* CO rri y, "'W'*' HI Z V'"~ — co Z to .ONIAN”lNSTITUTION NOlinillSNI NVIN0SH1MS S3IHWB8 1 LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN 1NSTITUT * ^ S — | JJ S 1 I I g k 9 F 2 c/> § ~W > 2 -i^UBRARlES^SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOlinillSNI NV1N0SH1MS S3 1 B Vl — CO Z „ ^ W — . CO co .« w o _ _ _ lOmAN^lNSTITUTION^NOlinillSNI^NVINOSHUlNS S3 I BVB 8 !1 LIB RAR I ES^SMITHSONIAN’jNSTITUT r- z f~ Z r- Z 2 2 m XTl^X 2 CO % 03 ?0 ^ > „y>. 33 *■' - ft) x^yosuy^ IHIMS S3IHVH8n~L to . z H Z 5 g >* 5 Z to BRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOlinillSNI NVIN0SH1MS S3 I H V d -* aa «g v g X£vosH$X > ONIAN“iNSTITUT!ON '"NQIiniliSN! NWINOSHIMS^SS ! BVB 8 ll^LI B RAR I ES^SMITHSONIAN INSTITUT CO \ to ^ ^ - to Z yj to ^ to xf2£>VQ^v w CO to u> | »' l .#^ § Q£ < K o > 30 to '^coSlT^X m z ’'W*' m z ncouu^jx pm Z CO Z CO Z (/) ;ONIAN"iNSTITUTION NOlinillSNI NVIN0SH1MS S3IHVH0I1 LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN SNSTITU1 SHIMS S3 ! H VB S co UJ - n LI B RAR I ES^SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOlinillSNI NVINOSHilWS^SS I d VB co z _ co — co CO r ,• „ .« to . H /‘WWA ^ r/.Aj/ -v K % 2 5 “ -^*r 5 2 o SONi'AN"*8 INSTITUTION^ NOlinillSNI^NVINOSHlMS S3IBVB8I1 LIB RAR! ES SMITHSONIAN INSTITU1 03 ^3 A. > p as pm X^vosv'jS- co z SHIMS S3 I B V B 0 II L CO z ^ | § co j/W'/wA co w i >’ 2 co m X^q\ 2 > |r ^ W( rn '' W z pH CO Z CO ± CO BRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOlinillSNI NVIN0SH1MS S3IHVB w z t to z ^ 5r vXjSTItT/jNv v S x SON I AN ^INSTITUTION NOlinillSNI NVINOSHIMS^SH I B VB 8 Il^LI B RAR I ES^SMITHSONIAN INST.ITU1 — z *■ s >• s -".^p > 1I1SNI NVINOSHIIIAJS^SS I d¥d a Il^L! B RAR I ES^SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION ^ NOI-LfUllSNI NVINOSH. — '■* to = co ” co S'” CO o 2 ,w. C ^±7 O “ 'cyvASv^ o “ r *" ^ o Z «J Z ^ Z «=j — = ARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOIlfUllSN! NVIN0SH1IINS SHIdVdail LIBRARIES SMITHSOi z f~ _ 2 f . z r- z — to “ CO \ Z CO -= 1I1SNI NVINQSHili/US SSIdVdail LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOIiniliSNt NVINOSH. ^ z to 2 <. a£K ... 2 .2 riy o oyr s ‘TOT- s (*e r 1 W § % % 1 1 _ ^ g» Z ’CO z - CO ,-| iSx S o AR I ES^SMITHSONIANf INSTITUTION^NOUfUllSNI^NVINOSHIlIAJS^Sa I dVd a ll^ LI B RAR 1 ES^SMITHSO: — CO 2 __ ^ co . CO ■=, CO ^ u ^ A-? Z ^4 1 J 1 03 pA O nc»a< PCX ” N^ojus^X q lllSNI^NVINOSHHWS S3 I dVd 8 11 LIB RAR I ESZSMITHSONIAN"'lNSTITUTION^NOiini!iSNl"'NVINOSHi f“ 2 r- Z r- 2 r- 'a\ CD ^ g CD 03 ^ ° m I lit- #5) 5 (If 11) e mjA> % c7* 2 m '^i^vosv^S' 2 ' f71 X4!y os>^x ^ xj^asj^x m AR I ES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOIiniULSNI~NVINOSHlllNS S3 I dVda Il“u BRAR I ES^SMITHSOf § %% 3 Afe § /#% 3 § %<% 3 ^ 3 s 3 II, Jl S Jf Jf' 3 8 M* 5,V/ -z/*r / t | z « . _,.v.- «= > 5 1I1SNI_NVIN0SH1IWSOTS3 I avaa n\| BRAR I ES^SMITHSONIAN^INSTITUTION C/JNO!iniliSNl"'NVINOSH. CO — - — V CO CO \ Olvition of Fishes, U» S. Waffonal Museum T BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. VOL. XX, FOR 19 00. PIEST ZP^AIRT.. GEORGE M. BOWERS, Commissioner. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 19 0 2. / SUMMARY. XV Vaughan, T. Wayland. — The Stony Corals of the Porto Rican waters. 248 Ophiacantha ophiactoides 249 Page. Ophialcsea glabra. 249 Ophioplinthaca spinissima 250 Ophioscolex serratus 250 Ilolothuria densipedes 257 Hargitt, Charles W., and Rogers, Charles G. — The Aleyonaria of Porto Rico. . 14; A. 23; pectoral 2; ventral 3.5; caudal 1.3; scales 42,-9. Body comparatively deep and strongly compressed; belly not strongly trenchant, without serrulations; snout thick, much projecting; maxillary reaching nearly to root of mandible, very finely and weakly serrate; eye large; tip of lower jaw reaching vertical from front of eye; distance from lower posterior angle of cheek to vertical from posterior margin of opercle much less than from same point to eye; dorsal inserted far in advance of anal, just behind insertion of ventrals, midway between anterior edge of pupil and base of caudal. Color in spirits: Back dark to near the median line, below this somewhat reddish; rest of body 90 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. below a line from shoulder to upper base of caudal silvery; some golden on snout and behind eye; no lateral band. This species has a general resemblance to Stolepliorus produclus, but is unquestionably distinct from it; the anal is much shorter and inserted farther back, the body is deeper, the eye larger, and the snout longer. It is very close to Stolepliorus gilberti, differing chiefly in the larger eye, in the color of back, and in the somewhat less sharply compressed belly. One specimen, the type (No. 49360, U. S. N. M.), 4.5 inches long, collected at Puerto Real, January 27, 1899. Stolepliorus garmani Evermann & Marsh, Report U. S. F. C. 1899 (December 19, 1899), 352, Puerto Real, Porto Rico. 40. Stolephorus gilberti Evermann & Marsh. Head 3.25; depth 3.4; eye 4; snout 6; maxillary 1.7; mandible 1.7; interorbital 4.9; D. 15; A. 23; pectoral 2.1; ventral 3.5; caudal 1.3; scales 42-9. Body comparatively deep and strongly compressed, belly trenchant, without serrations; snout thick, much projecting; maxillary reaching nearly to root of mandible, scarcely serrate; eye moderate; tip of lower jaw reaching vertical from front of eye; distance from lower posterior angle of cheek to vertical from posterior margin of opercle much less than from same point to eye; dorsal inserted far in advance of anal, just behind insertion of ventrals, midway between anterior edge of eye and base of caudal. Color in spirits: Back light-olivaceous with dark punctulations; rest of body below a line from shoulder to upper base of caudal, silvery; faint traces of golden behind eye; no lateral band. This species is very close to Stolephorus garmani, differing chiefly in the much smaller eye, the more uniform color of the back, the somewhat more sharply compressed belly, and the more nearly entire maxillary. One specimen, the type (No. 49359, U. S. N. M. ), 4.5 inches long, collected at Palo Seco, near San Juan, January 13, 1899, associated with S. producing, with which species both S. gilberti and S. garmani Evermann A Marsh are allied. Stolephorus gilberti Evermann & Marsh, Report U. S. F. C. 1899 (December 19), 352, Palo Seco, Porto Rico. 41. Stolephorus productus (Poey) . Hecliudo; Grubber Broad-head. Head 3.6; depth 3.7; eye 3.9; snout 7; maxillary 1.3; mandible 1.4; interorbital 4.6; D. 13; A. 31 to 33; pectoral 1.75; ventral 3.3; caudal 1.1; scales 43-8. Body elongate, not elevated, strongly compressed, belly not rounded; head small, broadest above, the pointed snout projecting beyond mouth; eye large, much greater than length of snout, placed high and well forward; mouth very wide, maxillary very long and thin, reaching to or beyond root of mandible nearly to gill-opening, ending in a point; dentition very weak, edge of maxillary being minutely serrate, no teeth in lower jaw; fins small, pectoral inserted under gill-opening, ventral very small, anal long and low, caudal deeply forked; dorsal and anal with a basal sheath of scales; no lateral line; scales large, somewhat deciduous. THE FISHES OF PORTO RIOO. 91 Silvery on sides, the back darker, no lateral band. Known only from Cuba, Jamaica, and Porto Rico. One of the larger anchovies; rather common; 16 specimens of about 6 inches, from Palo Seco and Ponce. Engraulis productus Poey, Repertorio, I, 380, 1866, Cuba. Stolephorus product us, Jordan & Evermann, l.c., 447, 1896. Family XIX. SYNODONTID^®. The Lizard-fishes. Body oblong or elongate, little compressed, covered with cycloid scales, rarely naked. Mouth very wide, the entire margin of the upper jaw formed by the long and slender premaxillaries, closely adherent to which are the slender maxillaries, the latter mostly rudimental or obsolete, never widened at tip. Teeth mostly cardiform on both jaws, tongue, and palatines; canines rarely present; large teeth usually depressible. No barbels. Opercular bones usually thin, but complete. Gill-membranes separate, free from the isthmus. Branchiostegals usually numerous. Pseudobranchiae present. Gill- rakers tubercular or obsolete. Lateral line present. Adipose fin present, rarely obsolete; dorsal fin short, of soft rays only; pectorals and ventrals present; anal fin moderate or long; caudal forked. Skeleton rather well ossified. Air-bladder small or wanting. Intestinal canal short. Sides some- times with phosphorescent spots or photophores. Eggs inclosed in the sacs of the ovary and extruded through an oviduct. Genera about 10; species about 40, mostly inhabiting shore waters, some of them descending to the depths. • a. Scales present, more or less adherent. b. Teeth of premaxillary simple, compressed, not barbed, in one or two rows; a broad band of similar teeth on palate, e. Vent about midway between base of caudal and axil of pectoral; head short, blunt, compressed. Trachinocephalus, 28 cc. Vent much nearer base of caudal than axil of pectoral; head depressed, with flat triangular snout ... Synodus, 29 bb. Teeth of premaxillary in a very broad band, curved, unequal, and barbed at the end; a similar band on palatines. Bathysaurus an. Scales very caducous or wanting; teeth in narrow bands; vent posterior Bath yi.aco Genus 28. TRACHINOCEPHALUS Gill. This genus is closely related to Synodus, from which it differs chiefly in form and in the relative development of the fins. Body stout, head short, blunt, and compressed. Vent well formed, about midway between base of caudal and axil of pectoral, under tip of last dorsal ray. Teeth as in Synodus, but slender, smaller, and closely set. Lower jaw projecting. Species few; shore fishes, widely diffused in tropical seas. 42. Trachinocephalus myops (Forster). Ground Spearing; Lagarto. Head 3.4; depth 5; eye 6.4; maxillary 1.8; mandible 1.5; interorbital 10; D. 12; A. 14; pectoral 2.6; ventral 1.1; caudal 1.6; scales 4-58-7. Vertebrae 58; caeca 25. Snout very short, shorter than eye lower jaw very slightly projecting; top of head scaleless, very rough; interorbital space with an abrupt longitudinal depression. Pectoral very short, ventrals long, reaching vent. Color in spirits: Very light brown; 3 or 4 rather faint longitudinal lines above lateral line, these demarcating color stripes in life; traces of longitudinal dark lines below lateral line; back with 6 or 8 obscure dark vertical bars, barely crossing lateral line; an oblong dark-brown scapular blotch ; a dark- brown band from eye across lower jaw; fins nearly plain. One specimen, 7 inches long, from San Geronimo, collected by Mr. Geo. M. Gray. Salmo myops Forster MS., Bloch & Schneider, Syst. Ichth., 421, 1801, St. Helena. Osmerus lemniscatus LacOpOde, Hist. Nat. Poiss., V, 236, 1803, Martinique; after Plunder. Saurus truncatus Agassiz, Pise. Brasil., 82, 1829, Brazil. f Salmo trachinus Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Poissons, 231, 1842, Japan; the East Indian, Chinese, and Japanese form, Trachinocephalus limbatus, is little if at all different from T. myops. Saurus brevircslris Poey, Memorias, II, 305, 1861, Cuba; erroneously stated to have 10 rays. Trachinocephalus myops, Jordan & Evermann, 1. c., 533, 1896. 92 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. Genus 29. SYNODUS (Gronow) Bloch & Schneider. First superior pharyngeals cartilaginous; second without teeth; third and fourth separate, with teeth ; lower pharyngeals separate. Body elongate, subterete. Head depressed, snout triangular, rather pointed. Interorbital region transversely concave. Mouth very wide; premaxillaries not protractile, very long and strong, more than half length of head; maxillaries closely connected with them, very small or obsolete; premaxillaries with one or two series of large, compressed, knife-shaped teeth, the inner and larger depressible; palatine teeth similar, smaller, in a single broad band; lower jaw with a band of rather large teeth, the inner and larger teeth depressible; a patch of strong depressible teeth on tongue in front, and a long row along hyoid bone; jaws nearly equal in front. Eye rather large, anterior; supraorbital forming a projection above eye. Pseudobranchiae well developed. Gillrakers very small, spine-like. Gill-membranes slightly connected. Top of head naked; cheek and opercles scaled like body; body covered with rather small, adherent, cycloid scales; lateral line present; no luminous spots. Dorsal tin short, rather anterior; pectoral moderate, inserted high; ventrals anterior, not far behind pectoral, large, inner rays longer than outer; anal short; caudal narrow, forked. Vent posterior, much nearer base of caudal than axil of pectorals. Branchi os toga's 12 to 16. Stomach with a long, blind sac and many pyloric caeca. Skeleton rather firm. Voracious fishes of moderate size, inhabiting sandy bottoms at no great depth, in most warm seas. Species numerous; two known from Porto Rico. o. Scales large, 43 to 50 in lateral line, which has a blunt keel posteriorly. b. Tips of first rays of dorsal not reaching tips of last rays when depressed; snout short, broad; shoulder-girdle with a large black blotch, anal rays 10 or 11; scales 4-48-6 intermedins, 43 bb. Tips of first rays of dorsal reaching tips of last rays when depressed. c. Shoulder-girdle with the black spot very small or wanting; snout rather pointed, 3.75 in head; ventrals 1.25 in head; anal rays 10 to 12 '. poeyi aa. Scales small, 58 to 68 in lateral line. d. Anal fin very short, its rays 8 only; pectoral fin short. e. Scales moderate, 58 in lateral line; snout 4 in head; shoulder-girdle slightly dusky; dorsal mottled synodus dd. Anal fin moderate, its rays 10 to 13; shoulder-girdle chiefly yellowish. /. Snout very broad, broader than long; about 10 scales in a cross series from dorsal to ventral; jaws subequal; scales 4-60 to 64-5; tail with a slight keel saurus ff. Snout not broader than long; more than 10 scales in a cross series from dorsal to ventral; lower jaw included; tail not keeled. g. About. 4 rows of scales (6 counting obliquely) between lateral line and adipose fin; scales on cheek in 4 to 7 rows. h. Head vermiculate above, its length 4 to 4.25 in body; 7 rows of scales on cheek fcetens, 44 43. Synodus intermedius (Agassiz). Sand Diver. Head 3.8; depth 7; eye 7; snout 3.8; premaxillary 1.6; mandible 1.4; interorbital 5.8; D. 11; A. 11; pectoral 2.1; ventral 1.1; caudal 1.7; scales 5-49-6. Body elongate, fusiform, slightly depressed, a slight keel on caudal peduncle; head rather blunt and heavy; scales behind eye, with tubes or muciferous canals; tips of first dorsal rays not reaching tips of last rays when depressed. Easily distinguishable from S. fcetens by the less slender body, heavier head, larger scales, and color markings. Color in spirits: Grayish, paler below, each row of scales with a pale longitudinal stripe, plainest on sides; about eight faint dark vertical bars, terminating at middle of side, a dark blotch between their ventral ends, plainest in the young; pectoral, caudal, and dorsal barred; shoulder-girdle with a black blotch near angle of opercle, which covers it. This species is generally common and ranges from southern Florida to Brazil. It is apparently the most abundant species of Synodus in Porto Rico, but of little value as food. Five examples, from 7 to 12 inches in length, were collected at Puerto Real, Boqueron, and Culebra. Saurus intermedins Agassiz, in Spix, Piscium Brasil., 81, pi. XLIV, 1829, Brazil. Saurus anolis Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XXII, 483, 1849, Bahia; Martinique. Synodus intermedius, Jordan & Evermann, l.c., 535, 1896. 44. Synodus foetens (Linnaeus). Lizard-fish; Galliwasp; Lagarto; Soap-fish. Head 4; depth 8; eye 8; snout 3.4; premaxillary 1.6; mandible 1.4; interorbital 5.5; D. 10; A. 12; pectorals 2.1; ventral 1.3; caudal 1.8; scales 6-60-7. Body very slender, the caudal peduncle without trace of keel; interorbital space with radiating ridges, plainest in adult; opercles with 5 rows of scales, cheek with- 7 rows. THE FISHFS OF PORTO RICO. 93 Color in spirits: Grayish, obscurely mottled with darker on back, plain white below; no distinct longitudinal lines in adult; the young have the back more distinctly mottled, sometimes with regular bars, with diffuse regular blotches along lateral line and with more or less distinct longitudinal stripes; tins plain. Three examples, 5.5 to 14 inches in length, from Puerto Real, Boqueron, and Isabel Segunda, and two young from Fish Hawk station 6063 in Mayaguez Harbor, in 75 fathoms. Salmo fallens Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. XII, 613, 1766, South Carolina. Osmcrus albidus Lac6p6de, Hist. Nat. Poiss., V, 229, 1803, Carolina; after Linnaeus. Coregonus ruber Lac6pede, Hist. Nat. Toiss., V,263, 1803, Martinique; after Plunder. Esox salmoneus Mitchill, Trans. Lit. and Phil. Soc., I, 1815, 442, New York. Saurus longirostris Agassiz, Spix, Pise. Brasil., pi. 43, 1829, Brazil. Saurus mexicanus Cuvier, R6gne Animal, ed. II, vol. 2, 314, 1829, Mexico. Saurus spixianus Poey, Memorias, II, 304, 1861, Cuba. Synodus fastens, Jordan & Evermann, 1. c., 538, 1896. Fig. 16. — Synodus foelens. Family XX. AULOPIDtE. Allied to the Synodonlidx, but with the maxillary separate, well developed, and dilated behind. Hypocoracoids extended downward, as in many spiny-rayed fishes. Gil lrakers mostly long and slender, needle-shaped. Eyes normal, large or small. No luminous spots; jaws without fang-like teeth. Dorsal fin moderate, nearly median in position; body elongate. Pectorals present, normal in form and position; adipose fin normally present. Pseudobranchiae present. Fishes of moderate depths, chiefly Atlantic, including, as here understood, about six species. Genus 30. CHLOROPHTHALMUS Bonaparte. Head elongate, body subterete, covered with moderate-sized, adherent, pectinate, or ctenoid scales arranged in straight, parallel, oblique lines. Mouth rather large, maxillary well developed, dilated behind, reaching to beyond front of orbit; lower jaw projecting. Teeth very small, sharp on jaws, vomer, and palatines, usually minute teeth on tongue. Eye very large. Dorsal short, inserted before middle of length of body; adipose fin small; anal short; caudal forked; pectorals and ventrals well developed, ventrals inserted under the dorsal and not far behind pectorals, none of the rays forming exserted filaments. Gill-openings wide. Branchiostegals 10. Pseudobranchise well developed. Gillrakers needle-shaped, rather numerous. Color, silvery, with darker markings. Deep-sea fishes, resembling smelt. Of four known species, only one is from Porto Rico. a. Eye 2 in head; scales 60 to 63 agassizii aa. Eye 3 in head; scales 45 to 52. b. Dorsal rays 11; depth 6.25 in length chalybcius , 44 bb. Dorsal rays 8; depth 5.5 in length truculentus 45. Chlorophthalmus chalybeius (Goode). Head 3; depth 6; eye 2.5; snout 3.5; interorbital 7; maxillary 2; mandible 1.8; D. 9; A. 6; scales 51; pectoral 1.5; ventrals 1.6; height of dorsal 1.4; of anal 2.5; length of caudal lobes 1.4; least depth of caudal peduncle about half that, of body. Body terete; head rather large; mouth large; maxillary long, broad at tip, reaching front of pupil; lower jaw somewhat projecting; eye very large; minute teeth on jaws, vomer, palatines, and tongue; 94 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. gillrakers long and slender; opercular flap long, reaching base of pectoral. Scales large, arranged in regular, oblique, transverse rows, overlapping in such a manner as to resemble plates, most of the scales apparently cycloid, but those of lateral line pectinate. Origin of caudal slightly nearer tip of snout than adipose fin and in front of base of ventrals; adipose fin over middle of anal whose distance from snout is three-fourths length of body; pectoral long, pointed, its tip not reaching tips of ventrals; ventrals long; anal opening between ventrals and near their base. Color in alcohol : Pale; back and sides crossed by about 10 rather broad dark-brown bars, usually interrupted on the side, the broadest being just back of dorsal; a broad one crossing front of dorsal, and a narrow one at its last rays; a large quadrangular dark blotch on side above and anterior to anal fin; base of caudal dark; cheek, opercles, and top of head with some dark; snout pale; lower part of side, especially between pectoral and ventral, with line black specks; a few above pectoral; breast and region between ventrals with numerous shining black specks; anal black; scales of belly with rows of similar black specks; bases of anal and ventrals similarly marked; inner ventral rays black; lower part of anterior dorsal rays black; base of caudal with numerous dark specks. The single specimen (2.5 inches long) which we have agrees fairly well with the type with which we have compared it. The lower jaw, however, is less projecting in our specimen and the dorsal rays are one fewer. The known specimens of this interesting species have been taken as follows: Fish Hawk Station. U.S. Nat. Mus. No. Lat. N. Long. W. Depth. Albatross Station. U.S. Nat. Mus. No. Lat. N. Long. W. Depth. 876) 877 > 878] 1043 1038 1108 6070 | 26092 28995 28976 31644 o t n Off Bloc 3S 39 00 39 58 00 40 02 00 Mayague 0 / // ; Island. 73 11 00 70 06 00 70 37 30 /, Harbor. Fms. 126 130 146 101 220 2420 2424 2425 2536 2537 43829 43830 43831 (13833 143834 43835 o t n 37 03 20 36 41 37 36 20 24 | 39 56 15 ’ 39 56 45 O ! // 74 31 40 74 42 15 74 46 30 70 47 30 70 50 30 Fms. 101 85 119 157 156 It will be observed that all the specimens previously taken were obtained in the Gulf Stream southeast of Rhode Island, in depths ranging from 85 to 157 fathoms. The specimen obtained by us in Mavaguez Harbor was taken from rocky bottom in the beam trawl and at the greatest depth yet known for the species. Hyphalonedrus chalybeius Goode, Proc. U. S. N. M. 1880 (Feb. 16, 1881), 484, Gulf Stream, off Block Island. Chlorophthalmus chalybeius, Jordan & Evermann, 1. c., 542, 1896. Family XXI. PtECILIIILF. The Killi-fishes. Body oblong or moderately elongate, compressed behind, depressed forward, covered with rather large cycloid scales, which are adherent and regularly arranged. Lateral line wanting or represented by a few imperfect pores. Head scaly, at least above. Mouth terminal, small, the lower jaw usually projecting; margin of the upper jaw formed by the premaxillaries only; premaxi llaries strong, extremely protractile. Teeth incisor-like or villiform, sometimes present on vomer, but usually in jaws only; lower pharyngeals separate, with cardiform or rarely molar teeth; third upper pharyngeal enlarged, fourth wanting or united to third. Gill-membranes somewhat connected, free from isthmus; gillrakers very short, thick. Branchiostegals 4 to 6. Pseudobranchise none. Dorsal fin single, inserted posteriorly, of soft rays only, rarely with a single spine or a rudimentary spinous dorsal; caudal fin not forked; ventral fins abdominal, rarely wanting; pectoral fins inserted low; no adipose fin. Stomach siphonal without pyloric appendages. Air-bladder simple, often wanting. Basis cranii simple [fide Cope). Sexes usually unlike, the fins being largest in the males, but in some species the females are much larger in size. Many of the species are ovoviviparous or viviparous, the sexes very unlike, anal fin of male being developed as an intromittent organ, the young well developed at birth. A large family of brackish or fresh-water fishes in southern Europe, Asia, Africa, and America, some of them occurring in bays and arms of the sea. They are mostly of small size, and the species are very difficult of determination. Only two species known from Porto Rico. This is easily understood when it is remembered that there is so little brackish water about this island. THE FISHES OF PORTO RICO. 95 a. Intestinal canal comparatively short, little convoluted; teeth little movable; bones of the dentary firmly con- nected; lower jaw strong and usually projecting beyond upper; species chiefly carnivorous. b. Anal fin of male similar to that of female and not modified into an intromittent organ. Species oviparous. c. Teeth all pointed, none of them compressed or bicuspid or tricuspid. Fundulin,®: d. Teeth in vllliform bands or at least in more than one series. e. Air-bladder well developed (in all species examined); no caudal ocellus. /. Gill-openings not restricted above, the opercular angle free from shoulder-girdle; body oblong; dorsal various in size and insertion Fundulus, 31 ff. Gill-openings restricted, the opercle from upper root of pectoral upward being adnate to shoulder-girdle, body short and deep Adinia ee. Air-bladder wanting; a black ocellus at root of caudal, at least in males Rivuliis dd. Teeth arranged in a single series; dorsal inserted in advance of anal; mouth oblique. g. Dorsal and anal fins short, each of 9 to 13 rays Lucania gg. Dorsal and anal fins very long, each of more than 20 rays Girardinichthys Cyprinodontin/E: cc. Teeth incisor-like, notched, bicuspid or tricuspid. h. Ventral fins well developed (occasionally lost through atrophy); gill-openings restricted; opercle adnate above to the shoulder-girdle. i. Incisors bicuspid, with a band of villiform teeth behind them; body rather deep, vertical fins moderately developed Characodon ii. Incisors tricuspid, in one row, with no villiform teeth behind them; body short and deep, compressed. j. Dorsal fin- short, of 10 to 12 rays, first ray slender and rudimentary Cyprinodon jj. Dorsal fin very long, of 16 to 18 rays, first ray developed as a stout, grooved spine Jordanella bb. Anal fin in the males placed well forward and modified into a sword-shaped intromittent organ teeth all pointed, arranged in bands. Species viviparous or ovoviviparous, the young of large size at birth. GAMBUSUNi®: k. Eye normal, pupil not divided by a partition; dorsal inserted more or less behind front of anal. l. Jaws not produced into a beak, lower jaw prominent, longer than upper; male fish much smaller than female. m. Dorsal fin long, of 14 to 16 rays; anal short Pseudoxiphophorus mm. Dorsal fin short, of 6 to 10 rays; anal short Gambusia U. Jaws produced into a moderate beak, much as in Labidesthes; dorsal and anal short Belonesox Anablepin.®: - kk. Eye divided into two portions by a horizontal cross partition; vertical fins short; body elongate Anableps aa. Intestinal canal elongate, with numerous convolutions; dentary bones loosely joined; teeth movable; species chiefly mud-eating. Goodeina:: n. Teeth incisor-like, all tricuspid, in one series, with a series of villiform teeth behind them; sexual characters unknown, the sexes probably alike; lower jaw projecting. o. Fins small; scales large; form oblong Goodea Pceciliina:: nn. Teeth all pointed; anal fin in male advanced and modified into an intromittent organ; lower jaw short and weak. Species ovoviviparous. p. Teeth in a single series; dorsal and anal both short; scales large. q. Dorsal fin inserted in advance of anal Platypcecilus qq. Dorsal fin inserted more or less behind front of anal Heterandria pp. Teeth in more than one series. r. Dorsal inserted more or less behind anal; both fins very small Lebistes rr. Dorsal inserted over or in advance of anal, its rays much elevated in male. s. Dorsal fin short, of fewer than 12 rays. t. Teeth of inner series in both jaws trifid Acropcecilia It. Teeth of inner series in both jaws entire Pcecilia, 32 ss. Dorsal fin long, of 12 to 16 rays. u. Caudal fin normal, alike in both sexes, or with the lower angle merely sharp in the male Mollienisia uu. Caudal fin in males with its lower lobe much produced and sword-shaped, in adult as long as the rest of the body Xiphophorus Genus 31. FUNDULUS Lacepede. Killi-fishes. Body rather elongate, little elevated, compressed behind. Mouth moderate, lower jaw projecting. Jaws each with two or -more series of pointed teeth, usually forming a narrow band. Bones of the mandible firmly united. Scales moderate. Hill-opening not restricted above, opercle with its margin not adnate to shoulder-girdle. Preopercle, preorbital, and mandible with mucous pores. Dorsal and anal fins similar, small or rather large, dorsal inserted either in front of, above, or behind front of anal; ventrals well developed. Air-bladder present. Sexes differing in color, size, and development 96 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. of fins, anal fin in the male normal. Intestinal canal short. First superior pharyngeal without teeth, second with teeth; third and fourth coossified, with teeth. Species very numerous, mostly American, inhabiting fresh waters and arms of the sea. They are the largest in size of the cyprinodonts, and some of them are very brightly colored. They are oviparous and feed chiefly on animals. Some of them are. bottom fishes, burying themselves in the mud of estuaries; others swim freely in river channels and bays; still others are “top minnows,” surface swimmers, feeding on floating insects in swamps and streams. a. Species with dorsal fin moderate or rather large, of It to IV rays, its insertion above or usually in front of inser- tion of first ray of anal; scales large or small. Free-swimming species, not feeding at the surface, some of them often burying themselves in the mud of bottoms in shallow water. b. Dorsal fin inserted before origin of anal; branehiostegals 5 or 6. Funbui.us: c. Scales large, 31 to 38 in a lengthwise series. d. Scales in lateral line 31 to 34, 10 to 12 in a cross series; body rather elongate, depth 4 to 4.5 in length; dorsal rays usually 12. e. Body without crossbands; each scale above, and especially posteriorly, with a vertical purplish spot in the center; dorsal with series of blackish dots; anal rays 13 punctalus ee. Body with crossbands light or dark, probably in both sexes; anal rays 9 to 11. /. Snout shortish, shorter than eye; a black spot on back before dorsal; head bluntish, 3.5 in length pallidas //. Snout very long, 1.5 times length of eye in adult; no black spot before dorsal; male with an ocellated dorsal spot; head pointed and elongate, 3.33 in body; branehiostegals 6 similis dd. Scales in lateral line 35 to 38. g. Anal rays 10 to 12. h. Female with two or three black horizontal stripes; male with about 12 dark crossbars and a dorsal ocellus; head long; 3.75 in length; branehiostegals 6 majalis hli. Female plain or with dark crossbands only; no black horizontal stripes. i. Dorsal rays 10 or 11. j. Color greenish; both sexes usually with dusky or silvery crossbars and pearly spots, at least on the fins of the male; dorsal sometimes with an ocellus; scales 35 or 36. k. Form robust, the depth 3.66 in length; head 3.66; dorsal ocellus faint or wanting; males with many pearly spots; females nearly plain hcteroclitus kk. Form rather slender, the depth 4 in length; head 3.25; dorsal ocellus on female very conspicuous; pearly spots fewer; female banded or spotted ocellaris jj. Color greenish; in spirits without bands or spots; body deep; tail slender; fins small fonticola, 46 it. Dorsal rays 12 to 14; olivaceous, with about 15 dark crossbands bermudx gg. Anal rays 16 or 17; dorsal rays 13 or 14; upper lip thick; scales 38-15 or 16. l. Form robust, the depth in adult about 3 in length; color uniform pale-brown; fins unspotted robusms ll. Form rather slender, the depth 4.5 in length; color uniform-brown, or slightly mottled on tail; fins unspotted; the anal of male black at base, yellow distally labialis cc. Scales comparatively small, 44 to 48 in lateral line; dorsal fin of 13 to 15 rays; anal rays 11 to 14 adinia bb. Dorsal fin inserted over or slightly behind front of anal fin; branehiostegals 4 or 5; bright-colored species with orange or brown spots, inhabiting mountain springs and brooks; scales about 35, 24 before dorsal; body with about 15 well-marked black crossbands, as in Fundulus similis or F. cingulatus, between which this species seems to find its place; fins plain. D. 9 or 10; A. 9 funduloides Zygonectes: aa. Species with dorsal fin small, of 7 to 11 rays, its insertion distinctly behind front of anal fin; small species with large scales (29 to 40) ; surface swimmers, “top minnows,” seeking insects at the surface of water. to. Anal rays 14; dorsal rays 8; scales 31-8; depth 5 in length; olive, the body plain; dorsal and anal with dark cross- bands; base of caudal with round pale spots dovii mm. Anal rays 8 to 13. n. General coloration olivaceous, either plain or with pearly or orange spots paler than ground-color, or blackish spots not forming distinct series; no sharply defined black crossbars or longitudinal black stripes. o. - Anal rays 12 or 13; body slender, depth 4 to 5 in length jenkinsi oo. Anal rays 8 to 11; scales rather large, about 33 to 35-10; depth about 4 in length; anal rays 8 to 11; head 3.25 to 3.5 in length pulvereus nn. General coloration olivaceous, with a single black lateral stripe from head to tail ; body stout, depth 3.33 in length; sides silvery, with black lateral shade above silvery part. D. 11; A. 11; scales 31-10 melapleurus 46. Fundulus fonticola Cuvier & Valenciennes. D. 11; A. 12; B. 5; scales 37. Body plump, with long caudal peduncle. Head broad, little depressed; tail slenderer and body deeper than in Fundulus heteroclitus; dorsal inserted in front of anal; dorsal and caudal small and rounded, anal high and pointed, paired fins short. Teeth in broad bands, outer little enlarged. Uniform green, apparently without spots or band in spirits. (Color entirely lost in the original type.) Length 2 inches. THE FISHES OF PORTO RICO. 97 Known only from mountain springs in Porto Rico; here described from the original type, the only known example, as the other specimens possessed by Cuvier & Valenciennes belong to a species of Gcimbusia. This species was not obtained by us, but is recorded from Porto Rico by Poey. Fundulus fonticola Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XVIII, 198, 1846, Porto Rico; Poey, Fauna Puerto-Riquefia, 342, 1881; Jordan & Evermann, 1. c., 643, 1896. Genus 32. PCECILIA Bloch & Schneider. Body oblong, often rather deep; mouth small, transverse, with weak jaws; teeth small, in narrow bands, the outer series in each jaw being usually enlarged, curved, movable, and with brown tips; lower jaw not prominent, bones movable. Scales large. Dorsal fin rather small, of 7 to 11 rays; anal fin short, in female nearly opposite dorsal, in males advanced and modified into a sword-shaped intro- mittent organ. Vertebra; about 28. Intestine long. Numerous species, mud-eating and viviparous, inhabiting the West Indies, Mexico, and South America. The genus differs from Mollienisia only in the smaller size of the dorsal, which usually has 9 or 10 rays and is nearly opposite the anal in the female, but behind it in the male. а. Scales very large, 23 to 25 in a lengthwise series; coloration plain; dorsal and anal dotted. б. Dorsal rays 7; anal rays 8; coloration plain, fins dotted vivipara, 47 bb. Dorsal rays 9; anal rays 8 giUi aa. Scales moderate, 28 to 32 in a lengthwise series. c. Base of caudal with a black ocellus pavonina cc. Base of caudal without distinct black ocellus. d. Dorsal and anal each with 10 or 11 rays; scales 30 to 32,-10; depth 3 to 3.33 in length; side with two rows of black dots vittata dd. Dorsal with 7 to 11 rays; anal rays 6 to 9. e. Body rather robust, depth in adult more than one-fourth length mexicana; thermalis; chisoyensis; pelenensis; sphenops; dovii; boucardi; vandepolli; dominicensis; melanogaster; spilurus ee. Body rather elongate, depth in adult not more than one-fourth length elongata 47. Poecilia vivipara (Bloch & Schneider). Head 3.6; depth 3.5; eye 3.5; snout 4.2; interorbital 1.8; D. 7; A. 8; scales 25,-8. Body stout, compressed posteriorly; head depressed, flat; mouth small, jaws weak, lower pro- jecting; teeth small, in a narrow band in each jaw, outer series greatly enlarged, curved, movable, tips brown, those of inner series of short, blunt papillae; greatest width of body at pectorals about 1.2 in head; caudal peduncle greatly compressed 7 or 8 times in its least depth; origin of dorsal fin in female somewhat posterior to that of anal, a little nearer snout than tips of caudal fin; dorsal and anal fins small, the rays short; pectorals and ventrals short; scales large; intestinal canal long and convoluted. Color, olivaceous, paler below; borders of scales brownish; a dark bar across anterior part of opercle, meeting its fellow below; dorsal fin with a broad black bar, plainest on posterior rays, some- times not evident on anterior rays; caudal with many fine dark specks, faint traces of two dark crossbars; an irregular black blotch on base of upper caudal rays and a similar one on lower, these sometimes indistinct. The males differ somewhat from the females in color. The black at the base of the caudal is more distinct, and the body is crossed by some 10 or 12 indistinct brownish bars. The male also differs from the female in having the anterior rays of the anal modified into a long, somewhat curved intromittent organ, the length of which is usually about equal to length of head; the anal is situated much farther forward, its origin being nearer tip of snout than base of caudal; the ventrals are also much lengthened, about 1.3 in head. This little fish has been recorded from Brazil, Guiana, and Martinique. It was found near Ponce and Fajardo and at Arroyo and Hucares. At the latter place 422 specimens were obtained February 14 in a small brackish- water lagoon, where it was associated with Dormitalor maculatus and the young of Tarpon atlanticus. They most frequented the shallow water along the edges of the lagoon, where they swarmed in great numbers and were easily caught in a small hand-net. Of the 422 examined only 34 were males. The largest females are about 2 inches in total length, the males about 1.44 inches. At Fajardo 71 were taken, of which only one was a male. These were evidently adults, some being 3 inches long and most of them over 2 inches. Some of the females contained well-developed young. Poecilia vivipara Bloch & Schneider, Syst. Iehth., 452, pi. 86, fig. 2, 1801, Surinam; Jordan & Evermann, 1. e., 691, 1896. Poecilia surinamensis Cuvier & Valenciennes, Humboldt, Observ. Zool., II, 158, 1817, Surinam. Poecilia schneideri Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XVIII, 135, 1846, Surinam, F. C. B. 1900—7 98 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. Family XXI 1. ESOCIIM:. The Needle-fishes. Body elongate, very slender, compressed or not, covered with small thin scales. Lateral line very low, running as a fold alongside of belly. Both jaws produced in a beak, the lower jaw the longer, very much the longer in the young, which resemble Hemiramphus ; maxillaries grown fast to premaxillaries; each jaw with a hand of small, sharp teeth, besides a series of longer, wide-set, sharp, conical teeth. No linlets. Dorsal fin opposite anal, both tins rather long. Air-bladder present. Lower pharyngeals united to form a long, slender, narrow plate, with flat surface, covered with small, pointed teeth; upper pharyngeals distinct, the third pair little enlarged, each with some 15 moderate, unequal pointed teeth ( Tylosurus marinus); fourth pair well developed, with similar teeth, but without anterior processes. Vertebrae numerous, with zygapophyses. Ovary single. Voracious, carnivorous fishes, bearing a superficial resemblance to the gar pikes; found in all warm seas, sometimes entering rivers. This family contains 4 genera, only 2 of which (Tylosurus and Athlennes) are found in our waters, and only the first is represented in Porto Rico; the species are about 50, the majority of them American. Their habits are ordinarily much like those of the pike, but when startled they swim along the surface with extraordinary rapidity, often leaping above the water for short distances. When thus leaping the large species of the tropics are sources of danger to incautious fishermen, sometimes piercing the naked abdomen of the savages. Most of them are good food-fishes, but the green color of the bones of the larger species often causes them to be avoided, for no good reason. a. Gillrakers none; no teeth on vomer: dorsal and anal elevated In front; caudal fin lunate. b. Body subterete or slightly compressed, its breadth more than two-thirds its greatest depth Tylosurus, 33 bb. Body much compressed, its breadth not half its greatest depth... Athlennes Genus 33. TYLOSURUS Cocco. The Hound-fishes. B< >dy elongate, very slender, not much compressed. Both jaws prolonged into a beak, lower jaw somewhat the longer, much the longer in young fishes, the very young resembling Hemiramplms. Each jaw armed with a band of small, sharp teeth, beside which is a series of longer, wide-set, sharp, conical, unequal teeth; no teeth on vomer or palatines. Scales small, thin; lateral line running along the side of the belly, becoming median on the tail. No finlets. Dorsal fin more or less elevated anteriorly; caudal fin short, unequally lunated or forked; pectorals moderate; ventrals small, inserted behind the middle of the body. Gillrakers obsolete. Bones usually more or less green. This genus contains numerous species of comparatively large size. Voracious fishes, chiefly Amer- ican, one species crossing to Europe, some of them entering rivers. a. Mouth capable of being nearly or quite closed, upper jaw not conspicuously arched at base. b. Caudal peduncle compressed, deeper than broad, without trace of keel along the lateral line; no fold of skin across preoperele; caudal subtruncate, the lower lobe somewhat produced; sides with a bluish-silvery band; species of small size, with scales and bones not green. c. Scales comparatively large, about 85 before the dorsal fin, and about 7 or 8 rows on the cheek; body robust, depth about 5 in head; coloration pale, dorsal and caudal brick-red in life; lateral stripe narrow for its entire length: no scapular blotch notatus cc. Scales small, 140 to 150 before dorsal fin, about 12 rows on the cheek; body slender; ventrals inserted at a point nearer cheeks than base of caudal; fins without red; lateral stripe broadened below dorsal fin. d. Body very slender, depth 7 in head, which is 2.83 in body; eye moderate, 2.33 to 2.75 in postorbital part of head; no distinct notch in the temporal ridge; maxillary not entirely concealed by preorbital. D. I, 15; A. 1, 17; scales in lateral line 225 . limucu, 48 dd. Body less slender, depth 6 in head, which is 2.9 in body; eye large, 2.2 in postorbital part of head; a distinct notch on temporal ridge close behind eye; maxillary almost entirely concealed by the preorbital. D. I, 15; A. I, 17; scales in lateral line 200 euryops bb. Caudal peduncle very much depressed, wider than deep, but without trace of keel. Head 2.66 in length; eye 2.5 in postorbital part of head; maxillary nearly concealed by preorbital; body subterete; snout very nearly twice length of rest of head; brownish above, silvery below, a bluish lateral stripe edged below with black and yellowish; scales not very small. D. 16; A. 17 diplotxnia bbb. Caudal peduncle more or less depressed, or at least with a more or less developed dermal keel along the lateral line; scales and bones more or less green. e. Dorsal and anal fins short, each of 14 to 18 rays, anal larger than dorsal and beginning farther forward; last rays of dorsal and anal low; jaws slender, about twice as long as rest of head; no fold of skin across preoperele. f. Eye very small, 4 to 6 in postorbital part of head; caudal keel sharp, color black; body and tail much depressed, microps THE FISHES OF PORTO RICO. 99 ff. Eye moderate, 2 to 3.25 in postorbital part of head. g. Caudal fin forked; caudal keel sharp, broad, and conspicuous; top of head flat, striated, without median groove; case of upper jaw much depressed; maxillary entirely hidden by preorbital; teeth very small; ventral fin mid- way between eye and caudal; scales not very small. D. I, 13; A. i, 18 ardeola, 49 gg. Caudal fin unequally lunate, the emargination not deep, the lower rays moderately produced; scales very small; sides with a silvery lateral stripe; caudal keel not very conspicuous, not black; top of head with median groove; maxillary not entirely concealed by preorbital; ventral inserted midway between preopercle and base of caudal. Species of moderate size, with the scales and bones more or less green. h. Eye moderate, 2.5 in postorbital part of head; pectorals not black posteriorly. D. I, 15; A. I, 17; lateral line 300; a dark bar on opercle marinus hh. Eye small, 3.25 in postorbital part of head. D. 13 or 14; A. 15 or 16; pectoral pale almeida ee. Dorsal and anal fins long, each of 17 to 25 rays, last rays of dorsal fin more or less elevated in the young, becoming lower in adult; caudal keel rather strong, black; one or more folds of skin across edge of preopercle; caudal fin deeply emarginate or unequally forked. Ventrals inserted midway between base of caudal and middle of eye. Species of large size, with scales and bones green; no distinct lateral stripe. i. Beak short and very strong, its length 1.5 to 1.33 times length of rest of head; body comparatively robust, depth more than one-fifth length of head. j. Dorsal fin long, its rays 1,21 to 1,24; anal rays 1, 22 to 1,24; insertion of dorsal almost opposite that of anal; snout longer, 1.66 to 1.83 length of rest of head; lateral line about 350 raphidoma, 50 jj. Allied to T. raphidoma, but insufficiently characterized galealus ii. Beak strong, but more elongate, about twice length of rest of head; dorsal beginning behind front of anal; greatest depth of body about two-thirds length of pectoral. D. 1, 23; A. 1, 21; lateral line 380; no lateral stripe acus aa. Mouth not closing completely, upper jaw arched at base; lobes of dorsal and anal low, the last rays elevated; eye very large, 2.1 in head; scales small, green. D. 24; A. 22; a bluish lateral band caribbxus 48. Tylosurus timucu (Walbaum). “ Agujon.” Head 2.75; depth 7; eye moderate 2.33 to 2. 75 in postorbital part of head; scales small, 225, about 150 before dorsal: D. 15; A. 17. Body very slender, subterete; caudal peduncle not keeled; ventrals inserted nearer cheeks than base of caudal. No distinct temporal notch; maxillary not entirely concealed. Scales and bones not green. Greenish; a silvery-bluish lateral band, widened below dorsal; no scapular spot. Length 1J feet. Florida Keys to Brazil; not rare. Found by us at San Juan. Palo Seco, and Hucares, and doubtless occurring everywhere about the island. By the natives all the species of Tylosurus are known as “agujon.” Timucu or Peixe agulha, Marcgrave, Pise. Brasil., 168, 1648, Brazil. Esox timucu Walbaum, Artedi Piscium, III, 295, 1792, Brazil; after Marcgrave. Betone subtruncata Poey, Memorias, II, 295, 1861, Havana. Belonc depressa, Poey, Memorias, II, 296, 1861, Havana. Tylosurus sagitta Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. N. M. 1884, 25, Key West. Tylosurus timucu, Jordan & Evermann, 1. c., 711, 1896. 49. Tylosurus ardeola (Cuvier & Valenciennes) . “ Agujon.” Head 3.75; depth 8 in head; eye 7; lower jaw from eye 4 in eye (upper jaw broken in our specimen); interorbital equal to eye; I). 13; A. 17. Body very slender; head broad and flat, much broader than in a specimen of T. timucu of same size; upper jaw depressed; preorbital completely cov- ering maxillary; teeth small and weak; no fold of skin on opercle; caudal peduncle depressed, with a strong sharp keel; scales moderate, about 150 before dorsal; origin of dorsal decidedly behind that of anal; caudal unequally lunate, lower lobe the longer; ventrals midway between eye and caudal. Our collection contains a specimen of Tylosurus, 13 inches long, obtained at Isabel Segunda, which we are not able to identify with certainty. It is much emaciated and starved in appearance, with very short jaws, which have probably been broken. It seems to agree with the brief description given by Cuvier & Valenciennes of their Belone ardeola and also of their B. cigonella, the type of which came from Porto Rico. Belone ardeola Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XVIII, 425, 1846, Martinique. Belone cigonella Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss.', XVIII, 436, 1846, Porto Rico; Poey, Fauna Puerto-Riquena, 337, 1881. Tylosurus ardeola, Jordan & Evermann, 1. c., 713, 1896. 50. Tylosurus raphidoma (Ranzani). “Agujon”; Hound-fish. D. 21 to 24; A. 22 to 24; scales 350. Caudal keel rather strong, black; one or more folds of skin across edge of preopercle. Body robust, little compressed, its greatest breadth a little more than two- thirds greatest depth; caudal peduncle slightly depressed, a little broader than deep, with a slight black dermal keel. Head broad, interorbital space nearly two-thirds length of postorbital part of 100 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. head, with a broad, shallow, nearly naked median groove, which is wider behind and forks at nape. Supraorbital bones with radiating strise. Jaw's unusually short, stiff, strong, rapidly tapering forward; large teeth of jaws very strong, knife-shaped. Upper jaw from eye about 1.75 times as long as the rest of head. Eye large, 7 in snout, 2.66 in postorbital part of head, and 1.8 in interorbital width. Maxillary entirely covered by preorbital. Cheek densely scaled; opercle mostly naked except along the anterior margin. Scales of body minute, especially above. Dorsal fin low posteriorly, height of its anterior lobe equaling that of anal, or length of postorbital part of head, its longest ray two-fifths the base of fin; last rays of dorsal and anal much elevated in young; caudal lunate, its lower lobe nearly half longer than upper; middle rays about as long as eye. Yentrals inserted midway between base of caudal and middle of eye, their length a little less than that, of pectoral and equal to post- orbital part of head; insertion of anal opposite that of dorsal. Green, silvery below; no lateral stripe; pectoral and dorsal blackish; scales and bones green. This species reaches a length of 3 to 5 feet, and is generally abundant in the West Indies from the Florida Keys to Brazil, the young occasionally reaching northward, having been reported by Dr. Bean from Ocean City, N. J. It is the most common species of the genus in Porto Rico, having been obtained at San Juan, Mayaguez, Ensenada del Boqueron, Isabel Segunda, and Culebra. It is a vigorous fish and sometimes dangerous in its leaps from the water. Belone raphidoma Ranzani, Nov. Comm. Ac. Nat. Sci. Inst. Bonon., V, 1842, 359, pi. 37, fig. 1, Brazil. Belone gerania Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XVIII, 437, 1846, Martinique. Belone crassa Poey, Memorias, II, 291, 1861, Cuba; Poey, Fauna Puerto-Riqueiia, 337, 1881; Stahl, 1. c., 79 and 166, 1883. Belone melanochira Poey, Memorias, II, 294, 1861, Havana. Tylosurus gladius Bean, Proc. U.S.N.M. 1882, 239 and 430, Pensacola. Tylosurus raphidoma, Jordan & Evermann, 1. c., 715, 1896. Family XXI 1 1. HEMIRAMPHID^E. The Balaos. Body elongate, more or less compressed, covered with large cycloid scales; upper jaw short, lower jaw various, sometimes much produced, the toothed portion at base fitting against the toothed premaxi llaries; teeth equal, mostly small and tricuspid; maxillaries anchylosed to premaxi llaries. Gillrakers long. Caudal fin rounded, or forked; if forked, the lower lobe the longer. Anal fin modi- fied in the viviparous species (Zenarchopterus) , unmodified in the others and usually similar to dorsal; no finlets; air-bladder large, sometimes cellular. Third upper pharyngeal on each side much enlarged, solidly united with its fellow to form an oval plate, with slightly convex surface and covered with blunt tricuspid teeth; this is about as large as the united lower pharyngeals and fits into the cavity of the latter; fourth upper pharyngeal wanting or grown fast to third ; lower pharyngeal large, thick, triangular, with concave surface. Vertebrse about 50. (Characters verified in Hemiramphus hrowni, Hyporamphus roberti, and Chriodorus atherinoides. ) Herbivorous fishes of warm seas; mostly shore species; a few pelagic. They feed chiefly on green algae, and, like the related forms, swim at the surface, occasionally leaping into the air. Size rather small, about a foot in length. a. Lower jaw bluntish, not at all produced; teeth rather large; the pectorals and ventrals moderate; shore fishes Chriodorus aa. Lower jaw acute, longer than upper, or more or less produced; teeth small; species oviparous, anal fin in the male not modified, caudal fin unequally lunate. b. Lower jaw produced in a long pointed beak, usually longer than rest of head. c. Body moderately compressed; pectoral moderate; shore fishes. d. Air-bladder simple; sides of body more or less convex; ventrals inserted anteriorly, far in advance of dorsal Hyporhamphus, 34 dd. Air-bladder cellular; sides of body nearly vertical and parallel; ventrals inserted posteriorly, not far before dorsal Hemiramphus, 35 cc. Body very slender and compressed, more or less band-like; pectoral fins very long, ventral very short, inserted posteriorly; pelagic species Euleptorhamphus THE FISHES OF PORTO RICO. 101 Genus 34. HYPORHAMPHUS Gill. The Half-beaks. Body elongate, moderately compressed, sides of body not vertical, but more or less convex; the dorsal outline parallel with that of belly. Upper jaw short; lower jaw prolonged into a slender beak, bordered with membrane; the beak shorter in the young; premaxillaries forming a triangular plate, the teeth of which fit. against the toothed portion of mandible; maxillaries joined to premaxillaries. Teeth feeble, mostly tricuspid. Gillrakers rather long. Head covered above with large, shield-like scales. Scales large, deciduous. No finlets; caudal more or less forked, lower lobe the longer; dorsal and anal similar, opposite each other, not modified in male; last ray of dorsal usually short; vent.rals small, inserted well forward, nearly midway between opercle and base of caudal. Air-bladder large, simple, not cellular. Young with lower jaw short. Side in our species with a distinct silvery band, as in Atherina. Oviparous. Species numerous in all warm seas, going in large schools, but usually remaining near the shore, feeding chiefly on green algee. a. Length of mandible from tip of upper jaw less than rest of head in adult (longer in young) ; body rather stout; D. 15; A. 16 unifasciatus, 51 an. Length of mandible from tip of upper jaw not less than rest of head, at all ages, much greater in adult; body more slender. D. 14; A. 15 roberti 51. Hyporhamphus unifasciatus (Ranzani). “ Balaju Escribano. Head 4.6; depth 6.8; eye 4; snout 2.8; maxillary 3.2; mandible 3; interorbital 3.6; D. 14 or 15; A. 14 to 16; pectoral 1.6; ventral 3.2; lower lobe of caudal 1.1; scales 52. Body elongate, not greatly compressed, sides not parallel, back wider than belly; lower jaw produced into a long beak which, from tip of upper jaw, is shorter than rest of head, this character separating the species from H. roberti , in which at all ages the mandible from tip of upper jaw is at least as long as head and in adults much longer; dorsal and anal fins completely scaled, the anterior rays produced but not falcate; lower lobe of caudal the longer; lateral line running very low, close to ventral fin, demarcating side from belly. Color in life: Back pale-olive or greenish; scales with dark punctulations forming a streak near border; 3 narrow distinct black lines along middle of back from occiput to dorsal fin, the median one faintest; dorsal and anal pale, dusky-tipped; caudal pale, dark-edged; fleshy tip of beak red; a distinct silvery lateral band, about as wide as eye, from upper part of base of pectoral to base of caudal. The balyhoo is very common in the West Indies, ranging from Key West to Rio de Janeiro, and is considerably used for food; it often leaps from the water and swims in schools, skimming along the surface, 43 examples, 4 to 10j inches, from San Antonio Bridge, San Juan market, Boqueron, Ponce, Hucares, and Isabel Segunda. Hemirliamphus unifasciatus Ranzani, Nov. Comm. Ac. Sci. Bonon., V, 1842, 326, Brazil. ? Hemirhamphus picarti Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss. , XIX, 25, 1846, Algiers. Hemirhamphus richardi Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XIX, 26, 1846, Antilles; Cayenne; Bahia.; Rio de Janeiro Hyporamphus tricuspidatus Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1859, 131, Barbados. Hemirhamphus fasdatus Poey, Memorias, II, 299, 1861, Cuba; not of Bleeker. Hemirhamphus poeyi Gunther, Cat., VI, 262, 1866, Cuba; after Poey. Hyporhamphus unifasciatus, Jordan & Evermann, 1. c., 720, 1896. Genus 35. HEMIRAMPHUS Cuvier. The Balaos Body more robust than in Hyporhamphus and different in form, the sides of body being compressed and nearly vertical and parallel. Head and jaws as in Hyporhamphus. Dorsal longer than anal fin and inserted farther forward, its last ray more or less produced in American species. Ventral fins small and inserted well backward, much nearer base of caudal than gill-opening. Air-bladder cellular with many 102 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. partitions (in II. browni). Species probably numerous, but most of them have not been examined as to the characters which separate this genus from Hyporhamphus. a. Upper lobe of pectoral orange in life; length of pectoral scarcely greater than depth of body. D. 14; A. 12; scales 53 brasiliensis , 52 «a. Upper lobe of caudal dull-bluish in life; scales rather smaller; length of pectoral one-fifth greater than depth of body balao 52. Hemirhamphus brasiliensis (Linnaeus). “Balaju” ; Balao; Escribano. Head 4.2; depth 6.2; eye 3.8; snout 2.9; maxillary 3.6; mandible 3; interorbital 3.9; D. 13 or 14; A. 12 or 13; pectoral 1.5; ventral 3.1; lower lobe of caudal 1.1; scales 53. Body much elongate, evenly compressed, the sides parallel, so that a cross section of the body is nearly rectangular; mandible produced into a very long beak, longer than head, and ending in a fleshy tip; upper jaw not produced. Lower lobe of caudal the longer. Color in life: Back uniform dark-greenish, the scales very slightly paler on edges; top of head like back; upper lobe of caudal yellow, lower olivaceous, the inner edge of both lobes dark; green color of the back ceasing abruptly at level of middle of base of caudal and upper edge of base of pectoral; sides and under parts silvery white. The yellow on caudal and the orange on tip of beak are color markings that distinguish it from Hyporhamphus unifasdatus or roberti. Very common; edible; its distribution and habits similar to Hyporhamphus; 14 specimens, 9 to 14 inches, from San Antonio Bridge, Aguadilla, Mayaguez, Boqueron, and Fajardo; 2 from SanGeronimo. Pig. 19. — Ilemirhamphus brasiliensis. Esox maxilla inferiore producla, Browne, Hist. Jamaica, 143, 1756, Jamaica. Esox brasiliensis Linnaius, Syst. Nat., ed. X, 314, 1758, Jamaica; after Browne. Hemirhamphus marginatus Le Sueur, Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., II, 1823, 135, Lesser Antilles; not of ForskS.1. Hemirhamphus browni Cuvier & Valenciennes, XIX, 13, 1846, Guadaloupe.; Martinique. Ilemirhamphus pleii Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XIX, 19, 1846, Martinique; Santo Domingo. Macrognathus brevirostris Gronow, Cat., 148, 1854, Jamaica; after Browne. Ilemirhamphus filamentosus Poey, Mem., II, 297, 1861, Cuba; Poey, Fauna Puerto-Riquena, 337, 1881; Stahl, 1. c., 166,1883. Ilemirhamphus brasiliensis , Jordan & Evermann, 1. c., 722, 1896. Family XXIV. EXOCtETID/E. The Flying-fishes. Body oblong or elongate, covered with cycloid scales, which are rather deciduous. Lateral line running very low, along side of belly. Head more or less scaly, with vertical sides. Mouth moderate, terminal, the jaws not prolonged into a beak. Premaxillaries not protractile, hinged at base mesially; margin of upper jaw chiefly formed by premaxillaries, the short maxillaries entering the lateral margin; maxillary free from premaxillary, its edge slipping under front of preorbital. Dentition various, teeth small and weak. Dorsal fin without spines, inserted on posterior part of body, opposite anal and more or less similar to it; ventrals abdominal, of several soft rays, inserted posteriorly; pectoral fin inserted high, used as an organ of flight; shoulder-girdle and pectoral muscles very strong; caudal fin forked, lower lobe the longer. No finlets. Vent close in front of the anal. Nostrils large, double, near eye. Lower pharyngeals enlarged and fully united, forming a large, transversely concave plate, covered with large, close-set, blunt, tricuspid teeth; third upper pharyngeal greatly enlarged, not united with its fellow, both covered with large, blunt, tricuspid teeth; fourth superior pharyngeal wanting in adult (probably coossified with the third) ; (these characters verified on Exocoetus californicus) ; vertebrae without zygapophyses. Gill-membranes not united, free from isthmus. Pseudobranchiae hidden, glandular. Gillrakers various. Gills 4, a slit behind fourth. Air-bladder very large, not cellular, so far as known, and extending far backward among haemapophyses of the caudal vertebrae. Vertebrae about 50. Intestinal canal simple, without caeca. THE FISHES OF PORTO RICO. 10b Carnivorous or herbivorous fishes; 4 genera and about 65 species, abounding in all warm seas, mostly pelagic, swimming near the surface, and skipping or sailing through the air, sometimes for considerable distances. a. Roof of mouth (vomer, palatines, pterygoids) and tongue provided with teeth, body not angular in outline (ellip- tical in cross section); pectoral fins moderate, not reaching beyond middle of dorsal fin, ventrals rather long, inserted behind middle of body; dorsal fin elevated; anal long, its base scarcely shorter than that of dorsal. Parbxocostus, 36 aa. Roof of mouth and tongue with fewer teeth or none (vomer and palatines toothed or not); body angular in outline (a cross section subquadrate); pectoral fins very long, their tips usually reaching nearly to base of caudal, lower jaw little prominent; snout short. b. Ventral fins inserted anteriorly, much nearer tip of snout than base of caudal, not used as organs of flight, their tips not reaching nearly to front of dorsal; anal fin long, its base nearly equal to that of dorsal Exoccetus bh. Ventral fins inserted posteriorly, usually nearer base of caudal than tip of snout, used as organs of flight, their tips reaching past middle of base of anal. c. Anal fin long, its base a little less than that of dorsal, its origin nearly opposite that of dorsal Exonautes cc. Anal fin short, its base one-half to two-thirds that of dorsal, its origin behind that of dorsal CYPSiLUP.usr37 Genus 36. PAREXOCCETUS Bleeker. Body moderately elongate, elliptical in cross section. Snout short; lower jaw not produced. Roof of mouth (vomer, palatines, and pterygoids) fully provided with teeth; pectoral fins moderate, not reaching beyond middle of dorsal; ventrals long, inserted behind middle of body; anal fin about as long as dorsal; dorsal high. Small flying-fishes of tropical coasts, widely distributed. 53. Parexocoetus mesogaster (Bloch). Volador; Flying-fish. Head 4.4 in length of body; depth 5; D. 12; A. 13; about 38 scales in lateral line, 5 rows of scales between lateral line and dorsal fin. Body elongate, compressed (not angulated), rather deep; width of body at base of pectorals 2 in head; head narrow, compressed, almost trenchant below; inter- orbital area flattish, about as wide as eye, 3 in head. Snout short, rather pointed, its length 4.25 in head; teeth on tongue and palatines; gillrakers numerous, long and slender; pectoral fins of moderate length, their length 1.66 to 2 in length of body, their tips reaching middle of base of dorsal fin; second ray of pectoral divided; dorsal fin very high, its longest rays about 0.16 longer than head; base of dorsal about 1.14 in length of head; tips of anterior rays of dorsal reaching beyond tips of posterior rays when fin is deflexed, almost to base of caudal fin; ventrals rather short, 4.75 in length of body, their tips reaching slightly past origin of anal fin; origin of ventrals midway between pupil and last caudal vertebra; anal fin opposite dorsal; lower lobe of caudal rather short, slightly longer than head. Color, blue above, silvery below, pectoral (dusky in the young) becoming nearly white in the adult; color of ventrals very similar to pectoral, the duskiness in the young formed of fine blaekish dots; upper half of anterior rays of dorsal fin black; anal fin with few small black dots, more numerous in the young; caudal dusky-reddish. This species reaches a length of 7 inches. It is common in the tropical seas of both the East Indies and West Indies, and in the Hawaiian Islands. It ranges north in the Gulf Stream to Rhode Island and is the most common flying-fish of the Carolina region. The young often has one or two fleshy barbels on the tip of the low'er jaw, these being fragile and easily destroyed. During the voyage of the Fish Hawk to Porto Rico and return to Norfolk, flying-fish were seen nearly every day and were particularly abundant between Savannah and the Bahamas, in the Wind- ward and Mona passages, and along the north coasts of Cuba, Santo Domingo, and Porto Rico. Scarcely a day passed when schools of twenty to a hundred or more did not follow along abreast of the ship. They were more numerous on bright days when there was considerable wind and the sea was somewhat rough. Apparently two or more species were seen, though the vast majority probably belonge to this species which seems to come nearer to shore than any other. A specimen 5.5 inches long flew aboard the ship at Aguadilla January 18. E.ioctrAu mesogaster Bloch, Ichthyolgia, pi. 399, 1795, Martinique; on a poor drawing by Plunder. Exoccetus orbignianus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XIX, 131, 1846, Montevideo, based on a drawing. Exoccetus hillianus Gosse, Nat. Sojourn, in Jamaica, II, pi. 1, fig. 1, 1851, Jamaica. Exoccetus gryllus Klunzinger, Pische des Rothen Meeres, 586. 1870, Red Sea. Parexocoetus mesogaster Jordan & Evermann 1. e., 728, 1896. 104 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. Genus 37. CYPSILURUS Swainson. Body elongate, broad above, somewhat compressed; head short, blunt, narrowed below; mouth small; jaws very short, about equal; chin without barbel; maxillaries not joined to premaxillaries; teeth very feeble or wanting; eyes large; gillrakers moderate; scales large, deciduous; no finlets; dorsal fin short, opposite anal; caudal widely forked, lower lobe the longer; pectoral fins very long, reaching past beginning of anal and serving as organs of flight, their great size enabling these fishes to sustain themselves in the air for some time; ventral fins large, posteriorly inserted, also used as organs of flight; air-bladder very large; no pyloric caeca. Species numerous, in all warm seas, living mostly in the open water and swimming in large schools; largely cosmopolitan, and any of the forms may be expected to be found within our limits. a. Second ray of pectoral divided (first simple); third and fourth rays longest. b. Ventral fins inserted about midway between pupil and last caudal vertebra. c. Dorsal and anal fins without black markings; ventrals pale. cl. Base of anal 1.66 in base of dorsal; pectoral 1.44 in length, reaching last ray of dorsal; ventrals 2.75 in body, reach- ing last ray of anal heterurus dd. Base of anal 2 in base of dorsal; pectoral 1.40 in length of body, the tip reaching end of dorsal fin; length of ventrals 2.89 in body, their tips nearly reaching last ray of anal lutkeni cc. Dorsal and anal fins marked with black; dorsal with one or more dark blotches; anal with a black spot on tips of third to sixth rays; ventrals black, with pale edgings and a white spot near base furcatus bb. Ventral fin inserted midway between posterior margin of preopercle and last caudal vertebra. e. Pectoral with posterior half rather abruptly black; anal white nigricans ee. Pectoral unicolor or nearly so, not abruptly black posteriorly. /. Dorsal fin slightly dusky, but without distinct markings; other fins faintly shaded, but without distinct black markings; pectoral reaching base of last anal ray; ventrals almost as far. D. 13; A. 10 lineaUis ff. Dorsal fin with a round, black blotch as large as eye on tips of middle rays; other fins all pale; pectoral reaching beyond tips of dorsal and anal. D. 12; A. 11 cyanopterus bbb. Ventral fins inserted at. a point midway between middle of opercle and last caudal vertebra (or between tip of snout and tip of upper lobe of caudal ) bahiensis, 54 aa. Second ray of pectoral simple (like the first); third ray divided. j Snout more obtusely descending than in any other species, its length 4.5 in head gibbifrons 54. Cypsilurus bahiensis (Ranzani). Volador. Head 4; depth 5; eye 3.1; snout 4.25; interobital 3; D. 13; A. 9; scales about 50. Body quadrate, stout, its width about two-thirds its depth; mouth small, snout short; eye large; top of head flat; pectoral very long, reaching last rays of dorsal and anal, second ray divided, third and fourth longest; ventrals long, longer than head, reaching nearly as far as tip of pectoral, their origin midway between last, caudal vertebra and middle of opercle; dorsal considerably in front of anal, its base nearly double that of anal; caudal widely forked, lower lobe the longer. 'Color, bluish, silvery above, silvery on sides, white below; side of head silvery; pectoral nearly uniform dusky, paler at base, and bluish-silvery outside; ventrals and anal pale; dorsal pale; caudal somewhat dusky. Found in tropical seas, north to Cuba, and said to be one of the commonest species; reaches a length of 8 inches. One specimen flew aboard the ship off Mayaguez, January 20. Exoccetus bahiensis Ranzani, Nov. Comm. Ac. Sci. Inst. Bonon., V, 1842, 362, pi. 38, Bahia. Exoccetus vermiculatus Poey, Memorias, II, 300, 1861, Cuba. Exoccetus spilonopterus Bleeker, “Nederl. Tydschr. Dierk., Ill, 1863, 113,” Sumatra. ? Exoccetus parrse Poey, Synopsis, 385, 1868, Cuba; description insufficient; taken from an old drawing. Exoccetus bahiensis, Jordan & Evermann, l.c., 739, 1896. Cypsilurus bahiensis, Jordan & Evermann, 1. c., 2836, 1898. Family XXV. AULOSTOMIDAi. The Trumpet-fishes. Body compressed, elongate, covered with small ctenoid scales. Lateral line continuous. Head long; mouth small, at end of a long, compressed tube. Lower jaw prominent, with a barbel at sym- physis. Premaxillaries feeble, not protractile; maxillary broad, triangular, with a supplemental bone. Teeth minute, in bands on lower jaw and vomer. Branchiostegals 4; gills 4, a slit behind fourth. Pseudobranchiae well developed. Gillrakers obsolete. Gill -membranes separate, free from isthmus. Air-bladder large. Spinous dorsal present, of 8 to 12 very slender free spines; the soft dorsal and THE FISHES OF PORTO RICO. 105 anal rather long, similar, posterior, with 23 to 28 rays each; caudal small, rhombic, the middle rays longest but not produced into a filament; ventrals abdominal, of 6 rays, all articulated ; pectorals broad , ' rounded, the space in front of them scaly. First four vertebrae elongated. Two pyloric caeca. A single genus with two species, found in tropical seas. Genus 38. AUL0ST0MUS Lacepede. Characters of this genus included with those of the family. a. Base of soft dorsal and anal not black; each fin with a black band parallel with Its base. b. Eye 2 to 2.5 in postorbital part of head; ground-color reddish; silvery lateral streaks, not all below lateral line. maculatus , 55 bb. Eye 3.5 in postorbital part of head; ground-color brown; lateral silvery streaks all below lateral line cinereus 55. Aulostomus maculatus Valenciennes. Trumpet-fish; “ Trompetero." Head 3; eye 2 to 2.5 in postorbital part of head; D. x-23; A. 25; V. 6. Lower jaw prominent, keeled, with a small barbel at symphysis; premaxillary slender, maxillary broad; triangular patches of minute teeth on lower jaw, vomer, palatines, gill-arches, and pharyngeals. Intestinal canal short; two pyloric caeca. Color, olivaceous, with one or two series of brown or blue dots along each side of the back; another irregular series from the preoperculum along each side of the belly to anal fin ; three or four silvery lines on each side of abdomen, replaced on head by irregular oblique streaks; anterior part of dorsal and anal with a horizontal black band, parallel with base of fin but remote from it; caudal fin with usually two round black spots; ventral fins plain, spotted. (Gunther.) Found in the Caribbean Sea, north to southern Florida; rather common southward; apparently not common about Porto Rico, as only one small specimen was obtained. This was seined in Boqueron Bay January 26. Aulostoma maculatum Valenciennes, in Cuvier’s Hist. Poissons, pi. 92, fig. 2, about 1845. Aulostoma coloratum Muller & Troschel, in Schomburgk’s Hist. Barbados, 673, 1848, Barbados. Aulostomus uiaculatus, Jordan & Evermann, 1. c., 754, 1896. Family XXVI. FISTULARIID2E. The Cornet-fishes. Body extremely elongate, much depressed, broader than deep. Scaleless, but having bony plates present on various parts of body, mostly covered by skin. Head very long, anterior bones of skull much produced, forming a long tube, which terminates in the narrow mouth; this tube formed by symplectic, proethmoid, metapterygoid, mesopterygoid, quadrate, palatines, vomer, and mesethmoid. Both jaws, and usually vomer and palatines also, with minute teeth; membrane uniting bones of tube below very lax, so that tube is capable of much dilation. Post-temporal coossified with the cranium. Branchiostegals 5 to 7; gills 4, a slit behind fourth. Gill-membranes separate, free from isthmus. Gillrakers obsolete. Basibranchial elements wanting. Pseudobranchiae present. Air-bladder large. Spinous dorsal entirely absent; soft dorsal short, posterior, somewhat elevated; anal fin opposite it, and similar; caudal fin forked, middle rays produced into a long filament; pectoral small, with a broad base, preceded by a smooth area as in the Gasterosteidx ; pectoral ossicles 3; interclavicles greatly lengthened; supraclavicles very small; ventral fins very small, wide apart, abdominal (through partial atrophy of the girdle, by which they lose connection with the interclavicles), far in advance of the dorsal, composed of 6 soft rays. Pyloric caeca few; intestine short. Vertebrae very numerous (4 -f- 44 to 49 + 28 to 33), the first four very long. Fishes of tropical seas, related to the sticklebacks in structure, but with prolonged snout and different ventral fins. A single genus, with three species. 106 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. Genus 39. FISTULARIA Linnaeus. Trumpet-fishes. Characters of the genus includeil above "with those of the family. a. Upper lateral edges of snout with few serrations or none; body with blue spots tabacaria, 56 aa. Upper lateral edges of snout sharply serrated; body with few blue spots or none petimba 56. Fistularia tabacaria i Linnaeus) . Trumpet-fish; Trompetero. Head 2.8; mandible about 4 in snout; snout 3.75 in length of body. D. 14; A. 13. Mouth slightly oblique, lower jaw the longer, overlapping upper; snout much prolonged, tapering but little forward, its edges with fine serrations or none. Margin of orbit with sharp compressed points in front and behind. Reddish-brown above, variegated with numerous large, unequal, oblong, pale-blue spots on sides and back, arranged in series. West Indies and the neighboring seas, generally common; occasional northward to Carolina and Florida, or even to Massachusetts. Reaches a length of 6 feet. One specimen obtained by Mr. Gray at San Geronimo; reported from Porto Rico by Poey and Stahl. Petimbuaba, Marcgrave, Hist. Brazil, 148, 1648, Brasil. Fistularia tabacaria, Iinneeus, Syst. Nat., X, 312, 1758, America; Jordan & Evermann, 1. e., 757, 1896. Fistularia neoboracensis Mitehill, Trans. Lit. and Phil. Soc., 1, 1815, 437, New York. Aulostome marcgravii Castelnau, Anim. Nouv. Arntir. Sud, 30, 1850, Bahia; Rio Janeiro. FlagcUaria fistularis Gronow, Cat. Fishes, ed. Gray, 146, 1854, American Ocean. Solenostomus scrratus, Poey, Fauna Puerto-Rlquena, 337,1881. Solenostom us tabacarius, Stahl, 1. c., 79 and 165, 1883. Family XXVII. SYNG.NATHID.lv. The Pipe-fishes. Body elongate, usually slender, covered with bony plates which are firmly connected, forming a bony carapace. Head slender, snout long, tube-like, bearing short toothless jaws at end. Gill-openings reduced to a small aperture behind the upper part of the opercle. Tail long, prehensile or not, usually provided with a small caudal fin. Male fishes with an egg pouch, usually placed on under side of tail, sometimes on abdomen, commonly formed of two folds of skin which meet on median line. The eggs are received into this pouch and retained until some time after hatching, when the pouch opens, permitting the young to escape. Dorsal fin single, nearly median, of soft rays only; pectorals small, or wanting; ventrals none; anal fin minute, usually present. a. Tail not prehensile, usually with a caudal fin; axis of head usually in line with axis of body. b. Top of head with a slight carination, or none. Syngnathinte; c. Pectoral fins present; caudal present. it. Male with egg pouch under tail, formed by lateral membranes which become connected along middle, forming a closed pouch. e. Dorsal fin inserted over or just before vent Siphostoma, 40 dd. Male with egg pouch on abdomen; ridges of body prominent and distinct; caudal fin moderate. . . Dory'rhamphus cc. Pectoral fins wanting; caudal wanting or rudimentary; male with ova attached to abdomen, without closed pouch; no adipose fin. /. Back without peculiar tube Syngnathus ff. Back with a peculiar tube inclosed by the scutes, and extending for a distance before dorsal fin Osphyolax bb. Top of head strongly carinated... Cory'throichthys, 41 IIippocampina;: aa. Tail prehensile; caudal fin small; head shaped like that of a horse, placed at a large angle with axis of body; egg pouch at base of tail. g. Body compressed; occiput with a narrow bony crest, surmounted by a coronet; shields with tubercles or spines. Hippocampus, 42 Genus 40. SIPHOSTOMA Rafinesque. The Pipe-fishes. Body elongate, very slender, 6 or 7-angled, not compressed, tapering into a very long tail; dorsal keels of the trunk not continuous with those of tail. Head slender, tapering into a long, tube-like subterete snout, which bears the very short, toothless jaws at end. Humeral bones firmly united with “breast ling.” Body covered with a series of bony, keeled, radiated plates, arranged in linear series. Dorsal fin distinct, rather short, inserted before or opposite th.e vent, which is near middle of body; caudal fin present, rather small; anal fin minute, close behind vent; pectorals developed, short and THE FISHES OF PORTO RICO. 107 rather broad. Male Ashes with an egg pouch along under side of tail, formed by two cutaneous folds, and splitting lengthwise to release the young fishes. Species very numerous, inhabiting all warm seas; abounding in bays among the seaweeds and entering rivers. The females in most species are deeper than the males, with more robust trunk, longer snout, and a more distinct ventral keel. a. Top of head with a slight carination or none; snout keeled or not; operele without prominent ridge; base of dorsal not elevated. b. Dorsal moderate or long, its first ray in advance of vent; snout moderate or long; angles of body generally prominent. c. Dorsal covering 1 or 2 body rings. d. Dorsal covering about 6 or 7 caudal rings, rarely fewer. e. Caudal rings 36 to 41 fistulatum ee. Caudal rings 31 to 34. /. Dorsal 29 to 32, on 2+6 rings mackayi, 57 ff. Dorsal 27, on 1+7 rings, rarely on 2+6 floridx , 58 eee. Caudal rings 24; body rings 19; dorsal rays 30, on 1+6 rings; snout long; body slender poeyi dd. Dorsal covering 4 or 5 caudal rings, fir. Dorsal rays 24 to 32. h. Dorsal rays 29 to 32, on 1 + 9 rings; rings 17 + 35; snout 2 in head, head with keel pelagicum hh. Dorsal rays 26 to 28, on 1.5 + 5 rings; rings 16 + 34; snout short, 2 in head; head with slight keel rousscau hhh. Dorsal rays 23 to 25, on about 1 + 4 rings; rings usually 16 + 33; snout short, 2 in head clucens, 59 firfir. Dorsal very short, 18 rays, on 1 + 5 rings; rings 17 + 32; snout short jonesi, 60 ddd. Dorsal very short, covering 3 caudal rings and 1.5 body rings, its rays 20 to 23; rings 17 + 27; snout very short; head keeled above brachycephalnm ec. Dorsal covering 3 body and 4 to 6 caudal rings. i. Kings 16 to 18 + 29 to 33. j. Snout rather short, not half length of head; dorsal fin very high; rings 18 + 33; dorsal 35, on 5 + 4 rings; belly in female with a black keel; sides with narrow vertical silvery streaks; dorsal spotted affine jj. Snout rather long, more than half head. ii. Rings 20 to 21 + 36 to 38; dorsal 32 to 37, on 3 + 5 rings; belly flat or slightly concave; snout moderate louisianse iii. Rings 16 to 20 + 36 to 40; dorsal 36 to 40, on 5 + 4 or 4 + 5 rings fuscum lb. Dorsal fin very short, its first ray not in advance of vent; rings 15 + 37 to 39; snout very short, less than two-fifths head; angles of body little marked, the form subterete crinigerum 57. Siphostoma mackayi Swain & Meek. Head 5.66 to 6.25 in total length. D. 29 to 32; rings 184-33 to 36. Snout compressed, 1.75 to 2 in head, its median line with a slight keel above and below, with smaller keels on each side; operele not keeled. Dorsal somewhat higher than width of a body ring, its base about 1.33 in length of head, covering 24-6 rings. Pectoral higher than length of base; tail about 1.83 in total length of fish; body deep, its greatest depth in adult females equaling width of four body rings. Color in spirits: Grayish or dark olive; males with about 14 dark-gray crossbars on side, broader than interspaces; body usually more or less spotted with small white spots; dorsal pale, usually dotted over with darker; caudal dusky, generally spotted with white; operele usually with white bars. Gulf of Mexico and West Indies; known from the Snapper Banks off Pensacola, Key West, and Cozumel, Yucatan; rather common. One specimen, a female, 7 inches long, taken at Mayaguez, January 19. Siphostoma mackayi Swain & Meek, Proc. U.S. N. M. 1884, 239, Key West; Jordan & Evermann, 1. e., 766, 1896. 58. Siphostoma lioridae Jordan ; snout 3.4; maxillary 3; mandible 2.4; interorbital 2.9; D. iv-i, 8; A. hi, 9; pectoral 1.7; ventral 1.9; caudal 1.2; scales 42,-13. Body elongate and compressed; back scarcely elevated; head very broad above and slightly convex; mouth moderate, upper lip broadened in front, maxillary reaching front of eye, lower jaw included; villiform teeth on each jaw, vomer, and palatines; eye much nearer tip of* snout than edge of operele; scales large, slightly ctenoid; dorsal fin as in Mugil, spinous dorsal with an appendage of 2 modified scales on each side of its base anteriorly; caudal large, moderately forked. Color in life; Brownish above, scales very dark-edged on upper three-fifths of side; lower parts white; top of head dark, cheek and opercles white, with brassy shades; under part of head white; axil black; a black blotch at base of caudal, becoming faint or disappearing with age; dorsal spines dark; soft dors x-. brassy at base, pale at tip; pectoral and ventral pale; anal yellowish, pale at tip, a black olotch near posterior border; caudal darker, yellowish at base; peritoneum black. In spirits not much different. THE FISHES OF PORTO RICO. 115 This species occurs in the fresh waters of the West Indies and eastern Mexico and is n< >t uncommon. It is very abundant in the fresh-water streams of Porto Rico, and is much used as food; many were collected at Caguas in the Rio Loiza and Rio Caguitas and in Rio Bayamon at Bayamon, of all stages of growth from 1.5 to 11 inches; also common in the large spring at Aguadilla, from which Columbus is said to have supplied his ships with fresh water November 17, 1493. Mugil monticola Bancroft, in Griffith’s edition of Cuvier’s Animal Kingdom, Fishes, 367, pi. 36, 1836. Mugil irretitus Gosse, Nat. Sojourn Jamaica, 84, 1851, Jamaica. Agonostomus monticola , Poey, Fauna Puerto-Riquena, 335, 1881; Stahl, 1. c., 164, 1883; Jordan & Evermaim, 1. e.,819, 1896. Dajaus ( Agonostomus ) monticola , Stahl, 1. e., 78, 1883. Family XXX. SPHYR.KX I ICE. The Barracudas. Body elongate, subterete, covered with small cycloid scales; head very long, pointed, pike-like, scaly above and on sides; mouth horizontal, large; jaws elongate, the lower considerably projecting; upper jaw nonprotractile, its border formed by premaxillaries, behind which are the broad maxillaries; large, sharp teeth of unequal size on both jaws and on palatines, none on vomer; usually a very strong, sharp canine near tip of lower jaw. Opercular bones without spines or serratures. < lill-openings wide, gill-membranes not united, free from isthmus; gillrakers very short or obsolete. Branchiostegals 7; gills 4, a slit behind the fourth. Pseud obran c liiae well developed. Air-bladder large, bifurcate anteriorly; many pyloric caeca. Lateral line well developed, straight. Pectoral (in short, placed in or below line of axis of body; ventrals i, 5, abdominal, in advance of middle of body; first dorsal over ventrals, of 5 rather stout spines; second dorsal remote from first dorsal, similar to anal and opposite to it; caudal fin forked. Vertebrae 24. First superior pharyngeal not present; second, third, and fourth separate, with teeth; lower pharyngeals separate. A single genus of about 20 species; carnivorous, pike-like fishes, often of large size, active and ■voracious, inhabiting warm seas, many of them highly valued as food. Genus 45. SPHYRIENA (Artedi) Bloch & Schneider. Characters of this genus included above. a. Scales large, 75 to 85 in lateral line; origin of first dorsal behind root of ventrals, over last third or fourth of pectoral; body compressed; lower jaw with fleshy tip; maxillary reaching past front of orbit; teeth large ... barracuda, 70 aa. Scales moderate, 110 to 130 in lateral line; body subterete or compressed. b. Pectoral reaching front of spinous dorsal; maxillary reaching front of orbit; origin of spinous dorsal behind root of ventrals guachanclio, 71 bb. Pectoral not reaching front of first dorsal; maxillary not reaching front of orbit picudilla, 72 aaa. Scales very small, 150 to 170 in lateral line; origin of spinous dorsal well behind tip of pectoral, before the vertical from root of ventrals; lower jaw with fleshy tip. Body slender, subterete 'spkgrxna 70. Sphyraena barracuda (Walbaum) . “ Picuda.” Head 3.3; deptli 7 (2 in head) ; eye 6:6; snout 2.1; maxillary 2.1; mandible 1.6; interorbital 5.1; D. v-i, 10; A. i, 8; pectoral 2.7; ventral 3.3; caudal 1.3; scales 12-83-11. Body elongate, slightly compressed, head cuboid back of eyes, snout conic; mouth very large, lower jaw strongly projecting, with a fleshy tip at symphysis; maxillary reaching past front of eye; teeth on jaws, premaxillaries, and palatines unequal, very strong, sharp, and compressed; much smaller teeth on edges of premaxillaries; scales of trunk large, cycloid; smaller scales on cheeks and operdes; dorsal fins 2, widely separated, origin of first midway between front of eye and origin of soft dorsal; its spines slender and flexible; soft dorsal and anal similar; caudal well forked, upper lobe slightly the longer Color in spirits: Dark above, pale below, with silvery bluish reflections; dark longitudinal streaks along rows of scales above lateral line; young with dark, irregularly shaped blotches on middle of 116 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. side, these often extended as vertical bars, disappearing with age; usually from one to several small, very dark brown spots, sometimes black, scattered irregularly on side; ventral, anal, and soft dorsal chiefly black; top of head, upper edge of maxillary, and edge of opercle above, black. The picuda is common in the West Indies, ranging north to Charleston and the Bermudas, and south to Brazil. It is a fierce and voracious fish, of good food qualities. Thirteen examples, from 6 to 16 inches in length, were collected at San Juan market, San Antonio Bridge, Mayaguez, Ensenada del Boqueron, Culebra, Hucares, and Fajardo. Umbla minor marina , the Barracuda, Oatesby, Fishes of Carolina, etc., pi. 1, 1731, Bahamas. Picuda , Parra, Dif. Piezas, Hist. Nat. Cuba, 90, pi. 35, fig. 2, 1787, Havana. Esox barracuda Walbaum, Artedi Piscium, 111,94, 1792, Bahamas; after Catesby. Sphyrsena becuna Lac^pOde, Hist. Nat. Poiss., V, pi. 9, fig. 3, 1803, Martinique; from a drawing made by Plumier. Sphyrsena picuda Poey, Fauna Puerto-Riquefia, 334, 1881; Stahl, 1. c., 76 and 162, 1883; Jordan & Evermann, 1. c., 823, 1896. Sphyrsena barracuda, Jordan & Evermann, 1. c., 2841, 1898. 71. Sphyraena guachancho Cuvier & Valenciennes. Guachanche; Guachanche Pelon. Head 3; depth 7; eye 5.4; snout 2.1; maxillary 2.2; mandible 1.6; interorbital 7.2; D. v-i, 9; A. i, 8; pectoral 3; ventral 3.6; caudal 1.6; scales 115. This species differs from S. barracuda in the much smaller scales, larger eye, longer and more slender head, and in the absence of color markings. The single specimen in the collection, 9 inches long, taken at Isabel Segunda, is nearly plain in spirits, save for fine dark longitudinal lines following the rows of scales above the lateral line. The back is of a faded brown color, the lower jtarts silvery white everywhere below lateral line; no regular bars or scattered spots. The guachanche is a common West Indian species ranging north to Pensacola, and occasionally wandering in the Gulf Stream to Woods Hole. It does not reach as great size as the picuda. Sphyrxna guachancho Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss., Ill, 342, 1829, Havana; Jordan & Evermann, 1. c., 824, 1896. Sphyrsena guntheri Haly, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., XV, 1875, 270, Colon. 72. Sphyrsena picudilla Poey. Picudilla,. Head 3.16; depth 2.25 in head; eye large, about 5 in head, 1.5 times interorbital space. Ii. v-i, 9; A. i,9; scales 110. Body rather robust, subterete, covered with scales of moderate size; head rather large; maxillary rather small, about 2.6 in head, not reaching orbit. Jaw with fleshy tip, bluntly con- ical. Interorbital area flatfish; median groove shallow, divided by a very indistinct median ridge; supraocular ridge bony, striate; preocular ridge rather prominent. Premaxillary teeth small, subcon- ical; dentition as in Sphyrxna borealis, but slightly weaker; position of spinous dorsal, in comparison with the ventrals, variable; distance from tip of snout to origin of spinous dorsal about 2.1 in body; pectoral not reaching spinous dorsal; space separating dorsals about 5.5 in body; second dorsal equal to and somewhat in advance of anal; cheek and opercles scaly; small embedded scales on upper part of head; scales on body moderate, uniform in size. Color light-olive, darker above; soft dorsal, anal, and ventral fins yellowish; spinous dorsal and pectorals darker; upper parts of preopercle and opercle each with a dark spot; top of head and tip of snout blackish. S. picudilla is very closely allied to S. borealis. Its eye is, however, much larger (when specimens similar in size are compared), and the frontal groove is somewhat different. This species is found in the. West Indies, on the coasts of Cuba, ranging southward to Bahia. It was not seen by us in Porto Rico, but is included on the authority of Dr. Stahl. Length 18 inches. Sphyrxna. picudilla Poey, Memorias, II, 162,1860, Havana; Stahl, 1. c.,76 and 162, 1883: Jordan & Evermann, 1. c.,824, 1896. Family XXXI. POLYNEMIDjE. The Thread-fishes. Body oblong, compressed, and covered with rather large, loosely inserted, ctenoid scales. Lateral line continuous, continued on tail, usually forked, with a branch on each lobe. Head entirely scaly; snout more or less conical, projecting over mouth, which is rather large, inferior, with lateral cleft; premaxillary protractile, its basal process vertical; maxillary without supplemental bone, extending much beyond eye, which is anterior, lateral, rather large, with a well-developed, adipose eyelid. Villiform teeth on jaws, palatines, and sometimes on vomer. Pseudobranchige concealed. Branchi- THE FISHES OF PORTO RlOO. ll*f ostegals 7. Gill-membranes separate and free from isthmus. Gills 4, a slit behind fourth. Two separate dorsals, somewhat remote from each other, the first of 8 feeble but rather high spines, first and last spines very short, third longest; second dorsal equal to first in height but base somewhat longer, of soft rays only. Anal fin either similar to or much longer than soft dorsal; caudal fin rather long, widely forked. Second dorsal, anal, and caudal fins more or less covered with small scales; first three or four dorsal spines winged. Ventrals i, 5, abdominal, but not far removed from pectorals; pectoral fins moderate, placed low, in two parts, the lower and anterior portion of several filiform articulated appendages, free from each other, used as organs of touch. In the young the dorsal, caudal, and pectoral fins are dusky, the anal and ventral fins white; all the fins grow darker with age, pectorals usually becoming black, operculum blackish. Bones of skull with a well -developed muciferous system, as in Scixnidx. Basis cranii double, with muscular tube; post-temporal bifurcate; hypercoracoid with median foramen; superior pharyn- geal bones 4. Pectoral actinosts divided; two of them normal, supporting pectoral fin, one longitudinal, without rays, and one a plate on the coracoid, supporting the pectoral filaments. Stomach csecal, with a few pyloric appendages. Air-bladder various, sometimes wanting. Vertebrae 10 + 14 = 24. a. Anal fin much longer than soft dorsal, of about 30 rays; vomer without teeth; preoperculum entire; free filaments of pectoral longer than body Polynemus aa. Anal fin not much longer than soft dorsal, of about 13 or 14 rays; vomer with teeth; preoperculum serrate; free filaments of pectoral mostly shorter than body Polydactylus, 47 Genus 47. POLYDACTYLUS Lacepede. Anal fin not much longer than soft dorsal, of about 13 or 14 rays; vomer with teeth; preoperculum serrate; free filaments of pectoral mostly shorter than body. Teeth in villiform bands on both jaws, vomer, palatines, and pterygoids. Preopercle sharply serrated on its posterior margin, its angle with a scaly flap. Scales rather small, finely ctenoid. First dorsal with 7 or 8 feeble, rather high spines, first and last short. Soft dorsal and anal fins about equaling each other; pectoral filaments 3 to 9. Pyloric c-Eeca in great numbers. This genus is represented by numerous species occurring in the warm seas; but of fourAmerican species only one is known from Porto Rico. a. Pectoral filaments 7 virginicus, 73 aa. Pectoral filaments 8 or 9 octonemus 73. Polydactylus virginicus (Linnaeus). “Barbudo” ; Barbu. Head 3.3; depth 3.25; eye 5; snout 4.8; maxillary 2.2; mandible 2; interorbital 4.2; D. viii-i, 12; A. in, 13; pectoral 1.25; ventral 2.2; caudal 0.9; scales 7-60-10. Body oblong, compressed, covered with large, loose, slightly ctenoid scales; the lateral line complete, nearly straight, bifurcating at base of caudal, the branches continued on tail; head completely scaled except about eye, which is entirely covered with an adipose eyelid; snout somewhat pig-like, overhanging the rather large mouth; maxillary reaching far beyond eye; lower jaw included, villiform teeth on jaws, vomer, and palatines; preopercle toothed; dorsal fins 2, well separated, the anterior of weak flexible spines, the first very short, third longest,. 1.5 in head, the rest rapidly diminishing in length; pectoral with a large sheath of elongated scales above axil and with 7 long filaments, longer than head, inserted considerably in advance of base of pectoral; caudal deeply forked; all the tins more or less scaly. Color in life : Whitish-olive above, dirty white below ; spinous dorsal dark, soft dorsal and anal pale, with dark punctulations; pectoral with irregular black blotches, filaments white; ventrals dark, paler on margins. In spirits; Pale below, darker above; pectoral fin black; opercle with a dusty blotch in young. The barbudo is an abundant and useful food-fish, found throughout the West Indies and north to Florida Keys, but not to Virginia. Twenty-three examples of all sizes up to 11 inches in length were collected at San Juan market, Palo Seco, Mayaguez, Puerto Real, Ponce, and Isabel Segunda. Piracoaba, Marcgrave, Hist. Nat. Brasil., 176, 1648, Brazil. Polynemus virginicus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. X, 317, 1758, America. Polynemus mango Lacepede, Hist. Nat. Poiss., V, 413, 417, 418, 1803, America; after Linnaeus. Polydactylus plumierii Lac£p£de, Hist. Nat. Poiss., V, 419, 1803, Martinique; from a drawing by Plunder. Polynemus americanus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., Ill, 393, 1829, Santo Domingo and Martinique. Polynemus oligodon Gunther, Cat., II, 322, 1860, Rio Janeiro. Trichidion plumieri, Poey, Fauna Puerto- Riquena, 334, 1881 ; Stahl, l.c., 78 and 164,1883. Polydactylus virginicus , Jordan & Evermann, 1. c., 829, 1896. 118 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. Family XXXI 1. HOLOCENTRID^. The Squirrel-fishes. Body oblong or ovate, moderately compressed, covered with very strong ctenoid or spinous scales. Head with large muciferous cavities; eye lateral, very large; preorbital very narrow; mouth moderate, oblique; premaxillaries protractile; maxillary very large, with supplemental bone; bands of villiform teeth on jaws, vomer, and palatines. Opercular bones and membrane bones of head gener- ally serrated or spinescent along their edges. Branchiostegals 8. Gill-membranes separate, free from isthmus. Gills 4, a slit behind fourth. Pseudobranch ire present. Gillrakers moderate; no barbels. Sides of head scaly. Lateral line present. Dorsal tin very long, deeply divided, with about 11 strong spines depressible in a scaly groove; anal with 4 spines, the third longest and strongest; ventrais thoracic, with 1 spine and 7 rays; caudal deeply forked with sharp rudimentary rays or fulcra at base. Vertebrae about 27. Pyloric caeca 8 to 25. Air-bladder large, sometimes connected with organ of hearing. General color, red. Young with snout sharp and produced (constituting the nominal genera Rh ynchi chi h ys, Rhamplwberyx, and Rhinoberyx based on peculiarities of immature examples). There are 4 genera and about 70 species of these gayly colored inhabitants of the tropical seas, abounding about coral reefs. a. Preopercle without conspicuous spine at its angle; air-bladder divided by a contraction, anterior part extending to the otocrane : Myripristis an. Preopercle with a conspicuous spine. b. Suborbital arch armed with 3 long spines curved forward; scales undescribed Plectrypops bb. Suborbital arch simply serrated; scale moderate, 38 to 55. c. Mouth moderate, its length less than one-half head Holocentrus, 48 cc. Mouth very large, considerably more than one-half head, lower jaw projecting Flammeo Genus 48. HOLOCENTRUS (Gronow) Scopoli. Body oblong, moderately compressed, ventral outline nearly straight, back a little elevated, tail very slender. Head compressed, narrowed forward. Operculum with a strong spine above, below which the edge is sharply serrated; a strong spine at angle of preopercle. Orbital ring, preorbital, preopercle, interopercle, subopercle, occiput, and shoulder-girdle with their edges sharply serrate. Mouth small, terminal, the lower jaw projecting in adult. In the young the snout is much produced. Maxillary broad, striate, with supplemental bone. Eye excessively large. Scales moderate, closely imbricated, posterior margin strongly spinous. Lateral line continuous. Dorsal deeply emarginate, spines usually 11, depressible in a groove; soft dorsal short and high; anal with 4 spines, first and second quite small, third very long and strong, fourth smaller; caudal widely forked, both lobes with rudimentary rays spine-like. Ventrais large, i, 7, spine very strong. The numerous species of this genus are remarkable for the development of sharp spines almost everywhere on the surface of the body. Of the nine known American species, two occur in Porto Rico. a. Preopercular* spine long, tapering, acute; third anal spme very long, more than half depth of body. b. Mouth moderate, lower jaw extending to below first one-third to one-half length of eye. r. Scales small, 48 to 55 in lateral line; upper lobe of caudal longer than lower, falcate; soft dorsal and anal elevated, pointed at tip, this character subject to variation ascensiovis, 74 rc. Scales moderate, about 45; depth of body 2.6 in length; membrane of front spines of dorsal black siccifer rcc. Scales rather large, 38 to 42 in lateral line; caudal lobes nearly or quite equal. /I. Maxillary extending to below middle of eye. c. Depth of body greater than length of head coruscus ec. Depth of body equal to length of head brachypterus dd. Maxillary extending to below first third of eye; dorsal with black markings vexillarius , 75 bb. Mouth small, maxillary reaching to below first fourth of eye; upper lobe of caudal longer; cheek with a white blotch osculus aa. Preopercular spine short, flatfish, notched at tip; third anal spine short, its length about one-third depth of body; soft dorsal and anal low, rounded sancti-pauli 74. Holocentrus ascensionis (Osbeck). “ Candil” ; Squirrel-fish. (Plate 3.) Head 3.1; depth 3.3; eye 2.8; snout 4; maxillary 2.3; mandible2; interorbital 2 in eye; D. xi, 15; A. iv, 10; scales 4-48-7, 6 before dorsal; caeca 25; vertebrae 11 16. Body considerably compressed, * Little dependence can be placed on this key, as several species are imperfectly known and of doubtful validity. THE FISHES OF PORTO RICO. 119 back moderately elevated, ventral line nearly straight; mouth moderate, little oblique, maxillary reaching middle of eye; caudal peduncle long and slender, least width 2 in its depth. Fins all well developed, longest dorsal spine about 2 in head; third anal spine very strong, about 2 in head; longest dorsal rays 1.2 in head; longest anal ray 1.8; pectoral short, 1.6 in head; ventral long, reaching vent, 1.1 in head; caudal well forked, upper lobe the longer, about 1.1 in head; head very rugose; suborbital coarsely and irregularly dentate; opercle and preopercle strongly dentate, a large sharp spine at angle of preopercle, its free portion about 1.5 in eye; a broad fiat spine at upper edge of opercle; scales coarse and strongly ctenoid. Color in life: Chiefly bright rosy-red, paler below; shining longitudinal streaks along rows of scales; fins light-red, spinous dorsal largely golden-olive, its edge scarlet; head very red above, a white bar descending obliquely backward from eye. All these colors fade in alcohol, and the general color becomes a greenish-white, with steel-colored iridescence. The candil frequents the rocks and reefs throughout the West Indies and is especially abundant in Cuba. It is common about Porto Rico, and attracts attention at once by reason of its bright color and the exceeding sharpness and completeness of its armature. It is reputed “malo” by the native, but is occasionally found in market. Length 1 to 2 feet. Specimens were obtained at San Juan, Aguadilla, Puerto Real, Arroyo, Hucares, Isabel Segunda, and San Geronimo. Perea ascensionis Osbeck, Iter Chinensis, 388, 1771, Ascension Island. Bodianus pentacanthus Bloch, Ausl. Fische, IV, 40, pi. 225, 1790, Brazil. Holocentrus sogo Bloch, 1. c., 01, pi. 232, 1790, Africa. Scixna rubra Bloch & Schneider, Syst. Ichth., 82, 1801; after Perea marina rubra of Catesby. Amphiprion matejuelo Bloch & Schneider, 1. c. , 206, 1801, Cuba; after Matejuelo of Parra. Bodianus jaguar LacOp&de, Hist. Nat. Poiss., IV, 286, 1202, Brazil; after Jaguaraca of Marcgrave. Holocentrum longipinne Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., Ill, 185,1829, Martinique, Santo Domingo, Porto Rico, St. Thomas, and Havana. ? Holocentrus striatus Gronow, Cat. Fishes, ed. Gray, 173, 1854, Antilles; name preoccupied. ? Iiolocentrus rostralus Gronow, 1. c., 173, 1854, near the Equator; young example, not certainly identifiable. Holocentrum matejuelo , Poey, Fauna Puerto-Riquena, 322, 1881; Stahl 1. c., 76 and 162, 1883. Holocentrus ascensionis, Jordan & Evermann, 1. c., 848, 1896. 75. Holocentrus vexillarius Poey. Head 2.8; depth 2.6; eye 2.7; snout 4.4; maxillary 3; mandible 2.25; interorbital 3.5; D. xi, 13; A. iv, 9; pectoral 1.4; ventral 1.6; caudal 1.5; scales 4-40-7. Body oblong, back little elevated, anterior profile steep and nearly straight from tip of snout to above eye, where there is an abrupt angle, rest of profile to nape being low and straight; interorbital wide, slightly concave; top of head behind eyes with about 9 serrated bony ridges on each side; eye very large, considerably wider than interorbital space; snout short; maxillary reaching front of eye (to first third of eye in example 2 inches long); preorbital with a recurved spine in front, retrorse teeth back of this, finer and more numerous serrations continuing nearly halfway around eye; a pair of strong equal spines near upper angle of opercle; several much smaller spines above, of which 3 are somewhat enlarged, longest dorsal spines 2.1 in head; anterior rays of dorsal somewhat pro- duced, 2 in head; scales at base of spinous dorsal with their serrations next the fin enlarged; ventrals not reaching vent; second anal spine longest and much the strongest, 1.5 in head; caudal well forked; lobes nearly equal. Color in spirits: Faded-rosy, 6 narrow longitudinal very dark-purple bands between each 2 rows of scales on dorsal half of side; below, brown punct illations in same position and scattered more or less over whole body; axil of pectoral very dark-purple, the color sharply circumscribed; membrane of spinous dorsal white behind each spine and purple-black in front, except first 2 spines, the membranes of which are chiefly black; other fins pale. Two examples, 2 and 4 inches in length, from Ponce and Guanica, are identical with specimens of Holocentrum riparium from Cuba in the U. S. National Museum. Following Jordan & Evermann, we include H. riparium in the synonymy of II. vexillarius, though these species may prove to be distinct. Holocentrum vexillarium Poey, Memorias, IT, 158, 1860, Cuba. Holocentrum productum Poey, Synopsis, 300, 1868, Matanzas; based on a young individual 3 inches long. Holocentrum riparium Poey, Enumeratio, 37, 1875, Cuba. Holocentrus vexillarius, Jordan & Evermann, 1. c., 852, 1896. 120 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. Family XXXIII. MULLM. The Surmullets. Body elongate, slightly compressed, covered with large scales, which are usually slightly ctenoid; lateral line continuous, the pores often branched; large scales on head; upper profile of head more or less parabolic. Mouth small, low, subterminal; teeth mostly small, variously placed; no canines, incisors, nor molars. Premaxillaries somewhat protractile; maxillaries thin, nearly as broad at base as at tip, without supplemental bone, partly hidden by broad preorbital. Preopercle entire or slightly serrate; opercle unarmed, or with a single spine. Eye moderate, placed high; branch i ostegail s 4; pseudohranchise present; 2 long unbranched barbels at throat, attached just behind symphysis of lower jaw. Dorsal fins 2, remote from each other, both short, the first of 6 to 8 rather high spines, which are depressible in a groove; anal short, similar to soft dorsal, with 1 or 2 small spines; ventrals thoracic, i, 5. Air-bladder usually present, simple. Vertebrae 9 + 14 = 23; stomach siphonal; pyloric caeca about 20. Species about 40, referable to 5 closely related genera, found in all tropical seas, some species straying northward. Many of the species are highly valued as food, especially the European Mullus barbatus and M. surmuletus. The family is a very natural one and not closely related to any other. It bears some superficial likeness to the Sdsenidse and Cheilodipteridse, but this may not show real affinity. The singular barbels appear also in Polymixiidx, but in that family the ventral rays are numerous, as in Berycidx. The small number (4) of the branch iostegals is found both in Mullidse and Polymixiidx. n. Teeth on lower jaw, vomer, and palatines; upper jaw toothless; bone which forms a downward hook over maxillary strongly developed; interorbital space flat and wide; opercle without spine Mullus aa. Teeth on both jaws; vomer and palatines toothless; bone which forms a downward hook over maxillary moder- ately developed; interorbital space rather narrow; opercle ending in a single spine . . Upeneus, 49 Genus 49. UPENEUS Cuvier. The Goat-fishes. Body oblong, compressed; mouth moderate, nearly horizontal, low, jaws subequal; eye large high, posterior; opercle short, deep, with posterior spine; both jaws with rather strong, unequal teeth, in one or two series in each jaw; no teeth on vomer or palatines; lips well developed; bone which forms a hook over the maxillary less developed than in Mullus; interorbital space concave and narrow; opercle ending in one spine; barbels nearly as long as head; scales very large, somewhat ctenoid; lateral line continuous, its tubes ramifying on each scale; head covered with large scales; first dorsal with about 7 spines; anal with 2, the first very short; caudal fin forked. Species numerous in the tropical seas; two known from Porto Rico. a. Teeth in both jaws uniserial (or irregularly biserial above); all teeth coarse and distinct; eye 4 in head; barbels 1.33 in head. Scales 31; depth 4 in length; side with three black blotches maculatus, 78 aa. Teeth of both jaws biserial, at least in front. b. Dorsals and caudal with dark crossbands parvus , 77 bb. Dorsals and caudal plain-yellow marUnicus,1& 76. Upeneus maculatus (Bloch). “ Salmonete” ; Red Goat-fish. (Plate 4.) Head 3.2; depth 3.7; eye 4 to 5; snout 1.8; maxillary 3.2; mandible 2.4; interorbital 3.7; preorbital 3.33; D. viii-i, 8; A. ii, 7; pectoral 1.5; ventral 1.4; caudal 1.3; scales 3-30-5. Body elongate, little compressed, tapering posteriorly to the long and slender caudal peduncle; anterior profile strongly arched, with an elevation in front of eye; snout very long; eye small, high and posterior; mouth small, maxillary not nearly reaching eye; teeth strong, uniserial, bluntly pointed, some of those in front of upper jaw bent variously sidewise and forward; throat with two long barbels reaching to preopercular margin or beyond. Scales large, very finely ctenoid. Dorsal fins 2, well separated, the spines slender and flexible; caudal deeply forked, lobes equal or upper very slightly the longer. Color; In life, everywhere above red, merging into light-yellow on sides, becoming pale-greenish below; bluish oblique streaks and bars on head; several longitudinal rows of light-blue round spots, much smaller than pupil, on sides, the two rows above lateral line plainest; about four diffuse blotches of darker red than the surrounding ground-color on sides, the first just under and partly on anterior end of lateral line, second under first dorsal, third under front of second dorsal, fourth just behind second dorsal, all on or near lateral line; there may be an additional faint one on peduncle; spinous dorsal light-red near base, yellowish outwardly; soft dorsal mostly pale-bluish, especially near edge, THE FISHES OF PORTO RICO. 121 with some light-yellow on membrane and red on middle of rays; pectoral chiefly yellow, with red on rays; ventral pale-blue with streaks of red and yellow on first rays; anal pale-reddish, nearly pale; caudal pale-blue, lower base yellow, upper reddish and yellow; barbels pink near base, yellow out- wardly; lips and throat pinkish. In spirits the specimens become pale below and on sides, dark above, the bright colors fading quickly; the red blotches along lateral line become dark, sometimes entirely fading. In young individuals some color occasionally persists in spirits, becoming pink. This species is found at Key West and the Tortugas, through the West Indies to Brazil; in the West Indies it is known from Cuba, Jamaica, Porto Rico, and Martinique. It occurs in abundance in Porto Rico, where it is extensively used as food and considerably esteemed. Tt is one of the most common species that one sees carried about the streets by the local fishermen. Fifty-one individuals, from 2.25 to 9.5 inches long, collected at nearly every collecting station; also from San Geronimo. Mullus maculatus Bloch, Ichthyologia, 348, 1793, Brazil. Upeneus punetatus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., Ill, 482, 1829, Martinique. Upeneus maculatus, Jordan & Evermann, 1. c.,858, 1896. 77. Upeneus parvus Poey. D. vii-i, 8; A. n, 6; scales 2.5-40-6. Snout short and decurved; maxillary reaching front of eye; barbels reaching angle of preopercle, on jaws only. Teeth conical, very small, on anterior part of jaws in two series; lateral teeth in a single series; all of the teeth obtusely conic and distinct from each other. Vermilion above, fading into white below; a yellow longitudinal band along side, with similar narrower streaks below; ventrals and anal yellow; other fins whitish, with dusky crossbands, 3 on first dorsal, 2 on second, and 5 on each caudal lobe. Known only from the type, which was obtained by Poey in Cuba, and from a specimen recorded from Porto Rico by Dr. Stahl. Upeneus parvus Poey, Memorias, I, 226, 1851, Cuba. Upeneoides parvus Stahl, 1. c., 76 and 162, 1888. 78. Upeneus martinicus Cuvier & Valenciennes. Yellow Goat-fish; Salmonete Amarilla. (Plate 6.) Head 3.3; depth 4; eye 3.45; snout 2.35; maxillary 3.1; mandible 2.6; interorbital 3.15; preorbital 6; D. viii-i, 8; A. ii, 6; pectoral 1.6; ventral 1.4; caudal 1.1; scales 2-37-6. Resembling U. maculatus in form, but with slightly larger eye, smaller scales, and weaker dentition arranged in more than one series. Color in life: Body with shades of pale-blue and pink or pale-red, the latter chiefly above, the blue below; a straight yellow band from eye to base of upper caudal rays; a black vertical bar at base of caudal; head with yellow streaks and reddish patches; pectorals red, ventrals, anal, and caudal reddish near base, outer part yellow; dorsals yellow, plainest near tips. In spirits the colors fade, becoming dark above, pale below, fins all pale. This species reaches the length of a foot. It is found in the West Indies north to Florida, and is known from Key West, Jamaica, Cuba, Martinique, and Porto Rico, but is less abundant in Porto Rico than U. maculatus. One example, 6.5 inches long, obtained at Palo Seco. Upeneus martinicus Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss., Ill, 483, 1829, Martinique; Jordan & Evermann, 1. c., 859, 1896. Upeneus balteatus Cuvier &Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., Ill, 484, 1829, Cuba; . oung. Upeneus flavovittatus Poey, Memorias, I, 224, 1851, Cuba; adult. Family XXXIV. SCOMBRIDdi. The Mackerels. Body elongate fusiform, not much compressed, covered with minute cycloid scales; scales ante- riorly sometimes forming a corselet. Lateral line present, its course undulate. Head subconic, pointed anteriorly. Mouth rather large, with lateral cleft; premaxillaries not protractile; maxillary without supplemental bone; jaws with sharp teeth, large or small. Vomer and palatines toothed or not. Preopercle entire; opercle unarmed. In the very young the preopercle is armed with radiating spines, which are later absorbed and lost. Gill-openings very wide, membranes not united, free from isthmus. Gillrakers usually long. Pseudo branchiae present, large. Gills 4, a slit behind fourth. Branehios- tegals 7. Dorsal fins 2, the first of rather weak spines, depressible in a groove, second similar to the anal; elevated anterior lobe always distinct; anal spines weak; last rays of dorsal and anal detached and separate, forming in each case a series of finlets; caudal peduncle extremely slender, keeled, caudal lobes abruptly diverging, falcate, fin adapted for rapid motion; ventral fins well developed, thoracic, i, 5. 122 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. Vertebrae in greater number than in the Carangidse, the number ranging from 31 to 66. First upper pharyngeal present, without teeth; second with teeth; third and fourth coossified, with teeth; lower pharyngeals separate. Stomach sac-shaped. Pyloric caeca numerous. Air-bladder small, sometimes absent. Coloration metallic, often brilliant, the prevailing shade steel-blue. The Scombridx comprise about 12 genera and 60 species; of the 8 American genera only 2 are represented in Porto Rican waters. These fishes are inhabitants of the high seas, all having a wide range, and many of them being cosmopolitan. Most of them are valued as food-fishes, the flesh being firm and oily, but sometimes coarse. . formosum also doubtless occurs there. Halipehca: ii. Preopercle with a single center of divergence of the spinules about its angle (in adult as well as in young) . b. Gillrakers moderate, about 10 below angle of arch; spines on produced portion of preopercle numerous, 8 to 20 in number; outline of spinous dorsal fin somewhat convex, so that the fin is more deeply notched than in Diplectrum formosum; jaws equal; vertex naked; opercle black within. c. Scales on cheek small and regularly placed, in about 10 rows; 22 scales before dorsal radiate, 111 Diplectrcm: aa. Preopercle with 2 clusters of divergent spines, one at angle, other higher (the 2 fascicles well separated in adult, but smaller and coalescent in young). d. Head and body marked with many, interrupted blue lines; preorbital broad, more than twice width of maxillary; lower half of preopercle with strong, straight spines diverging from two centers; gillrakers short and small, x+14; 11 rows of scales on cheek; caudal deeply lunate, upper lobe the longer, sometimes ending in a long filament. Color brownish, silvery below; side with 7 or 8 longitudinal deep-blue lines and about as many dark crossbars, last bar forming a large black blotch at upper base of caudal; young with 2 broad, dusky longi- tudinal stripes, which become interrupted with age; 3 or 4 distinct blue stripeson sides of top of head; 2 across preorbital, the lower forked; fins with narrow, wavy bars of blue and pale yellow formosum 114. Diplectrum radiale (Quoy & Gaimard). A r/uavina. Head 2.8; depth 8.8; eye 3.75; snout 3.8; maxillary 2.1; mandible 1.9; interorbital 4.6; preorbital 9; D. x, 12; A. in, 7; pectoral 1.5; ventral 1.7; caudal 1.35; scales 7-70-18. Body elongate, dorsal and ventral outlines nearly alike save fora depression at nape; head pointed, a large, smooth round area above, behind eyes; lower jaw barely projecting; teeth chiefly in one row on sides of jaws, in small patches in front; maxillary reaching posterior edge of pupil; eye large, placed high in head; about 9 rows of regularly placed scales on cheek; preopercle with a strongly salient angle composed of radiating spines; opercle with 7 or 8 rows of scales. Dorsal fin continuous, slightly notched, spines slender and very sharp; caudal lunate, upper lobe very slightly produced. Scales strongly ctenoid. Color in spirits: Olive, paler below; many faint vertical dark bars wider than interspaces, plainest at middle of sides; 2 faint longitudinal dark bands, first from shoulder to soft dorsal, other from nearly same origin to base of caudal, where it forms a faint dark spot; some faint, pale streaks on preorbital and cheek. In life, the soft dorsal has blue spots encircled by darker blue rings; caudal barred with similar spots; body light-brown above, yellowish below, sides salmon-color, head and fins with red shadings. Found on both coasts of tropical America, north to Havana and Guaymas; very common on the coast of Brazil and in the ( lulf of California, usually in shallow bays; apparently not common in Porto Rico, where one young individual, 5 irfehes in length, was collected at Mayaguez. Serranus radialis Quoy & Gaimard, Voyage Uranie, 310, 1824, Rio Janeiro. Serranus birittatus Cuvier Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., II, 241, 1828, Martinique. Ceniropristes ayresi Steindacliner, Ichth. Notizen, VII, 1, pi. 1, fig. 1, 1868, Santos, Brazil. Diplectrum radiale, Jordan & Evermann, 1. c„ 1204, 1896. Genus 72. PRIONODES Jenyns. Serranos. Body oblong, moderately compressed, covered with moderate-sized ctenoid scales. Lateral line normal in direction, not running close to back. Cranium above with a very large convex smooth area, which is longer than the low supraorbital crest; supraoccipital and parietal crests short, extending to a line connecting borders of preopercle; posterior outline of cranium nearly vertical in profile; mouth large, maxillary' not scaly and without supplemental bone; canines small, lateral; no depressible teeth in jaws; teeth always present on vomer and palatines. Gillrakers usually few. Branchiostegals 7. Dorsal with 10 rather slender spines either subequal or one of them much produced, the tin not BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 160 deeply notched, the soft portion short, of 11 to 13 rays, and nearly or quite destitute of scales; anal short, with slender spines; caudal lunate or truncate. Ventrals not very close together, inserted somewhat in advance of pectorals, as in Centropristes and Diplectrum. Vertebree 10 + 14 = 24/ Species of small size, probably all American, closely allied to the Old World genus Serranus, from which they are distinguished by the short, naked, soft dorsal, the anterior insertion of ventrals, and the smaller teeth. Of the 11 known American species only one has been found in Porto Rico. At least two other species (P. phcebe and P. tabacarius ) probably occur there. Prionodes: a. Scales large, 42 to 55 in the lateral line. b. Scales on cheek very large, in about 5 series; dorsal spines not quite equal, fourth longest, about twice length of ninth. c. Teeth unusually strong, 3 or 4 on each side in upper jaw as large as largest lateral teeth; jaws equal; preorbital extremely narrow, not one-third width of pupil; preopercle very sharply serrate; gillrakers short, slender, x + 10; caudal forked. Color plain-olivaceous; fins all pale; sides with about 6 faint dark crossbands, more or less confluent along lateral line : fusculus bb. Scales on cheek moderate, in about 8 series; body oblong, heavy anteriorly; dorsal outline a little elevated, profile almost straight; lower jaw not projecting; canines small; mouth large; preorbital narrow; dorsal fin not notched. d. Eye large, equal to snout; gillrakers short, x + 10; caudal deeply lunate; pectoral long. Color light-brownish, with lighter blotches and faint dusky bars; a very conspicuous, sharply defined, vertical white bar extending upward on each side from just before vent; fins pale jrficebe dd. Eye very large, greater than snout; gillrakers short, x + 6; caudal truncate. Color, upper parts scarlet, lower parts bluish-white; a yellow lateral band, under which are 4 quadrate black blotches baldwini , 115 Mentiperca: aa. Scales small, lateral line with 00 to 75 in its course. e. Lower jaw not very strongly projecting. /. Body covered with irregular, inky-black spots and bands. Body long and low, head low and sharp, lower jaw pro- jecting; scales on cheek in 10 or 12 rows; teeth small; gillrakers very short, x +7; dorsal low, not notched; caudal forked. Color brownish above, sides yellowish, everywhere above, below, and on fins covered with irregular inky-black spots, blotches, and bands, latter meeting around belly; pectorals and anal plain; a broad ring around base of caudal, and many irregular spots around bases of ventrals and pectorals; numerous black spots on dorsals and caudal, one of those on front of spinous dorsal very conspicuous tigrinus ff. Body not covered with conspicuous inky-black spots and bands. g. Back with 3 or more large, conspicuous blotches of yellowish-white. Body more elongate than in related species; lower jaw slightly projecting; scales on cheek in 11 series; dorsal spines low, fifth the longest, 2.25 in head; caudal strongly lunate; pectoral and ventrals short. Color brownish-red above, with areas of light yellow on sidesof back; one before dorsal; a large one and a small one below spinous dorsal; a large one below last rays of soft dorsal; one on back of tail; top of head with 2 pale cross-shades, one before, one behind eyes; lower fins light-orange; caudal red, with 2 conspicuous longitudinal stripes of blackish-red; dorsal red-shaded, a maroon blotch on each part of it extending upward from a similar blotch on back tabacarius gg. Back without conspicuous blotches of yellowish-white. h. Coloration nearly uniform; body elongate; snout short and thick; caudal slightly lunate. Color brownish-yellow on back, orange on sides, and brighter or red on belly; no spots nor bands; upper part of head bluish, fins gray; caudal bordered above and below with brown flavescens ec. Lower jaw very strongly projecting; body elongate, moderately compressed; scales small, about 70; snout sharp, much longer than the large eye; preopercle finely denticulated; top of head with vertex naked; caudal deeply forked; skull depressed, with a single crest; dorsal spines moderate, third highest. i. Color clear brown with larger darker spots or bars on sides; fins pale, more or less tinged with orange, luciopercanus 115. Prionodes baldwini Evermann & Marsh. (Plate 15.) Head 2.5; depth 3.2; eye 4; snout 4.6; maxillary 2.4; mandible 2; interorbital 7; D. x, 12; A. hi, 7; pectoral 1.4; ventral 1.3; caudal 1.7; scales 4-42-12. Body elongate, moderately compressed, not elevated, covered with ctenoid scales; dorsal and ventral outlines alike; head moderate, pointed, naked above and below; eye large, greater than length of snout, high in position; mouth terminal, slightly oblique, maxillary reaching middle of eye or somewhat beyond; gillrakers short, 6 developed on lower limb; teeth small, conical, and sharp, on vomer and palatines and in several series in each jaw, with weak canines in front and a few canine-like teeth on middle of side of lower jaw; cheek with about 7 rows of scales; preopercle finely serrate; opercle ending in 3 sharp, flat spines, middle one largest, a membranous pointed flap projecting beyond; fins all naked, dorsal continuous, with a slight emargi nation; spines slender and pungent, first 4 or 5 graduated, rest subequal, 3.2 in head, lower than soft rays which are contained about 2.5 in head; anal fin short, second spine longest and strongest, 3 in head, soft part high, fifth or sixth ray longest, THE EISHES OF PORTO RICO. 161 reaching almost to front of anal, 2 in head; ventral with second ray produced, reaching vent; caudal truncate, or with middle rays very slightly shorter, making the margin slightly concave. Color in life: Dorsal half of head and trunk and ail of caudal peduncle scarlet, ventral portion pale-blue, almost white; a yellow longitudinal band, nearly as wide as pupil, from preopercular margin straight across opercle and along body to lateral line under last dorsal rays; 4 quadrate or oblong black blotches just under this band, the first about under middle of spinous dorsal, second under last spines, third under first rays, fourth under last rays; from each of the first three of these blotches a square, well-defined yellow shade extends downward to belly or base of anal, a similar one from base of pectoral to ventral; 4 smaller black blotches at base of caudal, 2 others, somewhat larger than the last, just in front of them on caudal peduncle; a row of 9 round black dots on each side at base of dorsal fin, first one smallest, opposite membrane of first spine, the other 8 separated somewhat obscurely into pairs, the first pair under middle spines, second under last spines, third under first rays, fourth under last rays; 2 or 3 very small black dots on upper edge of caudal peduncle; 2 or 3 more in front of dorsal on median line, each accompanied by a similar one on either side; in some specimens a few scattering ones on top of head behind eyes, sometimes regularly arranged; a few dark-brown spots behind eye; various dark markings on side of head, without very definite pattern, but usually 2 oblique stripes on cheek, a heavy black blotch on interopercle and 2 on ramus of mandible, which, with their fellows of the other side, make distinct crossbars on lower side of head, usually extending across maxillary; chin and lower part of opercle with dark spots; lateral line white, with a few broken spots, comparatively faint, just below it; iris red, with an inner ring of white surrounding pupil; spinous dorsal pale, edge of membrane black, this color bordered below with faint yellow; soft dorsal pale, spotted throughout with light-orange, with a marginal band of same, outside of which is a very narrow pale-blue edge; ventral very pale-blue, produced ray somewhat yellow; anal pale-blue with some light orange on last rays; pectoral and caudal uniform pale-reddish, unmarked. In spirits, all the red and yellow markings disappear, the dark persists, and additional markings are brought out as follows: Along anterior and upper part of the trunk and crossing the lateral line are dark-brown vertical bars, diffuse and running together, or separated and broken into round or quadrate blotches; in the middle part of the course of yellow longitudinal band appears a row of very small black points; spots on soft dorsal dusky; dark mottlings on caudal; upper and lower base of pectoral, and sometimes axil, dusky. A beautiful and strongly marked species; 2 specimens dredged and 33 others, ranging in size from 0.55 to 2 inches, caught in the tangle, off Culebra and Vieques islands, on coral bottom, in depths of 15 and 16 fathoms. Known only from Porto Rico. This interesting species was “named for Mr. Albertus H. Baldwin, the artist of the expedition, in recognition of his excellent drawings and paintings of American fishes.” Prionodes baldwini Evermann & Marsh, Report U. S. F. C. for 1899 (December 19) , 353, Fish Hawk station 6093, off Culebra Island, 5.25 miles southwest of Culebritas Light-House, February 8, 1899, in 15 fathoms. Genus 73. DULES Cuvier. This genus is close to Prionodes, differing in having but 6 branchiostegals and in the truncate form of the caudal fin. In D. auriga the third dorsal spine is prolonged in a whip-like spine. There are 3 known species of the genus, the one described below and D. subligarius, which occurs on the South Atlantic coast of the United States, and I), auriga, from the coasts of Brazil and Uruguay. a. Third dorsal spine not longer than fourth, 3 in head; second anal spine considerably longer than third, about 2.25 in head; lower jaw little projecting; gillrakers short and few, 6 or 8 in number; jaws scaleless; soft dorsal with small scales; pectoral long, reaching anal. Color brown, with darker cross-shades; soft dorsal, anal, and caudal fins checkered with blackish on a white ground; a broad white area or bar before anal fin. b. Dorsal rays x, 13; head small, acuminate; pectoral fin finely barred with black and whitish, precisely like caudal fin; a very conspicuous inky-black blotch on front of soft dorsal (at least in the young), this being a continuation of one of the bars on body; a black ring about tail at base of caudal, before which are 6 or 7 dark bars, becoming progressively broader and fainter forward; lower parts of head with a conspicuous network of dark streaks subligarius bb. Dorsal rays x, 12; head less slender; pectoral red; inky blotch on soft dorsal small or obsolete; dusky bars on body distinct dispilurus, 116 aa. Third dorsal spine in adult male greatly elevated, reaching past middle of soft dorsal, its length quite variable; second anal spine as long as third, 2.83 in head; lower jaw prominent; gillrakers 10 to 12 below arch; pectoral shorter than head; brownish lower parts with light and dark shades; fins clouded. .... auriga F. C. B. 1900—11 162 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 116. Dules dispilurus (Gunther). Head 2.4; depth 2.75; eye 4.2; snout 4.2; maxillary 2.3; mandible 1.9; interorbital 7; D. x, 12; A. in, 7; pectoral 1.35; ventral 1.6; caudal 2; scales 5-44-12. Body oblong, of moderate depth, considerably compressed; mouth large, slightly oblique, max- illary reaching center of large eye or beyond; teeth in villiform bands in each jaw, in lower becoming uniserial posteriorly; a few enlarged teeth in outer row of both jaws; vomer and palatines with narrow bands of villiform teeth, some of them enlarged ; jaws subequal; preopercle evenly rounded, finely serrate above; opercle with 3 pungent spines, middle one longest; scales rather large, ctenoid; caudal lin truncate; second anal spine longest and more or less curved. Color in spirits: Brownish, some specimens more olive; 5 or 6 crossbands of darker color on body, not very distinct, these extending on dorsal fin, where they are quite black and sharply defined — 1 on front of spinous dorsal, 1 on last spines, and 1 on first dorsal rays at height of last dorsal spines, the bar from this one extending to about lateral line only; another at base of last dorsal rays. Between these inky-black blotches are much smaller spots not parts of the body bars; caudal peduncle with 1 or 2 vertical bars; an oval black spot, smaller than pupil, at base of upper caudal rays, and 1 at base of lower, with fainter markings between; caudal and anal mottled, ventrals dark, pectoral pale (red in life); many (about 15) longitudinal brownish or olive lines on body, formed of color on upper and lower edges of scales, rather wider than interspaces, and giving the fish its general color; a faint, wider, dark streak from occiput to upper edge of eye, and 1 from shoulder through eye to tip of snout, A creamy quadrate blotch from belly, in front of vent, extending upward about halfway to lateral line, its posterior border more sharply defined than anterior. A strongly marked species heretofore known only from Trinidad and Jamaica. Five examples, one about 1.75 inches, the others 2.75. The smaller one was taken with the tangle, off Point Melones, in 7 fathoms; one of the others in the beam trawl, 9 miles from Mayaguez, in 220 fathoms, on rocky bottom; the others were seined at Mayaguez. Centropristis dispilurus Gunther, Proc. Zool. Soc. Loud., 1867, 99, Trinidad. Dules dispilurus , Jordan & Evermann, 1. c., 1219, 1896. Genus 74. RYPTICTJS Cuvier. The Soap-fishes. Body oblong, compressed, covered with very small, smooth, embedded scales. Lateral line normal, head scaly. Mouth rather large, oblique, lower jaw the longer; maxillary with a supple- mental bone, as in Epinephelus, with which this genus agrees in general osteology; smooth area on top of cranium very large, transversely convex, much longer than supraoccipital crest; interorbital area very narrow; parietal and supraoccipital bones short, with feeble crests, which do not extend on frontals; premaxillaries reaching frontals, which have a fossa in front; teeth all villiform, in bands on jaws, vomer, and palatines; preopercle crescent-shaped, without angle or serratures, but provided with 2 or 3 spinous hooks on the posterior margin; opercle with 2 or 3 spines; gillrakers short; branch iostegals 7. Dorsal fins separate, the first of 2 or 3 (rarely 4) small spines, second of many (about 25) soft rays; anal long, rounded, of soft rays only; caudal rounded; pectoral rounded, nearly symmetrical, of 17 rays; ventrals small, i, 5, inserted slightly before pectorals, the spine short and strong. Vertebrae 10 -)- 14 = 24. Skeleton generally similar to that of Epinephelus. Species about 8, all from the seas of tropical America. Rypticus: a. Dorsal spines 2 or 3 (rarely 4) . b. Preopercle with two spines only, lower scarcely the longer. c. Opercular spines 3, all well developed. d. Color not red, chiefly olivaceous; dorsal fins distinctly connected by membrane. e. Eye not longer than snout; pores in lateral line 85 to 90 saponaceus, 117 ee. Eye longer than snout; pores in lateral line 67; brownish, with blackish spots and dots arcnatus cc. Opercular spines 2, small, uppermost the smaller coriaceus, 118 Promicropterus: bb. Preopercle with 3 spines bistrispinus, 119 THE FISHES OF PORTO RICO. 163 117. Rypticus saponaceus (Bloch <& Schneider) . Soap-fish. Head 3 to 3.33 in length; depth 2.6 to 3.25; ]>. nr, 23 to 25; A. 16 or 17; scales 85 to 90 (pores). Body comparatively deep, young more slender; back elevated, snout rather pointed; lower jaw much projecting; anterior profile before eye little concave; eye 4.5 to 5 in head; maxillary reaching posterior edge of eye, 2.12 in head; preopercle with 2 straight spines behind; opercle with 3 spines, middle one largest and nearer upper than lower; first and second dorsal spines subequal, third smallest; dorsals slightly connected, ventrals very small, not half longer than eye; pectoral rounded; gillrakers very small and short, about 8 developed. Color dusky-brown, fins marked with blackish and usually with a narrow pale edge; sides generally with irregular pale spots; back and head usually immaculate. West Indies, Pensacola to West Africa and Brazil; generally common. The best known and most widely distributed of the soap-fishes. Though not obtained by us in Porto Rico, we include it on the authority of Poey. Jaboncillo, Parra, Dif. Piezas Hist. Nat., 51, pi. '14, fig. 2, 1787, Havana. Anthias saponaceus Bloch & Schneider, Syst. Ichth. , 310, 1801, Havana; after Parra. Rhypticus microps Castlenau, Anim. Nouv. et Rares, 6,1855, Bahia; after Perea microps Broussonet, a MS. name/ Rhypticus saponarius, Poey, Fauna Puerto-Riquena, 322, 1881; Stahl, 1. c.,76 and 162,1883. Rypticus saponaceus, Jordan & Evermann, 1. c., 1232, 1896. Fig. 46. — Rypticus bistrisjnnus. 