HARVARD UNIVERSITY. LIBRARY OF THE MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. V<\nVV^-" ^-0^^ ^0, BULLETIN OF THE Wisconsin Natural History Society VOLUME XI (NEW SERIES) PUBLISHED WITH THE COOPERATION OF THE Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee EDITOR: RICHARD A. MUTTKOWSKI ASSOCIATE EDITORS: P. H. DERNEHL HOWLAND RUSSEL EDGAR E. TELLER WAVERLY PRESS BALTIMORE, MD. The Wisconsin Natural History Society MILWAUKEE, WISCONSIN ORGANIZED MAY 6, 1857 OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS * (May, 1914) George P. Barth, President 302 Twenty-first Street, Milwaukee Henry L. Ward, Vice-President Public Museum, Milwaukee Edgar E. Teller, Director 3321 Sycamore Street, Milwaukee J. R. Heddle, Treasurer Public Museum, Milwaukee Wm. J. Brinckley, General Secretary Public Museum, Milwaukee Date of Publication. Nos. 1 and 2 No. 3 No. 4 December 29, . . . .March 14, June 11, 1913 1914 1914 li TABLE OF CONTENTS VOLUME XI, 1913 Proceedings 1 Observations on the Fauna of the Rock Beaches at Nahant, Massachu- setts. Illustrated. By A. S. Pearse 8 A Few Chalcidoid Hymenoptera from Queensland, Australia. By A. A. Girault 35 A Third Addition to the Mymaridae of Australia. By A. A. Girault .... 49 Notes on Lake Michigan Swarms of Chironomids: Quantitative Notes on Spring Insects. By A. C. Burrill 54 Proceedings 71 The Wild Asters of Wisconsin. By Charles E. Monroe. 74 Proceedings 107 George Williams Peckham, M.D., LL.D. (Obituary plate). By How- land Russell, S. Graenicher, Edgar E. Teller 109 The Birds of Waukesha County, Wisconsin. Illustrated. By Alvin R. Cahn 113 The Chalcidoid Family Trichogrammatidae. II. Systematic History and Completion of the Catalogue and Table. By A. A. Girault. .. . 150 ' iii INDEX ^Indicates new genus or species) * Achrysocharis 37 *Achrysocharis maculatipennis . . .37 *A phelinus dies 43 Aster 74-105 Birds, Waukesha Co 113 Burrill, A. C., article by 52 Burrill, A. C., lecture 107 Cahn, A. R., article 117 *Calocerinella 46 *Calocerinella trigasciatus 47 *Chrysoatomus latipennis 41 *Closterocercus saintpierri 39 Cole, L. J., lecture 4 Comstock, G. C., lecture 71 Cosmocomoideci renani 51 Diptera 52 Ecology 8 *Eniacella 35 *Eniacella ruficollis 35 *Epichrysoch.aris 36 *Epichrysocharis fusca 36 *Epacrias 46 *Epacrias nigriviridis 46 *Epiperilampus channingi 43 *Epitetrastichus 45 *Epitetrastichus speciosissimus.. .45 Girault, A. A., articles. .35, 49, 150 *Gonatocerus dies 50 *Gonatocerus saintpierri 50 Hymenoptera 35, 49, 150 Mendelism 4 *Mestocharella 41 *Mestocharella feralis 41 Mitchell, I. W., lecture 1, 6 Monroe, C. E., article 74 *Neanastatus 35 *N eanastatus cinctiventris 35 *N eomphaloides 38 *N eomphaloides fusca 38 *Neotetraslichoides 44 *N eotetrastichoides flavus 44 *P achytomoidella 40 *Pachytomoidella magniclavus . . . .40 Pearse, A. S., article 8 Peckham, G. W., Obituary 109 *Polynema australiense 49 *Polynema pax 4 Proceedings 1, 71, 107 Swarming 52 *Tetrastichomorpha 38 *Tetrastichomorpha flava 38 *Tetrastichus laddi 44 *Tetrastichus saintpierri 42 *Tetrastichus xanther 39 Trichogrammatidae . . . . : 150 *Trichaparoides flavus 45 *Trichaparoides viridithorax 40 *Zagrammosoma pulchra 47 Zagrammosomoides = Tetrasti- chus 48 LIST OF MEMBERS (Corrected till February 27, 1914) ACTIVE MEMBERS Adler, Samuel D Allen, Clarence J Allen, Miss Mary 0 Allis, Wm. W Altschwager, Hugo Anderson, Mrs. Adela M 173 Prospect Ave. ....P. 0. Box 738 ,702| Marshall St. . .526 Marshall St. . . 118 Harmon St. 225 34th St. Baerwald, Charles H Barr, Rev. Thomas Edward Barrett, Dr. S. A Barth, Dr. Geo. P Batchelor, Dr. J. S Batchelor, Dr. Wm. A Beckmann, Herman B Bergmann, Arthur E Biersach, Adolph Blatz, Val Bossert, G. Fred Bossert, O. H Brah, Bernard H Brinckley, Dr. W. J Brown, Dr. G. V. I Buenger, Harry F Bunde, Louis E Burgess, Dr. Arthur J Burroughs, George 1321 Cedar St. 396 Beulah Ave. Public Museum 302 21st St. Masonic Bldg. 1109 Kinnickinnic Ave. 258 Ogden Ave. 2123 Cedar St. 1156 3d St. 236 Prospect Ave. 719 Franklin PI. 719 Franklin PI. Public Museum Public Museum 349 Prospect Ave. Public Museum Mack Bldg. 1102 Grand Ave. 463 Van Buren St. Carpenter, Charles G Gatlin, Mrs. Charles . Christenson, N. A Coleman, Edgar W . Comfort, Dr. A. Ivans Copeland, Dr. Ernst. Crosby, L . F 537 Prospect Ave. 343 Farwell Ave. 499 Terrace Ave. Herold Bldg. National Home, D. V. S. 300 Goldsmith Bldg. 186 24th St. Dernehl, Dr. P. H v 942 2d St. VI LIST OF MEMBERS Elmer, Miss Flora 637 Stowell Ave. Elser, Albert C 436 East Water St. Emmerling, Frederick H 631-632 Wells Bldg. Falk, Clarence It . . Ferry, George B . . . Finger, Wm Finkler, Adolph. . . . Forsyth, Charles S Frank Dr. Louis F Fuller, Dr. E. B. . . .419 Terrace Ave. .... 419 Broadway 177 34th St. 612 Commerce St. . .354 Juneau Ave. . .2300 Grand Ave. . .422 Camp Bldg. Gallun, Arthur Gardner, Miss Emma Goldschmidt, W. N Graenicher, Dr. S Grant, Wm. J Gruettner, Dr. Rudolph C 1000 North Water St. 676 Wilson St. 217 Stephenson Bldg. Public Museum 121 18th St. 271 22d Ave. Habhegger, O. J Haessler, Herman F. . Hammersmith, Paul. . . Harmon, Miss Lucie . . Harnischfeger, Henry Heddle, John R IIinrichs, Wm Houghton, Richard W Hulst, Nelson P Hyzer, Edward M 762 Jackson St- 719 Stowell Ave. 116 Michigan St. 172 21st St. 3416 Grand Ave. Public Museum 605 Colby-Abbott Bldg. 571 Juneau PI. 300 Knapp St. 531 Marshall St. Inbusch, J. W 174 Martin St. Jenkins, James G 284 Knapp St. Katz, Miss Rosa J 512 Park PI. Kaumheimer, Dr. Gustav J 801 3d St. Kieckhefer, F. A. W 2605 Grand Ave. Kletzsch, Alvin P Republican House Koch, H. A 126 Oneida St. Koeffler, Charles A., Jr 909 Pabst Bldg. Koss, Rudolph M <87 West Water St. Kraatz, Walter C Public Museum Lando, Julius 419 E. Water St. Lasche, Dr. A. J 2809 Vine St. Lindenmann, August S 236 25th St. LIST OF MEMBERS Vll Lotz; Louis 615 Galena St. Luedke, August 283 11th St. Lunney, Miss Mary C 930 Cedar St. MacLaren, Wm Mann, Chas. L Mayer, Geo. P Mayer, Louis McGovern, Dr. J. J McGovern, Dr. P. H . . . . Meinecke, F Miller, Benjamin K., Jr Miller, George P Monroe, Charles E in care of Gimbel Bros. 124 Farwell Ave. 3015 Grand Ave. 915 Bartlett Ave. 2119 Prairie St. .... 1201 Majestic Bldg. 623 Milwaukee St. 559 Marshall St. 316 Juneau Ave. 800 Pabst Bldg. Ogden, Dr. H. V. Goldsmith Bldg. Pabst, Gustave Peaslee, Dr. Leon D Pierce, Frederick L . Plankinton, Wm. W. . Pope, T. E. B Pratt, J. M. W 917 Chestnut St. . .Public Museum 176 Farwell Ave. . . 135 Grand Ave. . Public Museum 313 Summit Ave. Reichel, Mrs. Augusta. Reuss, Gustav Richter, Dr. Rudolph G Russel, Howland 596 5th St. Flat 3, Juneau Court . . . .489 Terrace Ave. 106 Mason St. Schneider, Dr. Joseph . Senn, Alfred Sherman, Dr. Lewis Shrosbree, George Skinner, J. W Sommer, Dr. R. E. W. Steinmeyer, Mrs. Mary Stern, Walter Stickney, Gardner P . . . Stresau, F . . . Pabst Theatre Bldg. 1435 7th St. 448 Jackson St. Public Museum 34 New Insurance Bldg. 1302 Wells St. 501 La Fayette PI. 525 Astor St. Pabst Bldg. 295 9th St. Teller, Edgar E Thal, Carl Thwaites, Wm. Geo Titsworth, Rev. Judson Tobin, Frank E Tracy, Henry C 3321 Sycamore St. Public Museum 405 Iron Block National Home, D. V. S. Public Museum Marquette Univ. Medical School Vlll LIST OF MEMBERS Trieschman, Charles, Trostel, Gustav J. A Tweedy, John H .430 Hanover St. 555 Terrace Ave. .508 Marshall St. Uihlein, Joseph E 930 Lake Drive Vogel, Fred, Jr 583 Cass St. Vogel, Wm. H 213 14th St. Ward, Henry L Washburn, Dr, R. G. . Werner, Fred W West, George A Whitnall, Charlie B . Winkler, Gen. Fred C Public Museum 1240 Wells Bldg. 991 16th St. 1215 Railway Ex. Bldg. 026 Locust St. 131 11th St. Yunker, Charles H 2520 Cedar St. JUNIOR MEMBERS Conklin, Leon H 562 Logan Ave. Throne, Alvin L Route 2, Sta. D. CORRESPONDING MEMBERS Brues, Charles T Bussey Institution, Forest Hills, Boston, Mass. Burrill, Alfred C Dairy Annex, Coll, of Agr., Madison, Wis. Cahn, Alvin R Biol. Bldg., Univ. Wis., Madison, Wis. Clark, W. P Milton, Wis. Cleasby, Ethan A 120 E. Howard St., Portage, Wis. Davis, Dr. John J Dept. Botany, Univ. Wis., Madison, Wis. Edwards, Rev. Frederick. . . .Grace Episcopal Church, Broadway, N. Y. Gross, John G 307 W. Walnut St., Green Bay, Wis. Haessler, Herbert F 828 Booth St. Milwaukee, Wis. Harper, Dr. Robert A . . Columbia University, N. Y. Hollister, N U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C. Jackson, H. H. T Biol. Survey, Washington, D. C. Jones, Miss Clara G West Bend, Wis. Marshall, Dr. Wm. S Dept. Zoology, Univ. Wis., Madison, Wis. McDermond, Charles 803 James St., Green Bay, Wis. Mellish, John E Cottage Grove, Wis. Meyer, Dr. Geo. W. C Oconomowoc, Wis. Meyers, John 501 Mather St., Green Bay, Wis. Muttkowski, Richard A Dept. Zoology, Univ. Wis., Madison, Wis. Nagler, Mrs. L. B 151 W. Wilson St., Madison, Wis. Oberholser, H. C Biol. Survey, Washington., D. C. LIST OF MEMBERS IX Pearse, Dr. Arthur S . Russell, Albert G Schmidt, Dr. Ernst S. . SCHOENEBECK, AUGUST J SCHOENEBECK, CARL .... Skavlem, Henry L Smith, Cornell R Stoddard, Herbert L . . Dept. Zoology, Univ. Wis., Madison, Wis. Wabeno, Forest Co., Wis.. P. 0. Box 354, Green Bay, Wis. Lena, Wis. Lena, Wis. 157 Prospect Ave., Janesville, Wis. 104 Decatur St., Brooklyn, N. Y. . Field Columbian Museum, Chicago, 111. VOLUME XI (New Series) NUMBERS 1 and 2 JUNE, 1913 BULLETIN OF THE Wisconsin Natural History Society PUBLISHED WITH THE COOPERATION OF THE Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee P. H. DERNEHL EDITOR: RICHARD A. MUTTKOWSKI ASSOCIATE EDITORS : HOWLAND RUSSEL EDGAR E. TELLER The Wisconsin Natural History Society MILWAUKEE, WISCONSIN ORGANIZED MAY 6, 1857 OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS George P. Barth, President 302 Twenty-first Street, Milwaukee Paul H. Dernehl, Vice-President 718 Majestic Building, Milwaukee J. R. Heddle, General Secretary Public Museum, Milwaukee Herman B. Beckmann, Treasurer. 258 Ogden Ave., Milwaukee Henry L. Ward, Director.. .Public Museum, Milwaukee PUBLICATION The ‘‘Bulletin pf the Wisconsin Natural History Society.” Matter intended for publication should be sent to the editor of the Bulle- tin, who will transmit it to the associate editor of the proper department for consideration. EDITORS Editor: Richard A. Muttkowski, Biology Building, University of Wis- consin, Madison, Wis. ASSOCIATE EDITORS Dr. P. H. Dernehl. Department of Zoology Howland Russel Department of Botany Edgar E. Teller Department of Geology MEETINGS Regular meetings are held on the last Thursday of each month, except July and August, in the trustees’ room at the Public Museum Building, Milwaukee, and meetings of the combined sections on the second Thursday of each month, at the same place. MEMBERSHIP DUES Active Members, $3.00 per annum; Junior Members, $1.00 per annum; Corresponding Members, $2.00 per annum; Life Members,, one payment of $50.00. BULLETIN OF THE WISCONSIN NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY Vol. 11 JUNE, 1913. Nos. 1 and 2 PROCEEDINGS Milwaukee, Wis., May 30, 1912. Annual meeting. President Barth in the chair. Twenty persons present. Minutes of the last regular meeting read and approved. Prof. I. N. Mitchell, of the State Normal School, gave the evening’s lecture on “The Passenger Pigeon and Other Wisconsin Birds.” This lecture was illustrated by numerous lantern slides and stuffed specimens. Professor Mitchell expressed the belief that the disappearance of the Pas- senger Pigeon was due to the wholesale shooting during the breeding sea- son. He called attention to the indiscriminate shooting of hawks, many species of which are beneficial to man and should be protected. The lecture was discussed by Mr. Russel, Mr. Ward, Mr. Teller and Dr. Dernehl. Mr. Russel moved that the Society be instructed to request the Biological Survey to supply copies of its bulletins dealing with hawks to the Marshfield gun, rod and pheasant breeding club, which has recently inaugurated a shooting campaign against all hawks, good, bad and indif- ferent. The motion was seconded and carried. After the lecture, a recess was taken and then the business of the annual meeting was taken up. Ten members were present. The report of the secretary was read and placed on file. The report of the treasurer was read and referred to the auditing committee, Drs. Dernehl and Barrett, who later reported the accounts correct. Dr. Dernehl then reported for the program committee for the regular meetings. He called attention to the meager attendance at these meetings. Mr. Ward moved that a vote of thanks and confidence be extended to Dr. Dernehl for his work on the programs for the past year. The motion was seconded and carried. All the members of the committee on the programs for section meetings being absent, the secretary reported for this committee. The nominating committee then made its report through the chairman, Dr. Graenicher. All the old officers were renominated, the secretary, however, consenting to serve only until the meetings were over for the summer. The following officers were elected: President , Dr. G. P. Barth. Vice-President , Dr. P. H. Dernehl. 1 2 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [Vol. 11, Nos. 1-2 Treasurer, Mr. H. .B. Beckmann. Secretary, Dr. R. G. Washburn. Additional Director, Mr. H. L. Ward. As a committee on the banquet to be held June 13, the following were appointed: Chairman, Mr. Howland Russel, Dr. P. H. McGovern and Mr. E. E. Teller. These three were instructed to act with the committee on section meetings. Dr. Graenicher reported for the committee on botany and told of the work thus far done on a check list of Wisconsin plants. The meeting then adjourned. 