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J^BRARY
^W YORK

GARDEN

VOLUMES XII AND XIII

Table of Contents and Index

1915-1914

CONTENTS OF VOLUME XII.

Acacia Weevil Theodore Payne 40

Bath)t..ma. a new species P>'of. J. J. Rivers 29

Rrownea liylirida

California Woodpecker Dr. Anstruther Davidson 5

Jnnonia Coenia - William Schrader 30

Mustard Pest Dr. Anstruther Davidson 11

Nevin. Dr. Joseph C Fordyce Grinnell, .Jr. 42

"Oil Fly" of Southern California Prof. Calvin O. Bsterly 9

Swift. Lewis ^^

Transactions of the Academy - -2, 44

Tortoise-Shell Butterfly Fordyce Grinnell. Jr. 14

W. C. Wrio^ht Fordyce Grinnell. Jr. 19

Wasp. ATassaria A^espoides Dr. Anstruther Davidson 17

CONTENTS OF VOLUME XIII.

Animal Ancestry of Afan //. M. Bernelot Moens 31

A I arine AlgvT Andrezv C. IJfe 40

Rivers. James John Fordyce Grinnell. Jr. 16

Southern California Flora Dr. .-instrnther Da-c'idson 43

The ( )ldest Known Tree Dr. Anstruther Davidson 14

Tecate Cypress S. B. Parish 1 1

Temperature Fluctuations at Los Angeles Ford A. Carpenter 1

The Urea Rancho Human Skeleton Prof. John C. Merriani 27

Transactions of the Academv 1'^. 43

INDEX TO VOLUME XII.

Acacia Weevil 40

California Woodpecker ,. 5

Bathytoma clarkiana 29

Rrassica adpressa 11

B-rownea liybrida 12

Bruchus priiininus 40

Eugonia calif ornica 14

Junonia coenia ■ 30

Masara vespoides 17

"Oil fly"' : 9

Psilopa petrolei - 9

INDEX TO VOLUME XlII

Alisma plantago 44

Aphanisma blitoides 44

Arabis inamoena 43

Arabis davidsoni 43

Cnpressus goweniana 1 3

Cnpressns guadalupensis 13

Cupressus macnabiana 14

Cupressus sargenti — 13

Draba breweri 43

Egregia laevagata 44

Gilia breweri _ _ 43

Gilia stansburyii 43

Lepidium perfoliatum 44

Lilium kelleyanum 43

Macrocystis pyrifera 41

Nemacladus montaus 44

Nerocvstis gie'antea 41

Phacelia eisenii 43

Salix mackenziana - 43

Sherardia arvensis - 44

Sisymbrium altissimns 44

Styrax californica 44

Tecate cypress ^-

BULLETIN

OF THE

SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA
ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

LOS ANGELES. CALIFORNIA, U. S. A.
JANUARY, 1913

Vol. Xil. Los Angeles, Juouary, 1913. No. 1

BULLETIN

OF THE

Southern California Academy of Sciences

COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION:

Holdridge Ozrn Cdlliiis, IjIj. D., < 'Imiriiiaii.
Anstnithpi- Dinidsdii, CM., M. D. Arthuv ISuniett Benton. F.A.I. A

CONTENTS:

El Pajaro Leno or The California Wiuxliiecker .1

The ' ' Oil Fly ' ' of Southern California i)

Another Mustard Pest 11

' ' To Point a Moral and Adorn a Tale " 12

Notes on the Bionomics of Eugonia (Vanessa) ('alifornica 14

Masaria A^espoides 1 '

W. G. Wriglit 1 !^»

Transactions of tlie Aeadeniv 22

^outhcni Calif omtta ^cabmiig of ^dtntt^

(Pfficrrs anh Jltrectors, 1913-1914

WILLIAM A. SPALDING President

A.\8TRUTHER DAVIDSON First Vice-President

WILLIAM L. WATTS Second Vice-President

SAMUEL J. KEESE Treasjiirer

HOLDRIDGE OZRO COLLINS Secretary

Hector Alliot William II. Knight

Bernhard R. Baumgardt George W. Parsons

Arthur B. Benton Albert B. Ulrey

Sections of tl]!? JVcahemg

Astronomical ^ccttott

William IT. Knight, Chainnan Melville Dozier, Secretary

(Scologtcal Section

William L. Watts, Chairman George W. Parsons, Secretary

^iologtral ^Section

Clement A. Whiting. Cliairmaii C. H. Phinney. Secretary

Zoological Section

James Z. (iill)ert, <'liairman George W. Parsons. Secretary

Potauical Section

AnstrulliiM- Davidson, (iKiirnian

EL PAJARO LENO

OR

THE CALIFORNIA WOODPECKER ^^^ •

By Anstruther Davidson, M.D. aAR^Ki'^

' ' The woodpecker came from liis home in the tree
And brought his bill to the company
For cherries ripe and cherries red.
A very long bill so the birdies said."

Birds in general are wafted into this world equipped with
the weapons and tools nature deems sufficient for their main-
tenance. The inherited traits of their parents are uniformly
transmitted; they live, perpetuate their race, and die. Each
generation begins where the other began, toils on unremit-
tingly, and on dying leaves no nuiterial inheritance. The homes
the birds build perish, they transmit no {)roperty rights to
their successors, each individual in every generation is a hum-
ble toiler like its parent.

To this general law the woodpecker is an exception; he
is nature 's masterpiece among birds ; he inherits something
more than habit. He inherits, if not a livelihood, at least the
means whereby it may be more easily acquired. He inherits
a personal estate, an interest in the forest reserves that makes
him an aristocrat among l)irds.

Time was when the woodpecker had to labor assiduously
all the autumn, digging holes in the bark of the pines to con-
tain a store of acorns for winter use. Laborious work it must
have been so that between sharpening his beak and digging-
holes, he must have had little leisure or inclination to develop
the artistic side of his nature.

In Southern California the woodpecker digs no more holes,
for some of the trees to their topmost branches, 100 feet from
the earth, are literally freckled with acorn pits. All that the
woodpecker now needs to do is to put a nut into each hole in
the autumn and, when he feels like dining to go to the tree
and eat a few.

The luxury of being a "gold bug" is notbing to this; it
is almost like the rustic's idea of happiness "to swing on a
gate and eat bacon all day long."

The most common woodpecker in the coast ranges is the
Carpintero (Melanerpes formieiverus, Swainson,) a beautiful
bird, abundant where nuts are plentifvil, and not at all shy in
its habit. The wookpecker's habit of storing acorns for winter
use is not at all peculiar to himself even among birds. The
jays frequently do the same, but only as a casual piece of
thrift; the woodpeckers do it as a matter of business. Trees

5

beyond uuuiber have the bark literally honeycombed with holes,
not only on the smooth boles but up among the branches as
far as the eye can reach. In the meadows in the San Gabriel
^Mountains stand hundreds of trees whose bark is pitted almost
to the topmost branches. The broad thick plates of bark,
framed round with ragged fissures, are studded with holes,
sometimes as many as thirty to the square foot. The wood-
peckers prefer certain trees, why, it would be difficult to tell.
The boles of trees w^ith smooth bark are naturally preferred,
and those with fewest branches allow" freest digging.

This "winged carpenter" is an engaging fellow, unassum-
ing in his manner, silent in his movements, and gentlemanly
withal in his dark suit with magpie trimmings. You can
see him any time throughout the summer running along the
boles of the trees hunting for larvae beneath the bark, or you
can hear his monotonous tap, tap all through the summer
morning as he pecks his way through the bark to the grubs
beneath. The holes thus made are shallow conical depressions,
quite different from those made for the reception of nuts.
These last are from II/2 inches to 2 inches deep and are roughly
circular in outline but on section are wilder at the base than
at the outlet. With the ripening of the acorns in the autumn
the birds are busiest; their harvest has begun and will continue
until the nuts are all collected and safely lodged in the pits
prepared for them. In the pine belts the acorns gathered are
those of Kellog's oak. These the birds gather one by one,
seizing them by the larger end and forcing them into the hole,
the opening of which barely suffices for the insertion of the
nut. As the hole in the pine bark is a little longer than the
nut and of greatest width at its base, the nut falls slightly
sideways or is by a dexterous twist of the beak fixed obliquely
in a manner that makes it simply impossible to remove it by
ordinary means.

In the lower altitudes of the Coast Range, the woodpecker
has been compelled by force of natural circumstances to modify
his method of storing nuts. Here pine trees do not exist, only
oaks, either the live oak (Quercus agrifolia) or the white oak
(Q. lobata,) the latter from Encino northwards being in some
districts quite abundant. In utilizing the bark of the oak tree
for their acorn pits, the woodpeckers naturally prefer the de-
caying branches as they are easily worked, but these are
normally few so that the birds are compelled to form their
storehouses by digging in the bark as they do in the pines.
Both the live oaks and the white oaks already referred to
yield a large supply of nuts. The Avoodpecker naturally pre-
fers the produce of the white oak which is twice the s'ize of
the other and of a much sweeter taste, but the digging of
lioles for such large nuts is laborious work even for a wood-
pecker. The bark of the oak is hard and tough, and the holes
are in consequence smaller than those ol)served in tli«^ pine

trees, being almost invariably too small to hold the aeorns oi'
the white oak. The woodpecker then does the next best thing
and stores the aeorns of the live oak. These are about two
inches long, narrow and tapering, and in their diameter weli,
adapted to the holes they are intended for, but they are fre-
quently so long that they project above the bark in the manner
shown in the illustration, producing a cTunous effect as their
white-tipped ends intermittingly reflect the glare of the sun-
light streaming through the waving branches overhead. Why
the woodpeckers do not use the acorns of the little scrub oak
which in size are much more suited to the holes, I do not
know. To me they taste quite as good as those of the "agri-
folia," but the large species is preferred alike by the Indian
and the woodpecker, and these two are excellent judges of nuts.

On account of the hardness of the oak bark the crevices of
the surface or any other depression are at times utilized for
storing nuts. I found a white oak tree, evidently a favorite
with the birds, that was literally studded with acorns, the
crevices in the rough bark and the cavities in the broken off
branches were packed not with nuts but with the kernals. The
kernal of the nut when the shell is removed, splits into two or
three sharp-edged longitudinal sections*, and the Avoodpecker
after splitting the kernal into its natural sections, drives them
edge first into the crevices. To do this with the whole nut
would be almost impracticable, and if accomplished the nut
would l>e likely to be dislodged by the swaying of the tree.
This is an admiralile illustration of how a faculty for adapta-
tion to varied conditions may be but a poor provision for the
preservation of the race ; for the nuts so stored readily become
the prey of such nut-loving birds as the (juail, jay, and pigeon,
to say nothing of squirrels and chipmunks.

Two or more pairs of birds may be seen s-toring nuts in
the same tree and so long as each pair keeps to its own terri-
tory there is perfect harmony, but should one intrude on the
other's domain the watchful male with a shrill outcry i)ounces
on the invader and drives him away. The female, as usual,
does most of the work and the male sits on the trunk of the
tree and advises, incidentally driving away and pilfering in-
truders, for it must be confessed they sometimes steal each
others stores, and as for the blue jay he would steal, and
probably does steal all he can lay his beak on. The jay some-
times hoards acorns on his own account, and after the manner
of the woodpeckers, but his whole manner suggests that such
work is irksome and that stealing is a more congenial method
of acquiring food.

When the holes are duly filled the woodpecker has a store
of food that only rust or moth can corrupt. It is popularly
supposed that the woodpecker stores these nuts until they are
infected by larvae, but this like many other popular beliefs, is
only partially true. It is true that a large number of these

nuts do become infested with the larvae of a dark brown moth
about twice the size of an ordinary clothes moth. The larva
of this moth has a bluish white l)ody with a dark head; it is
very active in its movements and after ])oring its way through
the* shell it soon destroys the kernel of the nut. But these
caterpillars attack almost all nuts as soon as they are ripe so
their presence in those of the woodpecker's store may be con-
sidered merely accidental. Apart from this liability to infec-
tion by these larvae no situation more favorable for the preser-
vation of these nuts could possibly be chosen, and if the nuts
do become infected the larvae must prove as valuable a food
for the woodpecker as the nuts themselves.

How the woodpecker came to do this is one of the interest-
ing chapters in the story of evolution. In some far distant
epoch some woodpecker stored away some nuts in a hole and
when the winter came and all grain foods and insect life were
scarce, he fed on his concealed hoard and survived, while most
of his comrades perished. As years rolled on, the more severe
winters eliminated all those Avho failed to obtain food, while
those who had stored a winter supply increased till, in the
process of time, only such provident individuals survived.

It may reasonably ])e asked, why do not woodpeckers, like
the crow and some other birds, bury their nuts in the ground.
It Avould, primarily be a much easier process, and probably
the woodpecker's first attempt at a winter hoard was made
in this way. But such attempts were naturally failures even
if the nuts did not sprout, as the snow covered the ground at
times and would then prevent their exhumation. All these
dangers and a greater one are obviated by their present method
of storage. Sfpiirrels and chipmunks are particularly fond of
acorns and store them under ground for winter use. If the
woodpecker did likewise the squirrel would assuredly plunder
his winter hoard, but stored in the bark of a tree, the nuts are
absolutely safe from these depredators.

Squirrels and chipmunks though not carnivorous are in
reality the worst enemies of the woodpecker. From hawks and
birds of prey their natural abilities would save them, but in
the competitive struggle for existence against the scpiirrel and
chipmunk, only the acciuirement of this habit of storing nuts
in artificial pits in the bark of trees can have saved them from
extinction. There their store is saved from everything but the
tooth of Time. When hungry he has but to break open with
a few taps of his l)eak the base of the nut, its softest part,
extract the kernel, eat and be filled. Winter snows conceal
not his hoard; the blighting frosts destroy it not. The empty
shells shrivel with the returning springs, they fall out with the
swaying of the tree, or are removed prior to the lodging of
the succeeding winter stores; year after year the process is
repeated, generation after generation utilizes the inheritance
which their remote ancestor toiled to uuike perfect.

8

The "Oil Fly" of Southern California

By
Calvin 0. Esterly, Ph.D., Occidental College.

These insects are remarkable and unique in that the larvae
or maggots (often spoken of as "oil-worms") live in crude
petroleum. The fly is named Psilopa petrolei, and the larvae
may be found wherever there is exposed oil, though they seem
to be more abundant in puddles or where the oil covers boards
with a fairly thick coating. Psilopa lielongs to the family
Ephydridae, many of w^hose members are notable for breeding
in unusual places. Some of the genus Ephydra pass their
larval existence in such highly alkaline water as that of the
Great Salt Lake or Mono Lake.

Very little is known, apparently, about the habits of the
oil-flies outside the laboratory. It seems probable that the
eggs are not laid in the oil. I have been alile to discover only
tlu-ee eggs and these were in my laboratory on some oil-soaked,
but dry, leaves. It is hard to see how tlie oxygen necessary
for the processes of development could be obtained if the eggs
are laid directly in the petroleum. The larvae, certainly, can-
not live very long outside of the oil. They often crawd out of
the petroleum but soon l)ecome clean and then begin to curl
up, and grow motionless and somewhat dried out; they die in
twelve or flfteen hours if not returned to the oil.

The larvae may become completely submerged, but most
of them move about just under the surface of the oil, with
the tips of their air-tubes showing as minute points above
the surface film. Mr. Crawford has shown (Pomona Journal
of Entomology, Vol. 4, No. 2) that the i)rocesses which bear
the tracheal openings can be telescoped so that the spiracles
do not come in contact with the oil. It seems not to be known
how long the larvae can live wuthout access to air, but it is
likely that this protection of the air openings makes it possible
for them to exist for some time submerged in oil.

How animals living in such a medium get their food is
not definitely known, as yet. It is possible that the larvae
get nutrition from the oil by osmosis through the body wall.
It is clainu^d, on arguments that merit consideration, that many
small -marine organisms subsist on nutrient substances dis-
solved in the sea-water instead of on ingested food. Similar
conditions may obtain for the oil-maggots, though it must be
said that it does not seem very likely. Another suggestion,
made by Dr. Howard, is that the larvae feed on organic parti-
cles contained in the crude oil. I have seen the bodies of uu>ths
and caterpillars, caught in the oil, covered with maggots wliich
were doubtless actually eating. But so far as my observa-

9

tion goes there are very many more larvae than can be pro-
vided for by such means, and we are almost forced to con-
clude that there is some other way for them to get food. This
might be accomplished by swallowing the oil and digesting
the available food material. Crawford states that it is plain
that tliis is "the only way" for the animals to get nutriment.
I cannot state from observation that tlie maggots take oil into
the digestive tract. If they do, it is likely that they would
ingest some organic material, possibly juices derived from oil-
soaked plants or animals. C'raAvford suggests the probability
of the paraffine base of the natural oil serving as food.

I have reared pupae and imagos from larvae that were
kept in freshly pumped oil and in that passed through a Gooch
filter. Oil as" it issues from the pump probably does not con-
tain any foreign particles, nor extracted organic juices. The
filtered oil will doubtless be free from bits of organic matter, ■
l)ut not from organic juices if these are present at all. The
fact that larvae act normally in such media and undergo their
normal development does not, however, clear matters greatly.
The larvae experimented on may have been so old that they
would have pupated without further feeding, or they may
have posessed sufficient stored food to carry them through.
If larvae, kept from the very first in filtered or fresh-pumped
oil, were to pupate and produce adults, it could reasonably
be claimed that they eat the oil or get food from it in some
other way. The interest in this question makes it deserving
of careful study.

Crawford tells of keeping four larvae in a mixture of
petroleum and a consideral)le amount of white arsenic. One
maggot died in three days, the others lived for four days.
The experimenter feels that this shows the resistance of the
digestive epithelium to poisons, but it is to be suggested that
it may show equally well that the arsenated oil was not eaten,
though Crawford states that the animals "swam and fed"
as in pure oil. The same investigator kept larvae for four or
five days in mixtures of petroleum and such substances as
clove oil, b/enzine, cedar oil and turpentine. He found that
there was no ill effect so long as the mixture was tliick enough
to support the animals and keep the spiracles above the sur-
face. This opens the possibility of keeping maggots in media
like syrup or gum arabic solution, in the endeavor to dis-
cover whether petroleum is necessary for the life of these
animals. If they should go through a normal development in
syrup, for example, it would show pretty conclusively that
they do not have to eat the oil to live.

The pupae are always formed outside the oil so far as
I liavp been able to determine. Dead maggots can lie ol)tained
by washing repeatedly, in kerosene, oil that had contained
larvae. I have never obtained a i)upa-case in this way, but
the larvae die in large numbers as is shown by the remains

10

in the oil. Tt is noticeable that in phiees where shallow pools
are literally masses of wriggling larvae, the number of adult
flies is surprisingly small in comparison. This may indicate
that but few larvae pupate in the held. In the laboratory,
too, the number of pupae obtained is but a small proportion
of the number of larvae. It may be that the dead larvae in
the oil furnish a source of food for the living, either through
extracted juices or actual consumption of the bodies.

Pupation takes place readily enough in the laboratory,
and the cases are generally found on the vertical side of the
dish (sometimes on the cover), and nearly always on the side
nearest the window. The larvae thus show a very marked
positive reaction to light, for a short time, though there does
not seem to be any response to light in the pre- and post-pupal
stages. I cannot state where pupation occurs in the open,
for all the larvae I have seen were reared in the laboratory.

An interesting question for speculation is : How did this
habit of breeding in oil originate'? It is evident that as far
as competition of the larvae with other organisms is concerned,
the struggle for existence must result favorably to Psilopa, for
the immature stages are perfectly protected from other ani-
mals that might prey on them. If the larvae are able to get
food in the oil, how simple their problem of existence seems
to be! It is not probable that tlie remarkable hal)it of Psilopa
petrolei could have been develo])ed gradually. On the con-
trary, must not this habit and the adaptive structures and
constitution of the larvae have arisen suddenly, as "muta-
tions?" At any rate, no matter what views one may hold re-
garding the method of evolution, the oil-fly shows a most ex-
traordinary adaptation to environment.

Another Mustard Pest

A. liavidson, M.D.

About 1909 the w^riter first observed an unfamiliar wild
mustard on W. Washington St., Los Angeles. Attention was
attracted by observing a mustard plant still in flower late in
the autumn, in a plot of unirrigated ground. It reappeared
or more properly speaking it continues in that locality (for it
is apparently perennial) yet and has been observed in many
other parts of the city. At the present writing it may be said
to be fairly common in many places and extends outside the
city along the railway to Chatsworth and East as far as Po-
mona and Ontario, Avith a few plants near Riverside. The com-
mon mustard, Brassica nigra, prefers the heavy clay soils of
the region and is purely a spring plant. This mustard, Brassica
adpressa Moench, like "the other, is an old-w^orld emigrant, but

11

it prefers the dry sandy soils and while it also tlowers with
the other in tlie spring time it continues flowering on through
the autumn. Dr. Ilasse reports it from Santa ]\loniea and says
it has only appeared recently.

Mr. Parish writes: "It is a very common weed growing
by waysides and waste places and to some extent in cultivated
ground tliroughout the entire San Bernardino Valley and ex-
tending well up into the adjacent canyons, say to 3000 ft. alt."
There has been some confusion in the identification of the Eu-
ropean mustard here and the mistakes have not been all by
amateurs, either. Some of those gathered by the writer have
been named B. alba, a plant so far as I know not at present
found here. Dr. Hasse found B. alba 20 years ago near Santa
]\Ionica, but has not seen it since. Orcutt mentions it as near
San Diego. Dr. Robinson in the Synopical Flora mentions it as
locally established near San Bernardino but in the supplement
(page 469) says "all reference to B. adpressa should be struck
out. The San Bernardino plant referred to this species having
proved to be immature Sisymbrium officinale Scop." Obviously
Dr. Robinson had not been supplied with material representing
B. adpressa. The Smithsonian Institute, apart from the speci-
mens sent by the writer, had only one other from the United
States, that having been forwarded by i\Ir. Parish from Potato
Canyon near San Bernardino. The natural tendency of most
collectors to neglect the more common weeds makes the large
herberia of the Eastern museums a totally inaccurate index of
the number or distribution of the more homely species.

"To Point a Moral and Adorn a Tale"

The impossibilities of yesterday are the eonnnon places of
today and the path of progress is now paved with the stones
that pseudo-scientists considered impassable obstructions. AYhen
it was first proposed to cross the Atlantic by steam one eminent
mathematician proved conclusively (on paper) that no ship
could carry coal enough to generate steam to carry itself across.
Yet it was done. Scientific proof was frequently given that no
heavier-than-air machine could fly. Noav it is an every-day
occurrence. So many apparently impossible things occur in na-
ture that we had supposed no scientist admitted the word impos-
sible now. AVe were apparently wrong, however. When Ave
published in last issue of the Bulletin the ])hotograph and de-
scription of a specimen of Brownea hybrida flowering directly
from the seed we did so because the matter was one of novelty
to us and probably of sufficient variety to interest other bot-
anists, though such a thing must have happened many times
before. For what is, has been and Avill be. A copy of the

12

Bulletin was sent to a Washington botanist who from his of-
ficial position might have a special interest in this peculiar
spc^cimen and his reply was one that suggested that all the
wise men of Gotham are not confined to New York. Here it is ;

Mr. H. Hehre,

5621 Central Avenue,
Los Angeles, Cal.
Dear Sir :

Your letter of July 5, with accompanying photograph, is
received. I think that you were not at home when I called at
your place so that I could see your Avonderful new Ilorto-
Mechanical creation. I think you are mistaken in the name
of the plant. It should be called Hehria humbugiensis. This
differs from a Brownea in having three fiowers resembling an
Azalia and a fourth resembling some leguminous plant and
supported by a wire and attached to something resembling a
seed. The trouble with the seed, however, is that it is custom-
ary in a germination for the outer seed coat to split from the
lower instead of the upper end of the seed and is usually forced
oft' by the extending plumule. The plant in the other pot does
not. appear to be a seedling, but rather a piece of a branch
showing some leaf scars toward the base. The photograph
being somewhat out of focus and the venations of the leaves
obscured by the coloring makes it rather difficult to give you
a determination of the leaves. They are not, however, com-
pound leaves and apparently have no relationship to any of-
the parts included in the right hand pot. If you have any
genuine plants that you wish named at any time, we shall be
glad to have specimen of the same by mail,- but please do not
waste your time and ours on such faked work as that recently
received from you. The attempt is too crude to pass even an
amateur. " Very truly yours,

Our worthy Secretary was disposed to resent the imputa-
tion of fraud in this letter as reflecting on l)oth our knowledge
and integrity, but to some of us it afforded such a joyous
glimpse of the potentialities of scientific doubt that we tran-
ssribed it for our readers' pleasure and have filed the letter
among the Academy's archives for the amusement and possible
instruction of our successors. Mr. Hehre mailed the plant in
question to the doubting botanist and while it was sufficient to
convince him of his error, I fear it spoiled the humor of the
situation for him. We may here add that the plant in question
produced a leaf below on the flower stalk and apparently is
now growing in the normal way.

13

Notes on the Bionomics of Eugonia
(Vanessa) Californica

By F. Grinnell, Jr., Pasadena.

Our interest in the California Tortoise-Shell Butterfly, has
])een heightened just now by the immense swarms which have
occurred all over the Pacific Coast, especially in California,
during the year 1911. We have records of it from 1852 to date
whiclf give' it unparalleled importance to students of insect
periodicity. Mr. Ilaskin's brother reported it in great numbers
at Spokane. Washington; and :\Ir. C. W. Ilerr found it com-
mon in the adjoining parts of Idaho, at Priest River.

In California it was especially noted and studied in North-
ern California, Siskiyou and Shasta counties; an extended and
important article by Bryant (6) was the immediate impulse
to write this article, and may profitably be referred to and
quoted from briefly. This paper by Bryant was an account
of work devoted especially to a study of the part played by
various birds in the destruction of these butterflies. The de-
foliated buck-brush (ceanothus) throughout Siskiyou County,
indicated the large extent of the depredations of the larvae.
The vicinity of :\It. Shasta was most afi:'ected, it being particu-
larly abundant at Weed, Igerna, and Sisson on the western
base of the mountain; the larvae were reported as abundant
at Marble Mountain in western Siskiyou County, and at Wea-
verville, Trinity County, and 35 miles east of Redding. In
Tuolumne County it was abundant (J. B. Curtin.) Bryant
spent a week during the latter part of August, 1911, at Sisson,
Siskiyou County, collecting data by field observation on the
relations of various birds and these butterflies and collections
of birds for analyses of the stomach contents. One hundred
and fifty individuals of Eugonia were counted in one square
foot where they had congregated to drink in some damp places.
"Often the ground would be blackened by them for many
square yards. ... In order to estimate the numbers flying,
counts were made of the individuals passing between two fir
trees al)out twenty feet liigh and standing about thirty feet
apart. The counts for ten successive minutes lietween -i-AO
and 4:50 P. :\I. on August 20, 1911," averaged 108 per minute.
This was going on all over Siskiyou County, and they were all
migrating soutliward. By half past nine they were in full
migration. At night they rested on trees, shrubs, buildings or
other convenient places. "The species of birds plainly seen to
eat these butterflies were the Brewer blackbird. Western King-
l)ird. and Western Meadow-lark," of which the most efficient
destroyer Avas the Brewer l)lackbird. which fed entirely on
this butterfly; several birds were seen to take an average of

five Imtterflios each minute, the ground being strewn with the
discarded wings.

The first migration of this l)utterfiy was recorded by Behr
(3) and took place on November 15, 1856, flying south-south-
east; they did not crowd into swarms but flew singly, at a
great height ; they were seen up to the 18th of the month.

The second migration took place, as recorded also by Behr,
in the fall of 1864, but did not reach San Francisco; it was ob-
served by J. G. Cooper at Lake Tahoe ; in Oregon (Gabb) ; it
was reported as numerous, but going in no special direction;
north of Marin County there were large swarms flying south ;
and near Tamalpais they were also numerous.

The third migration is recorded by Henry Edwards (4),
or rather the remarkable abundance of larvae on Ceanothus
bushes on Tamalpais, in May, 1875, millions of them; but the
following fall appearance of the butterflies w^as not recorded
or observed ; l)ut must have taken place.

Tile fourth migration was recorded by C. L. Hopkins (5).
''During an ascent of ^It. Shasta, made August 29, 1889, a most
interesting occurrence was noted in the flight of countless
myriads of butterflies (Vanessa Californica) at an altitude far
above snow-line." The flight was in a southeasterly direction,
and in tii(^ greatest numbers at six or eight hundred feet below
the summit (11,000 or 12,000 feet). "The fact of its being a
continuous flight of these insects across the mountain in one
direction during the warm part of the day — a period of nearly
Ave hours — is beyond question." It was probably in progress
one or two days i)revious, from the fact that numbers were
found dead among the rocks and stones stiffened by the cold.
How much longer it continued, there w^as no means of knowing.

The flfth period of a])undance, recorded or observed, was in
1902; but we have little data for this time. Bryant speaks of
it, but says it was much less than the year 1911. I remember
]\[iss Alice Eastwood speaking of great swarms on "Sit. Tamal-
l)ais in the fall of 1902, at the luncheons in the herbarium room
of the Academy in San Francisco, with Dr. Behr, Miss East-
wood and the writer. ]\Ir. F. X. AVilliams (7) recorded it as
fairly swarming in Shasta County in 1902 ; and Mr. J. E. Brown
and the writer found it in the mountains near Pasadena during
the summer of tliat year, but rare since then.

The sixth recorded migration, of which we have the most
data, and of which v^e have referred in the work of Bryant
(6), occurred during the year 1911. Coolidge reported them
common and flying southward in the San Joaquin Valley ; New-
comer recorded them in remarkal)le a1>undance in the Sierra
Nevada Mountains near Lake Tahoe in July and August, and
at Palo Alto in October; Clemence took two and saw others
in his yard in Pasadena on March 14 and later; the writer took
several and noted them as being common in June in the San
Gabriel Mountains, near Pasadena; and Haskin noted them

swarming around Los Angeles (but not migrating) during tin-
latter part of the summer and autumn of 1911. And in the fall
they were noted in great numbers in the canyons near Pasa-
dena. So it can be seen that the migration and abundance was
general over California, and the whole Pacific Coast during
1911, flying south-southeast or south. The recorded periods of
abundance are al)0ut ten years apart, which indicates its peri-
odic occurrence. Between these dates the butterfly is very-
rare ; only occasional specimens being taken in any locality.

As to the reasons of this periodic occurrence it is probably
the coincidence of several factors which cause the abundance
of this species in certain years. Bryant found that the pupae
and perhaps also the larvae were parasitized to a large extent,
about 35%, which might greatly reduce the reproductive ca-
pacity of the butterfly. Bryant says "one factor governing
the phenomenon is the presence or absence of fortunate con-
ditions of hibernation." And adding the part played by
birds. And, of course, meteorological conditions, of which we
know so little, quite probably regulates the hatching of the
chrysalids over a great number of years ; this last seems to me
the most plausible factor, but at the same time the least under-
stood. The butterfly appears suddenly in great numbers, so it
would seem that the enemies play little part, and that favor-
able or unfavorable meteorological conditions .are the real
causes.

In Europe V. polychloros is nearly related to our Califor-
nica; but I have no accessible records of any periodic occur-
rences or migrations, if there are any such. W. F. Kirby in
"The Butterflies and Moths of Europe," says: "It feeds on
elms and cherry-trees from I\Iay to August, and is sometimes
sufficiently abundant to be considered an injurious insect on
the continent."

V. Californica was described by Boisduval (1) in 1852, he
says: "M. Lorquin n'en a pris ciu'un petit nombre d'indi-
vidus. ' ' Again in 1869 he says : ' ' Assez rare. ' ' M. Lorquin in
his l)rief sojourn evidently missed the years of the great
abundance.

In several local lists of California butterflies published be-
tween 1902 and 1911, the writers mention Vanessa Californica
as rare; showing that although a few breed each year, the
bulk of the chrysalids await proper meteorological conditions
for emergence of the adult ; and that seems to be about every
ten years, more or less. We will look forward with interest
to the years 1919-1921, and be prepared to study this insect
again in detail, and compare with its previous record. If any
records have been overlooked, it is hoped they will be recorded,
so that our history of this insect may be as complete as possible.

16

Literature Cited.

1. Boisduval, Lepidopteres de la Californie, 1852. The species

desci'ilM'd first.

2. Boisduval, Lepidopteres de la California, 1869.

3. Behr, Proceedings of the California Academy of Natural

Sciences, III, 1864, p. 124.

4. Edwards, Henry, Proceedings, of the California Academy

of Sciences, June 7, 1875.

5. Hopkins, C. L., Insect Life, II, p. 355-356. 1890.

6. Bryant, II. C, The Condor, November-December, 1911, pp.

1 95-208. Illustrations.

7. Williams, F. X., Entomological News, February, 1909.

8. Newcomer, E. J., Entomological News, February, 1912.

Masaria Vespoides

Anstruther Davidson, ^1. D.

This wasp makes its appearance in the end of May or
first of June contemporaneous with the flowering of Pent-
stemon spectal>ilis in the flowers of which the homeless males
find a refuge from the evening cold. I have found it as far
north as Bishop in Inyo County, and it probably is to be found
all over Southern California but is nowhere common. In the
neighl)orhood of Elysian Park and in Hollywood hills its nests
are not so very rare. Their nests, a combination of cells as
shown in the accompanying illustration are built after the
manner of the common mud dauber wasp and when completed
it is plastered over with a further layer of clay. They are
usually attached to a twig in a low bush, the one in the illus-
tration being found on a Audibertia shrub. AVhen the cell is
completed the opening is closed by a stopper of clay which is,
however, always depressed below the rim of the cell so that
the top shows as a series of miniature cups. .The clay used
is that common to the neighborhood, liut in the process of
building it is mixed wuth some secretion that makes the whole
of such stony hardness, that it seems impossible any insect
could possibly cut its way through it. Perhaps the cup shaped
depression on top may be a device to conserve the rain neces-
sary to soften the stopper and render the exit of the wasp
possible. That rain or excessive moisture is necessary before
the insect can successfully emerge is suggested by the results
attained in indoor hatching. In those nests kept indoors in
dry receptacles while the wasp usually attains the mature
state, it only exceptionally cuts its way oUt. Kept under these
conditions the larvae do not always mature in the following
spring as the following record makes evident. Of a cluster
of cells gathered in June, 1902 ; in April, 1903, I opened two of

17

them to find one had pupated while the other was still in the lar-
val state. It remained in this state till March, 1905, when it died.
The other cells were then opened, one contained a live larva,
the other four or five contained perfect insects all dead, appar-
ently unable to emerge. The capability of insects to survive
for more than one season in the larval stage is probably an
evolutionary acquirement, and a necessity to those insects liv-

ing on a food supply that is wholly dependent on climatic
conditions. As the writer has shown elsewhere in recording
a similar experience with Authidium consimile, this is a very
necessary acquirenu^nt in a country wjiere, as sometimes hap-
pens, no rain at all may fall, and no food supply Avould in
those seasons be available. The cells are stored \vith small
larvae of what species I am unable to determine.

IS

W. G. Wright

Fordyce Grinnell, Jr.

"The tumult and the shouting dies;
The captains and the kings depart."

— Kipling.

It is our painful duty to record the death this month of a
pioneer student of California butterflies, who is known to ento-
mologists the world over, and Avho will especially be remem-
bered by those of us who were privileged to have known him
personally.

AVilliam Greenwood Wright passed from this world on
Sunday afternoon, December 1, 1912, in the 83rd year of his
age. He had been in apparently good health and spirits for
some time past. He was found dead sitting in liis chair, a
newspaper fallen from his relaxed grasp. He must have died
between noon and 4 P. IVI. of Sunday, December 1. The cause
was heart failure, and his death was instantaneous and a pain-
less one.

William Greenwood AVright was born near Newark, New
Jersey, about 88 years ago, the exact date is not ascertained.
His early education was limited. He was a soldier in the Union
Army during the Civil AVar, and soon after the close of that
conflict he must have come to California, where he resided a
few yeai's in Los Angeles, where his only child Avas 1)orn and
Avhic'h died in infancy. He went to San Bernardino about 1873,
where he resided until his death, and where he conducted a
planing mill and sash and door plant. About fifteen years ago
lie retired from active business, and spent his time in collect-
ing and gathering material for his book on Initterflies. His
wife died a number of years ago and he leaves no near relatives.

His butterflies and lilirary lie has left to the California
Academy of Sciences in San Francisco. Some other collections
are to lie sold. Mr. S. B. Parish, the noted botanist, a close
friend of Mr. AVright, and the executor of his estate, has given
'me the few data pertaining to his life that are now obtainable,
perhaps when AVright 's j^apers and correspondence are looked
over we may have more details; he was a recluse in all phases
of his life, and the most we have is the indefinable quality,
which only personal acquaintance can give; and his writings
and contributions to science.

AV. G. AA^right traveled all over the AVest Coast from
Alaska to Alazatlan, Mexico, collecting specimens in various
departments of natural history, but especially Lepidoptera,
but we do not at present know the details of these trips. He
published an interesting account of his travels in Mexico in

19

Zoe, a biological journal printed in San Francisco from 1890
to 1895; an article in the Overland Monthly for 1884, entitled,
"A Naturalist in the Desert," and an article on collecting in
Alaska which 1 cannot now locate. Other papers are found in
Entomologica Americana, Canadian Entomologist, Papilio,
Entomological News, and Edwards' Butterflies of North Amer-
ica. 1 think the most important contribution which he made
to science was the help he rendered to W. II. Edwards in his
great work just mentioned. In the Ornithologist and Oologist
for February, 1885, we find an article on "An Experiment in
Bird Taming," with Phainupepla. nitens ; his name is frequent
in the two large volumes of the Geological Survey, Botany of
California, as he was an enthusiastic liotanical collector. In
fact, as can be seen, he was a naturalist in the strict sense ; such
naturalists are becoming rare as the years go by. His large
book, "Butterflies of the West Coast," which perhaps most of
you have seen, was pul)lished in San Francisco in October,
1905, and was really an epoch-making publication, notwith-
standing the numerous inevitable mistakes. The San Fran-
cisco fire coming a few months later, April, 1906, has made
the book now quite rare. The work was illustrated entirely
by color-photography. In a review, I termed his book
rafinesque, and that perhaps characterizes it better than any
other expression, and perhaps applies to his personal manners.

Among the butterflies and moths Avhieh have Ix'cn named
in Ins honor 1)y diff'erent men, are : Melitaea wrightii, Copaeo-
des wrig-htii, Scepsis wrightii, Gluphisia wrightii, Leptarctia
wrightii, Selidosema wrightiarium. He named a number of
new species, l)ut a good many of them, especially those in his
1905 book, are synonyms.

Wright was a great friend of the two noted pioneer bot-
anists and collectors, C. C. Parry and Edward Palmer, and
made many trips with them. He knew many otlier liotanists
and entomologists, but the data is not now obtainable.

The following quotation from his book will show the spirit
of scientific work : ' ' The most that we can do is to note down
the things as we find them; and an aggregation of these notes
after a series of years will afford a distinct step forward in
the investigation."

I shall always remember ray two days' visit with him in
August. 1908, on my way back from the San Jacinto ]\Ioun-
tains. My pack-burros and myself cami)ed out in his yard
and he took me to see the pioneer botanist, S. B. Parish, who
was out at the pumping plant on his place, superintending the
irrigation of his orchard. AVe sat down on some boxes and
liad a pleasant conversation till towards evening, wlum we went
to the house, where Mrs. Parish had set the table for the even-
ing meal. AVhat a pleasant memory this banquet with these
tw^o noted pioneers. Then next day Ave drove out in the
neighborhood of San Bernardino to some of Wright's collect-

20

ing grounds. The two days I spent in San Bernardino were
very hot, and the day I was to start for home I knew I should
start early to avoid the heat of the day as much as possible.
But 1 was kind of tired and lazy, and remained out of sigiit
in my canvas sleeping bag, till 1 felt a reminder from some
one's foot, and putting my head out of my bag, saw Wright
looking down at me, and telling me it was time to get up.

Wright has played his part, doubtless as well as he knew ,
he has added something to science, and has helped others isi
their researches, which is as much as anyone can do ; for, as
Huxley says : "In relation to the human mind nature is bound-
less; and though nowhere inaccessible, she is everywhere un-
fathomable."

And we can very well put over Wright's grave, the lines
of Shakespeare :

"In Nature's infinite book of secrecy
A little I can read."

The following poem hy W. A. Kendall, i)rinted in the
Overland Monthly for June, 1872, some of you have read be-
fore ; but the sentiment is appropriate and appeals to me, and
I will read it again :

EVER PRESENT.

The sun of Yesterday is set — ■

Forever set to Time and me ;
Yet of its warmth, and of its light.

Something I feel and something see.

The flower of Yesterday is not —

Its faded leaves are scattered wide ;

Yet of its perfume do I breathe,

Still does its beauty stir my pride.

The friend of yesterday is dead —

On yonder hill his grave doth lie ;

Yet there are moments when I feel
His presence, as of old, draw nigh.

A part of wdiat has been remains ;

The essences of what is gone
Are ever present to my sense :

Though left, I am not left forlorn.

In thought, in feeling, and in love,

Things do not perish, though they pass ;

The form is shattered to the eye,
But only broken is the glass.

Sun, friend, and flowM^r have each become

A part of my immortal part ;
They are not lost, Init evermore

Shine, live, and bloom within my heart.

21

Transactions of the Academy

The Zoological Section of the Academy met at the resideuce of Mr.
and Mrs. Ohas. S. Thompson. 1721 Mission St., South Pasadena, on Fri-
day evening, December 13, 1912, at 8 P.M., Chairman J. Z. Gilbert pre-
siding. The following men were present: Homer P. Earle, R. L. Beards-
ley, J. Z. Gilbert, C. S. Thompson, C. A. Whiting, and F. Grinnell, Jr.

Mr. O.S.Thompson gave a very interesting talk on ostrich-like birds,
their eggs, habits and distribution"; illustrated with the finest series of
their eggs in North America. He traced their probable dispersion over
the world on a large wall map. After a few questions, those assembled
went to the "egg room" and viewed the whole oological collection of
Mr. Thompson; rarities and oddities from all parts of the w^orld were
seen. Many interesting books in his library proved of interest.

To conclude the profitable evening, delicious refreshments served
by the hostess were indulged in.

Adjournment at 10 o 'clock.

The Entomological Club met on Thursday evening, September 5,
at the residence of Mr. H. B. Dixon, 1429 Lenioyne St., Los Angeles, with
four men present: H. H. Newcomb, H. Hehre, H. B. Dixon and F. Grin-
nell, Jr.

Mr. Grinnell exhibited a series of colored lantern slides representing
the life histories of a few of the common butterflies; Vanessa antiopa,
Anosia plexippus, Pieris rapae, Fenisesca tarctuinius, Pyrameis atalanta,
and slides of Lim. lorctuinii, Heterochroa californica, and Lim. archippus,
illustrating the subject of mimicry; and other interesting species. Pack-
ard's genealogical tree of the Lepidoptera was discussed.

Mr. H. B. Dixon showed some view^s on the screen of the Yosemite
Valley region, the habitat of some interesting butterflies.

Mr. Hehre, specimens of a curculionid beetle reared from seeds re-
ceived from Ceylon; and a specimen of a eerambyeid from Los Angeles.

Mr. Grinnell, a box of Hepialus and other forms of primitive Lepi-
doptera; and dried specimens of Saturnid larvae used by the Indians of
the Mono Lake region as food; collected by Prof. J. M. Aldrich.

Refreshments were served by Mrs. Dixon, during which enthusiastic
discussion of various subjects was indulged in.

Adjournment at 10:30.

The Biological Section of the Southern California Academy of Sci-
ences met on Thursday evening, November 7, 1912, at 6:45, at Christo-
pher's, on South Broadw-ay, Los Angeles, Dr. C. A. Whiting, chairman
of the Section, presiding. The following men were present: C. A. W^hit-
ing, chairman; A. Davidson, W. A. Hilton, C. L. Edwards, Prospero Bar-
rows, C. O. Esterly, L. H. Miller, Theodore Payne, F. Grinnell, Jr., and
Drs. Hunt and Lund, R. L. Beardsley, and H. H. Newcomb.

After a sumptuous banquet, jarovided by the cafe at $1 per plate,
during which enthusiastic conversation on various topics took place. Dr.
Charles L. Edwards was introduced by the chairman, who spoke on:
Recent Work on Sex Chromosomes, illustrated by many diagrams show-
ing the chromosomes of Ascaris fells, as studied by the speaker; chrom-
somes of other forms, especially insects, were alluded to. The sex-de-
termining chromosomes which are believed to be suchi are variously
termed, — idio, x — , y — , hetero — , and accessory chromosomes, have been
studied by Wilson, Stevens, Montgomery, Boveri and others, and they
agree in essential points. Considerable discussion was aroused which was

22

participated in by those present. Prof. Edwards also spoke on liis work
in Nature Study in the city schools.

Dr. Wm. A. Hilton, of Pomona College, spoke briefly on liis studies
of the nervous system of the tunicates, carried on at the Bermuda Bio-
logical Station with Prof. E. L. Mark of Harvard University; his re-
marks were illustrated by blackboard sketches.

Meeting adjourned at 10:30.

The Entomological Club, of Los Angeles, met on Thursday evening,
December 12, 1912, at the residence of Mr. Wm. H. Knight. 621 Witmer
St. The following men were present: H. H. Newcomb. H. L. Be;irdsley,
w". A. Hilton, Wm. H. Knight, S. J. Keese, C. W. Schlichten, .lohn Com-
stock, J. R. Haskin, and F. Grinnell, Jr.

Mr. Grinnell read a tribute to the memory and a biography of the
late W. G. Wright; a letter from Mr. E. P. Van Duzee of Buffalo, N. Y.,
in which he announced his leave of absence for four months to be spent
in Southern California, and expecting to arrive in Los Angeles about
December 16. A desire was expressed to have liim address the Club at
some future meeting; and a paper on The Colours of Insects, as a prelude
to Mr. Haskin 's paper on Mimicry. Poulton 's Colours of Animals and
Packard's Textbook were freely used in the preparation of this i)aper.

Mr. J. R. Haskin read a long paper on The Mimetic Relations of
some Danaid and Limenitis butterflies, with a general review^ of the the-
ory of mimicry; the paper was illustrated with a full series of the in-
sects discussed and by blackboard sketches; considerable discussion was
aroused by this paper, which was ])articipated in by those present. Mr.
Comstock'aud Mr. Keese recorded a number of instances of having ol)-
served birds catch and eat butterflies. This paper will be published in
its entirety in some journal.

Mr. H. H. Newcomb made some renmrks on the capture of the inter-
esting and rare Lycaena neurona Skinner on Mt. Wilson, in September.
Dy himself and Messrs. Haskin and Coolidge. He exhibited siiecimens of
neurona, male and female (which seem to be the same in coloration), and
also acmon, male and female, taken in the same place. He read two let-
ters from Dr. Skinner concerning the species, which were quite humorous
111 places.

The meeting adjourned at 10:30.

F. GRINNELL, JR.,

Acting Secretary.

Academy Meeting.
At a meeting of the Academy held October 21, 1912, Mr. G. G. Johnson
delivered a very instructive and entertaining lecture illustrated by 100
lantern slides, on "The Panama Canal," as seen by himself during his
recent trip of several weeks with the Los Angeles Chamber of Commerce
excursion.

A'ice-president. Dr. Davidson, introduced Prof. Dozier, who read a
letter of information concerning the acquisition by the Academy of a
valuable skeleton of a manatee. There was a good audience in attendance.

Directors' Meeting.

At a meeting of the Directors held at the ollice of the Secretary,
114 N. Srping St.,' December 23, 1912, there were present Wm. H. Knight,
A. Davidson and A. P>. Benton.

The matter of program was considered, and it was decided to have
for the present a public meeting each month on the first Monday of
the month. It was suggested that it would be well to liold the notices
of annual dues until the last meeting in January. Prof. Knight agreed

23

lo communicate with Prof. Bailey and secure him, if practicable, for a
lecture for the January meeting.

Academy Meeting.

At a meeting of the Academy held in the Auditorium of the Poly-
technic High School, January 6,' 1913. Mr. Geo. W. Parsons presided
in the absence of the president.

Prof. Watts announced the loan to the academy of mineral specimens
from the State Mineralogist. On motion the matter of obtaining neces-
sary cases for this display was referred to the Geological Section of the
Academy. Prof. Knight announced that at the next meeting, the first
Monday in February, Mr. Bailey would be the lecturer. It was also
announced that Dr. Konkright has a topographical yiew of the Panama
Canal on exhibition on the fourth floor of the Bullock store and inyited
the members of the Academy to yisit it. It was announced that Prof.
Kelsey would attempt to organize an astronomical class at the High
School and inyited those interested to attend. The speaker of the
eyeuing was Mr. Arthur B. Benton who deliyered a lecture on the Fran-
ciscan Missions of Califoruia illustrated by numerous lautern slides.

Henry Hehre died in Los Angeles, at his nursery, 5621 Central Aye.,
on Friday, September 13, 1912, at the age of 65 years. He was at his
gardens m La Crescenta, and was working on a reseryoir when he fell
in on the concrete bottom sustaining broken bones and internal injuries.
He was brought down to Los Angeles, where he died in about fifteen
minutes; the accident occurred about 7 o'clock in the morning. Mr.
Hehre was born at Brieg, Germany, on the Oder Eiyer; left there when
quite young, trayeling considerably; was married in England and came
to Cincinnati where he remained about fifteen years, engaged in making
baskets. He then came to Los Angeles, where he has resided for seyen-
teen years, engaged in the making of baskets^^but taking up gardening
and the collection of plants of great rarity from all parts of the world.
He was a yery ambitious student in horticulture and had in yiew a
great botanical garden at La Crescenta. His father was a gardener in
Germany; and he was always fond of plants, from the student's stand-
]ioint rather than for commercialism. This community has lost a deyoted
student of scence, and his one published contribution, printed in the
July number of our Bulletin, is of such interest, that it will serye to
keep his memory fresh.