118. Rypticus coriaceus (Cope) . Black Soap-fish. Head 3.3; depth 3.5; eye 5; snout 5.8; maxillary 2.4; mandible 1.7; interorbital 11.5; scales 19- 125-32; P. in-25; A. 15; pectoral 1.5 in head; ventral 2.8; caudal 1.3. Body rather elongate, compressed, back little elevated; head pointed, snout small, pointed; mouth large, somewhat oblique, maxillary reaching beyond orbit, its fore end very broad, triangular; lower jaw strongly projecting; teeth rather strong; interorbital narrow; preopercular spines 2, the lower the larger; opercle with 2 obscure spines, partly covered with skin, the lower the stronger; caudal peduncle compressed, deep, least depth 2 in head, its least width about 6 in its depth. Scales small, more or less embedded, especially on nape and cheeks. Fins all rather large; dorsal well separated, spines short; last dorsal rays about 2 in head; last anal rays about 2.75 in head; caudal rounded, its middle rays about 1.5 in head; pectoral broadly rounded; ventrals short, 2 times eye. Color, plain brown, darkest on back; under parts paler; a broad white line from tip of lower lip to occiput; vertical fins dark, edges black; pectoral with some dark; ventrals pale. Two specimens obtained, one 4.75 inches long, at Mayaguez, and one 5.5 inches long at Hucares. This West Indian species has hitherto been known only from St. Martins and Jamaica. Eleutheractis coriaceus Cope, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc, 1870, 467, St. Martins. Rypticus coriaceus, Jordan & Evermann, 1. c., 1235, 1896. 119. Rypticus bistrispinus (Mitcliill). Head 3; depth 3.6; eye 4.5; snout 4.75; maxillary 2.1; mandible 1.8; interorbital 7; T>. ii, 26; A 15. Body rather slender, depth considerably less than length of head; head compressed, snout pointed; mouth large, lower jaw strongly projecting, maxillary reaching posterior border of orbit, its exposed portion broadly triangular; interorbital very narrow; 3 strong, distinct, preopercular spines, nearly uniform in size, middle one sometimes slightly the largest; opercle with 3 flat, spines, middle 164 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. one largest; opercle ending in along flap; scales very minute, cycloid; entire head scaled; lateral line complete, arched above pectoral; dorsal fin continuous, spinous portion continuous with soft rays; second dorsal spine longer than first, about equal to diameter of orbit; last dorsal rays longest, about 2.5 in head; anal resembling last portion of dorsal, its longest ray 2.5 in head; pectoral broad and rounded, its length 1.9 in head; ventrals short, scarcely greater than orbit; caudal rounded. Color in alcohol: Rich brownish or olivaceous above, paler below; upper half of head to level of lower part of eye dark-brown; lower half of head -pale-yellowish, usually with scattered minute brown specks; tip of lower jaw brown; pale median line from tip of snout to nuchal region, growing less distinct posteriorly; whole body, and usually most of head, covered profusely with small rich brown spots, largest above pectoral ; under jaw, throat, and breast often immaculate; fins usually unspotted. South Atlantic coast of the United States and West Indies, usually in rather deep water; known from off Charleston, the Bahamas, Key West, Pensacola, Cuba, and Porto Rico, and occasionally taken off Newport, Rhode Island. Nineteen specimens obtained by the Porto Rico expedition from the vicinity of Culebra Island, some dredged in 12 to 15 fathoms, others found in shallow water about the coral reefs; length about 3 inches. These specimens agree fully with Mitchill’s original description of this species and with the type of R. pituitosus Goode & Bean. Bodianus bistrispinus Mitchill, Amer. Month. Mag. and Crit. Rev., II, Feb., 1818, 247, deep water in Bahama Straits. Rhypticus maculatus Ho]brook, Ichth. S. Carolina., ed. 1, 39, 1856, and ed. 2, 42, 1860, Cape Romain, South Carolina. Rhypticus pituitosus Goode & Bean, Proe. U. S. N. M. 1879, 341, Key West, Florida. Rypticus bistrispinus, Jordan & Evermann, 1. c., 1233, 1896 Family XLI I. L0B0TID/E. The Triple-tails. This family is thus defined by Dr. Gill : “Percoidea with an oblong, compressed body, equally developed above and below; a short snout and anterior eyes; edentulous palate; dorsal and anal with the soft portions equal and opposite, the former preceded by a much larger spinous portion, the latter with 3 spines; vertebrae 24, 12 abdom- inal and 12 caudal, the fifth to eleventh with short but gradually lengthening parapophyses projecting sideways and behind downward, and the twelfth with the parapophyses elongated, converging at their extremities and fitting into a groove of the first haemal spine, the costiferous pits excavated obliquely in the developed parapophyses, and gradually ascending forward on the vertebrae, and finally on the neurapophyses; the skull with its frontal portion broad, expanded forward and outward, and entering into the posterior borders of the orbits, which are advanced far forward; the postfrontals elongated forward and underlying the frontals; ethmoid short, decurved, and expanded sideways.” This family contains a single species, a large fish closely allied to the Serranidx, but lacking vomerine and palatine teeth, and with the fore part of the head very short. Its relations are decidedly with the Serranidx and not with the Hxmulidx, with which group, however, it agrees in the absence of teeth on the palate. Genus 75. LOBOTES Cuvier. Body oblong, compressed, and elevated, covered with moderate-sized, weakly ctenoid scales; profile of head concave, snout prominent; mouth moderate, oblique, with thick lips; upper jaw very protractile, the lower longer; maxillary without supplemental bone; jaws with narrow bands of villi- form teeth, in front of which is a row of larger conical teeth directed backward; no teeth on vomer or palatines; preorbital narrower than eye; preopercle strongly serrate. Branchiostegals 6. Dorsal fin continuous, with 12 spines, which may be depressed into a shallow groove; soft rays of dorsal and anal fins elevated; anal spines graduated; bases of soft dorsal and anal thickened and scaly; caudal rounded. Air-bladder present. Pyloric caeca 3. 120. Lobotes surinamensis (Bloch). “ Sama” ; Flasher; Triple-tail; Dorrneur. Head 2.8; depth 2; eye 6.5; snout 4.1; maxillary 2.8; mandible 1.9; interorbital 3.5; D. xi, i, 15; A. hi, 11; pectoral 1.7; ventral 1.4; caudal 1.4; scales 5-48-15. Resembling the serranoid genus Alphestes in form, but without teeth on vomer or palatines; scales large, firm, and ctenoid; anterior profile with a strong concavity at occiput; eye small; mouth small, THE FISHES OF PORTO RICO. 165 lower jaw projecting; teeth in a narrow villiform band in each jaw, with a single outer row of enlarged conical teeth; preopercle with a few strong spines, those at angle greatly enlarged; soft dorsal and anal high, nearly as large as caudal, the 3 fins suggesting a 3-lobed tail, whence the name “triple-tail.” Color in life: Body greenish, grayish, and yellowish, more or less mottled; fins mottled-grayish; soft dorsal and anal black-edged, caudal with yellowish margin, black inside; ventral pale, with black blotches; branchiostegals pale, with irregular black lines; our smaller specimen creamy-yellow, overlaid with dark -brown. A fish of rather sluggish habits, found in most warm seas; north on our coast to Cape Cod; probably not uncommon about Porto Rico; not recorded from Key West, though known from the St. Johns and Indian rivers, Pensacola and Tampa. It is said to reach a length of 3 feet and a weight of 50 pounds, and is regarded as a very good food-fish. The collection contains two young examples, 6.5 and 8 inches in length. The smaller was taken by the seine at the mouth of the Rio Bayamon at Palo Seco, in water very nearly fresh; the other was seined in San Juan Harbor between Palo Seco and Catano. Holocentrus surinamensis Bloch, Ichth., pi. 243, 1V90, Surinam. Bodianus triurus Mitchill, Trans. Lit. and Phil. Soc., 1, 1815, 418, Powles Hook, New Jersey. Lobotes crate Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., V, 322, 1830, Pondicherry. Lobotes farkharii Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., V, 324, 1830, Malacca; on a drawing by Major Farkhar. Lobotes somnolentus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., V, 324, 1830, Santo Domingo. Lobotes auctorum Gunther, Cat., 1, 338, 1859, Cuba; Calcutta; China. Lobotes surinamensis, Poey, Fauna Puerto-Riq., 329, 1881; Stahl, l.c., 77 and 103,1883; Jordan & Evermann,!. c., 1235, 1896. Fig. 47. — Lobotes surinamensis. Family XLIII. PRIACANTHID/E. The Catalufas. Body oblong or ovate, compressed, covered with small, firm, rough scales; all parts of body and head, even the snout and maxillaries, being densely scaly, each scale with a more or less developed plate on its posterior border, most developed in the young. Head deep. Mouth large, very oblique, lower jaw prominent. Villiform teeth on jaws, vomer, and palatines, none on tongue. Premax- illaries protractile. Maxillary broad, without supplemental bone, not slipping under the very narrow preorbital, which is usually serrate; no suborbital stay Eye very large, forming about one-half length of side of head. Posterior nostril long, slit-like, close to eye. Preopercle more or less serrated, one or more strong spines at its angle; operculum very short, ending in two or three points behind; no barbels. Gill-membranes separate, free from isthmus. Pseudobranchise very large, extending along whole length of opercle. Postorbital part of head very short, opercle small. Gills 4, a slit behind the fourth. Gillrakers long. Branchiostegals 6. Lateral line continuous, not extending on 166 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. caudal. Dorsal fin continuous, x, 9 to 15, spines depressible in a groove; anal rays in, 9 to 15, soft part long, similar to soft dorsal, spines strong; ventrals very large, thoracic, i, 5, close together, in advance of base of pectoral, joined to belly by a membrane which incloses a groove; no axillary process; spine strong; pectoral small, pointed, not symmetrical, of 19 or 20 rays, upper longest; caudal fin truncate or lunate. Spines of fins generally rough, with small seme. Air-bladder large. Pyloric cseca few. Vertebrae in reduced number, 9 or 10 -j- 13 = 22 or 23, first vertebrae being very small or absent; transverse process beginning on seventh (sixth) vertebra, last two precaudal bridged across; ribs attached to transverse processes; epipleurals absent on last three precaudal vertebrae. Supra- occipital crest very low, continued forward to over front of orbit, where it is joined by parietal crests; processes of premaxillaries moderate. Carnivorous fishes of the tropical seas, chiefly in deep waters; mostly rose-colored in life. a. Scales very small, 80 to 100 in lateral line; body oblong, its depth not half its length; preopercle with a flat spine; dorsal and anal each with 12 to 15 soft rays Priacanthus, 76 aa. Scales large and very rough, 35 to 50 in lateral line; body ovate, its depth more than half its length; preopercle without spines; dorsal and anal each with 9 to 11 soft rays Pseudopriacanthus Genus 76. PRIACANTHUS Cuvier. Scales very small, 80 to 100 in lateral line; body oblong, more than twice as long as deep; pre- opercle with a spine at angle; interorbital area externally transversely convex, cranium itself trans- versely concave, elevation being formed of flesh; a conspicuous foramen in interorbital area; lateral line extending upward and backward from upper angle of gill-opening toward second dorsal spine, below which it changes its course, following outline of back to end of dorsal fin, thence direct to middle of caudal; anal fin rather long, its rays about hi, 14; dorsal rays about x, 13. Species rather numerous, in the tropical seas. a. Preopercular spine obsolete or nearly so; depth about equal to length of head; dorsal unspotted; dorsal rays x, 14; anal in, 15 arenatus, 121 aa. Preopercular spine well developed; depth of body greater than length of head; dorsal spotted; dorsal rays x, 12 or x, 13, anal m, 13 or 14 cruentatus, 122 121. Priacanthus arenatus (Cuvier & Valenciennes) . “ Toro “Comico”; Catalufa. (Plate 16.) Head 3.25; depth 2.8; eye 2.7; snout 3; maxillary 2; mandible 1.6; interorbital 4.6; D. x, 14, rarely 13; A. in, 15, rarely 16; pectoral 1.9; ventral 1.1; caudal 1.2; scales about 94. Body oblong-ovate, compressed, covered with small, very firm, and slightly ctenoid scales; head almost entirely scaled; eye very large; mouth extremely oblique; lower jaw strong and prominent; maxillary very broad posteriorly, reaching slightly beyond front of eye; opercle and angle of pre- opercle each with a weak fiat spine; dorsal spines slightly roughened; caudal slightly lunate. Color in life: Body and fins nearly everywhere bright-red, ventrals and caudal deepest; base of pectoral yellow; ventral spine pale-blue, rays black-tipped, most of membrane dusky; soft dorsal and anal with a few small dusky spots, and faintly edged with dark; caudal distinctly dark-edged; upper edge of caudal peduncle dusky; a series of about 12 indistinct dark round blotches along and just above lateral line; inside of mouth red behind; iris chiefly bright-red, a narrow yellow circle about pupil. This fish occurs in the tropical Atlantic south to Brazil, occasionally northward in the Gulf Stream to Newport and Woods Hole; also known from Jamaica, Key West, and Madeira; probably common about Porto Rico. Our collection contains six examples, 6 to 12 inches long, from Aguadilla, Mayaguez, and Arroyo. It does not usually exceed a foot or 15 inches in length, but is a food-fish of some importance. Its flesh is firm and flaky and of good flavor. Nothing is known as to its game qualities. The brilliant red color and large eye make this a very striking fish. Catalufa , Parra, Dif. Piezas Hist. Nat., pi. 20, 1787, Havana. Priacanthus arenatus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., Ill, 97, 1829, Brazil and Atlantic; Jordan & Everniann, l.c., 1237, 1896. Priacanthus fulgens Lowe, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., II, 1839, 174, Madeira. Priacanthus catalufa Poey, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1863, 182, Havana. THE FISHES OF PORTO RICO. 167 122. Priacanthus cruentatus (Lacepede). “Ojon”; Catalufa; “Ojudo”; Big-eye. Head 3; depth 2.5; eye 2.6; snout 3.2; maxillary 2; mandible 1.6; interorbital 3.7; D. x, 13; A. hi, 14; pectoral 1.8; ventral 1.4; caudal 1.2; scales about DO. Body deeper than in P. arenatus, and preopercular spine stronger, curved, and serrate. Color in life: Body silvery, washed with rosy; back with five or six rosy, saddle-like blotches extending on sides to below lateral line; under parts rosy; vertical fins with pale bases, brighter out- wardly; caudal black-edged; pectoral and ventral rosy, ventral black-tipped. This fish ranges from the West Indies to St. Helena and the Canaries, and is known from Cuba, Jamaica, and Porto Rico, but not yet recorded from the United States. Probably not common in Porto Rico. Our collection contains but a single specimen, 8 inches long, obtained in the San Juan market, though others were seen. It reaches a length of a foot or more, and is a good food-fish, common in the Havana market. Labrus cruentatus Lactip^de, Hist. Nat. Poiss., III. 522, 1800, Martinique. Priacanthus cepedianus Desmarest, Prem. Dee. Ichthy., 9, pi. 1, 1823, Havana; Poey, Fauna Puerto-Riquena, 322, 1881 Stahl, 1. c„ 76 and 162, 1883. Priacanthus cruentatus, Stahl, 1. c., 76 and 102, 1883; Jordan & Evermann, 1. c., 1238, 1896. Family XLIV LUTlANlDdi. The Snappers. Body oblong or more or less elevated, covered with moderate-sized adherent scales, which are more or less strongly ctenoid or almost cycloid. Lateral line well developed, concurrent with back, not extending on caudal fin. Head large, crests on skull usually largely developed. No suborbital stay; mouth moderate or large, usually terminal, low, and horizontal. Premax diaries moderately protractile, their spines not extending to occiput; maxillary long, without supplemental bone, for most of its length slipping under edge of preorbital, which forms a more or less distinct sheath, its form essentially as in the Serranidse; teeth various, unequal, and sharp, never incisor-like, some of them sometimes molar; vomer and palatines usually with villiform teeth, these sometimes molar, sometimes very small, sometimes wanting; lower pharyngeals separate; gills 4, a slit behind fourth; pseudobranchiae large; gillrakers moderate or long, slender; gill -membranes separate, free from isth- mus. Preopercle serrate or entire; opercles without spines; sides of head usually scaly. Dorsal fin single, continuous, or deeply notched, sometimes divided into two fins, spines usually strong, depressible in a groove, heteracanthous, that is, alternating, one stronger on right side, other on left; spines 10 to 12 in number. Anal fin similar to soft dorsal and with 3 spines; ventral fins thoracic, the rays i, 5, with a more or less distinct scale-like appendage at base; caudal fin usually more or less concave behind. Air-bladder present, usually simple. Intestinal canal short. Pyloric caeca few. Vertebrae usually 10 -f- 14 = 24. No distinct tubercles from cranium for articulation of epipharyngeal bones; enlarged apophyses for articulation of palatine and preorbital bones; anterior 4 vertebra; without parapophyses. The Lutianidse comprise about 20 genera and some 250 species, chiefly inhabiting shores of warm regions, all active, carnivorous, and voracious, and all valued as food. The group is closely related to the Serranidse on the one hand and to the Ihemulidse on the other. HOPI.OPAGRIN.E : a. Vomer with teeth. b. Nostrils near together, placed just before eye, anterior not tubular; vomerine teeth villiform, the patch A. A. or O-shaped; teeth in jaws all acute; no incisors or molars. c. Palatines with teeth; teeth in jaws strong, more or less unequal. LUTIANIN.E: d. Interorbital area not flat nor separated from occipital region, median and lateral crests procurrent on it, and frontal narrowed forward, dorsal fin continuous, spines not separated by a notch from soft rays. e. Prefontals with articular facets arising from diverging V-shaped ridges; basi-sphenoid with an anterior lobiform extension; soft dorsal and anal scaly; dorsal spines 10 or 11 (in American species) ; tongue with teeth (at least in adult examples). /. Fronto-occipital crest ceasing anteriorly far from front of frontal; prefrontal with posterior areas impressed, long, and cribriform; no pterygoid teeth; caudal fin lunate or forked; gillrakers rather few, shortish. g. Top of head naked; an oblique band of scales on each side of nape; parietal crest not confluent with fronto-occip- ital crest, either fading away anteriorly or running into ocular rim; preopercle with a shallow notch or emargination only Neom^nis, 77 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 168 ff. Fronto-occipital crest continued forward along top of head to nearly opposite nostrils; prefrontals with posterior area short, excavated above and in front. h. Gillrakers long and numerous, about 25; anal rather high, its rays in, 9; pterygoid teeth present (in the adult) in a narrow band; caudal fin very deeply forked Ocyurus, 78 ee. Prefrontals with articular facets developed from simple tubercles and not V-shaped; basi-sphenoid not lobigerous; canines small; soft rays of dorsal 10 or 11. i. Prefrontals with posterior areas cribriform; pterygoids with a broad patch of teeth (in adult); hyoid bones and tongue with teeth; canines very small or obsolete; dorsal spines 12 (or 13) ; soft dorsal and anal somewhat scaled; top of head scaled to before middle of eye; gillrakers numerous Rhomboplites, 79 ii. Prefrontals with posterior areas solid and somewhat tumid; pterygoids, hyoid bone, and tongue toothless; dorsal spines 10; soft dorsal and anal scaleless Apsilus Etelin.e: dd. Interorbital area flat, separated by a transverse line of demarcation from occipital, by which median as well as lateral crests are limited; frontals wide in front; tongue and pterygoids toothless; soft rays of dorsal 10 or 11. i. Dorsal fin continuous; frontals not cavernous; supraorbital margin crenate; pterotic region much swollen outward and with bones thin and jjolished; preorbital moderate; frontals behind with funnel-shaped foramina; soft dorsal and anal scaleless; last rays of dorsal and anal produced Aprion jj. Dorsal nearly or quite divided into two fins by a deep notch; eye very large; preorbital very narrow. k. Frontals not cavernous, simply normally perforate; supraorbital margins crenate; prefrontals behind, with funnel- shaped foramina; head naked above and on snout; soft dorsal and anal naked; peritoneum and lining of gill- cavity pale; caudal deeply forked; color crimson Etelis, 80 JfcJfc. Frontals cavernous (like those of Scitenoids), with longitudinal, osseous bars, leaving interspaces in front of transverse ridge and on each side near front; supraorbital margins smooth; prefrontals behind with simple foramina for olfactory nerves; head scaly above and on jaws and snout; soft dorsal and anal scaly at base; peri- toneum and lining of gill-cavity black; caudal lunate. Deep-water species, blackish-purple in color... Verilus Denticinje: aa. Vomer and palatines toothless; one or both jaws with strong canines; no molars; preopercle entire; dorsal continuous. 1. Dorsal spines 10; scales large", 50 in lateral line, those on cheek in 3 rows; mouth moderate, jaws subequal; fins usually with filaments Nemipterus Genus 77. NE0M7ENIS Girard. Snappers. Body oblong, compressed, back somewhat elevated; headlong, naked above, except for a broad oblique band of scales at nape; nostrils normally close together, neither with a tube; mouth large, jaws with bands of villiform teeth, besides which is usually an outer series of larger teeth in each jaw, and 2 to 4 stronger teeth or canines in front of upper jaw; vomer with villiform teeth; villiform teeth on palatines; usually one or more patches of teeth on tongue in the adult; no molar teeth; no teeth on pterygoids; preopercle without notch or with a shallow' emargination; posterior limb of preopercle iinely serrate; gillrakers rather few, shortish; soft rays of dorsal and anal scaly at base; dorsal spines 10 (rarely 11), continuous with soft rays; caudal lunate or forked; anal rays 7 to 9. Interorbital area not flat nor separated from occipital region, median and lateral crests procurrent on it, and frontal narrowed forward; fronto-occipital crest ceasing anteriorly far from front of frontal, usually behind eye; prefrontal with posterior areas impressed, long and cribriform; parietal crest not confluent with orbital rim, but nearly or quite joined anteriorly to fronto-occipital crest (in species examined); prefrontals with articular facets arising from diverging V-shaped ridges; basisphenoid with an anterior lobiform extension. Vertebrae 10 -)- 14 = 24. We follow Jordan & Evermann in separating the American pargos or snappers from the Old World genus Lutianus on the following characters, distinctive so far as known: Parietal crest usually confluent anteriorly with orbital rim, never joined anteriorly to fronto-occipital crest; top of head naked; a more or less isolated band of scales extending obliquely on each side of nape; notch on preopercle for recep- tion of knob of interopercle shallow and broad, sometimes obsolete, otherwise essentially as in Lutianus. Species very numerous, American; active predatory fishes, highly valued as food. Among the food-fishes of Key West and the West Indies no fewer than 15 species belong to this genus, while on our Pacific coast are at least 5 more species, and all of them are excellent for food. Most of the species reach a good size and are objects of important fisheries. а. Soft dorsal normally with 14 rays, rarely with 13. б. Anal fin rounded, its middle rays less than half length of head; no black lateral spot. c. Developed gillrakers 7 to 9, usually with few rudiments, if any; preorbital deep; caudal lunate. Shallow-water species, olivaceous in color, more or less marked by crossbands when young, often with a blue streak along preorbital. d. Vomerine teeth forming a A or /t\ shaped patch, backward prolongation on median line very short or wanting; scales above lateral line in oblique series, which are not throughout parallel with it; body comparatively elongate, depth 3 to 3.5 in length, upper and lower canines very strong, lower considerably stronger than in other species; mouth very large, vertical fins dusky, size very large. THE FISHES OF PORTO RICO. 169 e. Maxillary 2.29 in head; preorbital 4.75 in head; maxillary reaching past middle of eye, about 2.33 in head; usually a black spot or shade at base of pectoral; head 2.75; depth 3; D.x,14; A.iii, 8; scales 7-50-12 eyanopterus, 123 del. Vomerine teeth forming an anchor-shaped patch, with a distinct backward prolongation on median line; second anal spine little, if any, shorter than third; upper canines strong, lower moderate or small. /. Scales above lateral line arranged in series which are not throughout parallel with lateral line, being oblique and irregular, at least below second dorsal. g. Body comparatively elongate, depth 2.75 to 3 in length; mouth large, maxillary 2.5 in head; scales 7 in an oblique series between dorsal and lateral line; pectoral short, not two-thirds length of head; soft dorsal, anal, and caudal blackish, tinged with wine-color, always becoming dusky in spirits griseus, 124 gg. Body comparatively deep, depth about 2.5 in length; snout long and pointed ; mouth rather small, maxillary about 3 in head; pectoral long, more than two-thirds length of head; soft dorsal, anal, and caudal orange or yellow, becoming pale in spirits. h. Scales moderate, about 9 in an oblique series from first dorsal to lateral line, about 55 vertical series above lateral line between gill-opening and base of caudal; lateral line with more than 45 pores; a whitish area below eye; blue streak along suborbital region usually not disappearing with age; scales 8-56-15 jocu, 125 hh. Scales unusually large, 5 or 6 in an oblique series from first dorsal to lateral line, about 45 vertical series above lateral line between gill-opening and base of caudal; lateral line with fewer than 40 pores; blue streak on suborbital region not permanent; scales 6-44-13 apodns, 126 cc. Developed gillrakers more numerous, about 10, with several rudiments before them (in N. buccanetta; not examined in N. lutjanoides) . i. Caudal deeply forked; mouth small, maxillary reaching posterior nostril; preopercle slightly notched, little serrate; canines strong; tongue with teeth; soft dorsal and anal rounded; pectoral pointed, 4.5 in total length. Color brownish-green, with 6 brown crossbands; a broad greenish stripe from opercle to base of caudal. D. x, 14; A. in, 8 lutjanoides ii. Caudal moderately forked; mouth large, maxillary reaching anterior edge of eye, 2.6 in head; preopercle serrate, serrae strong on angle; canines medium; vomerine teeth in an anchor-shaped patch; eye large; the base and axil of pectoral with a jetrblack blotch; scales moderate, about 8 oblique series from the lateral line to first dorsal spine, about 63 vertical rows above lateral line; second anal- spine long, about 2.66 in head. Color crimson; caudal peduncle and caudal fin largely yellow; iris orange-red; no lateral blotch, Head 2.5; depth 2.8; D. x, 14; A. hi, 8; scales 8-63-15 buccanetta bb. Anal fin angulated, its median rays produced, longest in adult, at least half head; body rather robust; upper canines rather long; lower small. Color more or less red, young with a black lateral blotch. j. Scales above lateral line arranged in series, which are not throughout parallel with it; side with a black blotch, which usually disappears with age; anal fin bright red. Teeth on vomer in an anchor-shaped patch, with a median backward prolongation; lingual teeth well developed; maxillary reaching edge of pupil, 2.5 in head; caudal edged with black. I. Iris golden-yellow in life. Scales rather small, 9-72-10, about 50 pores in lateral line; body rather slender, depth 2.5 in length; second anal spine about 3.5 in head; gillrakers 9 below angle; eye large, 4.75 in head in adult; preorbital 5.75 in head. Color bright rose-red, with golden streaks vivanus, 127 II. Iris rose-red. Scales rather large, 8-60-14; body robust, depth 2.6 in length; second anal spine about 4 in head; gillrakers about 8 below angle. Color rose-red, nearly uniform; size large aya, 128 kk. Teeth in vomer in a A-shaped patch, without distinct prolongation on median line; lingual teeth very few or none; maxillary reaching edge of eye, 2.7 in head analis, 129 an. Soft dorsal with 12 rays (rarely 13); body oblong, the back not greatly elevated; upper canines moderate, lower small or obsolete; scales above lateral line in very oblique series; anal fin low, its outline rounded. m. Mouth moderate; maxillary 2.6 to 2.75 in head. n. Caudal not deeply forked; gillrakers rather few (8 or 9 besides rudiments). o. Pectoral short, 1.66 in head; teeth on vomer in an anchor-shaped patch. Color olivaceous, no black lateral blotch; lower jaw included. Head 2.75; depth 3; D. x, 12; A. in, 8; scales 8-51-x. (Hybrid, griseus + synagris?). brachyptcrus oo. Pectoral long, more than two-thirds length of head; color chiefly red; a large black lateral blotch; lower jaw slightly projecting. p. Vomer with teeth in a A or/K shaped patch, the prolongation on median line short. q. Eye large, 4.75 in head; back greatly elevated; pectoral long, 1.25 in head megalophthalmus, 130 qq. Eye smaller, 5 in head; back less elevated; pectoral shorter, 1.5 in head synagris, VAX nn. Caudal deeply forked; gillrakers rather numerous, about 10 on lower part of anterior arch; teeth on vomer in an anchor-shaped patch; body rather elongate, compressed; lower jaw projecting or not; eye small; scales small; lateral line with about 50 pores; anal spines graduated. Color reddish, with horizontal yellow streaks; no black lateral blotch. Head 3; depth 3; D. x, 13; A. in, 9; scales 9-53-15 ambiguus mm. Mouth large; maxillary 2.4 in head; teeth on vomer in an anchor-shaped patch mahogoni, 132 123. Neomgenis eyanopterus (Cuvier & Valenciennes) . Cubera. Head 2.75; depth 3; eye rather small, 5.66 in head; D. x, 14; A. hi, 8; scales (6) 7-50-12, 50 pores. Body elongate, rather robust, back little elevated; profile from snout to nape nearly straight; snout long, thick, rather acute in profile, 3 in head; interorbital space flattish or gently convex, 6.25 in head; occipital keel low; preorbital broad, 4.66 in head; mouth very large ; maxillary reaching middle of eye, 2.33 in head. Canine teeth larger than in any other of the genus, especially those in lower jaw; upper 170 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. jaw with a narrow band of villiform teeth, outside of which is a series of strong, sharp teeth; 4 canines in front, 2 of them very long and strong, their length two-thirds diameter of eye; lower jaw with 5 or 6 very strong canine-like teeth on each side, largest little smaller than canines of upper jaw; a few villiform teeth in front of jaw; tongue with a large oblanceolate patch of teeth, pointed behind, its length about twice its greatest width; vomer with a A-shaped patch of teeth, usually without backward prolongation on median line, but sometimes with a short median prolongation (/[\ -shaped) , its length always less than width of patch in front; pterygoid and hyoid bones without teeth. Gillrakers rather short and thick, about one-third length of diameter of eye, about 8 on lower arch ; no rudiments. Preopercle with posterior margin nearly vertical, emargination broad and shallow, the edge finely serrate above, teeth coarser just above angle, lower limb almost entire. Scales rather large, loosely attached; cheek with about 8 rows, 1 row on interopercle, 1 row on subopercle, and about 7 on operc-le; temporal region with about 2 rows of large scales; tubes of lateral line simple; base of soft dorsal and anal scaly. Dorsal spines rather strong, outline of fin gently convex, fourth spine longest, 3.25 in head; tenth spine, 6 in head; anal spines strong, second spine stronger, slightly shorter than third, which is 5 in head; caudal little forked; pectoral about 1.4 in head. Color, dusky-gray, paler below, belly sometimes tinged with reddish; membranes of dorsal, anal, and caudal grayish-black, anal and soft dorsal especially blackish; ventrals blackish at tip; pectoral plain olivaceous, base and inner margin dusky; head dusky above, without markings. This fish attains a length of 2 to 4 feet; the specimen described (from Cuba) measured 172 inches. It is found in the West Indies and south to Brazil, and is rather common. It is a large, coarse fish, regarded as unwholesome by fishermen, but probably without sufficient cause. It is recorded by Cuvier & Valenciennes and by Poey from Porto Rico; not seen there by us. Mesoprion cyanopterus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., II, 472, 1828, Brazil. ? Mesoprion pargus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., II, 473, 1828, Porto Rico. Lutjanus dentalus A. DunnJril, in Vaillant & Bocourt, Miss. Sci. au Mex., 125, 1881, Brazil. Lutjanus pargus, Poey, Fauna Puerto-Riquena, 320, 1881. Neomsenis cyanopterus, Jordan & Evermann, 1. c., 1254, 1898. 124. Neomsenis griseus (Linnaeus). Gray Snapper; Mangrove Snapper; CabelVerote; “ Par go Prieto.” (Plate 17.) Head 2.75; depth 2.87 to 3.25; D. x, 14; A. in, 8; scales (6) 7-50-12, 47 pores. Body com- paratively elongate, back not strongly compressed, little elevated; profile almost straight from snout to nape, thence gently convex. Snout rather pointed, 3 in head. Eye rather small, 4.66 in head. Interorbital space gently convex, 6 in head; occipital keel little prominent; preorbital rather broad, 5.5 to 6.5 in head. Month large; jaws subequal; maxillary reaching front of pupil, 2.6 in head; upper jaw with a narrow band of villiform teeth, outside of which is a single series of enlarged teeth; 4 canines in front of upper jaw, 2 of them quite large — one-third diameter of eye; lower jaw with a very narrow band of villiform teeth in front of jaw only; outside of these a single row of teeth larger than outer teeth of upper jaw, becoming canine-like in adult; tongue with an oval patch of teeth, its width about half its length; vomer with an arrow-shaped patch of teeth, with backward prolongation on median line, its length about twice its width in front. Gillrakers rather short and thick, their length about one-third diameter of eye, about 8 on lower arch, with no rudimentary ones before them. Preopercle with its posterior margin nearly vertical, with rather broad and deep emargination; pre- opercle finely serrate above, teeth coarser at angle. Scales comparatively large, rows in horizontal series below lateral line, those above running parallel with lateral line until below soft dorsal, where they become slightly irregular and oblique; 7 rows of scales on cheek; an embedded row on inter- opercle; 1 row on subopercle, and 7 on opercle; temporal region with about 3 rows of large scales; top of head, snout, and jaws naked; base of soft dorsal and anal scaly; tubes of lateral line branched. Dorsal spines rather strong, the outline of fin gently convex; fourth spine longest, 2.5 in head, tenth spine 4 in head; margin of soft dorsal rounded; ninth and tenth rays longest, 1.33 length of first, and 1.6 last ray, 2.5 in head; caudal emarginate, upper lobe longest, 1.33 length of middle rays, which are 1.75 in head; anal fin high, its margin slightly angulate, middle rays longest, 2 times length of last rav, 2.16 in head, first ray reaching almost to tip of last ray, when the fin is depressed; second anal spine as long or slightly longer and stronger than third, 3.25 to 4 in head; ventrals 1.75 in head; pectoral shortish, scarcely reaching vent, 1.57 in head. THE FISHES OF PORTO RICO. 171 Color in life: Very dark green above, middle part of each scale brassy-black, its edge broadly pearly- whitish; below lateral line the duskiness of middle of scale passes into brassy, and below into bright coppery, belly and lower parts of head being more or less distinctly bright coppery-red; lower jaw grayish; no blue stripe below eye, except in very young; top of head blackish-olive; dorsal blackish, its margin darker and tinged with maroon-red; soft dorsal dusky, anteriorly slightly edged with whitish ; caudal violaceous or maroon-black; anal wine-color, edged with whitish; pectoral pale flesh-color; ventrals whitish, faintly marked with reddish. Young with a blackish band from snout through eye to nape, very distinct in life; a blue streak below eye; spinous dorsal with a dark maroon-colored band along edge. An example, 10.5 inches long, from the San Juan market, was brownish-red on body; blue suborbital streak quite distinct and continuous; two blue streaks below and forward from eye, only one on right side; apparently a deep-water example. Fishes from deep water are much redder than those taken near shore. In no case is the caudal yellowish or of any pale shade. The above description chiefly from a specimen 11 inches long from Key West but verified on specimens from Porto Rico. The variations in proportional measurements are not great. Found in the West Indies and ranging from New Jersey to Brazil; very common along our South Atlantic and Gulf coasts, occasionally straying northward as far as New Jersey, being the northernmost in its range of any member of the genus in the Atlantic; everywhere generally known as gray snapper. In Florida and the Bahamas, where the coasts are lined by mangrove bushes, among which the young of this species abound, the name mangrove snapper comes into use. It inhabits water of varying depths, large specimens being often found near the shore, while others may be taken in waters of considerable depth in company with Neomsenis aya. These latter individuals are much redder than those found in shoal water; their general color is paler and the body is a trifle less elongate; such correspond to the form named Lutjanits steamsi. All the snappers are game-fishes of considerable importance, and the gray snapper is one of the best. Its abundance and wide distribution, the ease with which it can be found at all seasons, together with the readiness and vigor with which it takes the hook and the fairly good fight which it makes, should cause this fish to be much sought after by anglers who visit our southern and tropical waters. In Indian River, Florida, the mangrove snapper is regarded as a very good food-fish and is of considerable commercial importance, its average weight being about 2 pounds, the maximum about 6 or 7 pounds. At Key West, where it is the most abundant of the snappers, it attains a length of 3 feet and a weight of 18 pounds, though the average of those caught is 5 pounds or less. Here it is usually called gray snapper and is regarded as a warm-water fish, being most plentiful in shallow water in summer, but retiring to deeper water during winter, and always running in schools; it is said to spawn in July and August, usually on the shoals, the eggs being nonadhesive and separating from each other at spawning; it is caught with hook and line, sardines and pilchard being the usual bait. About Porto Rico this is an important food-fish and is known as “pargo prieto.” Specimens are in the collection from San Juan market, Puerto Real, Arroyo, and Isabel Segunda, and one from San Geronimo. It was one of the most common species in the San Juan market and was seen in all the other markets of the island. The largest seen weighed about 6 pounds. Tardus pinnis branchialibus carens (mangrove snapper), Catesby, Hist. Carolina.pl. 9, 1743, Bahamas. Caballerote, Parra, Descr. Dif. Piezas, Hist. Nat., pi. 25, fig. 1, 1787, Havana. Babrus griseus Linn*us, Syst. Nat., ed. X, 283, 1758, Bahamas; after Catesby. Spams tetracanthus Bloch, Ichthyol., pi. 279, 1791, Martinique; on a drawing by Plumier. Anthias caballerote Bloch & Schneider, Syst. Ichth., 310, 1801, Cuba; after Parra. Bodianus vivanet LacCpede, Hist. Nat. Poiss., IV, pi. 4, fig. 3, 1803, Martinique; on a drawing by Plumier. Mesoprion griseus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss. , II, 409, 1828, Santo Domingo; not after Linnaeus. Lobotes emarginatus Baird & Girard, 9th Smith. Rept. 1855, 332, Beesley Point, N. .1. Lufjanus steamsi Goode & Bean, Proc. U. S. N. M. 1878, 179, Pensacola, Fla. Neomsenis griseus, Jordan & Evermann, l.e., 1255, 1898. 125. Neomsenis jocu (Bloch & Schneider). “ Pargo Colorado” ; Dog Snapper; Jocu. (Plate 18.) Head 2.57; depth 2.57; eye 4.75; snout 2.6; maxillary 2.57; mandible 5; interorbital 5.5; D. x, 13; A. in, 8; scales 8-50-16, about 45 pores. Body comparatively deep and compressed, back elevated; profile steep and almost straight from snout to nape, thence little convex; snout rather long and pointed; eye moderate; interorbital space narrow, gently convex; occipital keel moderate; preorbital 172 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. broad, 4.33 in head; mouth rather large, jaws subequal; maxillary reaching front of orbit; upper jaw with a narrow band of villiform teeth, outside of which is a single series of larger teeth; 4 canines in front of upper jaw, 2 of them very large, almost equaling in length diameter of pupil; low'er jaw with a narrow villiform band in front only, and a series of larger teeth outside, largest on side of jaw almost canine-like; tongue with a single large oval patch of teeth, its length more than twice its width; teeth on vomer forming a broadly arrow-shaped patch with backward prolongation on median line twice length of width of anterior part. Gillrakers rather short and thick, longest about one-fourth diameter of eye, about 9 on lower part of arch, with no rudiments in front of them. Preopercle with its posterior margin slanting obliquely downward and forward, emargination very broad and shallow'; preopercle finely serrate above, teeth coarser at angle, which is not salient. Scales moderate, smaller than in N. griseus or N. apodus, in nearly horizontal series below', and obliquely upward and backward above lateral line; about 7 or 8 rows of scales on cheek; 1 row on interopercle, 1 on subopercle, and 7 on opercle; about 3 rows of large scales on temporal region; top of head, snout, and jaw's naked; tubes of lateral line branched; bases of soft dorsal and anal scaly; dorsal spines rather strong, outline of fin evenly curved, fourth and fifth spines longest, 2.6 in head; tenth spine 4 in head; margin of soft dorsal convex, middle rays longest, 2.83 in head; caudal little forked, upper lobe longest, 1.4 length of middle rays, 1.6 in head; margin of anal well rounded, middle rays about twice length of last ray; first ray reaching nearly to tip of last ray when fin is depressed; pectoral slightly falcate, reaching almost to front of anal, 1.33 in head; anal spines strong, second rather longest and strongest, not ahvays reaching past tip of third, 3.4 in head. Color cf adult in life: Olivaceous above, paler below, much flushed, so that the general hue is everywhere coppery-red; sides of body with numerous narrow crossbars, rather faint, the light and dark of about equal width, or the pale narrower; scales of upper parts mesially bronzed; head coppery; especially above; broad whitish area from eye to angle of mouth, becoming rosy in spirits; an irregular line of small round. or oblong spots below the eye, from snout to angle of opercle; soft fins all plain light brick-red, anal somewhat orange, caudal more or less yellowish; spinous dorsal with a light orange band at base and edge, middle pearly; blue stripe below eye persisting longer than in any of the other species which possess it. Young, in life: Greenish-olive, head and breast flushed with bright coppery-red; base cf each scale bright orange-yellow, this color more extensive than dark ground-color, so that the general hue cf body,, especially below and posteriorly, is rich golden-yellow'; dusky spot on top of head; temporal region with a dusky shade; an undulating blue stripe below eye from snout to angle of opercle; a similar fainter streak below it; pectoral pale-red or light-orange; ventrals orange; other fins rich golden-yellow, front of anal and edge of spinous dorsal rich, clear, bright-orange. The above description based upon specimens 10 and 12 inches long. The dog snapper bears some resemblance to the gray snapper, but is not quite so trim a fish, as may be seen by comparing plates 17 and 18. The body color is similar, but the fins are colored very differently. This excellent food-fish is known from the West Indies south to Bahia and north to Florida Keys, occasionally straying north in the Gulf Stream to Woods Hole. It attains a weight of about 20 pounds, though the individuals usually seen are much smaller. At Key West it occurs in greatest numbers during fall and winter, but is not very common at any time; nor does it seem to be abundant in Porto Rico. A good many were seen in the market at San Juan where four, from 10 to 15 inches long, were obtained. Specimens were secured also at Palo Seco and Vieques Island. Our notes make no mention of it as having been seen elsewhere about the island. Jocu, Parra, Descr. Dif. Piezas, Hist. Nat., I, pi. 25, fig. 2, 1787, Cuba. Anthias jocu Bloch & Schneider, Syst. Ichth., 310, 1801, Cuba; after Parra. Mesoprion Ulura Cuvier & Valenciennes Hist. Nat. Poiss., II, 467, 1828, Cayenne; St. Thomas. Neomxnis jocu, Jordan & Evermann, 1. c., 1257, 1898. 126. Neomsenis apodus (Walbaum). 11 Par go Amarillo,” ; Schoolmaster; Caji. (Plate 19.) Head 2.5; depth 2.83; eye 4.33; snout 2.67; maxillary 2.67; interorbital 4.83: preorbital 4.83; D. x, 14; A. hi, 8; scales 5-42 to 45-13, about 36 pores. Body comparatively deep, moderately compressed, back considerably elevated; profile almost straight front snout to nape, nuchal region rather convex; snout unusually long and pointed, its outline before eye a little depressed, its length 2.71 in head; eye moderate, 4.33 in head; interorbital space flattish or gently convex. 5.5 in head; THE FISHES OF PORTO RICO. 173 mouth large, maxillary reaching front of orbit, 2.6 in head; upper jaw with a narrow band of villiform teeth, outside of which is a single series of larger teeth; 4 canines in front of upper jaw, per jaw in a villiform band with an outer enlarged row and 1 or 2 pairs of strong forward-pointing canines in front; lower jaw with a row of conical teeth on sides, villiform ones in front, without distinct canines; vomer with villiform teeth, palatines with a row of stronger conical ones; ventral accessory scale not well developed; dorsal deeply notched; caudal scaly, widely forked. Color: In life, bright-red nearly everywhere; in spirits, pale, the red nowhere persisting. A handsome, edible species. Length 2 to 3 feet. West Indies to Madeira; not yet known from Florida; in rather deep water; generally common on rocky bottom. One specimen, nearly 2 feet long, taken at Mayaguez. Serranus oculatus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., It, 266, 1828, Martinique. Etelis oculatus, Jordan & Evermann, 1. c., 1282, 1898. Eig. 50. — Etelis oculatus. Family XLV. HJEMULIDiE. The Grunters. Body oblong, or more or less elevated, covered with moderate-sized, adherent scales, which are more or less strongly ctenoid or almost cycloid; lateral line well developed, concurrent with back, usually not extending on caudal fin; head large, crests on skull usually largely developed; no suborbital stay; mouth large or small, usually terminal, low, and horizontal; premaxillaries protractile, their spines not greatly produced backward; maxillary without supplemental bone, for most of its length slipping under edge of preorbital, which forms a more or less distinct sheath; preorbital usually broad; no barbels; teeth all pointed, none of them forming marked canines; no teeth on vomer, palatines, and tongue; lower pharyngeals separate, with pointed teeth; gills 4, a large slit behind fourth; pseudo- branchiae large; gillrakers moderate; gill-membranes separate, free from isthmus; preopercle serrate or entire; opercle without spines; sides of head usually scaly; dorsal fin single, continuous or deeply notched, sometimes divided into 2 fins, spines usually strong, depressible in a groove, heteracanthous, that is, alternating, one stronger on right side, other on left, usually 10 to 12 in number; anal fin similar to soft dorsal, with 3 spines; ventral fins thoracic, rays i, 5, with a more or less distinct scale-like appendage at base; caudal fin usually more or less concave behind; air-bladder present, usually simple; stomach csecal; pyloric caeca few; vertebrae usually 10 + 14=24. Branchiostegals usually 6 or 7. Cranium with its muciferous system moderately developed or rudimentary. Intestinal canal short. Carnivorous fishes of the wrarm seas, most of them valued as food. The family includes about 15 genera and nearly 150 species. It is very close to the Luiianidx on the one hand and to the Sparidx on the other, while some of its members show affinities with some Sdsenidee and Serranidx. 184 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. a. Chin with a central groove behind the symphysis of the lower jaw. b. Mouth more or less wide, the jaws scarlet posteriorly in life; soft parts of vertical fins densely scaly to their margins. c. Scales above lateral line arranged in very oblique series, not parallel with the lateral line. d. Jaws subequal, or the lower included; mouth little oblique; gillrakers comparatively few and short. e. Dorsal spines 12, rarely 11; scales large; gillrakers few and small (10 to 14 on lower part of anterior arch); frontal foramen a single or divided slit at the base of the high supraoccipital crest in front. /. Mouth moderate or large, its cleft more than one-third length of head; back more or less elevated; second anal spine strong, notably longer than third Hsemulon, 81 ff. Mouth small, its cleft less than one-third length of head; body rather elongate; second anal spine small; back and sides with longitudinal yellow stripes; teeth weak; gillrakers rather few and small; snout very short, 2.66 in head; frontal foramina separate and placed some distance in front of the very low supraoccipital crest; premaxillary spine very short, 4.25 in head Brachygenys ee. Dorsal spines 13; anal fin low; preorbital low; gillrakers in moderate or rather large numbers, 12 to 18 on lower part of arch; lower jaw not projecting; mouth little oblique; body comparatively elongate, the depth 2.75 to 3.5 in length; body with longitudinal yellowish stripes; scales rather small; frontal foramina long divided slits in front of supraoccipital crest; size small Bathystoma, 82 bb. Mouth more or less narrow, not scarlet within; soft fins naked or with scales on their basal parts. g. Anal fin short, its rays in, 7, to in, 10; dorsal fin more or less emarginate, its spines rather robust. h. Body ovate, back elevated; depth greater than length of head; outer teeth of upper jaw enlarged; lips thick; second anal spine strong; soft rays of dorsal and anal scaly at base Anisotremus, 83 hh. Body oblong, depth usually less than length of head; lips not very thick; scales large, those above lateral line in series mostly parallel with lateral line. i. Preopercle very sharply serrate, serrae at angle much enlarged, those below angle turned forward; outer teeth in both jaws considerably enlarged; soft rays of dorsal and anal more or less scaly; second anal spine enlarged. Conodon, 84 ii. Preopercle finely serrate, serrae at angle scarcely enlarged, those below not antrorse; teeth subequal, or outer in upper jaw somewhat enlarged; gillrakers very short and weak. j. Soft part of dorsal and anal with series of small scales on membranes behind each ray; anal spines small or moderate, second little, if any, longer or stronger than third; body oblong, not elevated; scales above lateral line parallel with back; dorsal spines 12, soft rays 15 or 16; outer teeth of upper jaw slightly enlarged. Brachydeuterus, 85 jj. Soft parts of dorsal and anal scaleless, except a low sheath at base; anal spines strong, second much longer and stronger than third; dorsal spines 12 or 13, the soft rays 11 to 14 Pomadasis, 86 gg. Anal fin long and low, its rays hi, 10, to ill, 13; dorsal fin low, usually not deeply emarginate; anal spines small; preopercle finely serrate or entire; outer teeth of jaws slightly enlarged; gillrakers moderate, rather slender. k. Dorsal spines 12 or 13. l. Seales of body without series of small accessory scales at base; soft dorsal and anal naked or somewhat scaly; mouth small; temporal crest, which rises from behind eye, very low and inconspicuous, upper edge below base of high supraoccipital crest, which originates over pupil Orthopristis. aa. Chin with pores, but with no central groove at symphysis; preopercle finely serrate. to. Anterior profile concave above eye; snout gibbous; outer teeth in both jaws enlarged and blunt (appearance of Anisotremus) ; gillrakers small and slender; anal fin rather long, soft dorsal and anal scaleless.-GENYATREMUS. Genus 81. HIEMULON Cuvier. The Grunts. Body oblong, usually more or less elevated; mouth wide, maxillary long and curved, reaching to below eye, its tip extending to posterior end of preorbital; chin with a central groove behind symphysis; lower jaw included; gillrakers moderate; no teeth on vomer or palatines; teeth of jaws conical, outer series stronger, curved; lips and inside of mouth posteriorly commonly bright-red or scarlet in life; preopercle serrate, with no recurved hooks below; soft part of vertical fins completely covered with scales; scales above lateral line in series not parallel with it; a marked angle formed at junction of spinous and soft parts of dorsal; dorsal spines 12 or 11; second anal spine enlarged, generally larger and longer than third; caudal forked. There are 12 or 13 species of Hsemulon, all of them American and all important food-fishes. They are of fair size, the flesh is firm and sweet, and they find a ready sale. All the species have more or less of orange on inside of mouth, a trait of coloration not found in Pomadasis. The amount of redness is greatest in those species having the largest mouth. The young differ in proportion considerably from the adults. Besides the changes usual in other fishes, we may observe that in Hsemulon the young have the snout proportionately much shorter, so that the maxillary, although also much shorter in proportion, extends further back in Comparison with the eye. Nearly all the species have, when young, at least two more or less sharply defined, dark, longitudinal stripes along the side, one or more along the top of the head, and a dark spot at the base of caudal. These markings persist longer in some species than in others, but traces of them at least may be found in the young of nearly all the species of Hsemulon and Pomadasis. In a few species these markings persist during life. THE FISHES OF PORTO RICO, 185 a. Scales below lateral line anteriorly not especially enlarged. b. Scales above lateral line anteriorly not much enlarged. c. Maxillary 2.33 to 2.75 in head, not reaching center of eye (in adult). d. Back and sides without yellow or blue stripes; -each scale above with a median blackish spot, these forming undulating lines (spots rarely obsolete in adult, obscure or wanting in young) : maxillary 2.5 to 2.75 in head. e. Seales in a vertical row from first dorsal spine to lateral line, 7 or 8 (9 in oblique series) . /. Mouth rather small, maxillary scarcely reaching to front of eye; back elevated; preorbital very deep, its least breadth greater than length of eye in adult, 4.12 to 4.66 in head in young; second anal spine not reaching to tip of last ray; snout long and pointed, 2.25 to 2.75 in head. g. Sides without dark bars; head unspotted; dorsal spines graduated; second anal spine, when depressed, reaching beyond tip of last spine album, 136 ff. Mouth rather large, maxillary reaching front of pupil ; back little elevated; preorbital rather narrow, its least width 5 in head; second anal spine reaching tip of last ray; snout rather long and pointed, 2.33 in head; back and sides with 4 or 5 black longitudinal streaks, which disappear only in very old examples macrostomum, 137 ee. Scales in a vertical row from first dorsal spine to lateral line, 5 or 6. h. Series of scales from scapular scale extending backward to front of soft dorsal; snout rather long and pointed; mouth small; maxillary 2.75 to 3 in head; pectoral fin long, three-fourths length of head; black spots on sides coalescing in continuous stripes bonariense, 138 hh. Series of scales from scapular scale not extending farther backward than the middle of spinous dorsal; snout shorter, not very acute; mouth larger, the maxillary about 2.5 in head; premaxillary processes about 3 in head; dark spots on scales not coalescent. i. Depth of body about 2.66 in length; pectoral fin short, less than two-thirds length of head; scales above lateral line scarcely enlarged. Head 3; depth 2.66; scales 6-50-14; D. xir, 17; A. m, 7 parra, 139 dd. Back and sides with distinct horizontal yellow stripes, fading but not disappearing in spirits; no black spots any- where; maxillary 2.33 in head, reaching front of pupil carbonarium, 140 cc. Maxillary nearly or quite half length of head, reaching center of eye in adult; no black spots or stripes anywhere in adult (except under angle of preopercle) . j. Back and sides with continuous yellow stripes, which are horizontal and do not everywhere follow the direction of the rows of scales; ground-color bluish-gray; back with a well-defined blackish area from first dorsal spine to base of caudal, this color covering most of soft dorsal and middle of caudal lobes; body rather elongate; snout moderate; second anal spine 2.75 in head. Head 3 melanurum jj. Back and sides of head and body with continuous blue stripes, horizontal and not everywhere following rows of scales; ground-color bright-yellow; second anal spine 2.5 in head. Head 2.75 sciurus, 141 bb. Scales above lateral line anteriorly much larger than other scales plumieri, 142 aa. Scales below lateral line anteriorly much enlarged; head, back, and sides with continuous bright-yellow stripes, those below following direction of scales, and therefore extremely undulating for most part. . flavolineatum, 143 136. Heemulon album Cuvier & Valenciennes. “Vieja”; Jallao; Margate-fish; Margaret Grunt. (Plate 24.) Head 2.7; depth 2.5; eye 6; snout 2.3; maxillary 2.5; interorbital 4; preorbital 4.4; scales 8-51-16; D. xii, 16; A. iii, 8; pectoral 1.6; ventral 1.8. Body comparatively deep, back elevated and compressed; anterior profile nearly straight, very slightly concave above eye; snout long and pointed ; maxillary reaching front of eye; lower jaw included; teeth not large, those on sides of lower jaw more numerous and weaker than in II. sciurus or II. plumieri; interorbital space convex; preopercle finely serrate above angle; scales moderate, none of them much enlarged, in oblique series above lateral line, nearly horizontal below; soft fins scaly; dorsal spines moderate, fourth highest, 2.4 in head; caudal lobes subequal, 1.4 in head; second anal spine stronger and slightly longer than third, 3 in head. Color in life, of adults: Pearly-white or rich olivaceous, especially above, where a few scales have very faint, dark spots at their bases; still fainter spots visible along scales of lower part of side; mouth orange within; lips and a faint blotch on each side of snout light yellow; a dusky shade under edge of preopercle (much more distinct in young); fins all light olive; soft dorsal somewhat dusky; head without stripes or spots. Young more distinctly spotted, spots small, round, blackish, each with a pearly edge; one under each scale of back and sides very distinct when the fish is alive, or after its scales are removed, but disappearing almost entirely with death. In life, a broad, dusky lateral band is also present, disappearing with death. Found from Florida Keys to Brazil; known from Key West, Bahamas, Havana, Jamaica, Porto Rico, and St. Thomas; specimens obtained by us at Isabel Segunda. The margate-fish is a common and important species at Key West. It reaches a weight of 8 or 10 pounds, the average being about 4 to 6 pounds. It is found in deep water, most abundantly on the reefs. It spawns early in summer, probably in July, on rock bottom, at which time it is 186 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. said to school. One intelligent fisherman says, however, that it does not school at Key West, though it does in the Bahamas. It is generally found on rock or barry bottom, around shoals. At night it comes into more shallow water to feed — crabs, crawfish, worms, etc., constituting the bulk of its food. The bait used for it is crawfish or crabs. Cold is said not to affect this fish to any great extent. It does not appear to be very common about Porto Rico, but is highly esteemed. The largest obtained by us was 8.75 inches long. The origin of the common name of the “ margate-fish ” is not generally understood. It appears, however, to have been derived from Margate, a well-known seaport and watering-place in England. Some of the fishermen of the Bahamas came originally from Margate and applied the name to one of the fishes which they found in the Bahamas. Many of these fishermen (Conchs) have come to Key West and brought the name with them. The name Margate is, at Key West, sometimes corrupted into “Margat” and “Margaret,” while in Biscayne Bay it is “Margat.,” “Market,” or “Margarite.” Perea marina gibbosa (Margate-fish), Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolinas, etc.,‘2, pi. 2, 1742, Bahamas. Hsemulon album Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., V, 241,1830, St. Thomas; Jordan & Evermann, 1. e., 1296, 1898. Fig. 51. — Itxmulnn macrostomum. 137. Hsemulon macrostomum Gunther. G'ray Grunt; Striped Grunt; “Corocorn." Plead 2.75 to 2.8; depth 2.9; eye 4.33 to 5; snout 2.33; maxillary 2; interorbital 3.6; preorbital about 5; D. xu, 16; A. iii, 8; scales 9-53-12; pectoral 1.4 in head; ventral 1.75 to 1.8. Body deep, compressed, back elevated in adult, profile nearly straight from tip of snout to occiput, thence gently curved to origin of dorsal; ventral outline straight; snout long and pointed, jaws subequal; mouth large, nearly horizontal, maxillary reaching middle of pupil. Teeth moderate, outer row in upper jaw and posterior teeth in both jaws considerably enlarged; preopercle finely serrate; gillrakers moderate; scales moderate, those above lateral line not enlarged, those below slightly enlarged on anterior part of body; scales above arranged in very oblique series, those below oblique anteriorly, becoming horizontal posteriorly. Dorsal spines strong, longest about 2.4 in head; soft dorsal high, longest rays 3 in head; caudal lobes subequal, lobes 1.5 in head; anal spines strong, second longest and strongest, 2.8 in head, not reaching past tip of last soft rays when depressed; soft anal high, its free edge concave, longest rays 2.5 in head and reaching beyond tips of last rays when depressed; caudal and soft parts of dorsal and anal densely and finely scaled; pectorals and ventrals with a few fine scales. Color in life: Body dirty-silvery with about nine dark longitudinal streaks, plainest in young; a median strijDe from snout to origin of dorsal; first and second lateral stripes extend from above eye to posterior end of soft dorsal, third begins on upper rim of orbit and extends to vertical of posterior end of soft dorsal where it joins fifth line; fourth line, which is usually indistinct, begins at eye, extends THE FISHES OF PORTO RICO. 187 across opercle, and finally disappears on middle of side; fifth extends from eye along middle of side, crossing lateral line, where it is joined by third, then extending on caudal peduncle above lateral line to base of caudal fin; the remaining lines are on lower part of side and are more or less broken and irregular; head dark grayish -purple; an inky-black spot on iuner lower edge of opercle; lower jaw flesh-color, with numerous fine dark specks; dorsal, caudal, anal, and pectoral yellow, with dusky wash on bases; ventrals dark; inside of mouth flesh-color. In larger individuals the dark streaks persist, but are less distinct. Found in the waters of southern Florida and West Indies; known from Clearwater Harbor, Key West, Florida Keys, Indian River Inlet, Jamaica, St. Thomas, and Porto Rico. Probably not common in Porto Rico, as we obtained specimens only at San Juan and Arroyo. The largest of these was 10.5 inches long. The life-colors in the above description were taken from a specimen 6.5 inches long, obtained at Arroyo. Hsemulon macrostoma Gunther, Cat., 1, 308, 1859, Jamaica. IlsemMlonfremebundum Goode & Bean, Proc. U. S. N. M. 1879, 340, Clearwater Harbor, Florida. Hsemulon macrostomum, Jordan & Evermann, 1. c., 1296, 1898. 138. Hsemulon bonariense Cuvier & Valenciennes. “Ronco Prieto” ; “Arrayado” ; Black Grunt. Head 2.8; depth 2.6; scales 5-44—10; D. xii, 16; A. nr, 8. Body oblong, compressed, the back considerably elevated; head rather long; snout pointed, rather longer and sharper than in II. parra, anterior profile straight, or a little concave before eyes. Snout 2.66 in head (in young of 9 inches). Mouth rather small, smaller than in II. parra , maxillary barely reaching front of eye, its length 3 in head. Teeth of moderate size, outer and posterior somewhat enlarged. Eye moderate, 4.66 in head; interorbital space flattish, its width 4.25 in head; preorbital moderate, its least width 4.8 in head; preopercle moderately serrate,. Gillrakers few and small, about 12 on lower part of arch. Scales larger than in II. parra or any other of the genus, those above and below lateral line about equal in size, those above arranged in series which are less oblique and more undulating than in related species, the series from scapular scale following direction of lateral line for about 10 scales, then turning abruptly, reaching base of last dorsal spine, or sometimes anterior part of soft dorsal; soft fins scaly as usual. Dorsal spines of moderate strength, fourth 2.6 in head; longest ray of soft dorsal 4 in head; caudal 1.66 in head; anal high, second spine and longest rays extending, when depressed, well beyond tip of last ray; longest soft ray 2.75 in head; second spine longer and stronger than third, 2.66 in head; pectorals long, 1.33 in head; ventrals 1.75. Color in spirits, pearly-gray; center of each scale brownish-black, these coalescing and forming very sharply defined continuous undulating stripes; about 16 of these between front of dorsal and front of anal; sixth extending from scapular scale to last dorsal spine; base of caudal blackish; fins dusky. This species is found in the West Indies south to Buenos Ayres; not very common. It is not common about Porto Rico, only 2 specimens being obtained, both in San Juan market. It reaches the length of a foot or less, and is of some value as a food-fish. Hsemulon canna Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., V, 233, 1830, Martinique; not of Agassiz, 1829. Iixmulon bonariense Cuv. & VaL, Hist. Nat. Poiss., V, 254, 1830, Buenos Ayres: Jordan & Evermann. 1. o., 1297, 1898 Hsemulon notatum Poey, Memorias, II, 179, 1860, Cuba. Iixmulon retrocurrens Poey, Repertorio, II, 236, 1868, Cuba. Iixmulon continuum Poey, Enum., 46, 1875, Cuba; Poey, Fauna Puerto-Riquefia, 325, 1881; Stahl, 1. e., 77 and 163, 1883. 139. Haemulon parra (Desmarest). “ Arrayado” ; “Ronco” ; Sailor’s Choice. Head 3; depth 3; eye 4.4; snout 2.4; interorbital 4; preorbital 4.8; D. xii, 17; A. iii, 8; scales C-54-12; pectoral 1.6; ventral 1.8. Body comparatively deep, back compressed and arched; anterior profile rather steep and convex, nearly straight from tip of snout to opposite front of eye, from which point to origin of dorsal fin, it is gently and regularly arched ; back from origin of dorsal to caudal peduncle a uniform long curve; ventral line of body from tip of lower jaw to anal fin nearly straight; caudal peduncle compressed, its narrowest width 3 in its least depth. Mouth moderate but slightly oblique, gape 3 in head; lower jaw slightly shorter; maxillary reaching somewhat past front of eye. Teeth small, in villiform bands, those of outer series on sides of lower jaw somewhat enlarged; no antrorse teeth. Interorbital space convex; preopercle scarcely roughened, wholly without serra- 188 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. tions; gillrakers short and not very stout, about 15 on lower arm of arch. Squamation very complete, all soft fins densely and finely scaled; scales of body rather large, those above lateral line somewhat enlarged anteriorly, running in very oblique series, series from humeral scale terminating under eighth dorsal spine; scales below lateral line in more nearly horizontal series, those on anterior part of body somewhat enlarged; lateral line arched, approximately parallel to dorsal outline, hut very gently approaching it posteriorly. Dorsal spines strong, fourth to sixth longest, fin, when depressed, being inclosed in a groove by the sheathing scales; first anal spine quite small, second large and strong, much stronger but scarcely longer than third, their points not reaching tips of last soft rays when depressed ; free end of soft anal slightly emarginate; caudal lobes subequal, their length about 1.66 in head; pectoral rather short and broad, reaching slightly past tips of ventrals; ventrals short, their tips acutely rounded. Color in spirits, dark-brown; center of each scale on upper parts of body dark-brown surrounded by silvery, free edge of scale paler or purplish-brown; lower part of side and under parts more silvery, but with numerous fine dark punctulations everywhere; head dark; fins all dark. The range of this fish extends from southern Florida through the West Indies to Brazil; it is recorded from the Tortugas, Key West, Cards Sound, Marco, Lemon Bay, and Biscayne Bay in Florida, and from Havana, Jamaica, Porto Rico, and Brazil. It is abundant about Key West. It collects into schools in July and August, at which time it spawns on rocky bottom. It reaches a weight of 2 pounds, Fig. 52. — Hxmulon parra. the average being about, half a pound, and is a valuable food-fish. The best fishing for this species is in summer. The single specimen obtained in Porto Rico is from Puerto Real, and is 10.5 inches long. It is probably not uncommon at the west end of the island. Diabasis parra Desmarest, Prem. DCc. Ichth. , 30, pi. 2, fig. 2, 1823, Havana. Hxmulon caudimacula Cuvier, R6gne Animal, ed. 2, vol. 2, 176, 1829, Brazil ; Havana. Hxmulon chromis Broussonet MS. in Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., V, 242, 1830, Jamaica. Hxmulon acutum Poey, Memorias, II, 180, 1860, Cuba. Hxmulon serratum Poey, Memorias, II, 181, 1860, Cuba; Poey, Fauna Puerto-Riquena, 325, 1881; Stahl, 1. c., 77 and 163, 1883. Hxmulon albidum Poey, Memorias, II, 181, 1860, Cuba. Hxmulon parra, Jordan & Evermann, 1. c., 1297, 1898. 140. Haemulon carbonarium Poey. Ronco Carbonero. Head 3; depth 2.8; eye large, 3.66 in head; D. xn, 16; A. in, 8; scales 7-55-14. Body oblong; back not greatly elevated, profile nearly straight or slightly convex from tip of snout to above eye, thence gibbous to front of dorsal; snout short, moderately pointed, its length 3.16 in head; mouth not very large; gape somewhat curved; maxillary extending nearly or quite to front of pupil, its length 2.5 in head; lower jaw rather included. Teeth strong, much as in H. sciurus, but a little shorter. Interorbital space flattish, 4 in head; preorbital moderate, its least breadth 6 in head; pre- THE FISHES OF PORTO RICO. 189 orbital finely but rather sharply serrate; gillrakers small, 9 + 14. Scales moderate, those below lateral line anteriorly moderately enlarged, their series nearly horizontal; series above lateral line very oblique. Dorsal spines slender and high, the fourth 1.87 in head; longest soft rays 3.5; upper caudal lobe a little longer than lower, 1.2 in head; longest anal rays 2.2 in head, their tips when depressed reaching beyond tip of last ray; second anal spine strong, 2 in head, its tip reaching when depressed about to tip of last soft ray; ventrals 1.5 in head; pectoral 1.3. Color in life, light bluish-gray, much as in II. plumieri; body with 7 oi 8 deep brassy-yellow stripes which are horizontal above, those below lateral line a little curved, following the rows of scales; stripes narrower than interspaces of ground-color; 3 stripes above lateral line, 3 or 4 below, the latter paler; little black under angle of preopercle; caudal blackish-yellowish at tip; soft dorsal, anal, and ventrals yellowish-gray, distal portion blackish; spinous dorsal bluish, deep yellow at base and edge; yellowish stripe along middle of fin; pectoral plain, yellowish bar across its base; mouth deep red, its angle dusky. In spirits, grayish, more or less shaded with dusky, the stripes rather faint orange-brown. West Indies and the Bermudas, south to Brazil; very common at Havana. Length about 10 inches. One 8 inches long in Mr. Gray’s collection from San Geronimo; not seen by us in Porto Rico. Hsemulon carbonarium Poey, Memorias, 11,176, 1860, Cuba; Jordan <& Evermann, 1. c., 1300,1898. 141. Hsemulon sciurus (Shaw). “Ronco Amarillo” ; Boca Colorado; uCachicata” ; Yellow Grunt. Head 2.66 to 2.83; depth 2.83 to 3; eye 4 to 4.75; snout 2.25 to 2.33; maxillary 2 to 2.1; interorb- ital 3.5 to 4.33; preorbital 6; D. xii, 16; A. in, 8; scales 9-50 to 53-13 or 14; pectoral 1.5 to 1.43; ventral 1.75 to 1.86. Body oblong, back regularly and gently elevated, ventral outline nearly straight; snout rather long and pointed; mouth large, gape curved, maxillary usually reaching to vertical of front of pupil; lower jaw slightly included; teeth strong, upper jaw in front with about 3 strong canines on each side; front teeth of lower jaw rather strong; antrorse teeth of back part of each jaw rather strong. Scales moderate, those above lateral line not enlarged anteriorly, arranged in oblique series, those below slightly larger anteriorly, arranged in nearly horizontal series; lateral line gently arched in front. Dorsal spines moderate, fourth longest, about 2.5 in head; longest ray of soft dorsal about 4 in head; second anal spine strongest and somewhat longer than third, but not reaching tips of last soft rays when depressed; upper caudal lobe somewhat the longer; soft parts of dorsal, anal, and caudal densely scaled; pectoral and ventral less fully scaled; preopercle finely serrate; gillrakers short and slender, about 17 below angle of first arch. General color in life; Yellowish, side with about 10 broad, brassy bands alternating with somewhat narrower pale-blue bands, fourth of which runs forward across upper edge of orbit, crosses forehead and joins its fellow from other side; cheek and snout with similar blue lines, the one on 190 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. middle of cheek forking below eye and inclosing an oblong area of ground-color; spinous dorsal pale-yellowish olive, bordered with orange; soft dorsal rusty-olivaceous, with orange border; caudal dusky at base, yellowish-olive on outer third; anal, greenish-yellow; pectoral and ventral, rusty-lemon or light-yellow; inside of mouth, except tips of jaws, blood-red. The yellow grunt reaches a length of 18 inches and a weight of a pound or less and is a common and important food-fish from the Florida Keys to Brazil. It appears to be generally abundant about Porto Rico and was observed at most of the places visited. There are specimens in the collection from San Juan, Arroyo, Vieques Island, Culebra Island, Fajardo, Guanica, Puerto Real, and Ensenada del Boqueron; taken by Mr. Gray at San Geronimo. It has previously been recorded from Biscayne Bay, the Tortugas, Key West, and others of the Florida Keys, Cuba, Aspinwall, Bahia, and Jamaica. At Key West this fish is known as “boar grunt” and is very plentiful, usually in schools on rock bottom. A Key West fisherman reports that he has often caught 500 to 600 in a single day; the best fishing is in August. The best bait is a long worm which the fishermen get from the stem of a tall grass which grows on the bars. Nothing could be learned concerning its spawning habits, except that it probably spawns in August. Cold is said to affect this species seriously. Antliias formosus Bloch, Ichth., pi. 323, 1790, Antilles; not Perea formosa Linnseus, with which it has been identified; the latter is Diplectrum formosum. Spams sciurus Shaw, General Zoology, IV, pi. 64, 1803, Antilles; based on the description and figure of Bloch. Hxmulon elegans Cuvier, R£gne Animal, ed. 2, vol. 2, 175, 1829; no description; based on Bloch’s figure. ? Diabasis obliquatus Bennett, Zool. Journ. London, V, 1835, 90, Jamaica. ? Hxmulon similis Castelnau, Anim. Nou. et Rares, II, 1855, Bahia. Hxmulon luteurn Poey, Memorias, II, 174, 1860, Cuba; Poey, Fauna Puerto-Riquena,325, 1881; Stahl, l.o., 77 and 163,1883. • Hsemulon multilineatum Poey , Memorias, II, 178, 1860, Cuba; Stahl, 1. c., 163, 1883. Hxmulon hians Haly, Ann. Nat. Hist., XV, 1875, 26S, Aspinwall. Hxmulon sciurus, Jordan & Evermann, 1. c., 1303, 1898. 142. Haemulon plumieri (Laeepede). “ Cachicata” ; “ Boca Colorado” ; Ronco Ronco; Ronco Arara; Common Grunt. Head 2.5 to 2.8; depth 2.43 to 2.66; eye 4.5 to 5; snout 2.16; maxillary 2; interorbital 3.2 to 4; preorbital 5 to 5.8; D. xir, 15 or 16; A. iii, 8 or 9; scales 6-51-17; pectoral 1.5 to 1.8; ventral 1.75 to 1.8. Body moderately elongate, back considerably elevated and compressed; head long, snout sharp and projecting; anterior profile more or less S-shaped, nearly straight from tip of snout to front of eye, there concave, thence gibbous to front of dorsal, this character more pronounced in adults; mouth very large, gape curved, maxillary nearly reaching middle of eye; jaws subequal, or lower slightly included; teeth strong, in rather broad bands, those of outer series enlarged; antrorse teeth of THE FISHES OF PORTO RIOO. 191 posterior part of each jaw strong; interorbital space convex; preopercle finely serrate; gillrakers small and rather weak, about 12-)- 15; scales rather large, those above lateral line very much enlarged ante- riorly, arranged in irregular and very oblique series; those below lateral line but slightly enlarged anteriorly and in oblique series. Dorsal spines stout, third to fifth longest, about 2.5 in head, longest soft rayabout4.5; first anal spine very short, as usual, second long and strong, 2.4in head, scarcely reaching tips of last soft rays when depressed and scarcely longer than third; soft portion of anal slightly concave, anterior rays longest, about 2.5 in head; upper caudal lobe the longer, 1.4 in head; pectoral long and somewhat falcate, about 1.33 in head; ventrals long, about 1.57 in head; caudal and soft parts of dorsal and anal densely and finely scaled, few scales on pectorals and ventrals. Color in life: General color light bluish, series of scales each with a small brown or brassy spot, these forming narrow indistinct lines running upward and backward; above the lateral line the body of each scale is bluish, the border brownish olive; a brassy band along lateral line; back with some bronze; under parts whitish; about 12 narrow, irregular bright-blue lines on head, separated by broader brassy lines, these lines sometimes extending upon body; inner edge of maxillary orange; lower anterior edge of opercle yellow; inside of mouth red or deep yellow; lips dusky; dorsal grayish, with a narrow yellow edge on spinous portion; caudal plain gray; anal gray, tinged with yellow. Color in spirits: Body pale-grayish with slight bluish iridescence on terminal borders of scales; bases of scales above lateral line brown; under parts paler; head purplish, blue lines persistent but duller, the brassy entirely faded; bright color of inside of mouth also faded. The range of this species is from Cape Hatteras and Pensacola south to Brazil, on sandy shores. It is par excellence “the grunt” of our South Atlantic States and Florida. About Porto Rico it is one of the most abundant and valuable food-fishes. Numerous specimens were obtained at San Juan, Mayaguez, Puerto Real, Boqueron, Guanica, Ponce, Arroyo, Hucares, Isabel Segunda, and Culebra. It was one of the most common species in all the markets of the island. It is caught either in the fish-traps or with haul seines. In our seining about the island this was the species most frequently taken, particularly on sandy shores. At Key West it is the most abundant of all the food-fishes, and is caught all the year round, the best season being during the fall. Their spawning season is during August and September, at which time they gather up into schools on shoal, feathery, rock bottom, where they spawn. Each roe is from 1 to 2 inches in length. The eggs are said to be “gritty ” to the touch and about the size of a No. 10 shot. When ripe they separate and flow freely from the fish. After spawning the schools break up and the fish scatter. They are so abundant, however, that they can usually be found in large numbers on suitable bottom, the best fishing being on rock bottom. These fish grow to about 18 inches in length, with a maximum weight of 4 pounds; but those over 2 pounds are rare, and the average weight does not exceed one-thircl of a pound. Guabi coarabrasiliensibus, Marcgrave, Hist. Brasil., 163, 1648, Brazil. Perea marina capite striato (the Grunt), Catesby, Hist. Carolina, pi. 6, 1743, Bahamas, etc. Labrus plumieri LacCpfede, Hist. Nat. Poiss., Ill, 480, pi. 2, fig. 2, 1802, Martinique; on a copy ot a drawing by Plumier. Hxmulon formosum Cuvier, R5gne Animal, ed. 2, II, 175, 1829, Martinique. Hxmulon arcuatum Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., IX, 481, 1833, Charleston, S. C. Hxmulon arara Poey, Memorias, II, 177, 1860, Cuba. Hxmulon subarcuatum Poey, Memorias, II, 419, 1860, Cuba; a specimen with blue bands on anterior half of head only. Hxmulon plumieri, Jordan & Evermann, 1. e., 1304, 1898. 143. Haemulon flavolineatum (Desmarest). Ronco Condenado; French Grunt; Open-mouthed Grunt. Head 2.8; depth 3; eye 3; snout 3; maxillary 2.5; interorbital 3.5; scales 7-50-11; D. xii, 14; A. hi, 8. Body oblong-ovate, compressed, back not much elevated, profile from tip of snout to nape nearly straight, thence gently arched to origin of dorsal; mouth large, nearly horizontal, gape curved, maxillary nearly reaching middle of pupil; teeth moderate, outer somewhat enlarged; antrorse teeth in posterior part of each jaw considerably enlarged, those of upper jaw canine-like. Scales large, those on anterior part of body below lateral line considerably enlarged; rows of scales above lateral line running very obliquely upward and backward, those below somewhat wavy, most of them forming a curve with convexity downward and backward. Fins all moderate; dorsal spines slender, rather weak, longest about 2 in head; second anal spine longest and strongest, about 1.8 in head, its tip, when depressed, extending beyond tip of last ray. Color in life: Side with about 12 irregular brassy lines alternating with about same number of similar pale-bluish lines, upper brassy lines rather dark, middle ones brightest and broadest, the broadest 192 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. two uniting at gill-opening and running across opercle as one brassy line; anterior edge of operele bright indigo-blue. The above description based upon young individuals 2.5 to 4 inches long. The color of larger individuals, from Havana, has been described as follows: Light bluish-gray as ground color; a bronze- yellow spot on the upper part of each scale, these forming continuous undulating stripes on the whole body and head, wider than the interspaces of ground-color, and nearly straight on caudal peduncle, on anterior part of body below lateral line broader and very oblique; a horizontal golden- yellow stripe, crossing the others, runs alongside of back from occiput to last rays of soft dorsal; yellow around eye; yellow shades and streaks on cheek, not strongly marked as in II. sciurus and II. plumieri; yellow- stripes on top of head; angle of mouth black, inside brick-red; a large black blotch under angle of preopercle; fins bright golden-yellow, the pectoral and spinous dorsal paler. In spirits the ground-color becomes grayish and the stripes brotvnish or dusky. The range of II. flavolineatum is from the Bermudas, the Florida Keys, and Tortugas south to Brazil. It is generally common in the West Indies and abundant about Porto Bico, usually on sandy shores. No adults Avere obtained, but numerous young from the following localities: San Antonio Bridge, Mayaguez, Puerto Real, Ensenada del Boqueron, Ponce, Arroyo, Hucares, and Culebra. This Avell-marked species reaches a length of a foot and is a good food-fish. Diabasis flavolineatus Desmarest, Prem. Decade Ichth., 35, pi. 2, fig. 1, 1823, Cuba. Hxmulon lieterodon Cuvier, ROgne Animal, ed. 2, vol. 2, 176, 1829, Cuba. Hxmulon xanthopterum Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., V, 254, 1830, Martinique. Hxmulon flavolineatum, Jordan & Evermann, 1. c., 1306, 1898. Fig. 55. — Bathystoma rimator. Genus 82. BATHYSTOMA Scudder. This genus differs from Hxmulon in haAung 13 dorsal spines; body rather elongate; gillrakers rather numerous, 12 to 18 on lower part of anterior arch; mouth moderate; scales small; frontal foramina long, divided slits in front of supraoccipital crest. Jaws red within. a. Mouth large, maxillary reaching middle of eye, its length about one-half head; gillrakers rather short and few; scales moderate, 50 to 56 in lateral line; second anal spine scarcely larger or longer than third, 2.75 or more in head. b. Body oblong, back moderately elevated, depth 2.75 to 3 in length rimator , 144 bb. Body subfusiform, back little elevated, depth 3.33 to 3.5 in length aurolineatum aa. Mouth rather small, maxillary not reaching to opposite middle of eye, its length not quite one-half head; gillrakers numerous, rather long; scales small, about 70 in lateral line; second anal spine notably longer and larger than third; body more elongate than in other species, depth about 3.5 in length striatum , 145 144. Bathystoma rimator (Jordan & Swain). Tom-tate; Red-mouth Grunt; Csesar. Head 2.8; depth 3; eye 4.2; snout 2.5; maxillary 2; mandible 2.2; interorbital 3.7; preorbital 8; D. xni, 15; A. hi, 8; pectoral 1.5; ventral 2; scales 8-56-12. Body elongate, back somewhat elevated, anterior profile slightly convex; snout rather long, pointed; eye large; mouth large, maxillary reaching THE FISHES OF PORTO RICO. 193 pupil; teeth not strong, outer series enlarged; scales rather small, in oblique series above lateral line, Horizontal below and slightly enlarged anteriorly. Dorsal spines slender, fourth 2.4 in head; second anal spine equaling third in length, but much the stronger, 3 in head. Color in life: Silvery white, slightly bluish above, with iridescent reflections; edges of scales of body light-yellow, these forming continuous light-yellow lines, those below lateral line horizontal, those above very oblique; besides these a narrow continuous streak of light yellow above lateral line from head to end of soft dorsal, and another from eye to middle of caudal; head silvery yellowish above; inside of mouth red; no black under preopercle; traces of black blotch at base of caudal; tins colorless, lower slightly yellowish. The range of this fish is from Cape Hatteras and Pensacola southward through the West Indies to Trinidad. It is abundant about Charleston, S. C., where it is one of the most common food-fishes; adults said to be uncommon about Pensacola and Key West, but at the latter place the young swarm everywhere about the wharves and shores. It is as yet not known from Cuba, and does not seem to be at all abundant in Porto Rico, as it was seen only at Aguadilla, Ensenada del Boqueron, and Culebra Island. The specimens obtained are 5 and 6 inches long. Hxmulon rimator Jordan & Swain, Proc. U. S. N. M. 1884, 308, Charleston, Key West, and Pensacola. Bathy stoma rimator, Jordan & Evermann, 1. c., 1308, 1898. 145. Bathystoma striatum (Limiieus) . White Grunt. Head 2.8; depth 3.3; eye 3; snout 3.28; maxillary 3.16; mandible 2.75; interorbital 3.8; preor- bital 8.3; scales 8-70-13; D. xii, 13, the longest spine about 2.2 in head; A. in, 7; pectoral 1.5 in head; ventrals 1.75; caudal 1.5. Body elongate, fusiform, back little elevated, anterior profile scarcely arched; head moderate, snout short and blunt; mouth small, maxillary reaching front of pupil; eye large; teeth small, outer series somewhat enlarged; interorbital wide, preorbital narrow; preopercle finely serrate; gillrakers numerous, long and slender, 7 + 20. Scales very small and crowded, those above lateral line in very oblique series, those below more nearly horizontal, none enlarged; soft parts of all fins densely scaled; spines slender and weak. Color in alcohol: Pearly-gray, with 5 or 6 continuous brownish streaks (probably golden in life), 1 on median line from tip of snout to origin of dorsal, 1 diverging from snout and passing above eye and along side to soft dorsal; another from snout crosses upper part of eye and terminates near beginning of lateral line; a fourth passes through eye and along middle of side to base of caudal; another crosses opercle and base of pectoral. This fish is known from the Bermudas, Key West, Cuba, Santo Domingo, and Porto Rico, but is apparently not common. It probably never exceeds a foot in length. We seined one specimen, 3.25 inches long, at San Antonio Bridge. Perea striata Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. X, 233, 1758, North America. G rammistes trivittatus Bloch & Schneider, Syst. Ichth., 188, 1801, Brazil; on the description of Marcgrave. Serranus capeuna Lichtenstein, Abhandl. Berlin Akad. 1821, 288, Brazil; on the description of Marcgrave. Hxmulon quadrilineatum Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., V, 238, pi. 120, 1830, Santo Domingo. Hxmulon quinquelineatum Poey, Memorias, II, 419, 1860, Cuba. Bathystoma striatum , Jordan & Evermann, 1. c., 1310, 1898. Genus 83. ANISOTREMUS Gill. Body ovate, short, deep, and compressed; mouth rather small with thick lips, maxillary rather short; inside of mouth not red; teeth in jaws only, all pointed, those of outer series in upper jaw enlarged; chin with a median groove besides smaller pores. Dorsal spines strong; soft rays of dorsal and anal scaly at base, anal spines strong; caudal mostly lunate; scales large; lower pharyngeals broad, with coarse, blunt teeth. This genus, which is closely related to Hxmulon, contains 12 species, valued as food-fishes, all from the shores of tropical America and only two of which have been taken in Porto Rico. All of the species undergo considerable change in form with age. The young are marked with two or three blackish, lengthwise stripes. These disappear with age, quickest in the brightly colored species, but persist a long time in species like A. hilineatus and A. interruptus, which agree in coloration with JUvniulon parra and related species. F. C. B. 1900— IS 194 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. a. Scales above lateral line arranged in oblique series which are not parallel with it. b. Scales comparatively large, less than nine in a vertical series between first dorsal spine and lateral line; coloration olivaceous, adult nearly plain, young with two or more dusky lateral stripes which disappear with age; fins blackish. c. Scales 5 or 6-52-15 (lateral line with 49 pores) ; scales above lateral line on anterior part of body more or less enlarged, especially in adult, d. Scales above lateral line not much enlarged, about 9 in an oblique series from first dorsal spine to lateral line; profile of head anteriorly rounded surinamensis, 146 cc. Scales 7 or 8-46-15 (lateral line with 54 pores); scales above lateral line anteriorly not especially enlarged. .. bicolor bb. Scales rather small, more than 9 in a vertical series between first dorsal spine and lateral line. c. Body not striped longitudinally with yellow or blue; preorbital narrow; gillrakers x + 13. /. Anterior part of body with a black vertical bar. (j. Body with 2 lengthwise bands; humeral bar brownish; a dark caudal spot, and a spot on the back of the caudal peduncle '. spleniatus cc. Body with longitudinal stripes of blue or yellow or both; young with a black blotch at base of caudal; preorbital broad; gillrakers x + 16. h. Anterior part of body with 2 broad, dark crossbars, the one from nape obliquely forward through eye, other from front of dorsal downward; behind these a series of horizontal stripes alternately yellow and blue; pectoral longer than head; second anal and fourth dorsal spines nearly equal. i. Blue stripes on side as broad as a scale, each more than two-thirds width of golden-yellow interspaces and each very faintly edged with darker; vertical bands on head and shoulder jet-black virginicus, 147 hh. Anterior part of body without dark crossbars, body sometimes plain yellowish, back usually violet with 4 or 5 yellow lines; silvery below; snout short, not longer than width of the eye; dorsal fin very deeply notched, with feeble spines; the second and third anal spines equal in length; the body a little more oblong than in surinamensis serrula Fig. 56. — Anisolremus surinamensis. 146. Anisotremus surinamensis (Bloch). Pompon. Head 3.14; depth 2.2; eye 4.5; snout 2.6; maxillary 3; D. xii, 16; A. iii, 8 or 9; scales 5-50-13. Body deep, back elevated, greatly compressed; profile steep, nearly straight from snout to above eye, a. slight depression in front of nostril and another in interorbital space; profile from interorbital space to dorsal strongly arched in a broad curve. Head moderate; cheek deep; mouth rather small; jaws subequal, maxillary barely reaching front of orbit; ventral line of body nearly straight ; caudal peduncle moderately long, its least depth equal to snout; teeth in several bands, outer enlarged and canine-like. Fourth dorsal spine strongest and longest, its length 2.2 in head; soft dorsal as well as anal, pectoral, ventrals, and caudal densely covered with minute scales; height of longest soft dorsal ray 3 in head; second anal spine very stout, its length equal to that of fourth dorsal spine; third anal spine broad at THE FISHES OF PORTO RICO. 195 base, but shorter than second; free edge of soft anal straight; dorsal and anal fins depressible in a scaly sheath; pectoral long and falcate, nearly reaching tip of ventrals, 1.2 in head; ventral shorter, 1.2 in pectoral; caudal well forked, the lobes about equal to ventral. Preopercle strongly but irregularly serrate. Scales of cheek in about 7 rows, those on opercle in about 8 rows, on interorbital and nape small and crowded; scales of back and sides arranged in oblique rows not parallel with lateral line, which is arched, following approximately contour of back. Gillrakers rather short, stiff, 1.3 -|- 19. Color, grayish, darkest on anterior half of body, where each scale is dark-brown on its basal half, then with a white ellipse, narrow border darker, contrast between dark base and white ellipse very marked; owing to the irregular arrangement of scales the dark bases in some cases appear as spots; upper side of caudal peduncle brown, sides nearly plain white; snout and under parts of head lilac-brown; under parts of body rusty-brown; fins all dark brown, especially the soft parts of dorsal and anal. The above description from a specimen 15 inches long, taken in Indian River, Florida. The recorded range of this species is from the Indian River, Florida, and the Tortugas to Brazil; it is known from Surinam, Martinique, Porto Rico, Jamaica, and Cuba. It attains a length of 2 or 3 feet and is a good food-fish, though it is not sufficiently numerous anywhere to be of great importance. Only a single specimen, 2.4 inches long, seined at Ponce, was obtained in Porto Rico. Lutjanus surinamensis Bloch, Ichth., pi. 253, 1791, Surinam. Holocentrus gibbosus Lac6pede, Hist. Nat. Poiss., IV, 344, 1803, Surinam. Prislipoma bxlineatum Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., V, 271, 1830, Martinique. Pristipoma melanopterum Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., V, 273, 1830, Brazil. Hsemulon obtusum Poey, Memorias, II, 182, 1860, Havana. Hsemulon labridum Poey, Memorias, II, 419, 1861, Cuba. Anisotremus surinamensis, Jordan & Evermann, 1. c., 1318, 1898. 147. Anisotremus virginicus (Linnteus). “Sisi”; Catalinela; Pork-fish. Head 3 to 3.2; depth 2 to 2.25; eye 3.75 to 4; snout 2.75; maxillary 3.25 to 3.5; interorbital 3; preorbital 4; scales 13-57 to 60-16; D. xn, 16; A. in, 9; pectoral a little longer than head; ventral 1.5; caudal lobe 1.2. Body ovate, back greatly elevated, anterior profile very steep, slightly convex along shout and over eye, very much arched on nape; highest point of body at origin of dorsal fin; mouth small, little oblique, maxillary extending to anterior edge of orbit; jaws subequal ; outer row of teeth enlarged; gillrakers 11 + 11, short and not very stiff. Dorsal spines rather strong, longest (third) about 1.8 in head; dorsal rays short; second anal spine strongest and longest, about 2 in head; caudal well forked, lobes subequal; ventrals just reaching vent; pectoral long, somewhat falcate, reaching origin 196 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. of anal. Scales large, strongly ctenoid, those on nape and breast reduced in size; scales above lateral line in oblique series. Color in life: Side with about 8 broad, lemon-yellow lines alternating with similar lines of dirty silvery, the upper 3 or 4 of these yellow lines branch anteriorly, the fifth extending on middle of caudal peduncle; belly silvery-white; a broad black bar from origin of spinous dorsal downward to base of pectoral, the black continuing on shoulder-girdle to near isthmus; another broad black bar from occiput through eye to angle of mouth; cheek metallic or brassy-greenish; top of head brassy; fins all orange- yellow, spinous dorsal, pectoral, and ventral dusted with brownish; scaly sheath at base of anal rich yellow. In alcohol, the longitudinal stripes become bluish and the yellow fades. This handsome fish ranges from Florida to Brazil. It is known from Biscayne Bay, Key West, Santo Domingo, Jamaica, Porto Rico, Martinique, and St. Catharine Island, Brazil, and is the commonest species of the genus in the West Indies. About Key West it is said to school from June to August, which is the spawning season, and is found then about the shoals, but soon retires to deeper water. It spawns all through the channel about the shoals, and is then caught in greatest numbers. About a month after the spawning season immense numbers of young are seen on the shoals. It reaches a length of about a foot and a weight of 2 pounds. The average weight of those brought to market probably does not exceed one-third of a pound. It does not appear to be very common about Porto Rico as only five examples were obtained — one at Ponce, one at Mayaguez, and three at Arroyo, where it was called “sisi” by the fishermen. It is regarded as a good food-fish. Guatucupajuba, Marcgrave, Hist. Brasil., 148, 1648, Brazil. Acarapinima , Marcgrave, Hist. Brasil., 152, 1648, Brazil. Spams virginicus Linnseus, Syst. Nat,., X, 281, 1758, South America. Spams vittatus Bloch, Ichth., taf. 263, fig. 2, 1791, Brazil; after Acarapinima of Marcgrave. Perea juba Bloch, Ichth., taf. 308, fig. 2, 1791, Brazil; after Guatucupajuba of Marcgrave. Grammistes mauritii Bloch & Schneider, Syst. Ichth., 185, 1801, Brazil; after Spams vittatus Bloch. ? Pristipoma catharinse Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., V, 269, 1830, St. Catharine Island, Brazil. Pristipoma rodo Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., V, 274, 1830, Brazil, Martinique, Porto Rico, and Santo Domingo. Pristipoma acara pinima, Castlenau, Anim. Nouv. ou Rares, 8, 1856, Brazil. Anisotremus virginicus, Poey, Fauna Puerto-Riquena, 324, 1881; Jordan & Evermann, 1. c., 1322, 1898. Genus 84. CONODON Cuvier & Valenciennes. This genus is close to Pornadasis, from which it is separated by the enlarged outer teeth and by the peculiar armature of the preopercle, which is very sharply serrate, seme at angle enlarged, those before angle turned forward. Body oblong; soft rays of dorsal and anal more or less scaly; second anal spine large. Of the two species of this genus only one occurs in Porto Rico. 148. Conodon nobilis (Linnseus). “ Bureteado .” Head 3.25; depth 3.25; eye 4.1; snout 3.4; maxillary 2.8; mandible 2.25; interorbital 5.1; preor- bital 5.3; D. xi-i, 13; A. hi, 7; pectoral 1.4; ventral 1.5; caudal 1.4; scales 5-51-11. Body oblong, back elevated and moderately compressed, depth equal to length of head; mouth small, maxillary falling short of front of eye; lower jaw projecting; teeth in front of both jaws much enlarged, conic, short, but very stout; pectoral with about 10 short, sharp serrations on upper limb, lowermost, at angle of preopercle, much the strongest; antrorse serrations on lower limb; dorsal spines strong, a deep notch between them and soft dorsal; second anal spine longest and strongest. Color in life: Back grayish, becoming paler on sides; belly white, silvery; top of head grayish; side with 8 broad, vertical dark bars, broadest above, gradually narrowing and disappearing below; interspaces broader, with brassy wash; some evidence of 2 pale brassy stripes below lateral line; side of snout, head, and tip of lower jaw pale-lemon; fins all with some yellow, ventral brightest. This species is found on the coast of Texas, West Indies, and Brazil, not uncommon on sandy shores; recorded from Jamaica, Martinique, Brazil, and Texas; not rare in Porto Rico, where specimens were obtained by us at Arecibo, Mayaguez, Palo Seco, Ponce, Arroyo, and Vieques. It reaches a length of about a foot, but our examples range from 2.75 to 4.5 inches. Perea nobilis Linnseus, Syst. Nat., ed. X, 191, 1758, North America. Scixna plumieri Bloch, Ichthyol., VI, 66, taf. 306, 1791, Martinique. Scissna corn Bloch, 1. c., pi. 307, fig. 2, 1791, Brazil; after Coro coro Marcgrave. Conodon antillanus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., V, 156, 1830, Jamaica. Pristipoma coro, Poey, Fauna Puerto-Riquena, 324, 1881; Stahl, 1. c., 77 and 163, 1883. Conodon nobilis, Jordan & Evermann, 1. c,, 1321, 1898. THE FISHES OF PORTO RICO. 197 Genus 85. BRACHYDEUTERUS Gill. The Burritos. Body oblong; scales large, those above in series parallel with lateral line; mouth small, outer teeth in jaws somewhat enlarged; inside of jaws not red. Anal spines small or moderate, second little, if any, longer or stronger than third, and lower than soft rays; soft dorsal and anal largely covered with small scales; dorsal spines 12; soft dorsal comparatively long, of 15 or 16 rays; otherwise essentially as in Pomcidasis, fins smaller and more scaly. Only one of the four American species is known from Porto Rico. 149. Brachydeuterus corvinseformis (Steindaehner). Head 3 to 3.25; depth 3.25; eye 3.75 to 4 in head; snout 2.2 to 3; D. xn, 15; A. hi, 7; scales 6-51-10. Upper profile regularly arched from snout to tail, highest point at origin of dorsal; lower profile nearly straight to base of anal; preorbital slightly less than eye; maxillary not reaching eye, 3.33 to 3.4 in head; anterior nostril oval, twice size of posterior; preopercle finely toothed, about 20 teeth on upper limb, increasing slightly in size toward angle; dorsal notched almost to base, fourth spine longest, 2.12 to 2.5 in head; longest soft ray (second) equal to or slightly less than longest spine; pectoral pointed, 1.25 to 1.4 in head; ventral broad, margin nearly straight, inner ray 1.25 in second, which is 2 in head; the first ray branched once, slightly filamentous, the other rays much branched; second and third anal spines about, equal, 3 to 3.75 in head, relatively larger in smaller specimens, second stouter; first soft ray 2.5 in head; margin of anal slightly concave, last ray shorter than second spine; upper lobe of caudal longer, the difference more noticeable in smaller specimens, 1.33 to 1.5 in head, middle rays 1.75 in upper; pectoral scaly at base only, other fins, except spinous dorsal, more or less completely scaled, a narrow sheath of scales on sides of dorsal and anal, supplementary scales slightly developed in axil of ventrals; least depth of caudal peduncle 1.5 to 1.6 in length from below end of dorsal, its length being equal to middle caudal rays; lateral line and rows of scales above it concentric with back, scales below lateral line in horizontal rows. Color in alcohol: Dark olive above, lower sides more or less silvery, larger specimens much the lighter, a dark line along each row of scales below lateral line, these rather indistinct in larger specimens; scales above lateral line with dark centers, these not forming distinct lines; a diffuse dark blotch on scapular region, very faint in the larger specimens; pectoral colorless, other fins punctate, margins very dark. There is considerable variation in the ground-color, larger specimens being distinctly silvery, some of the smaller heavily washed with olive and having scapular blotch more developed. Our specimens differ from Steindaehner’ s description in having a rather shorter maxillary, not reaching eye, narrower preorbital, and a blotch on scapular region. They are, however, probably not specifically distinct. The range of this species is from the West Indies to Brazil; apparently common about Porto Rico, specimens being in the collection from Palo Seeo, Aguadilla, Mayaguez, Arroyo, Hueares, and Isabel Segunda. It reaches a length of about a foot, and is a good pan-fish. llxmulon corvinseforme Steindaehner, Ichth. Notizen, VII, 16, 1868, Santos, Brazil. Brachydeuterus corvinseformis, Jordan & Evermann, 1. c., 1326, 1898. Genus 86. POMADASIS Lacepede. The Burros. Body oblong, somewhat compressed, back not much elevated; mouth rather small, terminal, low, lips thin; maxillary usually not extending to opposite eye, its tip not reaching posterior edge of broad preorbital; premaxillary protractile; teeth on jaws only, in villiform bands, subequal, or outer series in upper jaw more or less enlarged; no red on jaws; a central groove behind symphysis of lower jaw; cheek and opercles scaly; the preopercle rather distinctly serrate, seme below not turned forward; suprascapular serrate; scales large, those above lateral line in series parallel with it: no small scales at base of the others; soft dorsal and anal fins naked, or with very few scales at the base; dorsal tin emarginate, spines strong, 12 or 13 in number, soft rays 11 to 14; anal fin of 7 or 8 soft rays, short, with second spine always very strong; gillrakers feeble, few in number; caudal lunate, forked. This genus is composed of small shore fishes, some of its representatives being found in most tropical seas; several enter fresh waters, and perhaps belong to the brackish-water fauna. Numerous species are found on the west coast of Africa and about the Cape Verde Islands, but so far as known none enters European waters. Only three of the eight American species are known from Porto Rico. 198 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. a. Dorsal spines xn; preorbital broad. b. Seales small, 65 in a longitudinal series: body elongate; maxillary extending a little beyond front of eye; anal spines strong, second three-fourths depth of body. Color, nearly plain; silvery below productus, 150 an. Dorsal spines xm; preorbital narrow. c. Body moderately elongate, depth 2.66 to 3 in length crocro, 151 cc. Body very long and low, compressed, back little elevated, depth about 3.6 in length ramosus, 152 150. Pomadasis productus (Poey). Head 4 in total length with caudal; depth 4.33; eye 4; D. xii, 12; A. in, 7; scales 65. Body elongate, maxillary extending a little beyond front of eye; anal spines strong, second three-fourths depth of body. Color, nearly plain; silvery below. (Poey.) Apparently closely allied to P. bat/anus and differing from P. ramosus, if the descriptions can be trusted, in having but 12 dorsal spines. Recorded from Cuba and Porto Rico by Poey; not seen by us. Pristipoma productum Poey, Memorias, II, 186, 1860, Havana; Poey, Fauna Puerto-Riquefia, 324, 1881. Pomadasis productus, Jordan & Evermann, 1. c., 1332, 1898. 151. Pomadasis crocro (Cuvier & Valenciennes) . “Viejo.” Head 3; depth 2.66 to 3.5; eye 3.5 to 5; D. xm, 11 or 12; A. in, 6 or 7; scales 6-54— 16; preorbital 4 to 8; snout 2.8 to 3.66; maxillary 3 to 4; pectoral 1.16 to 1.5; fourth dorsal spine 1.8 to 2.25; second anal spine 1.5 to 2; soft dorsal 2 in spinous. Body elongate, compressed, back elevated, 'high at nape, anterior profile rather irregular, varying with age; a more or less distinct frontal depression above eye in old examples; mouth small, maxillary barely extending to anterior edge of orbit; lower jaw included; preopercle coarsely serrate, teeth wide apart; teeth small, outer scarcely enlarged; scales rather large, those above lateral line in parallel series; dorsal fin moderately notched; second anal spine very strong and long, reaching past tips of all rays; pectoral short, caudal slightly lunate. Color in life: Grayish, with about 12 narrow interrupted stripes formed by pale-silvery quadrate spots, one on middle of each scale, plainest on middle of side; under parts white, washed with rusty, ope rcle brassy; top of head rusty; spinous dorsal darkish; ventrals and pectoral dusky; iris lemon- yellow; mouth scarlet within, pale flesh-color anteriorly. West Indies, from Cuba to Brazil; generally common on sandy coasts. A specimen, 7.5 inches long, obtained in San Juan market, where others were seen. A good food-fish, though of small size. Pristipoma crocro Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., V, 264, 1830, Martinique. Pristipoma cultriferum Poey, Memorias, II, 185, 1860, Havana; Poey, Fauna Puerto-Riquefia, 324, 1881; Stahl, 1. c., 77 and 163, 1883. Pomadasis crocro, Jordan & Evermann, 1. e., 1333, 1898. 152. Pomadasis ramosus (Poey). “ Ponco Blanco.” Head 3.15; depth 3.7; eye 4; snout 3.1; maxillary 2.7; mandible 2.25; interorbital 4.4; preorbital 6.6; D. xm, 12; A. in, 7; pectoral 1.7; ventral 1.7; caudal 1.4; scales 6-57-13. Body long and low, back somewhat compressed and a little elevated, anterior profile nearly straight; head pointed, mouth not large, maxillary reaching past front of orbit, lower jaw included; teeth in villiform bands, outer row in upper jaw slightly enlarged; preopercle and suprascapular scale strongly serrate; dorsal tin continuous, well notched, spines very strong; second anal spine very greatly enlarged, as long as longest rays; bases of soft dorsal and anal with a sheath of small scales, that of soft dorsal low; caudal lunate; lateral line nearly straight save under soft dorsal. Color in life: Silvery, bluish on back, slightly brassy on side, white below; pectoral pale-yellow ; ventral pale; anal and soft dorsal darker, membrane of spinous dorsal dark-edged; caudal dark with black edge. Found in the West Indies, south to Brazil. Two specimens, about 10 inches long, one from San Juan market, the other from the Rio Loiza nearCaguas, more than 25 miles from the coast and in fresh water. Five young examples, each 2 to 3 inches long, were taken in the seine at Aguadilla. This species, is said by the native fishermen to utter the grunting noise characteristic of the family. Though not large, it is nevertheless a good food-fish and is highly valued. Pristipoma ramosum Poey, Memorias, II. 186, 1860, Cojimar River, Havana, Cuba. Pomadasis ramosus, Jordan & Evermann, 1. e., 1334, 1898. THE FISHES OF PORTO RICO. 199 Family XLVI. SPAR1D£. The Porgies. Body oblong, or more or less elevated, covered with rather large, adherent scales, which are never truly ctenoid. Lateral line well developed, concurrent with back, not extending on caudal fin. Head large, crests on skull usually largely developed. No suborbital stay. Mouth small, terminal, low, and horizontal. Premaxillaries little protractile; the maxillary short, peculiar in form and in articulation, without supplemental bone, for most of its length slipping under edge of the preorbital, which forms a more or less distinct sheath ; preorbital usually broad; teeth strong, those in front of jaws conical, incisor-like or molar; lateral teeth of jaws always blunt and molar; no teeth on vomer or palatines; posterior nostril largest, usually more or less oblong or slit-like; lower pharyngeals separate; gills 4, a large slit behind the fourth; pseudobranchiae large; gillrakers moderate; gill-membranes separate, free from the isthmus; preopercle entire or serrulate; opercle without spines; sides of head usually scaly; dorsal fin single, continuous, or deeply notched, spines usually strong, depressible in a groove; spines heteracanthous, that is, alternating, the one stronger on the right side, the other on the left, 10 to 13 in number; anal fin rather short, similar to soft dorsal, and with 3 spines; ventral fins thoracic, rays i, 5, with a more or less distinct scale-like appendage at base; caudal fin usually more or less concave behind; air-bladder present, usually simple; pyloric caeca few; vertebrae usually 10 -j- 14 = 24; intestinal canal short. Carnivorous shore fishes of the tropical seas, especially abundant in the Mediterranean, the Red -Sea, and the West Indies. a. Teeth in front of jaws conical or incisor-like, not molar; dorsal fin continuous; posterior nostril oblong; preopercle entire. b. Second interhaemal bone enlarged, hollowed anteriorly, or pen-shaped, receiving the posterior end of air-bladder in its anterior groove; posterior nostril slit-like. c. Front teeth narrow, compressed, forming lanceolate incisors; first spine-bearing interneural with an antrorse spine; temporal crest obsolete; lateral crest nowhere coalescing with supraoceipital crest; interorbital area r ilattish, with two low ridges; a small foramen in each of these above front of pupil; interorbital area much contracted anteriorly; a strongly projecting prefrontal process, which makes an acute angle with supraorbital. d. Frontal bones partly porous and gibbous; antrorse dorsal spine attached directly to interneural: third dorsal spine very long, longer than the head Otrynter del. Frontal bones not gibbous nor porous; antrorse dorsal spine attached to interneural by a long process or spur; third dorsal spine about half head Stenotomus cc. Front teeth conical or canine-like; first spine-bearing interneural without antrorse spine; temporal crest very thin and high, joining lateral crest which forms part of margin of orbit above middle of eye, both crests coalescing with supraoceipital in cavernous anterior part of interorbital area; interorbital area somewhat contracted anteriorly; prefrontal process very strong, making an obtuse angle with supraorbital, this process forming a conspicuous knob above the long posterior nostril Calamus, 87 bb. Second interheemal spine normal, not “pen-shaped.” e. Front teeth conic, not compressed; no incisors; occipital crest coalescent with temporal crests: no antrorse spine on first interneural; dorsal spines usually 11 to 13. /. Anterior teeth in both jaws strong, decidedly canine-like; body more or less deep and compressed Pagrus ee. Front teeth incisor-like; no canines. g. Incisors broad; molars in 2 to 4 series in each jaw. h. First spine-bearing interneural with an antrorse spine in front. i. Supraoceipital and temporal crests nowhere coalescent, interorbital area not swollen; frontal bone in interorbital area thin, concave in transverse section; temporal crest low, separated from supraoceipital crest by a flattish area which extends forward on each side of supraoceipital crest and to groove of premaxillary spines. Incisors conspicuously notched Lagodon ii. Supraoceipital and temporal crests coalescent anteriorly, both disappearing in the gibbous interorbital area; frontal bone between eyes transversely convex and more or less honeycombed; temporal crest separated from occipital crest by an excavated area bounded anteriorly by lateral crest, which merges intcTsupraoccipital above eye. Incisors entire or with a shallow notch Archosargus, 88 hh. First spine-bearing interneural without antrorse spine above; skull essentially as in Archosargus, frontal bone more cavernous Diplodus Genus 87. CALAMUS Swainson. Pez de Plumas. Body oblong, compressed, back elevated; head large, preorbital deep; mouth small, teeth strong, those in front conical or pointed, those on sides molar; preopercle entire, posterior nostril slit-Ti ke ; dorsal fin rather low, not much notched, soft rays low, not scaly; caudal well forked; anal spines small ; pectoral rather long. Second interhsemal bone enlarged, hollowed anteriorly, or pen-shaped, receiving posterior end of air-bladder in its anterior groove; first spine-bearing interneural without antrorse spine; temporal crest very thin and high, joining lateral crest which forms part of margin of orbit above middle 200 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. of eye, both crests coalescing with supraoccipital in cavernous anterior part of interorbital area; inter- orbital area somewhat contracted anteriorly; prefrontal process very strong, making an obtuse angle with supraorbital, this process forming a conspicuous knob above the long posterior nostril. Shore fishes, remarkably distinguished by the structure of the interhaemal. This genus contains numerous very closely related species, all American and all valued as food-fishes. Cai.amus: n. Scales comparatively small, 8 or 9-54 to 58-18 or 1 y ; about 6 vertical rows of scales on base of preoperole, with about 12 scales entering into formation of lower margin; species of large size, with preorbital deep, pectoral fin long, and outer teeth strong. b. Body very deep, back elevated, depth in adult half length to base of caudal; outer teeth about in number, outer one on each side in one or both jaws sometimes enlarged, canine-like: sometimes directed forwards, especially in adult. r. Preorbital with reticulations of bluish ground-color around bronze spots; canines of upper jaw usually vertical, but sometimes, especially in old examples, directed more or less horizontally forward; body deeper than in other species, depth 1.9 to 2.25 in length; anterior profile not very steep, slightly curved; depth of preorbital less than half head : calamus, 153 cr. l'reorbital region, snout, cheek, and opercles brassy, crossed by horizontal, wavy, non-reticulating lines of violet- blue, brightest on preorbital and snout; a sky-blue blotch behind eye over opercle, extending a short distance on body; outer canines of upper jaw directed horizontally forward, except in very young, these teeth longer than in C. calamus; anterior profile nearly straight and very steep to nape, then strongly convex. d. Eye about 4 in head; side with dark crossbands; blue lines on preorbital reticulating; iris dark proridens dd. Kye larger, about 3.5; side with bluish longitudinal lines; blue lines on preorbital not reticulating; iris yellow. kendalli, 154 bit. Body more elongate, depth 2.17 to 2.75 in length. c. Upper jaw with a strong antrorse canine on each side, as in C. proridens; preorbital with blue, wavy stripes; preorbital deep; dorsal high; pectoral reaching front of anal; cheek with blue flexuous lines, anastomosing and forming rivulations; spinous dorsal edged with black pennatula 4-6 ec. Upper jaw without antrorse canines, anterior teeth strong, ^,one on each side of upper jaw more or less enlarged; body rather oblong, snout long and pointed, anterior profile forming a nearly even curve to front of dorsal. Color dull-brassy with little blue; a faint blue stripe below eye; preorbital dull-coppery, usually plain, sometimes faintly veined with bluish. Young, as in other species, with dark crossbands bajonado, 155 Grammateus: a a. Scales comparatively large, 6 or 7-45 to 52-13 or 14; about 5 vertical rows of scales on base of preopercle, with about 9 scales entering into the formation of lower margin; no antrorse canines. /. Pectoral fin long, about 3 in body. fj. Scales of moderate size, 50 to 52 in the lateral line. Body very deep, the back elevated, depth about. 2.2 to base of caudal; longest dorsal spine about half head. h. Canines moderate, about preorbital broad, its least width about 2.25 in head. Body moderately compressed, rather elongate, back only moderately elevated, anterior profile convex to eye, thence straight to point of snout. Color smutty-silvery, with dark crossbands; blotches on tins; no black axillary spot leucosteus tjii. Scales large, about 4(1 (45 to 48) in lateral line; body rather elongate, depth about 2.25 in body; longest dorsal spine about 2.5 in head. i. Canine small, about y^; eye large, 3 in head; dorsal spines xr; preorbital narrow, about equal to eye. Dorsal out- line forming a comparatively regular arch, back being elevated, anterior profile steep and nearly straight. Color, plumbeous-gray, with a blue spot on each scale, preorbital with blue streaks; a blue streak below eye; a blue point in axil , macrops ff. Pectoral fin short, about 3.5 in body. j. Dorsal outline forming a comparatively regular arch, anterior profile from snout to base of spinous dorsal evenly convex; back elevated, depth in adult about 2.17 in length; canines subequal, y8^; preorbital not very deep; pectoral shortish. Color, dull silvery, with pearly spots on scales of back; preorbital bluish, plain, or with pearly markings, without blue stripes; a faint pale streak below eye; axil with a small inky-black spot; cross- bars on body usually persistent penna jj. Dorsal outline not forming a regular arch, anterior profile straight from base of spinous dorsal to nape, where a rather sharp angle is formed, thence straightish above eye, snout convex; body rather elongate, depth about 2.5 in length. k. Preorbital deep, nearly twice diameter of eye; canine teeth y8^. Body oblong, back little elevated, anterior profile unevenly curved, very convex before eye. Color, olivaceous, with dark bars or spots, centers of many scales- pearly; 6 yellowish spots along lateral line; preorbital brownish, usually with dashes of golden-yellow; mem- brane of opercle orange; fins mostly barred or spotted arctifrons, 15(1 kk l’reorbital not deep, pectoral short, 1.2 in head; dorsal fin low, longest spine about 3 in head; canines | , moderate, equal. Body little elevated, the anterior profile rather strongly convex, curve continuous from snout to middle of dorsal. Color, olivaceous, with darker crossbands; preorbital plain; a dark axillary spot; a blue subocular band medius THE FISHES OF PORTO RICO. 201 153. Calamus calamus (Cuvier & Valenciennes). “ Pluma” ; Saucer-eye Porgy. Head 3.1; depth 2.2; eye 3.4; snout 1.6; maxillary 2.5; interorbital 3.3; preorbital 2.1; D. xii, 12; A. iii, 10; pectoral 0.9; ventral 1.5; caudal 1.2; scales 8-54-16; teeth in the outer row in front of each jaw enlarged but without distinct canines. Anterior profile forms a regular curve from tip of snout to dorsal, save in a small specimen, which has a distinct depression above eye. Color in spirits: Not markedly different from that of other examples of the species of I 'nlumux in the collection. Five examples, 3.5 to 8.75 inches long, collected at Arroyo, Mayaguez, and Boqueron. The range of this species is from the Florida Keys southward among the West Indies. It has been recorded from Martinique, Jamaica, Cuba, and various points in southern Florida. It attains a length of about a foot and a weight, of a pound or more. Those seen in market probably do not average over half a pound in weight. It is an excellent food-fish and always commands a fair price. At Key West, and apparently in Porto Rico also, it is usually taken with hook and line and affords some sport as a game fish. Pagellus calamus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., VI, 20C>, pi. 152, 1830, Martinique and Santo Domingo. Calamus megacephalus Swainson, Nat. Hist. Fish., II, 222, 1839, Martinique and Santo Domingo; after Cuvier & Valen- ciennes. Pagellus orbitarius Poey, Memorias, II, 201, 1860, Havana. Calamus macrops Jordan &. Gilbert, Synopsis, 927, 1883, Garden Key, Florida. Calamus calamus, Jordan & Evermann, 1. c,, 1349, 1898. 154. Calamus kendalli Evermann & Marsh. “Pluma.’1 Head 3.1; depth 2.1; eye 3.5; snout 1.5; maxillary 2.4; interorbital 3.5; preorbital 2.1; I), xii, 12; A. nr, 10; pectoral 1; ventral 1.8; caudal 1.3; scales 7-5.3-16. Body deep, back strongly elevated, more so than in C. bajonado, but less than in C. calamus or C. proridens, anterior profile a nearly regular curve, lacking the abrupt nuchal elevation of those species; eye large, larger than in C. proridens; 7 or 8 rows of scales on cheek; teeth about as in C. proridens; molars in two or more rows on sides, those of inner row much the largest, those in front becoming more numerous and merging into cardiform teeth, the most anterior of which in each jaw are somewhat enlarged; in front of upper jaw are 2 much enlarged antrorse canines, curved slightly upward; highest dorsal spine 2. 7 in head, second anal spine 4.6. Color in spirits: Silvery, sides with bluish longitudinal lines following rows of scales, plainest above; a pale-blue line bordering orbit below; some blue lines on preorbital, not evidently reticulated 202 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. and not as numerous as in C. proridens; iris yellow; otherwise as in C. proridens, to which this species is very close. Type, No. 49362, U. 8. N. M., 10.5 inches long, collected at Mayaguez, January 20, 1899; 2 others, each 8.5 inches long, from Mayaguez and Arroyo, are more slender (depth 2.3 and 2.45 in length), but not differing in any other character. This species is probably not common about Porto Rico, as it was obtained only at Mayaguez and Arroyo. It was not noticed in any of the markets. Like all other members of the genus, however, it is doubtless a good food-fish, and probably reaches a length of a foot or more. Calamus kendalli Evermann & Marsh, Kept. U. S. F. C. 1899 (Dee. 19) , 353, Mayaguez, Porto Rico. 155. Calamus bajonado (Bloch & Schneider). “Pluma” ; Jolt-head. Porgy ; Bajonado. (Plate 25.) Head 3.2; depth 2.3; eye 3.3; snout 1.7; maxillary 2.5; interorbital 3.3; preorbital. 2.1; D. xii, 12; A. in, 10; pectoral 0.9; ventral 1.4; caudal 1.1; scales 7-54-17. Body less elevated than in C. calamus or C. proridens, snout more pointed, anterior profile not so steep, rising in a regular curve to front of dorsal; anterior teeth enlarged, becoming very strong in adult, one on each side on front of upper jaw usually enlarged and canine-like, but not antrorse. Color in spirits: Dull olive, with blue luster; faint longitudinal lines of blue; a blue line bordering orbit below, and one above nostril, extending on forehead; obscure irregular blue lines on preorbital; caudal faintly and obscurely barred. This porgy is found throughout the West Indies and north to southern Florida. It is the most abundant species of the genus and reaches the largest size. We have examined specimens 2 feet long and weighing 8 or 10 pounds. The average weight of those usually caught does not exceed 5 or 6 pounds. It frequents smooth rock bottom upon which it is said to spawn in July and August. It is one of the most common species about Porto Rico, as elsewhere, and is said to be found at all seasons. Because of its large size it is more ' important as a food-fish than any of its congeners, though its flesh is somewhat coarse. It is taken in the hook-and-line fishery and also in various fish-traps. ( )ur collections contain 5 examples, each 6 to 8 inches long, obtained at Puerto Real and Arroyo. Others were seen in the possession of the fishermen at those places. THE FISHES OF PORTO RIOO. 203 Hajonado Parra, Oil. Piezas, Hist. Nat. Cuba, 13, lam. 8, 1787, Havana. Spams bajnnado Bloch & Schneider, Sy.st. Ichth., 284, 1801, Havana; after Parra. PageUus caninus Poey, Memorias, II, 199, 1860, Havana. Calamus plumatula Guichenot, Rev. Pagels, 119, Martinique. Calamus hajonado, Poey, Fauna Puerto-Riqueiia, 328, 1881; Stahl, 1. c., 78 and 164, 1883; Jordan & Evermann, 1. c., 1352, 1898. 