9 Milwaukee, Wis., June 13, 1912. The annual banquet of the society was held at Hotel Blatz. Nineteen members were present. Milwaukee, Wis., June 20, 1912. Meeting of the combined sections. President Barth in the chair. Eighteen members present. The presi- dent appointed Dr. Barrett as secretary pro tern. The following matters of business were transacted: The application of Mr. J. R. Heddle for membership was received and referred to the Board of Directors for action. The resignation of Dr. Washburn as secretary of the society was read by the president. Upon motion of Mr. Teller, action upon the resignation was deferred until the next regular meeting. The presentation of papers was next taken up. Prof. Henry H. Severin of Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands, spoke upon the subject of certain destructive insect pests of these islands. Professor Severin took up in detail the four principal pests: (1) the Japanese beetle, (2) the sugar-cane borer, (3) the melon fly, and (4) the Mediterranean fruit-fly; speaking upon (1) the destructive effects, (2) the life-histories, (3) the economic relations, and (4) the methods of control of each of these insects. His lecture was illustrated by specimens and a series of lantern slides taken from his own experimental work in Hawaii. Dr. Brinckley exhibited a specimen of marl and spoke upon its occur- rence and economic value in Wisconsin. Dr. Graenicher spoke upon the relation between certain plants and insects that inhabit the Lake Michigan dunes. He illustrated his remarks by means of specimens ; and pointed out the interesting mingling of boreal and desert forms in these dunes, due to the very specialized environment there provided. The members present joined in the discussion following the presentation of each paper. The meeting then adjourned. Milwaukee, Wis., October 10, 1912. Meeting of the combined sections. President Barth in the chair. Ten members present. Mr. Beckmann appointed secretary pro tern. 1913] Proceedings 3 Various subjects discussed by the members. Dr. Sherman presented some pods of a leguminous plant from Florida, for identification. The plant in question proved to be Caesalpinia Bonducella. Mr. Russell reported the finding of the hackberry, Celtis occidentalis , in Ozaukee County; and mentioned the fact that this species had been also found in the northern part of Milwaukee County. Dr. Graenicher reported the same as occurring in La Crosse. Mr. Russel further reported the finding of two species of chestnut oaks, Quercus Prinus and Q. Muhlen- bergii, near Big Bend; and of two specimens of Kentucky coffee-tree, Gymnocladus dioica, from the same locality. Mr. Mann reported the Ken- tucky coffee-tree for Racine County; Mr. Heddle, for Dane County. Dr. Barth and Dr. Graenicher spoke of the occurrence of tulip-trees in the city of Milwaukee. Dr. Barth gave observations on the habits of some wasps of the genus Crabro. Mr. Mann remarked about the tendency shown by animals such as foxes, skunks and mice to draw closer to human habitation, in preference to living in uninhabited wilds. He suggested the explanation, namely, that food was more easily obtained in the former situations. Some of the speakers’ remarks were informally discussed by the mem- bers present. The meeting then adjourned. Milwaukee, Wis., November 14, 1912. Meeting of the combined sections. President Barth in the chair. Mr. J. R. Heddle appointed secretary pro tern. Fourteen people present. Minutes of last section meeting read and approved. The name of Mr. Walter C. Kraatz, Public Museum, was presented for active membership and was referred to the Board of Directors for action. Mr. E. E. Teller spoke briefly on the occurrence of fossils in the lime- stone mounds about Milwaukee. He showed a number of interesting speci- mens. One, that of Echinocystites nodosus, collected about two miles north of the city limits, is the only specimen of the mold showing surface mark- ings, that has been reported for the United States. Mr. H. L. Ward gave an interesting account of a meteor that fell this summer in Arizona. He presented, for examination, a number of the fragments, which were picked up after the explosion of the meteoric mass. The angular and but slightly encrusted condition of these fragments, to- gether with reports of eye witnesses, indicate that the meteor exploded not far from the surface of the earth. As to the number of pieces found, this meteoric fall is, with one exception, the most remarkable known. Several members discussed the paper. Mr. Heddle exhibited specimens of plants from the herbarium of the Public Museum, which are recent additions to the reported flora of Mil- waukee County. 4 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [Vol. 11, Nos. 1-2 Dr. Graenicher told of the progress of the committee on the check-list of Wisconsin plants, and said that the third section of the tentative check- list was in preparation. In reference to this plant census, he emphasized the need of more cooperation between institutions having collections of Wisconsin plants. Mr. Scheiber and Drs. Graenicher and Barth discussed the possible con- nection of certain flies with the disease of infantile paralysis. The meeting then adjourned. Milwaukee, Wis., December 12, 1912. Regular meeting of the society. President Barth in the chair. Thirty persons present. Minutes of last section meeting read and approved. Mr. J. R. Heddle was elected secretary in place of Dr. Washburn, whose resignation took effect at the beginning of the summer recess. Mr. Ward presented for membership in the society, the names of Dr. Leon D. Peaslee and Mr. Cornell R. Smith, Public Museum, and of Dr. Arthur S. Pearse, Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin. These names, together with that of Mr. W. C. Kraatz, Public Museum, were referred to the Board of Directors for action. President Barth spoke about two bills that are to be put before the legislature: one, to increase the appropriation of the Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey; the other, to permit the more frequent pub- lication of the Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters. Mr. Russel then moved that the chair be empowered to appoint a committee of three to cooperate with the Wisconsin Academy in the passage of these bills. The motion was seconded and passed. The chair announced that the committee would be subsequently appointed. The lecture for the evening was given by Prof. L. J. Cole, Professor of Experimental Breeding at the University of Wisconsin, on the subject: “ Gregor Mendel and His Work.” 1. The first part of the lecture was devoted to the personality of Mendel, his native town in Austria, and his life as student and investigator in the local monastery. Note the simplicity and strength of character of the man, his keenness of judgment, a true scientific spirit and devotion to scientific work, terminated only on his becoming abbot in the monastery. 2. Mendel’s classic experiments and derived theories. His results were not given the amount of attention they more recently have received, due, not only to their publication in the proceedings of a local natural history society, but more especially to their appearance at about the same time Darwin’s work was beginning to absorb the attention of the whole scien- tific world'. Mendel died without realizing the true significance and the application of his results. 3. Confirmation and extension of Mendel’s theories by later investiga- tors. Mendel came very near explaining the true cause of his results, by suggesting the presence in the organisms, of certain hypothetical bodies, which transmit the hereditary characters. It is not probable that he 1913] Proceedings 5 actually saw the chromosomes. Later investigations have shown, relative to the presence and absence theory, that which Mendel could not have seen, namely, that the characters of the round and the wrinkled seeds are accompanied by definite characteristics of the starch grains. 4. Application of Mendel’s laws. The more we investigate, the more do we find confirmation of Mendel’s laws. In some cases of breeding, the prediction of the results is now merely a question of mathematics. The Mendelian laws apply just as strongly to human beings, as to other organ- isms; e.g., the case of inherited weak-mindedness. We need a knowledge of these laws, to be guided aright in social affairs and in eugenics. The first part of the lecture was illustrated by slides from pictures taken by Professor Cole, during his visit to Mendel’s native town; the latter parts, by colored slides showing very graphically the actual plants, an improvement over the diagrams often used. At the conclusion of a brief discussion of the lecture, Professor Cole was given a vote of thanks. The meeting then adjourned. Milwaukee, Wis., December 26, 1912. Meeting of the combined sections. President Barth in the chair. Seven members present. Minutes of last regular meeting read and approved. The president brought for examination, a recent Russian publication, showing some remarkable stereoptican photographs of ants and their habitats. Dr. S. Graenicher then gave an informal talk on the subject: “Occur- rence and Geographic Distribution of Some Wisconsin Insects and Plants.” He noted the occurrence of a cricket, Diestrammena marmorata, probably originally introduced from Japan, specimens of which species were found in a number of greenhouses about Milwaukee; the finding at the late date of November 19th (5:30 p.m., temperature about 55° F.), of the moth, Euxoa ochrogaster; and of the capture, in the Museum building of a single specimen of the large moth, Erebus odora, a decidedly southern species. Mr. Muttkowski reported the finding of four specimens of the latter moth in the vicinity of Milwaukee, and suggested their probable flight from the South. Dr. Graenicher then correlated his observations on some boreal and southern species of Wisconsin plants and animals with the results obtained by Whitson and Baker (Bulletin 223, Wis. Agr. Exp. Sta.), who find that the Wisconsin crops are distributed according to thermal lines based on the temperature of the growing season. He finds the distribution of the few species observed to be generally in accordance with these lines, rather than with isotherms based on mean annual temperature, to which some authors have attributed the distribution of the Orthoptera. Messrs. Mutt- kowski, Russel and Smith discussed the paper. Mr. Muttkowski suggested the problem of insect distribution consequent 6 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [Vol. 11, Nos. 1-2 on the differences of temperature to be observed in the lower and higher areas of woodlands, especially so at night. The meeting then adjourned. Milwaukee, Wis., January 16, 1913. Meeting of the combined sections. President Barth in the chair. Nine members present. Minutes of last section meeting read and approved. Dr. Brinckley spoke of the advisability of having a definite topic of discussion for each section meeting. Miss Flora Elmer brought for examination, a seed-pod of a Californian leguminous plant. Discussion by Drs. Barth, Graenicher and Peaslee of several topics — game preserves, oaks of Wisconsin, and the brown-tail moth. The meeting then adjourned. Milwaukee, Wis., January 30, 1913. Regular meeting of the Society. President Barth in the chair. Forty-three persons present. Minutes of last section meeting read and approved. Order of business was reversed. The lecture for the evening was given by Prof. I. N. Mitchell of the Milwaukee State Normal School, the subject being “A Florida Christmas.” Professor Mitchell described in a very interesting manner, some of the forms of bird and plant life seen during a short vacation in Florida. He illustrated his remarks by means of numerous lantern slides. Among the northern birds observed were: the bob-white, woodpeckers, hermit thrush, red-winged blackbird and ruby-crowned kinglet. The robin was not seen; is said to be rare in Florida. Some of the botanical items noted were: the southern pine woods, scarcely dense enough to be called forests; the modern methods used in the turpentine industry; the presence of the date palm, the decorative giant yuccas, and the Spanish moss ( Tillandsia ) that festoons many of the trees; the orange groves with their bamboo wind- breaks; and the cypress swamps with their characteristic vegetation. The secretary read a communication, which was received from Mr. C. J. Allen, wherein the aims of the Wisconsin Fish and Game Protective and Propagation League were set forth, and the invitation extended to the Society to become a member of the League. Mr. Allen, being present, tcrld in more detail of the aims of this organization. A few of the states have already started game preserves and wild fowl refuges. Wisconsin needs such protected places and has the opportunity of being among the first states to take such measures for the protection of the wild life within its borders. Dr. Burgess then spoke of the violation of the game laws, especially in the northern part of the State. The proper enforcement of these laws is a matter of education of the people — a creation of active local sentiment for game preservation. Drs. Barth and P. H. McGovern, Mr. Carpenter and Mr. Ward participated in the discussion following the above remarks. 1913] Proceedings 7 On motion of Dr. McGovern, the president was empowered to appoint a committee- of three to act in reference to the game preservation bills now before the legislature. The president appointed the following: Chairman, Mr. Allen, Dr. McGovern and Mr. Ward, and in addition, Dr. Burgess, to act with the committee. On motion of Mr. Ward, the secretary was instructed to enter into cor- respondence with the local congressmen, in relation to the passage of the bills for the protection of non-game birds. The meeting .then adjourned. OBSERVATIONS ON THE FAUNA OF THE ROCK BEACHES AT NAHANT, MASSACHUSETTS By A. S. Pearse I Introduction 8 II Rock Beaches 10 1 Rocks above high tide mark 11 2 Balanus Zone 12 3 Ascophyllum Zone 14 4 Fucus Zone 19 5 Chondrus Zone 19 6 Inter-relations of the Zones 21 7 Characteristics of the Fauna 23 III The Sand Beach 29 IV The Mud Flats 31 V Comparison of the Faunas of the different beaches 34 VI Annotated list of species ' VII Bibliography I. INTRODUCTION Nahant is a peninsula which extends from the coast of Massa- chusetts into the Atlantic Ocean. It consists of two rock masses that have been “tied” to the main land by slender sandy strips, (fig. 1). The hard rock strata incline away from the ocean (fig. 2) in such a way that their erosion makes a rough wall which affords a favorable habitat for a very abundant fauna. Though the rocks are the chief point of interest at this locality, for the ecologist, ample opportunity is offered for comparison with other types of beaches, for the eastern side of the connecting strips is a clean sand exposed. to the full sweep of the open ocean (fig. 1,4-), and on the west side there are broad mud flats (fig. 1, 1J). This paper is an attempt to give a picture of the conditions at Nahant which may serve for comparison with beaches on other coasts. The data were gathered during the spring of 1912, though the writer had previously collected in this region and had a gen- eral familiarity with the fauna. From June 8 to 27 the writer was in the field daily from morning until evening. Careful notes 8 1913] Pearse: Fauna of the Rock Beaches 9 were taken concerning: exact location of animals and their habi- tat preferences, stomach contents, periods of activity, tempera- tures of water and air, direction of wind, and other points of interest. A microscope was used in the field to study the stomach contents of certain animals and to identify some species, but the survey was for the most part macroscopic and no attempt was made to collect Protozoa or other minute organisms. The chief tools employed were pencil, notebook, and camera — no net or other collecting apparatus was used, but specimens that could not be identified at sight were preserved for future determination.1 1 Thanks are due to the following persons who were kind enough to identify specimens: I. F. Lewis, algae; C. C. Nutting, sertularians; J. P. Moore, annelids; W. R. Coe, nemerteans; R. C. Osborn, Bryozoa; F. N. Balch, nudibranchs; W. Chester, lamellibranchs; H. A. Pilsbury, barn- acles; M. J. Rathbun, Hyas; N. Banks, arachnids, myriapods; A. N. Caudell, Anisolabia; W. S. Marshall, W. M. Wheeler, L. O. Howard, insects; W. G. Van Name, ascidians; G. Wagner, fish. The writer is also indebted to Prof. J. R. Roebuck who tested the thermometer used in taking temperatures. 