis
cence or the midrib.

The three interior stamens were in
every way as perfect as those of the nor-
mal circles and their time of dehiscence
was the same as the others. The ap-
pearance of this flower is shown in Fig-
ure 9, without the perianth. Only two
of the outer whorles of six stamens are
shown, but the three arising from the Fig. 8.

center of the ruptured pistil and op-
posite each valve will give some idea
of the peculiar appearance presented
by the flower and expressed in the
diagram.

Why the prolongation of the torus

should have found expression in the

production of androecium instead of

a second whorl of carpels will prob-

^^' ^' ably be explained when the mystery

which produced the abnormality itself is solved. This much

however seems quite certain that the ovules of the tulip and

probably of Liliaceae are carpellary and marginal.

III.

NOTES ON AMERICAN OSTRACODA, WITH
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES.

By C. H. Turner.

[ Plates VII and VIII. ]

This paper is a continuation of the articles pubhshed by
the author in this journal last year and the year before.

I must here thank Mr. A. B. Whitby and Prof. L. D.
Hileland, who have kindly collected material which other-
wise would have been inaccessible to me. Mr. Whitby col-
lected in Texas while Professor Hileland collected in Delaware
and New York.

Genus cvpria, Zenker.

Cypria excidpta, Fischer.

[ Plate VII; fig. 2-S.]

Cypris striolata, . . . Brady: Recent British Ostracoda (1868) p.

372—373; ?'• XXIV, fig. 6-10.

Cypris striolata^ . . . C. L. Herrick : Alabama Crustacea. (18S7),

p. 29; pi. IV, fig. 3.

Cypria exculpta, . . . G. S. Brady : Marine and Fresh Water Os-

tracoda of the N. Atlantic and N. W. Europe, Podocopa. (1889) p.
6S-69; pi. XI, fig. 1-4.

Length of female, 0.54 — 0.64 mm. Height, 0.33 — 0.43
mm. Width, 0.26 mm.

The shell is thin and somewhat transparent and is covered
with a meshwork of sub-longitudinal lines, [fig. $.]

Viewed from the side, [fig. 3] the shell is orbicular, highest
in the middle, the two extremities being of about equal height.
The cephalic, dorsal and caudal margins are convex. The ven-
tral margin is slightly sinuate, being concave in the middle.

Viewed from above the shell is an elongated, later-

14 BULLETIN OF THE LABORATORIES

ally-compressed ellipse. The two extremities are of about
the same width and the line of contact is straight.

The natatory setae of the antennae [fig. 6] extend far be-
yond the terminal claws and are much longer than the entire
limb. The claws on the tip of each antenna are long and slen-
der. They are longer than the last three joints.

In the male the second maxillae [fig. 8] are dissimilar.

The tip of the second foot [fig. 2] bears two short
ectally projecting setae and two long setae which project back-
wards as far as the base of the antepenultimate joint.

The post-abdomen [fig. 7] is short, stout and curved. The
terminal claw is strong and about half as long as the ramus.
About the middle of the caudal margin of each abdominal
ramus there is a short filamentous seta.

Habitat: Burlington Ohio, March 1893. Large numbers
were found in a small shallow pond. Atlanta Ga., January to
May 1894. These were very abundant. Length 0.64 mm.
Height 0.43. Kent Co., Delaware, March 31st, 1894. These
were collected for me in Jones Creek by Prof. L. D. Hileland.
Length o. 54 mm. Height o. 36 mm.

Cypria iucqiiivalva, Turner.

Additional locality : Atlanta, Ga. On the third of Febu-
ary 1894, I found a large number of these in South River
Slough. Length 0.48 mm.

GENUS CYCLOCYPRis, Brady and Norman.
Cyclocypris laevis, (O. F. Miiller) Vavra.

{Plate VII; Jig. g-/i]

Cypris ovum, . . . Brady : Recent British Ostracoda (1868) p.

373; pi. XXIV, fig. 31.34, 43 45, and pi. XXXVI, fig. 8.
Cypris laevis, . . . Brady and Robertson : Marine and Fresh

Water Ostracoda of the N. Atlantic and N. W. Europe. (1889) p. 69-70.
Cyclocypris laevis, . . . Monographic der Ostracoden Boh mens.

(1891) p. 68-71 ; fig. 21, 1-6.

Length, 0.51 mm — 0.57 mm. Width, about 0.4 mm.

OF DENISON UNIVERSITY.

15

The somewhat translucent shell is hispid and very tumid,
being about as broad as it is high.

Viewed from above the shell is ovate with rounded extrem-
ities. The eye, which is situated near the cephalic extremity of
the animal is easily seen through the shell.

The five large setae on the antepenultimate joint of the an-
tennae extend way beyond the tip of the terminal claws, [fig. 9]
The distal extremity of each seta is plumose. According to
Prof. Brady^ in Cypris ovum (J urine) only two of the natatory
setae of each antenna are long. In this respect Cypris ovum
(Jurine) differs from the specimen under consideration ; but
since they are similar in all other features I consider them to be
of the same species.

The terminal joint of the mandibular palp is short. The
terminal claws of this palp extend to the tip of the mandibular
teeth.

The slightly curved terminal claw of the first foot is slender
and is about as long as the combined lengths of the three distal
joints.

The terminal joint of the second foot is about two-thirds as
long as the fourth joint, [fig. i i] The long, slender, backwardly
directed seta upon the distal extremity of this joint is longer
than the combined lengths of the three distal joints. This joint
bears at its apex two other setae ; one, about the same length
as the joint is directed backward, the other is very short and is
directed forward.

The short post-abdomen is about twice as long as its termi-
nal claws. [PI. VII fig. 10] The stout claws are feebly curved.

Habitat : I have only seen three specimens of this species.
These Prof. L. D. Hileland collected in Jones' Creek, Kent
Co., Delaware, March 31st, 189^1.

U<ecent British Ostracoda, p. 373.

1 6 BULLETIN OF THE LABORATORIES

Genus Cypris, Miiller.
Cypfis ftiscata, J urine.

Plate VII, Figs. 41-46.^

CypHs ftiscata. — G. S. Brady. Recent British Ostracoda, [186S), p. 362; pi.

XXIII, figs. 10-15.
Cypris ftiscata. — G. S. Brady. Marine and Fresh Water Ostracoda of N.

Atlantic and N. W. Europe. Podocopa (1889), p. 73; pi. XII, figs. 3, 4.
Cypns fuscata-' . — Wenzel Vavra. Mon. d. Ostracoden Bohmens, (1891), p.

98-99; fig- ZZ^ Nos. 1-3.

Length of the female, 1.5 mm. Height, 0.9 mm. Width,
0.67 mm.

The greatest height of the animal is about two-thirds of the
length, while the greatest width is less than the height. The
color is greenish brown. The shell usually has attached to it
furfaceous matter, which Professor Brady thinks is desquamating
epidermis.

Viewed from the side the caudal third of the shell is
wider than any other portion. The caudal, dorsal, and
cephalic borders are convex. The cephalic and caudal margins
have a narrow hyaline edge. The valves are not very transpar-
ent and are covered with short, scattered hairs. Muscle im-
pressions near centre of the valve, about seven.

Viewed from above, the shell is oval, rounded behind and
bluntly pointed in front. The greatest height is in the middle.

The natatory setai of the antennae extend to the tips of the
terminal claws. The terminal claws are stout, curved and long-
er than the last two joints. The distal half of the inner margin
of each claw is pectinated with a double row of fine teeth.

The two enlarged spines upon the first mandibular process
are toothed. The extremity of each spine and the two adja-
cent teeth are blunt.

■^Excepting Prof. Brady's monographs, reference is made in this paper to
no papers upon European forms, excepting papers that have appeared since the
publication of Prof. Brady's last monograph. In each case, however, an at-
tempt is made to refer to all of the American references.

OF DENISON UNIVERSITY. I7

The first foot is five-jointed, the third and fourth joints be-
ing distinct. The terminal claw is long and stout, longer than
the combined lengths of the last three joints. The second joint
is stout and about as long as the combined lengths of the next
two joints.

The terminal claw of the second foot [fig. 43] is about
twice as long as the terminal joint.

The feebly-curved post-abdomen [fig. 46] is stout and
short. The terminal claw is a little more than half as long as
the abdominal ramus. The adjacent claw is about three-fourths
as long as the terminal claw.

Habitat : Cincinnati, Ohio. Abundant in the canal basins
and adjacent pools.

Cypyis Biirlingtonensis, sp. n.

[Plate VII, Figs. /^-2j.]

Length of the female, 1.6 mm.; width, 0.89 mm.; height,
0.93 mm; length of the male, 1.3 mm.; width. 0.7 mm.;
height, 0.7 mm.

The length of the shell is a little less than twice the width
and the height is about equal to the width. The shell is very-
thin and is covered with long hairs, [fig. 15]. The shell is also
marked with certain dark bands, which are due, in part at least,
to the internal organs shining through the translucent shell,

Viewed from the side [fig. 1 7] the shell is sub-oval, but the
cephalic extremity is wider than the caudal. The dorsal mar-
gin is convex, the greatest convexity being nearer the cephalic
than the caudal extremity. The cephalic and caudal margins
are convex. The ventral margin is nearly straight.

Viewed from above, the shell is sub-elliptical, the two ex-
tremities being more or less pointed [fig. 17] and of about equal
width. In some specimens the ends are round. The sides are
feebly convex, indeed in some parts they are almost straight
and nearly parallel.

Viewed from the end the shell is nearly circular, the sides
being very convex.

1 8 BULLETIN OF THE LABORATORIES

The antenna consists of five joints, [fi^, 20], the fourth
joint being- very long and slender. The distal joint is narrow,
being no wider than the base of the terminal claws. The term-
inal claws are slender and the distal portion of each is fringed
by a longitudinal row of very fine teeth. The natatory setae
extend to a short distance beyond the tip of the terminal claws.

The second joint of the mandibular palp bears, in addition
to the usual setae, a short, plumose, dagger-shaped seta, [fig.
18.] The terminal claws of the palp are slender and smooth.

The two prominent spines upon the first mandibular pro-
cess of the first maxilla bear teeth, [fig. 16.]

The palp of the second maxilla terminates in three
long flexible spines. The middle spine is longer than the whole
palp, but the lateral ones are only about two-thirds as long as
the middle one.

The first foot [fig. 21] is five jointed, the third and fourth
joints being distinct. The second joint is broad and is as long
as the united lengths of the next three joints. The terminal
claw is longer than the united lengths of the last three joints.
The distal third of the cephalic margin of this claw is finely
pectinated.

The claw upon the last joint of the second foot [fig. 23] is
curved and is about twice as long as the terminal joint.

The post-abdominal rami [fig. 19] are slender and straight.
The terminal claws are long and slender, being about half as
long as the ramus. They are straight and one margin of the
tip of each is finely pectinated. The lower claw is fully three-
fourths as long as the distal one and resembles it in structure.

Habitat : These were found in great numbers in a shallow
grassy pool at Burlington, Ohio. They were found in the early
part of March, 1893, just after the close of a long and severe
winter ; indeed, there was a light snow-fall the day before the col-
lection was made. Judging by the lay of the land, I think that
the pool dries up in summer.

At Atlanta, Ga., just after some heavy rains in January,

OF, DENISON UNIVERSITY. I9

1894, large numbers of these active creatures were found in
several shallow pools in the South River Bottoms. These pools
dry up in warm weather. The specimens remained for about
two weeks and then disappeared.

Length, 1.58 mm. Height, 0.94 mm. Width, 0.91 mm.
Jones Creek, Kent Co., Delaware, March 3d, 1894, collected
by Prof. L. D. Hileland. These were immature specimens
about 1.4 mm. long.

Genus Cypridopsis, Brady.
Cypndopsis vidua, Miiller.

Additional localities : Atlanta, Ga. This species is very
common in Atlanta. It is found in almost all the shallow ponds
and creeks. It occurs at all seasons of the year. Length,
0.7 mm.

Colby Co., Texas. A young specimen of this species was
found in a collection by Mr. A. B. Whitby.

Genus Candona, Baird.

Candona aauninator, (Fischer.) B. and N.