156. Calamus arctifrons Goode & Bean. Grass Porgy; Shad Porgy. Head 3.3; depth 2.3; eye 3.4; snout 1.9; maxillary 2.4; interorbital 3.5; preorbital 2.8; D. xn, 12; A. in, 10; pectoral 1; ventral 1.4; caudal 1.1; scales 5-47-12. Back not greatly elevated, anterior profile not steep, a slight angle in front of eye; about 5 rows of scales on cheek; 8 to 10 teeth in front of each jaw about equally enlarged and canine-like. Color in spirits: Olivaceous, bluish above the trunk, with (1 or 7 obscure dark vertical bars, with scattering dark spots between them; similar dark spots on opercle and cheek; snout and top of head dark; a broad dark bar from eye straight downward across cheek; pectoral pale, ventral* mostly dark, color plainest inside; vertical fins with dark shades. The grass porgy has hitherto been known only from various places on the Florida coast from Pensacola and Biscayne Bay south to Key West, and has not until now been reported from the West Indies. The only example seen by us in Porto Rico is 7 inches long, and was seined at San Antonio Bridge. This is probably the smallest species of the genus, rarely exceeding a foot in length, hut is a good food-fish wherever found in sufficient numbers. It is usually taken with haul seines. While the other porgies are usually found on hard bottom, the grass porgy frequents the more shallow water where there is an abundance of grass or other aquatic vegetation. The limited area of this sort of bottom about Porto Rico doubtless accounts for the scarcity of this species. Calamus arctifrons Goode & Bean, Proc. U. S. N. M. 1882, 425, Pensacola: Jordan & Evermann, 1. e., 1355, 1898. Genus 88. ARCHQSARGUS Gill. Sheepsheads. Body robust, short and deep, compressed, covered with large scales. Head deep, mouth moderate, jaws with broad incisors in front and coarse molars on sides; incisors entire or with a shallow notch; posterior nostril slit-like; opercle entire. Dorsal and anal spines strong, soft parts of fin short and rounded; a procumbent spine before dorsal; caudal forked. Gillrakers small. Supraoccipital and temporal crests coalescent anteriorly, both disappearing in the gibbous interorbital area; frontal bone between eyes transversely convex and more or less honeycombed; temporal crest separated from occipital crest by an excavated area, bounded anteriorly by lateral crest, which merges into supraoc- cipital above eye. This genus, like Lagodon, Stenotomus, and C Hrynler, which show the same character of the procumbent 204 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. dorsal spine, is confined to American waters. There are two color types in the genus, one group being made up of species with broad black crossbands, the other of species with golden streaks and incon- spicuous crossbands, resembling the species of Lagodon. The common sheepshead {A. probatocephalus) is the most important member of this genus, but is not yet known from any point in the West Indies. Salema: a. Occipital crest rather thin, its honeycomb structure not exposed. Species with streaks of steel-blue and golden, dark crossbands narrow, disappearing with age, about one-third the interspaces; a black humeral spot, b. Dorsal spines 13; incisors | on each side, side of back with 8 or 9 golden streaks, which are narrower than the metallic-blue interspaces. c. Scales 9A8-15; pectoral fin not quite reaching second anal spine; body rather deep and compressed. Incisors j on each side, entire, or with a shallow notch. Fifth dorsal spine highest, 2 to 2.5 in head; second anal spine strong, recurved, 2.5 in head. Olivaceous, silvery below, upper parts with golden longitudinal stripes alter- nating with bluish interspaces; humeral spot larger than eye unimaculatus, 157 bb. Dorsal spines 12; incisors § on each side. Profile with a slight depression above eye; second anal spine much longer than third. Color, grayish, belly white; 8 golden longitudinal bands; a black shoulder-spot tridens Akchosa rgus: an. Occipital crest broad, its honeycomb structure plainly exposed at upper margin; dorsal spines 12; species without blue or golden markings, but with about seven broad black crossbands crossing body; no distinct shoulder-spot. Body much compressed; dorsal outline strongly arched; ventral outline almost straight. Profile straight and steep anteriorly. Incisors J, entire or slightly emarginate, serrate in young; molars in 3 series above, in 2 below, those of inner series larger, those behind incisors very small. Highest dorsal spine 1.33 in head; second anal spine about twice in head, much longer than third. d. Incisors broad, their breadth about half their length. Scales 8-48-15 probatocephalus dd. Incisors narrower, their breadth 2.5 in their length. Scales 7-44-14 et vies 157. Archosarg-us unimaculatus (Bloch). “ Chopa Amarilla.” (Plate 26.) Head 3.4; depth 2.15; eyed; snout 2.3; maxillary 3; mandible 3.1; interorbital 3; preorbital 4. 1 ; D. -Xiii, 10 to 12; A. in, 10 or 11; pectoral 6; ventral 1.3; caudal 1; scales 8 or 9-45 to 50-14 to 16. Body ovate, deep, strongly compressed, anterior profile steep and convex; mouth small, maxillary not reaching front of eye; jaws equal, armed with strong, broad incisors, their edges sometimes notched, 3 on each side in upper jaw, 4 on each side in lower; 3 rows of molars of various sizes above, 2 rows below; scales moderate, regular and cycloid, an enlarged scapular scale; dorsal fin continuous, spines strong and sharp, graduated, middle ones highest, 2.5 in head, soft rays low, last longest, 3.6 in head, base of soft fin with a low sheath of small scales; second anal spine strongest, somewhat recurved, 2.5 in head, soft rays short and weak, with basal sheath; pectoral very long, slender, reaching front of anal; caudal well forked, lobes subequal. Color in life; Pale bluish-silvery, bluish above, side with 9 to 12 narrow brassy lines, 5 above lateral line, somewhat irregular behind, those below broader, more regular, and fainter; head bluish, with brassy bars behind eye; under parts white, throat rusty; dorsal pale-bluish, brassy at base, tips of spines darker; pectoral pale-greenish, washed with rusty, its base with yellow blotch; ventral chiefly orange, inner ray white, tips of other rays white and violet; anal dirty-orange; caudal rusty, washed with olive, middle rays black at tip. In spirits there is a diffuse black shoulder-spot, usually smaller than eye, under lateral line several rows of scales back of its anterior end, faint or invisible in life; the young have 6 or 7 diffuse vertical liars, not observed in life. Found among the Florida Keys and in the West Indies south to Rio Janeiro, occasionally as far north as South Carolina; recorded from Charleston, Key West, Cuba, Jamaica, and Brazil. It is an abundant and important food-fish in Porto Rico. Our collection contains specimens 4 to 9 inches long, from San Juan, Puerto Real, Guanica, Ponce, and Hucares. In the market at San Juan it was noted as one of the most common species. Though not reaching a large size, it is an excellent pan-fish. Salema, Marcgrave, Hist. Brasil., 153, 1648, Brazil. Bream, Browne, Jamaica, 446, No. 1, 1756, Jamaica. Perea unimaculata Bloch, Ichthyologia, pi. 308, 1792, Brazil; on a figure by Prince Maurice. Spams saline Lac6pMe, Hist. Nat. Poiss., IV, 136, 1803, Brazil; based on P. unimaculata of Bloch. Sargus humeri-macidatus Quoy & Gaimard, Voyage Freycinet, Zool., 297, 1825, Rio Janeiro. Sargus flavolineatus Cuvier A Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., VI, 60, 1830, Cuba. Oynadus brama Gronow, Cat. Fishes, ed. Gray, 56, 1854, South Carolina. Sargus coriha'us Poey, Memorias, II, 197, 1860, Cuba; Fauna Puerto-Riquena, 328, 1881. Arcliosargus unimaculatus , Jordan A Evermann, 1. c., 1359, 1898. THE FISHES OF I'ORTO RIOO. 205 Family XLV1I. GERRID£. The Mojarras. Body oblong or elevated, compressed, covered with large, smooth scales; lateral line continuous, concurrent with back; mouth moderate, extremely protractile, descending when protruded, spines of premaxillary extending to above eye, closing a deep groove in top of head; maxillary without supplemental bone, not slipping under very narrow preorbital, its surface silvery, like rest of head; base of mandible scaly, a slit between it and preorbital to permit its free motion; both jaws with slender, villiform teeth; no incisors, canines, nor molars; no teeth on vomer or palatines; preopercle entire or serrate; sides of head scaly; nostrils double, round; pseudobranchise concealed ; gill rakers short, broad ; gill-membranes separate, free from isthmus; dorsal fin single, continuous or deeply notched, spinous ami soft portions about equally developed, with a scaly sheath along base; dorsal spines usually 9 or 10; anal usually with 3 spines; soft portion of fin similar to soft dorsal but shorter; ventral fins thoracic, i, 5, rather close together, slightly behind pectorals; branch iostegals 6; lower pharyngeal bones close together, often appearing to be united, teeth blunt; air-bladder present; pyloric caeca rudimentary; vertebrae 10 -j- 14 = 24. The Gerridx comprise 6 or 8 genera and about 40 species. Four American genera are now recog- nized, and each is represented in Porto Rican waters by one or more species. They are carnivorous fishes, of moderate or small size, inhabiting the tropical seas, differing considerably in form and in development of spines; the intergradations are, however, very perfect, so that but for the osteological peculiarities of certain species all might be placed in one genus. Oviparous. The larger species of this family are used as food, though they do not seem to be highly esteemed anywhere. In Indian River, Florida, they are rarely used, but about Porto Rico they are in better demand. a. Dorsal fin continuous, deeply notched. b. Second interhsemal spine singularly developed, as a hollow cylinder, comparatively short and much expanded, posterior end of air-bladder entering its cavity; preopercle and preorbital entire, anal spines 3, second not much enlarged Eucinostomus, 89 bb. Second interhsemal spine normally developed, not hollow, air-bladder not entering it. c. Second interhsemal spine very short, bluntish ; anal spines 2, both small ; preopercle and preorbital entire Ul,ema,90 cc. Second interhsemal spine long, spear-shaped; anal spines 2 or 3, second enlarged d. Preopercle entire; second anal spine moderate X ysttema, 91 dd. Preopercle serrate; second anal spine much enlarged Gerres,92 Genus 89. EUCINOSTOMUS Baird & Girard. Mojarritas Interhsemal of second anal spine greatly modified, expanded into a hollow cylinder, into which posterior end of air-bladder enters. Preopercle and preorbital entire; body comparatively elongate, subelliptical in form; anal spines 3; second anal spine and fourth dorsal spine not greatly enlarged. Species numerous, in warm seas, remarkable for the peculiar structure of the second interhsemal, which is formed somewhat as in Calamus, but much more modified than in that genus. a. Premaxillary groove wholly naked, linear or semioval, sometimes constricted at base, but never scaled, anal rays III, 7. b. Eye very large, its diameter much greater than length of snout, 2.66 in length of head. . Exposed portion of maxil- lary small, triangular; premaxillary groove linear dowi bb. Eye moderate, usually more than 3 in head, its diameter about equal to length of snout Exposed portion of maxillary triangular in front, oblong behind. c. Body elongate, back little elevated; greatest depth 3.25 to 3.5 in length pseudogula, 158 cc. Body more compressed, deeper, back more elevated; greatest depth 2.66 in length. d. Snout blunt; eye large, scarcely 3 in head; second anal spine large, 2.66 to 3.3 in head, premaxillary groove linear harengulus, 159 aa. Premaxillary groove scaled in front, scales leaving a naked pit behind Depth 2.4 in length; head 3 to 3.2 in length of body. Second anal spine about 3.5 in head. grata, 160 158. Eucinostomus pseudogula Poey. Mojarra. Head 3.2; depth 3.3; eye 3; snout 3.25; maxillary 3.3; mandible 2; interorbital 3.6; scales 5-49-9; D. ix, 10; A. ni, 7. Body compressed, very slender, back very little elevated, the curve a gentle, regular one from nape to caudal peduncle; mouth moderate, nearly horizontal, maxillary reaching anterior edge of pupil, exposed portion triangular; preorbital and preopercle entire, eye large; premaxillary groove rather narrow and without scales; snout rather long and pointed. Fins moderate; dorsal spines 206 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. all slender, second not enlarged, 1.66 in head; second anal spine scarcely enlarged, slightly shorter than third, 3.5 in head, the base of fin 2 in head; caudal widely forked; pectoral rather long, scarcely reaching vent, 1.2 in head; ventrals short, 2.2 in head. Color in life: Bright silvery, with bluish and purplish reflections; back somewhat mottled with dark; fins all pale except tip of spinous dorsal, which is black; axil of pectoral dusky; snout blackish. Usual length, 4 or 5 inches. Known from the Bermudas and from Cuba to Brazil. Not common in Porto Rico, where four specimens were obtained, all from Mayaguez. Eucinostomus pseudogula Poey, Enumeratio, 53, pi. 1, 1875, Havana; Jordan & Evermann, 1. e., 1368, 1898. Oerres jonesi Gunther, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ill, 1879, 150 and 389, Bermudas. 159. Eucinostomus harengulus Goode & Bean. Mojarra. Head 3; depth 2.7; eye 3.2; snout 3; maxillary 2.8; mandible 1.8; interorbital 4; scales 5-45-10; D. ix, 10; A. in, 8. Body compressed, slender, back not much elevated; snout rather long and pointed; mouth horizontal, moderate, maxillary reaching anterior edge of pupil, its exposed portion triangular; preorbital and preopercle entire; premaxillary groove narrow, naked; eye rather large. Fins moderate; second dorsal spine slender, weak, 1.8 in head, shorter than the third; second anal spine short and weak, 3.2 in head, a little shorter than the third; caudal moderately forked, pectoral long and pointed, not quite reaching anal, 1.1 in head; ventrals short, not reaching vent, 1.9 in head. Color in life: Silvery-white, the back with pale steel-blue iridescence; faint, shining, silvery- longitudinal stripes along rows of scales; fins all pale except tips of dorsal spines, which are black. E. harengulus is very close to E. californiensis and may not be really distinct. The principal differ- ence we discover between our specimens and specimens of E. californiensis from the Pacific coast is that the second anal spine is somewhat larger in E. harengulus. Length 4 to 8 inches. It is found on the Atlantic coast of tropical America from Florida to Bahia; apparently the most abundant species of the family in Porto Rico, as is shown by numerous specimens from San Antonio Bridge and Palo Seco near San Juan, Mayaguez, Boqueron, Fajardo, Isabel Segunda, San Geronimo, and Culebra. Eucinostomus harengulus Goode & Bean, Proc. U. S. N. M. 1879, 132, West Florida: Jordan & Evermann, 1. c., 1368, 1898. 160. Eucinostomus gula (Cuvier & Valenciennes) . Mojarra. Head 3.2; depth 2.5; eye 3; snout 3.2; maxillary 3; mandible 2; interorbital 3; scales 4-45-9; I), ix, 10; A. nr, 8. Body compressed, rather short, back somewhat elevated; profile straight from tip of snout to occiput, thence arched to origin of dorsal; mouth rather small, horizontal, maxillary reaching anterior edge of pupil, exposed portion narrowly triangular; eye moderate; preorbital and preopercle entire; premaxillary groove scaled except a central, nearly circular pit. Fins moderate; dorsal spines all weak and slender, second and third subequal, 1.75 in head; second anal spine slightly stouter and shorter than third, 3 in head; caudal widely forked, lobes equal to head; pectoral long, reaching past vent, 1 in head; ventrals short, 1.75 in head. Color, silvery-white, darker on back; fins all pale, front of spinous dorsal dark at tip. Carolinas to Brazil, the young often taken at Woods Hole, Massachusetts. Common about Porto Rico, specimens having been obtained at San Antonio Bridge, Ensenada del Boqueron, Fajardo, Culebra, and San Geronimo. Length 4 to 5 inches. Genes gula Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., VI, 464, 1830, Martinique. Eucinostomus argenteus Baird & Girard, Ninth Smith, Report 1855, 345, Beesley Point, N. J. Eucinostomus gulula Poey, Enumeratio, 54, pi. 2, 1875, Havana. Diapterus homonymus Goode & Bean, Proc. U. S. N. M. 1879, 340, Clearwater Harbor, Florida. Eucinostomus gula, Jordan & Evermann, 1. c., 1370, 1898. Genus 90. ULJEMA Jordan & Evermann. This genus is close to Eucinostomus, from which it differs in the form of the second interhsemal, which is short, bluntish, and not hollowed out. The single known species is slender in form, with weak spines, the anal fin having but 2. THE FISHES OF PORTO RICO. 207 161. Ulaema lefroyi (Goode). Head .3.2; depth 3.1; eye 3; snout 3.1; maxillary 3.1; mandible 2; interorbital 3.5; D. ix, 10; A. n, 8; scales 5-46-10. Body long and slender, dorsal profile only slightly elevated; snout long and pointed; mouth moderate, maxillary reaching only to anterior border of eye, its exposed portion short and triangular; interorbital broad; premaxillary groove long, narrow, and naked; preorbital and preopercle entire; eye large. Fins small; dorsal spines all slender and weak, second slightly shorter than third, 1.9 in head; longest dorsal rays about 3.1 in head; second anal spine small and rather short, 4 in head; caudal fin long, lobes about equal to head; pectoral slender, 1.25 in head; ventrals- short, reaching only halfway to anal, 2.1 in head. Color, silvery, darker above, with bluish iridescence, white below; fine dusky punctulations every- where, thickest on back; dorsal, anal, and caudal dusky, other fins pale; axil dusky; snout dusky. Found in the West. Indies, on sandy shores; known from the Bermudas, Cuba, Porto Rico, Key West, and Cedar Keys. Length 4 to 6 inches. A specimen, 5 inches long, was obtained at Culebra Island, February 9. Diaplerus lefroyi Goode, Amer. Journ. Sci. Arts 1874, 123, Bermudas. Eucinostomus productus Poey , Enumeratio, 55, 1875, Havana. Ulienia lefroyi , Jordan & Evermann, 1. c., 1371, 1898. Genus 91. XYST2EMA Jordan & Evermann. Mojarras Blancas; Muniamas. This genus differs from Gerres in having the preopercle entire. The body is compressed, but not greatly elevated, and the second anal and fourth dorsal spines are less enlarged than in Gerres. The second interhsemal is long and spear-shaped, not hollow and not receiving air-bladder, its structure as in Gerres. One species, widely distributed. 162. Xystaema cinereum (Walbaum). Mojarra; “ Muniama.” Head 3.2; depth 2.6; eye 3.4; snout 3; maxillary 2.6; mandible 2; interorbital 3.25; scales 6-45-11; D. ix, 10; A. iii, 7. Body compressed, elongate, dorsal profile moderately and regularly ele- vated, interorbital region slightly depressed; mouth moderate, maxillary extending to vertical of anterior edge of pupil, its exposed portion triangular in form and twice as long as wide, its length 5 in head; preorbital and preopercle entire; maxillary groove broadly ovate and without scales; gillrakers weak, 7 below angle; distance from tip of snout to origin of dorsal fin, 2.4 in body; second dorsal spine longest, 1.6 in head, not much longer than the others, all being weak and flexible; general outline of upper margin of dorsal fin falcate; second and third anal spines subequal, second not much enlarged, 2.6 in head; pectoral long and pointed, its length slightly greater than head; ventrals short, 2 in head; caudal deeply forked, lobes equal, 0. 7 in head. Scales moderately firm, a sheath at dorsal and anal fins; caudal densely covered with minute scales. 208 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. Color in life: Light bluish-white above, silvery below, with about 6 faint, vertical, bluish bars. Found on both coasts of tropical America, and in the West Indies, north to southern Florida and Lower California; generally common in waters of moderate depth; entering rivers. Length a foot or more. A good fish, of considerable importance, reaching a larger size than most species of the family. Common about Porto Rico, where we obtained specimens from San Juan, San Antonio Bridge, Ensenada del Boqueron, and Isabel Segunda. Common in the San Juan market. Turdus cinereus peltatvs (the Shad), Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolinas, etc., 1731, Bahamas. Mugil cinereus Walbaum, Artedi Piseium, 228, 1792, Bahamas; after Catesby. Gcrres aprion Cuvier, Regne Animal, ed. 2, vol. 2, 101, 1829, Bahamas; based on Catesby. Gerres zebra Muller <& Troschel, in Schomburgk, Hist. Barbados, 668, 1818, Barbados. Genes squamipinnis Gunther, Cat. Fishes, I, 349, 1859, Jamaica. Eucinostomus aprion , Poey, Fauna Puerto-Kiquena, 328, 1881; Stahl, 1. e., 77 and 163, 1883. Xystsema cinereum, Jordan & Evermann, 1. c., 1372, 1898. Genus 92. GEKRES Cuvier. Mojarras. Second interhtemal long and spear-shaped, not excavated and not receiving end of air-bladder; preopercle serrate; body elevated and more or less rhomboid in form; third or fourth dorsal spine and second anal spine more or less elevated. Species numerous. o. Preorbital entire; no distinct dark streaks along rows of scales. Moharra: b. Anal spines 2 only, soft rays 9; second anal spine 1.75; premaxillary groove broad, scaleless; body deep. rhombeus , 163 Diapterus: bb. Anal spines 3, soft rays 8. c. Premaxillary groove broad, oval, andocvered with scales (these sometimes deciduous in poorly preserved specimens). Anal in, 8; second dorsal spine 1.25 in head; second anal spine 1.6 in head; teeth rather long and slender. olisthostomus , 164 Gerres: aa. Preorbital serrate; a distinct dark streak along each row of scales on back and sides; bodyrhomboidal, with angular outlines; spines very strong; anal rays III, 8 or 9. d. Spines moderate, second dorsal spine two-thirds to three-fourths length of head. e. Pectoral as long as head, not reaching front of anal, 3 to 3.33 in body; scales 38; the longest dorsal spine 1.4 in head brasiliamis, 165 ee. Pectoral very long, one-sixth longer than head, 2.5 to 2.75 in body; the second dorsal spine longest, 1.5 in head; scales 35 embryx dd. Spines very high, second dorsal spine equaling head or longer; second anal spine about equal to length of head; lateral stripes very distinct, about 12 in number; depth of the body 2.17 in length; pectoral very long, 2.66 in body; scales 37 plumieri , 166 163. Gerres rhombeus Cuvier & Valenciennes. Mojarra. Head 2.8; depth 2; eyed; snoutS; maxillary 2.4; mandible 1.8; interorbital 3.4; scales 6—38—10; D. ix, 10; A. ii, 9. Body much compressed, rhomboidal, back much elevated; profile evenly convex from dorsal to supraorbital, where there is a slight depression; snoyt somewhat pointed; mouth large, maxillary reaching vertical of posterior border of pupil, exposed portion oblong, its width about 3 in its length, which is 3.4 in head; preorbital and preopercle entire; gillrakers short and weak, 18 below angle; premaxillary groove broadly oval and without scales. Distance from tip of snout to origin of dorsal 2 in length; second and third dorsal spines longest, second strongest, 1.6 in head; dorsal rays short; second anal spine very strong, 1.9 in head; pectoral long, 1.1 in head, reaching origin of anal; ventrals rather long, reaching past vent, 1.6 in the head; caudal well forked, the lobes subequal, 1.1 in the head. Color in life: Silvery-white with bluish reflections, paler below; snout dusky; no dark lines along rows of scales; margin of dorsal tin black; other tins pale, ventrals and anal somewhat dusky. Found in the West Indies and along the Atlantic coast of tropical America; generally common. Numerous specimens from San Antonio Bridge, Mayaguez, and Palo Seco. Length 10 inches or less. Gerres rhombeus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., VI, 459, 1830, Martinique; Jordan & Evermann, l.c., 1374, 1898. Moharra rhombea ?, Poey, Fauna Puerto-Riquena, 327, 1881; Stahl, 1. c., 77 and 163, 1883. THE FISHES OF PORTO RICO. 209 164. Gerres olisthostomus Goode & Bean. Mojarra; Irish Pompano; Mutton-fish. Head 3; depth 2.4; eye3.4; snout3.4; maxillary 2.6; mandible 1.9; interorbital 3.2; scales 6-39-11; D. ix, 10; A. hi, 8. Body compressed, rather long, rhomboid, more slender than in G. brasilianus dorsal outline in a double curve from tip of snout to origin of dorsal, strongly convex from nape to dorsal fin; snout conical, bluntish; mouth little oblique, large, maxillary reaching anterior edge of orbit; exposed portion of maxillary oblong, length 2.75 times its width; eye moderate; preorbital entire; preopercle weakly serrate; premaxillary groove broad, oval, covered with small, deciduous scales, a naked, linear, median depression. Fins moderate; first dorsal spine very short, the second long and moderately strong, about 2 in head, others gradually shorter; second anal spine strong, 1.6 in head, slightly shorter than third; caudal deeply forked, lobes longer than head; pectoral as long as head; ventrals shorter, 1.4 in head; least depth of caudal peduncle 1.8 in head. Color, silvery-olivaceous; scales with faint silvery streaks but no dark ones; fins mostly pale or yellowish, ventrals somewhat dusky. Found in the West Indies, north to southern Florida, south to Brazil. Length a foot or less. Appa- rently not common in Porto Rico, as the collection contains but one specimen, obtained in the San Juan market. This is 8.5 inches long, and differs somewhat from Florida examples, the second dorsal spine being shorter and the body more slender. Genes olisthostoma Goode & Bean, Proc. U. S. N. M. 1882, 423, Indian River, Florida. Gerres olisthostomus, Jordan & Evermann,!. c., 1376, 1898. 165. Gerres brasilianus Cuvier & Valenciennes. Mojarra. Head 3.4; depth 2.3; eye 3.4; snout 3.25; maxillary 2.75; mandible 2; interorbital 3.3; scales 6-36-17; D. ix, 10; A. in, 8. Body compressed, rhomboidal, back very much elevated; profile nearly straight from tip of snout to origin of dorsal fin, slightly concave above eyes; snout conical, bluntish, less acute than in G. linealus; mouth horizontal, rather large, maxillary reaching middle of pupil, its exposed portion oblong, about 2.75 times as long as wide; preorbital and preopercle serrate; eye rather large; premaxillary groove very broad, narrowed posteriorly, without scales. First dorsal spine very short, second very long and strong, 1.2 in head; third slightly shorter but much weaker; remaining dorsal spines short; dorsal rays short, about 2 in head; second anal spine very long and strong, 1.2 in head; third spine slender and slightly longer than second; caudal widely forked, middle rays about 3.5 in outer; pectoral long, 0.9 in head, reaching past vent; ventrals long, 1.15 in head; least depth of caudal peduncle 2.5 in head. Length a foot or less. F. C. B. 1900—14 210 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. Color in life: Pale-silvery, with about six bronze or blackish stripes above lateral line, upper two ceasing at origin of dorsal, and about nine similar but fainter longitudinal stripes below lateral line, upper two of which unite at anterior end; fins all dark except pectoral, which is pale; dorsal fin black-edged; anterior edge of second dorsal spine black; axil dusky. The range of this species extends from Cuba to Bahia. It is generally common, but our collec- tion contains only two specimens, one from the San Juan market, the other from Puerto Real, 10 and 9 inches long, respectively. Gerres brasilianus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., VI, 458, 1830, Brazil; Poey, Fauna Puerto-Riquena, 327, 1881; Jordan & Evermann, l.c., 1378,1898. 166. Gerres plumieri Cuvier & Valenciennes. Mojarra. Head 3; depth 2.16; eye rather large, 3 in head; snout 4 in head; scales 5-37-11; D. ix, 10; A. hi, 8. Body compressed, rhomboidal in form, back very much elevated. Mouth rather large, maxillary extending slightly beyond vertical from anterior margin of pupil, its length 2.8 in head; exposed portion of maxillary oblong, its width 2.5 in length, which is 4.75 in length of head; preorbital and preopercle serrate; premaxillary groove broad and entirely free from scales; gillrakers small, weak, 13 below the angle; distance from tip of snout to dorsal fin equal to greatest depth of fish; upper margin of dorsal fin much concave; second dorsal spine very strong and long, its length equaling length of head; second anal spine stronger and slightly shorter than second dorsal spine, its tip reaching to vertical from base of caudal rays; third spine shorter and much weaker than second; pectoral fins reaching beyond front of anal, their length 2.66 in length of body; ventral fins reaching past vent, almost to front of anal, their length 3.4 in length of body. Length 10 inches. Color, bluish-silvery above, silvery below; very distinct dark longitudinal lines along each row of scales; dorsal, caudal, and anal fins dusky; margin of dorsal fin black; a dark supraorbital spot; pectoral and ventral fins pale. Found on the Atlantic coast of tropical America and among the West Indies; rather common; known from Havana, Porto Rico, Santo Domingo, Jamaica, Martinique, Indian River, Florida, Pernam- buco, Bahia, Aspinwall, and Guatemala. Not seen by us in Porto Rico, but included here on the authority of Cuvier & Valenciennes and of Poey. Gerres plumieri Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., VI, 452, 1830, Antilles, Porto Rico; Poey, Fauna Puerto- Riquena, 327, 1881; Jordan & Evermann, 1. c., 1379, 1898. Family XIV1II. KYPHOSIDtE. The Rudder-fishes. Herbivorous fishes, with incisor teeth only in front of jaws. Body oblong or elevated, with moderate or small scales, ctenoid or not. Mouth moderate, with incisor-like teeth in front of each jaw; no molars; teeth on vomer and palatines present or absent; premaxillaries moderately protractile; preorbital rather narrow, sheathing maxillary. Gillrakers moderate ; pseudobran chise well developed ; opercles entire. Gills 4, a slit behind fourth; gill -membranes separate, free from isthmus; dorsal fin continuous or divided, with 10 to 15 rather strong spines, soft dorsal naked or scaly; anal with 3 spines; ventrals thoracic, raysi, 5, an accessory scale at base; caudal lunate or forked; pectoral fin with all its rays branched. Intestinal canal elongate, with few or many pyloric caeca. Air-bladder usually with 2 posterior horns. Vertebrae in ordinary or slightly increased number, 24 to 28. Post-temporal of normal percoid form, the stout forks not adnate to cranium. Shore fishes, feeding largely on green or olive algae; chiefly of the Mediterranean Sea and the Pacific Ocean; most of them valued as food. Genera 20, species about 70. Genus 93. KYPHOSUS Lacepede. Chopas. Body elongate-ovate, regularly elliptical, moderately compressed; head short, with blunt snout; eye large; mouth small, horizontal; maxillary barely reaching front of eye; each jaw with a single series of rather narrow, obtusely lanceolate incisors, implanted with compressed conspicuous roots posteriorly; behind these a narrow band of villiform teeth; fine teeth on vomer, palatines, and tongue. Branchiostegals 7; gillrakers long. Preopercle obsoletely serrate ; preorbital narrow, covering but little of the maxillary. Squamation very complete, space between and about eyes being the only naked part; scales smallish, thick, ctenoid, 60 to 70 in lateral line, which is continuous; similar scales entirely covering soft parts of vertical fins and extending up on paired fins. Dorsal fin low, with about 11 THE FISHES OF PORTO RICO. 211 spines, which are depressible in a groove of scales, fin continuous, but last spines low, so that a depression occurs between the two parts of fin, bases of spinous and soft parts about equal; soft dorsal rather low in front, not falcate, pointed behind; anal similar to soft dorsal, with 3 spines; caudal fin moderately forked; pectoral fin small, ventrals well behind them. Intestinal canal long. Pyloric cseca very numerous. Vertebrae 9 or 10+15 or 16=25. This genus contains some 10 species, chiefly confined to the Pacific Ocean, and most of them found in the East Indies. a. Anal fin moderately elevated in front and rather short, Its rays in, 11, longest ray 1.5 to 2 in base of soft part of fin. D. xi, 11 or 12. Teeth 35 to 40 in each jaw. b. Teeth rather narrow and subacute; maxillary short, barely reaching eye, about 3.5 in head. c. Scales moderate, 10-65-20; A. in, 13. Coloration bright-plumbeous, with many bright-yellow streaks on a plumbeous ground. Mouth and teeth not fully described incisor, 167 cc. Scales rather large, 10-55-16; depth 2.33 in length; head 3.75. Coloration dusky-gray, with about 25 gray streaks following rows of scales, those near middle of body broadest; a silvery streak along preorbital. D.xi, 12; A. in, 11 sectatrix, 168 167. Kyphosus incisor (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Chopa Amarilla. Head 5 in total with caudal; depth 3; D. xi, 14; A. in, 13; scales 10-65, pores 20; anal a third higher than soft dorsal ; caudal lunate; teeth as in K. sectatrix; preopercle scarcely serrate; scales of back much smaller than those of sides, as are also those of head, throat, and belly. Plumbeous, with yellow lines marking edges of scales; besides yellow streak across cheek to axil, another below eye ending on opercle; yellow streak before nostrils emphasized by black edgings; fins blue, deeper on soft part; base of pectoral with yellow scales. Cuba (Poey) to Brazil and Canary Islands; a large species, reaching 2.5 to 3 feet in length, larger than K. sectatrix. Evidently distinct from K. sectatrix, with which it is confounded by Jordan & Fesler, its relations being with K. analogus. Not seen by us; reported by Dr. Stahl from Porto Rico. ? Saleima aurata Bowdich, Excursion Madeira, 238, 1825, Bona Vista Island; description and figure very bad. D. x, 17; A. Ill, 14; body with light-orange stripes. Pimelepterus incisor Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., VII, 266, 1831, Brazil. Pimelepterus flavolineatus, Stahl, l.c., 77 and 163,1883. Kyphosus incisor, Jordan & Evermann, 1386, 1898. 168. Kyphosus sectatrix (Linnaeus). Rudder-fish; Bermuda Chub; Chub; Cliopa Blanca. Head 3.75; depth 2.12; D. xi, 12; A. in, 11; scales 10-55-16; vertebrae 9 + 16. Body ovate, somewhat compressed; longest dorsal spine one-fifth height of body, rather higher than soft dorsal and nearly equal to longest ray of anal; teeth 35 to 40 on each side; horizontal process of teeth not much longer than vertical; interorbital space 2.5 in head; top and sides of head finely scaled; interorbital region gibbous, below which point snout is truncate; preopercle weakly serrulate; gillrakers long; soft dorsal and anal very low; longest ray of anal 2.25 in head, longest spine 2.25; median dorsal spines highest; second anal spine highest; caudal well forked, lower lobe longer. Color in life: Steel-gray, very slightly bluish, not much paler below; edges of each row of scales oi_ back and sides slightly brassy, so that very faint yellowish stripes alternate with bluish ones of about equal width; a diffuse pale stripe below eye, a yellowish one above and below this; fins all dull-grayish ; ventrals and anal somewhat blackish; edge of opercle slightly darker. Here described from Key West specimens. K. sectatrix ranges from Cape Cod to the West Indies, crossing the ocean to the Canary Islands; accidental in the Mediterranean; once taken at Palermo by Prof. Pietro Doderlein. Not rare off our Atlantic coast, becoming rather common southward, especially at Key West. Long noted for its habit of following vessels, supposably for waste food thrown from them, hence called rudder-fish. It is apparently not common about Porto Rico, and was not obtained by us, but is recorded by Professor Poey and Dr. Stahl. This fish reaches a length of 18 inches or more, though the average of those caught is much less. The average weight is 3 or 4 pounds and the maximum about 9 pounds. As a food-fish it is held in high esteem, its flesh being firm and of good flavor. At Key West it occurs in certain places in abundance and is found throughout the year. The particular bottom which it seeks is the shoals in 212 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. or near the channels where the water is 4 to 20 feet deep. It is one of the best and most interesting game-fishes of our southern waters. It is remarkable for the vigor and “rush” with which it takes the hook and for the mad dashes it makes to free itself. The fight which it makes is much like that one sometimes gets from an unusually large fresh-water sunfish, but is stronger, more prolonged, and more exciting, as the fish is larger and stronger. Chub fishing at Key West, though not known to everyone who has gone to those waters to wet a line, is really one of the surest and most satisfactory ways of enjoyment the angler can find at that place. The chub is caught by still-fishing and the usual bait is pieces of the soft parts of the large spiny lobster (Panulirus americanus), which is very abundant about Key West. The fish swim at various depths, but usually not far above the bottom. The water is very clear and the fact that the angler can see the fish, as it rushes frantically in one direction and then in another to free itself, adds not a little to the excitement and interest of the sport. Perea marina sedatrix (the Rudder-fish), Catesby, Nat. Hist. Car., 138, 1731, Carolina. Perea saltarix Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. X, 293, 1758 (misprint, incorrectly copied from Catesby, who called it sedatrix), Carolina. Chsetodon cyprinaceus (Broussonet) Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, 1269, 1788, name only; on a specimen from the tropical Atlantic (coll. Parkinson, in voyage of Capt. Cook: described by Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1. c., VIII, 263). Pimelepterus bosquii Lact'pede, Hist. Nat. Poiss., IV, 429, 1803, South Carolina. Pimelepterus oblongior Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., VII, 264, 1831, locality unknown; depth 3 in total length: 14 longitudinal streaks. Pimelepterus bosci var. sicula Doderlein, Nat. Sicil. , Ann. 11, fasc. 2, 1883, Palermo. Pimelepterus boscii, Poey, Fauna Puerto-Riquefia, 330, 1881; Stahl, 1. c., 77 and 163, 1883. Kyphosus sedatrix, Jordan & Evermann, 1. c., 1387, 1898. Fig. 63. — Kyphosus sedatrix. Family XLIX. SCI^NID^. The Croakers. Body compressed, more or less elongate, covered with rather thin scales, which are usually more or less ctenoid. Lateral line continuous, usually more or less concurrent with back, extending on caudal fin. Head prominent, covered with scales; bones of the skull cavernous, muciferous system highly developed, surface of skull, when the flesh is removed, very uneven. Suborbital bones without backward projecting “stay.” Chin usually with pores, sometimes with barbels. Mouth small or large, the teeth in one or more series, outer of which are sometimes enlarged; canines often present. No incisor nor molar teeth; no teeth on vomer, palatines, pterygoids, nor tongue. Maxillary without supplemental bone, slipping under free edge of preorbital, which is usually broad. Premax- illaries protractile, but not very freely movable. Nostrils double. Pseudobranchiae usually large, present in most of the genera. Gills 4, a slit behind fourth. Gillrakers present. Branchiostegals 7. Gill-membranes separate, free from isthmus. Lower pharyngeals separate or united, often enlarged, teeth conic or molar. Preopercle serrate or not. Opercle usually ending in 2 flat points. Dorsal fin deeply notched or divided into 2 fins, soft dorsal being the longer, spines depressible into a more or less perfect groove. Anal fin with 1 or 2 spines, never more than 2. Ventral fins thoracic, i, 5, below THE FISHES OF PORTO RICO. 213 or behind pectorals. Pectoral fin normal. Caudal fin usually not forked. Ear bones very large. Pyloric caeca usually rather few. Air-bladder usually large and complicated (wanting in Menticirrhus) . An important family of 30 genera and about 150 species, found on sandy shores in all warm seas, a few being confined to fresh waters. None occurs in deep water and none among rocks. Many of them reach a large size, and nearly all are valued for food. All are carnivorous and some are of interest as game-fishes. Most of the species make a peculiar noise, called variously croaking, grunting, drumming, and snoring; this sound is supposed to be caused by forcing air from the air-bladder into one of the lateral horns. Otolithinjs: I. Vertebrse 14 or 15 + 10 or 11, abdominal portion of spinal column having always more vertebrae than caudal portion, anal fin being posterior in its insertion; body more or less elongate, mouth large, lower jaw projecting; preopercle with a crenulate, membranaceous border; snout without distinct pores or slits; no barbels, preorbital narrow; gillrakers slender, moderate, or rather long; anal fin with 1 or 2 very weak spines, second closely connected with first soft ray; scales small, smoothish. a. Anal fin long, of 15 to 21 soft rays, its length more than half that of soft dorsal; dorsal fins more or less separated; soft dorsal and anal fins closely scaled. b. Teeth large, very unequal; tip of upper jaw with one or two strong canines; enlarged teeth or canines on sides of lower jaw; anal fin one-fourth shorter than soft dorsal, 15 to 18 soft rays; dorsal fins well separated, interspace about equal to. eye; soft dorsal of 24 rays; body compressed; scales rather small, cycloid Isopisthus aa. Anal fin moderate, or short, of 7 to 13 soft rays, its length less than one-half that of second dorsal; dorsal fins con- tiguous; lateral line arched in front. c. Canine teeth, if present, not lance-shaped, tapering from base to tip. d. Lower jaw without canines at its tip, some of its lateral teeth sometimes enlarged; tip of upper jaw usually with canines Cynoscion, 94 cc. Canine teeth lance-shaped, widened toward tip, then abruptly pointed; canines of front of premaxillary largest; about 2 canines on frontof lower jaw on each side; outer teeth of upper jaw enlarged, somewhat lance-shaped; outer teeth of lower jaw compressed; air-bladder with 2 horn-like processes; gillrakers moderate, slender; soft dorsal and anal fin scaly Sagenichthys II. Vertebrae 9 to 12+13 to 20, typically 10+14, number in abdominal part of body being always fewer than in caudal part; dorsal fins contiguous, soft dorsal being long, much longer than anal. e. Dorsal spines well separated, first dorsal spine attached to third or fourth interneural, not more than 2 of spine- bearing interneurals being placed between same pair of vertebrse; soft rays of dorsal fin usually 17 to 32 (37 to 40 in Lonchiurus, 45 to 50 in Seisenoides); occipital crest not greatly elevated. SCIAtNINAt: /. Lower pharyngeals separate. g. Lower jaw without barbfels. h. Caudal fin moderately scaly, its distal portion usually more or less naked, scales not numerous enough to give a thickened appearance to fin. i. Teeth well developed, permanent in both jaws. j. Lower pharyngeals rather narrow, their teeth conic and mostly sharp, none of them molar; outer teeth of upper jaw more or less enlarged. k. Gillrakers comparatively long and slender; mouth more or less oblique; anal fin usually (but not always) inserted posteriorly; preorbital usually narrow, flat; edge of snout above upper jaw with pores and slits little conspicuous or obsolete. l. Skull excessively cavernous, soft and spongy to touch, interorbital space very broad; eye very small, mouth large, oblique; preopercle with a broad membranaceous border, which is striated and fringed; scales small; spinous dorsal short and weak; anal spines weak; caudal fin pointed. m. Pseudobranchiae present; teeth subequal, all villiform, in narrow bands; soft dorsal long, of 30 to 35 rays; anal fin rather long, soft dorsal and anal scaly; lower jaw projecting; vertebrae 10+14; gillrakers long and slender; air- bladder with two horns Nebris U. Skull firm, not excessively cavernous, interorbital space less broad; preorbital not turgid; soft dorsal of fewer than 30 rays. n. Scales of lateral line considerably enlarged, almost entirely concealed by smaller ones; anal fin small, inserted well forward, its first spine usually as near ventrals as caudal; caudal fin pointed, its peduncle long and slender; soft dorsal, and anal scaly; scales small; preopercle without bony serrse; pseudobranchiae small, often obsolete on one side. (Fluviatile species.) Pi.agioscion nn. Scales of lateral line similar to the others, not concealed by smaller ones; anal fin inserted more or less posteriorly, first spine usually nearer caudal than ventrals; caudal peduncle rather short; pseudobranchiae well developed. o. Head not very broad, the interorbital space not notably spongy nor deeply cavernous. p. Preopercle with its membranaceous edge entire, crenulate or ciliate, with no bony teeth; teeth in lower jaw m few series. q. Teeth very small, equal, uniserial or very nearly so; snout very short; cleft of mouth oblique or even vertical, lower jaw projecting Larimtjs,95 qq. Teeth larger, more or less unequal, those of lower jaw in one or two series or in bands; cleft of mouth not vertical. r. Upper jaw with some of the teeth enlarged, forming canines; some canines in lower jaw; lower jaw projecting. Odontoscion, 96 214 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. rr. Tipper jaw with narrow band of teeth, those of outer row more or less enlarged: no distinct canines. . .Corvula, 97 pp. Preopercle with its bony margin armed with sharp teeth or serrae. s. Preopercle with its lowermost spine directed abruptly downward; soft dorsal and anal fin moderately scaly; lower jaw without canines; second anal spine moderate or large Bairdtella, 98 oo. Head very broad above, interorbital space flattish, excessively cavernous, septa reduced to thin partitions; soft dorsal and anal fin usually densely scaly; second spine of dorsal usually thickened Stellifek klc. Gillrakers comparatively short and thick, usually not longer than posterior nostril; anal fin inserted farther forward; snout above lower jaw with large pores, and with two more or less distinct slits on its edge, these- sometimes obsolete; preorbital more or less broad; mouth more or less inferior. t. Preopercle with its bony margin armed with strong persistent spines which do not disappear with age; caudal fin not lunate, middle rays longer than lower Ophioscion, 99 It. Preopercle with its bony margin serrate in young, becoming entire with age; caudal fin truncate or lunate, middle rays not longest; slits and pores of upper jaws well developed Sci^nops ii. Teeth very small, subequal, those in lower jaw wanting or deciduous; lower pharyngeals rather broad, with paved teeth; mouth small, inferior; snout as in Scisena; preopercle entire; anal fin long, with about 12 soft rays; gillrakers shortish, rather slender Leiostomus gg. Lower jaw with one or more barbels, either at symphysis or o:i the rami; snout with slits and pores as in Scisena; lower jaw included; preorbital broad; lower teeth in villiform bands; gillrakers more or less short. u. Pseudobranchire well developed; pectoral fin not elongate. vv. Lower jaw with slender barbels, usually several in number. w. Barbels mostly in a tuft at symphysis of lower jaw; mouth very small, inferior; gillrakers minute, thickish; dorsal spines x or xi; preopercle sharply but finely serrate; preorbital turgid and cavernous, more or less translucent; caudal fin rhombic. (Fluviatile species) Pachypops ww. Barbels chiefly lateral, along rami of lower jaw, usually none at symphysis; lower pharyngeals narrow, with sharp teeth; preopercle with its bony margin armed with strong teeth; D. x or xi; gillrakers short, thickish. IIICROPOGON, 100 vv. Lower jaw with a single thickish barbel at its tip. x. Air-bladder large; anal spines 2; back more or less elevated; preopercle with its bony margin crenate or serrate; pectoral short, shorter than ventrals. (Free-swimming species) Umbrina,101 xx. Air-bladder none; anal spine single, weak; back not elevated; preopercle with its membranaceous edge crenulate; pectoral fins long, longer than ventrals. (Bottom fishes.) Menticirrhus, 102 uu. Pseudobranchite obsolete; body long and low; caudal pointed; pectoral fin elongate; preopercle without bony, serratures. y. Mandible without barbels along inner edge. Chin with two short barbels; soft dorsal with 30 to 40 rays. LoNCHrup.i Aplodinotinie: ff. Lower pharyngeals very large, completely united, covered with coarse, blunt, paved teeth; lower jaw included: snout with slits and pores, as in Scixna; gillrakers rather short. z. Lower jaw with numerous barbels along inner edge of rami; preopercle nearly entire Pogonias Equitin^:: ee. Dorsal spines close together, first spine attached to first interneural, and from 5 to 12 of spine-bearing interneurals wedged in between high occipital crest and neural spine of second vertebra on the one hand, and that of third vertebra on the other; occipital crest much elevated; soft dorsal very long, of 36 to 55 rays Eques, 103 Genus 94. CYNOSCION Gill. Weak-fishes. Body elongate, little compressed, back not elevated. Head conical, rather pointed; mouth very large, terminal, not very oblique, lower jaw projecting, symphysis produced, angle at base of maxillary not prominent. Maxillary very broad. Teeth sharp, not closely set, in rather narrow bands; tip of lower jaw without canines; upper jaw with 2 long canines, 1 of which is sometimes obsolete; canines tapering from base to tip; lateral teeth of lower jaw larger than anterior. Preopercle with its mem- branaceous edge serrulate, bone entire. Lower pharyngeal bones separate, their teeth all pointed. Gillrakers strong, rather long. Vertebrae about 14 + 10 (instead of 10 -j- 14 as in Scisenoids generally) . Pseudobran chile well developed; dorsal spines slender, tins closely contiguous; anal spines 1 or 2, very feeble, soft rays 7 to 13; second dorsal long and low, more than twice length of anal; ventrals inserted below pectorals, pubic bone long and strong; caudal tin subtruncate or lunate. Large fishes, chiefly of the Waters of America, closely related to the Old World genus Otolithus, from which they are distinguished by the absence of canines in the lower jaw. All of them rank high as food-fishes; the flesh is rich, but in some species tender and easily torn; hence the popular nank weak-fishes. The number of species of this genus known from American waters is about 20, among which are some of our most important food-fishes, including the common squeteague ( Cynosdon regalis) , which, though not exceeding 5 or 6 pounds in weight, is said occasionally to attain a weight of 30 pounds, and the spotted squeteague ( C. maculatum) , somewhat smaller and ranging further south. In the Gulf of California occurs another species (C. mcicdonaldi) , which attains the enormous size of more than 170 pounds. Only one species of this genus is at present known from Porto Rico. THE FISHES OF PORTO RICO. 215 а. Scales not very small, lateral line having 55 to 75 pores, number of transverse series ranging from 55 to 85, not much in excess of number of pores; head compressed, not truly conical; upper jaw with distinct canines, band of teeth in upper jaw rather narrow, lower teeth small and in few seriesin front, larger and uniserial on sides. б. Soft rays of dorsal and anal more or less closely scaled; gillrakers comparatively long and slender. 9 to 12 on lower part of arch, longest at least one-half diameter of eye. c. Soft dorsal of 20 to 23 rays. d. Caudal fin rhombic, middle rays considerably produced. e. Snout short, bluntish, 4.6 in head; mouth small, little oblique, canines quite small; color pale, with faint darker streaks; axil pale.pseudobranchise sometimes wanting. D. ix-r, 20; A. I, 8 acoupa cc. Soft dorsal of 26 to 29 rays; caudal fin subtruncate or double truncate, middle rays but slightly produced. /. Coloration nearly uniform silvery. g. Caudal truncate; body slender, depth more than 4 in length; snout short; maxillary not reaching beyond eye. D. x-i, 27; A. i, 11 obliquatus gg. Caudal weakly double-concave; body deep, depth 3.5 to 4 in length. h. Snout long, 3.75 in head, longer than eye jamaicensis, 169 hh. Snout long, 4.5 in head, shorter than eye. IJ. x-i, 27 to 29, A. n, 9 or 10 nothus ff. Coloration brownish-silvery above, with many dark-brown spots, arranged in undulating streaks; body more or less compressed; eye moderate, 5 to 7 in head; maxillary extending to below posterior margin of eye, 2.17 in head; canines large; color brownish-silvery, with iridescent reflections and marked with many small, rather irregular, dark -brown spots, some of which form undulating lines running upward and backward; upper fins dusky, lower yellowish. i. Snout not very sharp, about 4.25 (4 to 4.33) in head; gillrakers long and slender, usually 5 + 10 to 12 in number; membranes of soft dorsal and anal more or less closely scaly, scales readily deciduous regalis ii. Snout very sharp, 3.75 to 3.8 in length of head; gillrakers shorter, rather slender, 4 + 8 or 9 in number; membrane of soft dorsal and anal with very few scales, these readily deciduous thalassinus 66. Soft rays of dorsal and anal scaleless; gillrakers comparatively short and thickish, usually not longer than pupil, and but 6 to 8 on lower limb of arch. j. Coloration not uniform, grayish and silvery, back with distinct darker spots, lines, or reticulations; caudal fin truncate or slightly double-concave. k. Soft dorsal fin with conspicuous round black spots; back and sides covered with similar spots smaller than pupil, larger than those on fins; snout acute, much longer than eye; pectoral 2.25 in head. D. x-i, 25 to 27; A. ii, 10 nebulosus aa. Scales comparatively small ; number of pores in lateral line 70 to 90, and very much fewer than number of transverse rows, which is from 85 to 150; teeth of upper jaw in a rather broad band, 1 to 4 of them usually more or less canine-like, canines generally small and sometimes wholly disappearing with age; lateral teeth of lower jaw not much enlarged; gillrakers usually small and short. l. Caudal fin lunate or subtruncate; scales not very small : head more or less distinctly conical, not flattened above; soft dorsal with 21 to 23 rays. m. Soft dorsal fin with its lower portion covered with small, caducous scales. Body compressed; head compound- conic; canines small, both present; pectoral 2 in head; caudal weakly double-truncate. D. ix-i, 21 to 23; A. ii, 10 leiarchus U. Caudal fin rhombic or S-shaped, middle rays produced, upper lobe usually pointed; soft dorsal with 23 to 28 rays. n. Soft dorsal entirely naked; anal with a few scales; body long and low, spindle-shaped; head depressed above; mouth large; canines present, short and thick; eye small, caudal S-shaped, middle rays longest; pectoral 1.8 in head; scales very small. D. x-i, 28; A. I, 8 virescens nn. Soft dorsal and anal fins densely scaly throughout; teeth all small, canines moderate; scales very small; pectoral 1.75 in head; caudal S-shaped; color greenish, silvery below. D. xi-i, 23; A. n, 9 microlepidotus 169. Cynoscion jamaicensis (Vaillant & Bocourt). “Corvina” ; Mongolar Drummer. Head 3.3; depth 4; eye 4.7; snout 3.8; maxillary 2.1; mandible 1.7; interorbital 3.6; preorbital 15.5; D. x-i, 25; A. ii, 10; pectoral 1.8; ventral 2; caudal 2.1; scales 11-76-8. Body elongate- elliptical, considerably compressed ; head pointed; snout a little longer than eye; mouth large, lower jaw projecting; teeth in narrow bands, a few of the outer ones enlarged, especially on sides of lower jaw, where they are recurved and incurved; one strong recurved canine in front of upper jaw; lateral line decurved under last dorsal spines. Color in life, silvery-grayish, bluish above, whiter below; fins all pale except edge of soft dorsal, which is dark. Known only from Jamaica and Porto Rico. Two specimens, about 11 inches long, from San Juan market, January 6, and two young ones, 5.5 and 4.5 inches, from Isabel Segunda, February 8, 1899. The dentition of the upper jaw exhibits an interesting condition. The single large canine tooth of the upper jaw is located at one side of the symphysis; on the other side is a tooth of similar appearance and nearly as large, but soft and flexible. Apparently there is structurally a pair of canines in the front of upper jaw, but only one becomes functional. Both specimens exhibit this peculiarity; in one the developed tooth is upon the right side of the symphysis, in the other on the left. Otolithus jamaicensis Vaillant & Bocourt, Miss. Sci. au Mexique, Poissons, 156, 1874, Jamaica. Cynoscion jamaicensis, Jordan & Evermann, 1. e., 1406, 1898. 216 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. Genus 95. LARIMUS Cuvier & Valenciennes. Body rather elongate, compressed; skull firm, not greatly cavernous; interorbital space rather narrow ; preorbital flatfish, not turgid; upper jaw with usual slits and pores little developed; no barbels; no canines; snout very short, mouth large, terminal, very oblique or even vertical, lower jaw projecting; teeth minute, equal, uniserial or partly biserial above; preopercle entire or nearly so, without bony teeth. Scales moderate, subequal. Pseudobranchiae well developed. Fins essentially as in Bairdiella, second dorsal long, anal short, its spines moderate or small; fins not thickened bjr accessory scales. Gillrakers long and slender. Vertebrae 10 + 14. Silvery fishes, all American. a. Mouth more or less oblique, not quite vertical; upper part of body with dark streaks along rows of scales; profile slightly convex, a little oblique; maxillary extending to below front of orbit, 2 in head. b. Dorsal rays 27 to 30; mouth notably oblique. c. Upper parts with distinct dark streaks along rows of scales. d. Second anal spine 1.66 in head, reaching tips of soft rays: dark streaks on sides not very distinct; mouth very oblique; gill-cavity pale breviceps , 170 bb. Dorsal rays 24 to 27; mouth still less oblique, snout more convex, profile descending forward. e. Color grayish, silvery with about 7 dark vertical crossbars; second anal spine short, 3.25 in head. Body heavy forward, much compressed, snout very short and blunt, 5.5 in head; mouth large, less oblique than in other species; tip of premaxillary on level of middle of pupil; maxillary 2 in head; gillrakers extremely elongate, as long as eye, 12 + 24; second anal spine short, one-fourth shorter than the first soft ray. D. x-i, 24 to 26; A. ii 5 or 6 , fasciatus 170. Larimus breviceps Cuvier & Valenciennes. 11 Cabezon” ; “ Corbino Cabezon.” Head 3.2; depth 3; eye 3.8; snout 5.1; maxillary 2.1; mandible 1.8; interorbital 4; preorbital 11; D. x-i, 27; A. n, 6; pectoral 1.1; ventral 1.4; scales 6-50-9. Body oblong, heavy forward, back much compressed, caudal peduncle long and slender; scales thin and ctenoid; head short; mouth large, very oblique, approaching a perpendicular, maxillary reaching front of pupil or beyond, lower jaw heavy and prominent, its tip projecting; snout very short; preopercle unarmed; teeth small, in one row in each jaw; head scaled; gillrakers long and slender, 13 + 20; fins small, dorsal spines weak and flexible, soft dorsal long and low, anal very small, second spine much enlarged, reaching about to tip of longest soft rays ; caudal double truncate. Color in spirits: Pale, back dark-olivaceous; membrane of spinous dorsal dusky; caudal streaked with dusky; axil with some black. In life the fins showed the following colors: Dorsal darkish, caudal pale, yellow above and below; anal yellow next to spine, pale elsewhere; ventral yellow on outer half, other half pale; pectoral pale-lemon. Found in the West Indies, and south to Brazil; known from Jamaica, St. Lucia, and Porto Rico. Length a foot or less. A good food-fish. Three adults, about 8.5 inches in length, from San Juan market, and five young, 3.5 to 5 inches, from Ponce and Isabel Segunda. Larimus breviceps Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poissons, V, 146, 1830, Santo Domingo and Brazil; Jordan & Evermann, 1. c., 1423, 1898. Monosirci stahtt Poey, Fauna Puerto-Riquena, 326, pi. 6, 1881, Porto Rico; Stahl, 1. c., 163, 1883. Larimus stahli, Eigenmann & Norris, Sobre alguns peixes de S. Paulo. Brazil, 361, 1900. Genus 96. 0D0NT0SCI0N Gill. This genus differs from Larimus mainly in the presence of canines, and may be described as a Larimus armed with canine teeth. It also approaches closely to Bairdiella, from which it differs in lacking the plectroid spine on the preopercle and also in the dentition, the group Elattarclius lying between the two, as does also the closely related group Corvula. 171. Odontoscion dentex (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Corvina. Head 3; depth 3.4; eye 3.7; snout 4; maxillary 2.25; mandible 2; interorbital 4.6; preorbital 3.8 in eye; D. xi-i, 24; A. ii, 9; pectoral 1.8; caudal 1.4; scales 6-56-8. Body rather elongate, back compressed and slightly elevated; anterior profile nearly straight but not very steep; caudal peduncle long and much compressed; head moderate, snout short and blunt; eye large and placed high; teeth in a single row in each jaw, long and sharp, the pair in front of lower jaw enlarged; teeth of upper jaw similar to lower but smaller, largest in front but without distinct canines; preopercle entire; maxillary reaching middle of pupil; gillrakers about 7 + 15 (in individual 4 inches long); soft parts of THE FISHES OF PORTO RICO. 217 vertical fins scaly; caudal truncate; dorsal spines very slender, separated from rays; second anal spine very slender, 3 in head, much longer than first, which is much reduced. Color in spirits: Silvery-bronze, with many dark points, under parts pale; darker longitudinal streaks along rows of scales; chin dusky, axil and base of pectoral black; vertical fins dusky, with dark points, paired fins pale. Here described from the young, of which 15 examples were taken, from 3 to 4.75 inches in length, at Mayaguez, Puerto Peal and Boqueron. Length about a foot. A food-fish of some importance. Known from the West Indies, and generally common; recorded by Jordan & Rutter from Jamaica. Corvina dentex Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., V, 139, 1830, Santo Domingo. Odontosdon dentex , Jordan & Evermann, 1. c., 1425, 1898. Genus 97. CORVULA Jordan & Eigenmann. This genus is closely allied to Bairdiella in nearly all respects, but with preopercle entire and unarmed, as in Larimus. The species differ considerably among themselves, and they form with Larimus and Odontosdon an almost continuous series. American. a. Body rather short and deep, depth 2.5 to 3.33 in length;. distance from insertion of ventrals to first anal spiine about equal to depth of body; color silvery, usually with dusky streaks along rows of scales. 5. Dorsal rays x-i, 28; posterior rays of soft dorsal higher than anterior ones; dorsal outline strongly and regularly convex and elevated. Color, silvery-white, darker above; sides and back with rather distinct dark lines along scales; spinous dorsal, tips of ventrals, and anal dusky; upper part of head brownish; lower part of head, cheek, and breast with numerous rusty dots, base of soft dorsal and anal rusty sialis 65. Dorsal rays x to xii-i, 23 to 25; jaws equal; outer teeth above enlarged, lower teeth nearly uniserial; preopercle with flexible seme; second anal spine, 3.66 in head; caudal fin subtruncate. c. Maxillary reaching middle of pupil, 2.33 in head; pectoral rather long subxqualis cc. Maxillary reaching beyond middle of pupil, 2.33 in head; pectoral very short; D. xi-l, 23; A. ii, 8 or 9; color silvery, with very distinct dark longitudinal stripes sanctx-ludse, 172 ad. Body rather elongate and compressed, depth 3.5 in length; distance from insertion of ventrals to first anal spine one-half greater than depth of body; coloration dusky, with conspicuous dark streaks along rows of scales. batabana, 173 172. Corvula sanctse-lucise Jordan. Head 3.1; depth 3.2; eye 4.5; snout 4.3; maxillary 2.4; mandible 2; interorbital 4.4; preorbital 2.4 in eye; D. xi-i, 23; A. u, 9; pectoral 1.9; ventral 1.8; caudal 1.8; scales 6-47-8. Body oblong, back compressed posteriorly and a little elevated; head rather small and blunt; snout as long or a little longer than eye; eye large, about equal to interorbital space; mouth somewhat oblique, jaws equal, maxillary reaching middle of pupil; a band of fine teeth in upper jaw, outer a little enlarged; teeth in lower jaw in one row with a few scattering ones; preopercle with a finely crenulate membranous edge; gillrakers 8 19, counting rudiments, longest one-half eye; scales large and strongly ctenoid, rows above lateral line anteriorly parallel with it; below last dorsal spines these rows turn upward and become horizontal again under anterior part of soft dorsal; dorsal spines slender, finely pointed but not sharp; soft dorsal and anal scaly at base; caudal truncate, scaled to near edge; second anal spine slender, shorter than first rays. Color in spirits: Pale, darker above, with a bluish luster; each row of scales save the few lowermost with a grayish-brown stripe, these most continuous above, where they follow the upturned rows of scales; many dark punctulations everywhere; axil dark; fins not notably colored, but with many punctulations. A species known at once by the horizontal stripes and their characteristic bend upward under the notch separating the dorsals. Hitherto known only from the type from Port Castries, St. Lucia. This description is from our largest specimen, 7.75 inches long, from Isabel Segunda; about 20 other individuals from Isabel Segunda, Ponce, Mayaguez, Hucares, and Boqueron, ranging in length from 2.5 to 6.5 inches; smaller specimens have the eye 3.5 in head. Corvula sanctx-lucix Jordan, Proc. U. S. N. M. 1889, 649, Port Castries, St. Lucia; Jordan & Evermann, 1. c., 1429, 1898. 173. Corvula batabana (Poey). “ Barriga Blanca.” Head 3.3; depth 3.2; eye 4; snout 4.2; maxillary 2.25; mandible 2; interorbital 3.9; preorbital 7.8; D. xi— i, 28; A. ii, 8; pectoral and ventral 1.7; caudal 1.6; scales 7—45-7. Body oblong, back coin- pressed posteriorly, belly long, distance from ventrals to anal greater than depth of body; head mod- 218 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. erate, profile nearly straight, a slight concavity above eye; mouth not small, maxillary reaching middle of eye or beyond; teeth of upper jaw in an enlarged outer row, behind which is a band of very small teeth; lower jaw with a single series similar to outer row in upper jaw; snout with a few small pores, chin with 5 larger ones; edges of scales with fine striae, rows below lateral line bending slightly upward opposite origin of anal, most apparent in smaller individuals; lateral line curved, concurrent with outline of back, becoming straight on caudal peduncle; dorsal spines weak; soft parts of vertical fins densely scaled, a sheath of larger scales at their bases; caudal rounded, or double truncate. Color in spirits: Body nearly everywhere lustrous grayish-brown; about 8 longitudinal stripes of darker brown following rows of scales below lateral line; above lateral line are interrupted stripes and scattered spots of same color; fins all about color of body. Known only from Cuba and Porto Rico. Four specimens, 8 to 10 inches in length, were obtained by us at Puerto Real and Arroyo. Johnius batdbanus Poey, Memorias, TI, 184, 1860, Batabano, Cuba; Poey, Fauna Puerto-Riquefia, 327, 1881; Stahl, 1. c., 77 and 163, 1883. Corvula batabcma, Jordan & Evermann, 1. e., 1430, 1898. Genus 98. BAIRDIELLA Gill. Mademoiselles. This genus is characterized by the oblique mouth, little cavernous skull, few rows of small teeth, slender gillrakers, and preopercle armed with a plectroid spine. It is certainly a very natural group, and worthy of recognition as a distinct genus, although its relationships with Ophio.scion and especially with Slellifer are very close. The numerous species are all American, all small in size and silvery in coloration, and some of them are remarkable for the great size of second anal spine. In others this spine is quite small. These variations among species unquestionably closely allied show how slight is the systematic value to be attached to the size of this spine. a. Teeth of lower jaw unequal, chiefly biserial; inner teeth more or less enlarged; preorbital narrow. b. Second anal spine moderate, 2.33 in head, not so long as soft rays, not reaching tip of last ray when depressed. Color, silvery, punctate; fins yellow; depth 3 in length. D. x-i, 22; A. ii, 10 chrysura bb Second anal spine very long, two-thirds length of head, reaching beyond tip of last ray; base of anal oblique, forming an angle with ventral outline. c. Mouth not quite terminal; preorbital narrow; dorsal rays x-l, 23; dorsal spines stiff, lower, highest 2 in head; second anal spine 1.4; pectorals 1.6. Color, soiled silvery; depth 3.14 ronchus, 174 174. Bairdiella ronchus (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Ronco; Ground Drummer. Head 3.1; depth 3.2; eye 4.6; snout 4.1; maxillary 2.5; mandible 2.1; interorbital 4.5; preorbital 9.3; D. x-i, 24; A. ii, 8; pectoral 1.6; ventral 1.5; caudal 1.5; scales 7-50-8. Body oblong and com- pressed, anterior profile straight and rather steep; ventral outline straight from chin to origin of anal; base of anal very oblique, forming a strong angle in ventral outline; caudal peduncle long, compressed; head small, snout, rather pointed, a little longer than eye; mouth nearly horizontal, maxillary reaching past middle of eye (in individual of 4.25 inches nearly to posterior border of orbit), lower jaw included; teeth in upper jaw villiform, in a very narrow band, outside of which is a row of much larger teeth; in lower jaw a band of villiform teeth with a somewhat enlarged inner row; preopercle with strong serrations, largest at angle, lowermost being the downward-pointing plectroid spine characteristic of Bairdiella; dorsal spines moderately strong, sharp, fourth highest, 2 in head; first anal spine reduced, second very long and strong, reaching tips of first, rays and beyond all the other rays, 1.6 in head; ventrals nearly to vent; caudal truncate. Color in spirits: Dirty-grayish, darker above, paler below; some dark punctulations on lower part of side scattered along from snout to base of lower lobe of caudal ; faint dark streaks along longitudinal and oblique rows of scales; paired fins pale; edge of soft dorsal, spinous dorsal, caudal, and part of anal dusky, with dark dots. Found on Atlantic coast of tropical America; generally common in the "West Indies and on the coast of Brazil; recorded from Jamaica, Cuba, Maracaibo, Surinam, and obtained by us at San Juan and Mayaguez, Porto Rico. Though not exceeding 8 or 10 inches in length, this is a good food-fish. Corvina ronchus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., V, 107, 1830, Maracaibo and Surinam. Bairdiella ronchus , Jordan & Evermann, 1. c., 1436, 1898; Poey, Fauna Puerto- Riquena, 326, 1881; Stahl, 1. c., 77 and 163, 1883. THE FISHES OF PORTO RICO. 219 Genus 99. OFHIOSCION Gill. This genus is composed of small species, nearly all American, allied to Scisena ( Scixna umbra L. ), but differing in the armature of the preopercle, its bony margin being at all ages armed with strong persistent serrae, the lowermost teeth not directed forward. The caudal fin in this group is never lunate; the soft dorsal and anal are scaly; teeth in bands; gillrakers rather short. There are 7 or 8 American species of this genus, all except 0. adustus being known only from our Pacific coast. 175. Ophioscion adustus (Agassiz). Head 3.25; depth 3 3; eye 4.2; snout 3.2; maxillary 2.8; mandible 2.5; interorbital 3.7; pre- orbital 5.4; D. xi-r, 22; A. n, 7; pectoral 1.5; ventral 1.5; caudal 1.4; scales 6-56-10. Body compressed, the dorsal outline of trunk trenchant, ventral outline of body nearly straight, the dorsal outline evenly arched; caudal peduncle long and thin; top of head not trenchant, evenly convex; snout rather long and blunt, scarcely projecting beyond the small inferior mouth; several pores and clefts in fleshy tip of snout; chin with five pores, the middle one, at symphysis, smallest; lower jaw well included; maxillary reaching anterior edge of pupil or middle of eye; teeth in both jaws, in villiform bands, the outer row in upper jaw enlarged; top of head, cheeks, and opercles scaled; snout and under parts of head naked; eye moderate, nearer tip of snout than gill-opening; preopercular serrse rather blunt, 9 or 10 in number; dorsal fin deeply notched, the spines weak, flexible, sharp, with filamentous appendages projecting beyond their ends, the first very short, the third longest, the rest graduated to the tenth, which is shortest, the eleventh being somewhat longer, the twelfth much longer, pertaining to the soft portion of the fin, which is scaled on membrane between rays; ventrals rather long and slender, outer rays slightly filamentous, reaching about to vent; anal small but high, first spine very short, second very long and strong, 1.6 in head, longest ray about equaling second spine; caudal large, rounded, finely scaled. Color in spirits: Everywhere brownish with a bluish iridescence, save under parts, which are pale; the brown color on lower part of side is broken up into spots, which are darker at center; faint longitudinal brown lines following rows of scales, plainest below, scarcely evident in some specimens; anal and the paired fins grayish-black; dorsal and caudal like body; one specimen has scarcely any brown color, is grayish above and white below. Five specimens, 3 to 3.5 inches in length, from Vieques and Arroyo. These differ in certain respects from Agassiz’s colored figure of Scixna adusla — chiefly in the larger eye, in the shorter straight portion of lateral line, and in the length of the second anal spine, which equals the longest rays, but is only half as long in the drawing. Nevertheless, we believe that our specimens are the young of Agassiz’s species. The artist was manifestly somewhat inaccurate in his reproduction, as in the number of soft dorsal rays, and certainly in the omission of the short first anal spine. Moreover, the drawing was based upon a specimen much larger than ours (lOinches). We think these considerations are sufficient to explain the differences. The description of 0. adustus in Jordan & Evermann’s Fishes of North and Middle America hardly applies to the Scixna adusta of Agassiz, but is based upon a specimen from Pernambuco, which probably belongs to some other species. Scisena ( Corvina ) adusta Agassiz, Spix, Pise. Brasil., 126, pi. 70, 1829, Montevideo. Genus 100. MICR0P0G0N Cuvier & Valenciennes. Croakers. Body moderately elongate, compressed, somewhat elevated; preopercle strongly serrate; teeth in villiform bands, outer row in' upper jaw enlarged; lower jaw with a row of minute barbels on each side; gillrakers short, thickish; spinous dorsal rather short, of 10 or 11 stoutish spines; second anal spine moderate; caudal fin double-truncate; lower pharyngeals narrow, distinct, with sharp conical teeth; air-bladder with long horns. A well-marked genus, the species all American, allied to Ophioscion and Scixnops, but distinguished by the presence of barbels; species all closely related, similar in form, size, and color, and all of value as food-fishes. a. Dorsal rays x-i, 28 to 30. b. Scales comparatively small, about 9 in a vertical series between front of dorsal and lateral line, 12 in an oblique series; outer teeth of upper jaw evidently enlarged; dark spots on scales above lateral line not forming contin- uous stripes; scales 54. undidatus 220 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. bb. Scales larger, 7 in a vertical series from front of dorsal to lateral line, 9 or 10 in an oblique series; teeth of outer series in upper jaw scarcely enlarged; dark spots above lateral line forming continuous streaks nearly as wide as interspaces; short vertical bars extending across lateral line; many oblique lines above these; markings more regular, though less sharply defined, than in M. undulatus. c. Second anal spine moderate, 5 in head; eye small, 6 in head; scales 54 _ . furnieri , 176 176. Micropogon furnieri (Desmarest). Verrugato; While-mouth Drummer. Head 3.25; depth 3.7; eye 5.35; snout 3.25; maxillary 3.2; mandible 2.7; interorbital 3.8; pre- orbital 4.6; D. x-i, 30; A. n, 8; pectoral 1.4; ventral 1.9; caudal 1.6; scales 7-51-9. Body elongate, with a rather long and slender caudal peduncle; back a little elevated, profile from the eye to the dorsal nearly straight, head not large, snout rather long and blunt; mouth small, low, little oblique, lower jaw included; teeth small, in a band in each jaw; preopercle serrate with 2 enlarged spines at angle; soft dorsal and anal naked; soft dorsal low, with a 1-rowed basal sheath of scales; caudal double-truncate, its basal half scaly; base of pectoral with a few scales; dorsal spines very slender, sharp; anal very small. Color in spirits: Silvery-white, upper half with many oblique bluish bars a little wider than interspaces, anteriorly extending across lateral line and becoming wider; a dark opercular spot. This species is close to Jlf. undulatus, and is known from Cuba to Surinam; abundant on coast of Cuba; recorded by Jordan & Butter from Jamaica; probably not rare in Porto Rico. Our collection contains two fine specimens, 7.5 and 10.5 inches long, obtained at San Juan and Arecibo. A good food- fish, reaching the length of a foot or more. Umbrina furnieri Desmarest, Premiere DOcade Ichth., 22, pi. 2, fig. 3, 1822, Havana. ? Micropogon argenteus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., V, 218, 1830, Surinam. ? Micropogon undulatus, Poey, Fauna Puerto-Riquena, 325, 1881; Stahl, 1. c., 77 and 163, 1883. Micropogon furnieri, Jordan & Evermann, 1. c., 1462, 1898. Genus 101. UMBRINA Cuvier. Body moderately elongate; back somewhat arched. Head oblong, with snout thick and protu- berant; mouth almost horizontal, of moderate size; preoperculum with its bony margin finely serrate; lower jaw with a single thickish barbel. Teeth in villiform bands, outermost in upper jaw somewhat enlarged. Anterior dorsal with about 10 spines; anal fin with 2 spines, second not very small. Caudal lunate or truncate. Gillrakers normal, but short. Air-bladder well developed. This genus contains a considerable number of species, most of them being American. It agrees with Scisena in nearly all respects, excepting the presence at the chin of a short, thick barbel. A similar barbel is found in the genus Menticirrhus, but notwithstanding the fact that all European writers have confounded Menticirrhus with Umbrina, the two genera are not really very closely related. a. Dorsal rays only x-i, 25? no crossbands? broussonetii aa. Dorsal rays x-i, 26 to 29; serrae of preopercle slender, not notably flattened. b. Body with about 9 dark vertical crossbands, besides narrow undulating streaks along rows of scales; second anal spine 2.3 in head; pectoral 1.66 coroides, 177 177. Umbrina coroides Cuvier & Valenciennes. Head 3.5; depth 3.5; eye 4.25; snout 3.4; maxillary 3; mandible 2.9; interorbital 4; preorbital 4.3; I). x-i, 26; A. it, 6; pectoral 1.7; ventral 1.7; caudal 1.4; scales 5-48-10. Body rather elongate, back elevated, anterior profile nearly straight save for a slight convexity opposite eye; ventral outline nearly straight; caudal peduncle rather long and slender; head small, snout blunt and overhanging the small inferior mouth ; teeth in villiform bands in each jaw; maxillary reaching beyond front of pupil; chin with a short barbel; snout with pores and clefts; preopercle with 5 teeth; fins small; caudal truncate, second anal spine much the longer and stronger. Color in spirits: Light below, light-olivaceous above, a silvery luster everywhere; 9 darker cross- bars ending about, level of pectoral; faint longitudinal stripes of dark following rows of scales; some dark on dorsal, fins otherwise plain. This interesting species ranges from southern Florida to the West Indies and Brazil; recorded from Indian River, Florida (as U. broussonnetii) , and Jamaica; not uncommon in Porto Rico; our collection contains six specimens, 4 to 6 inches long, from Aguadilla, Arroyo, Hucares, and Vieques. Umbrina coroides Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., V, 187, 1830, Brazil; Jordan & Evermann, 1. c., 1466, 1898. THE FISHES OF PORTO RIOO. 221 Genus 102. MENTICIRRHUS Gill. The Whitings. Body comparatively elongate, little compressed; head long, subconic, bluntish snout considerably projecting beyond mouth; mouth small, horizontal, both jaws with bands of villiform teeth, outer teeth in upper jaw more or less enlarged; chin with a single stoutish barbel; preopercle with its membranaceous edge serrulate; gillrakers short and tubercular or obsolete; dorsal spines high, slender, 10 or 11 in number (13 in Cirrimens ) ; second dorsal long and low; caudal fin with lower angle rounded, upper sharp; anal fin with a single weak spine; no air-bladder. Lower pharyngeals separate, teeth varying from sharp to very obtuse. This genus is one of the most strongly marked in the family. It has been confounded by all European writers with Umbrina, with which it has not very much in common except the presence of the barbel at the chin. All the species are American, and all bottom fishes. The low, elongate body, large pectoral, and obsolete air-bladder are all characters related to this peculiarity of habit. The species are all valued as food-fishes. Menticirrhus: a. Dorsal spines usually 11; head not terete, depressed, with low snout. b. Gillrakers obsolete, reduced to tubercular prominences, covered with teeth similar to those on the other gill- arches, more developed in the young; lower pharyngeals narrow; the teeth villiiorm or cardiform, all of them acute or conical, none with rounded heads (molar); teeth in the outer series of upper jaw more or less enlarged; scales on breast large. c. Soft dorsal longer, its rays I, 23 to I, 25. d. Outer teeth of upper jaw decidedly enlarged; dorsal spines not much elevated, the longest usually not reaching front of soft dorsal, 1.5 to 1.66 in head. Coloration, grayish-silvery, the dark markings not pronounced and often obsolete. e. Dorsal rays x-i, 22 to 24; snout rather shorter and less pointed than in M. americanus, 3.5 in head; mouth smaller, the maxillary 3 in head. Coloration usually plain, sometimes very dark, otherwise as in Menticirrhus americanus martinicensis, 178 ee. Dorsal rays x-i, 24 or 25; snout longer, 3.33 in head; maxillary reaching nearly to middle of eye 2.8 to 3 in head; eye small, 2 in snout; teeth villiform, in broad bands, the outer series of the upper jaw very much enlarged, larger than in the other species; ventrals short, 1.5 in pectoral; pectoral 1.25 in head; caudal with the broad rounded lower lobe longer than the acute upper; scales all ctenoid, those of the breast larger and regularly placed. Color, grayish-silvery, with obscure darker clouds along the back and sides, these marks forming dusky bars, running obliquely forward and downward to considerably below the lateral line, these often obsolete; the bar at the nape saddle-like; lining of gill-cavity dusky; pectoral yellowish, dusky at tip; an obscure dusky streak along the lower part of side running into lower lobe of caudal americanus dd. Outer teeth of upper jaw less enlarged; spinous dorsal elevated, the longest spine reaching past front of soft dorsal, its length 1.5 in head; coloration strongly marked, body scarcely silvery; eye small, 2.33 in snout, 2 in interorbital area, about 7 in head; snout long, bluntish, 3.8 in head; mouth large; maxillary reaching middle of eye, 2.8 in head; pectoral 1.14 in head. Color dusky-gray above, sometimes blackish, the back and sides with distinct dark oblique crossbands running downward and forward, the anterior one at the nape extending downward, meeting the second and thus forming a V-shaped blotch on each side; a dark lateral streak bounding the pale color of the belly, most distinct posteriorly and extending on lower lobe of caudal; inside of gill-cavity scarcely dusky; pectoral dark saxatilis Umbrula: bb. Gillrakers present, very short and rather slender; lower pharyngeals rather broad; some or most of teeth molar, that is, enlarged, with thickened rounded heads, the molar teeth covering at least anterior portion of bone; teeth in outer series of upper jaw scarcely larger than the others; scales on breast small littoralis 178. Menticirrhus martinicensis (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Jewsharp Drummer. Head 3.3; depth 4; eye 7; snout 3.7; maxillary 3; mandible 2.8; interorbital 4.2; preorbital 5.3; D. x-i, 24; A. i, 7; pectoral 1.4; ventral 2.2; caudal 1.6; scales 6-54-12. Body quite elongate, back considerably elevated, ventral outline nearly straight; head small, conical, upper profile gently convex; mouth not large, inferior, maxillary reaching past middle of eye; outer teeth of upper jaw considerably enlarged; snout projecting beyond mouth; spinous dorsal small, spines slender and pointed, but not sharp; soft dorsal very low; anal very small; pectoral large; caudal with an emargination in upper lobe, lower lobe the longer; lateral line almost straight except at ends, parallel with outline of back. Coloration usually plain, sometimes very dark; back and sides usually with oblique dusky liars. Our specimens are pale below, darker above, and show few definite markings; there are faint oblique dark lines following rows of scales; tip of pectoral and ventrals and edge of anal nearly black. 9 92 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. Known from the West Indies to Patagonia; very common on the Brazilian coast, where it replaces the closely related M. americanus, from which it is not well separated; recorded from Jamaica, Mar- tinique, and Rio Janeiro, and obtained by us in the San Juan market and at Palo Seco, Porto Rico, where it is probably not rare. It is a fair food-fish. Umbrina martinieensis Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., V, 186, 1830, Martinique. Umbrina gracilis Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., V, 189, 1830, Brazil. Umbrina arenaia Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., V, 190, 1830, Brazil. Umbrina januaria Steindachner, Ichth. Beitr., V, 122, 1876, Rio Janeiro. Menticirrhus martinieensis, Jordan & Evermann, 1. c., 1473, 1898. Genus 103. EQJIES Bloch. Ribbon-fishes. Body oblong, compressed, back much elevated anteriorly, rapidly tapering to narrow caudal peduncle; mouth small, lower jaw included; preorbital wide; snout with slits and pores well developed; teeth all villiform, in broad bands, outer scarcely enlarged; preopercle with a fringed border and no bony seme; scales small, irregular, with smaller ones intermixed, extending on soft fins; gillrakers few, short, and slender; dorsal fin very long, of 9 to 15 close-set spines and 36 to 55 soft rays; anterior interneurals closely wedged in behind occiput; anal small, its sjune small; caudal rhombic; pyloric caeca few; vertebrae 10-)- 15=25. This genus is one of the most remarkable in the family in respect to form as well as to the coloration of its species. a. Dorsal rays x to xn-l, 36 to 46, first 4 to 6 of the interneurals wedged in between neurals of second and third vertebrae. b. Profile steep, but not vertical; distance from snout to first dorsal spine about equal to depth of body. c. Dorsal spines little elevated, not nearly as long as head; back arched; dorsal with 38 to 41 soft rays; color variously dusky or gray, with at least traces of about 7 lengthwise streaks; depth 2.6 to 2.75 in length acuminatus, 179 cc. Dorsal spines elevated, longest 2.75 in length of body; soft parts of vertical fins with white spots; body robust, back much compressed, general form much as in Eques acuminatus, but caudal peduncle deeper and more compressed; pectoral and ventral short and equal, 1.14 in head. Color, dark-brown, a light bar in front of eye extending around chin, a second pale bar extending around head immediately behind eyes, a third extending from in front of dorsal over base of pectoral; a light bar along base of soft dorsal; a light bar extending from behind elevated portion of spinous dorsal downward, dividing into two, the branches running straight back, upper branch to beginning of last fourth of soft dorsal, lower branch to base of caudal; 2 or 3 light, undulating longitudinal bars below these; fins all dark brown, vertical fins with many whitish stellate spots. Head 3.75 in length; depth 3. D. xi or xii-i, 46 punctatus bb. Profile very steep. Body deepest below first dorsal spine, thence rapidly tapering to narrow caudal peduncle. Color, olivaceous, 3 dark-brown longitudinal bands along side, middle one from eye backward reaching tips of middle caudal rays. D. x-i, 37 pulcher aa. Dorsal rays xiv or xv-i, 53; about 9 interneurals wedged in between neurals of second and third vertebrae; pro- file almost vertical; body highly variegated, with ribbon-like oblique bands lanceolatus 179. Eques acuminatus (Bloch & Schneider). “Berdugo” or “ Bergudo Head 3.1; depth 2.8; eye 3.8; snout 4.1; maxillary 2.6; mandible 2.4; interorbital 4.2; preorbital 5.2; D. x-i, 39; A. ii, 7; pectoral 1.5; ventral 1.5; scales about 50. Body elongate, compressed posteriorly, back much elevated, ventral outline nearly straight; anterior profile straight from front of dorsal to upper part of blunt snout; mouth moderate, low, maxillary reaching middle of eye, lower jaw included, teeth in bands, outer row in upper jaw enlarged; soft fins all more or less scaly; gill- rakers short, not pointed, 6+8. Color in spirits: Everywhere dark brown, with pale longitudinal stripes, as follows: two from region of nape nearly confluent at middle of soft dorsal; one from a little above eye to last rays of soft dorsal; one from upper edge of eye to upper edge of caudal peduncle; two from near base of pectoral to base of caudal, the upper of these extending faintly across head to eye. This species ranges from South Carolina to Brazil; it has been recorded from Key West, Tortugas, and Jamaica, and was obtained by us at Arroyo, Porto Rico, from which place we have two specimens, each 6 inches long. Valued as food. Grammistes acuminatus Bloeh & Schneider, Syst. Ichth., 184, 1801, no locality; after Seba. Eques hncatus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., V, 169, 1830, Brazil. Eques acuminatus, Jordan & Evermann, 1. c., 1487, 1898. THE FISHES OF PORTO RICO. 223 Family L. POMACENTRID^. The Demoiselles. Body short, deep, compressed, covered with ctenoid scales of varying size; lateral line wanting posteriorly; mouth small, usually with rather strong teeth, either conic or incisor-like; vomer and palatines toothless; nostril single on each side, nearly round; preopercle with its posterior edge largely free, serrate or entire; preorbital sheathing the small maxillary; dorsal fin single, with numerous strong spines, spinous portion longer than soft, which is similar to soft anal, both fins scaly at base; anal spines 2; ventral fins thoracic, i, 5, anterior rays longest, usually filamentous; a scaly appendage at base of ventral. Lower pharyngeals fully united; branchiostegals 5 to 7; gills 3.5, slit behind last gill very small or obsolete; gillrakers rather long and slender; no labyrinthiform appendage; air-bladder and pseudobranchise present; pyloric caeca 2 or 3; gill-membranes free from isthmus. Vertebra* 12-|- 14=26. Fishes of tropical seas, similar in mode of life to the Chxtodonlidx, feeding on small marine animals and plants in the coral reefs. Genera 15; species about 180, most of them too small to be used as food. They are very active in life and the coloration is usually brilliant, sometimes changing much with age. The family shows strong affinities with the Labridx in its gill-structures and pharyngeals. In other respects it approaches the Kyphosidx, while the unique character of the simple nostril is shared with the Gichlidx only, from ancestors of which group the Pomacentridx are probably descended. I. Scales large, 25 to 40 in lengthwise series. Pomacentrinas: a. Teeth fixed, conical or incisor-like, covering nearly whole free edge of each jaw; carnivorous species. b. Teeth conical, in two to four series, outer enlarged and bluntish; preopercle entire; scaleslarge; body oblong, depth 2.5 to 1.33 in length; lateral line wanting on tail Chromis bb. Teeth more or less flattened or incisor-like, in one or two series. c. Preopercle, and usually preorbital also, sharply serrate. d. Teeth entire, strictly uniserial in each jaw; preorbital not very deep, its edge not notched; snout scaly; lower jaw naked Eupomacentrus, 104 cc. Preopercle and preorbital strictly entire; snout naked. e. Teeth emarginate or Y-shaped Abudepduf, 105 Microspathodontinse: aa. Teeth movable, incisor-like, in one row on front of each jaw; lower jaw weak, with teeth along its front only; preopercle and preorbital entire; snout scaled almost to lips; preorbital notched behind nostril; lower limb of preopercle scaled; soft dorsal and anal elevated; caudal deeply forked; soft anal rather long, of 14 or 15 rays; herbivorous species Microspathodon Genus 104. EUPOMACENTRUS Bleeker. Pescados Azules. Body ovate, deep, and compressed, profile steep, usually rounded. Head moderate, nearly as deep as long, snout scaly, lower jaw naked. Mouth quite small, terminal, jaws equal; each jaw armed with a single close-set series of compressed, immovable teeth, which are truncate at tip. Gillrakers long; preopercle more or less serrate; preorbital serrate. Scales large, strongly ctenoid, lateral line running parallel with back to near end of dorsal fin, at which point it ceases. Dorsal fin continuous, with 12 or 13 low stout spines; membrane of spinous dorsal usually not deeply incised nor lobed; soft part- more or less elevated, its last rays gradually shortened; lower limb of preopercle usually more or less scaly; preorbital narrow, without deep notch; anal fin similar to soft dorsal, with 2 spines, of which the second is much the larger; soft rays 12 to 16; dorsal spines with a sheath of large scales, membranes of both dorsal and anal covered high up with small scales; caudal fin more or less forked, lobes rounded; lower pharyngeals triangular; branchiostegals 5 or 6. Species numerous in the tropical seas, chiefly American, and extremely variable in form and color, the brilliant coloration apparently dependent on surroundings. The species are little known and the classification of those found in the West Indies is not wholly satisfactory. a. Upper anterior profile of head arched. b. Depth of body moderate, 1.75 to 2.25 in length, without caudal. c. Lower posterior half of body dark, like anterior half; caudal fin mostly dusky. d. Pectoral fin not edged with white. e. Depth of body 1.75 in length of body (without caudal); side with faint cross-streaks. - adustus ee. Depth of body 2 to 2.25 in length. /. Opercle without distinct dark spot; caudal not tipped with orange. g. Anal without distinct blue spot in its posterior axil, except in young. h. Head with few if any small accessory scales. i. Base of pectoral without black spot or with but one fuscus, 180 Base of pectoral with two black spots diencseus 224 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. gg. Anal with a bluish spot at base of last ray; head and fins much spotted with blue analis, 181 ff. Opercle with a distinct dark spot above; pectoral with a dark spot; tips of all fins orange otophorus cc. Lower posterior half of body unlike anterior part, being more or less abruptly bright-yellow; caudal fin bright- yellow; usually a blue spot at base of last ray of anal. j. Region below lateral line with many blue spots leucostictus, 182 jj. Region below lateral line with few blue spots or none. h. Back with two round dusky spots on each side flaviventa bb. Depth of body about 2.75 in length; posterior half of body yellowish; fins with more or less yellowish partity :> aa. Upper anterior profile of head straight, not arched; body and fins mostly dusky, with pale spots planifrov • 180. Eupomacentrus fuscus (Cuvier & Valenciennes) . Brown Cockeye Pilot; Maria Molle (Plate 27.) Head 3.5; depth 2.5; eye 3.4; snout 3.5; maxillary 3; I>. xn, 15; A. ii, 13; scales 2-28-9. Body compressed, anterior profile steep and evenly convex; dorsal and ventral outlines similar; mouth moderate, little oblique; maxillary reaching anterior border of orbit; jaws equal; teeth in a single series in each jaw, incisor-like, and closely placed; preopercle and preorbital serrate; gillrakers small, weak; scales large, ctenoid, reduced in size on head; snout, opercles, and cheek scaled; lateral line concurrent with back to below middle of soft dorsal, where it ceases. Fins rather large; longest dorsal spine about 2 in head, dorsal rays elevated, longest 1.2 in head; second anal spine 2 in head; soft anal similar to soft dorsal; caudal forked, lobes equal, about 1 in head; pectoral rather long, reaching vent; ventrals long and pointed, passing vent. Color, dark-blue above, lighter on the sides and under parts; side of head and body with some yellowish, under parts with purple tinge; in some specimens the general color is dark-brown or nearly black; edges of scales dark, forming narrow dark vertical bands, but in most specimens these are entirely absent; dorsal and anal fins dark-bluish or olivaceous at base, the margin brighter blue; caudal dusky or pale, usually with some yellow at base; pectoral and ventrals greenish-olivaceous, no black spot at base of pectoral, no dorsal ocellus and no white spot at base of last anal ray; no bluish or whitish spots on head or body. This species may be distinct from E. analis, or the latter may be simply an individual color varia- tion from the typical form. The specimens which we refer to E. fuscus were obtained by us at San Juan, Aguadilla, and Ponce, and by Mr. Gray at San Geronimo. Found in the West Indies south to Brazil and north to Ivey West. The least common of the thr< e species of Eupomacentrus which we recognize from Porto Rico. Pomacentrus fuscus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., V, 432, 1830, Brazil. Pomacentrus variabilis Castelnau, Anim. Nouv. ou Rares, Poiss., 9, pi. 3, fig. 3, 1855, Bahia. Pomacentrus atrocyaneus Poey, Memorias, II, 190, 1860, Havana. Eupomacentrus fuscus, Jordan & Evermann.l. c., 1552, 1898. 181. Eupomacentrus analis (Poey). Head 3.2 to 3.5; depth 2 to 2.4; snout 3.2 to 3.5; eye 3.2 to 3.5; maxillary 3.2 to 3.75; mandible 3.75 to 4.25; interorbital 3.25 to 3.66; preorbital 7; scales 3-28-8; I). xii, 15; A. ii, 13. Body rather deep, strongly compressed, anterior profile steep and evenly convex; interorbital area strongly convex; eye usually a little greater than snout; mouth small, slightly oblique, jaws equal; teeth in single series, incisor-like and close-set; maxillary scarcely reaching vertical of anterior part of orbit; gillrakers slender, weak, and short, length less than diameter of pupil; preopercle strongly serrate; preorbital also serrate, but less distinctly so; scales large, firm, and strongly ctenoid; lateral line beginning at the upper edge of opercular opening running parallel with dorsal outline to beneath middle of base of soft dorsal, where it abruptly terminates; top of head and snout densely scaled, scales smaller than on side; opercle and preopercle scaled; chin naked; bases of dorsal and anal fins densely scaled; mem- branes of caudal fin covered with very small scales; dorsal spines strong and sharp, length of longest 1.8 to 2 in head; soft dorsal with its middle rays elevated, their length 1.2 to 1.4 in head; first anal spine very short, second much longer and stronger, its length 2 in head; soft anal similar to soft dorsal, its longest rays about 1.25 in head; pectoral broad, short, scarcely reaching Vent, length about 1.2 in head; ventral longer, tips of outer rays passing vent, about equal to length of head; caudal forked, upper lobe the longer, usually somewhat longer than head. Color in life very variable; back and upper part of side usually dark-blue or bluish, becoming somewhat paler on lower part of side and belly; head dark-blue; sometimes body is a dark brown, with scarcely any trace of blue; in other specimens the color is a sooty blue-black in life, under parts THE FISHES OF PORTO RICO. 225 scarcely paler; scales on anterior part of side sometimes with a long conspicuous bronze-olive spot; head, side, and bases of vertical fins usually with small sky-blue spots, these spots frequently in life inclining to black, in alcohol becoming at first more intense blue and later fading to white; the abun- dance of these spots varies greatly; in larger individuals, from 3 to 4 inches in length, the spots are greatly reduced in number, sometimes almost wholly absent; more abundant in individuals 2.5 inches or under in length, sometimes profusely so. Spots on anterior part of head sometimes take the shape of narrow lines or oblong blotches; a large blue blotch at bases of upper piectoral rays, becoming black in alcohol ; a large black blotch on middle of anterior dorsal rays, sometimes quite round and surrounded by a narrow blue border; a small blue spot, fading to white in alcohol, near base of last anal rays. Seventeen specimens, varying from 3 to 3.5 inches in length, collected at Ponce, February 1 , were quite uniform in coloration; they each show a few white spots, some very faintly, on side and occasionally at base of anal; none noticeable on head or fins; a white spot present in every case on last anal ray at base; a single black spot at base of upper pectoral rays; dorsal ocellus showing distinctly on only three or four specimens; caudal usually x>ale, yellowish on two specimens. Seven specimens, 3 to 4 inches in length, collected at Culebra Island, February 11, were each x>rofusely covered with pale-blue or whitish spots, most abundant on head, dorsal, and base of caudal and anal; spot at base of last anal ray always present; black spot at base of piectoral sometimes obscure; dorsal ocellus usually present; caudal pale or yellowish on three or four of the specimens. Nineteen specimens, somewhat smaller, collected at Fajardo, February 17, closely resemble the Culebra specimens; some of them, however, resemble more closely specimens from Ponce in the less numerous spots; the bluish-white spot at base of last anal ray is always present, and most of the specimens show the dorsal ocellus. Twenty other specimens from Fajardo, collected on same date and of smaller size, are much more profusely spotted; the dorsal ocellus is more distinct and the caudal fin more yellowish; the lower part of sides and the belly are p>aler. These specimens show a near approach to E. leucosticlus. Four specimens from Mayaguez, each about 2.5 inches long, are pirofusely spotted like those from Culebra and Fajardo, but the general color is much darker; white spot on anal and black one on base of pectoral present; the dorsal oc.ellus is fairly distinct. . Eleven specimens from Puerto Real, each 3.5 inches long, resemble closely those from Ponce in having but few spots; white spot on anal and black blotch at base of pectoral both present; dorsal ocellus evident in only six of eleven specimens; caudal peduncle and fin usually yellowish. Three small specimens from Hucares are profusely covered with small blue specks and agree with those from Culebra. In our collections from Porto Rico we have what we provisionally identify as three species of Eupomacentrus, namely, E. fuscus, E. analis, and E. leucosticlus ; but we are not at all sure that all three of these should not be united under one species — E. fuscus. The color variations and intergradations are most p>erplexing. In the field, fresh specimens sometimes show a most diverse coloration, but when brought into the laboratory these differences, to a very large extent, disappear. In life the caudal peduncle, caudal fin, and under parts are inclined to be more decidedly yellow than in alcoholic specimens, but this is not always true. In some instances, as, for examine, the majority of specimens obtained at Ponce and Fajardo, the under p>arts are scarcely less dark than the upper. As a general rule the younger individuals are more pirofusely covered with brilliant sky-blue spots than are the older ones. As already stated, these spots appiear in life as black or very dark-blue, but in alcohol they invariably fade first to sky-blue and finally to white or bluish-white; the spot near the base of last anal ray is usually bluish-white in life, fading to white in spirits. The blotch on base of pectoral is sometimes bluish, but usually black. Some of the spots on anterior part of head are oblong or linear; the blotch on anterior soft rays of soft dorsal is usually black and irregular in form, though frequently it is beautifully ocellated, the border being a narrow line of bright sky-blue; this ocellus is always present in young examples, but frequently disappears in those of larger size. Except in a very few specimens, which we refer to E. fuscus, the spot near the base of the last anal ray is always present; except on certain specimens, which we refer to E. leucosticlus, and whose colors agree closely with plate 28, there is no sharp contrast between the color of the uppier and the lower parts, but where there is any difference at all it is through the gradual change from the dark of the back to the lighter of the ventral ptarts; except for the constant presence of the spot upon the anal fin, the specimens which we refer to E. analis would agree equally well with the prescriptions of E. fuscus; but as we have found no specimens without the anal spot, it seems best at present to regard the two forms as distinct. To ascertain the true relations of these species careful field studies in many different localities in the West Indies are necessary. F. C. B. 1900—15 226 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION, This species attains a length of 3 to 4 inches. Its proportional measurements are quite constant, as may be seen from the appended table: Comparative measurements of 33 specimens of Eupomacentrus analis. Locality. No. Length. Head. Depth. Eye. Snout. Maxillary. Mandible. Interorbital. Preorbital. Scales. Dorsal fin. Anal fin. Pectoral. Ventral. Caudal lobes. Formula. Longest spine. Longest ray. Formula. Longest spine. Longest ray. Ponce 29 3.18 3.2 2.13 3. 25 3.5 3.5 4. 25 3. 25 6 2-29-8 XII, 15 1.8 1.4 II, 13 2 1.33 1.33 1 1 Do 688 3.5 3.5 2. 13 3.2 3. 25 3. 25 3.75 3. 25 7 2-28-8 XI 1,15 1.66 1. 17 11,13 2 1.2 1.2 1 .87 Do 689 3.5 3.5 2.4 3.2 3.2 3. 25 3. 75 3. 66 7 3-28-8 XII, 15 (b 1.25 11,13 2 1.2 1.2 1.1 .87 Do 690 3. 25 3.4 2 3.2 3. 25 3.2 3. 25 3.5 3-29-8 XII, 15 1.25 II, 13 9 1.25 1.2 1 . 87 Do 691 3.36 3.5 2.13 3.2 3.5 3.5 4.25 3.75 7 3-28-8 XII, 15 1.8 1.4 11,13 2 1.4 1.25 1.1 i Do 692 3. 25 3.4 2.25 3. 25 3.5 3.5 4 3.25 7 3-28-8 X 1 1 , 1 5 1.8 1.25 11,13 2 1.5 1.2 1 .87 Do 693 3.25 3.4 2.1 3.2 3. 25 3.5 4 3.75 7 3-29-8 XII, 15 2 1.25 11,13 2 1.4 1.2 1.1 i Do 694 3 3. 25 2 3.5 3.5 3.5 4 3.5 7 3-29-8 XII, 15 2 1.25 11,13 2 1.4 1.2 1 .87 Do 695 3 3.4 2.4 3.2 3.4 3.4 4 3.5 7 3-29-8 XII, 15 2 1.25 11,13 2 1.2 1.2 1 .87 Do 696 3 3.4 2. 33 3.2 3.4 3.5 4 3. 25 7 2-28-8 XI, 15 2 1.2 11,13 2 1.25 1.2 1 .87 Do 697 3.5 3.5 2.25 3.5 3.5 3.5 4 3.5 7 3-28-8 XII, 15 2 1.2 11,13 2 1.2 1.2 1 .87 Do 698 3. 25 3.25 2. 25 3. 25 3.5 3.75 4 3.5 7 3-28-8 XII, 15 2 1.2 11,13 2 1.2 1.2 1 .87 Culebra 699 4 3.25 2.25 3.75 3.5 3.5 4 3 7 2-2S-8 XII, 15 2 1.1 11,13 1.9 1.2 1. 1 .87 . 75 Do 700 3 3.4 2.4 3 3.1 3.1 4 3 7 3-28-8 XII, 15 2.1 1 11,13 2 1.2 1.17 .87 .87 Do 701 3. 25 3.5 2.5 3.5 3.2 3.5 4 3 7 3-28-8 XI 1, 15 1.75 1.1 11,13 2 1.1 1.1 .87 .87 Do 702 3 3.1 2. 25 3.5 3.5 3.25 4 3.5 7 3-28-9 XII, 15 1.75 1. 1 11,13 2 1.2 1.17 .87 .87 Do 703 3 3. 33 2.25 3 3.5 3. 25 4 3 7 3-28-8 XII, 15 2 1.2 11,13 2 1.4 1.25 1 1 Do 704 3- 3.4 2.4 3.5 3.5 3. 25 4 3.5 7 3-28-9 XII, 14 1.4 1. 1 11,13 1.75 1 1.25 1 .75 Do 705 2.5 3 2.4 3.5 3.5 3. 1 4 3.25 7 3-28-8 XII, 14 1.75 1 11,13 2 1.2 1.25 1 1 Fajardo 706 3.37 3.2 2.4 3.1 3.5 3.2 4 3.5 7 2-27-9 XII, 15 1.5 1 11,13 1.4 1.2 1.2 .87 .87 Do 707 3.25 3.4 2.5 3.1 3.5 3 4 3.5 7 3-28-8 XII, 15 1.75 1.2 11,13 1.75 1.2 1.2 .87 1 Do 708 3.25 3.5 2.3 3.5 3.5 3.5 4 3.2 7 3-29-8 XII, 15 1.6 1 11,13 1.75 1.2 1.2 1.2 .87 Do 709 3.5 3.4 2.5 3.5 3.2 3.5 4 3.5 7 3-28-8 XI 1, 15 1.6 1 11,13 1.75 1 1.2 .87 .87 Do 710 3 3 4 2.4 3.5 3.5 3 4 3.4 7 3-28-8 XII, 15 1.6 1 11,13 1. 75 1.2 1.3 .87 .87 Puerto Real . 748 3.5 3.4 2.1 3.4 3.7 3.5 4 3.4 7 3-28-9 XII, 15 1.75 1.1 11,13 1.75 1.1 1.25 1 .87 Do 749 8.5 3.4 2.4 3.5 3.7 3.6 4 3.5 7 3-29-9 XII, 15 1.75 1. 1 11,13 1.5 1.1 1.25 1 .87 Do 750 8.5 3.2 2.4 3.5 3.5 3. 6 4 3.5 7 3-29-8 XII, 15 1.75 1.1 11,13 1.75 1.2 1.25 1 1 Do 751 3 3.1 2.2 3.3 3.5 3.5 4 3.5 7 3-28-8 X 1 1 , 15 1.75 1.25 11,13 1.75 1.4 1.25 1 1 Do 752 3.5 3.5 2.5 3.6 3.5 3.4 4 3.5 7 3-28-8 XII, 15 1.75 1 11,13 1.75 1.2 1.25 1 .87 Do 753 3.37 3.4 2.1 3.5 3.5 3.4 4 3.3 7 3-29-8 XII, 15 1.6 1.1 11,13 2 1.2 1.25 1 .87 Do 754 3.37 3.4 2.4 3.5 3.5 3.4 4 3.3 7 3-29-8 XII, 15 1.6 1.25 11,13 1.75 1.2 1.25 1 1 Do 755 3.5 3.2 2.2 3.5 3.5 3.5 4 3.3 7 3-29-8 XII, 15 1.75 1 11,13 1.75 1.4 1.25 1 1 Do 756 3. 25 3.5 2 3.5 3.7 3.5 4 3.5 7 3-29-9 XII, 15 1.75 1.25 11,13 2 1.2 1.25 1.4 1 1 Broken. West Indies north to Key West; hitherto regarded as only from Havana and Key West. Ninety per cent of the specimens of this genus obtained by us are referred to this species. Specimens were obtained at San Juan, Aguadilla, Mayaguez, Puerto Real, Guaniea, Ponce, Hucares, Fajardo, and Cule- bra; it was exceedingly abundant at Culebra, Fajardo, and Ponce about the coral reefs and around the little islets, every haul of the seine securing several. At Fajardo they were particularly common among the alga? on the west side of the small keys off the Playa. Pomacentrus analis Poey, Synopsis, 327, 1867, Havana. Eupomacentrus analis, Jordan & Evermann, 1. c., 1554, 1898. 182. Eupomacentrus leucostictus (Muller & Troschel). Beau Gregory ; Cockeye Pilot ; Black Pilot. (Plate 28.) Head 3.5; depth 2; eye 3; snout 3.75; maxillary 3.75; interorbital 3.75; preorbital 6.5; D. xii, 15; A. ii, 13; scales 2-29-10. Body compressed; dorsal and ventral outlines similar; profile convex, but less steep than in E. fuscus or E. analis. Mouth moderate, maxillary reaching anterior part of orbit; jaws equal; teeth in a single band in each jaw, incisor-like and close-set. Preopercle and preorbital distinctly serrate; scales large, firm, strongly ctenoid, reduced in size on head; snout and sides of head completely scaled; lateral line beginning at upper end of gill-opening, arched, gradually approaching dorsal outline as it proceeds backward, ceasing under middle dorsal rays; fins moderate; longest dorsal spines nearly 2 in head; middle rays of soft dorsal elevated, about 1.4 in head; second anal spine long, strong, and gently curved, 2 in head; soft anal similar to soft dorsal, the rays somewhat longer; caudal forked, lobes about equal, upper sometimes slightly the longer; pectoral short, scarcely reaching vent; ventral short, reaching scarcely past vent. THE FISHES OF PORTO RICO. 227 Color: Top of head and back rich dark-blue, sides and under parts abruptly lemon-yellow, this yellow extending over side of head, entire side of body below lateral line and to some extent above it, and entire caudal peduncle and caudal fin; side of head and anterior part of body as well as top of head and dorsal region with numerous small pale-blue spots; similar spots on spinous dorsal and anterior soft dorsal rays, as well as a few on anal fin; a large black blotch on middle anterior dorsal rays, not ocellated. Posterior half of dorsal and anal yellow like caudal; pectoral pale-yellow; pale-blue spot near base of last anal ray; a small black blotch at base of pectoral. In life the pale-blue spots on top of head and upper part of side appear white by contrast with the darker-blue ground-color, those on side of body and head appearing bluer. Along the lateral line are sometimes present a few small, oblong dark spots. The coloration of this species is extremely variable; usually the colors are about as given above, but some specimens showed a gradual encroachment of the blue of the back upon the yellow of the sides, thereby approaching the general color-pattern of what we have called E. analis. The extreme forms of this species and of E. analis are remarkably different and one would not hesitate to regard them as entirely different species, but individuals taken from different places and of various sizes, show very perplexing variations. It has, however, been impossible to show that these variations present actual intergradation, and for that reason we prefer, for the present, to recognize the species as distinct. Found in the West Indies north to southern Florida. In Porto Rico we obtained specimens at San Juan, Puerto Real, Culebra, and Guanica. While fairly common, it is apparently much less abundant than E. analis. Pomacentrus leucostictus Muller & Troschel, In Schomburgk's Exc. Barbados, C74, 1848, Barbados. Pomacentrus caudalis Poey, Synopsis, 328, 1867, Havana. Pomacentrus xanthurus Poey, Memorias, II, 190, 1860, Havana. Pomacentrus dorsopunicans Poey, Synopsis, 328, 1867, Havana. Eupomacentrus leucostictus, Jordan & Evermann, 1 . c. , 155,1898. Genus 105. ABUDEFDUF Forsk&l. Pintados. Body deep, compressed, covered with large ctenoid scales; snout without scales; preopercle and preorbital entire, lower limb of preopercle scaleless; 3 to 4 rows of scales between lateral line and dorsal; teeth compressed, fixed, more or less distinctly emarginate, in one series in each jaw, those below occupying most of free edge of jaw; jaws subequal. Dorsal usually with 13 spines, the last slightly shorter than median ones; branchiostegals 5 or 6; pyloric cseca 3. Lower pharyngeals triangular. Species numerous, often brightly colored, about coral reefs in the tropical seas. We exclude from this genus all the species formerly referred to Glyphidodon, in which the teeth are in more than one series, and also those in which the snout is scaly or the lower pharyngeals not triangular. For these forms different generic names, Hemiglyphidodon, Ambly glyphidodon, Glyphidodonlops, etc., have been defined by Bleeker. The genus Stegasles Jenyns ( imbricatus ) is also very close to Abudefduf, but it seems to have entire teeth, and the snout and fins are densely scaly. The genus Nexilarius is less closely related to Abudefduf. Glyphisodon: a. Preopercle entire. b. Preorbital very narrow, its least breadth less than pupil, even in adult; anterior profile of head nearly straight, snout rather acute;, dorsal spines 13; anal with about 12 soft rays. c. Scales about 4-30-11; green, with about 6 dark-blue or blackish crossbands; depth 1.75 to 2 in length; anal rays ir,12 saxatilis, 183 Euschistodus: bb. Preorbital broad, its least breadth not less than diameter of pupil, greater than pupil in adult; anterior profile of head more or less arched, snout low and blunt, projecting beyond the small mouth; anal rays ii, 10; coloration dull. d. Dorsal spines 13; scales 27 or 28. e. Color in adult brownish, with green dots, not distinctly banded; teeth smaller, on each side analocjus dd. Dorsal spines 12; body with 5 dark crossbands, fainter than in A. saxatilis; scales about 25 taurus aa. Preopercle said to be coarsely serrate; dorsal spines 13; scales very large, 25; body with dark crossbands rudis 183. Abudefduf saxatilis (Linnpeus). Cockeye Pilot; Demoiselle; “ Chirivita ”; “Pintado.” Head 3.2; depth 1.8; eye 3.2; snout 3.5; interorbital 2.7; D. xin, 13; A. ii, 12; pectoral 0.9; ventral 1.0; caudal 0.8; scales 5-28-11. Color in spirits: Chiefly silvery, somewhat darker above, top of head brown ; side with five vertical 228 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. brown bars, largest as wide as eye, first from front of dorsal to base of pectoral, second downward from fourth, fifth, and sixth spines, third from ninth and tenth spines toward vent, fourth from last spines to middle of anal, fifth from soft dorsal across peduncle upon anal; sometimes a faint sixth bar upon base of caudal; first four not reaching belly; axil dark, front of base of pectoral black. Smaller individuals (2 inches and less) have, in spirits, ground-color nearly everywhere uniform light-brown, made up of small punctulations. In life the color is not much different; the interspaces are brassy- yellow, fading to white on side; head and fins pale-bluish. This species, which reaches a length of 6 inches, is found in tropical America on both coasts; abundant in tide-pools and about coral reefs from Guaymas to Peru and Florida to Uruguay, but much less abundant than the species of Eupomacentrus. It is common about Porto Pico, but difficult to capture, as it is found chiefly where nets can not be used to advantage. We have specimens, from 0.75 to 5.5 inches, from San Juan, Puerto Real, and Culebra. Chxtodon cauda bifurca, fasciis S. albis, Linnaeus, Mus. Adolph. Frederick 1, 64, “ India.” Chxtodon saxatilis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. X, 276, 1758; after Mus. Ad. Fr. Clixtodon mauritii Bloch, Ichthyol., Ill, 213, pi. 109, 1785, Brazil; on a bad drawing by Prince Maurice Chxtodon marginatus Bloch, Ichthyol., Ill, 98, pi. 207, 1787, Martinique; on a drawing by Plumier. Glyphisodon moucliarra Lac6p6de, Hist. Nat. Poiss., I V, 542, 1803, Brazil, etc.; after various authors. Chxtodon sargoides Lacdpede, Hist. Nat. Poiss., IV, 453, 1803, Martinique; on a drawing by Plumier. Glyphidodon troschelii Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 150, Cape San Lucas. Glyphidodon saxatilis Poey, Fauna Puerto-Riquena, 336, 1881; Stahl, 1. c. 77 and 164, 1883. Abudefduf saxatilis, Jordan & Evermann, 1. c., 1561, 1898. Family LI. LABRIDtE. The Wrasse -fishes. Body oblong or elongate, covered with cycloid scales; lateral line well developed, continuous or interrupted, often angularly bent. Mouth moderate, terminal; premaxillaries protractile; maxillaries without supplemental bone, slipping under the membranaceous edge of preorbital ; anterior teeth in jaws usually very strong and canine-like; teeth of jaws separate or soldered together at hase, not forming a continuous plate; no teeth on vomer or palatines; lower pharyngeals completely united into one bone, without median suture, this bone T-shaped or V-shaped, its teeth conical or tubercular. Lips thick, longitudinally plicate. Nostrils round, with 2 openings on each side. Dorsal fin continuous, spinous part usually long, its spines rather slender, 3 to 20 in number; anal similar to soft dorsal, with 2 to THE FISHES OF PORTO RICO. 229 6 spines. Ventrals thoracic, r, 5, inserted below pectorals. Branch iostegals 5 or 6; psendobranchise well developed; gills 3.5, slit behind last arch small or obsolete; gill-membranes somewhat connected, sometimes joined to narrow isthmus. Air-bladder present; no pyloric caeca. This family comprises 60 genera and 450 species, chiefly of the tropical seas, living among rocks or kelp, many of them brilliantly colored and some valued as food-fish. Most of them feed upon mollusks, the dentition being adapted for crushing shells. As in most other large groups there is con- siderable difference of opinion as to the characters which should be used in dividing the Labroids into genera. The tendency with all recent writers has been toward a rather minute subdivision. The numbers of vertebrae seem to us to yield characters of the highest importance. Cither characters not to be neglected can be drawn from the size of the scales, the numbers of the dorsal spines, and the dentition. The degree of squamation of the head seems to us to have an importance lower than that attributed to it by Bleeker and Gunther, but it may be used for generic subdivision. a. Dorsal spines 8 or more, usually well distinguished from soft rays; anal spines 2 to 6. b. Vertebrse and dorsal spines not in greatly increased numbers; vertebra; 22 to 29; dorsal spines 8 to 13; anal spines 2 or 3; species of tropical or subtropical seas. c. Vertebrse 27 to 29 (so far as known) ; dorsal spines usually 12 (11 to 14) ; sides of head more or less scaly; preopercle serrulate or entire. Harpinje: d. Anterior canines strong; lower pharyngeals large, with large, tubercular teeth; spinous dorsal not enveloped in scales; lower jaw naked; species mostly of large size and bright coloration, inhabiting semitropical seas. e. Dorsal spines about 14, the 3 or 4 anterior falcate, produced in long streamers; body deep and compressed, anterior profile steep; teeth uniserial; no posterior canine; cheek and opercles scaly; bases of soft dorsal and anal scaly; soft parts of vertical fins produced; scales moderate (40) Lachnolaimus, 106 ee. Dorsal spines 11 or 12 (rarely 13), none of them produced in filaments; cheek and opercles scaly; body oblong; back not greatly elevated. /. Soft dorsal and anal each with a scaly sheath at base; scales large (about 32); posterior canine present; soft dorsal and anal elevated, produced behind Harpe ff. Soft dorsal and anal without sheath of scales; preopercle serrulate (at least in young); soft dorsal and anal more or less falcate. g. Scales large, about 30; lower limb of preopercle scaly; posterior canine present; anterior canines j Decodon CLEPTICINiE: dd. Anterior teeth small, bluntish, not canine-like; no posterior canine; mouth very small, terminal; snout short and blunt; dorsal and anal enveloped in scales, except produced tips of both fins; caudal deeply forked; dorsal spines almost hidden by series of scales; head everywhere closely scaled, except on lips and snout; scales of body large; preopercle serrulate; gillrakers slender, short; pectoral falcate; lower pharyngeals very small, Y-shaped, their teeth small, very blunt, and coalescent; vertebrae 10 + 17=27; dorsal spines, 12 Clepticus cc. Vertebrae 23 to 26; dorsal spines 8 or 9; anterior canines strong, 2 to 4 on each side in each jaw; head mostly naked; preopercle entire. Species of the Tropics, mostly of small size and bright coloration. Juudina?: h. Lateral line complete and continuous. i. Snout not tubiform; preopercle entire; teeth uniserial, none chisel-shaped. j. Cheeks and opercles naked. Jc. Scales large, 25 to 30 in lateral line; anal spines 2 or 3. I. Dorsal spines 9; dorsal enlarged, without scaly sheath; scales of breast not enlarged. m. Anterior canines all normal in position; lower pharyngeals T-shaped, with numerous teeth; anal spines 3. n. Posterior canine well developed on both sides; dorsal spines pungent; anterior canines | iPviDio, 107 II. Dorsal spines 8; no posterior canines; anterior canines g, normal in position; a low sheath of scales at base of dorsal; dorsal spines pungent; anal spines 3, never 2 Chlorichthys Xyrichthyinte: hh. Lateral line interrupted posteriorly, beginning again on level of axis of body, on caudal peduncle; scales large, 20 to 30 in lateral line; dorsal spines 9; anal spines 3; anterior canines -g. o. Posterior canine present; snout slender, anterior profile not convex; cheek and opercles scaly; dorsal spines pungent, the three anterior longer and with filamentous appendages; dorsal and anal with a scaly sheath; scales very large Doratonotus, 108 oo. Posterior canine none; anterior profile more or less convex; head naked, except usually a few scales below eye; body more or less strongly compressed; ventrals thoracic, inserted below the pectorals. p. Scales very large, about 20 in lateral line, which is placed on first row of large scales below dorsal sheath; anterior dorsal spines not detached; head not trenchant above Xvrula -pp. Scales large, about 26 in lateral line, which is placed on second row of large scales below dorsal sheath. q. First two dorsal spines joined by membrane to the others and inserted nearly above base of pectoral. r. Upper anterior profile of head not trenchant, curve of head not parabolic; cheek not very deep. .. Novaculichthys it. Upper anterior profile of the head sharply trenchant, its curve parabolic; cheek very deep, eye near upper profile Xyrichthys 230 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. Genus 106. LACHNOLAIMUS Cuvier & Valenciennes. Body strongly compressed, back sharp and elevated, profile long and steep. Snout sharp; mouth low, horizontal, jaws narrow; premaxillary slipping under membranaceous edge of the very broad preorbital, which is twice depth of eye. Teeth in front prominent, canine-like, in a single series; no posterior canines. Cheek and opercles with imbricate scales; scales of moderate size, thin, adherent; lateral line complete. Dorsal with 14 spines, first 3 strong, falcate, produced in long streamers in adult, membranes between these spines very low, filamentous tips longer than head; other spines all low, gradually shorter to the eleventh; second dorsal and anal much produced; caudal lobes falcate; third anal spine strong; pectoral and ventrals short. This genus contains a single species, a large, showy fish of tropical America, remarkable for the long, streamer-like filaments on the dorsal spines. 184. Laclinolaimus maximus (Walbaum). “ Capitan”; Perro Perm; Hog-fish. Head 3; depth 2.2; eye 5.4; snout 2.4; maxillary 2.1; mandible 2; interorbital 4.1; preorbital 4.4; D. xiv, 11; A. ni, 10; pectoral 1.6; ventral 1.6; caudal 1; scales 8-38-14. Body deep and compressed, back elevated, anterior profile long and steep, nearly straight, slightly concave before eye; scales rather large and thin; premaxillaries very protractile; 4 strong canines in front of upper jaw, 1 pair in front of lower with 2 smaller conical teeth between them; sides of jaws with small, uniserial, bluntly conical teeth; first 3 dorsal spines produced in long filaments, reaching to end of fin, rest of spines low; soft dorsal with anterior rays somewhat elevated, nearly as long as head; caudal deeply lunate. Color in life, brick-red, scales edged with reddish-yellow thus giving a cross-hatched appearance; a large black spot on last 4 dorsal rays and body at their base; caudal red, with 2 pale-brown crossbars and 2 spots of same on each tip, anal similar to caudal; ventral dark purplish-red; pectoral lemon; purplish lines radiating downward and forward from eye. In spirits, grayish, snout blackish; caudal with 2 faint vertical dark bars near base; base of last rays of soft dorsal with deep black spot extending upon body. The sexes differ in color and in size of mouth, and individuals vary much with age, but the species may be known at once from the long dorsal streamers. “El Capitan” is found throughout the West Indies and north to Key West and the Bermudas, abundant about reefs and rocks. It has been recorded from various places in southern Florida, the Tortugas, Bahamas, St. Bartholomew, Cuba, Martinique, St. Thomas, Santo Domingo, Porto Rico, and Jamaica. Examples, 6 to 13 inches long, were obtained at Ensenada del Boqueron, Arroyo, and Isabel Segunda. Others were seen in the fishermen’s boats at each of these places and also at Culebra Island. This is a large and showy fish, reaching a weight of 10 to 15 pounds, or even 20 pounds in the Bermudas. It changes much in appearance in the course of its growth, which accounts for the many specific names it has received. The large adult male is remarkable on account of a heavy black blotch THE EISHES OF POETO RlLO. 231 over the forehead and eyes. The name “hog-fish” refers to the swine-like appearance of the head, jaws, and teeth. Like all other members of the family, it feeds chiefly upon small fish and upon bottom mollusks and crustaceans. It is an important food-fish throughout its range and is one of the most common and attractive species seen in the wells of fishing boats at Key West. It is a favorite food-fish in Cuba, though at one time its sale was forbidden by law on account of the supposed pois- onous character of its flesh. This opinion obtains to some extent in Porto Rico, but apparently the flesh of only the large individuals is believed to possess any deleterious properties. Whether there is any good reason for this belief is doubtful. Suillus (the Great Hog-fish), Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, etc., pi. 15, 1750, Bahamas. Labrus maximus Walbaum, Artedi Piscium, 261, 1792. Lachnolaimus suillus Cuvier, R5gne Animal, ed. II, vol. 2, 257, 1829, Bahamas; after Catesby. Lachnolaimus aigula Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XIII, 277, 1839, St. Bartholomew. Ladmolaimus dux Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XIII, 285, Martinique. Lachnolaimus caninus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XIII, 288, 1839, St. Thomas and Santo Domingo. Lachnolaimus psittacus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XIII, 291, 1839, Porto Rico. Lachnolccmus suillus Poey, Fauna Puerto-Riquena, 336, 1881. Lachnolaimus mciximus, Jordan & Evermann, 1. c. , 1579, 1898. Genus 107. IRIDIO Jordan & Evermann. Doncellas. Body oblong, compressed, not elevated, covered with large scales, there being 25 to 30 in course of lateral line, which is not interrupted, but abruptly bent posteriorly. Scales on breast rather smaller. Head naked, compressed, conic. Preopercle entire. Teeth large, upper jaw with 2 strong canines in front, none of them bent backward; lower jaw with 4 anterior canines, a posterior canine tooth directed forward on each side of upper jaw. Dorsal spines 9; anal spines 3, graduated; ventrals inserted under axil of pectoral. Gillrakers short and feeble; gill-membranes slightly joined to a narrow isthmus. Vertebrae 10 + 15 = 25. There are numerous species of this genus, most of them brilliantly colored, abounding in kelp in the tropical seas. All of them are American. The genus is very close to the Old World Halichceres, differing chiefly in the dentition and in the presence of 3 anal spines instead of 2. a. Caudal fin very slightly concave, truncate when spread open, outer rays longer than middle ones; body deep and compressed, depth about 2.75 in length; ventral fins filamentous, outer ray produced, more than twice as long as inner ray; scales before dorsal not crossing middle line, in about 5 series. b. Side below spinous dorsal without dark crossbar; general color bluish (male), or bronze (female), with many sky- blue spots, most distinct posteriorly; sky-blue spots and streaks on head; a stripe passing through upper part of eye; fins with blue stripes; a dark axillary spot; end of pectoral dusky radialus bb. Side below spinous dorsal with a very broad, blackish cross-bar kirscliU, 186 aa. Caudal fin rounded or subtruncate, outer rays not produced, shorter than middle rays. c. Scales before dorsal large, in 4 to 6 rows, not crossing median line; snout moderately pointed. d. Ventral fins with outer ray produced, more than twice length of inner. e. Side without conspicuous dark lateral band and with a distinct dark vertical bar, extending downward from spinous dorsal; axillary spot obscure; body rather elongate, depth about 3.75 in length; profile not steep; pos- terior canines rather small; head with black streaks and spots above; caudal sharply barred garnoti ee. Side with a broad blue-black lateral band extending from eye to tip of caudal; back above this, dark brown or bluish; spinous dorsal with no conspicuous black spot; a dark-blue stripe from eye to nape; fins mostly blue- black with pale edgings; middle and base of caudal dusky; tip of pectoral dusky; profile rather steep; body rather robust, depth 3.33 in length cyanocephahis del. Ventral fins with outer ray not produced, its length not more than twice that of inner rays; side with a dark lateral band; species of small size. /. Spinous dorsal with a conspicuous blue-black spot between fifth and seventh spines; body not very slender, depth 3.8 in length; a dark band from snout through eye to opercle, lateral band on side broader than eye and placed a little above opercular band, lateral band extending nearly to. tip of caudal; no second dark band below it; a faint dark spot under last dorsal ray and one at base of pectoral above; 2 or 3 narrow bluish-white stripes across cheek; body and fins in life with bright colors which fade in alcohol maculipinna ff. Spinous dorsal pale, black spot very small or wanting; body slender, depth 4 in length; opercle with a conspicuous black spot; a blue-black band from snout through eye and across opercles to base of caudal, not extending on fin; a narrower and fainter band from lower base of pectoral to above anal, these bands growing fainter with age and sometimes disappearing, lower always wanting in adult; no axillary spot; no distinct bands across cheek; fins mostly pale, with bright red and blue colors in life, young and deep-water individuals often showing a black spot at base of caudal and sometimes a dark spot near middle of dorsal, with sometimes a larger one at base of its last ray; angles of caudal black in adult, lower pharyngeals T-shaped, the anterior limb very short bivittaius , 185 aao. Caudal fin double-concave, median portion convex, outer rays more or less produced in adult (fin rounded in young) ; scales before dorsal in 6 or 7 rows, not crossing median line; a blue-black spot close behind eye, some- times obsolete in adult. 