F. GRINNELL. Jr.

Mr. Collins, Editor of the Bulletin and Secretary of the Academy
is at present on a tour around the world and incidentally enjoying a
much needed rest. He has not forgotten the Academy howeyer, as the
scientific papers he has sent to the library from his yarious stopping
points haye made eyident.

We sincerely hope that the condition of his health and appetite is
such that he will apjtreciate being "East of Suez."

24

BULLETIN

OF THE

SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA
ACADEMY of SCIENCES

LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA. U. S. A.
JULY. 1913

Vol. XII. Los Angeles, July, 1913. No. 2

BULLETIN

OF THE

Southern California Academy of Sciences

COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION

Holdringe Ozro Collins, LL. D., Chairman
Anstruther Davidson, C. M., M. D. William A. Spalding

CONTENTS

Bathytoma Clarkiana 29

Hereditary Experiments with Junonia Coenia 30

The Acacia Weevil in Southern California 40

Lewis Swift 41

Joseph C. Niven 42

Transactions 44

'Sitnihtxxt (ilalifxxritm ^rni^^ntg nf ^titntts

ARTHUR B. BENTON President

CHARLES L. EDWARDS First Vice-President

WILLIAM L. WATTS Second Vice-President

ROBERT LEROY BEARDSLEY Secretary

SAMUEL J. KEESE Treasurer

Holdridge O. Collins George W. Parsons

Anstruther Davidson William A. Spalding

William H. Knight Albert B. Ulrey

^'ttiiixtta nf tlte ^raiicmg

^sirxtxtttmitnl ^'tti'uxn
William H. Knight, Chairman Melville Dozier, Secretary

(deultJjtral ^'eriiutt
William L. Watts, Chairman George W. Parsons, Secretary

Clement A. Whiting, Chairman C. H. Phinney, Secretary

James Z. Gilbert, Chairman George W. Parsons, Secretary

^aizttxitnl ^ttiinxt
Anstruther Davidson, Chairman

BATHYTOMA CLARKIANA— Rivers

A NEW SPECIES OF BATHYTOMA

FROM THE UPPER PLEISTOCENE OF

SAN PEDRO, CAL.

By Prof. J. J. Rivers.

The photo.s^raph represents two examples selected from
six discovered by Dr. F. C. Clark, who has been for several
years an investigator of the coast species of both fossil and
recent Mollusca.

Dr. Clark and myself have a partnership in Paleontology,
each holding equal rights under the firm name of "Rivers &
Clark." We have done no business transactions. Dr. Clark
does most of the excavating of Strata, while I have the delight
to nominate the species when I am able, but there is such a
bulk of material that neither of the compact can resolve satis-
factorily. Our material is great, and unless we can obtain
the assistance of Dr. Dall of the Smithsonian Institution, years
will elapse before a complete catalogue will be forthcoming.

The photos submited to you have also been sent to the
scrutinv of Dr. R. H. Tremper of Ontario, and his reply reads
thus: '"The photo is very interesting. I suspect your shell
represents some extinct form of Bathytoma. I have not seen
a specimen of this genus so long as, nor so attenuate. Your
fossil is not B. Tremperana of Dall. The latter is a very dif-
ferent shell and very much smaller, good sized specimens
measuring 67 mm; body whorl 32 mm, spire 35 mm, making
the body whorl shorter than the spire, while in your speci-
men the bodv whorl measures 68 mm and the spire 48 mm
(if restored)."

Bathytoma Clarkiana Rivers. I name this in honor of
my colleague. Dr. F. C Clark of Santa Monica, Cal.

The fossil is heavily charged throughout the whole of its
structure with carbonate of lime. The columella is thicker
than in any described species. If the shell be placed with its
aoerture downwards, many concologists would have an
opinion that it must be a species of Exotic Mitra. But there
are none of the known species of Bathytoma that represents
this form in its attenuate outline. This figure will explain the
oblique condition of the sutures that divide the whorls. The
sculpture has mostly been eroded, but in parts the sculpture
represents the true features of the genus.

Bathytoma Clarkiana Rivers restored measures 116 mm
over all, the body whorl measuring 68 mm, the spire 48 mm.

29

HEREDITY EXPERIMENTS WITH JUNONIA COENIA

By Wilhelm Schrader, Los Angeles.

On July 5th. 1911, we caught a fertile female of Junonia
coenia (Hiibner) in Los Angeles, which to all general appear-
ances had the same color and markings as our usual form ;
from this specimen were obtained some eggs and 100 cater-
pillars were raised in the normal summer temperature; and
31 caterpillars were raised in the incubator where the humid-
ity was very dense, and varied between 70° and 90° F., and
the temperature was 80° to 90° F. The caterpillars in such
a dense humidity and high temperature need the very best ol
care, because such conditions easily produce the so-called
"wilt" disease ; caterpillars thus affected grow mostly to their
full size, then become soft and die in about two days, hanging
usually by their middle legs, sideways, on the food-plant or
walls of the cage. Even the chrysalids will get this disease
and turn dark and die.

This disease is contageous and often appears in the next
generation of the caterpillars, even after the greatest care and
isolation ; the best remedy seems to be to place such affected
stock in cool air, and clean the cage often, separating all
caterpillars which feel soft, from the others.

In our other experiments with Junonia bred in the same
temperature and humidity, the parents of which were also
caught in Los Angeles, from which we have now at the time
of this writing, the 35th generation by inbreeding, the ocelli
of the forewings evolved an appendix beneath ; this change
in the marking appeared already in a few in the second
generation, beginning as a little separate point as described
in the Pomona College Journal of Entomology, Vol. V., Nos.
1, 3, and increased in size and percentage in each following
generation, by inbreeding and raising in the same tempera-
ture and humidity.

Now, from this newly caught fertile female, the descend-
ants from which were 31 caterpillars in this part of the experi-
ment, bred in the same temperature and humidity, the ocelli
of the hindwings became, in the first generation considerably
reduced in size ; while the size of the butterfly, on the average,
increased in wing expansion very considerably over that of
the rather large mother; even the males, which are usually
smaller than the females, were larger than this female ; the
ground color of all these butterflies was darker; the two
orange-colored spots of the forewings, near the costal margin,
were larger than is usual in our local form. All Junonia bred
in a hot temperature and humidity become somewhat darker,
however, not so dark as this new line ; the forewing showed
another new development, as seen in the direction that the

30

scales overlap, a purplish color appears (iridescence), whereas
when seen in the opposite direction these scales appear black;
and in a few of the females the large ocelli of the hindwings
had the centerfield purple in color as seen from all angles ;
however, not one was obtained with an appendix or enlarge-
ment of the ocelli of the forewings in this brood, as occurred
in our other, former experiments. The butterflies from the
100 caterpillars from the same mother, however, raised and
developed in a normal summer temperature were like the
mother in size and color, and we did use this lot of butterfles
for further experiments.

Our other line of experiments with Junonia, from which
we now have the thirty-fifth generation, were never crossed
with any other from outside, but always inbread ; it is re-
markable that we. by doing so, could keep the size of the
butterflies the same. As we had now in this new line ex-
ceptionally large males as well as females, we wished to im-
prove the size still more; so we divided all the fertile females
into two lots, and intended to cross them in each generation
in the following simple manner: We will name one lot (a),
the other (b), when we take in each following generation the
males from lot (a) and pair these with the females out of lot
(b), and the males out of lot (b) paired with females out of
lot (a), we could not fail to get the blood mixed. We got
plenty of eggs from different females of the first generation ■
bred in humidity, and we kept these separate in two lots, each
of 100 caterpillars, raised these in about 80°-90° and humid
air, as in the first generation from which we obtained the
large butterflies; we provided the caterpillars with the very
best food; however, in this high temperature and humidity
some of the caterpillars got the wilt disease, and some when
still quite small will get lost or killed in changing the food.
This generation we bred a full cycle, from the egg to the
butterfly, in the short time of one month ; whereas this butter-
fly in our normal summer temperature makes usually only
two generations in the summer season; and in the winter
season remain mostly as chrysalides.

Our average temperature for hatching the eggs and rais-
ing the caterpillars was about 80°, and for the chrvsalides 90° ;
we had for these experiments no self-regulating incubator, so
the temperature was not always the same, and we here take
from the notes which were written regularly three times each
day, the average temperature. W^e have found in former ex-
periments by breeding the chrysalides in a small self-regulat-
ing incubator that the butterfly shows no marked dift'erence
in color and markings, whether always bred in 80° or in 90°-
95° temperature, only the time of emergence of the imago be-
comes shorter as the temperature becomes higher; when,
however, these chrysalides are exposed for a long time, un-

31

interruptedly, in a higher temperature than 95° and in very
humid air, they will produce many weakly and not well de-
veloped butterflies, or will die; when, however, chrysalides
exposed to as high as 115° temperature for about two hours
daily, the butterflies will emerge, then, sometimes about two
days later than the regular time of five days from the chrys-
alides bred in 90° temperature, and will then produce mostly
some rare aberration in color or markings.

Lot (a) in the second generation produced from 100
caterpillars, 32 females and 35 males; the wilt disease got hold
of a good many caterpillars ; however, we saved enough to
give us a fairly good bunch of butterfles to continue this ex-
periment and show the percentage of change in color and
markings. The males had the normal color of our local form
except dark in ground color; from the 32 females, three of
them had the large ocelli of the hindwings purple in color, and
these three females had also the most purplish color on the
forewing; with this butterfly the female is always progres-
sive in development of new color and markings, only in later
generations when the percentage of the change becomes
higher, then the males will get these changes also. The re-
duced size of both ocelli of the hindwing was, in this genera-
tion, still more reduced in many specimens, in males as well
as females.

Lot (b), also the second generation, developed 18 females
and 26 males and the percentage of change in color and size of
the ocelli was about the same as in lot (a). We retained some
of the purple females for breeding, alone in a cage, and suc-
ceeded in obtaining enough eggs in both separate lots of but-
terflies, with purple color, to secure our experiments; how-
ever, we had, at that time, not enough space and time to keep
the more yellow ones, which were colored like our local form,
and we were more interested in this new purple color, and
wished to improve this by selection.

In our third generation we obtained in lot (a) 42 females
and 35 males, and in this generation we had about 50 per
cent with purple ocelli on the hindwings, and also the males
had about the same percentage of purple ocelli. The lot (b)
developed 58 females and 55 miles; here the percentage of
butterfles with purple ocelli was also about 50 per cent. Many
more had the innerfield of these ocelli not quite full purple,
there was a small space of lighter color left in the upper circle ;
it is for this reason very difficult to give the exact per centage
of the change of color. In this lot (b) we got, for the first
time, three females with a very small spot directly under the
ocelli of the forewings. just the same way that the newly
developed appendix of these ocelli started to develop in our
old line of experiments described in Pomona College Journal
of Entomology. However, this small start, in later bred gen-

32

erations, was lost. The reason for this is, to us, not yet clear,
as in this new line the ground color of all wings is much
darker than in the old line of experiments, consequently there
is no want of dark pigment in the new development ; the only
reason we can see, so far, lies in the fact that the ocelli in the
butterfly of this new line of experiments are much smaller
than the ocelli of the butterflies of our old line, and many
butterfles of our old line developed first a larger .ocellus of
the forewing and only then developed the appendix.

The fourth generation developed, in lot (a), 28 females
and 23 males; and lot (b) 23 females and 15 males; there were
in this generation about 407f- with purple colored ocelli; the
reason for the smaller percentage v;ith purple color seems to
be that the yellow color is a dominant one over the purple, and
as the more yellow color was fixed in the mother, it will
take some time before the purple color is steadily fixed.

The fifth generation, in lot (a), developed 56 females and
65 males; and in lot (b) 42 females and 40 males; about 50%,
had in this generation, the new purple color. As by this cross-
ing method the size of the butterfles did not increase as in
the second generation, we gave it up for want of time and
space, and continued in a single line by inbreeding, without
crossing. As we had much trouble in the caterpillars with the
wilt disease, we raised the sixth generation of our caterpillars
in a cooler temperature to stamp out this disease.

We made another experiment with this new line of but-
terfles by picking out from the second generation, bred in
humid air, the males and females which showed the most
purple color on all the wings, and obtained many eggs from
these extra selected purple ones; we raised the caterpillars
also in humid air. the temperature being on the averag_75°,_ a
little cooler than the above described to prevent the wilt dis-
ease ; and bred the chrysalides, as the others, in 90° tempera-
ture and humid air. We obtained in this line of experiment,
which formed the third generation, 81 females; 45 of these
had the large ocelli of the hindwings purple, and the fore-
wings had in manv a good purple color; and 80 males, 36 of
these had the ocelli purple and a few had also some purple
color on the forewing. In this lot they were all well-devel-
oped but none as large as those in the first generation; the
percentage of the purple colored examples was higher than in
the other' third generation which we had crossed in each gen-
eration ; the males, especially, showed the* purple color well,
as compared with the other third generation ; this higher per-
centage was undoubtedly due to the selection of the most
purple colored parents. As the descendants of the other Ime
did not increase in size by crossing the same in each genera-
tion, we crossed none in this line, and had for that reason a
much better chance to select the very best stock of the most

33

purple colored males and females— because we did not need
to divide them and all came out more at the same time.

As we had many good purple colored females and males
we selected again the very best ones, and in the fourth gen-
eration we got 64 females, all of these had the purple ocellH
and in manv the forewings purple in color; and 77 males, 35
of these had the ocelli piirple colored — the number of those
which had a purple color on the forewings is difficult to say,
as that color, there, is very varied in extent. This increasing
of the percentage of purple colored, and the extension of this
new color almost over the whole forewing, was without doubt
the result of our selections, and we continued this line hi the
same way; however, the butterfles for a few months in the
spring of 1912 had to be bred in a cool tent without an in-
cubator, before the glass house was finished, so the time of
breeding a generation became extended ; this had, however, no
bad effect on our purple color improvement, and in the ninth
generation we had the females, as well as the males, all with
purple colored ocelli on the hindwings.

In the eleventh generation we had trouble with some very
small parasites which infested eighteen of our chrysalides",
and before that time the ants carried off many eggs over night
before their presence was discovered, so that in this genera-
tion we got only a very few females, and these emerged so
tion we got only a very few females, and these emerged so
weak and died before pairing. The only course left open to
us to get some good eggs of the purple colored females was
to pair these females with males of our other stock from
which we had now the thirty-first generation of butterflies.
We selected for this purpose six of the best developed males
and these males had the ocelli of the forewings greatly en-
larged and had the black appendage thereon as developed in
the" line of expriments bred in humid air as described in the
Pomona College Journal ; already on the next day we saw a
pair in copula and put these carefully separate in a wire cage
with a pot-plant of Linaria cymbalaria whereon the females
deposited their eggs.

Here we come to the most interesting part of our ex-
periments from a scientific point of view ; we could find here
what the law of heredity would produce if any such law
exists. We had two main separate characters to observe; in
the male we had the large black ocelli with an appendix on
the forewing, this appendix is developed by breeding in 90°
temperature" and humidity and by inbreeding, without cross-
ing, and selecting the specimens with the largest appendices
v;e developed these appendices to a large size; and there
formed in many, mostly females, a little light-colored center,
we had then double ocelli (connected together), the surround-
ing white field remained in extent the same as in our local

34

ionn, 1)11 1 became considerably smaller because the enlarged
and double ocelli took up most of the space of the white field.
In the female we had the purple colored ocelli of the hind-
wing, and the same color greatly extended from the base of
the forewing along the outer margin extending over the mid-
dle field and forming a smoky blue margin to all the wings;
the same white field in extent as our local form and the same
ocelli.

These were the two separate characters of the male and
female used in this crossing, which could not be changed by
breeding each species, separately, in the same temperature
and humidity, and these characters did not change by breed-
ing the descendants for a few generations in a normal tem-
perature, they were temporarily fixed; it was now a question
which one of the markings and color characters was the
dominant one? We obtained a few more egg-laying females
of this crossing experiment, and bred these in the incubator
in humidity, the eggs of the first-found female we bred in a
normal summer temperature in the glass-house, and raised
the caterpillars of this lot there to keep them free of the wilt
disease; and as these grew slower we will first describe the
result of the other lot of the crossing experiment in which
the caterpillars were raised in the incubator and the chrysa-
lides bred in about 90° temperature and humidity, just like
the parents.

In the first generation we obtained 31 females, 7 of these
had, on the forewings, the character of the male, however
the ocelli and appendices were smaller and showed in that
way the influence of the female with the small ocelli without
an appendix. The ocelli of the hindwings were, in the lower
half of the circlefield, more of the purplish color than the male
of the crossing, and this purplish color extended, in a few
females to the upper half of the circle-field, showing in that
way the influence of the female with a purple colored ocellus;
however this influence was not strong enough to produce a
clear purple color, and in all these ocelli was a small yellow
circle left in the upper half, the further up the purplish color
extended, the smaller was the yellow ring. We obtained Zl
males, all of which had a smaller ocellus on the forewing,
and none had an appendix; as the males had adopted this
appendix only in the later bred generations and then not all
of them, and therefore the females of the crossing experiment
with the small ocelli had more influenced these yj males. In
the hindwing the influence of the purple-colored female was
about the same as in the females of this first generation. As
we had learned that selection of the colors will increase the
same and wmII, in later generations, give a higher percentage
of the selective color, we picked out the males and females
which showed the most purple color, paired these separately

35

in a wire cage and bred the descendants in the same tempera-
ture. We obtained in the second generation of these selected
ones with the most purplish color, and we got nine females
in which the characters were much mixed; as we lost many
caterpillars through disease we did not get many butterflies,
and it is therefore not possible to give the exact influence
of one or the other.

Three females had the double ocelli, of the male, on the
forewings and the purplish color of the female on the same
wdng; and the hindwing showed the yellow ring, also a char-
acteristic of the male, but smaller and the circle-field little
more purple; two had all the characters of the male, includ-
ing a double ocellus ; one had a small appendix on the ocellus
of the forewing, but showed much purple, two had no appen-
dix, and had the yellow ring around the hindwing ocellus
nearly lost ; and one had a double ocellus and purple color on
the forewing, and in the ocellus of the hindwing the inner
circle-field was completely purple in color. We got 12 males,
three of these had a small appendix on the ocellus of the fore-
wings ; seven of them had the purple ocellus of the hindwings
complete, the other five had this ocellus only partly purplish
in color. Upon the whole we find in this second generation
that the selection of the most purplish colored butterflies for
this experiment improved the purple color, and we got a
higher percentage of those with that color. We selected the
one female which had the ocelli of the hindwings completely
purple in color and mated this with similarly colored males ;
this female had also a small double ocellus on the forewing.
In the third generation we obtained 10 females and all had
purple ocelli on the hindwings, three of these had a small
appendix not formed to a double ocellus like this selected
mother had; the forewing showed the purplish color in some
specimens much extended, not only in the dark scales, but
had taken the place up in the two orange yellow colored spots
near the costal margin, so that no yellow color was left. We
obtained 13 males and also these had now all the characters
of the purple female. In all those from the mother in this
generation had double ocelli of the forewings; this was so
much influenced from the characteristic small ocelli of the
purple-colored ones, that they showed only in three females
and was therefore so much reduced in size, that only a mod-
erately sized appendix was left.

Now we will say what became of the first pair which we
found in copula and of which we raised the caterpillars of the
first generation in the glasshouse in normal summer tempera-
ture to keep them free of the wilt disease. When these cater-
pillars were almost full grown we put them in the incubator
in about 80° F. and humidity, to keep the parasites from the
chrysalides, the glasshouse was full of these little flics, but

36

seem to not go inside of the closed dark pupa boxes, but will
crawl through ordinary mosquito screen. The chrysalides
were bred as the others in 90° temperature and humidity ;
we got in the first generation 25 females and 16 males; they
all had the large ocelli of the hindwings a little more purple
in color, but had retained the yellow semi-circle in the upper
half, iust as the other lot in the second generation.

We obtained in this first generation, however, some but-
terflies with abnormal parts, which are worth, accurately de-
scribing here. We noticed that one of the caterpillars was
some^vhat deformed, and as this was the first one that was
seen in five years of breeding manv thousands of Junonia, in
that time, we put this peculiarly shaped caterpillar in a sepa-
rate cage for further observations ; the body was, from the
head to the fifth segment, straight and normal, when at that
point it bent into an elbow occupying two full segments, and
then the remainder of the specimen was normal; the hind
part of the body was in that way turned to the right fully half
the thickness of the caterpillar; the chrysalis was in all outer
appearances normal ; the butterfly had three normally devel-
ODed winus, but the left hind wing remained small and wrin-
kled, a piece of the pupa-case still hanging to it, and this
seemed to have stopped the expansion of the wing; this piece
of the Dupa case may stand in connection with the abnormally
shaped caterpillar. One specimen we obtained had the right
side n^ale and the left female in characters, a hermaphrodite;
this is the second phenomenon observed in our Junonia
breeding experiments. We obtained, however, five females
and one'^male with abnormal antenna, and this is remarkable
as up to this time only some small malformations were ob-
served in rare cases in these delicate organs; as they emerged
some davs apart a possible sudden rise or fall in the tempera-
ture by breeding could not have caused it; the causes of these
many abnormal malformations seem to stand rather more in
some wav in connection with our crossing of the different
colors and markings of the male and female ; besides the above
named malformations, some females had the color of the wings
abnormal. The malformation of the antennse consisted in one
female of having no antennje at all, and, furthermore, had
.nly one of the two organs known as the labial pajpi ; another
had no antennj^p and no palpi; as these two palpi have their
place on each side of the tongue which is rolled up when not
feeding-, this butterfly could not hold its rolled-up tongue
concealed, and it was therefore, most of the time, stretched
out in a semi-curve, the tongue seemed also somewhat shorter
than in other specimens of the same size. One had only a
left antenna; another had only a quarter length of the left
antenna without a club at the end ; one male had only the left
antenna normal ; and the last one, a female, had also no

37

o

antennae, but the palpi were normal. As there is some- differ-
ence of opinion among scientists as to what the antennae are
used for, whether for feeling or smelling, or both senses, Mr.
Schrader observed these butterflies while starting to feed
them with sugar water on his finger tips. Junonia coenia
is a very tame butterfly when bred inside of the house ; it will
walk on the finger tips when sugar water is placed thereon
and pushed near its head ; it generally stretches first its
tongue for sucking, then bends sometimes only one or both
the antennte at the same time, down to the sugar water, so
that the club touches for a moment the place where the sugar
water is. and repeats this several times. These butterflies
with the abnormal antennae acted just the same way; the
two with only one antenna sucked first, then bent the an-
tenna several times, and one of them, several times, lifted a
leg upward towards the head, on that side where an antenna
was missing, as if to learn what had become of that antenna ;
the two with no antennae had no trouble to find the sugar
just as quickly as one with normal antennae, and lifted the legs
upward like the first one. It seems that in this action of
feeding, normally as well as these deformed ones, that they
know the presence of the sugar water before feeling with
the antennae, and even without antennae. By feeding clear
water they act in many different ways ; some feel with the
antennae without sucking, and some suck without feeling,
and a fertile female, if taken from a resting place and set on
the caterpillar food-plant, will generally first bend the anten-
nae down to the leaf before laying eggs; it will require fur-
ther extensive experiments in that line to learn more about it.
On the first day our abnormal butterflies kept more on the
bottom of the cage, whereas the normally formed ones sit
mostly high in the cage. We place the moist sugar-cloth
generally on the pot of the plant on which the eggs are laid,
but this time we placed some on the bottom also, for the but-
terflies without antennae; however they mingled with the
others on the next day. Because we had only one male with a
single antenna, we put some other normally formed males in
the cage with only abnormally formed females, to secure a
mating. As we had selected in our other experiments from
the descendants of the crossing, the most purplish colored
males and females, we selected this time for these abnormally
formed females some males which had the most yellow color,
to find out if the descendants would get again the full charac-
ters of the male used for crossing.

We found the female with only a quarter length of an-
tenna and no club on it, in copulation with a normally formed
male, obtained eggs from this female and raised the cater-
pillars while young in the glass-house like the others, where

38

we obtained the abnormally formed butterflies from. We
obtained in this second generation 17 females, 10 of these had
most of the color characters of the yellow male ; however, the
appendix as the male had it which we used in crossing, was
found in only two of these females, and only small ; the other
seven had some of the characters of the purple female. We
obtained 15 males, 12 of these had the color characters of
the yellow male ; and three had the ocellus of the hindwing
almost purple in color and some purple on the forewing; of
these males only one had a small appendix. In this genera-
tion we obtained one female with the right antenna missing;
another had the left one missing; and one with the left an-
tenna the full length, but the right one of only a quarter
length, and a little club on it.

When we obtained these abnormally formed specimens in
the first generation, we still considered it as an open question,
if not possibly by accident the missing antennae were broken
off; however, this was never before observed, and it seemed
almost impossible, as these thin organs are very elastic as
long as the butterfly is alive. Now, however, that we got
this phenomena repeated, in some of the descendants, it is
without doubt a natural phenomena which is inheritable.
Especially the last one with one antenna the full length, and
the other only one quarter length, and still a little club on it,
is of some significance.

We tried the feeding experiment once more, the first
emerged female, with the right antenna missing, was put
alone in a cage and not fed during the first 24 hours ; the next
morning we placed a moist white sugar cloth near it, and it
started to suck immediately; it must have been very hungry
by this time, but, all the same, it did not fail to bend six
times, the one antenna to the sugar cloth ; then we pushed a
piece of white paper over the cloth, it rolled up the tongue.
and never bent the antenna on the paper or unrolled the
tongue; after the paper was removed, sideways, it sucked
again, without feeling, to appease its hunger.

As it is well known that Junonia is one of the highly
developed butterflies which turns, generally, its tail in the
direction to the sun while at rest, for the only reason, we
believe, to see better. To find out if the antenna had any-
thing to do with this habit, we turned the sugar-cloth in a
circle, horizontallv from left to right; this butterfly turned
just as quick in the opposite direction to retain its customary
position without interruption from feeding; we repeated this
turning around, but changed the direction from right to left,
and this butterflv also changed the direction, however, not
always; and it seemed to become tired, or found it useless
to turn anv more; after eight times repeated turning it re-

39

mained quiet in the other direction, but only for a short
time.

THE ACACIA WEEVIL IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA.

By Theodore Payne,

The Acacia Weevil (Bruchus pruininus Horn)* is now
quite common in Southern California, infecting the trees of
a number of species in many different localities. How long it
has been here I am unable to say, but it first came under my
personal observation in the fall of 1904 in some seed of
Acacia mollissima gathered at Santa Monica. This seed was
collected in the early part of September and a few weeks
later quantities of the weevil hatched out.

A peculiar fact is that they do not all hatch the first season,
usually a few weeks or sometimes months after the seed is
gathered a batch of the weevil will hatch out. The next
year another lot will hatch and a year later still a third.

From the appearance of the seed when gathered it is im-
possible to tell whether it is infected with the weevil or not.
The seed looks perfect but a few weeks later may be riddled
with holes. J"st before the insect emerges a circular marking
is seen on the shell of the seed, this is pushed outward and
the weevil appears. In the seed of Acacia podalyriaefolia col-
lected near Chino a short time after gathering fully fifty per
cent hatched out weevils. The next year perhaps forty or
fifty per cent of the remaining seed hatched out and still
later another batch of probablv fifteen or twenty per cent.
The largest crop is generally the first year, though in some
instances the first crop is light and the later ones heavier.
In Acacia armata collected in Pasadena quite a large crop
appeared the first year, the second year only a few. but the
third year al)Out ninety per cent of the remaining seed pro-
duced weevils.

Acacia baileyana from Santa Barbara for two years ap-
peared to be absolutely free from the weevils, the third a
number hatched out and a second crop the fourth year.

Acacia decurrens from Pasadena showed no weevil till
the second and third seasons.

When the insect makes its way out of the seed it leaves
quite a large cavity but does not always destroy its germin-
ating power, if the hole happens to be some distance from the
germ, it is still possible for the seed to grow. The method
I have followed for separating the seed is to throw it into a
pan of water; the hollow seeds float and are skimmed ofif,
while the solid ones sink to the bottom.

40

Seed of Acacia melanoxylon (Black Acacia) collected
near Orange produced weevils a few weeks after gathering.
The seed was separated in the above way and the hollowed
out seeds thrown on the ground, after a few weeks quantities
of seedlings appeared showing that in a certain number the
germ was not injured. This may be governed somewhat by
the size of the seed. In Acacia armata of which the seed
is very small practically all the inside was destroyed. In
Acacia podalyriaefolia and A. elata many of the seeds har-
boured two of the insects.

Though this weevil appears to attack most species of
Acacia in California I have never found it in seed of Acacia
nerifolia (A. floribunda), or in A. latifolia. In the case of
the former it may possibly be that the seed is so very flat there
is not enough room for the insect to develop. This however
cannot be said of the later in which the seed is plump and
oval.

It has been suggested that the early flowering species are
not so subject to the weevil as the late flowering ones. This
however is not borne out by the facts. A. podalyriaefolia,
blooming in January, was badly infected. A. dealbata and A.
baileyana, flowering in February, were both infected, while
A. latifolia blooming at the same time was not. A. mollissima
and A. melanoxylon, both flowering in April and May, were
also badly infected.

*This beetle was identified by Mr. H. C. Fall. The com-
mon pea and bean "weevils'' are of the same genus.

LEWIS SWIFT.

Dr. Lewis Swift, a fellow and honorary member of this
Academy, died on Sunday afternoon, January 5, 1913, at
Marathon, N. Y., as a result of a paralytic stroke on New
Year's day, at the age of ninety-two vears.

He was born at' Clarkson, N. Y., February 29, 1820. Was
educated at Clarkson Academy ; an honorary Ph. D., from
Rochester, 1879. Director of the Warner Astronomical Ob-
servatory, at Rochester, N. Y., from 1886 to 1894, and the
Lowe Observatory, Echo Mountain, Cal., 1894-1900. He re-
ceived three gold medals from the Emperor of Austria, under
the auspices of the Imperial Academy of Vienna, in as many
successive years, for contributing most to astronomy. He
also received the Lalande prize from the Paris Academy; the
Mrs. Hannah Jackson gilt bronze medals in 1897; four bronze
medals from the Pacific Astronomical Society, and other
prizes. He was a member of the Pacific Astronomical Society,
fellow Royal Astronomical Society, British Astronomical As-

41

sociation, etc. He discovered 14 comets and 1240 nebul?e as
given in Cattell's American Men of Science, 1910; other re-
ports not so reliable say 18 comets and 1300 nebulae; he was
also a student of shooting stars; solar eclipses; and intra-
Mercurial planets.

Several years ago he was stricken blind, and forced to
give up his work. Dr. Swift first came into prominence in
1862, when he discovered the comet which took his name.
He went to Rochester, where he set up an observatory on
DuiT's cider mill.

Though in the hardware business at the time, he discov-
ered a comet each year from 1877-1882. Some of the best
work and discoveries in Science have been and are being
made by men engaged in mercantile and other pursuits not
related to that special study.

Dr. Swift was the author of "Simple Lessons in Astron-
omy."

DR. JOSEPH C. NEVIN

Joseph C. Nevin, a fellow of this xAcademy, died at his
home in Los Angeles in Alay, 1913. He was born in Pitts-
burgh, Pennsylvania, January 6, 1835, where he spent his
early life ; later moving to New York, from which latter place
he went, in 1859, to Canton, China, around the Cape, as a
missionary among the Chinese; he continued in this capacity,
with these people, in China and California, until too old and
feeble to continue, retiring from active work in Los Angeles
about 1901. In Canton, China, he became acquainted with
the Henry F. Hance, English Vice-Consul, and botanist of re-
nown. From Hance, Xevin received his interest and in-
centive to study botany. Nevin collected several hundred
sheets of plants while at Canton which he later brought with
him to California. Albert S. Bickmore, who was Director of
the American Museum of Natural Historv. was then travel-
in"- and collecting in the East Indies, Philipnines and China,
and with Dr. Xevin he went 300 miles up the North River,
finally separating and going to Shanghai, from whence he
returned home to America; Nevin returning to Canton.

In 1878 Nevin left Canton, China, for Los Angeles, Calif.,
where he has remained, with only short trips from this city,
still a worker among the Chinese. Los Angeles was then a
small town of barely 9000 people, and the region which is
now covered with buildings and pavements was his botanical
collecting ground. He gathered an herbarium of about 2000
sheets, and these, together with his library, was presented to

42

Westminster College. Xew Wilmington, West Pennsylvania,
about 1905.

During Kevin's residence in Los Angeles, he became
acquainted with many of the prominent botanists of this coun-
trv. He conducted Gray and Parry on trips in this vicinity,
Laurel Canyon. Verdugo, etc., and could relate many pleasant
incidents of what were surely inspiring walks and conversa-
tion. Farlow, the cryptogramic botanist of Harvard LTniver-
sity, was also an early visitor to Los Angeles, whom Nevin
associated with on botanical rambles. He knew and collect-
ed with most of the early California botanists: Lemmon
(who was an odd fellow), Albert Kellogg, Dr. Behr, D. Cleve-
land, Orcutt, Mr. and Mrs. Brandegee, Parish, W. S. Lyon,
Dr. Davidson, and others.

He visited Santa Catalina Island with W. S. Lyon, a local
collector, who later went to Washington, and procured a lot
of interesting plants, including Gilia nevinii. He made other
excursions to Lang Station, Tehachapi, Fresno in the San
Joaquin Valley; in the San Fernando Valley (Tujunga Wash)
he first collected that peculiar and interesting shrub, Berberis
nevinii Grav ; and at Newhall he collected the white-woolly
Coleosanthus nevinii Gray.

Dr. Nevin was one of the founders and an active member
of this Academy, later being elected a Fellow. And he was
a Corresponding Member of the California Academy in San
Francisco. He "received the degree of Ph. D. from Washing-
ton and jefiferson College, and LL.D. from Westminster Col-
lege. He was interested all his life in the study of the topog-
raphy of ancient Jerusalem, and concentrating his attention
on it after retiring from the active work of the ministry
among the Chinese^in 1901 ; he completed a manuscript of 350
typewritten pages, with diagrams, etc.. entitled, "The Topog-
raphy of Ancient Jerusalem and the Temple."

Dr. Nevin was a thorough and complete master of the
Chinese language, reading, writing and speaking it fluently;
even better \han the English language; he even admitted to
his friends that he could no longer appreciate English idioms,
but did appreciate the Chinese idioms!

Our interest in Nevin is chiefly botanical, and as long as
lovers of the local flora meet with the peculiar shrub Berberis
nevinii in the Tujunga Wash, or the composite, Coleosanthus
nevinii on the drv foothills, his name and service to botany
will remain fresh'in our memories; and we will try to honor
this pioneer student and collector in our field and herbarium
work; the first resident naturalist in Los Angeles.

"That our remembrance, though unspoken,
May reach him where he lives."

Fordyce Grinnell, Jr.

43

TRANSACTIONS

The annual meeting and election of officers of the Academy was
held on Thursday evening, June 5, 1913, at Christopher's, 551 South
Broadway, Los Angeles, commencing with a sumptuous banquet from
6:30 to 8 o'clock, during which discussion of various subjects took
place. There were about forty persons present, chiefly members of
the Academy, and retiring President W. A. Spalding in the chair.

Past-president B. R. Baumgardt then gave a particularly interest-
ing account of Wagner, and his significance and influence on the
world; at the close the members rose in their places and drank the
health of the speaker, in grape juice.

The reports of officers and chairmen of sections were then heard.
Mr. R. L. Beardsley read the report of the secretary, Arthur B. Ben-
ton, who was unable to be present. Mr. S. J. Keese read his report
of the treasurer, which showed the finances in good condition.

Mr. Wm. H. Knight, one of the founders of the Academy, three
of whom were present, gave a very interesting account of the found-
ing of the Academy, its early successes, struggles, trials and aspira-
tions. The Academy in its twenty years of activity has accomplished
more than might be surmised.

Vice-president A. Davidson then gave an account of the botanical
work in Southern California and the numerous additions to the
herbarium.

Vice-president Wm. L. Watts gave an account of the geological
work, especially the petroleum deposits of the Southwest.

Chairman C. A. Whiting gave an account of the Biological Section,
the most active section of all, this year, having held six meetings,
with technical discussions of the subjects presented, and all well
attended. Dr. Whiting also spoke of the early history of the Academy,
which is always interesting.

Mr. Geo. W. Parsons gave an account of the valuable and useful
work in placing sign boards on the desert; and gave some humorous
digressions as change.

Mr. Ford A. Carpenter, local weather observer, gave an account
of certain aero-dynamic work, in connection with the recently organ-
ized section.

Mr. F. Grinnell, Jr., read a short article on "An Ideal Academy."
and showed plans for a proposed Academy building, prepared by Mr.
Benton.

Dr. Hector Alliot, director of the Southwest Museum, spoke of
the progress of that museum, and wished the Academy success in
obtaining its new building, further saying that the Academy should
become the greatest scientific society in the Southwest.

Mr. Frank S. Daggett, director of the County Museum building
in Exposition Park, gave an account of the successful work accom-
plished there, and the retiring president spoke of the work of this
museum, and the great help of the Academy in building up the
collections.

After one of the most significent annual meetings ever held by
the Academy, the meeting adjourned at 10 o'clock.

F. GRINNELL, JR.,

Acting Secretary.

44

SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

A meeting of the board of directors was held immediately follow-
ing the banquet on Thursday evening, June 5, 1913.

Present: W. L. Watts, W. H. Knight, W. A. Spalding, G. W.
Parsons, R. L. Beardsley and S. J. Keese, constituting a quorum. Mr.
Spalding presided.

Officers for the ensuing year were elected as follows: A. B. Ben-
ton, president; C. L. Edwards, first vice-president; W. L. Watts, second
vice-president; R. L. Beardsley, secretary; S. J. Keese, treasurer.
Other directors: W. H. Knight, W. A. Spalding, G. W. Parsons,
A. B. Ulrey, Anstruther Davidson, H. O. Collins.

It was decided to purchase an addressing machine at the cost of
$12.50. Board adjourned.

Respectfully submitted,

ROBERT LEROY BEARDSLEY,

Secretary.
814 San Fernando Bldg.

BIOLOGICAL SECTION
November Meetings

Dr. Charles Lincoln Edwards on Sex-Chromosomes, with colored
diagrams. Dr. Wm. A. Hilton of Pomona College, on The Tunicates,
with blackboard drawings. At Christopher's.

January Meeting

Dr. Wm. A. Hilton of Pomona College on The Development of
the Blood and Yolk Blood Vessels in Amphibia, with beautiful colored
diagrams. Dr. C. A. Whiting showed some lantern slides of patho-
logical, histological preparations. Polariscope demonstration. At Mr.
Keese's home.

February Meeting

Dr. Wm. E. Ritter, of the Marine Laboratory at La Jolla, on The
Marine Organisms off the Coast of Southern California, with lantern
slides. Polariscope demonstration. At Mr. Keese's home.

March Meeting

Dr. C. O. Esterly of Occidental College on The Habits of the
Copepods, diurnal and nocturnal migrations; with carefully prepared
charts. At Dr. Fetter's office.

April Meeting

Dr. Charles L. Edwards, on The Marine Laboratories of Europe,
personal reminiscences. At the Normal School.

May Meeting

Mr. Grinnell on Sexual Dimorphism of Butterflies. Mr. Ernest
DeKoven Leffingwell on his Alaskan explorations. Mr. Chas. E.
Rilliet, on the Baldwin-Ziegler Polar Expedition. At Normal School.

The Botanical Section has this season been wholly occupied with
the mounting of herbarium specimens for the museum. Our orig-na
collection, containing about 3000 specimens, has been gone over and

45

those destroyed by insects have been eliminated. On account oi the
lack of room and proper cabinets, a large portion of this collection
was rendered useless.

A few enthusiastic members have come to our assistance and to
the remnant we possessed the following donations have been received:

Miss Mohr, Los Angeles, 450 specimens, mostly northern species
with some mounted European ferns.

Miss Alice Hutchinson, 140 specimens from ]\It. Carniel and Yose-
mite.

Mrs. Trask, 105 specimens. Catalina and the islands.

Mr. Fordyce Grinnell, 200 specimens. Southern California.

Mr. and Mrs. Chadwick, Hollywood, 600 specimens from tiic
Rocky Mountains, from Banfif to the Yellowstone.

Mr. Parish, San Bernardino, 350 specimens, mostly from Southern
California.

Mr. Theodore Payne, collection from San Bernardino Mountains,
in course of mounting.

A. Davidson, 1500 specimens of British specimens and numerous
specimens from Inyo county and Southern California.

Dr. Hasse, an almost complete set of the Lichens of Californid—
a valuable collection.

T. PAYNE, Secretary.

SECRETARY'S REPORT

During the current year 1912-13 the Academy has met seven
times, at each of which meetings it has been entertained by a lecture,
the speakers on the several occasions being:

On June 5th, 1912, Professor E. A. Path. Subject, "A Trip to a
Star."

October 21st, 1912, Mr. G. G. Johnson. Subject, "The Panama
Canal."

January 6th, 1913, Architect Arthur Burnett Benton. Subject,
"The Franciscan Mission of Alta California."

February 6th, 1913, Dr. Gilbert Ellis Bailey. Subject, "The
Methods of Burial from the Cave Dweller to Modern Times."

April 7th, 1913, Professor Daniel Trembly MacDougal. Subject,
"Physical and Biological Features of American Deserts."

April 10th, 1913, Professor William L. Watts. Subject, "A Talk
on Iceland."

May 2nd, 1913, Dr. Anstruther Davidson. Subject, "Brains and
the Classes of People who produce them."

The directors met in special session on several occasions other
than the regular meetings of the Academy.

At the August meeting, Mr. H. O. Collins announced that he was
about leaving for a trip around the world, and therefore resigned his
office as secretary. Mr. Arthur B. Benton was therefore elected sec-
retary to fill the unexpired term.

1 announce v,'ith deep regret the recent death, at Rome, Italy, of
Mr. W. C. Patterson, a life member of the Academy.

The correspondence of the secretary's office is increasing each
year and the exchange list is also growing rapidly, and promises to
provide a valuable collection of pamphlets in the future.

ARTHUR B. BENTON,

Secretarv.

A special meeting of the Southern California Academy of Sciences
met on Tuesday evening, April 15, at the Polytechnic High School
auditorium. About thirty gathered. Mr. Watts announced the un-

46

avoidable absence of Prof. Tower. Prof. Watts spoke on Iceland and
its volcanoes, which proved very interesting to those present.

The Biological section of the Southern California Academy of
Sciences met on Thursday evening. January 16, 1913, at the residence
of Mr. S. J. Keese. 1509 Shatto street, Los Angeles. The chairman of
the section, Dr. C. A. Whiting, presiding. The following persons
were present: C. L. Edwards, C. S. Thompson, J. R. Haskins, Pros-
pero Barrows, C. O. Esterly, W. H. Knight, W. A. Hilton, S. J.
Keese, Mrs. Keese. Miss Elizabeth Beckford, Mrs. Wilson, and F.
Grinnell, Jr.

Dr. Wm. A. Hilton, professor of Zoology in Pomona College, gave
an interesting account of original work on the development of the
blood and yolk blood vessels in the amphibia, illustrated with care-
fully prepared colored diagrams. The whole paper to be published
later in the Journal of Morphology. In Amblystoma the mesoderm
and that part which gives rise to the blood and blood vascular system
arises from the mesodermal cells. In the eastern Salamander, which
is transparent in the course of its development, and so can be studied
superficially, which is not the case in Amblystone. the blood first
appears in the center of the yolk-sac and gradually branches and con-
nects with the main body of the animal. A separate vessel (colored
blue) inside the body, gradually develops a parallel vein and cross-
veins, called the ventral abdominal vein; was at first quite puzzling
and interesting. It is homologous with the umbilical vein of other
animal forms. The new point found was the development of the
blood as seen in superficial study. There are lacunae or spaces before
the vessels are developed. Discussions and questions.

Dr. C. A. Whiting showed a series of slides of histological subjects
with the projection microscope, on the screen,' mostly showing path-
ological conditions.

Mr. C. S. Thompson reported the capture of a new species of
Salamander on Los Coronados Islands which he is soon to describe.
He also showed some very fine photographs of these islands; and
nesting sites of some birds.

Mr. Keese interested those present with the wonderful color dis-
play of crystal formation as seen with the polariscope.

Mrs. Keese and ^Misses Keese furnished light refreshments, which
concluded an interesting afld profitable evening.

Adjournment at 11 o'clock. ^^

^ F. GRINNELL, JR.,

Acting Secretary.

The Biological Section of the Southern California Academy of
Science met on Wednesday evening. February 26. at the residence of
Mr S J. Keese, 1509 Shatto street. Los Angeles, with the ^OHOwnig
persons present: A. J. Petter, R. L Beardsley, John Clark ST.
Keese, F. Grinnell. Jr.. L. H. Miller, C. O. Esterly W^ E. Ritter Mi.
and Mrs. E. R. Hoskins, Mrs. Sara L. Murray, A B^ Ulrey K B
Fitch J Z Gilbert, W. A. Hilton. C. L. Edwards. Mr. Crandall, C. A.
Brantlecht, Alex Martin, H. J. Ruberg, Prospero Barrows Ralph Ben-
ton Dr C A Whiting, chairman of the section, presided, and intro-
duced the speakers of the evening. Dr. Wm. E. Ritter of the Univer-
sity of California Marine Laboratory at La Jolla, spoke on the sub-
iect "The Pelagic Organisms off the Coast of Southern California,
illustrating by lantern slides and a chart. An outline of his address

is as follows: ^ ,. . , • n ^„ 4-^a i-^ o

The ocean is a vast storehouse of living things well adapted to a

great variety of life, dividing itself sharply into different modes of

life, three of which are. the shore life or littoral fauna, abyssal or

47

bottom life, and pelagic or swimming or floating life, the latter group
is very rich in many small and transparent animals.

The ground is so vast that one has to confine himself to one side
of the study, as in the study of Ornithology, Entomology, Mammal-
ogy, Botany, etc., on land.

Twenty years ago the first attempt was made to study the life
of the Pacific ocean. In 1901 he (in the interests of the University
of California), made a reconnoissance of the coast, San Francisco Bay,
Monterey Bay, and finally San Pedro, through some local friends.
Then San Diego was examined, and he became convinced that these
southern waters were the best. From the first the station specialized
on the floating material as being less studied.

The lantern slides represented snaps of the coast, the rocky topog-
raphy of the beach, and the station buildings and their equipment.

Slides of a large Oscidian were shown, and also the following:
Copepods (the most important fishfood of the marine animals), other
copepods; a chaetognath (Mr. Michael of the station is making a
special study of these worms); various forms of Peridinidae, which,
like the land plants, are well provided with food material for animals.
The "Alexander Agassiz" being launched and at work was shown on
the screen, with equipment for capturing small animals including the
Kofoid closing net weighing 200 to 300 pounds; 0.7% formaldehyde
is used for preservation.

Three hundred and twenty-eight species have been described from
the beginning, and 900 species reidentified; 44 new species of unicellu-
lar organisms. Esterly has described 79 new species of Crustacea and
recorded 131 species; three new species of fish. What has been done
is probably only a fraction of the whole, but it serves as a basis for
further work.

They then dwelt on the distribution of species and the probable
causes which lead to this and their rarity or profusion. We wish to
know the bionomics of the organisms. Time of day, depth and light
have a great deal to do with this. No two species have their dis-
tribution exactly the same level. Light and food are controlling fac-
tors in reactions. There were questions and discussions by Edwards,
Esterly, Whiting, Keese, and others, which were very suggestive.
Edwards told of variation in Synapta.

To conclude a profitable and interesting evening, Mr . Keese
showed crystal formation by means of the polariscope.

Meeting adjourned at 11 o'clock.

F. GRINNELL, JR.,

Acting Secretary.

The Biological section of the Academy met on Thursday evening,
March 20, 1913, in the office of Dr. A. J. Fetters, 202 Pantages building.
South Broadway, Los Angeles, Dr. C. A. Whiting, chairman, presiding.
The following persons were present: J. C. Gomber, H. Gray, C. A.
Whiting, C. O. Esterly, A. J. Fetters, A. B. Ulrey, F. Grinnell, Jr.,
Prospers Barrows, H. H. Newcomb, John Clark, R. L. Beardsley,
J. Z. Gilbert, G. W. Schlichten, Jr., Mr. and Mrs. Fred Burlew, C. D.
Foster. Meeting called to order at 8 o'clock.

Dr. C. O. Esterly of Occidental College gave results of original
work on the habits of the Copepods, carried on at the Marine Labora-
tory at La Jolla. The Copepods, or water-fleas, are very abundant
everywhere and provide food for many animals, including whales.
The Copepods for this study were collected in special net "hauls";
there were studied 680 bottles of specimens and about 225,000 indi-
viduals counted to get the results given in the talk. Six genera and
nineteen speces were worked on. There were found to be more Cope-
pods from 8-12 p. m. at the ocean surface; all records in June and July.

48

The average abundance was graphically shown by means of tables of
figures. There was what might be termed a positive and negative
heliotropism; but the causes are hardly known. There is a diurnal
migration; away from the surface during the day and towards the
surface in the evening. Most migrations are vertical; but a few hori-
zontal ones are recorded, but are not explanable. Six species do not
come above 100 fathoms except at night. All the work done shows
that there is a continual oscillation of these organisms.