10 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [Vol. 11, Nos. 1-2 At the time the observations were made, the season was not far advanced and the temperature was still somewhat cool — -the ocean was once as low as 6.5° C.; the air varied from 11.8° C. to 24.2° C. Detailed observations were made at fourteen different stations, the locations of which are shown in figure 1. II. THE ROCK BEACHES The rock beaches are subdivided into horizontal zones each of which is dominated by characteristic animals or plants. At most stations five such zones were readily recognisable: (1) the rocks and pools above the limits of high tide, (2) a zone popu- lated almost entirely by Balanus, (3) Ascophyllum and Balanus , (4) Fucus, (5) Chondrus. The stratification at Nahant is more complete and differs somewhat in its characteristics from that described by King and Russell (’09) at Millport on the coast of Scotland. The zones will now be considered in order, beginning with the highest. Pearse: Fauna of the Rock Beaches 11 1913] 1. The Rocks above High Tide Mark Perhaps the most characteristic animal in this region of bare rock was the fly, Parydra sp. (?).- Spiders and ants commonly foraged here, beetles were not infrequent, and occasionally Ani - solabia or a myriapod was seen skulking into a fissure. Where boulders afforded shelter rats were often seen to come out to feed at low tide. Besides Parydra , butterflies, dragon-flies, mosqui- toes, and damsel-flies frequented the air above. The little pools in the hollows of the rock often supported an abundant fauna. Corixa , Notonecta, Culex larvae, toad tadpoles, amphipopods, cladocera, copepopods, and chironomid larvae fre- quently occurred in great numbers with Enteromorpha or Clado- phora in fairly fresh water. Parydra bred in these puddles and collected on the surface in such numbers that it formed rafts several inches across. Near the ocean where spray collected in depressions, barnacles, Littorina, Mytilus , Corallina and other marine organisms obtained a foothold and maintained them- selves. In some cases there was a definite stratification of the water in rock depressions and both marine and fresh water animals were able to exist in the same pool. Toad tadpoles, Corixa , Chironomid and Culex larvae were found in the same basin with living barnacles, rock crabs and Littorina. The stratification leads to curious temperature relation for when the sun shines on the rock, the heavier salty water at the bottom is raised to a higher temperature than that near the surface. In one pool ten inches deep the top and bottom temperatures (of the water — -the ther- mometer was not permitted to rest on the bottom) were 15.7° C. and 23.5° C. respectively; in another, 17.7° C. and 24.0° C. At Station 6 (fig. 1) where fresh water seeped through the rocks there were several pools just above high tide mark which had a typically marine fauna at the bottom (. Littorina , Corallina, Car - cinides, Balanus, Jaera), and freshwater animals above (tadpoles, Corixa , dipterous larvae). In pools in the barnacle zone just below these there were few or no barnacles for about one inch below the surface of the water, though they were abundant on the rocks above and in the deeper parts of the pools. The bare rocks above the limits of high tide are clearly under 12 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [Vol. 11, Nos. 1-2 the domination of the ocean, for lichens, crickets, and other organ- isms that frequent rocky places in the fields further from the shore are wholly lacking. 2. The Baianus Zone In this stratum, where the exposure and variation are greater than anywhere else on the beach, algae are absent, and “ acorn” barnacles ( Baianus ) greatly exceed all other animals in abundance Fig. 3. Baianus on Vertical Rock Wall. (fig. 3). Mytilus occurs in protected crevices, however, clear to the top of the barnacle zone; Littorina litorea is found in similar situations (fig. 4, 5) and L. rudis often occurs on the bare rocks above the barnacles. Anurida breeds in empty barnacle shells. In the pools of this zone dipterous larvae, Mytilus , Carcinides, Gammarus locusta, Idothea baltica, Baianus, P ary dr a, Littorina litorea, and L. rudis were often common; also Campanula and Sagartia in protected situations. 1913] Pearse: Fauna of the Rock Beaches 13 Fig. 4. Littorina in a Crevice Just Above Ascophyllum Zone. Fig. 5. Showing Littorina and Purpura on Rock Wall. 14 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [Vol. 11, Nos. 1-2 3. The Ascophyllum Zone Balanus was abundant in this zone as in the one just above, but the most important environmental factor was the Ascophyllum which hung in long tufts (fig. 6) from the rocks and gave shelter to an abundant fauna. The most characteristic animal which grew attached to this alga was Sertularia pumila which covered the fronds (fig. 7) in protected situations; in exposed places it was largely replaced by the alga, Polysiphonia fastigiata Grev. Fig. 6. Showing an Alga-Covered Rock Face at Station 9. There is no Fucus except where the tide spurts through a narrow fis- sure (/); Ascophyllum (a) replaces it on the protected surfaces. The Bal- anus zone (6) is above the Ascophyllum. (fig. 8). At the bases of the plants various Bryozoa and Clava often formed a coating. M any animals found shelter or fed among the fronds of Asco- phyllum when the tide was out. Among these Bella, nemerteans, nematodes, Carcinides , and amphipods ( Grammarus locusta, G. marinus, Allorchestes, Amphithoe) were regular residents. Ophio- polis, Hyas, and Strongylocentrotus were each found only once and evidently belonged to a deeper stratum. At night and on 1913] Pearse: Fauna of the Rock Beaches 15 Fig. 7. Showing Sertularia pumila Growing on Deeper Layers of Ascophyllum, which is held aside at the Right. Fig. 8. Polysiphonia fastigiata Growing on Ascophyllum. Cancer borealis in a Crevice. 16 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [Vol. 11, Nos. 1-2 rainy days the rock- and Jonah-crabs ( Cancer ) came up to feed (fig. 8); crane-flies, Parydra, and beetles were of frequent occur- rence. Beneath the shelter afforded by the matted algae many animals attached themselves to the rocks. Anemones replaced the bar- nacles in many places (fig. 9) and often formed veritable carpets in little crevices; Clava sometimes did the same. Sagartia was found at higher levels than Metridium. Purpura and its egg cases Fig. 9. Metridium marginatum Growing on Rocks with Balanus, Mytilus , etc., Beneath Ascophyllum. (figs. 10, 11) were abundant on vertical walls or under overhang- ing shelves. The ubiquitous Mytilus and Littorina litorea were everywhere; Littorina palliata and Acmaea (fig. 11) were less com- mon. Sertularia commonly grew attached to the rock and in exposed localities, like Station 8. Obelia, Bryozoa and Chondrus crept up under the Ascophyllum from the strata below. Small Nemerteans swarmed in this zone at Station 9. Modiola was often encountered at the lower edge of the Ascophyllum. 1913] Pearse: Fauna of the Rock Beaches Fig. 10. Purpura lapillus with One of its Own Egg Cases Attached to its Shell (above). General View of Same Species with its Egg Cases beneath Ascophyllum. Fig. 11. Purpura lapillus and its Clusters of Egg Cases in Crevices Beneath Ascophyllum. Acmaea testudinalis in Lower Corner. 18 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [Vol. 11, Nos. 1-2 Fig. 12. Exposed Rocks at Station 2 Covered with Short Fucus , Mytilus, and Balanus. Fig. 13. Showing Fucus replaced by Mytilus on a Rock Face Exposed to Wave Action. 1913] Pearse: Fauna of the Rock Beaches 19 4. The Fucus Zone The Fucus Zone was present just below the Ascophyllum in exposed situations but dropped out completely in protected bays (Fig. 6) and was itself replaced by Mytilus and Balanus on iso- lated wave-beaten rocks, (figs. 12, 13, 14). The most character- istic animals were Mytilus , Balanus, and Acmaea; others which commonly occurred were Purpura, Littorina litorea and L. palliata, Asterias, Clinoa, Allorchestes, Cancer borealis, Pagurus pubescens, and Pholis. Jassa was found in this zone, always in Cladophora arctica. Fig. 14. Showing Exposed Rocks at East Point (Station 8). The left side is toward the open ocean. The Ascophyllum ( a ) and Fucus (/) pinch out and are replaced by Balanus (6). 5. The Chondrus Zone Chondrus crispus, commonly known as “Chagreen” or “ Irish Moss” formed a thick carpet on the rocks from a little above low tide mark to a considerable depth. Here, as in the Ascophyllum zone, the vegetation sheltered a great variety of animals; in fact, more species were found than in any other zone. Probably the most characteristic animals were Idothea baltica, Acmaea, Asterias 20 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [Yol. 11, Nos. 1-2 (fig. 15), Cancer borealis , Metridium, and Bryozoa; though Mytilus (fig. 16), Balanus, and Littorina litorea were abundant, as else- where. On June 13 thirty-seven individuals of Cancer borealis were counted on several Chondrus- covered rocks in a space thirty by fifteen feet at Station 12. Idothea often had a deep purplish- red color which matched the Chondrus very closely. Other ani- mals that were more or less common in the Irish Moss at low tide were: Cliona , Campanula , Serttdaria, Littorina palliata (sometimes, Fig. 15. Asterias forbesi on Chondrus. L. rudis), Purpura, Orchestia, Gamarellus, Amphithoe, Jassa (in Cladophora arctica), Carcinides, Cancer irroratus. The larger pools in this zone with a rich growth of Corallina . Laminaria and other large algae, contained many animals that were not found elsewhere. Here Metridium attained enormous size (more than 6 inches in diameter), Littorina litorea was larger than in other habitats, and giant Asterias abounded. Other resi- dents were Modiola, Cliona, Carcinides, Bryozoa, Strongylocen- trotus, Henricia, Botryllus, Tubularia, nudibranchs, Pagurus, Jaera , Chiton, Acmaea, and Saxicava. Among the small stones and 1913] Pearse: Fauna of the Rock Beaches 21 “ roots” of the laminarians were many worms (Lepidonotus , Harmothoe, Phyllodoce, Nereis pelagica), and the brittle-star, Ophiopholis. 6. Inter-relations of the Zones Zonation in the distribution of plants or animals means that the struggle for existence is so severe that each species is kept rather close to optimum conditions, either by the “ physical en- Fig. 16. Mytilus edulis, Balanus, and Cancer borealis in Chondrus Zone. vironment” or by competition. When conditions vary, zones will vary. In the rock beaches at Nahant we accordingly find par- ticular strata spreading when the conditions are favorable and “pinching out” when the struggle becomes too severe. The chief factors which cause zonal variations are: (1) degree of exposure to the open ocean, to the sun, or to winds; (2) the slope of the beach; (3) the character of the surface (smooth, rough, boulders, loose stones, etc.). Proximity to the open sea (with low comparatively uniform temperature and purer water) is a favorable factor for there is 22 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [Vol. 11, Nos. 1-2 a greater variety of species and more individuals occurred at Stations 7, 8 and 9 (fig. 1) than elsewhere. Exposure to wind causes the algae to give place to Mytilus and Balanus — -which are better suited to stand the beating of the waves (figs. 12, 13, 14, Stations 2, 9 and 8). Sunlight is of course necessary for the growth of algae and at Station 1, where vertical cliffs have a northern exposure, the Ascophyllum zone is nearly absent. The effect of the slope of the rock is bound up somewhat with the character of its surface, but in general the more nearly vertical Fig. 17. Showing the Abundance of Littorina litorea and Balanus on a Rock when Boulders are Present. a cliff*, the more abundant is its fauna in individuals and the more limited in species. At Station 2 a gentle smooth slope was exposed to the full sweep of the waves and was nearly bare; whereas a rough beach near it with a similar slope and exposure was completely covered with Balanus, Mytilus, Chondrus, Fucus, etc. Boulders or crevices greatly increase the abundance of the fauna (fig. 17) and cause all the zones to migrate upward. Expos- ure to the ocean also causes all the zones to seek a higher level (fig. 18). 1913] Pearse: Fauna of the Rock Beaches 23 The variations in the zones might be dwelt upon at some length, but it is perhaps sufficient to point out that the tension is so great that every variation causes a ready adjustment. 