IPlqte VIII, fig. 34.\

Candona aaimijiator, . . . Brady and Norman : Marine and Fresh

"Water Ostracoda of the N. Atlantic and N. W. Europe. Podocopa.
(1889), p. 104-105; pi. IX, fig. 9-10; pi. X, fig. 5 6.

Length, 1.25 mm. Height, 0.58 mm. Width, 0.46 mm.

The shell is smooth, white, and elongated. It is more
than twice as long as high and about three times as wide.

Viewed from the side, the shell is sub-reniform, highest in
the middle.

Viewed from above, the shell is sub-elliptical with pointed
extremities. The widest portion is in the middle. One valve
is a trifle longer than the other.

The antennae are stout. The natatory setae are absent and
the terminal is long and non-pectinated.

The post-abdomen [fig. 34] is curved and slender. The
terminal claws are slender and pectinated.

20 BULLETIN OF THE LABORATORIES

Habitat: Collected by Mr. A. W. Whitby in San Antonio
River, Goloid, Texas, March 5th, 1894.

Candona Crogmaniana, sp. n.

[ Plate VIII, Figs. 24-33.]

Length of female, 1.52 mm. Height 0.76 mm. Width
058 mm.

The shell is very thin, so thin that the ova and spermato-
zoids are visible through it. It is glossy and is covered with
short scattered hairs. These hairs are more numerous around
the margins than elsewhere. The shell is greenish yellow in
color and numerous vorticellidae are usually attached to it.

Viewed from the side, [fig. 33] the female is sub-triangular,
the caudal third being the highest portion. The caudal, dorsal,
and cephalic margins are convex. The ventral margin is slight-
ly sinuate, being concave in the middle.

Viewed from above, [fig. 32] the shell is an elongated
ellipse, pointed at both ends. One valve is longer than the
other and overlaps it at each extremity.

The antenna [fig. 25] is five-pointed in the female. Near
the proximal end of the lower margin of the first joint there is
one elongated filament and one short, pectinated, dagger-shaped
filament. The terminal claws are slender, non-pectinated > and
long, — longer than the combined lengths of the last three
joints. The antenna of the male is six-jointed.

The mandibular palp [fig. 31] is five-jointed. The first
joint is large and bears at the distal angle of its inner margin a
short dagger-like seta. [fig. 31] The distal half of this seta is
pectinate. The mandibular blade is stout.

The spines of the first mandibular process of the first maxil-
lae are non-pectinated.

The first foot [fig. 29] is long and slender and is composed
of five joints. The second joint is about as long as the next
two joints. The third and fourth joints are of about the same
length. The fifth joint is the smallest of all. It is conical and

OF DENISON UNIVERSITY. 21

from its distally directed apex arises the terminal claw. The
terminal claw is slender and long. It is longer than the com-
bined lengths of the last three joints and the distal portion is
flexuose.

The fourth joint of the second foot [fig. 30] is very ob-
scurely divided into two joints, so that the second foot appears,
under a high power, to be composed of six joints. The foot
terminates in two long flexuose filaments and one shorter fila-
ment.

The post-abdomen [fig, 28] is of medium size. The terminal
claws are slender, pectinated and curved. The terminal claw is
about half as long as the abdominal ramus. The adjacent claw
is a little shorter than the terminal claw. The filament in the
caudal margin is about ^ the length of the ramus from the dis-
tal extremity of the post-abdomen.

Habitat: Atlanta, Ga., December 1893. Abundant in
the shallow ponds near South River.

Candona delawarensis, sp. n.

IPl. VIII, fig. 3S-40.-\

The color of this form is greenish yellow variegated with
blotches of brown.

Viewed from the side [fig. 39] the shell of the female is
sub-reniform, the greatest height being about two thirds the
length of the animal from the cephalic extremity of the shell.
The cephalic, dorsal, and caudal margins are convex. The
ventral margin is undulating, concave in the middle.

Viewed from above [fig. 37] the shell is an elongate ellipse
with its greatest width in the middle. The extremities are
pointed. The hinge-line is sinuous. Near the cephalic extrem-
ity there is a very pronounced sinuosity.

Viewed from below [fig. 38] the general outline is the
same as when viewed from above. The contact line is more
sinuous than the hinge-line.

22 BULLETIN OF THE LABORATORIES

Viewed from the end, the shell is elliptical. It is widest
in the middle and the extremities are rounded.

The antennas bear no natatory setae on the antepenultimate
joint. The terminal claws are non-pectinated and long. They
are about as long as the combined lengths of the last three joints.
The lower margin of the antepenultimate joint bears a modified
sensory seta. The antenna of the male is six-jointed. The man-
dibular palp of the female is large. The antepenultimate joint
bears, in addition to the usual long sensory set?e one short and
stout sensory seta which is sub-rectangular in form with trun-
cated ends and convex sides. It is about four times as long as
wide.

The spines on the first mandibular process of the first
maxilla are not toothed.

The post-abdomen of the male [fig. 36] is slender and sub-
triangular. The terminal claws are slender and curved.

Habitat: Jones' Creek, Kent Co., Delaware. The spec-
imens that I have were collected by Prof. L. D. Hileland
March 3rd, 1894.

NOTES ON THE CLADOCERA OF GEORGIA.

Family DAPHNIDAE.

Genus Ceriodaphnia, Dana.

CeriodapJuiia censors, Birge.

Ceriodaphnia consors, . . . E. A. Birge: Notes ;on"'Cladocera ;

(1S78), p. 5; pi. I, fig. 3-4.

Ceriodaphnia consors, . . . C. L. Herrick : Final Report on Minn.

Crust. (1884) p. 40.

Length, 0.55 mm. to 0.61 mm. Height, 0.40 mm. The
shell is reticulated, the reticulation being singly contoured.

Habitat: South River Slough, Atlanta Ga., "February 3rd,
1894.

OF DENISON UNIVERSITY. 23

Cetiodaphnia mcgops, Sars.

Ceriodaph?iia crtstata, . . . E. A. Birge: Notes on Cladocera,(i878)
p. 6; pi. II, fig. 8, 9.

Ceriodaphina megops, . . . G. L. Herrick : Final Report on Minn.

Crust. (1884) p. 36-37; pi. A, fig. 14, 19.

Length, 0.85 mm. Height, 0.52 mm.
Habitat: Atlanta, Ga, South River Slough, Nov. 17th.,
1893.

Genus Simocephalus.
Siinocephahis semdatus, Koch.

Simocephalus Americamis^ . . . E. A. Birge : Notes on Cladocera.
(i878)[p. 6-8; pi. I, fig. 6.

Simocephalus serrtilahis, . . . C..L. Herrick. Final Report on

Minn. Crust, p. 46 (1884).

Length, 1.7 mm. -1.9 mm. Height, 1.43, mm.

Habitat: Atlanta, Ga., South River Slough. The speci-
mens examined were covered with Vorticellidae. These are
found at all seasons, Specimens collected on the 1 7th of Nov-
ember, 1893, were still laying summer (parthenogenetic) eggs.

Family BOSMINID^

Genus Bosmina.

Bosmina atlaniaensis^ sp. n.
{PL VII, fig. 12.13.)

Length, 0.46 mm. Height, 0.36 mm.

The shell of this form is smooth. The flagellum is much
nearer to the eye than it is to the sensory setae of the antennae.
For details the figure will answer.

Habitat: Atlanta Ga., South River Slough. During the
winter this form was very common. It appeared, in company
with Cypiis Biiriingtoiicnsis just after a series of rains, but it
remained longer than the latter species. During that time,
these creatures were very numerous.

24 bulletin of the laboratories

Family LYNCODAPHNIDAE

Genus Macrothrix, Baird.

MacfotJirix laticoniis (J urine)

MacrotJuix laticornis, . . . C. L. Herrick. Final Report ,on

Minn. Crust. (1884), pp. 68-69; pi. C, fig. 7-9.
Macrothrix laticornis^ . . . E. A. Birge. List of Crust. Clad.

from Madison, Wis., (1891), p. 390.

Length, 0.37 mm. Height, 0.25 mm.
Habitat: Atlanta, Ga., Mrs. Reeve's pond, Aug. 1st,
1893.

Family LYNCEID^.

Genus Alona, •

Aloiia porrecta, Birge.

Alona porrecta, . . . E. A. Birge. Notes on Cladocera, (1878),

pp. 29-30 ; pi. I, fig. 16.
Alona porrecta, . . . C. L. Herrick. Final Report Minn. Crust.

(1884), p. 99.
Alona porrecta, . . . C. H. Turner. Notes on Clad., Cap. and

Ost. of Cin'ti. (1892), pp. 67-68. Additional Notes on Clad, and Ost.

of Cincinnati, Ohio, (1893), p. 5.

Length, 0.37 mm. -0.58 mm.; height, 0.22 mm. -0.24 mm.
Habitat: Atlanta, Ga., Mrs. Reeves' pond. Found at all
seasons of the year ; abundant.

Genus Pleuroxus, Baird.
Pleuroxus dentiadatus^ Birge.

Pleuroxus dentictilatus, . . . E. A. Birge. Notes on Clad. (1878)

pp. 20-21; pi. I, fig. 21. List of Crust. Clad. f. Madison, Wis., (1891)

p. 395; pi. XIII, fig. 21.
Pleuroxus denticulatus , . . . C. L. Herrick. Final Report Minn.

Crust. (1884). p. 120; pi. G., figs. 12-13.
Pleuroxus denticulatus ^ . . . C. H. Turner. Notes on Clad. Cop.

Ost. and Rot. of Cin. (1892), p. 68. Add. Notes on Clad, and Ost. of

Cincinnati, O., p. 5.

Length, 0.57 mm.; height, 0.43 mm.
Habitat: Atlanta, Ga., South River Slough.

OF DENISON UNIVERSITY.

Pleiiroxtis hainatiis, Birge.

25

Pleuroxus hamatus, . . . E. A. Birge. Notes on Clad. (1878), pp.

22-23; pi. II, figs. 13, 14.
Pleuroxus hamatus, . . . C. L. Herrick. Final Report on Minn.

Crust. (1884), p. no; pi. H, fig. i.
Pleuroxus haviatns, . . . C. H.Turner. Notes on Clad. Cop. Ost.

and Rot. of Cin'ti. (1892), pp. 68-69. Add. Notes on Clad, and Ost.

of Cincinnati, Ohio, p. 6, (1893).

Length, 0.46 mm. -0.52 mm.; height, 0.23 mm. -0.33 mm.
Habitat: Atlanta, Ga., Mrs. Reeves' pond.

I Genus Chydorus, Leach.

CJiydorus spJiaeriais, Miiller.

Chydorus sphaericus, . . . E. A. Birge. Notes on Clad. (1878),

pp. 23-24; pi. II, fig. 19.
Chydorus sphaericus, . . . S. A. Forbes. On Some Lake Superior

Entom., (1890), p. 712.
Chydorus sphaericus, . . . C. L. Herrick. Micro. Entom. Minn.

Geol. Surv. (1879), p. 108, pi. XIII. Final Report Minn. Crust.

(1884), p. 116; pi. F, figs. 4, 7, 8, 10.
Chydorus sphaericus, . . . C. H. Turner. Notes on Clad., Cop.,

Ost. and Rot. of Cin'ti. (1892), p. 69. Add. Notes on Clad, and Ost.

of Cincinnati, O., p. 6.

Length, 0.36 mm. -0.42 mm.; height, 0.31 mm. -0.36 mm.

Habitat: Atlanta, Ga., South River Slough, Mrs. Reeves'
Pond, Water Works Pond. This species occurs here at all sea-
sons.

Fig. I

specimen.
Fig. 2

^ig' 3
Fig. 4

Fig. 6

Pig'l
Fig.%

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

PLATE VII.

Cypria exculpta, Fischer. Lateral view of the shell of a young

Cypria exculpta, Fischer.

(i

Second foot.

Lateral view.

First foot.

Shell markings.

Antenna.

Post-abdomen.

Second maxillae of male.

d6

BULLETIN OF THE LABORATORIES

/

Fig. 9.

Cyclocypris laevis, Miiller.

Antenna.

Fig. 10.

<(

tt

Post-abdomen.

Fig. II.

<<

tt

Second foot.

Fig. 12.

Bosmina atlantaensts ,%^ . n.