232 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. g. Lateral line without blue-black spot; ventrals- with outer rays scarcely filamentous, about reaching tips of pectorals. h. Tubes of pores of lateral line distinctly branched, branches usually 3 in number; body moderately slender, depth a little less than length of head and 3.75 to 4 in body; head 3.4. i. Eye large, 1.6G in snout. ii. Eye small, 2.GG in snout; brownish above, bright violet-red below; many blue spots above; a crescent on base of pectoral; caudal edged with violet and with convergent streaks of yellow poeyi !ih. Tubes of pores of lateral line all simple or very nearly so, not trifid; body very slender, depth much less than length of head, 4.5 in body; head 3.4; snout very sharp, anterior profile of head straightish and not steep; snout 2.8 in head; eye 2 in snout; pectoral moderate, 1.6 in head; color in spirits, pale, unmarked, except for small black spot behind eye. j. Color in life, olive-green, bluish below; back with blue spots; a yellow band on side with vague outlines; posterior parts paler, with rows of blue spots; head with blue bands; dorsal and anal rosy, with blue spots caudalis jj. Color in life, olivaceous; a broad band-like area of orange mingled with violet spots along side backward from head to middle of body, lower edge of this band serrate; below this a pale-violet band, darker behind; still lower a yellow stripe; head olivaceous, marked with blue; preorbital scarlet, with 3 violet stripes; opercles bright red, with 3 violet stripes, postocular black spot in the uppermost; dorsal and anal orange and yellow, with blue spots; caudal with convergent bands of orange forming reticulations around blue spots pictus Fio. 66 .—Iridio bivittatus. 185. Iridio bivittatus (Bloch). Slippery Dick; Doncella. Head 3.2; depth 4; eye 6.3; snout 3; interorbital 4.7; preorbital 4.7; D. ix, 11; A. nr, 12; pectoral 1.7; ventral 1.9; caudal 1.6; scales 2-28-8. Scales before dorsal reduced in size, in about 4 rows, not crossing median line; ventral tin with first ray moderately produced, about twice inner ray; caudal slightly rounded. Color in spirits: Grayish, a purple band from snout through eye to base of caudal, much widened on opercle; a fainter band, more blue, from base of pectoral to above end of anal; an oblong purple- black spot on upper edge of opercle, bordered behind by blue; a blue band from nape to eye; chin with a hi m transverse band. An example, 2.5 inches long, has longitudinal bands brown, traces of very faint vertical dark bars, and 2 small dark spots near base of front of soft dorsal. This species is gorgeous in color, but of little value as food, the flesh being dry and insipid. It is found throughout the West Indies, north to Pensacola and Beaufort, N. C., and south to Brazil, and is usually very abundant along weedy shores and reefs. Specimens, 2.5 to 5.5 inches long, obtained at Mayaguez, Fajardo, and Culebra; 4 from San Geronimo. Spams radiatus Linnseus, Syst. Nat., ed. XII, 472, 1766, Carolina; not Labrus radiatus L., ed. X. Labrus bivittatus Bloch, Ichthyol. , nl. 284, fig. 1, 1792; from a painting by Plunder, made at Martinique. Labrus psittaculus LacCpede, Hist. Nat. Poiss., Ill, 522, 1800, Martinique; from a copy of Plumier’s painting. Julis humeralis Poey, Memorias, II, 212, 1860, Havana; adult. Chserojulis grandisquamis Till, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1S63, 20G, Beaufort, N. C. Chserojulis arangoi Poey, Enumeratio, 109, 1875, Havana; young. Platyglossus florealis Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U.S. N. M. 1882, 287, Pensacola; young. Iridio bivittatus , Jordan & Evermann, 1. c., 1595, 1898. 186. Iridio kirschii Jordan & Evermann. Head 3.4; depth 4; eye 5.5; snout 3; D. ix, 12; A. nr, 11; scales 2-28-8. Body elongate, com- pressed; anterior profile gently convex; head rather long; snout pointed; mouth moderate, horizontal, maxillary not reaching vertical of eye by half its diameter; teeth strong, curved; opercular flap long, reaching past base of pectoral; caudal peduncle compressed, its least width 5 times in its least depth; THE FISHES OF PORTO RICO. 233 scales large, about 4 rows in front of dorsal fin, scales not extending across median line; tubes of pores- of lateral line distinctly branched, branches usually 3 in number, lateral line running on third row of scales to near vertical of last dorsal ray, where it drops to fifth row. Fins moderate; longest dorsal spine about 3 in head, rays about 2.5; anal similar to soft dorsal; pectoral 1.5 in head; ventral with outer rays somewhat produced, about twice length of inner ray, or 1.75 in head; caudal fin almost truncate, slightly, if at all, double-concave. Color in life: Side beautiful pale-green; scales of back and upper part of side pale-brown at base; under parts greenish-white; a rich green axillary spot and a few scales above it with rich-green edges; pectoral brick-red on base, followed by a narrow blue bar, then by a broader lemon-colored bar, the red bar on base extending on body about 3 scales below pectoral; cheek lemon-colored, a rosy bar from mouth to base of pectoral, another from mouth to eye, and 2 others from preopercle across opercle, a narrow, wavy, rosy line under eye, a somewhat paler bar from mouth downward upon lower jaw, and another forward on snout, meeting its fellow in front; a rich blue postocular spot, with a small yellow one above it; humeral region rich green; a small black spot at base of last dorsal ray; dorsal and anal fins lemon; numerous short rosy bars crossing dorsal, which is bordered by rosy; anal base rosy, then a narrow green stripe, followed by a very narrow pale border; caudal pale greenish- lemon, with rosy on middle rays; pectoral pale-greenish; ventral white with slight rosy wash; iris green and red, pupil black. In alcohol all the colors fade to a yellowish olivaceous, the postocular spot and the one at base of last dorsal ray becoming black. Found in the West Indies, south to Bahia; recorded, from Cuba, Jamaica, St. Croix, and Bahia. The species reaches a foot in length. Two specimens, each 4.25 inches long, in the collections from Porto Rico — one from San Antonio Bridge, the other from Fajardo. We have compared our specimens with the type of 1. kirschii (No. 43303, U.S.N.M.) and find them to agree perfectly. Iridio kirschii Jordan & Evermann, Check-List of Fishes of North and Middle America, 413, 1896, Bahia; name only; Jordan & Evermann, Fishes North and Middle America, 1598, 1898. Genus 108. D0RAT0N0TUS Gunther. Body compressed; head not compressed to an edge anteriorly, its profile in front straight or con- cave; preorbital not very deep; mouth rather wide; teeth in a single series, 2 large canines in front of each jaw; a posterior canine; cheek and opercles scaly; gill-membranes united, free from isthmus; scales large; lateral line interrupted behind, beginning again lower down; dorsal fin with 9 strong pungent spines, some of the anterior elevated, median spines short, so that the outline of fin is concave; caudal rounded. Colors brilliant. Size small. This genus contains two known species, among the most beautiful of the Labridx, and the genus to which they belong is one of the best defined in the group. a. Scales large L5-20-6.5; color grass-green, over entire body and caudal fin megalepis, 187 aa. Scales smaller, 1-26-0; caudal fin white, with 2 small reddish-brown spots decoris, 188 187. Doratonotus megalepis Gunther. Head 2.75; depth 2.66; D. ix, 10; A. in, 9; scales 1I-20-6J. Body much compressed, mod- erately elevated, its greatest width behind the head two-sevenths of its height; caudal peduncle short and deep, its length but little more than one-half its height; profile from dorsal to nape convex, carinated; occiput and supraorbital region depressed and flat, snout protruding, profile of top of head thus strongly concave. Snout slender, sharp, compressed, its length 3.2 in head; mouth wide; maxillary 4 in head ; teeth growing gradually larger anteriorly, the 2 front teeth in each jaw distinctly the largest, canine-like, diverging, opposed to each other; a small but distinct posterior canine in upper jaw, none in lower; eye moderate, little wider than interorbital width, 5 in head; cheek with a single series of large scales, 4 in number; opercle covered with 5 or 6 similar scales; gill-membranes broadly united, free from isthmus. Dorsal spines robust and pungent, the first 3 with conspicuous filamentous append- ages; first and second spines with their filaments about equal, 1.5 in head; without their filaments second spine is slightly the longer, equaling distance from end of snout to middle of eye, the fin rapidly descending to fourth spine, which is one-half as long as second, then gradually rising to ninth and highest, which is, however, shorter than the following soft rays; longest soft ray 1.66 in head; anal spines similar to those of dorsal fin, the longest about one-half head; caudal evenly convex, its longest ray 1.5 in head; ventrals short, about one-half length of head, an elongate scale between them at base; pectoral reaching beyond ventrals, but not to vent, 1.75 in head; membranes of vertical fins 234 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. with elongate scales on basal portion; lateral line following outline of back 1 scale beyond end of dorsal fin, thence interrupted and continued on 4 scales of middle of caudal peduncle. Color in life: Very intense grass-green, about uniform over the body ; head more yellowish, slightly paler below; opercle mesial ly a little darker; iris red, with a green ring; dorsal, anal, and caudal grass-green, mottled with light-orange; tips of lower spines green, of short ones orange; ventral s deep- green, membranes largely orange; pectoral light-yellowish. Found in the West Indies north to Key West, rare. Length 2.75 inches. Here described from the type of Doratonotus thalassinus, obtained with a seine in eelgrass at Key West. The Porto Rican collections contain but a single specimen of this beautiful little species. It is 1.75 inches long and was seined among the algse at Hucares. Doratonotus megalepis Gunther, Cat., IV, 125, 1862, St. Kitts; Jordan & Evermann, 1. c., 1011, 1898. Doratonotus thalassinus Jordan At Gilbert, Proc. U. S. N. M. 1881, 28, Key West. 188. Doratonotus decoris Evermann & Marsh. (Plate 29.) Head 2.6; depth 3.4; eye 4; snout 3.5; maxillary 4; interorbital 4.6; D. ix, 10; A. in, 9; pectoral 1.6; ventral 2.2; caudal 1.6; scales 1-26-6. Body moderately elongate, compressed throughout; back a little elevated, caudal peduncle deep and rather long; dorsal and ventral outlines nearly alike, dorsal somewhat more strongly arched; anterior profile not trenchant, almost straight from snout to front of dorsal, very slightly convex in front of dorsal and very slightly concave between eye and tip of snout; head pointed, interorbital space broad and flat; eye large, high in position, middle of pupil nearer tip of snout than end of opercle; snout long, somewhat longer than diameter of eye, moderately produced, lips broad in front, characteristically labroid; mouth not large, maxillary not reaching front of orbit, the jaws equal, armed with strong sharp teeth, about 4 canines in front of upper jaw, 2 in front of lower; teeth on sides of jaws also canine-like, smaller than those in front, but not distinctly different from them; a few smaller teeth behind the main row of large ones; vomer and palatines toothless; soft dorsal and anal each with a basal sheath of about two rows of large scales, that of dorsal extending over half the fin or more, that of anal lower, the fins otherwise naked; dorsal fin continuous, with a shallow notch, spines slender and pungent, second longer than first., following ones graduated to fifth, which is shortest, thence increasing in length to ninth, which is longest, 2.3 in head; soft dorsal with its middle rays highest, 2.2 in head; anal with three slender, sharp, graduated spines, third longest, 2.2 in head; soft part similar to soft dorsal, longest rays 2.3 in head; pectoral large, symmetrical, of 11 rays, middle ones longest, reaching past tip of ventral nearly to the vent; ventral moderate, pointed, reaching halfway to vent; caudal rounded; scales large, cycloid, lateral line on second row below dorsal, interrupted near end of dorsal and beginning again on row below, on caudal peduncle. Color in life: Body chiefly green, darker green on back, lighter below; lower parts of head and breast light yellow; a broad white bar from eye obliquely across cheek and opercle, bordered above by an undulating maroon line and below by a similar but fainter line; a brown bar from eye to snout; 4 dusky spots near base of dorsal extending as fainter shades downward and slightly forward to or beyond lateral line, 1 from in front of dorsal, 2 under spinous dorsal, and 1 under soft rays; short pale-blue bars or spots on breast and about pectoral; iris blue, a pinkish border surrounding pupil ; dorsal greenish, soft part with yellow shade, a pale-blue edging to whole fin, a maroon border to green color posteriorly just inside the pale-blue edge, a small dark spot on membrane between seventh and eighth rays and a blue spot on membrane of first spine; anal colored like soft dorsal, the maroon border extending from first spine to last ray inside the pale edging, the dark spot between sixth and seventh rays; ventral green near base, pale-blue outwardly, the green color bordered by maroon spots; pec- toral plain pale-green; caudal very pale transparent blue, a wedge-shaped maroon spot on the 2 upper rays near tip and a corresponding one on the 2 lower rays, base of wedge on outer ray; base of caudal with a pale undulate vertical bar bordered in front by a black line. In spirits, pale-green, maroon markings faintly persistent, becoming dusky. One specimen, the type (No. 49363, U. S. N. M), 1.45 inches long, taken in the seine at Ponce, January 30, 1899. Two other specimens were seined in the alga: on a little sandy islet near Playa de Ponce, but they were inadvertently lost. This is one of the most beautiful of fishes and differs from D. megalepis chiefly in the smaller scales and the coloration. Doratonotus decoris Evermaun A Marsh, Rept. U. S. F. C. 1899 (Dec. 19) , 354, Ponce, Porto Rico. THE FISHES OF PORTO RICO. 235 FAMILY LI I. SCAR I DAL The Parrot-fishes. Body oblong, moderately compressed, covered with large cycloid scales as in the Labridse. Mouth moderate, terminal. Teeth in jaws more or less coalescent, at least at base; lower pharyngeals much enlarged, united in a concave or spoon-shaped body, their teeth broadest transversely and truncate, arranged in mosaic; dorsal continuous, usually ix, 10; A. n, 9; 23 to 25 scales in lateral line; vertebra1 about 11 -j- 14 = 25. Sexes similarly colored, the coloration almost always brilliant. Fin rays essentially the same throughout the group, the squamation varying little except on head. The Scaridx comprise 7 genera and about 110 sjtecies, herbivorous fishes of the tropical seas, especially abundant about coral reefs; often of large size, not much valued as food, the flesh being soft and pasty. The species in the various genera are very closely related, being distinguished chiefly by the coloration and the dentition, both series of characters being highly specialized. Jordan & Evermann recognize 5 genera of Scaridx as inhabiting the waters of America north of Panama, of which only 3 are as yet known from Porto Bico. Sparisomatin^e: a. Lower pharyngeal broader than long, flattish or basin-shaped; gill-membranes broadly joined to isthmus, not forming a fold across it; lateral line subcontinuous; scales about head few and large, those on cheek in one row; lower jaw projecting; teeth whitish or rosy. b. Dorsal spines flexible; teeth more or less distinct, at least anteriorly. c. Teeth in each jaw in few series, not imbricated or quincunx; lateral teeth of each jaw coalescent in a more or less continuous cutting edge, teeth more free anteriorly and not adnate to dental plate Cryptotomus bb. Dorsal spines stiff, pungent; teeth of upper jaw more or less coalescent. d. Teeth of each jaw chiefly coalescent, jaws divided by a rather indistinct median suture Sparisoma, 109 Scaring: aa. Lower pharyngeal spoon-shaped, much longer than broad; teeth of jaws fully coalesced, each jaw divided by a distinct median suture; gill -membranes forming a fold across isthmus; dorsal spines flexible; lateral line interrupted behind, beginning again lower down on caudal peduncle of tail; scales about head rather numerous, those on cheek in two or more series; lower jaw included. e. Teeth and jaws whitish or rosy in color Scarps, 110 oe. Teeth and jaws blue or bluish-green Pseudoscarus, 111 Genus 109. SPARISOMA Swainson. Viejas. Lower pharyngeal broader than long, subhexagonal, its surface moderately concave or flattish; teeth in each jaw largely coalescent in adult, their tips more or less separate in young, the edge, espe- cially of lower jaw, remaining uneven; median suture in each jaw present, but not well defined; 1 to 4 radiating canines sometimes present on each side of upper jaw above its cutting edge; gill-membranes broadly united to isthmus; dorsal spines pungent; upper lip double for its entire length; lower jaw projecting beyond upper; lateral line not interrupted, passing gradually from its row of scales posteriorly to the series next below it; tubes of lateral line much branched; scales about head large, those on cheek in a single row, those on median line in front of dorsal 3 or 4 in number. Species of rather small size, most of them American; some of them showily colored. Sparisoma: a. Upper jaw with one or more canines above its cutting edge (these occasionally obsolete on one or both sides) ; col- oration often brilliant. b. Caudal truncate or slightly rounded, angles not acute. c. Posterior canines 2 to 1 on each side. d. Caudal fin with more or less of black on posterior margin, yellowish at base. Canines strong, 4 (rarely 3) on each side xyslrodon, 189 dd. Caudal fin without black in adult; 1 or 2 more or less distinct whitish bars across chin. c. Canines 3 or 4 on each side, radiating horizontally; axil with little or no blue, but with a dusky blotch partly hidden by fin; front steeper and less curved than in S. Iioplomystax; body and fins mottled, but much less so than in S. Iioplomystax. f. Canines 3 on each side; pores of lateral line with but 2 branches; sides of head much dotted with black; caudal barred atomarium ff. Canines 4 on each side; tubes of lateral line much branched; a distinct narrow streak of blue downward and for- ward from eye; caudal nearly plain dusky-olive; anal mottled radians ee. Canines 2 or 3 on each side; axillary region extensively deep-blue in life, this forming a large blotch around and on base of pectoral; a curved series of small white specks around the blue on base of pectoral; fins all mottled, anal with 3 darker areas; body with 3 faint pale lengthwise streaks, more or less obscure, 2 of these bounding a more or less interrupted dusky band from eye to base of caudal Iioplomystax, 190 cc. Posterior canine single on each side; body rather stout niphobles, 191 236 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION, bh. Caudal fin simply lunate, outer rays more or less exserted, but not twice as long as inner rays and much shorter than head; canine single on each side (rarely obsolete or duplicated). g. Head with a scarlet stripe from below eye to angle of mouth; a small scarlet streak behind eye; color, chiefly purplish brown; a round spot of yellow and black behind head, just below lateral line; tins chiefly red; angles of caudal black; axillary spot obscure aurofrenatum, 192 gipd horizontal margins of dorsal and anal, the vertical margins and produced rays of which are yellow; orange punctulations on caudal; lips pale-blue, becoming black in spirits; breast dusky; iris yellow, blue above and below. The rock beauty is one of the most gorgeously colored of tropical fishes, the rich orange of the head, tail, and anterior third of trunk, and the soft, satiny-black of the rest of the body, together with the narrow red and orange borders of dorsal and anal fins, give the fish a most striking appearance. The line of demarcation between the colors is everywhere abrupt and clean cut, and the contrast is as great as it could well be. This interesting fish is not uncommon in the West Indies, ranging south to Bahia and north to the Bermudas. It is known from Cuba, Bermuda, Jamaica, Porto Rico, St. Thomas, Guadaloupe, Trinidad, and Bahia, but has not been recorded from southern Florida or the Bahamas. Specimens were obtained by us at Arroyo and Isabel Segunda, but it was not seen elsewhere. This species reaches a length of a foot or more, and is regarded as a good food-fish. It frequents water of moderate depths about the coral reefs and is usually. taken in the fish traps or baskets. Catalineta , Parra, Descr. Dif. Piez., Hist. Nat. Cuba, 12 pi., VII, fig. 2, 1787, Cuba. Chxtndon tricolor Bloch, Icbth., pi. 426, 1795, Cuba. Holaeanthus tricolor, Jordan & Evermann, 1. c., 1684, 1898. Genus 116. ANGELICHTHYS Jordan & Evermann. Isabelitas. This genus is separated from Holaeanthus by the presence on the ascending limb of the preopercle of several stout graduated spines in addition to the large grooved spine at the angle. The soft dorsal and anal are much falcate and the preorbital is without spine; interopercle armed with 1 to 4 spines; scales rather large; body ovate, rather deep, and compressed. The known species are among the largest of the chsetodonts and perhaps the most gaily colored of all. Species all American. a. Spines on ascending limb of preopercle moderate, longest less than one-fourth length of large .spine at angle. b. Nape with a blue ocellus; soft dorsal and anal edged with dark-blue; depth 1.87 in length in adult ciliaris, 210 bb. Nape without distinct ocellus; no dark7blue edgings to soft dorsal and anal; body deep, the depth 1.6 in length in adult isabelita 210. Angelichthys ciliaris (Linnaeus). “Mariposa”; Blue Angel-fish; Isabelita. (Plate 37.) Head 3.S; depth 1.8; eye 4.7; snout 2.6; interorbital 3; preorbital 3.8; D. xiv, 21; A. in, 21; pectoral 1.2; ventral 1; caudal 1.1; scales 47. Body oblong and compressed; head small, obtusely pointed; scales on body of various sizes, a large series of regularly imbricated ones, with many much smaller ones between, all strongly ctenoid, those of head much smaller than the large scales of body; preopercle with a very strong grooved spine at angle, upper limb with shorter strong spines, irregular in length; 2 spines on lower limb, about 3 on interopercle and 3 on lower margin of opercle, these sometimes reduced in number or-entirely absent; preorbital ending in 3 diverging spines; spines of head subject to variation in number and size with age of specimen; middle rays of soft dorsal and anal much produced, reaching beyond caudal, the fins densely scaled. Color in life: Ground-color blue, margins of scales yellowish; sides of head pale-vellow; branchi- ostegal membranes, pectoral, ventral, and caudal fins lemon-yellow; dorsal and anal reddish-orange, with bright-blue border, bases of soft portions shaded with blue of body, their last rays with a dark blotch, their produced tips yellow; pectoral with an olive base bordered anteriorly by a pale-blue stripe, posteriorly by a semicircular black line; nape with a large round deep-blue spot ocellated with pale-blue and containing pale-blue specks; iris yellow, with a blue upper and lower edge; preorbital spines pale-yellow, other spines of head blue. All the bright colors fade in spirits, leaving aground- color of olive, the lighter edges of scales standing out prominently; ocellus persistent. The variation in the color of this species is considerable. While the blue ground-color is usually sufficiently strong to justify the name “blue angel-fish,” the yellow margins of the scales are some- times so broad as to give the fish a decidedly yellow appearance, which accounts for the name “yellow angel-fish,” by which the species is known at Key West. THE FISHES OF PORTO RIOO. 253 This is a very handsome fish and, like the rock beauty, appears very striking when seen swim- ming leisurely in the clear water about the coral reefs. It is known from southern Florida through the West Indies to Brazil; it has been recorded from the Tortugas, Key West, the Bahamas, Cuba, Jamaica, the Bermudas, the Lesser Antilles, and Bahia. Specimens 9 to 13 inches long were obtained by us at Ponce and Culebra, and it is doubtless a common species about Porto Rico. At Key West it is probably the most common of the 4 angel-fishes occurring there, ft attains a good size (1 to 2 feet in length) and is a fair food-fish. Like all similar fishes, it is usually caught by traps, though it some- times takes a baited hook. Angel-fish, Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, etc., 1737. Tsabelita , Parra, Dif. Piezas, etc., 1787, Cuba. Chastodon ciliaris Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. X, 276, 1758, Indies; in part. Chidodon squamulosus Shaw, Naturalists’ Miscellany, 275, 1789-1813; after Angel-fish of Catesby. Chxlodon parrse Bloch & Schneider, Syst. Ichth., 235, 1801, Cuba; after Isabelita of Parra. Holacanlhus eornutus Desmarest, Decade Ichthyologique, 44, pi. 3, fig. 3, 1823, Cuba. Holacanthus formosus Castelnau, Anim. Nouv. ou Rares de 1’ Amer. du Sud, Poissons, 19, pi. 2, fig. 2, 1855, Bahia. Angelichlhys ciliaris, Jordan & Evermann, 1. c., 1684, 1898. Family LV. TEUTHIDIDIE. The Surgeon-fishes. Body oblong, compressed, and usually elevated, covered with very small scales; lateral line continuous. Tail armed with one or more spines or bony plates. Eye lateral, high up; preorbital very narrow and deep. Nostrils double. Mouth small, low; each jaw with a single series of narrow incisor- like teeth; vomer and palatines toothless; premaxillaries somewhat movable, but not protractile; maxillary short, closely united with premaxillary; gillrakers obsolete; pseudobranch ite large; gills 4, a slit behind fourth; gill-membranes attached to isthmus, openings thus restricted to sides. A single dorsal fin, with strong spines, spinous part of fin shorter than soft part; anal fin similar to soft dorsal; pectoral moderate; ventral fins present, thoracic, mostly i, 5, never i, 4, x. Pelvic bones long, narrow, curved, closely connected, evident through skin, as in Balislidx, with which group the Teuthididie have the closest affinities. Pyloric caeca rather few; air-bladder large; intestinal canal long. Vertebrae 9 -)- 13 = 22. Posterior suborbital bones in close contact with preopercle; post-temporal immovably united with skull, apparently simple, but really trifurcate, with interspaces filled in with bone, the foramen not passing through it; interneural bones with transversely expanded buckler-like subcutaneous plates, which intervene between spines and limit their motion forward; epipleurals developed from ribs. Herbivorous fishes of the tropical seas. Genus 117. TEUTHIS Linnaeus. The Tangs. This genus includes those Teuthididie which have the tail armed with a sharp, antrorse, lancet- like, movable spine; strong, fixed, incisor teeth; ventral rays i, 5, and usually 9 spines in dorsal fin. The numerous species are found in all tropical seas. Herbivorous fishes, living about coral reefs; adult protected by the murderous caudal spine, which grows larger with age. Of the six species of this genus known to occur in America north of the Equator, three are known from Porto Rico. а. Outline rhomboid, depth 1.5 in length; color brown, washed with deep blue cieruleus, 211 aa. Outline ovate, depth about 2 in length; color brown, never blue. б. Caudal simply lunate hepatus, 212 66. Caudal deeply emarginate. Upper lobe of caudal produced in a filament baluanus, 213 211. Teuthis cceruleus (Bloch & Schneider). “Medico”; Bcirbero; Blue Tang. (Plate 38.) Head 3.4; depth 1.75; eye 4.5; snout 1.3; interorbital width 3; preorbital 1.67; D. ix, 26; A. in, 25. Body rhomboid, anterior profile subvertical, nearly straight, making an angle of about 60° with axis of body; dorsal outline from origin of dorsal fin to caudal peduncle a gentle convex curve; ventral outline a regular curve from snout to caudal peduncle; mouth slightly below axis of body; least depth of caudal peduncle 2 in snout. Dorsal fin moderate, longest spines about 2.4 in head, a little shorter than longest rays; longest anal rays about 2.75 in head, longest anal spine 2; pectoral long, slightly falcate, as long as head; ventrals 1.5 in head; caudal deeply lunate, its lobes subequal, middle lays about half length of outer, which are about a sixth longer than head. Color, rich blue throughout, body with about 45 or 50 narrow longitudinal lines of lighter blue 254 BULLETIN OE THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. or purplish; no blue lines on breast or head; no crossbars; dorsal crossed by alternating lines of rich blue and light brown, the edge broadly light blue; caudal blue, a subterminal brown border, then a border of rich blue; anal like dorsal; ventral rich blue; pectoral lighter blue; young with blue shades less evident. A specimen, 3.25 inches long, had sides olivaceous-blue, rich blue on belly; side with many narrow pale-blue, almost white, cross-lines; dorsal, ventral, anal, breast, and chin rich sky-blue; lips whitish; caudal olivaceous, bordered all round by blue; spine pale-yellowish. The blue tang is generally common from the Bermudas and southern Florida to Brazil. It has been recorded from the Tortugas, Key West, Cuba, and Jamaica. It is common about Porto Rico, numerous specimens having been obtained at Aguadilla, Arroyo, and Culebra, but it is apparently less abundant than either T. hepatus or T. bakianus. It ordinarily does not reach a greater length than 8 or 10 inches, and is usually found in the algae in water of but a few feet in depth. The larger individuals are found in deeper water about or near the coral reefs. Turdus rhomboidalis, Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, etc., 1742. Acanthurus cseruleus Bloch & Schneider, Syst. Ichth., 214, 1801, Carolina, Havana, and Jamaica; based on Catesby Parra, and Browne. Acanthurus broussonctii Desmarest, Prem. D6c. Ichth., 26, 1823, Cuba. Acanthurus brevis Poey, Memorias, II, 207, 1860, Havana. Acronurus cseruleatus Poey, Enumeratio, 69, 1875, Cuba; young. Teuthis cseruleus, Jordan & Evermann, 1. c., 1691, 1898. 212. Teuthis hepatus Linnaeus. “Medico”; “Barbero” ; Tang; Doctor-fish; Lancetfisli. Head 3.5; depth 2; eye 3.5; snout 1.6; interorbital 3.3; preorbital 1.8; D. ix, 24 to 26; A. in, 22 to 24; pectoral 1.2; ventral 1.4; caudal 1.1; scales numerous. Body ovate, back greatly elevated, anterior profile very steep and moderately convex; caudal lunate, lobes about equal. Color in life: Dark olive-brown, sides with about 12 black vertical bars narrower than inter- spaces, plainer in young; a brownish stripe along hase of dorsal; spinous dorsal with alternate stripes running upward and backward, of dark-blue and bronze-olive, the two colors of about equal width; soft dorsal with a bluish streak on anterior side of each ray, and a bronze stripe behind it; fins dark, often almost black. A young example, taken at San Juan, was olivaceous, with narrow vertical blue bars; spine pale, surrounded by rich blue; branchiostegals, breast, and belly pale-blue; anal bluish, especially anteriorly, its border deep blue; ventrals blue; caudal brownish, peduncle yellowish; eye blue and yellow; two or three small postocular orange spots. The vertical bars usually persist in spirits, but other markings fade. In the young the caudal is nearly truncate and without the pale edge of the ocean tang. This species is the most abundant of the tangs, and is found from the Carolinas and southern Florida south to Brazil. It lias been recorded from the Tortugas, Key West, Charleston, Havana, . arnaiea, Martinique, and Bahia. About Porto Rico it is the most common of the tangs and was seen by us at nearly every place where collecting was done, particularly at San Juan, Mayaguez, Puerto Real, Ensenada del Boqueron, Guanica, Hucares, and Culebra. It reaches a foot in length, though the specimens obtained do not exceed 6 or 7 inches. It is of considerable importance as a food-fish. Teuthis hepatus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. XII, 507, 1766, Carolina; after Hepatus mucrone reflexo, Gronow; Jordan & Evermann, l.c., 1691, 1898. Chxtodon chirurgus Bloch, Ausl. Fisch., 99, pi. 208, No. 24, 1784, Martinique; on a drawing by I'lumier. Acanthurus phlebotomus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., X, 176, 1835, Martinique, Brazil, Havana, and New York; Poey, Bepertorio, I, 256, 1867, and Poey, Synopsis, 245, fig. 7, 1868. Acronurus fuscus Gronow, Cat. Fishes, ed. Gray, 119, 1854, Carolina; same type as T. hepatus Linnaeus. Acronurus carneus Poey, Memorias, II, 207, 1860, Cuba; young. 213. Teuthis bahianus (Castelnau) . “Medico”; Barbero; Ocean Tcmg. Head 3.5; depth 2 to 2.4; eye 3 to 4.3; snout 1.75; interorbital 3.4; preorbital 1.67; D. ix, 25; A. hi, 23. Body ovate, anterior profile moderately convex, making an angle of about 45° with axis of body; ventral outline less arched; caudal fin deeply lunate, upper lobe much the longer, slender and Often produced into a filament in adult, inner rays about half length of outer ones, which are longer than head. Color in life: Dark bluish-brown, blotched with paler below; no transverse bars; brown, wavy, longitudinal brassy streaks on body; 8 dark lines on dorsal fin running parallel with its edge for its THE EISHES OF PORTO RICO. 255 whole length, separated by interspaces of similar width; margin of caudal fin bluish, with a violet base; no distinct dark crossbar at base of caudal. A young individual, less than 3 inches long, had sides bluish-brown, with numerous fine, wavy, darker brown longitudinal lines; dorsal, caudal, and anal fins bluish, with darker blue border, caudal palest; pectoral pale; ventrals darker blue; caudal spine bluish. Though not the most abundant species of the genus, the ocean tang is the most val Liable of those found in our waters. It occurs throughout the West Indies and on neighboring coasts of tropical America from southern Florida to Brazil. It has been recorded from Key West, Havana, and Bahia. It is the least common of the three species found at Key West, but about Porto Rico it is the second in abundance. Specimens are in the collections from San Juan, Aguadilla, Mayaguez, Ponce, Arroyo, Hucares, Fajardo, Isabel Segunda, Culebra, and San Geronimo. Large examples were observed in greatest numbers at Culebra, where this was one of the most common fishes seen in the fishermen’s boats. A pot or trap basket lifted in our presence by a Tortola fisherman contained 30 good-sized examples of this species, and many others had been taken from the other pots. The ocean tang apparently reaches the largest size of any of the three species (a foot or more), and is by far the most important as a food-fish. It is held in high esteem by the fishermen from Tortola, St. Croix, and St. Thomas who come to the Porto Rican waters. It is usually caught in the common native trap basket or pot, which is baited with large chunks of the white pulp of the cactus and set in 4 to 10 fathoms of water. Sometimes the fish are “grained,” or speared, and occasionally they are taken with hook and line. This is one of the principal fishes that are corned (so that they will keep well for about two weeks) , and taken chiefly to Santa Cruz, where they bring about $5 a barrel. Acanthurus baldanus Castelnau, Anim. Nouv. ou Rares de l’Amer. Sud, 24, pi. 11, fig. 1, 1855, Bahia. Acanthurus tractus Poey, Mem., II, 208, 1860, Cuba; Poey, Fauna Puerto-Riquefia, 330, 1881; Stahl, 1. c., 77 and 164, 1883. Acronurus nigriculus Poey, Enumeratio, 69, 1875, Cuba; larval form. Teuthis bahianus, Jordan & Evermann, 1. c., 1693, 1898. Fig. 70. — Teuthis bahicmus. Family LVI. BALlSTIDAi. The Trigger-fishes. Body oblong, or ovate, moderately compressed, covered with rather large rough scales or scutes of varying form, scutes not forming an immovable carapace. Lateral line obscure or wanting. Mouth small, terminal, low; jaws short, each with about one series of separate incisor-like teeth; eye near occiput; preorbital very deep. Chin without barbel. Gill-openings small, slit-like, above or in front of pectoral fins, and not before eyes. Dorsal fins 2, anterior of 2 or 3 spines, first spine highest, very strong, second locking it in erection; second dorsal remote from first, of many soft rays; caudal fin rounded or forked; ventral fins wanting, their place occupied by a single stout thick spine at end of the very long, usually movable, pubic bone. Post-temporal short, simple, forks obliterated, bone grown solidly to skull, and without foramen. Vertebrae in reduced number (17). 256 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. Shore-fishes of the tropical seas, of rather large size, carnivorous or partly herbivorous. The family contains about 9 genera and 50 species. They are very rarely used as food, many of them being reputed as poisonous. According to Dr. Day: “Eating the flesh of these fishes occasions in places symptoms of most virulent poisoning. Dr. Mennier, at the Mauritius, considers that the poisonous flesh acts primarily on the nervous tissue of the stomach, occasioning violent spasms of that organ and shortly afterwards of all the muscles of the body. The frame becomes racked with spasms, the tongue thickened, the eye fixed, the breathing laborious, and the patient expires in a paroxysm of extreme suffering.” а. Teeth unequal, oblique, each one deeply notched. б. Gill-opening with a number of enlarged bony plates or scutes behind it; ventral flap movable, supported by a series of spines, more or less free at tip, and resembling fin rays; cheek entirely scaled, without naked grooves or patches; eye with a groove before it; scales rather small, 50 to 75. c. Dorsal and anal fins falcate in adult; caudal lobes acuminate in adult; lateral line slender, undulate, more or less developed; scales of tail and posterior parts unarmed, similar to those on rest of body; ventral flap with slender, sharp spines; third dorsal spine little smaller than second and remote from it Balistes, 118 66. Gill-opening with only ordinary scales behind it; no enlarged plates or scutes; ventral flap scarcely movable, its surface scaled; lateral line obsolete; third dorsal spine small or wanting; vertical fins in adult more or less angulate or falcate. d. Chin not projecting; cheek closely scaled; dorsal spines 3; scales of posterior parts unarmed or keeled. Canthidermis dd. Chin much projecting; cheek with 3 to 5 narrow parallel grooves; dorsal spines 2; scales of posterior parts more or less keeled Xanthichthys aa. Teeth even, incisor-like; scales of posterior parts more or less keeled; a groove before eye, enlarged scutes behind it; lateral line obsolete; third dorsal spine small or wanting; cheek entirely scaled, but marked by narrow grooves; enlarged scales present behind gill-opening; ventral flap scarcely movable, its surface scaled; vertical fins more or less angulated Melichthys Genus 118. BALISTES (Artedi) Linnaeus. Trigger-fishes. Body compressed, covered with thick, rough scales or plates of moderate size, 50 to 75 in a lengthwise series; a naked groove before eye below nostrils; lateral line more or less developed, very slender, undulate, conspicuous only when scales are dry, extending on cheek. Pelvic flap large, movable, supported by a series of slender, pungent spines. Caudal peduncle compressed, its scales unarmed, without spines or differentiated tubercles similar to those on rest of body. Gill-opening with enlarged bony scutes behind it; cheek entirely scaly, without naked patches or grooves. Both jaws with irregular, incisor-like teeth, usually 4 on each side in each jaw. First dorsal of 3 spines, anterior of which is much the largest, second acting as a trigger, locking first when erected; third nearly as large as second and remote from it; second dorsal and anal long, similar to each other, in adult always falcate or filamentous in front; caudal fin rounded, with outer rays much produced in adult; branch iostegals 6; vertebrae 7 -j- 10. Species rather few, chiefly American; some of them straying to the Old World. Capriscus: а. Lateral line complete, beginning on lower part of cheek, thence extending upward to behind eye, thence back- ward to beyond first dorsal, thence abruptly downward to above anal, then upward and at last horizontally backward on caudal peduncle, line everywhere much undulated; lines of the two sides connected by a cross line at nape; dorsal fin falcate or filamentous; dorsal rays about in, 27; A. 25. б. Scales moderate, about 60 (50 to 65) in a lengthwise series. c. Body with few blue spots or none. d. Dorsal and anal with oblique dark bands of bluish spots; young clouded, and with vague, dusky blotches at base of dorsal; scales about 60 carolinensis cc. Body covered with roundish blue-black spots; dorsal and anal similarly spotted forcipcitus Balistes: aa. Lateral line incomplete, usually developed only on head, nape, and caudal peduncle; 37 scales between origin of dorsal and vent vetula, 214 214. Balistes vetula Linnseus. Old Wife; Old Wench; Cochino; “ Peje Puerco.” (Plate 39.) Head 3; depth 1.8; D. m, 29; A. 27; scales 63. Median part of lateral line, from base of first dorsal to front of caudal peduncle wanting in adult, branch on cheek ceasing opposite gill-opening; cross- branch present; ventral flap well developed, with slender, sharp spines. Scales on head much smaller and more crowded than those on body; third dorsal spine rather shorter and weaker than second, THE FISHES OF PORTO RICO. 257 remote from it; caudal fin widely forked, lobes filamentous and about equal; dorsal in adult filamentous at tip; anal little elevated anteriorly. Color in life: Olivaceous, yellowish below, especially on breast; lips green, bordered behind by a narrow blue line; a narrow blue line narrowly bordered by yellow, from blue line surrounding mouth backward and curving downward across lower side of cheek toward throat; a similar but broader band from above snout across cheek and parallel with first to below base of pectoral; a narrow blue line at base of pectoral; about 8 or 10 narrow, black, wavy lines very narrowly bordered with yellowish-green, radiating from eye; below eye a similar black line extending in an upward curve from above snout to base of pectoral; soft dorsal greenish at base, somewhat purplish above, with 2 or 3 irregular, broken, narrow blue lines near border, these sometimes being more numerous; anterior part of soft dorsal with a narrow blue line extending from base of first ray upward to height of about tenth ray; anal olivaceous with a broad subterminal blue band anteriorly convex and bordered by yellowish; tip of fin and prolonged external rays faint-purplish; caudal peduncle with a broad blue ring anteriorly followed by two narrow pale-blue lines, last at base of caudal fin; caudal greenish-olive, a narrow blue line following direction of first ray for nearly its entire length, and a broader blue subterminal band extending across fin from first to last ray; spinous dorsal purplish and greenish, anterior side of first spine blue, second and third spines pale; iris with an orange ring and radiating lines of white and blue. In alcohol most of these colors disappear, the broad blue lines on side of head changing to blackish. This interesting fish is found throughout the West Indies and occasionally northward in the Gulf Stream to Woods Hole, Mass.; not uncommon at Key West; recorded by Jordan & Rutter from Jamaica, where it is called “ Bessy Cerka”; recorded also from the Bahamas and Ascension Island; probably not uncommon about Porto Rico; the collection contains four excellent specimens from Arroyo, where other individuals were seen in the possession of local fishermen. Guapervci Marcgrave, Hist. Bras., 163, 1648, Brazil. Tardus oculo radiato (the Old Wife), Catesby, Hist. Carol., pi. 22, 1725, Bahamas. Balistes vetula Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. X, 329, 1758, Ascension Island; after Batistes ve Lula of Osbeck, Iter Chin ensis 294, 1757. Balistes bellus Walbaum, Artedi Piscium, III, 467, 1792, West Indies; after Froyer. Chaliosma velata Swainson, Class. Fishes, II, 325, 1839; probably a misprint for vetula. Balistes equestris Gronow, Cat. Fishes, ed. Gray, 31, 1854, American seas. Balistes vetula , Jordan & Evermann, 1. c., 1703, 1898. Family LVII. MONACANTHIDAt. The File-fishes. Body much compressed, covered with very small rough scales, forming a velvety covering; males sometimes with spines on caudal peduncle. Upper jaw with a double series of incisor-like teeth, 6 in outer and 4 in inner series; lower jaw with 6 similar teeth in a single series; first dorsal with a single strong spine and generally a rudimentary one behind it; second dorsal long, similar to anal; ventral fins reduced to a simple osseous, fixed or movable, small appendage at end of long pelvic bone; this appendage often rudimentary or entirely absent; no barbel; vertebrae 7 j-11 to 14=18 to 21. Herbivorous shore-fishes of warm seas, closely allied to the Balistidse, differing chiefly in having the first dorsal represented by a single spine, behind which is sometimes a rudiment; scales small, spinigerous, skin mostly rough-velvety. The family contains 6 or more genera and about 50 species, mostly small in size and not used as food, having little flesh and that of a bitterish taste. a. Pubic bone with a small spine at its end; gill-opening short, nearly vertical; dorsal and anal moderate, each of fewer than 40 rays. b. Pelvic spine fixed. bb. Pelvic spine movable. c. Dorsal spine armed with strong retrorse barbs, usually in two series Monacanthus, 120 d. Dorsal spine with about 4 series of small barbs I’seudomonacanthus del. Dorsal spine without barbs Cantherines, 119 aa. Pubic bone without spine at its end; gill-opening long, oblique; dorsal and anal long, each of 40 or more rays; dorsal spine without barbs, inserted above orbit Alutera, 121 Genus 119. CANTHERINES Swainson. 'This genus differs from Monacanthus chiefly in the absence of barbs on the dorsal spine, which is long, strong, and placed over the front of the eye. Scales minute. Species few. F. C. B. 1900—17 258 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 215. Cantherines pullus (Ranzani). Lija Colorada; “ Peje Puerco.” Head 3.3; depth about 2; D. ii, 35; A. 31. Body moderately elevated; snout moderately produced, upper profile slightly concave; posterior margin of eye directly above axil. Adults (12 inches long) with 2 to 6 pairs of strong recurved spines on each side of tail; caudal short; dorsal spine nearly straight, rather shorter than head, without barbs, serrulate in front, situated above front of eye; skin with a velvety appearance; scales minute. Coloration variable, generally with a whitish spot behind the last dorsal ray, and several more or less distinct pale longitudinal bands along tail; head with undulated bluish streaks; body sometimes with scattered round light spots, each with a dark speck in center; young sometimes uniform silvery; color probably varying with surroundings. Specimens 7 inches long were, in life, dirty-brown, body sparsely covered with small reddish-brown spots; side of head with narrow brown lines and brown spots; dorsal and anal pale; caudal brown, crossed by a pale bar near middle, which is followed by a dark bar; tip of tail with a green border. In alcohol, the body and head become grayish or blackish; an irregular black blotch behind gill-opening; tins all pale, traces of bars on caudal remaining. In the young there are no spines on tail. From the West Indies to coast of Brazil, and occasionally north to Florida. It has been recorded from the Florida Keys and the Tortugas; also from Cuba and Bahia. Probably not abundant in Porto Rico; two obtained at Arroyo, each 7 inches long; others seen. It reaches a weight of 6 pounds. Lija colorada, Parra, Dif. Piezas, etc., pi. 23, 1787, Cuba. Monacanthus pullus Ranzani, Nov. Comm. Act. Sci. Inst. Bonon., V, 4, pi. 1, 1842, Brazil. Monacanthus pardalis, Gunther, Cat., VIII, 230, 1870; in part, probably not of Rtlppell. Monacanthus ruppelii Castelnau, Anim. Nouv. Amer. Sud, Poiss.,97, pi. 47, fig. 2, Bahia. Monacanthus macrocerus Hollard, Ann. Sci. Nat. 1854, 4th series, II, 327, pi. 12, fig. 1, 1854; Bahia, adult. Monacanthus irroratus Poey, Memorias, II, 330, 1861, Cuba. Monacanthus stratus Poey, Memorias, II, 329, 1861, Cuba. Monacantlms parraianus Poey, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1863, 185, Cuba; after Lija Colorada of Parra, Monacanthus punctatus Poey, Synopsis, 437, 1868, Cuba. Cantherines pullus, Jordan & Evermann, 1. c., 1713,1898. Genus 120. MONACANTHUS Cuvier. Body short and deep, very strongly compressed, covered with minute, rough scales. Mouth very small; upper jaw with a double series of incisor-like teeth, usually 6 in outer and 4 in inner series; lower jaw with about 6 incisors in a single series; teeth connivent, unequal; gill-opening a small slit, shorter than eye, nearly vertical below posterior part of eye and just in front of upper edge of pectoral. Dorsal spine large, armed with two series of retrorse barbs, no conspicuous filaments; second dorsal and anal fins similar to each other, of about 25 to 35 rays each ; caudal fin moderate, rounded ; pelvic bone with a blunt, movable spine, bone connected by a movable flap of varying size; side of tail often with a patch of spines, especially in males. Vertebrae 7 -j- H to 14 = 18 to 21. Species very numerous, in warm seas; most of them small, lean fishes with leathery skin and bitter flesh, unsuited for food. Monacanthus; a. Ventral flap in adult greatly developed, extending much beyond ventral spine; adult with 2 or 3 pairs of recurved spines on caudal peduncle; young without these characters, similar to young ol.Stephanolepis. h. D.i,30; A. 30. Color very variable ciliatus, 216 Stephanolepis: aa. Ventral flap, even in adult, moderately developed, not reaching beyond pelvic spine; no recurved spines on caudal peduncle. c. Dorsal and anal each with 30 to 32 soft rays. d. Depth more than half length of body hispidus, 217 dd. Depth less than half length of body spilonotus cc. Dorsal and anal each with about 27 soft rays oppositus 216. Monacanthus ciliatus ( Mitch ill). Leather-fish; Lija; “ Pez de Puerco.” Head 3.5; depth 1.75; young 1.5; D. i, 30; A. 30; scales very small, without median crest. Spines becoming longer on caudal peduncle, tvhieh has in addition 2 or 3 pairs of strong spines curved forward, these prominent only in adults; ventral flap longer than head, about one-third length of body. Scales on ventral flap developed as flat plates, with their free margins pectinate. Snout pointed, upper profile concave. Dorsal spine strong, nearly as long as head, armed behind with 2 rows of retrorse barbs; ventral spine small, rough. THE FISHES OF PORTO RICO. 259 Color varying very much with the surroundings of the fish, from dull olive-gray to the most vivid grass-green; markings, not well defined and not very constant; green, with white cirri on sides; a whitish longitudinal cloud behind pectoral; a pale band downward and forward from eye; lower side-of head with darker crossbands; dorsal and anal pinkish, with (usually 3) darker spots at base; ventral flap edged with scarlet; caudal greenish, mottled with darker and pale; some specimens show neither red nor green shades, and have vague, dusky, longitudinal stripes. A specimen 3 inches long, from Isabel Segunda, Vieques Island, in alcohol, is brownish-gray, dusky, with a large black clouded blotch from front of soft dorsal downward and forward to middle of side; body irregularly clouded with dusky elsewhere; toj:> of head brownish -gray; below very dusky, becoming black on flap, which has a light submarginal stripe followed by a narrow white border; dorsal and anal translucent; a faint dark blotch below middle of soft dorsal, and one at front of anal; caudal barred with white and dark. This species is known from the West Indies and southern Florida, and is very abundant about the Florida Keys, along with M. hispidus. It has been recorded also from Bahamas, Puerto Cabello (Cuba), Jamaica, and Porto Rico, where it is not uncommon. Our collection contains specimens from San Geronimo, Boqueron, Guanica, and Isabel Segunda, off Vieques Island, where a specimen was dredged in 16 fathoms at station 6092, and off St. Thomas, at station 6079, in 20 to 23 fathoms. Length 3 to 8 inches. The young of this species and of M. ldspidus are much alike, but M. (Hiatus is always more elongate, and as it grow's older the pelvic flap grows much larger and the armature of the tail more distinct. Batistes ciliatus Mitchill, Amer. Monthly Mag. and Crit. Rev., March, 1818, 326, Bahama Straits. Monacanthus ocddentalis Gunther, Cat., VIII, 237, 1870, Puerto Cabello, Cuba. Monacanthus davidsoni Cope, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. Phila., XIV, 1870, 476, Florida Reef. Monacanthus ciliatus, Jordan & Evermann, 1. c., 1714, 1898. 217. Monacanthus hispidus (Linnaeus) . Fool-fish; File-fish; Leather-fish; Horny Cony; Lija. Head 3.4; depth 1.75; D. i, 32; A. 32. Young slightly deeper (1.5) proportionally than adult. Body rather deep. Jaws subequal; eye large, about 3 in snout. Gill-opening about as long as eye, separated from eye by an interspace nearly equal to its length. Anterior profile slightly concave. Dorsal spine somewhat shorter than snout, more than half head, inserted above posterior part of eye, stout, rough, armed behind with 2 rows of retrorse barbs; first ray of soft dorsal often filamentous in adult (male?), its length varying from that of snout to that of depth of body (longest among specimens seen by us is one from Canary Islands) ; pectoral small. Pelvic bone long, ending in a short, blunt, movable spine, beyond which the abdominal flap does not extend. Scales minute, each with a crest of about 3 prickles, those on caudal peduncle villous, those on ventral flap larger, elongate; no naked areas; no recurved spines on tail. Length 10 inches. ‘J|0 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. Color, grass-green or olive; back and sides with faint, irregular whitish spots; head plain; spinous dorsal and caudal green; second dorsal and anal translucent; adult less variegated; dull olivaceous, mottled with dusky. This species ranges from (’ape Cod to Cuba, and is abundant on our South Atlantic coast and among the Florida Keys, and southward, through the West Indies to Brazil. It is recorded by Jordan & Butter from Jamaica, where it is called “mingo”; known from Key West, the Pensacola snapper- grounds, Big Gasparilla, and the Anclote Sponge Kraals; apparently not common in Porto -Rico, as the collection contains but a single small specimen seined at Boqueron and live larger ones from Puerto Real. Batistes hispidus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. XII, 405, 1766, Carolina. Batistes broccus Mitchill, Trans. Lit. and Phil. Soc., 1, 1815, 467, New York. Monacanthus filamentosus Valenciennes, lies Canaries, 95, 1836, Canaries; adult. Monacanthus gallinula Valenciennes, l.c., 95, Canaries; young. Monacanthus varius Ranzani, Nov. Comm. Bonon., V, 6, 1842, Brazil. Monacanthus massachusettensis De Kay, N. Y. Fauna: Fishes, 337, pi. 57, tig. 187, 1842, Massachusetts Bay. Monacanthus setifer De Kay, N. Y. Fauna: Fishes, 337, pi. 59, fig. 194, 1842, New York Harbor; probably not ol Bennett, Monacanthus signifer Storer, Synopsis Fishes N. A., 497, 1846, Massachusetts: substitute for setifer , preoccupied. Monacanthus hispidus, Jordan & Evermann, 1. c., 1715, 1898. Fig. 72. — Monacanthus hispidus. Genus 121. ALUTERA Cuvier. File-fishes. Body oblong or rather elongate, strongly compressed, covered with minute rough scales. Mouth and teeth essentially as in Monacanthus, but lower jaw more projecting, so that the lower teeth are directed obliquely upward and backward. Gill-opening an oblique slit, longer than eye, situated below and in advance of eye, its posterior end behind base of pectoral. Pelvic bone long, falcate, movable under skin, without spine at its extremity. Dorsal spine small, inserted over eye, rough, but without barbs; soft dorsal and anal long, each of 36 to 50 rays; caudal tin convex; pectoral small. Species numerous. Ceratacantiius: a. Dorsal rays i, 36. b. Anal rays 38; coloration nearly uniform schospfii bb. Anal rays 38; body covered with small, round dark-brown spots punctata aa. Dorsal rays about I, 46; anal rays about 50. Osbeckja: c. Caudal fin elongate, with rounded angles. Coloration not uniform, head and body with irregular blue Spots and lines, besides small round black spots; upper profile of snout concave script a^'M Aluteka: cc. Caudal fin short, subtruncate, with acute angles. Coloration uniform; upper profile of snout convex... monoceros THE FISHES OF PORTO RICO. 261 218. Alutera scripta (Osbeck). Unicorn-fish; Lija Trompct. Depth 3 to 3.25; D. i, 44 to 48; A. 47 to 52; vertebrae 7+14. Body oblong, its depth being nearly equal to distance of hind margin of orbit from extremity of snout; snout produced, with upper profile concave; dorsal spine long and slender, above middle of orbit, about 1.25 in head; middle of gill- opening in advance of middle of eye; pectoral fin below posterior part of eye; caudal fin elongate, nearly as long as, or longer than, head, rounded; dorsal and anal fins low; ventral spine none. Head and body olivaceous, with irregular light-blue spots and curved streaks; besides these, numerous round black spots about as large as pupil; dorsal and anal yellowish; caudal reddish; skin finely velvety. An inhabitant of tropical seas. Common in the West Indies, occasionally northward to South Carolina; also occasionally taken about the islands off the west coast of Mexico. Not seen by us in Porto Rico, but recorded from there by Professor Poey. Length 2 to 3 feet. Unicornu pisces bahamensis (the Unicorn-fish) Catesby, Hist. Nat. Carolina, etc., II, pi. 19, 1737, Bahamas. Batistes scriptus Osbeck, Iter Chin., 1, 144, 1757, China. Lija trompa Parra, Dif. Piezas Hist. Nat., 46, pi. 22, fig. 1. Malistes Ixvis. Bloch, Ichthyol., IX, 82, pi. 414, 1795, Morocco; Tranquebar. Batistes ornatus Marion de Proce, Bull. Soc. Phiiom., 131, 1822. Aluleres pareva Lesson, Voy. Coquille, Zool., 106, 1828. Monacanthus proboscideus Ranzani, Nov. Comm. Ac. Sc. Inst. Bonon., 1842, 8, Brazil. Aluterus venosus Hollard, Ann. Sc. Nat., IV, 1855, 14, pi. 1, fig. 3. Alutera picturata Poey, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1863, 183, Cuba. Alutera scripta, Poey, Fauna Puerto-Riquena, 345, 1881; Jordan & Evermann, l.c., 1719, 1898. Fig. 73. — Alutera scripta. Family LV 111. OSTRACIIDtE. The Trunk-fishes. Body short, cuboid, triquetrous or pentagonal, covered by a carapace formed of firmly united polygonal bony patches; jaws, bases of fins, and caudal peduncle free and covered bv smooth skin. Mouth small; each jaw with a single series of long, narrow teeth. Maxillaries and premaxillaries firmly united. Gill-opening a nearly vertical slit, below and behind eye. Dorsal fin single, short, without spine; anal short, similar to dorsal; caudal rounded; no ventral fins; vertebrae 14, the anterior 9 elongate, the last 5 extremely short; no ribs. The Ostraciidee comprise 3 genera and about 20 species, all of the tropical seas, living near bottom in shallow waters. The species are so singular in appearance and so easily preserved that they have been common in collections ever since the collecting of tropical curiosities began. The 4 American species were well known to Artedi and Linnaeus. Goode says of these fishes: “The locomotion of the trunk-fishes is very peculiar. The propelling force is exerted by the dorsal and anal fins, which have a half-rotary, sculling motion, resembling that of a screw propeller; the caudal tin acts as a rudder, save when it is needed for unusually rapid swimming, when it is used as in other fishes; the chief function of the broad pectorals seems to be that of forming a current of water through the gills, thus aiding respiration, which would otherwise lie difficult on account of the narrowness and inflexibility of the branchial apertures. When taken from the water one of these fishes will live for two or three hours, all the time solemnly fanning its gills, and when restored to its native element seems none the worse for its experience, except that, on account of the air absorbed, it can not at once sink to the bottom.” BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 202 Genus 122. LACTOPHRYS Swainson. Three-angled Trunk-fishes. Trunk-fishes with carapace 3-angled, ventral surface flat or concave, never carinate; carapace closed behind anal fin; carapace with or without frontal and abdominal spines; dorsal rays 9 or 10; caudal rays always 10. This genus contains 5 species, 4 of them American, and differs from the Old World genus Oslracion only in form of carapace. The median dorsal ridge of carapace is much more developed than the others, so that the body is 3-sided and 3-angled, instead of 4-sided and 4-angled, as in Ostrcirion. Although this character is a striking one, it is not one of high structural importance, llollard and Bleeker have discarded it as being of no real systematic value. All writers agree that the species of the group are most closely related, and that the relations of the species are closer than they appear. We think, with Dr. Goode, that the shape of the carapace affords “the most reliable guide in the arrangement of the species of the genus,” and we think it not improper to accord generic distinction to the 3-angled species, as distinct from the more specialized 4-angled forms. R HINF.SOMUS: a. Carapace without spines, anywhere triquetcr, 219 an. Carapace with distinct spines, at least on the ventral ridges behind. b. Frontal spines none. Chapinus: c. Carapace closed behind dorsal tint body everywhere with round, dark spots bicaudalis, 220 Lactophrys: cc. Carapace open behind dorsal fin; body mottled with paler trigonus, 221 Acanthostracion: bb. Frontal region with 2 strong spines like horns tricornis, 222 219. Lactophrys triqueter (Linnaeus). “Chapin” ; Trunk- fish. Head 3.5; height of side about 2; greatest ventral width 2.6; eye 3.4; snout 1.4; interorbital 1.7; least depth of caudal peduncle 4.1, its width in its depth 2.5; D. 10, its base 3.7 in head, the height 1.6; A. 10, its base equal to that of dorsal, its height a little less; P. 11 or 12, 1.6 in head. Body sharply 3-angled, sides rather double concave; dorsal carina strongly arched, more so than in L. bicau- dalis, ending anteriorly above eye; ventral angles more convex and flaring than in L. bicaudalis-, supraoccipital ridge less strong, continued backward along side in a low, flat, ridge; profile from snout to eye somewhat concave; interorbital space concave; ventral surface slightly convex anteriorly, posteri- orly with two low ridges, the surface between them and between each and the ventral angle shallowly concave; scales of sides hexagonal, in young with strife radiating from center to angles of each scale, in adults armed simply with tubercles, 9 or 10 plates in horizontal series from gill-opening to tail, 8 in median line of ventral surface, 8 between ventral keel and back; posterior dorsal scute unarmed; cara- pace closed behind dorsal and anal, width behind dorsal about 1.75 that behind anal; carapace without spines anywhere; branchial aperture oblique, its length about 2.5 in head, greater than eye; dorsal, anal, and caudal obtusely rounded; pectoral triangular, first rays longest. Color in life: Body dirty white, upper third with small round white spots and some narrow black bars promiscuously arranged; head whiter and with whiter stellate spots; ventral angles with some THE FISHES OF PORTO RIOO. 263 white spots; ventral surface plain pale; opercular opening bordered in front by brown, then black, and behind by black; base of pectoral and dorsal black, the fin pale yellow; caudal peduncle black with many round white spots; base of caudal similarly marked; caudal dirty white with numerous large irregular black spots. In spirits dark brown, thickly covered with circular spots of yellowish- white; ventral surface lighter and without spots; lips, bases of fins, border of branchial opening, and caudal peduncle black, or brown like ground-color of body; caudal peduncle with numerous small round white spots; caudal dusky, the tip black; other tins plain. Found among the West Indies north to the Bermudas, Key West, and Pensacola; generally very common in the Tropics; common about Porto Rico, the collection containing specimens from Arroyo, Isabel Segunda, Culebra, and Puerto Real. A sluggish fish, reaching a foot in length, living on the bottom about reefs and among algse, feeding on minute animals of various kinds. Ostracion polyodon inermis triqueter Linmeus, Adolph i-Frederici, I, 60, 1754, India. Ostracion triqueter Linnaeus, Syst.Nat.,ed.X, 330, 1758, India; after Mns. Ad. Fr. Ostracion concatenatus Bloch, Ichthyol., pi. 131, 1785, Martinique; on a painting by Plumier. Lactophrys triqueter, Jordan & Evermann, 1. c.,1722, 1898. Fig. 75. — Lactophrys trigonus. 220. Lactophrys trigonus (Linnaeus). “Chapin”; Common Trunk-fish. Head 2.9; height of side 1.7; greatest ventral width 1.75; width between ventral spines height angles if fin; A. strongly i i; eye 10, its 2.8; snout 1.3; interorbital 1.8; D. 10, its base 4.25 in head, 1.5 in eye or 2 in base and height about equal to dorsal; P. 2 in head. Body 3-angled, ventral and strongly flaring; dorsal carina strongly and regularly arched, ending anteriorly above posterior border of orbit; supraoccipital ridge strong; interorbital space concave; profile from snout to eye nearly straight, a slight angle; carapace open behind dorsal, closed behind anal; caudal peduncle slender, its length 1.6 in head, its least depth 2.9 in its length, its least width 2 in its depth. Scales of sides hexagonal, covered with small tubercles. Color, olive-gray, a faint blue spot in center of each of most of the scales; nostril in a yellow spot; boundaries of upper scutes blackish, of lower bluish; scutes behind gill-opening black, sur- rounding a white center, forming a large black blotch; a similar blotch on side between eye and base of caudal peduncle; caudal peduncle pale-olivaceous, with a few obscure white spots; fins all pale except caudal, which is somewhat dusky, especially at tip. An inhabitant of the West Indies, north to the Bermudas and Florida, occasionally in the Gulf Stream to Woods Hole and Chesapeake Bay; common on the coast of Florida; recorded by Jordan & Rutter from Jamaica; apparently not common in Porto Rico, only one specimen, 3 inches long, having been obtained, at San Antonio Bridge. It reaches a length of about a foot. BULLETIN OK THE UNITED STATES KISH COMMISSION. 204 Ostracion triangulatus lenibis figurararum lyexagonarum eminentibus, etc., Artedi, Genera, 56, 1738, Jamaica; seen by Artedi in the collection of Sir Hans Sloane and in the Naggs Head Inn, London. Ostracion Irigonus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. X, 330, 1758, India; after Artedi. Ostracion yalei Storer, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., I, 1837,353, Holmes Hole, on Marthas Vineyard. Lactophrys oviceps Kaup, Archiv Naturg. 1855, 218; specimens with 10 dorsal rays, Linnaeus having given by error “ D. 14” in the original description of 0. Irigonus. Ostracion undulatas Poey, Synopsis, 441, 1868, Havana. Ostracion expansion Cope, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1870, 474, figs. 9-10, St. Martins, West Indies. Lactophrys irigonus, Poey, Fauna Puerto-Riquena, 347, 1881; Stahl, 1. c., 81 and 167, 1883; Jordan & Evermann, l.c., 1728, 1898. 221. Lactoplirys bicaudalis (Linnaeus). “Cliapin”; Spoiled Trunk-fish. (Plate 40.) Head 3.5; height of side 2.25; greatest ventral width 2.7; width between bases of ventral spines 3.6; eye 3; snout 1.3; interorbital 2.1 ; least, depth of caudal peduncle 3.4; its width in its depth 3.2; I). 10, base of tin 4 in head, the height 2; A. 10, its base and height equal to dorsal; P. 12, 1.8 in head. Body sharply 3-angled, sides and ventral surface posteriorly somewhat concave; dorsal earina sharp, considerably arched, ending in front over middle of eye; supraocular ridges strong, a slight ridge from supraocular ridge along side to caudal peduncle; no spines on head; a sharp, stiff spine, 3.4 in head, on each side at posterior angle of ventral surface; carapace closed behind dorsal and anal tins, its width behind dorsal about twice that of strip behind anal; caudal peduncle about 1.4 to 1.6 in head; branchial aperture oblique, short, about 3.6 in head; body and head everywhere rough, tubereulate, tubercles strongest on body; hexagonal plates best defined on ventral surface. Ground-color, light-yellowish, changing to whitish below; everywhere on head, body, caudal peduncle, and caudal covered with small round black spots, largest on middle of side, where they are somewhat smaller than pupil, those on the caudal peduncle small, larger on caudal tin, arranged in 5 to 7 irregular vertical bars; tip of snout rose, with a few small black spots above fleshy base of dorsal; pectoral with several black spots, few or none upon anal; pupil black, with orange border. In spirits 3 to 5 irregular white blotches in center of hexagonal plates on low ridge behind eye. An inhabitant of the West Indies, generally common from Cuba to Ascension Island; not known from Florida; recorded by Jordan & Rutter from Jamaica; next to L. Irigonus the least common species of the genus about Porto Rico, specimens having been obtained only at Ensenada del Boqueron, Ponce, and Arroyo. It reaches a length of a foot or more. Ostracion triangulatus tuberculis he.mgonis radialis , etc., Artedi, Genera, 57, 1738, India. Ostracion bicaudalis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., X.. 330, 1758, India. Lactophrys bicaudalis. Jordan & Evermann, 1. c.., 1723, 1898. 222. Lactophrys tricornis (Linnaeus). Toro; Cow-fish. Head 4.25; height of side 2.5; greatest ventral width 4.8; width between ventral spines 8.3; eye 2.7; snout L25; interorbital 2; I>. 10, base equal to eye, height nearly equal to head; anal base 1.25 in eye, height 2 in head; caudal long, equal to distance from tip of snout to posterior edge of pectoral base; pectoral 1.2 in head; caudal peduncle long and slender, length a little exceeding that of head, least depth 2.75 in its length, least width about 3 in its least depth. Body 3-angled; dorsal earina gently arched, beginning over posterior part of pupil; ventral angles not flaring nor wide apart, each ending posteriorly in a stout spine; supraoccipital ridge moderate, with a stout spine in front; middle of side with a broad low ridge from eye to caudal peduncle; snout projecting, outline from snout to occipital spines concave below, then rising abruptly; interorbital very convex; giil-opening oblique, short, scarcely equal to eye; carapace closed behind dorsal and anal tins, the width of part behind dorsal about four times that behind anal, plate behind dorsal sometimes ending in a short spine, directed upward; hexagonal plates with small, blunt tubercles. Occasional specimens have a real spine on supracaudal plate, as figured by Lister. Of nine Porto Rican specimens examined by us two have this spine. Color, brown, yellow, blue, or green, with irregular blue blotches, centers of scutes often lighter than margins. Young light gray, tinged with olive; belly white; head and carapace with round spots of light-blue, these sometimes forming more or less interrupted longitudinal stripes; about four of these THE FISHES OF PORTO RICO. 265 stripes on cheek; tail above with blue, brown-edged spots; dorsal olive, its base blackish; caudal olive, edged and mottled with light blue; anal similar; pectoral olive. Found in the tropical Atlantic; very common from the Carolinas to Brazil. Recorded from several Florida localities and common in Jamaica and Porto Rico, specimens being at hand from Puerto Real, Ensenada del Boqueron, Ponce, Arroyo, and Isabel Segunda. The four species of trunk-fishes found in our waters have the same general habits. They are all slow and sluggish, and are found on sandy bottom where there are open or naked areas surrounded by patches of alg;e. They seem peculiarly susceptible to cold, and on the Florida coast large numbers are frequently washed up on the shore that have apparently been killed by a sudden fall in the temperature. Piscis triangularis capiti cornutus cui e media cauda cutanea aculeus long us erigilus, Lister, in Willughby, Hist. Pise., Appendix, 19, 1686; locality not given. Ostradon triangulalus aculeis dudbns in capite et unico longiore supeme ad caudam, Artedi, Genera, part. 3, 56, 1738; after Lister in Willughby. Ostradon triangulalus duobus aculeis in fronte et totidem in into ventre , Artedi, Genera, part 3, 56, 1738; specimens seen in London at the house of Mr. Lillja and in the Naggs Head Inn. Ostradon tricornis Linnseus, Syst. Nat., ed. X, 331, 1758; after Artedi. Ostraciuin quadricornis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. X, 331, 1758; after Artedi. Ostradon listeri LacCpede, Hist. Nat. Poiss., I, 468, 1798; after Willughby. Ostradon sexcornutus, Mitchill, Anier. Monthly Mag., II, 1818, 328, month of Mississippi River. Ostradon maculatus Hollard, Ann. Sci. Nat. 1857, 149. Ostradon guineensis Bleeker, Ned. Tydskr. Dierk, II, 298, Guinea. Ostradon gronovii Bleeker, Ned. Tydskr. Dierk, II, 298. Acanlhostradon polygonius Poey, Enumeratto, 175, 1876, Cuba. Acanthostracion quadricornc, Stahl, 1 . c. , 167, 1883. Lactophrys tricornis, Jordan & Evermann, 1. c., 1724, 1898. Family FIX. TETRAODONTIDtE. The Puffers. Body oblong or elongate, usually little compressed, sometimes very broad; head and snout broad; belly capable of great, inflation; skin scaleless, usually more or less prickly, spines or prickles usually weak and movable, not rooted; in one genus ( Eplvippion ) the skin is armed with bony scutes forming a sort of carapace, approaching that seen in Ostradon; teeth confluent., forming a sort of beak which in each jaw is divided by a median suture; maxillaries curved outward behind premaxillaries; lips full; nostrils various. Spinous dorsal and ventral fins wanting, fins composed of soft rays only; dorsal fin posterior, opposite and similar to anal; caudal fin distinct ; no ventral fins, pelvic bone undeveloped; no ribs; pectoral fins short and broad, upper rays longest; caudal fin and its vertebrae normally developed. Medifrontals articulated with supraoccipital, postfrontals confined to sides, ethmoid more or less pro- jecting in front of frontals; postfrontals extending outward as far as frontals; prosethmoid short and narrow, little prominent to view above; vertebrae few, 7 or 8 -|- 9 to 13. Gill-openings small, placed close in front, of pectorals; air-bladder present. There are about 10 genera and 60 species of this family inhabiting warm seas and found on soft or sandy bottom where there is some vegetation. They are sluggish in movement and noted for their habit of filling the stomach with air. When disturbed they then float on the surface, belly upward. Not used as food, the flesh being ill-flavored and reputed poisonous. None of them over 12 or 15 inches in length. 266 BULLETIN Ob' THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. TETRAODONTINiE: a. Frontal bones expanded sidewise and forming lateral roofs of orbits, postfron tals limited to posterior portions. Species chiefly marine. b. Nostril on each side with two distinct openings; frontal region longer than broad. c. Dorsal and anal fins comparatively long, falcate, each -of 12 to 15 rays; nostrils sessile, or nearly so, not forming a distinct papilla; mucous tubes on upper part of head and on sides of body very conspicuous. Lagocephalus, 123 cc. Dorsal and anal fins comparatively short, rounded, each of l! to 8 rays; nostrils at summit of a hollow, simple (or lobed) papilla; mucous tubes inconspicuous Spheroides, 124 Co I.OM ESIN/E: an. Frontal bones narrowed and excluded from orbit; postfrontals being elongated and projected forward and con- nected with prefrontals; dorsal arid anal fins short, rounded; snout very obtuse; vertebra 8 + 11 = 19; nostrils (probably) as in Spheroides. FI uviatile species Colomesus Genus 123. LAGOCEPHALUS Swainson. Body comparatively elongate; skin smooth or variously prickly, prickles most developed on abdomen; abdomen capable of very great inflation. Dorsal and anal rather long, falcate, 12 to 15 rays each; caudal lunate. Nostril without distinct papilla, each with two distinct openings; mucous tubes on upper part of head and on sides of body very conspicuous. Lower side of tail with a fold. The fishes of this genus are chiefly tropical, Lagocephalus lagocephalus reaching the coasts of southern Europe. Vertebrae about 8 + 13 = 21. The increased number of vertebrae and of rays in vertical fins mark a transition toward the allied family, Chonerhinidse, in which there are about 29 vertebrae, the dorsal rays about 35, the anal 30. a. Body elongate; head 3.25 in length; depth 4.25 Ixvigatus, 223 aa. Body stout; head 2.8 in length; depth 3.5 pachycephalus Fig. 78. — Lagocephalus Ixvigatus. 223. Lagocephalus leevigatus (Linnaeus). Smooth Puffer; “ Tarnhoril” ; “ Conejo.” Head 3.3; depth 4.3; eye 4.8; snout 2.1; interorbital 2.3; D. 13; A. 12; pectoral 2; caudal 1.25. Body elongate, robust, caudal peduncle long and slender, abdomen greatly distensible and set with short spines which are depressed when abdomen is deflated, skin elsewhere smooth; head large and blunt; upper jaw with two great broad confluent incisor teeth with a median suture; lower teeth much smaller; side of body separated from belly by a ridge or angle; lines of mucous pores around eye and on top of head armed with weak spines; caudal lunate. Color in spirits; Purple above, nearly black; side dirty-silvery, belly white. The young have three broad, dark, transverse bands on back of trunk, one on peduncle, one through base of dorsal, and one opposite pectoral; similar narrower bands on top of head. The smooth puffer is a large, sluggish fish, reaching a length of 2 feet, and of no value as food. It is found in bays and river mouths from Cape Cod to Brazil; it is common southward, but rather rare north of Cape Hatteras; recorded from New York, Chesapeake Bay, Charleston, Biscayne Bay, Key West, Pensacola, St. Johns River, Tortugas, Cuba, and Jamaica. Found by us at Palo Seco and Mayaguez, most of our specimens being young, only 2.5 to 4 inches long. THE FISHES OF PORTO RICO. 267 Ostracion cathetoplateo oblongus, Artedi, Genera Piscium, genus 58, species 33, 1738; after nrbis lagorephalus, Grew, etc. Tetrodon Itvvigalus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. XII, 111. 1766, Charleston, S. C.; Poey, Fauna Puerto-Riquena, 366, 1831; Stahl, 1. c., 81 and 1(57, 1883. Tetrodon curvus Mitchill, Trans. Lit. and Philos. Soc., 1, 1815, 474, New York; young. Tetrodon mathematicus Mitchill, Trans. Lit. and Philos. Soc., I, 1815, 474, New York. Tetrodon pachyeephalus, Ranzani, Nov. Comm. Ac. Sci. Inst. Bonon., IV, 73, pi, 11, fig. 2, 1840, Brazil. Holacanthus melanothus Gronow, Syst. Nat., ed. Gray, '24, 1854, Carolina; based on Tetrodon Ixvigatm of Linnaeus. Tetrodon lineolatus Poey, Synopsis, 432, 1808, Cuba; young. Lagocephalus Ixuigatus, Jordan & Evermann, 1. c., 1728, 1898. Genus 124. SPHEROIDES Lacepede. Swell-fishes. Body oblong, not elongate; skin variously prickly or smooth, sometimes with cirri. A single, short, simple nasal tube on each side, with 2 rather large openings near its tip. Dorsal and anal fins short, little falcate, of (3 to 8 rays each; caudal truncate or rounded, rarely slightly concave. Vertebrae 8+10=18. Frontal bones expanded sidewise and forming lateral roof of orbit, pi >stf rentals limited to posterior portions. Species numerous, in warm seas; largely American. Our species represent two well-marked subgenera, the extremes of which appear very different from each other so far as the skulls are concerned. Some typical species of Spheroides approach Canthigaster in narrowness of frontal area. SPHEROIDES: a. Skull very narrow above, interorbital area more or less concave, 2.5 to 6.5 times in length of long snout, 5 to 12 times in head; sides of body usually with small dermal flaps. b. Interorbital space flat or moderately concave: no dorsal flaps; back without curved cross-streaks; upper ray of caudal produced. c. Sides of head and body always smooth except sometimes a strip behind pectoral; spines larger, higher, more stellate, wider apart than in Spheroides maculatus, irregularly placed and often wholly wanting; side usually with small dermal slips or flaps, especially in the young. d. Lower part of side with a series of about 12 round black spots; caudal fin barred with black and white., spongier i, 224 dd. Lower part of side with a series of black blotches appearing as short vertical bars (never round); caudal fin not barred nephelus cc. Sides of head and body always prickly, as is back from upper lip to base of dorsal; belly prickly, prickles all similar, small, 3-rooted, stiff and close-set, never obsolete; no cirri; back with dark spots; black blotches on sides forming short oblique crossbars, those behind pectoral most conspicuous; caudal nearly plain, darker at tip. e. Color dark-brown, with black blotches; a series of about a dozen irregular black spots along under side. . maculatus ee. Color dark, olivaceous above; black blotches on lower part of sides in form of short, oblique crossbars. . m annoratus, 225 Cheiltchthys: an. Skull very broad above, interorbital space broad, flattish, or very little concave, its width more than half snout and 2.66 to 4 in head; sides without series of dark blotches bounding line of belly. /. Caudal fin rounded or subtruncate; back and sides with many small irregular black spots; no series of larger blotches bounding edge of belly. g. Dark shades on back, broad, appearing as ground-color and crossed by pale curved crossbars and streaks forming arcs of concentric circles, these sometimes broken by reticulations everywhere profusely spotted with black in adult; snout somewhat produced testudineus, 226 ff. Caudal fin lunate or truncate, with angles acute or produced. h. Dorsal rays 8; body more or less prickly, above and below; color brownish above, vermiculated with paler; eye broader than interorbital space (in young of 4 inches) trichocephalus hli. Dorsal rays 10; body (in adult) everywhere perfectly smooth; interorbital space broad, equal to snout and twice diameter of eye; brown, with darker spots above pachygaster 224. Spheroides speng-leri (Bloch). Southern Puffer ; Swell Toad; Tambor; “ Tamboril.” Head 2.38; eye 5; snout 2; interorbital 7; D. 7. Head compressed, long; snout very long, profile from tip of snout to above eye rising gradually, slightly concave in front of eye; interorbital space narrow, concave, slightly wider than in S. nephelus; posterior part of body usually smooth, with a number of small white dermal Haps; anterior part of body usually covered with small stiff prickles; region back of eyes and between pectorals and entire under-parts from throat nearly to anal fin prickly, those underneath strongest; head wholly naked above, a few weak prickles on cheek and a few on posterior part of throat. Color in alcohol: Dark grayish-brown above on head and body, thickly covered and mottled with black or brown spots and paler areas, spots often grouped, forming blotches; under parts white; tip of chin pale, behind and on sides of which is a broad dusky border; dark of side bordered below by a line of about 12 round black spots, varying somewhat in size, but averaging about size of pupil and iris; pectoral, dorsal, and anal pale; caudal rather distinctly barred, a broad dark bar at base, then a Somewhat broader pale bar, next another broad darkish bar, tip of tin pale. BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 268 The current descriptions of S. spengleri have been based partly on specimens of S. nephelus, an entirely distinct species, which has been confused with the present one. The two species differ markedly in the very differently-shaped head and coloration. In S. spengleri the head is more slender, snout much longer, profile less steep and less concave, and the interorbital somewhat wider. The color of S. nephelus resembles that of S. marmoralus, as does also its shape; the spots along side in S. spengleri are usually nearly round, while in S. nephelus they are never round, but are oblong or short vertical liars invading the white of lower parts from the dark side; the spots in 8. spengleri are always more distinct and the caudal fin is always barred, a character which may be regarded as diagnostic. An inhabitant of the West Indies, north to Florida; recorded from Tortugas, Key West, Garden Key, Biscayne Bay, Big Gasparilla, and Tampa; also from Cuba and Martinique; common about Porto Rico, specimens having been obtained at San Antonio Bridge, Puerto Real, Fajardo, Culebra, and San Geronimo; most of the specimens are small, but the fish attains a length of about a foot. Tetrodon spengleri Bloch, Ichthyologia, I, 135, pi. 144, 17S2, East Indies. Le Tetrodon plumier Laeep&de, Hist. Nat. Poiss., I, 504, 1797, Martinique; on a drawing by Plumier. Lc Sphiroide tubereule Lacepede, Hist. Nat. Poiss., II, 1, 1798, Martinique; on a front-view drawing by Plumier. Tetrodon plumier i Bloch & Schneider, Syst. Iehth., 508, 1801, Martinique; after Lacepede. Sphseroides tuberculatus Pillot edition of LaciSpede, VI,- 279, 1831, Martinique. Tetrodon turgidus Poey, Synopsis, 432, 1868, Cuba; not of Mitehill. Splteroides spengleri Jordan & Evermann, 1732, 1898; in part only; description confused with that of S. nephelus. 225. Spheroides marmoratus (Ranzani). Spiny-back Blow-fish. Head 2.75; depth 4; eye 4.5 in bead; snout long, 1.66 in head; D. 7; A. 6; P. 14. Outline of head concave in front of eye; eye full and high, its distance above a line drawn from corner of mouth to upper base of pectoral equal to its longitudinal diameter. Interorbital space very narrow, grooved, its width equal to that of pupil. Nostrils at end of a tube, situated about equally distant from end of snout and posterior edge of eye. Gill-opening equal to base of pectoral, but higher. Length of caudal peduncle from anal 2 in head. Length of head equal to half of distance in front of dorsal. Posterior rays of dorsal 1.5 in longest, which are 2.5 in head. Pectoral very broad, folding fan-like, margins scalloped, broadly rounded, lowest ray 1.8 in upper, which is 2.75 in head. Caudal fin slightly longer than distance of its base from dorsal, its rays all of equal length, 1.57 in head. Prickles on ventral surface between chin and vent, extending on side of head in front of pectoral fin, on side behind pec- toral fin to vertical from dorsal, above from nostrils to dorsal; only snout, axil of pectoral, and caudal peduncle naked. Lateral line very faint, extending obliquely upward from side of snout under eye, then backward, curving slightly downward under dorsal, most distinct on side of tail. Color in alcohol : Above very dark-brown, with 1 ilack blotches, sides lighter, with very pale reticu- lations, a series of about a dozen irregular black spots along lower side; below white; caudal slightly dusky, with no indications of bars; other fins colorless. THE FISHES OF POETO RICO. 269 This species differs from Splieroides spengleri in the high and prominent eye, very narrow inter- orbital, strongly concave outline of snout, extensive distribution of prickles, and in color. It is found in the West Indies to Brazil; recorded from Brazil and Jamaica; common in Porto Rico, the collection containing specimens from San Antonio Bridge, Aguadilla, Mayaguez, and Hucares. Tctrodon marmoratus Ranzani, Nov. Comm. Ac. Sci. Inst., Bonon., IV, 1810, 72, pi. 10, fig. 1, Brazil. Splieroides marmoratus, Jordan & Evermann, 1. c., 1733, 1898. 226. Spheroides testudineus (Linnaeus). “ Tamboril” ; Tambov; Globe-fish; Puffer. (Plate 41.) Head 3; snout moderately long, 2 in head; eye small, about 7.5 in head, nearer gill-opening than end of snout; interorbital width 4 in head; D. S; A. 6; skin of back from nape to before dorsal tin covered with small, sparsely set prickles; belly from throat to anal with prickles which are rather large and closely set; axil usually prickly, these prickles rarely wanting or obscured; sides sometimes with cirri. Back dark-olivaceous, with whitish curved lines and streaks paler than the ground-color, these streaks usually arranged as follows: A circle or rhomb on middle of back, in front of dorsal tin, this surrounded by an ellipse, the ellipse sometimes broken up by cross-streaks; before this 3 or 4 cross-streaks extending downward and backward, one at nape and one behind eyes connected on median line; back and sides with many irregular, round, blackish spots of different sizes; a dark bar at base of pectoral; caudal dusky at base, then pale, posterior half blackish; skull not very broad, interorbital area somewhat concave, prefrontal grooves narrow. Length a foot or more. An inhabitant of the West Indies, generally common; occasionally ascending rivers; ranging north in the Gulf Stream to Woods Hole; recorded from several points in Florida and apparently common in Porto Rico, the collections containing specimens from Palo Seco, Aguadilla, Mayaguez, Ensenada del Boqueron, Fajardo, Hucares, San Antonio Bridge, and Isabel Segunda; taken by Mr. Gray at San Geronimo; recorded also from Jamaica, Dominica, Puerto Cabello, and Brazil. Oslracion oblongus glaber, A’rtedi, Genera Piscium, 60; after Clusius, Willughby, etc.. Balk, Amoen. Acad. 1,591,1749. Orbis lievis variegatus (the Globe-fish), Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, pi. 28, 1743, Virginia. Tetraodon testudineus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. X, 332, 1758; based on Balk and Artedi. ? Tetrodon punctatus Bloch & Schneider, Syst. Ic.hth., 506, 1801, Brazil. Tetrodon geometricus Bloch & Schneider, Syst. Ichth., 508, 1801, Virginia; after Catesby. Tctrodon ammocryptus Gosse.Nat. Sojourn Jamaica, 287, 1851, Jamaica. Anchisomus reticularis (Kaup) Richardson, Voyage Herald, 161, pi. 31, 1854; not Tetrodon reticularis Bloch & Schneider, which is Tetrodon testudineus Bloch, not of Linnaeus. Holacanihus leionothos Gronow, Syst. Nat., ed. Gray, 24, 1854, American ocean. Tetrodon testudineus, Poey, Fauna Puerto-Riquena, 347, 1881; Stahl, 1. c., 81 and 167, 1883. Spheroides testudineus, Jordan & Evermann, 1. c., 1734, 1898. Family LX. CANTHIGASTERID7E. The Sharp-nosed Puffers. This family includes small puffers, similar in external appearance to the Tetraodonlidse, but with the snout sharp and the back more or less compressed or ridge-like. The skeletal characters by which the group is defined are thus given by Dr. Gill: Medifrontals separated from supraoccipital by inter- vention of sphenotics, which are connected and laterally expanded, but short; prosethmoid prominent above, enlarged and narrowed forward. Vertebrae about 8+ 10. Head compressed, with a projecting, attenuated snout; dorsal and anal short, few-rayed. Nostrils obsolete, imperforate. One genus, with 15 species, found in the tropical seas; none over 5 inches in length. Genus 125. CANTHIGASTER Swainson. Characters of the genus included above. 227. Canting-aster rostratus (Bloch). Sharp-nosed Puffer. Head 2.6; eye 3.6; snout 1.7; interorbital 3; D. 6; A. 8; caudal of 9 rays, 1.6 in head. A tetraodont with a produced and pointed snout, elevated and somewhat compressed back, and the belly and back witli weak prickles. Color in life: Back and one-third distance down side olivaceous, rest of body pale, demarcation rather abrupt, an oblong black blotch extending downward and forward from front of dorsal; about 12 narrow blue lines radiating from eye; snout with 6 or 8 similar lines; side of head with many small 270 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. blue spots, fainter ones scattered over body; a group of linger-like bars upward from base of anal, and another behind the first on caudal peduncle; fins pale, except the caudal, which has some orange on middle rays, upper and lower rays brown, their bases each with a black blotch. In spirits, much the. same, the blue becoming brown. A small and prettily colored puffer, not uncommon; found in the West Indies, north, in rather deep water, to the banks off Pensacola; also in the Madeira* and Bermudas. Seven examples, 1.75 to 2.75 inches long, taken in the seine at San Antonio Bridge and Fajardo, and 2 from San Geronimo. Tdrodon rostraius Bloch, Ichthyol., I, pi. 146, 1782, India. Tetrodon capistratus Lowe, Proe. Zool. Soc. London 1839, 90, Madeira. Telrodon ornalus Poey, Synopsis, 433, 1868, Havana. Canthigaster rostratus, Jordan & Evcrmann, 1. c., 1741, 1898. Family LXI. DI0D0NTID7E. The Porcupine-fishes. Body short, broad, depressed above. Belly moderately inflatable, covered everywhere except on lips and caudal peduncle with spines, which are usually 2-rooted or 3-rooted at their bony base. Caudal peduncle short and slender. Mouth moderate, terminal, each jaw covered with a bony plate like the beak of a bird, these not divided by a median suture. Nostrils on each side forming a small tentacle, usually with two openings. Eye rather large, gill-opening moderate, immediately in front of pectoral, which is short, broad, and rounded. Dorsal and anal fins short, similar to each other, rounded in form and placed posteriorly. The Diodontidm comprise about 6. genera and 15 species, sluggish fishes, living on the bottom among weeds and corals, in tropical seas. When disturbed, they swallow air and float belly upward on the water. Their capacity of inflation is very much less than that of the Tetraodontidise, from which family they differ chiefly in the stronger armature and in having no division in the bony plate of either jaw. Barely used as food, being generally regarded as poisonous. The species are mostly well known in collections, the singular form having attracted the attention of travelers in the earliest times. a. Dermal ossifications very small, each one 2-rooted, with fine flexible spine or hair-like bristle. Nasal tentacles present Trichodiodon aa. Dermal ossifications mostly 2-rooted; spines rather slender, but stiff and erectile. Nasal tentacle simple, with 2 lateral openings Diodon, 126 aaa. Dermal ossifications all or nearly all 3-rooted, each with a short, stiff, immovable spine. Nasal tentacle simple, with 2 openings Chilomycterus, 127 aaaa. Dermal ossifications of flattish, papery, or cartilaginous plates with minute hair-like papillae; nostril short, entire, with 2 lateral openings Lyosph.br a Genus 126. DIODON Linnaeus. Porcupine-fishes. Body robust, belly moderately inflatable. Dermal spines strong, stiff, most of them 2-rooted and erectile, a few 3-rooted and therefore immovable; both jaws entire; nasal tube simple, with two lateral openings. Pectorals broad, their margin undulate, upper lobe longest; vertical fins rounded, dorsal and anal short, posteriorly inserted, similar to each other. Found in tropical seas, the few species being very widely distributed. a. Spines terete. b. Frontal spines not as long as post-pectoral spines (in adults not half as long, about as long as eye); predorsal spines very short, 3-rooted, fixed or nearly so; 20 spines in a series between snout and dorsal; post-pectoral spines very much elongate, especially in adult, shorter in young; dorsal rays 15; anal 15; upper lobe of pectoral little longer than lower. Adult above everywhere covered with round black spots, these largest in front of dorsal, smallest on naked area about mouth; white below; fins profusely spotted with black; young with fewer spots, but never with large blotches hystrix , 228 bb. Frontal spines long, usually longer than post-pectoral spines, about twice as long as eye in adult; predorsal spines not shortened, 2-rooted, erectile; 14 to 17 spines in a series between snout and dorsal; post-pectoral spines not especially elongate, their development variable; dorsal rays usually 12; anal 12; pectoral broader than long, its upper lobe pointed, lower lobe rounded. Body marked with black spots and blotches, irregular in size, usually a broad black bar from eye to eye, continued below eye as a narrow bar; a broad bar across occiput; a black blotch above each pectoral; a short bar in front of dorsal; another in which dorsal is inserted; a blotch behind pectoral, and many small spots and blotches on upper parts; fins with few spots, usually unmarked in the young ; holacanthua, 229 an, "Spines compressed laterally, short; 15 spines in a series between snout and dorsal; upper parts covered with round spots, those about pectoral sometimes confluent into a blotch; fins immaculate” maculije >• THE FISHES OE PORTO RICO. 271 228. Diodon hystrix Linnaeus. Porcupine-fish; Erizo; Puerco Espino; “ Guanabano.” Head 3; depth 3.5; D. 13 to 15; A. 13 to 15. Spines strong, dilated at base, with a pair of basal grooves; frontal spines not as long as post-pectoral spines (in adults not half as long, about as long as eye) ; post-pectoral spines longer than any others, especially in adult, usually about as long as pectoral fin, those of posterior part of back and tail short and broad, 3-rooted, and therefore not erectile; pre- dorsal spines, very short, 3-rooted, fixed, or nearly so; about 20 spines in a series between snout and dorsal; upper lobe of pectoral little longer than lower; upper and lower part of tail with 2 or 3 pairs of 3-rooted, immovable, recumbent spines. Adult above everywhere covered with small, round, black spots, these largest in front of dorsal, smallest on naked area about mouth; white below; fins all more or less spotted in adult, nearly plain in young. This species attains a length of about 3 feet. An inhabitant of the tropical seas, everywhere common, north to Lower California, Florida, and Hawaiian Islands; abundant in collections, being stuffed and dried as a curiosity; not used as food: recorded from the Tortugas, Key West, Biscayne Bay, and Indian River in Florida, and by Jordan & Rutter from Jamaica; not seen by us in Porto Rico, but recorded from there by Professor Poev and Dr. Ltahl. Orbis echinatus Rondelet, De Piscibus, 324, 1558, Northern Ocean. Guamajacu guara Marcgrave, Hist. Nat. Bras., 159, 1648, Brazil. Ostracion conico oblongus, Artedi, Genera Piscium, 60, No. 19, 1738. Erizo, Parra, Desc. Dif. Piezas, Hist. Nat. Cuba, 60, pi. 29, fig. 1, 1787, Havana. Eioclon hystrix Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed.X, 335, 1758, India; after Artedi. Diodon atinga Bloch, Ichth., IV, 75, pi. 125, 1787; not of Linnseus. Le Diodon (Plumier) Lac6p6de, Hist. Nat. Poiss., II, 1 and 10, pi. 3, fig. 3, 1798, Martinique; on a drawing by Plumier. Diodon brachiatus Bloch & Schneider, Syst. Ichth., 513, 1801, Cuba; after Parra, pi. 29, fig. 1. Diodon punctatus, Cuvier, Mem. Mus. Hist. Nat., IV, 132, 1818, no locality. Diodon echinus (Rafinesque) Bonaparte, Cat. Met. Pise. Eur., 87, 1846, Mediterranean Sea: accidental. Paradiodon hystrix , Poey, Fauna Puerto-Rjquefia, 1. c., 346, 1881; Stahl, 1. c., 81 and 166, 1883. Diodon hystrix Jordan & Evermann, l.c., 1745, 1898. 229. Diodon holacanthus Linnseus. D. 12; A. 12. Very similar to Diodon hystrix , but with frontal spines usually longer than spines behind pectoral, about twice as long as eye. Predorsal spines not shortened, 2-rooted, erectile; about 14 to 17 in a series between snout and dorsal; post-pectoral spines not especially elongate, but movable; pectoral broader than long, upper lobe pointed, lower lobe rounded. Coloration much as in Diodon hystrix , but more variable, spots fewer and larger; usually a broad black bar from eye to eye, continued below eye as a narrow bar; a broad bar across occiput; a black blotch above each pectoral; a short bar in front of dorsal; another in which dorsal is inserted; a blotch behind pectoral, and many small spots and blotches on the upper parts; fins with few spots, mostly immaculate in young. Found in all warm seas, north to Florida Keys, Lower California, and Hawaiian Islands, its range coinciding with that of Diodon hystrix, from which it may prove to be not distinct. The distinctions are generally evident in the adult, but young examples apparently intermediate are often found. Possibly the two are different sexes of the same species. Length I to 2 feet. The single specimen obtained by us was seined in Guanica Bay, January 28, and is 5 inches long. 272 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. Crayracion , Nos. 9 and. IS, Klein, Historia Pise., 19 and 20, pi. 3, fig. 6, 1740. Ostracion oblongits holacanthus, Artedi, Genera, 00, No. 20. Diodon holocanthus Linnreus, Syst. Nat., ed. X, 335, 1758, India; based on Artedi; misprint for holacanthus. Lc Diodon tachetc, LactSpede, Hist. Nat. Poiss.,II, 13, 1798, New Cytherea. Diodon spinosissimus Cuvier, Mem. Mus., IV, 134, 1818, no locality. Diodon melanopsis Kaup, Wiegmann’s Archiv 1855, 228. Paradiodon quadrimaculatus, Bleeker, Atl. Ichth., Gymnod., pi. 8, fig. 2, 1H , Diodon maculatus, var. a, Gunther, Cat., VIII, 307, 1870; based on Diodon tachetc of Lac^pede; St. Croix; Jamaica Panama; South America; Hawaiian Islands; China; Sooloo Sea; Indian Ocean. Erho Guanabana Parra, Desc. Dif. Piezas Hist. Nat. Cuba, 62, pi. 29, fig. 2, 1787, Havana. Diodon liturosus Shaw, Gen. Zool., V, pi. 2, 436, 1804; after Diodon tachetc, LacOpede. Diodon novcmmaculatus Cuvier, MGm. Mus. Hist. Nat., IV, 136, pi. 0, 1818, no locality. Diodon sexmaculatus Cuvier, MOm. Mus. Hist. Nat., IV, 136, pi. 7, 1818, no locality. Diodon quadrimaculatus Cuvier, Mem. Mus. Hist. Nat., IV, 137, pi. 6, 1818, Otaiti. Diodon multimaculatus Cuvier, M<5m. Mus. Hist. Nat., IV, 136, 1818, no locality. Diodon holacanthus. Jordan & Evermann, 1. c., 1746,1898. Genus 127. CHILOMYCTERUS Bibron. Burr-fishes. Body broad, depressed, moderately inflatable. Dermal spines short, stout, immovable, triangular, each with 3 roots; nasal tube simple, with 2 lateral openings; tube sometimes rounded, sometimes flattened, and with partition feeble and easily torn, so that tentacle appears divided; caudal peduncle short; fins small, formed as in Diodon; jaws without median suture. Species numerous, of smaller size than those of Diodon, spines broader and lower, their bases forming a coat of mail. Cyclichthys: a. Nasal tentacle subeyliudrieal, not divided. b. Fins unspotted; supraorbital spines 2, with generally a tentacle between them; a spine in middle of forehead. c. Superciliary edge raised. le under a strong lens; membrane of dorsal joined low to caudal; anal origin under eleventh dorsal spine and decurved portion of lateral line; pectoral reaching past front of anal; ventral moderate, of 3 rays, innermost shorter and slenderer. Color in spirits: Body and head light-reddish, becoming a little paler posteriorly; body with traces of 6 or 8 dark vertical bars extending on the fins, their margins ill-defined; breast pale, 2 dark- reddish bars downward and backward from eye across upper and lower edge of cheek to opercle; maxillary blotched with dark; upper lip and tips of both jaws dark; lower part of head spotted with dark; a row of about 5 small dark spots on edge of preopercle; iris pink; dorsal and anal fins gray, except for extensions of dark bars of body and a few white spots on dorsal; a distinct ocellus on twenty-second, twenty-third, and twenty-fourth dorsal spines and their membranes; base of caudal gray, like ground-color of dorsal and anal; posterior part of caudal with gray mottlings on rays only, this portion separated from the basal part by a space without pigment on rays or membrane, making a distinct vertical bar; pectoral and ventrals mottled. A handsomely colored blenny, of which the collection contains but one specimen, the type, No. 49376, U. S. N. M., 1.63 inches long, taken at Fajardo, Porto Rico, February 17, 1899. Auchenopterns fajardo Evermann & Marsh, Kept. U. S. F. C. 1899 (Dec. 19), 301, Fajardo, Porto Rico. Head 3.4; depth 5; eye 5; snout 3.8; maxillary 2.6; interorbital 5.8; scales 2-33-3, 7 in transverse series; D. xxx, 1; A. ii, 18; pectoral 1.5; ventral 2; caudal 1.4. Body slender and compressed; head moderate, somewhat compressed above; snout pointed; mouth moderate, jaws equal, maxillary about reaching front of pupil; lips, especially upper, prominent; teeth small, conical, and sharp, in both jaws, in a numerous patch on front of upper jaw, fewer on sides; in lower jaw less numerous in front a long single row of somewhat stronger teeth on sides; eye not large; a small nasal flap, and a 3 or 4 branched filament over eye and one at nape; scales rather large and regularly arranged; dorsal fin with a notch behind third spine, and with one unbranched soft ray at its end, membrane joined to caudal; origin of anal under eleventh dorsal spine. Color in spirits: Everywhere a nearly uniform faded pink, save breast and lower side of head which are paler; a small, inconspicuous dark round spot on dorsal fin, at twenty-third and twenty- fourth spines, a little nearer the base than margin, and made up of very small black punctulations. Indications of a yellow tinge on front of dorsal and base of anal in life; fins otherwise all pale. Known only from the type, 1.3 inches long, collected at Puerto Real, Porto Rico. Auchenopterns rubescens Evermann & Marsh, Rept. TJ. S. F. C. 1899 (Dec. 19), 360, Puerto Real, Porto Rico. Fig. 100. — Auchenopterus rubescens. 267. Auchenopterns rubescens Evermann & Marsh. THE FISHES OF PORTO RICO. 315 268. Auchenopterus cingulatus Evermann & Marsh. Head 3; depth 4.4; eye 5; snout 4.2; maxillary 2.2; interorbital 6; scales 2-30-3, 7 in transverse series. T>. xxvin, the longest spines 2.75 in head; A. ii, 16, the longest ray 2.75 in head; pectoral 1.3; ventral 1.8; caudal 1.6. Body rather long and slender, strongly compressed; head large, little com- pressed; snout moderately sharp; mouth large, maxillary reaching posterior border of eye, lips heavy, jaws subequal or lower very slightly projecting; teeth conical and sharp, in more than one row in each jaw, most numerous in front; a patch on vomer; a nasal filament, a 3 or 4 branched supraocular filament, and a 4-branched nuchal filament, branches of latter each with a dark dot on its anterior surface; dorsal originating over edge of preopercle, of spines only, second slightly longer than first; second, third, and fourth graduated, fourth comparatively short, thus forming a notch partly separating first spines from rest of fin; dorsal membrane joined low with caudal; anal free from caudal, about as high as dorsal, its thirteenth and fourteenth rays longest; first anal spine under tenth or eleventh dorsal spine; caudal rounded, shorter than head, of about 13 rays; pectoral large, reaching anal, of 12 rays; ventrals moderate, of 2 rays, spine not evident; lateral line running high to eleventh dorsal spine, here abruptly decurved two rows of scales, thence median to base of caudal. Color in spirits: Body and head pale-yellow; body with 5 heavy dark-brown vertical bars, each about 4 rows of scales wide, extending on vertical fins; membrane of anterior dorsal spines, opercle, occipital, and scapular region blotched with same color; a dark bar backward and downward from eye across cheek, rather more than one-half width of eye; top of head between and behind eyes darkened; preorbital, maxillary, lips, and under part of head thickly punctulate with dark; dorsal and anal barred with extensions of the wide, dark body-bars, and with alternating narrower pale interspaces; caudal mottled or irregularly barred with grayish, its base with the plain pale-yellow ground-color, which is sharply separated from rest of tin by a curved dark line; posterior half of pectoral with dark bars formed of dots on rays, first bar plainest; basal half of pectoral pale; ventral with basal portion dark, rest barred like pectoral. A pretty and strongly marked blenny, known only from Porto Rico; four specimens obtained from the coral reefs at Ponce, and one at Puerto Real. The type, No. 49375, U. S. N. M., from Ponce, is 0.8 inch long, and none of the cotypes exceeds 1 inch. Auchenopterus eingulatus Evermann & Marsh, Rept. D. S. F. C. 1899 (Dec. 19), 361, Ponce, Porto Rico. 269. Auchenopterus fasciatus (Steindachner), Head 3.5; depth 4.6; eye 4.5; snout 4.2; maxillary 2.3; mandible 2; interorbital 5.4; scale 2-31-3, 7 m transverse series; D. xxx, 1; A. ii, 17; P. 1.3 in head; V. 1.4; C. 1.4. Body slender, compressed, head narrow, snout pointed; mouth rather large, lower jaw slightly projecting, maxillary reaching posterior edge of pupil; gill-membranes broadly united across isthmus; eye small, above axis of body; profile rising gently and regularly from tip of snout to origin of dorsal fin, from which it continues in a nearly straight line to caudal peduncle; a small ocular cirrus and a small one on side of nape; fourth and fifth dorsal spines shorter than those before or after, others of approximately equal length; anal rays about as long as dorsal spines, the tips projecting beyond membrane; scales large, cycloid; belly, BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 316 breast, nape, cheek, and opercles scaled; lateral line complete, arched above pectoral, running on third row of scales from back for about 13 scales, where it drops to fifth row. Color in alcohol: Somewhat rosy-brown, with faint traces of darker vertical bars; anterior part of eye dark, head uniform rosy-brown without markings; dorsal fin with 8 broad, dark bars, the first on lirst 2 or 3 spines and forming a small black spot near their tips, seventh between twentieth and twenty- fourth spines and containing a distinct ocellus, probably blue in life; anal with 5 broad black bars, but no ocellus; a dark bar across base of caudal, rest of fin pale; pectoral faintly and finely barred with dark. This blenny reaches a length of 2 inches and is known from southern Florida (Cards Sound, Key West) and Porto Rico. One specimen, 1.25 inches long, obtained at Hucares, February 14, agrees in the main with current descriptions of this species. The dorsal spines, however, are more numerous and the color seems to be somewhat different. Without more material we hesitate to regard these as being of specific value. Cremnobales fasciatus Steindachner, Ichth. Beitrage, V, 176, 1876, Florida Straits. Auelienopterus fasciatus, Jordan <&-Evermann, 1. c., 2373, 1898. Genus 151. AUCHENISTIUS Evermann & Marsh. This genus has the form of Auelienopterus and suggests that genus strongly. It differs in the absence of a lateral line, in the much smaller scales, in the absence of a notch at front of dorsal fin, and in the union of the membrane of the anal fin with that of the caudal. Only one species known. Auclienistius Evermann & Marsh, Rept. U. S. F. C. 1899 (Dec. 19), 359 ( stahli ). Fig. 102. — Auclienistius stahli. 270. Auclienistius stahli Evermann & Marsh. Head 5; depth 6.5; eye 4.8; snout 6; maxillary 2.8; scales about 58, about 13 in transverse series; D. xLiorxLii; A. i or ii, 23 or 24; pectoral 2.5; ventral 2.2; caudal 1.3. Body elongate, somewhat com- pressed, especially posteriorly, dorsal and ventral outlines alike; head small, upper profile straight and descending; snout moderate, pointed; mouth large, maxillary reaching to or beyond middle of eye; jaws ecpial, heavy and projecting; teeth in lower jaw conical, short and strong, slightly recurved, in one row; teeth in upper jaw similar to those in lower, but a small patch of smaller teeth in front of jaw behind main row; teeth on vomer; gill-membranes joined to isthmus; nostrils with short tubes, a single flap above each eye and one on each side of nape; dorsal fin long, of spines only; last four spines somewhat longer than the preceding, forming a shallow notch, a feature not present in all examples; anal origin about midway between tip of snout and tip of caudal, fin similar to dorsal in shape, some- what higher in type, but a trifle lower in cotype; membrane of dorsal and anal joined to caudal ; caudal small, pointed; pectoral small, of 8 rays; ventral small, of 2 rays. Color in spirits: Body everywhere with a very slight yellowish tinge, in some specimens a faded gray; one specimen has traces of 10 or 12 dark crossbars; fins all pale, in one case the dorsal and anal dark-edged. This species is known only from the type, 1.2 inches long, No. 49372, U. S. N. M., from Ponce, February 1, 1899, and 13 cotypes, 8 from the coral and algae on the reefs at mouth of Culebra Harbor, February 11, and 5 from Puerto Real. Named for Dr. A. Stahl, of Bayamon, Porto Rico, who, under many difficulties, has made con- siderable collections of the natural-history objects of Porto Rico. Auclienistius stahli Evermann & Marsh, Rept. U. S. F. C. 1899 (Dee. 19) , 359, Ponce, Porto Rico. THE FISHES OE PORTO RICO. 317 Genus 152. CORALLIOZETUS Evermann & Marsh. Body slender and strongly compressed, without scales; head large, subcylindrical, bluntly pointed; mouth large; teeth not hooked, about 8 enlarged conical ones in front of each jaw, smaller ones behind; vomer with teeth; dorsal fin with a notch between rays and spines; the membrane slightly connected with caudal; caudal fin rounded; pectoral large, ventrals small and inserted slightly in advance of pectorals. A strongly marked genus, conspicuous in appearance by its heavy head and thin body; probably related to Ophioblennius, from which it is technically separated by absence of hooked canine teeth, convex caudal, and entire absence of a lateral line. Only one species known. Coralliozetus Evermann & Marsh, Rept. U. S. F. C. 1899 (Dec. 19), 362 (cardonx). 271. Coralliozetus cardonae Evermann & Marsh. Head 4; depth 5.6; eyed; snout very short; maxillary 2; D. xvn, 11; A. 21; pectoral 1.3; ven- tral 1.8; caudal 1.4. Body scaleless, slender, much compressed; head large and heavy, not compressed nor depressed ; snout very short and blunt; mouth large, horizontal, low in position, maxillary reaching far beyond eye; eyes small, close together, placed high and well forward; teeth conical, in a patch on the front of each jaw, an outer row of about 8 teeth (4 on a side) in each jaw, much enlarged; a single row of smaller teeth on sides of each jaw; teeth on vomer; a small flap at nostril and two short filaments above eye, one much the smaller; no appendages at nape. Dorsal fin long and high, of slender, flexible spines, and longer, soft rays, a notch between fourth and fifth spines, last ray slightly connected with caudal; anal longer and lower than soft dorsal, free from caudal; caudal rounded; pectoral large, nearly as wide as body, reaching anal or beyond; ventral small, inserted before pectoral, of 3 rays, innermost very slender. Color in spirits: Body dark-red, much paler in one specimen; head everywhere bluish-black, this color dusted upon body, particularly on anterior portion; a pale-gray bar downward and back- ward across cheek; fins pale, except ventrals and front of dorsal, which have color of head; a row of small rosy spots along bases of anal rays, seemingly in the flesh; sometimes a similar fainter row along base of dorsal. Known only from Porto Rico; three specimens, 0.87 to 1 inch in length, taken on the coral reefs at Ponce on three successive days; type, No. 49377, U. S. N. M., 1 inch long, collected February 1, 1899. Coralliozetus cardonx Evermann & Marsh, Rept. U. S. F. C. 1899 (Dec. 19), 362, reef at the Cardona Light-house, Playa de Ponce, Porto Rico. Genus 153. EMBLEMARIA Jordan & Gilbert. Body slender, not eel-shaped, compressed, scaleless. Ventrals present, jugular, each of 1 spine and 2 soft rays. A single high dorsal fin beginning on nape and extending to caudal, with which it is not confluent; no notch between spinous and soft rays. Head cuboid, compressed, narrowed anteriorly. Symphysis of lower jaw forming a very acute angle. A single series of strong, blunt, conical teeth on each jaw, and on vomer and palatines. Vomer and palatine teeth larger, their series continuous, parallel to series in upper jaw. No cirri at nape; sometimes a cirrus on upper part of eyeball. Gill openings very wide, membranes broadly united below, free from isthmus. Lateral line obsolete. 318 BULLETIN of the united states fish commission This genus bears some resemblance to Blennius, but the dentition is entirely different, approaching that of Cluenopsis. An inhabitant of tropical America, in rather deep water; 4 species known, 2 of which are Atlantic. a. Eye without cirrus. b. Depth 5 in length; dorsal rays 33; ventrals not pure white a tlantica aa. Eye with a long cirrus on eyeball above pupil. c. Maxillary longer, reaching posterior edge of orbit; body without dark crossbar; ventrals pale; tip of caudal not black , - ., pandionis, 272 272. Emblemaria pandionis Evermann & Marsh, new species. Head 3.7; depth 5.8; eye 3.6; snout 5; maxillary 2; mandible 1.8; D. xvn, 18; A. n, 23; P.13; V. i, 2; C. 13. Body slender, tapering, greatly compressed; head comparatively heavy; snout short, decurved; mouth large, horizontal, maxillary reaching posterior border of eye; each jaw with a patch of teeth in front, outer enlarged, bluntly conic, slightly incurved, these continued laterally on upper jaw in a single series of similar but smaller teeth, and on lower jaw in a single series of similar but Fig. 104. — Emblemaria pandionis. smaller, blunter teeth; palatines each with a row of blunt teeth; vomer probably without teeth; no teeth on tongue. Fins moderate, rays not filamentous; first 17 rays of dorsal simple, not jointed nor branched, remaining rays jointed and elevated, longest a little greater than snout and eye, the two anterior rays of anal not jointed nor branched; pectoral broad, short, its length 1.3 in head; ventral longer, filamentous, 1.2 in head; caudal short, pointed, 1.8 in head. An unbranched ocular cirrus on upper part of eye, its length about one-third that of eye; nasal tube slender and simple. Color in alcohol: Pale flesh-color; middle of side with a series of about 15 small brown blotches, largest anteriorly; above these and along base of dorsal are 2 or 3 irregular series of smaller dark spots, those along base of dorsal quite black; a similar series along base of anal; head spotted like body; dorsal fin with numerous dark sp>ots and blotches, most distinct anteriorly; caudal and anal fins somewhat dusky; pectoral and ventral pale; a few small brownish specks on throat and on breast in front of ventrals; a very dark-brown, almost black, oblong spot, placed obliquely on lower jrnrt of side above tenth anal ray, a narrow bar of same color just in front of it; this conspicuous color-marking present on left side only. Known only from the type (No. 49535, U. S. N. M.) , 1.5 inches long, caught in the tangle at Fish Hawk station 6084, between Vieques and Culebra islands, in 11 fathoms, and one cotype of same size taken in the dredge at Fish Hawk station 6086, 8.5 miles northeast from Isabel Segunda, Vieques Island, in 14.75 fathoms, the bottom at each station being coral, sand, and shells. This interesting species is related to E. ocidocirris Jordan, from La Paz, Lower California, from which it seems to differ chiefly in the longer maxillary and in the coloration. Named for the U. S. Fish Commission steamer Fish Hawk , Pandion being the generic name of the fish-hawk or osprey, Pandion carolinensis. THE FISHES OF PORTO RICO. 319 Family LXXII. FIERASFERIDAt. The Pcarl-fishcs. Body elongate, compressed, tapering into a long and slender tail; no scales; teeth cardiform, on jaws, vomer, and palatines; canine teeth often present; no barbels; lower jaw included; vent at throat; gill-membranes somewhat united, free from isthmus; no pseudobranchiae ; no pyloric caeca; vertical fins very low, confluent, without spines; no ventral fins; pectoral fins present or absent. Small shore-fishes of tropical seas, often living in shells of mollusks, echinoderms, etc., being especially often commensal with the pearl oyster and with the larger Holothuria. Only one genus in American waters. Genus 154. FIERASFER Cuvier. Gill-membranes little connected, leaving isthmus hare. No distinct caudal fin; pectoral fins developed. The species of this genus are not well known, and their characters and nomenclatures are uncertain. It is not unlikely that the American species are all reducible to one, Fierasfer affinis or dubius, but our scanty material will not justify us in taking this view. (Jordan & Evermann.) Only one species known from Porto Rico. 273. Fierasfer bermudensis (Jones). Pearl- fish. Head 8.5 in length; eye 4, longer than snout; mouth large, the maxillary reaching beyond orbit; ■ pectoral 2.5 in head. Teeth small, acute, uniserial, 3 in a line on vomer; palatine teeth small. Color pale-brownish, a bluish streak crossing nape between opercles, 4 pale points on back. Vertebrae 100. A small fish (length 3 to 6 inches) found in shallow water on coral shores in the West Indies. Two specimens, each about 4 inches long, obtained by us, one at Mayaguez, the other at Puerto Real. They certainly belong to the species described from Bermuda, which may not be different from Gunther’s F. affinis or Putnam’s F. dubius. f ? Fierasfer affinis Gunther, Cat., IV, 381, 1862, no locality given. ? Fierasfer dubius Putnam, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1874, 344, Pearl Islands. Lefroyia bermudensis Jones, Zoologist, IX, 1874, 3838, Bermuda. Fierasfer bermudensis, Jordan & Evermann, 1. e., 2497, 1898. Family LXXIII. PLEURONECTID^. The Flounders. Body strongly compressed, oval or elliptical in outline; head unsymmetrical, cranium twisted, both eyes being on same side of body, which is horizontal in life, the eyed side being uppermost and colored, the blind side lowermost and usually plain. In the very young fish the bones of the head are symmetrical, 1 eye on each side, and the body is vertical in the water. In most species the eranium becomes twisted, bringing the upper eye over with it. Eyes large, well separated. Mouth small or large, the dentition various, teeth always present; premaxillaries protractile; no supplemental maxillary bone; pseudobranchise present. Gills 4, a slit behind the fourth; lower pharyngeals separate; no air- bladder; preopercle with its margin usually distinct, not wholly adnate or hidden by skin of head; vent not far behind head, viscera confined to anterior part of body. Scales various, rarely absent, usually small. Lateral line usually present, extending on caudal fin, sometimes duplicated or wanting. Dorsal fin long, continuous, of soft rays only, beginning on head; anal similar, shorter; caudal various, sometimes coalescent with dorsal and anal; pectorals inserted rather high, rarely wanting; ventrals under pectorals, usually of several soft rays, one of them sometimes wanting. Fishes mostly carnivorous, inhabiting sandy bottoms in all seas, some species ascending rivers. Many of them are important food-fishes. Genera about 55; species nearly 500. Subfamilies of Pleuronectidx. A. Ventral fins symmetrical, similar in position and in form of base, that of colored side not extended along ridge of abdomen. a. Mouth nearly symmetrical, dentition nearly equally developed on both sides, gape usually but not always wide. (Halibut tribe.) Hippoglossin^s aa. Mouth unsymmetrical, jaws on eyed side with nearly straight outline, bones on blind side strongly curved; teeth chiefly on blind side. b. Eyes and color on right side (with occasional exceptions) . (Flounder tribe.) Pi.euronectin.e AA. Ventral fins unsymmetrical, dissimilar in position and usually also in form, that of eyed side being extended along ridge of abdomen. Eyes and color on left side. (Turbot tribe.) Psettin.® 320 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION, HIPPOGLOSSIELffi. Halibut Tribe. Large-mouthed flounders with the ventral fins symmetrical. — Mouth symmetrical, the jaws and denti- tion nearly equally developed on both sides; gape usually wide, maxillary more than one-third length of head. Lower pharyngeals narrow, usually with but 1 or 2 rows of sharp teeth; teeth in jaws usually acute. Eyes large; edge of preopercle free. Pectoral and ventral fins well developed, the ventral fins similar in position and in form of base, that of eyed side not being attached along ridge of abdomen. Septum of gill-cavity without foramen. The only genera of Hipp oglossin x having species ranging as far south on our Atlantic coast as Florida are Paralichthys, Ancylopsetta, Notosema, and Gastropsetta. Though no species of this group is known from Porto Rico, we give a key to these 4 genera, as some or all of them may be hereafter found in Porto Rican waters. a. Dorsal fin beginning in advance of eye; teeth sharp, uniserial or smooth. b. Scales weakly ciliated; caudal fin with a distinct peduncle; mouth large; teeth unequal, some of anterior canine-like; gillrakers rather long and slender; no dorsal lobe nor produced ventral rays; vertebrae 35 to 41 Paralichthys bb. Scales very strongly ctenoid on both sides of body; mouth smallish, with small, sharp teeth; anterior rays of dorsal more or less exserted, thus forming a more or less distinct lobe; gill-membranes considerably united; gillrakers short and broad; caudal peduncle short; left ventral produced; vertebra (in A. quadrocellata ) 9 + 26 = 35. Lateral line with its tubes simple, not branched. c. Body broad, ovate, depth more than half length; dorsal lobe and left ventral moderately produced Ancylopsetta cc. Body elliptical, depth not more than one-half length; dorsal lobe and left ventral greatly produced Notosema bbb. Scales entirely smooth; caudal peduncle short; mouth small; gillrakers short and thick; dorsal with an anterior lobe; left ventral elongate Gastropsetta PSETTIN2E. Turbot Tribe. Large-mouthed flounders, with ventral fins unsymmelrical. — Mouth symmetrical, the dentition nearly equally developed on both sides; gape usually wide (narrow in Plcitophrys, Etropus, etc. ), maxillary com- monly more than one-third length of head; lower pharyngeals narrow, each with one or more rows or a narrow band of small, sharp teeth; teeth in jaws acute; eyes not minute; pectorals and ventrals usually well developed; edge of preopercle free; ventral fins dissimilar in form or in position, that of left or eyed side inserted on ridge of abdomen, its base extended along this ridge, its rays more or less wide apart; caudal fin rounded or subtruncate; no accessory lateral line; anal spine usually weak or obsolete; a pelvic spine sometimes developed; vertebrse in moderate or small number, 31 to 45. Body sinistral. Species chiefly tropical or subtropical in distribution. Of the 10 recognized American genera of this subfamily, 4 have Porto Rican representatives, in fact, all the species of flounders thus far known from Porto Rico belong in this group. a. Pectoral fin present on each side; septum of gill-cavity below gill-arches without foramen; a deep emargination near isthmus; ventral fins free from anal. 5. Vomer with teeth; lateral line with a strong arch in front; teeth subequal, in villiform bands; body broadly ovate; caudal fin subsessile; interorbital area broad; scales small, cycloid; gillrakers long and slender; anterior dorsal rays produced; vertebra 36 Lothopsetta bb. Vomer toothless; ventral fins free from anal; caudal fin subsessile. c. Lateral line with a distinct arch in front; teeth small, uniserial, or imperfectly biserial. d. Interorbital space more or less broad, deeply concave, at least in males; form broad-ovate; gillrakers short and thick. e. Scales small, ctenoid, adherent, 75 to 100 or more; anterior rays of dorsal not elevated; pectoral of left side usually filamentous in male; vertebra (in P. lunatus) 9 + 30 = 39 Platophrys, 155 dd. Interorbital space a narrow ridge; dorsal not elevated in front. /. Gillrakers slender; right ventral elongate; scales ctenoid Trichopsetta cc. Lateral line without arch in front. g. Teeth in upper jaw biserial, in lower uniserial, front teeth of upper jaw enlarged; vertebrse 35 or 36; gillrakers short; interorbital space broad in male Syacium, 156 gg. Teeth in each jaw uniserial; interorbital space very narrow, ridges coalescing between eyes. h. Mouth not very small, maxillary more than one-third length of head. i. Gillrakers very short and thick, tubercle-like. j. Scales cycloid, small, and firm Cyclopsetta ii. Gillrakers slender, of moderate length; scales thin, deciduous, ciliated; vertebra 34 to 40 Citharichthys, 157 hh. Mouth very small, teeth subequal, maxillary less than one-third length of head; scales thin; teeth uniserial; vertebrae 9 + 25 = 34 Etropds, 158 aa. Pectoral fin of blind side wanting; eyes very close together; caudal fin subsessile; teeth small, uniserial; mouth moderate; lateral line of eyed side arched, that of right side nearly straight; dorsal fin beginning on snout, its anterior rays not exserted, its rays all simple and very numerous; gillrakers few and feeble; scales small; body thin, very elongate; vertebra (in M. sessilicauda) 43; (deep-sea flounders) • Monolenb THE FISHES OF PORTO RICO. 321 Genus 155. PLATOPHRYS Swainson. Eyes and color on left side. Body ovate, strongly compressed; month of the large type, but com- paratively small; maxillary one-third or less length of head; teeth small, subequal, in one or two series; no teeth on vomer or palatines. Interorbital space broad and concave, broadest in adult males. Gillrakers moderate. Dorsal fin beginning in front of eye, all its rays simple; ventral of colored side on ridgeof abdomen; caudal convex behind; pectoral of left side with usually one or more filamentous rays, longest in male. Scales very small, ctenoid, adherent; lateral line with a strong arch in front. Coloration usually variegated. The sexual differences are greater than usual among flounders, and the different sexes have often been taken for different species. As a rule, in males, pectoral fin on left side is much prolonged, interorbital area is much widened and very concave, and there are some tubercles about snout and lower eye. The young fishes, as is usually the case, resemble adult females. Lately, Dr. Emery has shown that the larval flounder, known as Peloria heckeli, is in all probability the young of Pleiironectes podas. The generic name, Coccolus, based on forms slightly more mature than those called Peloria, probably belongs here also. We have seen no larval forms so young as those which have been described as Peloria heckeli. We have, however, examined small transparent flounders, one with eyes quite symmetrical, taken in the Gulf Stream, and another with eyes on left side, taken at Key West. Both these may be larvte of Platophrys ocellatus. The figures published by Emery seem to make it almost certain that, the corresponding European forms belong to P. podas, although some doubt as to this is expressed by Facciola. The species of Platophrys are widely distributed through warm seas, no tropical waters being wholly without them; all are extremely closely related and are distinguished with difficulty. On the other hand, variations due to differences of age and sex are greater than in any other of our genera. Jordan & Evermann recognize 7 American species belonging to this genus. One of these (P. maculifer) is shown by our specimens to represent one of the younger stages of P. lunatus, and another (P. ellipticus) is a stage of the same species. Besides P. lunatus, the only other species known to occur in Porto Rico is P. ocellatus. а. Anal rays, at least anteriorly, each with a spinule at base (these formed by a slight widening of tip of interhaemal spines, each being covered by a little rough scale); front of dorsal with similar projections. б. Color brown, with pale rounded spots; fins dotted with brown; a faint dark spot at first one-third of lateral line; snout with horny points; mouth small, maxillary reaching front of eye spinosus aa. Anal rays without spinules at their base. c. Anterior profile of head convex before interorbital area, the very short snout scarcely forming a reentrant angle at its base; form elliptic-ovate, outlines more regular than in P. lunatus. d. Dorsal rays 85 to 95. e. Scales not very small, about 75 pores in lateral line; no blue markings, at least in young. /. Mouth smaller, maxillary 3.33 in head. Color light-grayish, tinged with reddish, with small round spots of darker gray, and with lighter rings inclosing spaces of ground-color ocellatus, 274 cc. Anterior profile of head strongly concave before interorbital area, the projecting snout leaving a marked reentrant angle above it. g. Mouth not very small; maxillary 3 in head. Color dark-olive, with many rings, curved spots, and small round dots of sky-blue edged with darker on body, these largest near middle of sides, where some are as large as eye; 3 obscure dark blotches on straight part of lateral line lunatus, 275 274. Platophrys ocellatus (Agassiz). Head 4; depth 1.5; eye (lower) 3.4; snout 5; maxillary 3.33; D. 80; A. 60; scales 75 (pores); vertebrae 37. Body ovate, deep anteriorly, profile descending steeply, snout conspicuously projecting. Mouth very small and oblique, maxillary reaching vertical from the front of lower eye, 3.33 in head; tip of lower jaw entering profile. Teeth fine, conical, in two series in upper jaw, one in lower, those of the outer row in upper jaw larger and more widely separated than those of inner series. Snout very short, equaling interorbital width. Interorbital space narrow, deeply concave, closely scaled. Eyes large, lower in advance of upper; gillrakers obsolete, 7 rudiments on horizontal branch of anterior arch. Scales moderate, not extending on tins, those of colored side ctenoid, on blind side smooth; arch of lateral line short and high. Dorsal tin beginning opposite anterior nostril, rays nearly uniform in length, longest about one-half head; pectoral of colored side 4.75 in length; ventral of colored side beginning under middle of lower eye, with 6 rays; right ventral with 5 rays. F. C. B. 1900—21 322 BULLETIN OE THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. Color in life: Light-grayish, with reddish tinge, covered with small round spots of darker gray and with lighter rings inclosing spaces of ground-color; vertical fins similarly colored, with a small black spot near base of each ninth or tenth ray; 3 black spots on median line of body — one on straightest portion of lateral line just behind arch, another about midway between it, and a third much smaller one at caudal end of body or base of caudal peduncle; some other small black spots scattered over colored side. Eight specimens from Porto Rico present some variation of color; spots on tins not always as in above description, but the general color-pattern is about the same, varying mainly in the darkness or lightness of the shades. Fig. 105. — Platophrys ocellatus. The following shows the variation in some essential measurements of 4 of the largest specimens: Total length. Length to base of caudal. Head in body. Depth in body. Eye in head. Snout in head. Maxillary in head. Number of dorsal rays. Number of anal rays. Number of pores. mm. 73 mm. 63 3.7 1.65 3.4 4.85 3.4 80 67 75 71 62 4. 