7. Characteristics of the Fauna of the Rock Beaches Probably no other animal habitat is subject to such a wide range of fluctuations in environmental conditions as the rock beaches along the ocean. The flora and fauna must endure the Fig. 18. Shows the Effect of Exposure to the Open Sea. The picture is of the back of a rock-wall that ran parallel with the shore. The Ascophyllum hanging through a crevice from the exposed side of the wall is above the upper limit of the barnacles on the side away from the ocean. Proximity to the ocean permits organisms to climb higher on the rocks. frigid span of winter and the blistering sun of summer. There is no escape, the tide keeps up its eternal rhythm and the organ- isms are left exposed to the elements every time the water recedes. The exposure of the hard substratum to sun, wind, and wave has developed a fauna which consists largely of animals that are: (1) attached permanently or have well developed clinging organs; 24 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [Vol. 11, Nos. 1-2 (2) they may be active and hard-shelled, or (3) small and ubi- quitous; (4) most of them are very hardy and can stand consid- erable exposure. The ability to cling to a hard surface is of prime importance on a rock beach and in the most exposed situations those organisms survive which are best able to hold on (figs. 13, 14). The shapes and methods of attachment of Fucus, Mytilus, Acmaea, and B al- arms are admirably suited to withstand the force of waves and these genera succumb in the order given (Balanus being the first to cover a clean exposed rock surface and the last to leave it). The snails, Littorina and Purpura , are not far behind these hardy pioneers; and the attached coelenterates, like Metridium, Fig. 19. Balanus Attached to Littorina litorea , Acmaea testudinalis, and Mytilus edulis. Fig. 20. Limulus polyphemus bearing Crepridula fornicata and C. plana. Sagartia, and hydroids, are also well suited to life on the rocks. The distribution of some animals is apparently limited only by the presence of something hard for attachment; Mytilus is abun- dant on the rocks everywhere — even on the mud flats; Littorina is common on the firmer portions of sand beaches. Often one sessile animal is fixed to another (fig. 19). Representative examples of the active hard-shelled animals are the crabs, Cancer borealis , C. irroratus, Carcinides maenas, and Pagurus pubescens. All these species are able to withstand con- siderable beating by the waves, yet they can escape exposure to the sun by migrating downward with the receding tide. 1913] Pearse: Fauna of the Rock Beaches 25 Of the small ubiquitous motile animals the amphipods, isopods, and worms may be cited as examples. There are protected by their ability to hide under sea weeds or in crevices when the tide recedes. They occur in great abundance and become active when the ocean periodical^ covers them. The large, hard-shelled crabs which migrate back and forth from deeper to shallow water bring up many attached organisms on the shore which are characteristic of deeper water. Crepridula is abundant on shells and stones in deep water but was observed in shallow water only on Limulus (fig. 20) , in the shells of Pagurus (fig. 21a) and on Cancer (fig. 22). Spirobis was found only on Fucus and Laminaria in open water, in Pagurus shells (fig. 21 c), and on crabs. Hvdractinia occurred in the most exposed localities a b c Fig. 21. a, Pagurus acadianus in a Polyneces heros Shell With Cre- pridula plana; b, Acmaea testudinalis attached to Littorina litorea; c, Pagu- rus acadianus in a Polyneces heros Shell with Spirorbis spirorbis. on rock, algae, and barnacles, but also coated many Pagurus shells. Hydroides was never seen on the beaches except on the carapace of Cancer borealis. Attachment to a moving object is probably of considerable advantage to these small animals, yet, though such association has come to be quite constant in some cases (e.g., Pagurus and Hydractinia) , their association with particular large animals is usually more or less accidental. Considering the frequency with which small sessile animals occur attached to larger forms it is not hard to imagine how a barnacle might have become modified into a Sacculina-like animal or how a sessile mollusc might have been transformed into a parasite. One Cancer borealis (fig. 22) captured at Station 8 (fig. 1) bore the following fauna: on dorsal surface of carapace, Spirorbis 26 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [Vol. 11, Nos. 1-2 and an alga (Hildenbrandtia) ; on right side anterior to legs, a Crepridula plana with its eggs; on legs, Spirorbis and a small Crepridula ; under abdomen, three Mytili (one large, two small). But we are perhaps dwelling over long on the relations of cer- tain sessile animals to others. Let us pass on to consider the marked sedentary character of the animals on the rock beaches. Not only were many of the animals permanently attached, but a number of those which had well developed powers of locomotion often remained for long periods of time fixed in one spot. Asterias, Littorina, crabs and ribbon-fish ( Pholis ) migrated up and down with the tides more or less, but Acmaea, Strongylocentrotus and Metridium sometimes remained for at least a fortnight in one 22 23 Fig. 22. Ventral View of a Cancer borealis that bore the following fauna: On the dorsal surface of carapace, Spirorbis spirorbis (and an alga, Hildenbrandtia ) ; on left side anterior to legs a Cre- pridula plana with its eggs; on right side, a small Mytilus edulis; on legs, Spirorbis and a small Crepridula ,* on swimmerets — three Mytili (one large, two small). Fig. 23. Hydractinia polyclina on a Littorina Shell Occupied by a Hermit Crab, and on a Balanus. spot. Several different areas in the bottoms of pools were mapped and observed for two weeks to determine how much the animals moved from time to time. Most Stryonglocentroti moved a little every time the tide covered them, though some were quiet two or three days, and one individual that was imbedded in a sort of a nest in a sponge ( Cliona ) (fig. 24) did not move for two weeks. Acmaea usually moved a little from time to time but few went out of the areas watched (5 to 6 ft.) during the period of obser- vation; only one individual retained the same place and position for more than seven days. No “scars” such as have been de- scribed for Patella and other molluscs (Willcox, ’05) were observed. 1913] Pearse: Fauna of the Rock Beaches 27 Metridium, though it has well developed powers of locomotion (MacClendon, ’06) did not move appreciably; two colonies near the low water mark were mapped, but none could positively be said to have moved after two weeks, though eightv-four indi- viduals were under observation. It has been said that the rock beach fauna is a hardy one, and indeed it is to be expected that animals which are subjected to such variable conditions would develop considerable resistance. At Nahant the tides rise and fall through a vertical distance of about eight feet. Those animals which do not migrate are alternately subjected to submergence under the cool waters of Fig. 24. Strongylocentrotus drobachiensis in a “Nest” formed by the Growth of the Sponge, Cliona sulphured around it. the ocean and to dessication under the direct rays of the sun. Fucus and Ascophyllum often become so dry that they crackle and break when touched, but they are apparently uninjured by such dessication and soon become pliable when wet by the rising water. A calcareous exoskeleton is characteristic of many inhabitants of the beach and doubtless affords adequate protection for their soft bodies against dessication and the extreme^ of temperature. Balanus and Mytilus seem to suffer no inconvenience from being baked by the sun, for they begin to feed within a minute after they are covered by the cool water of the rising ocean. Littorina has a similar resistance, and is influenced by the surface film as Haseman (Tl) well demonstrated. 28 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [Vol. 11, Nos. 1-2 On the other hand soft bodied animals without any skeleton are often able to stand dessication and marked changes in temperature without apparent harm. On one occasion a Metridium was left ex- posed to the direct rays of the sun on a vertical rock surface, because the seaweeds which usually covered it had been left in an unusual position by the falling tide. A thermometer beside it registered 23.4° C. and it was thus exposed for at least three hours; at the end of that time it was covered by the ocean (7.9° C.) and at Fig. 25. Showing Several Anemones, Metridium marginatum, left out of Water at a Low Tide. Six with their bodies more or less expanded are in the lower left hand corner; one expanded individual (white) is in the center of the picture just above the light mass of Chondrus ; three contracted individuals are at the surface of the water on the right side. once extended its tentacles. Five days later this individual was in the same position and apparently in good condition. Metridia were often observed to be exposed (fig. 25) under similar con- ditions. The body was usually extended and filled with water; the tentacles were contracted. The food relations of the animals on the rock beaches were studied as fully as possible and notes concerning food habits 1913] Pearse: Fauna of the Rock Beaches 29 will be found in the annotated list of species. Many species feed on the microscopic organisms that swarm in the littoral water (sponges, clams, coelenterates, Bryozoa, barnacles, ascidians, etc.) ; others devour the algae which grow on the rocks ( Strongylocentro - tus, nudibranchs, Idothea); a number of the larger species feed on smaller animals (Asterias, pycnogonids, ribbon fish, spiders, ants, sandpiper, etc.) ; several are scavengers (beetles, flies, worms, crabs, rats). Both plant and animal food are abundant. It is interesting to note that at least two of the larger predaceous animals ( Pholis , crabs) eat barnacles, which constitute the most abundant animal food. It is noteworthy that those animals which show the greatest development of the characteristics enumerated above have the widest distribution in the different zones and occur in the greatest numbers. Balanus, which combines with its firm fixation, the ability to capture food anywhere that sea water comes, and a remarkable resistance to changes in temperature, is everywhere. Mytilus and Littorina are almost as ubiquitous. The most abun- dant animals are those which feed on microscopic organisms or minute organic particles. From the foregoing discussion it is apparent that the rock beaches at Nahant are a royal battle ground for the lower animals. The surface of the rock is a veritable sieve through which the microscopic organic content of the water disappears. The barnacles sweep it constantly with their fishing nets; the carpets of clams siphon food into their depths from the turbid water; Littorinas search every square inch and sweep it clean; wherever there is sufficient moisture the coelenterates and bryozoans spread their delicate tentacles to seize their share. Such abundant inhabitants with the algae furnish food for the less common larger animals; their refuse supports a host of lowly saprophytic organisms and scavengers. The keen competition for place and food, the abun- dance of life and its various forms makes one willing to believe that here indeed did organic matter have its origin. III. THE SAND BEACH The sand beach at Nahant (fig. 1, Station 4) was of interest because it showed a zonal arrangement in the distribution of ani- mals without the presence of large algae, though microscopic 30 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [Vol. 11, Nos. 1-2 forms were doubtless present in the sand (Warming ’09, p. 175). Six zones were distinguishable as follows (fig. 26) : 1. The line of drift at the highest mark left by the water. Here the “beach-combers” Orchestia, Talorchestia, spiders, flies and beetles were found. 2. The gently sloping beach below was partly covered at high tide. Its only inhabitants were the two burrowing semiterres- trial amphipods, Orchestia and Talorchestia, and the agile tiger beetles. 3. Chiridotea swarmed on the rather flat ripple-marked beach nearer the ocean, and in the little puddles at this level a few Littorina litorea clung to the firm sand. 4. On the compact arched beach just below Chirodotea was not so common. Here Polineces made its appearance, though no indi- viduals were as large as those in Zone 6 (fig. 26). 1 Fig. 26. A Sectional View of the Sand Beach at Station 4 (Fig. 1.) Showing the Zones. 5. The rapid slope of this beach did not permit sand to collect; it consisted of pebbles, stones, and shells. No animals were seen. 6. The gently sloping expanse of sand that could be followed for more than a hundred feet by wading at low tide gradually descended into deeper water. Its fauna was more varied than that of any of the zones above. On its ripple marked surface Polineces was common and often attained a length of four inches. Pagurus acadianus (often bearing Hy dr actinia, Spirorbis, or Cre- pridula), Crago, and Cancer irroratus wandered over the surface of th‘e sand. The Cragos captured were all adult females carry- ing eggs. In the shallow water Idothea baltica, Calliopus, Gammarus anmdatus, and fish hunted for food. These animals migrated to higher levels with the rising tide. Burrowing in the sand were found : Polineces, Nephthys, Echinarachnius, and Venus. Cyanea was often stranded on the beach or pulsated slowly in the shallow water. 1913] Pearse: Fauna of the Rock Beaches 31 The fauna of the sand beach is composed largely of burrowing animals and ability to penetrate the shifting substratum is often combined with a heavy body. However, an important part of this fauna consists of more or less pelagic animals which frequent the shore water or come in from open ocean. The pelagic species are the same for the most part as those found on the rock beaches. Fig. 27. Polyneces heros ( x ) Burrowing in the Sand After Being Left by the Side. Some excavated sand has been removed to show the snail. IV. THE MUD FLATS The mud flats at Station 14 (fig. 1) showed a gradual transition from rather clean sand at the top to soft black mud in the deeper parts. A fewr boulders and stones wrere scattered all through, except in the softest mud. Five zones (fig. 28) were distinguished but they were much less sharply marked than those on the rocks or sand beaches. They were as follows: Fig. 28. Section of Mud Beach at Station 14 (Fig. 1) Showing Zones. 