There was considerable discussion, especially by Prof. Ulrey, Dr.
Whiting and Mr. Gilbert, and questions and suggestions offered by
most persons present.

Meeting adjorned at 9:15.

F. GRINNELL, JR.,

Acting Secretary.

The Biological Section of the Southern California Academy of
Sciences met on Tuesday evening. April 8, at the library of the State
Normal School. Los Angeles. The meeting was called to order by
the chairman of the section, Dr. C. A. Whiting, at 8 o'clock. Fifteen
persons were present.

Dr. Charles Lincoln Edwards spoke on The Biological Stations of
Kristineberg, Sweden; Naples, Italy; and Vienna. Austria. He (]f
scribed the organization of each, its equipment, the personalities o+'
the directors, and the general work. Dr. Edwards spent some time
at each of these stations, several years ago, working chiefly on the
Holothuriens, and gave several little incidents of his residence at these
places. He also spoke of his acquaintance with Rudolph Leuckart at
Leipzig. The meeting adjourned at 9:15.

F. GRINNELL,JR.

Acting Secretary.

The Biological Section of the Southern California Academy of
Sciences met on Thursday evening. May 15, 1913, in the library of the
State Normal School, Los Angeles. Dr. C. A. Whiting, chairman,
presiding, and a good attendance. Among those present were: C. A.
Whiting, C. L. Edwards. C. O. Esterly. J. Frank Morris, S. J. Keese,
R L. Beardsley. C. E. Rilliet, E. D. Leffingwell, Karl Hummel. C. S.
Ciarke, Richard Ballerino, E. K. Head, G. Ogborn, Miss Helen M.
Hubbs, Miss L. Hahn. and F. Grinnell. Jr.

Mr. F. Grinnell. Jr., read a paper on Sexual Variation of Butter-
flies, reviewing some recent literature on the subject by different men
in various parts of the world, and illustrating certain points with
several boxes of specimens. Particular attention was directed to the
significant variation of the Dog's Head Butterfly. Colias eurydice and
the Eastern Colias caesonia.

Mr. Ernest De Koven Leffingwell, the well-known Arctic ex-
plorer '^ave a very interesting account of the topography, geology
and natural history of the northern part of Alaska, illustrating his

remarks with a map. . . . ^. , , i-

Mr Chas. E. Rilliet, a member of the Baldwin-Ziegler polar expedi-
tion, with Mr. Leffingwell, related some experiences with this expedi-
tion' which were highly instructive and sometimes amusing.

Dr C L Edwards moved that a vote of thanks be extended to
Mr Leffingwell and Mr. Rilliet for their very valuable talks, which
was seconded by Mr. Grinnell and unanimously agreed to by all

present. . r ,i .. ui- i ^

Dr. Whiting told of the value and importance of the establishment

49

of the Popular Science Monthly in spreading the Darwinian ideas of
evolution.

The meeting adjourned at 10 o'clock.

- F. GRINNELL, JR.,

Acting Secretary.

The Astronomical section of the Academy met on Friday evening,
February 21, 1913, at the residence of Mr. S. J. Keese, 1509 Shatto
street, Los Angeles. In the absence of Chairman Knight (on account
of illness) Mr. Keese opened the meeting and introduced the speaker
of the evening. Mr. Harold B. Babcock of the Mt. Wilson Solar
Observatory, who spoke on the subject, "The Laboratory Side of
Some Problems in Astronomy"; with some applications of the Zeeman
effect. He explained the Zeeman effect by means of blackboard illus-
trations, and then showed the application in a beautiful series of
lantern slide photographs of spectra, pointing out the Zeeman effect
in each. These were followed by some slides showing various nebulae
and star clusters, including the interesting nebular whorls or vartices.
Mr. Babcock told of the general organizations of the laboratory in
Pasadena; the Mt. Wilson observatory was one of the first in the
world to have a laboratory in connection with the observatory. Views
of the buildings on Mt. Wilson were shown as well as the apparatus
in the Pasadena laboratory, which was explained.

Mr. Keese showed crystal formation with the aid of the polari-
scope, which was briefly explained by Mr. Babcock.

After light refreshments served by Mrs. Keese and daughters, the
meeting adjourned at 10:30.

F. GRINNELL, JR.,

Acting Secretary.

The Astronomical section of the Southern California Academy of
Sciences met in the library of the State Normal School, Los Angeles,
on Friday evening, January 17, 1913, at 7:45 o'clock. Chairman Wm.
H. Knight presided. A large number were present, among them
being the following who were noted and registered: Melville Dozier,
C. A. Whiting, S. K. Keese, John Frederick, Wm. Read, J. M. McLeish,
Tom Smith, Prospero Barrows, H. A. Prince, John Clark (applying
for membership). Dr. A. Gosdess (of the Keeley Institute of Philadel-
phia), H. M. Bishop, Abbie M. White, Thos. DeWitt (of the St. Louis
Academy of Science), Arthur J. Mack, Phillip A. Bettens, N. J.
Bradway, Mr. and Mrs. H. J. Darton, R. L. Beardsley, W. H. Knight,
F. Grinnell, G. Wharton, James and Chas. E. St. John.

With appropriate remarks Chairman Knight introduced the first
speaker of the evening, Dr. St. John, of the Mt. Wilson Solar Obser-
vatory, who spoke on the subject, "The Distribution of the Elements
in the Solar Atmosphere. The discourse was strictly technical, being
results of recent original work, partly still in progress, and was listened
to with close attention by those present. The speaker illustrated his
remark with blackboard diagrams, figures, etc., photographs of the
sun showing the "spots," and plates of the spectra of the sun spots.
A few points may be brieflystated. Evershed in India was the first
man to work on this problem. Dr. St. John studied the "spots" when
they were on the side of the sun; takes the spectra of one side of the
spots, then the other side, and places these together. Thn he ex-
plained the lines of the spectum; this is very expensive work and
takes a long time to measure these lines, and an accumulatton of con-
siderable data to get seemingly small results. By the amount of the
displacement of these lines, it can be learned how fast the substances
or elements are moving in or out of a spot. The iron vapor flows

50

exceeding fast out of the spots, 150 miles a minute. Different ele-
ments are seen to go in a spot from what goes out. The action of
these spots are what may be turned cyclones and this could be seen in
the photo of the sun shown. The different elements give different
displacements of the lines, and consequently show the strength; which
was illustrated in detail by figures, etc.

Calcium vapor rises 24,000 kilometres, or 15,000 miles, increasing
from a pressure of xlO to 0. As on the earth, it was shown that the
heavy elements are at the surface of the sun, and the lighter further
up. Hydrogen is found at the surface of the earth, but a certain
distance no oxygen. An Edinburgh student has confirmed some of
St. John's conclusions.

The special problem to solve is whether three little lines in the
red of the spectum are oxygen; and it is hoped to solve this some day.
Dr. St. John explained the operation of the spectro heliograph on
Mt. Wilson, by which most of these observations are made. Questions
and a short discussion followed.

Dr. George W. James was the next speaker, who spoke on Recol-
lections of the late Dr. Lewis Swift, former directors of the Lowe
Observatory, Echo Mountain. Dr. James was very intimate with both
Dr. Swift and Prof. Lowe and his talk was full of interesting anecdote;
he will publish accounts of these two men in "Out West," of which he
is the editor.

Dr. James spoke of pure and applied science, which was to the
point. Swift was devoted to pure science and Lowe to applied science,
though not particularly materialistic. The pure scientist is a rnan of
imagination, and such men are really necessary to a commercialistic
community.

Mr. Knight announced a meeting of the Academy on Thursday
evening, February 6.

Mr. Tom P. Smith announced the next meeting of the new
astronomical club at the L. A. High School.

Adjournment at 10 o'clock.

F. GRINNELL, JR.,

Acting Secretary.

The Entomological Club met on Thursday evening, February 27,
1913, at the residence of Victor L. Clemence, 247 E. Green street,
Pasadena, with the following men present:. V. L. Clemence. H. H.
Newcomb, H. C. Fall, W. BoUerman, A. G. Smith, Foster Daniels,
and F. Grinnell, Jr.

Mr. H. H. Newcomb read some newspaper clippings concerning
various topic of Entomology, mostly of a humorous character; he
exhibited a copy of Denton's Butterflies, which contain the direct im-
pression of the wings and conserving the true color; and made a sug-
gestion about the advantages to be gained by a combination of Ento-
mological journals, of which there are too many.

Mr. Grinnell read a more or less lengthy correspondence between
J. M. Aldrich and C. W. Stiles, and between Aldrich and E. P. Pelt
concerning certain questions of Entomological nomenclature, which
provoked considerable discussion by those present.

Informal discussion on various topics. Entomological and non-
Entomological, was enthusiastically engaged in. and after the serving

of light re'freshments the meeting adjourned at 10 o'clock.

F. GRINNELL. JR.,

Acting Secretary.

The Zoological Section of the Southern California Academy of
Sciences met on Friday evening at the residence of Mr. and Mrs. J.

51

O. Beebe, 439 W. 54th street, Los Angeles, April 25. Chairman J.
Z. Gilbert, presiding.

Mr. J. O. Beebe gave a very interesting and instructive talk on
Crinoids, of which he has the most important collection outside of the
Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard, and the Smithsonian.
Mr. Beebe collected a great many of those in the last named institu-
tions. By means of models he showed the evolution of the Crinoids
from the simplest forms up to the present starfish. Wachsmuth and
Springer are the leading authorities on these nearly extinct animals,
and he showed their large and expensive work. There were many
questions and answers in a very informal way which added to the
pleasure of the talk.

Mr. B. Burton, a mining engineer, gave an account of the finding
and excavation of prehistoric animals in Utah, Wyoming and other
Rocky Mountain states.

The following men were present: F. C. Clark, J. O. Beebe, H. B.
Dixon, J. Z. Gilbert, Wm. H. Knight, H. H. Newcomb, R. L. Beards-
ley. B. Burton, John Clark and F. Grinnell, Jr.

The meeting adjourned at 10:30.

F. GRINNELL, JR.,

Acting Secretary.

On Thursday evening, June 12, a natural history club for boys was
organized at the home of Rutherford Moore, 2242 Hobart Boulevard,
Los Angeles. The following boys were present: Aten Lytle, George
Miller, Walter Cline, Frank P. Alexander, Donuil Hillis, Rutherford
Moore, Aubrey Eastham, Jack Phillips, Clifford Grant, James F.
Moore. Charles Parker, James Cuzner. Ralph Church, Harold Grieve
and F. Grinnell, Jr., from whom a president, vice-president, secretary
and treasurer were chosen. The name Lorquin Natural History Club
was chosen, in memory of the first collector of Californian insects and,
plants in 1849. It was decided to hold meetings on the first Fridays
of each month, and frequent field excursions. The first field trip was
on Saturday, the 14th of June, to the Ballona Creek region west of
the city, where a lot of specimens were collected. In a few years this
club, and others, will provide some real active members for our
Academy.

Mr. Fordyce Grinnell, Jr.

Dear Sir: Your article on Eugonia Californica in the last Southern
California Academy Bulletin leads me to write concerning the wide
devastation of Ceanothus Cordifolius by this insect in the southern
Sierra Nevada in 1911. In August of that year I was traveling through
the Kaweah and Tule river regions on a botanical expedition. Tlie
defoliation was most marked and of widest extent (occuring for several
miles) on the South Fork Kaweah at 6500 to 7500 feet altitude. Large
areas of the shrubs did not display a single leaf. The denudation was
almost entirely confined to open sunny slopes. Colonies in shade of
forest or on north slopes so sharp as to be largely protected from the
sun, were not affected. The forest was mainly mixed Abies concolor-
and magnifica.

Yours very truly,

WILLIS L. JEPSON.

52

BULLETIN

OF THE

SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA
ACADEMY of SCIENCES

LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA, U. S. A.
JANUARY, 1914

Vol. XIII January, 1914 No. 1

BIT LLETIN

OF THE

Southern California Academy of Sciences

COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION

Holdridge Ozro Collins, LL.D., Chairman
Anstruther Davidson, C. M., M. D. William A. Spalding

CONTENTS

PAGE

Fluctuations from the Normal Temperature and Precipitation at Los

Angeles during the year 1913 ■•- '■

The Tecate Cypress - H

The Oldest Known Tree 14

James John Rivers 1"

Reports and Meetings 1°

^

'utitlt^trn dtilifurttm A,ra:bemg xxf *Stxtntts

ARTHUR B. BENTON President

CHARLES L. EDWARDS First Vice-President

WILLIAM L. WATTS Second Vice-President

ROBERT LEROY BEARDSLEY Treasurer

SAMUEL J. KEESE Secretary

Holdridge O. Collins George W. Parsons

Anstruther Davidson William A. Spalding

William H. Knight Albert B. Ulrey

^cctttftts af tht ^xnbsm^

jAstrxxKtJatiral ^>rtiun
William H. Knight, Chairman Melville Dozier, Secretary

William L. Watts, Chairman George W. Parsons, Secretary

Clement A. Whiting, Chairman C. H. Phinney, Secretary

James Z. Gilbert, Chairman George W. Parsons, Secretary

Anstruther Davidson, Chairman T. Payne, Secretary

THE TECATE CYPRESS— Parish.

FLUCTUATIONS FROM THE NORMAL TEMPERA-
TURE AND PRECIPITATION AT LOS ANGELES,
CALIFORNIA, DURING THE YEAR NINETEEN
THIRTEEN.

By Ford A. Carpenter, LL. D.,
Local Forecaster, U. S. Weather Bureau.

The year 1913 will go down in the meteorological history
of the United States as one long to be remembered. Many
temoeratiire and rainfall records were equalled and exceeded
in Southern California, and especially in Los Angeles and
vicinity. The cause and character of the cold weather of
Tanuarv. the phenomenally heavy rainfall in February, and
the high temperatures in September, all form interesting
topics for study. These wide departures from the normal
suggest that there may be truth in the oft-repeated assertion
that there is a change in the climate, so at the close of this
paner will be found the author's views on the stability of the
climate.

Taking up the three phases of unusual meteorological de-
partures from the normal chronologically, the first to be con-
sidered will be the extraordinarily low temperatures at the be-
ginning of the year 1913.

The January Cold-Wave.

The unusually cold weather of the first week in January,
1913, established new temperature records in nearly all por-
tions of California. In the citrus districts of Southern Cali-
fornia it will be remembered chiefly because of the damaging
efifect of the frost. From a close study of weather conditions
as shown by plant growth, horticulturalists as well as mete-
orologists are convinced that the low temperatures in South-
ern California on January 5, 6 and 7 have not been equalled
in some portions of this district for over a century. For ex-
ample, the century-old cactus hedge, planted by the early
mission fathers, at San Jacinto, California, was destroyed by
the cold weather in January.

This portion of the Pacific coast is remarkably free from
atmospheric conditions which bring cold-waves. This is not
true of the region to the south and east, as a study of the tem-
perature records of Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi and Florida,
shows. The accompanying weather maps for January 6th and
7th, show the formation and growth of remarkable aerial
eddies and resultant temperatures. On the morning of the
seventh it will be observed that the dominating high area
produced zero temperatures far south into Arizona and dan-

1

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ai *

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gerously close to Southern California. There are uncon-
firmed reports of zero temperatures in the eastern and far
southern portions of this district. Weather Bureau temper-
atures 10 degrees below freezing- were registered at 5 A. M.
of the 7th at San Luis Obispo, on the coast, just south of Point
Conception.

The Heavy Rain in February.

The causes which led up to the heavy rain in Los An-
geles on February 24, 25 and 26 were both general and spe-
cific. By general, is meant the geographical distribution of
atmospheric pressure on the Pacific Coast and the region west
of the JViississippi River, and specifically, local as affecting tne
San Gabriel valley.

The records of Southern California stations show that
during dry seasons, i. e., seasons with abnormally deficient
precipitation, downpours in Tanuarv, February or March are
comparatively common, with their relative frequency like
this :

January, I,

Februarv, 3,

March, 2.

The reason is this: The difference between a season of
deficient rainfall and excessive or normal rainfall is whether
or not the areas of low pressure (which normallv move in and
strike the Coast about the latitude of the Columbia River)
take a course a little south of east and move slowly on their
path to the Great Lakes, or whether these barometric deores-
sions are blocked bv great areas of high pressure that drift
down from the British Provinces and envelop the western
states. The general blocking of the normal movement gives
long periods of dry, cool and clear weather to California, and
especially to Southern California.

During seasons of deficient precipitation the high areas
prevent the general movement of the regular northern storms.
Owing to the crests of these high areas being north of this
district, most frequently over Nevada and Utah, a solid front
is presented to the west but is weakest towards the south. To
this spot a small, but frequently well-defined, low area breaks
in and enters the southern coast.

Such a depression was first observed over Southern Ari-
zona on the 19th, it having probably entered the Sonora re-
gion on the 18th. This storm moved rapidly up the valley on
the 20th and on the 21st rain began to fall in Los Angeles,
accompanied by a northerly wind, thus indicating the south-
ern and consequently abnormal origin of the storm. The
storm continued its northerly course, but dipped southerlv
on the 22d, which day was clear and bright all day, but with

3

southerly winds. The storm moved rapidly into Oregon,
traversing six hundred miles in twenty-four hours, then re-
curved and started southerly again, moving 400 miles in
twelve hours. During the night of the 24th heavy rain began,
and on the 25th 4.80 inches fell at Los Angeles ; proportion-

Weather Map showing Arrangement of Isobars at 5 A. M. Feb. 25,
1913, Progression of Storm shown by Feathered Lines; Date
and Location of Storm by Circled Figures.

ately heavy rain fell at Santa Barbara and still heavier ram
occurred at Pasadena. The storm then took the normal di-
rection eastward and passed out of range as afifecting the
weather in Southern California.

The reason that the storm's actions were confined to
Southern California was the fact that an immense area of high
pressure to the eastward acted as a mighty bolster. This
high area also provided masses of cold air thousands of miles
in area to affect, by its immensity, the nearly saturated air of
this district.

The reasons why the region about Los Angeles and Pasa-
dena and neighboring towns received much heavier rainfall

^onn No. loi«— Met'L

(Station)

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, WEATHER BUREAU.

DAILY LOCAL RECORD.

LOB Angeles, Cal. ( Day of week) .}i°riiaT_ _ , rBaie) .'eo^ary 24,

, 191%

TUb* {loul MuilKrd )X2Wtt*t

1

P K

__;( _.,...„„.,.„.„._„„.

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ftoo- OB fimin* .V-.. p. m., ...VL., In'*-.

Total mo-WI. aiMtdghl Id aildoi«b[. _._,0_ mth™.

<r-

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Total prtOplUOon. mWnWhl lo fflldolghl. i-ififlnrhw
Ctenoo. 0( d.j. _Ql.QU(l£ Hoonpbu.

i aoijdlo™^i)oth.r~.DiHlJooi..

^ , — 1 —

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ly

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S.44 C10U(

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i/'<'^ storm southwest signala flying at Avalon,

San Pedro, Radondo,
Venice ;ho--sted aim-
set Feb. 23d.

Prepared by ^-25. S- y
reriftedby)y'J3l./T -^^"^

Meteorological conditions accompanying the heavy rain of Feb. 24, 1913.
(Copy of the daily local record for that date.)

than Redlands or Riverside is. first, because the storm's track
left these latter places on the dry side of the area of low pres-
sure; second, because the region about Los Angeles was en-
veloped in an atmosphere having in possession and recourse
to, a great amount of moist air necessary to the production of
rain. This was not the case at Redlands or Riverside as the
relative humidity at these places was low and the air dry and

5

not disposed to moisture. That the mountains to the north
and northwest of Los Angeles contributed to the deflection
of air currents upwards, tending to increase the convectional
currents, is proven by the fact that Monrovia, Glendora. and
other nearby towns reported heavier rainfall than either Pasa-
dena or Los xAngeles.

To summarize: The cause of the heavy rain in Los An-
geles was generally the blocking: of aerial eddies westerly,
permitting the entrance of a southerly storm and specifically
the recurving of the path of the low area and the configuration
of the region about the San Gabriel River.

-fc)'

*The September Hot Wave.

On September 17, 80 degrees was the highest minimum
temperature ever recorded in Los Angeles, and the highest
temperature. 108 degrees, on that day was within 1 degree of
the absolute maximum for the station, 109 degrees on July 25,
1891. That such conditions are uncommon may be gained
from the fact that this temperature was 26 degrees higher than
the mean daily maximum for the month from 37 years' record
at this station. Otherwise September was a typical month,
the mean highest temperature being only 2 degrees above the
daily normal maximum.

The cause of this hot spell, like all instances of tempera-
tures above 90 degrees in this portion of Southern California,
was a well-defined "norther" condition brouc-ht about by pres-
sure distribution typical of such phenomena.

On September 15 the barometric pressure was high over
the northwest and low in the southwest. While the low
area remained stationary for many davs, the high area pro-
gressed in a southeasterly direction. The greatest difference
in pressure was coincident with the warmest day, when the
weather map showed a gradient of a tenth of an inch in baro-
metric pressure to the hundred miles on an east and west line.

The effect of this pressure distribution on the weather in
the coast districts of Southern California was to give that
region the driest and warmest day on record. Previous rec-
ords were broken at surrounding stations, notably that of San
Diec^o, which has the longest unbroken series of observations
in this section. At that station the thermometer rose 9 degrees
higher than ever before recorded, and 33 degrees above the
mean daily maximum temperature of the month.

* "Monthly Weather Review." 1913. Vol. XLI. Pp. 1470-1471.

Monthly and Annual Distribution of Temperatures of 100°
and Over at Los Angeles, Cal.

YE/VR

April

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Total

1877

n

1878

103
alOl

1

1879

a 104

4

1880

0

1881

100

102

100

bfl04

7.

1882

1

1883

100

100

6

1884

bl02
cel06

2

1885

108

102

5

1886

0

1887

100

1

1888

0

1889

103

1

1890

cl05

2

1891

ad 109

100

4

1892

0

1893

0

1894

0

1895

100

1

1896

103

1

1897

0

1898

0

1899

100

1

1900

0

1901

0

1902

0

1903

0

1904

0

1905

101

1

1906

105

1

1907

acl03

3

1908

0

1909

101

cl03

3

1910

100

1

1911

0

1912

100
108

1

1913

1

Total

1 2

7

6

• 8

17

2

43

References: (a) also 100; (b) also 101 ; (c) also 102; (d)
also 103; (e) also 104; (f) 102 twice.

Month with maximum number, September 17

Year with maximum number, 1883 6

Average number per year (over) 1

Remarks: The absolute highest temperature, 109 de-
grees, was, registered on July 25, 1891.

The Los Angeles thermogram and hygrogram of the four-
day period presents an excellent example of the relationship
between temperature and moisture in Southern California
during days when the thermometer rises above 90 degrees.
The trace sheets of the thermograph and hygrograph show
that the day preceding and following the hot day were normal
September days with moderately high temperatures, 99 and
90 degrees, and nearly normal humidities, 66 per cent, and 65
per cent. At 1 :30 P. M. on September 17, the time of the
highest temperature of 108 degrees, the relative humidity was
4 per cent, as determined by whirled psychrometer observa-
tions.

Growers of vegetables and tender plants suffered loss
by the extreme drvness, and some of the walnut groves sus-
tained damage. The physical efifect of the hot and drv air
was not detrimental to the health or business activities of the
community. There was an absence of prostration cases from
the hospital records and business progressed without inter-
ruption. Owing to the extreme dryness of the air animals
did not suffer from the heat except rabbits, many of them
dying from the unusual conditions. Incidentally there was
considerable financial loss occasioned by forest and city fires.
On the day of the greatest heat the city fire department re-
sponded to 21 fires, which necessitated the use of about 75 mil-
lion gallons of water, equaling the amount used for domestic
purposes by the city on a normal day.

Is the Climate Changing?

A perusal of the foregoing account of the weather ex-
tremes in Southern California during the present vear may
well stimulate the popular inquiry, 'Ts the climate changing?"
While it is true that here in Los Angeles we have equaled
the lowest temperature ever known as well as the highest
(within one decree) ever experienced, also the hottest night
on record in this localitv, and registered the heaviest twenty-
four-hour rainfall, all since the first of the year, this does
not indicate a change in the general equability of local
meteorological conditions.

There are fluctuations from a normal, both in temperature
and rainfall, but these departures are neither periodic nor
cumulative. It is readily seen from the accompanying chart
showing profiles of maximum, average and minimum tempera-
tures at Los Angeles for over a generation that there is no
general diminution or increase in temperature. In fact, as
regards mean temperature it will be noticed that the tem-
perature varies only a few degrees from vear to vear. The
warmest year in Los Angeles was that of 1877, with an aver-

8

age temperatuer of 66 degrees, and the coldest, 60 degrees,
in 1880 and in 1894.

No General Change Recorded in a Generation.

In a recent book* the author discussed the stabiHty of
the climate and said that an examination of sixty-three years'

Extreme Temperatures at Los Angeles, Gal.

00 oj
00 00

rjf H

no

o 2 2
T 1 liio

/

100- .^v .^2^^1 i'' 5 __,^

^_„^ _^Z^-y^^^L-100

Q t ^'^ ii: ii: -\^^

^^^-V<--^ ^^ ^2 QTk

^ -90

•'^--iinnuaiX mazimuiD

c\r\

80. _u

dO

— . Ttr\.

70

It: 70

AQ .^.^ .^^S^,,^T v^-~— '-> ^.^^

v.^^^"^ — .-^' ■^_-^"*-^ 60

cir\

SQL Annual mean

. vQ

Ar\

40^

_4U

^ — ^j-'i „_

SO '^--^^s^/'''^^^-'^^^'^-^^

\^^^\r'^y'^^^ ^^ \_30

C\f\

2-0 Armiifti TnininriiTn

20

Mghest, 109, July 25,1891

lowest, 28, Feb. 6, 1883 and Jan. 7, 1913

Profile of Mean and Extreme Temperatures at Los Angeles, Cal.
Record began 1877; data from recording instruments.

record at San Diego (which has one of the longest unmter-
rupted climatic records in the west) showed no general m-
crease or decrease in either temperature or rainfall.

* "Climate and Weather of San Diego, California." 1913. Pp.

33-34.

9

That the climate is changing cannot be denied ; but this
change is covering thousands of years, and it is not com-
passed by the little span of recorded history. Though thou-
sands of years have elapsed since the ice-sheet began to re-
treat, we have to go but a few hundred miles to the Yosemite
National Park to see regions not yet beyond the glacial con-
ditions of that era.

Non-Periodic Fluctuations Occur.

Climates change from age to age, but the systematic
record of past events is limited to so short a space of time
that no change has been observed, and no general increase
or decrease in either temperature or rainfall has been recorded.

It seems a far cry back to the golden days of '49, when
a rain gage was set up in the oldest California Mission at
San Diego; but how many hundred times fifty years have
elapsed since the days when the lava met the sea at Point of
Rocks at the IMexican boundary? One is a historic period and
the other is a geologic epoch.

10

THE TECATE CYPRESS.
S. B. Parish.

The region along the Mexican boundary to the east of
San Diego is a complex of rugged mountains, the altitude
of whose highest summits seldom exceeds 500 feet. Deep
and narrow gorges penetrate them, carrying the drainage
of the scanty rainfall to the Tia Juana river, but for the
greater part of the year waterless, except in the few places
where a feeble flow maintains a precarious existence through
the summer, and suffices to irrigate an occasional pocket
or little vale, affording space for a garden spot or a few
farmsteads.

The country rock is granitic, and the red or yellow soil,
thin except in the little flats, is the resultant of its more or
less complete weathering and disintegration. Blocks and
fragments of all sizes and shapes lie scattered over the sur-
face, and cracked ledees proiect, especially toward the sum-
mits, which are mostlv capped with naked rocks. Elsewhere
a shaggy chaparral clothes the hills, and renders it difficult
to. explore them. A thin file of Cottonwoods, Willows and
Sycamores follows the beds of the larger drainage courses,
and on their outer margins here and there a stunted Oak
appears. All are of less than the normal size to which they
attain under more favorable conditions. They obstruct
rather than shade the channels which they border. Hard as
are the conditions Avhich here confront plant life, they have
developed an abundant, varied and interesting flora, inviting
alike to the ecologist and to the taxonomist.

An excellent road winds through these mountains from
the city of San Dieeo to Mountain Springs, where it
drops down to the Colorado desert, and so eoes on to Im-
perial Valley, an artificial oasis in the Salton Sink. Descend-
ing by loops and curves the abrupt slope of one of these
mountains, the road crosses Cottonwood Creek, and at once
begins the equally tortuous ascent of the northern side of
Mount Tecate. This crossing, designated on maps as Cot-
tonwood Station, is 35 miles east of San Diego, and has an
altitude of 900 feet above sea level. It consists of a single
house, provided with a watering trough and a gasoline tank
for the accommodation of the two classes of travel which
pass over this road.

Mount Tecate is 4,000 feet in altitude, and is exactlv on
the dividing line between the United States and Mexico,
two of the boundarv monuments being situate on its summit.
To the botanist it is of interest as one of two isolated and
limited habitats of a Cypress, a genus which, althouph well
represented in the central and northern parts of the state, is

11

otherwise unknown south of the Santa Lucia mountains, nor
in other directions nearer than the mountains of Arizona,
so that it is separated by hundreds of miles from any con-
generic species.

F'ollowing- the road, as it leaves Cottonwood Station and
climbs the Potrero Grade up the flank of Tecate, the first
Cypresses are seen about a mile and a half above the cross-
ing, and at an altitude of about 1,100 feet. They are few in
numl^er, and are scattered among the Oaks and Sycamores
which scantily fringe the ravine of Potrero Creek. Presently
they appear on the right among the rocks filling the bottoms
of the steep and narrow gulches which seam the side of Te-
cate. They are scattered here at intervals, mostly in small
clusters, and do not in the least tend to extend up the banks.

The whole side of the mountain is densely overgrown
with a mixed chaparral, in which no one species predominates.
Into its composition enter Rhus ovata, Arctostaphylos bicolor,
Prunus ilicifolia, Rhamnus ilicifolia, Adenostoma fasciculatum,
Heteromeles arbutifolia, Cercocarpus betulifolius. Clematis
pauciflora, Hazardia squarrosa, Ceanothus sp. and Lonicera
sp. Quercus dumosa, which at somewhat higher altitudes is
often almost the exclusive chaparral shrub, is very sparingly
represented, but by individuals presenting the diverse forms
of leaf and acorn common in this species. The subordinate
vegetation includes Helianthemum scoDarium, Artemesia
californica, Diplacus puniceus, Gutierrezia sarothrae. Salvia
californica, Dicentra chrysantha, Convolvulus occidentalis,
Gnaphalium californicum, Stet)hanomeria virgata and a varie-
tv of annual grasses and other herbs, unrecognized in their
dry and broken remains.

As it grows in these gulches the Cypress is a slender tree,
at most 20 feet in height, but all the individuals, even the
smaller, have the appearance of small trees rather than of
large shrubs. They present an aspect of adolescent vigor,
but no seedlings, or very young specimens, were seen, nor,
on the other hand, any which might be termed aged, nor
were there remains of old trees to be found. But I am in-
formed by Ad^r. Frank Stephens that on the summit of Tecate
there are several hundred trees, some of which appear of
great age. They are bent and scraggy, as is usual on wind-
swept heights, but while they do not exceed 25 feet in height
they are said to have trunks two and three feet in diameter.
It was with regret that I found mvself unable to visit these
trees, but the summit of Tecate is practically inaccessible
from the American side, by reason of its steepness, and of
the dense chaparral which covers it. On the Mexican side
it may be reached by a trail from the hamlet of Tecate, but
there are political as well as physical obstacles in the way
of this ascent.

12

The average circumference of eleven of the largest trees
growing in the gulches visited was 11 inches, the extremes
being 15 and 7 inches. The naked trunk is short, as the limbs
begin not far from the ground, and the limbs themselves are
rather sparse, seldom over eight feet long, spreading, or
somewhat ascending, but not in the least pendulous. The
bark is smooth and shining, free from resin or fibers, of a
mahogany-brown color, with lighter mottlings, caused by the
scaling- off of thin flakes. Foliage bright green ; mature leaves
broadly triangular, 1 mm. wide; dorsal pits minute or mostly
wanting, without lateral furrows. Staminate aments numer-
ous, 3-4 mm. long, 2 mm. thick; anthers 4 to each scale.
Cones globose, 1.5-2 cm. in diameter, dark gray, densely clus-
tered, or rarely solitary; peduncles 1-5 cm. long; scales 6
(rarely 4-5), quadrate, 1.5 cm. in diameter, rugose, the umbo
blunt or having a small upturned scale-like point ; seeds about
70 in a cone, 4 by 3 mm., narrowly margined, minutely papil-
late, brown, and at base marked with a short white line. At
the time of my visit, October 13, a few trees were beginning
to discharge pollen, and most were nearly ready to do so, but
no pistillate catkins were noted. The seed of the previous
vear was mature, but the cones showed no tendency to open.
They were confined almost entirely to the larger trees.

A second station for this Cypress is on the north face of
a mountain between Descanso and Pine Valley, about 20 miles
in an air line from Tecate, and 45 from San Diego. So far
as can be learned from those best acquainted with the region
these two stations are the only ones in any part of San Diego
county, or of Lower California.

Although the existence of this Cypress has been long
known, there has been little definite information concerning
it, and its systematic disposition remains unsettled. In the
Botany of the Geological Survey (vol. 2. p. 114, 1880) \A/atson
included it in Cupressus goweniana, and he has been followed
bv Sargent (Sylva X. Am., vol. 10, p. 107. 1896) and by Sud-
worth (Forest' Trees Pac. Slope, p. 161. 1908). In Abrams
Trees and Shrubs of Southern California (Bull. N. Y. Bot.
Card, vol. 6, p. 330. 1910) it is referred to C. guadalupensis, a
species erected bv Watson for an endemic tree of the Mexican
island whose name supplied the specific adiective. Jepson, m
his Flora of California (pt. 1, p. 61. 1909) proposed a new
species, C. sargentii, for a certain shrub or small tree which
grows in isolated groves near the coast from Mendocino to
the Santa Lucia mountains, and in the Sylva of California
(Mem Univ. Cal. vol. 1, p. 158. 1910), he with hesitation
includes the San Diego trees in it. While these do not in all
respects agree with the characters defined for C. sargentu, this
disposition is the most satisfactory yet made. Phytogeograph-
ically the San Diego tree is not in harmony with the distribu-
tion of the genus on the Pacific Slope.

13

THE OLDEST KNOWN TREE.
By Anstruther Davidson, C. M., M. D.

This may seem a presumptuous title, as fossil trees in
grreat variety have been unearthed from strata deposited mil-
lions of years ago, but the tree that forms the subject of this
sketch is orobably the oldest tree yet discovered in which the
wood and bark are as well preserved as if the tree had just
been felled.

In the course of the excavations now being- carried on in
the famous Rrea beds near Los Angeles a tree was uncovered
standing upright ; in its original position, with a perfect
root svstem attached.

The tree at base shows a solid trunk 52 inches in length,
then forks into 2 large, nearly equal branches, one about 11
feet long, the other 8 feet, at which points both were appar-
ently broken ofif. The main trunk has a girth of 52 inches.
The longer branch was first encountered at about 4 feet from
the surface. Around the tree trunk from tip to base there
were removed dozens of skulls, and other remains of Saber-
toothed Tiger, Camel, Elephant, Sloth, &c.

On removal of the tree, the roots of which spread
laterally into the solid asphalt, the remains of the animals
mentioned above were found as numerous as ever beneath
it. The excavations have now reached a depth of 6 feet
below the tree root, but have not reached the clay that
naturally underlies the asphalt. The upturned root exposed
a thin layer of loam in which the tree probably took root,
and once established it seems to have flourished for many
years, until it succumbed to age or the overflowing of the
liquid asphalt. A lateral branch about 3 inches in diameter
was removed for examination. This branch had been broken
ofif some time before the tree was submerged, as the bur-
rows made by some insect lavge were quite apparent.

A section of the tree forwarded to the Smithsonian In-
stitute was identified as Cupressus Macnabiana Murray.
This tree is at present a native of Northern California. Jep-
son in "Silva of California" gives its range from "Napa to
.Shasta Co., then East to the Northern Sierras and West to
the Coast Range ; west of Shasta quite a large grove exists."
Sudworth in "Trees of Pacific Coast" says "It ranges from
1100 to 5000 feet under climatic conditions of rainfall that
varies from 13 to 62 inches per annum. The temperature
varies from 100 degrees in summer to nearly zero in winter.
Trees 5 to 8 inches in diameter show in rings of growth
an age of 80 to 125 years. This tree probably does not
live more than 200 or 300 years." Mr. Herbert J. Goudge
polished a section of the branch removed and found the

14

rincrs of growth indicated a total age for this 3-inch branch
of 130 years. Twenty-seven years were required to make the
first inch in diameter, 27 years for the second inch, 72 for the
third inch.

Whether these animal and vegetable remains in the as-
Dhalt beds are 10.000 or 50,000 years old or 250,000, as some
have supposed, we have no accurate means of determining,
but the presence of the Cypress gives a somewhat definite
clue to the climatic conditions that prevailed when the Sloth,
Mastodon, and Saber Tooth Tiger animated our district.
Besides the Cypress many seeds of Juniperus occidentalis
and a few of the Manzanita have been found. This Juniper
is abundant in the Northern and Rocky Mountains, but is
only sparingly represented in Southern California.

On Mt. San Antonio, at the height of 10.000 feet and
on the Margin of Bear Valley dam at 6700 feet, there are a
small number of trees and these are 40 and 80 miles distant
from the asphalt beds. A few Manzanitas still survive in
Grififith Park, but in Southern California this shrub usually
ranges above 4000 feet altitude. The associations of these
3 trees in such close proximity naturally suggest a climate
dififerent from the present, and unless there has been a
change in the adantations of those trees the climate then
must have been akin to our mountain or northern climate
now ; more moisture, with probably a lesser range of daily
and seasonal temperature.

Future discoveries may of course modify this view. As
the giant Sloth was an herbivorous animal, it is doubtful if
such trees as Cypress and Juniper could possibly supply it
with the sustenance required for such a large body.

European investigations would suggest that there has
been no material change in that climate for many years.
The trunks of the Scottish fir found by the writer in the
peat bogs of the North of Scotland, and presumed to have
fallen before the time of the Roman invasion, show the same
rate of growth as those of the present day.

The cultivation of the date affords a delicate test as re-
gards climate and its distribution in Palestine today indicates
that there has been no variation in the annual temperature
since old testament times. A moister period preceded this
in Palestine, but Dr. Blanckenhorn estimates that this period
ended 50.000 vears ago, and that the existing conditions have
remained unaltered for the last 10.000 years. Similar investi-
gations in Egypt indicate that there has been no notable
climatic changes in historic times. If the conditions as re-
gards moisture on our coast paralleled those of Palestine and
if Dr. Blanckenhorn's estimate of the time of change is
correct, then it is 50,000 years since the climate here was
of such a character as to favor the associated growth of

15

Jufliper, Cypress and Manzam'ta in the region of the Brea
beds — a practically sea level altitude.

How it was possible for a tree to attain the growth
this Cypress did with its roots apparently submerged in solid
asphalt it is difficult to imagine. After further explorations
we may return to a consideration of this puzzling circum-
stance.

JAMES JOHN RIVERS

James John Rivers, a Fellow of this Academy, died at his
home in Santa Alonica, Calif., on the morning of December
16, 1913, at the age of nearly ninetv vears. He was born in
Winchester, England, January 6, 1824. Not much is known
of his early life, his parents and brothers all died when he
was young, and he was left in charge of an aunt, from whom
he inherited considerable wealth ; he was a cousin of Sir John
Rivers. J. J. Rivers studied medicine at the Universitv of
London, coming under the influence of Thomas Henrv Hux-
ley, whom he greatly admired ; he attended Faraday's lectures
and became acquainted with Charles Darwin, so it is not to
be wondered at that the young man became an enthusiastic
naturalist. He graduated from London about 1850 and en-
tered Trinity College, Cambridge, as a student in zoologv :
his favorite sport at this time was cricket, playing on his
aunt's meadow. At Dorking he was apprenticed to a pharma-
cist ; and later went to London, entering the office of a Dr.
Powers, who was a coleopterist. Rivers attended the meet-
ings of the Entomological Society of London and met at
these gatherings, Stainton, Douglas and Robert McLachlan,
at whose home he lived for a time. He knew Francis Walker
of the British Museum, and T. Vernon Wollaston, the student
of the natural history of the Madeiran Islands. These and
other noted naturalists he knew and associated with, and in
later years could relate many interesting anecdotes to his
young naturalist friends. He became acquainted with G. R.
Crotch, who was in California in the '70's ; and Janson of
London was his ideal as a preparator of Coleoptera.

He lived and collected in Devonshire for a number of
years after leaving London, where Crotch visited him in the
'50's. He also collected in Cornwall, North Devon and other
places. He left England about 1867 for the United States,
settling first in Junction City, Kansas ; was associated with
the late Dr. Snow at the University of Kansas ; he was in
Denver for a short time and about the middle of the seventies
moved to Berkeley, and became a Californian naturalist for
the remainder of his life. He became acquainted with all the
scientists of the state and played leading parts in all the vari-

16

ous activities, including" the California Academy of Sciences
of San Francisco. He was one of a little group of naturalists,
including Behr, Behrens, Stretch. Harford, Dunn, Lockington
and others, which met informally and known as the Arthro-
zoic Club.

Rivers was Curator of Organic Natural Historv in the
University of California, until he resigned about 1895, and
removed to Ocean Park and Santa Monica, where he resided
till his death. Prof. Rivers, as he was generally and afifec-
tionately called, ranged over the whole, nearly, of the natural
sciences ; he was a representative of the old-time naturalists.
He studied and published papers on living and fossil shells,
Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, spiders, reptiles and collected
plants. His published papers are mostly in the Proceedings
of the California Academy of Sciences, the Bulletin of this
Academy in nearly every volume, Zoe, Papilio, and Entomo-
logical News. The titles of some of these will give a little
idea of his range of scientific work: Habits in the Life-His-
tory of Pleocoma Behrensii. A Miocene Shell in the Living
State. Description of the Nest of the Californian Turret-
Building Spider with Some References to Allied Species, The
Species of Amblychila, Chariessa Umbertii, the preceding all
in Zoe and a New Genus and Species of North American Scara-
hsidoe and a New Species of California Lepidoptera in the
Proceedings of the California Academy. And in the Bulletin
of this Academy : Butterfly Emigrants. Discovery of Another
Foodplant of Uranotes melinus. Hub., A Butterfly New to
Southern California. The Caterpillar Plague. Euvanessa anti-
opa and other papers. His last paper, with a photographic
plate, was published, only a short time before his death, in
the Bulletin of this Academy for July, 1913, being: A New
Soecies of Bathytoma from the Upper Pleistocene of San
Pedro, Cal.

Rivers' fine collection of Coleoptera which contained a
number of types and specimens from Horn and Le Conte,
was sold to 'Walter Horn of Berlin. Germany, many years
ago. In the Lepidoptera he made a special study of the
genera Melita-a and Clisiocampa. describing a new species of
the former. His collection of shells was acquired by Pomona
College in part, and bv Beloit College. Wisconsin; and the
later collections and library by Dr. F. C. Clark of Santa
Monica.

Of greatest value, greater than his published work and
collections, was the influence of his personality on those who
were privileeed to have known him ; that cannot be expressed
in words. He was a real naturalist, and to have known him
was a great privilege. His little workshop and museum be-
hind his house, filled with books and specimens, will always
be remembered by those who were ever in it. — Fordyce Grin-
nell, Jr.

17

SECRETARY'S REPORT

Three reg-nlar monthly meetings of the Academy have been held
this season, viz.:

1. October 13, 1913. Lecturer, Ford A. Carpenter, LL.D., Sub-
ject, "Weather in the Making."

2. November 10, 1913. Lecturer. Mr. Adolphe Danziger. Sub-
ject, "What the Orient Gave to the Occident."

3. December 8, 1913. Lecturer, Dr. A. G. Smith. Subject, "The
Parking Systems of Progressive Cities."

Meetings of the various sections have been held to date as fol-
lows:

1. October 14, 1913, Biological Section. Speaker, Prof. Ralph
Benton. Subject, "Bees."

2. November 11, 1913, Biological Section. Speaker, Mr. H. S.
Swarth. Subject, "Birds of Southern California;" also, S. Stillman
Berry, PhD., subject, "Cephalopods."

3. November 24, 1913, Zoological Section. Speakers, Mr. William
Wood, Dr. A. G. Smith and Commissioner B. R. Jones. Subjects,
"Shade Trees in Parkings and Lawns," "Our Horticultural Problems
of Southern California," and "Our Lisect Pests and How we Deal
with Them."

4. December 9, 1913, Biologcial Section. Speaker, Mr. J. O.
Beebe. Subject, "Crinoids" (Fossil "sea-lilies.")

Directors meetings have been held as follows:

1. July 9, 1913, at the University Club, Los Angeles.

2. September 5, 1913, at Hotel Alexandria.

3. December 8, 1913, at the State Normal School.

The following committees have been appointed by the president:

Publication Committee — Holdridge O. Collins, Dr. Anstruther
Davidson, William A. Spalding.

Finance Committee — Samuel J. Keese, William A. Spalding,
George W. Parsons.

Program Committee — William H. Knight, George W. Parsons,
William L. Watts.

The following members have been elected Fellows of the Acad-
emy: Arthur Burnett Benton, F. A. L A.; Prof. Charles Lincoln Ed-
wards, PhD.; Robert LeRoy Beardsley.

Numerous publications and exchanges have been received by the
Academy and the work of the Secretary's ofifice is steadily increasing.

Respectfully submitted,

ROBERT LeROY BEARDSLEY,

Secretary.

MONTHLY MEETING
October, 1913

The lectures for the season of 1913-1914 began Monday evening,
October 13th, at Symphony Hall, 232 South Hill street, on which
occasion Ford A. Carpenter, Local Forecaster of the United States
■\Veather Bureau, and member of the American Climatological Asso-
ciation, gave a lecture, illustrated with lantern slides, on "Weather in
the Making."

The lecturer was introduced by Mr. Arthur B. Benton, President
of the Academy, and spoke of the causes and efifects of the record-
breaking weather of 1913 — the first killing frost in January, the first
phenomenal flood in February, the first hot night in September, and
the first aerial soundings in California. The lecturer also gave an
account of the history and organization of the United States Weather

18

Bureau. The meteorograph and basket which rose fifteen miles above
C'atalina and recorded a temperature of 85 degrees below zero was
exhibited.

Messrs. Gilbert, Whiting, Watts and Knight made brief reports
of the sections of the Academy dealing with Zoology, Biology,
Geology and Astronomy, respectively. Mr. Knight also gave a brief
account of an "Astronomical Club" which exists in Los Angeles. Mr.
Daggett, the Curator of the Museum of History, Science and Art in
Exposition Park, was called upon for a few remarks and spoke upon
the Academy's collections and the recent work in the Brea beds
which has resulted in the exhuming of a number of very remarkable
fossil remains, among others the trunk of an ancient tree.

The meeting was exceptionally well attended.

ROBERT L. BEARDSLEY,

Secretary.

MONTHLY MEETING
November, 1913

A regular monthly meeting of the Academy was held in the
library of the State Normal School on Monday evening, November
10, 1913, at 8 o'clock.

President Arthur B. Benton introduced the speaker, Mr. Adolphe
Danziger, author and historian, former United States consul at
Madrid, Spain, who addressed the meeting. Subject. "What the
Orient Gave to the Occident," being a brief review of the introduction
into European countries of the arts, sciences, religion and architecture,
through the invasion of the Moors and Jews from Assyria and AraJDia
into the Spanish peninsula durin the sixth to the twelfth centuries,

ROBERT LeROY BEARDSLEY,

Secretary.

MONTHLY MEETING
December, 1913

A regular meeting of the Academy was held in the library of
the State Normal School, Grand avenue and Fifth street, on Monday
evening, December 8, 1913.

The meeting was called to order by President Arthur B. Benton,
who presided. The Secretary announced a meeting of the Biological
Section to be held the following evening, Tuesday, December 29th.
The Chairman of the Zoological Section then made an announcement.

The speaker of the evening was introduced by President Benton,
being Dr. .A.. G. Smith, for the last five years horticultural inspector
of Los Angeles county. Subject, "The Parking Systems of Progres-
sive Cities," some of the problems encountered in caring for trees
on the streets and in residential grounds.

Dr. Smith began his remarks by reading an original paper on the
subject. Stereopticon views were then exhibited showing the scale
insect and various tree parasites, also views showing a comparison
between various street trees and parkings in the city of Los Angeles
and in eastern cities.

After the conclusion of the lecture considerable discussion on the

subject ensued and remarks were addressed to the meeting by Mr.

Lissner, Mr. Rhodes, County Supervisor Norton, Prof. J. Z. Gilbert

■ and others. Some of the men who have been engaged in horticultural

19

work in and about Los Ang-eles g-ave an outline of various difficulties
encountered in the pursuit of their work.

Professor Gilbert moved that the chair appoint a committee of
tv/o members from the Academy to act with similar committees which
might be appointed by other organizations in Los Angeles to initiate
proceeding's of such a nature that the public and the city government
should recognize the urgent need of proper care for the street and
shade trees of Los Angeles. Mr. Knight seconded the motion and
recommended that the committee should be comprised of three or
more persons and that the President of the Academy should be one
of the committee. This was accepted by Professor Gilbert, and the
motion as amended was unanimously carried. The chair asked for
time in which to consider the appointment of the committee.