13 1.8 3 3. 75 3. 33 80 00 73 50 42 3.8 1.7 3. 14 3.18 3.38 80 59 75 46 40 4 1.8 80 60 75 Found in the western Atlantic from Long Island to Rio Janeiro, on sandy shores. Recorded from several Florida localities and recorded by Poey under other names from Cuba. The present collection contains specimens from San Antonio Bridge, San Juan, Culebra, and Boqueron; Mr. Gray’s collection has one from San Geronimo. Rhombus ocellatus Agassiz, in Spix, Pise. Brasil., 85, pi. 46, 1829, Brazil. Rhombus bahianus Castlenau, Anim. Nouv. et Rares Am6r. du Sud, 1855, Bahia. Platophrys nebularis Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. N. M. 1884, 31, 143, Key West. Platophrys ocellatus, Jordan & Evermann, 1. c., 2663, 1898. 275. Platophrys lunatus (Linnaeus). Head 3.8; depth about 2; eye (lower) 6.25; interorbital space 3.12; snout (from lower eye) 3.6; maxillary 3.12; pectoral 1.22; I). 92; A. 74; scales (pores) 92. Body elliptical-ovate, strongly com- pressed; anterior profile concave, snout projecting, leaving a reentrant angle above it; mouth moderate, maxillary reaching to middle of pupil of lower eye; jaws subequal, lower with a well-developed knob THE FISHES OF PORTO RICO. 323 at symphysis; teeth small, in an irregular double series in each jaw; anterior end of maxillary with large blunt spine pointing somewhat outward and forward; interorbital very wide and deeply concave; orbital rim, below on upper orbit, above on lower, broken up into blunt papillae; eye with moderate cirri near upper margin of iris on eye membrane or cover. Gillrakers short and thick, 9 developed on lower* part of arch, none on upper. Anterior part of interorbital, snout, maxillary, and mandible naked; scales of eyed side ctenoid, those of blind side smooth; arch of lateral line short and high, its base contained 5.5 in the straight portion. Dorsal fin beginning above the anterior nostril; ventral of colored side beginning under middle of lower eye, with 6 rays; left ventral inserted farther back, also of 6 rays. Color in spirits: Ground-color of eyed side gray, thickly dotted with light-brown, giving it a brownish tint; speckled with dark-brown, numerous complete, broken, and incomplete rings of light- blue, edged outside with dark-brown or olive, surrounding areas of ground-color; diameter of longest ring about 10 mm., some of the rings with irregular or scalloped outline indicating coalescing spots; base of tail and head with blue spots arid crescents; vertical fins and caudal with light-blue spots (becoming white in time) ; vertical fins brownish with black spots at intervals along the base; pectoral barred with black. A black blotch on lateral line at junction of straight portion and arch, another about midway the straight portion, and another at base of caudal peduncle. The specimen upon which this description is based (taken from a specimen 213 mm. total length, from Culebra Island) differs somewhat from current descriptions chiefly in lacking the smaller spine on upper edge of maxillary behind larger one on snout; in the filamentous ray of pectoral; in having 6 rays in right ventral; presence of ocular cirri; and in having ctenoid scales on colored side. Notwith- standing these apparent differences, there can be no doubt regarding the identification. The pectoral is slightly filamentous, indicating the possibility of individuals, perhaps the other sex, having the long filament as found in other flat-fishes. The so-called “spine” on the snout is really a tubercle in the above-described specimen, and doubtless is more or less an age or sex character, if not both, and perhaps a more or less individual variation. As shown by other specimens, the scales are not always so strongly ctenoid, and they are not uniformly so in this one. The coloration is plainly that of P. lunatus. A series of fishes of this genus shows all grades of coloration and other variations which enable us to include in P. lunatus at least one other species formerly considered distinct, and very probably two. Platophrys maculifer represents a younger individual of P. lunatus in which the sup- posed differential marks are not so well developed. Jordan & Evermann, in Bulletin 47, U. S. N. M., state that they have never seen any young examples certainly referable to P. lunatus, and until its development is traced some of the species known from small examples only must be doubtful. This also leads us to believe that the present conclusions are correct. ^ The following notes will serve to show something of the color variations: 1. A specimen, 215 mm. long, from Aguadilla has the black blotches along side more diffuse and larger, the first being under end of pectoral below lateral line; cirri are present on both eyes. 2. A specimen from San Antonio Bridge, 131 mm. long, agrees perfectly with descriptions of P. maculifer (Poey) in coloration, and very closely in other respects. Head 3.33; depth about 1.8; eye (lower) 5.8; maxillary 3.3; snout 4.12; D. 90; A. 70; scales 86. Mouth small, oblique, the maxillary 3.4 in head; eye with cirri; no filamentous pectoral ray; arch of lateral line short and high. Color, reddish-gray, body covered with circles of round sky-blue spots, which are not confluent and not edged with darker color; besides these very few detached spots or other blue markings; head with similar blue spots, but no rings; area inclosed in blue rings not different from ground-color; caudal with blue spots, other fins with none; dorsal and anal mottled with black blotches each covering the bases of about 3 rays, with about 7 rays intervening between the blotches; a large, diffuse, dusky spot at front of straight part of lateral line; one better defined with lighter area on it anteriorly on middle of lateral line; a faint one under last part of vertical fins not far in front of caudal peduncle; pectoral grayish, with narrow dark bars. 3. A specimen 97 mm. long from Playa de Ponce may be described as follows: Head 3.5; depth about 1.7; eye about 4.33; snout 4; maxillary 3; D. 85; A. 73; pores 90; ocular cirri present. Color, gray, clouded with smoky-brown and some still more dusky mottlings; numerous small blue spots arranged in more or less complete rings and singly, some of the rings with a small whiter spot in center; large black blotch just behind arch of lateral line, one midway of straight portion, and another small faint one over last part of anal fin; first blotch has 4 gray areas in it, second has one large crescentic gray area, which is spotted or dotted with black; a fainter, lighter margin around front of point of the 824 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. most intense part of blotch, giving it an ocellated effect. Small ocelli, similar in character, scattered over body; fins all spotted and marked with black. 4. A specimen, 109 mm. total length, presents similar color pattern to the preceding, but of lighter shade. Head 3.8; depth 1.8; eye 4.16; snout 3.8; maxillary 2.7; D. 91; A. 70; scales (pores) 90; cirri present on eye membranes. 5. A specimen, 42 mm. long, possesses about the same general color arrangement as larger speci- mens, but lacks the blue spots. Head 3.33; depth 1.8; D. 94; A. 72; pores 87. Ocular cirri large. 6. Another young individual from Ponce, 45 mm. in total length, is very brightly and distinctly marked in the same general way as the others mentioned, but lacks the blue spots. Ocular cirri large. Head 3.33; depth 1.33; D. 94; A. 69; pores 82. 7. A youilg example from San Antonio Bridge, 50 mm. long, presents the same general appearance as the other young ones, but has longer ocular cirri. Head 3.5; depth 1.75; eye 4.8; snout 4; maxillary 3; pectoral 1.5; D. 96; A. 73; pores 83. Life color: Pale-sandy, with numerous small ocellated brown spots with pale centers; a large black blotch on lateral line at posterior third of body; fins with numerous small white spots and a few larger irregular brown ones. An inhabitant of the West Indies, north to Florida; common; recorded from Havana, Cienfuegos, Jamaica, Bahamas, Sombrero, St. Thomas, and from Green Turtle Key. Specimens at hand from Culebra, Aguadilla, San Antonio Bridge, San Juan, and Ponce, Porto Rico. Solea lunata et punctata (the Sole), Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, tab. 27, 1725, Bahamas. Pleuroncctes lunatus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. X, 269, 1758, Bahamas; based on Catesby. Pleuroncctes argus Bloch, Ichth., tab. 48, 1783, Martinique; after Plumier. ? Pleuronectes surinamensis Bloch & Schneider, Syst. Ic.hth., 156, 1801, Surinam. Pleuroncctes maculiferus Poey, Memorias, II, 316, 1860, Cienfuegos, Cuba. Pleuronectes elliplicus Poey, Memorias, II, 315, 1860, Cuba. Platoplmjs lunatus, Jordan & Evermann, 1. c., 2665, 1898. Platophnjs maculifer, Jordan & Evermann, 1. c., 2664, 1898. Platophrys ettipticus, Jordan & Evermann, 1. e., 2665, 1898. Genus 156. SYACIUM Kanzani. Body elliptic-ovate, much compressed; interorbital space broad in males and more or less concave, narrowed in female; mouth moderate, gape curved; teeth in upper jaw biserial, in lower uniserial; front teeth of upper jaw enlarged; vomer toothless; scales rather large, ciliate; lateral line without arch in front; pectoral fins present on both sides; septum -of gill-cavity below gill-arches without foramen; a deep emargination near isthmus; gillrakers short and thick; dorsal low, its anterior rays not elevated; pectorals both present; caudal subsessile; no anal spine; pectorals produced in males; ventral fins short, that of colored side on ridge of abdomen. This genus contains a considerable number of species, mostly American and African, which form a transition from Platophrys to Citharichthys. They fall readily into 2 groups distinguished by width of interorbital space. As this width is dependent on age, and as it is subject to various intergradations, the group Aramaca founded on it can not be admitted as a distinct genus. a. Snout and orbits without spines or spinous processes. b. Scales rather large, 50 to 57 in lateral line; interorbital space broad. 'Color, nearly plain brown, with darker dots or mottlings, no ring-like spots or ocelli; fins mottled; left pectoral barred; blind side sometimes wholly or partly dusky, especially in northern specimens psetulum bb. Scales rather small, 58 to 70 in lateral line rnicrurum, 276 276. Syacium micrurum Ranzani. Head 3.8 in length; depth 2.4; D. 87 to 92; A. 54 to 68; scales 65 to 70 (pores); eye 4 in head; maxillary 2.5 to 3. Form regularly elliptical, profile evenly convex to end of snout; eyes large, nearly even in front, male with interorbital space deeply concave, its width two-thirds vertical depth of eye (or more in Brazilian specimens) ; female with interorbital area much narrower, with a more or less perfect median groove, its width about equal to depth of pupil; mouth small, maxillary reaching to below middle of eye; teeth small, slender, in 2 rows above, in 1 row below, outer series in upper jaw somewhat enlarged, but hardly canine-like; gillrakers very short and thick, about 1 + 7 in number; scales small, firm, moderately ctenoid; pectoral 1.33 in head in female, reaching nearly to base of caudal in male; vertebrae 9 + 24 = 33. THE FISHES OF PORTO RICO. 325 Color, dark-brown, with many rings and spots of light-gray and blackish, some of the dark rings with a black central spot; a diffuse dusky blotch on lateral line above pectoral and one near base of caudal peduncle; fins with numerous inky spots and dark markings; blind side pale. Fifteen specimens from Mayaguez appear to differ somewhat in general appearance from other specimens which can be referred to this species, but measurements and comparison reveal no really tangible constant differences. The largest, 163 millimeters long, presents the following charac- ters: Head 3.9; depth 1.33; eye 4.5; snout 4.8; maxillary 2.4; interorbital 8; pectoral 1.3; D. 88; A. 68; scales 59 (68). Color, plain-brown, with a few faint or obscure grayish ocelli and darker spots; a faint brown blotch under end of pectoral, 1 on middle of straight line and 1 near base of caudal peduncle. All fins with light-brown crossbars. For comparison measurements of an undoubted 8. micrurum of similar size are given: Head 3.75; depth 2.4; eye 5.33; snout 4.8; maxillary 2.6; interorbital 16; pectoral 1.4; D. 88; A. 70; scales 59 (65). West Indian fauna, Key West to Rio Janeiro, Cuba, Haiti, Jamaica, and Bahia, rather common; the Porto Rican examples are from Mayaguez, Ponce, Hucares, Aguadilla, Culebra, Boqueron, Palo Seco, and stations 6059 and 6061. Syacium micrurum Ranzani, Nov. Spec. Pise. Diss., Sec., 20, pi. 5, 1810, Brazil; Jordan & Evermann, 1. c., 2672, 1898. Ilippoglossus ocettatus Poey, Memorias, II, 314, 1860, Cuba. Hemirhombus aramaca Giinther, Cat., IV, 42, 1862, Cuba and Jamaica. Citharichthys xtliaMon Jordan, Proc. U. S. N. M. 1886, 52, Havana. Genus 157. CITHARICHTHYS Bleeker. Whiffs. Eyes and color on left side. Body oblong; mouth of the large type, but comparatively small, with 1 series of small, sharp teeth in each jaw; no teeth on vomer or palatines. Gillrakers moderate, slender. Dorsal fin beginning just in front of eye; all fin rays simple; ventrals of colored side on ridge of abdomen; no anal spine; caudal fin convex or double truncate behind, none of the fins produced. Scales thin, deciduous, slightly ctenoid. Lateral line nearly straight, simple. Lower pharyngeals separate, each with a single row of teeth. Vertebra; 30 to 40. This genus includes small flounders of weak organization, especially characteristic of sandy shores of tropical America. The sub-genus Orlhopseilct includes species of more northern range and somewhat different form, and especially noteworthy as having an increased number of vertebra?. The two groups intergrade so perfectly that no sharp line of division can be drawn between them. The genus Citharichthys contains 13 American species, 7 of which are Atlantic. Only 3 of these are known to occur in Porto Rico. a. Vertebrae 33 to 36; interorbital ridge low and narrow, head closely compressed. b. Eye large, 3 to 4.5 in head. c. Head large, 3 to 3.33 in length. d. Interorbital space very narrow, 5 in eye; snout with a spine; pectoral of eyed side elongate, one-third longer than head; maxillary 2.25 in head. D. 91; A. 73; scales 48 dinoceros cc. Head smaller, about 4 in length. e. Body comparatively elongate, depth about 2.5 in length; mouth very small; maxillary 3.5 in head; dorsal rays 83; anal 67; scales 40; eye 4 in head arctifrons ee. Body comparatively broad, depth about half the length; mouth larger. /. Snout with a strong, sharp spine on eyed side, above upper lip; eye large, '2.3 to 3 in head; greatest depth of body over pectorals; interorbital space with a wide ridge, about half diameter of eye unicornis, 277 ff. Snout without distinct spine: eye moderate, 3.5 to 4.5 in head; greatest depth of body under middle of dorsal; interorbital space a narrow, scaly ridge with a slight median groove; maxillary 2.33 in head; teeth small, those in front slightly enlarged; body not very thin; gillrakers moderate, 6+13. g. Dorsal rays 68; anal 52; scales smaller, lateral line with about 53 pores; side with whitish blotches ulilcri gg. Dorsal rays 80; anal 56; scales large, 41 in lateral line; side and fins with dark blotches macrops bb. Eye quite small, 5 to 8 in head; snout short, forming an angle with profile; mouth moderate, oblique, maxillary 2.5 to 2.66 in head; teeth small, anterior somewhat enlarged; dorsal about 80; anal 60; body and fins speckled. h. Scales not very large, 45 to 51 in lateral line; gillrakers long and slender, longer than pupil. i. Eye small, about 8 in head spilopterus, 278 ii. Eye larger, about 6 in head arenaceus, 279 277. Citharichthys unicornis Goode. Head 4.5; depth 2.33; eye 2.33; snout 4; maxillary 2.33; pectoral 1.55; D. 77; A. 60; scales 42. Body ovoidal, not particularly deep, but strongly compressed; head broad across front; mouth mod- erate; no spines, but a knob at symphysis of lower jaw; eye large; interorbital a narrow ridge dividing 326 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. anteriorly, becoming front rim of orbit, concave in front of eyes; pectoral short; longest rays of vertical fins moderate; scales large, deciduous. Color, somewhat mottled light-brown. This description is from a single specimen taken by the Fish Hawk at station 6063, in Mayaguez Harbor. Total length 57 mm., the only specimen of this species taken. After comparison with a large number of specimens in the U. S. National Museum, we have decided that the present specimen is a female, the lack of spines on head being coincident with a narrow interorbital. Our example corresponds exactly with many females of similar size in the National Museum collection. The wide interorbital in other species has been found associated constantly with the male when any difference of this kind existed. For comparison, and because the horned fish may be met with, a description of an individual, presumably a male, taken in deep water in the Gulf Stream, is here given: Total length 77 mm.; head 3.5; depth 2.25; eye 3; interorbital 6; snout 4.5; maxillary 2.25; pectoral 2.15; D. 74; A. 60; scales 45. Head broad, wider across front of eyes than in female; muzzle less sharp; inter- orbital wide anteriorly, narrowing behind, concave, a ridge extending across from back part of upper orbit to side of anterior orbit in front (in the female this makes the ridge between the eyes); a sharp slender spine projecting forward from edge of upper part of the snout; 2 smaller ones from point of upper orbit; small one from side of snout near tip extending somewhat to one side; 2 from front of orbital rim or lower eye; knob at symphysis of lower jaw; head, as in the female, everywhere scaled. Fins evidently once had brown blotches. Formerly collected in deep water of Gulf Stream off southeast coast of New England; off Sand Key, Florida, in 44 fathoms; and in the Gulf of Mexico southward of Cape San Bias, in 60, 111, and 142 fathoms. Citharichthys unicornis Goode, Pror. U. S. N. M. 1880, 342, Gulf Stream southeast of New England; Jordan & Evermann, 1. c., 2G83, 1898. 278. Citharichthys spilopterus Gunther. Head about 3.75; depth about 2.25; eye 7.8; snout 5.8; maxillary 2.5; pectoral 2; P. 82; A. 61; scales (pores) 48. Body moderately elongate, much compressed; snout short, forming an angle with profile; jaws strongly curved, upper somewhat hooked over lower; lower jaw slightly included; maxil- lary reaching to posterior margin of lower orbit; teeth small, in a single row, anterior a little enlarged; interorbital area a low, narrow ridge, which is divided anteriorly; gillrakers short and rather slender; scales finely ctenoid on colored side; origin of dorsal above anterior edge of upper eye, slightly on blind side; origin of anal slightly behind base of pectoral. Color, light-brown mottled somewhat with darker; indistinct blotch on lateral line under tip of pectoral, one about middle of straight portion, and one at base of caudal; vertical fins with narrow elongate spots on rays vertically arranged, sometimes in pairs at more or less regular intervals. Description taken from specimen, 148 mm. total length, from Mayaguez. Everywhere abundant on sandy shores of the warmer parts of western Atlantic, in shallow water; specimens recorded from South Carolina, Florida, Cuba, and Brazil. The Porto Rican collection contains numerous individuals from Mayaguez, Aguadilla, San Antonio Bridge, San Juan, Playade Ponce, Palo Seco, Vieques, Caballo Blanco Reef, Puerto Real, Boqueron, and Fajardo. Citharichthys spilopterus Gunther, Cat.., IV, 421, 1862, New Orleans, Santo Domingo, and Jamaica; Jordan & Evermann 1. c., 2685, 1898. Citharichthys cayannensis Bleeker, Comptes Rcndus Acad. Sei. Amsterdam, XIII, 1862, 6, Cayenne; name only. Citharichthys guatcmalcnsis Bleeker, Neder. Tydschr. Diork.,1864, 73, Guatemala. 279. Citharichthys arenaceus Evermann & Marsh, new species. Head 3.8; depth nearly 2; eye 6; snout 5; maxillary 2.2; pectoral 1.8; D. 74; A. 54; pores 51. Body elliptical, rather deep; head deep; mouth large; snout not very prominent, making but a slight notch in front of upper eye; interorbital narrow, concave; eyes small, not close together; lateral line not arched, but from upper end of gill-opening directed slightly downward to about in a line with tip of pectoral, whence it extends directly backward to caudal fin; scales of colored side (left) finely ctenoid, with accessory scales along region of lateral line; rays of vertical fins and caudal with small scales, as is usual in flat-fishes; ventrals with 6 rays each. THE FISHES OF PORTO RICO. 327 Color light-gray, thickly spotted with olive, giving it a granitic appearance, the rays of all the fins with narrow alternating olive and gray crossbars; some rays of vertical fins with short oblong spots extending in the direction of the raj'; blind side pale. A small -eyed Citharichtliys, in this respect related to C. spilopterus, but, except in small examples, bearing scarcely any other resemblance to that species. It differs from G. spilopterus mainly in the general heavier appearance, being everywhere broader and thicker, and in its color. There are two unnamed specimens in the National Museum from Santo Domingo referable to this species, otherwise known only from Porto Rico. This description is from a specimen, 162 mm. in total length (type The following table of relative measurements of these specimens is given for comparison: Comparative measurements of 10 cotypes of Citharichtliys arenaceus. No. Total length. Length to base of caudal. Head. Depth. Eye. Snout. Maxil- lary. Pecto- ral. Dorsal. Anal. Pores. 1 162* 141 3.8 2 6. 17 5.3 2.33 1.5 74 54 50 2 130 110 3.75 2 5. 8 4.8 2.41 2.07 68 50 54 3 114 100 3.84 2.8 5.2 4.33 2.6 1.86 69 51 45 4 94 81 4. 05 2.14 5 5 2.5 2 70 50 48 5 95 82 3. 86 2. 1 5.25 4.66 2.33 2.1 70 53 48 C 95 81 3.86 2. 011 5.25 5.25 2.62 2.1 75 48 50 7 88 76 4 2.17 4. 75 4. 75 2.7 1.9 74 54 50 8 84 73 3.94 2.14 5.3 5.3 2.5 2. 05 75 53 49 9 77 65 3.8 2. 17 4.86 4.86 2.43 2.12 72 51 48 10 59 49 3.8 2. 33 4.33 4.33 2. 6 1.80 72 51 48 * The type. 328 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. One other specimen was collected January 19 at Mayaguez, 2 at Aguadilla January 18, and 1 at San Juan January 14. The two from Aguadilla may be described as follows: Measurements. No. 1. No. 2. 125 115 4 2. 16 5.8 5. 25 2. 63 2.25 73 52 46 123 116 4.14 2. 33 6.22 5.9 2.54 2.17 72 51 50 Length to base of caudal Head (about) Depth (about) Eye (about) Pectoral Dorsal Color of same general pattern, but with large brownish blotches over body and one on caudal peduncle. Fig. 107. — Etropus crossotus. Genus 158. ETROPUS Jordan & Gilbert. Eyes and color on left side. Body regularly oval, deep, and compressed. Head small; mouth very small, teeth close-set, slender, and pointed, somewhat incurved, mostly on blind side; no teeth on vomer. Eyes small, separated by a narrow, scaleless ridge; margin of preopercle free. Ventrals free from anal, that of colored side inserted on ridge of abdomen, its base rather long. Dorsal fin beginning above eye; caudal double-truncate; anal without spine. Scales thin, deciduous, ctenoid on left side, cycloid on blind side. Lateral line simple, nearly straight. This genus is very close to Citharichthys, from which it differs only in the very small size of mouth and in the correspondingly weak dentition. The 3 or 4 known species are similar in appearance to the species of Citharichthys and inhabit the same waters. Size small. Thysanopsetta, a South American genus, is also very close to Etropus and Citharichthys, but has teeth arranged in a band. The larval forms are translucent and symmetrical, as in Platophrys, Monolene, Arnoglossus, etc. a. Snout not acute; dorsal rays 75 to 85. b. Body comparatively elongate, depth rather less than one-half length. c. Dorsal rays 81; anal 58; head 4.25 in length; eye 3.5 in head; maxillary! microstomus cc. Dorsal rays 77; anal 61; head 4 in length; eye 3.5 in head; maxillary 4.33 rimosus bb. Body very deep, depth more than one-half length; eye 3.75 in head; maxillary 4; head 4.8; depth 1.8 to 2; D. 76 to 85; A. 56 to 67; scales 42 to 48; cirri on subopercle of blind side very numerous, white; olive ground, with darker blotches; fins sanded crossotus, 280 THE FISHES OF PORTO RICO. 329 280. Etropus crossotus Jordan & Gilbert. Head 4. 8 in length; depth 1.75 to 2; I>. 76 to 85; A. 56 to 67; V. 6; scales 42 to 48; vertebrae 9 -(-25 = 34. Body oval and strongly compressed, with the dorsal and ventral curves nearly equal; both outlines strongly arched anteriorly, body much deeper in the adult; head very small; snout short; mouth very small, its cleft not so long as diameter of orbit; teeth conical, pointed, close-set, strongly incurved, in a single series, those in upper jaw on the blind side only, those on lower jaw on both sides; eyes large, lower in advance of upper, separated by a very narrow scaleless ridge, which extends backward above the preopercle; edge of opercle on blind side with a row of conspicuous white cilia; upper nostril turned somewhat to blind side; anterior nostril on left side, with a very slender chrus; dorsal fin commencing over front of upper eye, its middle rays highest, anterior not elevated; anal fin not preceded by a spine, its middle rays highest; caudal fin very sharply double-truncate, as long as head; pectorals short, that of left side the longer, about three-fourths length of head; ventral of colored side on ridge of abdomen, the membrane of its last rays nearly reaching base of first ray of anal; ventral of blind side longer than the other, one-half length of head, inserted farther forward than that of colored side; vent lateral, with well-developed anal papilla. Scales thin, large, ctenoid on colored side, smooth on blind side, those on middle part of body larger; head entirely scaly, except the snout and interorbital ridge; rays of vertical fins with scales on basal half, on colored side; lateral line developed equally on both sides, nearly straight. Color, olive-brown, with some darker blotches, most distinct in larger specimens; vertical fins finely mottled and streaked with black and gray; pectoral and ventral on left side spotted. Tropical America on both coasts, north to Cerros Island and North Carolina, south to Panama and Rio Janeiro; recorded from Charleston, Cedar Keys, New Orleans, Galveston, Beaufort, N. C., Mazatlan, Panama, from localities along both sides of coast of Lower California, and from several places in Florida. Specimens before us are from Mayaguez, Palo Seco, and Arroyo, Porto Rico. Etropus crossotus Jordan & Gilbert, Proe. U. S. N. M. 1881, 364, Mazatlan; Jordan & Evermann, 1. e., 2689, 1898. Family LXXIV. SOLEIDdi. The Soles. Body oblong or elongate, usually scaly; mouth very small, much twisted toward eyed side; teeth in villiform bands, very small or obsolete; eyes small, close together, with or without a bony ridge between them; edge of preopercle adnate, concealed by skin and scales; gill-openings narrow, gill- membranes adnate to shoulder-girdle above; pectoral fins small or wanting; ventral fins small, one or both sometimes wanting. Small fishes living on sandy bottoms, similar to the Pleuronecticlx in structure, but much degraded, the fins and teeth having lost many distinctive qualities; the vertebra? usually in increased numbers. The soles are numerous in the warm seas, and those of sufficient size are valued as food. They comprise about 12 genera and 150 species. They are naturally divisible into 3 subfamilies, each quite distinct from the others, and possibly independently descended or degraded from normal Pleuronectidx. The North American species belong to 2 subfamilies, very different one from the other. The Achirinx, or American soles, are apparently allied to the Pseltinx, the ventral fin of eyed side extending along ridge of abdomen. The Soleinse, or European soles, show in the insertion of ventral and in other respects a strong resemblance to the Pleuronectinx. The more aberrant Cynoglossinx, or tongue-fishes, are perhaps degraded Soleinse, but the eyes are sinistral, as in the Pseltinx. In the Soleinx and Achirinx the eyes are dextral, as in the Pleuronectinx. Achirin;e: I. Soles with eyes on right side and separated by a distinct bony ridge; ventral with long base confluent with anal. Body oblong or ovate, with coloron rightside; eyes moderate or small, upper eye usually more or less inadvance of lower; mouth small, more or less twisted toward blind side; teeth little developed, in villiform bands; edge of opercle adnate, usually concealed by scales; gill-openings more or less narrowed, gill-membranes adnate to shoulder-girdle above; blind side of head usually with fringes; pectoral fins small, sometimes wanting; ventral fins developed, one or both of them sometimes obsolete; scales usually ctenoid, rarely wanting, lateral line straight, usually single; right ventral with extended base, confluent with anal fin. a. Gill-openings of moderate extent, confluent below; vertical fins well separated; body ovate in outline, depth nearly one-half length; pectoral fins rudimentary or wanting; lateral line straight; scales well developed, etenoid more or less enlarged on head, those of blind side of head with fringes; vertebra? about 28 Achirus, 159 aa. Gill-openings very small, separate, each reduced to a small slit below angle of opercle; right ventral beginning at chin; pectoral fins minute or wanting; lateral line straight; snout dilated, dorsal beginning upon it. 330 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. b. Scales present, ctenoid; caudal somewhat confluent with dorsal. c. Left ventral rudimentary, with 2 rays Apionichthys bb. Scales none; caudal free from dorsal and anal Gymnachirus Cynoglossinje: If. Soles with eyes on left side, not separated by a bony ridge. Body elongate, more or less lanceolate in outline, with color on left side. cl. Ventral fin of eyed side only present, free from anal; no pectoral fins; no lateral line; head without fringes. Symphurus, 1(H) Genus 159. ACHLRUS Lacepede. American Soles. Eyes and color on the right side. Body oblong, bluntly rounded anteriorly. Head small; eyes small, close together, upper eye in advance of lower, the two separated by a bony ridge; mouth small, somewhat turned toward colored side; nasal flaps present, nostril of blind side fringed; lip of colored side fringed; teeth very small, on blind side only ; gill-openings rather narrow, but confluent below, not reduced to a slit; branchiostegal region scaled. Head closely scaled everywhere, scales on colored side similar to those on body, those of nape and chin much enlarged; scales on blind side anteriorly with their pectinations more or less produced, forming cirri; scales of both sides extremely rough, extending on fins. Lateral line straight, simple; edge of preopercle covered by scales. Dorsal beginning on snout, low in front and thickly scaled, its rays divided; anal fin similar, without spine; caudal tin free, convex; caudal peduncle very short and deep; pectoral fin of left side wanting, that of right side small or obsolete; ventral rays 3 or 4, ventral fin of colored side long, connected with anal by a membrane. This strongly marked genus contains numerous species, all very closely related, and nearly all American. It, has been united by Dr. Gunther with Solea, but for no good reason, as the number of vertebra; is very much fewer than in the European soles, and the right ventral fin is decurrent along the abdomen and united with the anal in the American soles, while it is short and wholly free in all the European forms. The two groups belong in fact to distinct subfamilies. It is also worth noticing that, the name Achirus is prior in date to that of Solea. The species with rudimentary pectoral fins have been set apart 1 >v Dr. Bean to form the genus Baiosloma, but, the very slight development of these organs in some of the species and the evidently very close relationship of them all lead us to regard Baiosloma as a subgenus only. If we follow Kaup in restricting the name Achirus to the Asiatic group called Pardachirus, the present, genus would receive the name of Trinectes. It seems to us, however, that both Lacepede and Cuvier regarded the species called by us A. jasciatus as the type of their genus Achirus. Baiostoma: a. Pectoral fins small, present at least on right side. b. Pectoral fins present on both sides, that of left side rudimentary, of a single ray; of eyed side with about 3 rays. r. Dorsal rays GO to G7; anal rays about 48. Color brownish, irregularly spotted with darker, and with about 10 black vertical lines crossing lateral line achirus cc. Dorsal rays 53 to 57. Color olivaceous inscriptus, 281 bb. Pectoral of right side only present. d. Dorsal rays 50 to 58; anal rays 38 to 48. r. Pectoral fin of 4 to 6 rays, considerably longer than eye; body with 8 to 10 narrow, vertical dark bars, these some- times obsolete with age lineatus, 282 Achirus: aa. Pectoral fins wholly wanting; dorsal rays 50 to 55; anal rays 37 to 46; right lower lip fringed; left nostril with some fringes; depth l.S in length; head 4; none of scales of eyed side with hair-like appendages. Color dusky- olive, more or less mottled with about 8 dark vertical stripes, these varying very much in width and number; caudal spotted fasciatus 281. Achirus inscriptus Gosse. Head 3.75 in body; depth 1.75; D. 53 to 57; A. 40; scales 75 to 80;- interorbital width less than eye; upper eye in advance of lower. Pectoral present on each side, that of left side rudimentary, usually of a single ray; that of eyed side with about 3; left ventral with 1 or 2 small rays, in some specimens entirely absent; right ventral joined to anal. Scales smaller and less rough than usual in this genus, those of nape scarcely enlarged on eyed side, those of blind side much fringed; scales of colored side with scattered hair-like appendages, some black, others pale. Vertebrae 8 +20 = 28. Color, olivaceous; head, body, dorsal, and anal fins covered with a network of dark lines; traces of about 8 dark cross-streaks sometimes present,; caudal base dusky. One specimen, 46 mm. long, from Palo Seco, has the color rather darker than usual, dark network so distinct that lighter ground-color shows as distinct light-gray spots; large round black spots scattered over side and vertical fins; no cross- streaks; caudal very pale with but a trace of dusk}’ markings. Another individual, from San Antonio THE FISHES OF PORTO RICO. 331 Bridge, is very darkly colored, due to intensity of black network and darker gray ground-color; blind side somewhat dusted over with brown specks, which grade into solid blue-black on caudal peduncle; caudal fin abruptly pale with few faint dusky dots; vertical fins very dark on blind side, rays paler. A specimen, 77 mm. long, from Aguadilla possesses 3 rays in each pectoral fin and is the only one of the collection having cross-streaks, of which there are about 8. An inhabitant of the West Indies, north to southern Florida. It. has been recorded from Haiti, Key West, and Cape Florida. This collection contains specimens from station 6063 (in Mayaguez Harbor in 75 fathoms), Fajardo, Palo Seco, Aguadilla, San Antonio Bridge, and San Juan. Achirus inscriptus Gosse, Nat. Sojourn Jamaica, 52, pl.l, fig. 4,1851, Jamaica; Jordan & Evermann, l.c., 2696, 1898. Monochir retieulaius Poey, Memorias, II, 317, 1861, Cuba. Fig. 108. — Achirus lineatus. 282. Achirus lineatus (Linnpeus). Plead 3.5; depth about 1.5; D. 49 to 58; A. 38 to 44; scales 75 to 85. Pectoral fin of right side only developed, of 4 to 6 rays, considerably longer than eye. Body with 8 to 10 narrow, vertical dark bars, these sometimes obsolete with age; vertical fins all with round dark spots, these usually especially distinct on caudal fin; some of scales of eyed side with black, hair-like appendages; pectoral fin with 5 or 6 rays, about 3 in head, its length equal to distance from outer edge of one eye to outer edge of other. Color, brown, the young spotted with whitish, the adults sometimes with darker; body with about 8 narrow, vertical cross-streaks of blackish. West Indies and Brazil, Florida Keys to Uruguay; common and variable. Recorded from Jamaica and Cienfuegos in the West Indies and from both coasts of Florida. Specimens at hand are from San Juan market. Palo Seco, Boqueron, and Vieques, Porto Rico. Passer lineis transversis notatus Sloane, Jamaica, 2, 77, pi. 246, fig. 2, 1725, Jamaica. Pleuronectcs fuscus subrotundus glaber Browne, Jamaica, 445, 1756, Jamaica. Pleuronectes lineatus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. X, 268, 1758, Jamaica; based on Browne and Sloane; not or ed. XII, which is Achirus fasciatus. Monochir maculipinnis Agassiz, Spix, Pise. Brasil., 88, pi. 49, 1829, Brazil; Poey, Fauna Puerto-Riquena, 341, 1881; Stahl, 1. c., 166, 1883. Baiostoma brachialis Bean, Proc. U. S. N. M. 1882, 413, Apalachicola Bay and south Florida. Achirus comifer Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U.S.N.M. 1884,31, Key West. Achirus lineatus, Jordan & Evermann, 1. c. , 2698, 1898. 332 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. Genus 160. SYMPHURUS Rafinesque. Tongue-fishes. Body elongate, more or less lanceolate in outline, with eyes and color on left side; eyes small, very close together, with no distinct interorbital ridge between them; mouth small, twisted toward blind side; teeth little developed, in villiform bands; edge of preopercle covered by scales; gill-openings narrow, gill-membranes adnate to shoulder-girdle above, joined together and free from isthmus below; pectoral tins wanting (in adult); vertical fins more or less confluent; scales ctenoid ; lateral line wanting. Ventral fin of eyed side only present, free from anal; head without fringes. Symphurus: а. Scales not minute, ctenoid, 65 to 105 in number; dorsal rays 86 to 100; anal rays 70 to 87. б. Scales rather large, about 65; head 4.33; depth 4.33; color, clouded-brown piger bb. Scales small, moderately ctenoid, 75 to 105 in a longitudinal series. c. Dorsal and anal pale anteriorly, becoming more or less abruptly black posteriorly. d. Caudal fin abruptly pale, at least at tip. e. Body elongate, depth 4.5 in length; head 5.5. D. 96 to 100; A. 86 or 87; scales 88 to 90. Color, grayish, speckled with brown; dorsal and anal fins black on last tenth; caudal abruptly pale; tips of fin rays vermilion .. . mafginatus dd. Caudal fin black, as is a large part of dorsal and anal, black either continuous or in form of large spots. Color, brownish, often mottled, usually with more or less distinct darker crossbands and with longitudinal streaks along rows of scales, sometimes nearly plain brown. /. Scales rather larger, 75 to 90. Body less elongate, depth 3.1 to 3.66 in length; head 5.25 to 5.75. Dorsal 88 to 95; anal 75 to 80 plagusia, 283 cc. Dorsal and anal pale throughout, or more or less mottled or spotted with darker, caudal similarly colored, not distinctly black. Body not very elongate, depth 3 to 3.33 in length. (Probably all varieties of S. plagiusa.) g. Body with dark crossbands more or less distinct; fins mottled or speckled; upper eye slightly in advance of lower. h. Dorsal rays 86 to 95; anal rays 75 to 80; head 5 in length ; depth 3.25; scales 85 to 93; crossbands more distinct than in related species plagiusa hh. Dorsal rays 78 to 85; anal rays 70 to 72; head 5 in length; depth 3.5; scales 80 to 90. Color, light-brown, with darker crossbars, which become obsolete with age pusillus gg. Body uniform grayish, without crossbands; last part of dorsal and anal with 3 or 4 oblong black blotches; each some- what larger than eye; upper eye directly above lower; head 5.66 in length. Scales 85; D. 92; A. 75. . diumedeanus Acedia: an. Scales very small, ctenoid, each with a medium dark streak, which simulates a keel, but is not a ridge; snout and jaws naked; fin rays in increased number. i. Head 5.66; depth 4.66; D. 119; A. 107; scales 120. Grayish, everywhere mottled with brown nebulosus 283. Symphurus plagusia Bloch & Schneider. Tongue-fish ,. Head 5.25; depth about 3.5; T). 88; A. 76; scales 90. Body rather elongate. Color, brown, somewhat clouded; narrow longitudinal lines along rows of scales, posterior part of dorsal and anal and caudal black; dark bars on dorsal and anal in direction of rays. The black caudal has been considered the mark distinguishing this species from the closely-related form >$'. plagiusa, from which otherwise, according to descriptions, it differs but little. Specimens at hand from Porto Rico show nearly all grades of coloration of the two forms which with measurements cover pretty well the two species. But all of the Porto Rican specimens are undoubtedly of the same species. They have been compared with specimens of S. plagiusa. The few specimens of the latter examined revealed none with black caudal, but they differed in no other respect, unless possibly in the slightly larger head and eyes. There can be little doubt but t hat the two forms are as nearly identical as are the two names. Some individuals are plain brown, with longitudinal streaks of darker along rows of scales, or with distinct broad crossbars; or with irregular cross-mottling not arranged in definite bands. All of these colors may vary from faint and light to very dark and distinct. The fins are sometimes nearly plain, but usually with more or less numerous narrow dark bars running in direction of fin rays. Color of caudal rays ranging from pale, through longitudinally barred and dusky to very black. West Indies to Brazil; common. Specimens have been taken at Havana and in Jamaica; in Porto Rico it is known from Palo Seco, Ponce, Mayaguez, Boqueron, and Hucares. The only record from Florida is “ Off Key West, in about 20 fathoms” (Carman). THE FISHES OF PORTO RICO. 333 Measurements of 15 specimens of Symphurus plagusia, showing variations. Locality. Total length. Length to base of caudal. Head. Depth. D. A. Scales. Color of tail. Mayaguez 146 137 5. 25 3.5 88 76 90 Black. Do . 92 85 5. 33 3.25 90 74 79 Pale. Palo Seco 120 113 5. 33 3.05 88 t 1 82 Verv black. Do 103 96 5. 05 3.43 95 80 86 Black. Do 94 87 5. 12 3.5 96 75 87 Do. Do 108 100 5.6 3.6 96 83 88 Do. Do 109 103 6. 44 3.5 96 83 88 Do. Boqueron 117 109 5.5 3.5 96 79 83 Verv dusky. 109 103 5. 15 3.21 96 76 82 1 )usky. Do 93. 5 86 5.25 3.5 93 82 Do 88 82 5. 12 3.25 91 75 78 Barred. Do 85 78 5.2 3.37 93 80 Do 68 64 5 3. 66 93 78 78 Plain pale. 1 1 ucares 90 85 5.33 3.5 92 75 87 Pale. Do 91 84 5.25 3.5 94 79 82 Do. Plagusia, Browne, Jamaica, 445, No. 1, 1756, Jamaica. Pleuronectes plagusia Bloch & Schneider, Syst. Ichth., 162, 1801, Jamaica; after Browne. Achirus ornatus Lacepede, Hist. Nat. Poiss., IV, 659, 1803, on a specimen “presented by Holland to France." Plagusia lessellata Quoy & Gaimard, Voyage Uranie, Zoologie, 240, 1824, Rio Janeiro. Plagusia brasiliensis Agassiz, Spix, Pise. Brasil., 89, tab. 50, 1829, Brazil. Aphoristia ornata , Poey, Fauna Puerto-Riquena, 341, 1881; Stahl, 1. c., 80 and 166, 1883. Symphurus plagusia. Jordan & Evermann, 2709, 1898. Family LXXV. ANTENNARIID^. The Frog-fishes. Head and body more or less compressed. Mouth vertical or very oblique, opening upward; lower jaw projecting; jaws with cardiform teeth; premaxillaries protractile. Gill-openings small, pore-like, in or behind lower axils of pectorals. No pseudobranchise. Gills 2.5 or 3; skin naked, smooth, or prickly. Pectoral members forming an elbow-like angle. Pseudobrachia long, with 3 actinosts. Ventral fins present, jugular, near together. Spinous dorsal of 1 to 3 separated, tentacle- like spines; soft dorsal long, larger than anal. Pyloric creca none. The Antennariiclie comprise about 5 genera and 50 species, inhabitants of tropical seas, “living on floating seaweed, and enabled, by filling the capacious stomach with air, to sustain themselves on the surface of the water”; therefore widely dispersed by currents in the sea. The different species display the most grotesque forms and appearance; and, as Dr. Gunther well says, there is none, perhaps, in which the singular organization of the fish is more distinctly seen to be in consonance with its habits; and there is none in which mimicry and protective coloration and organization are more strongly or more beautifully exemplified. “The habits of all are equally sluggish and inactive. They are found in all warm seas and are very bad swimmers. Those found near the coasts lie on the bottom of the sea, holding on with their arm-like pectoral fins to seaweeds or stones,” among which they conceal themselves. Their colors and dermal filaments resemble the seaweeds very closely and render the fish extremely difficult of detection. The species of pelagic habits attach themselves to floating Sargassum or other floating seaweed and are carried about by the winds and currents. a. Head compressed; a rostral spine or tentacle, followed by 2 larger spines; palatine teeth developed; dorsal spines disconnected. b. Skin naked and smooth; ventral fins elongate Pterophryne, 161 bb. Skin covered with prickles; ventral fins short Antennarius, 162 aa. Head cuboid; a single rostral spine or tentacle, received in a groove; soft dorsal low Chaunax,163 Genus 161. PTEROPHRYNE Gill. Mouse-fish. Body smooth or scarcely granular, short, somewhat compressed, with tumid abdomen; mouth small, oblique; palate with teeth; wrist and pectoral fin slender; ventrals elongated; soft dorsal and anal vertically expanded. Small fishes of fantastic shape in the West Indies and the Gulf Stream. a. “Bait” on first dorsal spine bifurcate at tip - histno aa. “Bait” on first dorsal spine bulbous, covered with fleshy filaments gibba, 284 334 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 284. Pterophryne g-ibba (Mitchill). Sapo; Pescador. Garman refers to this species certain specimens obtained in Gulf weed about Key West and the Tortugas. These resemble P. hislrio, but “differ markedly in certain respects. The bait on first dorsal spine, for instance, is bulbous and covered with slender fleshy filaments in our individuals, but in P. hislrio it is bifurcate. P. gihba is fairly represented by Cuvier, 1817, in his ChAronectes hcvigcttus. The formula for the individuals in hand is D. in, 12; A. 7; V. 5; P. 10; C. 9.” (Garman.) West Indies north to Key West and the Tortugas; not seen by us in Porto Rico but recorded from there by Professor Poey and Dr. Stahl; probably not uncommon but often confounded with P. hislrio. Lophius gibbus Mitchill, Trans. Lit. and Phil. Soc. N.Y. 1815, I, pi. 4, fig. 9. Chironectes Ixvigatus Cuvier, M<5m. du Mus., Ill, 423, pi. 16, fig. 1,1817, South Carolina. fChironeclcs sonntagii Baron J. W. von Muller, Reisen in den Vereinigten Staaten, Canada, und Mexico, Band I, 180, 1864, in floating seaweed; no exact locality stated. Pterophryne Ixvigala, Poey, Fauna Puerto-Riquena, 340, 1881; Stahl, 1. c., 79 and 165, 1883. Pterophryne gihba, Jordan & Evermann, 1. c., 2717, 1898. Genus 162. ANTENNARIUS Lacepede. Body oblong, compressed, very deep through occipital region, tapering behind; breast tumid; mouth rather large, more or less oblique, or even vertical; cardiform teeth on jaws, vomer, and palatines; eye small; skin with small granules or spinules, these usually forked, and numerous fleshy slips. First dorsal spine developed as a small rostral tentacle; second and third dorsal spines strong, covered with skin, with numerous fleshy filaments; soft dorsal high and long; anal short and deep; caudal fin rounded, peduncle free; pectoral fins wide, with a rather wide wrist, at lower posterior angle of which are the very small gill-openings; ventral fins short. Fantastic-looking fishes, very numerous in warm seas, especially in parts of the sea with floating .vegetation; not rarely individuals are found far from their native latitudes, carried by currents to the coasts of Norway and New Zealand. Their power of swimming is very imperfect. When near the coast they conceal themselves among corals, stones, or fucus, holding on to the ground by means of their arm-like pectoral fins. The extraordinary range of some of the species which inhabit the Atlantic as well as the Indo-Pacific Ocean, is the consequence of their habit of attaching themselves to floating objects. Their coloration is so similar to their surroundings that it is hardly possible to distinguish the fish from a stone or coral covered with vegetation. Their way of attracting and seizing their prey is evidently the same as in the other fishes of this family. Almost all the species are highly colored, but the pattern of colors varies exceedingly. These fishes do not attain any considerable size, and probably never exceed a length of 10 inches. A great number of species have been distinguished by ichthyologists, but probably not more than twenty are known at present. (Gunther.) A dozen American species of this interesting genus have been recognized, 9 of which occur in the West Indies. The other 3 are found in the Gulf of California and southward on our Pacific coast. Of the 9 West Indian species only 3 have as yet been taken in Porto Rico. a. Bulbous tip or “ bait” of first dorsal spine simple, undivided at tip. b. Skin smoothish except about eyes; first dorsal spine short, second rough. Body brown, with whitish spots; no ocelli inops, 285 66. Skin with prickles, velvety or sliagreen-like. c. Prickles simple, none of them bifid. d. Color black; tips of pectorals and ventrals and one or two spots on side white (prickles undescribed) principis dd. Color dusky; dorsal with 3 ocelli; caudal with many spots; first dorsal longer than second; no dermal flaps, tenebfosus cc. Prickles or spinules on body mostly bifid. e. Body with 3 large ocelli, 1 on dorsal, 1 on caudal, and 1 on middle of side, besides many black spots and streaks; tip of first dorsal spine fringed; mouth largely black within ocellalus aa. Bulbous tip or “bait” on first dorsal spine bifid at tip; skin shagreen-like. /. Color reddish, with brown spots, those about eye radiating. g. Dermal flaps numerous on body; spinules on skin short and stiff, rendering surface shagreen-like scabcr, 286 gg. Dermal flaps few; spinules on skin longer and slender, rendering surface velvety tigris ff. Color uniform black; surface of body rough, shagreen-like; inside of mouth white; first dorsal spine short, little longer than second nuttingii, 287 aaa. Bulbous tip or ” bait” of first dorsal spine trifid. h. First dorsal ray twice as long as second and as long as caudal; sides with numerous black ocelli, besides other streaks and dark spots; skin smoothish multioccllatus hh. First dorsal spine barely one-half longer than second; shorter than caudal; sides with dark streaks and reticula- tions; a large ocellus under middle of soft dorsal; body rough, with shagreen radiosus THE FISHES OF PORTO RICO. 335 285. Antennarius inops Poey. Depth 2.75 with caudal. Skin lustrous, smooth, except for some points behind and below eye; third of first 3 dorsal rays largest, its membrane not reaching to vent; second ray also large, but shorter, placed between eyes; first spine developed as a fishing-rod, filiform, ending in a small, mem- branaceous lobe, its base close to that of second, and therefore distant from end of snout, its spine short, tip not reaching middle of second spine; short tentacles, like horns, on anterior part of third spine, over nostrils and under mouth; caudal rounded; pectoral so joined that it can not be turned forward as usual in this group, but rising obliquely backward and upward. Eye slightly longer than snout; mouth brown within. Color brown, with white spots on body and median fins, 6 of the largest of these each with the center yellowish, largest from once to twice diameter of eye; spots on dorsal fins small; eye golden. This species reaches a length of about 3 inches. It is known only from Porto Rico, whence it was originally described; not obtained by us. Antennarius inops Poey, Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., X, 1881, 340, Porto Rico; Jordan &Evermann, ].t\, 2718, 1898. 1 Antennarius portoricensis, Stahl, 1. c., 246, 1882, Porto Rico. 286. Antennarius scaber (Cuvier) . (Pi. ATE 48. ) D. hi— 12; A. 7; P. 9 or 10. Anterior dorsal spine as long as second, and provided with 2 long and thick cutaneous flaps at its tip; third dorsal spine not continuous with the soft dyrsal; soft dorsal fin terminating at some distance from the caudal, its last ray not extending to root of caudal, if laid backward; dorsal spines, head, back, and sides of body with more or less numerous cutaneous fringes, those of dorsal spines sometimes forming a dense cluster; skin very rough, covered with small spines. Ground-color yellowish or reddish brown, brightest on hack and underneath; body covered with large, irregularly-rounded or oblong brownish spots; head with similar oblong spots; a series of 9 or 10 brown lines radiating from pupil; fins all light-brown or rosy at base, paler on distal portion, each with a number of large roundish black or brownish spots, darkest on anal and pectoral; a series of pale-greenish blotches on interradial membranes near outer margin of each fin; bait pale-yellowish, stem paler; second and third dorsal spines rich brown. A fish of small size from the Caribbean Sea; known from St. Lucia, Martinique, and Porto Rico; only one specimen, 3 inches long, seined on the coral reef at Mayaguez. Ckironectes scaber Cuvier, M6ro. Mus., Ill, 425, pi. 16. fig. 2, 1817, Martinique. Antennarius scaber, Jordan & Evermann, 1. c., 2722, 1898. 287. Antennarius nutting-ii Garman. “ Murciilngo.” (Plate 49.) D. ni-12; A. 7; V. 5; P. 11; C. 9. In form this species is shorter, more massive anteriorly, and less compressed than either A. ocellatus or A. radiosus. A tranverse section across middle of body is a nearly equilateral triangle. Caudal region short. Head nearly as wide as high; cheeks swollen; fore- head rather broad, converging forward on edges. Occipital concavity wide and deep, free from scales in a wide space below ends of first and second dorsal rays, this bare space being apparently for the recep- tion of the fleshy bait-bulb, which latter has 2 elongate lobes. Snout as long as orbit, broad, truncate; chin vertical; symphyseal knob prominent. Mouth wide, subvertical. Eye small; orbit twice as long, hardly more than one-half interorbital space. First and second dorsal rays equal in length, not inclusive of the 2 elongate fleshy-fringed lobes surmounting first; base of first ray standing forward prominently over mouth, being free for some distance; greater portion of second ray free, while the third is connected with the dorsum by the skin, from base nearly to tip. This last ray is larger than either of its fellows. Soft dorsal large, middle rays longest, as long as distance from maxillary to hind edge of operculum, or as long as rays of caudal fin; fin not reaching back to base of caudal rays, fringed; hind margin of caudal convex, fringed; anal moderate, rays prominent in the margin, fin with a blunt angle on outer edge, subtending, when laid up against the tail, one-fourth or more of the length of the caudal rays; rays on pectoral fins extending out beyond margins more noticeably than those of other fins; ventrals small, in most instances with 6 points on outer margin, in one case having but 5; greatest length of caudal nearly one-fourth of total length; length of each maxillary two-thirds of caudal; scales short, small, close-set, harsh to the touch, having none of the velvety appearance. 336 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. Color in life: Entire body and head and bases of all fins black, with washing of rusty-brownish; middle of dorsal fin and outer parts of other fins more rusty; margin of dorsal black; each of the other fins with a distinct but narrow creamy-white border; bait white; inside of mouth black. Until now this fish was known only from the Bahama Banks, where the type was collected by the Nutting expedition. Two specimens, each about 1.75 inches long, were obtained near the coral reef at Mayaguez, in company with the specimen of A. scaber. Antennarius nuttingii Garman, Bull. Iowa Lab. Nat. Hist. 1896, 83, pi. II, Great Bahama Banks; Jordan & Evermann, 1.0., 2723, 1898. Genus 163. CHAUNAX Lowe. Head very large, depressed, cuboid. Mouth large, subvertical; jaws and palate with bands of small teeth. Skin with small, sharp spines. Spinous dorsal reduced to a small tentacle above snout, retractile into a groove; soft dorsal moderate, low; anal short' ventrals small. Gills 2.5; no pseudo- branchne. Muciferous channels very conspicuous, lateral line prominent, undulate; another series of mucous tubes extending from lower jaws to axil; still another extending backward from snout and maxillary to a point behind eye, when it ceases, uniting with a vertical line which extends from lateral line to lower line, these lines thus inclosing a quadrate area on cheek. Gill-opening small, well behind pectoral under front of soft dorsal. Small, fantastic, deep-sea fishes. a. Dorsal rays 11; anal 5; depth 2.5 in length pictus, 288 aa. Dorsal rays 13; anal 7; depth 2.4 in length nuttingii 288. Chaunax pictus Lowe. Head 1.6; depth 2.5; D. i, 11; A. 5; P. 11; V. 4; C. 7. Rostral tentacle short, pedicellate; muciferous channels appearing as chain-like rows of pits. Color in spirits: Pale, with faint rosy shades persisting on back, caudal peduncle, and sides of head. Deep waters of the Atlantic; known from Madeira, Soudan, Cape Verde, Barbados, off Rhode Island, and elsewhere in the Gulf Stream, in 130 to 428 fathoms. Our single specimen, 2 inches in length, was taken in the beam trawl at Fish Hawk station 6070, 9 miles from Mayaguez, in 220 fathoms. Chaunax pictus Lowe, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1846, 339, Madeira; Jordan & Evermann, 1. c., 2726, 1898. ? Chaunax fimbria tus Hilgendorf, Sitzber. Ges. Naturf. Freunde 1879, 80, Sea of Japan. tChaunax nuttingii Garman, Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist. Iowa Univ. 1896, 85, near Sand Key light, Florida, in 120 fathoms. Family LXXVI. 0GC0CEPHALM. The Bat-fishes. Head very broad and depressed, snout more or less elevated, trunk short and slender. Mouth not large, subterminal or inferior, lower jaw included; teeth villiform or cardiform. Gill-openings very small, above and behind axils of pectoral fins. Body and head covered with bony tubercles or spines. Spinous dorsal reduced to a small rostral tentacle, which is retractile into a cavity under a prominent process on forehead; in one genus the rostral tentacle is obsolete; soft dorsal and anal fins small and short; ventrals well developed; pectoral fin well developed, its base strongly angled, with long pseudobrachia and 3 actinosts. Branchiostegals 5; no pseudobranchue. There are 8 genera and about 30 species of these fishes, chiefly American, some of them in the deep sea. THE FISHES OF PORTO RICO. 837 Ogcocephaunac: а. Disk with frontal region elevated and the snout more or less produced forward; the tail stout; orbits lateral: teeth on vomer and palatines; rostral tentacle present. б. Gills 2.5; disk longer than broad Ogcocephai,us,164 Halieutin/e: aa. Disk with frontal region depressed, not elevated above the rest; eyes partly superior; snout rounded, obtuse in front; tail slender. c. Dorsal fin present. d. Vomer and palatines with teeth Halieutichth ys, 165 dd. Vomer and palatines toothless. e. Disk subcircular; gills 2.5. /. Mouth rather small, terminal; prickles feeble Hameutella ee. Disk subtriangular; gills 2; prickles very strong Dibranchus Fig. 110. — Ogcoceplialus rexpertilh,, dorsal view. Genus 164. 0GC0CEPHALUS Fischer. Sea Bats. Body stoutish, tapering backward; head very broad and depressed, triangular in form, forehead elevated and produced. Eyes large, lateral. Mouth rather small, subinferior under s.mut; villiform teeth in bands, on jaws, vomer, and palatines. Skin covered with rough, bony tubercles. Dorsal and anal fins very small; rostral tentacle present, retractile into a cavity under a bony prominence on forehead; ventrals present, i, 5, well separated; pectorals large, placed horizontally. Gills 2.5. No air-bladder; no pyloric cseea. Tropical America, in shallow water. Small fishes of singular form, often regarded by the ignorant as venomous. a. Snout produced, rostral process pointed, 6 to 10 in length of body vespertilio, 289 aa. Snout short, rostral process 12 to 15 times in length of body nasutus aaa. Snout short, rostral tubercle reduced to a button-like tubercle, which is about 25 times in length of body. . radiafus F. C. B. 1900—22 338 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 289. Ogcocephalus vespertilio (Linnaeus). Bat-fish; Diablo; Murcielago de Mar. Head, from tip of upper jaw to gill-opening, nearly one-half the length; depth 5 in length from upper jaw to base of caudal; width 1.8; D. 4; A. 4; rostral process from 6 to 10 (9 in our specimens from Havana); pectoral 4.5; ventral 6; caudal 4.25. Body stoutish, much depressed, rostral process longer than in other species, variable in length; mouth small, maxillary reaching nearly to posterior margin of eye; villiform teeth in bands, on jaws, vomer, and palatines; interorbital flatfish, its width less at anterior end of eyes than at posterior; rostral groove longer than broad; body covered with bony protuberances, variable in size, and not very definite in position, lower parts with a shagreen-like covering; posterior edge of pectorals much behind middle of body; ventrals long, reaching outward to edge of the disk-like anterior part of body; origin of dorsal over posterior edge of pectoral; anal under vertical of tips of dorsal rays, and reaching nearly to base of caudal. Pale grayish-brown above, reddish below; back with round black spots, conspicuous in life, but growing fainter and sometimes disappearing in spirits; belly in life a ''nppery-red; pectoral nearly plain dusky. West Indies, north to the Florida Keys; common in shallow water. Length 12 inches. Recorded from Porto Rico by Professor Poey and Dr. Stahl. Here described from a specimen from Havana, Cuba, about 10 inches in length. The length of snout is subject to great variation, but it is never short and button-like, as in 0. radiatus. Lophius vespertilio Linnseus, Syst. Nat., ed. X, 1, 236, 1758, American Seas; after Lophiusfronti imicorni of Artedi. Malthesea longirostris Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XII, 452, 1837, Bahia. Malthe vespertilio , Poey, Fauna Puerto-Riquefia, 311, 1881; Stahl. 1. c., 79 and 165, 18S3. Ogcocephalus vespertilio, Jordan & Evermann, 1. c., 2737, 1898. Genus 165. HALIEUTICHTHYS Poey. Disk, subcircular, anteriorly cordiform, head merging into body, very large and much depressed; cranial portion not elevated; interorbital space low and narrow; eyes partly superior; mouth terminal, horizontal, jaws subequal, the lower jaw nearly semicircular; teeth fine, on jaws and palate. Gills 2.5; no gillrakers; gill-openings anterior to pectoral; rostral tentacle very small, rectractile; dorsal and anal few-rayed; pectoral large; carpus slender; caudal rounded; skin above sparsely armed with stellate tubercles; lower surface smooth. a. Surface of body covered with brownish reticulations aculeatus, 290 aa. Surface of body blackish, not reticulate; pectoral with a broad black bar. b. Eye 4; interorbital 2 in eye; nostrils comparatively remote smithii 291 bb. Eye smaller; interorbital narrower; nostrils nearer together caribbseus 290. Halieutichthys aculeatus (Mitehill). Head 1.8; depth 6; eye 5; interorbital 1.8 in eye, 8 or 9 in body; D. 5; A. 4; pectoral of 17 rays, 1.5 in head; caudal of 9 rays, 1.6 in head. Disk about as broad as long, its breadth equal to distance from tip of snout to base of last dorsal ray; body above with many conical spines with stellular bases, those at edge of disk usually 3-pointed, divergent; body smooth below; snout very short, obtuse, bridge over rostral cavity with a 3-pointed spine in front, a simple smaller one on each side; simple spines upon each supraorbital margin, and a row of about 5 on lower margin of eyeball, attached by a fleshy flexible membrane; many slender filaments on edge of disk and sides of trunk; supraoral cavity with a club-shaped tentacle. Color in spirits: Body white below, darker above with obscure brownish markings; pectoral and caudal with 3 dark bars, outer widest and darkest, the 2 inner of the pectoral obscure in our specimen. West Indies, Gulf of Mexico, and Gulf Stream, in water of moderate depth. One specimen, 2.75 inches long, taken by beam trawl in 75 fathoms at Fish Hawk station 6063, off Mayaguez, January 20. Lophius aculeatus Mitehill, Amer. Month. Mag., II, 1818, 325, Straits of Bahama. Halieutichthys aculeatus, Jordan & Evermaim, 1. c.t 2739, 1898. THE FISHES OF PORTO RICO. 339 291. Halieutichthys smithii Everraann & Marsh, new species. Head 2; depth 6; eye 4; interorbital 2 in eye; D. 1-5; A. 4; P. 17; V. 5; 0. 9. Body not so wide as in II. aculeatus, the anterior edge being more evenly rounded, the lateral edges less divergent, and the posterior angles less salient; spines on body small and obscure, those on margin more prominent; tail smooth, without spines; snout broad; rostral spine small; eye very large; interorbital space wide; margin of body with a prominent fringe of filaments. Color much as in II. aculeatus but lighter and without any reticulations; proximal half of pectoral pale, then a broad jet-black band on about nine of the interradial membranes only (the rays being pale) , the outer fourth pale; caudal pale, somewhat dark at tip. Fig. 112. — Halieutichthys smithii. This species is close to II. caribbxus Garman, from which it differs in the much larger eye, wider interorbital, more remote nostrils and the coloration. One specimen, the type (No. 49537, U. S. N. M. ) 3.25 inches long, collected by the Fish Hawk at Station 6063, in Mayaguez Harbor, in 75 fathoms, taken by the beam trawl on sand and coral bottom. We name this interesting species for Dr. Hugh M. Smith, chief of the Division of Scientific Inquiry of the United States Fish Commission. INDEX. Page. abildgaardi, Sparisoma 289 Abudefduf 17,22 saxatilis 20,227 Acara Aya 171 aeerosa, Pterogorgia 19,20 Achirus inscriptus 330 lineatus 22,331 Acknowledgments 0 aculeatus, Halieutichthys 338 acuminatus, Eques 222 Addison, Matthew G 0 adscensionis, Epinephelus 152 adustus, Ophioscion 219 Aetobatus narinari 07 Agonostomus monticoia 18, 11-1 Aguadilla - 19,31,15 Aguaji 157 AguasBuenas 13 Aguavina 159 Agujon 99 Albaeora 122 albicaudus, Auchenopterus 313 albifimbria, Scorpsena 275 albimentis, Lycodontis 78 Albula vulpes 82 album, Hremulon 185 A Igarrobo 30 Algarrobo, Punta de 8 Alphestes chloropterus 155 Alutera seripta 261 alutus, Apogonichthys Ill analis, Neormenis 20,176 Ariasco 0 Anehoa Pelada 86 Anchovy, Striped 88 Angel-fish 240 Angel-fish , Blue 252 Angelichthys eiliaris 252 Anguilla ehrysypa 68 Anisotremus surinamensis 194 virginicus 195 Antennarius 4, 19 inops 335 nuttingii 335 scaber 335 antennatus, Chilomyeterus 272 Aphthalmichthys caribbeus 52, 71 apodus, Neomrenis 172 Apogonichthys alutus 144 Apogon sellicauda 143 Apparatus and Methods ' 30 araa, Atherina Ill Archosargus unimaculatus 204 arctifrons, Calamus 203 arcuatus, Pomacanthus 251 Ardea eserulea 10 herodias 16 ardeola, Tylosurus 99 Arecibo 18, 34, 45 Page. arenaeeus, Citharichthys 326 arenatus, Priacanthus 166 Arrayado 187 Arribo 37 Arroyo 8,21,38,45 Artibeus perspicillatus 16 ascensionis, Holocentrus H8 Asymmetron lucayanum 00 Atherina araea ill laticeps ill stipes 110 atlanticus, Tarpon 80 Atyascabra 15 Auchenistius stahli 316 Auchenoplerus 53 albicaudus 313 cingulatus 21,315 fajardo 313 fasciatus 315 rubescens 314 Augustini, Senor 6 Aulostomus maculatus 105 aurofrenat uni, Sparisoma 238 aurorubens, Rhomboplites 181 Auxis thazard 19, 122 Awaous taiasica 18, 297 aya, Neomsenis 174 Bairdiella ronehus 218 Bahama Lancelet 60 bahianus, Teuthis 254 bahiensis, Cypsilurus 104 Bajonado 202 bajonado, Calamus 202 Baker, A. B 5 Balaju 33,101,102 Balao 102 Baldwin, A. II 5, 51 , 161 baldwini, Prionodes 160 Balistes vetula 256 Bamboo Fish Pot 31 Banana-fish 82 Barbero 253,254 Barbu 117 Barbudo 33,117 barracuda, Sphyraena llo Barreto 300 Barriga Blanca 217 bartholomaei, Caranx 131 batabana, Corvula 217 Bat-fish 285, 338 Bathystoma rimator 192 striatum 193 Bayamon 34 bayamonensis, Gobius 296 Bean, Barton A 280 Bean,Tarleton H 100,280 beanorum, Pontinus 279 Beau Gregory • 226 Bello y Espinosa, Domingo 3,4 341 342 INDEX, Page. Benedict, James E V Berdugo 222 Berg, Carlos 277 bergii, Scorpaena 276 Bergudo 222 Bermuda Chub 211 bermudensis, Fierasfer 319 Berrios, Jos6 V 6 Bianchi, Don Antonio 6,7 bicaudalis, Lactophrys 264 Bien & Co., Julius 52 Bigelow, Robert P V Big-eye - 167 Big-eyed Herring 81 Scad 129 bistrispinus, Rypticus 163 Bithynis jamaicensis 13 olfersii 13,18 bivittatus.Iridio 232 Black Angel 251 Grouper 157 Grunt 187 Guativere 150 Moray 77 Pilot 226 Soap-fish 163 Blanquillo 303 bleekeriana, Ilisha 86 Blennies 20 Blenniidae 53 Blow-fish, Spiny-back 268 Blue Angel-fish 252 Parrot-fish 239, 2 4 Tang 253 Boca Colorado 189, 190 Bocanegra, Susano 7 Bodianus punctatus 150 ruber 150 Bollmannia boqueronensis 298 Bonaci Acara 157 bonaci, Mycteroperca 157 bonariense, Hsemulon 187 Bone-fish 82 Bony-fish 81 Boqueron, Ensenada del 21 boqueronensis, Bollmannia 298 Borinquen, Cape 7 Bowers, George M VI, 158 bowersi, Mycteroperca 158 brachiale, Sparisoma 242 Brachydeuterus corvinsef ormis 197 Brain Coral 19 Branchiostoma caribaeum 59 brasilianus, Gerres 209 brasiliensis, Hemirhamphus 1)2 Mugil 112 Scorpsena 274 breviceps, Larimus 4,216 bricei, Chaetodon 250 Broad-head, Grubber 90 broussonnetii, Gobioides 3C0 Brown Pelican 16,22 Brownson Deep 8,24 Buchanan, James A 6 Bullon 244 Bumper 136 Bureteado ■ 196 Busek, August 5 Page. Butterfly 249,250 Cabalito de Mar 109 Cabellerote 170 Cabeza de San Juan 8 Cabezon, Corbino 216 Cabezote Ill Cabra Mora 152 Cabrilla 32,149,153 Cachicata 189,190 Cachucho 183 Cafonetta 62 Cadena, Punta de la 7 caerulea, Ardea 16 Caesar 192 Cagon de lo Alto 181 Caguas 18 caguitaa, Sicydium 18, 291 Caillen-Tassart 86 Caji 172 Calamus arctifrons 203 bajonado 202 calamus 201 kendalli 201 calidris, Vireo 16 Cana Tiburones Lagoon 15 Candil 118 Cantherines pullus 258 Canthigaster rostratus 269 capistratus, Chaetodon 249 Capitan 230 Carangidae 53 Caranx bartholomaei 131 crysos 132 hippos 17,131 latus 132 ruber 130 carbonarium, Haemulon 188 Carbonero 130 Carcharhinus falciformis 62 limbatus 62 Cardona Island 21 cardonae, Coralliozetus 21,317 caretta, Thalassochelys 25 caribeeum, Branchiostoma 59 caribbeus, Aphthalmichthys 52,71 Carita 123 earolinus, Trachinotus 139 Casabe 136 Catalineta 195,251 Catalufa 166,167 Catafio 17 catenata, Echidna 79 Caulolatilus cyanops 303 Cayo Obispo 23 Cayo Sanqudo 23 Cayo San tiago S, 23 cayorum, Corythroiehthys 23, 108 Cavalla 124 ca valla, Scomberomoru- 124 Cazon de Playa 62 Ceiba 40 Centropomus paralielus 146 undecimalis 22, 146 Cephalaeanthus volitans 285 Cero 124 Ceryle alcyon 16 Chaetodipterus faber 21, 246 Chaetodon 19 FISHES OF PORTO RICO 348 Page Chfetodon bricei 250 capistratus 249 striatus 249 chalybeius, Chlorophthalmus 93 Chapin 262,263,264 Characteristics of Aquatic Fauna 24 Chaunax pictus 336 Cheloniamydas 25 Cherna 152,154,155 Cherna Americana 154 Criolla 152 de Vivera 154 Chicharro 129 Chiiomycterus 21 antennatus 272 Chilorhinus suensonii 72 Chinchorro 33 Chirivita 227,251 Chiro 81 Chlorophthalmus chalybeius 93 chloropterus, Alphestes 155 Chloroscombrus cnrysurus 136 chcerostomus, Stolephorus 88 Chopa 33 Amarilla 204,211 Blanca 211 chrysopterum , Sparisoma 239 chrysurus, Chloroscombrus 136 Ocyurns 180 chrysypa, Anguilla 68 Chub 211 Bermuda 211 Chucho 67 Cibi Amarillo 131 Mancho 130 Cigar-fish 129 ciliaris, Angelichthys 252 ciliatus, Monacanthus 258 cin ereum , Xystaema 207 cingulatus, Auchenopterus 21,315 cirratum, Ginglymostoma 60 Citharichthys arenaceus 326 spilopterus 326 unicornis 325 Clark, Hubert L V Climate 9 Clupanodon pseudohispanieus 84 Coasts 8 Cochino 256 Cockeye Pilot 20,226,227 Coe, Wesley R V coeruleus, Scarus 244 Teuthis 253 Cojinuda 132 Colirubia 180 Colorado 33 Comico 166 Commercial Fisheries. .. 27 Common Eel 68 Grunt 190 Pompano 139 Saw-fish 64 Spotted Moray 77 Trunk-fish 263 Cone jo 266 Coney 149 Conger Eel 70 conger, Leptoeephalus 70 Page. Congrio 70 Conodon nobilis 19, 196 Cony, Horny 259 Cook.O. F Y Coots 28 Coralliozetus cardonse 21,317 Corbi no Cabezon 216 Corcobado 33, 133 Cordillera Central 8, 11 Corega 37 coriaceus, Rypticus 163 Corjinua 33 Corocoro 186 coroides, Umbrina 220 Corvina 33,215,216 corvinseformis, Brachvdeuterus 197 Corvula batabana 217 sanctre-lucise 217 Corythroichthys cayorum 23, 108 Cotoro 210 Verde 239 Cow-fish 264 Crawfish 39 Crevalle 132 crocro, Pomadasis 198 c.roicensis, Scarus 20,244 cruentatus, Goniopsis 16 Petrometopon 149 Priacanthus 167 crumenophthalmus, Trachurops 129 crysos, Caranx 132 cubanus, Stolephorus 88 Cubera 169 Culebra Island 22,40 culebrre, Malaeoctenus 308 curema, Mugil 22,113 Cutlas-fish 125 cyanops, Caulolatilus 303 cyanopterus, Neomsenis 169 Cynoscion jamaicensis 215 Cypsilurus bahiensis 104 Cytherea dione 24, 25 Daetyloscopus tridigitatus 301 Dajao 18,114 Dali, W. H V Danish Wed Indies 40 Dark-green Parrot-fish 240 Dasyatis hastata 65 say 65 Davenport, Richard G 5 Decapterus punctatus 129 decoris, Doratonotus 21,231 Deep-water Gurnard 284 delalandi, Malaeoctenus 310 Demoiselle 227 Dendroica petechia ruficapilla 16 dentex, Odontosciou 216 Diablo 338 Diodon holacanthus 271 hvstrix 271 dione, Cytherea 24,25 Diplectrum radiale 159 dispilurus, Dules 162 Diver, Sand 92 Doctor-fish 254 Doderlein, Pietro 211 Dog Snapper 171 dominicensis, Tyrannus 16 844 INDEX. Page. Donax 20,25 Doncella 232 Dorado 3 Doratonotus dccoris 21, 234 megalepis 233 Dormeur . 164 Dormitator maculatus 289 dormitor, Philypnus 288 Dredging Stations 25 Drummer, Ground - 218 Jewsharp 221 Mongolar 215 White-mouth 220 Ducks.. 23 Duerden, J. E V Dules dispilurus 162 Ecaille, Grande 80 Echeneis naucrates 301 Echidna catenata 79 Eel, Common 68 Conger 70 Worm 72 Eleotris pisonis 290 clongata, Xiphocaris 13,15 Flops saurus 19,81 eiucens, Siphostoma 108 ElYunque 7,8 Emblemaria pandionis 318 Enjambre 149 Ensenada del Boqueron 21 Honda 24 Epilobocera sinuatifrons ■ 13 Epinephelus adscensionis 152 guttatus 32,153 morio 154 striatus 152 Eques acuminatus 222 Eretmochelys imbricata 25 Erizo 271 Escam bron Point 17 Escamuda, Sardina 85 Escribano 101,102 Esmeralda 296 Etelis oc.ulatus 183 Eucinos'iomus gula 206 harengulus 206 pseud ogula 205 Eupomaeentrus 17,19,22 analis 224 fuseus 224 leucostictus 226 exustus, Mytilus : 16 faber, Chsetodipterus 21, 246 Fajardo 23,40 fajardo, Auchenopterus 313 falcata, Seriola 128 falcatus, Trachinotus 138 falciformis, Carcharhinus 62 Fan Coral 19 Fan-tail Mullet 113 Farina, Ricardo Amado 7 fasciatus, Auchenopterus 315 Fierasfer bermudensis 319 File-fish 259 Fino . 150 Fisheries and Fish Trade 29 Fishery Products imported 41 Fishery Statistics 45 Page. Fish hawks 23 Fish-peddlers 37 Fistularia tabacaria 106 flabellum, Rhipidogorgia 19,20 Flamencos Lagoon 15 Flasher 164 flavescens, Sparisoma 20,240 flavolineatum, Hremulon 191 Flint, James M V floridse, Siphostoma 107 Fly-catcher 16 Flving-fish 103 Flying Robin 285 foetens, Sy nodus 92 Food-fishes of San Juan market 34 Fool-fish 259 fonticola, Fundulus 96 Foster, Lieutenant 68 French Grunt 191 Frigate Mackerel 122 Fry. Hog-mouth 88 Fundulus fonticola 96 funebris, Lycodontis 77 fnrnieri, Micropogon 19,220 fuseus, Pelecanus 16 Eupomaeentrus 224 gabonensis, Vomer 19, 133 Gaff Topsail 137 Galliwasp 92 garmani,Stolephorus 89 Gata 60 Geology 9 Gerres brasilianus 209 lineatus 17 olisthostomus 209 plumieri 210 rhombeus 208 gibba, Pterophrvne 334 gilbert!, Stolephorus 90 Gillias jordani 21,307 Gill, Theodore 52,75,145,182,246 Gill nets 31 Ginglymostoma cirratum 00 glaucus, Trachinotus 137 Globe-fish 269 Goat-fish, Red 120 Yellow 121 Gobiesox 17 tudes 305 Gobiidse 53 Gobioides broussonnetii 300 Gobius bayamonensis 296 lyricus 295 oceanicus 296 soporator 294 Goggle-eye Jack 129 Goggler 129 gomesii, Ophicthus 75 Goniopsis cruentatus 16 Gonzalez, Don Luis 0 graeile, Peristedion 284 Grass Porgy 203 Gray, G. M 17, 52 Gray Grunt 186 Snapper 170 Great Blue Heron 16 Green Parrot-fish 245 Turtle 25,41 FISHES OF PORTO RICO. 345 griseus, Neomrenis Ground Drummer Spearing Grouper, Black Nassau Red Grubber Broadhead Grunt, Black Common French Gray Margaret Open-mouthed Red-mouthed Striped White Yellow Guaeamaia guaeam.aia, Pseutlo<’carus. . . Guachanche, POlon guachaneho, Sphyrsena Guanabano G liana j i bo, Punta de Guanica Lagoon Guaseta Guativere, Black Red Guavina guavina Guayama gnla, Eucinostomus Gundlach, Juan Gurnard Deep-water guttatus, Epinephelus Hacienda Catalina La Perl a Rom an a Htemulidse Haemulon album bonariense carbonarium flavolineatum macrostomum parra plumieri sciurus Halieutichthys aculeatus . . . smith ii Hamlet Hansard, Arthur C Hard-tail harengulus, Eucinostomus. . Hargitt, Chas. W Harvest-fish hastata, Dasyatis Hawksbill turtle. Hechudo Hemirhamphus brasiliensis. hepatus, Teuthis herodias, Ardea Heron, Little Blue Great Blue Herring, Big-eyed Thread Hill, Robert T Page. . 170 . 218 91 . 157 . 152 . 154 90 . 187 . 190 . 191 . 186 . 185 . 191 . 192 . 186 . 193 . 189 . 245 . 245 . 116 , . 116 . 271 8 21 15 155 .. 150 .. 150 288, 297 , 22,289 8. 9, 12 . . 206 .. 3,4 . 283 ,. 284 . 32,153 6 C 6 53 53 .. 185 .. 187 188 191 .. 186 187 .. 190 . . 189 .. 338 339 . 77,152 6 . . 132 . . 206 V .. 141 65 . . 25,41 90 .. 102 .. 254 16 16 16 81 86 .. 8,9 Page. Hind, Red '149 Hippocampus punctulatus 109 hippos, Caranx 17 hispidus, Monacanthus 259 Hog-choker 22 Hog -fish 230 II og-mouth Fry 88 holacanthus, Diodon 271 Holaeanthus tricolor 251 Holocentrus aseensionis 118 vexillarius 119 Holothuria surinamensis 20 hoplomystax, Sparisoma 20,237 Horny Cony 259 Horse-eye Jack 132 Hound-fish 99 Hucares 8,23,40 Hudson, C. B 51 Hnmacao 8 humeralis, Sardinella 85 Hydrography 11 Hyporhamphus unifasciatus 17,101 hystrix, Diodon 271 Ilish i bleekeriana 86 imbricata, Eretmochelys 25 incisor, Kyphosus 211 inops, Antennarius 4, 335 inscriptus, Achirus 330 intermedius, Synodus 92 Iridio bivittatus 232 kirschii 232 Irish Pompano 209 Isabelita 252 Isopora muricata , 19 Jallao 185 Jaboncillo 154 Jack, Goggle-eye 129 Horse-eye 132 Yellow 131 jamaicensis, Bithynis 13 Cynoscion 215 Jarea 33 Jenkinsia lamprotsenia 84 stolifera 84 Jewsharp Drummer 221 Jobos Harbor 8 jocu, Neomtenis 171 John Mariggle 81 Jolt-head Porgy 202 jonesi, Siphostoma 108 jordani, Gillies 21,307 Lvcodontis 78 Jorobado 135 Josea 113 Jurel 33,132 Just, Emile 7 kendalli, Calamus 201 Kendall, W. C 7 Key to Families of Fishes 54 King-fish 124 Kingfishers 16,23 kirschii, Iridio 232 Krug, Leopold 3 Kyphosus incisor 211 sectratrix 211 Labrisomus nuchipinnis 311 Lachnolaimus maximus 230 Lactophrys bicaudalis 264 346 INDEX, Lactophrys tricornis trigonus triqueter Lady-fish Isevigatus, Lagocephalus Lagartd Lagocephalus Isevigatus lamprotsenia, Jenkinsia Lancelet, Bahama West Indian Lancet-fish Lane Snapper Lari mus breviceps laticeps, Atherina latirostris, Trichechus latus, Caranx Leather-fish Leather-jack Lebrancho Le Fevre, Geo lefroyi, Ulsema Leptocephalus conger lepturus, Trichiurus leucostictus, Eupomacentrus. Lija Colorado Lija Trompa . , limbatus, Carcharhinus lineatus, Achirus Gerres Lion-fish Lisa Francesa Little Blue Heron Liza Lizard-fish Lobotes surinamensis Local Fisheries Investigations Loggerhead Turtle lorito, Sparisoma Loro Colorado Verde lucayanum, Asymmetron . . . lunatus, Platophrys Luquillo Lillian idee Lycodontis albimentis funebris j ordani moringa lyolepis, Stolephorus lyricus, Gobius Macabi Machete Machuelo mackayi, Siphostoma Mackerel, Frigate Spanish Yellow maerolepis, Pontinus macrophthalma, Snrdinella . macrostomum, Hsemulon maculatus, Aulostomus Dormitator Scomberomorus. Upeneus Madregal Page. 264 263 262 82 266 91,92 266 84 60 59 254 178 4 216 Ill 25 132 258,259 127 112 V 207 70 125 226 258 261 62 22,331 17 277 81 16 17,33,112, 113,258,259 92 17,164 33 15 25,41 210 . 236,238,240,241,244 239 239,240 60 322 40,76 53 78 78 89 295 82 125 86 107 122 123 132 280 85 186 105 289 33,123 120 128 mahogoni, Neomsenis Mahogany Snapper Malacoctenus culebroe delalandi rnoorei puertoricensis . . Manatee Manchego Mancheva Mangrove Snapper Manjua Mansfield, Captain Mapiro Maps i Margaret Grunt Margate-fish Mariposa marmoratus, Spheroides Marshall, R. A martinicensis, Menticirrhus . . martinicus, Upeneus Masaguan Matajuelo Real maximus, Lachnolaimus Mayaguez McAllister, Don Pablo Medico meeki, Microgobius megalepis, Doratonotus megalophthalmus, Neomienis. Menticirrhus martinicensis. . . Mero Cabrilla Guajiro nresogaster, Parexoeoetus Microgobius meeki Micropogon furnieri micrurum, Syacium Millepora alcicornis Miller, Gerrit S., jr Milligan, J.D Millspaugh, Charles Frederick Mojarra Molinari, Nicholas Mona Passage Monacanthus ciliatus hispidus Mongolar Drummer Monosira stahli monticola, Agonostomus Moon-fish Moore, H.F Moore, J. Percy rnoorei, Malacoctenus Moray, Black Moray, Common Spotted Morena Verde moringa, Lycodontis morio, Epinephelus Moron Mud-fish Mud Parrot-fish Mugil brasiliensis curema trichodon Mullet Page. 179 179 308 310 309 309 25 178 178 170 86,88 289 294 185 185 17,20,249, 250,251,252 268 .. 221 . . 121 289 81 . . 230 19,35,44 6 253,254 . . 300 . . 233 , . . 177 . . 221 .. 154 . . 158 . . . 153 . . 103 . . 300 . 19,220 . . . 324 20 5 4 17, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210 24 21 258 259 215 4 18,114 135 . V,5 V 209 79 .. 154 289, 290 .. 243 . 240 .. 112 . 22,113 . 113 . 17,112 FISHES OF PORTO RIOO 347 Page. Mullet, Fan-tail 113 White 113 Muniama 207 Mursenesox savanna 71 Murcielago 285,335 de Mar 338 muricata palmata, Isopora 19 Mutton-fish 176,209 Myeteroperea bonaci 157 bowersi 158 inydas, Chelonia 25 myops, Trachinocephalus 91 Myrichthys oculatus 74 Mytilus exustus 16 Naguabo 8 narinari, Aetobatus 07 Nassau Grouper 152 naucrates, Echeneis 301 NOgre 154 Neomsenis analis 20,176 apodus 172 aya 174 cyanopterus 169 griseus 170 joeu 171 mahogoni 179 megalophthalmus 177 synagris 20, 178 vivanus 33,175 Nerita peleronta 19 New Species of Fishes 52 Nigger-tish 150 niphobles, Sparisoma 20, 238 nobilis, Conodon 19,196 nuchipinnis, Labrisomus 311 Nurse Shark 60 nuttingii, Antennarius 335 Obispo 67 oceanicus, Gobius 296 Ocean Tang 254 ocellatus, Platophrys 321 oculatus, Etelis 183 Myrichthys 74 Ocyurus chrysurus 180 Odontoscion dentex 216 Ogcocephalus vespertilio 338 oglinum, Opisthonema - 86 Ojanco 179 Ojon 167 Ojudo 167 Old Wench 256 Old Wife 243,256 olfersii, Bithynis 13, 18 Oligoplites saurus 17, 127 olisthostomus, Gerres 209 Open-mouthed Grunt 191 Ophicthus gomesii - 75 ophioneus, Sphagebranchns 73 Ophioscion adustus 219 Opisthonema oglinum 17,86 Ostrea yirginica 16 Ouatilibi 150 Paguala ■. 246 palmata, Isopora muricata 19 Palmoneta - 251 Palometa 137,138,141 Palo Seco 17 pandionis, Emblemaria 318 Page. parallelus, Centropomus 146 ParchO 249 Parexoccetus mesogaster 103 Pargo 33,176 Amarilla 172 de lo Alto 175 Colorado 171,174 Criollo 176 Guachinango 174 Prieto 170 parra, Haemulon 1S7 Parrot-fish 29, 236, 238, 240, 241 Blue 239,244 Dark-green 240 Green 245 Mud 240 Red 239 paru, Peprilus 141 parvus, Upeneus 121 Patillas River 38 Pearl-fish 319 pectinatus, Pristis G4 Pega 331 Pegador 301 Peje Puerco 256,258 Pelada, Anchoa 86 Pelecanus fuscus 16 Peprilus paru 141 perfasciatus, Stolephorus 88 Peristedion gracile 284 Permit 138 Perro Perro 230 perspicillatus, Artibeus 16 Pescador 334 petechia ruficapilla, Dendroica 10 Peters, W 3 Petrometopon cruentatus 149 Pez de Puerco 258 Pez Sierra 64 Philypnus dormitor 288 pictus, Chaunax 33G Picuda 115 picudilla, Sphyrsena 116 Pilot, Black ; 226 Cockeye 226, 227 Pintado 124,227 Piojo 81,82 pisonis, Eleotris 290 Pitirre 16 plagusia, Symphurus 332 Platophrys lunatus 322 ocellatus 321 Platygyra viridis 19 Playa de Humacao 23 Pluma 201,202 plumieri, Gerres 210 Hsemulon 190 Scorpsena 277 Sicydium 292 Pceeilia vivipara 97 Poeciliida; 53 Poey, Felipe 4 Polydactylus virginicus 17, 117 Pomacanthus arcuatus 251 Pomadasis crocro 198 ramosus 198 Pompano 137 Common 139 348 INDEX Pompano, Irish Round Pompon Ponce Pontinus beanorum macrolepis Porcupine-fish Porgy, Grass Jolt-head Saucer-eye Shad Pork-fish Porto Rico, Geological Features of. Harbors of Position and Size of Portugais Priacanthus arenatus cruentatus Prices of Food-fishes Prionodes baldwini Prionotus punetatus Pristis pectinatus productus, Stolephorus pseudohispanicus, Clupanodon . . . pseudogula, Eucinostomus Pseudoscarus guacamaia Pterogorgia acerosa Pterophryne gibba Puerco Espino Puerto Arenas de Fajardo Isabel Segunda - Mosquito Negro Real Real de Cabo Rojo puertoricensis, Malacoctenus Puertoriquenos Puffer Sharp-nosed Smooth Southern Spiny pullus, Cantherincs punetatus, Bodianus Decapterus Prionotus punctulatus, Hippocampus Punta de Mata Redonda de Santiago Lima Santiago Puppy-fish Quia-quia Quiebra Rabirubia radiale, Diplectrum Raiado Rail Ramirez, Miguel ramosus, Pomadasis raphidoma, Tylosurus Rascacio '■ Rathbun, M. J Raya Ray, Sting - Red Goat-fish Red Grouper Red Guativere Red-hind Red-mouthed Grunt Page. . . 209 . . . 138 .. 191 21,37,43 . . . 279 . . . 280 . . . 271 . . . 203 . . . 202 . . . 201 . . . 203 . .. 195 251 166 167 34 160 283 64 90 84 205 245 19,20 334 271 40 8 40 40 40 37,40 8,20 309 269 269 266 267 272 258 150 129 283 109 8 8 S, 23 39 141 129 127 180 159 178 16 198 99 277 V .... 65 65 .... 120 .... 154 150 32,149,153 192 Red Parrot-fish Red Snapper Redstart, American regalis, Scomberomorus Rhipidogorgia flabellum . . rhombeus, Gerres Rhomboplites aurorubens . Riddle, Oscar rimator, Bathystoma Rincon Rio Afiasco Arecibo Bayamon Blanco Caguitas Coamo Culebrinas Descalabrado Don Alonzo Fajardo Grande de Arecibo Guamani Jaeaguas Loiza Luquillo Naguabo Portugues Turabo Yahueca Yauco Robalo Robin, Flying Round Rock Beauty Rock-fish Rock-hind Rock Salmon ronchus, Bairdiella Ronco Amarillo Blanco Carbonero Condenado Prieto Ronco rostratus, Canthigaster Round Pompano Robin Rubber-fish ruber, Bodianus Caranx rubescens, Auchenopterus rubripinne, Sparisoma Runner Rypticus bistrispinus coriaceus saponaceus Sabalo Sabanita Sable Saga Sailor’s Choice Salmonete Salmonete Amarilla Salmon, Rock Sama San Antonio Bridge sanctse-luciae, Corvula Sand-diver Sandpiper San Francisco, Cape Page. 239 174 16 124 19,20 208 181 7, 17, 52, 176 192 14 13 13 14 13 14 13 14 13 14 18 14 14 12 15 14 14 13 14 14 .22,33,146 . . . . 285 . . . . 129 . . . . 251 . . . . 158 ...152,158 . . . . 128 .... 218 ...187,218 . . . . 189 . . . . 198 . . . . 188 . . . . 191 . . . . 187 . . . . 190 . . . . 269 .... 138 . . . . 129 .... 211 . . . . 150 . . . . 130 . . . . 314 . . . . 241 . . 127, 132 .... 163 . . . . 163 163 80 37 . . . 33, 125 . . . . 297 . . . . 187 . . . . 120 . . . . 121 . . . . 128 .. 164,176 17 . . . . 217 92 16 FISHES OF PORTO RICO, 349 Page. San Geronimo 17 San Juan 33,43 San .1 uan Market 17 Santa Cruz 40 Santa Cruz Fishermen 22 Sapo 334 saponaceus, Rvpticus 163 Sardina 17,84,85 de Espafia 84 Escamuda 85 Sardine 33 Sardinella humeralis 85 macrophthaima 85 Saucer-eye Porgy 201 saurus, Elops 10, 81 Oligoplites 17,127 Savalle 80 Savanilla 80 savanna, Muraenesox 71 Savola 125 Saw-fish, Common 61 saxatilis, Abudefduf 20, 227 say, Dasyatis 65 Scabbard-fish 125 scaber, Antennarius 335 scabra, Atya 15 Scad 129 Scad, Big-eyed 129 Scamaroni, Guillermo R.'. - 7 Scar'd® 53 Searus c®ruleus .244 croicensis 20,244 vetula 243 Schoolmaster 172 sciurus, H®mulon 189 Scomberomoras cavalla 124 maculatus 33,123 regalis - 124 Scorp®na albifimbria 275 bergii -■ 276 brasiliensis 274 grandieornis 277 plumicri 277 scripta, Alutera 261 Sea-cucumber 20 Sea-horse 309 Sea Serpent 75 sectatrix, ICyphosus 211 Selene vomer 17, 135 sellicauda, Apogon 143 Seriola falcata 128 Serranid® 53 Set! 296 Setophaga rut.icilla 16 Shad Porgy 203 Shark, Nurse 60 Shark Sucker 301 Sharp-nosed Puffer 269 Shrimp 18 Sicydium caguit® 18, 291 plumicri — 292 Sierra 33 Sierra de Cavey 8 Sierra Luquillo _ 8 Silk Snapper 175 Silver-fish 125 Silver King 80 Simpson, Chas. T V sinuatifrons, Epilobocera 13 Si phostoma elucens '- 108 florid® 107 Page. Sipliostoma jone-si 108 mackayi 107 Sirajo 292 Sisi 195 Slippery Dick 232 Smith, H.M 52,339 smithii, Halieutichthys 339 Smooth Puffer • 266 Snapper, Dog 171 Gray 170 Lane 178 Mahogany 179 Mangrove 170 Red 174 Silk 175 Snook 116 Soap-fish 92,163 soporator, Gobius 294 Southern Puffer 267 Stingray 65 Spade-fish 21,246 Spanish Mackerel 123 Sparisoma 53 abildgaardi 239 aurofrenatum 238 brachiale 242 chrysopterum 239 flavescens 20, 240 hoplomystax 20, 237 lorito 210 niphobles 20,238 rubripinne 241 viride 240 xystrodon 20,236 Spearing, Ground 91 spengleri, Spheroides 267 Sphagebranchus ophioneus 73 Spheroides marmoratus 268 spengleri 267 testudineus 269 Sphyrsna barracuda 115 guachaneho 116 picudilla 116 spilopterus, Citharichthys 326 Spiny-back Blow-fish 268 Spiny Puffer 272 Spotted Sting Ray 67 Trunk-fish 264 Sprat 86 Squirrel-fish 118 St. Thomas 40 Fishermen 22 Stag-horn Coral 19 Stahl, A 3,4,8,316 stahli, Auchenistius 316 Monosira 4 Stearns, Silas 154,247 Stevenson, Charles G 6 Sting Ray 65 Southern 65 Spotted 67 stipes, Atherina 110 Stolephorus . . 53 chcerostomus 88 cubanus 88 garmani 89 gilberti 90 lyolepis 89 perfasciatus 88 productus 90 stolifera, Jenkinsia 84 350 INDEX. Page. striatum, Bathystoma 193 striatus,. Chsetodon 249 Epinephclus 152 Striped Anchovy 88 Grunt 186 Sucking-fish 301 suensonii, Chilorhinus 72 Summer Yellowbird 16 Sundevall, Carl 4 surinamensis, Anisotremus 194 Holothuria 20 Lobotes 17,164 Swell-toad 267 Syacium micrurum 324 Symphurus plagusia 332 synagris, Neomamis 20, 178 Synodus fcetens 92 intermedius 92 tabacaria, Fistularia 106 taiasica, Awaous 18,297 Tambor 267, 269 Tamboril 266,267,269 Tang, Blue 253 Ocean 254 Tarpon atlanticus 80 Tarpum 80 Ten-pounder 81 testudineus, Spheroides 269 Teuthis bahianus 254 coeruleus 253 hepatus 254 Thalassochelys caretta 25 thscfcard, Auxis 19,122 Thread Herring 86 timucu, Tylosurus 99 Tom-tate 192 Tongue-fish , 332 Topography 8 Toro 166, 264 Tortola 40 Fishermen 22 Tortuguero Lagoon 15 Toxopneustes variegatus 20 Trachinocephalus myops 91 Trachinotus 17 carolinus 139 falcatus 138 glaucus 137 Trachurpps crumenophthalmus 129 Treadwell, A. L V Tremba 303 Trichechus latirostris 25 Trichiurus lepturus 125 trichodon, Mugil 113 tricolor, Holacanthus 251 tricornis, Lactophrys 264 tridigitatus, Dactyloscopus 304 trigonus, Lactophrys 263 Trinidad, Francisco 7 Triple-tail 164 triqueter, Lactophrys : 262 Trompetero 105, 106 Trumpet-fish 105,106 Trunk-fish 262 Common 263 Spotted 264 tudes, Gobiesox 305 Tumble-nose Tylosurus ardeola raphidoma timucu Tyrannus dominicensis Ulsema lelroyi Umbrina coroides undecimalis, Centro pomus. . . unicornis, Citharichthys Unicorn-fish unifasciatus, Hyporhamphus unimaculatus, Archosargus . . Upeneus maculatus parvus Urban, Ignatius Vaqueta de dos Colores variegatus, Toxopneustes Vaughan, T. Wayland Vega Baja Verrugato vespertilio, Ogcocephalus vetula, Balistes Scarus vexillarius, Holocentrus Vidal, Don Ignacio G Viejn, Colorado Viejo Vieques Island Vireo calidris virginica, Anisotremus Ostrea Polydactylus viride, Sparisoma viridis, Platygyra vivanus, Neomsenis vivipara, Poecilia Volador volitans, Cephalacanthus Vomer gabonensis vomer, Selene vulpes, Albula Ward, Henry B Weirs West Indian Lancelet Wheeler, W. M White-bill White, S. Reynolds White Grunt White-mouth Drummer White Mullet Wilson, H. M Wilson, 1L V Wilson, J. B Worm Eel Wright, Lieutenant Xiphocaris elongata Xurel Xystsema cinereum xystrodon, Sparisoma Yellowbird, Summer Yellow Goat-fish Grunt Jack Mackerel Tail Zaga Zapatero Page. 244 99 99 99 16 207 220 22,146 325 261 17,101 204 120,121 121 4 251 20 V 3 220 338 256 243 119 6, 20 240 185, 198, 239, 241,243 22,40 16 195 16 17,117 240 19 33,175 97 103,104,285 285 19,133 17,135 82 V 32 59 V 85 6 193 220 113 11,12 V 5 72 6 13,15 132 207 20,236 16 121 189 131 132 20,180 297 127 Plate I ANGUILLA CHRYSYPA RAFINESQUE. COMMON EEL; ANGUILLA. ABOUT ONE-THIRD NATURAL SIZE. Plate 2. ABOUT HALF NATURALSIZE. Plate CO j'«V ji* «>’»♦% *}*•*»>*. I »»'»**. > * »f i '""It. 1 v ' *, . 'I'1 s' . '*< A- ■}!■<•••"/& , inffe firrrrr, y'X - ■**r**Nw" ,**/•* *• - a) "O ro § x; cS X < HOLOCENTRUS ASCENSIOHIS (OSBECK). SQU! RR EL- FISH; CANDI L. NATURAL SIZE . Plate 4. Upeneus maculatus (Bloch). Red Goat-fish,- Salmonete. NATURAL SIZE. Plate ABOUT I ^ TIMES NATURAL SIZE, Plate 6. ABOUT HALF NATU RAL SIZE Plate 7. $ X) £ X < Oligoplites saurus (Bloch & Schneider). Leather-Jack, Zapatero. ABOUT NINE-TENTHS NATURAL SIZE. Plate 8. ABOUT NATURALSIZE. Plate ABOUT THREE-FIFTHS NATURALSIZE. Plate 10. ABOUT HALF NATURAL SIZE. Plate II. Epinephelus adscensionis (Osbeck). Rock hind; Cabra Mora. ABOUT THREE-FOURTHS NATURAL SIZE. Plate 12. Epinephelus striatus (Bloch). Nassau Grouper; Cherna. ABOUT THREE-FOURTHS NATURAL SIZE. Plate 13. ABOUT THREE-FIFTHS NATURAL SIZE Plate 14. NEARLY HALF NATURAL SIZE. Plate 15 "O 5 33 ro CD X < Prionodes baldwini Evermann &Marsh. Type, Plate 16. CO o Z) LU O' M z < z cc z D in Z3 2 O in cc m < _j A.H. Baldwin ad nat.del. Plate 47. § 05 CO X < AUCHENOPTERUS FAJARDO EVERMANN & MARSH. TYPE. Plate 48. Toccmes Pt„. i-PvrS~* • V fin, ,, A Sfls Fort CaAuelo < . Palo Seco Pt. : ^ ''r'vVe it A; ItzWidu . J A Jf£l# V' *w2h^ # •Vr': .. vrrS* ?ms 8 -jl4 & «*?Sr IS* ,v^*. £ A'#, fit/ c'P'V £G3 T~q sos/ 30 r/f . :: i6 ■; ‘ » ”• -V J .•/,.•.••« 50 r'.16 <# :33; \ 'Iterf40 50 TS13.. iyiH, >.•"' :M *ft a^!TwV - 57 « *S:A 29 53 . ... .: >T ■ 3fc sf& ^ ga^J 0* A -v . 25 n -c i m \t£ ^ .; ••’lO.. ' h/rL 4 & 20 ;S& c A fi 1 X * t?^yr 1 ramM*. » Si rv hrd t1 l‘5l . *i*V*W M if ■ s : - &^:xg4X ’ : 8 ‘ T;i3. •• • 7 s 1 4/4$^ w I s L A GRANDE "> i H ■V(» **' i 4.! ■’ ’ * 'fifiigjifi KLBVATIOKS ^ elevations are referred to high, water and are expressed, vn.rrid.rcs and by contour lines showing successive differences of 4- metres. BUOYS $ /lco’ Buoy, to be. left- in entering, on. Starboard hard f Black Bui>y. to be left. in. entering, on, Fort hand $ Black and Red horiaordaL s' tripes. .. Banger Buoy f Black and WhJs perpendicular stripes _ Channel Buoy C ■ N.-or S. signides Can ... Bun. or Spar. SOUNDINGS Ha Soundings are. expressed in feet and show the depth, at me low water The S foot curve is sho Wn. thus : - • - - „ 28 „ " " ” ’’ ... ... - IS* 29' :f-<> >x.; \ ) 3D s c amt xonPt • !V & / -yfcAy ,y I JSAj ifi- * ** v-" ?*SSe*V> te‘ &rs* «>« p, j3“ ^ ' ^“^4- 'a. 4- . A 4'p*' ^xi b-!S%4_ a. Shdhi, ypsifi t^ft JiSXXssg vr 'l^ -jr UU ? “1 5-rriw4vx B Hfrithe ' -4^// ** >5 /dbdda^^fiw ■'V' ^ If#® -A ^153^ ■ 4: - - * *- j v. fH \- .vv x'J ■CaptLcriejci. Shoal, OreoX * a/d*' £ P ■ ,.^/i 5pt ASA c Jsah - kj 1PC^ A ,4^4 x-'xtc 4i.|r ■- V.-*!4 #r: LjStrtAT® TO,, ‘S^i ■ ' A‘‘- A. O’ 77 SAN JUAN HARBOR PORTO RICO Nate - ft?# titotneJre or. WOO mams *3280.83 ft~ x&o fa, sennae yule nearly. One, statute, mite *1609.3$ metres. ,„4|bb®. 4%hv> s*i¥* «:«!' ’^ VC%, *' *-'Wr PUEBLO V- IEJ° BfY m Wi V ' "" \J sr3' A-C&J **>« A i#m4 .4 -S T ( >4'“ S'AA , A<- T9 $* ■n^Tk^h, 1 S1^' •=r>?- - i, „*, As ' A- ' -xy ' 3 y4m /ic/ap/ecr from c/iorZ /Vo. SOS Z'S. Co as/ §■- Geoc/efc Surrey /Yc?s/h no/on, D. C. Z/cZcZ/ZZoniS by (Z.S.frsZ) Commission Z899 Note: '19 ton, D.C i Plate 51. MONA ISLAND. From a. Survey by Captain O.ICuhfal in.1892 ITVV F 4CMIM5“ ffi« about 2 ftet FtayanynntchimncyZcU.18' 2'JS'iV: tong 67’Sl[30’\\ ' AGUADILLA BAY From the Spanish Porlulann, 1618. Aguadillai MAYAGTTK/ HAY Moiillo From n survey in 1890 liy the Depni'Uncul of PuLlii; lVoilis For In Hi 01>K. Spot ® Lnt-lfriL' GCN. Iiou^.GTOy'Ot GoihI Anchorage off Our center of the Uinu in 10 to Iff fathoms Much swell anil turf wUJ> Oic wind al S NE The coast fine and soundings shown in hairline an from earlier surveyslgt the French Government in 18'iCc.nd lo/Capt OKuhfnl tn 1891 .North Capi ji-tlnvestCo^ . Barrio ouc SarclinnoAnch ij MONA I aibeax 1 75f«et mijh. GOSS Jl jj. l 'n ii;o ono C. nifco Pt. -A CC Julio.) sj ' Fin ilrl Al^nnubp/ Wei Jijucro iifrnt Mimclllf 6 os a FULilela ifcxi P“del*Mese«o NSW PUERTO DE GUANICA Sooth Side of Porto Rico. From ttUS Government Survey in Government Surveyinl87&. P'.“ ile la Mesela. I ^at J.7. ‘ fj ’ f,5.’ \ \Long 6o 53' 42 1 View of the Entrunoe. distant 3 miles. Hunk F'a del] I'.'ile 2 Caiia Gorila' La Laja Fronton deLtlire Pfcnlo ('nmiiaji UnOer/;neis}i,7rs/-vSrr/ammiierof'yrec/?;nf s/a. Adapted From chart tV° 372 ttgdrographic Office Washington, D. C. U. S.Ssi Commas/ on S/eamer S/s/> //arr/r / 899. Additions t>g Id.S. Fish Commission, /899. >Pt Mar Pt Labadoro y^PLBogu lli PtPuerto . Pi. Cerro Gordo J\F¥aile >AN JUAN I’tBori nfluen Chivato Quebrt lArecibo ^uaon«a°^Tu^t^ laciinai: .Pt-Miquillo 'LosEmWcaderoe 1* ■y. Ft.SanDifigb P iarolrm CorozaB Ptlegrino&ttf 1%, Morovia, r.Pt Algodon rayaguez fflvy.yw-. pEaatPt1 .ilxmHo 0. 1 >PtCande]ero 14 O 6098 .oamo Gub^amlla' Pl.Molino Plate: 52 SS 00 S5. o 18 13 sKRxut 4 / / *: ' m 17 3, * „ “ <* V gfl*7T3 “ 14 y*. 14“iro 9 6086 Soldier Pt. O Buei 1 230 Co s <3 B n 18 «0£/ 0 SOBZO^O comp a Q; „ ■ is 1351 837 325 1600 *4&0 1535 1623 14520 _ 1508 140'A5 745 Orappler Monk- £1 J>4 360 % «* ST SANTA CH.TTZ X. s\ 450 /;-(!# Investxq.ito rBank, 1243 ’**- INC^ ALt SOUNDINGS SN FATHOMS TIDES 1303 s Iha {lane o^swfewsoce i» Mean Low Water. - r~“ h '* \ \ Average time of HS^Water after Moons Meridian passage | « ‘ 2| Average.ftme of Low Water after Mckw^ Meridian passage | 2 20 Average height ofHi^iWatet aberv^e the plane of reference i 1 * 1 £i 2” A ! 6',05ta I 26 | 12 (8 0 .8 ft. I 2,0 ft 67*00 66*30' j?aap Zee/ from cfarf/Vo.9 1 0 LZ.S. Co as/ . Adams. Tnrnatdla ; punctostriata C. B. Adams, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., in, p. 323, pi. in, fig. 9, 1810. Shell small, elliptical; whorls about 4, the last showing revolving, punctate stria; on its basal half; the central part of the whorl is smooth, and there are sometimes a few subsutural lines; nucleus somewhat depressed, suture deep, bordered externally by revolving grooves, which show through on the inner side of the outer lip. There is a good deal of variation in the color, being sometimes variegated, nebulously banded, or white. Length, 3 to 6 mm. Mayaguez, Porto Rico, eight dead specimens. Family RINGICUUD.C Genus RINGICULA Deshayes, 1838. Shell small, solid, nearly white, ovate globose with conical spire; aperture conspicuously notched and channeled at base; outer lip thickened, often dentate within, callous outside; columellar margin callous, with two to four strong entering folds. Type, R. ringens Lamarck. Ring-icula semistriata d’Orbigny. Plate 57, fig. 11. Ringicula semistriata d’Orbigny, Moll. Cubana, ii, p. 103, pi. xxi. figs. 17-19, 1845. Shell ovate-conic, solid, whitish, smooth above and having revolving strife below; suture impressed, columella strongly biplicate, and there is a callous tooth on the parietal wall; outer lip greatly thickened, subtuberculate in the middle. Height, 2; diameter, 1 mm. Mayaguez, Porto Rico, two dead shells. Family TORNATINID.E. Genus TORNATINA A. Adams, 1850. Shell cylindrical, with a conic or flattened spire, the apex projecting and mammillar, sinistra], tilted so that its axis lies at an angle of about 90 degrees with that of the shell. Suture channeled; aperture long, narrow above, dilated and rounded below; outer lip arched forward, retreating at the suture and base, columella with one spiral fold at its junction with the whorl. Type, T. voluta Quo}' & Gaimard. Tornatina bullata Kiener. Plate 57, fig. 9. Tornatetta bullata Kiener, Sp. et Icon. Coq. Viv., p. 5, pi. I, fig. 4. Shell cylindrical, rather solid, white; suture deeply channeled; body whorl having very minute, wavy, revolving sculpture; aperture long and narrow; outer lip advanced in the middle; columellar plication rather strong. Length, 7 ; diameter, 3 mm. Mayaguez, Porto Rico, one shell; Vieques, a single badly worn specimen. Both seem to be fully adult, but are probably a small variety. The revolving sculpture is distinct on the best preserved specimen. MOLLUSCA OF PORTO RIOO. 363 Tornatina candei d’Orbigny. Plate 57, fig. 7. Bulla candei d’Orbigny, Moll. Cubana, I, p. 128, pi. iv Ms, figs. 1-4, 1842. Shell small, subcylindrical, widest at the shoulder; spire low conical; surface smooth except for faint growth lines, shining, milky white. Outer lip advanced in the middle; columellar fold moderate. Length, 2.5; diameter, 1.5 mm. Mayaguez, Porto Rico, five worn specimens. Genus VOLVULA A. Adams, 1850. Shell subcylindrical or long oval, tapering at both ends, body whorl produced into a beak or spine above. Spire concealed; aperture as long as shell, narrow, produced above, columella with a slight fold. Type, V. acuminata Bruguiere. Volvula oxytata Bush. Platfe 57, fig. 8. Volvula oxytata Bush, Trans. Conn. Acad. Sci., vi, p.468, pi. lv, fig. 12, 1885. Shell thin, cylindrical, with a sharp, spike-like apex and a tapering, rounded anterior end, shining, with four or five very fine, revolving, punctured lines at each, end, and exceedingly faint microscopic stria- on intervening surface. Inner lip slightly reflected anteriorly over an umbilical chink. Length, 2.5; diameter, 1 mm. Mayaguez, Porto Rico, three shells. Volvula acuta d’Orbigny. Bulla acuta d’Orbigny, Moll. Cubana, I, p. 126, pi. iv, figs. 17-20, 1842. Shell obovate, being widest near the spire, attenuated above and below, thin, white, with revolving stride at the base, not perforated; columella scarcely flexuous. Length, 2.5; diameter, 1 mm. Mayaguez, Porto Rico, three worn shells. Genus RETUSA Brown, 1827. Shell small subcylindrical, with raised flat or sunken spire; aperture as long or nearly as long as the shell, narrow above, dilated below. Columella with or without a small fold. Retusa ceelata Bush. Cylichna cselata Bush, Trans. Conn. Acad. Sci., vi, p. 468, pi. xlv, fig. 15, 1885. Shell small, somewhat conical, truncated above; spire concealed in a deep pervious pit, within which one or two whorls are seen; the upper end of the shell is sculptured with beautiful, flexuous ribs which fade out a short distance down the body whorl; the basal part of the shell is rounded and sculptured with a few revolving, punctate lines; aperture narrow, suddenly becoming wider below, slightly drawn out at the base; columella faintly truncate below, with a minute chink behind it. Length, 3; diameter, 1.5 mm. Mayaguez, Porto Rico, two slightly worn specimens. Family BULLIDtE. Genus BULLA Linnseus, 1758. Shell elliptical or ovate, compactly involute, generally solid and with a mottled color pattern; spire sunken, umbilicated. Aperture as long as shell, rising above vertex, narrow above, expanded below; lip simple, columella short and concave. Type, B. ampulla Linnseus. Bulla amygdala Dillwyn. Bulla amygclalus Dillwyn, Descr. Cat. Rec. Sh., I, p. 480, 1817. Bulla amygdala Pilsbry, Man. xv, p. 329, pi. xxxvm, fig9. 49, 50, 62-65, 1893. Shell oblong, narrower toward the vertex, solid, rather dull, clouded and mottled with purplish on a pale ground. Surface generally without microscopic revolving stria-, but having a few spaced lines at the base, and rarely a few at the vertex; umbilicus deep, striated within. Outer lip thick, callous where it rises from the vertex, its outer part straight. Columella arcuate, with a very heavy reflected callus, which has a chink behind it. 364 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. Length, 40; diameter, 23 mm. Arroyo; San Geronimo; Boqueron Bay; Aguadilla; Guaniea; Porto Real; Ponce, Porto Rico. The distinctions between this form and B. striata Brug. of the Mediterranean region are faint and somewhat inconstant. As a rule, amygdala is more inflated and has a smaller umbilicus at the vertex than striata, but this is not always the case. The striata is more apt to have revolving lines at the vertex and microscopic spiral lines on the body than amygdala, but specimens of the former occasion- ally exhibit these characters. Family AKERATID4}. Genus HAMINEA Leach, 1847. Shell thin, fragile, unicolored, yellowish or greenish, globose, ovate or subcvlindric; vertex concave, imperforate or minutely perforate; aperture as long as the shell, narrow above, wider below; umella concave, thin, showing a slight fold where it joins the body of the shell. Type, Bulla hydatis Linnfeus Haminea elegans Gray. Balia elegant Gray, Ann. of Philos., new ser., ix, p. 408, 1825. Balia guildingi Swainson, Mai., pp. 251, 360, fig. 46, 1840. Shell roundly oval or subcvlindrical; surface with irregular growth lines, and showing plainly close, spiral striation, which is usually straight but sometimes a little wavy; vertex concave, narrowly and deeply perforated, the outer lip rising from the left side of the perforation; outer lip well arched, rounded above and below; columella deeply arcuate; parietal callus thin, encircling the perforation at the vertex. Color brownish or greenish yellow, lighter above and below. Length, 19; diameter, 13 mm. One broken specimen in fresh condition was taken at Mayaguez Harbor, Porto Rico. Haminea succinea Conrad. Bulla succinea Conrad, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., in, p. 26, pi. 1, fig. 5, 1846. Shell thin, horny, cylindrical, somewhat wider at the base; vertex truncated, narrowly, deeply impressed, minutely perforated, the lip inserted on right side of perforation; surface densely, evenly, spirally striated throughout, strife slightly wavy; aperture long, narrow and parallel sided above, wider below; columella very concave, folded above, the lip re flexed and appressed to the umbilical region. Length, 10; diameter, 6 mm. A single broken specimen was collected at Culebra Island, which seems to be this. Family HYDATINI DAL Genus HYDATINA Schumacher, 1817. ' Hydatina physis Linnfeus. Bulla physis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. X, p. 727, 1758. Hydatina physis Pilsbry, Man., xv, p. 387, pi. xlv, figs. 14-17, 1893. Porto Rico (Gundlach); West Indies; west Africa; central Pacific; Indian Ocean, etc. Genus MICROMELO Pilsbry, 1894. Micromelo undata Bruguiere. Bulla undata Brugniorc. Ene. Meth., I, p. 380, 1791. Micromelo undata Pilsbry, Man., XV, p. 392, pi. Lix, figs. 20-24, 1893. Porto Rico (Gundlach); West Indies; Honduras (Simpson). Family SCAPHANDRID4J. Genus ATYS Montfort, 1810. Shell solid, involute, oval, usually with spiral stria1 at both ends; aperture projecting beyond the vertex and base; columella plicate or concave, generally somewhat reflexed over the small umbilicus. Type, A. cymbulus Montfort. MOLLUSOA of FORTH rich. 365 Subgenus Atys s. s. Atys g-uildinii Sowerby. Atys rjuildwii Sowerby, Conch. Icon., ivii, pi. V, fig. 26, 1869. Shell inflated, thin, dull grayish white, attenuated into a rounded ridge above, where it is perfo- rated or dosed, umbilicated below; wrinkled with growth lines and spirally striate, especially at ends, where it is sometimes reticulated; outer lip decidedly elevated above; columella thin, slightly folded. Length, 8; diameter, 5 mm. Mayaguez Harbor, Porto Rico, one specimen; Ensenada Honda, Culebra, one shell. Atys Sander soni Dali. Atys? sandersoni Dali, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ix, p. 99, 1881; Blake Rep., ii, p. 54, pi. xvii, fig. V, 1880. Shell thin, polished, translucent white, with the aperture longer than the axis of the shell; growth lines faint; spiral sculpture consisting of about a dozen lines at each end of the shell, becoming faint or obsolete at center; vertex having a deep pit, from the center of which the margin of outer lip arises; columella nearly straight, reflected over the umbilicus and closing it, or only leaving a chink. Length, 4; diameter, 2 mm. Two young specimens were obtained in Mayaguez Harbor, Porto Rico. ( Anaspidea.) Tectibranchs without a fleshy head shield. Family APLYSIID2E. Animal not protected by a shell, the neck and head narrower than the body ; mouth a vertical fissure; two tentacular folded lobes above the head; two elevated rhinophores behind these, in front of which are the small eyes. Pleuropodia curved over the back forming two lobes inclosing mantle and gill. Genital orifice within the dorsal slit; shell nearly or quite covered by the mantle, a mere concave plate. Subfamily APLYS1NA2. Genus TETHYS Linnaeus, 1758. Pleuropodia arising in front of the middle of the animal’s length, free, used as swimming lobes, mantle nearly covering the gill, having a median tube or orifice produced behind in a lobe or lobes forming an excurrent siphon; foot well developed; shell thin, with pointed, small apex, and having a concave posterior sinus. It is better known under the generic name of Aplysia. Tethys protea Rang. Aplysia protea Rang, Hist, Nat, Apl., p. 56, pi. x, figs. 1-3, 1828. Back much swollen; swimming lobes large; neck slender; tail pointed; foot large; surface generally covered with scattered, ring-shaped, dark markings. Length, from 4 to 16 cm. Ensenada Honda, Culebra Island.; Ponce Reefs; San Antonio Bridge, San Juan; Mayaguez; reefs at Guanica, Porto Rico; Caballo Blanco Reef, Vieques. This form varies greatly in color, and among our numerous specimens as to size, some of which are probably young. In certain specimens the rings of color are heavy and distinct; in others there is scarcely a tint of the dark rings and there is every variation between. The inner sides of the pleuropodia and the mantle are variously marked with dark patterns of color. Tethys cervina, n. sp. Plate 56, tig. 2. Body elongated, flabby; mouth encircled by thick lips; tentacles short; eyes inserted in front of the tentacles. Swimming lobes thick, united behind at some distance in front of the hinder extremity; mantle orifice minute; mantle ending behind in a small fold; foot narrow, nearly smooth. Colors: The body is a lurid gray overlaid with reticulations and blotches of darker color. It also has scattered, small, nearly round, smoky brown spots throughout its surface. The foot is smoky 366 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. brown, lighter colored than the spots. The inner edges of the swimming lobes are beautifully and distinctly maculate, with alternating light and dark patches. The mantle is colored like the body, but the dark spots are wanting, and the dark reticulations are somewhat radiating. Length, 7 cm. Shell with a rather strong layer of lime, elliptical in outline; posterior sinus moderate. Length of shell, 30; breadth, 19 mm. Mayaguez, Porto Rico. Nine specimens in alcohol were obtained by the expedition, all probably young. The pattern of coloring is quite constant in all, though in some specimens there are but few of the dark, smoky, round spots. As the description is from alcoholic material only, it is impossible to tell what the colors may be in a living state. Most of the specimens are badly shrunken or drawn up by the alcohol. Tethys parvula (Guilding) Morch. Plate 53, fig. 14. Aplysia parvula (Guilding MS.) M6rch.Journ.de Conch., 1863, p. 22. Tethys parvula Pilsbry, Man., x vi, p. 83, pi. xxxvn, figs. 23-25, 1895. Body higher than wide; mouth placed well forward, with slightly wrinkled, thickened lips; rhinophores large, folded; tentacles rather small; eyes not seen; foot elongated, extending to a point behind, its border crimped; swimming lobes wide and almost auricled in front, narrower and united behind, closely inclosing the very large shell; mantle having a large oval opening which exhibits the shell. Excurrent siphon lateral, opening at posterior sinus of shell. Color, a dirty greenish white; border of foot, pleuropodia, and mantle opening intense black, as are the tips of the rhinophores. Length of animal, 20; diameter of mantle opening, 5; length of opening, 6 mm. Shell very large, solid, concave, covered with a rather thick epidermis, which peels on exposure to air; posterior sinus moderate, overhung by the epidermis; apex much incurved, callous, but having no recurved process. Interior calcareous, slightly iridescent, pinkish white, externally straw colored. Length, 13; breadth, 9; height, 5 mm. Length of sinus, 5 mm. Caballo Blanco Reef, Vieques, one specimen. This specimen is badly contracted by the alcohol, and is not in good condition to study. The species is remarkable for the great size and solidity of its shell, which is deeply concave and covers the whole animal. Subfamily DOLABRIFERIN2E. Genus DOLABRIFERA Gray, 1847. Animal ovate-oblong or sack-like, tapering toward the head. Eyes as in Tethys. Pleuropodia! lobes located behind the middle of the body, scarcely mobile, inclosing a large gill cavity. Mantle small; foot broad. Shell small, nonspiral, solid, and calcareous. Type, D. dolabrifera Cuvier. ? Dolabrifera ascifera Rang. Plate 56, fig. 8. Aplysia ( Dolabella) ascifera Rang, Hist. Nat. Aplys., p. 51, pi. iv, figs. 7-9, 1828. Body (in alcoholic specimens) elongate ovate, swollen behind, more or less covered with warts; foot very large, of the same dimensions as the body and bordered by an expanded, wavy edge; rhinophores and tentacles small, shrunken; eyes minute, between the rhinophores and tentacles, a little nearer to the latter; dorsal slit in the posterior third of the body, to the right of the middle, about one-fourth the length of the body, buttonhole-like at its two ends. Right pleuropodial lobe overlapping the left, both lobes small. Length, 50 mm. Shell somewhat narrowed, the apex much callous with strong growth lines outside, dead white, within callous and shining, quite solid. Length, 14; breadth, 7 mm. Reefs, Guanica; Ponce, Puerto Rico; Ensenada Honda, Culebra; Caballo Blanco Reef, Vieques. All our numerous specimens, some of which are no doubt young, are contracted by the alcohol and are much shorter than the length given bv Pilsbry in the monograph of the Aplysiidce. The shells, however, are longer than the measurement given by him, but have the general form of those figured by him for D. ascifera, though they vary considerably, some of them in the direction of D. swiftii Pilsbry. They are all solid and milky white outside. ? Dolabrifera sowerbyi Guilding. Dolabrifera sowerbyi Guilding, Conch, Icon., xvi, pi. I, fig. 2, 1868. Body in alcohol elongated, pear shaped, much swollen behind; foot, wide, having a narrow, sharp border at its junction with body; head small; rhinophores and tentacles short, shrunken and wrinkled; MOLLUSC A OF PORTO RICO. 367 eyes about midway between them; mouth and lips small; dorsal furrow distinct in front, closed near dorsal slit, which is about one-third the length of the animal, situated behind the middle of the body, and not lateral; anus projecting as a large tube at the posterior end of slit; pleuropodia scarcely developed, of equal size, the right not projecting over the left. Surface pale lurid brown, covered with small mammillae and faint sharp pustules. Length, 50; diameter, 25; height, 18 mm. Shell elongated, solid, narrow at, and behind the apex, somewhat contorted, a concave depression running down the back, whitish and dull without, polished within. Length, 13; breadth, 5 mm. Hucares, Porto Rico, one specimen. Only the shell of D. sowerbyi has been described, and nothing is known of the soft parts of the species. The shell of this specimen agrees pretty well with Sowerby’s figures. Genus NOTARCHUS Cuvier, 1817. Ovate or fusiform, swollen in the middle. Pleuropodia united behind over a large gill cavity ; dorsal slit subcentral, short. Foot narrower than the body, acute behind. Shell minute or wanting. Type N. indicus Schweigger. Notarchus pleii Rang. Aplysia pleii Rang, Hist. Nat. Aplys., p. 70, pi. xxi, 1828. Body long ovate, very soft and flabby. Branchial cavity large, a little in front of the middle of the body; foot long, projecting behind, moderately wide. Surface more or less covered with filaments and variously lolled, ragged processes. Length of animal, 10 to 12 cm.; of branchial cavity, 35 mm. Boqueron Bay, Porto Rico, many specimens. Specimens in alcohol are most disagreeable, shapeless, flabby objects, of a dirty, bottle green. There is quite a little variation in the development of the filaments and processes on the body, some specimens being nearly covered with them and in others they are almost wanting. (Notaspidea.) Tectibranchs having the dorsal surface protected by a large shield. Family PLEU ROBRANCHIDiE. Gill plume arising about the middle of the right side and extending backward; dorsal shield fleshy; animal shell-less or having a small Haliotiform shell. Genus PLETJROBRANCHUS Cuvier, 1804. Body oval; mantle about the size of the foot, free and projecting at the edges all around; rhinophores contiguous, inserted below the mantle. Gill bipinnate. Shell auriculate. Type, P. peronii Cuvier. Pleurobranchus lacteus, n. sp. Plate 56, fig. 6. Body elliptical; mantle soft, inflated, faintly pustulous and wrinkled, semitransparent; foot smaller than the mantle, emarginate in front, having a wrinkled undulate border; rhinophores elon- gated, compressed, drooping and suddenly curved upward near the ends, extending in front of the veil and mouth; veil truncated in front, with a small projecting lobe at each corner; mouth round, with thick lips, extending as far forward as the veil; male and female orifices at the summit of a double mammilla situated just at the front of the gill plume; gill plume attached about midway back on the body, attached the front three-fifths of its length, and having about 20 pairs of plumelets; anus just above the. hinder point of attachment of the gill. Length, 22; breadth, 15 mm. Shell oblong, depressed, thin but solid, having about 2 whorls; spire full, mammillary; suture well marked and ending in an emargination behind ; growth lines developed into well-marked irregular ridges; surface covered with a thin, iridescent, whitish, or straw-colored epidermis. Length of shell, 5.5; breadth, 3 mm. Animal and shell milky white. Ensenada Honda, Culebra, five specimens. This species does not at all agree with any of the three forms described by Morch from the West Indies, and is probably new. 368 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. Order NUDIBRANCHIATA. DO R ID I DAi C RYPTOBRANCH I ATtE. Genus GEITODORIS Bergh, 1892. Geitodoris mollina Bergh MS. A single specimen of an undetermined nudibranch was obtained at Ensenada Honda, Culebra. A line from Dr. R. Bergh, to whom it was submitted, denominates it as above, but the description had not come to hand at date of printing. Order PULMONATA. Suborder BASOMMATOPHORA. Superfamily AKTEOPHILA. Family AURICUUDyE. Shell spiral, with reversed nucleus, covered with an epidermis, solid; spire more or less elevated; whorls flattened; aperture elongated, contracted by columellar teeth, often having teeth within the outer lip; columella generally twisted. Genus MELAMPUS Montfort, 1810 Shell oval conoidal; aperture elongated, narrow; columellar lip with several dentiform plications; columella plicate; outer lip sharp, with revolving ridges within; foot truncated in front, bifid behind. Type Melampus coniformis Bruguiere = Voluta coffea Linn. Subgenus Melampus s. s. Melampus coffeus Linnaeus. Plate 53, fig. 13. Bulla coffea Linnaeus, Syst;. Nat., ed. x, p. 729, 1758. Melampus coffea Binney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., vn, p. 162, pi. lxxv, fig. 21, 25. Shell conoidal, with a tolerably well-defined shoulder on last whorl above, which is ornamented with a narrow light-colored band; below this are generally two narrow, revolving, light bands, the general surface being lead color or lurid brownish; umbilical region sometimes rimate, at others entirely closed; on the columella is a single revolving lamina, and higher up on the parietal wall a double one; inner edge of outer lip brownish; within this are numerous elongated white teeth or line. Length, 18; diameter, 12 mm. San Juan; Catona, Porto Rico. Widely distributed in the West Indies, Florida, etc. The light-colored revolving bands are sometimes very faint and occasionally are absent. The double parietal tooth is a tolerably constant character. Melampus flavus (Gmelin?) Binney. Plate 54, fig. 9. ? Voluta flava Gmelin, Syst. Nat., p. 3436, 1792. Melampus flavus Binney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., vii, p. 166, fig., p. 167, 1863. ? Melampus gundlachi Pilsbry, Trans. Conn. Acad., x, p. 504, 1900. Shell conoidal, brownish to chestnut, unicolored, or with two, sometimes three, revolving, light bands, the upper on the well-marked shoulder; the base of the shell is sometimes white; there is a single revolving subvertical lamina on the columella, and generally another on the parietal wall; the liroe inside the outer lip are white and irregular. Length, 14; diameter, 9 mm. San Juan; Ensenada Honda, Culebra Island; also West Indies; Florida, etc. This and the preceding species vary much in form, color, and other characters, and there are specimens which can only be named with difficulty. Generally the M. flavus has a single lamina on the parietal wall, while that of coffeus is double, but this character is not absolutely constant. The former has generally irregular I i rSe inside the outer lip. Occasionally M. coffeus has a white base. The nearly vertical columellar fold is tolerably constant and characteristic. MOLLUSC A OF PORTO RICO. 369 Genus TRALIA Gray, 1840. Shell elongated, with a plait on the columella and two on the body whorl; outer lip thickened, not lirate; foot entire, elongated, simple behind. Subgenus Thalia s. s. Tralia pusilla Ctmelin. Plate 54, tig. 13. Valuta pusilla Gmelin, Syst. Nat., p. 3436, 1792. Tralia pusilla Dal], Proc. TJ. S. Nat. Mus. 1885, p. 276, pi. xviii. fig. 5. Shell a rich, deep chestnut color, varying from oval to somewhat elongate, with a single fold on the columella and two on the parietal wall; outer lip thickened, inflected in the middle, where there is a single revolving ridge on its inner side. Length, 13; diameter, 6.5 mm. Ensenada Honda, many specimens. Genus PEDIPES Seopoli, 1777. Shell imperforate, oval to subglobular, with somewhat rounded spirally lirate whorls; columella rather wide and bearing two lamellar teeth; parietal wall with a third elevated, compressed, revolving tooth or lamella; outer lip somewhat callous within, generally thickened, often toothed. Foot short, rounded before and behind, divided below by a deep sulcus. Pedipes mirabilis Miihlfeld. Plate 53, tig. 8. Turbo mirabilis Miihlfeld, Mag. Ges. Nat. Freunde, Berlin, vm, p. 8, pi. ii, fig. 13, a, b, 1818. Pedipes mirabilis Pfr., Mon. Auric., p. 70. Shell small, globular-conic, with about four rounded whorls, which are occasionally slightly shouldered; whorls closely, spirally lirate; outer lip sometimes callous and having a low entering tooth within, sometimes not at all thickened or toothed. Length, 3; diameter, 2 mm. Ensenada Honda, Culebra. Many specimens taken alive. This species appears to vary in size and in the character of the outer lip, and no doubt includes a number of nominal species described from the West Indies and Florida. Specimens in the National Museum collection, labeled “Indo Pacific,” are considerably larger than the above, but agree in other characteristics. Genus BLAUNERIA Shuttleworth, 1854. Blauneria heteroclita Montagu. Valuta lieteroclita Montagu, Test. Brit., Suppl., p.469, 1808. Blauneria heteroclita Dali, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1885, p. 287, pi. xvii, fig. 6. Shell slender, very minute, smooth, translucent, sinistral, with a single strongly marked fold. Length, 3 mm. Porto Rico; Arango; Cuba; Jamaica; Florida. Superfamily LIMNOPHXLA. Family UMN^ID^. Shell variable, spiral, elevated or discoidal; color uniform. Jaw simple, composed of three segments; teeth of the radula in horizontal ranges; marginal teeth serrate. Subfamily LIMNAilNAi. Genus LIMN7EA Lamarck, 1801. liimnaea cubensis Pfeiffer. Limntea cubensis Pfeiffer, Weigm. Arch., i, 1839, p. 354. Porto Rico, several localities (Crosse); Santo Domingo; Cuba: F. C. B. 1900—24 370 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. Subfamily PLANORBINH2. Genus PLANORBIS Geofifroy, 1767. Shell discoidal, biconcave, with the whorls visible on both sides; aperture small, rounded, oblique; peristome simple, generally thin; columella wanting. Jaw with three segments; foot straight, obtuse in front and behind. Type, P. corneus Linnteus. Planorbis guadaloupensis Sowerby. Plate 53, figs. 11, 12. Planorbis guadaloupensis Sowerby, Gen., iv, p. 2 (no pagination), pi. n (plates not numbered), fig. 2, 1821. Shell large, compressed, with six slowly increasing whorls, which are rounded on both sides and have very delicate incremental and revolving sculpture only visible under a glass; shining, ashy or horn-colored; aperture rounded, thin but slightly oblique; parietal callus distinct and well advanced on the penultimate whorl. Greater diameter, 25; lesser, 21; height, 7 mm. Rio Caguitas, Caguas, Porto Rico; several living specimens; also Santo Domingo; Guadaioupe. Planorbis tumidus Pfeiffer. Planorbis tumidus Pfeiffer, Weigm. Arch., I, p. 354, 1839. Planorbis caribseus d’Orbigny, Moll. Cuba, I, p.193, pl.xm.figs. 17, 19, 1842. Porto Rico and Vieques (Crosse); Havana, Cuba; Mexico; southwestern United States; Florida. Planorbis riisei Dunker. Planorbis riisei Dunker A Clessiu, Conch. Cab., Neue Ausg., Planorbis, p. 110, pi. xvn, fig. 7, 1886. Porto Rico (Crosse); Jamaica. Planorbis refulgens Dunker. Planorbis refulgens Dunker, P. Z. S., 1853, p. 54. Planorbis refulgens Dunker . uigrescens Gray is referred, but different from anything in the National collection. Drillia melonesiana, n. sp. Plate 57, fig. 20. Shell small, solid, strong, spindle-shaped, with one or two smooth nepionic and eight strongly sculptured subsequent whorls; type of an ashy brown (possibly in some cases nearly or quite black) with the sculptural prominences white; notch short, subcircular, leaving a narrow, strongly excavated fasciole separated from the suture behind it by a line of half-moon-shaped nodules, though the fasciole is so narrow and deep that at first sight it would be taken for the suture; sculpture essentially as figured, with fine interstitial spirals reticulated by the incremental lines; aperture narrow, not lirate, pillar and throat brownish. Length, 10; maximum diameter, 4 mm. Off Point Melones, Porto Rico, at station 144. A solid, richly sculptured little shell, of which the brown color may be due to fading, though the type is quite fresh-looking. It does not appear to belong to the D. albinodata series, but has more sharply cut sculpture. Drillia interpleura, n. sp. Plate 57, fig. 21. Shell small, solid, strongly sculptured, with two smooth nepionic and six subsequent whorls; region of the canal and prominences on the ribs whitish, the rest of the shell yellowish brown with a dark reddish brown flammule in the \ alley between each pair of ribs; sculpture essentially as figured, libs seven or eight, the outer lip much thickened behind and thin at the outer edge, lirate within; pillar and throat yellowish. Length, 10; maximum diameter. 