Entire.

Fig. 13.

<<

II

Post-abdomen.

Fig. 14.

Cypris burlingtonensis, sp. n.

Antennule.

^';r. 15-

(t

Bit of shell.

Fig. 16.

<(

4

Tip of 1st maxilla.

-^«:?-. 17-

<<

Dorsal view.

z'?:?-. 18.

<(

Mandible.

Fig. 19.

(<

Post-abdomen.

/^^]f. 20.

<<

Antenna.

Fig. 21.

<(

First foot.

i^(f. 22.

II

Lateral view.

^i»;r. 23.

11

Second foot.

PLATE Vin.

/V^. 24.

Candona Crogmaniana, sp. n.

Mandibular teeth.

z^^:?-. 25.

((

II

Antenna.

Fig. 26.

(<

i(

Sensory seta from Mandibular

palp

^^if. 27.

<<

II

Antennule.

i^?;?-. 28.

i(

II

Post-abdomen.

^^^f. 29.

(<

(t

First foot.

^2]f. 30.

• <

II

Tip of Second foot.

Fig. 31.

(1

II

Mandibular palp.

^/g. 32.

II

<<

Dorsal view.

-^^if. ZZ'

11

<.<

Lateral view.

Fig. 34-

Candona aatmina^oryYlscher.

Post-abdomen.

^':?-. 35-

Candona delazvarensisy sp. n.

First maxilla.

Fig. 36.

i(

Post-abdomen.

^«;r. 37.

(1

Dorsal view.

^^;?-. 38.

{•

Ventral view.

Fig. 39.

II

Lateral view.

^^i?"- 40-

II

Antenna

Fig. A,!.

Cypris fuscata, (Jurine).

First maxilla.

Fig. 42.

i(

Antenna.

^'^f- 43-

II

Second foot.

Fig. 44.

II

Mandible.

^«i^. 45-

11

First foot.

z^^;?. 46.

II

Post-abdomen.

IV.

ELECTRICITY AS A LABORATORY SERVANT.

A. D. Cole.

Electricity was born in the laboratory. It passed its child-
hood there and we watched the development of its unsuspected
powers with ever increasing interest and expectation. Now it
has become a man and gone forth from its early home to strive
mightily in the world's work. We may profitably open our
doors to it again that it may assist us in carrying on
the general work of the laboratory. We may not set it apart
for study in the physicist's work-room, but treat it as a conven-
ient agent for doing many kinds of work in chemical, geological
and biological as well as physical laboratories.

Think of the numerous uses for motors under perfect con-
trol ; the physicist desires to rotate his whirling table, his
color discs and his sirens by their means ; the chemist would
use them to exhaust for his filtrations, stir solutions in his
absence, crush his ores and grind his powders ; the lithologist
desires them for polishing his rock sections and dressing his
specimens. Then we all want electric light, some for project-
ing lanterns, some for illuminating microscopic slides, some for
exploring cavities and organs otherwise incapable of illumina-
tion, some for photographic dark-rooms. And how numerous
the possibilities suggested by the fact, that we can electrically
generate hesitjusl ivJiere we want it and keep it away from neigh-
boring parts which we desire to keep cool. The physicist must
have it for measuring coefficients of expansion, the chemist for
heating one vessel within another that must be kept cooler than
itself, also for distilling highly inflammable substances ; the
biolocrist finds it convenient for his incubator and his cultures of

o

28 BULLETIN OF THE LABORATORIES

bacteria, the botanist may stimulate plant growth by it, the
physiologist has numerous uses for it. Then we all need elec-
tricity itself; the neurologist traces nerves by means of it, the
chemist finds every few days a new method of analysis by elec-
trolysis that he must needs try, the electrical furnace is rapidly
opening new possibilities both to him and to the mineralogist,
and the physicist demands it in many forms and quantities.
How can we get it ? Cheaply if possible ; conveniently any way,
for we live in a hurry.

The primary battery, the earliest generator of current elec-
tricity discovered, still holds its place as the most convenient
source of electricity for many laboratory uses. The old Grove
and Bunsen batteries have never been excelled by newer forms
in the combination of two good qualities difficult to obtain in a
primary battery, viz : high and uniform electro-motive force
and low internal resistance. But they cannot be said to be con-
venient, for they must be set up anew every time they are used
and the chemicals employed in them are expensive and disagree-
able to handle. For such reasons these otherwise excellent
batteries have a very limited field of usefulness in the laboratory.

For the occasional supply of a current of limited amount
the many forms of Leclanche battery and some of the so-called
dry batteries — such as are commonly used for electric bells — are
very convenient. The convenience lies in the fact that when once
set up, they require no attention, with moderate use, for six
months or more, as there is no waste of materials when not in
use. They are not commonly used for. strictly laboratory
purposes except in electrical testing, yet we have found them
generally useful when used in connection with a simple device
for adapting the voltage and resistance of the battery to the
work to be done by it. Battery cells are usually so made that
it is inconvenient to change their arrangement. Hence they
are connected permanently and used for different purposes,
although much better results can often be obtained by an ar-
rangement specially suited to the w^ork in hand.

OF DENISON UNIVERSITY. 29

To get the largest current from a battery, its internal resist-
tance should be made equal to that of the circuit through which
it is to send current. We can readily change the internal resist-
ance of a battery if it is convenient to alter the cell arrangement.
To overcome the difficulty of making this adjustment in the ordi-
nary battery, the device referred to has been found useful in the
laboratory. It is described fully in the Bulletin of the Scientific
Laboratories of Denison University, Vol. V, p. i6. In explain-
ing it briefly here, I will recall several fundamental facts. A bat-
tery is arranged /;/ series when its several cells are connected with
the positive of one to the negative of the next, so that the whole
current traverses every cell ; a battery is arranged in parallel
when all its positive plates are connected together, and all of its
negative plates together, so that with lo cells, for instance, each
cell is traversed by one tenth only of the whole current. In a
mixed arrangement several groups of cells, each with parallel ar-
rangement, are themselves connected in series. Now with ten
cells in series the resistance of the battery is lo times that of a
single cell, while with parallel connection only i-io that of a
single cell. With mixed arrangement we may secure a variety
of intermediate internal resistances.

The cell-arranger consists of a number of pieces of metal
arranged in two rows on an insulating support. Each one is
permanently connected by a wire with one pole of a battery cell.
The pieces attached to the positive poles (call them abed etc)
are in one row, those of the negative poles (call them ;;/ nop
etc) in the other. They must be so placed that we can readily
make connection by a plug or a switch as follows : a with either
b or «, b with either <: or ^, c with d or p etc. Wires for convey-
ing the current to the apparatus are attached to ;;/ and to the last
piece in the positive row.

With this accessory, a battery of six to ten open circuit
cells, can be made to deliver weak currents at high voltage or
may rival the chromic acid plunge battery — which is undoubt-
edly the reigning favorite in the laboratory — in giving strong

30 BULLETIN OF THE LABORATORIES

currents (say lo to 15 amperes) through low resistances. It has
the additional advantage of requiring absolutely no attention for
many months when once put in operation, no handling of strong
corrosive acids in setting it up, and a minimum of labor and in-
convenience in renewing the zincs.

We have had in operation in our laboratory for several years
three modifications of this cell arranger: one with plugs connect-
ing brass blocks mounted on a vulcanite plate, another with the plugs
replaced by sliding switches of spring brass, a third having the brass
blocks replaced by screw cups connected by short wires. The
instrument with plugs is surest in its contacts and quick in op-
eration, but the most expensive of the three ; the second is quick-
est in operation, the third simplest in construction.

If constancy for long periods is the main consideration, the
gravity, Daniel (or telegraph) battery is largely used. Its great
defect of feeble current can be largely overcome by having a
considerable number of cells controlled by a cell-arranger. Thus
a battery of 20 cells, which can give at most but 1-5 ampere
with the ordinary series arrangement, may give nearly 20 times
as much by use of the cell-arranger.

It is a very great advantage to the overworked teacher or
investigator if he is able, by a little more labor at the outset,
— say in vacation time — to have an apparatus so easily managed
that he. may, at a moment's notice, always have his battery
properly arranged for a new duty. I suppose it is due to the
considerable labor of changing connections in an ordinary bat-
tery that so general a disregard and even ignorance, of the simple
principles of best action in a battery prevails. I should judge
that such an arrangement would be especially valuable in the
study of nerve stimulation as it gives such ready control of the
voltages applied. I can testify particularly to its convenience
in different kinds of electrical testing.

But all of the batteries thus far considered fail in this re-
spect ; their electrical properties do not remain constant. We can
not be sure that we can exactly reproduce the result today which

OF DENISON UNIVERSITY. 3I

we obtained yesterday, with the same battery. The ideal bat-
tery is constant in voltage and resistance whether giving a small
or great current. To be also efficient and convenient, it must
have a very low resistance. Among commercial batteries, the
one that most nearly fulfills these conditions is probably the Ed-
ison-Lalande. It delivers a large current and at a constant rate,
but has the disadvantage of low voltage, requiring therefore a
greater number of cells. It is largely used for running phono-
graph and fan motors.

The secondary or storage battery has a lower internal resist-
ance than any primary battery, and is therefore capable of giv-
ing a very heavy current. It is often charged by a constant
primary battery of feeble power, working continuously through
the long intervals between short periods of use. Thus a grav-
ity battery of lo cells may be used to charge 3 cells of storage
battery. The primary battery itself would give a current of
only i-io to 1-5 ampere through even a low resistance, while the
storage battery charged by it will restore the electrical energy
at a rate as high as 1 5 amperes. Moreover we can predict al-
most with certainty just what it will do on a given circuit. It
must be confessed however, that storage batteries do not work
as well when charged in this slow way as when charged by a
dynamo. There is a tendency to the formation of lead sulphate
in the cell which interferes with its action. The result can be
partially prevented by introducing sodium sulphate, either di-
rectly or by the action of the battery acid on sodium carbonate.
Even without this addition, I have found this method of charg-
ing a few storage cells a great convenience in the physical lab-
oratory.

Small dynamo machines, run by hand, are often conven-
ient in the laboratory, but their output is too variable and un-
certain to adapt them to any exact work, and the source of
their energy evidently unfits them for supplying current for
many minutes at a time.

But electricity cannot reach the full measure of its useful-

32 BULLETIN OF THE LABORATORIES

ness in the laboratory unless current can be drawn, directly or
indirectly, from a power dynamo. And here it may indeed be-
come a genera] laboratory convenience. Those are especially for-
tunate whose laboratories are equipped with direct current in-
candescent lamps. Such can very easily have all the luxuries
that have been mentioned. Motors from 1-12 horse power up,
that run at a perfectly constant speed under varying load are
common trade articles ; the numerous special uses of the incan-
descent lamp are directly provided for ; arc lamps for projection
purposes, adapted to such circuits, have reached a high state of
perfection and from the known voltage it is easy for any elec-
trician to calculate just what kind of a coil of wire will produce
any required heating effect. The voltage of such light mains
is too high for many purposes, such e. g. , as chemical analysis,
and for use with most of our demonstration apparatus whose
coils have been constructed for the low voltages of primary bat-
teries. But it can be reduced conveniently in several ways.
First, by use of an extra resistance with it; this is not econom-
ical in the use of current, but is simple and easily controlled.
Second, by using a motor adapted to this voltage to run a dy-
namo wound to give the desired kind of current ; this involves
the use ot two expensive machines. Some expense and space
may be saved by combining them in one apparatus — the motor-
dynamo, or dynamo with a double winding on its armature.
Third, by running the currents used for lighting the building, or
for other moderately constant uses, through a few cells of storage
battery, using this for low voltage currents. This seems the best
way. It is equally applicable to the case of those laboratories
not connected with electric light mains that have their own dy-
namo running but only a part of the time. The storage battery
can then be available for many purposes when the dynamo is
idle. For instance, suppose the dynamo generates current at
no volts, instead of using iio volt lamps, we may use 90 volt
lamps running the current for them through about 10 cells of
storage battery. If we use an average say of 20 lamps 10

OF DENISON UNIVERSITY. 33

hours a week, from a dynamo we would be able to draw about
i^ horse power of energy (as light, heat or power) from the stor-
age cells for the same number of hours. In this way the in-
convenience of using primary batteries about the laboratory can
be largely avoided.