ROBERT LeROY BEARDSLEY,

Secretary.

DIRECTORS' MEETING

Immediately after the above meeting on December 8, 1913, at the
State Normal School, a meeting of the Board of Directors was held
and the board considered the advisability of having a lecture presented
before the Academy by Prof. Ritter of the University of California.
Treasurer Keese advised the board as to the cost of such a lecture,
and after some discussion it was decided to have the lecture. There
being no further business the board adjourned.

ROBERT LeROY BEARDSLEY,

Secretary.

DIRECTORS' MEETING
July 9, 1913

A meeting of the Board of Directors of the Academy was held
at the University Club, Los Angeles, on Wednesday, July 9, 1913, at
12:15 o'clock p. m. The following gentlemen were present: Arthur B.
Benton, Robert L. Beardsley, Samuel J. Keese, George W. Parsons,
William A. Spalding and William L. Watts.

A motion was unanimously carried to the effect that certain funds
of the Academy should be discreetly and advantageously invested in
a manner to be recommended by the Finance Committee.

Arthur Burnett Benton, Charles Lincoln Edwards and Robert
LeRoy Beardsley were unanimously elected Fellows of the Academy.
There bein^ no further business the board adjourned.

ROBERT LeROY BEARDSLEY,

Secretary.

DIRECTORS' MEETING
September 5, 1913

Directors Knight, Davidson, Parsons, Watts and Benton and
members B. R. Baumgardt and Dr. Bishop met by appointment at the
Hotel Alexandria. Los Angeles, to confer with Marquis Frederic de
Gerin of France.

Prior to the conference a directors' meeting was held. A discus-
sion as to the place of meeting for the Academy for the current sea-
son brought out the unanimous opinion of those present that the
Assembly Hall of the Los Angeles Polytechnic High School was not

20

best adapted for the purpose, as its location, its size and some un-
adaptability of arrangement were all against its use.

Marquis de Gerin received the Academy delegation in his room.
He stated that as a member of the French Academy and a physician
he was deeply interested in scientific matters; that as he was visiting
California on private business he had been requested to ascertain the
possibilities of a world's conference of accredited scientific men being
held in California during the Panama-Pacific Exposition. After con-
siderable discussion he was assured that the Academy would co-
operate to the extent of its ability to bring about such a conference.

A visit to the County Museum and to the Brea beds was arranged
for M. de Gerin during his stay in Los Angeles.

ARTHUR B. BENTON,

President.

ZOOLOGICAL SECTION MEETING
November, 1913

The November meeting of the Zoological Section vv-as held in the
library of the State Normal School on Monday evening, November 24,
1913, at 8 o'clock. Invitation cards were extended to all of the members
of the Academy.

Mr. William Wood, County Horticultural Commissioner, was in-
troduced by Chairman J. Z. Gilbert. After his remarks Mr. Wood
introduced Dr. A. G. Smith of Pasadena, who read a paper on "Shade
Trees in Parkings and Lawns." Prof. J. Z. Gilbert then made some
remarks and introduced Commissioner B. R. Jones, the lecturer of the
evening, who spoke on "Our Horticultural Problems of Southern
California," or "Our Insect Pests and How We Deal With Them."

The lecture was illustrated with stereopticon views showing nu-
merous insects and pests. Real specimens from the field were also
exhibited. A member of the audience then being called upon by the
chairman gave an interesting account of the methods and work of
quarantine which obtain in the receipt of shipments of plants, shrubs,
fruit, etc., from other places.

The Biological Section of the Academy met on Tuesday evening,
October 14, 1913, in the library of the State Normal School, Los An-
geles, at 8 o'clock. Dr. C. A. Whiting, chairman, presided, and thirty-
five persons were present.

Prof. Ralph Benton of the University of Southern California gave
a very interesting lecture on the habits, structure and life history of
bees, illustrated with carefully prepared charts, blackboard drawings,
and set of pressed specimens of the principle honey producing plants
of this region: an observatory hive with the bees at work inside, was
also on exhibition at the close of the meeting; the lecture was fol
lowed by questions and discussion.

Mr. John Comstock told of the capture of a large series of Lycaena
neurona, on Mt. Wilson, which is interesting on account of its non-
sexual dimorphism; and of some work which he proposed to do with
the same.

Mr. Grinnell exhibited a collection of beetles, Cychrus and Omus,
collected by the Secretary of the Academy, Mr. Beardsley, in the
high Sierras during the summer; and mentioned a few mteresting
points concerning the same.

The meeting adjourned at 9:45.

F. GRINNELL, Jr.,

Secretary.

21

The Biological Section of the Academy met on Tuesday eveninsr,
November 11, 1913, in the library of the State Normal School, Los
Angeles, at 8 o'clock. Dr. C. A. Whiting, chairman, presided, and
about sixty persons present.

Mr. Harry S. Swarth, assistant director of the Museum of History,
A.rt and Science in Exposition Park, was the lecturer of the evening
and gave an interesting account of the geographical distribution of
birds in Southern California particularly, prefacing his remarks with
a definition of a bird and something concerning the structure of birds.
Questions and discussion following, and Mr. Swarth called attention
to a few important recent publications on California birds.

Dr. Sam.uel Stillman Berry, of the Scripps Institution for_ Bio-
logical Research of La Jolla, gave an account of some of his original
work with the Pacific Ocean Cephalopoda (devil-fishes, squids, etc.).
He exhibited a specimen of a new genus and species which he had
recently described Nematolampas regalis; and presented the Academy
with a copy of the publication containing it.

Mr. Swarth exhibited a series of song-sparrows showing the
effects of geographical distribution and isolation. Meeting adjourned

at 9:45.

F. GRINNELL, Jr.,

Acting Secretary.

The Biological Section of the Academy met on Tuesday evening,
December 9, 1913, at 8 o'clock, at the residence of Mr. J. O. Beebe,
342 West 54th street, Los Angeles. There were about twenty-five
persons present, and the chairman. Dr. C. A. Whiting, presided.

Mr. J. O. Beebe exhibited his wonderful collection of fossil
Crinoids or Sea-lilies all collected by himself and Mrs. Beebe in the
middle-western states; and also wonderfully well prepared models of
the whole and parts of various forms. Mr. Beebe first showed a chart
of the geologic horizons or formations and the place where the
Crinoids first appeared; he then showed a large series of forms of
other living things which occurred at the same time — molluscs, lepido
dendrons, etc.. which gave a fine idea of the surroundings at that early
time in the history of the earth. A series of models were shown to
illustrate the evolution of the different forms up towards the modern
starfish, with special reference to the changes in the tentacles or
feeding organs. A pleasing informality extended throughout the
meeting, everyone asking questions.

The meeting adjourned at 10 o'clock.

F. GRINNELL. Jr.,

Acting Secretary.

22

BULLETIN

OF THE

SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA
ACADEMY of SCIENCES

LOS ANGELES. CALIFORNIA. U. S. A.
JULY. 1914

Vol. XIII JULY. 1914 No. 2

BULLETIN

OF THE

Southern California Academy of Sciences

COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION

Holdridge Ozro Collins, LL.D., Chairman
Anstruther Davidson, C. M., M. D. William A. Spalding

CONTENTS

PAGE

The Brea Maid ^"^

Animal Ancestry of Man 31

Conservation of Marine Algae - 40

Notes of Southern California Flora 43

Reports and Meetings "' 4S

-^'xJittltv^nt (fitiifuruni ^rciitnttg uf Ȥrumrrs

©ffirrrs nnxX ^^ircrturs

ARTHUR B. BENTON - President

CHARLES L. EDWARDS First Vice-President

WILLIAM L. WATTS Second Vice-President

ANSTRUTHER DAVIDSON Third Vice-President

SAMUEL J. KEESE Treasurer

HOLDRIDGE O- COLLINS Secretary

William H. Knight William A. Spalding

George W. Parsons Albert B. Ulrey

Melville Dozier

;S"ert:nits nf tlte ^raiiemtt

William H. Knight, Chairman Melville Dozier, Secretary

William L. Watts, Chairman George W. Parsons, Secretary

Albert B. Ulrey, Chairman C. H. Phinney, Secretary

James Z. Gilbert, Chairman George W. Parsons, Secretary

Anstruther Davidson, Chairman T. Payne, Secretary

THE BREA MAID

THE BREA MAID

The following- report on the prehistoric remains of this
individual was made by Prof. J. C. Merriam at an open meeting
in the County Museum on the evening of June 11, 1914.

The skull is now on exhibition in the Museum at Exposi-
tion Park.

The following- report is copied from the full address given
in the Examiner of June 12, 1914:

The majority of the bones of the prehistoric animals are
found in the vents or chimneys through which the oil seeped
up from the underlying- strata.

The human bones were all fotmd in the north chimney
of Pit 10, where the history of accumulation is more compli-
cated than in the south vent. The pit containing: the human
remains also contains all of the presumably associated speci-
mens representing extinct animals.

The human remains are found rather widely scattered be-
tween a depth of about six feet and nine feet.

The whole collection of human remains seems to represent
one individual. The bones are generally very much worn.
The wear in some cases suggests movement within the pit in
such a manner that sand in the tar, or resting against the
wall of the chimney, has cut away the bone by long continued
rubbing'.

Enough of the human skeleton was found in the pit to
o-ive a fairlv satisfactorv idea as to the characteristics of the
individual it represents.

The skull is that of a small person of middle age, possil^ly
a woman. The brain case is relatively as large as that in some
of the living- native races of America.

The racial characteristics do not differ decidedly from
those of people whose remains have been excavated in mounds
on Santa Rosa Island off the coast of Southern California.

So far as the characteristics of the skeleton are concerned,
it is not necessary to suppose that this is the skull of a person
who lived at a remote time, when the human family was in
a relativelv low stage of evolution.

This skull is not comparable to those of ancient races of
the Neanderthal or earlier types. On the other hand, one must
not forget that people of a fairly advanced stage of brain de-
velopment were already in existence at the beginning of the
present or recent geological period.

Estimates Age.

The character of the human remains taken by themselves
indicates a time either a portion of the present or recent period,

27

or not earlier than the end of the Pleistocene period immedi-
ately preceding it.

A summing- up of the aYaila1)le information regarding the
age of the human skeleton found in Pit 10 at Rancho La Brea
from all points of view is as follows :

. 1 — The evidence of geologic occurrence in the asphalt'
chimney taken by itself counts for relatively little owing to
the peculiar conditions under which these deposits are formed.
Insofar as this is of value it suggests an age later than that
of the tar pits containing the typical Rancho La Brea fauna.

Later Than La Brea Fauna.

2 — The fauna associated with the human remains in Pit 10
is quite dififerent from the ♦ypical Pleistocene Rancho La Brea
fauna, and must have inhabited this region at a different
period. The fauna in Pit 10 is closely related to that of the
present or recent period. It is distinctly later in age than the
typical Rancho La Brea fauna.

3 — The characteristics of the human remains, taken by
themselves, show a stage of development similar to that of man
of the present day and not older than man of the latest Pleisto-
cene time.

-I — The evidence as a whole indicates that the human
skeleton from Pit 10 is of a period much later than the typical
Rancho La Brea fauna, the time being either within the recent
period or not earlier than the very latest portion of Plestocene
time immediately preceding the present. The possible associa-
tion of the human remains with extinct species, such as the
giant Teratornis, may indicate some anticjuity for the human
being, or may indicate comparatively late persistence of 1)irds
or mammals now extinct in this region.

5 — Measured in terms of years, it is not possible to give a
definite estimate of the age of the skeleton from Pit 10. It
may suffice to state that this person did not live in the period
of the Pleistocene, low-browed Neanderthal man of Europe.
It belongs to the distinctly modern stage of evolution.

It does not necessarily belong to the present historic
period, but cannot be considered as having antedated it by
many thousands of years. The age of this specimen may
perhaps be measured in thousands of years, but probably not
in tens of thousands.

6 — The study of the remains at Pit 10 is a problem similar
to the occurrence of an arrowhead found in a comparatively
recent asphalt deposit in the L'niversity of California excava-
tions of 1912. The arrowhead was found imbedded in a deposit
somewhat similar to that in Pit 10, and the fauna associated
with it was of the same general character as that in Pit 10.

28

Last Word Not Written.

7 — The final summing" up of all evidence relative to the
antiquity of the Rancho La Brea skeleton will depend on a very
detailed and exhaustive study of the typical Pleistocene
Rancho La Brea fauna, of the fauna from the later tar deposits
like that of Pit 10, and of the existing fauna of California.

No one of these three factors is, as yet, satisfactorily
knov/n. Lentil they are all known, the last word on this subject
cannot be written. The significance of this statement may
seem larger when reinforced by the remarks that the skeletons
of a large percentage of our living species have never yet been
carefully studied in the way in which this, work must be done
for use in investigations such as those concerned in this
problem.

From whatever point the study of this specimen is viewed
it is well worth exhaustive scientific investigation.

JOHN C. MERRIAM.
June n, 1914.

29

TO THINK IS TO CONQUER

Animal

Ancestry

of Man

-~H. M. Bernelot Moens

TWO NEGRO BOYS AND A YOUNG GORILLA

ANIMAL ANCESTRY OF MAN

x^mong the different problems that humanity must solve,
the problem of the flescent of man is one of the most interesting
.and important.

Many people are interested in having a genealogy of some
hundred vears' duration and look with condescension upon
those who have not, but they dislike to extend their genealogy
;as far as primitive man, to the animals, or the first cell.

If an extensive genealogy gives the right to look down
upon those who have none, then the horses, camels, cattle and
swine have the right to look down upon us, because they
already had their ancestors when ours were not yet upon this
planet' So that we, as well as emperors, princes, counts and
barons are but parvenues in comparison with these animals.

He who is above prejudice can have the certainty that he
is a hi.^hlv developed animal.

The animal most closely related to us is the anthropoid

ape.

The distance between the anthropoid apes and man is
not so great as the distance between the anthropoid apes and
all other animals, including the inferior ape or monkey. There
are four species of anthropoid apes in existence: the gorilla
and the chimpanzee found in the Congo, the orang-outang and
the gibbon found in the East Indies.

When seeing the great external resemblance between
men and apes, especially^the anthropoid kinds, the merecasual
observer must come to the conclusion that the dift'erence

31

between these animals and man cannot be great; at all events^
that in the whole animal kingdom there is not a single oeing"
which is so very much like man.

When we look at it from a scientific point of view, all
the parts of the body, both external and internal, which we:
find in man are also found in the anthropoid apes.

The number of bones forming the skeleton (about 200)
is the same, as is also the number of muscles (about 300) by
which they are moved.

Both the number and the position of the teeth are the
same with the anthropoid apes and with man.

SKELETONS

MAN, GORILLA, CHIMPANZEE, OURANG-OUTANG AND GIBBON

In each case the nervous elements, constituting the prin-
cipal 'components of the central nerve system (the brain and
tlie sDinal cord), are identical.

The generative organs are built in the same way and
have identical functions ; the mature females of the anthropoid
apes have a periodic discharge of blood from the uterus
(womb) analogous to the menstruation of women. The secre-
tion of the milk and the nursing of the new-born are the same
with l)oth.

The greatest resemblance, moreover, exists between the
embryo of the anthropoid ape and that of man. The way in
which it is fed in the body of the mother is the same with the
anthropoid ape and man. Both possess a ]3lacenta in the form
of a disc, formed in the same strikingly characteristic way,
dififerent from all monkeys and other animals.

Blood examinations show that blood of the same forma-

32

tion flows through the blood vessels of the two. No other
animal has like blood.

Animal species which are not related have different blood,
i. e., the blood of one species is more or less deleterious to
the blood of the other. In a few minutes, for instance, the
cat and the ral)l)it die with spasmodic symptoms, when by
connecting- the carotid arteries the blood of these animals
flows together, because the red blood corpuscles of one kind
of bloodare destroyed by the serum of the other. With two
cats or two rabbits, on the contrary, this experiment can be
made with impunity, as they possess the same kind of blood.
In this respect species of animals which are closely related
possess, likewise, the same kind of blood. So, for instance,
the blood of the horse and the ass, of the dog and the wolf,
of the hare and the rabbit, etc., may be mixed without harm :
the respecti^•e red corpuscles are not destroyed.

The blood serum of man destroys the red corpuscles of all
animals experimented upon, such as the frog, the eel, the
viper, the pigeon, the hen, the heron, the horse, the pig, the
cow, the rabbit, the guinea-pig, the dog, the cat, the hedgehog,
the lemurs, the monkeys of the New World (Ateles. Pithesci-
urus) and monkeys of the Old World (Cynocephalus, Macacus,
Rhesus), exce-ot the red corpuscles of the anthropoid apes.

ANIMALS, VERY CLOSELY RELATED WHICH
HAVE THE SAME KIND OF BLOOD, e. g., the horse and
the ass, the horse and the zebra, the dog and the wolf, the
hare and the rabbit, the leopard and the puma, the lion and
the tiger, the wanderoo monkey and the brown-black macaque,
HAVE OFFSPRING Oiybrids).

MAN AND ANTHROPOID APES HAVE LIKEWISE
THE SAME KIND OF BLOOD, AND CONSEQUENTLY
A CROSSING OF THE TWO MUST ALSO RESULT IN
OFFSPRING.

This scientilic basis of the crossing of man and anthro-
poid apes is so certain, that it is of the greatest importance to
make the experiment.

The fecundation could be done in an artificial way so tliat
anthropoid apes could be fecundated artificially by the sperm
of man, especially by the sperm of pygmies (dwarfs of the
Congo) and of several negro races.

It would be necessary to do all these experiments in the
Congo because the anthropoid apes, when removed from their
native climate, nearly all die of consumption, bronchitis and
pneumonia, before they are full grown.

In their native habitat the anthropoid apes can be pro-
vided with those natural physical conditions and surrounding
which are necessary to the success of this kind of experiment.
They must not only have scientifically arranged cages, but
also isolated parts of the wood at their disposal. This is to be

33

obtained by surrounding those parts with trenches deep and
wide enough to prevent their escape.

The exact meaning of artificial fecundation is the bringing
of the spermatozoon into immediate contact with the ovum ;■
this term is also used for any artificial facilitation of the con-
tact of these two cells, that is to say, not by the way of sexual
union.

As a rule, people have no very exact ideas of the way in
which the process of development from cell to infant in the
maternal womb takes place.

People do not know generally that every human being,
like all other animals and plants, was one single cell at the
beginning- — the ovum, which with man measures 1-5 mm. in
diameter. The formation of these ova takes place with woman
in special glands (ovaries). If, now, a new individual is to
develop from this ovum, fecundation is indispensable.

The process of fecundation takes place when a spermato-
zoon* penetrates the ovum, after which the latter begins to
undergo the changes wdiich finally result in the complete or-
ganism of the infant at birth.

Sexual intercourse is even not at all necessary, as success-
ful artificial fecundation proves. This operation is always pos-
sible with a normal woman, and is harmless.

Not only has the artificial fecundation of mammals (as
squirrel, rabbit, dog and and horse) been successful, but also,
in the same way, animals of dififerent species (as hare and
rabbit), but with blood of the same formation, have been
crossed.

From this it follows that it is possible to carry out artifi-
cial fecundation with all aniiuals of the same species or closely
related species, as in the case of anthropoid apes and man.

For this it is necessarv to know' the anatomical struc-
ture and the physiological functions of the generative organs
of the anthropoid apes, and, luoreover to be entirely conver-
sant with the special method to be applied, based on this
knowledge.

The descendants (hybrids) of man and anthropoid apes,
we will call them ape-men, will resemble the creatures, the
remains of which have been found and that have their place be-
tween anthropoid apes and man. As, however, the remains
of what has existed are preserved only under favourable cir-
cumstances, the chance of finding anything is very small, and
yet several skulls have already been found wdiich have be-
longed to creatures that must be placed between the anthropoid
apes and man.

The three skulls, (Fig. 2, 3 and 4) one found in 1856 in
the valley of Neander near Dusseldorf and now on view in
the museum at Bonn ; another found in 1887 in one of the

* The spermatozoon are the active fertilizing agents found in the
sperm; with man their length is 0.055 mm. more or less.

34

SKULLS

J^iiJ. 1-

of the Modern Man.

5^uj. 2.

of the Proto Man (found in La
Chapelle-aux-Saints)

m- ^■

/^ --—^X Qf the Proto Man (found in
f '"'N ^\ Neandertal)

?fiQ- 4.

ilig. ^•

5ig- «•

•;^i9. 'J

of the Proto Man (found in Spy)

of the Ape Man (found in Trinil)

of a Young Gorilla

of an Old Gorilla

35

caverns of Spy. near Xaniur. and preserved in the paleonto-
logical museum of the Liege University, and a third found in
1908 in a cavern of La Chapelle-aux-Saints in Correze. now in
the museum of national history in Paris, show borders above
the orbits, which are strikingly prominent. They have be-
longed to a species of man inferior to those now living; we will
call them protomen.

A very precious find, however, is that of the year 1891
at Trinil, on the isle of Java, where the fourth skull (Fig. 5)
was found, together with a left thigh bone and two molars.
The creature to which these bones belonged, and to which has
been given the name of Pithecanthropus erectus (upright-
walking ape-man), may as well be a hybrid of an anthropoid
ape and man as a form between these two. The remains are
preserved in Haarlem in Holland.

A whole bed of bones, with the remains of at least ten
individuals of protomen has been found in a cavern near the
village Krapina in Croatia, and can be seen in the museum at
Agram.

Also in the year 1907 in the neighbourhood of Heidelberg
a very heavy lower jaw with a receding chin, that must have
belonged to a protoman has been discovered. This lower jaw
is in the museum at Heidelberg.

It is not alone that the frontal region of the skull of the
protoman and the Pithecanthropus erectus are less developed,
but the face is also dift'erent from that of man, having the ape-
like expression. In man the forehead is at first vertical and
then rounds gradually backward, wdiile in the anthropoid apes
and protomen the forehead slopes backward from the supra
orl)ital ridges. In man the lower jaw is so shaped as to make
the chin protrude. In protomen the lower jaw at first extends
vertically downward for a short distance and then rapidly re-
cedes, in the anthropoid ape the lower jaw recedes imme-
diately from the tooth line.

At all events, it is a fact that these remains are a proof
that formerly there lived creatures on earth which stood be-
tween man and the anthropoid ape.

Atavism is the appearance in descendants of peculiarities
which were possessed by their remote ancestors, but which
in intervening generations have been suppressed or are latent.

For instance, such beings as the Russian hairy man An-
drian Zeftichew, the family Shrve Maong in which this pe-
culiarity of hairiness appeared through three generations, or
the Mexican danceuse Julia Pastrana, show that our ancestors
were more hairy.

There have been born to the horse and ass descendants,
mules, having three toes. This phenomenon gives us the right
to form the hypothesis that their ancestors had three toes and
as the remains of horses which actually had three toes on each

36

foot have been found, these hybrids have proven to us the
characteristics of their ancestors.

So great is the Hability of hybrids to exhibit atavism that
there is a possibiHty that if men were crossed with anthropoid
apes some atavism might appear which would reveal to us the
characteristics of our ancestors.

LOWER JAWS

of the Caucasian

of the Negro

of the Australian Aborigine

of the Proto Man

and

of the Ourang-Outang

Besides the finds already made, there will doubtless be
discovered many more of the remains of creatures that will
exhibit the different stages of the development of recent man.

Also it is possible that the entire carcass of such creatures
may be found in a complete state of preservation.

In Siberia has been found the entire carcass of a mammoth
frozen in ice — now on exhibition in the museum of St. Peters-

37

VHutiiait jorfufunu.

'f'aH'^'?:'i\iona.

A.

jiilia 'i'*ailrai!,i.

38

burg-; in Galizia was found the greater part of a carcass of a
rhinocerus preserved in oil and now in the museum at Lem-
berg". In these or other ways may nature hold our ancestors
in keeping' for us.

Since what we find is purely accidental and it is impossi-
ble to search everywhere, we cannot wait to complete our
chain of evidence in this manner.

Instead we should use the knowledge we already possess,
and which is herein outlined, to experiment in a direct way
and by artificial fecundation of the anthropoid apes with the
sperm of men to produce creatures which will resemble the
intermediate forms between anthropoid apes and men and com-
plete the series of facts we already possess relative to our

ongm.

This visible proof of the evolution of man from animals
will be understood by all and have a marked influence upon
human thought and social institutions. This influence will
only tend to develop and ennoble mankind because with the
discovery of truth will disappear the prejudices which now
characterize our civilization.

Thus by going back into the past, shall we insure our
advancement in the future, and just as man has been evolved
from ape-like beings may we be enabled to produce a super-
man which will be as superior to us as we are to the proto-
man or Pithecanthropus erectus.

* Read at the meeting of the Zoological Section, June, 1914.

39

CONSERVATION OF MARINE ALGAE
By Andrew C. Life

The attention of the scientific world is now being directed
toward the ocean and its myriads of organisms as never be-
fore. The possibilities of the great ocean depths are without
doubt not yet fully realized, and probably have not been
imagined by the most optimistic sea explorers.

Recently stimulated study and research has been made of
various phases of the great oceans and the organic world sus-
tained by them.

The Challenger Expedition made under the auspices of
the British Government has been a very great inspiration to
the study of the physical and biological conditions of the
great ocean depths.

The Challenger had on board a corps of scientific ob-
servers, who, during a period of three and a half years, studied
the depth, salinity, temperature, currents and animal and
vegetable inhabitants. Nearly all civilized nations have since
sent out expeditions for deep-sea research. More recently an
International Commission has been engaged in the exploration
of the North and Norwegian Seas.

Marine laboratories have been established in many parts
of the world. The Pacific coast has joined the ranks with
three promising stations.

Along with the progress of the work has been the im-
provement of the methods and the instruments. Special ap-
paratus is necessary on account of the great pressures to which
the instruments are subject in deep-sea investigation.

This paper is particularly concerned with the Algae of the
sea, of which there are three classes, as follows: (1) Chloro-
phycias, 'green algae; (2) Phaeophycise, brown algae; (3) Rhodo-
phycias, red alg?e. Of these the red and the brown are iiiore
abundant on our coast. In general the Chlorophycise are found
between low and high water mark, the Phaeophyci^ ])oth
above and below low water mark, and the Rhodophyciae, at or
below low water mark, as a rule deeper than either of the pre-
ceding. The Phaeophyciae, including the kelps, are probably
more utilized than the other classes of marine algae. Japan
leads the world in the utilization of the so-called "sea weeds."
Among the products are kanten, kombu, funori, and iodine.
Kanten or vegetable isinglass is made from one of the red
algae, Gelidium corneum. This alga grows on rocks and is
gotten by divers. Kanten is used as a food material as a jelly,
by dissolving it in boiling water. It is also used for the sizing
of textiles and stiffening the warp of silks. One form of it is
known as agar agar and is used as a culture medium for the
growth of bacteria. Its analysis shows, water ll^/t , protein
6.85%, and carl^ohydrates 61%.

40

Funori-seaweed glue is obtained from Gloiopeltis coli-
formis, which is collected by fishermen, sorted and cleaned.
It is then soaked in fresh water, piled on bamboo poles and
dried. The production of "funori" is an old industry, having
originated in 1673.

" Kombu is made from kelps, mainly from species of Lami-
naria. These kelps are gathered by poles and drags. Its value
as a food material is indicated by the following analysis : pro-
tein 5% to 6.5%, fat 1.5% to 1.7% . This industry is the most
common of the Japanese seaweed industries and gives employ-
ment to a great many people. Kombu is a standard food for
the Japane-se, entering into the daily bill of fare of the masses
of the people.

Porphyra or "laver" is an alg?e which is utilized by the
Japanese as a food material. This alga is abundant on the
California coast. It is dried and placed over a fire to make it
crisp, when it is ready to be placed in soups or sauces to give
them an agreeable flavor.

The seaweed industries are in an undeveloped state m
our country, the most important one being the production of
"Irish moss."

Irish moss is gotten from Chondrus crispus, a red alga
quite abundant on the Atlantic coast. It is collected by hand
or by the use of rakes, washed in salt water and placed on the
sandy beach to dry. This is repeated three times, when the
color has nearly all bleached out. Care needs to be taken that
rain does not fall on this sea hay, as fresh water is destructive
to it. It is used for blanc mange, and medicinally as a demul-
cent for coughs when mixed with sugar and lemon. The New
England States are engaged in this industry to some extent

Another industry "to'which some attention is given in the
United States is the production of iodine from the brown
algfe. In the chemical process of extracting the iodine there
are two valuable by-products formed, ^nitrate of soda and
sodium chloride. This industry is now decreasing in the
United States on account of competition with the Peruvian
iodine deposits.

Recently the production of potassium from the kelps has
begun to interest the chemical world. Chemical analyses were
made of several kelps at San Diego. California, by Balch in

1909.

Young floats of Nereocystis gigantia m 2100 grms. con-
tained 1026 grms. Kcl., about 48.85%. Older floats showed
about 37.207? and 0.55% iodine.

Nereocystis lentkiana showed about 15% higher potassium
salt content.

Macrocystis Pyrifera — Giant Kelp — showed 76.25% potas-
sium salts and some iodine. K. CI. is extruded from this dry-
ing plant in almost a pure state.

41

One ton of kelp may give 500 lbs. pure potassium salt
and about 3 lbs. of iodine, worth from 20 to 25 dollars.

The source of the potassium lies in the fact that sea water
contains about 1/25 of 1% of pure potassium.

As fertilizers the marine algae have been extensively used
for a "top dressing." They enrich the soil and produce a vigor-
ous growth of corn, potatoes, turnips, clover and pasture.

Their fertilizer value is due to the great amount of potas-
sium and nitrogen compounds that they contain. There is a
lack of phosphates. The nitrogen is not available until decom-
position and putrefaction have taken place.

As progress is made in the utilization of these gardens of
the sea there is danger that the supply be exhausted by waste-
ful methods. The undeveloped or partially developed natural
resources of the ocean are becoming more important and are
certainly worthy of consideration with other natural resources
in connection with the question of conservation.

Lines that may be pursued leading to a better conservation
of the ocean's vegetable resources are: (1) acquaintance with
these plants and their characteristics; (2) knowledge of their
means of propagation and regeneration; (3) the relation of the
seasons to their growth and development; (4) the physiology
of their food relations; (5) their distribution and the factors
concerned with distribution and orientation in different depths
of water ; (6) care that poisonous or otherwise injurious ma-
terials do not pollute the ocean water where these are abun-
dant.

The "kelps'' are the most prominent marine plants on the
southern California coast that are utilized. Of these Macro-
cystis pyrifera, Egregia laevigata, and Nereocystic lentkiana are
the most common. Particular attention has been given to
Egregia of the adjacent coasts, and there is indication of sea-
sonal effect, as a new growth has been observed to begin about
the last of February oj- first of March.

Where the waves had broken off the main part of the
plant, regeneration was observed to be taking place at near the
hold-fast. In this alga growth takes place from the upper po£-
tion of the stipe and regeneration proceeds rapidly from this
point.

Also yo'ung plants of Egregia were found in March, just
getting a foothold on the rocks.

Rigg, in a discussion of regeneration in the kelps, divides
it into renewal of blade and restoration of entire plant. Ac-
cording to his discussion, the blades are renewed from the
interior, and renewal of the plant from injury is from the ac-
tively growing region. He suggests that a part only of a kelp
bed be cut at once, to give it a better chance for restoration.

The question of pollution of certain portions of the sea

42

and the consequent destruction of the small organisms therein
by sewage and other means is worthy of attention.

The "plankton" flora, which consists largely of small float-
ing organisms, at various depths, but usually near the surface,
forms a considerable part of the food of some of the fishes.
Diatoms form the principal part of this pelagic flora, and are
quite sensitive to various foreign substances in the sea water.
Because of the inter-relation of these small organisms and the
food animals such as fish, attention should be given to their
conservation.

The author wishes to announce work in progress along
these lines, to be published when terminated.

VENICE MARINE BIOLOGICAL STATION,
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA.

NOTES ON SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA FLORA
Anstruther Davidson, C. M., M. D.

Salix mackenziana Hook. — "High Alts. Sierra Nevada
(Mariposa and Calaveras Co.), Lake Co. and far northw'ard,
apparently rare in California." (Jepson's Flora of California.)

This is not uncommon on Bishop Creek, Inyo Co., 900O to
ICOOO alt.

Lilium kelleyanum Lemmon — The only reported station
for this is Bubbs Creek, where it was found by Lemmon and by
him described. The description given is very meagre. One
plant of what is probably this species was found near Andrews
camp. It closely resembles Parry's lily in shape and markings,
but is about one-quarter smaller, and the stamens and fila-
ments are very short ; the latter one the stamens three lines
long.

Phacelia eisenii Brandegee. — This species common in the
Sequoia National Park is represented by a dwarfish form on
the eastern slope of the range.

Gilia stansburyii Heller — Common on Bishop Creek.

Gilia brev^^eri Greene — Not infrequent in wet ground near
snow line on Bishop Creek. Death valley is the only other re-
ported station south of Truckee and Nevada Counties.

Draba breweri \A'ats— "Mt. Dana 12000 ft. White Mts.
13000 ft." (Synoptical Flora.) This is (|uite abundant at S.
Lake, Inyo Co"'., about 10000 ft.

Arabis inamoena Greene — Fairly abundant on south fork
Bishop Creek.

Arabis davidsonii Greene — More common on the borders
of South Lake than in its original station on the north fork

43

of Bishop Creek. To the original description made from a
fruiting specimen the following note may aid in identification.

"Sepals ovate oblong one-eighth inch long; petals spatii-
late. one-sixteenth inch wide, expanded to one-eighth at apex,
one-fourth inch long, white or light pinkish."

Lepidium perfoliatum L. — First discovered at Hollywood
in 1910, found last year by Mr. G. L. ^^loxley at Annandale.

Alisma plantago L. — Discovered growing abundantly near
Dominguez Station by Geo. L. Moxeley.

Aphanisma blitoides L. — Abundant on bluffs at Pt. Firmin
and Redondo. Reported in the local catalogue but omitted in
Prof, jepson's "Flora of California."

Styrax californica Lam. — Mountains near Glendale (Miss
Bashford).

Nemacladus ramosissimus var. montanus Greene — This
plant named by Greene was discovered 30 or 40 years ago in
the Sierra ^Madre Mts. and I believe it has not since been col-
lected. This season I found a few plants at Camp Bonita on
the San Gabriel River. It is unlike N. ramosissimus in that
its flowers are one-half the size and its petals are pink instead
of white. The basal leaves are characteristic. In the Synop-
tical Flora it is given as a variety but it deserves specific rank.

Sherardia arvensis. L. — Not infrequent, casual in lawns.

Sisymbrium al tissimum. L. — A European immigrant and
ballast weed in the eastern states. I first observed a solitary
plant of this species in Hollywood in 1910. Next season one
was found in Laurel Canyon and the season following at Sierra
Madre. This season it is not infrequent along roadsides in
the San Fernando Yallev and at Newhall.

44

MONTHLY MEETING
January, 1914

A regular meeting of the Academy was held at the Auditorium
of the Friday Morning Club building on January 23rd, at eight o'clock
p. m. There was an exceptionally good attendance of members and
the general public. Professor William Jackson Humphreys, Physicist,
Supervising Director of the United States Weather Bureau Research
Observatory, engaged in special investigations of the upper isothermal
layer of the atmosphere, in pressure effect on arc spectra, and in
general radiation and absorption problems; also Vice President of the
Aero-Dynamic Committee of the Smithsonian Institution, gave a most
interesting lecture on "Volcanoes and Other Factors in Climatic Con-
trol," illustrated with fine lantern views.

The very great reduction of the solar heat reaching the earth
when the higher atmosphere was obstructed with volcanic dust proved
a most interesting topic and gave occasion for many questions from
the audience, all of which were most skilfully answered or discussed
bv the speaker.

ARTHUR B. BENTON,

President.

RESIGNATION OF SECRETARY

On account of the pressure of the duties of another office to
which he had been elected prior to his election as Secretary of this
Academy, Mr. Robert L. Beardsley resigned as Director and Sec-
retary in the month of January.

LUNCHEON AND DIRECTORS' MEETING

January 24th, 1914

At the invitation of the President of the Academy, the Directors
met at luncheon Professor William Jackson Humphreys. The lunch-
eon was at the Jonathan Club, Los Angeles. Professor Humphreys
gave some account of his very interesting experiences on scientific
expeditions for the observation of solar eclipses, and answered the
questions of Directors in a manner to prove beyond question his
ability as a thoroughly informed scientist.

ARTHUR B. BENTON,

President.

MONTHLY MEETING
May, 1914

The Academy met at the State Normal School on, the evening of
May 12th. Professor A. C. Life read a paper, illustrated by speci-
mens and photographs, his subject being, "The Conservation of Marine
Algae." The commercial value of sea weeds was explained and the
necessity of regulation by law of the industry to prevent their destruc-
tion and the consequent loss of the fisheries as well as of the algae.

The President reported that he had attended the funeral of the
late Dr. C. A. Whiting, who was killed at South Pasadena on May 7th,
by collision of an electric railway car with the automobile in which

45

he, with his wife and son, were riding. That Mr. Knight had attended
as an honorary pall-bearer and Professor J. Gilbert by appointment
of the President to officially represent the Academy.

Dr. Whiting at the time of his death was the chairman of the
Biological Section of the Academy.

The committee on resolutions on the death of Dr. Whiting, which
had been appointed by the President, made its report by Prof. Charles
L. Edwards, its chairman. The minute was by vote ordered spread
on the records of the Academy, and that a copy should be sent to
the widow.

Mr. Samuel J. Keese reported the death of W. P. Bolton, late
printer for the Academy, and he was appointed by the President to
prepare resolutions on that event.

A vote of thanks was given to Prof. Life and the meeting, on
motion, adjourned.

ARTHUR B. BENTON,

President.

LUNCHEON AND DIRECTORS' MEETING

May 15th, 1914

The Directors met at luncheon, the guests of Mr. Samuel J.
Keese, at the University Club. There were present Messrs. Keese,
Knight, Parsons, Davidson, Spalding and Benton. The decision was
reached to have the June meeting at the County Museum, if agree-
able to the Board of Governors, and to hold the annual election for
Directors at that time. Dr. Davidson was appointed to make request
to the Governors.

ARTHUR B. BENTON,

President.

MINUTE ON THE DEATH OF DR. C. A. WHITING

Late Chairman of the Biological Section of the Southern California

Academy of Sciences

The members of the Southern California Academy of Sciences
have learned with grief of the shocking death of Dr. C. A. Whiting.
We desire to record our Appreciation of the faithful service of Dr.
Whiting to the Academy, and his unfailing devotion with zeal and
enthusiasm to whatever duty he accepted and his genial spirit of cour-
tesy and helpfulness to all. He possessed the spirit of the true sci-
entist and teacher; always ready to share his knowledge with others
and always appreciative of the efforts of others in matters of scientific
research. His devotion to duty was equaled by a native and genuine
courtes}' which added much to the pleasure as well as the profit of
his association with the Academy, and we shall greatly miss both his
genial personality and his helpful contribi:tions to the progress of
this organization.

CHARLES L. EDWARDS,
MELVILLE DOZIER,
GEO. W. PARSONS.

Committee.

Los Angeles, Cal., May 12th, 1914.

46

ANNUAL MEETING
1914

The Annual Meeting of the Academy was held at the County
Museum, Exposition Park, on Friday, June 5th, at eight o'clock p. m.,
President Arthur B. Benton in the chair. The President's report
was read: Six General Meetings and six formal Directors' Meetings
were held during the year. The report gave a resume of the general
meetings and the subjects discussed at them. During the year the
Secretary, Mr. Robert L. Beardsley, resigned because of press of other
business. His position was not filled, as it was desirable to secure
the best possible service in this most important office, and the Direc-
tors were not able to, at the moment, determine on a successor.
Three members were elected "Fellows," viz.: Prof. Charles Lincoln Ed-
wards, Mr. Robert Leroy Bardsley and Arthur Burnett Benton, A. I. A.
The urgent need of rooms suitable for the library, for the collections
and for the meetings of the Academy was referred to in the report.

Prof.- William Knight announced the absence of the Treasurer,
Mr. Samuel L. Keese, on account of an accident to him, and read his
report which showed receipts and disbursements, etc., as follows:

Receipts $386.20

Disbursements 281 .79

Tn Bank $104.41

(Audited and found correct by Melville Dozier.)

The chair appointed Prof. Melville Dozier a committee to audit
the account. Prof. J. Z. Gilbert read the reoort of the Zoological
Section and made reference to the death of Dr. C. A. Whiting, the
late chairman of the Biological Section.

Prof. Edwards, by request, spoke of his biological and zoological
work in the Los Angeles public schools. He is teaching there the
rudiments of these sciences.

Former Secretary, Holdridge O. Collins, LL.D., having recently
returned from a long absence in Europe, was invited to speak, but
preferred to defer any account of his experiences to a future occasion.

The following named gentlemen were elected Directors for the
ensuing year, viz:

Arthur B. Benton William H. Knight

Holdridge O. Collins George W. Parsons

Anstruther Davidson William Sn^lding

Melville Dozier Albert B. Ulrey

Charles L. Edwards William L. Watts

Samuel J. Keese

The tellers for the vote were Holdridge Collins and Charles Ed-
wards.

After the adjournment of the business session those present had
much satisfaction in viewing the collections of the Museum and Art
Gallery, under the guidance of Mr. H. S. Swarts, assistant director.

ARTHUR B. BENTON,

President.

47

DIRECTORS' MEETING

A regularly called meeting of the Diectors elected for the ensuing
year was held in the drawing room of the Jonathan Club on Thursday,
June 25, 1914.

Present — Messrs. Benton, Collins. Davidson, Edwards, Keese,
Parsons, Ulrey and Watts.

The gentlemen were most pleasantly entertained at lunch by Presi-
dent Benton, subsequent to which action was formally had upon mat-
ters pertaining to the Academy.

The following named gentlemen were elected officers for the
year 1914-1915. viz:

President — Arthur Burnett Benton.

First Vice-President — Charles L. Edwards.

Second Vice-President — William L. Watts.

Third Vice-President — Anstruther Davidson.

Treasurer — Samuel J. Keese.

Secretary — Holdridge Ozro Collins.

President Benton appointed the following committees, viz:

Publication — Collins. Davidson and Spalding.

Finance — Keese, Spalding and Parsons.

Program — Knight. Parsons and Watts.

A most earnest discussion followed relating to the future action
of the Academy, and ways and means for securing the ownership of a
structure convenient and appropriate for our use; and individual mem-
bers of the Board consented to take in charge some of the details of
work for this purpose.

The Board received witli gratification a short statement of the
estimation held by some of the scientific organizations of Asia and
Europe of the work of this Academy and the intense interest taken in
the excavation of the fossil beds in Rancho la Brea.

Board adjourned.

HOLDRIDGE O. COLLIXS, Secretary.

M ANTKII

Numbers of Volumes III, IV, V, VI of the Bulletin to complete
files. Address the Secretary, Room 814 San Fernando Building,
Los Angeles.

48

VOLUME XIV

Tatle of Contents and Index

1915

II

Contents of Volume XIV

Editorial 5, 35

The Twenty-third Anniversary of the Academy:
Execntive Officers of the Academy:
Scientific Agriculture:
Excavations at La Brea Rancho:
Periodicit}' in Seismic Convulsions:

A Little Retrospect William A. Spalding 8

Bancroft Etz Beeman Holdridge 0. Collins, LL. D. 27

Habits of A Cleptis (Wasp) Anstnitlicr Davidson, CM., M.D. 51

Ranloni Botanical Notes George L. Mo.vley 52

Seasonal Periodicity in Earthquakes. . JF////'om A. Spalding 38

Some Southern California Plants S. B. Parish 12

Sun Dials in India Holdridge 0. Collins, LL. D. 19

Two New Mariposas. . . .Anstrufher Daz'idson C. M.. ^L D. 11

Teratology of the Navel Orange S. B. Parish Afi

A Zoological Puzzle Holdridge O. Collins, LL. D. 49

Annual Report of the Secretary ?^

Transactions of the Academy 28, 56

Index to Volume XIV

Alisma plantago aquatica 52

Astragalus limatus 16

" pachypus 16

Amblyopappus pusillus 16

Atriplex semibaccata 13

Batis maritima ^^

Biological Section 30

Eiotanical Section 59

Calamintha mimuloides 52

Calochortus campestre H

discolor 11

excavatus 11

Chenopodium leptophyllum 13

Cleome serratula 15

Cleptes haljits -"^1

Ctipressus sargenti 1-

Cycloloma atriplicifolia 14

Diplotaxis nuiralis !"'■

Euphorbia peplus 15

Eriogonum angulosum 13

" marifolium 13

" panduratuni 13

III

Hordeum gussonianum 12

Lactuca scariola 52

Lepidium perfoliatum 14

Lupinus microcarpus 15

Navel orange 46

Parosela subnuda 15

Picris echioides 52

Ribes roezlii 15

Selaginella cinerascens 12

Sherardia arvensis 11

Silybum marianum 52

Sisymbrium altissimr.m 15

Tetracoccus dioicus 16

Tragopogon porrifolius 16

Xanthium commune 16

Zoological Section 60

IV

BULLETIN

OF THE

SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA
ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA

BULLETIN

OF THE

Southern California Academy of Sciences

January, 1915

Volume XIV, Part 1

COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION

Holdridge Ozro Collins, LL. D., Chairman
Anstruther Davidson, C. M., M. D. William A. Spalding

CONTENTS

PAGE

Editorial 3

A Little Retrospect 8

Two New Mariposas ^ 1

Notes on Southern California Plants 12

Sun Dials in India 19

Bancroft Etz Beeman.— 27

Academy Transactions 28

\

^mxihtxix dalifitrmci ^rct^^ing uf ^Sticntts

(t

©fficcrs nitii ^irerturs

ARTHUR B. BENTON President

CHARLES L. EDWARDS First Vice-President

WILLIAM L. WATTS Second Vice-President

ANSTRUTHER DAVIDSON Third Vice-President

SAMUEL J. KEESE Treasurer

HOLDRIDGE O. COLLINS Secretary

William H. Knight William A. Spalding

George W, Parsons Albert B. Ulrey

Melville Dozier

^"erttuus jtf the Acniiemg

William H. Knight, Chairman Melville Dozier, Secretary

William L. Watts, Chairman George W. Parsons, Secretary

Albert B. Ulrey, Chairman C. H. Phinney, Secretary

James Z. Gilbert, Chairman George W. Parsons, Secretary

^fftjiuicftl ^'crtictt

Anstruther Davidson, Chairman T. Payne, Secretary

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EDITORIAL

Upon the ex-enini^- of Saturday, October 17, 1914, the
twenty-third year of the establishment of the Academy of
Sciences was celebrated 1)y a lianquet at the City of Los
Angeles. Around the l)oard were seen the faces of many
who had been its founders in 1891, and among- these were
Dr. A. Davidson, who was the second President, serving from
1892 until 1894; William LI. Knight, wdio succeeded him until
1897; William A. Spalding, who wielded the gavel until 1899,
and subsequently for four successive terms from 1909 tf> 1913,
and Uernliard R. IJaumgardt, who was Secretary for thirteen
years, from 1893 until l'X)6, when he became President.

It was a happy reunic^n for many and a most interesting
occasion of retrospection and introspection.

Mr. Spalding, as the princij^al speaker of the evening, gave
a most feeling and interesting relation of the Activities of the
Academy, its victorious concjuests over tinancial discourage-
ment, and in an environment of a newly settled land where
few had the leisure or inclination to give attention to the
higher intellectual attainments.

Air. Spalding's address is a valuable contribution to the
history of this Academy and it will be found in this issue of
the Bulletin.

An interesting e]:)isode of this anniversary meeting was
the ])resentation b}- Dr. Davidson of a gavel, undoubtedly the
only one of the kind in existence.

Dr. Davidson conceived the idea of utilizing some of the
ancient relics of the Brea pits in a way that might commem-

niorate the association of this Academy of Sciences with the
first exploration of these remains. Alessrs. Daggett and Fisher
])erfected the mechanical arrangements and produced a gavel,
the head composed of a vertebra of the Giant Sloth and the
handle of the wood of the AIcNab Cypress found upright as it
grew when the Sloth and Sabre-tooth Tiger fought each other
under its branches. The parts are as perfect and sound as
when entombed more than two hundred thousand years ago.
A half-tone representation of this unique souvenir will "be
found herein.

Dr. Davidson expressed the hope that succeeding Chair-
men may find in this unique Gavel a continued stimulus for
further scientific research and investigation.

As some inquiry has been made concerning the executive
officers of this Academy, a list is appended of those who have
I'een Presidents, Secretaries and Treasurers since its organiza-
tion.