4 mm. Mayaguez Harbor, Porto Rico. This very pretty little species has a general resemblance to several others, but when a close com- parison was made seemed to be not identical with any recorded from the region or contained in the National Museum. MOLL ITSC A OF PORTO RICO. 387 Drillia albinodata Reeve. Pleurotoma albinodala Reeve, Conch. Icon., J, pi. xxxvm, fig. 352, 1846. Shell solid, with about ten whorls; suture impressed but not deep, with a slight revolving ridge below it, followed by a wide, shallow groove; below this is a somewhat raised nodulous shoulder, the nodules are extended toward the base as faint ribs. Below the shoulder there are three or four feeble revolving ridges which are swollen into nodules where they cross the longitudinal ribs. Besides this the whole surface of the shell is sculptured with exceedingly fine, revolving threads. Varix heavy; aperture short; sinus deep, rounded, nearly closed in front, and above it the upper edge of the last whorl is raised on the penultimate whorl. On the shoulder there is a white band, and there are two white bands on the base of the shell; the rest of it is a dark brown. Length of specimen from Porto Rico, 12; diameter, 5 mm. One shell, Plava de Ponce reef. Drillia albocincta C. B. Adams. Pleurotoma albocincta C. B. Adams, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, ii, p. 3, 1845; Tryon, Man., vr, p. 196, pi. xiv, fig. 6 (as Drillia zebra Lam.), 1884. Shell small, solid, with about eight whorls, with a low shoulder bearing on it a series of tubercles which are sometimes elliptical, and at others form two nearly perfect series. Under the suture there is a low, slightly tuberculous ridge, and between this and the shoulder a wide, shallow groove. Below the shoulder there are several revolving nodulous threads; aperture short, truncate below. The gen- eral surface is covered with very fine, revolving threads and is dark brown; the nodules are white. Length, 10; diameter, 4.5 mm. Arroyo; Puerto Real; Mayaguez Harbor, Porto Rico. The two foregoing species belong to a group of closely related and variable forms. Tryon throws a number of them into the synonymy of Drillia zebra Lamarck, and it is possible that both the above may be merely forms of that species. Drillia solida 0. B. Adams. Pleurotoma solida C. B. Adams, Contr. to Conch., p. Gl, 1850. Drillia fuscescens Tryon (in part), Man., vi, p. 193, pi. xiv, fig. 98, 1881. Shell with eight or nine whorls, with rather strong, oblique, slightly flexuous ribs, which end at the shoulder; above the shoulder is a wide, concave furrow, and between the furrow and the suture is a sharp ridge. Between the ribs are revolving threads which are stronger on the base; aperture short, narrowed below. Color dark brown, the spaces between the ribs on the shoulder lighter. Length, 10; diameter, 4 mm. Island of Vieques, one shell, slightly broken. Drillia thea Dali. Drillia thea Dali, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vi, p. 328, pi. x, fig. 5, 1883. Shell with eight whorls, the first one and a half smooth, the others with delicate growth lines, and having about seven or eight strong, slightly curved ribs; these ribs are nearly continuous from the apical whorls to the base of the shell, being only slightly cut by the narrow suture, and becoming a little fainter at the faintly impressed fasciole; varix distinct, canal somewhat drawn out. Color generally that of wet tea leaves. Length, 15; diameter, 4.5 mm. Aguadilla; Mayaguez, Porto Rico; one dead and broken shell from each locality. ? Drillia aepynota Dali. Drillia xpynota Dali, Blake Report, II, p. 96, pi. xxxvi, fig. 10, 1889. Two young, badly worn shells were obtained in Mayaguez, Porto Rico, which may be this. Drillia lissotropis Dali. Pleurotoma ( Mangilia ) lissotropis Dali, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ix, p.68,1881. Drillia lissotropis Dali, Blake Report, ii, p. 91, pi. xi, figs. 3, 4, 1889. Shell small, with about eight whorls which are slightly convex, and having ten to twelve nearly straight, strong, longitudinal ribs; spaces between the ribs either smooth or delicately spirally striate; 388 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. the ribs extend well down over the body whorl, where they fade out; the rather long base is strongly, spirally lirate; varix high; columella nearly straight. Color of the shell white, pink, or purplish. Length of largest specimen, 8; diameter, 3 mm. Mayaguez, Porto Rico. Genus BORSONIA Bellardi. Subgenus Cokdieria Rouault. ? Borsonia rouaulti Dali. Borsonia ( Cordieria ) rouaulti Dali, Blake Report, n, p. 98, pi. xxxvi, fig. 11, 1889. Three young, worn specimens, which were obtained at. Mayaguez, may be referable to this species, but they are not in condition to be identified with certainty. Genus MANGILIA (Leach) Risso, 1826. Shell fusiform, imperforate, terminated below in a rather short canal; aperture oval-elongate; lip more or less notched above; no operculum. Subgenus Cytfiara Schumacher, 1817. Shell longitudinally costate; external surface usually finely gran ulostri ate; outer lip denticulated within; inner lip striate; aperture narrow, elongate. Mangilia asarca, n. sp. Plate 57, fig. 14. Shell minute, white, or with faint yellowish flammules, with six brilliantly polished, slender whorls; nepionic shell small, depressed, smooth, subsequent whorls with about ten axial riblets, slightly flexuous near the suture and becoming obsolete anteriorly, the peripheral part of the last whorl smooth or destitute of spiral sculpture, which on the base and canal is well developed and consists of fine striation; notch short, subcircular, leaving no fasciole; outer lip slightly thickened, not lirate within. Length, 4.5; maximum diameter, 1.5 mm. Mayaguez, Porto Rico. This is a small but elegant species, which differs from the majority of its congeners in the absence of the fine, frosty granulation of the surface which is so characteristic of many of them, and in the somewhat obscure development of the axial ribs. Mang-ilia balteata Reeve. Mangilia balleala Reeve, Conch. Icon.) in, pi. vii, fig. 57, 1846. Spire elevated, whorls but slightly rounded, having about six strong, straight, longitudinal ribs, which are nearly continuous and are only partly interrupted by the suture; surface generally sculp- tured with faint, revolving threads; aperture two-fifths of the length of the shell; canal not lengthened. Color generally whitish, encircled with a median chestnut zone, which is sometimes wanting. Length, 12; diameter, 4 mm. Three fragments were obtained in Mayaguez Harbor. Mangilia densestriata C. B. Adams. Many ilia densestriata C. B. Adams, Contr. to Conch.. 1850, p. 65. Shell fusiform, with seven whorls, which are shouldered above, and have from eight to twelve strong, nearly straight ribs, the last whorl having but eight ribs; suture deep; surface everywhere covered with fine but sharp, high, revolving threads, which are not interrupted on the ribs; notch in the outer lip shallow; base slightly attenuated; canal wide. Color white; in one specimen there are three faint, broken, revolving bands on the body whorl, which show most distinctly on the ribs; in another there are only a few scarcely perceptible dots on the ribs in two rows. Length, 6; diameter, 2.25 mm. Mayaguez Harbor, Porto Rico, one nerfect and one broken shell. This agrees very well with the description by C. B. Adams of his Mangilia densiclathmta. His specimen or specimens were white. MOLLITPCA OF PORTO RICO. 389 Mangilia psila Bush. Mangilia psila Bush, Trans. Conn. Acad. Sci., vi, p. 455, pi. xlv, fig. 2, 1885. Shell elongated, with about nine whorls, each having six straight ribs which are barely inter- rupted by the suture; the ribs have a slight nodule at the middle of the whorl, and sometimes there is a single pinched-up, revolving ridge on this part of the shell; growth lines delicate; surface covered with very nearly obsolete revolving threads; notch in the outer lip feeble; base slightly attenuated. Color whitish; some specimens having a narrow, median, brownish, revolving band. Length, 6; diameter, 2 mm. Mayaguez, Porto Rico, five broken and worn shells. Mangilia biconica C. B. Adams. Mangilia biconica C. B. Adams, Contr. to Conch., 1850, p. 65. Shell small, biconic, with about six longitudinally ribbed, subangular whorls; ribs nearly straight, nine or ten on the last whorl and forming a slight shoulder above, the spaces between the ribs filled with fine, spiral sculpture; aperture rather wide above, narrowed below into a short canal. Length, 5; diameter, 2.5 mm. Seven worn and broken specimens were obtained at Mayaguez, Porto Rico. They are in such bad condition that it is impossible to say whether they belong to the typical form, which is banded on the periphery and which sometimes has a secondary band below, or to the variety alia, which is entirely white. A specimen from San Juan has some indication of brown banding on the last whorl. Subgenus Daphnella Hinds, 1844. Shell thin, fusiform, body whorl elongated; surface cancellated; lip simple, not varicose. Mangilia morra Dali. Pleurotoma ( DriMa ) morra Dali, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ix, p. 69, 1881. Daphnella morra Dali, Blake Rep., II, p. 105, pi. xii, fig. 1, 1889. Shell short, fusiform, having six rounded whorls, with a deep suture; sculpture consisting of numerous slightly curved longitudinal riblets and many revolving threads, which cover the entire surface with a nearly evenly cancellated pattern; notch in the outer lip deep; base somewhat suddenly drawn in from the rather swollen body whorl; canal moderate, nearly straight. Color brown. Length, 3; diameter, 1.25 mm. A single, somewhat worn specimen was obtained from Mayaguez Harbor, Porto Rico. Mangilia elata Dali. Plate 54, fig. 17. ? Daphnella elata Dali, Blake Report, II, p. 105, 1889. Five badly broken, worn shells were received from Mayaguez, which are probably this species. Subgenus Glyphostoma Gabb, 1872. Shell fusiform; outer lip thickened into a varix, slightly dentate within, the notch deep and rounded; surface covered with longitudinal ribs crossed by strong, revolving stripe, and marked besides with an exceedingly delicate pattern of decussated sculpture. Mangilia aguadillana, n. sp. Plate 57, fig. 22. Shell small, slender, solid, nine-whorled, of which the first three are nepionic, smooth and polished, the subsequent elegantly axially ribbed, with two to four primary spiral threads and fine interstitial spiral striation, essentially as figured. Shell white with a superficial brownish tinge on the larger whorls, apex and interior of outer lip of a delicate lilac; outer lip strongly thickened, inner lip and aperture smooth or destitute of the denticulations usually found in this genus. Length, 14; maximum diameter, 4 mm. A variety minor is exactly similar in sculpture, but of a pale-straw color, and is 8.5 mm. long and 3 mm. in maximum diameter. Aguadilla, Porto Rico; the variety from Mayaguez Harbor, station 6062. If the absence of the oral processes is not due to immaturity, this form would better be referred to Clathurella. 390 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. Subgenus Mangilia s. s. Mangilia luctuosa d’Orbigny. Pleurotoma luctuosa d’Orbigny, Moll. Cubana, u, p. 255, pi. xxm, figs. 29-31,1845. San Juan, Porto Rico (Gundlacb); Cuba; Guadeloupe. This may not be a Mangilia. Mangilia quadrata Reeve. Pleurotoma quadrata Reeve, P. Z. S., 1845, p. 114; Conch. Icon., I, pi. xxvm, fig. 253, 1845. Shell short, fusiform, biangulate on the body whorl; surface covered with strong longitudinal ribs, there being about eight on the body whorl. The shell is cancellated with a set of sharp, revolving threads, that on the shoulder above being particularly strong; there are three of these threads on the body whorl that are stronger than the others, the lower one marking the lower angulation; those of the base becoming fainter; notch in the outer lip shallow; canal rather short. Length, 4.5; diameter, nearly 2 mm. Surface whitish, clouded with brown. Mayaguez, Porto Rico, many worn shells; off Boca Prieta, one dead shell. Two specimens of the variety quadrata were also obtained at Mayaguez. Mangilia lavalleana d’Orbigny. Pleurotoma lavalleana d’Orbigny, Moll. Cubana, n, p. 174, pi. xxiv, figs. 7, 9, 1845. A single specimen was obtained at Mayaguez that may be this species, but it is in bad condition and can not be determined with certainty. Mangilia sp. A single young, imperfect shell, something like M. rubella Kurtz & Stimpson, was obtained at Mayaguez. Mangilia melanitica Dali. Plate 58, fig. 10. Mangilia melanitica (Dali, MS.) Bush, Trans. Conn. Aead.Sci., vr, p. 459, pi. xiv, figs. 3, 3«, 1885. Shell with a rather slender spire and short base, with nine whorls, the iirst two rounded and smooth, the rest covered with revolving line, of which the median one is strongest, making the shell somewhat angular in the middle of the whorls and shouldered on the last whorl ; the four lower whorls have faint, slightly oblique longitudinal ribs; aperture much wider above than below; outer lip slightly thickened; the notch large, deep, and rounded, the lip surrounding it inflated into a raised rim. Color whitish, stained with brown, the aperture and base darker. Length, 4.5; diameter, 1.5 mm. Mayaguez, Porto Rico, many worn shells. Mangilia trilineata 0. B. Adams. Pleurotoma trilineata C. B. Adams, Contr. to Conch., p. 55, 1845; Tryon, Man., vi, p. 247, pi. xxi, fig. 31, 1884. Quebradillas, Porto Rico (Gundlach). Family CANCELLARI1D£. Genus CANCELLARIA Lamarck, 1822. Shell oval, generally cancellated; last whorl ventricose, with a short canal and strong siphonal fasciole; columella with several oblique plications. Type, C. reticulata Linnaeus. Subgenus Cancellaria s. s. Cancellaria reticulata Linnaeus. Valuta reticulata Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. xn, p. 1190, 1767. Cancellaria reticulata Tryon, Man. Conch., vn, p. 69, pi. it, figs. 25, 26, 1885. Porto Rico (Gundlach) ; Florida. Subgenus Trigonostoma Blainville, 1827. Shell generally umbilicated, whorls wider and usually shouldered above; aperture trigonal; outer lip not contracted in front; canal obsolete. Type, Murex scala Gmelin. Mollusc a of porto rtco. 391 Cancellaria ag-assizii Dali. Tn'gsnostoma agassizii Dali, Blake Report, n, p. 130, pi. xxxv, fig. 4, 1889. Shell with live whorls, the first, rounded and smooth, the second gradually becoming cancellated, the subsequent whorls somewhat roundly shouldered above, having very strong, slightly flexuous ribs, ten on the last whorl, and about sixteen strong, revolving line, which are slightly nodulous on the ridges; in addition to this there are very fine, longitudinal threads all over the surface; varix on the outer lip but little stronger than the ribs; aperture ovate; outer lip strongly ridged within; canal short, open; columella scarcely callous, the threads running over it into the aperture, and having three plaits; umbilicus nearly closed by the reflected columella. Color reddish brown or brownish orange. Length, 8; diameter, 5 mm. A single slightly worn and bleached shell was obtained at Mayaguez, Porto Rico. The species extends north to Cape Hatteras, North Carolina. Superfamily RHACHIGLOSSA. Family OLIVID^E. Genus OLIVA Bruguieres, 1789. Shell oblong, subcylindrical, brilliantly polished; spire rather short; last whorl covering the greater part of the others; aperture elongated, slightly dilated in front; columella vertical, callous, more or less plicate; lip simple, thick, not reflected or toothed within; a sinus above is continued as a canal along the suture; notch at the base short, but well marked. No operculum. ? Oliva litterata Lamarck. Oliva litterata Lamarck, Ann. du Mus., xvi, p. 315, 1809. Oliva literate Reeve, Conch. Icon., vi, pi. xi, fig. 18, 1850. This species was found at San Juan, Porto Rico, according to Gundlaeh. It is quite probable that the specimens he so named were the nearly allied form described in this paper as 0. caribseensis. Oliva reticularis Lamarck. Oliva reticularis Lamarck, Ann. du Mus., xvi, p. 314, 1809. Oliva reticularis Tryon, Man., V, p. 83, pi. xxx, figs. 90-95, 1883. Shell rather slender, slightly swollen at the middle; spire somewhat elevated; ridges on the columella numerous and strong. Ground color whitish overlaid with a faint pattern of purplish brown reticulations, which sometimes shows the white as triangular spots. Frequently there are two darker bands near center of outer whorl, and under the suture are clusters of brownish, subvertical lines. Length, 35 to 50; diameter, 15 to 20 mm. Aguadilla ; Mayaguez, Guanica, Porto Rico, many worn specimens; St. Thomas, one shell; Vieques, one fine specimen taken alive. A dark variety was found at Fajardo, Porto Rico. Oliva caribaeensis, n. s. Plate 56, fig. 9. Shell rather short and stout, its greatest diameter being near the shoulder; spire low, the suture being deeply channeled; outer lip heavy; columella having a strong white callus extending up for two-thirds of the length of the aperture, where it thins out; columellar plications numerous and distinct but not strong. The ground color is ashy yellow, becoming darker below, overlaid with a close faint reticulation of reddish brown. There are two faint bands of darker reticulations on the outside whorl and splashes and lines of this dark color under the suture. The interior is purplish; the columella is a little lighter colored. Length, 32; diameter, 15 mm. Mayaguez Harbor, Porto Rico. A rather dull and inconspicuous species, the most cylindrical of the Antillean forms and perhaps nearest to 0. litterata Lamarck. Genus OLIVELLA Swainson, 1835. Shell small, polished, oblong; spire acuminate ; internal shell absorbed; suture cana’iculate; aperture wider below ; outer lip but slightly thickened; columella plicate below, with a stronger plication at or near its base. Operculum generally present, oval, elongated, obtuse at its extremities, nucleus subapical. 392 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. Olivella jaspidea Gmelin. Voluta jaspidea Gmelin, Syst. Nat., p. 3442, 1792. Oliva jaspidea Reeve, Conch. Icon., vi, pi. xxn, fig. 58, 1850. Shell solid; spire rather elongated; whorls about five; base of the aperture moderately expanded; columella plicate throughout or nearly so, with a slightly thickened wide ridge at or near its base. Color generally ashy or whitish, overlaid with a slate-colored or purplish pattern. This pattern may be indistinct reticulations or zigzags or irregular dots and blotches, and it often shows the white ground in triangular patches. There is almost always a row of dark lines or spots below the suture; there are often faint bands on the body whorl, and sometimes dark markings on the base. Length, 18; diameter, 8 mm. Hucares; Aguadilla, Porto Rico; Caballo Blanco Reef, Vieques; Culebra Island. It is almost impossible to write any description which will fully and accurately cover this abundant and variable species. Some specimens of it arecpiite slender and not very solid; others are shorter and heavier, and the color pattern varies from white with faint markings to very dark. Olivella esther Duclos. Olivella esther Duclos, Monog. Gen. Oliva, pi. in, figs. 7, 8, 1835. Shell heavy, short, with a rather low spire whose sides are nearly straight; columella with a strong, high, narrow ridge near its base, and a heavy callus above, which extends to the upper part of the penultimate whorl; yellowish white overlaid with a pattern of brown markings, showing tentlike white spots, with darker, broken markings below the suture and near the base. Just at the base there is a distinct, solid band of brown. Length, 16; diameter, 7 mm. A large number of worn shells were found at Mayaguez, Porto Rico. Olivella mutica Say. Oliva mutica Say , Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., ii, p. 228, 1822. Olivella mutica Try on , Man. , v, pi. xiv, figs. 43-55, 1883. Shell rather small, heavy, with usually a rather short spire, though sometimes it is lengthened; columella feebly plicate, having a fold near its base, strongly callous above. Color ashy white, gray, or bluish, often more or less marked with brownish spots or zigzag lines. In some cases portions of the aperture are very dark. Length, 7; diameter, 3.5 mm. A single specimen was obtained in Mayaguez Harbor. Olivella rotunda Dali. Plate 56, fig. 11. Olivella jaspidea var. rotunda Dali, Blake Report, ii, p. 134, 1889. Shell inflated with’ a short, rounded but pointed spire; suture canaliculate, deep and narrow-* aperture but slightly spread below; columellar area with a strong raised callus, which runs to the top of the penultimate whorl and continues around the upper whorls as a thickened glazing; the columellar callus is longitudinally sculptured with exceedingly delicate, microscopic lime, and is swollen just below its upper end. The columellar plications are numerous and strong, and between the upper and lower set there is an indentation of the columella within. Color pale ashy yellowish, with faint, irregular, broken, zigzag markings of a darker tint, and there is a yellowish band near the base having a darker streak below it. Length, 15 to 23; diameter, 7 to 11 mm. Mayaguez Harbor; Aguadilla, Porto Rico; a number of fine specimens. The series of fine shells collected by the Fish Hawk expedition seems to show that this is a valid species of Olivella, as good as the average species in this difficult genus. Its form is something like that of specimens of 0. biplicata of the West Coast, but the spire is not so elevated as in that species, nor is its base so expanded. Olivella oryza Lamarck. Oliva oryza Lamarck, An. sans Vert., vii, p.439, 1822; Chemnitz, Conch. Cab., Ii, 1771, pi. L. fig. 548. Shell small; spire rather short; whorls somewhat rounded; obtuse; columella without teeth, or with but faint indications of them, twisted and ending in a distinct curved plait; columellar area narrowly callous. Color white or milky throughout. Length, 4; diameter, 1.5 mm. MOLLUSC A OK PORTO RICO. 393 Mayaguez, Porto Rico, many slightly worn shells. Lamarck’s description is too brief to properly characterize this species, and the figure he refers to in the Conchylien Cabinet is a dorsal view and rather poor. Olivella nivea Gmelin Voluta nivea Gmelin, Syst. Nat., p. 3442, 1792. Olivella nivea Try on, Man.,v, p. 67, pi. xv, figs. 74-88, 1883. San Juan, Porto Rico (Gundlach); Florida; West Indies. Olivella verreauxi Duclos. Oliva verreauxi Duclos, Rev. Crit., p. 97, pi. in, figs. 86 a, b, 1857. According to Gundlach this form is found at Aguadilla and Quebradillas, Porto Rico. Family MARGINELLIILE. Genus MARGINELLA Lamarck, 1801. Shell imperforate, ovoid conical or subcylindrical, porcellanous, smooth and shining, sometimes having longitudinal ridges; spire rather short or often sunken; aperture long; outer lip thickened and sometimes toothed; columella with three or four plaits. Marginella apicina Menke. Marginella apicina Menke, Syn. Meth. Moll., p. 87, 1828. Marginella conoiclalis Reeve, Conch. Icon., xv, pi. xvni, fig, 87. Shell solid, conoidal; spire low, plane, the suture merely marked by a line; outer lip having a heavy, distinctly marked varix, smooth within; base rounded; columella with four- strong, nearly equal plaits, the two lower a very little nearer together than the others; parietal wall callous above. Color white, amber, or sometimes pale ashy reddish, the nucleus generally reddish and always translucent; there are usually three or four brown blotches just at the back of the varix, one of these on the spire and one at the base of the shell, but they are sometimes partly or wholly wanting. Length, 12; diameter, 7.5 mm. Three fine, small specimens were taken on the beach at Mayaguez. A beautiful, common, and widely distributed species, quite variable in size and coloring. It is often faintly banded. Marginella hematita Kiener. Marginella hematita Kiener, Coq. Vivantes, genus Marginella, p. 11, pi. vn, fig. 31, 1841. Shell conoidal, solid, with a rather elevated spire; whorls five, slightly rounded; outer lip heavily varicose, advanced in the middle, with about fifteen teeth inside; base rounded; columella with four very prominent strong, even plaits, which are evenly spaced; columellar area not calloused; surface smooth, sometimes slightly pustulous or pitted. Color purplish or deep red. Length, 9; diameter, 5.5 mm. Aguadilla, Porto Rico, one worn shell. This is a beautiful species when fresh, and is often colored very brilliant deep red. Marginella striata Sowerby. Marginella striata Sowerby, Thes. Conch., i, pi. lxxv, figs. 81, 82, 1846. Shell volutiform; spire moderately produced, the whorls slightly rounded; spire and body whorl covered with straight, longitudinal ribs; outer lip thickened into a distinct varix, strongly crenated within; columella with four strong, equal plaits. Color whitish. Length, 3; diameter, 1.5 mm. Mayaguez Harbor, Porto Rico, one worn, broken shell. Marginella evadne, n. sp. Plate 57, fig. 10. Shell minute, white, solid, polished; form and proportions essentially as figured; the whorls sculptured by fine, even, axial, close-set strife, obsolete anteriorly; the aperture narrow; the pillar lip with six or seven close-set plaits, enlarging anteriorly, the most anterior being considerably the largest; outer lip not marginate; in fully adult specimens minutely crenulate within. Length, 2.5; maximum diameter, 1.5 mm. Mayaguez Harbor, Porto Rico. 394 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. This species needs to he well magnified and closely scrutinized to reveal its peculiarities. When worn the striation is often destroyed. The specimen figured had not acquired the crenulation of the outer lip. There is an allied species with short rather prominent small riblets on the shoulder of the whorls which is found in the West Indies, hut it can not be confounded with the present one if the characters he attended to. Section VOLVARINA Hinds. Marginella torticula Dali. Marginella torticula Dali, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., IX, p. 73, 1881. .1 farginella torticula Ball., Blako Report, ir, p. 141, pi. xix, fig. 7, 1889. Shell slender, glossy, grayish waxen white, with about live whorls; spire roundly pointed, glazed so as to nearly cover the sutures, last whorl appressed on the shoulder; axis laterally curved so that the spire and base turn to the right; aperture long, narrow; columella with four very oblique plaits; outer lip simple, not reflected, slightly thickened and produced posteriorly; canal wide. Length, 11.5; diameter, 3.75 mm. Mayaguez Harbor, one young and one badly broken adult shell. Marginella avena Valenciennes. Marginella avena Valenciennes in Kiener, Coq. Viv., Marginclla , p. 17, pi. vi, fig. 24, 1841. Shell elongated, with an elevated, somewhat glazed spire; aperture long and narrowed above; outer lip thickened and slightly varicose, somewhat incurved at middle; columella curved, armed with four strong plaits, lower ones a little the heaviest. Color milky white or subtranslucent, generally having three wide, faint hands of yellowish brown on body whorl that are usually more or less broken. Length, 12; diameter, 5 mm. Aguadilla, Porto Rico, three worn shells; Ensenada Honda, Culebra, two shells. Marginella albolineata d'Orbignv. Marginella albolineata d’Orbigny, Moll. Cubana, ii, p. 99, pi. xx, figs. 27-29, 1840. Shell elongated, rounded and rather inflated above, somewhat narrowed below; spire low, bluntly pointed, glazed; aperture long, narrow above, wider below; outer lip incurved a little at the middle, slightly thickened and varicose; columella curved below, with four elevated plaits, the lower a little stronger. Color yellowish white or amber, with from three to five more or less developed brownish bands, which show more distinctly on the varix. Length, 9; diameter, 4 mm. Ensenada Honda, Culebra, one shell. Marginella lactea Kiener. Marginella lactca Kiener, Coq. Viv., Marginella, p. 42, pi. xm, fig. 3, 1841. .Shell rather small, with a moderately developed glazed spire; outer lip thickened a little, scarcely varicose, incurved in the middle; columella nearly straight, with four strong, nearly even plaits. Color milky white throughout. Length, 7; diameter, 3 mm. Mayaguez, Porto Rico, one shell; Ensenada Honda, Culebra, six specimens. Close to the last, but having a rather higher spire and differing in color pattern. Marginella fusca Sowerby. Marginella fusca Sowerby, P. Z. S., 1846, p. 95. Marginella fusca Sowerby, Conch. Icon., xv, pi. xvn, fig. 82, 1865. Shell elongated, with rather elevated, glazed, pointed spire; outer lip with a delicate, narrow varix ascending the spire, decidedly incurved at the middle; columella nearly straight, with four oblique plaits, the lower the strongest; parietal callus widened below. Color smoky brownish, with two or more wide, faint, darker bands. Length, 8; diameter, 3.5 mm. Arroyo, Porto Rico, one specimen. MOLLUSCA OF PORTO RICO. 395 Marginella subtriplicata d’Orbigny. MargineBM, subtriplicata d’Orbigny, Moll. Cubana, n, p. 99, pi. xx, figs. 30-32, 1845. Shell elongated, subcvlindrical; spire glazed, of moderate height; outer lip scarcely thickened, much advanced at the middle, where it is slightly inflected; aperture narrow, a very little wider below; columella straight, with three moderate, equal plaits, and sometimes a faint indication of a fourth one above; parietal wall with a narrow callus. Color yellowish white. Length, 10; diameter, 4 mm. Ensenada Honda, Culebra, one adult and two young specimens. Marginella pallida Donovan. Bulla pallida Donovan, Brit. Shells, pi. lxvi, fig. 527, 1800. Shell cylindrical, thin but strong, with a low, bluntly pointed spire; outer lips scarcely thickened but rounded on its edge, very slightly incurved in the middle; columella rather sharply curved, with four moderate, very oblique plaits, the two lower a little nearer together and elevated on a twisted ridge that forms the termination of the columella. Color whitish or straw color. Length, 15; diameter, 7 mm. Mayaguez, Porto Rico, one shell; Caballo Blanco Reef, Vieques, one young specimen. Subgenus Persicula Schumacher, 1817. Shell bulliform, with spire depressed or sunken, generally marked with broken bands of color; outer lip denticulated; inner lip callous above, having four plaits below and smaller ones above them. Marginella catenata Montagu. Marginella calenata Montagu, Test. Brit., p. 236, pi. vr, fig. 2, 1803. Shell obtusely ovate; spire concealed, covered by the last whorl, which incloses it with a plicate edge, and this is sometimes overlaid with callus; aperture narrow, curved, slightly wider below; outer lip having fine plications within; columella heavily callous, with four strong plaits below and a few fainter ones above; base slightly notched. Colorwhitish, with chain-like revolving bands of milk-white and brownish markings. Length, 3.5; diameter, 2.5 mm. Mayaguez, Porto Rico, two badly worn shells. The specimens are in such condition that they can only be referred to this species with doubt. Marginella catenata var. pulcherrima Gaskoin. Marginella pulcherrima Gaskoin, P. Z. S., 1849, p. 21. Marginella pulcherrima Try on, Man., v, p. 39, pi. xi, fig. 30, 1883. Has the form of M. catenata, but the ground color is pale Drown, with revolving rows of white spots. The callous nucleus is painted with a brown, many-pointed star, and there are two wide, whitish bands on the body whorl bearing vertical brown lines. At each edge of these light bands is a row of dark, minute spots, and there is a little dark color on the base. Mayaguez, Porto Rico, one beautiful shell. Marginella interrupte-lineata Muhlfeld. Marginella interrupte-lineata Muhlfeld, Berl. Mag. Naturf. Fr., 1818, p. 6, figured. Mayaguez, Porto Rico (Gundlach). Subgenus Volutella Swainson. Spire somewhat elevated, but wholly concealed by the last whorl; outer lip thickened and varicose; columella with three or four plaits. Marginella ovuliformis d’Orbigny. Marginella ovuliformis d’Orbigny, Moll. Cubana, ii, p. 101, pi. XX, figs. 33-35, 1845. Shell minute, glassy white, swollen above; outer lip heavy, developed into a well-marked varix which extends on to the spire and is feebly denticulated within; aperture narrow and of about even width throughout; columella with three plications. Length, 1.75; diameter, 1 mm. Mayaguez, three shells. 396 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. Family VOLUTID.C. Genua VOLUTA (Linnaeus, 1758) Lamarck, 1799. Voluta musica Linnaeus. Voluta musica Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, p. 733, 1768; Reeve, Conch. Icon., vi, pi. viii, 1849. San Juan, Porto Rico (Gundlach); West Indies. Family TURBINELLID93. Genus TURBINELLA Lamarck, 1799. Subgenus Yasum Link, 1807. Turbinella muricata Born. Voluta muricata Born, Mus. Vind., p. 233, 1780. Turbinella muricata Reeve, Conch. Icon., iv, pi. vn, fig. 35,1847. Mayaguez, Porto Rico (Gundlach); West Indies; Florida Keys. Family MITRID/E. Genus MITRA Lamarck, 1799. Shell solid, fusiform; spire elevated, pointed; aperture narrow, notched in front; outer lip not reflected, thickened and smooth within; columella transversely, somewhat obliquely plicate; no operculum. Mitra barbadensis Gmelin Voluta barbadensis Gmelin, Syjt. Nat., p.3455, 1792. Mitra picta Reeve, Conch. Icon., ir, pi. xvi, fig. 123, 1844. Shell with about eight nearly flat whorls, covered with somewhat distant, raised, revolving thread#; besides this the surface is covered with a pattern of microscopic revolving and longitudinal lirte, making the spaces between the larger threads decussated; suture shallow, but well marked; aperture elongated, wider below; columella with four whitish plaits, the lower one quite faint. Color light brown, sometimes with longitudinal white bands, and often blotched with white. Length, 35; diameter, 13 mm. Guanica, Porto Rico; Caballo Blanco Reef, Vieques. Mitra nodulosa Gmelin. Voluta nodulosa Gmelin, Syst. Nat., p. 3445, 1792. Mitra granulosa Reeve, Conch. Icon., ii, pi. ix, fig. 62, 1844. Shell with about ten whorls, which are scarcely rounded but are narrowly shouldered above; suture distinct, impressed; surface sculptured by longitudinal ribs, which are cut by revolving furrows into coarse, rounded nodules, there being four of these furrows on the upper whorls and twelve on the body whorl; aperture scarcely widened below; basal notch deep; columella with four plaits, the upper strong, the lower faint. Color varying from pale to dark brown; the teeth whitish. Length, 35; diameter, 13 mm. Aguadilla, Porto Rico, one young shell. Mitra hanleyi var. gemmata Sowerby. Mitra gemmata Sowerby, Thes. Conch., sp. 334, fig. 649, 1874. Shell somewhat biconic, with about seven whorls, there being a single row of strong, somewhat longitudinal nodules on the center of the whorls; above the nodules the shoulder is slightly concave; the surface is sculptured with faint, longitudinal riblets crossed by almost obsolete microscopic striae; aperture rather short, slightly drawn out below; columella with three plaits. General surface purplish black or very deep brown; the large nodules on center of whorls are white. Length, 7; diameter, 3 mm. Ensenada Honda, Culebra, two young shells. A beautiful little form, probably a variety of Mitra hanleyi Dohrn (1862), not of Sowerby (1S74). MOLLUSCA OF PORTO RIOO. 397 Mitra straminea A. Adams. Milra straminea A. Adams, P. Z. S., p. 332, 1851. Mitra straminea Tryon, Man., iv, p. 140, pi. xli, fig. 188, 1882. Shell small, slender, with about eight somewhat rounded whorls, which are sculptured by strong, sharp revolving ridges; there are four or five of these on the upper whorls and fourteen to sixteen on body whorl; between the revolving ridges the surface is sculptured with sharp, longitudinal threads; aperture elongated, scarcely wider below; columella three-plaited. Color yellowish white. Length, 15; diameter, 5 mm. Mayaguez, Porto Rico, three worn and broken young shells. Mitra microzonias Lamarck. Mitra microsomias Lamarck, Ail. sans Vert., vil, p. 320, 1822. Mitra microzonias Tryon, Man., iv, p. 183, pi. liv, figs. 668, 569, 1882. San Juan, Porto Rico (Gundlach); West Indian region. Genus MITROMORPHA A. Adams, 1865. Shell small, somewhat elongate and biconic, with a globose nucleus; aperture scarcely or not at all notched behind; columella nearly straight, generally having faint vestiges of oblique plaits, which do not extend far into the shell; surface sculptured. Mitromorpha biplicata Dali. Mitromorpha biplicata Dali, Blake Report, ii, p. 165, pi. xxxv, fig. 1, 1889. Shell biconic, cancellated, yellowish or whitish, with brown flammules; nucleus glassy, of one and a half turns, other whorls five or six, slightly rounded; aperture not widened below; columella with two fairly strong plaits; outer lip lirate within. Length, 7; diameter, 3 mm. A fragment having a perfect aperture was- found at Mayaguez. Family FASCIOLARIlDrE. Genus FASCIOLARIA Lamarck, 1801. Shell imperforate, fusiform, solid; spire rather elevated, sharp pointed; aperture oval-oblong, with a canal in front; outer lip simple, furnished with lirse internally; columella concave, having a few oblique plications at its base. Operculum oval, pointed at the summit; its nucleus apical. Fasciolaria gigantea Kiener. Fasciolaria gigantea Kiener, Coq. Viv., Fasciolaria , p. 5, pis. x, xi, 1840. Shell very large, solid, fusiform, with about ten whorls; spire well elevated, pointed; growth lines strong and irregular; the surface is covered with a series of more or less strongly developed, rounded, revolving ribs, and between these there are fainter ones; near the center of the whorls there is a row of large nodules, which are somewhat distantly spaced and which fade out on the body whorl; aperture ovate-oblong, the outer lip more or less ridged within; canal long, open, and slightly recurved; columella incurved, furnished with three folds below. The surface is salmon or chamois colored, and is covered with a strong, reddish-brown epidermis, which cracks and peels off when the shell is dry. The aperture varies from dirty straw color to deep salmon or reddish. Animal deep red. Length, 16 inches to 2 feet; diameter, 7 to 10 inches. Mayaguez, Porto Rico, one very young shell. This is one of the largest of the Gastropods, being excelled in size only by the Megalatractus aruanus of Australia. The species varies much in the development of the tubercles, in some cases being almost destitute of them, and in others they are very strong and scarcely diminish in size on the last whorl. It is abundant in the waters of the Southeastern States, and differs from the F. princeps of the Pacific coast by the smooth external surface of its operculum. Fasciolaria tulipa Linnaeus. Murex tulipa Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, p. 754, 1758. Fasciolaria tulipa Kiener, Coq. Viv., Fasciolaria, p. 2, pis. I, n, 1840. Shell with about nine somewhat rounded whorls, with a deep, well-defined suture, with irregular, impressed growth lines and revolving sculpture. This sculpture may consist of rather sharp, close 898 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. ridges of various sizes, separated by concave furrows, or the surface may be scarcely marked by narrow, widely spaced grooves; the sculpture is stronger just below the suture, where it always becomes slightly nodulous, and on the base of the shell; spire of moderate height; aperture elongate-oval, the outer lip lirate within and marked on its inner edge with dark lines, which are often elevated into slight ridges and end in toothlike projections; canal of moderate length, slightly reflexed, open; columella incurved, with two or three folds below. The color pattern is variable. It is sometimes ash colored, overlaid with irregular, dull-brown markings and blotches, which may be disposed in faint wide bands. In other specimens the ground is nearly white, with blotches and cloudings of pale chocolate, salmon, or reddish, the revolving furrows being marked with darker color. Length, 150; diameter, 65 mm. Guanica; Ponce Reefs; Hucares; San Juan; Fajardo; Boqueron Bay, Porto Rico; Southeastern States; West Indies; Mexico and Central America. The specimens living in brackish water are more strongly sculptured, duller colored! and rougher than those found living on open beaches, and are probably worthy of a varietal name. The species is larger than the allied F. distans, with which it has been sometimes confounded, and is always somewhat sculptured below the suture, while distans is not. As in the case of the Strombus pugilis, the more southeastern the locality the more pale the salmon coloration which characterizes the shell. Genus LATIRUS Montfort, 1810. Shell turriculated or oval fusiform; aperture oval-oblong; outer lip lirate within; columella with two or three faint folds below. Operculum oval-elongated, unguiculate, arcuate, concave at the columellar border; nucleus apical. Subgenus Leucozonia Gray, 1847. Shell oval-fusiform, carinated, spire moderate, canal rather short; columella subflLexuous. Latirus cinguliferus Lamarck. Turbinclla cingulifera Lamarck, An. sans Vert., vn, p. 107, 1822. Turbinclla cingulifera Reeve, Conch. Icon, iv, pi. m, fig. 17, 1847. Shell solid, with a moderately developed spire and having about eight whorls. The form and sculpture of the whorls vary remarkably. In some cases there is a revolving row of strong tubercles on the middle of the whorls, which forms a well-marked shoulder on the body whorl; in other cases the shell is absolutely destitute of nodules and the whorls are slightly rounded, and there is every possible variation between these extremes. The growth lines are strong and irregular, and the surface is covered with faint, revolving threads, so that it is more or less reticulated. The aperture is elliptical; the outer lip is generally lirate within, though sometimes it is nearly smooth. Above the base there is usually a sort of revolving ridge which ends in a small tooth or projection on the outer lip. The canal is rather short and recurved; the columella bears about four faint plaits, and the shell is often falsely umbilicate at its base. Color light brown to nearly black. There is generally a narrow, white band on the ridge just above the base. Length, 55; diameter, 80 mm. Guanica; Ponce reefs; Playa de Ponce; Cabo Rojo light, Porto Rico; Ensenada Honda, Culebra; West Indian region generally. Latirus ocellatus Gmelin. Buccinuin ocellatum Gmelin, Syst. Nat., p. 3488, 1792. Turbinclla ucellata Reeve, Conch. Icon., iv, pi. vra, fig. 38, 1847. Shell solid, short, fusiform, with a row of nodules on the middle of the whorls, which becomes a strong ridge on the shoulder of the body whorl. There is a small, or secondary, row of nodules in the concave space above the shoulder. The surface of the shell is covered with small revolving ridges, and between these there are tine raised threads, and these are crossed by the distinctly marked growth lines, making the surface reticulate. Outer lip lirate within; canal short; columella with three folds. Color dark brown or bluish, the nodules white, and there are often broken white bands on the body whorl; aperture bluish white, with a dark-spotted border. Length, 27; diameter, 18 mm. Caballo Blanco, Vieques, two specimens; Puerto Real, Porto Rico, one shell; West Indian region generally. MOLLUSCA OF PORTO RICO. 399 Subgenus Latirus s. s. Shell fusiform, turricuiated, subumbilicated; spire produced; whorls nodulous. Latirus brevicaudatus Reeve. Turbinella brevicauclata Reeve, Conch. Icon., iv, pi. x, fig. 50, 1847. Shell with about ten somewhat rounded whorls; spire elevated; whorls with about eight strong, rounded, nodulous, longitudinal ribs; surface covered with numerous, sharp, revolving ridges, and in the interstices of these there are smaller revolving ridges and lira? ; aperture round-elliptic, the outer lip lirate within; canal rather short, recurved; columella with three or four plaits. Color reddish brown ; revolving ridges darker. Length, 40; diameter, 18 mm. Off Point Melones, Porto Rico, one young shell. Latirus infundibulum Gmelin. Mnrcx infundibulum Gmelin, Syst. Nat., p. 3554, 179'?. Turbinella infundibulum Reeve, Conch. Icon., iv, pi. i, lig. 3, 1847. Shell elongate-fusiform, with about eleven whorls; spire elevated; whorls somewhat rounded, sculptured, with six or seven strong, nodulous, rounded, longitudinal ridges. On the upper whorls there are four or five strong, revolving ridges, and rarely a revolving thread in the interstices. Aper- ture long, ovate; outer lip strongly lirate within; parietal wall heavily callous, the callus sometimes being raised into a sharp lip; columellar plaits four; canal long, narrow. At the base of the shell there is a false umbilicus. Color reddish brown, the revolving ridges darker. Length, 65; diameter, 23 mm. Mayaguez Harbor; Porto Rico; off Vieques. Family BUCCINIILE. Genus PISANIA Bivona, 1852. Shell oblong, smooth or spirally striated; spire prominent; outer lip thickened and crenated within; canal short; operculum ovate, nucleus apical. Pisania pusio Linnaeus. Mur ex pusio Linn, Syst. Nat., ed. x, p. 754, 1758. Buccinum pusio Reeve, Conch. Icon., iii, pi. vi, fig. 43, 1840. Shell somewhat elongated, having about ten or eleven slightly convex whorls; growth lines strong and almost riblike on the upper whorls, the first one and one-half being nearly smooth, the next four or live nodulous, and the next one and a half reticulated. Below this the sculpture fades out until the lower whorls are smooth. The last whorl is a little concave below the suture. Aperture fully half the length of the shell; outer lip thickened and somewhat varicose, lirate within, toothed on its outer edge; canal short, truncated; inner lip callous, the callus rising into a lip. There are frequently a few denticles on the base of the columella. On the parietal wall at the upper end of the aperture there are two white plaits, and above this there is a canal. Color purplish brown, with narrow, revolving, darker bands, which are articulated with arrowheaded white spots. Length, 45; diameter, 20 mm. Caballo Blanco Reef, Vieques. Genus TRITONIDEA Swainson, 1840 .Shell bucciniform, generally cancellated, having a thick epidermis; spire pointed; aperture ellip- tical, canaliculate above; outer lip thickened and varicose, lirate within; columella concave; parietal wall with a tooth above. Operculum unguiculate. Tritonidea tincta Conrad. Pallia Hilda Conrad, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1846, p. 25, pi. I, fig. 9, 1846. Shell with a conical spire, the whorls but slightly convex, with low rounded longitudinal ribs, which are crossed by revolving riblets. Between these riblets there are revolving line, and there is a 400 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. constriction at the upper part of the shoulder which cuts off the longitudinal ribs and leaves a row of nodules. Outer lip thick, varicose, strongly ridged within; inner lip generally having a series of nodu- lous plaits, and one strong plait above just below the angle. Color purplish brown, variegated and clouded with white, the clouding often in somewhat longitudinal patterns. Length, 25; diameter, 15 mm. Cabo Rojo Light, Porto Rico, a few worn shells; West Indies; also found on the Florida coast. Tritonidea tincta var. bermudensis Dali. Trilonidea var. bermudensis Dali, U. S. Nat. Mus. Coll. Shell smaller, more slender and delicate than the type and with rather sharper sculpture. Boqueron Bay, Porto Rico, one shell; also in Bermuda. Tritonidea auritula Link. Nassaria auritula Link, Beschr. Rostock Samml., m, p. 124, 1807. Buccinum coromandelianum Reeve, Conch. Icon., in, pi. ix, fig. 62, 1846. Shell solid, rather short; spire conoidal; whorls slightly rounded, the last with about eleven strong longitudinal ribs which are carried up the sjiire; whorls high, shouldered, with the surface concave above; the revolving sculpture consists of strong ribs (ten to twelve on the last whorl), and besides these ribs there are everywhere intermediate threads that are slightly decussated by the growth lines. Just below the suture there is a row of strong nodules. Outer lip varicose,* having a very prominent tubercle where the subsutural row ends, strongly ridged within. Columellar area tubercular with a strong, deej>, entering plait above. Color brownish, clouded irregularly with white. Length, 22; diameter, 15 mm. Aguadilla, Porto Rico; Ensenada Honda, Culebra; Caballo Blanco Reef, Vieques; several dead shells. Though normally quite different from T. tincta, the two forms often approach each other until it is difficult to separate them, and each has often been taken for the other. This species is shorter and in general solider than tincta; it has a more pronounced shoulder, and the strong tubercle at the upper jrnrt of the outer lip is a decided character. Tritonidea orbignyi Payraudeau. Buccinum orbignyi Payraudeau, Cat. Moll, de Corse, p. 159, pi. vm, figs. 4-6, 1826. Shell rather small, with eight whorls which vary from flattened to rounded, covered with longi- tudinal rounded ribs (from twelve to fifteen on the last whorl) and numerous revolving ribs, the whole being overlaid with revolving threads; outer lip varicose, toothed within; aperture somewhat elongated; canal slightly produced ; columella wrinkled. Color brownish yellow with darker markings on the back of and between the ribs., with a narrow white band below the periphery Length, 18; diameter, 10 mm. Ponce, Porto Rico, one shell; Culebra, one young specimen. An abundant form in the Mediterranean. Genus NASSARINA Dali, 1886. Shell with the general characters of Nassaria but more compact, spindle-shaped, and small; aperture long, columbelliform, and narrowed below; columellar margin elevated and united above by a high callus with the outer lip. Nassarina glypta Bush. Mangilia? glypta Bush, Trans. Conn. Acad. Sci., vi, p. 461, pi. xlv, figs. 5, 5a, 1885. Shell with about, eight whorls which are but slightly rounded, but which are separated by a very deep, sharply defined suture; sculpture consisting of rounded longitudinal ribs, and these are cut by shallow, revolving grooves into low, irregular nodules; aperture ovate-elongate, narrowed and turned back below. Color whitish, with a faint, revolving brown band below the suture and another on the base of the shell. Length, 3.5; diameter, 1.5 mm. Mayaguez, Porto Rico, one worn shell. MOLLUSCA OF PORTO RICO. 401 Nassarina metabrunnea, n. sp. Plate 57, fig. 16. Shell small, solid, acute, whitish, with the apical region brown and also the pillar and canal; suture appressed; shell sculptured with numerous axially directed, narrow, close-set ribs, persistent to the base, crossed by fine spiral threads with wider interspaces, substantially as figured; nepionic whorls three, smooth, polished; sculptured whorls about five and a half; outer lip internally lirate; inner lip smooth. Length, 6.5; maximum diameter, 2.5 mm. Mayaguez Harbor, Porto Rico. Much more delicate and different in sculpture from the preceding and the following species. The color may vary, but if not it would be well distinguished by its white shell with two brown ends. Genus PHOS Montfort, 1810. Shell oval-oblong, acuminate, turriculated, cancellated; spire elevated; aperture oval-elongate; lip ridged within and having a small sinus below; base sharply notched; columella with one or two folds at the base. Operculum claw-shaped, slightly curved, nucleus apical. Phos candei d’Orbigny. Cancellaria candci d’Orbigny, Moll. Cuba., ii, p. 129, pi. xxi, figs. 23-25, 1845. Shell with nine or ten rounded whorls, the first two or two and a half having merely a sharp, revolving, central keel; below this it is sculptured with numerous slightly curved, longitudinal ribs (about sixteen on the last whorl), which are crossed by revolving threads of three sizes, alternating one with the other, and the surface is minutely decussated by fine growth lines; aperture ovate- elongate; outer lip thick, with a varix some distance back of its edge, and in some examples there are varices scattered over the shell; the liras on the inner side of the outer lip extend in for half a whorl or more; notch near the base of the lip well marked, sometimes quite decided, as in 8 'trombus; notch at the base deep; columella with two folds at its base, the upper faint; sometimes there are a few nodulous plaits above, and there is a plait at the upper part of the parietal wall. Color yellowish white to brownish, with darker, faint, broken bands. Length, 25; diameter, 12 mm. Aguadilla; Mayaguez, Porto Rico. A large number of specimens were received, dry and alcoholic, showing a great deal of variation. In some specimens there are varices scattered over the shell, marking all the rest periods; in others there is only the one varix behind the outer lip. The degree of coarseness of the sculpture varies much, and in some shells the color is stronger where the bands cross the ribs. Phos parvus C. B. Adams. Triton parvus C. B. Adams, Contr. to Conch., 1850, p. 59. Phos intricatus Dali, Proc. TJ. S. Nat. Mus., Vi, p. 325, pi. x, fig. 9, 1883. Shell rather small, with about eight whorls, which are separated by a deep suture; sculptured with eleven strong, distinct, elevated, rounded, longitudinal ribs; these are crossed by sharp, revolving riblets, which form nodules on the longitudinal ribs; one of these above the center of the whorls is stronger, causing the shell to be shouldered; there aro.fine, revolving threads between the ribs which cross the growth lines, making the surface finely reticulate; aperture elongate- ovate; varix just behind the outer lip very high and strong; the subbasal notch of the lip feeble; columella scarcely plicate below. Color pale brownish, the nodules darker; there is a white band below the middle of the body whorl that shows on the bases of the upper whorls. Length, 16; diameter, 7 mm. Mayaguez Harbor, Porto Rico, one shell. Phos oxyglyptus, n. sp. Plate 57, fig. 18. Shell small, delicately and sharply sculptured; nepionic whorls three, polished, peripherally keeled smooth; subsequent whorls six, sculptured as in P. candei d’Orbigny, with subequal axial and spiral ridges and occasional varices; between the primary spirals is usually a minute intercalary thread (not shown in the figure) ; aperture lirate on pillar, body and outer lip, the latter with a deep sinus, as in Strombus, near its anterior end. F. C. B. 1900—26 402 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. Length, 17; maximum diameter, 6.5 mm. Mayaguez, Porto Rico, two specimens. This species is near to P. candei, from which it differs by its smaller size, more delicate sculpture, proportionally deeper labial sinus, and absence of brown flammulation. In a specimen of P. candei of the same length as the adult P. oxyglyptus, the shell is more conical and the last whorl emphatically wider. Genus STRONGYLOCERA Morch, 1852. Shell with elevated, sharp spire, cancellated; the whorls slightly shouldered above; aperture long-ovate; outer lip somewhat thickened and lirate within, not emarginate below; columella sharply twisted and having one or two folds below. Operculum lozenge-shaped, pointed in front and behind, concentric with a nearly central nucleus, something like that of Buccinum. Strongylocera unicincta Say. Nassa unicincta Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., v, p. 211, 1826. Phos guadeloupensis Tryon, Man., Ill, p. 219, pi. lxxxiii, figs. 512,520,1881. Shell with eight or nine somewhat rounded, slightly shouldered whorls, with nearly straight, longitudinal, rounded ribs (about twelve on the last, whorl); these are crossed by alternately coarser and finer revolving ridges; outer lip thickened, strongly ridged within; base deeply notched; aperture long-oval; columella raised into a slightly elevated inner lip, with one revolving rib on its base and a faint one above it. To the left of the columella near the base there is a strong, low, revolving ridge that ends at the basal notch; parietal wall without a ridge above. Color varying from whitish or bluish white to light or dark brown. There is generally a narrow dark band below the shoulder, and there are often dark blotches at the suture. Length, 22; diameter, 11 mm. Ponce; San Juan; Fajardo, Porto Rico. This species has been placed in both Nassa and Phos, but the operculum is quite different from that of either. Genus ENGINA Gray, 1839. Shell oval-conic, thick, nodulous; spire acuminate; lip thick, denticulate within ; canal truncated; columellar border wrinkled. Operculum claw-shaped, summit sharp, the nucleus apical. Engina turbinella Kiener. Purpura turbinella Kiener, Coq. Viv. , p. 29, pi. ix, fig. 25, 1835. Shell rather short, seven-whorled, with a nearly straight, conical spire; there is a well-defined ridge or carina at the periphery, and below this the shell tapers evenly to the base; there is a row of low tubercles just above the suture, extending around the periphery of the last whorl, and these tubercles sometimes are continued as faint, longitudinal ribs; the surface is finely reticulated with delicate, revolving threads which cross the growth lines; aperture long-ovate, somewhat narrowed and drawn out below; outer lip thickened and varicose, with from four to six nodules within, the upper separated some distance from the others; under lip having a sharp, raised edge, and slightly nodulous- wrinkled. Color reddish brown to black. There is a white band at the row of nodules, which is often broken so that only the nodules are white. Length, 11; diameter, 7 mm. Ponce; Puerto Real; Aguadilla, Porto Rico; Ensenada Honda, Culebra; numerous dead and worn shells. Family NASSID2E. Genus NASSA Lamarck, 1799. Shell imperforate, solid, oval to elongated; spire pointed; aperture oval; lip thickened byavarix, lirate within; border of the columella reflected over the ventral part of the shell, often forming a heavy, widespread callus; columella twisted and truncate at the base, with a single fold below. Oper- culum oval or unguiform, its edges toothed, truncate at the apex, its nucleus apical. MOLLUSCA OF PORTO RICO. 403 Nassa vibex Say. Nassa vibex Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., ir, p. 231, 1822. Nassa vibex Say, Am. Conch., pi. lvii, fig. 2. An exceedingly abundant, widespread, and variable species, and it is difficult to give a descrip- tion which will cover all the mutations. The shell varies from being quite obese to elevated; it has eleven or twelve longitudinal ribs; these are crossed by liner, revolving ridges or threads which make the summits of the longitudinal ribs somewhat nodulous. The shell is somewhat shouldered and is sometimes almost concave above the shoulder; below the suture there is an elevated, revolving ridge, which is sometimes cut into nodules by the longitudinal sculpture. The aperture is short, with a canal above, and is somewhat rhomboidal in shape. The outer lip is thickened and has from four to ten line within. The columellar callus spreads over the under side of the shell, and is sometimes thick and strong, and sometimes thin; it is slightly nodulous or wrinkled within the opening. The color varies from nearly white through ashy to dark brown or nearly black, and there is generally a light band at and above the periphery; the callus and lip are whitish or yellowish. Length, 10 to 15; diameter, 6 to 10 mm. San Juan, Porto Rico, a number of specimens; West Indian region, and the southeastern United States. Nassa ambigua Montagu. Buccinum ambiguum Montagu, Test. Brit., pi. ix, fig. 7, 1803. Another abundant and exceedingly variable species. ±t is a short, rather solid form, with gen- erally well-rounded or shouldered whorls, and a distinct, deep suture, which is sometimes canaliculate. There are thirteen or fourteen nearly straight, well-defined, rounded ribs, which are continuous from suture to suture, or to the base of the shell, and in addition there are distinct growth lines. These are crossed by numerous fine, revolving ridges, which are sometimes even and occasionally larger and smaller alternately. The aperture is small and almost round; the outer lip is thickened. Color white or yellowish, generally spotted or irregularly banded with brown. Length, 8 to 15; diameter, 5 to 9 mm. Aguadilla; Mayaguez, Porto Rico; Ensenada Honda; West Indian region; also (incorrectly?) reported from the west coasts of Africa and southern Europe. Nassa hotessieri d’Orbigny. Nassa hotessieri d’Orbigny, Moll. Cuba, ii, p. 142, atlas, pi. xxi, figs. 40-42, 1845. A number of young specimens and shells in bad condition were taken at Mayaguez and Ponce, and off Vieques, which are probably the above, but are hardly well enough preserved for positive identification. Family COLUMBELUDtE. Genus COLUMBELLA Lamarck, 1799. Shell oval, strombiform or somewhat elongated; aperture rather elongated, terminated by a short canal; outer lip thickened in the middle, generally toothed within; columella toothed or plicate; the base of the shell is narrowed. Subgenus Columbella s. s. Shell strombiform, with a rather short spire; aperture long, curved, narrow; outer lip thickened, incurved and swollen in the middle, toothed within, shouldered above; base notched; columella with several teeth or folds below; the lower part of the shell somewhat narrowed and drawn out; operculum unguiculate; nucleus apical. Columbella mercatoria (Linnseus) Lamarck. Voluta mercatoria'Jjiimxxis, Syst. Nat., ed. x, p. 730, 1758. Columbella mercatoria Lamarck, An. sans Vert., vil, p. 294, 1822. Columbella mercatoria Kiener, Coq. Viv., Columbella, p. 23, pi. v, fig. 1, 1841. This is one of the most abundant marine mollusks in the West Indian region. The shell is generally solid and somewhat cone-shaped; the spire is moderately elevated, the whorls are rounded 404 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. or sometimes shouldered; the surface is covered with strong, revolving ridges, though occasional specimens are nearly smooth, and it is marked by rather strong growth lines, which are most conspicuous between the ridges. The outer lip is thick and is somewhat shouldered and ascending above; it is decidedly thickened and incurved in the middle, and strongly toothed within throughout its length. The columella has six or eight teeth and is callous, and usually biplicate within. The color pattern is infinitely variable; often white and brown or white and yellowish brown in irregular longitudinal clouds or zigzags. In many cases the dark color is found only on the ridges in dots or lengthened markings, and there are often two or more ridges with darker markings than the rest, or white and dark markings arranged alternately. Length, 15 to 22; diameter, 10 to 15 mm. San Juan; Aguadilla; Arroyo; Ponce; Mayaguez; Puerto Real, Porto Rico; Culebra. A small variety was obtained at Ponce and Boqueron Bay, Porto Rico. Subgenus Anachis H. & A. Adams, 1853. Shell oval fusiform, longitudinally ribbed; spire elevated; last whorl but little narrowed in front; outer lip nearly straight, crenulated within. Columbella pulchella Kiener. Columbella pulchella Kiener, Thes. Conch., i, p. 131, pi. xxxix, figs. 1‘21, 122, 1847. Shell with about eight slightly rounded whorls; spire acuminate, gradually tapering; delicately longitudinally ribbed, the ribs on the upper whorls strongest; covered throughout with fine, revolving lirse or threads; outer lip nearly straight in the middle, slightly thickened, nearly or quite smooth within, faintly notched above; columellar callus raised into a little lip at its edge, faintly nodulous. Color yellowish white variegated with brown, the brown pattern often inclosing rounded white spots of different sizes; there is generally an irregular white band just below the periphery. Length, 9; diameter, 3 mm. Playa de Ponce; Puerto Real, Porto Rico; Ensenada Honda, Culebra; Vieques. Columbella iontha Ravenel. Columbella iontha Ravenel, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, p. 42; Tryon, Am. Mar. Conch., p. 40, 1873; Man., v, p. 144, pi. 52, fig. 76(?) , 1883. Mayaguez, Porto Rico, one specimen. This may be identical with C. pretrei Duclos, which is probably prior to C. albella C. B. Adams (1850, as Pleurotoma), which appears to be merely a mutation of Duclos’ s species, as identified by cotypes from Adams. Columbella catenata Sowerby. Columbella catenata Sowerby, P. Z. S., 1844, p. 52. Columbella catenata Sowerby, Conch. Icon., xi, pi. xxi, fig. 119, 1858. Shell with about eight nearly flat whorls, sculptured with rather strong, straight, longitudinal ribs and faint revolving lirse; outer lip slightly notched above, and below this notch it is thickened. Within it there are five or six denticles. Base of the shell slightly contracted; columella with feeble nodules. Color dirty white with a supramedian and basal band of dark, tessellated markings. Length, 8; diameter, 3.5 mm. Mayaguez Harbor, one shell. Columbella obesa C. B. Adams. Buccinum obesum C. B. Adams, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1845, p. 2. Columbella obesa Tryon, Man., v, p. 169, pi. lvii, figs. 7-9, 20, 1883. Shell small, with nearly plain whorls, rather stout, sculptured with strong, straight ribs, which fade out on the back of the body whorl, and revolving threads; base contracted a little; outer lip varicose, feebly notched above and toothed within; columellar callus raised into an edge, smooth; yellowish or whitish, more or less banded with light or dark brown. Length, 5; diameter, 2.5 mm. San Juan Harbor, four specimens. MOLLUSC A OF PORTO RICO. 405 Columbella ealligdypta, n. sp. Plate 57, fig. 13. Shell small, stout, solid, yellowish white, polished, with rather short and acute spire and about seven whorls; the nepionic whorls (missing) are followed by five subsequent whorls, at first smooth, then axially ribbed, and finally reticulated by spiral sulci; on the antepenultimate whorl the ribbing is close and feeble, on the penultimate clear-cut, slightly flexuous, with a presutural sulcus; on the last whorl the ribbing extends nearly to the canal, with two presutural grooves, and in front of them a space without spirals, then that part of the shell which would be covered by the advancing whorl is evenly, regularly, sharply grooved to the anterior end of the canal; the ril's are slightly flexuous and feebly nodular at the suture and are separated on the last whorl by gradually widening interspaces; the outer and pillar lips are both thickened and lirate within. Length, 6.5; maximum lat., 3.5 mm. A single specimen at Aguadilla, Porto Rico. This species belongs to the same group as A. obesa C. B. Adams, which is smaller, ruder, and much less elegantly sculptured. The color is probably variable; the type specimen seems more or less bleached. Subgenus Astykis H. & A. Adams. Shell generally small, smooth, usually polished. Columbella duclosiana d’Orbigny. Columbella duclosiana d’Orbigny, Moll. Cubana, ii, p. 136, pi. xxi, figs. 31-33, 1845, not of Sowerby, Thes. Conch., No. 8, 1847. Shell small, with six slightly rounded whorls, rather short, smooth and shining; outer lip with a slightly thickened varix, feebly notched above, smooth within; base of the shell but little contracted ; columella deeply excavated about at the middle; the few revolving ridges at the base are continued over it. Color white or yellowish white, sometimes maculated near the suture. Length, 3; diameter, 1.5 mm. Mayaguez, Porto Rico, one worn shell. This is close to C. luncita and may be only a variety of it. The name duclosiana was also used for a Columbella by Sowerby for a species from Java, which, if valid, will have to receive a new name. Columbella perpicta, n. sp. Plate 57, fig. 12. Shell of moderate size, rather thin, nearly smooth, elegantly fusiform, waxen white with brown flammulations; whorls seven, the latter ones with a faint striation just in front of the suture and somewhat stronger spiral sulci on the canal and base; body of the whorl without spiral sculpture; outer lip externally marginate, internally delicately lirate; pillar lip smooth or feebly obliquely striated near the canal. Length, 10.5; diameter, 4.5 mm. Mayaguez, Porto Rico, not uncommon in about 100 fathoms. The only Antillean species with which this can well be compared is C. saintpairiana Caillet, which is larger, of a different shape, and axially ribbed near the apex. Genus NITIDELLA Swainsori, 1840. Shell oval to elongated, smooth, rather solid, with elevated spire; aperture somewhat effuse below; outer lip slightly thickened and swollen in the middle, toothed within; operculum oval; nucleus subcentral. Nitidella nitidula Linnaeus. Buccinum nitidulum Linn., Syst. Nat., ed. x, p. 741, 1758. Columbella nitidula Sowerby, Genera, pi. XL, fig. 162, 1847. Shell oblong-oval, with about seven slightly convex whorls; spire moderately elevated; aperture elongate, narrow above, somewhat effuse below; outer lip thickened a little, thicker in the middle, where it is straight or faintly incurved, ascending the spire above, toothed within, the spaces between the teeth darker. There are two small, scarcely oblique ridges below the middle of the columella. Shell smooth and shining throughout, reddish-brown blotched and spotted with white, the light markings generally forming a faint band below the suture and below middle of body whorl. Length, 15; diameter, 8 mm. Aguadilla; Playa de Ponce; Hucares; Guanica, Porto Rico; many shells. 406 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. Nitidella laevigata Linnaeus. Buccinum Ixvigatum Linn., Syst. Nat., ed. x, p. 741, 1758. Columbella Ixvigata Tryon, Man., v, p. 113, pi. xlvi, figs. 16-21, 1883. Shell with about six somewhat rounded whorls, which are faintly shouldered, smooth and shining; suture well marked, sometimes almost canaliculate; aperture long-ovate; outer lip slightly thickened, but not inflected or callous in the middle, toothed within; columella excavated above, with two folds at its base. Color rich reddish brown, with longitudinal zigzag white markings; sometimes the white predominates and the bands are brown. There is a row of very dark spots above the suture and on the middle of the body whorl, which often has alternating white spots, though it is sometimes wanting; sometimes there are two such bands on the body whorl. There is often a row of large white blotches below the suture; aperture white. Length, 17; diameter, 8 mm. Aguadilla; Ilucares; Ponce; Arroyo, Porto Eico. Nitidella cribraria Lamarck. Buccinum cribrcirium Lamarck, An. sans Vert,, vii, p. 274, 1822. Columbella cribraria Sowerby, Conch. Icon., xi, pi. xm, fig. 62, 1858. Shell solid, rather narrow, with faint, revolving striae, which are almost obsolete except at the base; whorls nearly flat, the upper one or two very often decollated; outer lip thickened, notched, and ascending above, toothed within, straight in the middle; columella nearly straight, slightly twisted, smooth, not plicate below. Color dark reddish brown, covered with white spots. There are sometimes one or two bands of lighter brown on the body whorl. There is frequently a narrow, darker band just below the suture, which is broken with large, squarish, white spots. Length, 10; diameter, 4 mm. Guanica; Puerto Real; Hucares, Porto Rico; many shells, all quite dark and decollated. 1 Genus PYRENE Bolten, 1798. Shell ovate or subconic, with a convex spire; outer lip thickened and inflected in the middle and toothed within; aperture long, narrow, incurved at the middle; columellar plications wanting; external surface smooth. Type, Columbella semipunctata Lamarck. Pyrene ovulata Lamarck. Columbella ovulata Lamarck, An. sans Vert., vn, p. 295, 1822. Columbella ovulata Kiener, Coq. Viv., Columbella , p. 40, pi. xiv, fig. 3, 1841. Shell ovate-conic, moderately solid, with faint, revolving ridges, which are scarcely discernible on the middle of the body whorl, the shell appearing to be smooth; spire moderate, somewhat convex, the whorls being rounded a little and separated by a deep, almost canaliculate suture; aperture long, narrow, but little wider below; outer lip slightly swollen, thickened, and incurved a little in the middle toothed within, ascending the spire decidedly, sometimes to the suture above the penultimate whorl; columella slightly curved in the middle to correspond with the incurving of the outer lip, hardly plicate below. Color rich reddish brown, sometimes very dark, with irregular white clouds and spots, often forming an indistinct central band. Length, 15; diameter, 8 mm. Aguadilla, Porto Rico, one shell; AVest Indian region generally. There is some variation in the form of this species, certain specimens being more or less attenuated. Family MURICID43. Subfamily MURICIN^. Genus MUREX Linnaeus, 1758. Shell having a prominent, pointed spire; whorls convex, bearing longitudinal, spiny, foliaceous or tubercled varices; aperture round, terminated by a straight canal; operculum oval; nucleus subapical. Subgenus Murex s. s. Canal long and straight; varices three, spinous or tuberculate. MOLLUSCA OF PORTO RICO. 407 Murex messorius Sowerby. Murex messorius Sowerby, P. Z. S., 1840, p. 137. Murex messorius Sowerby, Conch. II Ins., Murex , fig. 93, 1839. Shell with a moderate, conical spire, and a long, straight, or slightly recurved canal; varices three, with two to three intervarical ribs; the revolving sculpture consists of rather sharp ridges, with a single thread between; there is often a short spine near the upper end of the varices, and one or two below them on the canal; the lower spines are sometimes recurved; epidermis hispid; color purplish or pinkish. A single young, broken specimen of what is probably this was obtained at Mayaguez. Murex antillarum Hinds. Murex antillarum Hinds, P. Z. P., 1843, p. 126. Murex nodatus Reeve, Conch. Icon., m, 1845, pi. xxv, fig. 107. Shell subfusiform, with about nine whorls, the first one and one-half smooth; the three varices are rounded, elevated, scarcely at all frilled, and have on the shoulder a short, nearly straight, sharp spine; there are often two other sharp, short spines at the bases of the varices on the canal, and sometimes a few short, spiny processes along the middle of the varices; canal moderately long, generally recurved, though sometimes straight; the surface is covered with larger and smaller alternating revolving ridges, and between the varices there are three or four low, longitudinal ribs, which are cut into rather sharp tubercles by the revolving sculpture. Color whitish, with broken, revolving, brown lines and markings, which sometimes form faint bands. Length 50; diameter, measuring across the short spines, 25; diameter of the shell, 21 mm. A single remarkably fine, living specimen was taken at Mayaguez. Hinds described the species as M. antillarum in 1843 and referred to a figure in the Conchological Illustrations which Mr. Sowerby mentioned as a variety of M. motacilla. Reeve afterwards, in the Conchologia in 1845, described the same thing, calling it M. nodatus, and referred to the same figure in the Illustrations. Reeve gave a beautiful figure, and was probably not aware that Hinds had described this shell under another name. Subgenus Chicoreus Montfort, 1810. Shell with elevated spire and a canal of moderate length; varices three, generally foliaceous; inner lip seldom raised into a lamella. ? Murex rufus Lamarck. A single very young specimen in bad condition was obtained at Puerto Real, Porto Rico, which may be this species, which is widespread in the Antilles. Murex brevifrons Lamarck. Murex brevifrons Lamarck, An. sans Vert., vn, p. 161, 1822. Murex calcitrapa Reeve, Conch. Icon., in, pi. in, fig. 13, 1845. Shell large, solid, the three varices frondose; sometimes there is a row of secondary, smaller fronds in front of the larger ones. There is a single strong intervarical rib, which sometimes becomes almost a hump; the spire and canal are somewhat elongated and of about equal length; the latter is frondose to its base; the revolving sculpture consists of low, somewhat separated ridges, and besides this the shell is everywhere covered with revolving, roughened or slightly nodulous threads. The color is whitish or brownish, with revolving darker often blackish narrow bands, which are sometimes very distinct. Length 100; diameter, 60 mm. Off Point Melones; Mayaguez; Arroyo; Boqueron Bay, Porto Rico; Ensenada Honda, Culebra; West Indies generally. Subgenus Piiyllonotus Swainson. Shell generally more inflated than in Chicoreus and having from four to numerous varices; inner lip raised into a thin lamella. 408 BULLETIN OE THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. Murex pomum Gmelin. Murex pomum Gmelin (ex parte), Syst. Nat., p. 3527,1792. Murex pomum Reeye, Conch. Icon., m,1846,pl.ix, fig. 35. Shell variable in size, form, and coloring, rather solid, with a moderate spire and canal of equal length, with three to four heavy varices; there are one or two, sometimes three, intervarical ribs, which are generally strong and often knoblike. Throughout, the shell is covered with strong ribs, which often break into tubercles, and besides these there are generally revolving, broken threads. Frequently the growth lines are raised into lain elite, and the entire surface becomes frilled. The surface is generally variegated with whitish and fulvous brown; sometimes the shell is imperfectly banded. The aperture may be nearly white, yellow, or brownish orange, and it is frequently marked with very dark brown. Length, 50 to 85; diameter, 30 to 50 mm. Cabo Rojo light, two badly worn shells; West Indian region; Florida, etc. On the west coast of Florida and in some other localities this species seldom attains a large size, has usually three varices, and presents much the aspect of a Chicoreus. In the Bahamas and West Indies it often attains a much larger size and is more or less perfectly four-variced, and has the appearance of a true Phyllonotus. Murex micromeris Dali. Plate 53, fig. 17. Murex micromeris Dali, Trans. Wagner Inst., hi, p. 141, pi. 12, fig. 12, 1890. Shell small, with a somewhat elevated spire and a rather short canal, with about seven varices, and alternately larger and smaller revolving ridges; whorls about six; aperture ovate, canal slightly reflexed, rather open, bases of the former canals showing distinctly; inner lip scarcely elevated; outer lip lirate within. Color salmon red. Length, 5.5; diam., 3 mm. Boqueron Bay, Porto Rico, one shell. The relationships of this little species are somewhat doubtful. The spire is more elevated and is larger in proportion to the size of the body whorl than is the case in most species of Phyllonotus, and the edge of the inner lip is appressed to the last whorl instead of being elevated as it generally is in that subgenus. Subgenus Favartia Jousseaume, 1880. Shell small, with from four to eight varices and a series of revolving ridges; surface rasp-like, covered with longitudinal ribs, which are vaulted on the ridges, and which form pits in their interstices; canal short, recurved. Murex cellulosus Conrad. Murex cdlulosa Conrad, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., in, p.25,1846. Murex nuceus Morch, Cat. Kierulf, p. 14, pi. I, fig. 9, 1850. Shell with about seven whorls, the first one and a half smooth, the others with from six to eight varices, and covered with revolving ridges; in some cases the space between the longitudinal ribs is nearly smooth, there being a series of deep pits at each side of this smooth space; in other cases the revolving ribs are continuous. The longitudinal frills characteristic of the subgenus may be faint or excessively developed; these frills are strongest on the longitudinal ribs. Often they form a series of square pits where they cross the spaces between the ribs. The aperture is exactly elliptical; the canal is moderately short, reflexed, and nearly closed; the former canals stand out with great distinctness; the inner lip is generally somewhat raised. Whitish or brownish, sometimes banded with brown. Length, 20; diameter, 10 mm. Mayaguez, Porto Rico, one very tine shell and one young specimen. Murex intermedius C. B. Adams. ? Murex alveatus Kiener, Icon., Murex, pi. 46, fig. 2. Murex intermedius C. B. Adams, Cont. to Conch., 1850, p. 60. Shell somewhat elongated, ovate fusiform, with about six or seven varices; the whorls are often more or less shouldered and are covered with a series of strong revolving ridges. Throughout the shell MOLLUSCA OF PORTO RICO. 409 there are delicately crimped longitudinal frills. Sometimes the revolving ridges between the larger ones are flattened as though they had been pressed when in a soft state; canal rather short, nearly closed when the shell is fully adult. Color ashy white, often faintly banded with brownish. Length, 20; diameter, 10 mm. Mayaguez, Porto Rico; Vieques. One young shell from each, that from the former havingthe ribs compressed. This species is distinguished from Kiener’s figure of alveolus by its more acute apex and its more dense and frothy sculpture of the revolving ridges; but we do not feel assured of their specific distinctness in the absence of specimens of M. alveolus. Genus MURICIDEA (Swainson) Morch, 1840. Shell with elevated spire and a canal of moderate length, longitudinally ribbed, but lacking the primary varices of Murex; ojrerculum fusoid, with an apical or almost apical nucleus. A genus of doubtful homogeneity. In such species as M. floridana and M. multangula there are only longitudinal ribs, which are not at all varix-like. In others the ribs take on the nature of varices to some extent, and are sometimes as well developed as in the typical Murices. Subgenus Muricidea s. s. Muricidea hexag-ona Lamarck. Murex hexagonus Lamarck, An. sans Vert., vii, p. 169, 1822. Murex hexagomis Reeve, Conch. Icon., in, pi. xxvit, fig. 120, 1845. Shell rather elongated, with eight or nine whorls, and six spiny rib-like varices; spines short, slightly upcurved, only a single one to each varix on the upper whorls, about six on each varix of the body whorl and the canal; these are open in front; sculpture consisting of low, rather sharp, revolving ribs, which on the varices develop into the spines; the spaces between these ribs is concave. Outer lip toothed within; inner lip generally somewhat raised at its edge. Color whitish; the spines often purple, and sometimes the shell has purplish tints. Length, 35; diameter, across the spines 23, across the body whorl 15 mm. Ponce Reefs, Gallardo Bank, Porto Rico. Subgenus Pseudoneptunea Kobelt, 1882. Muricidea multangula Philippi. Fusus multangulus Philippi, Zeits. fur Mai., v, 1849, p. 25; Abbild. und Beschr., m, p. 117, pi. xxiv, fig. 6,1850. Shell with eight somewhat shouldered whorls, which are crossed by about seven strong, rounded, longitudinal ribs; the surface is covered with revolving sculpture consisting of rather strong threads, of which about every fourth one is larger; aperture ovate-elongate; outer lip hardly thickened, feebly lirate within; canal short, open; columella curved, with a single ridge below; behind it there is a false umbilicus. Color yellowish or whitish, with small brown spots or blotchings, which are sometimes imperfectly arranged in longitudinal and revolving series. Sometimes there are faint longitudinal streaks, and occasionally the shell is feebly banded. Length, 30; diameter, 17 mm. One very young shell was obtained at Mayaguez. Genus ASPELLA Morch, 1877. Shell elongated, with elevated spire and a short, recurved, nearly closed canal; surface of a peculiar spongy or chalky white character, which when worn away reveals a shell of solid texture, white or brownish; there is a set of two or three principal varices and often a smaller secondary set, and besides these there are sometimes irregular longitudinal ribs; surface covered with revolving strife, often somewhat pitted; aperture small, elliptical; outer lip usually feebly toothed; there is a false umbilicus at the base of the columella. Type, Ranella anceps Lamarck. There is a general agreement of the important characters of the species forming this group, the peculiar texture, form of canal and aperture, revolving sculpture, and varices being found in all of 410 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. them. There is much variation in the longitudinal sculpture of the species. A. anceps often has a double row of varices on each edge of the flattened shell, a larger and a smaller one; sometimes it has only a single row on each edge, and there is a tendency in the other species to occasionally assume this Randla- like arrangement of the varices. Reeve’s figure in the Conchologia Iconiea of Ranella hasiula, a member of this group, is somewhat misleading, as it represents a rich brown shell with yellow varices. Aspella scalaroides Blainville. ilurex scalaroides Blainville, Faune Francaise, p. 131, pi. v, figs. 5, 6, 1826. Shell elongated, with elevated spire and short, recurved canal, with eight whorls; principal varices three, with three smaller, intermediate ones which sometimes degenerate into ribs, with strong revolving ridges; surface covered with fine revolving threads, the spaces between the revolving ridges pitted at the principal varices and sometimes at the smaller ones; surface chalky or spongy, whitish, revealing, when eroded, the hard, milky-white layer beneath; aperture elliptical; outer lip somewhat toothed within. Length, 25; diameter, 10 mm. Puerto Real, Porto Rico, one young shell. The young shells of this species have a resemblance to Trophon. Subfamily PURPURINi®. Genus PURPURA Bruguiere, 1789. Shell with short to moderate spire and large aperture; surface sculptured, but not varicose; columella arched, generally flattened, sometimes excavated; canal short, with a deep notch; operculum with the nucleus at the middle of one side. Purpura patula Linnseus. Buccinum patulum Linnfeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, p.739,1758. Purpura patula Reeve, Conch. Icon., Ill, pi. 1, fig. 3, 1846. Shell large, ovate, with a short spire, the whorls rounded; sculpture consisting of revolving rows of rather sharp tubercles, which are less distinct in the mature shells, and in addition to this the whole surface is covered with revolving threads, which are slightly decussated by the growth lines; aperture very large, elliptical, patulous; outer lip with a series of short ridgelike teeth within the border; canal small, scarcely notched on the base; columella arched, very wide, and more or less excavated. Color blackish brown, often lined or irregularly banded with white. The adult shells are generally so eroded that the color can not be made out. The inside of the outer lip is bordered with dark brown, the interior is coppery or bluish, the columella is light brown sometimes shaded with white, and there is a very dark patch at its upper left-hand part. Length, 80; diameter, 55; of aperture, 70; width of aperture, 50; width of columella, 23 mm. Hucares; San Juan; Aguadilla; Guanica; San Geronimo, Porto Rico; West Indian region generally. Purpura haemastoma var. undata Lamarck. Purpura undata Lamarck, An. sans. Vert., vil, p. 238, 1822. Purpura fasciata Reeve, Conch. Icon., in, pi. ix, fig. 45, 1846. This variety of the common variable and widely distributed P. htemastoma is common through the West Indian region and the Florida Keys. In general it is rather slender and has a couple of rows of low tubercles on the body whorl, one of these continuing up the spire, and from this it varies to forms that are almost smooth. All the specimens have low revolving threads more or less developed. The color is purplish brown, more or less fasciate or blotched with white, the aperture bluish and generally fasciate. Length, 30; diameter, 20 mm. Aguadilla; San Geronimo; Mayaguez; San Juan, Porto Rico; Caballo Blanco Reef, Vieques; Culebra. MOLLUSCA OF PORTO RICO. 411 Purpura haemastoma yar. floridana Conrad. Purpura floridana Conrad, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., vir, pi. xx, tig. 21, 1837. A little larger than the variety undata, with or without two rows of low tubercles, with rather strong, revolving sculpture. Whitish, variegated with reddish brown, the color sometimes in short, revolving blotches and sometimes in irregular longitudinal streaks. Inside the shell is usually pale brownish, with a white border on the inside of the lip. Length, 55; diameter, 30 mm. Mayaguez, three shells. A common form in the West ^ndian region and on the Florida Keys. Purpura trinitatensis Guppy. Purpura trinitatensis Guppy, Proc. Sci. Assoc. Trinidad, 1869; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 4th ser., xv, p. 50, 1875. Caballo Blanco Reef, one specimen; also Trinidad and the northern coast of Brazil. This has the colors of P. undata, but with a much more solid and shorter shell, strongly sixdenticulate on the outer lip, the pillar with an obscure median fold, as in P. columellaris, but the pillar not excavated externally; the base of the pillar obliquely striate and brown tinted, most of the mouth callus white or purple brown. It recalls P. deltoidea in form and solidity, but has a differently colored and sculptured aperture. Purpura deltoidea Lamarck. Purpura deltoidea Lamarck, An. sans. Vert., vn, p. 247, 1822. Purpura deltoidea Reeve, Conch. Icon., hi, pi. iv, fig. 18, 1846. Shell solid, short, with a single row of strong tubercles on the whorls, which forms a shoulder; sculptured throughout with revolving line and line grooves; aperture whitish, purple stained on the columella. Color white, with broad, irregular, broken, black bands. Length, 45; diameter, 35 mm. Aguadilla; Hucares; Puerto Real; San Juan; Guanica; Hucares; Cabo Rojo light, Porto Rico; Ensenada Honda, Culebra; Caballo Blanco Reef, Vieques. Abundant throughout the West Indian region and the Florida Keys. Genus SISTRUM Montfort, 1810. Shell oval, thick, tuberculous or spinose; aperture oblong, canaliculate above; outer lip furnished with strong teeth within; columella with slight plications. Operculum oval, straight, with lateral nucleus. Sistrum nodulosum C. B. Adams. Purpura nodulosa C. B. Adams, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1845, p. 2. Ricinula nodulosa Tryon, Man., ii, p. 190, pi. lix, fig. 275, 1880. Shell rather elongated, with about eight whorls, with ten or twelve longitudinal ribs, which are broken by revolving ridges into strong nodules; surface covered with tine, revolving, sometimes scaly threads; outer lip thickened and varicose, with four whitish teeth within; columella with two or three faint folds on its face, and there is a strong angular callus on the upper part of the parietal wall. Color black, with occasional white spots between the tubercles; the white spots sometimes form broken bands; aperture bluish and blackish within. Length, 20; diameter, 9 mm. Cabo Rojo light; Ponce Reefs; San Juan; Puerto Real; Porto Rico; Ensenada Honda, Culebra; West Indies, etc. Family C0RALL10PH 1 UD.L. Genus CORALLIOPHILA H. & A. Adams, 1853. Shell irregular, purpuriform, with a short spire; aperture large; surface rasp-like; outer lip simple, lirate, or smooth within; columella flat or excavated, callous, with or without an umbilical opening at its base. Operculum with a lateral nucleus. 412 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. Coralliophila abbreviata Lamarck. Pyrula abbreviata Lamarck, Enc. M6th. pi. ccccxxxv, fig. 2 a-b, 1795; An. sans. Vert., vn, p. 146, 1822. Shell solid, variable in form and sculpture, generally with a ridge on the upper whorls, which may be somewhat sharp or rounded, and which makes the body whorl shouldered, with or without low longitudinal ribs; spire generally rather short; surface sculptured with line, rather sharp, sometimes scaly revolving ribs; outer lip somewhat lirate within; canal short. There is generally a decided umbilicus, having a sharp ridge to the left of it. Color whitish, flesh color, or yellowish, the interior often purple. Length, 30; diameter, 22 mm. Mayaguez; I Maya de Ponce, Porto Rico; Vieques, young and worn shells. This species is widely distributed in warm seas. The young shells are generally more attenuated, sharper keeled, and more strongly ribbed than adult specimens. It is commonly known under the name of Coralliophila galea. Superfamily STREPTODONTA. Family SCALID.E. Genus SCALA (Humphrey, 1797) Auct. Shell turriculated, rather solid, shining, generally more or less umbilicated; spire elongated; whorls numerous, rounded, in contact or partially separated, with numerous longitudinal varices; aperture circular; peristome entire reflected; operculum horny, spiral, its nucleus nearly central. Scala angulata Say. Scala clathrus var. angulata Say, Am. Conch., in,pl.xxvn,1831. Shell white, shining, with from six to. eleven whorls, which approach each other very closely, but touch only by the varical ribs, which number nine to eleven, slightly recurved, simple, slightly angulated above near the suture; aperture elliptic; base a little angular. Length, 15 to 20; diameter, 6 to 8 mm. Arroyo, Porto Rico, one young shell; Ensenada Honda, Culebra. Scala turricula Sowerby. Scalaria turricula Sowerby, Thes. Conch., No. 37, fig. 62, L847. Shell rather slender, with the whorls scarcely touching, slightly umbilicated, covered with very fine spiral striations, with twelve or thirteen ribs to each whorl; part of ribs thin, others thicker, some rounded above, others shouldered or hooked; surface dull, with faint brownish tints. Length, 18; diameter, 8 mm. Mayaguez, one young shell. Scala unifasciata Sowerby. Scalaria unifasciata Sowerby, Thes. Conch., i, pi. xxxm, fig. 68, 1847. Quebradillas, Porto Rico (Gundlach). Scala eulita, n. sjo. Plate 57, fig. 2. Shell small, very slender, white, polished, with nine whorls, nepionic part three-whorled, com- pact, white, without varices; subsequent whorls convex, smooth, with (on the ninth) about fifteen varices, which are very thin, sharp, and when perfect show a small angle near the suture; whorls adjacent, with no basal cord or disk. Length, 4; maximum diameter, 1.2 mm. Mayaguez Harbor, Porto Rico, one specimen. The shell is remarkable for its acicular form and small size. The specimen is somewhat defec- tive, and the figure hardly shows the little angular projection near the suture, which is normal to the varices. Subgenus Achilla Adams, 1860. Surface reticulated; shell thin. MOLLUSCA OF PORTO RICO. 413 Scala retifera Dali. Scala ( Acr ilia ) retifera Dali, Blake Report, Gastropoda, p. 312, 1889; Bull. 37, U. S. Nat. Mus.,p. 124, 1889. Mayaguez, Porto Rico, at station 6062, one specimen; also north to Cape Hatteras, North Carolina. Superfamily GYMNOGLOSSA. Family EULIMIDtE. Genus EULIMA Risso, 1826. Section ETJLIMA s. s. Shell imperforate, subulate, with many flat, whorls, polished; spire often turned to one side, obscurely marked down one side with a series of traces of varices, which form ribs internally; aperture oval, pointed above; lip simple or slightly thickened; operculum horny, paucispiral; nucleus excentric. Eulima oleacea Kurtz & Stimpson. Eulima oleacea Kurtz & Stimpson, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., iv, p. 115, 1851. Eulima intermedia Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., iv, p. 103, v, p. 214, pi. lxxvii, fig. 4. Shell small, rather narrow, nearly straight, with eleven or twelve flat whorls; suture very faintly marked; aperture ovate, sharp above; lip well produced in the middle; columella slightly reflected, produced into a callus on the parietal wall. Color milky white, with a semitransparent band at the suture, glossy. Length, 5; diameter, 1.25 mm. Mayaguez, two shells and a fragment. Eulima conoidea Kurtz & Stimpson. Eulima conoidea Kurtz & Stimpson, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., iv, p. 115, 1851. Eulima conoidea Tryon, Man., vm, p. 273, pi. lxix, fig. 40, 1886. Shell with twelve or thirteen slightly rounded whorls, nearly straight, moderately stout; last whorl sometimes faintly subangulate at the base; outer lip scarcely thickened, well advanced in the middle; aperture subrhomboid. Color shining white, the upper whorls sometimes flesh-colored. Length, 8; diameter, 2 mm. Puerto Real; Mayaguez, Porto Rico; three shells. Subgenus Leiostkaca H. & A. Adams, 1853. Shell slender, polished, often ornamented with spiral colored bands, with a succession of slight varices on each side of the spire, not always apparent; aperture long, narrow. Eulima patula n. sp. Plate 57, fig. 3. Shell small, translucent white, with a rapidly diminishing spire, blunt at the extreme tip, but otherwise acute, the sides nearly rectilinear or even slightly concave; whorls about nine, the earliest ones slightly inflated; last whorl much the largest, the aperture large, pillar straight, outer lip nearly straight and, as it were, slightly pressed in at the periphery; the anterior part of the aperture very patulous. Length, 4.5; maximum diameter, 1.5 mm. Station 6062, Mayaguez Harbor, Porto Rico, five specimens. Eulima acuta Sowerby. Eulima acuta Sowerby, P. Z. S., 1834, p. 8. Eulima acuta Tryon, Man., vm, p. 280, pi. lxx, fig. 82, 1886. Shell slender, straight, with about ten flat whorls, the suture barely discernible as a line; aperture long-ovate, slightly patulous; outer lip scarcely thickened, not advanced in the middle. Color white, sometimes showing one or two pale yellow bands. Length, 5; diameter, 1 mm. Mayaguez, Porto Rico, a half dozen specimens. 414 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. Genus NISO Risso, 1826. Shell deeply umbilicated, long-conical, polished, many-whorled, the apex very sharp; whorls nearly flat; aperture oval, pointed above, somewhat drawn out below; lip thin; operculum as in Eulima. Niso portoricensis, n. sp. Plate 57, fig. 4. Shell small, brilliantly polished, with about thirteen whorls; sides rectilinear, base rounded, apex acute; umbilicus deep, funicular, the umbilical side of the whorls convex, the umbilical carina distinct but not sulcating the aperture; apex and upper part of the whorls brown, intensified at the lines marking the periodical resting stages. At the periphery is a narrow pale zone, while the base is brown under a whitish superficies; peripheral angle not sharp, the whorls microscopically sharply axially striate with rather distinct fine grooves. Length, 9; diameter, 3.5 mm. Station 6062, Mayaguez Harbor, Porto Rico. This elegant shell is nearest to N. xglees Bush, but lias a different system of coloration. Family PYRAM1 DELUDE. Genus PYRAMIDELLA Lamarck, 1799. Shell with elevated, sharp- pointed spire, many-whorled, smooth; aperture suboval, entire, rounded in front; columella straight, with prominent spiral plications; operculum horny, semicir- cular, subspiral, the nucleus at the front end, its columellar edge notched to fit the folds of the columella. Pyramidella subdolabrata Morch. Obeliscus subdolabratus Morch, Mai. Blatt., xxn, p. 157; A. Adams, Thes. Conch., Pyramidella, p. 805, pi. clxxi, figs. 1-3, 1854. Shell of rather light structure, with about thirteen rounded whorls, which are narrowly shouldered below the suture; last whorl slightly ascending; surface apparently smooth, but seen to have fine, revolving sculpture under a lens, and this being crossed by the growth lines makes it faintly reticulate; aperture long-oval; outer lip slightly thickened, not toothed within; columella with a strong, sharp fold above, the two lower folds feebly developed; umbilicus narrow, deep. Color brownish white, with about three brown, revolving bands on the body whorl and two on the upper whorls; besides these there is a brown patch or band around the umbilicus. Length, 30; diameter, 13 mm. Fajardo, Porto Rico, one very fine shell. This species has been mistaken for the P. dolabrala of Linnaeus, but it has a duller color, lighter structure, and less strongly developed columella folds than that species. The bands of color are wider and less distinct than in dolabrata, and the reticulation of the surface is stronger. Genus TURBONILLA Risso, 1826. Shell slender, straight, many-whorled; whorls slightly convex, generally costulate; aperture simple, oval or subquadrangular; columella straight; lip thin; operculum having a spiral groove at its columellar border. 1 Turbonilla reticulata C. B. Adams. ? Chemnitzia reticulata C. B. Adams, Contr., 1850, p. 75. A fragment of a badly worn shell was obtained from dredgings taken at Mayaguez, which is probably this species. Section PYRGISCTJS Philippi, 1841. Turbonilla portoricana, n. sp. Plate 53, fig. 15. Shell of medium size, moderately stout, of almost rectilinear outline, translucent, with a narrow yellowish or brownish-yellow spiral band around the whorls about one-fourth the breadth of the MOLLUSCA OF PORTO RIOO. 415 whorl above its suture, and a second very pale one, which is almost obsolete, of about the same width on the middle of the base, which is best seen within the aperture by transmitted light; nuclear whorls two and one-half, helicoid, somewhat oblique, moderately prominent; the periphery of the last whorl projecting but slightly beyond the outline of the first post-nuclear whorl, not immersed but sur- mounting the later whorls, their axis being almost at right angles to the axis of the post-nuclear whorls. Post-nuclear whorls ten, flattened, slightly contracted at the sutures, traversed by strong, regular, more or less vertical, axial ribs, of which about fourteen appear upon the second, eighteen upon the fifth, twenty upon the seventh, and twenty-six upon the ninth whorls; these ribs pass almost undiminished in size over the periphery and base of the last whorl to the umbilical region. Intercostal spaces orna- mented by six equally spaced, deep, broad spiral striations, which extend partly upon the sides of the ribs, but do not reach or cross their summits. Base similarly ornamented with six spiral st riations which are placed much closer. Aperture subovate, somewhat effuse at the junction of the oblique, slightly revolute columella with the strongly curved outer lip, which meet almost at right angles; a well- marked callus covers the parietal wall within the aperture and connects the outer lip at the posterior angle with the columella. Columella provided with a quite prominent oblique fold near its insertion; outer lip pellucid, showing the external sculpture and color bands within. Length, 4.7; length of spire, 4.3; diameter, 1.2 mm. The type and three specimens are in every respect identical and are from Mayaguez, Porto Rico. Turbonilla insularis, n. sp. Plate 53, fig. 21. Shell of medium size, moderately stout, of almost rectilinear outline, milk white, with the upper wiiorls stained dusky. Nuclear whorls decollated; a small portion only remains, whose size would indicate a rather large nucleus. Post-nuclear whorls thirteen, very slightly convex, almost flattened, with about sixteen prominent more or less vertical, axial ribs on the fifth, eighteen on the tenth, twenty on the eleventh, and twenty-eight on the t welfth whorl, which pass over the well-rounded periphery of the last whorl, becoming feebler upon its base, finally vanishing just before reaching the umbilical region. Intercostal spaces broad and undulating, rather more than double the width of the ribs, except upon the twelfth whorl, which has a decided increase in the number of ribs and a consequent diminution in the breadth of the intercostal spaces; these spaces are traversed by about eleven quite regularly spaced, deep, spiral striations on the fifth whorl and twelve upon the succeeding volutions, where there is a tendency toward further division of the spaces between these striations by an occa- sional intercalation of a less pronounced line; these spiral lines do not pass over the axial ribs, but are confined to the troughs of the intercostal areas. Base traversed by about eight faint, reddish, wavy, spiral lines. Sutures well defined, rendered crenulate by the prominent summits of the ribs. Aperture irregularly rhomboidal, showing the external sculpture within. Outer lip gently curved, somewhat effuse at its junction with the twisted, oblique, and revolute columella. Length, 7.1; length of spire, 6.4; diameter, 1.8 mm. Locality, Mayaguez, Porto Rico. Superfamily NU CLEOBRAN CHIAT A. Family ATLANTID7E. Genus ATLANTA Lesueur, 1817. Shell fragile, transparent, discoidal, compressed, with a prominent carina; nucleus dextral; aperture oval, straight, deeply sulcate above at the carina; operculum subtriangular, bearing an apical nucleus. Atlanta peronii Lesueur. Atlanta peronii Lesueur, Journ. de Phys., lxxxv, pi. ii, fig. 1, p. 390, 1817. Shell discoidal, with numerous earlier whorls, which are elevated into a low spire on the upper side; later whorls openly coiled but connected by the carina; carina strong, obliquely striate; surface with delicate growth lines, glassy. Greatest diameter, 12; of aperture, 5; lesser diameter of aperture, 3 mm. Aguadilla; Boqueron Bay, Porto Rico; one shell from each locality; widely distributed. 416 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. Superfamily T^NIOGLOSSA. Family SEPTID4}. Genus DISTORTRIX Link, 1807. Shell subturriculated, with cancellated sculpture; whorls irregularly turned and distorted; last whorl ascending the spire; outer lip wide and flattened; inner lip developed into a broad callus, which extends well up on the spire and to the base of the shell, showing the cancellated sculpture; the remains of these calluses and the outer lip form varices on the shell; aperture grimaced, the lip strongly toothed within; columella strongly curved, somewhat S-shaped, the lower part toothed; canal reflexed. Distortrix reticulata Link. Distortrix reticulata Link, Beschr. Rostock Samml., in, p. 122, 1807. Triton clathratum Lamarck, An. sans Vert., vii, p. 186, 1822; Enc. M6th., pi. 413, fig. 4. Shell covered with a pale epidermis, sometimes having bristly hairs on the ribs; varices faint and appressed, showing the groove behind the former lip; surface cancellated by rather delicate longitudinal ribs crossed by revolving ridges; callus (including the lip) triangular; outer lip finely toothed within, with a few stronger teeth above; canal somewhat lengthened, slightly reflexed, whitish or brownishi the lip and callus whitish or buff color, sometimes a little variegated. Length, 80; diameter, 40 mm. Mayaguez. Distortrix reticulata var. clathrata Dali. Distortrix var. clathrata (Lam.) Dali, Blake Report, p. 222, 1889. Two very young, somewhat worn shells were dredged at Mayaguez, which may be this variety. Genus GYRINEUM Link, 1807. Shell oval or oblong, compressed, nodulous, with two rows of varices opposite each other; aperture oval or elliptical, witha sulcus above; outer lip toothed, inner lip wrinkled; basal canal short, generally reflexed; operculum horny. Gyrineum cruentatum Reeve. Ranclla crucntdta Reeve, Conch. Icon., ii, pi. v, fig. 20, 1844. Shell short, solid, with revolving tubercled ridges, that on the periphery being strongest, the one immediately below it quite prominent; belowr the suture there are faint, irregular plications; upper canal small, not carried much upward; aperture elliptical, the inner lip with scattered plications; canal slightly reflexed. Color whitish, irregularly spotted and blotched with reddish brown; aperture white or purple, often with reddish maculations between the plicse on the parietal wall. Length, 40; diameter, 30 mm. One young specimen with purple aperture was obtained at Mayaguez Harbor. Genus SEPTA Perry, 1811. Shell oval, oblong or elongated, solid, furnished with scattered varices; outer lip thickened, toothed within; columella with numerous plications; canal long or short. It is Triton Montfort, 1810, not Linnaeus, 1758; and Trilonium Cuvier, 1817, not Muller, 1776. Septa tritonis var. nobilis Conrad. Triton nobilis Conrad, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 2d ser., I, p. 212, 1849. Triton variegatus var. Reeve, Conch. Icon., n, pi. I, fig. 3a, 1844. Porto Rico, various localities (Gundlach). The variety nobilis is a shorter, heavier, more shouldered form than the type, which comes from the Indo-Pacifie region. Genus COLUBRARIA Schumacher, 1817. Shell elongated, axis usually arcuate; aperture small; canal short. Colubraria lanceolata Menke. Ranella lanceolata Menke) Sy n. , p. 87, 1828. Triton lanceolatus Reeve, Conch. Icon., n, pi. xvnr, fig. 79, 1844. San Juan, Porto Rico (Gundlach). MOLLUSCA OF PORTO RICO. 417 Genus RANULARIA Schumacher, 1817. Shell pyriform; spire short; canal long, straight or curved. Ranularia tuberosa Lamarck. Triton tuberosum Lamarck, An. sans Vert., vn,p. 185, 1822. Triton antiltarum d’Orbigny, Moll. Cubana, ii, p. 161, pi. xxm, fig. 20, 1845. Shell rather short, with a moderate spire and recurved canal; whorls slightly rounded, the last ascending, sculptured with irregular, nodulous ribs, which are lirate in the interstices and are somewhat longitudinally plicate at the upper part of the shell and wrinkled below; there is often a strong hump on the back of the body whorl and one or two minor humps; outer lip varicose, toothed within; inner lip spreading in a wide callus over the base of the shell. Color dirty white, faintly marked with brown, sometimes brown banded; aperture white, rich reddish brown within. Length, 55; diameter, 30; length of canal, 18 mm. Mayaguez, Porto Rico; Ensenada Honda, Vieques, young shells; Indo-Pacitic and West Indian regions. Genus LAMPUSIA Schumacher, 1817. Lampusia pilearis Lamarck. Triton pileare Lamarck, An. sans Vert. , vn, p. 82, 1822. Triton pileare Kiener, Icon. Coq. Viv., p. 15, pi. vn, fig. 1. Shell with somewhat rounded whorls, which are often irregularly turned, sometimes with a row of nodules on the periphery, sculptured with finer and coarser revolving ridges, which are crossed by rather faint longitudinal ribs; outer lip heavy, toothed or strongly ridged within; columellar area strongly wrinkled, ridged; canal moderate, usually reflexed. Color tawny to dark brown, usually more or less white banded, sometimes having longitudinal dark flames; aperture varying from tawny to deep red or red brown, the teeth and folds whitish. The ground of the upper part of the inner lip is often blackish. Length, 13G; diameter, 55 mm. Mayaguez Harbor; San Juan, Arroyo, Porto Rico. An abundant and variable species distributed throughout the West Indian and Indo-Pacitic regions. Lampusia chlorostoma Lamarck. Triton chlorostomum Lamarck, An. sans. Vert., vn, p. 185, 1822. Triton chlorostomum Kiener, Icon. Coq. Viv., p. 19, pi. xii, fig. 2. Shell with shouldered, often irregularly turned whorls, with sculpture much like that of T. pileare, but with stronger, more nodulous longitudinal ribs, often decidedly humped behind on the body whorl; varices strong; outer lip very heavy; aperture small, usually with a double row of teeth within; inner lip wrinkled, plaited; canal moderate, recurved. Color dirty white to reddish ash, faintly variegated with brown, the aperture reddish. Length, 90; diameter, 40 mm. Arroyo; Ponce Reefs; Mayaguez; San Juan, Porto Rico; West Indian and Indo-Pacitic regions. Another abundant and variable species, with a distribution over the same area as the last. It has a more distinctly angled shoulder, heavier varices, stronger longitudinal knobbed ridges, and a smaller aperture than the T. pileare, though the two have many characters in common. Lampusia cynocephala Lamarck. Triton cynocephalmn Lamarck, An. sans Vert., vn, p. 184, 1822. Triton cynocephalus Reeve, Conch. Icon., n, pi. vm, fig. 26, 1844. Quebradillas; San Juan, Porto Rico (Gundlach); West Indies; Indo-Pacitic region. Genus L0T0RIUM Montfort, 1810. Lotorium femorale Linnseus. Murex femorale Linnasus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, p. 749, 1758. Triton femorale Reeve, Conch. Icon., ii, pi. vii, fig. 22, 1844. Mayaguez; Quebradillas; San Juan, Porto Rico (Gundlach) F. C. B. 1900—27 418 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. Family CASSIDM. Genus CASSIS Lamarck, 1799. Shell ovoid, inflated, generally bearing irregular varices; Spire moderate to low; aperture elongated, the outer lip reflected and denticulated within; columella callous, wrinkled or nodulous; canal short, very sharply recurved; operculum elongate or semilunar; nucleus lateral and median. Subgenus Cassis s. s. Cassis tuberosa Linnaeus. Bitccinum tuberosum Linnseus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, p. 735, 1758. Cassis tuberosa Reeve, Conch. Icon. , v, pi. in, fig. 7, 1848. Mayaguez, Porto Rico (Gundlach). Cassis flammea Linnaeus. Buccinum flammeum Linmvus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, p. 736, 1758. Cassia flammea Reeve, Conch. Icon., v, pi. v, fig. 12, 1848. San Juan, Porto Rico (Gundlach). Subgenus Cypktecassis Stutchbury, 1837. Spire short; aperture straight; varices reduced or wanting; no operculum. Cassis testiculus Linnaeus Buccinum testiculus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, p. 736, 1758. Cassis testiculus Reeve, Conch. Icon., v, pi. iv, fig. 10, 1848. Shell obovate, with low spire and rounded shoulder, covered with narrow longitudinal ribs, which are more or less broken by shallow, wide, distant, revolving furrows. Besides this the whole surface is covered with microscopic revolving threads; outer lip thick, reflexed, toothed within; there are often one or more faint varices on the body whorl; parietal wall covered with a heavy callus, which extends well over the base of the shell; columella wrinkled. Color pale reddish or rosy brown, with dark squarish or lunate blotches on the revolving ridges; outer lip white, with buff bands across it, which become blackish on its back. Length, 60; diameter, 40 mm. San Juan, Porto Rico, one fine young shell. Subgenus Semicassis Morch, 1852. Spire rather prominent; whorls with spiral sculpture; aperture large; lip reflexed, plicate; columella plicate and nodulous. Cassis iuflata Shaw. Cassis inflata Shaw, Nat. Misc., vol. xxn, pi. 959, 1812. Shell rather short, solid, scarcely obovate, with a moderate, sharp spire, the whorls of which are hardly rounded, the sculpture consisting of narrow, rather distant, revolving grooves crossed by more or less developed longitudinal ribs, making the spire and sometimes the body whorl cancellated. Outer lip thick, reflexed and becoming very heavy with age, strongly ridged within; columellar callus strong, granulate without; plicate within. Color purplish or bluish white, sometimes tinted brownish, with revolving rows of darker square spots. Length, 60; diameter, 40 mm. One young shell was taken at Mayaguez. In general the specimens found along the shore are dead and bleached to a uniform white. Genus SCONSIA Gray, 1847. Shell elongate oval, with revolving striae, bearing a single varix opposite the outer lip; canal short, slightly reflected; inner and outer lips plicate. MOLLUSCA OF PORTO RICO. 419 Sconsia striata Lamarck. Cassidaria striata Lamarck, An. sans Vert., vn, p.216,1822. Cassidaria striata Reeve, Conch. Icon., v, pi. r, fig'. 2, 1849. Shell solid ovate, closely, spirally striate, made somewhat decussate by distinct growth lines; suture deep; aperture rather elongated; inner and outer lips strongly plicate, the latter thickened within; canal somewhat developed, but slightly reflexed; columellar callus thick, extending well over the base. Color whitish, with rows of square brown spots. Length, 45; diameter, 25; of aperture and canal, 35 mm. Mayaguez Harbor, one very young and one partly grown shell in bad condition. The above measurements are taken from a tine, perfectly fresh shell in the National Museum collection. Genus LAMBIDITJM Link, 1808. Shell solid, subconical, covered with revolving rows of strong, warty nodules; spire varying from low to moderate; outer lip decidedly thickened, dentate within; canal short, scarcely recurved; columellar callus extending over the base of the shell, nodulous. Lambidium oniscus Linnaeus. Strombus oniscus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. xn, p. 1210, 1767. Oniscia oniscus Reeve, Conch. Icon., v, pi. I, fig. 1, 1849. Shell obconic, with low spire, its whorls having a rather sharp shoulder which is sometimes nearly smooth, at others sculptured with revolving stria3, and often nodulous; on the body whorl are 3 revolving rows of strong tubercles; outer lip thickened, slightly ascending the spire, swollen within and without, toothed, sometimes cut away below; columellar callus strong, finely pustulous. Color whitish, variegated with brownish or dark gray, outer lip dotted; aperture white; callus white or purplish. Length, 23; diameter, 15; length of aperture, 23; greatest width of aperture, 2.5 mm. Hueares; Guanica; Aguadilla; Ponce, Porto Rico; Ensenada Honda, Culebra. Family D0L11ILE. Genus DOLIUM Lamarck, 1801. Shell large, thin, inflated, globular; spire short; whorls spirally sculptured; aperture very large; lip toothed and ridged internally; columellar callus reflexed; basal notch oblique, large. Bolium perdix Limueus. Buccinnm perdix Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, p. 734, 1758. Dolium perdix Reeve, Conch. Icon., v, pi. vi, fig. 9, 1849. Shell somewhat oval, with rather elevated spire, the whorls being rounded; suture deep; surface sculptured with narrow revolving grooves, which are generally rather widely spaced and with faint, revolving strife; this is sometimes reticulated by the growth lines; outer lip scarcely thickened, basal notch shallow, wide; behind the reflexed curved columella there is an umbilicus. Color brownish or purple brown, the grooves often whitish and the ridges marked across with lunar white markings. Sometimes it is only faintly marked with white spots. Length, 160; diameter, 110 mm. Arroyo; San Geronimo, Porto Rico, one worn and broken shell from each locality; West Indian and Indo-Pacitic regions generally. Dolium galea Linnseus. Buccinum galea Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, p. 734, 1758. Dolium galea Reeve, Conch. Icon., v, pi. I, 1848. Shell nearly globular, with sharp-pointed spire rising but little above rounded outline; whorls rounded, sculptured with distant revolving grooves; suture deep; outer lip a little thickened, crenate on its edge, showing the ridges and grooves within; basal notch moderate; there is an umbilicus behind columellar reflection. Color whitish or fulvous, spire darker; columellar area with brown stains, Length, 200; diameter, 160 mm. Mayaguez, one young specimen; West Indies and Mediterranean, 420 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. Family AMPHIPERASIDAJ. Genus TJLTIMITS Montfort, 1810. Shell solid, elongate-elliptical, the narrow aperture running its entire length; aperture edentulous, or nearly so; there is a strong, elevated, blunt ridge running across the back of the shell. TJltimus gibbosus Linnaeus. Bulla gibbosa Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, p. 726, 1758. Omdum gibbosum Reeve, Conch. Icon., xv, pi. vn, fig. 32, 1865. Shell solid, narrower above; spire enrolled with the shell and completely concealed under a heavy callus; aperture reaching the entire length of the shell, narrow above, somewhat widened below; outer lip thickened, smooth within and without, arched overthe upper end of the shell, where it is slightly canaliculate; dorsal ridge high and strong, placed a little above the center of the shell and running squarely across it; base somewhat canaliculate, the smooth, thick columella slightly truncated below. Color whitish, the sides and ends rich cream or buff color. Length, 25; diameter, 14 mm. Aguadilla; Mayaguez Harbor, Porto Rico; also West Indian region, Florida Keys, etc. Family CYPR£ID4E. Genus CYPIUEA Linnaens, 1758. Shell ovoid, inflated, enrolled, covered with brilliant enamel; spire concealed by the last whorl, or very short and covered with enamel; aperture elongated, narrow, furnished with a short canal at each end; lip inflected and, with the columellar border, dentate. Cypraea exanthema Linnaeus. Cyprxa exanthema Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. xn, p. 1172, 1767. Cyprxa exanthema Reeve, Conch. Icon., in, pi. v, fig. 16, 1848. Shell rather elongated, subcylindrical; aperture slightly curved, a little wider below; inner and outer lips well raised above the spire, and separated above by a rounded canal; below, the outer lip and columella project each in a flattened process, with a short, open canal between; teeth moderately strong, very dark brown. Color pale chocolate, varying to tawny on the back, with numerous rather large, round, whitish spots. The meeting line of the lobes of the mantle is whitish and straight. Length, 100; diameter, 50 mm. A single specimen in very bad condition, without locality, was obtained by the Fish Hawk expedition. A variable species, which probably includes the Cyprxa cervus of Linnseus, a larger, more inflated shell, with smaller spots. The latter is reported from Porto Rico by Gundlaeh. Cyprsea cinerea Gmelin. Cyprxa cinerea Gmelin, Syst. Nat., p. 3404, 1792. Cyprxa cinerea Reeve, Conch. Icon., in, pi. xxn, fig. 124, 1846. Shell somewhat obovate, ventricose, inner and outer lips not greatly elevated above; teeth short, moderate; back ashy brown, with two faint lighter bands, and often sprinkled with black dots; sides and base purplish flesh-colored; interstices between the teeth purplish. Length, 35; diameter, 20 mm. Mayaguez Harbor; Aguadilla, Porto Rico; several badly worn shells. Cyprsea spurca Linnseus. Cyprxa spurca Linneeus, Syst. Nat., eii. x, p. 724, 1758. Cyprxa spurca Reeve, Conch. Icon., m, pi. xiv, fig. 68, 1845. Shell obovate, more or less inflated; lips not greatly produced above; aperture slightly curved, a very little wider below; teeth rather strong, short; sides pitted; back whitish or buff, clouded and mottled with fulvous yellow, the pits and sides often spotted with brown. Length, 30; diameter, 18 mm. Aguadilla, Porto Rico, six worn shells. These specimens are probably the variety flaveola Lamarck, but are too much worn to be identified with certainty. MOLLUSCA OF PORTO RICO. 421 Family TRIVIID4}. Genus TRIVIA Gray, 1832. Shell generally small, oval or obcvate, inflated, enrolled, transversely grooved and ridged above and below, with a longitudinal dorsal furrow, scarcely shining; aperture long, narrow, scarcely canaliculate above or below. Anatomy very distinct from that of Cypriea. Trivia pediculus Linnaeus. Cyprxa pediculus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x,p. 724, 1758. Cyprxa pediculus Reeve, Conch. Icon., hi, pi. xxm, fig. 181, 1846. Shell rather solid, obovate, inflated, with a deep, straight, longitudinal, dorsal furrow, from which strong, subradial ridges run over the shell and extend into the aperture; these are subnodulous at the dorsal furrow; inner and outer lips thickened somewhat around the base; the space between the ridges above and below is faintly wrinkled and nodulous. Color purplish brown, with a dark spot at each end of the dorsal furrow and another on each side of it at the middle; these spots vary much in shape; the base is smoky tinted. Length, 15; diameter, 11 mm. Aguadilla, Porto Rico, several fine shells; West Indies; Florida. Trivia quadripunctata Gray. Trivia quadripunctata Gray, Zool. Journ., in, p. 368, 1827. Cypriea quadripunctata Reeve, Conch. Icon., nr, pi. xxv, fig. 146, 1846. Shell small, obovate, slightly elongated; dorsal groove well marked; transverse ridges fine, slightly nodulous near the groove, with numerous intermediate ones which only reach part way up the back; outer lip thickened. Color purplish pink, often tinted darker on the extremities; on each side of the dorsal groove there are two darker spots, and these four spots form a zigzag row. Length, 8; diameter, 5 mm. Aguadilla, Porto Rico, one shell. Trivia quadripunctata var. rotunda lviener. Cypriea rotunda Kiener, Coq. Viv., p. 141, pi. LIU, fig. 2. More globose than the type. Mayaguez, Porto Rico, two shells. Genus ERATO Risso, 1826. Shell small, subpyriform or suboval, polished; spire always visible, conical; last whorl large; aperture nearly straight, narrow, nearly as long as the shell; outer lip thick, thicker in the middle, toothed within; columellar area sometimes toothed or plicate; base notched. Erato maugeriae Gray. Erato maugerix Gray, in Sowerby, Conch. Illustr., p. 17, pi. vii, fig. 47, 1832. Erato maugerix Tryon, Man., v, p. 9, pi. IV, figs. 42, 43, 1883. Shell small, pyriform, with a moderate spire and flattened whorls; aperture narrow, long, nearly straight, and not spread below; the lip much thickened, slightly ascending the spire and heaviest in the middle, faintly toothed within; columellar area smooth, feebly plicate at base; canal somewhat drawn out, truncate. Color gray or livid, often tinted green, the lip whitish. Length, 5; diameter, 3.5 mm. Mayaguez, Porto Rico, two worn shells; West Indies; Florida. Family STROMBM. Subfamily STROM BIN AS. Genus STROMBUS Linnaeus, 1758. Shell ovoid, smooth, tuberculous or spinous, imperforate, solid, covered with an epidermis; spire with numerous whorls, elevated; aperture long, with a notch at the base and one on the outer lip above the base, somewhat canaliculate above; lip thickened, dilated; columellar border simple, enameled; operculum unguiculate, its edge roughened or toothed. 422 BULLETIN OE THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. Strombus gigas Linnaeus. Strombus gigas Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, p. 745, 1758. Strombus gigas Reeve, Conch. Icon., vi, pi. ii, fig. 2, 1850. Shell with about twelve whorls, which are concave on the spire, being furnished with a ridge near the base that on the later ones becomes nodulous, the nodules of the last two whorls strong and spiked; the surface has faint, revolving sculpture, which sometimes develops into low, indistinct ridges on body whorl; outer lip greatly expanded, rising above into a rounded or somewhat pointed wing as high as or higher than the spire; lip notch large, near base; basal notch wide. The shell is covered with a horn-colored epidermis which often peels and falls off; the shell is buff-colored to tawny; outer lip pale pink, becoming deep pink within the aperture; columella and parietal wall rich pink. Length, 25; diameter, 20 cm. Arroyo; San Antonio Bridge, San Juan; Ponce Reefs, Porto Rico; Ensenada Honda, Culebra, many young. A magnificent shell. The animal is used extensively for food throughout the West Indian region, and the shells are manufactured into cameos and sometimes produce valuable pearls. Strombus pugilis Linnaeus. Strombus pugilis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, p. 744, 1758. Strombus pugilis Reeve, Conch. Icon., vi. pi. xvi, figs. 39-41, 1851. Shell with about eleven whorls, which are sculptured with revolving threads on the spire and the base of the body whorl; earlier whorls with fine, longitudinal ribs, which generally develop into nodules later, and into spines on the last two whorls; outer lip slightly thickened, winged and projecting forward above, widely spread, with an open canal next to the spire, notched below somewhat above the base, the base also notched, the shell being very thin at this part; columellar callus covering the base of the shell. The shell is covered with a rather thick epidermis, under which it is brownish, reddish, orange, or straw colored, the aperture and base being brilliantly colored. Length, 80; diameter, 55 mm. Mayaguez; Playa de Ponce; Boqueron Bay, Porto Rico. An abundant and variable species, which is sometimes destitute of spines, and this form Grnelin called S. alatus. In most of the West Indian forms the spines stand at right angles to the axis of the shell. In a majority of the Floridian specimens they are less developed and point upward. Occasionally the shell is straw colored or nearly white within; in some of the Floridian shells the interior is blue purple, and without it is sometimes variegated with zigzag lines. Specimens tend, in the West Indies, toward a smaller size, more prominent spines, and a pale salmon-pink tint, the more southern and eastern the locality from which they come. Strombus costatus Grnelin. Strombus costatus Grnelin, Syst. Nat., p. 3520, 1792. Strombus accipitrinus Reeve, Conch. Icon., vi, pi. vii, fig. 12, 1850. Shell sculptured with low, revolving ridges, which become mere threads on the spire; whorls of the spire nearly flat, with occasional, irregular tubercles; on the back of the shell at the shoulder there are several strong tubercles or knobs, and below these on the body whorl the surface is pinched up into wavy folds; lip very thick, smooth; the subbasal notch wide and shallow; basal notch shallow. Color white, sometimes marbled indistinctly with brown. Length, 160; diameter, 110 mm. Culebra Island, one adult; Mayaguez, one young; Aguadilla, Porto Rico (Gumllach); West Indies. Strombus bituberculatus Lamarck. Strombus bituberculatus Lamarck , An. sans Vert., vu, p.202, 1822. Strombus bituberculatus Reeve, Conch. Icon., vi, pi. xm, figs. 30 a , b, 1851. Aguadilla; Quebradillas; San Juan, Porto Rico (Gundlach). Strombus gallus Liunteus. Strombus gallus Linnteus, Syst, Nat., ed., x, p. 743, 1758. Strombus galhis Reeve, Conch. Icon., vi, pi. ix, fig. 18, 1850. Aguadilla, Porto Rico (Gundlach). MOLLUSCA OF PORTO RICO. 423 Family TRIF0R1ITE. Genus TRIFORIS Deshayes (em.), 1824. Shell small, turriculated, sharp-pointed, many-whorled, generally sinistral; aperture small, terminated by a short canal, and usually with a small canal at or near the posterior angle of the aperture; operculum paucispiral, nucleus subcentral. Subgenus Triforis s. s. Triforis turristbomae Dillwyn. Turbo turristhomse. Chemn., Concli. Cab., XI, p. 310, pi. CCXIII, figs. 3022 a-d, 1795; Dillwyn, Descr. Cat. Rec.Sh., p.873,1817. Cerithium ( Tripkora) mirabile C. B. Adams, Contr. to Conch., p. 118, 1850; Tryon, Man., ix, p. 188, pi. xxxix, fig. 53, 1887. Shell reversed, with about sixteen whorls which increase slowly; the suture is not impressed and the whorls are sculptured by two revolving rows of strong nodules, the upper row white, the lower chocolate-colored; the two rows of nodules cover the entire surface of the whorls and are separated from each other and at the suture by a groove; last whorl smaller than the penultimate one; aperture suborbicular, very small, with two small canals which are deflected nearly at right angles to the axis of the shell and are open only at the extremity. Length, 6; diameter, 1.5 mm. Mayaguez, Porto Rico, one shell with the aperture broken. Section MASTONIA Hinds. Triforis melanura C. B. Adams. Plate 58, tig. 7. Cerithium melanura 0. B. Adams, Contr. to Conch., p. 117, 1850. Shell reversed, slender, conic, the sides regularly sloping to the apex; whorls about fourteen, sculptured by three revolving rows of nodules, which are arranged in 'slightly oblique rows longi- tudinally, the sutural furrow the deepest; the middle row of nodules is a litt le smaller than the others; aperture small, last whorl terminating abruptly; canal short, turning slightly to the right. Color snow white except the apex, which is dark brown. Length, 5; diameter, 1.25 mm. Mayaguez, Porto Rico, one young shell. Triforis intermedia C. B. Adams. Cerithium ( Triphora ) intermedium C. B. Adams, Contr. Conch., p. 119, 1850. Cerithium htrristhomx d’Orbigny, Moll.Cubana, n, p. 155, pi. xxm, figs. 10, 12, 1845; not of Dillwyn, 1817. Shell with about sixteen whorls, the lower part nearly cylindrical, the upper somewhat concavely sloping to the sharp-pointed nucleus, with two revolving rows of nodules; on the lower whorls the space between the rows is widened and has an intermediate revolving thread; suture deep; tube at the base nearly opposite the aperture, pointing obliquely downward. The upper row of nodules is reddish brown, the lower is white. Length, 6; diameter, 2 mm. Mayaguez, Porto Rico, one young shell. Section SYCHAR Hinds. Triforis samanae Dali. Plate 54, fig. 18. Triforis ( Sychar ) samanse Dali, Blake Report, II, p. 248, 1889. Shell reversed, white, with twelve to fourteen whorls, cylindrical, but with the apex more rap- idly tapered; sculpture consisting of three coarse, close-set spiral rows of tubercles, also arranged in longitudinal rows, covering the whole whorl; base having three rows of tubercular cords; canal short; aperture short, squarish. Length, 10; diameter, 2.8 mm. Mayaguez, one badly worn shell; Samana Bay, Santo Domingo. Family CERITHIOPSIDtE. Genus SEILA A. Adams, 1861. Shell small, with elevated, sharp, many-whorled spire, sculptured with strong revolving ridges; columella twisted, with a short, truncated canal below; outer lip not thickened. 424 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. Seila terebralis C. B. Adams. Ceriihium terebrale C. B Adams, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., hi, p. 320, pi. ill, fig. 7, 1840. Shell elongated, sharp-pointed, and regularly increasing, with about fourteen whorls, having four regular revolving ridges on the last whorl and three on the others; ridges even in size, the space between them sculptured with delicate, longitudinal costae; aperture subquadrate; outer lip showing the ridges and furrows within; columella twisted; canal decidedly truncated; base of shell concave. Color brownish, lighter on the apex. Length, 8; diameter, 2 mm. Ensenada Honda., Culebra, two shells. Genus CERITHIOPSIS Forbes & Hanley, 1849. Shell imperforate, more or less cylindrical, straight, tuberculous, without varices; whorls numer- ous; aperture small; canal short, truncated, almost straight; operculum suboval, paucispiral, concave, nucleus sublateral. Section CERITHIOPSIS s. s. Cerithiopsis crystallina Dali. Cerithiopsis ? crystallina Dnll, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ix, 1881, p. 89; Blake Report, ir, p.254, pi. xx, fig. 3, 1889. Shell elongated, with twenty or more whorls, the tip of the nucleus being lost; there are three revolving rows of strong tubercles, that just below the suture being smaller than the other two; the two principal rows somewhat widely separated and having sometimes an intermediate, nodulous thread; columella slightly twisted; canal scarcely truncate below; base with line, revolving line. Color white. Length, 16; diameter, 2.25 mm. Aguadilla, Porto Rico, one imperfect shell. Cerithiopsis pulchella Jeffreys. Cerithiopsis palchella Jeffreys, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ii, 1858, p. 129, pi. v, fig. 8 n-c. Shell with the three nuclear whorls smooth and shining; the subsequent whorls have three revolving rows of nodules, of which the central row is most prominent; the last whorl has four rows of nodules, of which the two middle row s are stronger; suture jdeep; aperture small, subquadrate; canal deeply truncate, short; base below the last row of nodules smooth, concave. Color, pale brownish. Length, 3; diameter, 0.75 mm. Mayaguez, Porto Rico, one shell. Cerithiopsis pupa, n. sp. Plate 53, fig. 16. Shell minute pupiform, vitreous, white, with a yellow-brown row of large nodules just behind the suture; nepionic whorls missing; subsequent whorls six, with a row of small nodules in front of the suture, in front of which is a row of large ones, both white, then the single brown row forming the periphery; the base has three strong spirals, the posterior one somewhat nodulous; aperture contracted; pillar twisted; canal very short, deep; near the apex there are only two rows of nodules between the sutures, and the brown color of the anterior one is feebler. Length, 2.5; diameter, 1 mm. Mayaguez Harbor, at station 6062, Porto Rico, one specimen. This very pretty little shell has much the same coloration as Triforis turns th omx. Section ETJMETA Morch. Cerithiopsis subulata Montagu. Murex subulalus Montagu, Test. Brit., Suppl., p. 115, p). xxx, fig. 6. 