1. It was noticeable that the rocks and boulders at the top of the beach were bare of algae. A few stunted tufts of Asco- phyllum occasionally appeared; Fucus was wholly lacking (fig. 29). The ubiquitous barnacles and Littorina litorea were abundant on the rocks, and Carcinides maenas hunted among the stones. 32 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [Vol. 11, Nos. 1-2 2. On the sandy mud below the large boulders Mya, young and adult, was abundant. Nereis virens lurked beneath the stones which supported Balanus, Mytilus, and Littorina litorea. The latter also wandered freely over the rather firm beach between the stones. Carcinides was common everywhere. Floating eel-grass or other debris was often stranded here in considerable quantity. 3. Beyond the small stones and boulders there was a rather barren stretch of beach with occasional tufts of small ulva-like alga which grew attached to little pebbles. Carcinides and Idothea occurred here. Fig. 29. The Top of the Mud Beach at Station 14 (Fig. 1), Showing the Absence of Algae on the Rocks. 4. Next came a zone of scattered eel-grass. Nassa and its egg cases was abundant in certain places; Mytilus formed enormous beds; Littorina litorea clung to the eel-grass or any other available object (fig. 30); Carcinides of large size were abundant every- where; Cancer irroratus was occasionally seen. The mud was filled with a little worm (Lumbri conereis?) which formed long tubes. Limulus (fig. 31) was breeding at the time the observa- tions were made. Many mollusc shells were neatly perforated — - the work of boring snails. 5. The lower parts of the flats supported a thick growth of eel- grass. The dominant animal here was Carcinides; many large females with eggs were seen. Littorina litorea was abundant; Crago (females bearing eggs), Limulus , Idothea baltica, Jaera, and 1913] Pearse: Fauna of the Rock Beaches 33 Cancer irroratus were also common. Mytilus formed large beds. Many drilled shells were strewn about; Polineces heros was repre- sented among these, though none of this species was seen alive. The surface of the mud flats became very hot when the sun beat down upon it at low tide. Many animals crawled under the eel-grass for shelter or burrowed in the sand ( Nassa ). Car - cinides often burrowed and emerged again with a little disc of moist sand on its back thus securing protection from the direct rays of the sun. Except for certain worms, Mya , and Limuius, no species is found on the mud flats that does not appear on other beaches. The dominant animals are Carcinides, Littorina litorea, Mytilus , Crago, and Lumbriconereis (?). All but the last two are numerous on the rock beaches. The only abundant organisms that do not Fig. 30. Part of a Dead Lobster Covered with Littorina litorea ; on the Mud Flat. Fig. 31. Limuius polyphemus. The female has excavated a hole and the male waits above her to ferti- lize the eggs she will lay. occur on both the rock and mud are the large littoral algae, sponges, hydroids, and Bryozoa, which are absent from the latter. The dropping out of certain animals on mud flats is doubtless due to the lack of suitable objects for attachment and the comparative impurity of the water. The animals that are unable to live above the mud, like crabs and Littorina, have special arrangements for respiration {Mya, Nassa), except the worms whose soft bodies makes aeration of the internal fluids easy. 34 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [Vol. 11, Nos. 1-2 V. COMPARISON OF THE FAUNAS OF THE DIFFERENT BEACHES At Nahant certain species are found everywhere between the tide marks provided they can find a suitable substratum. Balanus, Littorina litorea, Mytilus edulus, Idothea baltica and certain amphi- pods are examples of such hardy ubiquitous species — 'yet the first three are absent from the shifting sand beaches because there are no solid objects. The rock beaches have the largest number of species because they give ample shelter, solid substratum for attachment, pure cool water, and abundant food. Those animals that are unable to maintain themselves in the comparatively impure water on the mud flats drop out. Though a few char- acteristic species (Mya arenaria, Limulus polyphemus, Lumbri - conereis (?) come in to take their places, the great bulk of the fauna consists of the ubiquitous hardy forms also present on the rock beaches. Sandy shores have the most characteristic fauna of any of the beaches. Idothea baltica and certain amphipods are the only abundant animals present that are found in other situations. A large part of the population is made up of animals that are par- ticularly suited to life in the sand: ( Polyineces heros, Echinarach- nius parma , Venus mercenaria, (Jhiridotea caeca). [To be concluded ] Zoological Laboratory, University of Wisconsin, June 12, 1913. A FEW NEW CHALCIDOID HYMENOPTERA FROM QUEENSLAND, AUSTRALIA By A. A. Gtrault DIRHININI Eniacella, new genius cT : Like Eniaca Kirby, but the antennae 14-jointed wth two short ring-joints, the club 3-jointed. Postmarginal and stigmal veins very short, the latter sessile. Posterior femora beneath with comblike teeth preceded by a single moderate sized tooth. Abdominal petiole short. Metathorax with teeth laterally and ventrally. $ : Not known. Type: Eniacella rufricornis n. sp. 1. Eniacella rufricornis new species. c? : Length, 3.85 mm. Black, the antennal and first two pairs of legs reddish, the posterior legs black, all tarsi yellow. Fore wings stained. Punctate. Scutellum sim- ple. Tegulae reddish. From one specimen f-inch objective, 1-inch optic Bausch and Lomb. From one male captured by sweeping foliage and grass along the banks of the Mulgrave River (jungle growth) adjoining cul- tivated fields, Nelson, Queensland, April 2, 1918. Habitat: Australia — -Nelson (Cairns), Queensland. Type: In the Queensland Museum, Brisbane, the above speci- men on a tag (head accidentally lost.) EUPELMINI Neanastatus new genus Type: The following species: Neanastatus cinctiventris n. sp. 1. Neanastatus cinctiventris, new species. $ : Length, 2.75 to 3.50 mm. Dark metallic green marked with bright lemon yellow as follows: Base of abdomen encircled with a band just out from base; scutum with a long rectangular area down its center; cephalic legs, intermediate legs except most of coxae and the coxae of the posterior legs, the posterior femora and tibiae and the distal four tarsal joints bluish to black, the distal joints of other tarsi black. Forewings with a deep smoky subrectangular area 35 36 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [Vol. 11, Nos. 1-2 under the venation, its middle at the stigmal vein; marginal and submar- ginal veins not differentiated, very long, the stigmal well developed, the postmarginal very long, thrice or more the length of the stigmal. A long oblique hairless line running cephalo-distad toward base of stigmal vein but not reaching it for some distance. Intermediate tibial spurs as long as the tarsi of these legs, stout, spiny, at apex ending in several stout spines. Scutellum with a broad base and a median groove. Eyes with very sparse pubescence. Antennae 10-jointed, with one ring-joint, the club 2-jointed. First funicle joint longest, the others shortening, the dis- tal two subequal to each other and to the pedicel. Distal club joint sub- equal to first funicle joint. Head with dense but rather small thimble punctures, subtriangular, only as wide as the greatest width of the thorax, the vertex broad, the eyes not large, not convergent, the genal sulcus dis- tinct; mandibles tridentate. Antennae inserted below the eyes. Thorax and abdomen polygonally sculptured. Antenna brownish yellow. Ovi- positor not exserted. From six specimens, similarly magnified. d”: Not known. From six females captured by sweeping the foliage of jungle growth along the banks of the Mulgrave River near Nelson, North Queensland, March 30, 1913. Habitat: Australia — -Nelson (Cairns), Queensland. Types: In the Queensland Museum, Brisbane, two of the above specimens on tags (2 pins). This new genus will be recognized because of the reduced num- ber of antennal joints and the long postmarginal vein. EULOPHIDAE — -OMPHALINI Epichrysocharis, new genus $ : Like Chrysocharis Foerster but the postmarginal vein not at all developed; antennae 9-jointed with one ring-joint, the club joints three, the third obscurely articulated and not terminating in a spur-like seta. Scutum with a median grooved line. Marginal vein slightly shorter than the submarginal. Scutellum with two median grooved lines. Legs short, normal. Stigmal vein long. cT : Not known Type: E pichrysochairs fusca n. sp. 1. Epichrysocharis fusca new species. $ : Length, 0.70 mm. Dusky yellow, the scutum yellow; legs and antennae pale yellow; wings hyaline. Pedicel longer than any of the funicle joints, the third of the latter smallest, transverse, the first longest but wider than long. Ring- joint very minute. Fore wings densely ciliate. Impunctate. From one specimen, similarly magnified; also high power. cf : Not known. 1913] Girault: Chalcidoid Hymenoptera from Australia 37 From one female mounted in balsam, captured from a window at Nelson, N. Q., March 20, 1913. Habitat: Australia — -Nelson (Cairns), Queensland. Type: In the Queensland Museum, Brisbane, the above speci- men on a slide. Achrysocharis Girault MS. 1. Achrysocharis grandis, new species. 9 : Length, 2 mm. Like pulchra but the whole thorax metallic green; the abdomen is only slightly so at (extreme) tip and somewhat distad of the middle there is a round dot near each lateral margin. Otherwise like the other two species. Fore wings very broad, pyriform, the apex subtruncate but not differing from the others. From one specimen, enlarged as above. d : Not known. Described from a single female captured with a female of pul- chra by sweeping foliage and grass in a forest, September 3, 1912. Habitat: Australia — Nelson (Cairns), Queensland. Type: In the Queensland Museum, Brisbane, the above speci- men in xylol-balsam with a female of pulchra and one of maculati- pennis. This species when unmounted has the metallic green median line of the scutellum outlined as in the type species magnifica by that portion being shining and punctate while the rest of the scutellum is opaque and smooth or nearly. 2. Achrysocharis maculatipennis new species. $ : Length, 1.20 mm. Wholly metallic green and punctate including most of the abdomen; propodeum blue; legs white, the coxae darker; antennal dusky yellowish, the pedicel over twice the length of the first funicle joint which is sub- globate; wings hyaline but in the fore wing there is a subelliptical stained area from the knob of the stigmal vein. Like the other species but with no yellow on the body and the abdomen is shorter, the wings less broad, more rounded at apex and moderately coarsely ciliated. The stigmal vein is longer. Posterior femur more or less dusky. Second funicle joint nearly twice the size of the first but still shorter than the pedicel’ which is long and obconic. From one specimen, similarly magnified. d : Not known. Described from one female captured with grandis. Habitat: Australia — Nelson (Cairns), Queensland. 38 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [Vol. 11, Nos. 1-2 Type: In the Queensland Museum, Brisbane, the above speci- men on a slide with grandis. TETRASTICHINAE Neomphaloides Girault MS. 1. Neomphaloides fusca new species. $ : Length, 1.30 mm. Fuscous or brown including the legs, scape and pedicel, the rest of the antenna black. A row of dark spots down each side of the abdomen; scutellum with at least two grooved lines. Funicle joints cylindrical, sub- equal, thrice or more longer than wide, the pedicel only a little over half the length of either. Third club joint ending in a long spine. Wings narrow, hyaline, the marginal fringes moderately long. Intermediate ring- joint very short. From one specimen, similarly magnified. cf : Not known. From one female captured while sweeping grass and foliage in the forest, September 3, 1912. Habitat: Australia — -Nelson (Cairns), Queensland. Type: In the Queensland Museum, Brisbane, on a slide with the type of Epichrysocharis fusca Girault. Tetrastichomorpha, new genus. $: Like Tetrastichus but the antennae with four short ring-joints, the club solid, the antennae 10-jointed. Fore wings with short marginal cilia. Propodeum with a median carina (no lateral) its sculpture rougher than that of the mesonotum which is as in the genus named. Pedicel much shorter than the funicle joints. Mandibles tridentate. c? : Not known. Type: Tetrastichomorpha flava n.sp. 1. Tetrastichomorpha flava, new species. $ : Length, 2.23 mm. Pale cadmium yellow, the abdomen lighter, lemon yellow, the legs and first two antennal joints concolorous with the abdomen. Wings hyaline. Flagellum and tip of valves of ovipositor black. Also on the abdomen along each side at margin a black longitudinal stripe extending from base to a little over a third toward apex; area containing ocelli dusky; extreme apex of each parapside black; also distal tarsal joint. Club terminating in a nipple and as long as the first funicle joint which is four or more times longer than broad. From one specimen, similarly enlarged. c? : Not known. 1913] Girault: Chalcidoid Hymenoptera from Australia 39 Described from a single female captured by sweeping foliage and grass in the forest, April 5, 1913. Habitat: Australia — -Nelson (Cairns), Queensland. Type: In the Queensland Museum, Brisbane, the above speci- men on a slide with the type of Arretoceroides feralis Girault MS. Tetrastichus 1. Tetrastichus xanther new species. $ : Length, 2.00 mm. Reddish yellow, immaculate but the abdomen crossed by six transverse black stripes, all complete; tip of ovipositor and center of face also black. Scutellum with four grooved lines, the propodeum with a short median carina flagellum dusky, the scape and pedicel concolorous. Funicle joints cylindrical ovate. From one specimen, similarly magnified. c? : Not known. Described from a single female captured by sweeping foliage and grass in the forest, April 5, 1913. Habitat: Australia — -Nelson (Cairns), Queensland. T}^pe: In the Queensland Museum, Brisbane, on a slide. OMPHALINI Genus Closterocerus Westwood 1. Closterocerus saintpierrei new species. $ : Length, 1.75 mm. Brilliant metallic blue-green, the abdomen much darker, coppery but at base like the thorax. Tibiae and tarsi dusky pallid, the legs otherwise and the antennae black with metallic luster. Punctate-shagreened, the propodeum with a median carina. Fore wings bifasciate, the first fascia V-shaped, its apex distad and central; the fascia leaving at the apex of the marginal vein; the second fascia around the distal margin and rather nar- row; also in the middle of the blade a blotch which projects into the angle formed by the two arms of the first fascia. Marginal fringes short. An- tennae short, compressed fusiform, 8-jointed, the club 3-jointed, the small third joint terminating in a spur; pedicel longer than any following joints. Ring-joint apparently absent; it would make the eighth joint if present. From one specimen, similarly enlarged. cf : Not known. Described from a single female captured by sweeping the edges of jungle near Nelson (Cairns) N. Q., April 5, 1913. Habitat: Australia — -Nelson, Queensland. 