A simple plan for a dynamo and storage battery outfit would
be to have a constant-potential dynamo of about 50 volts and a
storage battery of the same voltage with motors, lamps and gen-
eral apparatus all adapted to this pressure, to run the dynamo
at full capacity as much time as may be necessary to charge the
battery (doing other work at the same time,) and to use the stor-
age battery alone for the general work of the laboratory at other
times. For a large laboratory building, a combination of the two
plans would be useful. Use a dynamo of higher potential, say
1 10 volts, for the general work of the laboratory, at least all
heavier work such as supplying power for mechanical work-
shops etc ; let the dynamo at the same time charge a 55 volt
battery and run 5 5 volt apparatus placed in series with it in the
special rooms most likely to be used at odd times when it is
not conv^enient to have the dynamo running. The lamps and
apparatus can then be used at any time when the machinery is
idle by means of the storage battery. This is the plan now be-
ing introduced in the new Barney Laboratory of this college.
There remains the case of the laboratory equipped with alternat-
ing current. Tight either from incandescent or arc lamps is di-
rectly provided for. All heating effects can be produced as
well by SL«h currents — a class of uses which will doubtless be-
come very much extended in the near future. For charging
storage cells and for use with most demonstration apparatus al-
ternating currents are not suited, but alternating motors might
run direct-current generators to supply the current for such
purposes.

All that has been said of alternating currents will apply to
the three-phase and multiphase currents now being introduced
for conveying power and light to a distance, but such currents

34 BULLETIN OF THE LABORATORIES

are not likely to be supplied to laboratory buildings for some
time except as they may be required in physical laboratories for
study of the currents themselves.

There seems to be an increasing demand in laboratories for
conveniencies and special facilities. A constantly increasing
proportion of the science work has to be done by laboratory
methods, while there is often no corresponding increase in the
number of instructors and assistants. It is hoped that this
paper may prove useful to some in devising ways of making
their laboratories more efficient without thereby increasing their
own cares and labors.

V.

A CONTRIBUTION TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF THE
PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF OHIO.

PART I.

W. G. Tight.

CONTENTS.

1. Introduction.

2. The Topography and Present Drainage of Licking County,

3. The Present Channel of the Licking River.

4. Evidence of a Buried Channel North of the Present Licking Rirer.

5. The Present Muskingum Valley.

6. The Course of the Preglacial Muskingum.

7. Probable Causes which Produced the Changes in the Drainage of the Mus-

kingum and Licking Rivers.

8. Relation of the Preglacial Muskingum Drainage to the Other Drainage Sys-

tems of Ohio.

9. The Hocking River and its Tributaries.

10. The Scioto River ; Characters of its Upper and Lower Portions.

11. The Miami Drainage Channels and the Character of the Topography of

that Region.

12. Evidence of a Buried Channel to the Northwest.

13. The Southern Tributaries of the Ohio River.

14. The Character of the Ohio River Gorge.

15. Conclusions and Theoretical Considerations.

I. Introduction.

The facts presented in this article have been largely collected
during the last two years in connection with the geological work
and field excursions of the various classes in geology in Deni-
son University. Various members of the Senior class of 1894
have assisted in the work in the region around Hanover and

36 BULLETIN OF THE LABORATORIES

Toboso. At the winter meeting of the Ohio State Academy of
Science the outHne of part of this paper was presented and cer-
tain conclusions were suggested. Since that meeting many
new facts have been collected which have considerably modified
the conclusions there presented. The facts given at that time
have been carefully re-established. The order of presentation
is that followed in the field work and investigations. The prin-
cipal lines of evidence employed may be grouped under two
heads — Topographical and Structural.

Under the topographical is included the present surface
topography, its particular form and elevation ; the topography
of the rock surface as indicated by exposures and well borings.
Under the structural is included the geological formation of the
rock and the character of the glacial drift.

2. Topography and Present Drainage of Licking County.

Licking county lies near the centre of Ohio and its present
drainage is by the Licking river, which is formed at Newark by
the confluence of three streams, the North and South Forks and
Raccoon creek. These streams form a hydrographical basin
which is very nearly co-extensive with the county lines. Rac-
coon creek and the larger tributaries of North Fork rise in
the northwestern portion which is a rather high, undulating ta-
ble land, 1 3 14 feet A. T. They flow through rather broad and
open valleys ranging from one half to one mile in width between
the Waverly hills. The valleys are filled with drift to a depth
of 100 to 150 feet, increasing in depth as we pass down stream
until at Newark the gas well borings show a valley filling of
over 300 feet, making the rock floor of the old valley about 500
feet A. T.

These two streams are of rapid fall, descending 350 to 400
feet in the 40 to 50 miles of their lengths. The South Fork
rises on high ground in the southwestern portion of the county,
flows south and east to near the Licking Reservoir, which lies
about 125 feet above Newark, or 944 feet A. T. From this

OF DENISON UNIVERSITY. 37

point the water course is almost due north to Newark. Along
the east side of the lower part of both the North and South
Forks the hills rise rapidly to an elevation of about
250 to 300 feet above the river. Standing on these
hills and looking west the country seems to gradually rise and
no very high hills appear in this direction. A level however
reveals the fact that the land to the west is nearly as high, but
is so filled in with drift that only the tops of the hills appear
above the general level. The surface rock of the western half
of the county is wholly of the Waverly group. This rock sur-
face is covered to a greater or less depth with glacial clays and
occasional pockets of assorted gravel.

The valleys of the North Fork from the north and Raccoon
creek from the west are evidently preglacial as is shown by their
great breadths, their gently sloping hillsides of Waverly rock
and their great depth as indicated by the drift fiUing. In all of
these valleys are beautifully developed gravel terraces rising in
steps from the streams to the bordering hills. The well sections
made in the valley filling are quite various, showing alternating
beds of yellow and blue clay and sand, gravel and quicksand.
The preglacial channel of the North Fork probably extended
into Knox county and received the head waters of Owl creek
and is much the larger of the two valleys.

In the "Report of the Geology of Licking County,"
Ohio Geological Survey, Vol. Ill, page 348, Mr. Read speaks
of this preglacial channel and says: ** At Newark it divides;
one branch turning directly to the east, in the valley of Licking
river and one branch extending northwesterly through what was
evidently at one period a broad lake, and in which now the
south branch of the Licking flows with a reversed current to
join the main stream at Newark." Mr. Read evidently meant
"southwesterly" for one branch of this channel, as will be
seen by consulting the map Plate III. It would naturally be
inferred that the other branch " in the valley of Licking river "
continued throughout the course of the river. The Licking

38 BULLETIN OF THE LABORATORIES

however, enters a narrow gorge a few miles east of Newark
even before it leaves the county limits. No attempt is made in
Mr. Read's work to correlate these preglacial channels.

The South Fork of the Licking flows with a sluggish cur-
rent over a broad alluvial plain which is covered with a black
lacustrine deposit of several feet in thickness. This is especially
true of that portion lying between the Licking Reservoir and
Newark. We have suggested the name Lake Licking for the
body of water in which these deposits were made and of which
the original lake in the Reservoir was a part, occupying a large
kettle-hole in the drift when the main body of water was drained
away.

The topography of the county east of North Fork and
South Fork of the Licking is generally hilly. The hill tops re-
present a base level plain sloping slightly to the west. This
plain is much cut up and the high pointed hills capped with
carboniferous sandstone are 1150 to 1300 feet A. T. while the
present valley at Newark is about 800 feet A. T.

3. The Present Channel of Licking River.

The great valley filling at Newark indicating as it does the
depth of the old valley floor leads to the inquiry as to its pre-
glacial outlet. The present streams flowing from the north,
south and west meet near the centre of the county and start
due east. Plate IV represents at the left hand margin the con-
fluence at Newark. The heavy dotted line indicates the posi-
tion of the rocky hills. For a few miles east of Newark the
Licking flows on the southern side of a broad valley which is
filled with heavy drift accumulations on the north side as indi-
cated by the dotted portions on the plate. The relative thick-
ness of the deposit is indicated by the density of the shading.

This valley is occupied by the P. C. & St. L. Railroad,
the Ohio Canal and the B. & O. Railroad. About seven miles
below Newark the drift reaches such a thickness on the north
side and extends into the valley so far that it reaches across to

OF DENISON UNIVERSITY. 39

the rocky island indicated on the plate southwest of Hanover,
thus causing the present valley to narrow rapidly. The canal
follows along the margin of this higher ground where it reaches
to the flood plain of the river. A few miles below Claylick the
canal enters the river for the valley has now become so narrow
that there is not room for the two. The river here leaves its
open valley and enters the hill country in a narrow gorge with per-
pendicular walls 50 to TOO feet high and the hill tops only a few
hundred feet back, on either side rising 300 feet higher. This
gorge is commonly known as the Licking Narrows.

In the first mile of this narrow cut there are two or three
large curves but the gorge is on an average about 500 feet
wide and confines the river in narrow limits. The Baltimore
and Ohio Railroad makes many rock cuts in order to get along
on the south side and there is scarcely room for the tow path
of the canal on the north side.

The left hand margin of the map, plate I, represents the
river at the centre of the last curve of this mile of gorge. The
walls at X are 45 feet high and overhanging, showing a large
amount of undercutting on the curve. On the opposite side of
the river the wall is 40 feet high and at XX there is a low shelf
about 10 feet high which projects a little beyond the vertical
wall on this side. The heavy shaded line represents the out-
crop of the Waverly or Logan conglomerate and wherever ex-
posed presents an escarpment with an elevation represented by
the figures on the contour lines. ^

The last curve of the gorge referred to above extends to
about O and P at which point the curve of the next sigmoid
begins. The gorge runs on past L m to the centre of the next
curve at OO, completing the curve at the point n. The river
however, does not follow this course as will be seen by fol-

^All vertical measurements in the description of this gorge are from the
water level in the river which is constant on account of the dam below, and is
about 776 feet A. T.

40 BULLETIN OF THE LABORATORIES

lowing the shaded portion which represents the present river
course, but turns at a right angle and runs through a rock cut
150 feet wide, with overhanging walls at both g and c. Just
south of c the railroad has made a rock cut 45 feet deep on a
very sharp curve in order to get through the gorge. The rock
g, known as Black Hand Rock, stands out with a bold front 45
feet high and 250 feet long next to the river, where the tow
path for the canal had to be blasted out. The rock slopes on
top towards the north and presents an overhanging wall about
20 feet hicfh on that side.

Within, the large open area of the unoccupied curve north
of g there is a low mass of rock, presenting the form indicated
at m with a vertical rock exposure 10 feet high on the south
side of the mass and gradually falling off into the lower channel
00 which is only 4 to 5 feet above water level. At n and be-
tween g and m are ponds of water on a level with the water of
the river. The channel between g and m is about 70 feet wide
while that between m and L is 200 feet also between g and the
vertical cliff H on the east side of the channel is 290 feet. It
is stated by some of the oldest inhabitants that before the canal
was constructed part of the river water occupied the channel
between g and m during high freshets.

Continuing the large curve L, 00, n southward to R,
there is on the east side a long straight bluff SS 45 feet high at
the present river front and gradually decreasing to about 8 feet
at its southern end. On the high ground between X and this
channel there is a light drift covering as indicated by the dotted
portion. This drift covers the west wall of the channel except
at Y where the rock is exposed. The drift is largely gravel and
that part which fills this channel is composed almost entirely of
fine sand. At YY there is no escarpment but the high hill
presents a very distinct curve as is shown by the contour lines.
Between Y, YY, Z and the double cross there is a low drift
plain with a form shown by the contours. The river does not
follow this low gap which is nowhere over 1 5 feet above its

OF DENISON UNIVERSITY. 4I

present level but has cut a channel through the rocky spur H
and S 300 feet wide and 45 feet deep to the present water level.
The river here has about 30 feet of water. At K is a rock with
25 feet vertical front and at T a rocky projection 45 feet high
through which the river has also cut, while there is an open
channel 350 feet wide between K and HH obstructed only by a
gravel trail 15 feet high extending from K to a low rock expos-
ure at KK.