1808. Shell with about sixteen whorls, with a well-marked suture, below which is a revolving row of strong tubercles; on the earlier whorls this row of tubercles is connected by low, longitudinal ribs with a larger row of nodules at the base of the whorls; on the lower whorls the longitudinal ribs become faint, and there is a revolving, nodulous thread between the two rows of nodules; the last whorl has four revolving rows of nodules, and its base is concave, with curved radiating growth lines; columella twisted; canal rather long; aperture subquadrate. The upper whorls are purplish; the rest of the shell is brownish horn-colored, the upper row of nodules being darker. Length, 12; diameter, 3 mm. One specimen was dredged off Boca Prieta, Porto Rico. MOLLUSCA OF PORTO RICO. 425 Family CERITHIIDiE. Genus CERITHIUM Bruguiere, 1789. Shell imperforate, turriculated, many-whorled, straight; aperture semioval, prolonged into a short, posterior canal above; canal at the base short, oblique, well marked; lip more or less thickened; columella concave; operculum horny, oval, paucispiral, nucleus submarginal. Cerithium algicola C. P>. Adams. Cerithium algicola C. B. Adams, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., n, p. 5, 1848. Cerithium algicola Tryon, Man., ix, p. 129, pi. xxii, figs. 81, 82, 1887. Whorls angular at the middle, sculptured with longitudinal ribs, which are developed into a more or less sharp knob where they cross the angle; surface covered with tine, revolving, raised threads; aperture rounded; columella concave. Color whitish, variegated with fulvous. Length, 20; diameter, 9 mm. Puerto Real, Porto Rico, two young shells; St. Thomas, two young specimens. Cerithium uncinatum Gmelin. Murex uncinatum Gmelin, Syst. Nat., p. 3542, 1792. Cerithium uncinatum Tryon, Man., ix, p. 127, pi. xxii, figs. CO, 61, 1887. Shell with revolving, thread-like sculpture, the middle of the whorls angular, with more or less perfectly developed longitudinal ribs, which generally develop into sharp knobs where they cross the angle of the whorls; the sculpture of the lower whorls sometimes consists of revolving rows of small nodules with intermediate threads; there is a varix on the body whorl opposite to the aperture, and scattered varices on the whorls; upper canal narrow; columella excavated ; basal canal short, recurved. Color white, variegated with brown or black, sometimes entirely white. Length, 22; diameter, 10 mm. Fajardo; Playa de Ponce; Puerto Real; Guanica; Arroyo; Boqueron Bay; Cabo Rojo light, Porto Rico; Caballo Blanco Reef, Vieques; Ensenada Honda, Culebra. A very abundant and variable species, which sometimes approaches the preceding one, but is generally more finely sculptured. Cerithium atratum Born. Cerithium atratum Born, Mus. Caes. Vind., p. 324, pi. XI, figs. 17, 18, 1780. Shell with a strong nodulous angle at the middle of the whorls, with a row of smaller nodules just below suture; the two rows of nodules sometimes united, forming short ribs; surface everywhere covered with strong, revolving, thread-like sculpture; upper canal small; basal canal short, reflexed. Color blackish, with broken, revolving white lines; aperture blue, becoming blackish farther in. Length, 25; diameter, 10 mm. Puerto Real; Mayaguez; Arroyo; Boqueron Bay; San Juan; Fajardo; Guanica; Ponce, Porto Rico; Ensenada Honda, Culebra. Cerithium litteratum Born. Cerithium litteratum Bom, Mus. Coes. Vind., p. 323, pi. xi, figs. 14, 15, 1780. Shell sculptured with numerous rather line nodulous revolving ridges; there is a shoulder just below the suture, on which the nodules are often quite strong; there is another nodulous shoulder just above the base of the body whorl; on the body whorl nearly opposite the lip there is a wide, low varix; outer lip thickened, ascending the penultimate whorl; aperture rather large; lower canal short. Color white, finely tessellated with black, the color pattern showing through within the aperture. Length, 20; diameter, 11 mm. San Juan; Guanica; Mayaguez; Fajardo, Porto Rico; Vieques; Culebra. Cerithium litteratum var. semiferrugineum Lamarck. Cerithium semiferrugineum Lamarck, An. sans Vert., vu, p. 74, 1822. Cerithium semiferrugineum Sowerby, Conch. Icon., xv, pi. Vi, fig. 38, 1865. In this variety the ground is white, sometimes more or less tessellated with brown, and variegated with yellowish brown. Vieques; Culebra; one shell from each locality. 426 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. Cerithium variabile C. B. Adams. Cerithium variabile C. B. Adams, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., II, p. 5, 1848. Cerithium, variabile Sowerby, Conch. Icon.,xv, pi. xm, tig. 91,1865. Shell small, solid, with scarcely rounded whorls, which are sculptured by three revolving rows of tubercles, with about seven or eight rows on the last whorl; opposite the outer lip there is a varix, and there are varices scattered over the whorls; outer lip thick, varicose; aperture small. Color brownish or blackish, often variegated with white. Length, 12; diameter, 5 mm. Mayaguez; Boqueron Bay; Puerto Real; San Juan; Ponce; Arroyo, Porto Rico; Ensenada Honda, Culebra; Florida; West Indies. Cerithium minimum Gmelin. Murex minimus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., p. 3564, 1792. Potamides minimus Tryon, Man., IX, p. 167, pi. xxxiv, figs. 9-11, 1887. Shell only moderately solid, with low, longitudinal ribs and faint revolving ridges, which cut the longitudinal ribs more or less into nodules. In addition to the revolving ridges there are fine revolving threads in their interstices. The aperture is rather large; the basal canal is turned sharply to the left. Color varying from jet black to ashy, variously banded. Length, 15; diameter, 6 mm. Puerto Real; Ponce; San Juan; Mayaguez, Porto Rico; Ensenada Honda, Culebra; West Indian region generally; Florida. This species is quite close in appearance to C. variabile. It is generally less solid and more glossy than that species and has more distinct longitudinal ribs. Its aperture is generally larger and the basal canal more distinctly turned to the left. Still, there are specimens that are difficult to name. Genus PYRAZUS Montfort, 1810. Shell elongated; whorls angular; aperture subquadrangular, prolonged below; canal almost straight; lip dilated. Pyrazus degeneratus Dali. Cerithium (Pyrazus) septemstrialum var. degeneratum Dali, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,ix, p. 115, fig. 11,1894. Shell thin, brightly colored, finely spirally striate, scarcely sculptured longitudinally, with about six or seven whorls, which are slightly shouldered above; aperture subrhombic; outer lip thin, dilated; canal open. Length, 12; diameter, 4 mm. San Juan Harbor, Porto Rico, one shell. Genus BITTIUM (Leach) Gray, 1847. Shell small, elongated, with many granulous whorls, which have irregular varices; basal canal short, not curved; outer lip with a varix behind; columella simple; operculum subcircular, pauci- spiral; nucleus central. Subgenus Diastoma Deshayes. Bittium varium Pfeiffer. Cerithium varium Pfeiffer, Arch.ftir Naturg., 1840, p. 256. Bittium, varium Tryon, Man., IX, p. 152, pi. XXIX, fig. 86, 1887. Shell with seven or eight more or less rounded whorls, with a distinctly marked suture; sculpture consisting of delicate, longitudinal, slightly curved ribs, which are cut into nodules by revolving grooves; there are about three of these grooves on each whorl; on the body whorl there are additional grooves extending over the base, which is scarcely nodulous; outer lip somewhat patulous; aperture oval; canal not produced, feeble; at some distance back of the lip there is a nearly smooth varix. Color varying from purplish white to purple brown, variously clouded. Length, 5; diameter, 1.8 mm. Mayaguez, Porto Rico, one broken shell. MOLLXJSCA OF PORTO RICO. 427 Section ELACHISTA Dali, 1901, This small group of forms, which seem referable to Bittium, was referred by Carpenter to the Styliferina of A. Adams, and the senior author of this paper followed this usage in several of his papers without investigation, a course which proves to be incorrect. It seems that each fauna in America, either recent or fossil, Atlantic or Pacific, in the warm-temperate or tropic /.one, from the Oligocene to the present day, contains two or more forms of this sort, and the Bittium elachistum of the Paris Basin Eocene, described by Cossmann, would appear, from his figures, to belong here. These shells are characterized by their minute pupoid form, the axial sculpture faint and more or less confined to the apical portion, the aperture with hardly a trace of canal or varix. The type may betaken as B. cerithidioide Dali (Trans. Wagner Inst., nr, p. 276, pi. xvr, fig. 8, 1892). It may be mentioned that this figure is of an immature shell, in which the basal angle is much sharper than in the adult. Bittium cerithidioide Dali. ? A laba ceritliidioidea Dali, Blake Report, II, p. 258, 1889; Trans. Wagner Inst., in, p. 27 (> , pi. xvi, fig. 8, 1892. Shell with nine or ten whorls, the first three smooth and increasing slightly, the next three carinated below the middle, the lower whorls rounded, those below the fourth generally having delicate, curved, longitudinal ribs; the base is sculptured with faint revolving grooves; aperture somewhat rounded; columella feebly curved and ending in a slight lip below, behind which is a small umbilical chink; outer lip not thickened. Color brownish. Length, 3.5; diameter, 1.25 mm. Mayaguez, Porto Rico, six worn and broken shells. The shells have a strong resemblance to a minute Cerilhidea before the lip has become thickened and reflexed. Family MODULI DAi. Genus MODULUS Gray, 1840. Shell perforate, lenticular, turbinate, or trochiform, porcellanous, solid, sculptured; aperture rounded; columella arcuate, ending at its base in a sharp tooth; operculum oval to rounded, multispiral, its nucleus subcentral. Modulus modulus Linnaeus. Trochus modulus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, p. 757, 1758. Modulus lenticulnris Tryon, Man., IX, p. 261, pi. XLVIII, figs. 91, 92, 1887. Shell solid, lenticular, with a low, rather sharp-pointed spire and a decided peripheral keel, the last whorl decidedly descending at the aperture; upper surface sculptured with low, revolving ridges and a series of rather strong radiating ribs; on the base there are from five to eight strong revolving ridges separated by deep grooves; lips strongly ridged within; basal tooth of the columella horizontally compressed. Color white with small brown spots; on the base the spots occur on the ribs. Height, 10; diameter, 13 mm. Boqueron Bay, off Ilumacao; Fajardo; Guanica; Ponce; Arroyo; Cabo Rojo light; Mavaguez; Puerto Real, Porto Rico; Ensenada Honda, Culebra; Vieques. In the type the whorls are nearly flat above; in the variety Jtoridanus they are somewhat convex and radiately ribbed. Modulus catenulatus Philippi. Trochus ccitenulatus Philippi, Chemnitz Conch. Cab. neue Ausgabe, Trochus , p. 110, pi. xvm, fig. 4, 1851. Shell trochiform, solid, with a rather high, sharp-pointed spire and flat or slightly concave whorls, the last not descending at the aperture, with a very sharp peripheral keel; base inflated, but somewhat excavated around the small umbilicus, sculptured above and below with rather fine, revolving cords, which are made subnodulous by the crossing of the growth lines; basal tooth sharp, compressed; below it the basal edge of the shell is excavated. Color grayish or brownish, with white dots on the ribs, the base whitish. Height, 15; diameter, 15 mm. San Juan, Porto Rico, three worn shells. The species is abundant on the west coast of tropical America from Panama northward. 428 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. Family PLANAXIDAE. Genus PLANAXIS Lamarck, 1822. Shell imperforate, solid, with a thick epidermis, spirally silicate, conical; spire sharp; aperture oval, notched at the base; lip thick, ridged within; columellar border with a ridge or tubercle above; operculum oval, paucispiral, the nucleus nearly terminal. Planaxis nucleus Wood. Buccinum nucleus Wood, Index Test., p. 110, No. 91, pi. xxm, fig. 91, 1825. Planaxis nucleus Sowerby, Conch. Icon., xx, pi. i, tigs. 7 a, b. Shell solid, dark, reddish brown throughout, with six rounded whorls and a sharp spire, sculptured throughout with rather widely spaced grooves, which are well marked below the suture, on the base, and behind the outer lip, but are faint elsewhere; aperture ovate; lip thick, grooved within; basal notch deep and well marked. Length, 12; diameter, 7 mm. Ensenada Honda, Culebra; many. Planaxis lineatus Da Costa. Buccinum lineatum Da Costa, Brit. Conch., p. 130, 177G. Planaxis lineatus Sowerby, Conch. Icon., xx. pi. in, fig. 20. Shell small, solid, acuminate, with slightly convex whorls, the sculpture consisting of rather widely spaced spiral grooves, which are much more distinctly marked on the upper spire and base and which are often wanting elsewhere on the shell. Aperture oval; outer lip very thick, suddenly and briefly deflected above; columella reflexed into a lip below; basal notch round. Color generally whitish or yellowish, with close, revolving brown bands, sometimes uniform yellowish. Length, 7; diameter, 3.5 mm. San Juan; Puerto Real; Mayaguez ; Hucares; Ponce, Porto Rico; Ensenada Honda, Culebra. A uniformly yellow specimen was obtained at Hucares, Porto Rico. Family VERMETIDAi. Genus VERMICULARIA Lamarck, 1799. Shell free, regularly coiled in its earlier stages, like a Turritella; subsequently uncoiled and irregular, operculum filling the aperture, horny, circular, concave. Vermicularia spirata Philippi. VermiaUus spiratus Philippi, Arch, fur Naturg., 1S36, p. 244. Vermetus spiratus Try on, Man., vm, p. 187, pi. LV, figs. 99, 100, 1886. Shell when young closely coiled for the first six or eight whorls; these whorls are smooth and have a sharp, pinched-up carina below the center; the later whorls become uncoiled and irregular, the sculpture consisting of threads and ridges which are nearly parallel with the direction of the shell. Color brownish or purplish brown. The species sometimes attains a length of 15 cm. and a diameter at the aperture of 12 or 14 mm. Mayaguez, several young specimens. Genus PETALOCONCHUS Lea, 1843. Shell solitary or a few clustered together, spirally and irregularly twisted, affixed, anil usually decussated, with two internal ridges running spirally along the columella, which become obsolete near the aperture, operculum spiral. Petaloconchus erectus Dali. V ermetus (Petaloconchus) erectus Dali, Blake Report, n, p. 262, pi. xxxvm, fig. 4, 1889. Nucleus small, polished; early part of shell prone, irregularly contorted; longitudinally ridged and in fine specimens decussated; latter part of the tube rises vertically or nearly so, is smaller and nearly smooth. Color yellowish or grayish white. There are two internal lam i me near the apex. Height of erect part, about 25; diameter of aperture, 2 mm. Mayaguez Harbor, Eorto Rico, several specimens. MOLLUSCA OF PORTO RICO. 429 Genas BIVONIA Gray, 1842. Bivonia decussata Lamarck. Serpula decussata Lamarck, An. sans Vert., v, p.363,1818. Vermetus conicus var. decussatus Tryon, Man., vm, p. 170, pi. xt.ix, fig. 24, 1886. Quebradillas ( Gundlach ) . Family TURKITELLID^. * Genus TURRITELLA Lamarck, 1799. Shell greatly elongated, many-whorled and evenly tapering, sculptured with spiral .stria1 or ridges; aperture rounded or subquadrate, entire, lip thin, externally flexuous; operculum horny, multispiral; nucleus central. Section HAUSTATOR Montfort. Turritella varieg-ata Linnseus. Turbo variegatus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, p. 767, 1758. Turritella variegata Reeve, Conch. Icon., v, pi. v, fig. 19, 1849. Shell with nearly flat whorls, but having the suture well marked by a slight shoulder above and below it; the sculpture consisting of fine, revolving threads and some seven or eight low but rather sharp ridges; aperture varying from rounded to subquadrate. Color pale brownish, variegated with indistinct longitudinal strigations of chocolate or purplish brown. Length, 70; diameter, 18 mm. Catona; Fajardo; Cabo Rojo light, Porto Rico; worn shells. Section TORCULA Gray. Turritella exoleta Linmeus. Turbo exoletus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, p. 766, 1758. Turritella exoleta Reeve, Conch. Icon., v, pi. vi, fig. 22, 1849. Shell with sixteen or seventeen whorls, which are rudely ridged above and below and concave in the middle; this concave space is sometimes crossed by thin lamellae; lower rib of the body whorl double; aperture sinuate in the middle of the outer lip, subquadrate. Color yellowish white, obscurely flamed with orange brown. Length, 60; diameter, 15 mm. Mayaguez, Porto Rico, two young, worn specimens. Family LITORINIDtE. Genus LITORINA Ferussac, 1821. Shell imperforate, turbinate, colored; aperture rounded, not notched below, the outer lip not thickened ; columella flattened or excavated ; operculum horny, paucispiral ; nucleus more or less excentric. Section MELARAPHE Muhlfeld, 1828. Shell rather thin, conical, with pointed spire; surface with revolving sculpture, usually variegated. Litorina ziczac Gmelin. Troclius ziczac Gmelin, Syst. Nat., p. 3587, 1792. Littorind ziczac Reeve, Conch. Icon., x, pi. xi, fig. 57, 1857. Shell with scarcely rounded whorls and a well-defined peripheral keel near the base of the last whorl; the whole surface is covered with delicate, rather widely spaced grooves; aperture small, irregularly oval; the thin lip extends upward above the keel on the body whorl, forming a canal; base a little produced. Color whitish, with close, sharply defined, longitudinal, wavy or zigzag stripes of brownish; sometimes the shell is faintly banded; aperture dark, with a light band. Length, 15; diameter, 9 mm. Aguadilla; San Geronimo; San Juan, Porto Rico; Ensenada Honda, Culebra, 430 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. Litorina, ziczac var. lineata Lamarck. Phasianella lineata Lamarck, An. sans Vert., vn, p. 54, 1822. IJltorina ziczac var. lineata Tryon Man., ix, p. 251, pi. xlv, fig. 7. Shell smoother than the type, the whorls more convex and less sharply angulate at the base. The color pattern is generally less distinct than in the ziczac. Aguadilla; San Juan; Hucares; Puerto Real, Porto Rico. Litorina tessellata Philippi. Littorina tessellata Philippi, Abbild. und Beschr., Heft vm, p. 220, pi. v, fig. 26, 1847. Shell with convex whorls, which are sometimes slightly shouldered above, and a sharp apex, the suture plainly marked; last whorl bluntly angulated at base, sculptured throughout with delicate, evenly spaced grooves; aperture irregularly oval, the lip extending above angle of penultimate whorl; columella flattened, ending in a ridge below, behind which the parietal wall is excavated. Color bluish or greenish white, alternating with square, brown tessellations, the tessellations in oblique or zigzag rows; aperture brownish purple, the inside of outer lip showing the outside color pattern. Length, 15; diameter, 10 mm. Ensenada Honda, Culebra, two specimens. This species resembles L. ziczac in many respects, lint is rather shorter in proportion, has more rounded whorls, which are often slightly shouldered above; the aperture is more purplish and has no white band within. Litorina angulifera Lamarck. Phasianella angulifera Lamarck, An. sans Vert., vii, p. 54, 1822. Littorina scabra var. lineata Tryon, Man., ix, p. 243, pi. xm, figs. 11-13, 15-17, 1887. Shell thin, with rounded whorls and a sharp-pointed spire; the surface everywhere covered with line, revolving, engraved lines, which are sometimes so near together that the ridges between them appear as close revolving threads; surface generally slightly decussated by the growth lines; aperture nearly evenly oval; outer lip thin; columella often a little excavated below. The color pattern varies greatly; the ground may be gray, yellowish, reddish, or purplish, and is generally marked with darker, oblique strigations, which are often only faintly defined; columella usually tinted with violet. Length, 30; diameter, 17 mm. Ponce, Porto Rico; Ensenada Honda, Culebra; a small, slender, light-colored variety was obtained at San Juan, Porto Rico; West Indies; Florida. Litorina columellaris d’Orbignv. Littorina columellaris d’Orbigny, Voy. Am<5r. M6r., p. 392, 1840; Moll. Cubana, I, p. 213, pi. xm, figs. 18-20, 1841. Shell rather solid, sharp-pointed, with rounded whorls, the last generally compressed or a little concave just below the suture, covered everywhere with fine, revolving threads, and slightly decussated by growth lines; aperture suboval; outer lip not greatly thickened; columella wide, nearly straight, excavated below. Color yellowish to ashy, the upper whorls marked with darker color, in tessellations, lines, or clouds; columella purple. Length, 25; diameter, 16 mm. San Juan, Porto Rico; many young shells; West Indies; mainland of northern South America to Mexico. Often close to L. angulifera, but a solider shell, with a wider, straighter columella. Section LITORINA s. s. Litorina guttata Philippi. Littorina guttata Philippi, Abbild. und Beschr., n, p. 197, pi. IV, fig. 7, 1847. Quebradillas, Porto Rico (Gundlach). Litorina mespilum Muhlfeld. Helix mespilum Muhlfeld, Verb. Berl. Ges. Nat., I, 1824, p. 219, pi. vili, fig. 8. San Juan, Porto Rico (Gundlach). Genus TECTARIUS Valenciennes, 1833. Shell perforate or imperforate, turbinate, solid, subconic, tuberculous or spinose; spire pointed; aperture oval, entire; operculum paucispiral. MOLLUSCA OF PORTO RICO. 481 Tectarius muricatus Linnseus. Turbo muricatus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, p. 761, 1758. Littorina muricata Reeve, Conch. Icon., x, pi. n, fig. 11, 1857. Shell perforate, with about eight somewhat rounded whorls, which are slightly shouldered above, the sculpture consisting of about four revolving rows of somewhat sharp nodules, with from five to eight rows of flatter nodules on the base, which fade out into mere ribs at the umbilicus; aperture ovate; outer lip thickened, scarcely produced at the base; the umbilicus continuing down the columella as a groove. Color ashy, the interior of the aperture brown. Length, 20; diameter, 15 mm. Cabo Rojo light; San Geronimo; San Juan; Arroyo; Puerto Real; Aguadilla, Porto Rico; Cabal lo Blanco, Vieques; Ensenada Honda, Culebra; West Indian region; Florida Keys. Tectarius trochiformis Dillwyn. Turbo trochiformis Dillwyn, Cat. Rec. Sh., ii, p. 826, 1817. Tectarius nodulosus Tryon (part), Man., ix, p. 258, pi. xlviii, fig. 72, 1887. Shell imperforate solid, with about eight whorls, which are sculptured with revolving rows of strong, sharp nodules. There are two rather pronounced rows of nodules on the upper whorls, one just below the suture, another lower down forming a shoulder. On the last whorl there are three of these more conspicuous rows, the two lower ones forming a biangulation on the periphery. Besides these there are revolving threads and rows of small nodules covering the entire shell; aperture suboval, outer lip rather thin; columella wide, excavated, base produced; operculum paucispiral. The shell is generally dark lead-color, the nodules lighter; aperture dark brown with a white stripe below. Length 18; diameter, 13 mm. San Geronimo; Aguadilla; Puerto Real, Porto Rico. This mollusk is quite common on the lower Keys of Florida, and is often confounded with Echinella nodulosa Pfeiffer, which it somewhat resembles. The former lias a paucispiral operculum, while that of the latter is multispiral. Family LITIOPID^E. Genus ALABA A. Adams, 1862. Shell elongated, pointed, with numerous rounded whorls which may be smooth or spirally lineate, with irregularly distributed varices; aperture oval; lip scarcely thickened, smooth within; columella subtruncate at the base. Alaba tervaricosa C. B. Adams. Tlate 58, tig. 8. Alaba tervaricosa Morch, Malak. Blatt. xxiir, p. 57, 1876. Rissoa tervaricosa C. B. Adams, Proc. Best. Soc. Nat. Hist., n, p. 6, 1845. Shell with about thirteen rounded whorls which gradually increase, the first five or six dark colored and smooth, the remainder whitish or ashy, often marked with brownish, and sculptured with very delicate revolving threads, which are reticulated by the growth lines; there are a number of rounded varices on the whorls; aperture oval; columella slightly truncate below. Length, 6; diameter, 2.5 mm. San Juan Harbor, Porto Rico; one shell; widely distributed. A. rrielnnura Adams appears to be only a more slender variety of the same species. Family SOLARIIDtE. Genus SOLARIUM Lamarck, 1799. Shell widely umbilicated, conic, depressed, angular at the periphery, solid; nucleus sinistra!, oblique, whorls sculptured; aperture subquadrangular; umbilicus funicular bordered by a crenelated carina; columella vertical; operculum horny, spiral, concave, or flat externally, with a tubercle on its internal face. Solarium nobile Hanley. Solarium nobile Hanley, Thes. Conch., nr, p. 230, fig. 35, 1866. Umbilicus rather narrow, deep, the crenulations surrounding it very strong; the suture well marked; there are four strong rows of elongated tubercles on the whorls, and on the upper whorls here are two fainter rows in the sutures; periphery narrow, rounded; base with five or six revolving 432 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. rows of tubercles. Purplish flesh color, with scattered brown markings on the rows of nodules; periphery whitish, occasionally spotted above. Diameter, 40; height, 20 mm. San Juan Harbor; May ague/., Porto Rico; Texas. Solarium bisulcatum d’Orbigny. Solarium bisulcatum d'Orbigny, Moll. Cubana, II, p. 66, pi. xix, figs. 17-20, 1845. Shell small, depressed, with a wide umbilicus; spire scarcely elevated, with flat whorls; these are sculptured with revolving grooves which are cut by radiating furrows into granules, the rows just above and below the suture being strongest; on the periphery there aie two nearly equal rows of nodules; the sculpture of the base is much like that above; crenations around the umbilicus moderate; aperture nearly round. Color dirt}' white. Diameter, 10; height, 2 mm. Mayaguez, Porto Rico; several worn shells. Section PHILIPPIA Morch. Solarium krebsii Morch. Solarium Krebsii Morch, Malak. Blatt., 1875, p. 155. Quebradillas, Porto Rico (Gundlach). Genus TORINIA Gray, 1840. Shell varying from planorbiform to turbinately elevated, umbilicus perspective; its margins slightly crenate; operculum corneous, generally conically elevated, externally spiral, with projecting edges; internal face smooth, with a spirally twisted elevation. Torinia cylindrica Gmelin. Trochus cylindricus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., p. 3572, 1792. Torinia cylindrica Marshall, Tryon’s Man., ix, p. 17, pi. v, fig. 82, 18S7. Shell conic, elevated; whorls somewhat rounded, with spiral sulcations, ten-ribbed, the three peripheral ribs the strongest; umbilicus deep, scarcely diminishing, its border feebly crenate. Color chestnut brown, sparingly mottled with white at the periphery and above the suture. Height, 13; diameter, 13 mm. Puerto Real; Cabo Rojo light; Guanica, Porto Rico; one specimen in bad condition from each locality. Torinia aethiops Menke. Solarium xthiops Menke, Syn. Moll , ed. n, p. 147, 1830. Torinia xthiops Marshall, Tryon’s Mail., IX, p. 18, pi. V, figs. S5, 86, 1887. Porto Rico (Gundlach, Menke). Genus OMALAXIS Deshayes, 1830. Shell discoidal, more or less uncoiled, flat or concave above, the last whorl bicarinated or quadrate in section; nucleus sinistral, papillose, depressed; aperture subquadrate, lip sharp. Omalaxis exquisita, n. sp. Plate 54, fig. 12. Shell minute, with discontinuous whorls in one plane, subquadrate in section, with a minutely serrate keel at each angle; whorls three, the nepionic one sinistral and depressed, the others free; pellucid whitish, with indications of brown flammuke; whorl four-keeled, the inner keels nearer each other than the peripheral pair; shell between the keels polished, smooth; above and below slightly convex, but between the peripheral keels somewhat concave. Maximum diameter of shell, 3; minimum diameter, 2; height, 1 mm. Mayaguez Harbor, Porto Rico, at station 6062, in 25 fathoms, four specimens. This is one of the most exquisite little gems of the sea that can be imagined. MOLLUSC A OF PORTO RICO. 433 Family RISSOID^E. Surface reticulate. Genus RISSOA Freminville, 1813 Section ALVANIA Leach, 1826. Rissoa epima, n. sp. Shell small, subtranslucent, pinkish white, with a touch of purple brown on the pillar lip, reticulated, five-whorled; two nepionic whorls whitish, smooth, not polished; subsequent whorls with narrow, hardly flexuous, rounded axial ribs, with slightly wider interspaces extending from suture to suture but not over the base, and crossed above the suture by three subequal, nearly equally spaced, spiral threads, slightly tumid at the intersections; the posterior one nodulous at the intersections; on the base five simple threads, the posterior one of which marks the line of the suture and the anterior ending of the axial ribs; aperture rounded ovate, the lip continuous, simple, moderately thickened; throat not lirate; suture deep. Length of shell, 2; of last whorl, 1.25; maximum diameter, 1.12 mm. Mayaguez Harbor, Porto Rico, at station 6062, in about 25 fathoms, sand, one specimen. Although this species has no very strong characteristics, it does not seem practicable to unite it with any of the species of Alvunia known from the West Indies. It is more slender than any of the others, proportionally, and has a different number of spirals from any mentioned by Mbrch. Section THAPSIA Monterosato, 1884. Rissoa portoricana, n. sp. Plate 53, fig. 20. Shell small, thin, rather slender, bluish white, with five sculptured whorls; sutures rather deep, whorls convex, the nepionic smooth and inflated, the subsequent minutely spirally threaded with rather distant threads crossing feeble and rather irregular axial ridges, which become obsolete near the periphery; aperture with the margin slightly thickened ; a minute chink behind the callus at the pillar. Length, 3; maximum diameter, 1 mm. Mayaguez Harbor, Porto Rico, at station 6062, in 25 fathoms, one specimen. A small and inconspicuous species, but unlike any other yet known from the region. Genus RISSOINA d'Orbigny, 1840. Shell rissoiform, turrieulated, with numerous whorls which are somewhat convex; apex mani- millar; aperture oval, semilunar; lip thickened within and without, canaliculate or subcanalieulate at the base; operculum oval, elongate, horny, paucispiral, with an excentric nucleus; its internal face bearing a club-shaped appendage. Rissoina decussata Montagu. Turbo decussatus Montagu, Test. Brit., p. 399, 1803. Rissoiiurmecussata Tryon, Man., ix, p. 385, pi. i.vni, figs. 15-17, 1887. Shell with about twelve nearly flat whorls, with an elevated, sharp spire, sculptured with from twenty-five to twenty-eight delicate, longitudinal riblets, which are crossed by very fine revolving striae; outer lip very heavy; aperture almost semilunar; columella nearly straight, 'somewhat excavated in the middle; basal canal feeble. Color white. Length, 6; diameter, 2.5 mm. San Juan Harbor, Porto Rico; several broken specimens. Tryon’s figures do not accurately represent the aperture of this species. It was erroneously described as a British species by Montagu. Rissoina browniana d’Orbigny. Rissoina broivniana d’Orbigny Moll. Cubana, p. 28, pi. xii, figs. 33, 35, 1842. Rissoa lievissima C. B. Adams, Contr. to Conch., 1850, p. 115. Shell smooth, with eight nearly flat, whorls, highly polished, slightly curved; apex acute; aperture rather small; outer lip much thickened. Color white, sometimes with two or three pale hands, which are, however, quite evanescent. Length, 4; diameter, 1.5 mm. Mayaguez, Porto Rico; two shells. K. C. B. 1900— 28 434 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. Rissoina chesnelii Michaud. / lissoa chesnelii Michaud, Desc. des Coq. Nouv., p. 17, 1832. Rissoina chesneli Schwartz v. Mohr., Mon. Rissoina, p. 73, pi. v, figs. 38, 39, 1860. Shell white, with eight somewhat rounded whorls, having about fourteen strong, longitudinal costae with about equal interspaces which are scarcely spirally striate; columellar callus solid, elevated. There is a revolving oblique ridge at the base of the shell. Length, 4; diameter, 1.5 mm. Mayaguez, Porto Rico; a fragment. Rissoina cancellata Philippi. Rissoina cancellata Philippi, Zeits. fur Mai., 1847, p. 127; Schwartz v. Mohr., Mon. Rissoina, p. 89, pi. vii, fig. 52, 1860. Shell white, with ten convex whorls which are cancellated with sixteen to eighteen longitudinal ribs and four or five revolving ridges; revolving ridges on the base numerous; outer lip strong; basal notch well developed. There is a faint revolving rib at the base of the shell. Length, 8; diameter, 3 mm. Mayaguez, Porto Rico; Vieques. Subfamily HYDROBIIN.®. Genus POTAMOPYRGUS Stimpson, 1865. Potamopyrgus coronatus Pfeiffer. Paludina coronata Pfeiffer, Arch, fur Naturg., I, 1840, p. 253. Amnicola coronata Fischer & Crosse, Mission Sci. Mexique, pt. vii, vol. ii, p. 266, pi. l, figs. 6 a-e, 1891. Several localities in Porto Rico; Vieques; Cuba, and other localities in the West Indies (Fischer & Crosse); Texas; Mexico; Central America; Colombia; Venezuela, etc. The variety crystallinus Shuttleworth is also reported from Porto Rico. Family CYCLOPHORID^. Shell variable in form, turbinate, turriculated, or subdiscoidal; aperture rounded; peristome simple or reflexed; operculum circular; jaw formed of two triangular pieces. Genus MEGALOMASTOMA Guilding, 1840. Shell perforate, elongate, turriculate, or pupiform; apex generally decollated; aperture subcircular; peristome continuous; operculum horny, circular, flat, arctispiral, with a central nucleus. Type, Megalomastoma antillarum Sowerby. Megalomastoma croceum Gmelin. Plate 53, fig. 1. Helix crocea Gmelin, Syst. Nat., p.3655, 1792; Chemnitz, Coneh. Cab., ix, pi. 135, fig. 1233, Megalomastoma cylindraceum Sowerby, Conch. Icon., xx, pi. x, fig. 91, 1878. Shell elongated, subcylindrical, with fine, oblique, flexuous strife, which, with the epidermis, are usually eroded away; whorls remaining from six to eight, scarcely convex, the first one to one and a half decollated; aperture nearly circular; peristome continuous, appressedto the last whorl, but. little thickened, slightly reflexed; umbilicus a mere chink. The surface, where not eroded, is generally horn colored, but ordinarily it is a dirty white or reddish ash. Sometimes the last whorl or two are flushed with reddish brown or violet. Length, 30; diameter, 12; length of aperture, 7 mm. El Yunque, Porto Rico; several dead specimens. Megalomastoma croceum var. curtum Dali A Simpson., Plate 53, fig. 2. A small variety, having only six remaining whorls, was found at Hucares, Porto Rico. Length, 21; diameter, 10 mm. Megalomastoma hjalmarsoni Pfeiffer. Megalomastoma hjahnarsoni Pfeiffer, Mal.Blatt., xxu, p. 119, 1875. Lares; Mayaguez, western Porto Rico (Crosse). Megalomastoma verruculosum Shuttleworth. Cyclostoma (Megalomastoma) verruculosum Shuttleworth, Diagn.neue Moll., Berner Mitth., 1854, p. 90. Eastern Porto Rico (Crosse). MOLLUSC A OF PORTO RICO. 435 Family CYCLOSTOMATI 1)45 Genus CHOANOPOMA Pfeiffer. Choanopoma decussatum Lamarck. Cyclostoma decussofa Lamarck, An. sans Vert., VI, p. 147, 1822. Porto Rico, many localities (Crosse). Choanopoma senticosnm Shuttleworth. Cyclostoma {Choanopoma) senticosum Shnttleworth, Diagn.nene Moll., Berner Mitth., 1854, p.90. Porto Rico; Isle of Vieques (Crosse). Choanopoma sulculosum Pfeiffer. Cyclostoma sulculosum (F6russac ms.) Pfeiffer, in Conch. Cab., Cyclostoma, p.313, pl.xni, figs. 15-17, 1863. Isle of Vieques; St. Bartholomew (Crosse). Genus CISTULA Gray, 1850. Cistula riisei Pfeiffer. Cistula riisei Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Viv. , p. 417, 1852. Porto Rico, several localities (Crosse). Cistula aguadillensis Pfeiffer. Cistula aguadiUensis Pfeiffer, Mal.Bliitt., xxn, p.207, 1875. Aguadilla; Penuelas, Porto Rico (Crosse). Cistula lineolata Lamarck. Cyclostoma lineolata Lamarck, An. sans Vert., iv, p. 147, 1822. Puerto Rico (Crosse). Genus CH0NDR0P0MA Pfeiffer, 1847. Chondropoma terebra Pfeiffer. Chondropoma terebra Pfeiffer, Mal.Blatt., VIII, p.74, pl.Ii, figs. 4-6, 1861. Sierra Morales, Porto Rico (Crosse). Chondropoma blauneri Shuttle worth. Cyclostoma (Chondropoma) blauneri Shuttleworth, Diagn.neue Moll., Berner Mitth., 1854, p. 91. Humacao, Porto Rico (Crosse). Chondropoma swifti Shuttleworth. Cyclostoma (Chondropoma) swifti Shuttleworth, Diagn.neue Moll., Berner Mitth., 1854, p. 91. Near Ponce, Porto Rico (Crosse). Chondropoma newtoni Shuttleworth. Cyclostoma (Chondropoma?) newtoni Shuttleworth, Diagn.neue Moll., Berner Mitth., 1854, p..92. . Near Arecibo, Porto Rico (Crosse). Family TRUNCATELL1D45 Shell cylindrical, truncated in an adult state; aperture entire, oval; peristome continuous, thick- ened; operculum oval, paucispiral, its nucleus excentric. Genus TRTJNCATELLA Risso, 1826. Shell with longitudinal ribs, shining; operculum horny. Type, T. truncatula Draparnaud. 436 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. Truncatella caribeeensis Sowerby. Plate 53, fig. 7. Tnincatella caribssensis (Sowerby mss.) Reeve, Conch. Syst., n, pi. clxxxii, fig. 7, 18J2. Shell subl imate, subcylindrical, in the adult state, but slightly decreasing in size toward the apex; amber colored, with delicate, scarcely curved ribs, which are often faint on the middle of the whorls; whorls three and one-half to four, but little rounded, the last with a feeble basal carination; aperture subvertical, oval; peristome thickened on its inner lip and pressed in to the last whorl; outer lip reflexed. Length, 7; diameter, 2.5 to 3 mm. Ensenada Honda, Culebra, one specimen; also various West Indian localities; Florida, etc. Truncatella subcylindrica Linnaeus. Helix subcylindrica Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. xii, p. 1248, 1767: Pulteney, Cat. Dorset, p. 49, 1799; Montagu, Test. Brit., n, p. 393, 1803 (Ed.Chenu, p. 173); Hanley, Ips. Lin. Conch., p.379, 1855. Truncatella subcylindrica Gray, in Turton, Man., p. 295, fig. 72, 1857. Tnincatella montagui Lowe, Zool. Journ., v, p. 303, 1831; Thorpe, Brit. Marine Conch., p. 146, fig. 75, 1844. Turbo truncatus Montagu, n, p.300, pi. x, fig. 7, 1803; Turton, Conch. Diet., p. 218, 1819. Turritella truncata Fleming, Brit. An., p.303, 1828. Turbo mbtruntatus Montagu, p. 300, pi. x, fig. 1 (young), 1803: Turton, Conch. Diet., p. 219, 1819. Truncatella subcylindrica Pfeiffer, Mon. Auric., p. 186, 1833; Binney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., vn, p. 186 (ex parte), pi. uxv, fig. 6 (only), 1859. Porto Rico; adventitious in England ; common in Florida and many localities in the West Indies.1 Truncatella pulchella Pfeiffer. Truncatella pulchella Pfeiffer, Archiv. fiir Naturg., I, 1839, p.356: Binney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., vn, p. 189, pi. L.xxv, figs. 1, 9, 10, 1859. Fajardo, Porto Rico (Crosse) ; other localities in the West Indies; also Florida. Truncatella clathrus Lowe. Truncatella clathrus Lowe, Zool. Journ., v, p. 303, 1831; Reeve, Conch. Syst., II, pi. 182, fig. 3, 1842; Kiister, Conch. Cab., p. 15, 1855. Rare in Porto Rico (Crosse); St. Thomas; Bermuda (Verrill). Family CALYPTR4EID4E. Genus CHEILEA Modeer, 1793. Shell conical, irregular, lamellated or rayed; the summit subcentral; nucleus subspiral, dextral, slightly posterior, within bearing a halt cup-shaped appendage, attached behind the summit and open in front; edge of the shell irregular; opercular plate basal, calcareous. This is better known by the name of Mitrularia Schumacher. Cbeilea equestris Linnaeus. Patella eqiieslris Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, p. 780, 1758. Mitrularia equestris Tryon. Man., "Ill, p. 137, pi. XU, figs. 25-32, 1886. Shell irregularly conical, thin or subsolid, pure dead white without and shining white within, sculptured with tine radiating threads and strong, very irregular, oblique corrugations or wrinkles, which sometimes break up into frills near the base; apex spiral, with one to one and a half whorls, posterior; interior process attached along the posterior part of the shell, elongated, so that the points may reach below the base of the shell, obliquely truncated. Diameter, 40; height, 23 mm. Aguadilla; San Juan, Porto Rico; St. Thomas. Genus CALYPTRJEA Lamarck, 1799. Shell low conical, with central spiral apex; aperture basal, circular, entire; interior having a spiral diaphragm, the eolumellar margin of which is twisted, forming a false umbilicus. 1 The synonymy found in Pfeiffer, Binney, and the usual works of reference contains so many errors that it was thought best to expand it more than we have usually attempted in this report. MOLLUSC A OF PORTO RICO. 437 Calyptreea candeana d’Orbigny. Infundibulum candeanum d’Orbigny, Moll.Cubana, n, p. 190, pi. xxv, figs. 28-29, 1845. Shell small, rounded, thin; spire elevated; growth lines rugose; sometimes obsoletely, finely, radiately striate; white within and without. Diameter, 5; height, 2 mm. Mayaguez, Porto Rico, a great number of dead shells. Genus CREPIDULA Lamarck, 1799. Shell oval to oblong; apex posterior, oblique; interior porcellanous, shining; a thin, horizontal septum or shelf occupies nearly the posterior half of the shell within; free border of shelf straight or arcuate. Crepidula aculeata Gmelin. Patella aculeata Gmelin, Syst. Nat., p. 3693, 1792. Crepidula aculeata Tryon, Man., vm. p. 129, pl.xxxix, figs. 01-05, 1880. Shell irregularly oval, with one and a half to two whorls, the nuclear whorl smooth and very distinct from the rest of the shell; growth lines rough, sometimes a little imbricated; the surface is generally covered with subspiral lines of erect, prickly, often tubular scales; growth lines of the shelf finely marked, and with the edge of the shelf shaped something like a brace Color whitish, variegated with brown; the shelf white, with translucent lines. Length, 28; breadth, 21; height, 10 mm. Arroyo and off Point Melones, Porto Rico. Distributed almost universally throughout the warm seas of the globe. Young specimens of one or two other species were obtained by the Fish Hawk expedition, but not in condition to be satisfactorily named. Crepidula riisei Dunker. Crepidula riisei Dunker, Zeitschr. Mai., p. 59, 1852; Morch, Mai. Blatt., XXIV, p. 105, 1877. Crepidula protca d’Orbigny (ex parte), Moll. Cubana, n, p. 192, pi. xxiv, figs. 32, 33, 1845. San Juan, Porto Rico, Riise; Mayaguez Harbor, U. S. Fish Commission. This form much resembles the Crepidula plana Say, being a resident of the inside of dead shells, but may be distinguished by its traces of longitudinal brown lines near the apex and its fringed and conspicuous periostracum. Crepidula protea d’Orbigny. Crepidula protea d’Orbigny, Moll. Cubana, it, p. 192 (ex parte), pi. xxiv, figs. 30,31, 1845. A single specimen of this species was obtained at Mayaguez, Porto Rico. Family AMALTHEIDAL Genus AMALTHEA Schumacher, 1817. Shell irregular, conic, with the apex curved and directed to the rear, sometimes coiled; surface irregular; muscular impression horseshoe-shaped; base thick or excavated. Amalthea antiquata Linnaeus. Patella ant iquata Linnseus, Syst. Nat., ed. xii, p. 1259, 1767. Ilipponyx antiquatiis Tryon, Man., vm, p. 134, pi. XL, figs. 93-99, 1886. Shell white, the apex posterior; concentrically rudely and closely lamellated, more or less radiately striate: epidermis pilose. Length, 18, height, 7 mm. Puerto Real; Arroyo; Aguadilla, Porto Rico; Ensenada Honda, Culebra. Amalthea subrufa Lamarck. Pileopsis subrufa Lamarck, An sans Vert., vi, part II, p. 18, 1822. Hippnnyx subnifus Tryon, Man., vm, p. 134, pi xl, fig. 1, 1886. Quebradillas, Porto Rico (Gundlach). A young specimen of what is probably this species was obtained by the Fish Hunk expedition at Mayaguez, Porto Rico. 438 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. Family XENOPHORID/E. Genus XENOPHORA Fischer de Waldheim, 1807. Shell trochiform, concave or flat below; whorls flat, bearing a row of extraneous objects, which are attached near the suture; sometimes these are placed all over the upper part of the shell; last whorl compressed and carinated at the periphery; aperture large, oblique; operculum suboval or trapezoidal. Xenophora caribsea Petit. Xennplinrn caribiea Petit, Journ. de Conchyl., 1856, p. 248, pi. x, figs. 1, 2. Thin, pale yellowish brown or whitish, white beneath; the carina of the last whorl extended much beyond the base; the surface sculptured with fine, oblique, corrugated wrinkles, and having an interrupted row of fragments agglutinated along the suture; base with faint, revolving lines, crossed by very fine growth lines; umbilicus moderate. Diameter, 60; height, 30 mm. One young specimen was obtained at Aguadilla, Porto Rico. Family NATIClDtE. Genus NATICA Scopoli, 1777. Shell oval or globular, porcellanous, shining, solid, generally smooth, umbilicated, the umbilicus spirally ribbed; aperture semilunar or oval, entire; columellar edge subvertical; operculum semilunar, calcareous, paucispiral, its nucleus excentric, the outer surface often spirally ribbed. Natica canrena (Linnseus) Auctorum. Nerita canrena Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, p. 776, 1758 (ex parte). Nation canrena Reeve, Conch. Icon., ix, pi. iv, tig. 14, 1855. Shell with five and a half rounded whorls, the suture well impressed, the surface below it slightly flattened and wrinkled, last whorl descending; aperture large, semioval; umbilicus narrow, spirally entering; upper callus of the columella short, separated from the lower callus by a square notch. The ground color varies from whitish to tawny; the last whorl has three rather broad, darker bands about its middle, and over entire shell, except the base, there are wavy or zigzag, longitudinal strigations, which show through the dark bands to some extent; base white. Sometimes it has very faint revolving sculpture. Height, 45; diameter, 40 mm. Mayaguez, Porto Rico; one large, broken shell and two young ones. The original N. canrena of Linnseus comprised several species. Natica sagraiana d’Orbigny. Natica sagraiana d’Orbigny, Moll. Cubana, n, p. 34, pi. xvm, figs. 20, 22, 1842. San Juan; Quebradillas, Porto Rico (Gundlach). Section STIGMAULAX Morch, 1852. Natica sulcata Born. Nerita sulcata Born, Mus. Ctes. Vind., p. 400, pi. xvn, figs. 5, 6, 1780. Shell with six rounded whorls which are not flattened on the shoulder, shining, sculptured throughout with strong, longitudinal ribs; these are crossed by rather fine, impressed striae, which give the surface a somewhat cancellated appearance; umbilicus rather strong and opening near the upper end of the columella, the revolving ridge within it wide and rounded. Color pale fulvous, irregularly banded with darker color, often marked with wavy, longitudinal markings; sometimes the shell is nearly a uniform livid brown; base white. Height, 20; diameter, 18 mm. Porto Rico, no special locality, two shells. MOLLUSCA OF PORTO RICO. 439 Genus POLINICES Montfort, 1810. Shell oval elongate, subglobular or depressed, generally smooth, umbilicated or having the umbilicus closed by a callus. Operculum corneous, paucispiral, semilunar, having the nucleus nearly lateral, concave externally. Subgenus Payraudeautia Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus. Polinices nubila Dali. Plate 58, fig. 6. Neverita nubila Dali, Blake Report, n, p. 294, 1889. Shell with four and a half convex whorls which are slightly concave below the suture, with strong growth lines which are somewhat plicate above, but are smoother below; it is also sculptured with exceedingly faint spiral lines; aperture semilunar; columella straight; umbilicus moderately open, surrounded by a revolving ridge at its base, which projects within, partly closing it. Color dirty milky white, faintly clouded with brownish. Height, 10; diameter, 10 mm. Mayaguez, Porto Rico; two slightly worn shells; also Barbados and the Gulf of Mexico. Subgenus Mammilla Schumacher, 1817. Shell rather thin, ovate, with a partially open umbilicus and a conspicuous epidermis when living. Polinices uberina d’Orbigny. Natica uberina d’Orbigny, Moll. Cubana, II, p. 31, pi. XVII, fig. 19, 1842. Shell white, covered with a thin, horn-colored epidermis, subovate; the last whorl large; whorls flattened or slightly excavated above, with very fine growth lines, and sometimes exceedingly faint revolving striae; aperture semilunar; outer lip thin; columella straight; umbilicus small, situated below the middle of the shell. Height, 20; diameter, 17 mm. Mayaguez, Porto Rico; Ensenada Honda, Culebra. Polinices lactea Guilding. Nalicina lactea Guilding, Linn. Trans., xvii, p. 29, 1833. Natica lactea Tryon, Man., vm, p. 49, pi. XVI, figs. 54-57, 1886. San Juan, Porto Rico (Gundlach). Extremely close to the preceding species. Polinices mamillaris Lamarck. Natica mamillaris Lamarck, An. sans Vert., Vi, part 2, p. 197, 1822. Natica mamillaris Tryon, Man., vm, p. 43, pi. xvm, fig. 74, 1886. Shell solid, conic ovate, the whorls scarcely rounded, flattened or faintly excavated above, with fine growth strite and still finer revolving lines; umbilicus wide, with a broad entering callus, the columella having an elevated callus above. The upper surface of the shell is chocolate colored and is covered with a thin epidermis; when worn smooth it generally shows faint longitudinal whitish narrow bands or lines; the base of the shell and the columella are white; within the outer lip the external color is seen. Height, 40; diameter, 31 mm. Aguadilla, Porto Rico, one young shell. Genus SIGARETUS Lamarck, 1799. Shell auriform, depressed, perforate or imperforate, spirally grooved ; aperture very large, oval; columellar border regularly arcuate; operculum corneous, small, paucispiral, prolonged below. Sigaretus martinianus Philippi. Sigaretus martinianus Philippi, Abbild. und Besehr., I, p. 144, pi. I, fig. 5, 1844. San Juan, Porto Rico (Gundlach). 440 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. Superfamily DOCOGLOSSA. Family ACM4iIDAE. Genus ACMIEA Eschscholtz, 1828. Shell patelliform, solid, oval or circular, summit anteriorly directed and more or less in front of the middle; interior not iridescent and generally having an internal marginal border of color. Acmsea candeana d’Orbigny. Patella candeana d’Orbigny, Moll. Cubana, n, p. 199, pi. xxv, tigs. 1-S, 1845. Shell ovate, depressed, the apex in front of the middle, the slopes convex; surface whitish, finely regularly radiately striate, with radiating dark lines or sometimes broad irregular rays. Inside with a broad, light-colored translucent border, usually showing the outside rays; the central area brownish and often marbled. Length, 25; breadth, 21; height, 8 mm. Aguadilla, Porto Rico. Acmsea punctulata Gmelin. Patella punctulata Gmelin, Syst. Nut., xiii, pp. 3705, 3717, 1792. Acmsea punctulata Pilsbry, Man., xm, p. 37, pi. v, tigs. 99-113, 1891. Shell depressed, oval to nearly round, the apex sharp and subcentra] ; surface sculptured with low radiating ribs, every third or fourth one being larger. Color yellowish or pinkish, with distinct red dots bet ween the ribs. Length, 24; breadth, 18; height, 7 mm. Puerto Real; San Geronimo; Hucares; San Juan, Porto Rico. Acmaea punctulata var. pulcherrima Guilding. Smaller, smoother, more depressed, and more delicate than the type. Puerto Real; Aguadilla, Porto Rico. Acmaea leucopleura Gmelin. Patella leucopleura Gmelin, Syst. Nat., xm, p. 3699, 1792. Acmsea leucopleura Pilsbry, Man., xm, p. 40, pi. V, ligs. 16-26, 1891. Shell solid, round-oval, rather sharply conical, though sometimes depressed, with about twelve strong primary ribs and shorter interposed ribs at the base which do not reach the apex. Ribs white, the interstices brown or black. Length, 20; diameter, 16; height, 8 mm. One young shell was taken at Hucares, Porto Rico. Superfamily RHIPIDOGLOSSA. Family COCCULINIDAi. Genus COCCULINA Dali. 1882. Shell patelliform, not nacreous, colorless, with decussated sculpture, symmetrical, with an entire nonsinuated margin and a posteriorly inclined apex, with a spiral, usually deciduous nucleus; mus- cular impression horseshoe-shaped, interrupted over the head; radula rhipidoglossate. Cocculina portoricensis, n. sp. Plate 53, figs. 18, 19. Shell white, covered with a papery, pale olive-gray periostracum; apex subcentral, minute, hardly prominent; sculpture of rather sparse and feeble radial threads, incremental lines, and an almost microscopic sagrination without definite pattern, but chiefly concentric and occasionally microscopically pustular. Interior white, smooth, the muscular horseshoe-shaped impression very broad and high up in the shell, its anterior end directed in a contrary sense to the apex of the shell. Length from anterior end to apex, 5.7; of whole shell, 12; breadth, 8; height, 4.7 mm. Station 6052, San Juan Harbor, Porto Rico, in 310 fathoms. MOLLUSCA OF PORTO RIOO. 441 This species is similar in many respects to the other known members of the genus, and perhaps most like C. rcithbuni, but has a different sculpture, the C. raihbuni showing none of the curious vermiculate or sagrinate markings. The animal is blind, with a large verge projecting from the right tentacle and the ctenidium carried over so that it appears to spring from the right side of the animal. There are two rather long epipodial processes between the mantle and the foot behind. Family PHASIANELLID4E. Genus PHASIANELLA Lamarck, 1804. Shell generally imperforate, without epidermis, porcellanous, bulimiform, usually polished and variegated with bright colors. Aperture entire; operculum solid, calcareous, internally paucispiral, with the nucleus near its base, externally white and convex. Phasianella umbilicata d’Orbigny. Phusifinella Hinbilicatci d'Orbigny, Moll. Cubana, it, p. 77, pi. xix, figs. 32, 34, 1842. Shell small, with live to live and a half rounded whorls; suture deep; sometimes sculptured with revolving lines, at others smooth; sometimes the whorls are slightly angular on account of the prominence of one or more of the revolving lines; last whorl obscurely angular below; aperture short, oval; umbilical area perforated. Color whitish, dotted with reddish or brownish, with longitudinal or zigzag reddish or brownish streaks. Height, 5; diameter, 3 mm. Vieques, one shell. Phasianella tessellata Potiez & Michaud. I'hasianella tessellata Potiez & Michaud, Galerie de Douai, i, p. 312, pi. xxix, figs. 7, .8, 1838. Shell solid, smooth, ovate; apex obtuse; whorls four or five, somewhat convex, the last large and obtusely angulate on the periphery; aperture oblique, ovate; columella with a white callus; umbilical region excavated, often perforate. Color white, yellow, or reddish, longitudinally clouded with white, red, or brown, encircled with close, narrow, revolving and obliquely descending orange or red lines. Height, 5.5; diameter, 3 mm. Mayaguez, Porto Rico, one broken shell. Family TURBINIlhE. Genus TURBO Linnaeus, 1758. Shell turbinate or depressed, nacreous, with or without an umbilicus, the young not carinate or spinose; base convex; operculum flat, or concave within, paucispiral, but having a multispiral nucleus, the outside convex, smooth, tuberculate, or with concentric ribs. Turbo castaneus Gmelin. Turbo castcinea Gmelin, Syst. Nat., p. 3595, 1792. Turbo castaneus Pilsbry, Man., x, p. 203, pi. xlv, figs. 88-90. 1888. Shell turbinate, with five to six and a half whorls which are generally rounded, imperforate, and having a round aperture; the sculpture consisting of revolving, nodulous ridges everywhere closely set; two of these on the upper whorls and three on the body whorl are stronger than the rest, and often rise into knobs or vaulted scales, making the shell somewhat angulate. There is often a row of knobs just below the suture; columella thickened and rounded, the base of the shell projecting a little. The color pattern is much diversified, the ground being gray, orange, orange brown or greenish variously blotched with whitish. The operculum is chestnut colored within. Height, 30; diameter, 23 mm. Boqueron Bay; Ponce Reefs; Puerto Real; Fajardo; Mayaguez; Catona; San .Tuan; (Tuanica, Porto Rico. An abundant, widely distributed form. Genus ASTRALIUM Link, 1807. Shell trochiform, more or less flattened below, sometimes depressed above; the young shell is always carinated and spinose at the margin; operculum oval or oblong, with generally submarginal or terminal multispiral nucleus, usually with one to several external ribs. 442 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. Astralium caelatum Gmelin. Trochus cselatus, etc., Chemnitz, Conch. Cab., v, p. 33, pi. clxii, figs. 1536,1537. Trochus cselatus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., p. 3581, 1792. Shell solid, imperforate, pyramidal, with slightly convex whorls and subcarinate periphery, with flattened base, having immedately below the suture a series of strong, oblique, subradiating ribs, with finer oblique ribs between; the rest of the shell is sculptured with strong, revolving ridges, which are everywhere crossed by oblique, scaly lines of growth. Above the periphery these frequently form vaulted or subtubular processes; aperture very oblique; columella wide, curved, often having one or more grooves on its face. Color dirty white or greenish, radiately maculate with brown. Operculum oval; nucleus submarginal; the outside convex, white or brown tinted, coarsely granulose. It is much like that of Turbo, but the young shells are carinated and usually spiny on the periphery. Height, 80; diameter, 80 mm. Guanica; Playa de Ponce; Arroyo, Puerto Real, Porto Rico; Caballo Blanco Reef, Vieques; Ensenada Honda, Culebra. Astralium tuber Linnaeus. Trochus tuber Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, p. 759, 1758. Astralium tuber Pilsbry, Trvon’s Man., X. p. 223, pi. LVI, figs. 79,80,1888. Shell solid, often rather elevated, with about six flattened or somewhat rounded whorls, sometimes a little shouldered, sculptured by fine and coarse, oblique ridges on the upper part of the whorls; base of the shell somewhat rounded, imperforate; columella wide, often excavated, bituberculate below. Color dirty white or greenish radiately maculate with brown. Height, 45; diameter, 45 mm. Guanica; Hucares; San Geronimo, Porto Rico; Caballo Blanco Reef, Vieques; West Indian region generally. This shell has much the appearance of a Turbo, but the young are subspinose at the periphery. Astralium longispinum Lamarck. Trochus longispinus Lamarck, An. sans Vert., vii, p. 10, 1822. Astralium longispina Pilsbry, Tryon’s Man., x, p. 221, pi. u, figs 1-9, 1888. Shell sublenticular, low, rounded above, less convex, sometimes nearly flat below; whorls six to seven, often obliquely rigid below the sutures, then with several revolving series of granules or vaulted scales; periphery sharply carinate, armed with strong, triangular, flattened spines which extend over the sutures to near the summit of the shell, there being about sixteen on the last whorl; base having strong radiating lamellae, which cross the five or six revolving tuberculous ridges; aperture transverse, rounded, channeled at the outer edge; umbilical region often excavated, but generally imperforate; aperture and columella silvery. Color white, yellowish, or light brown. Height, 20; diameter, 37 mm. Another shell, height, 16; diameter, 60 mm. Mayaguez Harbor; Puerto Real, Porto Rico; Culebra, West Indies; Florida Keys, etc. Astralium americanum Gmelin. Trochus americanus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., p. 3581, 1792. Astralium americanum Pilsbry, Man., X, p. 224, pi. LI I, figs. 18-20, 1888. Shell trochiform, elevated conical, with about nine nearly plane whorls, having the suture well marked, with strong, oblique growth lines, with irregular, obliquely radiate, often curved ridges throughout as far down as the periphery; there is generally a slightly defined revolving ridge just above the suture; aperture oblique, somewhat angulated at the rather sharp periphery, silvery; base with about eight revolving, scaly ridges.' Color white or yellowish. Height, 27; diameter, 27 mm. Aguadilla, Porto Rico, one young shell; West Indies, Florida Keys. Family TR0CHlD4t. Genus CHL0R0ST0MA Swainson, 1840. Shell conical, nacreous, umbilicate or imperforate, solid; aperture oblique, subrhomboid, the outer lip smooth within; columella arcuate, continued over or part way around the umbilicus, which, when open, shows one or more spiral ribs within; base of columella with two or more tubercles; operculum horny, circular, multispiral. MOLLUSC A OF PORTO RIOO. 443 Subgenus Omphalius. Chlorostoma scalare Anton. Trochus sealaris Anton (in) Philippi, Abbild. und Besohr., i, Trochus, pi. iv, tig. 11, 1844. Shell trochiform, with pointed summit; whorls seven, rounded or sometimes slightly shouldered, the last subcarinate on the periphery, sculptured with close, revolving threads which are usually subnodulous; some of these threads are stronger than others and cause the shell sometimes to be slightly angular on the upper part of the whorls; aperture oblique; lip thickened; umbilicus wide, with two or three strong, revolving ribs within; columella concave, ending in two or more teeth below. Color grayish or greenish gray, with mottlings of darker color. Height, 16; diameter, 20 mm. Playa de Ponce; Puerto Real; Guanica; Arroyo, Porto Rico; Caballo Blanco Reef, Vieques; Ensenada Honda, Culebra. Chlorostoma fasciatum Born. Trochus fcisciatus Born, Mus. Caes. Vind., p. 331, pi. xn, figs. 3, 4, 1780. Shell depressed conical, with a somewhat rounded spire and rather blunt apex; whorls rounded below, and flattened or faintly concave above, smooth, with the exception of very faint, wavy, revolving lines and equally faint growth lines; lip thick, sometimes double and faintly ridged within; umbilicus moderate, with one strong ridge within. The shell shows a great variety of coloring; the ground may be yellowish red or various shades of brown, with tine, revolving rows of small, angular white spots. There is generally a light band on the rounded periphery, and there may be blotches or irregular, radiating, whitish flames above. Height, 12; diameter, 15 mm. Playa de Ponce; Guanica; Puerto Real; Arroyo, Porto Rico; Ensenada Honda, Culebra. Chlorostoma excavatum Lamarck. Trochus excavatus Lamarck, An. sans Vert., vii, p. 29, 1822. Chlorostoma excavatum Pilsbry, Man., xn, p. 187, pi. i.xiii, figs. 3-5, 1899. Shell trochoidal, sides slightly convex; whorls but little rounded, the last strongly but not sharply carinate at base, sculptured with wide, low, revolving ribs; aperture very oblique; outer lip not much thickened; columella sinuous, scarcely swollen ; umbilicus moderate, half surrounded with sickle-shaped callus; base generally concave, with strongly marked, revolving lira;. The apex is usually eroded, the rest of the shell above is grayish or pinkish, with irregular, subradial, broken, brown markings. Height, 10; diameter, 15 mm. Aguadilla; Hucares, Porto Rico; Ensenada Honda, Culebra. The upper half of the shell is generally much eroded. Chlorostoma maculostriatum C. B. Adams. Monodonta maculostriata 0. B. Adams, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., v, p. 6, 1845. Chlorostoma maculostriatvrn Pilsbry, Man., xi, p. 184, pi. xxiv, figs. 88, 89, 1889, Shell umbilicate, low conical; whorls slightly convex, the last feebly angulate at the base; the surface is covered with fine, but distinct, revolving strife; base concave around the umbilicus; aperture subquadrate; columella with a callus above and two rather strong teeth below. Color dark green, olivaceous or brownish, more or less dotted with white, sometimes flamulate with white; a light tract at the umbilicus is dotted with brown. Height, 9; diameter, 10 mm. Hucares; Arroyo, Porto Rico, one young shell. Genus LIVONA Gray, 1842. Shell large, turbinate, solid, the surface mottled; aperture oblique, smooth within; umbilicus large; columella arcuate, with a callus above which extends half way around the umbilicus and is notched in the middle; operculum with very numerous whorls. Livona pica Linnaeus. Turbo pica Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., x, p. 763, 1758. Livona pica Pilsbry, Man., XI, p. 277, pi. LXI, fig. 24, 1889. Shell large, solid, conical, with about six rounded whorls, the surface generally slightly corru- gated; aperture suborbicular, oblique, umbilicus rather wide; operculum circular, multispiral, often 444 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. with a large green patch. Shell whitish or greenish, with maculations or zigzag stripes of black; often the whole of the upper surface is nearly or entirely black. Height, 70; diameter, 80 mm. San (Jeronimo; Cabo Rojo light; Aguadilla; Ponce; Hucares; San Juan; Guanica, Porto Rico; Caballo Blanco Reef, Vieques. This beautiful species is extremely abundant on the coral rocks of the entire West Indian region, and is used for food in many places. The operculum is a lovely object. Genus MICROGAZA Dali, 1881. Shell flattened, rotelliform, nacreous within and without, umbilicated; lip thin; columella without a callus. Microgaza rotella Dali. Microgaza rotella Dali, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ix, p. 51, 1881; XXIX, p. 357, pi. xxn, figs. 5, 5a, 1889. Shell depressed, lenticular; whorls about five, the earlier two or three rounded, the apex elevated; at the suture of the later whorls there is an elegant row of small nodules; last whorl subcarinate on the periphery; umbilicus wide, bounded at its edge by a sharp, crenated angle; aperture nearly semilunar; columella short, nearly straight. The shell sometimes has traces of very line, revolving threads. It is beautifully iridescent throughout and is often marked with zigzag brown flames. Diameter, 6; height, 4 mm. Aguadilla; Mayaguez, Porto Rico. Genus SOLARIELLA Searles Wood, 1842. Shell umbilicated, conical; whorls with spiral granose line; umbilicus with a carinated margin. Type, S', carinata S. Wood. Solariella amabilis Jeffreys. Troclius amabilis Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., in, p. 300, 1865; v, pi. i.xi, fig. 6. Shell pyramidal, pearly, somewhat iridescent, with two spiral ridges on the upper part of the last three or four whorls, with several finer irregular ridges on the base of the shell; the suture is deep and narrow, and below it on the sloping shoulder are numerous radiating ridges; aperture small, nearly round, the last whorl but slightly joined to the penultimate whorl; umbilicus rather large, funnel-shaped. Height, 8; diameter, 7 mm. Mayaguez, Porto Rico, one broken shell. Genus CALLIOSTQMA Swainson, 1840. Shell generally imperforate, conical, rather thin; whorls smooth, spirally ridged of granular, the last generally angular at the periphery; aperture subquadrangular; columella generally ending in an obscure tooth. Type, Trochus zizyplvinus Linnaeus. Calliostoma jujubinum Gmelin. Troclius jujubinus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., p. 3570, 1792. Calliostoma jujubinum Pilsbry, Man., xi, p. 101, pi. xi,, fig. 16, 1889. Shell pyramidal, rather solid, with nearly flat whorls, the last roundly carinate below. They are generally a little concave and swollen on the base and are sculptured with numerous spiral, beaded line, with finer beaded threads between; aperture subquadrate; umbilicus narrow, slightly funnel- shaped. The lip is generally lirate within. Color chestnut or purple brown, with narrow curved longitudinal white streaks, the base generally dotted with white. Height, 33; diameter, 26 mm. Mayaguez, Porto Rico, the lower part of a shell of one of the varieties. Calliostoma jujubinum var. rawsoni Dali. Calliostoma jujubinum var. rawsoni Dali, Blake Report, ii, p. 369, 1889. Smaller, with narrower umbilicus; columella thin, and the tooth which is found in the type is weak or absent. Shell more conical than the type and much darker in color. Vieques, one shell. MOLLUSCA OF PORTO RICO. 445 Family LI0TIID4E. Genus LIOTIA Gray, 1842. Shell turbiniform or discoidal, longitudinally ribbed or elathrate; aperture slightly nacreous, with continuous peristome, which is thickened and callous. Operculum multispiral, corneous, hispid, with a calcareous layer of pearly particles spirally disposed. Liotia gemma Tuomey & Holmes. Trochus gemma T. & H., Pleioc. Fos. S. Car., p. 118, pi. XXVI, fig. 4, 1856. Architectonica tricarinata Stearns, I’roc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, for 1872, p. 23. Shell low conical, with four whorls, which are sloping above and have on the wide periphery three revolving carinas; these Carinas are slightly beaded; there is a revolving row of beads just below the deep suture; there are on the body whorl additional fine beaded ridges; aperture round, the lip but slightly thickened, with a sulcus separating it from the previous whorl; umbilicus moderate, with a beaded carina. Surface whitish pink or purplish, maculated with darker color. There is a row of reddish spots on the lower peripheral carina. Diameter, 3; height, 2 mm. Mayaguez, Porto Rico, one slightly broken and worn shell. Family VITRI NELLI D4E. Genus LEPTOGYRA Bush, 1897. Shell minute, dull, dirty white or pale brown, covered with a thin straw-colored epidermis; whorls few, convex; spire elevated, with twisted nuclear whorl; umbilicus large; aperture very oblique; lip simple, continuous. Leptogyra inconspicua Bush. Leptogyra inconspicua Bush,? Trans. Conn. Acad. Sei., x, p. 137, 1897. Shell with two and a half whorls, with low obtuse apex; surface nearly smooth, with microscopic growth lines and ill-defined wrinkles extending from the suture some distance down the shell. Diameter, 1.3; height, 1.8 mm. Mayaguez, Porto Rico, one young shell, of which the identification is doubtful. Family NER1TID4L Genus NERITA (Linnaeus, 1758) Lamarck, 1799. Shell imperforate, globular or oval, solid, smooth or with spiral sculpture; spire short; aperture semilunar, entire; lip thick, generally toothed within; columellar area large, flattened, often sculptured, its border dentate. Operculum calcareous, the external face granulous or sculptured, paucispiral; nucleus excentric; internal face callous; apical and claviform apophyses well developed. Nerita peloronta Linnaeus. Nerita peloronta Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., x, p. 778, 1758. Nerita peloronta Reeve, Conch. Icon., ix, pl.n, figs. 8, 86, 1855. Shell with a sharp-pointed spire and somewhat rounded whorls, the last concave just below the shallow suture; sculptured with revolving ridges which are strong and sharp on the earlier whorls but which become rounded and rather faint toward the aperture; within the lip there are two teeth above, a larger and a smaller, and one at the base, and between these there are vestigial teeth; there are two strong teeth on the columella, the upper the larger; the columellar face is slightly ridged, and at its upper termination there is a small canal. Color whitish, yellowish, or purplish, variously mottled and zigzagged with red or black. The columellar area is stained red as if with blood, hence the popular name “ Bleeding tooth shell.” Height, 40; diameter, 45 mm. San Juan; Hucares; Aguadilla, Porto Rico; Culebra Island. 446 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. Nerita tessellata Gmelin. Neritci tessellata Gmelin, Syst. Nat., p.3685, 1792. Nerita tessellata Reeve, Conch. Icon., ix, pl.ix, figs. 43, 43a, 1855. Shell with rather low bluntly pointed spire and from three to three and a half whorls which are scarcely convex, the last flattened or a little concave above; the sculpture consists of strong, rounded ridges throughout; lip thick, grooved within, with two teeth above; columellar area excavated pustulous; outline of columella somewhat incurved, with one or two faint teeth in middle. Color white, tessel- lated with black. Sometimes the entire shell is black, with a few white markings; interior bluish. Height, 20; diameter, 17 mm. This abundant species was taken at thirteen different stations about Porto Rico; West Indies; Florida Keys. Nerita tessellata var. prsecognita C. B. Adams. Nerita pnecognita Reeve, Conch. Icon.,ix, pl.vn, figs. 30a, 30b, 1855. In the variety the spire is generally lower than in the type, the columella is straighter and more strongly toothed, and the area is less excavated. Height, 20; diameter, 23 mm. Culebra, four shells. Nerita versicolor Lamarck. Nerita versicolor Lamarck, An. sans Vert., vi, p. 193, 1882. Nerita versicolor Reeve, Conch. Icon., ix, pl.xn, figs, 56, a. b, c, d, 1855. Shell with a somewhat elevated, pointed spire, the last whorl slightly concave below the suture; sculptured with strong, revolving ridges throughout; aperture crescentic; lip within with one strong tooth above and one below, with a row of smaller ones between; columellar area full or flat, wrinkles, which are slightly pustulous; columella convex, with four strong teeth. Color of the ground whitish, often brilliantly tinted with red; ribs marked with square or elongated violet or black spots. Height, 20; diameter 17 mm. Found abundantly at nearly all the stations around Porto Rico. Genus NERITINA Lamarck, 1809. Shell relatively thin, subglobose or oval, whorls generally smooth, sometimes rough or spinose; aperture semicircular; columellar border straight, finely toothed or smooth; lip sharp, not toothed or ridged within; operculum shelly, with a flexible border, exhibiting two processes which have been called a rib and a peg. -Neritina reclivata Say. Neritina reclivata Say , Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., in, 1822, p. 257. Neritina reclivata Tryon, Man.., x, p. 39, pi. xn, figs. 25-30, 1888. Shell globosely conical; spire somewhat produced but obtuse; whorls concavely slanting on the shoulder; suture well defined; aperture semilunar, patulous; inner lip nearly straight, faintly toothed in the middle. Color olivaceous, greenish, or brownish, with oblique, undulating dark lines which are sometimes reticulated. Height, 20; diameter, 7 mm. Vieques, one worn shell. Neritina virginea Linnaeus. Nerita virginea Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, p. 778, 1758. Neritina virginea Reeve, Conch. Icon., ix.pl. xxi, fig. 92, a to d. 1855. Shell smooth, polished, usually white, sage colored, yellowish, or violaceous, with a fine, close pattern of parallel, longitudinal darker or lighter lines; these sometimes are reticulated, or give the markings the appearance of scales on a fish. The shell may be variously spotted or zoned; in fact there is an endless variety in coloring. The spire is generally low or only moderately developed and obtuse; the whorls below the suture are usually a little sloped, the lip is sharp, the columella is straight, with a number of rather strong teeth. Diameter, from 6 to 20 mm.; height about the same as the diameter, sometimes a little greater. San Juan; Mayaguez, Porto Rico; a number of shells. Neritina viridis Linnaeus. Nerita viridis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, p. 778, 1758. Neritina ( Smaragdia ) viridis Tryon, Man., x, p. 54, pi. xvnr, fig. 88, 1888. Mayaguez, Porto Rico, one dead specimen. MOLLUSCA OF PORTO RICO. 447 Family HEUCINHLE. Shell turbinated, heliciform, or globular; spire short; aperture semicircular; interior walls absorbed by the animal; operculum horny or calcareous, nonspiral. Genus HELICINA Lamarck, 1799. Shell imperforate, having a callus on the inner wall of the aperture; whorls few, peristome thickened, reflected; operculum corneous or shelly. Type, H. neritella Lamarck. Helicina vinosa Shuttleworth. Helicina vinosa Shuttleworth, Diagn. neue Moll., 1854, p. 92. Helicina vinosa Sowerby, Conch. Icon., xix, pi. xiv, fig. 118, a, b, 1873. Porto Rico; Vieques. Helicina umbonata Shuttleworth. Helicina umbonata Shuttleworth, Diagn. neue Moll., p. 93, 1854. Porto Rico. Helicina hjalmarsoni Pfeiffer. Helicina hjalmarsoni Pfeiffer, Mai. Bliitt., Ill, 1856, p. 50. Helicina hjalmarsoni Sowerby, Conch. Icon., xix, pi. xxv, fig. 223, 1873. Arecibo; Ponce; near Utuado, Porto Rico. Helicina striata Lamarck. Helicina striata Lamarck, An. sans Vert,, vi, p. 103, 1822. Helicina striata Sowerby, Conch. Icon., xix, pi. xxii, fig. 191, 1873. Porto Rico, several localities. Helicina subfusca Menke. Plate 54, fig. 6. Helicina subfusca Menke, Synopsis, 1828, p. 79. Shell depressed globose, with distinct growth striae, amber colored to brownish; whorls five and a half, nearly flat or sometimes having a faint revolving depression at some distance below' the suture; suture distinct but not deep; periphery rounded or slightly subcarinate; aperture semicircular, outer lip sharp; basal callus granular. Height, 7; diameter, 9 mm. Under rocks in pastures, Bayamon, Porto Rico, and also at St. John and St. Thomas. Helicina fasciata Lamarck. Helicina fasciata Lamarck, An. sans Vert., vi, p. 103, 1822. Helicina fasciata Sowerby, Conch. Icon., xix, pi. ix, fig. 73, 1873. Porto Rico; St. John; possibly found in some of the Lesser Antilles. Helicina phasianella Sowerby. Helicina phasianella Sowerby in Pfeiffer, Mai. Bliitt., in, p. 50, 1856. Helicina phasianella Sowerby, Conch. Icon., xix, pi. xxx, fig. 270, 1873. Vega Baja; Aguadilla, Porto Rico; Vieques. Helicina trochulina d’Orbigny. Helicina trochulina d’Orbigny, Moll. Cubana, I, p. 249, pi. xx, figs. 10, 12, 1841. Helicina trochulina Sowerby , Conch. Icon., xix, pi. xvi, fig. 138, 1873. Porto Rico. Helicina foveata Pfeiffer. Helicina foveata, Pfeiffer, P. Z. S., 1853, p. 35. Vieques; St. Thomas. Genus STOASTOMA C. B. Adams, 1849. Stoastoma portoricense Pfeiffer. Stoastoma porloricense Pfeiffer, Mai. Bliitt., iii, p. 51, 1856. Manati, in the Delicias plantation, Porto Rico. 448 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. Superfamily ZY GOBEAN CHIA. Family FISSURFLL1DJE. Subfamily FISSURELLIN JE. Genus FISSURELLA Bruguiere, 1791. Subgenus Fissukella s. s. Shell conical, its base oval or elliptical; apex spiral in the young, removed in the adult, having a rounded or elliptical anal opening which is bounded inside by a callus with entire margins, not truncate or excavated behind. Shell capable of containing the entire animal. Section CREMIDES H. Sc A. Adams. Fissurella barbadensis Gmelin. Patella barbadensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., p. 3729, 1792. Fissurella barbadensis Pilsbry, Man., xn, p. 164, pi. xxxvn, figs. 40-49, 1890. Shell solid, low, conical, with ovate base; apex subcentral, with rounded opening. Surface sculp- tured with radiating ribs; eleven of these are generally stronger, and all are more or less rudely scaly. Color whitish, variegated with brown or purplish markings; interior generally greenish, often zoned. Greatest length, 38; breadth, 26; height, 15 mm. San Juan; San Geronimo; Ponce; Aguadilla; Guanica, Porto Rico; West Indies; Florida Keys. The species is variable in the degree of elevation, sculpture, and in coloring, and very abundant. One shell from San Geronimo measures as follows: Length, 26; breadth, 15; height, 6 mm.; and the principal ribs are white. Fissurella rosea Gmelin. Patella rosea Gmelin, Syst. Nat,., p.3730,1792. Fissurella rosed Pilsbry, Man., xii, p. 166, pi. lxii, figs. 19-21, 1890. Shell rather thin, low, conical, ovate, narrowed in front; apex a little in front of the middle of the shell; anal perforation elliptical; surface sculptured with numerous low, rounded, sometimes slightly scaly riblets; internal callus not inflated. Color grayish, with ten to twelve broad, purple rays; sometimes almost the entire surface is purplish; interior greenish, often purple or rose-tinted. Length, 26; diameter, 18; height, 7 mm. San Geronimo; Aguadilla, Porto Rico. This species is close to F. barbadensis, but is a thinner, more delicate, and generally smoother form. Fissurella nodosa Born. Patella nodoscC Born, Mus. Gees. Vine!., p. 429, 1780. Fissurella nodosa Pilsbry, Man., xn, p. 164, pi . xxxvii, figs. 46-48, 1890. Shell oval, solid, conical, considerably elevated; apex subcentral, with a keyhole-shaped orifice; surface sculptured with strong, radiating, nodose ribs. Color uniform brownish or white. The internal callus is distinctly marked but not swollen, and from it there are generally faint radiating grooves that mark the position of the ribs. Length, 30; breadth, 22; height, 17 mm. San Geronimo; San Juan; Aguadilla, Porto Rico; West Indian region generally. Subgenus Clypidella Swainson. Fissurella fascicularis Lamarck. Fissurella fascicularis Lamarck, An. sans Vert., vi, p. 14, 1822. Fissurella fascicularis Pilsbry, Man., xn, pi. 177, p. xxxvii, figs. 59, 60, 1890. Shell depressed, oval, moderately solid, the ends slightly raised ; orifice somewhat cross-shaped, elongated, narrow, and with a wider area in the middle; surface sculptured with numerous fine, radiating, roughened, or nodulous ribs which are reddish brown or crimson, usually darker than the intervening spaces; within the border is thickened and nearly smooth; the callus is distinct and radiately ridged and the color is pink, purplish, and whitish, often shaded green. Length, 21; diameter, 17; height, 6 mm. San Juan; San Geronimo, Porto Rico. A lovely, somewhat saddle-shaped species,- close to and easily mistaken for F. pustula Lamarck. The latter, however, is decidedly truncated in front, while the species under consideration is rounded. MOLLUSC A OF PORTO RICO. 449 Subfamily FISSURELLIDIN^E. Genus LUCAPINELLA Pilsbry, 1890. Shell oblong, depressed, narrowed in front, cancellated; apex with a large opening, which is margined within by a strong, entire, nontruncate border. The shell characters are essentially the same as in Fissurella, the differences between the two genera being mostly anatomical. Type, Clypidellci callornarginatct Carpenter. Lucapinella limatula Reeve. Fissurella limatula Reeve, Conch. Icon., Fissurella, fig. 115, 1850. Shell oblong, narrowed and rounded in front, depressed, the summit subcentral, with a large opening of the same shape as the shell; surface sculptured with alternately larger and smaller radiating ribs; sometimes there are two or three small ribs between the larger ones, and all are crossed by regular concentric laminae which rise into erect scales over the ribs; white or rayed with ashen purple or blackish. The callus around the opening is heavy and continuous. Length, 26; breadth, 15; height, 6 mm. Catano; Mayaguez Harbor, Porto Rico. One specimen of the dimensions given above came from the former locality. Genus LUCAPINA Gray, 1857. Shell oblong oval, embedded in mantle but covering most of the animal; apex in front of middle, having a large oval perforation; edges of shell not thickened, regularly and finely crenulated. Section CHLAMYDOGLYPHIS Pilsbry, 1890. Lucapina adspersa Philippi. Fissurella adspersa Philippi, Abbild. und Beschr., ii, p. 34, pi. I, fig. 3, 1845. Shell oblong, depressed, conical, narrower in front, the sides a little convex, the apex in -front of the middle of the shell; surface sculptured with radiating, alternately larger and smaller ribs, which are crossed by strong, concentric, regular ridges; perforation oval, much the shape of the shell; inner border strongly crenulate, the teeth arranged in pairs; callus strong, swollen, truncated behind, and having a greenish streak along each side. Color whitish or pale brownish, with from seven to nine broad rays of darker' color; bluish white within, showing the rays. Length, 21; breadth, 11; height, 5 mm. San Geronimo, one shell, not adult. Lucapina cancellata Cowerby. Fissurella cancellata Sowerby, Conch. 111., fig. 29, 1839. Shell oblong, scarcely narrowed in front, low conical, sculptured with numerous radiating ribs which are alternately larger and smaller, and strong, regular, concentric threads, which form flattened nodules where they cross the ribs; orifice rather large in front of the middle, long oval, stained blue black; inside white, the callus bluish black, slightly truncate behind. Color white throughout or faintly rayed or decked with brown. Length, 25; breadth, 15; height, 7 mm. One bne alcoholic specimen was obtained from the reefs at Ponce. Subfamily EMARGINULIN/E. Genus FISSURIDEA Swainson, 1840. Shell ovate, conical, the oridce in front of the middle; apex spiral, inclined backward when young; surface cancellated; internal opening having a strong callus within, which is truncated behind or has a pit. The shell characters of several of the genera of the Fissurellidx are not well differen- tiated, the classification being based largely on the anatomy. Fissuridea listeri d’Orbigny. Fissurella listen d’Orbigny, Moll. Cubana, ii, p. 197, pi. xxiv, figs. 37-39, 1845. Shell solid, conic, moderately elevated; sides nearly straight; sculpture consisting of radiating ribs which -are alternately larger and smaller; sometimes there are three sets of them of different sizes; P. C. B. 1900—29 450 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. they are crossed by concentric ridges which are often nodose at the crossings; perforation keyhole- shaped, bounded by a black line without and a callus within that is distinctly truncated behind; inner edge of the shell toothed, and from the edge there are grooves running inward that mark the place of the ribs; white within the hole, callus sometimes bounded with a dark line; the outside of the shell is whitish, unicolored, or with radial dark stripes. Length, 35; breadth, 26; height, 15 mm. San Juan; San Geronimo, Porto Rico. Fissuridea alternata Say. Mssuretta alternata Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., II, p. 281, 1822. Glyphis alternata Pilsbry, Man., xn, p. 211, pi. xxxvn,figs. 50-53, 1800. Shell oval, elevated, conical; front slope straight or concave; back slope generally convex; surface closely sculptured by radiating ribs, of which three are small and every fourth one is larger; these are crossed by fine, concentric laminas which form little scales where they pass over the ribs. Color white, grayish, or yellowish, radiately marked with pink, brown, or black stripes which are often somewhat broken. The summit is in front of the middle, more or less inclined forward; opening keyhole-shaped, the front part of it appearing as if it had been broken away for some distance down the shell. Inside white; margin toothed. . Length, 36; breadth, 22; height, 16 mm. Ensenada Plonda, Culebra. Fissuridea alternata var. dysoni Reeve. Fissurella Reeve, Conch. Icon.,vi, fig. 63. A form with very strong, sharp sculpture and intensely black, broken, radiating stripes, which become brownish at the base of the shell. Ensenada Honda, Culebra. Fissuridea alternata var. sayi Dali. Fissurella alternata var. sayi Dali, Blake Report, ii, p, 407, 18S9. This form differs from the F. alternata of Say in being smaller and generally without color or only having a faint olivaceous tint and in having a more delicate shell. Mayaguez, Puerto Real, Porto Rico. Fissuridea variegata Sowerbv. j Fissurella variegata Sowerby, Thes. Conch., p. 200, figs. 172,173. Shell small, oblong, depressed, back slope a little rounded, front slope nearly straight, sculp- tured with alternating, radiate ribs and strong concentric threads; opening long, somewhat cross-shaped. Interior toothed at border. The ground is whitish, and there are about seven wide bottle-green or brownish radiating stripes which do not reach the summit, and these show through on inside of shell. Length, 10; breadth, 5; height, 2.5 mm. Mayaguez Harbor, one immature shell. Fissuridea viridula Lamarck. Fissurella viridula Lamarck, An. sans Vert., vi, p. 13, 1822. Glyphis viridula Pilsbry, Man., xn, p. 226, pi. lxii, figs. 22-25, 1890. Mayaguez; Aguadilla, Porto Rico (Gundlach). Genus SUBEMARGINULA Blainville, 1825. Shell round-oval, conical; apex near the middle, curved backward; surface radiately ribbed; anal notch generally short, continuing upward as a groove inside, the groove covered by a prominent rib outside; muscle scar horseshoe-shaped, its anterior ends recurved and pointed towards the summit of the shell. Subemarg'inula octoradiata (Gmelin) A. Adams. Patella octoradiata Gmelin (part), Syst. Nat.,p. 3699, 1792. Subeniarginula octoradiata Pilsbry, Man., XII, 273, pi. XXIX, figs. 17, 18, 37, 1890. Shell oval, solid, conical; apex subcentral, inclined backward and to the right; there are eight prin- cipal radiating ribs with smaller intermediate ones which are generally roughly nodulous. Whitish without, olive or brownish green, sometimes bluish within. Anterior groove narrow; border toothed. Length, 23; breadth, 20; height, 10 mm. San Geronimo; Ponce; Fajardo; San Juan, Porto Rico. MOLLUSCA OF PORTO RICO. 451 Subemarginula notata Linnaeus. Patella notata Linnseus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, p. 784, 1758. Subemarginula notata P ilsbry, Man.,xn, p. 282, pi. lxiy, figs. 34, 35, 1890. San Juan, Porto Rico (Gundlach). Subemarg-inula rollandii Fischer. Emarginula rollandii Fischer, Journ. de Conchy., v, p. 356, pi. xii, fig. 10, 1856. Shell small, oval, with the apex subcentral, recurved, sculptured with unequal, radiating ribs, and crossed by coarse, low, concentric cords; anterior fissure deep, straight, its sides nearly parallel. Color white, greenish or pinkish; interior whitish, with white rays. Length, 8; width, 6.5; height, 3 mm. Ensenada Honda, Culebra, one specimen. Subclass AMPHINEURA. Order P0LYPLAC0PH0RA. Mollusks whose dorsal surface bears eight imbricating shelly plates embedded in an outer zone or girdle; head divided from the body; gills numerous, occupying a groove on each side between the foot and mantle; foot adapted to creeping. Family LEPIDOPLEURID/E. Genus LEPIDOPLEURUS Risso, 1826. Girdle with minute, gravelly, smooth or striated scales, usually with a fringe of longer scales, valves without insertion plates, or with the inserted margin entire. Lepidopleurus pergranatus Dali. Plate 58, figs. 1, ct-c. Leptochiton pergranatas Dali, Blake Report, ii, p. 414, 1889. Shell elongated, slightly elevated, regularly arcuate, without a jugum; valves wide, without apices; front and back valves more or less concave; posterior valve without elevated apex. The whole surface of the shell is covered with close, granular sculpture; the lateral areas slightly raised, and in addition to the granulation sculptured with curved furrows which become fainter on the central areas and are carried around parallel with the sides and back of the valves. Girdle wide, covered with delicate scales; entire shell waxen or white. Length, 12; breadth, 6.5 mm. Off San Juan, Porto Rico; also near Dominica, in 138 fathoms. Family CHITONIDA. Subfamily ISCHNOCHITONIN^E. Genus CHIETOPLEURA Shuttleworth, 1853. Valves external, having sharp, slit insertion plates (at the place of insertion of the girdle); girdle leathery, more or less hairy; gills extending almost or entirely to the front end of the foot. Chsetopleura janeirensis Gray. Chiton janeirensis Gray, Spic. Zool. , p. 6, pi. in, fig. 8, 1828. Shell oblong, elevated, rather narrow; dorsal ridge somewhat angular, ashen, olive or brownish, strongly sculptured; the mucro in front of the middle, rather prominent; lateral areas strongly elevated, sculptured, with four coarse, granose ribs; anterior valve having eleven to eighteen such ribs; central areas with about twelve granose, acute threads on each side of the jugum; girdle with a few short, delicate hairs. Length, 18; diameter, 9 mm. Ensenada Honda, Culebra. 452 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. Genus ISCHNOCHITON Gray, 1847. Valves external, with sharp, slit insertion plates, the teeth not buttressed. Eaves generally solid; girdle covered with imbricating scales, flat or convex, smooth or striated. Subgenus Stenoplax Carpenter, 1878. Ischnochiton limaciformis Sowerby. Chiton limaciformis Sowerby, P. Z. S., 1832, p. 26. Ischnochiton limaciformis Pilsbry, Man., xiv,p. 57, pl.xvi, figs. 9-16, 1892. Shell elongated, narrow, elevated, buff gray, or greenish, marbled indistinctly with darker color, occasionally blotched with red, longitudinally costellate but not granose; girdle scales minute; sculpture of the central areas consisting of fine, smooth longitudinal riblets; these continue on the lateral areas, becoming broader and flat, and are waved on the slope between the two areas. End valves sculptured with close, flattened, concentric ridges, which are somewhat wavy. Length, 35; breadth, 12 mm. Ponce Reefs, Porto Rico. Ischnochiton purpurascens C. B. Adams. Chiton purpurascens C. B. Adams, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1845, p. 9. Ischnochiton purpurascens Pilsbry, Man., xiv, p. 58, pi. xvii, figs. 23, 24, 1892. Eastern Porto Rico (Gundlach). Ischnochiton floridanus Pilsbry. Ischnochiton floridanus Pilsbry, Man., xiv, p. 58, pi. xvii, figs. 19-22, 1892. Shell elongated, narrow, elevated, the valves roundly arched, not carinated; lateral areas raised, longitudinally costellate, the riblets cut into granules by radiating, impressed lines over the whole area or the forward part of it. End valves cut into granules; central areas longitudinally ribbed; posterior valve large, rather depressed, the mucro slightly posterior; girdle delicately marbled with bluish and gray, densely covered with rounded, solid, striated scales. Color whitish or pale green, variously mottled with olive, blackish, or gray. Length, 35; breadth, 11.5 mm. Ensenada Honda, Culebra, one small specimen. Subgenus Trachydekmon Carpenter, 1863. Ischnochiton liozonis, n. sp. Animal small, girdle nearly smooth, reddish brown; valves dark red, more or less flecked with white, or white and gray; surface of the valves nearly smooth, minutely granulose, the granules more evident on the lateral areas which are slightly raised; anterior valve small, with ten slits, above with some obscure radiating ridges; middle valves with moderately prominent mucro, wide dorsal angle, no radial sculpture, the insertion plates with one slit, interior of valve pinkish white, sinus wide, the valve callus forming a strong bow-shaped ridge; posterior with a moderately elevated mucro, narrower sinus, ten or eleven slits, the tegmentum much the shape of a watermelon seed. Gills median. Length, about 10; width, about 7 mm. Ensenada Honda, Culebra; Porto Rico, two specimens. Subgenus Ischnochiton Gray. Ischnochiton striolatus Gray. Chiton striolatus Gray, Spic. Zool., p. 6, 1828. Chiton striolatus Reeve, Conch. Icon., Chiton, pi. xxn, fig. 144, 1847. Shell oblong, the back distinctly or faintly keeled, side slopes convex. Surface apparently smooth, the lateral areas moderately distinct, somewhat raised, sculptured longitudinally with narrow zigzag grooves; central areas having excessively fine quincuncial granulation; end valves with concentric, zigzag grooves and minute granulation; girdle whitish, clouded blue with orange flecks generally, and densely covered with striate scales. Color variable, usually olive green, slaty or cream-colored, more or less mottled. Length, 14; breadth, 8 mm. Arroyo; Ponce, Porto Rico; Ensenada Honda, Culebra. MOLLUSCA OF PORTO RICO. 453 Ischnochiton striolatus var. funiculatus Carpenter. Ischnochiton funiculatus Carpenter MS. One specimen was taken at Puerto Real which is probably this. Mr. Pilsbry regards it as a variety of I. striolatus Gray. Ischnochiton papillosus C. P>. Adams. Chiton papillosus C. B. Adams, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1845, p. 9. Ischnochiton papillosus Pilsbry, Man., xiv, p. 114, pi. xxi, figs. 40, 41, 1892. Shell small, oval, carinated, the side slopes faintly convex; surface not divided into distinct areas, apparently smooth but really closely granulate throughout. Color whitish, mottled with olive green, or uniform greenish or brownish. Length, 8; breadth, 5 mm. Ensenada Honda, Culebra. Ischnochiton reticulatus Reeve. Chiton reticulatus Reeve, Conch. Icon., pi. xv, fig. 83, 1847. Eastern Porto Rico (Gundlach). Subfamily CHITONIN/E. Genus CHITON Linnaeus, 1758. Valves wholly external, the beak of the tail, valve median or anterior; insertion plates longer than the eaves, slit into deeply and finely pectinated teeth. Girdle covered with closely imbricating convex, smooth, or striated scales. Chiton tuberculatus Linnaeus. Chiton tuberculatus Linnseus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, p. 667, 1758. Chiton tuberculatus Pilsbry, Man., XIV, p. 153, pl.xxxm, figs. 58-60, 1892. Shell oval-oblong, rather elevated, carinated; the side slopes nearly straight ; lateral areas raised, sculptured with about five cord-like, radiating riblets, which are usually interrupted and broken and bear low tubercles; central areas smooth along the ridge, the sides sculptured with longitudinal riblets curving inward; end valves closely tuberculate. Color varying from light olive to dark green, sometimes unicolored, generally speckled on the side areas and end valves; some of the valves have a dark stripe on the ridge. Length, 60; breadth, 33 mm. Hucares; San Juan; Ponce Reefs; Aguadilla; Guanica, Porto Rico; Caballo Blanco, Vieques. Chiton, tuberculatus var. assimilis Reeve. Chiton assimilis Reeve, Conch. Icon., pi. xiv, fig. 76 (right-hand figure), 77 b, 1847. Fawn-colored, with white dots on the lateral areas; carina banded with brown; girdle light green; central areas sculptured with fine, close riblets. Guanica, Porto Rico. Chiton squamosus Linn tens. Chiton squamosus Linnseus, Mus. Ludov. Ulricse, p. 465, 1764. Chiton squamosus Pilsbry, Man., xiv, p. 155, pi. xxxv, figs. 80-82, 1892. Shell oblong, elevated or depressed, carinated, the side slopes somewhat convex; surface of lateral areas minutely beaded; central area smooth, lusterless. Color buff, the central areas regularly and conspicuously striped longitudinally with gray or black. Length, 60; breadth, 32 mm. Aguadilla; San Juan; Hucares, Porto Rico. Chiton viridis Spengler. Chiton viridis Spengler, Skriv. af Nat. Selsk., iv, p. 70, pi. vi, fig. v, 1797. Shell oval, somewhat elevated and carinated, side slopes slightly convex; lateral areas strongly raised, sculptured with three or four low, radiating ribs, bearing low, rounded pustules, sometimes without radiating ribs; central areas smooth in the middle but sculptured along the diagonal lines with 454 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. S-shapea hds; end valves with radiating series of tubercles, which are sometimes scattered. Color gray- white to olive, irregularly marked on central areas or ridge with blackish; sometimes all blackish. Length, 36; breadth, 22 mm. Ponce Reefs, Porto Rico, one specimen. Chiton marmoratus Gmelin Chiton marmoratus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., p. 3205, 1792. Chiton marmoratus Pilsbry, Man., xiv, p. 158, pl.xxxiv, (igs. 72-76, 1892. Shell oval, rather elevated; dorsal ridge round-angular to carinate; side slopes convex or straight; surface smooth, polished; lateral areas a little raised. Color olive to dark brown or purple brown, variously marked with darker blotches and longitudinal lines; girdle blotched alternately green and light blue. Length, 56; breadth, 32 mm. Guanica; Aguadilla; San Juan, Porto Rico. Genus ACANTHOPLEURA Guilding. Valves exposed, beaked, generally lusterless or eroded; provided with eyes on the forward part of the lateral areas and the end valves; insertion plates all conspicuously pectinated outside; girdle thick, covered with calcareous spines. Acanthopleura granulata Gmelin. Chiton granulatus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., p. 3205, 1792. Acanthopleura granulata Pilsbry, Man., xiv, p.227, pi. L, 1892. Shell large, oblong, moderately elevated or roundly arched; valves solid, with faintly marked lateral areas, granulated all over; the color is generally ashy or brownish, usually darker on the ridge; girdle wide, composed of various-sized spines, looking like a growth of very fine lichens, ashy, blotched with brownish or blackish. Length, 65; breadth, 38 mm. One of the most abundant of American chitons, found on almost every rocky coast from lower Florida to northern South America. The valves are almost invariably eroded, even in young speci- mens, so that little or no sculpture can be seen. The material collected by the Fish Hawk expedition was taken at nearly every locality visited in Porto Rico and on the island of Culebra. Acanthopleura granulata var. mucronulata Shuttleworth. Chiton ( Acanthropleura ) mucronulatus Shuttleworth, Berner Mitth., p. 79, 1853. Eastern Porto Rico (Gundlach). Genus CERATOZONA Dali, 1882. Shell with strong, exposed valves. Insertion plates of anterior valve long, sharp, rough outside, thickened at the slits, which correspond in position to the external ribs; middle valves with similar propped teeth. Girdle tough, bearing peculiar hornlike spines, generally sparsely bunched at the sutures. Ceratozona rugosa Sowerby. Chiton rugosus (Gray) Sowerby, Conch. 111.. No. 6, fig. 49, 1841? Shell oblong, rather convex; surface generally eroded; green, onve, or blackish, the central areas whitish along the middle, flamed with blackish or green at the sides; tail valve with a broad, pink ray behind; lateral areas defined by a strong rounded rib, having a sculpture of irregular, wavy wrinkles over ribs and interval and on the sides of the center. Length, 40; breadth, 25 mm. Aguadilla, Porto Rico, two specimens. Genus ACANTHOCHITES Risso, 1826. Valves partly buried in the girdle, the exposed part consisting of a smooth or striated dorsal band and granulated side areas, the latter sometimes lacking; anterior valve with five symmetrically ] daced slits; median valves with one slit on each side; posterior valve with two to several slits; girdle hairy to naked, but always having four bristle-bearing pores around the head valve and a series of pores on each side at the sutures. MOLLUSOA OF PORTO RICO. 455 Acanthoehites spiculosus Reeve. Chiton spiculosus Reeve, Conch. Icon., pi. ix, fig. 47,1847. Shell elongate-ovate; valves semilunar, rough throughout; blackish brown; ligament horny, furnished with thick tufts of bright greenish glassy spiculse. Acanthoehites spiculosus var. astriger Reeve. Chiton astriger Reeve, Conch. Icon., Chiton, pi. xvm, fig. 109, 1847. Shell oblong, rather depressed, not carinated; valves variously colored, often with rather wide white stripes on the sides; girdle velvety, olive green, with eighteen large tufts of greenish spicules, the periphery having a fringe of spicules. Length, 20; breadth, 9 mm. Fajardo, Porto Rico; Ensenada Honda, Culebra. Only one variety was collected. Acanthoehites hemphilli Pilsbry. Acanthoehites hemphilli Pilsbry, Man., xiv, p. 34, pi. xm, figs. 65-67, 1892. Animal elongated; the shell narrow, not exceeding one-fourth the total width in alcoholic specimens, scarcely carinated, somewhat ovate, truncated behind, brownish red marked with white; girdle y>ale brown, roughened with minute scales or spicules, with a fringe of longer white spicules at its edge and containing eighteen small tufts of red-brown or whitish spicules. Length, 35; breadth, 17 mm. Other specimens are smaller. Ensenada Honda, Culebra. Class SCAPHOPODA. Order S0LEN0CONCHA. Family DENTALID7E. Genus DENTALIUM Linnaeus, 1758. Shell tubelike, .curved, but not spiral, attenuated posteriorly; anterior orifice larger than that at the posterior end; dorsal face concave; ventral face convex; no operculum. . Subgenus Dentalium: s. s. Dentalium g'ouldi Dali. Dentalium gouldi Dali, Blake Report, ir, p. 424, pi. xxvi, fig. 4, 1889. Shell elongated, slender, slightly or considerably curved; surface polished, sometimes having longitudinal microscopic strias, hexagonal throughout most of its length but often round at the aperture, the angles pinched up into distinct ribs. Color vitreous or milky white. Length, 42; diameter, 2.5 mm. Mayaguez Harbor, Porto Rico, one fine specimen and two small ones. This has been more or less generally known under the name of D. hexagonum Gould, but it is not the original D. hexagonum , which comes from China. Subgenus Antalis H. & A. Adams, 1854. Dentalium taphrium Dali. Plate 54, fig. 19. Dentalium taphrium Dali, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xvm, p. 422, 1889. Dentalium taphrium Pilsby & Sharp, Man., xyii, p. 58, 1897. Shell small, rather stout, moderately curved, with thirty or more low ribs, those of the dorsal face stronger; posteriorly every alternate rib becomes weaker and finally disappears; incremental lines close, fine, and sharp. Color pale apple-green. Both orifices are circular. Length, 17; diameter, 2.25 mm. Mayaguez, Porto Rico, two half-grown dead shells. BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 456 Dentalium disparile d’Orbignv. Dentalium disparile d'Orbigny, Moll. Ctibana, it, p. 202, pi. xxv, figs. 1 4-17, 1845. Shell small, solid, somewhat curved, opaque white, the ribs often blotched with gray, with nine or ten primary ribs, often with intermediate ribs at the smaller end; aperture circular, showing the riblets on its border; anal orifice small, entire. Length, 20; diameter, 2 mm. A fragment of the posterior end of a shell was obtained at Mayaguez, Porto Rico. Dentalium ceratum Dali. Dentalium ceralum Dali, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ix, p. 38, 1881. Dentalium ceratum Dali, Blake Report, it, p. 424, pi. xxvi, fig. 5, 1889. Shell moderately curved, the anterior part smooth and shining, milky white; posterior part dull greenish ; there are from seven to ten well-developed ribs at the posterior end, and there are intermediate riblets farther up the shell; all the ribs fade out on the upper third; apertures simple. Length, 30; diameter, 5 mm. Two line shells were obtained at Mayaguez Harbor, Porto Rico. Dentalium antillarum d’Orbigny. Dentalium antillarum d’Orbigny, Moll. Cubana, ii, p. 202, pi. xxv, figs. 10-13, 1845. Shell small, solid, and stout; last third more strongly curved than the remainder; white or greenish yellow; ribs numerous, subequal or alternately larger and smaller, low, rounded; aperture circular. The ribs are often marked with gray. Length, 23; diameter, 2.5 mm. Mayaguez, Porto Rico, two dead shells. Subgenus Ltevidentalium Cossmann, 1888. Dentalium callipeplum Dali. Dentalium callipeplum Dali, Blake Report, ii, p. 419, pi. xxvn, fig. 125, 1889. Shell ivory white or flesh color, polished, evenly curved, rapidly increasing; sculpture of faint, scattered, incremental lines; apertures round; in the adult that of the posterior end has a wide, shallow notch on the concave side. Length, 61; diameter, 5 mm. Mayaguez, Porto Rico, two young, worn shells and one beautiful specimen two-thirds grown. Dentalium matara 'Dali. Dentalium matara Dali, Blake Report, ir, p. 420, 1889. Dentalium matara Pilsbry & Sharp, Man., xvii,8, p. 105, pi. xviii, figs. 14-18, 1897. Shell slender, moderately and evenly curved, polished, salmon or flesh colored, becoming lighter anteriorly, with very faint lines of growth; aperture circular; anal opening notched on the concave and convex sides, the latter notch is carried up the tube as a slit. Length, 40; diameter, 2.75 mm. San Juan; Mayaguez, Porto Rico, a few specimens in an immature state. Subgenus Episiphon Pilsbry & Sharp, 1897. Dentalium filum Sowerbv. Dentalium filum Sowerby, Thes. Conch., in, p. 89, pi. ccxxv, fig. 45, 1800. Shell delicate, slender, white, moderately curved, nearly transparent, glossy, sculptured with very fine microscopic concentric lines which are seen most plainly at the posterior end; aperture circular, the margin more or less irregular; posterior end truncated, with an internal pipe, slightly notched. Length, 12.5; diameter, 1.25 mm. Mayaguez, Porto Rico, two worn shells. MOLLUSC A OF PORTO RICO, 457 Subgenns Fustiaria Stoliczka, 1868. Dentalium stenoschizum Pilsbry & Sharp. Dentaliun stenoschizum Pilsbry & Sharp, Man., xvn, p. 128, pi. xix, figs. 18-21, 1897. Shell considerably curved especially toward the smaller end, the earlier part slender, rapidly increasing in the maturer part; smooth and polished throughout, aperture somewhat oblique, compressed a trifle laterally, peristome thin; anal opening circular, having a very long, narrow slit on the convex side of the shell and nearly one-third of its length Color milk white, tinted a little with brownish on the earlier growth. Length, 35; greatest diameter, 3.4 mm. Mayaguez, Porto Rico, one fine, half-grown shell. Genus CADULUS Philippi, 1844. Shell small, tubular or oval in section, somewhat arcuate, more or less swollen at. or above the middle, contracting toward the aperture; surface smooth or delicately striate. Section POLYSCHIDES Pilsbry & Sharp, 1897. Cadulus carolinensis var. bushii Dali. Cadulus (carolinensis var. ?) bushii Dali, Blake Report, n, p. 430, 1889. Cadulus carolinensis var. bushii Pilsbry & Sharp, Man., xvn, p. 153, pi. xxxm, figs. 58, 59, 1897. Shell of medium size, semitransparent, glossy, bluish white, nearly circular throughout; greatest diameter about at the anterior third, abruptly constricted behind the swollen part, well curved; aperture oblique, subcircular, in flexed along the convex margin. Length, 6.5; diameter, 1.25 mm. Mayaguez, Porto Rico, a large number of specimens. Section GADILA Gray, 1847. Cadulus minusculus Dali. Cadulus minusculus Dali, Blake Report, II, p. 432, 1889. Cadulus minusculus Pilsbry & Sharp, Man., xvii, p. 164, pi. xxxii, figs. 42, 43, 1898. Shell minute, curved, moderately swollen near the middle, regularly curved on the convex side, but slightly curved on the concave side, both ends small; surface smooth, glossy whitish; aperture circular. Length, 2.3; diameter, a little more than 0.5 mm. Mayaguez, Porto Rico, one shell. Cadulus amiantus Dali. Cadulus amiantus Dali, Blake Report, II, p. 431, pi. xxvn, fig. 7, 1889. Shell rather elongated, moderately curved, the very gradual swelling about one-fourth of the way back from the anterior end; mouth not oblique, with the posterior opening circular. Color milky white, somewhat translucent. Length, 5.75; diameter, 1.5 mm. Mayaguez, Porto Rico, a large number of shells. Cadulus acus Dali. Cadulus acus Dali, Blake Report, n, p. 432, pi. xxvii, fig. 11, 1889. Shell small, slender, curved, milky white, variegated with translucent patches and markings on the anterior half which is smooth and shining; posterior half or third of the shell sculptured with very fine, annular grooves; greatest diameter immediately behind the aperture, from which there is a gradual diminution in size to the posterior end; the slope from the swelling to the anterior end is rapid. Length, 8; diameter of aperture, 0.5; greatest diameter, 0.75 mm. Mayaguez, Porto Rico, three specimens. Besides the above, a number of broken specimens of Cadulus were obtained at Mayaguez which are not in a condition to be identified. 458 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. Class PELECYPODA. .Order PRIONODESMACEA. Superfamily NTJCULACEA. Family NUCULI1),£. Genus NUCULA Lamarck, 1799. Shell equivalve, closed, triangular, inequilateral, the posterior end short; beaks generally inclined to the rear; surface smooth or ornamentally sculptured; hinge with an internal, triangular fossette, containing a resilium and having on each side a row of sharp teeth; internal shell layer nacreous. Nucula aegeensis Jeffreys. Narnia xgeensis Jeffreys, P. Z. S., 1879, p. 581: Dali, Blake Report, I, p. 246, 1886. Shell rather small, thin, nearly regularly ovate, scarcely oblique, uniformly convex, and having a low, rounded posterior ridge; beaks projecting but little beyond the rest of the shell, straight; sculpture of exceedingly fine concentric ridges; hinge line rather broad; teeth few; cartilage pit small. Length, 10.7; height, 8; diameter, 4.7 mm. Mayaguez, Porto Rico, one young left valve. The species is close to N. tenuis Montagu. Family LEI MILE. Genus LED A Schumacher, 1817. Shell solid, oval-oblong, more or less beaked behind; beaks somewhat turned backward; surface concentrically and obliquely furrowed, with a posterior ridge or carina; hinge teeth numerous, similar fossette containing the resilium internal, placed below the beaks; pallia! line feebly sinuous; internal layer porcellanous. Leda acuta Conrad. Nucula acuta Conrad, Am. Marine Conch., p. 32, pi. vi, fig. 3, 1831. Shell inflated, irregularly long oval; anterior end rounded, but somewhat drawn out, with a ridge running from the beaks to the anterior base; posterior ridge strong, curved downward in the middle, the dorsal slope truncated and partly sunken so as to form a sort of escutcheon; beaks full, about two- tifths of the length of the shell from anterior end; sculpture consisting of fine, well-defined ridges, which are more or less concentric, but often oblique at the ends; hinge strong and wide, divided about midway by the fossette, with strong V-shaped teeth; interior of the shell shining. Color greenish olive. Length, 9; height, 5; diameter, 3.5 mm. Mayaguez Harbor, Porto Rico, a great number of specimens. The character of the sculpture is variable. In some specimens there are traces of cancellation in front. Genus NEILONELLA Dali, 1881. Shell inflated, the ends drawn out but rounded, with a single ligament directly between -the beaks, chiefly external, but its base dividing the hinge line while the upper surface extends about equally before and behind the beaks; teeth strong. Neilonella corpulenta Dali. Leda ( Neilonella ) corpulenta Dali, Bull. Mas, Zool., ix, 1881, p. 125; Blake Report, i, p. 254, pi. vn, figs, la, 15, 1886. Shell irregularly elliptical, inflated, solid, with rather high, full beaks; the posterior ridge low and close to the hinge; surface covered with well-defined, concentric ridges; hinge moderately strong, the posterior part a little longer than the anterior; teeth sharp, elongated, much reduced in size under the beaks; interior of the shell smooth and shining. Length, 10, height, 6.5; diameter, 4.5 mm. Mayaguez, Porto Rico, two opposite worn valves. MOLLUSCA OF PORTO RICO. 459 Superfamily ARCACEA. Family ARCID4E. Subfamily PECTUNCULINA. Genus GLYCYMERIS Da Costa, 1778. Shell suborbicular, solid, equi valve, subequilateral, convex, with a velvety epidermis; area moderate; within porcellanous; hinge wide, flat, curved, bearing divergent, taxodont teeth, which .are faint under the beaks; muscular impressions subequal; pallial line simple. Glycymeris pennaceus Lamarck. Pectunculus pennaceus Lamarck, An. sans Vert., vi, p. 51, 1819. Pectunculus pennaceus lteeve, Conch Icon., pi. v, tig-. 24,1843. Shell solid, suborbicular, somewhat inflated, with rather full, high beaks which are placed slightly in front of the center; ligamental area rather narrow; ligament strong; surface with very low, wide, radiating ribs, which, with the spaces between them, are covered with delicate, radiating lirse; growth lines fine and varied, forming a peculiarly reticulated or latticed pattern of sculpture; hinge line less curved than remaining border of shell; teeth not numerous, faint, or wanting under the beaks interior faintly radially striate within the pallial line. The surface is covered with a delicate, velvety epidermis, which is often wanting at the umbonal region and soon becomes worn off after the death of the animal. Color whitish, with irregular, subradial markings and cloudings of chestnut. Length, 60; height, 55; diameter, 35 mm. San Juan Harbor; Boqueron Bay, Porto Rico; Culebra; Vieques. This species, which is not at all common, was obtained abundantly living and in very fine condition at Vieques. Some of these specimens considerably exceed the measurements given. Glycymeris pectinatus Gmelin. Area pectinata Gmelin, Syst. Nat., p. 1313, 1792. Pectunculus charlestonensis Holmes, P, PI. Foss. S. Gar., p. 16, pi. in, fig. 5, 1860. Shell somewhat fan-shaped, solid, scarcely inflated, with high beaks and a narrow area, sub- equilateral, with about twenty-four rounded, often slightly curved ribs, which are crossed by fine, con- centric strise; teeth fainter and sometimes wanting under the beaks; margin of shell decidedly toothed. Color whitish, variously blotched with chestnut, the blotches sometimes zigzagged and subconcentric. Length, 20; height, 20; diameter, 10 mm. Mayaguez, Porto Rico, a few dead valves. Subfamily ARCINAt. Genus ARCA Linnaeus, 1758. Shell generally equivalve, thick, subrhomboid, inflated, ribbed or cancellate, covered with a thick epidermis; valves closed below, or open for the passage of a byssus; hinge straight, with a nearly or quite continuous row of numerous, almost straight, subradiating teeth; beaks prominent, incurved, separated by a lozenge-shaped area, with numerous cartilages embedded in grooves. Subgenus Akca s. s. Area occidentalis Philippi. Area occidentalis Philippi, Abbild. und Besclir., m, p. 14, pi. xvii, B, figs. 4 a-c, 1847. Shell oblong, wider and truncated behind, solid, inflated, with a moderate posterior ridge, the basal and posterior parts covered with a shaggy epidermis; in front of the middle of the base there is a long, narrow gap through which the byssus passes; surface decidedly ribbed; in the middle of the shell there are large ribs with three or four smaller ones between; hinge long and straight, with a lozenge-shaped central area covered with dark ligament, with resiliary threads embedded in grooves; BULLETIN OF ‘ THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 460 hinge teeth very numerous and even; inside the surface is slightly grooved within the pallial line. Color pale brownish, often purple tinted, with wide, wavy, or zigzag, zebra-like stripes of brown. Length, 90; height, 40; diameter, 50 mm. Mayaguez, many specimens; off Point Melones; Arroyo, Porto Rico. Area umbonata Lamarck. Area umbonata Lamarck, An. sans Vert., vi, p. 37, 1819. Area umbonata Philippi, Abbild., nr, p. 18, pi. xvii, b, fig. 3 a-c, 1847. Shell rhomboid, solid, inflated, with a high, sharp posterior ridge and obliquely truncated behind; surface in front of the posterior ridge sculptured with rather fine, radiating ribs which are crossed by irregular, concentric ridges and rendered subcancellate; behind the posterior ridge are about eight stronger, subnodulous ridges; base of shell gaping in front of middle; beaks separated by a rather wide, lozenge-shaped area; epidermis blackish, shaggy, standing out in long, striate, leaf-like projections on posterior ridge; beak cavities deep. Color purplish brown within and without. Length, 50; height, 20; diameter, 20 mm. Puerto Real; Boca Prieta; San Juan; Guanica; Mayaguez, Porto Rico. Subgenus Bakbatia (Gray) Adams, 1858. Area barbata Linnaeus. Area barbata Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. X, p. 693, 1758. Area barbata Reeve, Coneh. Icon., iv, pi. xiii, fig. 83, 1844. Shell subsolid, oblong, or long-rhomboid, generally rounded at each end, moderately inflated, slightly gaping below; beaks rather high, situated, one-fourth of the way back from the anterior end and separated by a rather narrow ligamental area; surface closely sculptured by various-sized radiating ribs, which are crossed by concentric ridges making it cancellated or reticulated, the nodules on the ribs often bead-like; posterior ridge low and rounded; epidermis shaggy at the base and posterior end; hinge teeth rather few, not strongly developed. Color chestnut, often with lighter clouds, sometimes with white rays at the beaks and occasionally one or more of these rays extends to the edge of the shell. Length, 50; height, 28; diameter, 17 mm. San Geronimo; Guanica; Fajardo, Porto Rico; Ensenada Honda, Culebra; Caballo Blanco Reef, Vieques. Area Candida Gmelin. Area Candida helblingi Chemnitz, vn, p. 195, pl.i.v, fig. 542. Area Candida Gmelin, Syst. Nat., p. 3311, 1792. Shell thin to solid, rather compressed, subtrapezoidal, gaping at the anterior base; anterior end generally truncate; posterior end pointed and obliquely truncate above; beaks high, separated by a moderately wide area; surface sculptured with line to rather strong double or single, large or small ribs which are heavier on the posterior slope. These are crossed by rude, irregular growth lines and ridges, causing the surface to appear somewhat cancellated and beaded; epidermis heavy, shaggy; teeth feebly developed. Color white. Length, 60; height, 35; diameter, 28 mm. Puerto Real; reefs at Ponce; Mayaguez; San Juan Harbor, Porto Rico. , Area reticulata Gmelin. Area reticulata, etc., Chemnitz, Conch. Cab., vn, p. 193, pi. i.iv, fig. 540. Area reticulata Gmelin, Syst. Nat., p. 3311, 1792. Shell small, solid, inflated, subrhomboid, with a well-defined posterior ridge which ends in a point at the posterior base; anterior end rounded; beaks full, placed well forward, the area between them narrow; sculpture consisting of rather strong, radiating ridges which cross still stronger concentric ones, the ridges sometimes scaly, and this is especially the case on the somewhat truncated posterior end; hinge rather short; the teeth moderately developed; border of shell denticulate. Color whitish. Length, 20; height, II; diameter, 9 mm. Reefs at Ponce; Mayaguez; Guanica; San Juan Harbor; Hucares, Porto Rico; Caballo Blanco Reef, Vieques. MOLLUSCA OF PORTO RICO. 461 Area adamsi (Shuttleworth) Smith. Area (Acar) adamsi (Shuttleworth) Smith, Journ. Liu. Soc., Zool., xx, p. 499, pi. xxx, figs. 6, 6u, 1888. Shell moderately solid, rhomboid, inflated, rounded in front, the hinge and base line parallel, the posterior end obliquely subtruncated; posterior ridge high but rounded ; beaks only moderately full, turned forward, separated by a narrow area; surface having numerous pseudo-ribs consisting of more or less connected blisters, with strong, concentric sculpture; teeth few, rather strong. Color whitish or brownish. There is a curved ridge below and inside of the muscular impressions. Length, 12; height, 7.5; diameter, 7.5 mm. Aguadilla; Ponce; Mayaguez; San Juan Harbor, Porto Rico; Vieques. Subgenus Scapharca (Gray, LS47) Dali. Area campechensis Ginelin. Area campechensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., p. 3312, 1792. Area americana Reeve, Conch. Icon., ii, Area, fig. 21, 1844. Aguadilla; San Juan, Porto Rico (Gundlach). Area deshayesii Hanley. Area deshayesii Hanley, 111. Cat. Biv. Shells, p. 157, 1842. Area deshayesii Reeve, Conch. Icon., ii, pi. vn, fig. 47, 1844. Shell oblong, inflated, solid, subrhomboid, with high, full beaks which are separated by a rather narrow area, angled at the hinge line in front, with about twenty-seven strong, rounded ribs which are crossed by concentric threads; hinge teeth rather numerous, well developed. Color whitish, covered with a silky, brown epidermis. Length, 65; height, 45; diameter, 45 mm. Mayaguez; San Juan, Porto Rico; Vieques. Area secticostata Reeve. Area secticostata Reeve, Conch. Icon., Area, fig. 38, 1844. Shell irregularly rhomboid, somewhat elongated, with high, rather full beaks, situated at one- fourth of the distance from the anterior to the posterior end, solid, inflated, with a moderately wide area; posterior ridge not elevated, somewhat rounded; anterior end angular at the hinge; posterior end obliquely truncate below the hinge; surface sculptured with about thirty-five ribs, those of the middle and anterior end grooved; posterior ribs rounded; all except those on the posterior slope are more or less beaded; hinge long; the teeth numerous and well defined, but not high; the border within the shell is strongly denticulate. Color white; epidermis brownish, shaggy. Length, 85; height, 52; diameter, 52 mm. Mayaguez, Porto Rico, several young and worn valves. Area chemnitzi Philippi. Area chemnitzi Philippi, Zeitsehr. fiir Mai., VIII, p. 50, 1851. Area d’orbignyi Kobelt, Mart. Chemn. Conch. Cab., 2te Ausg., p. 57, No. 41, pi. xvi, figs. 7, 8, 1891. Shell irregularly triangular, slightly inequivalve, solid, with very high incurved beaks, with a lozenge-shaped area; anterior end angular at the hinge, but the angle projects but little beyond the general outline; posterior ridge high, somewhat rounded; surface sculptured with about twenty-five nodulous ribs, which are often flattened; epidermis softly spinose in the grooves of the anterior half of the shell, thick and lamellar on the posterior part; hinge short, teeth distinct; beak cavities deep; inner edge of the shell strongly dentate. Color white. Length, 30; height, 30; diameter, 30 mm. Playa de Ponce; Mayaguez Harbor; off San Juan; Catano; Boqueron Bay, Porto Rico; Culebra Island; Vieques. Some of these specimens are much larger than any of this species which have hitherto been reported. 462 BULLETIN OE THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. Superfamily PTERIACEA Family PINNID4E. Genus PINNA (Linnaeus) Lamarck, 1799, Shell thin, attached by a byssus, elongate, triangular, not auriculate, with pointed terminal beaks; posterior part truncated, gaping; ligament linear, elongated, lodged in a furrow. The middle of the shell is longitudinally sulcate and the inner nacreous layer is deeply bilobed at this sulcation. Pinna carnea Gmelin. Pinna came aGmelin, Syst. Nat., p. 3365, 1792. Pinna flabellum Reeve, Conch. Icon., pi. x, fig. 18, 1858 Mayaguez, Porto Rico (Gundlach). Genus ATBINA Gray, 1840. Shell attached, elongate, triangular, thin, with pointed terminal beaks, truncated or rounded posteriorly, generally more or less covered with scales; valves unsuleate or without a median carina, and the internal nacreous layer is entire. Atrina. rigida Dillwyn. Pinna rigidci (Solander mss.) Dillwyn, Cat., I, p. 327, 1817. Pinna subviridis Reeve, Conch. Icon., Pinna, pi. xvii, fig. 32, 1S58. Shell somewhat elongately triangular, thin or somewhat thickened, slightly inflated; hinge line straight or incurved; ventral margin rounded at the middle; posterior end truncate or sub truncate, gaping; all of the shell except the ventral region is covered with low radiating ribs, which may be smooth or covered with more or less elevated scales; the scales sometimes become elongated and almost tubular; ventral area smoother, without ribs, often having prickly scales; inner layer smoky brown, faintly iridescent. Color blackish, olive brown, or ashy. Length, 25; height, 13; diameter, 4 cm. Mayaguez Harbor, Porto Rico, two fragments and a young shell. Family MEL1NID4E. Genus MELINA Retzius, 1788. Shell attached, subequivalve, inequilateral, compressed, with a posterior wing, somewhat sub- rhomboid or subquadrate; ligament multiple, lodged in a series of vertical, parallel pits along the hinge line; muscular impression subcentral; right valve with a byssal sinus below the hinge. Melina alata Gmelin. Oslrea alata Gmelin, Syst. Nat., p. 3339, 1792; Chemnitz, Conch. Cab., vii, pi. 59, fig. 581. Perna ephippium Reeve, Conch. Icon., xi, pi. n, fig. 8, 1858. Shell subquadrate or sub trapezoidal, greatly compressed, moderately solid; right valve nearly flat; left valve slightly convex; posterior wing low; hinge line short, with from seven to fifteen pits in each valve; left valve much thickened in front below the hinge; the right with a small byssal sinus opposite the swelling; exterior either nearly smooth or somewhat scaly; inner pearly layer of the shell not reaching the shell border. Color brownish, purple, or blackish, often marked with lighter color and white on the earlier part of the shell, which, when young, is sometimes rayed. Length, 80; height, 80; diameter, 8 mm. Puerto Real; Mayaguez, Porto Rico; Ensenada Honda, Culebra. At the former locality great numbers of fine specimens were found attached to the roots of mangroves and to each other. Melina listeri Hanley. Perna listen Hanley, 111. Cat. Rec. Biv. Shells, p. 259, 1846; Lister, pi. 228, fig. 63. Shell irregular, subquadrate, greatly drawn out and developed at the base; hinge line with from three to seven pits in each valve; posterior wing small; sinus of the right valve wide and rounded; left valve fuller than the right. The base of the shell is developed into a long, irregular, tongue-like process of porcellanous matter; the nacreous part does not extend more than half way from the hinge to the base. Color ashy, brownish, or purple brown, irregularly rayed with lighter color. Length, 25; height, 60; diameter, 7 mm. Puerto Real; Mayaguez; Ponce; Guanica; Hucares; Arroyo, Porto Rico; Ensenada Honda, Culebra. MOLLUSC A OF PORTO RICO. 463 Melina semiaurita Linnteus. Ostrea semiaurita Linnaeus, Mus. Lud. Ulric., p. 535, 1764. Perna bicolor C. B. Adams, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., v, 1845, p. 9. Concha semiaurita Chemnitz, Conch. Cab., vn,p. 250, pi. 59, fig. 580, 1784 (nonbinomial). Shell small, subquadrate, solid, somewhat inflated, very irregular, hinge line having three or four large pits in each valve; byssal notch small. The surface is covered with strong, irregular, scaly ridges; the base in adult shells often projects somewhat tongue-like, and to some distance below the nacreous layer. Color ashy to blackish. Length, 12; height, 16; diameter, 8 mm. San Juan, two specimens. This species grows in the crevices of corals and rocks and is as variable in form as any oyster. It may prove to be only a littoral form of the preceding species. It is the Perna chemnitziana of d’Orbigny, 1846. Family PTERIID45. Genus PTERIA Scopoli, 1777. Shell suborbicular or oblique, thin or solid, slightly inequivalve, the left valve being more convex than the right; right valve with a distinct byssal notch and sinus near its upper anterior part; valves winged before and behind; hinge with rudimentary pseudocardinals and laterals; ligament elastic, placed in an oblique fossette; inner shell layer brilliantly nacreous, not extending to the shell border. Pteria radiata Leach. Avicula radiata Leach, Zool. Miscellany, I, p. 98, pi. xliii, 1814. Shell suborbicular or subquadrate, rather thin, somewhat inflated, more or less oblique, the hinge about as long as the body of the shell, moderately winged before and behind; surface, especially toward the edges of the shell, having radiating rows of strong, somewhat elongated scales, more or less variegated with purple, brown, and whitish, sometimes feebly rayed; pseudocardinals faint, single in each valve; laterals single in the left valve and double in the right; nacre brilliant, surrounded by a wide, prismatic border. Length, 40; height, 38; diameter, 16 mm. Length of another, 50; height, 50; diameter, 18 mm. Off Boca Prieta; Mayaguez Harbor, Porto Rico. Sometimes the surface is almost smooth. Superfamily OSTRACEA. Family OSTREIDiE. Genus OSTREA Linnaeus, 1758, Shell irregular, fixed by the left or lower valve which is excavated; right valve generally plane or concave, always less convex than the left, often plaited or foliaceous,-and having a prominent beak; ligamental area triangular or elongated; structure subnacreous; hinge edentulous; adductor impression single. Ostrea virginica Gmelin. Ostrea virginica Gmelin, Syst. Nat., p. 3336, 1792. Ostrea rostrata Sowerby, Conch. Icon. , xvni, pi. vi, 1871. Shell elongated, irregular, elliptical oval, or nearly circular, straight or curved; left valve usually excavated; right valve generally flat, sometimes concave or a little convex; lower valve with a strong, usually elongated beak, its hinge having a wide channel in center and. marked with lines exhibiting the successive removes of the cartilage; upper valve with a shorter beak, with a faint ridge in the hinge area opposite channel of left valve; muscular impression near center strong and large, often dark. Mayaguez; Puerto Real, Porto Rico; Ensenada Honda, Culebra. It is almost impossible to give a description that will cover all the forms of this protean species, which varies infinitely with the locality and environment in which it grows. Specimens in northern waters attain a length of a foot, and where they are crowded in the beds are long and tongue-like. Those living on flat stones and timber are often nearly circular. The Porto Rican specimens for the most part are attached to the swinging aerial roots of the mangroves. 