40 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [Vol. 11, Nos. 1-2 Type: In the Queensland Museum, Brisbane, the above speci- men on a slide. This species is respectfully dedicated to the Abbe Saint-Pierre for his The Project of Perpetual Peace. TETRASTICHINI Trichaporoides Girault 1. Trichaporoides viridithorax new species. 9 : Length, 1.75 mm. Bright metallic green, the abdomen very pale yellow with the center broadly blackish along the meson from apex to proximad a little more than half way to base, this coloration verging to metallic green at apex; a line of blackish around base and down each side (dorsal aspect) for a quarter the length of the abdomen; at center of base this is accented by a triangu- lar projection; also these side lines joined by transverse rather faint cross lines. Lower half of face yellowish. Wings hyaline. Posterior coxa like the thorax, all of the legs otherwise pale lemon yellow except the distal tarsal joints which are black. Antennae dusky, the first funicle joint as long as the club, the pedicel as long as the third funicle joint. Scutellum with four grooved lines. Distal club joint distinctly the longer. From one specimen, similarly enlarged. c? : Unknown. Described from a single female captured by sweeping. Habitat: Australia — 'Nelson (Cairns), Queensland. Type: In the Queensland Museum, Brisbane, the above speci- men on a slide (with the type of Closterocerus saintpierrei Girault.) PODAGRIONINAE Pachytomoidella new genus. $ : Like Pocagrionella but the club enlarged and the four distal funicle joints transverse. cf : Not known. Type: Pachytomoidella magniclavus n.sp. 1. Pachytomoidella magniclavus new species. $ : Length, 3.00 mm., exclusive of ovipositor which is not quite as long as the body. Metallic aeneous green, the venter of abdomen, the tibiae, the scape, pedicel and funicle, brown; club and valves of ovipositor black. Wings hyaline, the postmarginal being short but nearly twice longer than the stigmal. Posterior femora beneath with seven large teeth. Polygonally sculptured. Median carina of metathorax and propodeum divided just out from origin, then diverging. Scutum rougher, punctured. Antennae 1913] Girault: Chalcidoid Hymenoptera from Australia 41 11-jointed, the club large and ovate as in Polynema , as long as the funicle whose first joint is longest, subquadrate, the distal four funicle joints more than twice wider than long. From one specimen, similarly magnified. cf : Unknown. Described from a single female captured by sweeping the edge of jungle near Nelson (Cairns), N. Q., April 5, 1913 (A. P. Dodd). Habitat: Australia — Nelson, Queensland. Type: In the Queensland Museum, Brisbane, the above speci- men on a tag. EULOPHIDAE — ENTEDONINI Mestocharella new genus $ : Agreeing with Mestocharis Foerster but the antennae with four funicle joints, two club joints the distal one terminating in a little spur; 9-jointed, the ring-joint simple. Scutellum with two grooved lines. Ab- dominal petiole distinct but short, propodeum plus metathorax with a median carina and a number of other irregular carinae. Stigmal vein very short, the postmarginal still shorter. Small, slender Mandibles triden- tate, the third tooth truncate. Pronotum long. cf : Not known. Type: Mestocharella feralis n.sp. 1. Mestocharella feralis new species. $ : Length, 1.20 mm. Very dark metallic with a purplish cast, the venter of the abdomen and a large ovate area in the center of proximal half of its dorsum, yellow; wings hyaline; legs brownish yellow, except the concolorous coxae; anten- nae concolorous with legs except distal three joints which are blackish. Wings ample. Thorax with a scaly sculpture, rather coarse. First funicle joint longest, all longer than wide and cylindrical but the fourth ovate, longer than either of the two club joints. From one specimen, similarly magnified. Described from one female captured by Mr. Alan P. Dodd by sweeping in a patch of jungle near Nelson (Cairns), N. Q., April 4, 1913. Habitat: Australia — Nelson, Queensland. Type: In the Queensland Museum, Brisbane, the above speci- men on a tag, the head on a slide. Chrysoatomus Ashmead 1. Chrysoatomus latipennis new species. $ : Length, 1.45 mm. Dark metallic blue, the legs yellow except the coxae, the cephalic femur more or less fuscous; scape yellowish, the flagellum black brown. Wings 42 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [Vol. 11, Nos. 1-2 uniformly, lightly but distinctly, stained, the stigmal and postmarginal veins very short; marginal fringes short, the fore wings broad. Antennae 8-jointed with a ring-joint, the club 3-jointed, the twojiunicle joints cylin- drical, tapering distad, subequal and longest except the scape; third club joint with a spur. Scutellum without grooves, the propodeum with a median carina. Polygonally reticulated. Mesoscutum apparently tri- lobed. Antennae filiform. From one specimen, similarly magnified. c? : Not known. Described from a single female captured by sweeping low vege- tation along a brooklet, mountain side (500 feet), jungle growth, October 28, 1911. Habitat: Australia — Babinda, Queensland. Type: In the Queensland Museum, Brisbane, the above speci- men on a slide (with the head of type Mestocharella feralis. Gir.). This species is probably a new genus but I failed to determine with certainty the division of the mesoscutum so decided not to describe it. TETRASTICHINI Genus Tetrastichus Haliday 1. Tetrastichus saintpierrei new species. 9 : Length, 1.85 mm. Brilliant metallic grass green with the usual sculpture; legs white except the concolorus posterior coxae. Wings hyaline. Abdomen, dorsal aspect, with imperial purple, its proximal third orange yellow, the metallic-color- ation projecting a little cephalad at each lateral margin. Antennae with two ring-joints; first funicle joint longer than the others. From one specimen, similarly magnified. d71 : Not known. From a single female reared with other eulophids from an oval gall on twigs of Melaleuca (Cecidomyiid galls), April 2, 1913 (A. P. Dodd). Habitat: Australia — Nelson (Cairns), Queensland. Type: In the Queensland Museum, Brisbane, the above speci- men on a tag. Respectfully dedicated to the Abbe Saint-Pierre for his The Project of Perpetual Peace. 1913] Girault: Chalcidoid Hymenoptera from Australia 43 APHELININI Genus Aphelinus Dalman. 1. Aphelinus dies new species. $ : Length, 1.30 mm. Black, the antennae and legs lemon yellow (except posterior coxae, the intermediate coxae a little dusky); wings hyaline; abdomen lemon yellow crossed by obscure dusky stripes; discal cilia proximad of oblique hairless line consisting of two long lines and a third short (two or three cilia) one, the cilia in these lines coarse, six or seven times coarser than the main cilia in the outer portion of the blade. Venation pale yellow. From one specimen, similarly enlarged. c? : Not known. Described from a single female captured by sweeping, Nelson (Cairns), N. Q. March. Habitat: Australia — -Nelson, Queensland. Type: In the Queensland Museum, Brisbane, the foregoing specimen in balsam. Epiperilampus Girault. 1. Epiperilampus channingi new species. $ : Length, 2.10 mm. The same as the type species ( xanthocephalus Girault) but the parap- sides concolorus and the stigmal vein is shorter, distinctly shorter than the marginal, the two subequal in the type species. Also the antennae are lighter. Otherwise, I cannot distinguish between them. From one specimen, similarly magnified. cf : Not known. From one female captured by sweeping grass in forest, Septem- ber 13, 1912. Respectfully dedicated to William Ellery Chan- ning in recognition of his public utterances against war. Habitat: Australia — -Quingilli (Cairns), Queensland. Type: In the Queensland Museum, Brisbane, the above speci- men on a tag (type subsequently lost accidentally). Genus Aprostocetus Westwood 1. Tetrastichus (Aprostocetus) kurandensis (Girault). I have verified the one ring-joint in the antennae of this species, also its description; the femora are slightly suffused with the metallic coloration of the body. The species closely resembles the following species with which I have closely compared it. In both species the second abdominal segment is polygonally reticu- 44 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [Vol. 11, Nos. 1-2 lated (only seen in certain lights); also both species are parasitic upon braconids. Genus Tetrastichus Haliday 1. Tetrastichus laddi new species. $ : Length, 2.50 mm. Like the preceding species but the femora and pedicel concolorous, the distal funicle joint shorter. From many specimens, similarly magnified. c? : Length 2.00 mm. The same as the male of the preceding species but with the differences noted for the female. From many specimens, similarly magnified. Described from many specimens of both sexes reared from what appeared to be Apanteles cocoons taken from foliage of Careya australis in the forest, Nelson (Cairns), N. Q., A. P. Dodd. (April 5, 1913). Habitat: Australia — Nelson, Queensland. Types: In the Queensland Museum, Brisbane, one specimen of each sex on a tag. Respectfully dedicated to William Ladd. Neotetrastichodes, new genus $ : Like Tetrastichodes Ashmead but the antennae with four ring-joints and the funicle of male antennae with long hairs; like Quadrastichodes but the funicle only 3-jointed. Male antennae with funicle 4-jointed, the club 3-jointed, the first funicle joint shorter than the pedicel. Ring-joints extremely short. Mandibles tridentate. Type: Neotetrastichodes flavus n.sp. 1. Neotetrastichodes flavus new species. $ : Length, 1.85 mm. Light orange yellow, the wings hyaline, the legs and scape concolorous with the body; middle of face dusky, also dorsum of abdomen obscurely. Flagellum dusky yellow. Funicle joints subequal, each slightly shorter than the pedicel; a spur ends the third club joint which is shortest. From one specimen, similarly magnified. cf : Length, 1.30 mm. The same but the cephalic part of the thorax is dusky and the abdomen wholly so excepting for a large whitish area centrally near base. Last funicle joint longest. From one specimen, same magnification. Described from a single pair captured by sweeping grass in a forest at Nelson (Cairns), N. Q., April 30, 1912. 1913] Girault: Chalcidoid Hymenoptera from Australia 45 Habitat: Australia — 'Nelson, Queensland. Types: In the Queensland Museum, Brisbane, the above speci- mens together on a slide. Trichaporoides Girault. 1. Trichoparoides flavus new species. $ : Length, 2 mm. Differs from fasciativentris in having four abdominal stripes, in lacking the metallic coloration, in having the pedicel shorter, plainly shorter than the distal funicle joint, in having the ovipositor plainly but shortly pro- jected and in being brownish yellow, the thorax obscurely dusky, more especially at cephalic margin of scutum centrally; antennae dusky. From one specimen, similarly magnified. to be holding its own against the hunters, although of course greatly decreased in numbers as compared with the flocks of former days. More common than the Redheads, with which migrant they may sometimes be found associated. Most common during the fall migration, particularly during November, when comparatively large flocks, often as many as fifty or more may be found. Marila marila (Linnaeus). Scaup Duck An uncommon migrant, though probably more common than the data at hand signify. A hunter was seen at Oconomowoc on October 20, 1913, with five good specimens of this species, . shot on Nagawicka Lake. Outside of three other specimens seen by the writer, data are lacking, as hunters do not distinguish between this species and the next, the common Bluebill. Marila affinis (Eyton). Lesser Scaup By all odds the most abundant of our ducks. Arriving about the middle of October, these ducks are abundant until driven south by the closing of the lakes. During early November, 1913,. hundreds of “Bluebills” were killed on Okauchee Lake alone. Yet, despite the great slaughter they undergo, they return year after year in apparently undiminished numbers. May be found on any of the lakes irrespective of size, and very often small flocks or lone individuals occur on the rivers and creeks. Marila collaris (Donovan). Ring-Neck Duck A common migrant, found most often associated with the flocks of Lesser Scaup ducks, in which they mingle. More common, however, on the larger lakes, and rare on the rivers. Clangula clangula americana Bonaparte. American Golden-Eye A common migrant, more abundant during the fall migration than in the .spring. One of the last ducks to arrive, remaining 4 Birds of Wisconsin, p. 21. 