The rocks S and T are also separated by a channel about
250 feet wide presenting vertical walls for a short distance back
from the river, and indicated farther south by a depression in
the drift filling.

At FF is a high hill with a rock cliff 25 feet vertical. At
uu there is a low rock wall which is extended to the dam at F.
Wells in the drift terrace south of w show a buried channel
there 50 to 75 feet deep.

By tracing out the curves and sigmoids indicated by these
rocky walls evidence is found for two distinct rock gorges be-
sides the one occupied by the present river as shown by the
heavy, dotted and broken lines respectively.

To make these data as clear as possible five sections drawn
to scale are presented in Plate II. These sections are taken
along the lines bearing the same letters on the map and in the
same position. The continuous, interrupted and crossed lines
represent the courses of the rocky gorges, while the dotted por-
tions represent the estimated depths of the drift filled channels.
The line a on both Plates I and II begins at a, as shown by the
contours, at the top of a hill 400 feet high ; descends rapidly to
L where it drops down the vertical wall 45 feet ; crosses the
sand filled channel to the rock m which rises 10 feet ; crosses
the channel between m and g; rises 40 feet to the top of g and
extends 200 across its top ; drops 40 feet into the channel
at n ; rises 45 feet onto the slightly overhanging rock H ; drops
again into the vacant channel between H and K ; passes off
from K, which is 25 feet high onto a low drift plain which ex-

42 BULLETIN OF THE LABORATORIES

tends to the river at the dam : crosses the river onto the rock .
again beyond F.

Section b shows the river channel between O andP ; the old
channel at R ; the rocky spurs S and T separated by the drift
channel ; the broad channel between T and uu occupied by the
pond u ; the rock wall at uu and the gravel terrace w.

Section c starts in the river where it enters the map and
shows the overhanging wall at X with the high drill covered
divide to the rock expose at Y and the low rock wall on the
opposite side of the channel ; the lowest point in the drift plain
at z and the gravel terrace beyond.

Section d taken at right angles to the three preceding be-
gins at d on a hill 150 feet high, descends a vertical wall 45 feet
at b into the channel OO ; crosses the low rock mass m and the
channel between m and g ; shows the overhanging character of
the narrow gorge between g and c and the elevation at which
the river must have began to cut for this channel above the
open channel at 00 ; the railroad cut and lastly the high drift
covered area between X and Y.

The section e shows especially the channel between HH
and K and the bold front presented to the river by the rock T
at a. Similar vertical fronts are presented by the rocks
H and S.

The river throughout its entire length in this gorge is flow-
ing on rock bottom.

Below Toboso, Plate IV, the gorge opens out into a large
basin shaped valley which narrows again at Claypole. The
canal leaves the river at Toboso and after passing down the
Licking valley to Nashport passes through a gap between the
rocky hills to the north and enters a great open valley which it
follows to the present Muskingum valley at Dresden.

Beyond Claypole the Licking valley again broadens some
what, but rapidly narrows below Irville. At the great curve
south of Irville, where the river turns southeast, the B. & O-
railroad has made a rock cut on the south side of the river and

OF DENISON UNIVERSITY. 43

on the north side there is a rock cliff i 50 feet high. This is the
narrowest place in the valley between Toboso and Zanesville,
but below this evident ancient col the valley of the Licking is
still very narrow. At Dillon's Falls, as well as at Toboso, the
river' is running on a rocky floor. It is barely possible that at
the Falls there may be a deeper valley to one side, but a rather
hasty examination revealed no evidence of such a channel.

These considerations make it very evident that the present
Licking river could not have been the line of drainage for the
ancient basin at Newark, but must be considered as postglacial.

4. Evidence of a Buried Channel North of the Present

Licking River.

The great width of that portion of the Licking valley im-
mediately east of Newark and the suddenness with which the
river leaves this open valley is very suggestive as to its eastern
continuation.

The line of Waverly hills capped with carboniferous sand-
stone, which form the northern wall of this broad valley, and
over which the drift accumulations which fill that portion of the val-
ley were evidently poured, can be traced as an unbroken ridge to
the east along the line indicated by the heavy dotted line in Plate
IV. It is divided north of Hanover by Rocky Fork Creek and
north of Frazersburg by Wakalomaka Creek, both small streams
with narrow V shaped valleys. Where Rocky Fork breaks
through this line of hills it emerges onto a great plain which ex-
tends unbroken, but gradually ascending, in the direction of
Newark, After crossing this plain it enters a narrow gorge at
Hanover which it traverses for about one half mile and then
emerges onto the flood plain of the Licking River. On the east
side of the stream between the hills on the north and the Hanover
gorge, there is a great drift accumulation, Plate IV, D, which
presents a steep front to the west and rises 150 teet above the
stream or 971 feet A. T. To the east of D the drift is not quite
so high for a short distance and then about midway between D

44 BULLETIN OF THE LABORATORIES

and M the P. C. & St. L. Railroad has made a cut into the drift,
at the point indicated by the heavy dotted area on the map, 75
feet deep. At M the rocky hills are about two miles apart and
the valley plain between is so low and marshy that it is with
difficulty drained into the Wakalomaka creek.

Just beyond Hanover the railroad has made a rock cut 60
feet deep through a spur of the rocky mass S while a well sunk
100 yards to the north revealed the fact that with that much de-
viation no rock would have been encountered.

At w about one mile east of Hanover and only a short dis-
tance into the valley from the rocky hill S a well sunk 218 feet
passed through sand, gravel and clay but did not strike the
rock. It is very probable that the rock floor is much deeper
midway between the hills. The bottom of thp well extends
about 150 feet below the present level of the Muskingum at
Dresden. As rock was not reached the greatest depth of the
floor of the old valley is not known.

The drift is composed largely of sand and gravel deposited
in broad sheets and as it is near the margin of the glaciated area
it seems quite reasonable to suppose that the western edge of
this deposit between the hills at Hanover represents the po'sition
of the ice front and that the deposit was made from the glacial
waters flowing east along the broad valley, and extended only
to the swamp land. Other facts also locate the limit of the
ice sheet very close to this point.

East of the swampy area M and Frazersburg there ex-
tends a broad valley two miles wide bordered with gently slop-
ing hill sides and with almost a level flood plain over which the
very small stream Wakalomaka creek meanders with a very slug-
gish current to join the Muskingum at Dresden. Between this
old valley and the present Licking river there are three low
gaps. Through the eastern one the canal finds its exit. The
conclusion early arrived at was that this ancient valley was that
of the preglacial Licking. This was based on the general but

OF DENISON UNIVERSITY. 45

erroneous statements that the Muskingum valley was one of the
largest and embraced the richest farming lands in the state.

5. The Present Muskingum Valley.

The Muskingum River formed at Coshocton, Plate III, by
the confluence of the Walhonding and the Tuscarawas, flows a
little west of south to Zanesville and then a little east of south
to the Ohio River, at Marietta. It receives two large streams
as tributaries, Willis Creek on the east which rises within 20
miles of the Ohio River and flows with a very sluggish current
north and west entering the Muskingum a little below Coshoc-
ton, its general direction being parallel but its flow in the op-
posite direction to that of the Muskingum. The other large
tributary is the Licking River which enters from the west at
Zanesville through its post-glacial channel. The upper Mus-
kingum Valley at Coshocton is about one and a half to two
miles wide and is bounded by hills with a slope of about 25
degrees. A view from Reservoir Hill one mile east of the city
shows at a glance that the Tuscarawas is the main axis of drain-
age and that the Walhonding is a tributary which enters the
broad axial valley as a comparatively narrow one. Well bor-
ings along the Muskingum and Tuscarawas at Canal Dover and
other points show a drift filling of 150 to 200 feet.^ This val-
ley retains its general form and width as it passes south.

At Dresden the Muskingum River leaves the broad valley
at almost a right angle and enters a very much narrower one.
Below Dresden at Rock Cut and at Ellis this valley is very nar-
row and is bounded by precipitous walls of Carboniferous rock.

At Zanesville the valley is so narrow that the city is built
upon the hills on each side and the river runs on a rocky floor.
The valley to the south never broadens again to equal that of
its upper portion, its average width being about one quarter of
a mile. At Duncans Falls the river is on a rocky floor. At

^Geological Survey, Vol. I, page 36.

46 BULLETIN OF THE LABORATORIES

Blue Rock the valley becomes a veritable gorge and it is with
difficulty that the railroad has constructed its roadbed. There
are many characters which make it evident that an old col oc-
curs at this point.

At McConnelsville the bluffs facing the river rise almost
vertically 3 50 feet, 1 104 feet A. T. The valley is about one quarter
of a mile wide and the river is running on a rock bottom. The
river here is only 65 feet below its level at Coshocton while it is
nearly loo feet above the bottom of the well in the ancient val-
ley at Hanover. The general rock surface as represented by
the adjacent table lands is at least 481 feet above the rock floor
of the valley at Coshocton.

It thus becomes evident that the preglacial drainage of the
the Tuscarawas and upper Muskingum was not south along its
present course below Dresden. The fact that the general rock
surface of the country rises as we pass to the south shows that
this drainage line has cut its way into this plain by cutting down
the margin of a basin.

At Dresden the hills rise 300 feet above the river and give
a beautiful view of the broad valley of the Muskingum above
that portion of the Muskingum so noted for its rich farms that
its reputation has extended to the whole Muskingum, and has
left the general but erroneous impression that the valley of the
Muskingum was of this broad and open character throughout
its entire length. The view from these same hills shows the
broad preglacial valley passing on to the west, a continuation of
that of the Muskingum, no less rich in its broad acres of bottom
land, but one looks in vain for the river which should occupy
it. There is seen coming in from the west the small stream,
Wakalomaka creek, of insignificant dimensions compared to
this great valley. Following up this creek to the west, to a
mile beyond Frazeysburg, it turns squarely to the north and
enters the hills. Following along the line of the P. C. & St.
L. Railroad for a few miles beyond the swamp M, there is pre-
sented now a heavy grade and then a great cut into the heap of

OF DENISON UNIVERSITY. 47

drift deposit already referred to. This cut is a mile or so in
length and of varying depths until at Hanover the railroad again
emerges into the open valley which continued west to Newark.

6. The Course of the Preglacial Muskingum.

The facts already given indicate that preglacial drainage of
the upper Muskingum and Tuscarawas valleys, with a depth of
150 feet below the present streams, was through the preglacial
Muskingum channel past the morainic dam at Hanover, which
has a valley depth at least 150 feet below the Muskingum at
Dresden, into the Licking system at Newark, with a valley
depth of over 300 feet below the present river. North and
west from Newark the valleys are all rock bound and the
streams rise in rocky table lands. East, the present Licking
river is flowing in a postglacial channel. South, the county is flat
and covered with a lacustrine deposit. The divide between the
present South Fork of the Licking and the Scioto basin near
the Licking Reservoir is about 150 feet above Newark but no
rock is exposed in this region. The line of rocky hills extends
south from Newark and passes east of the Reservoir and then
bends west towards Lancaster.

Gas wells at Thurston and Basil show a depth of drift of
over 335 feet. This would make the rock floor in this direction
at least 300 feet below the present river drainage at Newark or
584 feet A. T. West of Thurston extends the great drift plain
of the Scioto valley and no rock is known in this direction.

This, then, must be considered the direction of outflow for
the preglacial basins of the present Licking and Muskingum
rivers. Beyond Newark this old valley made a bend to the
south and west and entered the Scioto system south of Colum-
bus.

7. Probable Causes which Produced the Changes in the
Drainage of the Muskingum and Licking Rivers.

In order to find any satisfactory explanation for the com-
plicated topography of the Licking and Muskingum basins the

48 BULLETIN OF THE LABORATORIES

whole succession of events accompanying the first advance and
final recession of the ice sheet of the Quaternary must be taken
into the account ; not only the general and widespread results
of glacial action but also the local and minor effects produced
along the margin and under local portions of the ice lobes. As
this region is just on the border line between the glaciated and
drift covered portion of the state and the nonglaciated area it
would be expected that the minutest detail of glacial action
would here be preserved and presented to the best advantage.
As it is not intended in this paper to discuss the question as to
the particular time in the glacial period when these changes took
place no attempt is made to distinguish between the first and
second invasion of the ice sheet or to correlate in any way the
relations of the drift deposits but only to show the effects of these
deposits and the ice sheet itself in modifying the drainage lines.
As our investigations began with the study of the Licking Nar-
rows we will first offer an explanation for that particular
region.