Presidents

Dr. M. H. Alter 1 term 1891-1892

Dr. Anstruther Davidson __ 2 terms 1892-1894

William H. Knight.... 3 terms 1894-1897

William A. Spalding 1 term 1897-1898

Abbot Kinney 2 terms 1898-1900

William H. Knight ....2 terms 1900-1902

Theodore B. Comstock.. 2 terms 1902-1904

Melville Dozier 2 terms 1904-1906

Bernhard R. Baumgardt 3 terms 1906-1909

\A'illiam A. Spalding.. ....4 terms 1909-1913

Arthur B. Benton... 2 terms 1913-

Secretaries

Mrs. Mary E. Hart.... 2 terms 1891-1893

Bernhard R. I'.aumgardt ...13 terms 1893-1906

Melville Dozier 2 terms 1906-1908

Robert L. Beardsley 6 months 1913

Holdridge Ozro Coflins 8 terms 1908-

Treasurers

William Lundberg...... 1894-1895

George Roughton. ...1895-1896

George H. BonelM-ake 1896-1897

Dr. E. A. Praeger 1897-1898

A\'illiam H. Knight 1898-1899

W. C. Patterson 1899-1901

Dr. A. Davidson 1901-1903

G. Major Taber 1903-1906

Samuel J. Keese 1906-

6

One of the most interesting and instrnctive lectures de-
livered before the Academy of Sciences since its birth was
the address, at the December. 1914, meeting by Pro. George
E. Bailey, relating to the great advances made in scientific
agriculture and particularly the use now made of explosives
in securing bountiful harvests from soils considered worthless
and lacking productive essentials. Prof. P.ailey has promised
us an article upon this subject which wc hojie to present to
our members at an early date.

The results from the unabated vigor of the excavations
in the Brea pits have been most astonishing. The deposits
appear to be inexhaustil)le and, within the last two years,
complete and perfect skeletons have been exhumed of many
new species which roamed over the earth and roved the skies
of this environment, no one can say how many hundreds of
thousands of years ago. Among them are the skull and a few
of the bones of a human being, probably that, of a woman,
and the eigantic skull, tusks and entire frame of an Imperial
Elephant which, from their measurement, exceed in size the
largest known to science. So many requests have been made
for information concerning the character of these fossils
brought to light since our Bulletin of January. 1910, that we
hope to give an account of this Vv^ork in our next issue.

HOLDRIDGE OZRO COLLINS.

WANTED

Numbers of Volumes III, IV, V, VI of the Bulletin to complete
files. Address the Secretary, Room 814 San Fernando Building, Los
Angeles.

A LITTLE RETROSPECT

Remarks of Toastmaster W. A. Spalding
at the Opening Ban juet of the Academy.

When Samuel F. B. Morse in 1844 sent his first telegram
over the experimental line between Baltimore and Washing-
ton, he couched it in these words: "What hath God wrought?"
The inherent modesty of the inventor, the reverence for his
source of inspiration and his concept of the momentous era
which he was then inaugurating, were all expressed in these
four one-syllable words. A more concise and memorable mes-
sage has never been transmitted.

AA'hen I review the history of the Academy of Sciences for
the twenty-three years of its life, I am reminded of the mes-
sage of the immortal artist-inventor, and tempted to exclaim
again: "What hath God wrought?" For, taking into consid-
eration the humble beginning and modest pretensions of this
organization, and considering the men who have sustained it
and, in a sense moulded their lives into it; and looking at the
individual achievements of these men during the almost quar-
ter century in review, there is good cause for exclamation.

My mind reverts to the time when a mere handful of men — •
not exceeding ten or twelve — who were sincerely interested in
scintific matters and wished to join their efiforts in keeping
the lamp burning, got together under the name of the Science
Association of Los Angeles.

This was then a rather primitive and out-of-the way town
of perhaps 50,000 inhabitants. It seemed as though we were
not in line with any of the great events of the world or any
of the notable developments in science. What could be
achieved by a little handful of men without position or name,
and working for the mere love of scientific truth? In the
subsequent time — less than the span of one generation — this
question has been answered.

A\'e now find ourselves in the midst of the most tremendous
social development in history. Here, on the Pacific Coast, is
banking up the westward rolling wave that started before the
day of human records, beyond the Hindu-Kush mountains in
far-oft' Asia. Beginning with the first migrations of the Aryan
races and traveling down through the history of civilization,
this mighty ground-swell of evolution has encircled the globe
and seems now entering upon its second cycle. We of the Pa-
cific Coast, standing at the meeting point of the old and the
new, may, with Tennyson, proclaim ourselves

" — heirs of all the ages,
In the foremost files of time."

Los Angeles has grown from a frontier town of 50,000 in-
habitants to a modern metropolis of half a million. We are
in touch with the great flow of commerce and the most ad-

8

\aiiced material development. Our social life throbs to the
loftiest achievements in science, literature and art, and the
world looks to us t,o bear aloft the standard of liberty, justice
and peace.

Especially in science do we seem to have moved up close
to the firins: line, and this organization and its members indi-
vidually have borne an honorable part in the advance.

The location of the Mount Wilson solar observatory in this
county and the installation of a corps of observers of world-
wide fame, have ])laced us in touch with the most progressive
astronomy. It is a satisfaction to know that one of the mem-
bers of this Academy — the late John D. Hooker — contrilnited
toward the great hundred-inch reflector there in preparation,
more than one hundred thousand dollars.

The opening of the most remarkable deposit of prehistoric
animal remains ever discovered, in the Brea beds near this
city, has attracted hither the attention of archaeologists and
savants throughout the world. In grasping the importance
of this discovery at an early day ; in raising funds and ob-
taining concessions for exploration, and in mounting the first
complete skeletons of several species, thereby forming the
nucleus of the present collection in the Museum of History,
Science and Art, this organization accomplished a work of last-
ing benefit to the cause of science. Here also our late asso-
ciate, John D. Hooker, was the first and a most generous con-
tributor. " I regret t.hat another member. Prof. J. Z. Gilbert,
is not with us tonight. It was he, wdio, with his staff of
assistants and high school pupils, performed the unattractive
and unaesthetic task of excavating, cleaning and assembling
these bones. Great credit is due Prof. Gilbert, who worked
without financial reward, and his efficient and earnest pupil-
assistants who, to a consideralde extent, contributed their
efforts.

In the field of California flora, and also in ornithology, our
associate. Dr. Anstruther Davidson, has made indefatigable
research, and his papers, published in the Bulletin of the Aca-
demv throughout these years, have attracted world-wide atten-
tion.' It is a pleasure to note his contribution to the museum
of botannical specimens representing twenty years of painstak-
ing collection.

To our associate, Mr. B. R. Baumgardt, the speaker of this
evening, the Academy owes a debt of gratitude deep and en-
during^ It was he, as Secretary in the old days for many suc-
cessive terms, and afterward as President, who did more than
any other man t,o keep interest awake and hold together the
struggling organization. It is a great pleasure to know that
in entering the field as a professional lecturer on matters of
scientific, historical and ethical interest, he has achieved so
pronounced a success, and that, in coming back to us with

9

honor and prestige, his love for the old-time organization is
always expressed anew. I venture he will acknowledge that
his years of earnest effort in this Academy constituted his pre-
paratory course for the lecture field.

Another member, Mr. W. H. Knight, several times President
and always a faithful worker, has pursued the unostentatious
tenor of his way, contributing to the press and achieving a
position as authority on all matters within his field. He is
the stafif writer who is called upon to give scientific informa-
tion without sensationalism and present only facts that are
accredited.

Another old-time member. Prof. AV. L. Wafts, has worked
no less assiduously for the Academy, and in his profession as
geologist has borne an important part in the development of
the great oil fields of California.

Mr. George W. Parsons, another stand-by member, has borne
the heat and burden of the day along his professional lines, and,
as the result of years of persistent effort, has secured the erec-
tion of sign boards on the great Colorado desert, which will
doubtless be the means of averting untold suffering and saving
many lives in years to come.

There are several others whom I should mention. A few
have gone over the great divide : Dr. Comstock, a faithful sci-
entist, and for a term or two Secretary of the Academy ; Dr.
Whiting, long-time head of the Biological vSection and Dean of
the College of Osteopathy, who passed out this year as the
result of a lamentable accident.

Dr. A. B. Ulrey, of the University of Southern California,
who served several terms as Director, has done most valuable
work in his microscopic study of the sting-ray.

Air. S. J. Keese, our long-time and indispensable Treasurer,
aside from building up the local business of one of the great
electrical manufacturing concerns, has found time to achieve
results in optics, micro-photography and color photography.

Prof. Melville Dozier deserves enrolment among the men
who never lose interest in scientific matters and never fail in
a responsibility to the Academy.

Our President, Arthur B. Benton, now entering upon his
second term, has proved his loyalty and efficiency, and in these
passing years has contributed in no small degree to the artistic
and romantic architecture of Southern California.

Our stand-by Secretary, for lo, these many years, and faith-
ful editor of the Bulletin, Mr. Holdridge O. Collins, just back
from a trip around the world, is entitled to congratulations ;
so also is the Academy. AVe are glad that Mr. Collins found
our Bulletin on file in the archives of some of the learned soci-
eties of the Orient, and that everywhere he went he was the
recipient of distinguished attention from men of science and
letters.

10

TWO NEW MARIPOSAS

Anstruther Davidson, C. M., M. D.

Calochortus discolor n. sp.

I.

C. Campestris

Stem bnlbiferous, 12 to 18 inches tall, stem leaves chan-
nelled; flowers umbellate; sepals erect scarious margined,
greenish externally and markedly striate, internally yellowish
with purple edged brown spot; petals internally liliac IVi in.
long and ^ in. wide, wedge shaped below broadly apiculate
above, claw brown ; gland of yellowish hairs, triangular (some-
times circular), on a yellow field edged with purple, no hairs
outside of gland; externally petals greenish with a broad green
stripe down the center the whole finely striate; stigma purple.
Pod attenuate upwards with a white stripe on septum.

Flowering in July and August.
^^ Abundant from Bishop, Inyo county, up Bishop Creek and
its tributaries into the Sierra ranges up to 8000 or 9000 feet
altitude. Type No. 2672. This has been distributed by Heller
as C. excavatus Greene, but Dr. Greene, who examined this
specimen, says it is not his species. Purdy (Gal. Acad. Proc,
Vol. II. 148) classes all the green banded Mariposas as
C. macrocarpus Doug. C. discolor possesses the green band
and general habit of C. macrocarpus as illustrate<by Purdy but
in coloring and habitat it is sufficiently distinct.

C. excavatus Greene with its prominent gland and invenus-
tus like appearance was originally discovered by Schockley in
the neighborhood of Bishop and so far as I can discover it has

11

^

not been gathered again. 1 do not know where Schockley's
type is deposited.

t/ Calochortus campestris n. sp.

Stem nonbulljiferous, stiff, erect, nine inches high, stem
leaves short, and channelled in half their length, one or two
flowered ;sepals narrow!}- scarious, erect pnrple spot at base,
petals pink cnneate apicnlate one inch long, ^ inch wide, deli-
cately striate with darker lines, gland of yellowish hairs circu-
lar with a few pale to purplish hairs near and around gland,
claw purple; capsule attenuate one inch long. Flowering in
June.

In the meadow lands in the town of Bishop. No. 2657 type
in the author's herbarium.

This species was first sent to me by Airs. \\\ C. Parcher of
the Inyo Herald and one month later I gathered it in fruit in
the same locality.

NOTES ON SOME SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA PLANTS

S. B. Parish.

Selaginella cinerascens A. A. Eaton

V^ery common on clay hillsides about San Diego Ba}^
where in summer acres are made ashen by the close carpet of
its bleached creeping stems.

Cupressus sargentii Jepson

A third southern California station for this Cypress was
added to the two previously known, by the discovery in A])ril,
1914, of a group of six trees on a brushy hill about one mile
south of Lilac schoolhouse, on a little-used road from Pala to
\ alley Center, and about seven miles beyond the first named
place. The trees were 15-20 feet high, and in vigorous growth,
but not fruiting, nor were there any indications that they had
ever done so, although trees of apparently the same age at
Tecate mountain were loaded with abundant fruitage. The
mountains of San Diego county, in which the known stations
of this Cypress are situated, are exceedingly rugged, and are
traversed by few roads, so that it is reasonable to infer that
they contain other small groves yet undiscovered.

Hordeum gussonianum Pari.

Shoestring Aline, in the upper end of Antelope \"alley, en
the road to Tejon Pass, Alay, 1914, Parish 9262, and in the

12

same neighborhood, in May, 1896, Davy 2331. According to
Davy in Jepson's Flora of Western Middle California this grass
is "very common throughout the state," and Hitchcock, in
Jepson's Flora of California, notes it as "common." These
statements are certainly erroneous so far as they relate to the
southern counties, in which the onlv other collection known
to me is Hall's 1196, at Warner's Ranch, May, 1899. But
from the latitude of Stockton to the Oregon border, it is rep-
resented in herbaria by many collections, and in places is
very abundant.
\/ Eriogonum angulosum Benth. var. variabile (Heller)
Parish, n. comb. E. variegatum Heller, Muhlenb. 2:24. 1905.
The type specimens, collected near Mojave railway station
(Heller 7756), are small and young. Others collected subse-
quently by Mr. Heller, and distributed under this name are his
7732 from Sunset, 7747 from near Oil City, and 7796 from Mc-
Kittrick. They are all more mature, and make it evident that
the characters relied upon are at best of no more than varietal
significance.
•^ Eriogonum marifolium Torr. & Gray

Mount Wilson, June, 1916, George B. Grant. So far as
reported this is the southernmost station for this species.

Eriogonum panduratum Watson

Palm Springs, Colorado desert, April, 1896, George B.
Grant 6717. In the Botany of California (2:480), Watson
states that the type material of this species was collected by
J. G. Lemmon, "the locality uncertain," j^resumably in Cali-
fornia, although the plant has been collected in Arizona.
Grant's plant agrees with the description, and comes from a
station at which Lemmon collected, but I have not seen the

type.

Chenopodium leptophyllum Nutt.

Waterman Ranch. Barstow, Mojave desert. May, 1*)14,
Parish 9318. This is the second recorded collection of this
plant in the state, the previous one having been made long ago
by Nevin, at Fang, in Los Angeles county, but it is probably
commoner than might be hence inferred, since it is easily mis-
taken for C. album, and botanists are wont to give too little
attention to weeds.

Atriplex semibaccata R. Br.

Introduced more than ten years ago as a highly_ recom-
mended forage plant, this Saltbush was widely experimented
with bv farmers, but failed to meet expectations, and its culture
was soon abandoned. It has, however, become a well estab-
lished weed in many parts of southern California, where I have
collected it, or observed it, in Imperial Valley, San Bernardino,

13

Los Angeles, Santa Monica and San Diego. About the latter
city it is perhaps the most abundant plant of waysides and
waste grounds.

Cycloloma atriplicifolia Coulter

Collected in 1909 by Mrs. C. M. Wilder, as a waif, along a
road between Colton and Bloomington, and in July, 1914, by
Parish (No. 9500) in the same locality, where it is now abun-
dant and well established.

Batis maritimum Linn.

Abundant on dykes and banks of the salt marshes of False
Bay, San Diego. Near Old Town, September, 1913, Parish
8721.

Diplotaxis muralis Linn.

This European weed is well established along a street in
San Bernardino, where it was first seen in July, 1914 (Parish
9502), being the first authentic collection reported from the
state. In Davidson's Plants of Los Angeles County (1896) it
is entered as from Los Angeles and Redondo, but in the Bulle-
tin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences 2:29 (1903)
it is corrected to D. tenuifolia DC, which has also been col-
lected at Pasadena, by Grant.

Lepidium perfoliatum Linn.

This Eurasian weed is a recent immigrant to the United
States, and so far as reports indicate is, as yet, confined to the
western states. Its first reported appearance was at Salt Lake,
in 1908, and five years later it was reported by Garrett (Torreya
13 :238) as abundant in that vicinity. In May, 1909, two plants
were found by Heller growing in cinders along the railway
track at Derby, a few miles west of Reno, Nevada ; the follow-
ing May he found it "growing rather plentifully along the i-ail-
road at Hood River, and in quantity at Pendleton," both in
Oregon; and the same summer a specimen was found by the
wayside at Reno (Muhlenb. 6:92), where it is now abundant.
Davidson (Bull. S. Cal. Acad. 10:11) reported a few plants
appearing at Hollywood in 1910, and (lb. 13:14) at Annandale,
both suburbs of Los Angeles. In May, 1913, two or three
plants were collected by IMrs. M. F. Bradshaw at Orange, and
in April, 1914, a single specimen was found by Parish at Point
Loma, near San Diego. It has also made its appearance at a
few places in central California. In 1912 Rattan got it in the
Grand Cation, Arizona. As yet it has not found a place in
American Floras, but it may be readily recognized by its
dimorphous leaves, the basal finely pinnatly dissected and ap-
proximate, and the rameal bractlike, entire, and so broadly
auriculate as to appear perfoliate. Heller, 1. c. gives a good
plate of the plant.

14

Sisymbrium altissimum Linn.

Although the appearance in America of this Crucifer ante-
dates that of Lepidium perfoliatum, so that it has been enrolled
in some manuals, it is a comparatively recent immigrant, but
already has spread from ocean to ocean, and in some places has
earned the reputation of an obnoxious weed. Its California
history is very short. At San Bernardino I first saw it, a single
plant, in 1912, from the seed of which was produced the next
year a goodly patch, and in the same summer of 1913 it was
observed in abundance in a fallow field at Redlands, and in
several places along the road in the adjacent Yucaipe valley.
It is now, 1914, already widely spread in San Bernardino val-
ley, but nowhere in abundance. Its Los Angeles history was
related by Davidson in the preceding issue of this Bulletin
(9:44). He observed it first in 1910 at Hollywood, in 1911 in
Laurel Canyon and in 1912 at Sierra Madre, in each instance
only a single plant. In 1913 he found it "not infrequent along
roadsides in the San Fernando valley and at Newhall." It has
not yet been reported from the upper part of the state, but
probably occurs there. It may have reached the southern
counties from Utah, as Garrett reports it (Torreya 13:238) as
abundant everywhere about Salt Lake City in 1913, but un-
known ten years before. It is a tumbleweed. and this habit
facilitates its dissemination. Other western collections are
Minneapolis, Sheldon in 1895; Snake River, Oregon, 1901,
Cusick 2525, 2526; Glendale, Nevada, 1907, Kennedy 1572.

An account of its appearance and progress, east of the
Pacific Coast, is given by E. S. Hill in Torreya 9:96, 1909, who
noted its earliest recorded appearance in 1883 at Castle Moun-
tain, in the Canadian Rockies. At the date of his paper Hill
considered this weed "quite generally spread throughout the
northern parts of the United States and the southern part of
Canada."

Cleome serrulata Pursh

A waif in the railway yards at Barstow, May, 1914, Parish
9250.

Ribes roezlii Regel

Mill Creek Canyon, San Bernardino Mountains, altitude
6000 feet, May 22, 1913. Parish 3525.

Parosela polyadenia subnuda Parish

' Occasional on the arid hills about Barstow, in the Mojave
desert, May, 1914, Parish 9239. Owens Valley is the nearest
station previously known.

Lupinus microcarpus Sims
Desert slope of Tejon Pass, near the summit, May 27,
1914, Parish 9256.

15

Astragalus pachypus Greene

In the sand bed of a dry wash, near the summit of Tejon
Pass. May. 1914, Parish 9223. The type was collected by Airs.
Brandegee. in 1884. at Bealville in the "Mountains of Kern
county."

Astragalus limatus Sheldon

This species was noted by me in Carnegie Publication 193,
page 109, as endemic in Salton Sink, but its limits should be
extended to the drainage of Salton Basin. It was collected by
Brandegee at Borrego Spring, April, 1895 ; at Shafers Well,
April, 1904, by H. E. Wilder; and in Split Mountain canyon,
April. 1914, Parish 9040, and seen on Carrizo creek.

Euphorbia peplus Linn.

First noted at San Bernardino in 1895. as a rare weed in
lawns and gardens; now very common. Also common in like
l)laces in San Diego.

Tetracoccus dioicus Englem.

On bush}' hillsides, between Rainbow and Fallbrook, San
Diego county. April, 1914, Parish 9130. The type was collected
l3}- Parry at Santo Tomaso in northern Lower California. Previ-
us collections in this state are: Cleveland, near Table Moun-
tain, and C. R. Orcutt, near Temecula (Brandegee, Zoe 5:230).

o

Sherardia arvensis Linn.

In a lawn, vSan Bernardino, July, 1913, Parish 8540. Col-
lected in 1891 by Michner & Bioletti in Alameda county, and
stated by Davidson to be "not infrequent in lawns" at Los
Angeles (Bull. S. Acad. 9:44); otherwise unreported from the
state.

Xanthium commune Brittt.n

Common al)out .San Diego; Old Town, Sept., 1913, Parish
8715, and in the same month on the Potrero Grades here-
tofore reported in the state only from the Colorado river bot-
toms at Fort Yuma and from Imperial valley.

Amblyopappus pusillus II. & A.

A characteristic seacoast species, common at the foot of
the bluffs along the shore, now collected inland at Glendora,
by Grant & Wheeler, May, 1904.

Tragopogon porrifolius Linn.

Common and thoroughly naturalized along streets and in
waste places at Santa Monica. September, 1913, Parish 9133.

16

SUMRAT YANTRA

THE PRrNCE OF DIALS AT DELHI

SUN-DIALS IN INDIA
By Holdridge O. Collins, LL.D.

TO THE lover of Astronomy, probably the most interesting
objects in the Orient are the ponderous structures of bronze
in China, and of masonry in India, erected during the early
centuries of the Christian era.

Like the Elgin marbles of the Parthenon, the most striking and
beautiful bronze instruments of China, were looted and transported
to Germany by her military forces during the Boxer war, but the
Observatories in India remain, some of them in ruins and others,
whose huge dimensions, at this day practically in perfect condition,
have resisted the devastations of war and the attacks of the ele-
ments during the many centuries of their existence. It is not feas-
ible in one article to describe all the Astronomical implements,
appliances and structures now as well preserved in India, as when
erected, but it has been thought that a statement of the three great-
est Sun-dials, standing in all their huge grandeur, may be of in-
terest.

All the Astronomical Observatories and accessories in India
were designed and erected by Maharajah Jai Singh, who rectified
the calendar and corrected the Astronomical tables then in use,
under the encouragement and financial appropriations of the Em-
peror Mohammed Shah.

He first constructed several brass instruments similar to those
used by the Mohammedan astronomers of Samarcand and else-
where ; but finding that brass instruments were not accurate owing
to their small size, the lack of divisions into minutes and seconds,
the constant shaking and wearing of their axes, the displacement
of the centers of their circles, and the shifting of their planes, he
acquired the certain knowledge of the inaccurate determinations of
Hipparchus, Ptolemy and others of the ancients. Erecting at
Delhi, the Capital of the Mogul Empire, instruments pi stone and
lime, of perfect stability and huge size, all of his own invention, he
found them giving him most satisfactory results, and, in order to
corroborate his observations at Delhi, he built similar instruments
at Jaipur, Muttra, Ujjain and Benares.

The Observatory at Muttra no longer exists and the one at
Ujjain, passing from the possession of the Moguls to that of the
Peshwas, is now owned by Scindia. Only those at Benares, Delhi
and Jaipur are now in the possession or control of the English gov-
ernment.

In Isaiah xxxviii, 8, is found the first record of the existence

of a Sun-dial :

"Behold I will cause the shadow on the steps, which is gone
down on the dial of Ahaz with the sun to return backward ten

19

steps. So the sun returned ten steps on the dial whereon it was

gone down.

The chronology of this imputed event is fixed as about 700
years before Christ.

Benares is one of the most interesting and oldest existing
cities of the world. It is situated upon the North side of the
Ganges river, the banks being paved with stone steps and ter-
raced, and constantly congested by the burning- ghats, diminutive
temples and the thousands of worshippers who flock to this place
to wash away their sins in the sacred waters of the river.

Benares was formerly the center of the Buddhist religion,
but, long ago. Buddhism succumbed to Brahminism and it has been
swept out of India. Benares is the Mecca of Brahma, while Luck-
now is the Rome of the Mohammedans. Benares has more than
fifteen hundred Temples, the most notable of which are the Mon-
key Temple, so called from the multitude of monkeys which make
their home here and are sacred to this place of worship; the
Golden Temple, whose pagoda or tower is covered with gold leaf
and intricate and delicate stone tracery, and the Aurangzeb
Mosque with its two lofty needle-like towers, on the banks of the
river.

Tlic Observatory is on the second floor or roof of the build-
ing called Maun Alandir, commanding the banks of the Ganges.
Upon a masonry wall faced wnth red sandstone are two instru-
ments of bronze, called Dakshinottar Bithe Yantra, used for indi-
cating the exact time of noon and the altitude and zenith distance
of the heavenly bodies wdien they pass the meridian at night.
The object for making two instruments of a like nature was for
checking one with the other. There are several other instruments
of bronze and stone, but of too complex a nature for detail in this
paper.

The great Sun-dial with its two quadrant indicators of time
is of solid masonry. The length of the style is 36 feet and the
vertical height at the north end is 22 feet and 3'/ inches. From
its apex a fine view is presented of the city, the circling Ganges
and the surrounding country. With the exception of its size and
the angle of latitude, in every respect it resembles those at Delhi
and Jaipur which I shall attempt to describe.

T'he present city of Delhi is of comparatively modern exis-
tence, having been established as late as the seventeenth century,
by Shah Jehan, who erected his Imperial Palace on the banks of
the river Jumna, and he surrounded his new city with the present
massive wall. The enclosure of this walled fortress-palace con-
tains marble structures which are exquisite gems of Oriental
architecture, of which the two most celebrated are the Diwan-i-
Kas, a place where the Emperor received in private audience, and
the Diwan-i-Am for public royal assemblies. In this Hall was the
wonderful Peacock throne which was carried away in 1739 when

20

Nadir Shaw invaded India with his Persian Army. The apart-
ments occupied by the Emperor and his wives are in beautifully
carved and inlaid marbles.

The British Army now uses this place for barracks. It is
kept in excellent repair and visitors are permitted to wander
through its precincts at their leisure.

While the entire limits of Delhi are interesting to the ethnolo-
gist, with the exception of the splendid Mosques, there is nothing
of beauty to attract the attention of the speculator or excite the
admiration of the aesthetic. The city has a poverty-stricken
aspect ; most of its building^s appear to be about to fall from age,
and the unpaved streets are foul with the congestion of camels,
horses, cows, goats, donkeys and children wallowing in the
squalor of poverty.

Of the numerous and magnificent Temples for worship. I
have space to mention only one, the Juma Masjid, the largest and
most noted Mosque ever constructed by man. It was the work
of Shah Jehan when building his new Delhi. It faces a quad-
rangle 450 feet square, paved with granite, inlaid with marble,
around which are most picturesque cloisters. The Mosque ex-
tends 261 feet and is approached by a marvellous ascent of granite
steps, the landing and interior being paved with white marble in
intricate designs. It has three large Domes of white marble and
a lofty minaret rises from each of the front corners. The interior
walls and roof are lined with white marble, and within this
mosque and its great court during religious festivals, more than
ten thousand worshippers assemble at one time.

Ancient Delhi was located upon an area of over 45 square
miles. South of the modern city, and it exhibits on every side of
its dusty sterility, the extensive ruins of Temples, Palaces,
Mosques, great residences surrounded by crumbling walls and
dismantled Tombs, the evidences of a once populous and wealthy
city, which must have been a center of education and culture of
the highest rank before the power of Europe extended to this
land. "The whole region seems to ache with age and penury."
What has been the cause of this desolation and the obliteration of
such a city, whose location is now inhabited by a degenerate
people swarming in huts of mud or excavated in the stone mason-
ry of the ruined walls surrounding the visitor for miles? An in-
telligent investigator of the cause of this most lamentable effect
may arrive at a satisfactory answer.

In the center of this desolation stand the buildings of the
great Astronomical Observatory. There are six separate struc-
tures of the most ponderous masonry, one of which bears a. tablet
reciting that they were all restored to perfection in the year 1910.
Two of them are circular, with niches in the walls upon which
can be indicated the ascension and declension of the stars. These
stand immediately South of the great Sun-dial.

21

One form of a Sun-dial, and the one most familiar to us. is
constructed as a right-angel triangle of metal or masonry, called
a gnomon, a Greek word meaning an instructor or one that indi-
cates, with the hypothenuse, called the rod or style, pointing to
the North and parallel with the earth's axis — that is, its plane
coincides with the meridian ; and this, with a fixed surface, which
may be the base upon which it stands, or a semi-circle — a quad-
rant upon each side — passing through its center and traced with
lines indicating the hours and minutes and upon which falls the
shadow of the style, is called a Sun-dial.

Giovanni Florio, an Englishman of Italian parentage, a Pro-
fessor of Oxford University and a personal friend of Shakespeare,
in one of his books published about 1598, describes the gnomon
as "the know-man or gnow-man of a diall, the shadow whereof
pointeth out the howers."

The figure may make the description clear, viz :

The hypothenuse or style SN is directed from South to North.
SE is the surface of the Earth and NSE stands upon the meridian
of the place where the dial is constructed. The latitude of the
place is the angle at S, subtended at the center of the Earth by
an arc of the meridian between the zenith and the celestial equa-
tor. Latitude is always equal to the altitude of the celestial pole.

An excellent representation of the Sun-dial at Delhi is pre-
sented by the annexed half-tone copy of an engraving I obtained
in that city.

In the Hindu or Urdu language it is called the Brahat-Sum-
rat, the big Sun-dial, and Sumrat-Yantra, the Prince of Dials. It
is constructed of brick masonry, its base being 104 feet long, the
hypothenuse or style is 118 feet and 7 inches in length and the
perpendicular is 56 feet and 7 inches from its base to the apex.
The gnomon has steps in the center affording an easy ascent to
the top, where stands a low circular tower upon which is a small
modern Sun-dial of steel.

On each side, a masonry quadrant of a circle is built at a
distance of 49 feet and 4 inches from the center of the gnomon.
These quadrants pass under the base of the gnomon, which at

22

that point is in an excavation several feet below the surface of
the ground, and, owing to percolation from an irrigation ditch
in the vicinity, the lower segments of these quadrants are im-
mersed in water and the time of the mid-day hours cannot now
be read upon their face.

The shadow of this huge gnomon, falling at the lines graved
upon the quadrants, shows the local time in hours, minutes and
even seconds, and, watching this shadow as it slowly crept down-
ward at the West quadrant, I noted the time to be ten hours and
thirtv minutes, or half after ten o'clock A. M. From the top of
this huge structure a panorama of desolation, disintegration and
degeneration is presented.

Ten miles South from this Sun-dial are the ruins of what was
once the noble Kuw^at-ul-Islam Mosque, and such portions of it
as remain intact disclose the original magnificence of this old
Palace for worship. Nowhere in the world, outside the limits of
India, is to be found in the construction of buildings architectural
work so elaborate, so intricate, so delicate, so beautiful in its
character and so exquisite in its design and execution as can be
seen today upon what remains of this and other Temples and
Palaces.

Matthew Arnold wrote of that wonderful East that "What-
ever airs of superiority Europe generally gives itself, all our re-
ligion has come and religion of some sort or other has still an
empire over men's feelings such as it has nowhere else."

No thoughtful observer of those religious structures and the
devout honor and reverence paid by these so-called heathens m
their worship of what they accept as an over-ruling, super-natural
Providence, cannot but be most profoundly impressed with the
truth of what Arnold learned from his long experience in India.

A native architect said of the red sandstone: ''Clever work-
men chisel it so skilfully as no turner could do with wood, and
their works vie with the picture books of Maui"— a legendary
Persian artist. • t\t u i

The marble pierced screens under the Dome of the Taj Mahal
which, at a short distance, look like fine lace, and the carvings on
the tomb of the beloved wife do not equal in delicacy the work of
the red sandstone seen in the Palaces and Mosques of Agra, Fati-
pur-sikri, Delhi. Amber, Udaipur and other places. From the
tessellated floors up and over the ceilings, elaborate stone tracery
runs riot over the fluted columns, cornices and niches of the in-
terior. There are flowers and fruits, leaves, garlands, vines and
grapes, men, women, animals and birds, gods and goddesses, gem,
nymphs, griffins, dragons and chimerae of innumerable designs.
Such miracles of fairyland, and brackets so fantastically twisted,
were never wrought from unyielding marble, and it is difficult to
realize that anything could induce so complete an architectural
paradise built of stone, ivory and inlaid mosaic work.

23

Under cover of one of the large halls of the Monastery sur-
rounding the enclosure of Kuwat-ul-Islam, whose roof is sup-
ported by more than one hundred pillars of carved red sandstone,
each of which differs in design from all the rest, are four marble
tablets, three of them severally inscribed in the Sanscrit, Hinde and
Urdu language — the last named being the present language of
India. The fourth tablet has an English translation, and the
legend refers to the Monarch who erected the sky-piercing Kutab
Minar within the enclosure. The translation reads as follows :

"He, on whose arm fame was inscribed by the sword, when,
in battle in the Vauga countries (Bengal) he kneaded (and turned)
back with (his) breast the enemies who, uniting together came
against (him) : — H. by whom having crossed in warfare the seven
mouths of the (river) Sindhee, the Vahlik as were conquered: —
He, by the breezes of whose powers the Southern Ocean is even
still perfumed : — He, the remnant of the great zeal of whose en-
ergy, which entirely destroyed (his) enemies like (the remnant
of the great glowing heat) of a burned out fire in a great forest,
even now leaves not the earth : though he, the king, as if wearied,
has quitted this earth and come to the other world moving m
(bodily) form to the land (of Paradise) won by (the merit of)
his actions, but remaining on this earth by (the memory of his)
fame: — By him, the King — who attained sole supreme sovereignty
in the world acquired by his own arm and (enjoyed) for a very
long time: (and) who, having the name of Chandra, carried a
beauty of countenance like (the beauty of) the full moon, having
in faith fixed his mind upon the God (Vishnu) this lofty standard
of the divine Vishnu was set up on the hill called A'ishnupada.
(4th century)"

The Kutab Minar, two hundred and tliirty-eight feet high, is
the tallest Minaret in the world, and there is nothing in the world
that resembles it in its architectural design, its loveliness of stone
carving from its base to its apex, its dignity and magnitude. AA'ho
can describe the indescribable or explain the inexplicable? It is
one of the seven architectural wonders of India and the most
perfect tower in existence, being as complete and unmarred as it
was on the day of its completion. As nothing that has been said,
written, pictured or sung of the Taj Mahal can reveal to the eye
or mind its lovely perfection, so representation or imagination will
fail to disclose the exquisite beauty and noble grandeur of the
Kutab ]\Iinar. Not far from the Kutab Minar stands an historic
lofty iron pillar of ponderous dimensions, erected many centuries
ago, but its story cannot here be related.

Of the city of Jaipur I must say but little. We are interested
more concerning its great Observatory.

The Maharajah or Sahib Bahadoor of this Province is named
Mahadhosingje. His Prime Minister is a gentleman of culture
and advanced ideas, introducing modern economic methods and
encouraging the people to adopt modes conducive to their welfare.

24

The Maharajah is rather slow to introduce radical changes, and
his Minister has been unable to obtain consent to establish an
electric-lig-ht plant, the Maharajah saying that the gas lighting
introduced by his father is good enough for him, but,_ imbued
with the idea of preserving the old monuments built by his ances-
tors, he sanctioned the restoration of the Observatories, and its
execution was completed about fourteen years ago.

The city is surrounded by a massive lofty wall, pierced for five
huge gates.' A street, about 150 feet wide, runs through its center
and this is crossed at right angles by several other streets of the
same width, running from wall to wall, and in the squares formed
by the crossings are handsome fountains. The buildings facing
these main thoroughfares are generally of a substantial and ornate
character, but they present a peculiar aspect, as the exterior of
most of them is decorated with art paintings, and they are all col-
ored with a brilliant pink, whence the place is called the "Pink
City." This pink aspect is a souvenir of the visit of King Edward
\'l! when he was Prince of Wales, it having been a decoration
for his reception, ordered by the Maharajah. It is the brightest,
cleanest and handsomest city of Northern India, and in its general
aspect resembles a city of Europe. It is located in the bend of a
horse-shoe range of mountains, on whose summit frown the fortifi-
cations in which the Maharajah keeps his military stores, his
jewels and treasures. No one other than his troops and menage,
is permitted access to these places. There is a superb Museum
in the Ram Newas Park, principally devoted to the ethnology of
Asia in general and of India in particular : and the Zoological
Gardens, containing the world's creatures of fur, hair and feathers,
are as complete and extensive as any I have seen. This Province
is practically free from English control and the Maharajah is
supreme.

His Palace is an impressive building surrounded by a very
large and beautiful garden enclosure in the center of the city, in
these grounds are the ponderous structures of the Observatory.
The description of the Sun-dial at Delhi may be applied to the
one at Jaipur with a few changes. This one is 90 feet hig'h, the
style is 182 feet long and the quadrants upon which the time is
shadowed pass under the center of the gnomon at the surface of
the ground. It also has the name Sumrat Yantra — Prince of Dials.

There are two circular Yantras or Dials called Ram Yantras
for reading azimuths and altitudes, and twelve huge stone
structures, forming a large sector, each one placed for observation
of a particular sign of the zodiac and the determination of celestial
longitude and latitude. There are many other curious instruments
and peculiar contrivances, perhaps the most striking of which is
an immense brass circular plate upon which is engraved a map
of the heavens.

This Observatory was the most extensive of the five con-
structed bv lai Singh, and in listening to the very courteous

25

Director in charge, as he explained to me the uses of the many
strange appHances with which I was surrounded, I was profoundly
impressed by the mechanical skill exhibited in the construction ot
those works by that ancient Astronomer and the knowledge he
had gained regarding the adjustment of our Universe, beyond
which but little is known at this day. Truly he "gave his heart
to know wisdom," and we may say of our day what the Preacher
wrote of his time :

Ts there anything whereof it may be said, 'See, this is new'?
It hath been already of old time, which was before us.'

J)

26

BANCROFT ETZ BEEMAN
By Holdridge O. Collins, LL. D.

Born in Cortland County, New York, on December 31, 1844,
Bancroft Etz Beeman achieved a high grade of intellectual cul-
ture in the several educational institutions of his native State.
His entire mature life up to his fifty-sixth year was devoted to
successful commercial pursuits, in which he acquired a comfort-
able estate, and. retiring from all business avocations, in the year
nXX) he came to California and made a new home for his little
family in Los Angeles.

Many years ago he was elected a member of this Academy of
Sciences, and he became an active participant in the conduct of
its work, having served as a Director and an active worker in
all its labors up to within a short time prior to his death.

During the last fourteen years of his life he made many voy-
ages to Europe, Africa and the Orient, circling the globe in his
wanderings. W'hile in Japan he became greatly interested in
the ichthyology of that region of the Pacific waters, accumulating
valuable publications by the Japanese Government upon that
branch of science ; and through his suggestions and advice the
Library of this Academy was enriched by several monographs
upon that subject, issued by the Smithsonian Institution.

A man modest and unpretentious in his social intercourse,
with a total lack of strenuous self assertion, none but his more
intimate friends were aware of his great interest in all institutions
conducted for the amelioration of the indigent sick and afflicted
and for establishments conducted for free instruction in the
higher branches of erudition.

That this was not in him a mere abstract emotion is evidenced
by the provisions of his last will and testament, wherein he be-
queathed large amounts to Hospitals, the Industrial Home and
to this Academy of Sciences ten thousand dollars "to defray the
expense of free lectures or other proper entertainments bearing
upon scientific topics."

His death occurred on November 11, 1914 at his home in Los
Angeles, and in the copy of the records of this Academy, printed
herein upon another page, will be found the Memorial unanimously
adopted by the Directors of this Academy of Sciences.

27

TRANSACTIONS OF THE ACADEMY
Academy Meeting

The first meeting of the Academy for the Season 1914-1915 was held
on Saturday evening, October 17, 1914, in the parlor of Christopher's
restaurant, President Benton in the chair.

Mr. W. A. Spalding, ex-President, as toastmaster, most feelingly
related the acti\ities of the Academy since its inception and the
devoted labors of its founders, some of whom are yet with us, and, in
presenting Mr. B. R. Baumgardt, the speaker of the evening, he
referred to the National reputation achieved by that gentleman as an
investigator and lecturer, as an evolution from his studies and experi-
ence while performing the duties as the first Secretary of this Academy.

Mr. Baumgardt gave a geographical and historical review of the
causes which, at this day, have involved in warfare the great Nations
of the eastern Continents, closing with a most interesting and instruc-
tive statement of the Trend of Modern Thought in Europe.

A very pleasant episode of the evening was the presentation to the
Academy by Dr. A. Davidson of a Gavel, unique in that the hammer
is composed of a vertebra of the extinct Giant Ground Sloth, the
handle being of the wood McNab cypress, both having been taken
from the excavations of La Brea Rancho, where they had been pre-
served in their original condition of perfection by their air-tight
coffin since the quaternary age.

Directors' Meeting

A meeting of the Directors was held on December 3, 1914, in the
office of the President.

Present: Benton, Collins, Davidson, Knight, Parsons, Spalding and
Watts.

The record of the proceedings of the Directors on June 25 and of
the Academj' on October 17 was read and approved.

The Committee on Program reported that lecturers had been secured
to address the Academy in December, and January, 1915, and that
proper arrangements would be made.

The President and Secretary were appointed a committee to select
a design significant of the work of the Academy, to be used upon
printed matter and stationery.

The death of Bancroft E. Bceman was announced and the Secretary
proposed the following memorial which was unanimousl}- adopted,
to-wit:

Bancroft E. Beeman

On the eleventh day of November, 1914, at the city of Los Angeles,
departed this life Bancroft E. Beeman.

For many years he had been an active member of the Soutnern
California Academy of Sciences, and on I\Iay 4, 1908, he was elected
a Director for the ensuing year ending in June, 1909.

During the period of his membership in this Academy his attention
was attracted to that phase of our work devoted to the free dissem-
ination of information relating to the later scientific discoveries for
the conservation of public health, especially in the more densely
populated districts, and our recommendations for rigid inspection and
enforcement of sanitary and antiseptic regulations in large municipal-
ities, and we have a most profound realization that this interest was
not ephemeral, but a lasting one, as we read from his last Will and
Testament:

28

"I give and bequeath to the Southern California Academy of Sci-
ences (of which 1 am a member at this date) the sum of ten thousand
dollars, suggesting that said sum be loaned on good security and
that the interest thereon be used to defray the expense of free lectures,
or other proper entertainments, bearing on scintific topics."
or other proper entertainments, bearing on scientific topics."

The Directors of this Academy hereby place upon record an ex-
pression of their sorrow for the loss of an associate so zealous in
the prosecution of investigations instituted solely as well for the in-
formation of the individual inquirer as for the welfare of the general
public, and we extend to the widow and son our profound sympathy
for them in their great affliction.

The Secretary was authorized to have said Memorial suitably en-
grossed and transmitted to Mrs. Beeman.

There being no further business the Board adjourned.

Academy Meeting

The monthly meeting was held on Wednesday, December 16, 1914,
in Symphony 11 all, President Benton in the chair.

Probably at no time has been presented before this Academy of
Sciences a topic more interesting or instructive than the address of
Prof. George E. Bailey upon Soil Hygiene, what soils are and how
to keep them in good physical condition.

He recited the progress made by Colleges and Universities, as well
as by private laboratories in chemical analyses of soils, plants, vege-
tables, cereals and fruits, and by the United States Bureau of Sods
in the physical analyses of the same; the function of water in agri-
culture, which has been scientifically classified into the three distmc-
tive ranks or divisions of gravity, capillary and film; the proper use
of phosphates and nitre and the greatly increased abundance of crops
produced by the action of selected microbes, bacteria and bacdli.

Deep plowing and the use of explosives for breaking up the under-
lying hard-pan"have demonstrated that ground, thought to be worth-
less for agricultural purposes, may be made fertile for the yielding
of bountiful crops.

The numerous questions asked of the lecturer evidenced the great
attention with which his statements were received by many present,
the representatives of the various agricultural interests of California.

Academy Meeting

On Wednesday evening, January 13, 1915, the Academy meeting
was held in the Women's Club House on Figueroa Street.

Mr. Spalding reported that the National Academy f>f Sciences had
selected Los Angeles as the place for its Convention during the com-
ing Summer and, upon his motion, the President was authorized to
appoint a Committee for the purpose of making suitable arrange-
ments for the reception and entertainment of the visiting members
of that Academy of Sciences.

Prof. F. P. Brackett, Director of Pomona College Observatory,
related his experiences in Algeria as a member of the Expedition
for measurement of Solar Radiation. His graphic descriptions were
illustrated by many views of the instruments employed upon that
occasion and of the people, cities, mountains and valleys of that

interesting country, r^ <-.

HoLDBiDGE 0. Collins,

Secretary.
29

Biological Section

The meetings of this section will be held during the year 1914-15
in the lecture room of the Los Angeles Public Library in the Metro-
politan Bldg., at 5th and Broadway, on the first Tuesday of each
month. The first meeting was held on the evening of October 6,
1914, at 8 o'clock. Professor Albert B. Ulrey, the new chairman, was
the speaker of the evening. He alluded to the recent death of Dr.
C. A. Whitney, who was chairman of the Section for several years.
He then gave an account of the work of the Venice Marine Biological
Station of the L^niversity of Southern California, telling something
of deep sea conditions off the coast, and the recent researches. He
also outlined the intended work of the Section for the year.

The second meeting was held on November 3. Prof. Ulrej-, the
chairman, made a report of some work at Venice. Sea urchins and
starfish are becoming scarcer; may have to be protected. Mr. Barn-
hart, of the University-, is studying the tuna question. Dr. Edwards
reported the work of the nature study department of the public schools,
of which he is supervisor. He is taking up the ideas of Joe Knowles,
giving the children a knowledge of the injurious plants and animals.
A nature study laboratory is to be established at the Olive St. School.

Dr. C. O. Esterly, of Occidental College, then made a very inter-
esting address on the Food Problems of Fishes, with reference to
his work on the copepods of the California coast. He discussed vari-
ous theories proposed, especially that of Putter. Calanus and other
copepods are largely used as food, and the probable food of these
Crustacea is the very small marine organisms — the coccolithophoridae,
The chain is: Fish — smaller fish — copepods — micro-plankton.

The third meeting was held on the evening of Dec. 1, 1914. Prof.
Ulrey announced the death of the eminent biologist, August Weis-
mann, in Germany. Also speaking of a recent trip of the Biological
Department of the University of Southern California in the launch,
Anton Dohrn.

Dr. Wm. A. Hilton, of Pomona College, gave an account of the
Laguna Beach Marine Laboratory of Pomona College, and of its past
summer's work. He then proceeded to a very interesting account of
the remarkable marine arthropods known as the pycnogonids; they
are probably classified near to the spiders. He had numerous charts
of all the known California forms to illustrate his full and illumin-
ating talk. He discussed the classification, structure, the circulatory,
respiratory, and reproductive systems of each species in detail.

F. Grinnell, Jr.,
Acting Secretary.

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BULLETIN

OF THE

SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA
ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

LOS ANGELES. CALIFORNIA

BULLETI]N^

OF THE

Southern California Academy of Sciences

JULY. 1915

Volume XIV, Part 2 ' ^^

aoT

COMMIFTEE ON PUBLICATION

Holdridge Ozro Collins: LL. D., Chairman
Anstruther Davidson, C. M., M. D. William A. Spalding

CONTENTS

PAGE

Editorial ^^

Seasonal Periodicity of Earthquakes 38

Teratology of the Navel Orange 46

A Zoological Puzzle 49

Habits of A Cleptis (Wasp) 51

Random Botanical Notes 52

Annual Report of the Secretary 53

Academy Transactions 56

^§*mttltj"rn (llaltfuntirt Arct^cmg at ^tittxcts

Officers nnh ^ir^rturs

ARTHUR B.BENTON President

WILLIAM L. WATTS First Vice-President

ANSTRUTHER DAVIDSON Sscond Vice-President

HECTOR ALLIOT Third Vice-Paesident

SAMUEL J. KEESE Treasurer

HOLDRIDGE O. COLLINS Sesretary

George H. Beeman William H. Knight

George W. Parsons William A. Spalding

Albert B. Ulrey

SamuelJ. Keese William A. Spalding George H. Beeman

Cxiitimittec ttn ^^rxii;rnm

William H. Knight William L. Watts George W. Parsons

^'erttitiis nf the Arniism^

Astruititmirjtl ^crticn
William H. Knight, Chairman Melville Dozier. Secretary

William L. Watts, Chairman George W. Parsons, Secretary

Albert B. Ulrey, Chairman C. H. Phinney, Secretary

Zuxilngirnl ^ttilun
James Z. Gilbert, Chairman George W. Parsons, Secretary

Anstruther Davidson, Chairman T. Payne, Secretary

■;M

a

•X3

^

imt'

EDITORIAL

In the L5ulletin of the Seismological Society of America,
Volume V, page 30, March, 1915, appeared an article entitled
"Seasonal Periodicity in Earthquakes," by William A. Spalding.
By permission of the Editor of that publication, we re-produce
that article in this Bulletin.

Several years prior to the organization of this Academy of
Sciences, Mr. Spalding, who was one of its Founders and who
has served five terms as its President, became interested in the
observations of Heinrich Samuel Schwabe, — an amateur Astron-
omer of Dessau, Germany, — from which was deduced a period-
ity in sun-spot phenomena. These labors of Schwabe were in
vestigated by Prof. R. Wolf of Zurich, Stewart, De La Rue, J.
H. Kedzie, and others, who published monographs upon the
subject, but it was not until after a careful study of the theory
of Equinoctial perturbation proceeding from the various planets
of the Solar system, enunciated in 1875 by Prof. John H. Tice
of St. Louis, Mo., that Mr. Spalding became so intensely ab-
sorbed in investigating the causes of seismological disturbances.

On December 22, 1892, five years before he first became
President of this Academy, he read a paper before The Teach-
ers' Institute in Los Angeles, in which he presented the con-
clusions to which he had arrived. His prediction of the tune
for a seismic convulsion was so positive, and the date of its
occurrence was so exact, that, had these transpired during the
darkness and superstition of the mediaeval periods, his voice
would have been acclaimed one of prophecy ; but, as has Ijeen

35

well said, "Mr. Spalding's predictions were based wholly upon
scientific calculations. They were entirely devoid of any 'sec-
ond sight' features or the popular 'inspiration' methods."