120 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [Vol. 11, No. 4 often until the last lake is frozen over. In 1912 Oconomowoc Lake did not close until the very end of December, and a flock of eight Golden-Eyes was reported on December 26, the latest record at hand. The spring migration occurs early, and few are seen after the second week in April. Charitonetta albeola (Linnaeus). Buffle-Head A common migrant, often more plentiful in the spring than in the fall. Not found in large flocks, but a few individuals are often found associated with larger flocks of Canvas-Backs or Mal- lards. There is a single breeding record for Pewaukee Lake, the only Wisconsin record,5 but this is of course exceptional, and it cannot be classed at present as a breeding species. Harelda hyemalis (Linnaeus). Old Squaw A rare migrant, and only on the larger lakes. A flock of twelve was seen on Oconomowoc Lake on March 27-28, 1912, the only definite record during the last few years. Erismatura jamaicensis (Gmelin). Ruddy Duck A common migrant, steadily decreasing.6 Arrives about the middle of April, and is more common on the fall migration during late October and November. At the present time a very doubtful breeding species, though undoubtedly more common in this capacity formerly. Commonly called the “Bull-necked Teal/’ and not highly thought of as a “food” bird. Branta canadensis canadensis (Linnaeus). Canada Goose A common migrant and often a winter resident in suitable localities. The fall migration varies greatly, and flocks often do not become common until well into November. On October 25, 1913, a flock numbering over five hundred flew low over Ocono- mowoc Lake, apparently with the idea of lighting, but an ill- timed gun shot spoiled what promised to be a beautiful sight. Steadily increasing in numbers. But very few are killed each year in Waukesha County, due no doubt to the birds’ great timidity. Olor columbianus (Ord). Whistling Swan A rare migrant on the larger lakes of the county. Early in April, 1910, the exact date being unobtainable from the individuals re- 5 Kumlien and Hollister, Birds of Wisconsin, p. 25. 6 Kumlien and Hollister, Birds of Wisconsin, p. 27. 1913] Cahn: Birds of Waukesha County 121 porting the birds, a flock of eight was seen on Pewaukee Lake, where it remained for several hours. Flocks have also been re- ported from Nagawicka and Okauchee Lakes. Botaurus lentiginosus (Montagu). Bittern A common summer resident about the less frequented and wilder lakes and marsh-lined river courses. A deserted nest was found on June 23, 1913, in the tall grass about Wash Tub Lake, and the adult birds with three young were flushed within one hundred feet of the nest. Ixobrychus exilis (Gmelin). Least Bittern A common summer resident in all suitable locations. Small and retiring, they are but little in evidence. Four nests were found at Wash Tub Lake, June 23, 1913, three containing five very young birds, and one three eggs well advanced in incubation.7 Far more common than present records would tend to indicate. Ardea herodias herodias Linnaeus. Great Blue Heron A regular spring and fall migrant and rarely a summer resident. A single pair attempted to nest in a swamp east of Oconomowoc early in the summer of 1909, but thanks to a party of small boys, the egg-laying was never completed, and one of the birds was killed. This is, so far as is known, the only recent attempt at breeding within the county. Butorides virescens virescens (Linnaeus). Green Heron A common summer resident, found throughout the county, along the water courses. Nests sparingly in suitable places, as the woody shores of Dutchman’s, Nagawicka and Golden Lakes. Feeds largely on frogs, for which it will travel long distances to marshes. Nycticorax nycticorax naevius (Boddaert). Black-Crowned Night Heron An occasional summer resident, though but rarely seen. Two young were seen in the swamp of the Oconomowoc River, and one of these was secured. This was on August 8, 1912, and an adult was seen in the same location on September 12, 1913. No doubt breeds within the county, but there is no herony, and no nests are recorded. 7 Kumlien and Hollister, Birds of Wisconsin, p. 34. 122 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [Vol. 11, No. 4 Grus mexicana (Muller). Sandhill Crane A rare migrant, found only in undisturbed localities. In 1910 a single pair was noted near Dutchman’s Lake, and Dr. F. C. Rogers reports them for June 6, 1912. The bird commonly called “crane” in this locality is the Great Blue Heron. Rallus elegans Audubon. King Rail A rather uncommon summer resident in most parts of the county, but a breeding species where found. A beautiful male was seen on the shore of Otis Lake on September 18, 1913, where it was feeding upon shore insects. Extremely timid, and is more often heard than seen. Rallus virginianus Linneaus. Virginia Rail An abundant breeding species throughout the swampy region of the county. Owing to their seclusive habits, the birds are not often seen. An immature specimen was killed by an automobile near the outlet of Oconomowoc Lake, while crossing the road from one swamp to another. Nests in almost any swampy area, often among the rushes of the lake shore. Porzana Carolina (Linnaeus). Sora An abundant breeding species, found nesting in nearly every swamp or wet region. Two nests, each with twelve eggs, were located in a patch of rushes not over 75 feet square, near the out- let of Oconomowoc Lake, on June 4, 1913, both within 20 feet of the most traversed roadway in the state. This same area contained one nest of Rallus virginianus and three of the Red-winged Black- bird. The commonest of our rails. Gallinula galeata (Lichtenstein). Florida Gallinule An occasional summer resident, breeding where found. A pair nested at Dutchman’s Lake in 1912. Although the nest was not found, the young were commonly in evidence during the summer. Fulica americana Gmelin. Coot The “Mud-hen” of the hunters. A common spring and abun- dant fall migrant. Arriving about September 20, they are found on all the lakes until late in the fall in greater or less abundance. Such lakes as Wash Tub, Silver, Golden, Otis and Duck afford 1913] Cahn: Birds of Waukesha County 123 excellent shelter for the species, but their ranks are very quickly thinned when the hunters discover them. The species breeds sparingly about the wilder lakes. Steganopus tricolor Vieillot. Wilson’s Phalarope Kumlien and Hollister state that “breeding colonies are found near Pewaukee,”8 but the bird certainly is uncommon in this region at present. During 1913 but two males are recorded from Pine Lake. Philohela minor (Gmelin). Woodcock Practically exterminated in this region, though an occasional bird may still be flushed in the less populated localities. Once an abundant game bird, but now really rare. The hunters of the county tell marvelous tales of the abundance of the woodcock in former years, and admit that it has been reduced in numbers perhaps more than any other game bird. On September 16, 1913, the writer flushed a bird from the swampy area about the outlet of Oconomowoc Lake. Gallinago delicata (Ord). Wilson’s Snipe A not uncommon summer resident. During late May, June and early July a pair was often seen near the outlet of Oconomowoc Lake, where they no doubt nested. A nest of the “big jack snipe” is reported from this region in 1911, and is undoubtedly correct. Three specimens were flushed along the Oconomowoc River, near Oconomowoc Lake, on September 15, 1913. Not noticeably de- creasing in abundance. Pisobia maculata (Vieillot). Pectoral Sandpiper A rather uncommon migrant, found perhaps more commonly during the fall migration. A single specimen was seen along the Oconomowoc River on June 1, 1913, and another on September 11, 1913. Pisobia minutilla (Vieillot). Least Sandpiper A regular migrant, though not common. Two specimens were recorded on May 30, 1913, from the “dead river” area of the Oconomowoc River. 8 Kumlien and Hollister, Birds of Wisconsin, p. 24. 124 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [Vol. 11, No. 4 Pelidna alpina sakhalina (Vieillot). Red-Backed Sandpiper An irregular and uncommon migrant, seen most often in the spring about the middle of May, and but rarely in the fall. Is found only in the extreme western position of the county, usually along the Oconomowoc River, in small flocks of eight to ten birds. A lone individual was seen on the shore of Oconomowoc Lake on September 10, 1912. Ereunetes pusillus (Linnaeus). Semipalmated Sandpiper A common migrant and rarely a summer resident. It arrives during the first week in May, and returns southward about the first of September. Several were seen about Silver Lake during July, 1912, but there is no evidence of breeding. Totanus melanoleucus (Gmelin). Greater Yellow-Legs A regular migrant, although not common. Arrives about the end of the first week, in April, and is seldom seen after the third week of that month. According to the hunters of the region formerly far more abundant than at present, and evidently steadily decreasing. Totanus flavipes (Gmelin). Yellow-Legs A common migrant. A flock of eight remained near Pewaukee Lake from September 12 to 17, at which time five were “bagged.” An exceedingly wary bird, and one difficult to approach. Helodromas solitarius solitarius (Wilson). Solitary Sandpiper A common summer resident, found along the lake shores, but more especially along the Oconomowoc and Ashippun Rivers. Is apparently rather erratic, being almost abundant some years, and decidedly uncommon others. Such was the case in 1911 and 1912, when the birds were to be seen at almost any time along these rivers, and in 1913, when but surprisingly few were seen. Is all too frequently shot by the “sportsman.” Bartramia longicuada (Bechstein). Bartramian Sandpiper A regular migrant, though hardly a common one. On Septem- ber 4, 1911, a single specimen was taken on the shore of Silver Lake, and two individuals were taken in the same locality on Sep- tember 11, 1912. 1913] Cahn : Birds of Waukesha County 125 Actitis macularia (Linnaeus). Spotted Sandpiper A common summer resident, and often, though probably not always, a breeding species. Found along all water-fronts until about the middle of October. Makes an apparently irresistible mark for the ambushed duck hunter, and therefore many are killed uselessly each year. Oxyechus vociferus (Linnaeus). Killdeer A very common summer resident and breeding species. A nest with the customary four eggs, which hatched June 19, 1913, was found in a cornfield a quarter of a mile from the Oconomowoc River. A good series of photographs of the sitting bird was obtained from this nest. No attempt was made to conceal the camera, and the birds showed their utter fearlessness toward it by actually alighting upon the box time and again while returning to the nest. Found commonly in flocks of as many as twenty or more during the early part of September, and become extremely wary as soon as the shooting season begins. Aegialitis semipalmata (Bonaparte). Semipalmated Plover An occasional summer resident, though far more common as a migrant. Colinus virginianus virginianus (Linnaeus). Bob-White A rather uncommon resident, more often seen than heard. A flock of fourteen was flushed from the tall grass near the outlet of Oconomowoc Lake, and a single bird was heard continually during the early part of June, 1913. On June 22, 1913, a flock of five was watched for fully half an hour, as they fed among the weeds within 50 feet of the observer. Undoubtedly on the increase. Bonasa umbellus umbellus (Linnaeus). Ruffed Grouse Practically exterminated from most of the county, though an occasional bird may still be flushed in some unfrequented woods, as those around Dutchman’s Lake. Tympanuchus americanus americanus (Reichenbach) . Prairie Chicken The “prairie chicken,” like the ruffed grouse, is practically gone, but occasional individuals may still be found in the more secluded 126 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [Vol. 11, No. 4 parts of the county, and even, as on one occasion, within the city limits of Oconomowoc. Zenaidura macroura carolinensis (Linnaeus). Mourning Dove A common summer resident, nesting abundantly throughout the region. During June, 1913, seven nests were under obser- vation, from which not a single young bird was raised, on account of unusually high winds and red squirrels. Quite contrary to the usual habit of the species, not one of these nests was below 8 feet from the ground, while the two highest were in the upper branches of elm trees ( Ulmus americana), at an elevation of 31 and 39 feet. Circus hudsonius (Linnaeus) . Marsh Hawk A common summer resident and nesting species in the larger swamp areas. Found continually along the Oconomowoc and Ashippun Rivers, and over the swamps near Dutchman’s Lake. Because of its low-flying habit and large size this hawk is shot at continually, and many are killed every year. Accipiter velox (Wilson). Sharp-Shinned Hawk A common migrant, arriving early^n April. Has been found to feed upon robin, bluebird, fox and white-throated sparrows, towhee and junco. Accipiter cooperi (Bonaparte). Cooper’s Hawk A common migrant and summer resident. One of the most, if not the most destructive hawk in this region, taking a steady toll of all available poultry and song birds. In 1912 a pair nested in a tamarack swamp near Golden Lake. Buteo borealis borealis (Gmelin). Red-Tailed Hawk A common migrant and occasional summer resident and breed- ing species, though at no time numerous. Like many of the larger and for the most part beneficial hawks, the red-tailed hawk is constantly prosecuted, while the smaller hawks, as Cooper’s and the sharp-shinned, are allowed to pass unnoticed. Buteo lineatus lineatus (Gmelin). Red-Shouldered Hawk A not uncommon migrant, for which, however, there are but few records. Much more uncommon than is the red-tailed hawk. 1913] Cahn: Birds of Waukesha County 127 Buteo platyp terns (Vieillot). Broad-Winged Hawk A common migrant found often early in April. Apparently a perfectly harmless hawk, which, in this region, feeds largely upon frogs and field mice ( Microtus pennsylvanicus) . Archibuteo lagopus sancti-johannis (Gmelin). Rough-Legged Hawk A regular migrant and occasionally a winter resident, and never a very common species. Three were seen over Oconomowoc Lake on April 16, 1911, and one late in September, 1912. Haliaeetus leucocephalus leucocephalus (Linnaeus) . Bald Eagle A single immature individual seen in a dead tree near Dutch- man’s Lake on September 8, 1912, is the only record during the last few years for this bird. This individual was not timid, and was closely observed by five persons. Falco columbarius columbarius Linnaeus. Pigeon Hawk A common migrant, arriving early in April. Falco sparverius sparverius Linnaeus. Sparrow Hawk A summer resident, though not a very common one. A pair nested in 1912 near Pine Lake, but the nest was robbed before the young hatched. Several nests were found near Golden Lake in 