During the maximum period of ice invasion the east-
ern border of that sheet which covered central and western
Ohio presented a front running north and south through Knox,
Licking and Perry Counties nearly coincident with the heavy
dotted line on Plate III which represents the line of hills bor-
dering the interior drainage basin. This same range of hills is
shown along the North and South Forks of the Licking at the
left hand margin of Plate IV. It is evident that when the ice
occupied this position it formed a very effectual dam across the
preglacial Muskingum valley at Newark. There were two
streams draining into this valley from the south, one along the
lower course of the Licking below Nashport which emptied into
the Muskingum through the gap now occupied by the canal.
The other, probably a much larger stream and one which reached
farther to the south entered at Dresden.

When the valley was dammed up at Newark the waters of
the Muskingum, which was greatly increased in size by addi-

OF DENISON UNIVERSITY. 49

tions to its upper sources with probably a vast river from the
ice sheet itself, found an outlet to the south through the gaps
between the rocky islands represented on Plate IV down the re-
versed lower Licking and Muskingum. As the valley of the
Muskingum was larger than that of the Licking it carried the
main volume of the stream and attained the greatest depth.
On account of the wall of drift at the Hanover dam, D, and the
stratified deposit filling the valley it has been suggested that
a lobe of the ice extended into the valley to this point and the
material was deposited from the water flowing from the ice and
as it was partially back water it formed a delta-like deposit
which only extended to the marshy area, M, back of this dam.
Where there was a current between the gaps this deposit was
not so deep, as is indicated by the lighter shaded portion.

As already stated the watershed between the South Fork
of the Licking and the Scioto basin which extends west along
the county line, Plate III, is composed of morainic material.
After the retreat of the ice the Licking basin was closed and as
the waters rose in Lake Licking before they reached the level of
the top of the Reservoir dam or of the Hanover dam, they
reached a low col in the divide a little south of Hanover. The
position of this col is represented by the present Licking Nar-
rows. Its exact position was probably at the point represented
by c at the extreme left of Plates I and II.

On each side of this low divide there was a ravine cut into
the Waverly conglomerate. As the water rose over the divide
and began to cut it down, the gorge produced by this cutting
to the west of the point c conformed exactly to the pre-exist-
ing ravine running in that direction as this ravine would repre-
sent continuously the lowest point in the divide ; hence we find
the upper part of the present gorge showing no marked changes
in its position.

The ravine on the down slope towards the east, how-
ever, whose outline is represented on Plate I by the dotted line
and on Plate II by the crossed line, fared quite differently. A

50 BULLETIN OF THE LABORATORIES

large volume of water suddenly attempted to occupy a small
ravine. The result was that the first curvature was greatly in-
creased and a great undercut made at X, Deflected from this
point it struck the opposite or left bank of the ravine at M and
as it cut farther back into the great curve at OO it also cut
deeper and a small remnant of the left bank of the original ra-
vine was left at M. The outline of this channel is represented by
the broken line.

After making the curve at 00 where considerable un-
dercutting is also shown, the waters took a straight shoot south
into the old ravine again. At the south end, at YY, the old ra-
vine, as shown by the dotted lines, made another sharp curve
similar to the one at G, and passed north between S and T to an-
other curve at HH, thus making the next loop of the sigmoid
which passed southeast through the point u. Since the rush
of glacial waters was not able to make the short turn at YY and
since the original surface level was lower than at H, they broke
over the divide and made a new cross channel tending northeast
in the direction Z u and choked up the old ravine between S
and T with sediment. As the lower level was reached and- the
velocity checked the lower courses of the intersected ravine
were filled up with material cut from the gorge above. Evi-
dence of these buried channels is found in many wells in the
village of Toboso just south of the river dam which is across
the present river at F.

There yet remains the great question, why the river ever
left this second channel which it had cut out to such a great
depth and made a new one for itself straight across the rocky
barriers at gc, HS, and KT. If these were at the ends of the
loops or if the old channel was anywhere obstructed with drift
the explanation would be more simple. As it is there seems to
be but one solution to the problem to suggest and we believe
the facts very strongly support it. This region is just
on the eastern border of the Scioto lobe of the ice sheet.
No glacial till is reported south or east of this point in Ohio.

OF DENISON UNIVERSITY.

5?

Does it not seem reasonable then to believe that the great ice
front or a local spur of it extended to this point and presented
a front along a line represented by the north bank of the river
in the line of L, m, g, n, H, K, and F, and remained there
long enough for the river waters deflected at X to strike this ice
barrier at L, m and, deflected along its front to cut through the
narrow and jointed rocky spurs at KT, then at HS and last at
g c? If this is true it will serve as a point in evidence of the
probability of ice dams and a point to fix a limit to the ice sheet
itself

After passing this gorge the Licking waters found a lower
channel along their present course than through the canal gap
to the Muskingum at Dresden.

8. Relation of the Preglacial Muskingum Drainage to
THE Other Drainage Systems of the State.

The recent article by Prof T. C. Chamberlin and F. Lev-
erett on "Drainage Features of the Upper Ohio Basin." Art.
XXIV in the April issue of "The American Journal of Science,"
presents many facts which have a much wider application than
the immediate territory considered. If the conclusions reached
in that paper are in the main correct and accumulating evidence
seems to point with certain finger in that direction, the question
naturally arises : What of the lower Ohio river basin ?

If the waters of the Allegheny and Monongahela, with
their tributaries should be subtracted from those of the present
Ohio the latter would be reduced to about half its present volume.
The stream would then be small in comparison with the size of
its gorge.

The principal tributaries along the Ohio State boundary,
which we will designate as the middle Ohio basin would then be
the Muskingum, Hocking, Scioto and Miami on the north and
and the Kanawha, Big Sandy, and Licking (Kentucky) on the
south. These streams represent a hydrographic basin but a
little larger than that of the upper basin. If the influence of

52 BULLETIN OF THE LABORATORIES

the ice sheet was great enough to deflect the drainage to the
north into the upper basin of the Ohio and cause the cutting
down of the cols illustrated in the article referred to, while the
ice itself only invaded a small part of the basin, may we not
look for some similar modifications in the middle or Ohio por-
tion of this great river system ?

As the tributaries of the Ohio on the north were more like-
ly to be modified by the ice invasion, these will be considered in
their order below the col at New Martinsville which, according
to Profs. Chamberlin and Leverett formed the preglacial divide
between the upper and middle Ohio basins.

The first large tributary, the Muskingum, as has already
been shown certainly did not discharge its waters into the Ohio
river at its present location. The sluggish current of Willis
Creek, the eastern tributary of the Muskingum is probably due
to the filling up of the valley at its mouth. It is probable that
the present lower Muskingum was represented in preglacial time
by a stream corresponding in the direction of its flow to this
creek and was appropriated by the modified glacial and postgla-
cial systems.

9. The Hocking River and its Tributaries.

The Hocking river has its rise on the southern border por-
tion of the great drift plain of the Scioto Valley, but instead of
delivering its waters into that system it flows to the southeast
and enters the hill country of Fairfield and Hocking counties in
a narrow gorge somewhat similar to that of the Licking, and
continues to the Ohio in a narrow valley evidently modified by
glacial influences. A number of the upper tributaries of
the Hocking present the same phenomena of narrow rock
gorges where they leave the upper drift plain, which would natur-
ally drain into the Scioto system, and break through the high
divide to the Ohio river. These must evidently be considered
the channels of glacial rivers from the Scioto lobe of the ice
sheet.

of denison university. 53

10. The Scioto River ; Characters of its Upper and

Lower Portions.

The Scioto river rises near the northern watershed of the
state north of the Bellefontaine highland in Auglaize county,
flows east through Hardin into Marion county and then turns
south through Delaware, Franklin, Pickaway, Ross, Pike and
Scioto counties. The basin of the Scioto is generally low and
comparatively level. ^ It has been suggested that the Ohio
shales, Plate V, No. 8, are much softer than the other mem-
bers of the Ohio scale and that they have let down under the
influence of disintegrating and eroding agents and have thus
determined the lines of drainage and especially that of the Sci-
oto system. If this is true it would seem as though it ought to
hold for the southern part of the state as well as the northern
and middle portions. The hills of the western portion of Ross,
Pike, and Scioto counties rise iioo to 1200 feet A. T. , while
the Scioto river leaves the limits of the Ohio shales near Chilli-
cothe and enters the Waverly formation, Plate V, No. 9, and
follows its outcrop to the Ohio river, while the Waverly and
the outcrop of the Berea grit has been considered one of the
most resisting series, and in evidence of that it has been noted
that its outcrop has determined the watershed between the Mus-
kingum and Scioto systems and is represented by almost a
straight north and south line. The Scioto, however, as stated,
leaves the region of the Ohio shales and enters that of the
Waverly.

The number of large streams, notably the Whetstone,
Alum Creek, Big Walnut and Big Darby, which flow for many
miles almost parallel to the Scioto before joining it and all ex-
cept the Big Darby, without rocky axes separating tlieir chan-
nels, seems to indicate that their courses have been determined

^The watershed separating the hydrographic basins of the southern sys-
tems of the state are represented on Plate V by the heavy broken lines.

54 BULLETIN OF THE LABORATORIES

by other than structural factors. Naturally we turn to the great
Scioto lobe of the ice sheet for the explanation.

Considering now the fact that the whole Muskingum basin
was, previous to the ice age, a tributary to this system, or rather
that the upper course of the Scioto must be counted as a tribu-
tary, for the Muskingum basin is very much larger than the
Scioto basin and forms the principal source of water supply,
the lower course of the present Scioto, provided it was the out-
let of this early drainage, should have a valley of larger size
and of corresponding form, width and depth to that of its upper
portion ; of form and width because excavated in the same
rocks and almost certainly under similar conditions ; of greater
depth in order to drain the basin ; of larger size because the val-
ley should increase in size towards its mouth.

At Chillicothe where the Scioto makes a bend to the east
it enters the Waverly and Carboniferous hills as a valley about
two miles wide with hills rising 300 to 500 feet on each side.
This valley grows narrower to the south until at County Bridge
it is about one-eighth of a mile wide with high, steep faced
rocky hills on each side. In many places the side hills present
vertical cliffs. At Higby the valley is again very narrow, and
also at Piketon where the Scioto Valley R. R. is cut from the
rocky bank next the river and the river is at least for part of its
width running on rock bottom. South to the Ohio at Ports-
mouth the average width of the Scioto valley is about one half
mile, presenting broad and open places where it receives tribu-
taries of greater or less size and then narrowing again. Thus
making it very evident that there is a great disproportion be-
tween the size of the valley and the stream occupying it. Un-
like the disproportion referred to in the valley at Frazersburg
where the small Wakalomaka creek occupies the old Musking-
um valley, here the river is too large for the valley and the evi-
dence is all against this being the preglacial outlet of the great
interior basin of the Muskingum and Scioto. Here also as in
case of the Muskingum and Hocking the general surface of the

OF DENISON UNIVERSITY. 55

country, probably representing the slope of the elevated Creta-
ceous base level, rises as we pass to the south and the Scioto is
flowing in the direction opposite to that of the general slope.

II. The Miami Drainage Channels and the Character
OF the Topography of that Region.

The Great Miami as has been shown by Dr. Orton and
others is flowing in a postglacial channel. The Little Miami
presents another example of a small stream occupying a large
valley. From Dr. Orton 's work it would appear that this was
the preglacial valley of the Mad river which has its rise in the
Bellefontaine high land and is now deflected into the Great Mi-
ami. Mill creek also occupies an old channel. The exact cor-
relation of these old channels in the neighborhood of Cincinnati
is not satisfactorily determined. This much is evident, that
the valley of the Little Miami presents the characteristics of the
oldest of all the channels and if the drainage of the interior
basin reached the Ohio river in this vicinity it must have been
along this line. If the test of size and form is applied to this
channel it does not seem to be a fit outlet to such a- great basin
and other facts are also opposed to such a course.