To understand Mr. Spalding's theory, which to many has
ceased to be a theory and has become a demonstrated fact, this
paper of 1892 should be read in its entirety, but some of its
salient points may elucidate his ideas :

"If the equinox of our planet is powerful enough to give
us periods of violent storms, it must make its effects felt pro-
portionately to the earth's mass upon the sun."

"The equinox of Jupiter should be felt not only upon the
sun, but in a reactionary way throughout the whole planetary
system proportionately to the mass of Jupiter. ... If the
equinoxes of these two planets give direct evidence of their
impress upon our great sea of force, why should not the equin-
oxes of the other planets have similar effects each in proportion
to its mass?"

■ ""And when two or three of these happen along with their
equinoxes, is it not reasonable to infer that the disturbance
would represent their joint energy?"

"As the periods of atmospheric disturbance are dependent
upon the perturbing effects of the planets and as the movements
of the planets and other oerturbations are calculated by astron-
omy thousands of years in the future, so it will be possible to
calculate tererstrial disturbance."

"We may even put orr finger upon i date, a year, or ten
years, or a hundred years, or a thousand years in the future, and
sav with reasonable certairty. that that year will be one of hur-
ricanes, and tornadoes and floods and violent cold and earth-
quakes. And why shouldn't we? Astronomy is able to tell us
what the position of a ulanet, millions of miles distant from o'"r
sphere, will be a thousand years hence."

In connection with the foregoing statements Mr. Spalding
presented a chart showing that for the time from 1906 to 1909
the equinoxes of Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, the Earth, Venus and
Mercury would occur in conjunction, thereby cumulating their
electro-magnetic influences during that period, and he closed his
remarks with these words, viz. :

"When tliis earth reaches the year of grace ipo6, it z^'ill need
to gird \ip its loins and prepare for a sez'ere visitation. Here
you see tJic caninox of Saturn is not merged gradually into that
of Jupiter as before, but is almost exactly superimposed upon that
of Jupiter, and the other planets drop into line, indicating that
their disturbing influences will be united at, or near their mav-
imum and the electric tension of our planetary system unll be
raised proportionately. Tlien. if there is anything in this sys-
tem, look out for something to pop."

We who lived in California in 1906 know how bitterly that
prediction was fulfilled.

36

In further development of his aetiology, ^Ir. Spalding pre-
sented a paper — "Jupiter's Equinoxes and Sun Spots" — published
in our Bulletin of July, 1909, (Vol. VIII, pp. 50-55), which re-
vived interest in his predictions of 1892; and, from a careful
study of those two articles in connection with his exposition in
this Bulletin, it would appear that the conjunction of the equi-
noxes of the planets of our system, has been a powerful factor
for seismal disturbances upon our Earth.

WANTED

Numbers of Volumes III, IV, V, VI of the Bulletin to
complete files. Address the Secretary, Room 719, San Fer-
nando Building, Los Angeles.

SEASONAL PERIODICITY IX EARTHQUAKES
By William A. Spalding.

Air. Stephen Taber's study of earthquakes in the region
of Charleston, South Carolina, during the period 188r)-1913''
is a valuable contribution to the data and theory of seismol-
ogy. I am particularly interested in his discussion of peri-
odicity in earthcjuake frequency, as that is a phase to which
my attention has been directed during the past twenty years.
Mr. Taber's curves are deduced from a monthly distribution
of the 395 earthquakes under observation, and are analyzed
mathematically for annual, semi-annual and quarter-yearly
periodicities, using the methods adopted by Dr. Knott. The
study is made more interesting by dividing the entire period
into two epochs: first, 1886-1897. with its record of 318
earthquakes; and second, 1898-1913, with 77 earthquakes.
While the investigator concedes that the number of earth-
quakes in the latter inter\'al is too small by itself to be of
value in determining periodicities, still the fact that the two
curves thus separately deduced correspond closely in their
characteristics lends additional interest to the study and is
mutually confirmatory. This double testimony is again con-
firmed by curves based upon earthquake-days during the
same intervals, thus eliminating a number of minor shocks
and reducing the problem to a simpler basis. ]\Ir. Taber's
conclusions are as follows :-

"There is probably no real semi-annual periodicity in the
earthquake activity of this region (Charleston. S. C.) Annual
and quarterly periodicities are indicated, though the data are
most too meager to determine this matter with certainty.
However, the marked similarity of the difi^erent curves
strongly supports the hypothesis that there are real annual
and quarter-yearly periodicities."

My purpose in writing this is to institute another sea-
sonal comparison, varying slightly from Mr. Taber's', but

•"Seismic Activity in the .'Atlantic Coastal Plain near Charleston,
South Carolina," a paper read in part .before the Le Conte Scientific Society
at the University of South Carolina February 6, 1914, and publislied in the
Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 4, 108, Septe'mber, 1914.

'Ibid., p. 123.

38

utilizing- the same data of monthly distribution. I divide the
year into seasons relative to the earth's equinoctial periodis,
and the intervening solstices. This, of course, suggests a line
of causation not considered by Mr. Taber in his paper, and
involves a theory not yet established. Still it is worthy of
investigation on a strictly physical basis such as I propose,
and if periodicity is indicated empirically, we may bring for-
ward the theoretical part of the discussion at leisure. I have
merely to suggest at the outset that, the equinoxes them-
selves being periodical, if we succeed in allying earthquakes
with them in any degree as effects or as concurrent phe-
nomena, we shall have gone a long way toward solving the
standing problem of seismic periodicity.

The vernal equinox occurs March 21st. Allowing that
there may be some relationship between this occurrence and
seismic action, it is fair to assume that the equinoctial influ-
ence begins some time before the actual event, and continues
some time afterward. Let us assume, for convenience, that
the period of greater or less equinoctial influence is three
months, beginning February 1st and ending April 30th. This
would allow 48 or 49 days before the equinox and 40 days
after it. Granting this amplitude for the season of the vernal
equinox, we should surely find indications of seismic increase
or decrease within it if there be such a tendency developed in
the curves.

In a similar manner we set off the months of August,
September and October as the season of the autumnal equi-
nox. The intervening seasons of three months each are
allotted to the summer and winter solstices, and we have the
year divided as follows :

Season of vernal equinox — February, March, April.

Season of summer solstice — May, June, July.

Season of autumnal equinox — August, September, Octo-

Season of winter solstice — November, December, Janu-

ber.

ary.

When we come to consider the year thus divided with
respect to seismic frequency, the only striking variation from
the plan usually in vogue is that the year begins with Feb-
ruary, and January comes trailing along after December, as
it in fact always does in the natural round of years. The
advantage of this readjustment is simply to bring out in our
diagrams the equinoctial and solstitial eft'ects, if they exist,
in stronger relief.

Re-drawing Mr. Taber's most typical curve from his
plate 7 (that of total South Carolina earthquakes during the
years 1886-1913), we have the following:

39

Ve

mal equinox

. Summer solstice

Autumnal equina)

Winter solatice

1

b Mar .Apr

May June J

uly

Aug Sept

Oct

Nov

Dec Jan

lOO

1

\

; 1

' ! i '

_,_; L

- in

1

r '

1 1

• :

i ■'V 1

■ ■ : 1

T4

c^r\

yij

1 L

;

1 . 1

■ L -1

X44l

^ij:

1 ■

1

1 1

1

■

Al

__Xr^

-4'

1 ■ ,

Qr\

1

l'

1

c50- ■

--

1 Tir

I

1

i

1

]

1

1

/

A

vu - ■

-'-

1

1 11

f

4

S :::

-

-,

ti

1

i—

\

^ cr,

/

(0 50

c

h

f

I '

r-r*

/

lF

/'

rC ^n

r

1

1^ ou

i I

' 1 !

(,

/ 1

1

, 1

;\

1 IZ

' I

W .rs

t Jl

40- ■

i

- - -

—

1 —

/

-

1 1

*

^l

IT

— i

1

^-•j*'-

:^s: +

30" ■

/

s — '

1 i

^.

1

_it"!..

/

-4

- _^^

--/

\

r

- -

' t

' l"±. ^'

/

20

Z' '^

\

J

(

f

\

J

^

A '

K

/

10 —

^ /'

^''

--

r>

^ 1 1

Fig. 1. Monthly Distribution of Earthquakes. Charleston Statistics.
Total 395.

In figure 1 we have almost a facsimile of figure 5, plate
7, in ^.Ir. Taber's drawing, but with our new^ adjustment of
seasons the curve takes on an increased significance. In
short, the line seems to be exactly fitted to the seasonal
scheme. Here we have the maximum frequency in the mid-
dle of the period assigned to the autumnal equinox, and a
minor rise in each of the other three seasons. The special
advantage of this plan is that it is based on a previously
assigned system ; that this system is formed on well estab-
lished periodic phenomena ; that we may reproduce the for-
mula for any year ; that, if this concurrence of seismic fre-
quency with the seasons assigned is sustained by a prepon-
derance of testimony, it points toward a generalization of
value, and that, behind that generalization, there may lie a
good and sufficient reason for seismic periodicit}'.

Let us proceed to other statistics of earthquakes Avhich
may be subjected to the same test. The oldest table of seis-
mic frequency by months which I have at hand is one quoted
by Dr. Mallet in his treatise on earthquakes in the British

40

report for 1850, p. 66. It is referred to by Dr. :\Iallet as hav-
ing been compiled by L. F. Kontz and originally published in
the Allgemeine Encyklopadie der Wissenschaften und
Kiinste, von Ersch und Gruber, Thiel, 36. This list, compiled
by a German authority previous to 1851, comprehends a dif-
ferent series of earthquakes, and must be taken as indepen-
dent of the data employed by Mr. Taber.

Fig-. 2. ]\[onthly Distribution of Earthquakes. German Statistics.
Total 882.

Here we have a curve not so striking as that shown in
figure 1 but still showing the same characteristics, with the
maximum in the season of the autumnal equinox and minor
rises in the three other seasons. It should be borne in mind
that the old data employed, while gathered from a much
wider field and coinprising a larger number of earthquakes,
is probablv less reliable and complete. The curve formed
upon the Charleston data, gathered in a single restricted and
well defined seismic area, and doubtless more accurately com-
piled, ought to be the better testimony, furnishing the more
typical curve.

For a third trial, we turn to another distinct and far-dis-
tant field, this time employing statistics compiled by Baron
Dairoku Kikuchi, and published by the Japanese Imperial
Earthquake Commission in its Report No. 19.

Here again we have the same general characteristics in
a modified "form and with sufficient variation to make the
study interesting. Still the maximum point is in the autum-
nal equinox. See figure 3.

Again we shift the field and take data of Pacific Coast
earthquakes from 1850 to 1887 inclusive, compiled by Profes-

11

Vernal equinox Surmner solstice

Autumnal equinox Winter solstice

.40

Fe

1 ■

b

M

— j—

ar A

-pr May June Julu

Aug- Sept

Oct

Nov .

Dec

--4-X

1

Jan

'-■■— 1 — 1 — r—

I3O

' 1

-i-j

-U

- ^ — 1
1

^ ^

-

v'^

—]--

u

— 1 — 1-

— ^

\

1

/f

^

^

1

"I

— 1—

1

/

^.

s-

—

■J

[

^'

V

mSC

_p

--j_

— 1

\

t"

^"^V

..

W

U

1

J-^"

.^

tr^c

4^i'

M-'

[] 1 1 —

i

:" ■"-.

;r7^.:

r

^-i

10

-H^

1
i

-— i-
. 1.

>

•-^ -

— -

-f

-s

w

Fig. 3. Monthly Distribution of Earthquakes. Japanese Statistics.
Total 216.

sor E. S. Holden and published bv the Smithsonian Institu-
tion, 1898:

Vernal equinox Summer solst

ice Autumnal equinoi >

vinter solstice

Q/^

Ffeb I

•lar Apr May Jvne. Jl

/ly Aug" Sept Oct 1

Sov Dec Jan

"T

■- "^ "V

1

T^

1

f \

f^ 1

mRD

J ^

\'

(OOU

/ A

-^ / X^ '

Q)

i

:: :i: ::^i::::: t

:r"^x X

A

1 i

y ^_

L___. .^_^

^vn-

-rt '

'^ r

' \ ' '

^

-■^ \l

- I

J J- \ '

t''- %

7 ^

7 "^""rrv^-

U

-, 4^

r

\ i V

,C

7 \

A i XX

*jfiO-

t -^

:i ~t~

J

%

A X

J ^

u

t

V,

~ r

^

(0

J

^ i "^

" 1

W, -

t

1 Ni,

,,^

50-

— /--

^:::i:i:::::i:i:-^s--

-5"- ;

-V --

H - -5

tZ ::

.

<inL

. . 1

Fig. 4. ]\lonthlv Distribution of Earthquakes. Pacific Coast Statistics.
Holden. Total 768. '

In 1907 the Smithsonian Institution published Professor
Alexander G. McAdie's "Catalogue of Pacific Coast Earth-
quakes from 1897 to 1906/' as a supplement to Professor
Holden's catalogue referred to above. Professor McAdie's
catalogue includes the great San Erancisco earthquake of
April 18, 1906. Upon a monthly distribution of this list we
obtain the curve shown in Fig. 5.

While we have given no extra value in the statistics to
the earthquake of April 18th, counting it simply as one, the
large number of after-shocks SAvells the record considerably
for the vernal equinox and for all the later months. The up-
lifts in the curve for the vernal equinox and the summer sol-

42

Vernal equinox Summer solstice Autumnal equinox Winter solstice

Feb Mar Apr Max? June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan

80 1 1 1 1 1 1 -t '1 II

1 1

Sto: :: :: : ::::: :: iiz -.^- ^

1 P^^^^^^^

?. , r,oH+i H 1 ntrHJ >t 1 >U : 1 M

^ miiUilMillililU44 w4^^ N 1 W1 1

t Mffl=ffMffl^^

<050 -/ :::: ::::::::^r"±-?^::::: :::: :

w / ^ I^?

/ - XJ jn

: i::i:^::i:::::i:i:::= \J

40 M4^f1 ' Ml

, ^

r,„ U — t 1 N 1 M 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 — 1 '' 1 ' ' ' '' ' — ' — ''''''''''"'' — ^

Fig. 5. Monthly Distribution of Earthquakes. Pacific Coast Statistics.
McAclie. Total 676.

stice (figure 5) are exceptional, and might become confusing
were it not for the special justification therefor.

We now venture upon the most extensive and most
crucial test of all. From Mallet's "Catalogue of Earth-
quakes," published in the British Association Reports for
1852-3-4, I have collated monthly data of 5155 earthquakes,
which occurred from 1600 to 1842 inclusive, the catalogue
being based on authentic reports from every known field on
the earth's surface. From these exhaustive data we obtain
the following diagram.

This curve, figure 6, is strongly emphasized, but does not
depart to such an extent from the characteristic line already
developed as to form a contradiction. The minor rise in the
summer solstice previously developed disappears, and is re-
placed by a decided minimum at that point. For this we had
a precedent in figure 4.

In fact this latest development, figure 6, corresponds so
closely in essential features with those previously secured
that I feel warranted in making a composite of the whole
series.

Figure 7 includes all of the statistics embraced in figures
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.

Here is the summary of our study — the conclusion which
must be relied upon to give the characteristic curve. If this
curve has any significance, it is to show that there is some

43

Vernal equinox Summer solstice

Autumnal equinox Winter solstice

Feb Mar Apr May June July

A\jg Sept Oct "Nov Dec Jan

_ ,, 1 — p T"!

1 1 ' ' A

1 /\

: _ _ _ --i;: "^ /\

520 T-^ - - - -- -

/ *

1 ^

— ^

j \ \

I ; \

-4- / i ^

51U - - - j ' 1

^ 1 1

/ i

1 1 ■ 1 1 1 ' \ '

500- -►-*- -1 — ^-r , - - -

T ^ ■ T <

■ . ■ t '■ ■ \ i ■■"■■-

I ' ! ' i \

' 1 , 1

_j — j — |.. . 1 , . . 1 ,

1

1 /

A^o 1' : _A__u ^

^ A '

1 1 Fi

1 J 1 _| 1

i\

f j

1 1

/ 1

I 1

1 J __[

480"' - - T '

1 / !

1 .,. _^

' '

"^^ r r X _L

! ■» I T 1 T

/i rrr^ \ 11; ,..,_■-

, 1 1 ■

470 -ti ( It ! 1

^ ^—

■■ r ' ■ J _i_' i- X =t

___ _, 1, . r ! ,

T^ 7 T X

t 1 / \ ~ X

^r-r^ 1 /I ^

_ : _ i_ __i 1

460 nrn XL _i ^_

f !

!i- ! f \ " T i;

A 1 1 T

1 1

Ti ixL a X ^- III

/ |_ ^

irn V 7 ^ i X

—1— k— / 1 ,

45Q . . . i, 1 — 1 —

1

to V /

If 1

^ \ 1

/ '

X : z± : ±: I X ±_

■*■-* / -~l h

? 440--— \— -H ^V — 1

L-X-j \ p

D : JL XL X

f I

n^ X^t i I : X

j

S ImI\ t 4^4

J 1

f. j

:Cj 430 ;+-' — ^ r-

+ i _^_

t. 1 W 'X " "■ ■ - ■ ■

J- ' — t—

(0 -Ix \X- 1 X

L _L '

jvj iX 7 ' T

I [ I

^ vi r^/-( 1 1 [

4'SO- -r-- \ \ ■-- i

j ■

Mil 1

/ 1 1 1

, ~r I

T '

-j- -■ X "

f 1

^■]<-v \

.Xr ZLzL J p-j — j-f-

zHx: x+xxxxxx xi+:

J V jt T

-^ ' - 1 -x^

,

.X__^_ 1 -- -^

400 ! 1~ — Zil "

x___c 1— -r X-

ijl J

ixi^xiixx xxix^xi

J - J " -^

~^ •"

3_ _ L 4__

390 ^ ~n-"

[ \ X _u -.- -^

±t r 1

X f - -^

X i _- J

^. -. ...-X - . - . ^^---^ .'-

t T

X -r—

qan „ 1 1 1-

5- ^^-1 —

— X : JxiJ xxxx:_~x-

[ XI i

"^^ \ I

; J

3^0" "" --zz^-.z ix-ix:^::

-»'^ ^ ^__^__j--.

z

XTTX : XX X xt: x^x:

^ 1 \ h—

360 \ i-—

h-H"^ —

r f

/

] —

/

— , 1 1

o50 — -- \ /

^ i ±~

f

'

0 ><r\ /

040 -t- - -- - — ^[jH--

1 1 1 1 III 1

_U„ - - _i_^^- L_

Fig. 6. Monthly Distribution of Earthquakes.

Total 5155.

English Statistics.

44

s&>

F\e;. 7. Monthly Distribution of Earthquakes. Combined Statistics.
Total 7754.

concurrence between the earth's solstices and equinoxes on
tlie one hand and earthquake frequency.

In other words, whatever constant or measurably recur-
rent fluctuation may be shown to exist at those seasons
points toward periodicity. Since the earth's equinoxes and
solstices are simply phases in the inter-adjustment of the
earth to the sun in the course of the earth's annual revolu-
tion, we are warranted in investigating those prenomena, to
ascertain whether such readjustments may involve physical
action that influences to some extent seismic frequency.

TERATOLOGY OF THE XAVEL ORANGE
By S. B. Parish.

Any departure from the normal character of a plant organ
constitutes it a morphological monstrosity. In the navel orange
there are two abnormalities: first, the absence of seed, and
second, the presence of the so-called "navel."

Seedlessness occurs in a number of cultivated fruits, notice-
ably in the banana and the pine-apple. Among the citrus fruits
there are seedless lemons and grape-fruit, as well as several
varieties of oranges. In all these seedlessness does not prevent
the vegetative growth of the fruit, which attains full develop-
ment ; but in other cases fruits having no seeds, or imperfect
ones, drop prematurely, or never attain full size. Such a
dwarfed fruit is the seedless "Zante currant" of commerce.
When this vine is grown along with others which bear normal
fruit, some berries by cross-fertilization will produce seed, and
such grapes will be three or four times larger than the seedless
"currants" on the same cluster. Unpollinated peaches either
fall promptly, or if they persist are small and fleshless. In thi^
connection it is to be noted that the navel orange is very subject
to the dropping of its fruit soon after flowering, the loss from
this cause amounting to a considerable percentage.

Seedlessness may be due either to inherent defect in the
ovular organ, or to lack of pollination. In the latter case im-
perfect seed will probably be present, but in the former they will
be wanting. The navel orange has been studied by (~)sawa, a
Japanese botanist, and the valuable results of his investigations
are presented in a recent report.^

Osawa finds that seedlessness in the navel orange is due
"chiefly to the lack or sterility of pollen grains, and partly to the
disintegration of the embryo-sacs." The breaking up of the
pollen-mother-cells begins very early, and at the time of flower-

'Cytological and Experimental Studies in Citrus. By I. Osawa.
Journ. Coll. Agric. Imper. Univ. Tokyo, Vol. 4, No. 2.

46

ing the anthers contain no pollen-grains and, indeed, do not
dehisce.

The disintegration of the embryo-sacs is accomplished at a
somewhat later period in their history than that at which it takes
place in the pollen-sacs, but it also is complete before the time
of flowering. (Occasionally, however, a perfect egg-cell is pro-
duced, and it has been shown to be capable of fertilization by
the pollen from one of the seed-bearing varieties of the orange.
Such a X^avel, thus pollinated, will produce one or more seeds.
Experiment thus proves the correctness of the theory, empiric-
ally held by orange growers, that the presence of seed in a
navel fruit is evidence that the tree on which it was borne was
so situated as to permit fertilization from a seed sort. But as
the orange flower is insect fertilized, and the orchards are much
frequented by bees, the potent pollen may be carried from a
distance of a mile or more.

Having ascertained the cytological causes which prevent the
production of seeds in the navel orange, we are brought to the
further inquiry as to how it acquired the seedless habit. But as
the conditions under which the first tree or trees originated —
for such a fruit may have originated more than once, — are not
known, this question cannot be definitely answered. Seedless-
ness in various plants has been found to result from a number
of different causes, among them hybridization and long con-
tinued intensive cultivation. In the absence of direct knowledge
these may be regarded as the probable originating causes which
led to the production of races of oranges, the Xavel among them,
in which the normal seed-bearing habit has been lost.

As the navel orange is incapable of seed propagation, it is
evident that it can have no bearing upon questions of heredity ;
for heredity concerns itself with the transmission of qualities
from parent to offspring. The navel orange is multiplied and
distributed only by vegetative processes, and these artificial and
dependent upon the mechanical agency of man ; namely, budding
or grafting. Every Xavel tree, so far as the parts which grow
from the bud or graft are concerned, is just as much a part of
the parent tree as if it were a branch of it. They, therefore,
possess the qualities of the parent, not by inheritance, but direct-
Iv by physical identity, with it. Anv essential modification of
character could come onlv from bud-variation, which may occur
in any bud. but which, should it occur, can be propagated only
vegetatively. Since the occasional seed produced by a Navel is
the result of cross-fertilization, a tree grown from such a seed
would not be a navel orange, but a hvbrid between the Navel
and the staminate parent which contributed the pollen. In a
tree of this ancestry characters inherited from either parent
might appear.

The second abnormalitv is the "navel." which gives this
orange its name. This consists of a small circular orifice at the

47

distal end of the fruit, within which are a few wrinkled and
compacted flakes of epidermis. Such is the character of the
fruits seen in the markets, hut among those which are rejected
by the packers are many in which this adventitious growth is
greatly developed. In these examples the navel opening is
enlarged and filled with rough, corrugated rind, which usually
protrudes irregularly, sometimes taking the form of finger-like
projections, which mav be four or five inches long; and some-
times of an irregidar globose body. When this last form is of
good size it presents the appearance of an abortive orange fused
to the end of the primary one.

The nature of this excrescence is obscure. It has been ex-
plained as being in reality the fusion of two distinct fruits, an
explanation suggested by the appearance of the extreme globu-
lose- protrusions wdiich often occur. Prolification cannot, how-
ever, be assumed in the case of the navel orange, since this
would necessarily be preceded by a modification of the flower,
whereas the flower of the Navel is regular in all its cycles.
Osawa attributes the production of the "navel" to the multipli-
cation of loculi and carpels, which eventually protrude from the
end of the fruit. He compares it to a somewhat similar growth
in some varieties of tomato, and considers both as results of high
cultivation. "Splitting" of the orange, that is the opening of a
crevice across the end of the fruit, a defect to which the Navel is
subject at the time of ripening, is also attributed to the addi-
tional carpels, which, as they swell in ripening, exert a pressure
too great for the strength of the epidermis, and rupture it.
These explanations are not entirelv satisfactory, but are the best
that have vet been ofl:ered.

4S

IS IT UNIQUE?
By Holdridge Ozro Collins, LL.D.

In the month of December, 1912, while I was in the City of
Madras, India, I purchased from Mr. G. A. Chambers, a very
pecuHar and beautifully marked skin, the hair of which is nearly
as fine and glossy as that of a dressed seal-skin, and which no
Biologist, nor Zoologist to whom I submitted it for examination in
Cairo and \'ienna was able to identify.

The frontispiece hereto is an half-tone representation, made
from a fore-shortened photograph. The skin is larger than that
of a Leopard, but smaller than that of a full grown Tiger.

Mr. Chambers gave me a written statement which I now
liaye. of which the following is a copy, to-wit :

a

THE CHROME LEATHER CO., LTD.

TANNERS AND LEATHER GOODS MANUFACTURERS RBF. NO..

■GRAPH "hides'"

TELE

PHONE No. 1

Retail Depot
MISQUITH'S BUILDINGS, MOUNT ROAD MADRAS, 23rd December, 1912.

TELEPHONE No. 363 Box 100

I, the undersigned, hereby certify that I am engaged in
business in the City of Madras under the name of Chrome
Leather Company, Limited, for the purchase, tanning and sale
cf hides, skins and furs, and I haye been engaged in such busi-
ness in Maciras, India, durirg the last 19 years.

The animal of which this is the skin was killed in Malabar
in South Western India, during the year 1912. Its unusual mark-
ings and beauty were strange to me and I was not able to
identify it, so I sent it to the Government Museum at Madras for
examination with my letter, of which this is a ocpy, viz. :

Madras, 1st Alay, 1912.
Dear Dr. Henderson :

I am sending per bearer a skin. Can you please tell me
from what animal it has been taken ? It appears to me to be a
freak. Yours faithfully,

G. A. Chambers.

To the above note I received the following reply :
No. 314. Government Museum,

Madras, S. C, 1st May, 1912.
Dear Mr. Chambers :

The skin is an unusually fine one of the Leopard or Panther.
It belongs to a variety of which I have never seen a specimen
before. Yours sincerely,

G. A. Chambers, Esq. J. R. Henderson.

I have never before seen a skin of these peculiar markings
and I consider it of great value and of a most rare animal.

G. A. Chambers."
49

I presented the matter to the authorities of the Smithsonian
Institution, and I received the following communication, viz. :

" Smithsonian Institution
United States National Museum

Memorandum

March 2, 1915.

The skin * ='= * * appears to me to be that of a
melanistic leonard. Melanism is not rare in this animal. L'sually
it shows itself as a general darkening, through wliich the normal
markings can still be seen as under a heavy veil. In this indi-
vidual, en the contrary, it is limited to the back, sides and tail,
where it takes the form of an increase in area of the dark mark-
ings until these coalesce to form the ground color.

It is evidently a very beautiful skin.

\"ery truly yours,

Gerrit S. Miller, Jr.,
Curator, Div. of Mammals."

The wide black portion, which glistens like the sheen of silk
velvet, extends from the top of the head to the extremity of the
tail entirely free from any white or tawny hairs, but when photo-
graphed, the skin was placed upon a platform rising at an angle
from the floor and it is fore-shortened in the picture, which
does not do justice to its exquisite beauty. It appears from the
photograph ^is if white or tawny h-^ir were spread over the back
at the shoulders, which is not the fact. The photographer
states that this appearance was caused bv reflection of the light
from the white markings, as he was obliged to take the picture
from an angle.

In the tiger, the stripes are black, of an uniform character,
upon a tawny background, and they run in parallel lines from
the center of the back to the belly. In this skin, the stripes are
ahr.ost golden yellow, without the uniformity ?md parallelism of
the tiger characteristics, and they extend along the sides in
labyrimhine graceful curls and circles, several inches below the
wide shimmering black continuous course of the back. The ex-
treme edges around the legs and belly are \Adiite and sootted
lil-e the skin of a leopard. It was intimated to me in India that
this aninnl may have been the progeny of a cross between a tiger
and a leopard, but it is asserted by Zoologists that, although
such a condition may exist in a state of captivity, it is impossible
in annuals ferae naturae.

From the authorities I have consulted ; from personal inter-
views 1 have had with learned Zoologists wdio examined this
skin, and from the statements in the communications hereinabove

50

given, it would appear that no one has been wilHng to assert
positively from what creature this marvelously beautiful skin
has come. Is it a freak, like a sport in botany, a hybrid, or a
distinct species of the genus felis, which has lurked in the jungles
of India, heretofore unknown to Science, like the lately discov-
ered Okapi of the unexplored Stygian gloom of darkest Africa?
All agree that it has characteristics of both the tiger and the
leopard, but whatsoever may be ultimately determined as to its
classification, I give credit to the belief that it is sui generis,
and that nowhere upon this earth, either in public or private
collections, wdiether embracing the limits of Zoology or the uni-
versal field of Biology, is its duplicate to be found.

When proper arrangements shall have been made for its
safetv and preservation, it will be placed upon exhibition in the
Biological Division of the Museum in Exposition Park.

HABITS OF A CLEPTIS (WASP)
By A. Davidson, C. M., M. D.

The habits of the wasps of Southern California are all of
peculiar interest on account of the widely divergent habits of
individual species in the same genus.

There is around Los Angeles a wasp of the genus Cleptes
(species undetermined) that I have hatched from the cocoon,
but have never captured on the wing. The species is very small
(less than one quarter inch long) and somewhat rare, so it is
not likely to be found in many collections. This species nests in
the hollow stems of small shrubs and prepares the larval beds
by filling the bottom of the cavity with particles of earth, sand,
grains, seed or any debris convenient ; on this the food supply
with its accompanying egg is laid; a layer of earth, etc., is put
on top ; this is repeated until 2 to 5 eggs with food supply, are
deposited, as is the habit with many other wasps.

This insect is noteworthy in that its store of larval food
consists of specimens of Coreidae, only one other species so far
as I have observed has been discovered using these as food

supply.

Why these common insects are not more frequently used by
wasps I do not know, though I presume the acrid juice the
majority of these insects exude, affects their palatability.

The larval cocoon is formed from sand and earth in its
immediate surroundings. It measures one quarter inch in
length, cigar shaped, rounded at both ends like those »f the
common sand wasp (Sphex). The wasp is one of the most in-
dustrious of the family.

The number of trips required to carry the sand, grains, etc.,
found in anv of the nests, is always considerable, but what was
necessary in the case of one nest in my possession, in which
five cocoons were found and the earth particles, etc., weighed
60 grains, I leave it to the reader to imagine.

51

RANDOM BOTANICAL NOTES.
By George L. Moxley.

Cahiiiintha mimiiloides Benth.

September 7th, 1914, I found a single plant in Arroyo Seco
Canyon. Not realizing that it was an uncommon find, I did not
take much from it. Until quite recently I found no other record
for Southern California. The records now stand, as nearly as I
can learn, as follows :

Cottonwood Canyon, near Acton, Los Angeles Co., Cal.,
Aug. 23, 1893. Dr. H. E. Hasse, Zoe, iv. 287.

Bear Canyon, San Gabriel Mts., Los Angeles Co., June,
1897. J. H. Barber, No. 216, ace. to H. M. Hall, Zoe, v. 265.

Arroyo Seco Canvon, San Gabriel Mts., Sept. 7th, 1914.
Geo. L. Moxley, No. 280.

Alisma plantago-aquatica L.

August 31st, 1914, I revisited the locality where I found this
plant the previous year, as reported by Dr. A. Davidson in this
Bulletin for July, 1914. This is on the Long Beach line of the
Pacific Electric Railway, between Dominguez Junction and Cota
Station. The plant is apparently becoming quite well estab-
lished and will doubtless prove a permanent addition to our local
flora.

Lactuca scariola L.

Early last year I first noticed typical L. scariola growing in
the York valley, Los Angeles. The var. inte grata, Gren. &
Godr., is quite common. In June, 1914, I visited Yorba Linda,
Orange Co., where I saw quite a number of plants, all of the
typical form, growing near the station. I saw none of the var.
integrata there. Since then I have seen the typical form more
and more frequently in and around Los Angeles. It seems to
be gaining a foothold and will likely soon be as common as the
variety.

Pier is ec hi aides L.

This plant is established in quite a number of localities
around Los Angeles. I have noticed it in Colegrove, on Ange-
leno Heights, and there is a patch covering an area of about a
city block in the York valley. I also noticed about a dozen
plants in Florence in May, 1915.

Silyhiiiii Marimium (L) Gaertn.

At Florence Ave. and the Long Beach tracks of the Pacific
Electric, there is quite a good sizel patch, with isolaterl plants
sc.ttered about for some distance.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY

Prksexted at the Annual Meetinc,

c;E the

Southern California Academy of Sciences,

May 19, 1915.

During the last year, have been held Three Meetii'igs of
the Board of Directors and Five General Meetings of the
Academy, at which a wide diversity of subjects has been con-
sidered, to-wit :

1.

The Biological and Geological Works taught in our Public

Schools.

2.

The Trend of Modern Thought in Europe.

3.
Soil Hygiene, what soils are and how to keep them in good
physical condition.

4.
The Expedition to Algeria for measurement of Solar Ra-
diation.

5.
Sedimentary Rocks and their Erosion.

These meetings have been enlivened by general discussions
and musical presentations.

A ])leasant occasion was the Banquet of October 17, 1914,
attended by several of the Founders and Incorporators of this
Academy, whose reminiscences of the early struggles for exist-
ence, and the final triumph demonstrated the truth of the now
accepted dogma of "The Survival of the Fittest."

The Executive work of the Academy has been rather exact-
ing:

The gentlemen of the Committee on Programme have been
strenuous in obtaining lecturers of repute and ability in their
several fields of activity.

Mr. Benton, the President, has devoted much valuable time
to our interests, taken from a very taxing profession, and prob-
ably no one knows as well as I. the careful attention given by
Mr. Keese to our finances, which has carried us through the
year without leaving us in debt at this date. Most certainly this
Academy of Sciences owes to Mr. Keese a hearty vote of thanks
for his faithful and successful services.

On November 11, 1914, "t I os Angeles, died Bancroft Etz
Beeman, a member and a former Director of this Academy,
and we were most profoundly impressed with his interest in our
work, as we read from his last Will and Testament the follow-
ing paragraph, to-wit :

53

"I give and bequeath to the Southern CaHfornia Academy
of Sciences, (of which I am a member at this date) the sum of
fen thousand dollars, suggesting that said sum be loaned on
good security, and that the interest thereon be used to defray
the expense of free lectures, or other proper entertainments bear-
ing on scientific topics."

In due course of administration of his Estate, this amount
will be paid to our Directors, and the income therefrom devoted
to the purposes designated in said bequest.

Our Bulletins continue to attract attention, particularly
from Scientific Institutions, not only in our own land, but in
Countries all over the world. I may mention that we have
exchanges with various dominions of Europe, in Asia, Australia,
Japan, the Philippines, the Argentine Republic, Cuba and Mex-
ico, and no month elapses without requests from individuals and
Libraries or Scientific Bodies, for copies of our Bulletins, partic-
ularly of the old issues. Our papers upon the Flora of Cali-
fornia are the ones for which requests are most frequently
made.

In former years, insufficient care to preserve extra num-
bers of the Bulletins resulted in the exhaustion of valuable parts
of Volumes 3, 4, 5 and 6, and at this day the Academy has but
four complete files of the Bulletin. We have three other files,
lacking only certain numbers of the Volumes from 3 to 6. It
is earnestly hoped, if any member of the Academy has numbers
of these volumes, which are not desired for further personal
use, that they will be transmitted to the Secretary, to be added
to the incomplete Volumes.

The Bulletin is published but two times each year, January
and July, and these two editions compose a Volume. If finan-
cial conditions shall so warrant, it has been proposed that the
Bulletin be issued three times each year.

The Board of Directors deemed it proper and even neces-
sary to have an ofifice, centrally situated, for the transaction of
the work of the Academy, and in April last. Room 719 in the
San Fernando Building, corner of Fourth and Main streets, was
rented, where the Secretary can be found during business hours.
To this place were conveyed all the Bulletins we have, and many
valuable volumes of reference and exchanges, but the bulk of
our Library remains in the Museum Building in Exposition
Park, where it was transferred in 1912. The present business
headquarters are not large enough for its shelving.

During the time of the concession to the Academy by Mrs.
Ross, for excavations in La Brea Rancho, many complete skele-
tons were found and mounted, and they are now upon exhibi-
tion in the Museum. In addition to these, thousands of fossils
were exhumed, partially cleaned and boxed, and they now re-
pose in the basement of the Museum building and marked as
the property of this Academy. There are some among us who

54

hope to see this Academy of Sciences the owner of its own
p]uilding" to which these vahiable, most interesting- and in some
parts, unique remains from the Quaternary Age may be trans-
ferred, mounted and placed upon exhibition. As to the owner-
ship of these fossils, excavated from La Brea Rancho I refer
the inquirer to the action taken by the Board of Directors on
July 3, 1912, reported on page 88 of the Bulletin, Volume XL,
No. 2, of date July, 1912.

A very fine tiger skull, with sabres about 10 inches in
length, protected bv a plate-glass case, may be seen at any
business hour in the Academy Room at the San Fernando

Building.

HoLDRiDGE O. Collins,

Secretary.

TRANSACTIONS OF THE ACADEMY.
Academy Meeting.

The monthly meeting of the Academy was held on February 16, 1915,
in the Friday Morning Club House. President Benton presided.

The speaker ot the evening was Prof. W. L. Watts, whose topic was
"Sedimentary Rocks and Their Erosion." His subject was illustrated by
many excellent lantern views showing the sedimentary rocks in the making,
with microscopic demonstrations of their structure, and of deep sea diatoms
?nd minute animals and their skeletons: Erosion by sea waves, glaciers,
rivers, rains and winds, and their agency m destroying and returning to
the sea the rocks originally l>uilt in the ocean depths.

The lecture was followed by a musical program from Prof. Anton
Dahl, the following named numbers being given with splendid technique
and great feeling :

C Sharp Minor Sonata ■■ Bccihorcn

Adagio
Allegretto
Presto Agitato

Thunder Storm in Norway Anton Dahl

Bridal Procession Grieg

Melody in F '. : Ritbcnsiriit

Etude in C - v Riibcnstcin

Hungarian Rhapsodic ...Liszt

Directors' Meetings.

At a called meeting of the Directors, held in the office of the Treasurer
on Tuesday, Alarch 9, 1915, there were present Messrs. Benton. Collins,
Davidson. Keese, Parsons, Spalding and Watts.

The following named persons were elected members of the Academy,
viz. :

I. S. Hurst and Robert C. Gillis of Los Angeles, Prof. Frank P.
Brackett of Claremont, and Professor, Doctor Josef von Hepperger, Di-
rector of the Sternwarte in Vienna. Austria, was unanimously elected an
Honorary }^Iember.

The Committee appointed on December 3, 1914. to select a design
significant of the work of this Academy, to be used on printed matter
and stationery, presented an impre^sion from the plate of the design selected.

56

The design was approved and adopted for the Academy publications. An
impression from said design is annexed.

The Treasurer reported tlie financial condition of the Academy and
asked that an auditor be appointed to examine all future accounts against
the Academy before payment. His request was granted and the Secretary
was appointed such auditor of accounts.

The Secretar\- presented an extended report of the conduct of his office;
of the numerous requests made for complete sets of the Bulletin and for
individual numbers ; the unsatisfactory condition in which valuable scien-
tific works were now kept and the danger of their loss unless suitable pro-
vision be made for their protection. Following an earnest discussion of
the situation the Secretary was authorized to rent a centrally located room,
which shall be used for storage purposes and an office for the Academy,
the rental price for which shall not exceed Seven Dollars and Fifty Cents
per month.

The President appointed a Committee, consisting of William A. Spald-
ing, B. R. Baumgardt and George W. Parsons, to represent this Academy
of Sciences at the meeting to be held from August 2 to August 7, 1915, in
San Francisco, of the American Association for the Advancement of
Science, and to make arrangements for the entertainment of any members
of that Association who may visit Los Angelcsi during the coming summer^

Board adjourned.

A meeting of the Directors was held on Wednesday. May 19, 1915.
Present, Messrs. Benton. Collins, Davidson, Keese and Parsons.

Dr. P. C. H. Pahl of Los Angeles was elected a memlier of the
Academy.

The Secretary reported that pursuant to the direction of the Board at
its meeting on I\larch 9, 1915, he had rented Room No. 719 of the San
Fernando Building for the use of the Academy, at the rate of Seven and
One-half Dollars per month, and his action was approved.

Mr. Keese presented his accounts as Treasurer for the year 1914-1915
and asked that a Committee be appointed to examine the same and report
their findings at a future meeting of the Directors. The President ap-
pointed [Messrs. Parsons and Collins as the Committee.

Board adjourned sine die.

57

Annual Meeting.

Tlie Annual Meeting of tlie Academ\' was iield en Wednesday evening,
]\Iay 19, 1915, in the Auditorium of the Friday Morning Club House. Pres-
ident Benton presiding.

The Annual Reports of the Secretary and Treasurer were read and
ordered filed, and Reports were received from the Botanical, Geological,
Zoological and Astronomical Sections.

A communication from the Pacific Division of the American Associa-
tion for the Adv-tncement of Science, inviting members of this Academy
to join said Pacific Division, was read.

Tlie Ballot taken for Directors for the ensuing year resulted in the
unanimous election of the following named gentlemen, to-wit :

Hector Alliot Samuel J. Keese

George H. Beeman William H. Knight

Arthur B. Benton Gkorce W. Parsons

Holdridge O. Collins William A. Spalding

Anstruther Davidson Albert B. Ulrey

William L. Watts

Air. James T. Armstrong from England, read a paper upon "Potash
Production in Southern California," giving statistics relating to its produc-
tion in the United States and th.e large quantities heretofore imported from
Germany. Owing to the great demand for potash in the manufacture of
explosives, as a fertilizer and in various branches of Science, the United
States faces a larger economic problem, than is generally realized. The
war in Europe has deprived us of the usual imports from Germany.
There is no potash on the market and no prospect appears of there being
any for a long period. The price has jumped from $35.00 to $150.00 per
ton since the commencement of that war. Germany and the Pacific Coast
and perhaps Japan are the only practical sources from which potash can be
produced. There is a necessity for immediate home production, and it
can be manufactured from the superior quality of our Pacific Coast kelp at
a price and in quantities to compete with the Japan and German product.

Our Government is now doing all in its power to encourage the manu-
facture of potash on the Pacific Coast, as the conditions reported from all
potash-producing countries seem to indicate that, eventually, all potash must
be produced from kelp.

A vote of thanks was tendered to Air. Armstrong for his very inter-
esting discourse, and the meeting adjourned.

Directors' AIeeting.

The Directors elected for the ensuing year held their first meeting on
Friday, June 4, 1915, in the ofiice of Mr. S. J. Keese. Present, Alessrs.
Alliot, Beeman. Benton, Collins, Keese, Parsons and Watts.

The election for o.^cers resulted a^ follows, viz. :

President Arthur B. Benton

First Vice-President William L. Watts

Second Vice-President Anstruther Davidson

Third Vice-President Hector Alliot

Treasurer Samuel J. Keese

Secretary ....Holdridge O. Collins

58

The President appointed the following Standing Committees, to-wit;
Publication — Collins, Davidson, Sp;dding.
Finance — -Keese. Spalding, Beeman.
Program — -Knight, Watts, Parsons.

The Committee appointetd to examine the accounts of the Treasurer
for the year 1914-1915 reported that the itemized statement of the Treas-
urer, presented at the last Annual Meeting of the Academy, was correct
in every item, and on motion the Annual Report of the Treasurer and his
accounts were approved and confirmed.

The following communication was read by the Secretary, viz. :

Vienna, April 30, 1915.

The Secretary of the Southern California Academy of Sciences.

Sending you my kindest acknowledgments for the amiable notification
of my election as an Honorary Member of the Southern California Academy
of Sciences, I beg you to be so good as to convey to the Academy my
sincerest thanks for the distinction bestowed upoii me.

Yours very gratefully,

J. VON Hepperger.

Upon adjournment the members were entertained at lunch in the
University Club by Mr. Keese.

HoLDKHJOE O. Collins,

Secretary.

Botanical Section.

The Botanical Section of the Southern California Academy of Sci-
ences met on Thursday evening, April 22, 1915, at 8 o'clock, in the INlusic
Room of the Los Angeles Public Library.

Dr. Anstruther Davidson, Chairman, presided. The following men
were present: Davidson, Payne, Moxley, Life, H. H. Tracy, Munk, Burlew,
Beardsley, Sherb, Patton. Lewis, Collins, Knight, Bancroft, Dmimick and
Grinnell.

Dr. Davidson exhi])ited and briefly commented on several new intro-
ductions and recent collections, among which were : Lepidium perfoliatum,
Githopsis diffusa, Malacothrix clevelandi, Dondia californica, ta.xifolia and
suffrutescens, Gnaphalium purpureum, Calochortus Campestris and C. dis-
color, the last two described in the January number of the Bulletin.

Mr. G. L. Moxley showed and spoke of several recent collections :
Alisma plantago aquatica, about which there is some confusion ; Calamintha
mimuloides, from the Arroyo Seco canyon ; Godetia, Clarkia, and Echin-
odorus cordifolins.

Theodore Payne exhibited a lot of new introductions : Anigozanthus
manglesi, from Australia ; Hakea suaveolens, laurina, and Saligna, Amorpha
fruticosa, Illicium anisaturn, Colletia cruciata, Corumbium populifolium,
Clethra arborea from Maderia ; Agophora, Phillyreea, Lesbania grande,
Mahernie, Carissa grandiflora, and a bunch of native wild flowers.

Prof. A. C. Life exhibited a specimen of Orobanche from San Gabriel
canyon, and spoke of a white Oenothera mutation.

W. Scott Lewis showed some beautifully colored lantern slides of wild
flowers. Mr. Stanley F. Patton announced that he was beginning the study
of the grasses and sedges.

59

Meeting adjourned at 9:30, to meet on the fourth Thursday evening
of each montli in the same room.

The second meeting of the Botanical Section met m the Music Room
of the Los Angeles Puhlic Library May 27, 1915, at 8 o'clock, with the
following persons present: Br. Davidson, chairman; Payne, Lewis, Life,
G. H. Grinnell. F. Grinnell, Jr., Burlew, Davis, McDania', Billson, Foster,
Stewart, Towne, Alisses Gertrude Donnelly, Charlotte AJbrecht, Leona
Browning, Mrs. Lou De Armond, Mrs. L. Maude Albrecht.

Mr. W. Scott Lewis showed a photo of a specimen of Calochortus
clavatus with five petals— a colored drawing. There were eleven stamens-
lacking one of being normal; two extra petals and there were two pistils.
The specimen is preserved in Dr. Davidson's collection.

Dr. Davidson presented a specimen of Silene multinerva and one of
Helianthus gracilenta from Santa Siisanna Pass, and spoke of the possi-
bility of discovering other interesting plants in this little worked locality ;
also a specimen of Orobanche cahfornia.

Prof. A. C. Life showed a specimen of Darlingtonia californica
(Toney), speaking of its structure and adaptations to an insectivorous
habit.

Mr. G. H. Grinnell showed a specimen of Corallorhiza trifida, and a
sphagnum moss from Massachusetts. Mr. W. Scott Lewis exhibited an
album of colored photos of wild flowers.

Mr. Fred E. Burlew exhibited two large albums of most beautiful and
perfect plant photographs, all made by himself.

Mr. G. H. Grinnell, the latest edition of Gray's Botany, of the North
Eastern States.

The botanical journals received by the library were placed on the
table, where they were examined by those present, and informal discus-
sion indulged in till 9:30, when the meeting adjourned.

F. Grinnell, Jk.,

Acting Secretary.
ZoGLOGic.\L Section.

It is with grateful appreciation that we acknokledge hereby the very
generous contribution to the material of the Zoological Section of the
Academy, of Dr. John S. Comstock's very rare and valuable collection of
North American Butterflies. This collection contains several thousand
specimens, including nearly a complete list of all known species in North
America, and several new forms from Dr. Comstock's research work. The
scientific way in which this collection is prepared and labeled makes it a
trustworthy and reliable guide in the identification of additional speci-
mens, and of great interest to the scientific collector and student in original
research work. The Academy is greatly indebted to Dr. Comstock and
gladly welcomes him into the Association of the Academy's honored
members.

We further report and offer a collection, now in preparation, of
several hundred specimens of San Fernando shells, including about a hun-
dred dififercnt species. These shells were secured by your chairman from
the for.ndation of the present Clark's Hotel, and they are regarded with
considerable interest, since collections from this formation are rare.

It is hoped that at an early date these and other collections for this
department of the Academy's work may be placed so as to be available for
inspection and study.

May we ask that the members of the Academy report to the Secretary
or Chairman of the Section, possil^le contriliutions which might he secured
to increase the already commendable beginning.