464 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. Ostrea cristata Born. Ostrea cristata Born, Mus. Vind., p. 112, pi. vii, fig. 3, 1780. Shell moderately solid, exceedingly irregular, elongated, rounded or oval; upper valve sometimes concave, at other times convex; lower valve convex; valves often furnished with elongated, tubular, or solid, clasping processes, by means of which the shell is attached to mangrove roots or other objects; edges of the valves strongly and sharply plicate-serrate, forming closely interlocking teeth; within, the border is often pustulose ridged, or striate; beaks very irregular, that of the lower valve the longer, its hinge area centrally grooved; muscular scars not deep. Color reddish, purplish, or brownish. Specimens attain a diameter of 90 mm. Gallardo Bank, Porto Rico. This species is even more irregular and variable in its growth than O. virginica. Ostrea frons Linnaeus. Mytilus frons Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, p. 704, 1758. Ostrea frons Sowerby, Conch. Icon., xvm, pi. xix, fig. 41, 1871. San Juan, Porto Rico (Gundlach). The Ostrea 'parasitica Gmelin, credited to Porto Rico by Gundlach, is probably a form of 0. cristata Born. Family PECTIN I D4E. Genus PECTEN Muller, 1776. Shell suborbicular, inequivalve, not gaping nor attached, sculpture usually radial; auriculate; right valve convex, with a notch below the anterior ear, generally inflated at the beak; left valve con- cave, flat or slightly convex; hinge margins straight, united by a narrow ligament: resilium internal, in a central pit; adductor impression duplex. Subgenus Pecten s. s. Section EUVOLA Dali. Pecten laurentii Gmelin. Ostrea laurentii Gmelin, Syst. Nat., p. 3317, 1792. Pecten laurenti Reeve, Conch. Icon., viii, pi. xvi, fig. 58, 1853. Shell nearly orbicular, equilateral, rather thin, decidedly inequivalve, smooth and shining; left valve nearly flat in an anterior and posterior direction, but inflated in a direction from the beaks to the base, having a decided radial shoulder above on each side under the ears. It has very faint, low, wide, radiating ridges, and in addition minute radial threads, which are crossed by feeble concentric growth lines, ridged within with numerous radiating bars; right valve evenly convex, externally sculptured like left valve, with tine, radial ribs within arranged in pairs; ears nearly equal. The left valve is dark purplish red, with faint, radiating, lighter-colored rays; toward its upper part it is beauti- fully mottled with yellowish or pinkish white, and occasionally marked with oblique, light-colored strigations. There are also a few dark reddish-brown spots on the upper part of the shell. The right valve is whitish or buff, feebly rayed with brownish. Height, 90; length, 90 mm. A number of adult living specimens of this very tine and rare species were dredged in 7 fathoms in the harbor of Mayaguez. Pecten ziczac Linnseus. Ostrea ziczac Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, p. 696, 1758. Pecten ziczac Reeve, Conch. Icon., viii, pi. vi, fig. 29, 1852. Shell rather solid, nearly orbicular, equilateral; left valve slightly concave, with a low but decided radiating shoulder on each side below the ears, with wide, low, distinct radiating ribs, crossed by faintly squamose growth lines, radiately ridged within around the border; right valve deeply convex, with widely spaced radiating grooves, the radiating ridges within inclined to be somewhat double; ears nearly equal, slightly radially ribbed. Both valves with faint crura at the bases of the ears. Left valve painted with red-brown, buff, lilac and white, in broken, radiating patterns, brown bordered within; right valve reddish brown, becoming dusky at the border, marbled with white near the beaks. Length, 100; height, 90; diameter, 26 mm. Mayaguez Harbor, Porto Rico, one young specimen. MOLLUSCA OF PORTO RICO. 465 Pecten medius Lamarck. Pecten medius Lamarck, An. sans Vert., VI, 1819, p. 163; Chemnitz, Conch. Cab., vn, pi. I.x, figs. 586, 587, 589, 1784. Shell nearly orbicular, rather solid; left valve decidedly concave, with strong, radial shoulders, sculptured with well developed, rounded ribs and delicate, somewhat lamellar growth lines, which are fainter on the ribs, deeply, radially grooved within at the border; right valve strongly convex, with wide, rounded or flattened ribs, which are sometimes broken up into smaller ridges; interior ribs of right valve somewhat double; both valves with faint crura at the base of the ears; ears nearly even, ridged. Left valve red or purplish sometimes variegated with small, lighter blotches, generally having a lighter, well-marked area at the beak; right valve purplish or whitish, sometimes faintly marbled. Length, 50; height, 47; diameter, 13 mm. Mayaguez Harbor, Porto Rico, two young opposite valves; off St. Thomas, one specimen. Subgenus Chi.amys Bolten, 1798. Section PLAGIOCTENIUM Dali, 1898. Pecten mayaguezensis, n. sp. Plate 55, tigs. 7, 8, 9. Shell small, solid, slightly inequilateral, inequivalve; the left or upper valve less convex, polished, white, with beautiful zigzag, subconcentric, linear, or flecked painting of dark red; ribs eighteen or nineteen, angular at the summit, with subequal, not channeled interspaces, the whole without sculpture except microscopic incremental and obsolete fine radial lines; ears practically smooth, the posterior longer; lower valve more convex, white except near the umbo, where there are a few brown flecks; sculpture about the same, except that the summits of the ribs are more rounded; anterior ear with two or three radial threads, a shallow sulcus and short ctenolium; submargins smooth; interior channeled near margin with well-marked auricular crura; hinge in right valve strong, with a long, horizontal ridge on each side of the resiliary pit corresponding to a similarly placed sulcus in the opposite valve; above the last-mentioned sulci in left valve is a similar pair of ridges; hinge showing strong provin- cular cross striation; cavity of left valve reddish, of right valve white or yellowish. Length of shell, 21; height, 19; diameter, 8.5 mm. Living in 7 to 15 fathoms, sand and mud, Mayaguez Harbor, Porto Rico, at stations 6058 and 6061. This is an extremely elegant little shell, perfectly distinct from any recorded species. Pecten gibbus Linnaeus. Ostrea gibba Linnaeus, Syst. Nut., ed. x, p. 698, 1758. Pecten gibbus Reeve, Conch. Icon., vm, pi. ix, fig. 37a, 1852. Aguadilla, Arecibo; San Juan, Porto Rico (Gundlach). Section NODIPECTEN Dali, 1898. Pecten nodosus Linnaeus. Ostrea nodosa Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. X, p. 697, 1758. Pecten nodosus Reeve, Conch. Icon., vm, pi. in, fig. 15, 1852. Shell suborbicular, nearly equivalve, sculptured with eight or nine strong, rounded, nodose ribs, which are separated by rounded grooves of nearly equal width with the ribs; the entire surface is also covered with fine, distinct, riblets and concentric lamellar growth lines, which are faint on the ribs; nodules very strong, usually faint or wanting on the upper part of the shell; interior of the valves ribbed but otherwise smooth; ears unequal, strongly ridged, the posterior pair smaller; anterior ear of right valve deeply notched at its base. Color dark purplish, red, or scarlet, the young shell sometimes irregularly concentrically banded with white. Length, 75; height, 80 mm. St. Thomas, one young valve. Sometimes the nodules become blistered and the outer shell is broken at the blisters. Section CHLAMYS s.s. Pecten ornatus Lamarck. Pecten ornatus Lamarck, An. sans Vert., Vi, p. 176, 1819 (Enc. Method., pi. ccxiv, fig. 5). Shell rather thin, high, inequilateral, nearly equivalve, with elevated, smooth, or scaly ribs, which are separated by deep, excavated channels; sometimes the ribs are compound, consisting of three or more small riblets raised to form a large rib; the interior is ridged to correspond with the external sculpture; posterior ears small, slopingly cut away; anterior ears large and projecting, so that the whole shell is somewhat oblique; that of the right valve deeply notched, all of them covered with F. G. B. 1900—30 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 466 scabrous ribs. Color whitish yellow, orange, reddish, or purplish; sometimes uniform in coloring, often beautifully maculated with red, purple, or brown. Length, 20; height, 23; diameter, 8 mm. Mavaguez, Porto Rico, a number of young valves. A beautiful and variable little species, with an infinite variety of coloring. The valves are sometimes made quite rough by the sharp scales on the ribs. Pecten lemniscatus Reeve. Pcctrn lemniscatus Reeve, Conch. Icon., vm, pi. xxxv, fig. 170 (see Errata), 1853. Shell elevated, thin, somewhat fan-shaped, compressed, nearly equivalve and equilateral, with small, slopingly cut posterior and large, projecting anterior ears, that of the right valve with a large, deep, byssal notch; surface sculptured with numerous, rather low, unequal ribs and riblets, the principal ones sharply and often strongly scaly; valves with a well-defined radiating shoulder below the ears and ridged on the interior to correspond with the external sculpture; ears with small, feeble ribs, which are roughly scaly. Color very variable, much as in P. ornatus, but not so distinctly marked. Length, 35; height, 40; diameter, 10 mm. San Juan Harbor, Porto Rico, one young valve. This species is close to P. onuitas, but differs in the ribs, which are rather low and are never separated by deep, excavated grooves. The color pattern is generally less distinct. P. effluens Dali is probably the same species, though P. lemniscatus is also found in Mauritius. The sculpture of the lower valve is generally more feeble than that on the upper valve. Pecten sp. A single right valve was obtained in Mavaguez Harbor of a form which seems to approach P. darwini, but is probably undescribed. The specimen is too young and imperfect to be described. Pecten exasperatus Sowerbv. Pecten exasperatus Sou crby, Thes. Conch., p. 54, pi. xvm, figs. 183-186, 1816. San Juan, Porto Rico (Gundlach). Pecten antillarum Recluz. Pecten antillarum Rccluz, Joum. do Conchyl., iv, p. 53, pi. v, fig. 1, 1853. San Juan, Porto Rico (Gundlach). Subgenus Amusium Bolten, 1798. Section PROPE AMTJSITTM De Gregorio, 1883. Pecten nanus Verrill & Bush. Cyclopeclen nanus Verrill . Subgenus Dione Gray, 1847. Meretrix circinata Born. Venus circinata Born, Test. Mus. Vind., p. 61, pi. iv, fig. 8, 1780. Mayaguez, Porto Rico (Gundlach). Meretrix dione Linnseus. Plate 56, figs. 3, 10. Venus dione Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, p. 684, 1758. Dione veneris Reeve, Conch. Icon., xv, pi. vi, fig. 24, 1863. Shell triangular-ovate, inflated, subsolid, with high, full beaks, which are curved forward over a well-impressed lunule; ligament lodged within a decided escutcheon; surface covered with strong, reflected, concentric ribs, which are especially high in front and much reduced on the posterior slope; on a posterior radial ridge there is a row of long spines which project outward and backward, and behind these, on a second fainter ridge, there is another row of smaller spines; left valve with three cardinals, the central one heavy and somewhat bifid, with a short, erect anterior lateral; right 486 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. valve with three cardinals, the posterior one bifid, with two faint anterior laterals separated by a deep pit; pallial sinus deep. Color violet and whitish, the posterior end often quite dark. Length, 50; height, 40; diameter, 28 mm. Fajardo, Porto Rico, two fine specimens. The spines are often somewhat curved; sometimes they are much reduced, so that they are in reality merely elevated scales. Subgenus Transennella Dali, 1883. Internal margins tangentially sulcate. Meretrix cubaniana d’Orbigny. Venus cubaniana d'Orbigny, Moll. Cubana, n, pi. xxvi, figs. 44-46, 1845. Shell rather small, triangular-ovate, solid, rather compressed, inequilateral, with high beaks, slightly turned forward over a large, well-defined lunule; surface covered with low, irregular, concen- tric ridges; left valve with three cardinals, the central tooth strong, and a high, compressed anterior lateral; right valve having the two anterior cardinals separated by a narrow fissure and two small anterior laterals with a deep pit between them; pallial sinus deep. Color white, generally with a few irregular brown markings. Length, 8; height, 6; diameter, 4 mm. Mayaguez, Porto Rico, a few worn valves. The internal margins of the valves are sharply grooved, but not in harmony with the lines of growth, which is the characteristic of this subgenus, of which the species are all small shells. Meretrix culebrana, n. sp. Plate 55, fig. 5. Shell small, solid, subtrigonal, with elevated beaks, nearly equilateral, moderately convex; periostracum rather thick, yellowish brown, paler on the umbones and posterior dorsal area; surface obsoletely minutely concentrically undulated, with a rather large, ovate-cordate, somewhat depressed lunule defined by a well-impressed line, but no perceptible escutcheon; form as figured; interior white; hinge strong, normal, a prominent, anterior lateral in each valve; pallial sinus subtriangular, rounded in front; marginal grooving well marked. Length, 7; height, 5.7; diameter, 3.8 mm. At station 6087, in 14 to 18 fathoms, coral sand, off Culebra Island, Porto Rico. A very pretty and characteristic species of this peculiar group, which can not be confounded with either of the other described species. Genus DOSINIA Scopoli, 1777. Shell suborbicular, compressed or slightly inflated, concentrically sculptured, with prominent beaks and a well-defined lunule; hinge with three cardinal teeth in each valve; left valve with an anterior lateral close to the front cardinal; right valve with two vestiges of anterior laterals; pallial sinus deep; border of the shell without crenulations. Dosinia elegans Conrad. Artemis elegans Conrad, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, p. 320, 1853. Artemis concentrica Reeve, Conch. Icon., vi, pi. ii, tig. 8, 1850; not of Born, 1780. Shell suborbicular, rather solid, subtruncated posteriorly and almost angular at the posterior end of the ligament; lunule. small and distinct; ligament nearly immersed; beaks high and rather sharp, turned forward; surface covered with rather strong, close, concentric ridges and showing faint traces of radial sculpture on earlier growth; left valve having central cardinal wide and flattened, the anterior lateral small and tubercular; right valve with posterior cardinal bifid; beak cavities deep, compressed; muscle scars elongated, smooth ; pallial sinus deep, triangular. Color whitish ; epidermis straw-colored. Length, 75; height, 68; diameter, 30 mm. Playa de Ponce, Porto Rico, three dead shells. Genus MYSIA Leach, 1818. Shell suborbicular, concentrically striate, with a faint lunule and high beaks; hinge with two to three divergent cardinals in the right valve and three in the left; laterals wanting; pallial sinus large, subvertical. MOLLUSCA OF PORTO RICO. 487 Mysia tenuis Recluz. Dosinia (Artemis) tenuis Recluz., Journ.de Conchyl., in, p. 250, pi. x, fig. 1,1853. Shell nearly orbicular, thin to subsolid, subinflated; beaks pointed and turned slightly forward over a faint lunule; ligament nearly immersed; surface finely and irregularly concentrically striate, whitish; left valve with three diverging cardinals, the anterior with a deep pit in front of it, sometimes slightly bifid; right valve with three divergent cardinals, the posterior bifid; hinge plate wide and flat- tened behind when the shell is adult; beak cavities deep; anterior muscle scars elongated; posterior scars oval; pallial sinus triangular. Length, 42; height, 41; diameter, 21 mm. Playa de Ponce, Porto Rico, one dead, badly discolored specimen; Mayaguez, one left valve. Subfamily CIRCIN®. Genus CIRCE Schumacher, 1817. Shell subtriangular or subcircular, compressed or slightly inflated, with concentric and sometimes radial sculpture; beaks pointed; lunule lanceolate; ligament immersed; hinge teeth like those of Meretrix; pallial line entire or showing a slight indication of a sinus. Subgenus Gouldia C. B. Adams, 1847. Shell small, subinflated, the surface wholly or distally reticulate. Circe cerina C. B. Adams. Thetis cerina C. B. Adams, Proc.. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Jan., 1845, p. 9. Gouldia cerina C. B. Adams, Cat. Coll., p. 29, 1847; Dali, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ix, p. 130, 1881 ; Dali, Blake Report, I, p. 263, pi. VII, figs. 4n, 45, 1886. Shell small, rounded-triangular, scarcely inflated, with high beaks which scarcely turn forward; lunule well defined but not impressed; ligament mostly immersed; surface covered with faint, concen- tric ridges and indistinct distal radial ribs, leaving the surface delicately decussated; cardinal teeth, three in each valve, rather feeble; left valve with an anterior lateral which fits into a socket in the right valve which is placed between two faint teeth. Color whitish or yellowish, usually marked with brown on the dorsal region, and often with irregular patches on the disk. Length, 11; height, 9.5; diameter, 4.6 mm. Culebra Island, one shell, at station 6087. Circe insularis, n. sp. Plate 55, fig. 2. Shell small, yellowish white, quite inequilateral, moderately convex, with a prominent, rather anterior, beak; sculpture of small, close-set, subequal, concentric undulations, with narrower interspaces and less pronounced on the umbones, crossed by fine radial strife, which are stronger toward the ends of the valves, where the interspaces sometimes become threadlike; lunule small, sharply defined, rather long and narrow; escutcheon absent; interior white, the margin in many specimens with aline sulcus, parallel to it around the shell; hinge normal; pallial line entire, but slightly truncate behind. Length, 5.5; height, 5; diameter, 3 mm. San Juan and Mayaguez harbors, Porto Rico; in the latter abundantly at station 6061, in 30 fathoms, coral sand, but no living specimens were taken. Well distinguished from the other American species by its form and size. Superfamily CARDIACEA. Family CARI)lID4t. Genus CARDITJM Linnaeus, 1758. Shell ventricose, closed or gaping posteriorly; beaks prominent, subcentral; surface radiately ribbed; posterior slope sculptured differently from the front and sides; margins toothed; there are two interlocking cardinals and an anterior and posterior lateral in each valve; pallial line simple. Subgenus Trachycardium Morch, 1853. Cardium muricatum Linnaeus. Cardium muricatum Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, p. 680, 175S; Reeve, Conch. Icon., ii, pi. vr, fig. 33, 1844. Shell subsolid, slightly oblique, scarcely gaping behind, having from thirty to forty ribs, each of which bears a row of solid, oblique scales; about eleven of the anterior ribs have these scales sloping 488 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. toward the anterior base; on the fourteenth rib there are two rows of scales, and on the ribs behind this they point toward the posterior base; the rest of the surface of the ribs and the grooves between them are nearly smooth; within the central ribs are distinctly shown; serrations around the edges of the shell strong. Color whitish, buff, tawny, or brownish, sometimes variegated; within, whitish or yellowish, sometimes streaked or marked with brownish purple. Length, 35; height, 40; diameter, 28 mm. San Antonio Bridge; San Juan; Mayaguez, Porto Pico. Cardium leucostoma Born. Cardium leucoslomum Born, Test. Mus. Caes. Vind., p. 46, pi. in, fig. 6, 1780. San Juan Harbor, Porto Rico, one young shell. This species was regarded by Wood, with much probability, as being the original C. magnum of Linnaeus (not of Born), but there is no way of proving this and so the name is best left as it is. The species in a general way resembles C. isocardia, but wants the spinose sculpture, has the sides of the ribs crenulate, and is more compressed. It is found in collections labeled C. marmoreum Lamarck and C. elongatum Wood, or C. subelongatum Sowerby, all later names than that of Born. Cardium isocardia (Linnaeus) Reeve. Cardium isocardia Linnaeus (ex parte) , Syst. Nat., ed. x, p. 679, 1758; Reeve, Conch. Icon., n.Mon. Cardium, pi. xvii, fig. 84, 1845. Off Boca Prieta, Porto Rico, in 8 fathoms, sand, at station 6075, living. The form common in Florida has 27 to 30 ribs, and the spinose decoration is less dense than that in the typical West Indian form, which has 30 to 35 ribs. In the former the periostracum is more dense and dull colored, and the channels between the ribs, owing to the less-developed sculpture, appear wider. This variety was named C. egmontianum by Shuttleworth, and the name seems worthy of retention in a varietal sense. The typical C. isocardia is brighter colored and has more yellow inside than the variety. C. eburniferum Guppy appears identical with the typical C. isocardia. Subgenus Fkagum Bolten, 1798. Section TRIGONIOCARDIA Dali, 1900. Cardium antillarum d’Orbigny. Cardium antillarum d’Orbigny, Moll. Cubana, II, p. 309, pi. xxvii, figs. 53-55, 1845. Cardium ceramidum Dali, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Cambridge, xii, 1886, p. 269, pi. rv, fig. 6. Shell small, quite inequilateral, solid, moderately inflated, with from eighteen to twenty ribs, the last six or seven on the posterior area crossed by fine, irregular, sharp, concentric threads. Of these the last four or five are nodulous; the next two are without nodules; the central ribs are very strong, gradually becoming smaller toward the anterior end; they all have a row of nodules or heavy scales and the spaces between them are concentrically grooved; sometimes the ribs, if worn, are nearly destitute of scales, and in other cases they are all more or less scaly: within, the ribs show faintly; beak cavities deep; hinge and teeth strong. Color white or yellowish throughout. Length, 10; height, 9.5; diameter, 7 mm. Mayaguez Harbor, Porto Rico, many dead valves at stations 6058, 6061, 6062; San Juan Harbor, one valve. Section FRAGUM s. s. Cardium medium Linnaeus. Cardium medium Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, p. 678, 1758: Reeve, Conch. Icon., ii, pi. vi, fig. 30, 1844. Shell inequilateral, subrhomboid, solid, with a high, rounded posterior ridge, behind which it is subtruncate, with thirty-five or thirty-six moderately strong, nearly smooth ribs; about ten of these, which are on the posterior slope, are rounded and have rather deep grooves between; those of the rest of the shell overhang the deep, rounded grooves between them; teeth strong. Color whitish or buff, variously painted with brown or brownish purple. Length, 85; height, 37; diameter, 30 mm. Mayaguez Harbor, Porto Rico, at station 6062; Vieques. MOLLUSCA OF PORTO RIOO. 489 Subgenus Papyridea Swainson. Cardium spinosum Meuschen. Cardia spinosum Meuschen, Mus. Gevers. , p. 442, 1787. Solen bullatum Chemnitz, Conch. Cab., vi, p. 65, figs. 49, 50, 1782; not of Linnteus. Cardium bullatum Reeve, Conch. Icon., n, pi. II, fig. 8, 1844. San Juan, Porto Rico (Gundlach). Cardium semisulcatum Gray. Cardium semisulcatum Gray, Ann. Phil., IX, p. 137, 1825. Cardium petitianum d’Orbigny, Moll. Cubana, II, p. 309, pi. xxvii, figs. 50-52, 1845. Shell small, elliptical, thin, very inequilateral, moderately inflated, with numerous low ribs, and with more or less perfectly developed smaller ribs between the larger ones, the margin at the posterior end sharply toothed; surface covered with fine concentric growth lines, which are stronger on the anterior part of the shell; interior showing the sculpture; hinge teeth compressed. Color whitish or yellowish, with faint brown blotches and spots. Length, 10; height, 6.5; diameter, 5 mm. San Juan, Porto Rico, one valve; off Boca Prieta, Porto Rico, one specimen on Spondylus. Subgenus Ltevicardium Swainson, 1840. Cardium serratum Linnaeus. Cardium serratum Linnseus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, p. 680, 1758. Cardium serratum Reeve, Conch. Icon., it, pi. i,fig. 1, 1844. Shell subsolid, suboval or subquadrate, the posterior edge being less curved than the anterior; the low, rounded, posterior ridge being slightly produced at the base of the shell; surface nearly smooth, shining and polished, with only faint vestiges of ribs, which appear on the border of the shell which scarcely gapes and has delicate serrations within ; laterals high and strong; cardinals small; interior of the shell polished; in a fresh state the surface is usually covered with a thin, brownish epidermis; the shell is beautifully polished, whitish, straw-colored, lemon-yellow, purplish or reddish, and it is slightly clouded with brown near the beaks; within it has much the same range of colors, and it is one of the most delicate and lovely shells of the Antilles. Length, 37; height, 45; diameter, 30 mm. Vieques, a number of very fine specimens; Mayaguez, two young valves; Culebra, several young shells. Cardium (serratum var.?) sybariticum Dali. Plate 58, fig. 11. Cardium serratum var. sybariticimi Dali, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Cambridge, xii, p. 271, 1886. Shell much smaller and more delicate than the type, more compressed, pale or faintly flecked with pink or purple; beaks often deep pink. Length, 11; height, 14; diameter, 7 mm. Mayaguez Harbor, Porto Rico, a number of dead valves. Cardium serratum var. laevigatum Lamarck. Cardium leevigatum Lamarck, An. sans Vert., pt. I, p. 11, 1819; not of Linneeus, 1758, nor of Born, 1780. Shell rather large, subsolid, moderately inflated, subquadrate, usually, though not always, faintly ribbed; ribs numerous when developed, strongest around the outer part of the shell; there is an area at the anterior and posterior parts of the shell which is generally smoother than the rest of it, which is outlined by a shallow groove, forming a sort of lunule and escutcheon; laterals rather strong, especially the anterior ones; edges of the shell serrated within. Color generally whitish, cream or pale buff, with a few faint subconcentric cloudings of brown. Length, 50; height, 63; diameter, 40 mm. One dead shell having the above measurements was taken at Playa de Ponce, Porto Rico. Generally larger, more quadrate, duller colored, and more painted with brownish, nebulous bands than typical serratum, yet there are intermediate specimens which can be assigned to one form about as well as to the other. This form is one of the characteristic species of west Florida. Cardium serratum var. multilineatum, n. var. Cardium lineatum Krebs, W. I. Marine Sh., p. 115, 1864; not of Gmelin. Smaller, more nearly round than the type. The smoother anterior and posterior areas are distinctly marked out and are tawny or buff colored; the rest of the shell is dirty straw colored, and 490 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. the narrow spaces between the scarcely developed ribs are pale brown; the beaks are purple, clouded. The interior is much the color of the yolk of an egg, with purple cloudings at the cavities of the beaks. Length, 40; height, 45; diameter, 32 mm. Mayaguez Harbor, Porto Rico, stations 6058 and 6061. Genus PROTOCARDIA Beyrich, 1845. Sculpture radial anteriorly; posterior area with reticulate or spinose sculpture; shells thin and usually small ; foot carinate. Protocar dia peramabilis Dali. Cardium peramabile Dali, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoo!, Cambridge, ix, p. 132, 1881; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoo!, Cambridge, xn, p. 269, pi. IV, fig. 7, 1886. Shell small, slightly inequilateral, rather thin and fragile, inflated; posterior area sculptured with a great number of line, radiating, nearly smooth ribs, the spaces between them being slightly pitted, the whole being covered with a fine epidermis, which is scaly on the ribs; the anterior three- fifths of the shell is sculptured with equally line, radiating ribs, and these are crossed by very numerous somewhat fainter, concentric ridges, leaving the surface everywhere minutely beaded; borders of the shell delicately and sharply serrate, not gaping; within the shell the outside patterns of sculpture may be plainly seen. Color whitish. Length, 10; height, 11; diameter 9 mm. Mayaguez Harbor, Porto Rico, two shells; Aguadilla, one worn valve. The foot is keeled below but not serrate. Protocardia tincta Dali. Plate 58, fig. 4. Cardium peramabile vav. tinctum Ball, Bull Mus. Comp. Zool, Cambridge, xn, p. 270. 1886. Shell small, fragile, nearly equilateral, considerably inflated; posterior area sculptured with minute, radiating ribs; every second, third, fourth, or fifth one bears a row of sharp, elevated spines or scales; the spaces between these ribs are crossed by delicate scales, making them pitted; the remainder of the shell is sculptured with very finely beaded ribs, as in P. peramabilis; borders of the shell finely and sharply serrate, not gaping; outside sculpture showing faintly within; anterior laterals showing as long arched ridges within, entering far within the cavity of the beaks. Color whitish, beautifully tinted and clouded with pink or red. Length, 13; height, 12; diameter, 9 mm. Mayaguez Harbor, Porto Rico, in 25 to 30 fathoms. Quite a number of valves were taken. This beautiful form is certainly distinct from P. peramabilis. It is not so high in proportion to its width, is a little less inflated, the line between the two areas of sculpture is not so distinctly marked out, and when perfect it has the scaly spines on the posterior area finely developed. The anterior lateral teeth are different from those of P. peramabilis. Family THYASIRID^. Genus THYASIRA Leach, 1818. Shell thin to subsolid, subglobular, earthy; beaks turned forward; posterior side furrowed; lunule absent; ligament placed in a groove in the hinge line, partly external; hinge edentulous; muscular impressions superficial, elongated; pallia! line simple; borders of the shell closed, simple. It is Cryptodon and Axinus of authors. Thyasira trisinuata d’Orbigny. Lucina trisinuata d’Orbigny, Moll. Cubana, n, p. 300, pi. xxvii, figs. 46^9, 1846. Cryptodon obesus Veri-ill, Am. Journ. Sci., ill, p, 287, pi. 7, fig. 2, 1872: Trans. Conn. Acad. Sci., Ill, p. 11, p! 1, fig. 11 (not of Sars). Shell rather small, scarcely subsolid, inflated, higher than long, somewhat produced at the middle of the base; beaks high and rather full, turned forward over a feebly developed lunule; posterior slope with two deep, distinct, radial grooves; surface finely, concentrically striated; ligament lodged in a groove in the edentulous hinge; back cavities rather deep. Color white throughout. Length, 12; height, 14; diameter, 10 mm. Mayaguez, Porto Rico, several immature, worn valves, which appear to be of this species. Thyasira conia n. sp. Shell small, thin, rather compressed, inequilateral, the anterior end longer, somewhat impressed above, the posterior high and arcuate above, abruptly truncate in front, base rounded; shell white, MOLLUSCA OF PORTO RICO. 491 with a light grayish periostracum and some specimens a little rusty; posterior dorsal fold narrow and pronounced, but not very deep; surface covered with a fine dustlike granulation; the young proportionately more elongated, interior white, dull, with a polished margin outside the more or less broken and irregular pallial line; ligament elongated, brown, almost internal, set in a deep sulcus; resilium blackish, short, subumbonal, set on an obscure prominence on the hinge line in each valve, which, if the resilium were lost, would resemble obscure teeth; soft parts typical, with arborescent visceral appendages. Length, 6; height, 6; diameter, 3 mm. Off the entrance to San Juan Harbor, Porto Rico, in 310 fathoms, sandy mud, at station 6052. A well-marked species, easily discriminated by its form and surface from any other among the American species. See Dali, Synopsis of the Lucinacea, pi. xlii, fig. 2, 1901. Family LUCINIDtE. Genus CODAKIA Scopoli, 1777. Codakia orbicularis Linnaeus. Venus orbicularis Linnseus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, p. 688, 1758. Lucina tigerina Reeve, Conch. Icon., vi, pi. I, fig. 3,1850, not of Linnaeus, 1758. Shell large, suborbicular, rather solid, lenticular, with rather low but sharp beaks, which are turned forward over a small lunule, with a shallow, wide, radial posterior furrow and numerous radiating ribs or narrow, radiating furrows which cut the surface into ridges of different widths; the growth lines are elevated into fine, concentric ridges which leave the surface somewhat cancellated; ligament deeply inset; left valve with two radial cardinals and two low anterior laterals separated by a deep pit; right valve with two cardinals and a single anterior lateral; beak cavities rather deep, compressed; anterior muscle scars long, oblique; posterior scars oval; pallial line deep, crenated, disk rather rough, with numerous small pits. Color whitish or yellowish, often tinted with purple on the dorsal border, within white or yellow, often rich purple on the border, especially above. Length, 80; height, 70; diameter, 30 mm. Puerto Real, San Geronimo, Ilucares, Mayaguez, Porto Rico (Gundlach) ; West Indian region generally. A fine species very abundant on sandy bottom in shallow water throughout the West Indian region and in the Florida Keys. It is close to the East Indian O. tigerina, but is not so strongly cancellated or so nearly orbicular as is that species. Subgenus Jagonia Recluz, 1869. Codakia orbiculata Montagu. Venus orbiculata Montagu, Test. Brit. Suppl., p.42,1808. Lucina peeten Lamarck, An. sans Vert, v, p. 543, 1818; Reeve, Conch. Icon., vi, pi. x, fig. 38,1850. Shell suborbicular, inequilateral, compressed, rather solid, with sharp beaks, which are turned slightly forward over a large, indistinct lunule; ligament partly immersed, short; surface covered with numerous radiating ribs which are crossed by a large number of concentric finer ridges; these ridges sometimes form elevated scales where they cross the ribs, especially on the anterior and posterior portions of the shell; left valve with two radial cardinals, the anterior the larger, with two anterior and two posterior laterals; right valve with two cardinals, the posterior slightly bifid, with one anterior and one posterior lateral; beak cavities deep, compressed; anterior scars long, oblique; posterior scars oval; cavity of the shell rough, sometimes showing the ribbing of the shell; border crenate. Color whitish or yellowish. Length, 13; height, 12; diameter, 5.5 mm. Ensenada Honda, Culebra, one specimen. The beaks of this species are placed considerably behind the center of the shell, which is compressed and quite rough. Codakia portoricana Dali. Codakia ( Jagonia ) portoricana Dali, Synopsis of the Lucinacea, p. 822, pi. xxxix, fig. 6, 1901. San Juan Harbor, and the harbor of Mayaguez, Porto Rico. This inconspicuous little species appears to be rare and comes nearest to Jagonia costata d’Orbigny, than which it is more finely and evenly sculptured, besides being a more tumid and much smaller shell, measuring not over 8 mm. in length. 492 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. Codakia costata d’Orbigny. Lucina costata d'Orbigny, Moll. Cubana, II, p.296, pi. XXVII, figs. 40-42,1846. Shell suborbicular, somewhat inllated, rather solid, with moderately high beaks placed just behind the middle of the shell, and turned forward over a small, elongated lunule; surface covered with fascisulate, radiating ridges, which are often alternately larger and smaller; these are crossed by finer, concentric threads, which cause the shell to be rough and finely cancellated; left valve with two cardinals, the hinder smaller, and two anterior and two posterior laterals; right valve with one cardinal, a faint posterior ridge that extends from the beak to form a lateral and one anterior lateral; beak cavities deep; anterior scars long, somewhat oblique; posterior scars semicircular; pallia! line deep, somewhat crenated; interior rough; border distinctly serrate. Whitish or pale lemon color. Length, 9; height, 8; diameter, 5 mm. Arroyo, Hucares, Porto Rico, one valve from each locality. The beaks are nearer the center than in C. pectinella, the shell is solider, and the sculpture is fascisulated. It is the Lucina antillarum of Reeve. Codakia pectinella C. B. Adams. Plate 58, fig. 9. Lucina pectinella C. B. Adams, Contr. to Conch., p. 246, 1852. Shell small, short elliptical, inflated, subsolid, with full beaks placed somewhat behind the middle of the shell and turned forward over a small lunule, with numerous, radiating, wider and narrower ribs, which are crossed by a great, number of concentric, raised threads; the ribs are almost wanting at. the anterior and posterior ends; left valve with two cardinals and two anterior and two posterior laterals; right valve with one cardinal, one anterior and two posterior laterals; anterior muscle scars somewhat elongated and oblique; posterior scar oval; interior of the shell roughened; border crenate. Color white or yellowish. Length, 7.5; height, 8; diameter, 4 mm. Mayaguez, one adult valve and a number of small ones; San Juan Harbor, one valve. A single alcoholic specimen was obtained at Mayaguez. The species is now figured for the first time from a specimen named by Professor Adams. Genus LUCINA (Bruguiere 1792) Lamarck 1799. Shell suborbicular, almost equilateral, rather thin, concentrically striate; ligament in a groove; lunule short.; teeth all obsolete or rudimentary, often wanting. Lucina chrysostoma Mdrch. Loripcs chrysostoma Morch, Yoldi Cat., II, p. 32, 1853; Chemnitz, Conch. Cab., vn, figs. 427-429. San Juan, Porto Rico (Gundlacli). Morch cites this name as of Meuschen, but the Museum Geversianum uses a peculiar nomencla- ture not Linnean. It is the Anodontia alba of Link. The shell is recognizable by its large size and mellow orange suffusion, from which the early conchologists came to call it, “The apricot.” Lucina phenax, n. sp. Shell small, suborbicular, inflated, thin, with the hinge teeth obsolete. Color wdiite, with a grayish papery periostracum chiefly in evidence near the margins; beaks polished, prosogyrate, with a deeply impressed, rather long and narrow lunule in front of them, especially in the right valve; disk sculptured by rather distant, evenly spaced, low, concentric elevated lines, which become more or less lamellose near the hinge margin, and more crowded toward the base; interior of shell white, not punctate, hinge margin narrow with no traces of laterals, and only a trace of an obsolete cardinal tooth; margins thin, smooth. Length, 9; height, 8; diameter, 5.5 mm. Station 6062, Mayaguez Harbor, Porto Rico, in 30 fathoms, sand; also in San Juan Harbor, at station 6054, in 5 fathoms. This shell has a deceptive likeness externally to a young Phacoicles pensylvanicus, but differs from it in its edentulous hinge and thinner valves. It is figured by Dali in the Synopsis of the Lucinacea, pi. xl, fig. 3. MOLLUSCA OF PORTO RICO. 493 Genus MYRTIEA Turton, 1822. Myrtsea pristiphora, n. sp. Plate 55, tigs. 4, 6. Shell small, solid, white, moderately convex, with small, conspicuous beaks; surface of the beaks nearly smooth, the remainder of the disk sculptured with fine, concentric, close set, rather uniform lamellae, which, toward the hinge line at each end of the shell, become more elevated and sparser; at hinge line these lamellae in perfect specimens are produced into little triangular projections, which form a saw-like series along the hinge line; lunule lanceolate, very small and narrow; interior of disk punctate; lateral and cardinal teeth moderately developed, margins finely radially striate or smooth. Length, 7; height, 7.5; diameter, 4 mm. Mayaguez Harbor, Porto Rico, at station 6062, in 30 fathoms, sand; also in San Juan Harbor in 45 fathoms, at station 123. Genus PHACOIDES Blainville, 1825. Shell suborbicular, white, solid, concentrically lamellated or sculptured, and often having radial or oblique sculpture; beaks compressed; margins smooth or erenulate; hinge teeth, 2.2; laterals, 1.1 and 2.2, or obsolete; muscular impressions rugose, the anterior elongated within the pallial line; umbonal area with an oblique furrow. Phacoides pectinatus Gmelin. Tellina pectinata Gmelin, Syst. Nat.., vi, p. 3236, No. 41, 1792. Lueina jamaicensis Lamarck, An. sans Vert., v, p. 539, 1818; Reeve, Conch. Icon., vi, pi. n, figs. 7, a, b, 1850. Shell suborbicular, scarcely inflated, rather solid, sculptured throughout with concentric ridges, which are sometimes close and irregular and at other times widely spaced and lamellar; beaks rather low, turned forward over a small lunule; ligament partly immersed in the hinge plate; there is a wide radiating furrow beginning at the lunule and ending in front in a decided sinus at the edge of the shell, and there is a radiating posterior depression just behind the posterior ridge; left valve with two small oblique cardinals, which are sometimes faint or wanting, with two anterior laterals, the lower the larger, and two very small remote posterior laterals; right valve with one oblique, small cardinal, which may be feeble or wanting, with one anterior and one posterior lateral ; cavity of the shell often radially rugose and slightly pust.ulose; anterior muscle scars long, narrow, and rather smooth; posterior scars oval. Color dirty white or pale salmon, within and without. Length, 55; height, 50; diameter, 30 mm. San Juan market, San Antonio Bridge, San Juan, Quebradillas, Porto Rico (Gundlach) ; West Indies and Florida; abundant in shallow bays, on sandy muddy bottom. Subgenus Here Gabb, 1866. Phacoides pensylvanicus Linnams. Venus pensylvanica Linnseus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, p. 688, 1758. Lueina pennsylvanica Reeve, Conch. Icon., vi, pi. vi, fig. 29, 1850. Shell suborbicular, inflated, solid, with rather high, sharp beaks turned forward over a large lunule, with a distinct radial posterior furrow, which ends in a sinus above the base; epidermis raised into numerous concentric, elevated laminae, the outer edges of the laminae developed into wide, refiexed fimbriations; ligament mostly imbedded; left valve with two elevated cardinals and one anterior and two posterior laterals; right valve with a bifid cardinal, a high anterior, and double posterior lateral; anterior and posterior scars elongated; cavity of the shell rough, sometimes pitted, having a diagonal, impressed line running from near the base of the ligament toward the anterior base. Color white throughout, the epidermis becoming brownish in old shells. Length, 54; height, 53; diameter, 40 mm. Mayaguez, Porto Rico, a number of young valves. The outline from the beaks to the anterior point of the shell is nearly straight or slightly incurved as a result of the deeply impressed lunule. Section CAVILUCINA Fischer, 1887. Phacoides trisulcatus Conrad, var. blandus Dali. Plate 58, fig. 13. Lueina trisulcata Conrad, Am. Journ. Sci., n. s., I, p, 404, 1846. Shell obliquely subtriangular, higher than long, with the beaks placed behind the center, considerably elevated, and arched forward over a decidedly deep lunule; ligament short, nearly buried; there is a shallow radial furrow on the posterior slope; surface finely concentrically ridged, also with three or four deeper sulci generally having traces of radiating grooves which do not cut to the bottom 494 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. of the concentric ridges; left valve with two cardinals, two anterior and two posterior laterals; right valve with two cardinals, one anterior and one posterior lateral; beak cavities moderately deep. Color white, yellowish, or salmon. Length, 12; height, 13; diameter, 8 mm. San Juan Harbor, Porto Rico. The deep sulci, usually three in number, seem to indicate resting stages. The typical Irisulcatus is a Miocene fossil. Subgenus Lucinisca Dali, 1901. Phacoides muricatus Spengler. Tellina muricata Spengler, Skrift. Nat. Selsk., 1798, p. 120. Lucina scabra Lamarck, An. sans Vert., vi, p. 542, 1819; Reeve, Conch. Icon., vi, pi. vrn, tig. 45, 1850. Shell suborbicular, compressed, rather solid, slightly truncated posteriorly, with numerous radiating rows of ridges alternately larger and smaller, the larger and sometimes the smaller rows beset with elevated, prickly scales; beaks pointed forward and having a few concentric lamellse; lunule small; left valve with two cardinals, two anterior and two posterior laterals; right valve with two cardinals, the anterior bifid, with one anterior and one posterior lateral; anterior muscle scar long; posterior scar oval; border crenated. Color white. Length, 13; height, 12; diameter, 4 mm. Mayaguez Harbor, Porto Rico. Subgenus Lucinoma Dali, 1901. Phacoides radians Conrad. Lucina radians Conrad, Am. Journ. Sci., xli, p. 347, 1841. Lucina radiata Conrad, Fos. Medial Tert., p. 70, pi. xl, fig. 3, 1845. Shell suborbicular, subinflated, rather solid, with moderately high beaks, which are turned forward over a deep lunule; surface everywhere covered with regular, concentric, fine, threadlike ribs, and these are cut by faint, radiating depressions; left valve with two radial, compressed cardinals and a feeble anterior lateral at the base of the lunule; right valve with one compressed cardinal, which is sometimes slightly bifid; beak cavities moderately deep, compressed; anterior muscle scar oblique, rather elongated; posterior scar oval; pallia! line deep; border of the shell crenate. Color white. Length, 18; height, 17.5; diameter, 10 mm. San Geronimo, Porto Rico, two worn valves. Genus DIVAKICELLA von Martens. Divaricella quadrisulcata d’Orbigny. Lucina quadrimlcata d’Orbigny, Voy. Am. Mer., p. 584, 1846: Moll. Cubana, II, p. 294, pi. XXVII, figs. 34-36, 1853. Shell nearly orbicular, the beaks projecting but slightly above the general outline, subsolid, somewhat inflated, with a very small, imperfectly developed lunule; surface sculptured throughout with rather sharp chevron-shaped ridges whose most elevated points are in a line running from the beaks to a little in front of the middle base; besides it is marked with faint, concentric growth lines and somewhat stronger rest lines; ligament nearly imbedded in a groove of the hinge; right valve with a divided cardinal and a feeble one in front of it; left valve with two cardinals; laterals wanting; borders of the shell finely, often feebly, crenulate. The shell is white throughout, covered, when perfectly fresh, with a thin, straw-colored epidermis. Length, 25; height, 24; diameter, 14 mm. ITucares, Porto Rico, one young worn valve. Very close to !>. dentata Wood, which has deeper rest marks and is strongly dentate at the rest periods and on the edges. Family CYRENELLIM. Genus CYREN0IDA Joannis, 1835. Cyrenoida americana Morelet. Plate 58, fig. 5. Oyrenoides americanus Morelet, Test. Nov., n, p. 26, 1851. Cyrendla americana Shuttleworth, Diagn. Neuer Moll., No. vu, p. 163, 1854. One specimen in the U. S. National Museum collection was contributed by Walton from Arecibo, Porto Rico, being part of the material from which the species was described. It was first discovered at the Isle of Pines, near Cuba. MOLLUSCA OF PORTO RIOO. 495 Family DIPL0D0NT1D4}. Genus DIPLODONTA Bronn, 1831. Shell suborbicular, rather thin, white, concentrically striate, without a lunule; hinge with two cardinals in each valve, the posterior in the right and the anterior of the left bifid; lateral teeth wanting; muscular impressions oval, elongated; margins of the shell smooth. Section DIPLODONTA s. s. Diplodonta nucleiformis Wagner. Mysia nucleiformis Wagner, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vin, p. 52, pi. I, fig, 4, 1838. Cytherea sphserica H. C. Lea, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., 2d series, ix, p. 241, pi. xxxiv, fig. 22, 1845. Mayaguez Harbor, Porto Rico, at station 6062, in 30 fathoms, sand, and off Culebra Island. Also at St. Thomas and northward to the vicinity of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, in 15 to 52 fathoms; fossil in the Miocene and upper Oligocene of the eastern United States. Section PHLYCTIDERMA Dali, 1899. Diplodonta notata, n. sp. Shell suborbicular, with rather high, nearly central beaks, scarcely inflated; surface with very delicate growth lines, minutely pitted throughout excepting in the umbonal region; left valve with two cardinals, the hinder compressed, the anterior triangular and deeply bifid; right valve with the hinder tooth bifid and the anterior compressed; ligament almost wholly internal, narrow; muscle scars somewhat elongated; interior rather smooth. Color white. Length, 9; height, 8.5; diameter, 3.5 mm. Mayaguez Harbor, Porto Rico, one pair and a single valve. It ranges from Marc'.o, Florida, south to Porto Rico. Diplodonta puncturella Dali. Diplodonta puncturella Dali, Trans. Wagner Inst., in, p. 1183, pi. xlv, tig. 26, 1900. San Juan Harbor, Porto Rico; also Jamaica. Family CHAMID2E. Genus CHAMA (Linnaeus) Lamarck, 1799. Shell attached, irregular, inequi valve, thick; beaks spiral or subspiral, that of the fixed valve always the longer; surface lamellated; the free valve operculiform, slightly convex, sometimes right and sometimes left; hinge thick, bearing an anterior groove, an oblique, arched cardinal, and an oblique, straight furrow; fixed valve more convex and larger than the other; hinge plate thick, with one strong anterior cardinal and a curved posterior tooth ; border of the valves crenated. Chama macrophylla Gmelin. Chama macrophylla Gmelin, Syst. Nat., p. 3304, 1792; Chemnitz, Conch. Cab., VII, p. 149, pi. lii, figs. 514, 515. Quebradillas, Porto Rico (Gundlach). Chama sarda Reeve. Chama sarda Reeve, Conch. Icon., iv, pi. vii, fig. 40, 1847. Shell small, somewhat orbicular; attached valve deeper than the free one, irregular; surface bearing subconcentric rows of wavy scales, white, clouded with brown and white, crimson and white, or crimson, the upper valve often having curved radiating rays of red on a white ground; ligament short, curved; left valve with an anterior tooth, behind which is a pit; right with an anterior pit and behind it a tooth; teeth blunt and rounded; beak cavity of the lower valve deep, that of the upper valve often deep; muscle scars rather long; border faintly crenate. Length, 27; height, 30; diameter, 23 mm. San Geronimo, Mayaguez, San Juan, Porto Rico; Vieques; mostly young and worn valves. This species is much smaller than C. macrophylla, and may generally be distinguished by its different and often beautiful color patterns and the crimson and white staining of the free valve. 496 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. Subgenus Echinochama Fischer, 1887. Shell nearly regular and equivalve, attached when young by the right valve; lunule large. Chama arcinella Linnaeus. Chama arcinella Linnseus, Syst. Nat., ed. xn, p. 1139, 1767; Reeve, Conch. Icon., iv, pi. v, fig. 26, a, b, 1846. Shell somewhat quadrate, inflated, solid, nearly equivalve, with the beaks curved forward over a large, wide lunule; ligament partly buried; surface covered with very coarse granulations or small pustules, often arranged in rows, and having from eight to twenty curved, radiating, more or less spinose ribs; left valve with one curved cardinal, in front of which is a wide pit with small, radial crenations within it; right valve with a large, sculptured cardinal, which fits into the pit of the left valve; anterior muscle scar elongated; posterior scar oval; beak cavities deep or shallow; border of the valves crenate. Color white without, white or purple within. Length of a large shell without the spines, 43; height, 40; diameter, 30 mm. Same shell, measuring over all, length, 53; height, 55; diameter, 40 mm. Mayaguez Harbor, Porto Rico, a number of valves. The shell is attached when young by the right valve in front of the beak, generally to a piece of shell or to a specimen of its own species. Usually before it becomes adult it is detached, but still carries the scar or a fragment of the object to which it was fastened. Reeve figures a cluster of specimens of this species attached to each other. The nepionic shell is crimson or brown, unattached, and distinctly carditoid. Family VESICOMYACIDtE. Genus VESICOMYA Dali, 1864. Shell small, smooth, or concentrically striate; hinge like that of Mdocardia, but without lateral teeth; epidermis polished; beaks moderately prominent; lunule circumscribed by a groove. Mr. Smith, of the British Museum, has removed this group from the vicinity of the original Callocardia which, according to his observations and those of Sowerby, would belong to Caryatis Roemer and be placed in the Veneridx. As the gill of Vesicomya is remarkably distinct in structure from any of the Veneridx and indicates that it must be placed in a distinct family, the family name is here modified to accord with the present arrangement, having previously been used as Callocardiidx. Vesicomya pilula Dali. Diplodonta pilula Dali, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., IX, p. 136, 1881. Callocardia ( Vesicomya) pilula Dali, Blake Report, pt. I, p. 274, pi. vm, fig. 13, 1886. A few broken, worn valves of this species were obtained at Mayaguez. Family PLEUROPHORIILE. Genus CORALLIOPHAGA Blainville, 1824. Shell irregular, oblong, oval, or subcvlindrical, rayed, smooth or lamellar, very inequilateral, thin; anterior side short; posterior end inflated; beaks rather prominent; hinge with two oblique cardinals in each valve and one posterior lateral; pallia! line with a wide but shallow sinus. Coralliophaga coralliophaga Gmelin. Chama coralliophaga Gmelin, Syst. Nat., pj. 3305, 1792; Chemnitz, Conch. Cat., x, p. 359, pi. 172, figs. 1673, 1674; Blainville Man., pi. 76, fig. 3, 1825. A fragment of a bivalve, consisting of the beaks and a small part of the valves, which may be this species, was obtained at Puerto Real, Porto Rico. It is common in coral throughout the West Indies. Family CRASSATELLITID7E. Genus CRASSATELLITES Kruger, 1823. Shell equivalve, solid, subtriangular, with a distinct lunule; resilium in an internal groove; hinge usually with three cardinals in the right valve and two in the left; adductor muscle scars deep and rounded. It is Crassatella of authors, but not of Lamarck, 1799. Subgenus Crassinella Guppy, 1874. Shells small, compressed, subtriangular, with two cardinals in each valve, the posterior one often obsolete. MOLLUSCA OF PORTO RICO. 497 Crassatellites guadelupensis d’Orbigny. Crassatella guadelupensis d’Orbigny, Moll. Cubana, 11, p. 289, pi. xxvii, figs. 24-26, 1846. Shell small, somewhat inequilateral, irregularly triangular, rather solid, compressed, with sharp, high beaks, which are curved slightly backward over a long escutcheon; lunule long and shallow; surface with a few concentric, raised laminse, left valve with two cardinals and a posterior lateral with a deep groove above it; right valve with two cardinals and a long anterior lateral with a deep groove above it. Color whitish or brown, sometimes variegated. Length, 4; height, 3; diameter, 1.5 mm. Mayaguez, Porto Rico, four worn valves. The posterior dorsal side is longer than the anterior dorsal side, and its outline is incurved. There are eight or ten concentric lamellae on adult shells. Crassatellites martinieensis d’Orbigny. Crassatella martinieensis d’Orbigny, Molt. Cubana, ii, p. 288, pi. xxvii, figs. 21-23, 1846. Shell very small, with high sharp beaks, the anterior and posterior slopes straight from the beaks, the two standing at a right angle with each other, compressed, the basal line from the lower end of the anterior and posterior slopes well rounded; surface with eight to ten raised, sharp, concentric lamellae, sometimes ornamented with a few feeble brown rays; hinge much as in C. guadelupensis. Color generally whitish. Length, 2.25; height, 2; diameter, 1 mm. Mayaguez, a number of valves. In C. guadelupensis the outline of the anterior dorsal truncation is a little convex and that of the posterior dorsal truncation is concave. In C. martinieensis both outlines are straight, and the shell is more nearly equilateral. Order ANOMALODESMACEA. Superfamily POROMYACEA. Family CUSPIDARIIDtE. Genus CTJSPIDARIA Nardo, 1840. Shell small, corbuliform, rostrate, smooth or sculptured, the radial sculpture, if any, predominant. Gills obsolete, and their remnants seated on a muscular septum between the perivisceral and anal chambers. Subgenus Cuspid aria s. s. Shell smooth. Cuspidaria obesa Loven. Nexra obesa Loven, Ind. Moll. Scand., p. 48, 1846; G. O. Sars, Moll. Reg. Aret. Norveg. , p. 86, pi. 6, fig. 4 a-c. Mayaguez Harbor, Porto Rico, at station 6062, in 30 fathoms, sand; also at Barbados, 100 fathoms, and at many localities in the North Atlantic and arctic seas, commonly in deep water. The presence of this shell and a number of others in comparatively shallow water of high temperature (75.8° F. ) is one of the surprises afforded by this collection. Subgenus Cardiomya A. Adams. Shell with radial sculpture. Cuspidaria perrostrata Hall. Cuspidaria perrostrata Dali, Blake Report, Biv.,p. 296, pi. ii, figs. 3a, 36,1881. Mayaguez Harbor, Porto Rico, in 30 fathoms, at station 6062. Cuspidaria costellata Deshayes. Corbula costellata Deshayes, Explor. Sci. Mor6e, G<5ol.,p. 86, pi. vii, figs. 1-3,1837. Sphena alternata d’Orbigny, Moll. Cubana, ii, p. 286, pi. xxvii, figs. 17-20, 1845. With the last; also northward to North Carolina, in the Mediterranean, etc. . . F. C. B. 1900—32 498 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. Cuspidaria ornatissima d’Orbigny. Sphena ornatissima d'Orbigny, Moll. Cubana, II, p. 286, pi. xxvii, figs. 13-16, 1845. Nexra costata Bush, Trans. Conn. Acad., vi, pt. n, p. 472, pl.xLV, fig. 21, 1885. Mayaguez Harbor, Porto Rico, at station 6062, in 30 fathoms; also at St. Thomas, Guadeloupe, Martinique, and Cuba (d’Orbigny), and northward to Cape Hatteras, North Carolina. Family VERT1C0RDI1D£. Genus VERTICORDIA Wood, 1844. Subgenus Tkigonulina d’Orbigny, 1845. Shell compressed laterally, small, very pearly, suborbicular, with a few very strong arcuate radial ribs, granular surface, and deep lunule; ossiculum long and narrow. Verticordia ornata d’Orbigny. Trigonulina ornata d’Orbigny, Moll. Cubana, n, p. 292, pi. xxvii, figs. 30-33, 1845. Verticordia cselata Verrill, Trans. Conn. Acad., v, p.566, 1884; vi, pl.xxx, figs. 9, 9a. Mayaguez Harbor, Porto Rico, at station 6062, in 30 fathoms, sand ; also at Barbados, Cuba, Florida, and north to Marthas Vineyard, Massachusetts, and in Japan, California, and the Mediterranean. Superfamily AN ATTN ACE A. Family LY0NSIID4E. Genus LYONSIA Turton, 1822. Shell thin, pearly, longer than high, inequivalve, inequilateral, truncate behind; hinge edentulous, with the ligament in a sulcus, and a large lithodesma; pallial sinus obscure, angular. Subgenus Entodesma Philippi, 1845. Shell with a strong periostracum, gaping behind, the anterior end short, the surface without notable radial sculpture. Section ENTODESMA s. s. Shell large, coarse, opaque, irregular, nestling, subquadrate, with a very large lithodesma. Type, E. chilense Philippi. Section PHILIPPINA Dali, 1901. Shell small, thin, polished, very inequilateral, anterior end attenuated, very short; gaping below, compressed behind, commensal with sponges or compound ascidians. Type, L. beana d’Orbigny. This is a small but peculiar group which often shows color painting, which the other sections of Lyonsia do not. L. picta Gray, L. diaphana Carpenter, and L. ivflata Conrad are also probably referable to it. Lyonsia beana d’Orbigny. Lyonsia beana d’Orbigny, Moll. Cubana, n, p. 225, pi. xxv, figs. 26-28, 1845. Vieques; also Cuba and other islands of the West Indies, and north to North Carolina. It is probable that d’Orbigny intended to name this species after M. Beau, who collected it, but the name is spelled in his text as above and also on the legend to his plate. MOLLUSCA OF PORTO RICO. 491) SYSTEMATIC CATALOGUE OF THE MOLLUSKS OF PORTO RICO. Subkingdom MOLLUSCA. Class CEPHALOPODA. Order Dibranchiata. Suborder Octopoda. Family Octopodidae. Genus Octopus Lamarck. Octopus americanus d’Orbignj7. Octopus gramdatus Lamarck. Octopus telmelchus d’Orbigny. Octopus tuberculatus Blainville'b Suborder Sepiophora. Family Loliginidae. Genus Lolioo Lamarck. Loligo gahi d’Orbigny. Family Sfirulidae. Genus Spirula Lamarck. Spinda australis Lamarck. Class GASTROPODA. Subclass Anisopleura. (Euthyneuea.) Order Pteropoda. Suborder Thecosomata. Family Cavoliniidae. Genus Cleodora Peron & Lesueur. Subgenus Creseis Rang. Creseis subida Quoy & Gaimard. Genus Styliola (Lesueur) Gray. Styliola acicida Rang. Genus Cuvierina Boas. Cuvierina columnella Rang. Genus Cavolina Abildgaard. Carolina trispinosa Lesueur. Carolina longirostris Lesueur. Cavolina uncinata Rang. Cavolina inflexa Lesueur. Carolina gibbosa Rang. Order Opisthobranchiata. Suborder Tectibranchiata. (Cephalaspidea.) Family Actaconidae. Genus Actaeon Montfort. Actaion pun ctostri atu.s C. B. Adams. Family Ringiculiile. Genus Ringicula Deshayes. It ing ici da sem.istr lata d’Orbign v . Family Tornatinidac. Genus Tornatina A. Adams. Tornatina bullata Kiener. Tornatina candei d’Orbigny. Genus Yolvula A. Adams. Volrula oxytata Bush. Volvula acuta > d’Orbigny. Genus Retusa Brown. Retusa valuta Bush. Family Bullidae. Genus Bulla Linnaeus. Bulla amygdala Dillwyn. Family Akeeatida:. Genus Haminea Leach. Haminea deg a. ns Gray. Haminea succinea Conrad. Family Hydatinidae. Genus Hydatina Schumacher. ^ Hydatina phy sis Linnaeus. Genus Micromelo Pilsbry. Micromelo undata Bruguicre. Family Scaphandridao. Genus Atys Montfort. Subgenus Atys s. s. Atys guildmii Sowerby. Atys sandersoni Dali. 500 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. Systematic catalogue of the moWusks of Porto Rico — Continued. (Anaspidea.) Family Aplysiida. Subfamily Aplysina. Genus Tethys Linnaeus. Tethys protea Rang. Tdhys cervina Dali & Simpson. Tethys parvula (Guilding) Morch. Subfamily Dolabriferina. Genus Dolabkifera Gray. Polabrifera ascifera Rang. Dolabrifera sowerbyi Guilding. Genus Notarchus Cuvier. Notar chus pleii Rang. (Notaspidea.) Family Pleurobranchida. Genus Pleurobranchus Cuvier. Plea rob ranch ics lacteus Dali & Simpson. O rder N udibranch iata . Family Doridida Cry pto bra nciiiata. Genus Geitodoris Bergli. Qeitodoris inollima Bergh. Order Pulmonata. Suborder Basommatophora. Superfamily Akteophila. f amily Auriouljda. Genus Melampus Montfort. Subgenus Melampus s. s. Melampus coffeus Linnaeus. Melampus Jtavus (Gmelin ?) Binney. Genus Tralia Gray. Subgenus Tralia s. s. Tralia pus ilia Gmelin. Genus Pedipes Scopoli. Pedipcs mirabilis Miihlfeld. Genus Blauneria Shuttleworth. Rlcuuneria heteroclita Montagu. Superfamily Limnopiiila. Family Limnaida. Subfamily Libinaina. Genus Libinaa Lamarck. Limncea cubensis Pfeiffer. Subfamily Planorbina. Genus Planorbis Geoffroy. Planorbis guadaloupensis Sower by. Planorbis tumidus Pfeiffer. Planorbis riisei Dunker. Planorbis refulgens Dunker. Planorbis haldemani C. B. Adams. Planorbis schrammi Crosse. Planorbis lucidus Pfeiffer. Planorbis macnabianus C. B. Adams. Planorbis circumlineatus Shuttleworth Genus Planorbula Haldeman. Planorbula albicans Pfeiffer. Family Ancylida. Genus Ancylus Geoffroy. Ancylus obscurus Haldeman. Ancylus beau! Bourguignat. Family Physida. Genus Aplexa Fleming, Aplexa sowerbyana d’Orbigny. Suborder Stylommatophora. Superfamily Ditremata. (Vasopulmonata). Family Onchidiida. Genus Onchidella Gray. On chidella floridana Dali. Family Veronicellida. Genus Veronicella Blainville. Yeronicella occidentalis Guilding. (Orthurethra.) Family Pupida. Genus Bifidaria Sterki. Bifdaria pellucida Pfeiffer. Moll use A of porto rico. 501 Systematic catalogue of the mollushs of Porto Rico — Continued. Genus Pupoides Pfeiffer. Puqmides margin atm Say. Genus Vertigo Muller. Vertigo hexodon C. B. Adams. (Heterurethra. ) Elasmognatha. Family Succineiile. Genus Succinea Draparnaud. Succinea hyalina Shuttleworth. Succinea approximans Shuttleworth. Succinea riisei Pfeiffer. (SlGMURETHRA.) Aulacopoda. Family Zonitiile. Genus Vitrea Fitzinger. Vitrea insecta von Martens. Vitrea bryodes Shuttleworth. Genus Zonitoides Lehmann. Zonitoides minusculus Binney. Genus Guppy a Morch. Guppy a gundlachi Pfeiffer. ( Agnathomorpha. ) Family Glandinitle. Genus Glandina Schumacher. Glandina portoricensis Pfeiffer. Glandina terebreeformis Shuttleworth. Glandina, sulculosa Shuttleworth. Glandina interrupta Shuttleworth. Glandina glabra Pfeiffer. Family Circinariidje. Genus Circinaria Beck. Oircinaria concolor Ferussac. (Holopoda.) Family Stenogyriile. Genus Leptinaria Beck. Leptinaria antillarum Shuttleworth. Leptinaria stylodon Shuttleworth. Leptinaria opalescens Shuttleworth. Genus Stenogyra Shuttleworth. Stenogyra terebraster Lamarck. Stenogyra swiftiana Pfeiffer. Genus Opeas Albers. Opeas subula Pfeiffer. Opeas micrus d’Orbigny. Opeas margaritaceus Shuttleworth. Opeas alabastrinus Shuttleworth. Opeas gompharium Shuttleworth. Opeas goodallii Miller. Genus Subulina Beck. Subulina octona Bruguiere. Subulina, acicularis Shuttleworth. Genus Spiraxis C. B. Adams. Spiraxis paludinoides d’Orl )igny. Genus Pseudobalea Shuttleworth. Pseudobalea dominicensis Pfeiffer. Family Clausiliidte. Genus Clausilia Draparnaud. Olausilia b icanaliculata F erussac. Family Urocoptidje. Genus Pineria Poey. Pineria viequensis Pfeiffer. Genus Cerion Bolten. Subgenus Strophiops Dali. Cerion crassilabre Sowerby. Cerion striatellum (Ferussac) Guerin. Cerion microstoma Pfeiffer. Genus Macroceramus Guilding. Macroceram us microdon Pfeiffer. Macroceramus shuttleworthi von Martens. Macroceramus johemnis Pfeiffer. Genus Brachypodella Beck. Brachypodella pallida Guilding. Brachypodella portoricensis Pf ei ffer. Brachypodella riisei Pfeiffer. Family Bulimui.id^e. Subfamily AMPHiBULiMiNiE. Genus Simpulopsis Beck. Subgenus Platysuccinea Ancey. Simpulopsis portoricensis Shuttleworth. Simpulopsis psidii von Martens. Genus G^eotis Shuttleworth. Gceotis nigrolineata Shuttleworth. Gceotis fiavolineata . Sh uttleworth. Gceotis malleata Pilsbry. Gceotis albopunctxdata Shuttleworth. 502 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. Systematic catalogue of the mollusks of Porto Rico — Continued. Subfamily Bulimulinbs. Genus Bulimulus Leach. Subgenus Bulimulus s. Bulimulus exilis Gmelin. Bulimulus exilis var. eyriesii Drouet. Bulimulus diaphamus Pfeiffer. Genus Drymasus Albers. Subgenus Drymjeus s. s. Drymcms hjalmarsoni Pfeiffer. Drymcms liliaceus Ferussac. Drymceus elongatus Bolten. Family Helictiul. Subfamily Sagdin^e. Genus Thysanophora Strebel & Pfeffer. Thysanophora dioscoricola C. B. Adams. Thysanophora plagioptycha Shuttleworth . Tiiysanophora. Tcrugiana von Martens. Thysanophora vortex Pfeiffer. Thysanophora subaquila Slmttleworth. Thysanophora euclasta Slmttleworth. Thysanophora musicola Shuttleworth. Thysanophora portoricensis Pfeiffer. Thysanophora velutina Lamarck. Thysanophora arecibensis Pfeiffer. Subfamily Helicusle. Genus Cepolis Montfort. Gepolis dermatina Shuttleworth. Cepolis squamosa. Ferussac. Cepolis riisei Pfeiffer. Cepolis diapluma Lamarck. Subfamily Cam/kntnh:. Genus Pleurodonte F. de Waldheim. Subgenus Pleurodonte s. s. Pleurodonte carocolla Linnaeus. Pleurodonte bornii Pfeiffer. Subgenus Polydontes Montfort. Pleurodonte angulata Ferussac. Pleurodonte obliterata Ferussac. Pleurodonte l uquillensis Sh uttle worth . Pleurodonte lima Ferussac. Pleurodonte castrensis Pfeiffer. Pleurodonte incerta Ferussac. Superorder Streptoneura. Order Ctenobranciiiata. Suborder Orthodonta. Superfamily Toxoglossa. Family Terebrid^e. Genus Terebra Bruguiere. Terebra dnerea Born. Terebra hastata Gmelin. Terebra protexta Conrad. Terebra juanica Dali & Simpson. Terebra nassula Dali. Terebra limatula var. acrior Dali. Family Conule. Genus Conus Linnaeus. Conus delesserti Recluz. I Conus agassizii Dali. Conus pygmcmis Reeve. Conus verrucosus Hwass. Conus mus Hwass. Conus nebulosus Solander. Conus testudinarius Hwass. Family Pleurotomidye. Genus Pleurotoma Lamarck. Subgenus Pleurotoma s. s. Pleurotoma albida Perry . Subgenus Ancistrosyrinx Dali. Pleurotoma radio t a Dali. Genus Drillia Gray. I Drillia ostrearum, Stearns. Drillia albicorna Dali. Drillia eucosmia Dali, var. canna Dali Drillia nigrescens Gray. Drillia f actinocycla Dali & Simpson. Drillia gundlachi Dali & Simpson. Drillia ponciana Dali & Simpson. Drillia melonesiana Dali & Simpson. Drillia interpleura Dali & Simpson. Drillia albinodata Reeve. Drillia albocincta C. B. Adams. Drillia solida C. B. Adams. Drillia thea Dali. Drillia cepynota Dali. Drillia lissotropis Dali. MOLLUSC A OF PORTO RIOO. 508 Systematic catalogue of the molVusks of Porto Rico — Continued. Genus Borsonia Bellardi. Subgenus Cordieria Rouault. Borsonia rouaulti Dali. Genus Mangilia (Leach) Risso. Subgenus Cythara Schumacher. Mangilia asarca Dali & Simpson. Mangilia balteata Reeve. Mangilia densestriata C. B. Adams. Mangilia psila Bush. Mangilia biconica C. B. Adams. Subgenus Daphnella Hinds. Mangilia morra Dali. Mangilia data Dali. Subgenus Glyphostoma Gabb. Mangilia aguadillana Dali & Simpson. Subgenus Mangilia s. s. Mangilia luctuosa d’Orbigny. Mangilia quadrata Reeve. Mangilia lavalleana d’Orbigny. Mangilia rubella Kurtz & Stimpson?. Mangilia melanitica Dali. Mangilia trilineata C. B. Adams. Family Cancellariioas. Genus Cancellaria Lamarck. Subgenus Cancellaria s. s. Cancellaria reticulata Linnaeus. Subgenus Trigonostoma Blainville. Cancellaria agassizii Dali. Superfamily Raciiiglossa. Family Olivine. Genus Oliva Bruguiere. ? Oliva litterata Lamarck. Oliva reticularis Lamarck. Oliva caribceensis Dali & Simpson. Genus Olivella Swainson. Olivella jaspidea Gmelin. Olivella esther Duclos. Olivella mutica Say. Olivella rotunda Dal 1 . Olivella oryza Lamarck. Olivella nivea Gmelin. Olivella verreauxi Duclos. Family Marginellidae. Genus Marginella Lamarck. Marginella apicina Menke. Marginella hematita Kiener. Marginella striata Sowerby. Marginella evadne Dali & Simpson. Marginella torticula Dali. Marginella avena Valenciennes. Marginella albolineata d’Orbigny. Marginella lactea Kiener. Marg in ella fusca So we rby . Marginella subtriplicata d’Orbigny. Marginella pallida Donovan . Subgenus Persicula Schumacher. Marginella catenata Montagu. Marginella, catenata var . pulclierrirna Gas- koin. Marginella interruptelineata Miihlfeld. Subgenus Volutella Swainson. Marginella ovuliformis d’Orbigny. Family Voiatti da;. Genus Voluta (Linnaeus) Lamarck. Valuta musica Linnaeus. Family TuRBiNELLiDiE. Genus Turbinella Lamarck. Subgenus Vasum Link. Turbinella, muricata Born. Family Mitridal Genus Mitra Lamarck. Mitra barbadensis Gmelin. Mitra nodulosa Gmelin. Mitra hanleyi var. gemrnata Sowerby. Mitra straminea A. Adams. Mitra microzonias Lamarck. Genus Mitromorpha A. Adams. Mitrom orplia, biplicata Dali. Family Fasciolariuce. Genus Fasciolaria Lamarck. Fasciolaria gigcmtea Kiener. Fasciolaria tulipa Linnaeus. Genus Latirus Montfort. Subgenus Leucozonia Gray. Latirus cinguliferus Lamarck. Latirus ocellatus Gmelin. 504 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. Systematic catalogue of the molluslcs of Porto Rico — Continued. Subgenus Latirus s. s. Latirus brevicaudatus Reeve. Latirus infundibulum, Gmelin. Family BucciNiDiE. Genus Pisania Bivona. Pisania pusio Linnaeus. Genus Tritonidea Swainson. Tritonidea tincta Conrad. Tritonidea tincta var. bermudensis Dali. Tritonidea auritula Link. Tritonidea ofbignyi Payraudeau. Genus Nassarina Dali. Nassarina glypta Bush. Nassarina metabrunnea Dali & Simpson. Genus Phos Montfort. Phos cam del d’Orbigny. Phos parvus C. B. Adams. Phos oxyglyptus Dali & Simpson. Genus Strongylocera Morch. Strongylocera unicincta Say. Genus Engina Gray. Engina turbinella Kiener. Family N assure. Genus Nassa Lamarck. Nassa vibex Say. Nassa ambigua Montagu. Nassa hotessieri d’Orbigny, Family Columbellida^. Genus Columbella Lamarck. Subgenus Columbella s. s. Columbella . mercatoria (Linnaeus) Lam. Subgenus Anachis H. & A. Adams. Columbella pulchella Kiener. Columbella, iontha Ravenel. Columbella catenata Sowerby. Columbella obesa C. B. Adams. Columbella calliglypta Dali & Simpson. Subgenus Astyris H. & A. Adams. Columbella duclosia/na d’Orbigny. Columbella perpicta Dali & Simpson. Genus Nitidella Swainson. Nitidella nitidula Linnaeus. Nitidella laevigata Linnaeus. Nitidella cribraria Lamarck. Genus Pyrene Bolten. Pyrene ovulata Lamarck. Family Muriciile. Subfamily Muricinte. Genus Murex Linnaeus. Subgenus Murex s. s. Murex messorius Sowerby. Murex antillarurn Hinds. Subgenus Chicoreus Montfort. ? Murex rufus Lamarck. Murex brevifrons Lamarck. Subgenus Phyllonotus Swainson. Murex pomum Gmelin. Murex micromeris Dali. Subgenus Favartia Jousseaume. Murex celhdosus Conrad. Murex intermedins C. B. Adams. Genus Muricidea (Swainson) Morch. Subgenus Muricidea s. s. Muricidea hexagona Lamarck. Subgenus Pseudoneptunea Kobelt. Muricidea multangula Philippi. Genus Aspella Morch. Aspella scalaroides Blainville. Subfamily Purpurtnte. Genus Purpura Bruguiere. Purpura patula Linnaeus. Purpura hcernastom a var. vndata Lam. Purpura hcemastoma var. floridana Con- rad. Purpura trinitatensis Guppy. Purpura deltoidea Lamarck. Genus Sistrum Montfort. Sistrurn nodulosum C. B. Adams. Family Coralliophilidje. Genus Coralliophila FI. & A. Adams. Coralliophila abbreviata Lamarck. MOELUSCA OF PORTO RICO. 505 Systematic catalogue of the moll Superfamily Streptodonta. Family Scale ce. Genus Scaea (Humphrey) auctorum. Scala angulata Say. Scala turricula Sowerby, Scala unifasciata Sowerby. Scala eulita Dali & Simpson. Subgenus Acrilla Adams. Scala rotifer a Dali. Superfamily . Gymnoglossa. Family Eueimiiee. Genus Eulima Risso. Eulima oleacea Kurtz & Stimpson. Eulima conoidea Kurtz & Stimpson. Subgenus Leiostraca H. & A. Adams. Eulima yxitula Dali & Simpson. Eulima acuta Sowerby. Genus Niso Risso. Niso portoricensis Dali & Simpson. Family Pyramideleid^e. Genus Pyramidella Lamarck. Py xtmidella subdolabrata Morch. Genus Turbonilea Risso. Turhonilld reticulata C. B. Adams?. Turbonilla pcrrtoricana Dali & Simpson. Turbonilla insularis Dali & Simpson. Superfamily Nucleobranciiiata. Family Ateantitee. Genus Atlanta Lesueur. Atlanta peronii Lesueur. Superfamily T^eniogeossa. Family Septid^e. Genus Distortrix Link. Distortrix reticulata Link. Distortrix reticulata var. clathrata Dali. Genus Gyrineum Link. Gyrineum cruentatum Reeve. Genus Septa Perry. Septa tritonis var. nobilis Conrad. Genus Colubratma Schumacher. Colubraria lanceolata Menke. '■us iks of Porto Rico — Continued. Genus Ranetearia Schumacher Runularia tuberosa Lamarck. Genus Lampusia Schumacher. Lampusia pilearis Lamarck. Lampusia cldorostoma Lamarck. Lampusia cynocephala Lamarck. Genus Lotorium Montfort. Lotorium femorale Linnaeus. Family Cassidieee. Genus Cassis Lamarck. Subgenus Cassis s. s. Cassis tuberosa Linnaeus. Cassis flammea Linnaeus. Subgenus Cypr^ecassis Stutchbury. Cassis testiculus Linnaeus. Subgenus Semicassis Morch. Cassis inflata Shaw. Genus Sconsia Gray. Sconsia striata Lamarck. Genus Lambidium Link. Lambidmm oniscus Linnaeus. Family Doliiiee. Genus Dolium Lamarck. Dolium perdix Linnaeus. Dolium galea Linnaeus. Family Amphiperasidae Genus Uetimus Montfort. Ultimus gibbosus Linnaeus. Family Cypieeio/k. Genus CyprtEA Linnaeus. Cyprcea exanthema Linnaeus. Cypraiu cinerea Gmelin. Cyprcea spier ca Linnaeus. Family Triviidte. Genus Trivia Gray Trivia pediculus Linnaeus. Trivia quadri punctata Gray. Trivia quadripunctata var. rotunda Kiener. Genus Erato Risso. Erato maugerice Gray. 506 BULLETIN OE THE UNITED STATES EISH COMMISSION. Systematic catalogue of the mollusks of Porto Rico — Continued. Family Strom bude. Subfamily Strombin.®. Genus Strombus Linnaeus. Strombus gigas Linnaeus. Strombus pugilis Lin nseus. Strombus costatus Gmelin. Strombus bituber culedus Lamarck. Strombus gallus Linnaeus. Family Triforid®. Genus Triforis Deshayes. Subgenus Triforis s. s. Triforis turristhomce Dillwyn. Triforis melanura C. B. Adams. Triforis intermedia C. B. Adams. Triforis sarncmce Dali. F am i 1 y Cerithiopsid m. Genus Setla A. Adams. Seila terebralis C. B. Adams. Genus Cerithiopsis Forbes & Hanley. Cerithiopsis crystallina Dali. Cerithiopsis mdchella J eff reys. Cerithiopsis pupa Dali & Simpson. Cerithiopsis subulata Montagu. Family Ceritiiiid®. Genus Cerithium Bruguiere. Cerithium algicola C. B. Adams. Cerithium uncinatum Gmelin. Cerithium atratum Born. Cerithium litteratum Born. Cerithium litteratum var. semiferrugi- neum Lamarck. Cerithium variabile C. B. Adams. Cerithium minimum Gmelin. Genus Pyrazus Montfort. Pyrazu s degeneratus Dali. Genus Bittium (Leach) Gray. Subgenus Diastoma Deshayes. Bittium varium Pfeiffer. Bittium cerithidioide Dali. Family Moduli dal Genus Modulus Gray. Modulus modulus Linnaeus. Modulus eaten id at us Philippi. Family Plaxaxitle. Genus Planaxis Lamarck. Planaxis nucleus Wood. Planaxis lineatus Da Costa. Family Vermetidae. Genus Vermioularia Lamarck. Vermicularia spirt da Philippi. Genus Petalooonchus Lea. Petal oconchus erectus Dali. Genus Bivonia Gray. Bivonia decussate/ Lamarck. Family Turritellidae. Genus Turritella Lamarck. Turritella variegata Linnaeus. Turritella exoleta Linnaeus. Family Litoriniiue. Genus Litorina Ferussac. Litorina ziczac Gmelin. Litorina ziczac var. lineata Lamarck Litorina tessellc/ta Philippi. Litorina angulifera Lamarck. Litorina columellaris d’Orbigny. Litorina guttata Philippi. Litorind mespilum Muh If eld. Genus Tectarius Valenciennes. Tectarius muricatus Linnaeus. Tectarius trochiformis Dillwyn. Family Litiopiiue. Genus Alaba A. Adams. A aba tervaricosa C. B. Adams. Family Solariidai;. Genus Solarium Lamarck. Solarium nobile Hanley. Solarium bisulcatum d’Orbigny. Solarium hrebsii Morch. Genus Torinia Gray. Torinia cylindrica Gmelin. Torinia cethiops Menke. Genus Omalaxis Deshayes. Omalaxis exquisita Dali & Simpson. MOLLUSCA OF PORTO RICO. 507 Systematic catalogue of the molhusks of Porto Rico — Continued. Family Rissoida:. Genus Rissoa Freminville. Rissoa epi/tna Dali & Simpson. Rissoa portoricana Dali & Simpson. Genus Rissoina d’Orbigny. Rissoina decussata Montagu. Rissoina browniana d’Orbigny. Rissoina chesnelii Michaud. Rissoina cancellata Philippi. Subfamily Hydrobiin a:. Genus Potamopyrgus Stiiiipson. Potamopyrgus coronatus Pfeiffer. Potamopyrgus coronatus var. crystallinus Shuttleworth. Family Cyclopiiorida. Genus Megalomastoma Guilding. Megalomastoma croceum Gmelin. Megalomastoma croceum var. curtum Dali & Simpson. M egalom astom a hja Imarsoni Pf e i ffe r. Megalomastoma verruculosvm Slnittlew. Family Cyclostomatidas. Genus Ciioanopoma Pfeiffer. Choanopoma decussatum Lamarck. Ciioanopoma senticosum Shuttleworth. Chocmopoma sulculosum Pfeiffer. Genus Cistula Gray. Vistula riisei Pfeiffer. Cistula aguadillensis Pfeiffer. Cistula lineolata Lamarck. Genus Ciiondropoma Pfeiffer. Chondropoma terebra Pfeiffer. Ciiondropoma blauneri Shuttleworth. Chondropoma swifti Shuttleworth. Ciiondropoma newtoni Shuttleworth. Family Truncatellida. Genus Truncatella Risso. Truncatella caribceensis Sower by. Truncatella subcylindrica .Lin me us. Trim catella pulchella Pf e i ff er . Truncatella clathrus Lowe. Family Calyptraada;. Genus Cheilea Modeer. Clieilea equestris Linnaeus. Genus Calyptraa Lamarck. Calyptroea candeana d’Orbigny. Genus Crepidula Lamarck. Crepidula aculecda Gmelin. Crepidula riisei Dunker. Crepidula protea d’Orbigny. Family Amaetheida. Genus Amalthea Schumacher. Amalthea antiquata Linnaeus. Amalthea subrufa Lamarck. Family Xenophorida. Genus Xenophora Fischer de Waldheim. Nenophora caribcea Petit. Family Naticida. Genus Natica Scopoli. Natica canrena (Linnaeus) auctorum. Natica sagraiana d’Orbigny. Section Stigmaueax Morch. Natica sulcata Born. Genus Polinices Montfort. Subgenus Payraudeautia Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus. Polinices nubila Dali. Subgenus Mamilea Schumacher. Polinices uberina d’Orbigny. Polinices lactea, Guilding. Polinices mamillaris Lamarck. Genus Sigaretus Lamarck. Sigaretus martinianus Philippi. Superfamily Docoglossa. Family Acmaida. Genus Acmaa Eschscholtz. Acmcea candeana d’Orbigny. Acmcea punctulata Gmelin . Acm cea punct ulata var. pulcherrima Guil- ding. Acmcea leucopleura Gmelin. Superfamily Rhipidoglossa. Family Cocculinida. Genus Cocculina Dali. Cocculina portoricensis Dali & Simpson. 508 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. Systematic catalogue of the mollusks of Porto Rico — Continued. Family Phasianellid^e. Genus Phasianella Lamarck. Phasianella umbilicata d’Orbigny. Phasianella tessellata Potiez & Michaud. Family Turbinidje. Genus Turbo Linnaeus. Turbo castaneus Gmelin. Genus Astralium Link. Astralium codatum Gmelin. Astralium tuber Linmeus. Astralium longispinum Lamarck. Astralium americanum Gmelin. Family Trochiife. Genus Chlorostoma Swainson. Subgenus Omriialius Philippi. Chlorostoma scalar e Anton. Ch lorostom a fascia turn Born . Chlorostoma excavaturrt Lamarck. Chlorostoma maculostriatum C. B. Adams. Genus Livona Gray. L iron a ; pica Lin nae us. Genus Microgaza Dali. Microgaza rotella Dali. Genus Solariella Searles Wood. Sol arietta amabilis Jeffreys. Genus Calliostoma Swainson. Calliostoma jujubinum Gmelin. Calliostoma jujubinum var. rawsoni Dali. Family Liothile. Genus Liotia Gray. Liotia gemma Tuomey & Holmes. Family Vitrinellidal Genus Leptogyra Bush. Leptogyra inconspicua Bush. Family Neritidte. Genus Nerita (Linnaeus) Lamarck. Nerita peloronta Linnae us. Nerita tessellata Gmelin. Nerita tessellata var. prcecognita C. B. Adams. Nerita versicolor Lamarck. Genus Neritina Lamarck. Neritina reclivata Say. Neritina virginea Linnaeus. Neritina viridis Linnaeus. Family Helicinhle. Genus Helicina Lamarck. Helicina vinosa Shuttleworth. Helicina, umbonata Shuttleworth. Helicina hjalmarsoni Pfeiffer. Helicina striata Lamarck. Helicina subfusca Menke. Helicina fasciata Lamarck. Helicina phasianella Sowerby . Helicina trochulina d’Orbigny. Helicina foveata Pfeiffer. Genus Stoastoma C. B. Adams. Stoastoma porloricense Pfeiffer. Superfamily Zygobranchia. Family Fissu re li.i iff. Subfamily Fissurellinal Genus Fissurella Bruguiere. Subgenus Fissurella s. s. Fissurella barbadensis Gmelin. Fissurella rosea Gmelin. Fissurella nodosa Born. Subgenus Clypidella Swainson. Fissurella fascicularis Lamarck. Subfamily Fissure llit > tn .e. Genus Lucapinella Pilsbry. Lucapinella limatula Reeve. Genus Lucapina Gray. Lucapina adspersa Philippi. Lucapina cancellata Sowerby. Subfamily Emarginulinal Genus Fissuridea Swainson. Fissuridea listen d’Orbigny. Fissuridea alternata Say. Fissuridea alternata var. dysoni Reeve. Fissuridea alternata var. sayi Dali. Fissuridea variegata Sowerby. Fissuridea viridula Lamarck. Genus Subemarginula Blainville. Subemarginida octoradiata A. Adams. Subemarginida notata Linnaeus. Subemarginida rollandi Fischer. MOLLUSC A OF PORTO RICO. 509 Systematic catalogue of th Subclass Amphineura. Order Polyplacopitora. Family Lepidopleuridae. Genus Lepidopleurus Risso. Lev idopleurus pergranatus Dal 1 . Family Chitonid^e. Subfamily IschnochitoninjE. Genus Cfletopi.eura Shuttleworth. Chcetopleura janeirensis Gray. Genus Ischnochiton Gray. Subgenus Stenoplax Carpenter. Ischnochiton limaciformis Sowerby. Ischnochiton purpurascens C. B. Adams. Ischnochiton floridanus Pilsbry. Subgenus Trachydermon Carpenter. Ischnochiton liozonis Dali & Simpson. Subgenus Ischnochiton s. s. Ischnochiton striolatus Gray. Ischnochiton striolatus var. funiculatus Carpenter. Ischnochiton papillosus C. B. Adams. Ischnochiton reticulatus Reeve- Subfamily Chi Toni da-:. Genus Chiton Linnaeus. Chiton tibercidatus Linnaeus. Chiton tubercidatus var. assimilis Reeve. Chiton squamosus Linnaeus. Chiton viridis Spengler. Chiton marmoratus Gmelin. Genus Acanthopleura Guilding. Acanthopleura granulata Gmelin. Acanthopleura granulata var. rnucronu- lata Shuttleworth. Genus Ceratozona Dali. Ceratozona rugosa Sowerby. Genus Acanthochites Risso. Acanthochites spiculosus Reeve. Acanthochites spiculosus var. astriger [ Reeve. Acanthochites hemphilli Pilsbry. mollushs of Porto Rico — Continued. Class SCAPH0P0DA. Order Solenoconcha. Family Dentaliida£. Genus Dentalium Linnaeus. Subgenus Dentalium s. s. Dentalium gouldii Dali. Subgenus Antalis H. & A. Adams. Dentalium faphrium Dali. Dentalium disparile d’Orbigny. Dentalium ceratum Dali. Dentalium antillarum d’Orbigny. Subgenus L^evidentalium Cossmann. Dentalium callipeplum Dali. Dentalium. malar a Dali. Subgenus Episiphon Pilsbry & Sharp. Dentalium filum Sowerby. Subgenus Fustiaria Stoliczka. Dentalium stehgschisma Pilsb. & Sh. Genus Cadulus Philippi. Cadulus carol 'inensis var. bushii Dali. Cadulus minusculus Dali. Cad, ulus amiantus Dali. Cadulus acus Dali. Class PELECYPODA. Order Prionodesmacea. Superfamily Nuculacea. Family Nuclei ilk. Genus Nucula Lamarck. Nucula cegeensis Jeffreys. Family Ledid;e. Genus Leda Schumacher. Led a, acuta Conrad. Genus Neilonella Dali. Neilonella corpulenta Dali. Superfamily Arcacea. Family A rciile. Subfamily PectunculinjE. Genus Glycymeris Da Costa. Glycymeris pennaceus Lamarck. 01 ycym er is pecti/na tus Gm eli n . 510 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. Systematic catalogue of the moU/usks of l'orto Rico — Continued. Subfamily Arcinal Genus Arca Linnaeus. Subgenus Arca Linnaeus. Area occidentalis Philippi. Area umbonala Lamarck. Subgenus Barbatia (Gray) Adams. Area harbaia Linnaeus. Area Candida Gmelin. Area reticulata Gmelin. Arca adamsi (Shuttleworth) Smith. Subgenus Scapiiarca (Gray) Dali. Area campechensis Gmelin. Arca deshayesii Hanley. Area secticostata Reeve. Arca chemnitzi Philippi. Su per family Pte ri ace a . Genus Pinna Lamarck. Pinna carnea Gmelin. Genus Atrina Gray. Atrina rigida Dillwyn. Family Meljnidal Genus Melina Retzius. Mel ina alata Gmelin. Melina listeri Hanley. Melina semiaurita Linnaeus. Family Pteiuida:. Genus Pteria Scopoli. Pteria radiata Leach. Superfam ily Ostreida:. Family Ostreidal Genus Ostrea Linnaeus. Ostrea virginica Gmelin. Ostrea cristata Born. Ostrea frons Lin naeus. Family Pectinidal Genus Pecten Muller. Subgenus Pecten s. s. Pecten laurenti Gmelin. Pecten ziczac Linnaeus. Pecten viedius Lamarck. Subgenus Chlamys Bolten. Pecten mayaguezehsis Dali & Simpson Pecten gibbus Linnaeus. Pecten nodosus Linnaeus. Pecten ornatus Lamarck. Pecten lemniscatus Reeve. Pecten exdsperatus Sowerby. Pecten antillarum Recluz. Subgenus Amusium Bolten. Pecten nanus Verrill & Smith. Pecten pourtalesianus Dali . Family Spondylida:. Genus Spondylus Linnaeus. Spondylus echinatus Martyn. Genus Plicatula Lamarck. Plicatxda gibbosa Lamarck. Family Libiida;. Genus Lima (Bruguiere) Cuvier. Lima scabra Born. Lima scabra var. tenera Sowerby. Lima lima Linnaeus. Lima inflata Lamarck. Lima hums Gmelin. Genus Limatula S. Wood. Limatida subauriculata Montagu. Superfamily Anomiacea. Family Anomiidal Genus Anomia (Linnaeus) Muller. Anomia simplex d’Orbigny. Genus Pododesmus Philippi. Pododesmm rudis Broderip. Superfam ily M ytilacea . Family Mytilida:. Genus Mytilus Bolten. Mytilus hamatus Say. Mytilus exustus Linnaeus. Genus Modiolus Lamarck. Modiolus tulipus Lamarck. Modiolus arborescens Dillwyn. Modiolus cinnamomeus Lamarck. Modiolus coralliophagus Gmelin. MOLLUSCA OF PORTO RICO. 511 Systematic catalogue of the mollusks of Porto Rico — Continued. Genus Lithophaga Bolten. Lithophaga an tillarum d’Orl >igny. Lithophaga bisulcata d’Orbigny. Genus Crenelea Blown. Crenelle, divwricata d’Orbigny. Genus Modiolaria Beck. Modiolaria lateralis Say. Order Teleodesmacea. Superfamily Myacea. Family Gastroohaeniiee. Genus Gastroch^ena Cuvier, Gastrochcm a cuneiforrnis Spengler. Family Saxicavida:. Genus Saxicavella Fischer. Saxicavella sagrinata Dali & Simpson. Family Corbulidae. Genus Corbula Lamarck. Corbula dispariUs d’Orbigny. Corbula dietziana C. B. Adams. Corbula swiftiema C. B. Adams. Corbula cequivalvis Philippi. Corbula caribcea d’Orbigny. Family Myacidae. Genus Sphenia Turton. Sphenia antillensis Dali & Simpson. Superfamily Maotracea. Family Mactrida:. Subfamily Mactrinas. Genus Mactra (Linnaeus) Lamarck. Mactra frag ills Gmelin . Mactra alata Spengler. Family Mesodesmatidae. Subfamily Erviliinai. Genus Ervieia Turton. Ervilia concentrica Gould. Superfamily Solenacea. Family Soeenidae. Genus Psammosolen Risso. Psammosolen sanctm-marthai d’Orbigny. Genus Soeen Linnaeus. Solen obliquvs Spengler. Superfamily TeleinAceA. Family Psammobiidae. Genus Heterodox ax Morch. ILeterodona.r bimaculutus Linnaeus. Genus Tagelus Gray. Tagelus gibbus Spengler. Genus Asaphis Modeer. Asaphis coccinea Martyn. Family Donacida;. Genus Don ax Linnaeus. Ponax denticulate Linnaeus. Genus Iphigenia Schumacher. Iphigenia brasiliensis Lamarck. Family Semelidae. Genus Semele Schumacher. Semele proficua Pulteney. Semele )> urp wrascen e Gmelin. Semele bellastriata Conrad. Semele nucidoides Conrad. Genus Abra (Leach) Lamarck. Abra (equal is Say. Abra lioica Dali. Abra longicallus Scacchi. Genus Cumingia Sowerby. Cuming ia tellinoides Conrad var. coarctata Sowerby. Family Teleinida;. Genus Tellina Linnaeus. Tellina radiata Linnaeus. Subgenus Arcopagia Leach. Tellina fausta Donovan . Tellina persica Dali & Simpson. Tellina lintea Conrad. Tellina, alternata Say. Tellina georgiana Dali. Tellina vespuciana d’Orbigny. Tellina lineata Turton. Tellina martinicensis d’Orbigny. Subgenus Angulus Megerle. Tellina sybaritica Dali. Tellina consobrvna d’Orbigny. Tellina vitrea d’Orbigny. 512 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. Systematic catalogue of the molhdsks of Porto Pico — Continued. Genus Macoma Leach. Macoma constricta Bruguiere. Macoma tenta Say var. souleyetiana Re- el uz. Macoma pseudom&ra Dal 1 & Simpson. Subgenus Psammacoma Dali. Macoma tag el! form is Dali. Macoma hrevifrons Say. Genus Strigilla Turton. Strigilla carnaria Linnaeus. Strigilla romhergii Morch. Strigilla flexuosa Say. Strigilla pisiformis Linn tens. Superfamily Y eneraoea. Family Petricolida:. Genus Petricola Lamarck. Petricola lapicida Gmelin. Family Venerida:. Subfamily Venerina. Genus Venus Limneus. Verms rugatina Heilprin. Venus rugosa Gmelin. Venus brasiliana Gmelin. Venus cancellated Linnaeus. Venus granulated Gmelin. Venus latili rata Conrad. Venus pap Ida Li mucus. Venus pygmeea Lamarck. Subgenus Anomalocardia Schumacher. Venus flexuosa Li 1 1 mens. Genus Meretrix Lamarck. Meretrix albida Gmelin. Meretrix aresta Dali & Simpson. Meretrix hebrcea Lamarck. Meretrix maculata Linnaeus. Subgenus Dione Gray. Meretrix circinata Born. Meretrix dione Linnaeus. Subgenus Transennella Dali. Meretrix cubmnaned d’Orbigny. Meretrix culebrana Dali & Simpson. Genus Dosinia Scopoli. Dosinia elegams Conrad. Genus Mysia Leach. Mysied tenuis Recluz. Subfamily Circina. Genus Circe Schumacher. Subgenus Gouldia C. B. Adams. Gouldia cerina C. B. Adams. Gouldkd insular is Dali & Simpson. Super f am ily Ca rdi ace a . Family Ca rdi ida. Genus Cardium Linnaeus. Subgenus Trachycardium Morch. Cardium muricatum Lamarck. Cardium leucostoma Born. Cardium isocardia Linnaeus. Subgenus Fragum Bolten. Cardium antillarum d’Orbigny. Cardium medium Linnaeus. Subgenus Papyridea Swainson. Cardium spinosidin Meusehen. Cardium semisulcatidm Gray. Subgenus Lavicardium Swainson. Cardium serratum Linnaeus. Cardium ( serratum var. ?) sybariticum Dali. Cardium serratum var. lemigatum Lam. Cardium serratum var. multilineatum Dali & Simpson. Genus Protocardia Bey rich. / \otocardia peramab ilis Dali. Protocardia tincta Dali. Family Thyasirida;. Genus Thyasira Leach. Thyasira trisinuated d’Orbigny. Thycdsira conia Dali & Simpson. Family Lucinida. Genus Codakia Scopoli. Codakia orbicula/ris Linnaeus. Subgenus Jagonja Recluz. Codakia orbiculata Montagu. Codakia portoricana Dali . Codakia costata d’Orbigny. Codakia pectinella C. B. Adams. MOLLUSCA OF PORTO RICO. 513 Systematic catalogue of the mollusks Genus Lucina (Bruguiere) Lamarck. Lucina chrysostom a Philippi. Lucina phenax Dali & Simpson. Genus MyrTvka Turton. Myrtcea pristiphora Dali & Simpson. Genus Phacoides Blainville. Phacoides pectinatus Gmelin. Subgenus Here Gabb. Phaco ides pensylvan ic us Linnaeus. Phacoides trisidcatus Conrad, var. Han- dles Dali. Subgenus Lucin isca Dali. Phacoides muriedtus Spengler. Subgenus Luojenoma Dali. Phacoides radians Conrad. Genus Divaricella von Martens. Divaricella quadrisulcata d’Orbigny. Family Cyrenellida. Genus Cyrenoida Joannis. Cyrenoida americana Morelet. Family Diplodontida. Genus Diplodonta Bronn. Diplodonta nudeiformis Wagner. Diplodonta notata Dali & Simpson. Diplodonta puncturella Dali. Family Chamida. Genus Chama (Linnaeus) Lamarck. Chama macrophylla Gmelin. Chama sarda Reeve. Subgenus Echinoohama Fischer. Chama arcinella Linnaeus. f Porto Rico — Continued. Family Vesicomyacida. Genus Vesicomya Dali. Vesica my a pilula Dal 1 . F am i ly Peeurophorida. Genus Coralliophaga Blainville. Coralliophaga coralliophaga Gmelin. Family Crassateleitida. Genus Crassatellites Kruger. Subgenus Crassineela Guppy. ; Crassatellites guadelupensis d’Orbigny. Crassatellites martinicensis d’Orbigny. Order Anomalodesmacea. Superfamily Poromyacea. Family Cuspidariida. Genus Cuspidaria Nardo. Subgenus Cuspidaria s. s. Cuspidaria ohesa Loven. Subgenus Cardiomya A. Adams Cuspidaria perrostrata Dali. Cuspidaria costellata Deshayes. Cuspidaria ornatissima d’Orbigny. Family Verticordiida. Genus Verticordia Wood. Subgenus Trioonulina d’Orbigny. Verticordia arnata d’Orbigny. Superfamily Anatinacea. Family Lyonsiida. Genus Lyonsia Turton. Subgenus Entodesma Philippi. Lyonsia beana d’Orbigny. F. C. B. lyOO— 33 514 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION List of dredging stations of the U. S. Fish Commission steamer Fish Hawk about the island of Porto Rico, 1899. Station No. Date. Locality. 6050 1899. Jan. 13 Off San Juan 6051 ....do... do 6052 do . . . 6053 Jan. 16 San Juan Harbor 6051 ....do ... do .... 6055 Jan. 18 Off Aguadilla 6056 ....do... do 6057 Jan. 19 Mayaguez Harbor 6058 . . . . do . . . do 6059 do 6060 do 6061 do 6062 ....do ... do 6063 do 6061 do 6065 do ....do ... do ....do ... do 6068 Jail. 21 do 6069 do ... do 6070 ....do... do 6071 Jan. 24 Outside Mayaguez Harbor | 6072 Jan. 25 Off Point Melones 1 6073 do . . . do 6074 ....do ... Off Puerto Real 6075 ....do ... tiff Boca Prieta 6076 Jan. 26 Off Gallardo Bank 6077 ..do do 6078 ....do ... do 6079 Feb. 6 Off St. Thomas 6080 do 6081 ....do ... Off Culebra Island 6082 do do 6083 do ... Off Vieques Island 6084 Feb 8 do 6085 .. do do 6086 do ... Off Culebra Island 6087 ...do ... do 6088 Feb. 10 Off Vieques Island 6089 do 6090 ....do ... Off Culebra Island 6091 ....do ... Off Vieques Island 6092 ....do ... do 6093 do ... Off Culebra Island 6094 Feb. 14 Off Vieques Island 6095 6096 ...do ... do 6097 ....do ... Off Humaeao 6098 do . . . do 6099 do Depth in fathoms. Bottom. Density at bottom. Temper- ature at surface. Temper- ature at bottom. °F. °F. 91 Sand, mud 1.026 77.0 79.0 45 do 1.027 75.0 77.0 310 do 1.028 79.0 73 2 4-7£ Fine sand 1.0242 79.0 78.6 4i-5i Sand and mud 1.025 75.8 76.8 137 Sand, mud, and shells 1 . 0248 79.0 75.0 248 do 1.025 79.0 75.9 4± Stickv mud 1.028 75.8 77.0 71 do 1.025 78.6 78.6 7 do 1. 027 78.6 84.0 12 1.245 79.0 84.0 12-18 Sand and mud 1.024 79.0 78.6 25-30 Sand, mud, and shells 1.024 78. 6 75. 8 45-76 Roe kv sand coral 1.025 78.5 68.5 22-33 Sand and mud 1.0243 78.5 76.5 4-6 Coral 1.0236 78.6 68.0 16-17 Mud and sand 1.0246 78. 6 73.2 97-120 Coral 1.025 79.0 75.2 224-237 (?) 1.0242 82.0 73.5 223-231 Sand and mud 1.0242 79.0 75.8 220-225 Roekv 1.0242 78.6 75. 9 (?) 1 . 0245 84 0 77.0 7£ Coral, sand, shelly 1.023 78.6 78. 6 S (?) 1.023 78.6 80.4 8£ Coral and sand 1. 023 78.6 78.6 $5 do 1.023 78. 6 76.8 i0 do 1.023 78.6 79.0 10i do 1.023 78. 6 78.6 114 ...do 1 023 78 6 20-23 Coral 1. 0235 76.8 78.2 20 do 1.0232 78.2 76. 8 17 do 1.0232 78.2 80.0 18 Roekv and coral 1. 0232 77. 2 79.0 25 (?) 1. 0232 78.6 78.6 11 Coral, sand, shells 1.023 77.2 78.8 14 do 1.0232 77.6 78.0 14J Coral and sand 1.0232 77.8 77.8 151 do 1.0232 76.8 76.8 23 Coral 1.024 76.8 77. 6 21 do 1.0233 76.8 78.2 16 do 1. 0232 77.2 79.0 15 do 1.023 77.8 78.6 16 do 1.023 76.8 77.2 15 do 1.0232 76.8 77.2 12 do 1. 0235 78 6 80.4 121 do 1 0236 78.6 SO. 4 6 do 1. 0236 79.5 81.1 10 do 1 0236 78.6 78.6 12 1 do 1.0232 78.6 79.5 9i do 1.0232 78. 6 78.6 Note. — Owing to an inadvertence the series of numbers representing the stations, beginning with 6050 and ending with 6099, is represented on the Register of Mollusks of the U. S. National Museum, where the types illustrating this paper are preserved, by a series beginning with No. 122 and ending with No. 171. The latter numbers also appear on the labels. MOLLUSC A OF PORTO RICO. 515 EXPLANATIONS OF PLATES. Plate 53. Page. Fig. 1. Megalomasloma croceum Ginelin; U. S. Nat. Mus. 151314; Ion. 35 ram 434 2. Megalomastorna croceurn Gmelin, var. curtum D. & S.; U. S. N. M. 159678; Ion. 21 mm. 434 3. Bulimulus exilis Gmelin; U. S. Nat. Mus. 159672; Ion. 16 ram 378 4. Cerion striatellmn Ferussac; U. S. Nat. Mus. 159661; Ion. 22 mm 376 5. Drymseus elongatus Bolten ; U. S. Nat. Mus. 159676; Ion. 32 nun 379 6. Bulimulus diaphanm Pfeiffer; IT. S. Nat. Mus. 159671; Ion. 15 mm 378 7. Truncatella caribxensis Sowerby ; U. S. Nat. Mus. 159674; Ion. 5 mm 436 8. PeMpes mirabilis Muhlfeld; U. S. Nat. Mus. 159675; Ion. 3 mm 369 9. Gland ina glabra Pfeiffer; TJ. S. Nat. Mus. 151233; Ion. 30 mm 374 10. Drymxus liliaceus Ferussac; U. S. Nat. Mus. 159667; Ion. 25 mm 379 11-12. Planorbm guadelapensis Sowerby; U. S. Nat. Mus. 151238; lat. 25 mm 370 13. Mela/npus coffeus Linnseus; U. S. Nat. Mus. 36896; Ion. 18 mm 3C8 14. Tethys paring Guilding; shell; U. S. Nat. Mus. 159666; Ion. 13 mm 366 15. Turbonilla portoricana Dali & Simpson; U. S. Nat. Mus. 160204; Ion. 4.5 mm 414 16. Cerithiopsis pupd Dali & Simpson; U. S. Nat. Mus. 160205; Ion. 2.5 mm 424 17. Mnrex mkromeris Dali; IT. S. Nat. Mus. 103380; Ion. 7 mm 408 18. CoccMina portoncensis Dali & Simpson; IP'S. Nat. Mus. 160496; Ion. 12 mm 440 19. The same in profile - 440 20. Rissoa ( Thapsia) portoricana Dali & Simpson; U. S. Nat. Mus. 159894; Ion. 2.75 mm .. 433 21. Turbonifq. insularis Dali & Simpson; U. S. Nat. Mus. 160203; Ion. 7 mm __ 415 Plate 54. Fig. 1. Pleurodonte angulata Ferussac; U. S. Nat. Mus. 90333; diam. 40 mm 381 2. Pleurodonte, bornii Pfeiffer; basal view; U. S. Nat. Mus. 152330; diam. 37 mm 381 3. The same in profile ... 381 4. Pleurodonte lima Ferussac; U. S. Nat. Mus. 159662; diam. 28 mm 381 5. Pleurodonte castrensis Pfeiffer; U. S. Nat. Mus. 159663; diam. 25 mm 381 6. Helicina subfusca Menke; U. S. Nat. Mus. 159668; diam. 9 mm 447 7. Pleurodonte carocolla Linnaeus; IT. S. Nat. Mus. 159665; diam. 57 mm 380 8. Circinaria concolor Ferussac; TJ. S. Nat. Mus. 57412; diam. 16 mm 374 9. Mela tnpus flams Binney; U. S. Nat. Mus. 41938; alt. 17 mm 368 10. Circinaria concolor Ferussac; basal view of specimen represented by fig. 8 374 11. Aplexa sowerbya.na d’Orbigny; U. S. Nat. Mus. 31528; alt. 13 mm 371 12. Omcda.eis exejuisita Dali & Simpson; U. S. Nat. Mus. 159895; diam. 3 mm 432 13. Tralia pusilla Gmelin ; U. S. Nat. Mus. 128047; alt. 13rnm 369 14. Clausilia bicanaliculctta Ferussac; U. S. Nat. Mus. 159673; alt. 26 mm 376 15. Succinea hyalina Shuttleworth; U. S. Nat. Mus. 159669; alt. 9 mm 372 16. Pleurodonte luquilknsis Shuttlewurth; U. S. Nat. Mus. 159664; alt. 32 mm 381 17. Daphnella data Dali; U. S. Nat. Mus. 93027; alt. 5 mm 389 18. Tr if oris surname Dali; U. S. Nat. Mus. 54043; alt. 9 mm 423 19. Dentalium taphrium Dali; IT. S. Nat. Mus. 93120; Ion. 22 ram 455 Plate 55. Fig. 1. Tellina (Plryllodina) persiea Dali & Simpson; IT. S. Nat. Mus. 159991; Ion. 20 mm 479 2. Circe ( Gouldia ) insularis Dali & Simpson; U. S. Nat. Mus. 160061; Ion. 6 mm .... 487 3. Macoma ( Psammacoma ) brevifrons Say; U. S. Nat. Mus. 96154; Ion. 28 mm 481 4. Myrtsea pristiphora Dali & Simpson; left valve; U. S. Nat. Mus. 160066; Ion. 6 mm 493 5. Meretrix ( Transennella. ) culebrana Dali & Simpson; IT. S. Nat. Mus. 160064; Ion. 7 mm. 486 6. Myrteea pristiphora, D. & S. ; right valve; U. S. Nat. Mus. 160066; Ion. 6 mm 493 7-9. Pecten mayagmzensis I). & S. ; IT. S. Nat. Mus. 160062; fig. 7, right valve; Ion. 18 mm.; fig. 9, left valve; fig. 8, portion of surface of left valve enlarged to show color markings. 465 10,11- Macoma (Psammacoma) tageliformis Dali (Texas); interior of right and left valves for comparison with those of M. brevifrons; U. S. Nat. Mus. 160497; Ion. 45 mm 482 12,13. Macoma ( Psammacoma ) brevifrons Say; interior of right and left valve showing pallial sinus; U. S. Nat. Mus. 96154; Ion. 28 mm 481 14. Sphenia antillensis Dali & Simpson; IT. S. Nat. Mus. 160495; Ion. 4.5 mm 474 15. Macoma ( Psammacoma ) tageliformis Dali; exterior of right valve for comparison with M. brevifrons (fig. 3); U. S. Nat. Mus. 160497; Ion. 45 mm 482 16. Saxicavella sagrinata Dali & Simpson; U. S. Nat. Mus. 160063; Ion. 6 mm 472 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 516 Plate 56. Page. Fig. 1. Meretrix ciresta Dali & Simpson; dorsal view; U. S. Nat. Mus. 108489; Ion. 53 ram 485 2. Tethys cervina Dali & Simpson, U. S. Nat. Mus. 160498; Ion. 60 mm 365 3. Meretrix dione LinriEeus; dorsal view; U. S. Nat. Mus. 108488; Ion. 47 mm 485 4. Spirilla australis Lamarck; shell; U. S. Nat. Mus. 126868; diam. of coil, 20 mm. .. 359 5. Macoma pseudomera 1 hill & Simpson, U. S. Nat. Mus. 159992; Ion. 16 mm ..... 481 6. Pleurobranchus lacteus Dali & Simpson; shell; U. S. Nat. Mus. 159670; Ion. 5 mm 367 7. Meretrix ciresta Dali & Simpson; side view; U. S. Nat. Mus. 108489; Ion. 53 mm 485 8. Dolabrifera ascjftra Rang; shell; U. S. Nat. Mus. 159677; Ion. 14 mm 366 9. Oliva caribseensis Dali & Simpson, U. S. Nat. Mus. 159692; Ion. 32 mm 391 10. Meretrix dione Linn sens; side viewi U. S. Nat. Mus. 108488; Ion. 47 mm 485 11. Olivella rotunda Dali, IT. S. Nat. Mus. 160494; Ion. 23 mm 392 Plate 57. Fig. 1. Creseis subula Quoy & Gaimard; U. S. Nat. Mus. 157321; Ion. 7 mm 360 2. Scal.a, eulita Dali & Simpson; U. S. Nat. Mus. 160493; Ion. 4 mm 412 3. Eulvna patula Dali & Simpson; IT. S. Nat. Mus. 160202; Ion. 4.5 mm 413 4. Niso portoricemis Dali & Simpson; U. S. Nat. Mus. 159693; Ion. 9 mm 414 5. Terebru juanica Dali & Simpson; U. S. Na\. Mus. 159690; Ion. 5 mm 382 6. Terebra linuitula var. acrior Dali; U. S. Nat. Mus. 159689; Ion. 21.5 mm 383 7. Tomatina candei d’Orbigny; U. S. Nat. Mus. 159681; Ion. 2.25 mm 363 8. Volvula oxytata Bush; U. S. Nat. Mus. 159680; Ion. 2.25 mm 363 9. Tomatina bullata Kiener; U. S. Nat. Mus. 159682; Ion. 5.5 mm 362 10. Margin diet evadne Dali & Simpson; U. S. Nat. Mus. 159694; Ion. 2.5 mm 395 11. Ringicula semistriata d’Orbigny; U. S. Nat. Mus. 159679; alt. 1.75 mm 362 12. Astyris perpicta Dali & Simpson; U. S. Nat. Mus. 159697; Ion. 11 mm 405 13. AnacJtis calliglypta Dali & Simpson; U. S. Nat. Mus. 160201; Ion. 6.5 mm 405 14. Cythara asarca Dali & Simpson; IT. S. Nat. Mus. 159688; Ion. 4.5 mm 388 15. Drillia cietinocyda Dali & Simpson; U. S. Nat. Mus. 159691; Ion. 3 mm 385 16. Nassarina metabrunnea. Dali & Simpson; IT. S. Nat. Mus. 159695; Ion. 7 mm 401 17. Drillia gundlachi Dali & Simpson; U. S. Nat. Mus. 159686; Ion. 33 mm 386 18. Phos oxyglyptus Dali & Simpson; U. S. Nat. Mus. 159676; Ion. 17 mm 401 19. Drillia ponciana Dali & Simpson; IT. S. Nat. Mus. 159684; Ion. 6.5 mm.. 386 20. Drillia melonesiana Dali & Simpson; U. S. Nat. Mus. 159683; Ion. 10 mm 386 21. Drillia winter pleura Dal I & Simpson; U. S. Nat. Mus. 159685; Ion. 10 mm 386 22. Glyphostoma aguadillava Dali & Simpson; U. S. Nat. Mus. 159687; Ion. 14 mm 389 Plate 58. Fig. 1. Lepidopleurus pergranatns Dali; from type; (a) anterior valve, (b) fifth valve, (c) posterior valve; U. S. Nat. Mus. 95171; lat. of fifth valve 5.6 mm 451 2. Strigilla ( Rombergia ) rombergi Moreh; for comparison with fig. 3; U. S. Nat. Mus. 14680; Ion. 26.5 mm 482 3. Strigilla (Strigilla) carnaria Linnaeus; IT. S. Nat. Mus. 6021; Ion. 28.5 mm 482 4. Protoccirdia tincta Dali; from type; IT. S. Nat. Mus. 64049; Ion. 12.5 mm 490 5. Cyrenoida americana Morelet; from cotype; U. S. Nat. Mus. 64346; Ion. 15 mm 494 6. Polyniccs (Payraudeautia) nubila Dali; from cotype; U. S. Nat. Mus. 126808; alt. 12 mm. 439 7. Triforis melanura C. B. Adams; from cotype; U. S. Nat. Mus. 94040; alt. 5.75 mm 423 8. Alaba tervaricosa C. B. Adams; from cotype; U. S. Nat. Mus. 19723; alt. 6 mm 431 9. Codalda pectinella C. B. Adams; from cotype; U. S. Nat. Mus. 64348; Ion. 7.7 mm 492 10. Mangilici melanitica Dali; from type; U. S. Nat. Mus. 83046; alt. 50 mm 390 11. Cardium sybciriticum Dali; from type; IT. S. Nat. Mus. 64046; max. Ion. 13.5 mm 489 12. Emilia concentrica. Gould; U. S. Nat. Mus. 92147; Ion. 7 mm 474 13. Lucina trisidcata Conrad; U. S. Nat. Mus. 17077; Ion. 12.5 mm 493 Bull. U. S. F. C. 1 900. (To face page 516.) Plate 54. Bull. U. S. F. C. 1 900. (To face page 5 1 6.) Plate 55, Bull. U. S. F. C. 1900. (To face page 516.) Plate 56, Bull. U. S. F. C. 1900. (To face page 516.) Plate 57. Bull. U. S. F. C. 1900. (To face page 516.) Plate 58. INDEX. Note. — For the purposes of this index, sections are treated as genera Abra 477. ajqualis 477. lioica 478. longicailus 478. Aeanthochites 454. astriger 455. hemphilli 455. spiculosus 455. Acanthopleura 454. granulata 454. mucronulata 454. Acar ( see Area). Achatina (see Spiraxis). glabra 374. riisei 373. subula 374. Achatinidse 374. A cm sea candeana 440. leucopleura 440. pulcherrima 440. punetulata 440. Acmseidae 440. Acrilla 41 !. Actseon punctostriatus 362. tornati.is 302. Acta;onidie 302. Akeratidie 304. Akteophila 308. Alaba ( see Elachista). melanura 431. tervaricosa 431. Aloidis 472. Alvania 433. Amalthea antiquata 437. subrufa 437. Amaltheidse 437. Amnicola (see Potamopyrgus). Amphibulimina? 377. Amnsium 460. Amygdalum 170. Anachis 404. Anatinacea 498. Ancistrosyrinx 384. Ancylidee 371. Ancylus beaui 371. obscurus 371. Angulus 480. mera 481. Anisopleura 360. Anodontia alba 492. Anomalodesmacea 497. Anomalocardia 484. Anomiacea 468. Anomia simplex 468. Anomiidse 468. Antalis 455. Aplexa sowerbyana 371. Aplysia ( see Tethys and Notarchus) . Aplysiidae 365. Area 459. barbata 460. Candida 400. adamsi 461. americana 461. campechensis 461. chemnitzi 461. deshayesii 461. d'orbignyi 461. occidentalis 459. reticulata 460. secticostata 461. umbonata 460. Arcacea 459. Arcidae 459. Areopagia 479. Artemis (see Dosinia). concentrica 486. Asaphis 475. coccinea 476. Aspella 409. anceps 410. scalaroides 410. Astralium 441. americanum 442. coelatum 442. longispinum 442. tuber 442. Astyris 405. Atys 364, 365. cymbulus 364. guildinii 365. sandersoni 365. Atlanta peronii 415. Atlantidse 415. Atrina rigida 462. Auriculidse 368. Avicula (see Pterin). Axinus (see Thyasira). Balea (see Pseudobalea). Barbatia 460. Basommatophora 368. Basterotia 472. Bifidaria pellucida 372. Bittium eerithidioide 427. clachistum 427. and varieties as species. Bi ttiu m — Con tin ued. varium 426. Blauneria heteroclita 369. Bleeding tooth shell 445. Bivonia decussata 429. Borsonia 388. rouaulti 388. Botula semen 470. Brachypodella 377. pallida 377. portoricensis 377. riisei 377. Brachypus 377. Bulimnlidae 377. Bulimulus 378. diaphanus 378. exilis 378. eyriesii 378. Bulimus (see Macroceramus, Opeas, Subulina, Pineria, Simpulopsis, Buli- mulus, Drymaeus, Stenogyra). nitidulus 372. Bulla 363. Bulla (see Haminea, Ultimus, Volvula), ampulla 363. amygdala 363. eoft'ea 368. guildingi 364. pallida 395. physis 364. striata 364. undata 364. Bullidae 363. Buccinidae 399. Buccinum (see Anachis, Cassis, Dolium, Latirus, Nassa, Nitidella, Pisania, Planaxis, Terebra, Tritonidea). coromandelianum 400. patulum 410. Cadulus acus 457. amiantus 457. bushii 457. carolinensis 457. minusculus 457. C.vlliostoma jujubinum 444. rawsoni 444. Callocardia pilula 496. Calyptrsea candeana 437. Calyptra-idae 436. Cancellaria 390. agassizii 391. 517 518 BULLETIN Cancellaria — Continued, candei 401. reticulata 390. Cancellaridte 390. Caracoling 381. Cardiacea 487. Cardiidae 487. Cardiomya 497. Cardium 487. antillarum 488. ceramidum 488. coccinea 476. mmrniferum 488. egmont ianum 488. elongatum 488. isocard ia 488. lsevigatum 489. leucostoma 488. lineatum 4S9. magnum 488. marmoreum 488. medium 488. multilineatum 489. muricatum 487. semisulcatum 489. serratum 489. spinosum 489. subelongatum 488. svbariticum 489. Caryatis 496. Cassidaria (see Sconsia). Cassiriidae 418. Cassis 418. flammea 418. inflata 418. testiculus 418. tuberosa 418. Cavilucina 493. Cavolina 361. gibbosa 361. inflexa 361. longirostris 361. trispinosa 361. uncinata 361. Cavolinidse 360. Cephalopoda 358. Cepolis 380. dermatina 380. diaphana 380. riisei 380. squamosa 380. Ceratozona rugosa 454. Cerion 376. crassilabre 376. microstoma 377. striate] lum 376. Cerithiidie 425. Cerithiopisidee 423. Cerithiopsis 424. crystallina 424. pulchella 424. pupa 424. subulata 424 Cerithium 425. Cerithium (see Triforis). algicola 425. atratum 425. litteratum 425. minimum 426. OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. Cerithium — Continued, semiferrugineum 425. uncinatum 425. variabile 426. Chsetopleura janeirensis 451. Chama 495. arcinella 496. coralliophaga 496. macrophylla 495. sarda 495. Chamidse 495. Cheilea equestris 436. Chemnitzia ( see Turbonilla). Chicoreus 407. Chion 476. Chiton 453. assimilis 453. astriger 455. granuiatus 454. janeirensis 451. marmoratus 454. mucronulatus 454. rugosus 454. spiculosus 455. sqnamosus 453. tuberculatus 453. viridis 453. Chitonidte 451. Chlamydoglyphis 449. Chlamys 465. Chlorostoma 442. excavatum 443. fasciatum 443. maculostriatum 443. scalare 443. Choanopoma 435. decussatum 435. senticosnm 435. suleulosum 435. Chondropoma 435. blauneri 435. newtoni 435. swifti 435. terebra 435. Circe 487. Circe (see Meretrix). Circinaria concava 374. concolor 374. Circinariidse 374. Cistula 435. aguadillensis 435. lineolata 435. riisei 435. Clathurella 389. Clausiliidfe 375. Clausilia bicanaliculata 376. plicatula 375. Cleodora acicula 360. subula 360. Clypidella 448. Cocculina 440. portoricensis 440. rathbuni 441. Coeoulinida? 440. Cochlogena, 379. Codakia 491. costata 492. orbicularis 491. orbiculata 491. pectinella 492. portoricana 491. Colubraria lanceolata 416. Columbella 403. (See Nitidella.) albella 403. calliglypta 405. catenata 404. duclosiana 405. iontha 404. lunata 405. mercatoria 403. obesa 404, 405. ovulata 406. perpicta 405. pretrei 404. pulchella 404. saintpairiana 405. semipunctata 406. Columbellidse 403. Concha semiaurita 463. Conidse 383. Conus 383. agassizii 383. delesserti 383. mus 384. nebulosus 384. portoricanus 384. pyginteus 383. testudinarius 384. verrucosus 383. Coralliophaga coralliophaga 496. Coralliophila 411. abbreviata 412. galea 412. Coralliophilidae 411. Corbula 472. Corbula (see Cuspidaria). squivalvis 473. cjtribsea 473. cubaniana 473. dietziana 473. disparilis 472. knoxiana 473. swiftiana 473. Corbulidse 472. Cordieria 388. Crassatella 496. Crassatellites 496. guadelupensis 497. martinicensis 497. Crassatellitidie 496. Crassinella 496. Cremides 448. Crenella divaricata 471 Crepidula 437. aculeata 437. plana 437. protea 437. riisei 437. Creseis spinifera 360. subula 360. Cryptodon (see Thyasira). obesus 490. MOLLUSCA OF PORTO RICO 519 Ctenobranchiata 382 Cumingia 478. coarctata 478. tellinoides 478. Cuspidaria 474, 497. costellata 497. obesa 497. ornatissima 498. perrostrata 497. Cuspidariidse 497. Cuvierina 360. columnella 361. Cyclopecten (seePropeamusium). Cyclophorid* 434. Cyclostoma (see Choanopoma, Cistula, Chondropoma). verruculosum 434. CyclostomatidEe 435. Cylichna (see Retusa). Cylindrella (see Brachypodella). Cyprsea (see Trivia) 420. cervus 420. cinerea 420. exanthema 420. flaveola 420. spurca 420. CyprEecassis 418. Cypr;eidEe 420. Cyrenella (see Cyrenoida). Cyrenellidse 494. Cyrenoida 494. americana 494. Cyrenoides (see Cyrenoida) . Cythara 388. Cytherea (see Meretrix). Daphnella 389. Dentaliidse 455. Dentalium 455. antillarum 456. callipeplum 456. ceratum 456. disparile 456. filum 456. gouldii 455. matara 456. stenosehizum 457. taphrium 455. Diacerion 376. Diaeria 361. Diastoma 426. Diberus 471. Dibranchiata 358. Dione 485. albida 485. 'veneris 485. Diplodonta notata 495. nuclei formis 495. pilula 496. puncturella 495. Diplodontid® 495. Distortrix 416. clathrata 416. reticulata 416. Ditremata 371. Divaricella dentata 494. quadrisulcata 494. Docoglossa 440. Dolabrifera 366. ascifera 366. sowerbyi 366,367. Doliidse 419. Dolium 419. galea 419. perdix 419. Donacid;e 476. Donax denticulata 476. Dorididee 368. Dosinia 486. elegans 486. tenuis 487. Drillia 385. actinooycla 385. aepynota 387. albicoma 385. albinodata 387. albocincta 387. canna 385. eucosmia 385. fuscescens 387. gundlachi 386. interpleura 386. lissotropis 387. melonesiana 386. nigrescens 385. ostrearum 385. ponciana 386. solida 387. thea 387. zebra 387. Drymteus 378. elongatus 379. hjalmarsoni 378. hygrohylteus 378. liliaceus 379. Ecliinella nodulosa 431. Echinochama 496. Elachista 427. Engina turbinella 402. Entodesma 498. chilense 498. Episiphbn 456. Erato maugerife 421. Ervilia 474. concentrica 474. Erviliinse 474. Eudioptus 377. Eulima 413. acuta 413. conoidea 413. intermedia 413. oleacea 413. patula 413. Eulimidae 413. Eumeta 424. Eurytellina 479. Euvola 464. Fasciolariidse 397. Faseiolaria 397. distans 398. gigantea 397. princeps 397. tulipa 397. Favartia 408. Fissurella 448. Fissurella (see Lucapina, Lucapinella, Fissuridea). Fissurella — Continued, barbadensis 448. fascicularis 448. nodosa 448. rosea 448, Fissurellidee 448. Fissuridea 449. alternata 450. dysoni 450. listeri 449. sayi 450. variegata 450. viridula 450. Fragum 488. Fustiaria 457. Fusus multangulus 409. Gadila 457. Gaeotis 377. albopunctulata 578. flavolineata 378. mallea.ta 378. nigrolineata 377. Gastrochaena cuneiformis 472. Gastrochsenidae 472. Gastropoda 360. ■ Geitodoris mollina 368. Glandina 373. glabra 374. interrupta 373. olivacea 37C. portoricensis 373. sulculosa 373. terebrseformis 373. Glandinidse 373. Glycymeris 459. pectinatus 459. pennaceus 459. Glyphis (see Fissuridea). Glyphostoma 389. Gouldia 487. cerina 487. insularis 487. Gregariella 470. Guppya gundlachi 373. Gymnoglossa 413. Gyrineum cruentatum 416. Haminea 364. elegans 364. succinea 364. Haustator 429. HelicidEe 379. Helicina 447. fasciata 447. foveata 447. hjalmarsoni 447. neritella 447. phasianella 447. striata 447. subfusca 447. trochulina 447. umbonata 447. vinosa 447. HelicinidEe 446. j Helicogena (see Pleurodonte). 520 BULLETIN OF Helix ( see Bulimulus, Thysanophora, Drymseus, Cepolis, I'leurodonte, Vitrea, Zonitoides, Guppya, Cir- cinaria, Opeas). crocea 434. mespilum 430. subcylindrica 436. Here 493. Heterodonax bimaeulatus 475. Hipponyx (see Amalthea). Hormomya 469. Hyaltea ( see Cavolina). fiava 362. gegenbauri 362. Hyalina (see Vitrea). Hydatina physis 364. Hydatinids 364. Hydrobiin* 434. Iphigenia brasiliensis 476. Isehnochiton 452. floridanus 452. funiculatus 453. iimaciformis 452. liozonis 452. pap'llosus 453. purourascens 452. reticulatus 453. striolatus 452. Jagonia 491. costata 491. Jeanneretia 380. Ltevicardium 489. Lsevidentalium 456. Lambidium oniscus 419. Lampusia 417. chlorostoma 417. eynocephala 417. pilearis 417. Latirus 398,399. brevicaudatus 399. cinguliferus 398. infundibulum 399. ocellatus 398. Leda acuta 458. corpulenta 458. ^edidfe 458. Leiostraca 413. Lepidopleuridse 451. Lepidopleurus pergranatus 451. Leptinaria 374. antillarum 374. opalescens 374. stylodon 374. Leptochiton pergranatus 451. Leptogyra inconspicua 445. Lima 467. fasciata 468. fragilis 468. inflata 468. hians 468. lima 468. scabra 467. squamosa 468. THE UNITED STATES FISH Lima — Continued, subauriculata 468. tenera 467. Limatula subauriculata 468. Limidre 467. Limnsea cubensis 369. Limnseidre 369. Limnophila 369. Liotellina 478. Liotia gemma 445. Liotiid® 445. Litliodomus (see Lithophaga). Litiopidae 431. Lithophaga 470, 471. antillarum 471. bisulcata 471. Litorina 429,430. angulifera 430. guttata 430. lineata 430. mespilum 430. scabra 430. tessellata 430. ziczac 429. Litorinidse 429. Livona pica 443. Loliginidae 359. Loligo gahi 359. Loripes (see Lueina). Lotorium femorale 417. Lueapina 449. adspersa 449. cancellata 449. Lucapinella limatula 449. Lueina 492. Lueina (see Thyasira, Codakia, Myr- t®a, Phacoides, Divaricella) . antillarum 492. chrysostoma 492. jamaicensis 493. pecten 491. pennsylvanica 493. phenax 492. quadrisulcata 494. radiata 494. scabra 494. tigerina 491. Lucinidse 491. Lucinisca 494. Lucinoma 494. Luquillia 381. Lyonsia beana 498. diaphana 498. inflata 498. picta 498. Lyonsiidte 498. Macoma 481. brevifrons 481,482. calcarea 481. constricta 481. pseudomera 481. souleyetiana 481. COMMISSION. Macoma — Con tin ued. tageliformis 481,482. tenera 481. tenta 481. Macroceramus johannis 377. microdon 377. shuttleworthi 377. Mactra 474. alata 474, fragilis 474. Mactracea 474. Madrid® 474. Mamilla 439. Mangilia 388,390. aguadillana 389. asarca 388. balteata 388. biconica 389. densiclathrata 388. densistriata 388. elata 389. glypta 400. luctuosa 390. melanitica 390. minor 389. morra 389. psila 389. quadrata 390. rubella 390. trilineata 390. Marginella 393. albolineata 394. apicina 393. avena 391. catenata 39-5. conoidalis 393. evadne 393. fusca 394. hematita 393. interruptelineata 395. lactea 394. ovuliformis 395. pallida 395. pulcherrima 395. striata 394. subtriplicata 395. torticula 394. Marginellidse 393. Megalatractus aruanus 397. Megalomastoma croceum 434. curtum 434. hjalmarsoni 434. verruculosum 434. Meiocardia 496. Melampus coffeus 368. coniformis 368. flavus 368- gundlachi 368. Melaraphe 429. Melina 462. alata 462. listeri 462. semiaurita 463. Melinid® 462. MOLLUSCA OF PORTO RICO, 521 Meretrix 485,487. albida 485 aresta 485. circinata 485. cubaniana 486. culebrana 486 dione 485. hebrsea 485. maculata 485. Merisca 479. Mesodesmatidre 474. Micromelo undata 364 MScrogaza rotella 444. Mitra 396. barbadensis 396. gemmata 396. granulosa 396. hanleyi 396. microzonias 397. nodulosa 396. stramlnea 397. Mitridse 96. Mitromorpha biplicata 397. Mitrularia (see Cheilea). Modiola ( see Modiolus). opifex 470. Modiolaria lateralis 471. Modiolus 469. ai'boresc.ens 470 cinnamomeus 470. corail iopliagus 470. tulipus 470. Modulidae 427. Modulus catenulatus 427. floridanus 427. modulus 427. Monodonta (see Chlorostoma). Murex 406. Murex (see Latirus, Pisania) . alveatus 408,409. antillarum 407. brevifrons 407. calcitrapa 407. cellulosus 408. intermedius 408. messorius 407. micromeris 408. minimus 426. motacilla 407. nodatus 407. nuceus 408. pomum 408. rufus 407. scala 390. scalaroides 410. subulatus 424. tulipa 397. Murieidae 406. Muricidea 409. floridana 409. hexagona 409. multangula 409. Myacea 472,473. Myacidae 473. Myrtaea 493. pristiphora 493. Mysia 486. tenuis 487. Mytilidae 469. Mytilus 469. arborescens 470. cinnamomeus 470. coralliophagus 470. exustus 469. frons 464. hamatus 469. lateralis 471. striatulus 469. Nassa 402. ambigua 403. hotessieri 403. unicincta 402. vibex 403. Nassaria 400. Nassarina 400. glypta 400. metabrunnea 401. Nassidae 402. Natica 438. Natica (see Polinices). canrena 438. sagraiana 438. sulcata 438. Naticidse 438. Naticina (see Polinices). Neaera (see Cuspidaria). Neilonella corpulenta 458. Nenia 376. Nerita 445. Nerita (see Natica). peloronta 445. praecognita 446. tessellata 446. versicolor 446. Neritidae 445. Neritina 446. reclivata 446. virginea 446. viridis 446. Neverita nubila 439. Niso aeglees 414. portoricensis 414. Nitidella 405. eribraria 406. laevigata 406. nitidula 405. Nodipecten 465. Notarchus pleii 367. Nucleobranchiata 415. Nucula 458. aegeensis 458. Nuculacea 458. Nuculidae 458. Nuculocardia 471. Nudibranchiata 368. Obeliscus (see Pyramidella). Octopoda 358. Octopodidae 358. F. C. B. 1900 34 Octopus 358. americanus 358. granulatus 358. tehuelchus 358. tuberculatus 359. vulgaris 358. Oliva 391. Oliva (see Olivella). caribseensis 391. litterata 391. reticularis 391. Olivella 391. esther 392. 9 jaspidea 392. mutica 392. nivea 393. oryza 392. rotunda 392. verreauxi 393. Olividae 391. Omalaxis exquisita 432. Omphalius 443. Oneliidella floridana 371. nigricans 371. transatlanticum 371. Onchidiid® 371. Onchidium (see Onchidella). Oniscia (see Lambidium) . Opeas 374,375. alabastrinus 375. gompharium 375. goodallii 375. margaritaceus 375. micrus 375. subula 374. Opisthobranchiata 362. Orthodonta 382. Ostracea 463. Ostrea 463. cristata 464. irons 464. gibba 465. Ilians 468. laurentii 464. lima 468. nodosa 465. parasitica 464. rostrata 463. scabra 467. virginica 463,464. ziczac 464. Ostreidae 463. Ovulum (see Ultimus). Paludina (see Potamopyrgus). Papvridea 489. Partliena 381. Patella (see Acmaea). Patella (see Amalthea, Cheilea, Fissur ella). notata 451. octoradiata 450. Pavraudeautia 439. Peclen 464. antillarum 466. darwini 466. effluens 466. exasperatus 466. gibbus 465. laurenti 464. 522 BULLETIN Pecten — Continued, lemniseatus 466. mayaguezensis 465. medius 465. nanus 466. nodosus 465. ornatus 465, 406. pourtalesianus 466. subauriculata 468. ziczac 464. Pectinidai 464. Peetunculinee 459. Pectunculus ( see Glycymeris). charlestonensis 459. Pedipes mirabilis 369. Pelecypoda 458. Perna ( see Melina), bicolor 463. ephippium 462. Persieula 395. Tetaloconohus erectus 428. Petricola 483. costata 483. lapicida 483. Petricolidre 483. Phacoides 493. blandus 493. muricatus 494. pectinatus 493. pensylvanieus 492,493. radians 494. trisulcatus 493. Phasianella 441. Pliasianella ( see Litorina). tessellata 441. umbilicata 441. Phasianellidse 441. Philippia 432. Philippina 498. Phlyctiderma 495. Phorus ( see Xenophora). Phos 401. candei 401,402. guadeloupensis 402. intricatus 401. oxyglyptus 401,402. parvus 401,402. Phyllodina 479. Phyllonotus 407. Physa (seeAplexa). hypnorum 371. Physidae 371. Pileopsis ( see Amalthea). Pinna 462. carnea 462. , flabellum 462, rigida 462. subviridis 462. Pineria viequensis 376. Pisania pusio 399. Placunanomia rudis 469. Plagioctenium 465. Plagioptycha 380. Planaxid® 428. OF THE UNITED STATES FISH Planaxis 428. lineatus 428. nucleus 428. Planorbis caribaeus 370. circumlineatus 370. guadeloupensis 370. haldemani 370. lucid us 370. macnabianus 370. refulgens 370. riisei 370. . schrammi 370. tumidus 370. Planorbula albicans 370. Platysuccinea 377. Pleurobranchidae 367. Pleurobranchus lacteus 367 peronii 367. Pleurodonte 380. angulata 381. bornii 381. carocolla 381. castrensis 381,382. incerta 382. lima 381, 382. luquillensis 381. obliterata 381. Pleurophoridse 496. Pleurotoma 384. Plourotoma ( see Drillia, Borsonia, Mangilia). albella 403. albida 384. radiata 384. Pleurotomidae 384. Plicatula gibbosa 467. ramosa 467. vexillata 467. Pododesmus rudis 469. Pollia (see Tritonidea). Polinices lactea 439. mamillaris 439. nubila 439. uberina 439. Polydontes 381. Polyplacophora 451. Polyschides 457. Poromyaeea 497. Potamides (see Cerithium). Potamopyrgus coronatus 434. crystallinus 434. Prionodesmacea 458. Propeamusium 466. Protocardia peramabilis 490. tincta 490. Psammobidfe 475. Psammosolen 474. sanctse-marthse 475. Pseudobalea dominicensis 375. Pseudoneptunea 409. COMMISSION. Pteria 463. radiata 463. Pteriacea 462. Pteriid* 463. Pteropoda 360. Pulmonata 368. Pupa (see Bilidaria, Cerion. Pupoides, Vertigo). Pupidee 372. Pupoides marginatus 372. Purpura 410. Purpura (see Sistrum). deltoidea 411. fasciata 410. floridana 411. bremastoma 410. patula 410. trinitatensis 411. turbinella 402. undata 410. Pyramidella dolabrata 414. subdolabrata 414. Pyramidellidie 414. Pyrazus degeneratus 426. Pyrene ovulata 406. Pyrgiscus 414. Pyrula abbreviata 412. Rachiglossa 391. Ranella (see Gyrineum, Colubraria). anceps 409. hastula 410. Ranularia tuberosa 417. Retusa CEelata 363. Rhipidoglossa 440. Ricinula (see Sistrum). Ringicula semistriata 362. Ringiculidfe 362. Rissoa 433. Rissoa (seeAlaba). chesnelii 434. epima 433. portoricana 433. Rissoidse 433. Rissoina browniana 433. cancellata 434. chesnellii 434. decussata 433. Iffivissima 433. Sagdinse 379. Saxicavella plicata 472. sagrinata 472. Saxicavidre 472. Scala angulata 412. clathrus 412. eulita 412. retifera 412. turricula 412. unifasciata 412. Scalaria (see Scala). Scalidae 412. ScaphandridEE 364. Scaphapoda 455. Scapharca 461. Sconsia 418. striata 419. Seila 423. terebralis 424. Semele bellastriata 477. nuculoides 477. proficua 477. purpurascens 477. Semelidae 477. Semelina 477. Semicassis 418. Sepiophora 359. Septa 416. nobilis 416. tritonis 416. Septidae 416. Serpula (see Bivonia). Sigaretus martinianus 439. Simpulopsis portoricensis 377. psidii 377. Sistrum nodulosum 411. Rmaragdia 446. Solariella carinata 444. amabilis 444. Solariidae 431. Solarium 431. bisulcatum 432. krebsi 432. nobile 431. Solecurtus caribaeus 475. Solen 475. Solen (see Psammosolen, Tagelus). ambiguus 475. constrictus 481. obliquus 475. Solenacea 474. Solena 475. Solen’dae 474. Solenoconcha 455. Sphena alternata 497. Sphenia 473. antillensis 474. Spiraxis paludinoides 375. Spirula australis 359. Spirulidae 359. Spondylidae 467. Spondylus 467. echinatus 467. Stenogyra 374,375. swiftiana 374. terebraster 374. Stenogyridae 374. Stenoplax 452. Stigmaulax 438. Stoastoma portorieense 447. Streptodonta 412. MULLUSCA OF PORTO RICO. Streptoneura 382. Strigilla 482. carnaria 482. flexuosa 482. pisiformis 482. rombergii 482. Strombidae 421. Strombus 421. Strombus (see Lambidium). accipitrinus 422. alatus 422. bituberculatus 422. costatus 422. gallus 422. gigas 422. pugilis 398,422. Strongylocera unicineta 402. Strophiops 376. Styliferina 427. Styliola acicuia 360. recta 360. subula 360. Stylommatophora 371. Subemarginuia 450. notata 451. octoradiata 450. rollandii 451. Subulina acicularis 375. octona 375. sulcata 375. Succinea 372. approximans 372. hyalina 372. riisei 372. Succineidae 372. Syndosmya lioica 478. Taenioglossa 416. Tagelus gibbus 475. Tapada 372. Tectarius 430. murieatus 431. nodulosus 431. trochiformis 431. Tectibranchiata 362. Teleodesmacea 472. Tellina 478. Tellina (see Strigilla). alternata 479. bimaculata 475. brasiliana 480. brevifrons 481. cayennensis 481. consobrina 480. fausta 479. georgiana 479. lineata 480. lintea 479. longicallus 478. martinicensis 480. muricata 494. nbliqua 477. pectinata 493. persica 479. proficua 477. radiata 478. Tellina — Continued, souleyetiana 481. sybaritica 480. versicolor 480. vespuciana 480. vitrea 481. Tellinacea 475. Tellinidae 478. Terebra 382. acrior 383. cinerea 382. hastata 382. juanica 382. limatula 383. nassula 383. protexta 382. subulata 382. Terebrid* 382. Thapsia 433. Thecosomata 360. Thelidomus 381. Tethys 365. cervina 365. parvula 366. protea 365. Thetis cerina 487. Thyasira conia 490. obesa 490. trisinuata 490. Thyasiridae 490. Thysanophora 379. arecibensis 380. dioscoricola 379. euclasta 379. krugiana 379. musicola 379. plagioptycha 379. portoricensis 380. subaquila 379. velutina 380. vortex 379. Torcula 429. Torinia aethiops 432. cylindriea 432. Tornatella ( see Actaeon), bullata 362. Tornatina 362. bullata 362. candei 363. voluta 362. Tornatinidae 362. Toxoglossa 382. Trachyeardium 487. Trachydermon 452. Tralia pusilla 369. Transennella 486. Triforidae 423. Triforis intermedia 423. melanura 423. mirabilis 423. samanae 423. turristhomae 423. Trigoniocardia 488. Trigonostoma 390. 523 524 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. Trigonulina 498. Triphora (see Triforis). Triton (see Distortrix, Septa, Colubra- ria, Ranularia, Lampusia, Loto- rinm). antillarnm 417. clathratum 416. parvus 401. variegatus 416. Tritonidea 399. auritula 400. bermudensis 400. orbignyi 400. tincta 399,400. Tritonium 416. Trivia pediculus 421. quadripunctata 421. rotunda 421. Triviidte 421. Trochus (see Astralium, Cbiorostoma, Litorina, Modulus, Solariella, Torinia). jujubinus 444. zizyphinus 444. Trochidte 442. Truncatella 436. caribseensis 436. elathrus 436. montagui 436. pulchella 436. subcylindriea 436. truncatula 435. Truncatellidae 435. Turbinella 396. Turbinella (See Latirus) muricata 396. Turbinellid® 396. Turbinidse 441. Turbo (see Livona, Tectarius, Turri- tella) 441. eastaneus 441. mirabilis 369. Turbo — Continued, subtruncatus 436. truncatus 436. uva 376. Turbonilla 414. insularis 415. portoricana 414. reticulata 414. Turritella 429. exoleta 429. truneata 436. variegata 429. Turritellidse 429. Uroeoptid® 376. Ultimus gibbosus 420. Vasum 396. Veneracea 483. Veneridae 483. Venus 483. Venus (see Meretrix). brasiliana 483. eancellata 483. flexuosa 484. granulata 484. lapicida 483. latilirata 484. macrodon 484. orbicularis 491. orbiculata 491. paphia 484. pensylvanica 493. purpurascens 477. pygmaea 484. rugatina 483. rugosa 483. varieosa 484. Vermetidse 428. Vermetus (see Vermicularia, Petalo- conchus, Bivonia). conicus 429. Vermicularia spirata 428. Vermiculus 428. Veronicella occidentalis 372. Veronicellidae 371. Verticordia caelata 498. ornata 498. Verticordiid® 498. Vertigo hexodon 372. Vesicomya pilula 496. Vesicomyacidae 496. Vitrea bryodes 373. indentata 373. insecta 373. Vitrinellidae 445. Voluta 396. coffea 368. flava 368. heteroclita 369. jaspidea 392. mercatoria 403. musiea 390. nodulosa 396. pnsilla 369. reticulata 390. Volutella 395. Volutidae 396. Volvarina 394. Volvula acuminata 363. acuta 363. oxytata 363. Xenophora caribtea 438. Xenophoridae 438. Zonites (see Tliysanophora, Vi rea Zonitidae 373. Zonitoides minusculus 373. Zygobranchia 448. o pi x^vosv^x 11 m ^2 >ss.^va5 v^X m ^^yosv^J^ 52 rn Nx^o$v^JJ' £= co ' ‘ — co S in iSHiiiAis S3tavaan libraries Smithsonian institution NoiinuisNi nvinoshiiws S3iavyg C/> 2 V , 2 \ CO i S X 1 S V s MMy - X^PX ’ -» z x^k.^ d /SsftTF^t-\ 2 m. .v\ -i ■mwy/'s,.. 2: 4omWo> J 07 SONIAN' INSTITUTION NOlinillSNI __NVINOSHlll/VS SBIHVyen LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTIC — /O — = "•* CO — m — o X^OSH^Z „ ,'X?*’ — O 'KjNOV^y _ O X^VOSV^ 2 _l 2 -> 2 _j 2 SHiiiAis S3 1 a vy an libraries Smithsonian institution Noiinniswi nvinoshims saiavaa 2 r- ^ ^ 2 r 2 CO ISONIAN“lNSTITUTION NOlinillSNI NWINOSHIIINS S3!HVH8n LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTIC 2 < 2 O CO ir | isHiiws S3 lava an libraries^smithsonian" institution NoiiniiiSNi nvinoshiiins'sb i avail CO 12 to 2 ■ tO ~p • tO W /<@X M ~ ^ . CO u ^ x w J(®£m & |fO)l||jl<^ ®s CD O 2 _J ISONIAN^INSTITUTION^NOiinillSNI^NVINOSHimS S3 IdVDail LIBRARI ES^ SMITHSONIAN" INSTITUTIC *“ > Z r- 2 ~ m '^vosv^ y co jshiiws S3 1 a va an CO CD 20 > 33 r_ m c VS?' ^ XJvas^z rn xtXjstXi/ *2 * rn \jw^z to = CO 5 to BRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOlinillSNI NVIN0SH1IINS SBiavaa CO 2 «> SONIAN INSTITUTION NOIiniliSNI_NVINOSHl!lNS S3 I U VH B H_LI B RAR I ES SMITHSONIAN JNSTITUTIC o X/'vosv'iZ __ " if /x^' “ c_j> x^vosiux _ O 2 J “= J 2 j 2 ishiiws SBiavaan libraries Smithsonian institution NoiiniiiSNi nvinoshiiws saiavaa 2 6“ z n _ 2 r- Z ° /^x 5 - 4-w 9 O m vgv. dc>^~ j; ^ m ^ rn _ CO — to ± CO ISONIAN INSTITUTION NOlinillSNI NVINOSHIIINS SBiaVHan LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTI CO 2 ^ ^ to 2 .. CO Z < * s :-S S , .. ,< 5 2E to _ > CO ‘ 2 CO 2 CO *2 CO,^: jshiiws S3 iava an libraries Smithsonian institution NoiiniiiSNi nvinoshiiws saiavaa CO ^ CO ^ CO ” n.. . to UJ , / A' / vaSvaV m v ^ m 2; ^ U) AR I ESN0liniIiSN!“NVm0SHimS(/)S3 1 HVa gn^IBRARl ES^SMITHSONI W § 'V I E A, ^ X I linsNi^NviNosHims^sa i a va a n\i b rar s es^smithsonian ^institution NouniiiSNi nvinoshii ' — - in — if) — u> •*- O ~ O UR I ES^ SMITHSONIAN JNSTlTUTION^NOIlfUlISNI^NVINOSHlIWS^Sa I a VB a ll^LI B RAR 1 ES^SMJTHSON i^X 2 ,ro 1 5 ° m ° r~ |UF -31 ^ lniHSNl"NVINOSHl!WS£/3S3 I HWH S H~ll B RAR ! ES^SMITHSONIAN~INSTITUTION NOlIflllXSN! NVINOSHI ’’2 C/J Z • s'? ^ v- *vv — - 0/ ± - ssmxr/ ^ s > ‘^r s ,1 - k. ^ co RAR ! ES^SMITHSONIAN^ INSTITUTION _ NOIinilXSNI^NVtNOSHlIWS^Sa I HVH 8 m_LI B RAR S ES^SMITHSON 5 . ^ 1 / o: < *y !ni!lSm~NVlNOSHlIINS S3 ! H Va a 11 LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOIlOillSm NVIN0SH1 '' r* > z r° ~ 21 — B RABIES SMSTHSOr in AtKX/ ~ W/// y^-': 50 ^ m <' ^ m Xj'vos*^' ^ RAR I E S ^SMITHSON IAN ""iNSTITUT I ON ~°N 01 10IIXSN1 NVIN0SH1IWS S3 I HVHa IT L co ^ -* o? z £5 - s < V g K«> 8 1%,., Jf S 8 X te, « 5 | | -> 7 7 g | : i .nilISNlIZNVIN0SHimSWS3 1 ava a nZLI B RAR 8 ES^SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOIinillSNI_NVINOSH ’ >=> ^/Q \ RABIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOlifUllSNI NVINOSHII WS S3 I MVU S 11 LI B RAR I ES SMITHSO z ^ ^ z r= vNf . z L ^ ^ o 7 S3 — • w/^assjas^j m ^ xyuas^X rn xS^ dc^ iniliSN!”NVIN0SHlllNSWS3 I avaa n~L! BRAR I £SWSMUHSONiAN“lNSTITUTlON NOlinillSNI NVtNOSh z CO Z »,-. w 2 ... w