From the Ohio river at Portsmouth, Plate V, the water-
shed between the Scioto basin and the drainage systems of the
western portion of the state, runs west parallel to the Ohio into
Adams County, then north between Pike and Highland, west
through Highland to near Hillsboro, H, then almost due north
to the Bellefontaine highlands, B. As far as has been determined
this watershed presents an unkroken rocky axis from Ports-
mouth to a point between Springfield and London. From this
point north to the rock elevation at Bellefontaine the drift cov-
ers the rocky floor for many miles. It becomes evident, then,
that the line of preglacial drainage which will be called pregla-
cial Muskingum drainage must have been deflected to the north-
west at least as far as Springfield. The country traversed by
this supposed channel is buried with drift in most places to an

56 BULLETIN OF THE LABORATORIES

unknown depth, and presents a great level drift plain. Rock
is not exposed at any point along this line. At London, L,
the drift is at least 250 feet deep, making the rock floor there
about 700 feet A. T. ; at Urbana about 870 feet A. T.

The great valley of the Mad river at Urbana has been described
by Prof. Moses^ as a great basin. It is apparently rock bound on
the south and north and drift bound east and west. The drift to
the west is piled up to a great depth, being probably the deepest
drift in the world. A gas well at St. Paris, Champaign County,
penetrated 530 feet of drift. ^ This did not reveal the rock floor
so that it is not known how much deeper the filling extends but
this would show that it is certainly not more than 650 feet
A. T. or 210 feet above the Ohio at Cincinnati while the pres-
sent Mad River at Urbana is abont 1000 feet A. T. and has
about 560 feet fall to the Ohio.

Neglecting the drift then, the general rock surface of the
country rises towards the south onto the tablelands of
Hamilton County to an elevation of about 1000 feet A. T.
This would give a fall of at least 350 feet from the tablelands
at Cincinnati to the rock floor at St. Paris, thus showing that
all the Miami drainage is, like the other rivers of southern Ohio
already referred to, up the general slope of the rock surface.
This could be accomplished by a gradual rise of the land at the
mouth equal to the rate of river erosion or by cutting down the
margin of a basin. We have no evidence of such an uplift at this
time hence we conclude that it was due to the latter cause. But
however that may be, there appears to be no evidence of a val-
ley of the size and form and depth required to carry the pre-
glacial Muskingum drainage into the Ohio river at any point at
or above Cincinnati.

12. Evidence of a Buried Channel to the North West.
Gas wells which penetrate the drift to the west and north-

^Proceedings of the Central Ohio Scientific Association Vol. I, Pt. i.
^Ohio Geological Survey Vol. VI, Page 276.

OF DENISON UNIVERSITY. 57

west of the St. Paris channel reveal the fact that the rock floor
in this direction is very low and as stated by Dr. Orton, "It is
obvious that there are possibilities of broad and deep contin-
uous waterways throughout this region."^ This line of evidence
would indicate that the preglacial Muskingum drainage found its
outlet from the state through Auglaize and Mercer counties
into Indiana. Many wells in the latter state give evidence of
the continued low level of the rock floor in that direction.

13. The Southern Tributaries of the Ohio River.

The rivers which enter the Ohio from the south within the
limits under consideration all flow from their mountain sources
in a direction corresponding to the general slope of the elevated
Cretaceous base level and they seem to have taken those courses
in consequence of the slope given by the Tertiary uplift entirely
independent of the underlying rock structure. As they ap-
proach the Ohio their present channels are deep precipitous
gorges cut out of the tableland down to the level of the Ohio
river.

14. Character of the Ohio River Gorge.

It has been suggested by many wTiters that the gorge of
the Ohio in itself presents many characters which would indi-
cate its recent age. Its precipitous walls of limestone, shales
and sandstones testify to the fact that they have not been ex-
posed to the action of disintegrating forces for any great length
of time. The overhanging cliffs opposite Portsmouth in the
Waverly freestone and shales resemble in no way the old valley
forms of the central district. The limestone cliffs around and
below Cincinnati on both sides of the river are not especially
resisting to disintegrating forces but rather manifest opposite
characteristics and yet the upper angles of these cliffs have not
rounded to any considerable degree. This portion of the gorge
from Cincinnati to the mouth of the Great Miami is postgla-

'Ohio Geological Survey. Vol. VI, Page 776.

58 BULLETIN OF THE LABORATORIES

cial as is shown by the work of Prof. J, F. James, but it does not
present characters different from many other portions of the Ohio
gorge. Again it is evident from a study of the great uphfted
Tertiary peneplane that its general slope is to the northwest and
that it extends beyond the present position of the Ohio river.
To put it in another way the Ohio river has cut out its channel
across this side hill.

15. Conclusions and Theoretical Considerations.

In conclusion the following suggestions are offered as ex-
pressing the probable condition of the preglacial drainage of the
upper eastern portion of the Mississippi basin. The attempt
has been made on Plate V to partially represent by the red lines
the facts as worked out for the central Ohio region and the
course of the preglacial Muskingum. The upper Ohio basin is
also shown as given by Profs. Chamberlin and Leverett. The
question marks indicate doubtful and unexamined regions and
mere suggestions are there offered. An exact register is not
attempted but only the principal drainage lines are indicated.

If the considerations of L. G. Westgate^ are correct, that
the post-carboniferous drainage developed an axis, as he thinks,
in the direction of the present Ohio between the up-
lifted area and the northern crystallines which was retained
throughout the Cretaceous and Tertiary cycles, that axis of drain-
age must be looked for along the line of the axis of Lake Erie
and the deeply buried Maumee channel. The upper drainage
of the present Ohio basin was to the north into this Tertiary
Ohio river as described by Profs. Chamberlin and Leverett. An-
other line of drainage was represented by the Tuscarawas —
Muskingum through its preglacial channel past Newark bending
slightly to the south below Columbus then to the north in the
vicinity of London and Urbana, east of Sidney, then west into
Indiana to join the main axis which was flowing south west into
the Mississippi.

^American Geologist. Vol. XI, Page 245.

OF DENISON UNIVERSITY. 59

This preglacial Muskingum drainage received a tributary
from the south along the hne of the lower postglacial Muskin-
gum gorge comprising probably the waters of the Little Kanah-
wa region or possibly the latter may have continued up the
valley of the Hocking.

Another tributary entered from the south along the lower
Scioto, a continuation of the Big Sandy. The present Ohio ap-
propriated a part of this stream from the point of the Ohio at
South Point to Portsmouth. Possibly another tributary en-
tered from the Miami region made up from the present Licking
of Kentucky and a small stream represented in position by a
part of the Ohio above Cincinnati or possibly this drainage set
farther to the west and did not enter the preglacial Muskingum.
How much further down the Ohio this plan of northern drain-
age can be applied is not known. The upper eastern Mississippi
basin then before the ice invasion consisted of a great river sys-
tem with its axis corresponding in general with the axis of Lakes
Erie and Ontario. It received a great tributary from the south,
the preglacial Muskingum and one from the north through Lake
Huron. Both of which would form a gradually converging sys-
tem to the axial valley.

If we were to speculate on the action of the ice sheet in
reconstructing this preglacial drainage into that of the present,
in a few words it would be about as follows. The great lobes
of the glacier conformed largely to the great axes of drainage,
one along the axis of Lake Huron, another along that of Lake
Erie. As the latter advanced with its load of drilt which it was
continuously depositing in front of itself it filled up its own
drainage line with the accumulations represented in^Indiana, and
also blocked the outlet of the preglacial Muskingum so that the
waters were backed up until they crossed a col to the south in
the vicinty of Cincinnati or possibly at Hamilton. Finally a
great arm of ice extended south into the Miami and Scioto lobes
which produced respectively the great St. Paris accumulation
west of the Mad river Urbana basin and the other the drift wall

6o BULLETIN OF THE LABORATORIES

to the east of this basin. The Scioto lobe found the Ohio
shales of the northern watershed a rock easy to erode and so
a great low place was ground out of the watershed between the
preglacial Muskingum and the main drainage axis to the north,
in the region of Marion county. This material was carried to
the south and filled up to its present level the great valley of the
preglacial Muskingum. Its southward movement was checked
by the high hills of the southern bank of this valley, only the
low outliers being covered with drift and buried out of sight.
To the west the ice extended somewhat over these hills and
crossed the present Ohio above Cincinnati causing the deflection
and the cutting of the new gorge below the city which was also
subsequently invaded. The Scioto lobe on its eastern margin
heaped up the drift on which the Licking reservoir is located
and thus again dammed the old Muskingum channel. Its last
lateral and eastern expression is found in the Hanover dam.

While the ice stood at its maximum great rivers of glacial
waters were poured off of the ice sheet, which backed the
waters up in all the southern tributaries of the preglacial Mus-
kingum, and the great waters set to the west cutting down one
after another of the cols separating these southern basins, and the
positions of the lowest gaps were probably represented by
nearly the present position of the Ohio river. As these were
cut through and the Ohio developed in this region, the same
thing was happening in its upper basin. As the channel deep-
ened great rivers from the melting ice developed the channels of
the present Muskingum, Hocking, Scioto and the numerous
channels in the Miami region by reversed currents. After the
retreat of the ice these channels were cut of sufficient depth and
the dams at Hanover, the Licking Reservoir, Urbana and
St. Paris were of sufficient height so that there could be no re-
turn to the preglacial systems. The drift accumulations were
so great in the main axial valleys that with the probable as-
sistance of some differential movements the whole upper drain-

OF DENISON UNIVERSITY. 6 1

age of what I have termed the Tertiary Ohio river was deflected
to the east and the St. Lawrence system developed.

We can not close without noting the relation of the restored
drainage of Ohio to the underlying rock structure. It becomes
very apparent that the present correspondence between the drain-
age lines of Ohio and the strike of the strata is not related as
cause and effect. Such impressions have been gained by a
study of the geological map but the field observations do not
sustain such an opinion. A glance at Plate V will show that
the preglacial drainage is almost directly across the strike line.
In fact if we do not consider this restored drainage the position of
the present Ohio river is evidently across the strike and the case
already noted of the Scioto passing from the Ohio shales into
the Waverly at ChilHcothe makes us believe that monoclinal val-
leys are foreign to this region and that differential movements
have determined the great drainage systems which have subse-
quently been modified by glacial action.

The present condition of our investigations leaves many
questions to be answered for which further field work must
be done. This article is only offered as a beginning in the
work.

62 BULLETIN OF THE LABORATORIES

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES.

Plate I.

Map of the Licking Narrows. The heavy shaded lines indicate the escarp-
ment outcrop of the Waverly or Logan conglomerate. The dotted lines indi-
cate the course of the preglacial ravine. The heavy broken line shows the
course of the glacial gorge. The shaded portions represent the present river
channel and adjacent ponds. The figures on the contour lines indicate the ele-
vation in feet above the river.

Plate II,

Presents five sections taken in the region of the Licking Narrows along
the lines indicated on the map, Plate I, and in the same relative positions, thus
making it possible to indicate the lines of the old and new channels.

Plate III.

Map of the Licking and portions of the Muskingum and Scioto drainage.
The dotted area represents the drift covered district. The heavy broken lines
indicate the lines of rocky hills and valley widths.

Wakalomaka creek should read Wakatomaka creek.

Plate IV.

Map of portions of the Licking and Muskingum rivers in Licking and Mus-
kingum counties. The dotted portions represent the drift, D, Morainic dam,
W, well, M, low marshy land. The heavy broken line represents the position
of the rocky hills and valley widths.

Wakalomaka creek should read Wakatomaka creek.

Plate V.

Map of Ohio and surrounding region representing in black the political
boundaries and present river courses, also the geological scale. The
heavy dotted lines indicate the positions of the present watersheds. The esti-
mated preglacial drainage is indicated in red. The question marks indicate
that the region has not been investigated by the author with sufficient thor.
oughness to enable him to speak positively.

Plate A (VI).

The right hand figure shows the Phallus. The left hand figure is a vertical
median section of the same. A. Pileus. B. Indusium or Veil. C. Stipe. D.
Volva. E. Mycelium. F. Inner wall of Volva. G. Outer wall of Volva. H,
Cup or support of the Stipe. This plate is reproduced from a photograph by
the author, by the Albertype Co., of New York.

Plate VII, (Seepages 25-26).