J. Z. Gilbert, Chairman.

60

:3"aiitluM'n (llrtlifm-nirt

VOLUME XV

Table of Contents and Index

1916

Contents of Volume XV

Page
Kditorial '?. 2.'^^

I{tlin()li»ii\' of the- ancient dwellers of the Channel Ulands.

Eugenics

Obituaries

Diatoms

Presidents of the Academy.

Atriplex hymenelytra and one of its habitats

Re Joyce C. Booth. B. L. i7

Allium I'.urlewii, X. Sp liistnifhcr Dai'idsoJi, CM.. M.D. 17

Additions to Los Angeles County Flora, 1916

.Instnithcr Dai'icisoii, CM.. M.D. 33

Opuntia Rubiflora AitstnitJier Daz'idsoji. CM.. M.D. 33

Burial Alethods of Southern California Islanders

Hector AUiot. S.D. 1 1

butterflies in and about Los Angeles. . .Fordyce Griiiitell. Jr. 16

Diatoms Dr. F. C Clark 43

Notes on Zauschnerias George L. Mo.vley M

Two new Zauschnerias George L. Mo.vley 22

The Tecate Cvpress Charles F. Saunders 18

Transactions of the Academy Cofy of the Records. 23. 61

Animal Rep(jrt of the Secretary, 1916 d7

II

Index to Volume XV

Page

Allium hurlewii 17

" parishii 33

Argyiinis callippe 16

Atriplex Hymcnelytra Z7

Boschniakia strobulacea 33

Burial Customs, California 11

Callidryas eubule 16

Cypress tecate 18

Desert 1 lolly Z7

Draba vestita 17

Drudeophytum villi )sum 34

Euptoieta claudia 16

Eudamus proteus 16

Ericameria cuneata 34

Gilia tloribunda 34

Lewisii rediviva i^

Lotus leucopbaeas 34

Monardella arida 34

Muhlenbergia squarrosa ^^

Navicula crabo ^^

Opuntia rubiflora 32

III

Page

Parnassia cirrata 34

Polygala calif ornica 34

Pyrameis caryae 16

Silene parishii 34

Zauschneria glandulosa 22

vicosa 22

californica 47

microphylla 47

latifolia 47

arizonica ^1

villosa ^"^1

cana 51

IV

BULLETIN

OF THE

SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA
ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

LOS ANGELES. CALIFORNIA

BULLETIN

OF THE

Southern California Academy of Sciences

JANUARY 1916

Volume XV, Part I

COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION

Holdridge Ozro Collins, LL.D., Chairman
Anstriitlier Davidson, C. M., M. D. William A, Spaldinj

CONTENTS

Page

Editorial 5

Burial Methods of Southern California Islanders 11

Butterflies In and About Los Angeles ._ 16

Alliumi Burlewii — New species 17

Tecate Cypress . 18

Two New Zauschnerias 22

Transactions of the Academy . 23

»§0iTtltrrn (jjctltfurnin: ^rai^j^tttg ^f •§'rirnrrs

Officers ttttii directors

ARTHUR B.BENTON . - President

WILLIAM L. WATTS First Vice-President

ANSTRUTHER DAVIDSON Second Vice-President

HECTOR ALLIOT Third Vice-President

SAMUEL J. KEESE Treasurer

HOLDRIDGE O. COLLINS -.- Secretary

George H. Beeman William H. Knig'ht

George H. Parsons William A. Spalding

Albert B. Ulrey

Samuel J. Keese William A. Spalding George H. Beeman

(Jliimuiittcs mt llrni^rain

William H. Knight William L. Watts George W. Parsons

S'crtinixs nf tlte Atn^eing

cr

^sir annmltnl ^tttian

William H. Knight, Chairman Melville Dozier, Secretary

William L. Watts, Chairnaan George W. Parsons, Secretary

Albert B. Ulrey, Chairman C. H. Phinney, Secretary

James Z. Gilbert, Chairman George W. Parsons, Secretary

^otnniral ^'etixt^xt

Anstruther Davidson, Chairman Theodore Payne, Secretary

WL

w
o

I— I

H
<

p-<

=^ C
c ^

b o

H

Z

X)

EDITORIAL

A

I' the Xovemljer nieetiii!^" of this Acar'.einy. Professor Hector

Ahidt, Curator of the South West Mtiseum, related to a

large and intensely interested audience the story of his excava-
tions upon Santa Catalina and other Islands, resulting in the
discovery of heretofore unknown phases of the Ethnology of
the ancient dwellers of the Channel Islands.

His gra])hic account of some of his discoveries, ])resented in
this liulletin, will rittract the consideration of all, and especially
c,f those whose attention has heen called to the rather roman-
tic habitat : and perhap^s a domestic modus rnTiidi of those ocean
dwellers who were undoubtedly a iJeojile more warlike and of a
higher order of intelligence than their neighbors on the adjoin-
ing main land.

The half-tone frontis-piece herein, is made from a photo-
graph taken of the remains as they were exhumed from their
grave upon San Nicolas Island.

Dr. F. M. Palmer of Los Angeles, whose paper in otir
Bulletin of January, 1909. attracted so great attention to the
study of the Indian tribes of the Pacific coast regions, passed his
summer vacations during many years upon these Islands, and
the result of his labors is an accumtilation of matter, illustrating
that ancient ethnology which has no equal in the world. The
Smithsonian Institution tried in vain to obtain from him certain
of the products of his excavations, which were pronounced
absolutely unicpie by the Scientific world : But, like, the dis-
coveries of La lirea Rancho, it was considered that these evi-
dences of a civilization, sui generis, should be retained in the
land of their home, and the most tempting offers were declined.

Thev are now safely deposited in the South-West Museum,

scientifically classified and arranged for exhibition in a very
pleasing and satisfactory manner.

Professor Alliot's ArchcCological and luhnological inves-
tigations have not been confined to the pre-historic races of our
Pacific Coast and the adjoining islands. He has devoted an
exacting study of the Cliff dwellings of Arizona and New
Mexico, and most strenuous labor in exploring the almost
inaccessible homes in those great gorges, whose origin is so
concealed in the untranslated records of the immense eons of
the past, that no one can say with certainty that these tremen-
dous mountain gashes were caused by erosion, seismic disturb-
ances or volcanic convulsions. Some of the results of these
labors were exemplified by an illustrated discourse upon "Our
Archaeological Inheritance," before the Academv on Februarv
11, 1911.

In our Bulletin for January. 1912, we presented a paper
by Prof. Alliot upon "Primitive Eugenics." It was confined
principally to the marriage regulations of the Seri Indians of
Til)ur()n Island and the adjacent coast in the Gulf of Mexico,
and, as stated by the Editor, it was the first time this subject'
had been treated in a Scientific publication nn the Pacific Coast.
^Xe were surprised at the attention which this ]ia]:ier attracted
and the ultimate material result of its publication. Eugenic
societies were organized and notices were frequentlv read in
the newspapers, of lectures upon this modern branch of Science.

It is a subject upon which, as Sir Roger de Coverly re-
marked, "much can be said on both sides," and Prof. David
Starr Jordan, President of Stanford University, in a discourse
upon Eugenics, delivered before this Acadeni\- u])on April 6,
1912, took a very ])rcnounced ])osition in opposition to the prac-
tice.

TXTE find it a mournful duty to record herein the loss of
members who have reached their journey's end, passing
along that great thoroughfare which we all must travel. Not
one of them but had achieved distinction in his chosen avoca-
tion, and thev all had done something to make life sweeter and
lovelier for their companions and associates. The onlv thing
we can do is to pay our weak tribute to their ^\•orth, but for
those who have crept silently to rest,

"The Gloving Finger writes; and, having writ.
Moves on ; nor all your Piety nor A\'it

Shall lure it back to cancel half a Line,
Nor all your Tears wash out a W'ord of it."
At Los Angeles, on March 31, 1914. departed this life
Thomas Augustus Rex, M. D., for many years a modest but
zealous member of this Academy. His life was devoted to his
profession and, at the close of the War of the Rebellion, he was
Acting Assistant Surgeon of the United States Army.

6

He received his Degree from the University of Pennsyl-
vania, and establishing- himself in Philadelphia, he became dis-
tinguished in the Medical fraternity as a Physician and Surgeon
of unusual ability and attainments.

In 1905 he retired, and, coming to Los Angeles he made a
new home for his little family ; and his gentleness, courtesy and
enlarged information won for him the affection and respect of
his neighbors and associates.

Theodore B. Comstock, Ph. D.. who died at Los Angeles
on July 26. 1915, was distinguished not only as one of the most
reliable geologists of the country, but as an instructor and a
scientist of great executive aliility in the educational field. Dur-
ing the years from 1875 to 1879 he w^as Professor of Geology
and I'aleontology in the Dejxirtment of Economic Geology,
founded by him in Cornell University.

Tn 18'U he organized the Arizona School of Mines in the
then Territorial University, and after a service of four vears as
Professor and Director, he was elected President of the I'niver-
sity, which otifice he held for two years.

Soon after coming to Los Angeles, he became identified
with this Academy of Sciences, and early in its history he was
elected a Director, and in our first Bulletin of the present series,
1902, his name appears as a member of the Co,nmittee on Pub-
lication. On May 17, of the same year lie was elected Presi-
dent, which office he held for two terms. He was the energetic
Chairman of the Geological Section, and his pajiers upon the
Geology of the Pacific Coast, published in our Bulletins, were
received with great interest liy the Scientific bodies of the
L'nited States.

In 1010 he was induced to accept the office of Secretary and
Chief Engineer of the Los Angeles Board of Public L'tilities,
but the position was distasteful to him, and in 1912 he resigned.

By the death of Right Reverend Thomas James Conaty,
D. D.. J U. D., this Diocese and the Roman Catholic Hierarchy
of the United States have lost a most strenuous advocate of the
creed of his Church, an executive of great abilitv and a the-
ologian, profoundly learned in the casuistry of his religious
faith. ' ' ■ '

Born August 1, 1847, at Kilnaleck, County Cavan, Ireland,
he was ordained priest on December 21, 1872, at the Grand
Seminary, Alontreal. Canada.

He was Rector of the Catholic University of America, from
1896 to 1903, during which period he was consecrated Titular
Bishop of Samos. On March 27 , 1903. he was named Bishop
of Monterey ?nd Los Angeles, wdiich incumbency he held until
his death on September 18, 1915, in this city.

7

He was a member of this Academy for several years. He
was distinguisred as an educator and for the estabhshment of
parochial schools upon the tenets of his religion.

The great activity and advanced prosperity of the Roman
Catholic Church in this Diocese are a monument to his zeal and
executive proficiency.

Born, 1857, in Clarksville, Tennessee, Frank IMiddleton
Coulter, after graduating from the South West University,
entered the dry-goods firm of his father and uncle, B. F.
Coulter and Brother.

In 1877, with his father he came to Los Angeles, where
his father built up the great dry goods company which bears
his name. Upon the death of B. F. Coulter, his son Frank
became the principal factor in the management of that great
establishment.

He was a public-spirited man, liberal in his contributions
to aid the distressed and needy, and probably he had an ac-
quaintance more extended than that of any other person in Los
Angeles.

He died from heart failure on October 26, 1915.

Herman F. Hasse. died on October 29. 1915, at the Sol'iiprs'
Home near Santa Monica. Born on January 12. 1839 in Frei-
burg, Saxony, when nine years old be was brought to the
United States by his parents, who settled in Milwaukee. Wis-
consin. He studied for the Medical profession, in St. Louis.
Missouri, and later in several of the Universities of Europe,
receiving the Degree of M. D. in 1861. from the Universitv of
Wurzburg, Germany. Returning to the United States the same
vear, he was commissioned Second Assistant Suroeon in the
Ninth Wisconsin Regiment of Infantrv. and he served four
years of the \\'ar of the Rebellion, retiring from the armv m
June. 1865. with the rank of Surgeon .and the praise and grati-
tude of his commanding officers, for his most devoted labors
in ameliorating the sufferings of the sick and wounded.

He commenced private practice in Milwaukee, whence lie
went to Arkansas and Missouri, but in 1885 he brought his
family to Los Angeles, where he resumed his professional work.
In 1888 he was appointed Chief Surgeon of the newly estab-
lished Soldiers' Home, and he gave most valuable work in the
organization of that Institution for those who. lile himself, ha 1
tendered their all for the preservation of the integrity of this
Nation.

In 1905 he resigned this responsibility and. retiring from
the practice of his orofession. he entered the Scientific field of
Botany, devoting his princii:)al studies to the lichens of the
Pacific Coast. In 1913, the vSmithsonian Institution published

8

his work. "The T.ichen Flora of Southern CaHfornia," which
gave him in l)uth Europe and America, a distinction in the field
of Botany, equal to that achieved l)y Dr. Harkness, of San
Francisco, and our Dr. Davidson of this Academy.

( )ur early Bulletins contain many papers by Dr. Hasse upon
the lichens of California, of whose study he was a pioneer, and
hy his death we shall miss a valued contributor, and the stu-
dents of I>otany have lost a Captain in Science.

Dr. Hasse was a lover of our Country, and in him, though
a German by birth, was no hyphenated loyalty to the land of
his adoption ; its civil polity, social customs and educational
Institutions. He had no room in his heart for a system of
"Kultiu-" differing from that as practiced in our United States.

(J

WANTED

Numbers of Volumes III, IV, V, VI of the Bulletins to
complete files.

Address the Secretary, Room 719 San Fernando Building,
lyos Angeles.

10

BURIAL METHODS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA

ISLANDERS

By Hi;cTOR Alliot, S. D.

History and romance invest with interest the three islands
composing- the Santa Catalina group, oft' the shores of Southern
Cahfornia.

It seems fairh- well estahlishecl that the primitive habitants
who first greeted the sight of the Spanish navigators were daring
and brave warriors, far more spirited and courageous than the
natives of the mainland.

Numerous implements found from time to time establish
the fact also that a highly developed primitive culture obtained
upon the thickly populated islands.

For vears Santa Catalina, now world renowned for its
marine gardens of Avalon and its famous fishing grounds, San
Clemente to the southwest, and the smaller San Nicolas have
been the favorite ex]doration fields of scientists and the curious
visitors. The abundant material discovered in numerous burial
sites has proved of fascinating interest to students of the stone
age artifects of the Pacific Coast. These discoveries, while
valuable, were somewhat casual, and more the result of chance
than serious effort.

Recently more systematic work has brought to light a great
variety of objects, which form the links of an evolutionary chain
of culture little known before.

In attempting to secure specimens that would lead to a bet-
ter kntiwledge of the manufacture of early fishing imidements
ard other utensils, the recent expedition of The Southwest
Museum to San Nicolas had the good fortune to discover a new
form of burial not heretofore recorded. It seems to complete
the cvcle of mortuary customs of the pelagic people of the
island's, from a ])re-colum!iian period to that of the occupation
of the kmd bv the white settlers, and the gradual evanescence
of the native triljes.

William Herman Golisch, in charge of the expedition, se-
cured also an important geological collection of the island, be-
sides minor techno-lithic objects of great interest. The.se finds,
however valuable, are secondary in importance to the discovery
of a new form of primitive burial.

The success of the Golisch party's mission was largely due
to the length of time spent on the island, a period of six weeks,
rendering" possible systematic and reliable observations. Few
persons "had heretofore cared to remain for more than a few
days at a time ou the inhospitable, wind-swept spot, where
archaeological work cannot be successfully prosecuted without
the constant protection of veils and goggles. Even thus

11

equipped the \v(jrk is accomplished under difficulties. Violent
sand storms constantly pelt one with grit and pebbles, and fill
with drift the partly opened trenches.

Three complete skeletons in excellent condition were se-
cured and many fragmentary specimens, confirming two dis-
tinctive methods of burial.

In June, 1914, the unusual severity of the early spring
storms had uncovered a vast burial field, comprising over a hun-
dred graves, on the northerly plateau of San Nicolas Island.
The disturbed condition of the burial sites prevented any sys-
tematic observations of all the remains, partially unearthed and
again covered by a peculiar formation of sand aft'ected by sea
spray and salt-laden winds, composing a hard, resisting crust,
over which loose sand is being continual)} heaped and shifted.

Protruding from the hard, salt-incrusted sand talus, the
posterior parts of three skeletons were observed, partly expo.secr,
and bleached by the action of the sun and wind. Owing to the
fact that the original ]:)Ositions appeared to have been undis-
turbed by the elements they seemed to represent the normal
forms of burial, and were selected as museum types for careful
exhumation and study.

The first skeleton found, that of a female, has been in-
stalled in the hall of the Southwest Museum in Los Angeles,
California; the second, a male, has been temporarily placed on
exhi!)ition at the San Diego Panama-California Exposition, as
the Museum's contrilnUion to that most imjjMrtant display of
Southwestern ethnology ever attempted. The third, also a male,
will be placed in the Aluseum later.

Buried in the ferruginous earth all three skeletons had taken
the distinctive brownish color characteristic of the remains of
that region, the bleached whiteness of the exposed portions pre-
senting a striking contrast.

The positions of the three skeletons were the same, more
than twenty less complete specimens showing a uniform mode of
interment. The dead had been laid, udt horizontally, but
crouched in a ball, the lower limbs drawn toward the head, in
the posture so quaintly descrilied in the "Relation des Jesuites"
of 1636 concerning the burial customs of the Hurons ; "Quasi en
la mesme posture que les enfants sont au ventre de la mere."
(In the same posture that a child has in his mother's womb.)
The head in each case was slightly turned toward the East, the
left hand closed and placed near the left ear, the right — holding
in its grasp a beautiful white quartz crystal sufficient in size
to fill the palm — resting on the right ear. About the neck was a
circlet of large bits of charcoal. At each of the cardinal points
a fire had been kindled ; south of each skeleton had been placed a
broken stone bowl and pestle, north of it shells and ornaments.

In the case of the female skeleton the lower maxillary was
held in place by a lance head of black quartz, six inches in lengtn.

12

retaining traces at its base of the asphaltum with which it had
been attached to a shaft. The latter, however, was not present.
This extraordinary feature did not exist in the case of the two
males, nor in any other burial observed, and opens an interest-
ing field to conjecture.

In eleven other graves investigated the arrangement of the
skeletons was different. Instead of the four fires, four bodies
had been interred at the cardinal points about one in the center.
This phase of the islanders" burial was first brought to the atten-
tion of the writer in 1''09, and again in 1913, when a grave was
imearthei on San Nicolas Island, containing seven bodies laid
in a circle about a central one.

Owing to the mutilation of some of the skulls found in
such graves, the theory has been advanced that this peculiur
form of mortuary custom was adopted especially for the dis-
posal of the remains of those fallen in battle, and roresented
some distinct ritualistic war practice. A.lthough the injuries to
the crania are to all appearances accidental, further ard more
conclusive observations may at seme time determine tliis point
more clearly.

The practice of kindling the four fires — without the use of
a grave post — was jM'oba])ly im]iorted to the islands, as it is
common among many Indian tribes. An Algonquin legend
tells of the necessity of buildirg fires alxnit the dead to illumine
their way to the land beyond. A returned good soul havi'ig fin-
ally instructed the living that four fires onlv were necessary,
since the journev consumed but that many davs. The mvstic
number of four fires is also associated with certain Mexican
mortuary customs. Fmil Bessels, of the Polaris Expedition,
uoted a siiuilar practice amorg the Esquimaux.

It is more ])rol)able that the use r)f svmbolic fires in the
l)urial of the latter day San Nicolas Islanders came to them
from the Yurok Indians of northern California. Stejihen Bow-
ers recorded that the Yuroks built fires about the gr ives, for they
believed that death was a passage over an attenuated greasy pole
"which bridges over the chasm of the debatable land, and that
the souls of the dei^arted reciuire fires to light their way on
their darksome journey. A righteous sotd traverses the pole
quicker than a wicked one. hence they regulate the number of
nights for burning a light according to the character for good-
ness or the opposite which the fleceased possessed in tlus world."

The San Nicolas burial custom, according to all observations,
seems to be more closelv related to that of the A^urok than to
those of its closer neighbors of the mainland, the Luisenos and
Dieguenos. who used only one fire in their mrirtuary clothes and
image burning ceremonies.

In the cases of these mainland tribes the use of fire seemed
to be only a means of accomplishing the essential ritualistic cre-

13

mation of the garments and the images, without any special other
signihcance attache I to the fire itself.

With the San Nicolas islanders the kindling of four fires
at the cardinal points would indicate a well determined symhol-
ical and ritualistic purpose, rationally accounted for by Algon-
quin anil Yurok traditions. This burial custom is different from
the one of ihe coast region lying nearest the Santa Catalina
group of islands, variant also to the practices of other islands
l}ing north or south of Santa Catalina, San Clemente and San
Nicolas.

While tlie use of four symbolic fires can be adduced to
Yurok influence, since the Santa Catalina islanders were known
to have voyaged northward as far as Monterey Cay and may
have come in frequent contact with the tribes of that region, the
use of the quartz crystal is associated with the Dieguenos and
the Luisenos cultures.

J. P. Harrington in recent reports concerning his observa-
tions on that symbolical object, satisfactorily explains its employ-
ment in the mortuary practices of the Santa Cat-^lina Indians.
He states that it was mounted on a ceremonial staff of bone or
wood, and sometimes carried immounted. In Diegueno it was
called "kutatawi," and "paviut" in Luiseno. It was believed to
have been born of the Earth as were the First People. Not a
niade thing but one of original creation, which possessed the
power of rending asunder the hardest substances. It was also
endowed with the magic potency to open for its possessor the
wav through auv obstacle made of rock or wood, becominii',
therefore, an ideal symbolic object in mortuary ritualism.

This new evidence would seem to confirm the claim that a
highly developed center of culture olitained on this particular
group of islands partalang of but strongly deferentiated from
that of the tribes on neighboring islands or surrounding shores.

This theory is sustained by the finding, in the Imrial sites
imearthed, of steatite bowls, incised and inlaid with bird-bone
sections arranged in geometrical patterns and set in asphaltum ;
carved ornaments and small figures of foxes, ground squirrels,
whales, flying fishes and dolphins, togetlier with highly finished
implements of slate and other stone n-'a'-erial, carved bird-bone
beads, wampum from the purple hinge of the norrissia norrissii
shell, and numerous abalone shell ornaments of" artistic forms

Of the burial sites on the mainland thus far explored, the
artifects found (]o not generally show the same higli character
of craftsmanshij). When objects of uiuisually fine fcrm and
finish are found, they are usually of steatite, indicating that they
were verv probablv obtained in exchange from the Santa Cata-
lina artificers, as this material comes exclusively from the Santa
Catalina quarries, and is not known to exist elsewhere on the
Coast.

These recent finds of the Southwest Museum Expedition

14

have the value of clearing up, in a measure, the superficially
conflicting yet authoritative observations made since 1873.

Schumacher. Stephen Bowers, H. C. Yarrow, A. L. Kroe-
ber and others have reported the finding of skeletons buried in
a crouching position ; they make no mention, however, of the
symbolical fires, their observations evidently referring to earlier,
more primitive types tlian the ones just founrl.

That this more cultured form of burial was not reported
before is probably due to the fact that former expeditions to San
Nicolas have limited their activities to the sandy grave sites near
the easily accessible eastern shore of the island. During the pro-
tracted stay of the Gclisch party, the high northern plateau, fur-
thest distant from the landing harbor, and necessitating tedious
journeys under difticult conditions, was thoroughly explored.
The result was the discovery of this higher type of independent
aboriginal culture than any hitherto known to have existed on the
Santa Catalina group, before the advent of the white man.

15

XEW AXD TXTERESTIXCx RECORDS OF BUTTERFLIES
IX AXD ABOUT LOS ANGELES.

By FoRDVCE GRiXNKr.L, Jr.

1. XafhaHs iole Boisdirval. — Several specimens of this
pretty little species have heen taken near Sycamore Grove and
other places by different boys. It is noted for its erratic appear-
ance as to time and place, Ijut is usually found in the late summer

and fall.

2. Callidryas ciibiilc Linnaeus. — Always common during
the summer and fall months in the parks and gardens. The
caterpillar is found on Cassia, and the chrysalids have a peculiar
red and brown dimorphism, which is not understood or explain-
able Also the sexual or other variation of the butterflies is not
understood by authorities.

3. Argyll nis callippc Boisduval. — Several specimens taken
last spring ( L'l.V) by Fred King in the Highland Park hills.
Rare near the city, now, though formerly abundant. More com-
mon on the coast north of Santa Monica.

4. Pxraincis carya var. uiucUcri Letcher. — Specimens taken
during 191.^ by Harold lUirkhardt, George Early and Fred Had-
den. all in Los Angeles. The writer possesses seven specimens
with dates as fellows: Xovember, 1914, April, July, 1915, and
July. 1915 bv Karl Skoltield. The seeming increasing abund-
ance of this form described as an aberration might indicate a
species in process of formation ; although there is some variation,
there is constancy in essential characters. This form is signifi-
cant and needs to be studied and watche;l in succeeding years.

5. Etiptoieta claudia Cramer or hcgesia Cramer. — George
Early raised three fine specimens of this species from caterpillars
which he found on cdtivated pansy in his garden in Highland
Park on .\venue 41. This is a rare species in this vicinity. Vic-
tor Duran has taken it.

6. Eudamus proteiis Linnceus. — Xumerous specimens of the
long-tailed skip]jer have been taken in the city during the summer
of 1915, by different boys. Also from Long Beach and Bald-
win's Ranch. This seems to be a periodic butterfly, as it has not
been recorded for several years.

16

AIXTUAI r-URLEWII, N. SP.
?)}■ Anstruthkr Davidsdn, C. M., M. D.

DRABA VESTITA

IjuIIj coats somewhat sniuotli, non reticulated and fragile;
leaf solitary, flat and falcate '/s in. wide; scai)e terete 3 to 4
inches high, shorter than the leaf; bracts three, broadly ovate,
shar])ly accuminate ; i:edicels about 15, fl(.wers light rose, the
lanceolate segments entire J'4 to •>« in. loi^g', slightly longer than
the pedicels, stamens exserted, their filaments n -t dilated or
only verv slightly so in the free portion ; stigma trilobed l)ut
imdivide<l ; crests inconspicuous.

This plant is abundant on Mt. San Antonio, where it was
collected this season by Mr. Fred Burlew. About 590 ft. from
the summit on the moist slopes exposed b\ the rel;reating snows
it grows in large i:)atches. I believe it has been heretofore con-
founded with A. bisceptrjiin on account of the exserted sta-
mens, but Mr. Standley, who kindly compared it with that
species, says it is different. No. 3000 Type in author's herl)-
arium ; cotype in Smithsonian.

)y Draha vcsfita, n. sp. — Caulescent perennial densely clothed
with i^ranching hairs, leaves obovate cr oblanceolate closely im-

17

V

\

bricated at base ; stems simple or brancherl. stems branching;
from base npwards very leafy ; petals white, narrow strap-shaped
eqnalling the sepals and inconspicuous, stamens exserted ; mature
fruit 6 to 8 hues long on pedicels of less than half their length,,
style prominent, straight, abort 2 lines long, fruits not contorted
or only occasionally convolute.

The type of this species was collected on the top of Alt-
San Antonio by Mr. Burlew. In the month of July Air. F.
Grinnell brought the same plant from Alt. San Gorg-onio. This
plant has passed as Draba corrugata Wats. The latter is well-
represented by the specimens found on Alt. San Jacinto. These
show a less hirsute plant, more lax in habit with conspicuou.s>
petals and markedly corrugate pods, which are in marked con-
trast to this species with its apparently apetalous flowers, and
tufted habit. From a note sent by Air. F. J. Smiley from the
Gray Herbarium it would seem that lioth Draba corrugata and.
D. vestita are represented on Alt. San Gorg'onio.
Type No. 2995 in author's herbarium. Co-type in Gra\- herbar-
ium.

THE TECATE CYPRESS.

By Charles F. Saunders.

In the Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of
Sciences for January, 1914, there appeared an interesting' paper
by Mr. S. B. Parish concerning a peculiar cyoress growing on
Amount Tecate, San Diego County. Air. Parish's account was
based on observations of trees growing in the bottom of gulches
within easy access of the automobile road which skirts the base
of the mountain on the north side. In such situations he tound
the cypress to be a slender tree at most twenty feet in height,
but saw no seedlings or very young specimens, nor on the other
hand any which might be termed aged, nor the remains of old
trees. He was informed, however, that on the summit of the
mountain, several hundred specimens were growing, ay)parently
of great age, and with trunks two and three feet in diameter ;
but as an ascent of the mountain was im])racticable from the
high road, this report could not be confirmed.

Finding myself recently in the vicinity of Tecate, 1 visited
the mountain, and spent a day upon its slopes and summit with
the view of studying the distribution of the cypress. The result
may be of interest as supplementing Air. Parish's account.

Tecate Mountain, whose height is given by the U. S. Geo-
logical Survey as 3890 feet, is without trails and uninha1)ite(l,

18

but I was fortunate in encountering a young- man, Mr. Oliver
-Bergren, who has a homestead at the southeastern base at the
Mexican hne. He knew the mountain thoroughh', having fur
several years hunted over it. and was familiar with the cvpress.
He and his brother-in-law interested themselves at once in my
(errand and were kind enough to conduct me to the nearest throve.

..K

/<-

A Tecate Cypt-us growing on the north slope of Mt, Tecate,
San Diego County California-
Height 14 feet; diameter of trunk at the ground, 3*4 inches.

19 '

and pointed ont in a general way the area — perhaps 100 acres —
over which, they said, the tree is growing. I found it occupying,
only the dry, thin soil of the north side, disposed in small groves
and clusters, its upper limit heing at about 2500 feet elevation
above the sea. x^t that line, the growth stops short ; and thence
to the sumirit, which T ascended from the north, not a single
specimen was seen, and the summit itself was equally treeless.
Nor could I discover any evidence that trees had ever occupied
the mountain top. which on all sides is very rocky, and chjthed
with a chaparral, some two or three feet in height, consisting
mainly of manzanita. Rhus ovata, Chamaebatia, and Adenostoma
fasciculatum. Fires, however, have within recent years swe]Jt
the entire mountain — the last. I was told, having occurred about
seven years ago — so that the present covering is of late growth.
Formerly the brush cover must have been much heavier, as I
noticed charred stumps of manzanita half a foot through burned
even with the ground, from which thrifty sprouts have arisen.
Tt should be recorded, however, tliat Mr. Franl- Stephens of San
Diego, states positively that when he vi^i'ed the summit in 1903,
he found on a gentle slope immediately north of the crest, a
grove of many old cypresses, low-branched and gnarled, and the
trunks in some cases fully two feet in diameter near the ground.

Looking down the north slope from the upper heights, the
clumps of cypress can easily be distinguished by the lively green
of the foliage, standing out from the surroun^hng chaparral;
and all trees examined presented the same brigh" vigorous a]j-
pearance noted by Mr. Parish in his paper, with mature fruit
abundant. The extreme height observed was about 2? feet, the
maximum of trunk diameter at base being about 3 inches. In
the upper part of the belt ( to which my observations were mainly
confined ) there was an abundance of seedlings aufl young sap-
lings in various stages of healthy growth froiu (> ii^ches upward.
vSpecimens were growing not only in the l}ottom of the gulches,
but upon intervening ridges as well. In manv ])laces amid the
growing trees, were the dead trunks of those which fire at some
former time had killed, but in no case did I notice that these
old trees were of greater size than living ones. The postmaster
at Potrero. who knows the trees well and has fought fire on
Tecate for many years, informed me that in 2? years he could
not see much difiference in their size, so slow is their "'rowth.

The gregarious habit of the cypress in the midst of chanar-
ral made it impossible to secure a satisfactory photograph of any
individual, but a scrutiny of the accompanying print will perhaps
give a hint of the general ai:)pearance of the tree. The time of
my visit was October 30. 1915.

Following is an extract from a letter of Mr. Stephens,
ilaterl Xovember 14. 1915. He visited the summit of Tecate
in P)03, when engaged in painting some g'overnnient monuments

20

that mark the United States-AIexico houndary line, which crosses
Tecate Mountain.

"The summit is crescent shaped, the two horns formiiif^
ridges running southeasterly and southwesterly from the main
summit, with (|uite a deep gulch or canon l)etween. Monument
247 is about half a mile west of No. 246 ; each is about 3400 feet
altitude, and the main summit is three or four hundred feet
higher. I left my horse at Xo. 246 and went directly across the
canon to No. 247, returning by the same route. I saw no
cypress this trip. ( )n the return trip several weeks later the
inspector decided to remain with the horses at No. 246. 1 left
my field glasses with him so he could ins]Kct my work. I de-
cided to try going around the ridge over the main summit. ( )n
the crest or rather on a gentle slope immediately north of the
crest I passed through the cypress grove. My memory of them
is not very clear, but I am sure they were large old trees — not
erect, but, as might be expected on a wind-swept summit,
spreading, low-branched and gnarled. I feel sure that some
were two feet in diauTeter of trunk near the ground. The grove
is on a sort of narrow flat, as I remember it, and i)robabl\- can-
not be seen a quarter of a mile away in any direction, as the
mountain drops otT rather stee])ly. It is possible of course that
the fire may have extended to the summit and burned all the
trees. In returning from Xo. 247 to Xo. 246, I went directly
across the canon as I found the l)rush art.und by the crest very
thick and difificult.

"The most practical wa_\' now to get to the summit would be
to go to Tecate by rail and then follow near the line of the
monuments to the summit. Probably the old trail could yet be
found. It is a good day's work to go to the summit and back.
There is no water on the mountain."

21

T\\'0 NEW ZAUSCHNERIAS.
By George L. Moxlev.

Zanscliiicria ^:j;laiuhil(>sa, sp. nov. — Stems slender, decumbent
to sub-erect, abcnit 2 dm. hij^b, Ijeset witb numerous short-stalked
glands ; leaves lanceolate, sessile, sparsely villous with soft white
hairs, more or less denticulate, not fascicled in the axils ; calyx-
tube cylindrical to narrowly funnelform, 10-14 mm. long, sparsely
villous and son^ewhat glandular at the scarcely globose base ;
petals exceedirg the calyx-lobes; stamens and style well exsert-
ed ; capsule about 20 mm. long, densely glandular with short-
stalked glands.

Described from a specimen collected on a "ridge south of
Strav\'l:err}' A'alley (about 6500 ft.), San Jacinto Mountains,
California. September ''th. 1914," by Winifern W. Swarth,
No. G. L. Al. 4f')0. Tyjie in Los Angeles County Museum of
History, Science and Arts.

This species in foliage somewhat resembles Z. latifoha
Greene, but the floral character is very different. The flowers
are much smaller, more slender and of a very deep scarlet. It
is perhaps one of the daintiest Zauschnerias.

What seems to be very much like this specimen was col-
lected in Sequoia National Park, Davidson 1687. Jtdy. 1908, but
the plant is small and just ctjming into flower, so that it is diffi-
cult to place definitely. I have, however, tentatively included
it here.
I, Zauscluicn'a viscosa, sp. nov. — Stems erect, much branched,

4 (hn. high or less, the entire plant sparsely villous with short
hairs, becoming almost glabrous with age, slimy viscifl. but not
glandular; leaves sessile, thin, broadly ovate, abrui^tly narrow-
ing to a more or less accuminate tip, fascicled in the axils,
calyx-tube glabrous. 20-25 mm. long, cylindrical about 10 mm.
above the scarcely glo' o'^e base, then abruptly broadening to the
funnelform throat; petals about 10 mm. long; stamens exserted
somewhat less than the length of the i)etals ; capsule sessile, some-
what hirsute but not glandular.

Summit of ridge near Parley Flats. San Gabriel ^Mountains,
Los Angeles County, California, Geo. L. Moxley 412. July 21st,
1915. Type sheet in my herbarium; duplicate in herbarium of
Southern California Academy of Sciences.

This is very close to Z. latifolia Greene, and perhaps may
prove to be only a well marked variety, but the extreme slimi-
ness of the entire plant seems to me sufficient to differentiate it
from all other species of Zauschneria, even though it were
otherwise identical But the calyx of I'iscosa lacks the globose
base of latifolia, the petals are shorter in proportion to the
length of the flower, and the stamens less exserted. Therefore
I prefer to consider it a distinct species.

'^ 22

TRANSACTIONS OF THE ACADEMY.

Directors' Meetinc.

A meeting of the Directors was held on Thursday, Scptcmlier 30,
1915. AH were present except Mr. Knight.

The discussions were principally devoted to the matter of the finances
of the Academy and resulted in the adoption of a Resohition authorizing
the Treasurer to borrow one hundred dohars, if lie sh.all find it necessary
for the interests of the Academy and to pledge fur the repayment of saiti
loan any of the securities owned by the Academy.

Board adjourned.

Academy Meeting.

The lecture season of 1915-16 was commenced on September 30. 1915,
by a Banquet in the University Club in Los Angeles, President Benton
presiding.

Addresses were made by Dr. Bridge, ]Mr. Baumgardt. Prof. Alliot,
Dr. Haughton and Mr. Spalding.

'llie remarks of Dr. Bridge led to a general consideration of the
future course of the Academy, especially relating to the proposition of
securing a permanent home, centrally situated ; constructed to include a
hall for our asseml)lies and an exhiljition chamber for the display of our
valuable mounts and articulated fossils from La Brea Rancho excava-
tions, and other scientific collections now reposing in the Museum at
Exposition Park.

This matter has been discussed by our Directors and at general
assemblies of the Academy for several years, but at this meeting it assumed
a practical and concrete business problem, and Mr. Spalding was appointed
to organi;^e a Committee, of which he shall l)e Chairman, to devise ways
and means for achieving this object.

The following Resolution, proposed b\- ^Ir. Parsons, was unanimnusly
adopted, to-wit :

Resolved, 'i'hat the Southern California .\cademy of Sciences herel)y
endorses and pledges its support to the Hornaday plan for the making of
Game Sanctuaries in portions of the National Forests that are imsuitable
for the grazing of domestic stock and for agriculture; and we hereby
request ovir meml^ers of Congress to aid in enacting the plan into law.

The great interest in the discussions of the e\eiiing, manifested by the
lady guests, resulted in an expression of the desire on their part that
similar meetings around the Banquet Table mipht be called during the
season and, though no action was taken upon the matter, the idea was
unanimously and most cordially recommended to the Board of Directors
for their consideration.

At a late hour the meeting was adjourned.

Academy Meeting.

The Academy meeting on November 2, 1915, was of unusual interest,
and a large audience listened with absorbed attention to the address of
Professor Hector Alliot upon "The Customs of the Stone Age on Catalina
Island."

Professor Alliot has devoted much time in exploring the Channel
Islands of the coasts of Santa Barbara and Los Angeles Counties, and he
has brought to light much of the Archaeology of these regions and

23

Ethnology of the pre-historic people whose homes were so securely isolated
in the Pacific Ocean.

One of his discoveries was a manner of interment, hitherto un-
known ; and the material results have been a rich harvest in stone, wood
and bone, which has been placed upon exhibition in the Southwest
Museum, of which he is Curator.

A-CADEMY JNIeETING.

On December 15, 1915, in the Friday Morning Club Auditorium, at
the regular monthly meeting of the Academy, Mr. Edmund Mitchell gave
an address upon Cambodia, its ancient and modern geographic limits, the
economic conditions of its people, with graphic descriptions of its ruined
temples and palaces which have been buried in almost impenetrable jungles
since the ninth centurj'.

HoLDRiDGE O. Collins, Secretary.

Botanical Section.

The Botanical Section held the first meeting of the season 1915-16
Thursday evening, October 28th, in the music room of the Public Library.
Twenty persons were present.

Dr. Davidson showed some specimens collected by Miss Mohr on
the North Fork of the San Galiriel River.

Mr. Moxley showed a few plants collected by him in the San Gabriel
Mountains. A pleasant and profitable hour was spent in discussing various
plants presented.

The second meeting of the Botanical Section for the season was held
November 18th, a week earlier than the regular time, on account of
Thanksgiving Day. Forty-two persons were present.

Dr. Davidson presented a number of plants collected by F. Grinnell,
Jr., on INlt. San Gorgonio. Among them was a new Draba to be described
soon.

Mr. A. J. Perkins showed some specimens collected by him on Mt.
San Antonio.

Miss Mohr presented several specimens from Big Basin, Santa Cruz
County.

Dr. Davidson then spoke very feelingly concerning Dr. H. E. Hasse,
by whose recent death this Section has been robbed of an enthusiastic
botanist and a kindly gentleman.

The meeting then informally adjourned and a little time was spent in
getting acquainted. Ar earnest invitation was extended to all not already
members to join the Academy.

Geo. L. Moxley, Acting Secretary.

24

BULLETIN

OF THE

SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA
ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

LOS ANGELES. CALIFORNIA

BULLETTTsT

OF THE

Southern California Academy of Sciences

JXTLV, lOlO.

Volume XV. Part 2.

COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION

Holdridge Ozro Collins, LL.D., Chairman
Anstruther Davidson, C. M., M. D. William A. Spalding

CONTENTS

Page

Editorial 29

Opuntia rubiflora -- "^"^

Additions to Flora of Los Angeles County, 1916. 33

Atriplex hymenelytra and one of its habitats . 37

Diatoms '*3

Notes on Zauschneria ■ *'

Annual Report of the Secretary, 1916 57

Transactions of the Academy "1

p^xjutltcrtt (ilnlifurttm ArnttiJittg ni ^txtixtvs

Officers nixh ^irfctars

ARTHUR B. BENTON President

WILLIAM L. WATTS First Vice-President

ANSTRUTHER DAVIDSON Second Vice-President

HECTOR ALLIOT Third Vice-President

SAMUEL J. KEESE ....Treasurer

HOLDRIDGE O. COLLINS Secretary

George H. Beenaan George H. Parsons

Thomas L. O'Brien William A. Spalding

Albert B. Ulrey

C^umttiittcv^ tilt Jftjtaure

Samuel J. Keese William A. Spalding George H. Beeman

Cmninittcp an prunrnin
William L. Watts George W. Parsons Thomas L. O'Brien

^"ccttaus uf the ^rniiemg

^sirixnatnitnl ^vtiixtn
Samuel J. Keese, Chairman Melville Dozier, Secretary

©ctflcgirnl ^Vrtitut
William L. Watts, Chairman George W. Parsons, Secretary

Albert B. Ulrey, Chairman C. H. Phinney, Secretary

^ffulffjical ^etiian

James Z. Gilbert, Chairman George W. Parsons, Secretary

Anstruther Davidson, Chairman Theodore Payne, Secretary

Anstruther Davidson, c. m., i\r. d.
President 1892-1894

'i^m

EDITORIAL

TI 1 1{ leTin l)iatiiin cnil^races two (':reek wurds meaniiiL;' "cut
thnm^h," and compnses :inc i)t the live orders of the Algae,
— of the eonfcrvoid class.

The Diatom imdti])lies 1)\ spontaneous dixd^ion, and belongs
to the higher organisms of ditierentiated ])rotoplasm, possessed
of the vital properties of animal as well as of vegetable cells,
the so-called "physical basis of life." It is of microscopical
minuteness and is foun.d as fossils and in the ocean and fresh
water.

A curious and perhaps amusing subject for discussion
among" Ijiologists ha^ ])een the theory advanced, that the Diatom
belongs to the animal rather than to the vegetable kingdom, by
reason of its hermaphroditic i.;roperty of reproduction or multi-
plication, even though in some species, like the J'lciirosigina and
the Naz'icula crabo, there seems to be a middle ril) or vertebra.

To tlie expert microscopist. the study of Diatoms afTords a
most absorbing attention. The investigation of their exquisite
beautv in form and color, is a never-ending delight, and the rev-
elations bv a magnification of even 1500 diameters of the hexag-
onal lace work in Plciirosi'^nia a// ;'///(/////;/, of which thousands
mav be seen in a drop of water from the ])oint of a pin, inspire
amazement in the observer.

In our Bulletin of January. 1908. Miss Sarah P. Monks
presented a very interesting paper upon Diatoms, beautifully
illustrated from greatl}' magnified photographs made by our
accomplished Treasurer. Mr. Samuel J. Kee.se. and in this issue
we include a most interesting article upon the same subject by
Dr. F. C. Clark, which we recommend to all who have access to
a powerful microscope.

OUR profound sympathy is extended to the family of Edward
A\'olsey Coit, who departed this hfe on Septemher 2?, UUS,
at the Cit\' of Los Angeles.

He was born at Plattsburg, New York, July 27. 1837, the
son of Rev. Joseph Rowland Coit, and from his early years he
was identified with the various departments of the iron industr_\',
from the rudiments up to the highest technical iJcrfection.

When quite a young man, responsible interests of the old
firm of ^lorris, Tasker & Co., of T'hiladelphia, the first manu-
facturers in this country, of wrought-iron pipe and tubing, were
intrusted to him, ;md later, he became President of the Reading
Iron Works of Pennsylvania, and associated with W. R. Hart
& Co., who were noted for their great properties in the Pake
Superior iron-ore region.

He was an officer of the National Tul^e Works Compan\-
l)efore it became a part of the Steel Trust, and, coming to Cali-
fornia in the year 1900, he became officially interested with the
Oil Well Supply Company of Los Angeles, which association
continued until the day of his death.

Notwithstanding his great activities in the commercial
world, his studious youth and his technical ])ursuits of later
life, attracted him to several oranches of the sciences, and, be-
comino: a member of this Academv, he took an active intercut in
our proceedings.

\\'e shall miss him from our meetings.

David R. P)reark'y died at Los Angeles on January 5,
1916.

He was one of our prominent citizens, and for man}- }ears
he had been active in all measures instituted for the welfare and
prosperity of the city.

He was a member of this Academy and his interest in our
work was manifested by his subscription of one hundred dollars
towards our endowment ]:)ublication fund.

We condole with his familv ujion their great loss.

IN the Pulletin of Januar}-. P'l.^. were gi\'en the names of
those who served this Academy of Sciences as Presidents
from the time of its foundation down to the present date, and,
in an earlier issue, were inserted tlie ]!ortraits of William H.
Knight and Theotlore P>. Comstock.

30

In this issue will be seen the ])()rtraits of the other gentle-
men who, suecessively, as our chief presiding;- and executive
officer, have given their time and labors so devoted to our inter-
ests, that they have made our Academy a prominent factor for
the encouragement and progress of study and investigation on
the I'acific Coast, in all branches of Science.

The tableaux as published, are complete with one exception :
Idle first President was Dr. ^\. H. Alter, who left Los Angeles
many years ago. and died in Philadelphia. An earnest effort
has been made to discover a friend or relative from whom a
photogra])h could be obtained, but we regret to announce that
there has l)cen no success in this behalf.

^r^3£d^c(^ Onyo (^^l^^^^

WANTED

Numbers of Volumes III, IV, V, VI, of the Bulletins to
complete files.

Address the Secretary, Room 719 San Fernando Building,
Los Angeles.

31

OPL'XTIA Rl'I'.lFI.oRA X. SP.

Bv AxsTRUTHER Davidsox, C. M., M. D.

Joints (-jliovate 4 1)_\- (> inclies ; ])ulvini 5 to 7 in each row;
opines 5 to 7, one more ])njminent alx.iit 1 inch 1< in^;", others shorter
ah ])orrect, (Uisky Ijecomint^- whitish after tlie second vear, Ijristles
numerous. Areolae on fruit alxmt 2?. iHowers rech seeds simi-
lar to those of O. occidriitalis.

Txpe station llollxwood near reservoir. Fre(|uent through-
out the v^an l-'ernando X'alley.

This species is nearest (). Oicidciiftilis and is most readilv
identified 1)_\' the color of the flowers. Tlie i)lant is less tall than
(J. (H-cideiitalis as it tends to spread laterally while the smaller
joints i^'ive it a more compact appearance.. The s])ines in numljer
and coloration stand intermediate hetween (). occidenfalis and
(). littoi-aHs les> numerous in each aretila than in the latter and
more so than in the former.

We have two common ( Ijiuntias on this coast. 0. occidenfalis
ran^-es from the coast line to the foothills and interior vallevs.
C). littoralis on the other hand is more limited to the coast line, Init
ma}' e.xtend some distance inward as at 1 lolKwood. where the
two ma\' lie found L^rnwinu' to^■ether.

A])1)1TI()XS To THE FLORA OF FoS AXG]a<ES

CorXTY IX F)ir..

]')}• .\.\s'i'ROiii i-K I ).\\insox, C. .\h, .\l. 1).

The activity of the mem])ers of the Rotanical Section of the
Academy has increased ou.r list of count\- i)lants h\ some in-
terestini^' additions l)esides adding" the few new species new to
science that have alread}- heen ])uljlished in the Rulletin.

The following list includes those species heretofore omitted
or not previously recorded as occurring in our limits. The
name of the collector is added in parentheses to each notation.

M iihlnilhvu^ia sijiiarrosa Meller. Alt. San Antonio. ( IF-.r-
lew. )

Lc'c^'isii rcdirii'o I'ursh. \\i. San Antouio. ( Rurlew. )

Alliiun rarish.ii Wats. .\It. San .Antonio. (Burlew.) San
Galjriel Can\'on (Davidson).

HosdiJiiakiii sti-obiUicca r,ra\-. Trail to Mt. San Antonio
( r.urlew ).

This curit)us ])lant, more commou in the north, has onl\- once
hefore 1)een collected in the south, Femmon having long ago dis-

33

covered it in the San Bernar'lin(.) mountains, in the iim-ih it is
reported as always beino- found on the roots of manzanita. In
this instance Mr. T-urlew says there were no manzanita shrubs
in the neiL^hborhood : no note was taken of the other vegetation.

Dnidcophyfinji ■ziUosmii. C. & R. Mt. San Antonio, the type
station ( I'urlcw ).

Lotus Iciicoplhicus Greene. North Fork San Gal)riel (_Miss
Mohr ) .

Paniassia cirvata Viper. Xorth Fork San Gal)riel (Miss
Mohr ) .

Silciic Pan'shii A\'ats. Tee Box Canyon, San Antouio. at
5000 feet.

This interesting- i)lanl has Ijeen cousidered as cliaracteristic
of the Hudsonian and lusher zones. l)ut its range is more closely
allied with that of the white fir. These two may be found
associated in the mountains and the canyons irrespective of ele-
vation.

MiUiardcUa uiicrantha arida Hall. Mt. San Antonio (Bur-
lew).

Bricaiucria ciiiicafa Gra}-. Ice I'ox Canyon. This wa^
once before reported from Rubio Canxon. It exists on the rocky
slopes of all our higher streams.

C7ilia dorihiiiida Ci\-^y. Modjeska's Ranch, (Jrange Count}-.
This has been rei)orted from Riverside County.

Polygala colifoniica .\utt. Modjeska's Ranch. (T.Payne.)
This is the second record for this shrub in Southern Califm-nia :
the other station is on the trail to 'Mt. \\'ilsf)n.

34

;*r'^'y

'■^■^'.

2.

OX;J^.s^

Plioto£raj)li l)y Samuel .1. Koose

*ATRIPLEX HYM I<:X1':LVTRA
AND ONE OF ITS 1 1 AI'.ITATS.

Bv

Rejovc K C. I'ooni, P). L.

T( ) tlic casual traveler throu.i^li the high desert, either l)y train
or road, the country offers little except a monotonous out-
look on gray sand dotted with o-ray-green greasewood, and
dark green, grotesque Joshua trees or Cleistoyuccas. But to
the dweller in the Mojave River Valley, the desert has a more
cheerful jirospect. for he has ample water from the wells, and
fertile soil. He has, too, the opportunity of a closer acquaint-
ance with the native vegetation and finds il not limited to grease-
wood and Joshuas. Lender the bushes, where the winds have
mounded the fine dust, the rains and spring sunshine bring out
many varieties of dainty, brightly-colored fiowers. They Idoom
in cycles, these short-lived desert i)lants. and where one week
the mounds have been covered with i)ur];le, the next will find
them palely yellow or deeply gold. In a coujile of months the
hot dry air has taken the surface moisture, and the kaleidoscope

passes.

There is one desert plant, iKwvever, that is an alkthe-year-
round delight. It changes with the seasons, but is always beau-
tiful. It asks for little water, and only a tiny bit of soil with
just enough room to s(|ueezc its roots between the r(jcks. It is
commonly known 1)\- various names— goose-foot, salt-bush and
desert holly, but the most suital)le and charming is that of
"Ghost Hollv." It is unfortunate that the popular fancy in
nomenclature so often gives the same name to similar but quite
different plants. The appellation of "Desert Holly" has been
made not onlv to this Atriplex of the Goose-foot Family, but
also to the Perezia Nana, a Compositae of Arizona and Texas,

*The botanical term Atriplex hymentdytra is a Solecism, and like so
many of the technical words in the sciences, its combination of Latin and
Greek cannot be translated.

The word Atriplex is an ancient Latm name oi obscure meanmg but
undoubtedly a corruption of the Greek Atraphaxis, the name of an edible
garden herb called orache, a plant somewhat similar to spinach.

HymcHclytra is composed of two Greek words— //yfnrw, the God ot
Marriage, and ciciifron — n cover or slieath.

In entomology the word hvmenelytra is applied to the lorward pair ot
more powerful wings which serve as a protection to the delicate posterior

Perhaps the term, "The wedding veiled Holl\" would approximate the
meaning of the botanical name, although tiie plant is really not a Holly,
this familiar appellation having been given it by reason of the resemblance
of the sheen and the spiny curved edges of its olive green leaves to the

well known Hex luiuifdliiiiii— Note by the Editor.

37

.^rowing only two or three inches liigh. The hitter's resem-
blance to eastern holly is more particularly in the stiff, smooth
leaves with prickly edges. "The effect of the whole plant is of
a little sprig stuck in tlie sand." Atriplex hymenelytra grows
to a bush over two feet high, and two or three feet across, with-
out the sharp points on the leaves.

It is found sparsely in central and western San liernardintj
County, California, and more abundantly in Arizona and New
Mexico. An isolated patch grows northeast of Bryman Station
on the ]\rojave River, on the lower southern slopes of three high
buttes. The soil is granite in all stages of disintegration, from
large boulders to fine dust, but the plants do not grow in the
loose earth. They are hard to dig u]) because the stems,
branches and roots are very brittle, and the latter are covered
by, and twist around large stones, but do not go down much
over two feet, as there is no underground moisture, and the
rainfall is only six to eight inches. It is difficult to tell in a
plant that has been washed free from earth where the stalk
ends and the roots begin, for the external structure and appear-
ance are almost identical. They are woody, fibrous and gnarled,
reminding one of the dwarfed and deformed trees of the Japan-
ese gardener.

Desert holly is becoming better known not only in the
Southland, but in the east as well. There is an insistent de-
mand for it from the florists at Christmas, and a clip])ing from a
Chicago paper, last December, stated that the very latest style
in doing up Holiday packages was to tie to them a tiny spray
of "California white holly." It is not of rapid growth, for it
has to fight for its very life, and though now rather plentiful, a
few seasons of popularity will exterminate it, except in rough,
inaccessible spots.

Its right to be called 1k)11}' at all is only from the curly
leaves which look spiked on the edges, but are not so. During
the late winter and spring they are soft and velvety, somewhat
succulent and salty, of a lovely Avhitish-gray color underlaid with
a tinge of greeny-lavender. From May to January they grad-
ually dry out. so that by Christmas the greenish hue is gone, and
the name "Ghost Holly" is entirely appropriate. In the early
stage it is like Dusty r^Iiller, and in the later, like Edelweiss.

The plant puts out its new growth from January to May,
when the underlying green of leaves and small stems is very
pronounced. But in addition, the tiny new leaf and flower
buds, are alternate, growing to an inch across and three-quar-
ters of an inch in length, the main veins pronoimced. the fine
ones not visible without a magnifying-glass.

The flowers are dioecious, very minute, growing close to
the stalk at the base of the leaves, in clusters of a cerise,

38

magenta or e\cn crimson color. The seed-vessels are round-
ish, about as thick as the leaves and of the same color, and
grow close together on the stalk, giving the appearance of a
bunch of gray flowers.

This Atriplex will transplant easily to a California garden,
where if well watered the leaves increase in size and cjuantity,
and the whole bush presents a solid mass of velvety green-gray,
wdthout a stem showing". It seems probable that it could be
g'rown in the east if given some protection from the extreme
cold, because the temperature along the Alojave River goes
down sometimes to 10*^ in I3ecember and January.

The Mojave River A'alley is one of great beauty, piclur-
esqueness and interest. From old settlers, one can get tales of
the Old AFormon Trail, of the Indians who were a harmless,
peaceable lot, of cattle-rustling and prospecting" and desperado
hunts, all within a generation. The rich land along' the bottoms
was taken u]) early and has Ijeen cultivated f()r half a century,
or used as pasturage, but a ((uarter of a mile to the east, w'here
beg'in the slopes to the foothills, the dry. sandy, rocky soil
offered no inducen.ients to agriculture, though in the winter and
spring the cattle found forage in the filaree and other green
plants. It has been only within the last five years that an vmder-
ground flow of water — a veritable second Mojave River — has
been discovered, which is bringing" in new settlers, who are
establishing modern wells, pumping plants and an irrigation
system. The soil and climate are found to be perfect for many
kinds of deciduous fruits, especially apples and pears. Two
ranches have taken the first prizes for apples, over the whole
state.

The river flows near or at the base of a Mesa, about two
hundred feet high at the highest ])art, which slopes gently up-
ward and westward, to Antelope Valley. To the east, the land
rises more rapidly to a range of hills, four miles distant, every
foot of which has undoubtedly been prospected many times, and
manv claims staked out ; first for gold and silver which occur in
varving, quantities, later for lead. zinc, iron, lime, chalk, cement-
rock, brick-clay, and recently for tungsten.

The ride to the hills is singularly beautiful, especially in
spring, through large greasewood bushes with their tiny, pufify,
yellow blooms, small Joshuas, wild asters, a mass of lovely
lavender, a variety of cacti with vivid cerise and scarlet flowers,
and manv other kinds of desert flora. One is sure to see sev-
eral jack-rabbits, but no cotton-tails nor little brush-rabbits, as
they keep near the river bottom. In the spring and summer
there are always land turtles to be found, varying in size from
two or three inches to over a foot. Chipmunks, field-mice and
the anuising kangaroo rats, traveling apparently on their hind

39

legs only, are seen scampering" about ; and occasionally horned
toads, bull and garter snakes, the beautiful red-racers, king
snakes (mortal enemies of the rattlers), rattlesnakes themselves,
and worst and most feared because they give no warning, the
coral snakes and deadly sidewinders. There is a demand for
rattlesnake oil, supposed to be a panacea for rheumatism, so
that in killing the reptiles one not only decreases the pests but
can make fifty or seventy-five cents each in addition.

Hunters can get small gray foxes, called Desert Swifts,
wild cats, lynxes, coyotes and skunks. One man last winter
made $60.00 from skunk skins. Of birds, there are crows,
blackbirds, hawks, grou.nd ^>wl^. butcher birds, orioles, road-
runners, blue birds, red birds, meadow larks, linnets, and most
numerous, the little gray desert l:)irds.

Fnirn the river to the foot of the Three Buttes where Atri-
l)lex is found, is a tliree and a half-mile rise of about six hun-
dred feet, and to the top of tlie highest butte perhaps one hun-
dred and fiity feet more. From there one can see the great cot-
ton-wooded arc cf the Mojave River for ten miles, with the
paralleling line of the Santa Fe tracks, and the verdant ranches
between. To the north and south stretch miles of wild land,
while to the west of the river on the ^lesa, are spread the
rectangles of reclaimed Homesteads and Desert Claims. No-
where are the sunsets more marvellous than here, when fleecy
clouds are ])resent to catch the evening glow, which can also be
seen on the nearer hills and mountains, on the farther San Ber-
nardino Range with ( )ld r>ald\- snow-crowned for half the vear,
and away off to the far distant Panamints in the northwest.

V\"e like to speak of our valley as "The Desert," because
it is not one. There is no monotony of color, of landscape, of
vegetation, of occujiation on a new ])ioneer ranch, nor of pass-
ing life. The trains are a never-ceasing interest, either the
regular passengers, the i)eriodic'd specials for extra tourist
travel and big conventions, and the Troo]i trains of June and
Julv taking our men to the I'order; or the freights of fift\' and
sixty cars, sometime- all bright yellow, carrying oranges to the
Eastern markets. Ainrg the road. The National Old Trails
Hisliwav, is to be seen an automobile at almost anv hour, often
a motorcycle or motor truck, and rarelv a wagon and team, or a
prospector with .one or two burros. Sometimes there are visit-
ors, perhaps from a machine with a far-eastern license, stopping
for water; or jx-destrians for health or economy, who always
have interesting experiences t(T relate. Once a party of six
moving-picture actors was entertained over night, walking from
I^os Angeles to New York, who expected to earn their wav by
eivinsf vaudeville entertainments en route. Another time, a
twentv-vear-old girl arrived, dressed in overalls, traveling alone

40

with a l)iirr(i f rc nn Denver to San iM'anci^cn. v^lie had had lu-
liercnlosi^. Init was entirely well, ami had L;a.ineil firt\ i)(itnids in
her three nidiitlis" tri]).

It is an al)M )rl)in,L'; (lecni)ation tn take virgin land — nt)t the
rich, hlack, loani}' sort, InU san.dy, rocky and ap])arently hnpe-
le^s — and make it hlossom and frnctifw With a definite winter
season of cold, such as does not (jccnr on the c<_)ast side of the
monntains. the Li'rowin"' season is nui continnons, and the re-
suits are not so alnmdant. iUit there is and will l)e a market
for all the ])roducts that shall l)e raised in the region, and it
does not take a ver_\' keen imagination to foresee in the next
generation or two, a ])Oiailation of tens of thousands cultivating
this so-called Desert, and increasing and llouri,-hing in the dry,
wholesome altitude. An astronomer will find here almost jjer-
fect conditions for studv, as the cloudless, almost windless
nights and ahsence of hunnidit)' afiford an uninterrui)tcd view
of the whole Ixiwl of heaven.

If Dr. \'an Dvke had known, the Alojave River X'alley, he
might have closed his description (d" America as
"'idle l)lessed land of Room Enough l^eyond the ocean bars,
\Miere the air is full of sunshine, and the skv is full of stars."

iKnriutit rt Inter nltm mnniutiiiir ;nitalnt.

41

WiLr>iAM A. Spalding
President l«97-lHy«, 1909-1913

DIATOMS
Bv Dr. F. C. Clark.

0cf''

. f f I » I '
NAVICULA CRABO

It is prol)ably true that the natural .sciences are ahogether
neglected by a majority of the people. A few of us dabble a little
here and there, but most people who are really interested do not
progress very far because of various handicaps, among which
may be mentioned lack of time, lack of enthusiasm, and the lack
of fundamental education so necessary to satisfactory work in
an}- line of advanced thought.

1'he most attractive subjects are those that reveal to us much
of the beauty in nature with but little expenditure of thought and
energy. For example, the study of butterflies interests and at-
tracts us because tliey are very beautiful and are ea.sy to secure.
The same is true of the flowering plants, shells and similar forms.

It is the toiler in undiscovered fields wlio needs skill and
entluisiasm.

Those de])artments of science in which only a few are inter-
ested and ill which \\'e must work almost alone rc(|uire workers
who are willing to delve without comi)ensati;)n other than that
derived from the knowledge gained. There are some such scien-
tists, and there will be more of them.

Hntomology is being studied quite carefully by a few in
Southern California. Conchology has its able representatives here
and botany, as related to the higher forms, holds the attention of
some of our ablest men and women.

I am glad that all of this is true ; but 1 wish to call the atten-
tion of lovers of nature to a group of plants little known to most
of us — the diatoms.

Here we have a wide field for the stud)- of tiny forms whose
beauty is not excelled by plants of higher organization.

The variety of form of diatoms and the wonderful beauty of
their sculpture makes them objects of interest to all wdio love the
harmony of symmetry.

Some of the largest diatoms may be as large as the head of a
pin, but most of them are exceedingly small. They are found in
untold million"- in the sea, and in ponds and streams everywhere.

43

One day recently I met two small boys on West 6th Street
with their arms full of slabs of "chalk," a p^eneroiis supply of
which I secured in exchange for a buffalo nickel. It ])roved to
be very rich in diatoms of great variet}- and beauty. L'i)on in-
quiry I learned that it had been found on Xew High Street in this
city.

The time of the appearance of diatoms in geological forma-
tions is still uncertain since the authorities do not agree upon this
])()int. Some hold that, though so simple in structure, they made
their appearance in comparatively recent times — as late as the
Cretaceou'^. ( )thers believe that the>' date much farther back —
even to the Devonian or the Silurian.

Their range is world-wide. No temperature is too low for
them.

They are found in unthinkable billions as far north as man
has penetrated and the tropics teem with them. They swarm in
the hot springs of the temperate zones. T have found them in the
hot water of the springs of Calistoga in Xapa County — water so
hot that one could not hold one's hand in it.

In sha])e diatoms show a wide variation. They are "round,
s(|uare, triangular, stellate, oval, ovoid, crescent, sigmoid, cuneate,
bacillar, etc.,'" with various frills and appendages and sculpture for
the further enhancement of their beauty. Tn addition to all this
there is tlie refraction of light from their angular and wavy sur-
faces which makes them, with i)ro])er illumination, objects of
beautv bevoud. description.

Why these little plants should be so wonderfully beautiful
and yet so small that no imaided eye can see them is a mystery.

( )f all these lovelv things not one in a thousand trillions car.
ever be seen because they are so numerous.

They would make as good silver ])olish if they were (|uite
plain instead of being so ornate. Thev would serve the pur])ose
of making ])etrolium even though they were not so elaborately
frilled and sculptured. Thev would serve in the manufacture of
dynamite witliout their refractive powers.

The southern part of California is rich in diatomaceous earth.
In Los .\ngeles we have the Xew High Street deposit, and, with-
out doubt, others also. In Temescal canyon some excellent mate-
rial has been found. On the beach at Santa Monica along the
high water line lum])s of earth rich in diatoms may be gathered.

.\t Clifton-by-the-Sea, near Redondo, thousands of tons of
such material are j^led high.

I have sent samples from Kedondo, Santa Monica, Temescal
and Los Angeles to Air. ( )liver Kendall of Providence. R. L, and
he has returned to me mounted slides of the diatoms.

44

The accompanying' })hc)tt)grai)li is of .Kiwiciila craho from
Temescal canyon. It is magnified 400 times.

I have the sHdes in my collection at my home at ?2() Wilshire
Boulevard, Santa Monica, and shall Ije glad to show them to any
who may be interested.

I take this opportunity to invite nature students to visit my
workshop, to see my collections and to study with me if they so
desire.

I have a collection of more than 200,000 fossil invertebrates
besides many recent species. 1 have many crabs, corals, sponges,
foramenifera, and many thousands of insects of the various orders.
Also many skulls and full skeletons of birds, reptiles and mammals
for comparative study. These are at the disposal of any who
may wish to study along these lines.

I particularly wish tliat some one will be sufficiently interested
in diatoms to take up the study of them in the near future. I shall
be glad to render what assistance 1 can.

45

Abbot Kinney

President 1898-1900

X()TF,S (^X ZAI'SCPIXKRIA

By Gkorce L. Moxley.

In the most cursory examination of even a small series of
specimens of Zaiischiieria, either in the field or herbarium, one
cannot help noticini^- the i^reat differences in the foliage, both as
to the size and shape of the leaves, and their pubescence or lack
of it. The floral differences are not so marked, but even here
there are differences that ma)- well be taken into account.

Xearly thirty years ago. Dr. E. L. Greene said in reference
to the genus under consideration, "When 1 look at the strongly
markeci f(irms of this genus, as they exist in our herbaria — some
of them nearlv glabrous, others heavily villous, some of them
hoary with a coarse tomentum, others fairly white with a pubes-
cence so minute as to appear like a mere bloom ; some with
veinless, others with strongly feather-veined leaves, the margins
of which are, in this form entire, in tliat shari)ly toothed —
I wonder whether authors in allowing but one species of Zaiisch-
iieria, have not been dazzled and then misled by the large
Fuchsia-like corollas of these plants : for it is evident they must
have been looking to the corollas for specific characters, just as
if the genus were an ally of Fnc/isia. rather than of Epilohinui."
He further pointed out the fact that Zatisclnicria is most inti-
mately related to that part of BpHobiinii in which the corollas
present no specific character whatever, and nearly everything is
rested upon puliescence taken along \\'ith the insertion, venation
and toothing of the leaves. With this in view 1 have made this
present studv of such specimens of Zaiischncria as 1 have been
able to collect or borrow, in the ho])e that it may incite some one
with better facilities than 1 can command to make a proper re-
vision of the genus.

There can hardly be a diff'erence of oi)inion as to the fact
that the forms of Zaiischncria naturally fall into two groups;
the one having flat. thin, feather-veined leaves, the other narrow,
more or less pubescent leaves in which, but for the midrib, the
veining is not evident.

In his Flora of Los Angeles and X'icinity, I'rof. Abrams
makes mention of Z. Californica var. microphyUa Gray, and Z.
Califoriiica var. hitifolia Hook, making no mention of typical Z.
Californica Presl., which, I infer, he does not find within the
limits covered by his book. Prof. Jepson. in his Flora of West-
ern jMiddle California, describes the forms occurring in his
region under Z. Californica Presl.. incidentally mentioning the
var. hitifolia Hook. Dr. Greene contends (1. c), with some
show of reason, that the plant of the southern coast, which Dr.
Gray named var. micro phylla, is without doubt the original plant
of Haenke, and, therefore, the typical Z. Californica Presl.

47

With these brief references as a prehminary I pass to my
notes on the specimens it has l)een my ])rivileg-e to examine.
These have been, in part, communicated by Dr. .\. Davidson.
Mr. S. B. Parish, and Mr. F. W. Peirson. Some are from the
Herbarium of the Southern Cahfornia Academy of Sciences,
and some are of my own collection.

I give first of all the label on the specimen under considera-
tion, in quotations, then a more or less complete analysis of the
plant and then such comments as suggest themselves. 1 begin
with the olants from Mr. Peirson's herbarium.
\, "Zauscliiicria Californica microph\Ua. Shadow Lake, north
of Devil's Post Pile, Sierra Nevada, about 9000 ft. Aug. 1914."

Sparsely villous with soft white hairs : leaves lanceolate.
15-30 mm. long, 4-10 mm. wide, lower short-petioled, upper ses-
sile : calvx-tube narrowly funnelform above the globose base,
about 20 mm. long: sepals sharply triangular, about 12 mm.
long: petals about 15 mm. long: stamens scarcely exserted : style
long-exserted : color of entire flower brilliant scarlet.

"Cataiina I'.each, July 1, 1907. ""

Gray tomentose ; leaves linear. 15-20 mm. long, 2-4 mm.
wide, much fascicled, tipped with a dark brown mucro ; flowers
not opened ; calyx short-conic above the globose base, then nar-
rowlv funnelform, sparsely villous.

This is almost identical with a specimen in Herb. Davidson.

collected by P. j. Yates on Santa Cruz Island and labelled Z.

cana Greene. The Santa Cruz specimen has slightly broader

, leaves and a little heavier tomentum. Imt I should unhesitatingly

assign them both to the same species.

" ZauscJincria Californica luicrof^hylla. Kewen Pake. Pasa-
dena."

Herbage sparsel)' villous with soft white hairs; leaves nar-
rowlv lanceolate. 15-35 mm. long. 4-8 mm. wide, fascicled in
the axils ; calyx-tube dull red. veined with scarlet, narrowly
funnelform above a short-conic base ; petals scarcely exceeding
the sepals ; stamens not exserted : style long-exserted.

This plant is of the feather-veined group and more closely
approaches Z. lafofilia than Z. Californica imcrophylla.
^ "Zaiischncria Californica latifolia." A sheet of three speci-

mens.

(a) -TJttle Kern. July 11. 1908."

Herbage cjuite hirsute, with short, rather stitf hairs; leaves
broadlv lanceolate, 18-30 mm. long. 7-15 mm. wide; calyx-tube
cylindrical about 10 mm. above the base, then fimnelform.
entire length 22-2? mm., dull pink veined with scarlet; petals
dark red, veined with a color so deep as to appear almost black
in the dried specimen.

48

(b) "vSierra Nevada."

This is very much hkc the Shadow Lake specimen men-
tioned al)ove. exce]3t fur the inflorescence, the flc^wers lieing
smaller and much lighter in color.

(c) "San Bernardino Mountains."

Alm(-)st glabrous, with a few short white hairs; leaves
broadly ovate, terminating in a short accuminate tip. 15-20 mm.
long, (S-l.S mm. wide: flowers not yet opened, hut the calyx
much resembles (a) above.

From Dr. Davidson's Herbarium i have examined the fol-
lowing specimens :
^ "Zatischncna Calif ornica I'resl. var. niicrof^Iiylla. Foothills.

Los Angeles. Aug. 188'T Dr. A. Davidson."

Entire plant grayish with a minute ap])ressed pubescence ;
leaves linear, entire, 5-1? mm. long, 1-2 mm. wide, tipjied with
a small dark brown mucro ; calyx-tube about 20 mnV.' long, fun-
nelform above the globose base; ])etals about 10 mm. long;
stamens exserted about the length of the ])etals and the style as
much more ; mature capsule 25-30 mm. long. The flowers in
this specimen are somewhat faded, so that it is difficult to tell
their original color, but it was likely a brilliant scarlet.
y "Z.' Calif ornica. Catalina Island. Cal.. June. 1801. Dr. A.
Davidson."

Plant gray with an ajjiiressed i)ubescence ; leaves 5-30 mm.
long. 2-5 mm. wide, mucronate and more or less remotely dent-
ate ; calyx-tube cylindrical, about 10 mm. above the pronouncedly
globose base, then narrowlv funnelform, total length about 25
mm. ; flowers nuich faded.

k "Z. lafifolia Crcciic. Kock Creek, Los Angeles, Aug..
1901."

Heritage onlv slight!\- villous; leaves lanceolate. mostl\'
slightly dentate. 15-25 mm. long. 5-10 mm. wide. This speci-
men is in fruit, and there are no flowers. Ca])sule about 20 mm.
long.
l/ "Zansclnicj-ia .lri.::(niiLa Davidson. Aletcalf. .\ri/,. In creek
bottom. 5000 ft. alt. Oct. 10. 1900. A. Davidson 365. Type
specimen."

For this s]iecimen I w ill give the original description :
"Stems one to two feet high, decumbent, branching from the
base; whole plant villous, not at all tomentose ; leaves ovate,
one to one and a ([uarter inches loug and half an inch broad,
broadly sessile and usualh- strongl)- flenticulate. feather-veined
and markedly villous on midrib, veins and edges; lower leaves
frequently obovate ; flowers scarlet, large, one and a half inches
long above the ovary; calyx-tube cvlindrical for three lines above
the globose base, minuteh' villous, lobes three lines shorter than
the corolla; style exserted one inch or more; stamens somewhat

49

Melville Dozier
President 1904-1906
Secretary 1906-1908

less ; capsule pedicellate, one and one-c(uarter inches long", slight-
ly villous at base ; seeds large, in form resembling those of^ Z.
Califoniica var. inicro[^Ii\<lla Grav."" r.uU. So. Cal. Acad. v^ci..
1 :5, 1902.

This is certainly a striking specimen. Dr. Davidson, in
comparing his plant' with Z. la'tifnlia Greene, further remarks :
"Z. latifoiia. as represented h.cre. has. C(im])ared with Z. Ari-.o-
nica., long, narrow, lancei^late leaves, seldom more than one
quarter inch broad, flowers smaller, not more than one inch
long- and having styles and stamens not exserted more than half

an inch."

=^" Zausdiiieria. Scf|U(>ia Xat. Korest. J\dy, 1''08. Davidson

ir,87."

Plant small, more or less densely villous with short whitish
hairs; leaves more or less glandular, especially on the under
surface. 10-20 mm. long. 3-9 mm. wide, denticulate; calyx-tube
funnelform. about 12 nmi. long. The flowers are not yet open.
so it is not possible to note the characters of stamens and style.
The plant in some respects, especially the size and shape of the
flowers, and the glandular leaves, resembles Z. i::!aiiduIosa Mox-
ley, (Bull. So. Cal. Aca<l. Sci. l.=;:22, 1916), but the glands are
apparently not stalked and do not appear on the calyx-tube as in
Z. glanditlosa.
\y "Z, Califoniica rilliKui. Santa Cruz Island, L. J- ^'ates,

1893." '

Entire plant densely vilkxis with white hairs ; leaves linear-
lanceolate, 10-.30 mm. long. 3-6 mm. wide; calyx-tube 15-20 mm.
long, narrowly funnelform above the globose base; petals about
10 mm. long; stamens and style well exserted; capsule pedicel-
late, somewhat villous in this .specimen (Greene says "glab-
rous"),
v^ "Z. caiia Greene. Santa Ci'uz Island. L. J. Vates. Aug.,

1893."

riant white with an appressed tomentum ; leaves narrowly
linear-lanceolate, densely fascicled in the axils, faintly and re-
motely denticulate, each leaf tipped with a small brown mucro
about' >^ mm. long. This specimen is not in flower so the floral
characters cannot be given.

From Mr. Parish's Herbarium 1 have examined the follow-
ing specimens.

v^ "Z. Califoniica Presl. San Bernardino Mts., August, 1882.
S. B. and \\'. F. Parish. Xo. 158." A later note says; "This is
Z. latifoiia Greene. Pitt. 1 :25."

Plant somewhat hispid with short hairs ; leaves broadly
lanceolate, 20-50 mm. long, 10-15 mm. wide; calyx-tube con-
stricted about 8 mm. above the base, thence widening to about 3
times the diameter at the constriction; petals scarcely exceeding

51

the sepals; stamens slightly exserled ; >tyle exserted about KJ
mm. Flowers evidently a brilliant scarlet, as they are not much
faded even now.

y "Z. latifolia (/reene. Strawlierry X'alley, Aug., 1001. K.lev.
5000 ft. Grant."

Plant rather his])id with soft short hairs, especially on mar-
gins and veins of leaves; leaves lanceolate, 15-30 mm. long, 4-8
mm. wide, usuall}' denticulate, somewhat fascicled ; calyx-tube
cvlindrical f)-8 mm. above base, thence funnelform ; i)etals scarce-
ly exceeding cahx-lobes ; stamens and stvle have been liroken

1/ "Zaiisclnicna Lalijonnca I'res. Santa Rita ]ylts., Anz.

Coll. Thomber, Xo. 12. b'.lev. 5000 ft. 0-11-03. Distributed bv
the I'niversity of Ariz(jna."

I'lant erect, rigid, nearly glaljrous ; leaves sessile, lanceolate,
20-25 mm. long, 5-S mm. wide, denticulate, edges somewhat
crisped; cal}-.x-tube cylindric 3 nun., then funnelform, al^out 15
mm. long ; petals scarcely exceeding calyx-lobes ; stamens and
stvle much exserted; capsule long-pedicellate. This plant ai)-
proaches in general appearance Z. .-Inzonica Davidson, but tlie
leaves and flowers are rather smaller. It is, however, not at all
Ijke Z. Calif oniica Presl. as delimited b_\- Dr. Greene (1. c. ).
^ "Z. Ari.-jdJiica Davidson." Which see above.
V "Z. Garrett I A. Xels. Cache Countv, Ttah, Logan Drv Can-
von. 8 Aug., 1000. Charles Piper Smith, Xo. 1087. Det. .\.
Xels." Proc. P.iol. Soc. Wash.. 20:136, 1007.

Plant w'lod)' and rigid, somewhat hirsute, the hairs long
and widelv spreading;; leax'es oval or ovate, 20-30 mm. long.
irregularly an^l remotel}' denticulate, s])arsely hirsute ; calyx-
tul)e narrowh- funnelform, slightly puberulent, 15-20 mm. long;
]jetals deep scarlet, slightly exceeding the calyx-lobes ; stamens
and stvle not apparent in this specimen, but stigma said by Xel-
son t(^ be tardih' well exserted; ca])sule i)ulierulent. ^hurt pedicel-
late.
V "Z. Calif arnica Presl.; .\valon, 6 Aug., 1O02. 5024."

Collector's name not given, liut jjrobabl}- Mr. Grant. A
later note says: "Z. Calif arnica var. iiiicrof^hylla." Another
note says: "Rev. ^Ir. Robertson says this is distinct and pecu-
liar to Catalina."

Stems glabrous with a ])inkish tinge; leaves gray-green with
a minute appressed tomentum, 15-30 mm. long, 2-4 mm. wide,
tipped with a small brown mucro ; calyx-tube 25-30 mm. long,
somewhat constricted above the bulbous base ;, thence narrowdy
funnelform ; petals scarcely exceeding the segments of the calyx,
veined and deeply lobed ; stamens exserted a little more than the
length of the petals and the style about twice the length of the
stamens ; ca]isulc long i)ediccllate, minutel\' glandular.

52

I can liiid very littlt dift'creiice between tliis s[jecinien and
one in the Herljarium of the So. Cal. Academy of Sciences,
collected by F. Grinnell in Bailey Canyon, San Gabriel Mts.,
Sept., 1911. The latter specimen has somewhat smaller leaves,
which are considerably more fascicled, bnt otherwise I can see
no difference. Another specimen, also in the Academy's Herlj-
arinm, collected in Lanrel Can\on, l)y Mr. and Airs. Grtjut, la-
belled "Z. microp/iylla Cn-ay," shows onl_\- ab(_)ut the same differ-
ences as Grinnell's. I sIkjuKI consider all three Z. Calif oniica
Presl., as delimited by Dr. Greene.

In the Herliarinm of the vSontliern California Acadenn- of
Sciences 1 find bnt seven sheets of Zaiiscluicria. two of which
are mentioned abovC: A third, collected at Sierra Madre, by
Miss Mohr, no date £;'iven, is evidently identical with those
jnst mentioned, on!}- having" slightl}' smaller leaves and flowers,
(Inc. probably, to its having grown in a dryer situation.

A sheet of Davidson's Z. Arizuniica, to \\hich species refer-
ence has before been made, needs no furtlier mention.
^ "Z. hilifolia. San Bernardino All.s., Cal. julv, 1911. ,AIiss
Mohr."

Herbage soft hirsute with spreading hairs; leaves lanceo-
late, 15-30 mm. long, 5-8 mm. wide. irregularl\' denticulate;
flowers small, deep scarlet.

K "Z. Calif oniica I'resl. Common along dry ])laces, Alay to
Nov. Avalon, Santa Catalina Island, Cal. Nov. VK)(). I'.lanclie
Trask."

This is practically identical with the ])lant in Air. Parish's
herbarium, to which extended reference has been made above.
There are no flr)wers, but several ripe capsules.

"Zaiiscluicria. San Luis ( )bis])o, Cal. Aliss Thekla Alohr.
1911."

riant evidently tall and robust; herbage almost entirely
glabrous; leaves narrowly lanceolate, thin and feather-veined,
15-40 mm. long, 3-0 mm. wide, minutely denticulate, fascicled in
the axils; calvx-tube 2? mm. long, slightly C(_)nstricted 10 mm.
above the bulbous base, thence funnelform ; ])etals about one-third
longer than the sejials ; stamens slightly and the style long ex-
serted ; cai)sule glandular, short-pedicellate.

This plarit seems to l)e (luite distinct in foliage from any I
have examined. In floral characters it seems in no way dift'er-
ent from other forms of Z. latifolia Greene.
^ Z. glaiiditlosa Aloxley, Bull. So. Cal. Acad. 15:22. 1916.

Mr. H. vS. Swarth, to whom the t_\-pe sheet of this s])ecies
belonged, is now connected with the Aluseum of A'ertebrate Zo-
ology at Berkeley, Cal., and has i:)laced this sheet in the Herba-
rium of the University of California. It will not, therefore, be

53

found in the L. A. Coi;nt\' Alusenm. as stated in the aliove ref-
erence.

^ Z. vhcosa ^loxley. Ilnll. So. Cal Acad. 15:22. 1916.

A co-type of this s])ecies has been placed in the Herbarium
of the University of California.

The following- are in my own licrbarium :

' "Z. lafifolia Greene. Arrovo Seco, San CalMdel Mts. Cieo.
L. Aloxley. 281."

Leaves lanceolate, nearl_\- entire, some fainth denticulate,
covered with a dense mat of short soft wliite hairs.

^ "Z. lafifolia Greene. Strawberrv Peak. San Galiriel AFts.,
elev., 61.S0 ft. July 23, 1015. Geo. L. Moxley 423."

\'er}- tomentose with long- white hairs, covered with white,
stalked glands : leaves sharply serrate.

^ "Z. Californica Presl. Sawpit Canvon, San Galiriel Mts..
Sept. f), 1Q15. Geo. L. Moxley 444."

Leaves much fascicled, small and very narrow, grav with
a minute appressed tomentum.

i^ "Z. Californica Presl. Hills near S«juthwest Museum, Los
Angeles, Cal. Oct. 12, 1015. Geo. L. Moxley 452."

This specimen differs from those in the Herbarium of the
So. Cal. Academy of Sciences only in somewhat shorter and
broader leaves. The gray-green appressed tomentum, short
brown nmcro, and i)rominent midril) are identical. This plant
has been attacked l)y some insect which causes the formation of
rosettes of broader thinner leaves resembling" a small green rose-
bud. I have frequently noticed this on Zaiisclmcria near Los
Angeles.

^ My sincere thanks are flue Dr. A. Davidson, Mr. S. L.
Parish, Mr. F. \\\ Peirson. and Mr. H. S. Swarth for the ex-
tended loan of specimens from their herbaria, without which
even this brief study would have been impossible.

LITERATURE CITED.

A.brams, Prof. L. R., Flora of Los Angeles and A^icinitv.
1011.

Davidson. Dr. Anstruther, ''A New Zauschneria." P>ull. So.
Cal. Acad. Sci. 1 :15. 1902.

Greene, Dr. E. L., "The Species of Zauschneria." Pittonia
1 :23-28. 1887.

Jepson, Prof. W. L.., Flora of Western Middle California.

54

Bernhard R. Baumgardt
Secretary 1893-1906
President 1906-1909

\<\i\'( )k'r ( )!' 'nui ^]':c\<\ir.\\<\

Prkskntki) at thk Annual Mektinc,

OF THE

SouT[1!':k\ Cai.h'okxia .\CA^E^1^■ oi' Sni'.NCi'.s,
JrNE 14, l')ir..

Ti 1 1{ acli\'ilies» (if the Acadeni)' (UiriiiL; the last season, in
interest and ])ri ihtn.ble achie\'e]nents, have nut fallen helow
the record of an\- prior year.

The approval, hv the mein])ers of tlie Acadeni}', of the work
of the Directors, has just lieen manifested liy their tnianimons
re-election for the _\'car before tis.

Xotwithstandinij; om" very moderate income, and the <le-
mands n])on it for the current exi)enses of the .\cailem_\', and
particularly for the i)a_\-ment of rent for a hall, njxin every occa-
sion when a meetin.L;' of the Academy has been held, imder the
most ric^'id economy and careful inspection of all claims, by that
\\'atch-d(.;^- of the Treasury-. Director Keese, we commence the
new vear with all debts dischar,u,'ed and a small balance on hand
tn our credit.

Durini; the xear there have been five meetings of the Direc-
tors for fliscussion and the manai^'ement of business affairs.

The .\ca<lem\" has given six lectures which have been free
to the ]nddic anrl which have been u])on subjects of general in-
terest, viz :

A Permanent llome. owned by the .\cademy.

The Customs of the Stone Age on Catalina Island.

Cambodia, and Its Ancient and Modern (jengraiihic Limits.

Oersted's Ex]ieriment or the lieginning of the Electrical
Age.

The Crcat Canyons of Arizona and Xew Mexico.

The Romance of Htmian Civilization.

The interest in these several discourses was intensified by
the various, l)eautiful and most graphic views thrown ui)on the
screen from the lantern.

The greatest exj^enses we are called upon to discharge are
the cost of publisliing our lUdletin anrl the rent of hall for
meetings of the .Academ\-.

As to tlie lUdletin, 1 can only reaffirm what I re])orted in
m\- .\nnua] Statement of last year. It is received with favor-
able comment from scientific bodies located in widely separated
countries all over the world, and the demand for exchanges and
individual cojiies is constantly increasing. I regret to say that
oiu- ver\- limited income ])i'o]n'bits larger editions, an.d the addi-
tional mailing exiKMise.

57

We have lost two valued meml)ers. — Edward Wolsey Coit,
and David R. IJrearley, who b(jth died at Los Angeles, the for-
mer on September 25. 1915, and Mr. Brearlev on January 5,
1916.

The becjuest of $10,000.00 to the Academy by the late Ban-
crt)ft E. Beeman has not been received, but we are informed that
the executrix will be able to pay this amount into our treasury
at an early date.

A spacious and commodious hall has been tendered to us
by the manag-ement of the South West Museum, located at
Avenue 46 and ATarmion W'a}', for the exhibition of our fossil
mounts, our conchological, ethnological, ornithological and other
collections, and the greatly needed opixniunity for ])lacing our
Library in an accessible condition.

With two or three excejjtions, all the mounts of fossils from
La Brea excavations, now upon exhibition in the Museum at
Exposition Park, belong to this Academy of Sciences, and pre-
liminary arrangements have Ijeen made by our Board of Direc-
tors for an amicable agreement with the Board of Supervisors
for the removal of these La Brea fossil mounts or duplicates
thereof. At this date it is impossible to state the conditions
which will be exacted by either our Academy or the Board of
Supervisors, but the sentiment of our Directors seems to indi-
cate that the Academy will make an absolute gift of all said
mounted fossils, to the County of Los Angeles, provided the
Board of Supervisors will appropriate a sum sufficient for the
mounting of duplicates from the fossils now stored in the base-
ment of the Museum Building.

The subject of changing the name, au'l character of pub-
lication of our liulletin has been seriously discussed, but no defi-
nite action in this behalf has, as yet, been taken.

It is earnestly hoped, if members have any numbers of
A'olumes III, IV. V and W of the Bulletin, which they do not
wish to retain, that they will send them to the Secretary that
he may complete defective files.

HoLDRiDCE O. Collins,

Secret;ir\-.

58

Arthur B. Benton

President 1913-1916

TRANSACTIONS OF THE ACADEMY.

1 )lRKCT()RS' MeKTING

A duly called meeting of the Directors was held on Wednesday,
August 28, 1912, in the office of the Secretary, at the hour of one
o'clock P. M. Present, Messrs. Spalding, Knight, Davidson, Parsons,
Watts and CoUins.

Mr. Collins announced that he was preparing to take his daughter
upon a voyage around the world, expecting to be gone at least a year,
and inasmuch as this Academy should have constantly at its home
office a Secretary who could act with all the authority pertaining to
that office, he resigned his position as Secretary ; and thereupon, for the
purpose of having the record of this meeting duly engrossed and cer-
tified, he was elected Secretar}- pro tempore.

Mr. Arthur B. Benton was elected Secretary for the unexpired
term.

Mr. Collins reported that he had sent to the Museum Building, for
temporary keeping, all the half-tones, electrotypes and cuts, — the ac-
cumulation of many years, — used in illustrating the several volumes
of the Bulletin, all the back numbers of the Bulletin now remaining,
and most of the volumes and monographs of the Library, retaining
only a few volumes for the use of the Secretary and members, who
would find it inconvenient if not impossible to go to the Museum Build-
ing.

This disposition of the Academy jiroperty was approved.

Board adjourned.

HoLDRiDGE O. Collins,
Secretary Pro Tempore.

Omitted, 1iy error, from publication of former 'I'ransactions of the Acailemy.

Academy MEi-rriNc.

The January, 1916, meeting of the Academ}- was held on the
eleventh day of the month in the Friday Morning Club House.

Mr. William A. Spalding presented an address ujion "Oersted's
Experiment or the Beginning of the Electrical Age."

Academy Meeting.

On February 17, 1916, at the regular monthly meeting of the
Academy, the members were greatly interested by a discourse from
Dr. George LeMont Cole, describing the Great Canyons of Arizona
and New Mexico and the remains of the ancient Cliff Dwellers. Hi^
very graphic relation was illustrated liy views upon the screen.

Directors' Meeting.

.\ Directors' meeting was held in the Union League Club on
Thursday, March 30, 1916. Present, Messrs. Alliot, Benton. Collins,
Davidson, Keese, Parsons and Watts.

The Treasurer gave a statement of the financial condition of the
Academy, and the Secretary made a report regarding the numerous
letters he was constantly receiving from Listitutions for advanced
students, Libraries and Scientific Bodies from all sections of the Lnited
States, desiring to be placed upon the distril)ution list for our Bulletin,
and that the present income warranted neither larger e(Htions nor a
more frequent issue of the Bulletin.

til

An extended dit^cussion followed upon ways and means, and for en-
larging our work, but definite action was deferred to a future meeting.

The resignation of William A. Knight from his position as Director,
Chairman of the Astronomical Section and member of the Committee
on Program, was accepted

DlRliCTOKS' MeKTING.

A regular meeting of the Board of Directors was held on May 8,
1916, in the office of the Treasurer. Present, Messrs. Alliot, Benton,
Keese, Parsons. Watts and Davidson.

In the absence of the Secretary, Mr. Parsons was appointed Sec-
retary pro tempore.

Prof. Alliot tendered to the Academy the use of a hall in the South-
west Museum, of ample space for its Library and exhibition of its col-
lections in the several branches of science, and rooms for the trans-
action of sucli work as may be necessary in its activities. His offer
was accepted with thanks and Mr. Benton was authorized to make
such arrangements as may be feasible with the Board of Governors
of the Museum of Histor\-, Science and Art, and the County Super-
visors, for the transfer of our collections to these new quarters.

The Committee on Program reported that it had secured Prof. G.
E. Bailey for a lecture on the "Use of Explosives in Agriculture," and
Mr. E. L. Doheny for a lecture upon tiie "Oil Fields and Great Wells
of Eastern Mexico."

Mr. Thomas L. O'Brien was elected a Director for the unexpired
term of Mr. Knight, who had resigned.

Mr. G. Allen Hancock, Mr. George H. Beeman, and Jvlrs. Mary A.
Beeman were elected Honorary Alembers, and Air. Beeman was elected
a Fellow of the Academy.

Mr. Beeman reported that by reason of legal technicalities in the
administration of the estate of his father, the late Bancroft E. Bee-
man, the bequest of $10,000.00 could not be distributed at present, but
he had reason to believe that the legacy would be paid in the near
future.

Board adjourned.

Directors' Meeting.

At a meeting of the Directors held on June 14, 1916, present, Messrs.
Benton, Collins, Keese, O'Brien, Parsons, Spalding and Watts, Mr.
Bernhard R. Baumgardt was elected an Honorary Member of the
Academ}', all fees and dues being remitted.

The election to membership of Mr. Thomas L. O'Brien at a former
meeting of the Directors was made a matter of record.

Mr. Samuel J. Keese was appointed Chairman of the Astronomical
Section.

There being no further Imsiness the meeting adjourned.

AcADEiMY Meeting.

The .\nnual Meeting of the Academy was held on Wednesday,
June 14, 1916, in the Friday Morning Club Building, for the election
of Directors and the transaction of such business as sliould be presented.

The President appointed Alessrs. Collins and Parsons as teller.s
to take charge of the polls, and the election resulted in the unanimous
choice of the following named gentlemen, to-wit : Hector .\lliot, George
H. Beeman, Arthur B. Benton. Holdridge O. Collins. Anstruther David-

62

son, Samuel J. Keese, (ieov-yt W. Parson, William A. Spalding, Albert
B. Ulrey, William L. Watts and Tiiomas L. O'Brien.

Louis de Schweinitz, Mrs. Line B. de Schweinitz and \\'illiam
Lacy were elected members of the Academy.

The Secretary presented his Annual Report, which was ordered to
be printed in the July Bulletin, and Mr. Keese submitted his Annual
Accounts, which were referred to the Board of Directors.

Mr. Bernhard R. Baumgardt was the lecturer for the evening.
His subject was, "The Romance of Human Civilization," and the un-
usually large audience received the eloquent and instructive statements
of the speaker with enthusiastic applause. His discourse was accom-
panied with many beautiful views illustrating the evolution of the
human race from a condition of savagery to its present state of intel-
lectual culture; and the announcement by the President of tiie election
of Mr. Baumgardt as an Honorary Member was received with em-
phatic approval.

Directors' AIkkting.

A regularly called meeting of the Directors was held in the rooms
of the Jonathan Club on Thursday, July 6, 1916, at which all the mem-
bers of the Board were present except Davidson, Spalding and lUrey.

The gentlemen who were the Officers of the Academy during the
last year were severally re-elected to the same positions, and tlie I'resi-
dent re-appointed the old Committees.

The annual accounts for the year 191.^-1910 of Mr. Keese, the
Treasurer, which were presented at the .Annual Meeting of June 14,
1916, and referred to this Board, were verified, approved and confirmed.

Notice was given of the death on January S, 1916, of David R.
Brearley, who was a member of this Academy and a subscriber to tlie
Life Membership Endowment Fund.

After adjournment tlie gentlemen of the Board were entertained
at lunch b\' Mr. Keese.

HoLDRiDC.E O. Collins, Secretary.

Botanical Section.

The regular meeting was held February 24th, 1916, in the Music
Room of the Public Library. Dr. Davidson showed specimens of plants
collected on Mt. San Antonio by Mr. Fred Burlew. Also a number of
specimens left to the Academy by the late Dr. H. E. Hasse.

Mr. T. W. Minthorn communicated a number of specimens to be
mounted and added to the Academy's Herbarium.

Mr. F. Grinnell, Jr., presented some flowering branches of Bcrbcris
Nevinii which he had collected in the Pacoima Wash near San Fernando.

At the meeting of March 23rd, Dr. Davidson, unable to attend, sent
the specimens presented at the last meeting by Mr. Minthorn, which
have been mounted and named. Nearly all were from the vicinitv of
Lundy, Cal. A pleasant hour was spent in examining and discussing
them.

The regular meeting was held April 27th in the Alusic Room of the
Public Library.

Dr. David.son, being una])le to attend, sent a parcel of specimens
from the late Dr. Hasse's Herbarium. Mr. T. W. Minthorn presented
a new lot of specimens wliich will be mounted and added to the
Academy's Herbarium.

Miss Browning brought some interesting flowers wliich had been
sent to her from the desert.

63

]\lr. Pa\'ne showed a miniher of plants now ])l()oniing in the wihl
garden at Exposition Park.

The meeting of May 25th was hehl in the Mnsic Room of the
Library.

Dr. Davidson showed three specimens of Opuiitia, one of which
is probably a new species. He also presented some plants from Dr.
Hasse's Herbarium.

On motion it was ordered we make request of the Library to add
the new magazine "Addisonia" to its files, calling special attention to
the fact that it will be invaluable to Florists, Horticulturists and Bot-
anists.

Mr. Minthorn exhibited some plants from various localities.

These, so far as available, will be added to the Academy's Herb-
arium.

It was announced that this will be the last meeting of the section
until September.

Gi-:o. L. ]Moxli:y, Acting Secretary.

New York Botanical Garden Librar

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