Plate VIII (See page 26).

Bulletin Sci. Lab. Denisor) Urjiversity.

Vol. Vll!,, Pan 2, PL)^TE

OEN'SON ENGRAVING OEPT.

W. G. TIGHT, OE'.

Bulletin Sci. Lab. Denisorj Ui^iversily.

Vol. VIII. , Part 2, PLi^TE II.
I

OENISON ENGRAVING DEPT.

W. G. TIGHT, DEL.

Bulletin Sci. Lab. Det^isotj Ut)iversity.

Vol. YllI, Pari 2, PLATE

Bulletin Sci. Lab. Deqisor) Ui)iversily.

Vol. Ylll, Part 2, PLATE IV.

;:.'i!

.1

a

'.■4

: ■:ii

Bulletin Sci. Lab. Deijisoij Urjiversity.

Vol. Vlll^ Part 2^ PLATE V.

Ill

; .;|t

:':'■;

Bulletin Sci. Lab. Denisorj University.

Vol. VIII, Part 2, PLATE A. (VI.)

Bullelin Sci. Lab. DerjisoQ Utjiversity.

Vol. YlII, Part 2, PLATE YH.

V 5

;;ii Bulletin Sci. Lab. Deijisoij Urjiversily.

Vol. VIII, Part 2, PLATE VII

■;iiJ
(ittf

BULI.KTIK

OF THE

Scientific Laboratories

OF

DENISON UNIVERSITY.

VOL. VI . PART I.

WITH SEVEN PLATES.

EDITED BY

W. G. TIGHT, M. S ,
Department of Geology and Natural History.

COKTEKTS :

PAGE

Editor's Statement 3

List of Universities, Societies, etc., with which the Bulletin Exchanges 4

Some Observations on the Crushing Effects of the Glacial Ice Sheet.

Plates A to D. W. G. Tight 12

Biological Notes upon Fiber, Gcomys and Erethyzon.

C. L. and C. Judson Herrick 15

Studies in the Topography of the Rodent Brain : Erethizon Dorsatus and

and Geomys Bursarius. Plates I to III. C. judson Herrick 26

Meteorological Observations at Granville 47

GRANVILLE, OHIO, MAY, 1891. \

\ -^.■.

/rr^■-^'t.;; -t:-

s^^sm

PUBUSHED MONTHLY.

COMMENCED JANUARY 1888.

V\i& f\ymncan ©eolo^i^t.

Sjibscription

ILLUSTRATED.

A Strictly Geological Journal.
Two volumes of 400 pages each, per year.

. $3.50 pe7^ Yeur.

EDITORS AND PROPRIETORS.

Samuel Calvin, Iowa City, Iowa.

Edward W. Clay pool, Akron, Ohio.

John Eyerman, Easton, Pa.
Persifor Fraz^ier, Philadelphia, Pa. Robert Hay, Junction City, Kansas.

Clarence L. Hcrrick, Ciftciiinati, O. Arthur Lakes, Crolden, Col.

Andrew C. Lawson, Ottowa, Ont. Edward O. Ulrich, Newport, Ky.

I. C. White, Morgantown, W. Va.

Newton H. Wiuchell, Minneapolis, Minn.

Published at Minneapolis, Minn.

Patent Foot Powe

VJ

I'll

Fo7- tJii' Adual Bus.
>L ,-. , / tlie. n'(>r/r

Outfits complete for Schools of
Industrial Traininor — with them a
Practical Journeyman's Trade, in
wood or metal, can be acquired.
Illustrated catalogue free.

W.F.&joliii Barnes

COMPANY,

ROCKIORO, TLL1^0I^,

479 Ruby

11,^-^0. BULLKTIN

OF THE

SGientific Laboratories

OF

DENISON UNIVERSITY.

VOL. VI. PART II.

WITH FIVE PLATES.

EDITED BY

W. G. TIGHT, M. S.,
Department of Geology and Natural History.

COKTKKTS :

PAGE

Notes upon the Cladocera, Copepoda, Ostracoda and Rotifera of Cincin-
nati, with Description of N«w Species. Plates I-II. C. H. Turner— 57

The Cerebrum and Olfactories of the Opossum, Didelphys mttk Virginica.

Plates A, Basd C. C. L. Herrick 75

GRANVILLE, OHIO, JANUARY, 1892.

j^mt

Denison University,

GRANVILLE, OHIO.

Has a beautiful and healthful location; a large and
able faculty, Classical, Scientific, Latin and Greek
Philosophical and English courses of study ; Prepara-
tory and Collegiate departments ; a well organized
Academy ; a number of Free Scholarships ; an excel-
lent working Library ; Laboratories and Workshop,
with steam lathes, and iron and wood-working ma-
chinery ; ample Chemical and Physical , Apparatus ;
special provision for advanced students 7 facilities for
original work in Science ; good buildings and pleasant
grounds; opportunities for self-help- to students.

Expenses Unusuallv Low.

Fall Term begins Thursday, Sept* inlM-r, i:,.yj.

For Catalogue 01 further information address,

L). H. PURINTON, /V.T.V/ /

BULLETIN

OF THE

JAiSi

Scientific Laboratories

OF

DENISON UNIVERSITY.

VOLUME VII.

VV4TH ONE MAI'.

EDITED HY

W. G. TIGHT, M. S.,
Department of Geology and Natural History

COKTEKTS :

PAGE.

Catalogue of the Phanerogams and Ferns of Licking County, Ohio.

By Herbeii L. Jones ' ^'^^-

GRANVILLE, OHIO, MARCH, 1892.

PUBLISHED MONTHLY.

COMMENCED JANUARY. 1888.

^l]e f\rmr\can ©eolo^i^t.

ILLUSTRATED.

A Strictly Geological Journal.
Two volumes of 400 pages each, per year,

S2cbscriptio7i ,

$3.50 per Year.

Sample Copies, 20 cents.

EDITORS AND PROPRIETORS.

Samuel Calvin, Iowa City, Iowa.

Edward VV. Claypole, Akron, Ohio.

John Eyerman, Easton, Pa.
Persifor Frazdcher. Philadelphia, Pa. I. B. Tyrrell, Ottawa, Ont.

Robert T. Hill, Washington, D. C. R. D. Salisbury, Madison, Wis.

Andrew C Lawson, Berksley, Cal. Edward O. Ulrich, Newport.-Ky.

I. C. White, Morgantown, W. Va.

Newton H. Winchell, Minneapolis, Minn.

Published at Minneapolis, Minn.

: JOHN SAsrmss, joszph tsipp, csis. s. lawbbhce,

Pres. <&» Treas. Vice Pres. &' Secretary.

jl Gen. Ma-nager.

FOR

^ ILLUSTRATIVE
AND ADVERTISINO
iURP©SES

f'^ffhl^Rrv Place®

Il,iil0

BULLKTIN

OF THE

Scientific Laboratories

OF

DENISON UNIVERSITY.

VOL. VI I L PART I.

WITH TWO PLATES.

EDITED BY

W. G. TIGHT, M.S.,
Department of Geology aj^d Natural History

CONTENTS.

I. Additional Notes on the Cladocera and Ostracoda of Cincinnati,
Ohio. I. Systematic portion, with description of New Species.
2. Late larval history of Cypris Herricki. 3. llyocryptus spinifer,
Herrick, not the same as llyocryptus Loiigiremus, Sars. With two

Plates. C. H. Turner p 1-18

II. The Eructavit, an Old French Paraphrase in verse of Psalm XLV.
George F. McKibben, A.M., Professor of the French and Ger-
man Languages 19-48

III. Lantern Slides without a Negative, W. G. Tight, Assistant Profes-
sor of Geology and Biology 49*5^

GRANVILLE, OHIO, MAY, 1893.

PUBLISHED MONTHLY. COMMENCED JANUARY, 1888.

ILLUSTRATED.

A Strictly Geological Journal.
Two volumes of 400 pages each, per year.

Subscription, . . . . $3-50 per Year.

Sample Copies, 20 cents.

EDITORS AND PROPRIETORS.

Samuel Calvin, Iowa City, Iowa.

Edward W. Claypole, Akron, Ohio.

John Eyerman, Easton, Pa.
Persifor Frazdcher, Philadelphia, Pa. I. B. Tyrrell, Ottawa, Ont.

Robert T. Hill, Washington, D. C. R. D. vSalisbury, Madison, Wis.

Andrew C. Lawson, Berksley, Cal. Edward O Ulrich, Newport, Ky.

I. C. White, Morgantown, W. Va.

Newton H. Winchell, Minneapolis, Minn.

Published at Minneapolis, Minn.

DENISON UNIVERSITY,

GRANVILLE, OHIO.

Has a beautiful and healthful location ; a large and able faculty,
Classical, Scientific, Latin, Greek, Philosophical and English courses
of study; Preparatory and Collegiate departments; a well organized
Academy; a number of Free Scholarships; an excellent working
Library ; Laboratories and Workshop, with steam lathes, and iron
wood-working machinery; ample Chemical and Physical Apparatus;
special provision for advanced students; facilities for original work in
Science; good buildings and pleasant grounds; opportunities for self-
help to students.

E22:pezises TTrL-uLS-ULaull^r I^qt^jt.

For Catalogue or further information address,

D. B. PURINTON, President,

Granville, Ohio.

OF THE

Scientific Laboratories

OF

DENISON UNIVERSITY.

VOL. VIII, PART II.

WITH EIGHT PLATES AND NINE CUTS.

EDITED BY

W. G. TIGHT, M.S.,

Department of Geology and Natural History.

CONTENTS.

I. Additions and Corrections to the Flora of Licking County,

Ohio. li. L. Jones, Instructor in Botany at Harvard 3-6

II. Notes from the Botanical Laboratory, (with 9 Figures and
I Plate,) W. G. Tight, Assistant Professor of Geology and
Natural History, Denison University 7-12

III. Notes on American Ostracoda, with Descriptions of New

Species, (with 2 Plates.) C. H. Turner, Professor of Biol-
ogy, Clark University, Georgia 13-26

IV. Electricity as a Laboratory Servant. A. D. Cole, Henry

Chisholm Professor of Chemistry and Physics, Denison
University 27-34

V. A Contribution to the Knowledge of the Preglacial Drainage
of Ohio, Part I, (with 5 Plates.) W. G. Tight, Assistant
Professor of Geology and Natural History, Denison Univer-
sity 35-63

GRANVILLE, OHIO, JUNE, 1894.

Commenced January, 1888. Two Volumes a Year

American Geologist

•^1894^

The Oldest Exclusively Geological Magazine Publislietl in America

IT IS NOT THE ORGAN OF ANY INSTITUTION, NOR OF ANY
SECTION OF THE COUNTRY, NOR OF ANY PARTY.

To Subscribers in the Ufiited States, Canada and Mexico $3 -So o. year

To other Subscribers in the Postal Union $4.00 a year

The numbers for 1888 will hereafter be sent to new subscribers for
$3.50, or bound in cloth for $4.50; those for 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892 and
1893 for $2.50 each, or bound for $3.50 each. New subscribers who re-
mit $20 will receive all back numbers and the subscription for 1894.
Fifty cents per year postage must be added to these rates for subscribers
not living in North America. If bound volumes are ordered the cost will
be $24.50, and the transportation must be paid by the subscriber. There
are two volumes in each year, each volume having over 400 pages.

)^^Sample Copies 20 cents.

THE GEOLOGICAL PUBLISHING CO.,
Minneapolis, Minn., U. S. A., Sept. 20, 1893.

THE JOURNAL

OF

©omparativ© l^eurolo^y

AN

Illustrated Magazine Published Quarterly.

DEVOTED TO THE

Comparatiye Study of tlie NeiTOUs System in All Its Aspects.

Reviews and digests of current literature and complete bibliographical

index every quarter. This department is rendered especially

attractive in the present volume by the introduction

of illustrated reviews.

Subscription, ..... $8.50 per Year.

EDITED BY

C L. HERRICK,
Professor in Biology in Denison University.

C. JUDSON HERRICK,

Fellow in Neurology, Denison University.

GRANVILLE, OHIO, U. S. A.

3 2044 106 21

Date Due

-^■^^ *m0*^

T^

■'f .-

WW r

^.