1913. Pandion haliaetus carolinensis (Gmelin). Osprey An occasional visitor within the county during the summer, but not resident so far as is known. On August 16, 1912, a pair fished along the north shore of Oconomowoc Lake, feeding on the small fish found just beneath the surface of the water. Asio wilsonianus (Lesson). Long-Eared Owl A common resident and breeding species in many of the wilder regions. In 1912 a pair bred in the thick swamp area at the south side of Dutchman’s Lake, and another pair nested just north of Ashippun Lake. A lone individual, besieged by an army of over one hundred bronzed grackles and several blue jays, was found near the west end of Oconomowoc Lake on October 3, 1913. Asio flammeus (Pontoppidan) . Short-Eared Owl A common migrant and winter resident, and on one occasion at least a summer resident, though so far as known not a breeding 128 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [Vol. 11, No. 4 species. A single individual frequented the large tamarack swamp near Golden Lake during the summer of 1912, but no nest was found and only the one bird was seen. Cryptoglaux acadica acadica (Gmelin). Saw-Whet Owl A regular winter resident, and occasionally at least a summer resident; possibly even a breeding species, though there is no direct evidence. Dr. F. C. Rogers reports that “in June of 1912 three saw- whet owls roosted daily in a tree near the lake.” This was near the east end of Oconomowoc Lake. Otus asio asio (Linnaeus). Screech Owl A common resident found, though not abundantly, throughout the county. The birds breed in any suitable hollow tree, the eggs being laid about the third week in April. It may be of interest to note that, in the writer’s experience at least, the gray plumaged bird is commoner than the brown in this region. The gray is apparently dominant, the brown recessive. Feeds largely on mice, though feathers of bluebird, house wren and song sparrow have been taken from a nest containing young. Bubo virginianus virginianus (Gmelin). Great Horned Owl A rare winter or very early spring visitor, and not a breeding species. On January 10, 1910, a single individual was shot near Pine Lake, and one bird was reported for January 3, 1911. Coccyzus americanus americanus (Linnaeus). Yellow-Billed Cuckoo A common summer resident and breeding species, found through- out the region. More common than the black-billed species. It arrives later in the spring than that species, and leaves early in September. Coccyzus erythrophthalmus (Wilson). Black-Billed Cuckoo A regular summer resident and breeding species. Arrives early in May, and remains usually until severe frosts drive it south. Two were seen on October 3, 1913. Ceryle alcyon (Linnaeus). Belted Kingfisher An abundant summer resident and breeding species. The first individuals arrive the last of March, but the birds do not begin to nest until well along in April, during which interval they are 1913] Cahn: Birds of Waukesha County 129 extremely loquacious. Their principal food consists of bluegills ( Lepomis gibbosus) , perch ( Perea flavescens) , and small bass ( Microp - terus dolomieu). It is remarkable to note the large size of the fish caught, in proportion to the size of the bird; a bluegil] which manage to wriggle away from a passing bird measured 14.5 cm. from tip to tip. Dryobates villosus villosus (Linnaeus). Hairy Woodpecker A common resident throughout the county, though never abundant. The birds breed in any suitable locality, returning year after year to the same hole if left undisturbed. Less com- monly found in the summer than in the winter, when the birds come around the houses with utter fearlessness. Dryobates pubescens medianus (Swainson). Downy Wood- pecker A very common resident throughout the county. During the fall these birds become very tame, and may be attracted in numbers by suet or peanuts. Nests usually 6 to 8 feet from the ground . Sphyrapicus varius varius (Linnaeus). Yellow-Bellied Sap- Sucker A common migrant, and occasionally a summer resident . Arrives very early in April when it does considerable damage to maple trees ( Acer saccharum), and is seldom seen after the second week in May until the fall migration early in September. There has been a great decrease in the number of these birds during the last five years, and breeding records are very few at present. Melanerpes erythrocephalus (Linnaeus). Red-Headed Wood- pecker An abundant summer resident, found occasionally the year round. Nests in any suitable stump, fence post or telegraph pole, irrespective of its situation, and at almost any height from the ground. One dead tree had two pairs of birds nesting in it at one time during 1912, and in 1913 this number was increased to five pairs. Colaptes auratus luteus (Bangs). Northern Flicker An abundant summer resident throughout the county. Nests in any convenient stump or tree. A pair chiseled a hole into a 130 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [Vol. 11, No. 4 hollow pillar on the porch of an unoccupied dwelling, and succeeded in raising their family despite the fact that the house was occupied before the young were out of the nest. Antrostomus vociferus vociferus (Wilson). Whip-Poor-Will A regular migrant, no longer really common, and probably not a breeding species. Arrives during the first week of May, and often slips through on the fall migration unnoticed. Not nearly as common as the nighthawk, for which it is very often taken by the “sportsmen” of this region. Chordeiles virginianus virginianus (Gmelin). Nighthawk A regular migrant, and occasionally a summer resident. During June and July of 1912, a pair of nighthawks were seen on the wing nearly every night, and on July 27, their number was increased by two, undoubtedly the young. The autumnal flight of these birds was particularly fine on August 31 and September 2, 1913, when over two hundred and fifty individuals were seen over the west end of Oconomowoc Lake, where they paused to feed upon the enormous swarms of midges dancing over the water. Chaetura pelagica (Linnaeus). Chimney Swift An abundant summer resident, nesting in chimneys either in the city or in the country. During 1912 a colony nested in the chimneys along Main Street, Oconomowoc. Archilochus colubris (Linnaeus). Ruby Throated Humming- bird A common summer resident and breeding species. Often found around beds of Salvia, or resting upon telegraph wires. These birds arrive when the warbler migration is beginning — about the end of the first week in May, but nesting does not begin until the end of the month or early June. Rarely seen in the fall after the third week in September. Tyrannus tyrannus (Linnaeus). Kingbird A common summer resident, breeding throughout the county. In June, 1913, a nest was found on an overhanging branch of a basswood ( Tilia americana), within 10 inches of the water — just barely out of reach of the waves. In contrast to this, another nest was found in a cedar, fully 30 feet from the ground. 1913] Cahn: Birds of Waukesha County 131 Myiarchus crinitus (Linnaeus). Crested Flycatcher A rather uncommon summer resident, but a breeding species when found. Particularly common during the summer of 1913. Dr. F. C. Rogers of Oconomowoc says that “in July, 1913, a pair nested in a little house in a tree near my home.” Another nest was found in a deserted woodpecker’s hole near Golden Lake. Sayornis phoebe (Latham). Phoebe A common summer resident found breeding under all suitable bridges. Arrives early and leaves early, and is seldom met after the second week of September. Nuttallomis borealis (Swainson). Olive-Sided Flycatcher A more or less uncommon migrant, found during the latter half of June in the tops of high trees in rather dense woods. In 1912 and 1913 it was found near the outlet of Oconomowoc Lake. Myiochanes virens (Linnaeus). Wood Pewee A very common summer resident and nesting species. On June 8, 1913, a nest containing three eggs was found near Gifford Station in a red oak ( Quercus rubra), 10 feet from the ground. Seldom seen after the first week of October. Empidonax flaviventris (W. M. and S. F. Baird). Yellow-Bellied Flycatcher Probably a regular migrant, though there is but a single record at hand at this time; on May 27, 1913, an adult male was taken near Oconomowoc Lake. Empidonax minimus (W. M. and S. F. Baird.) Least Flycatcher A common summer resident, nesting in suitable places. Found commonly around Dutchman’s Lake. Otocoris alpestris alpestris (Linnaeus). Horned Lark An uncommon winter visitant, found on the wind swept fields from November to about the middle of March. Rather erratic in occurrence; some years the bird is apparently entirely absent. Not nearly as common as the next. Otocoris alpestris praticola Henshaw. Prairie Horned Lark The common resident “shore lark” throughout the open field region of the county. They begin breeding very early, and a 132 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [Vol. 11, No. 4 nest was found during the last week of March, 1913, with the female sitting, when the ground was covered by a late fall of snow. Gregarious at all times, and several nests have been found on a very few square yards of territory. Cyanocitta cristata cristata (Linnaeus). Blue Jay An abundant summer resident, and usually a winter resident as well; found practically everywhere. There is little complaint on account of the jay’s egg-eating habit, but the farmers shoot them constantly as much, perhaps, because of their constant noise as because of their reputation for grain eating. Corvus brachyrhynchos brachyrhynchos Brehm. Crow A common resident, increasing steadily in numbers. The birds nest in almost any grove of trees, from 8 or 10 feet to almost any attainable height. Will return to the same nesting site year after year, reconstructing the old nest. Dolichonyx oryzivorus (Linnaeus). Bobolink A common summer resident, breeding in suitable places, and becoming abundant during the fall migration. On August 5, 1912, a flock of over four hundred settled in the marsh along the Oconomowoc River, where it remained for several days. The birds were all in nearly full winter plumage, despite the early date. Molothrus ater ater (Boddaert). Cowbird A very common summer resident. The cowbird’s ability to detect nests of species on which it can impose its eggs is truly remarkable. Four cowbird’s eggs were removed on four consecu- tive days from the nest of a song sparrow, concealed in the heart of a dense Barberry hedge. The chief victims of the cowbird’s imposition are the yellow warbler, redstart, song and field sparrows. Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus (Bonaparte). Yellow-Headed Blackbird A common summer resident and breeding species, but very local in distribution. A colony breeds regularly in the rushes at the north end of Nagawicka Lake and another, smaller colony, about Ashippun Lake. It is an open question why the breeding area of this bird is so restricted, when there are plenty of apparently equally attractive regions throughout the county. 1913] Cahn: Birds of Waukesha County 133 Agelaius phoeniceus phoeniceus (Linnaeus) . Red-Winged Black Bird An abundant summer resident, breeding in practically every swamp in the county. The males arrive about the second week in March, and are followed by the females after an interval of about a week. In the fall they congregate in immense flocks, often alighting in the grain fields, and it is then that the farmer plays havoc among their ranks. Stumella magna magna (Linnaeus). Meadowlark A very common summer resident, found from the middle of March until the heavy frosts of late October or early November. Public sentiment is slowly swinging in favor of this bird, and it is far less “hunted” than formerly. Icterus spurius (Linnaeus). Orchard Oriole A regular summer resident, found in the less populated sections of the county, and but seldom seen in the vicinity of Oconomowoc. Icterus galbula (Linnaeus). Baltimore Oriole An abundant summer resident. The birds return year after year to a favorable nesting site, and a pair has nested on one of two adjacent branches of a large elm for four consecutive years. Euphagus carolinus (Muller). Rusty Blackbird A common migrant, arriving during the first week of April, and returning again during November. Seldom found in large flocks, as are the other blackbirds. Quiscalus quiscula aeneus Ridgway. Bronzed Grackle A very common summer resident, becoming superlatively abundant in the fall. During September the birds congregate in perfectly enormous flocks and invade the cornfields. Here they are slaughtered by the farmer. During the nesting season they are less gregarious, and solitary nests are common. Hesperiphona vespertina vespertina (W. Cooper). Evening Grosbeak Not an uncommon, though very irregular and erratic winter resident. Most of the records for the species are in February. On February 8, 1911, a flock of eight which remained in a very 134 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [Vol. 11, No. 4 limited area for three days, was reported from the south end of Pine Lake, and a flock of fourteen was reported from Oconomowoc on February 21, 1913. These two flocks are the only records during the last few years. Carpodacus purpureus purpureus (Gmelin). Purple Finch A rather erratic migrant, arriving usually early in April. Never common, and only a few records are at hand, all between April 3 and 16. Loxia curvirostra minor (Brehm). Crossbill Another extremely irregular winter resident, and, so far as occurrence goes, the most erratic of our bird visitors. In 1910 a flock of five was seen on December 27, near Silver Lake. The birds were feeding on hemlock ( Tsuga canadensis) and tamarack ( Larix laricina) seeds, and were not the least bit timid. Acanthis linaria linaria (Linnaeus). Redpoll A common winter resident, but of irregular occurrence. A flock of about thirty was noted near Golden Lake on December 30, 1912. Astragalinus tristis tristis (Linnaeus). Goldfinch A common migrant and summer resident, and occasionally only a winter resident. Nesting begins about the middle of August, and the young are often in the nest until well past the middle of September. In 1912, three nests were found in a small clump of willow at an elevation of about 30 inches, all within an area of approximately 30 square feet. Spinus pinus (Wilson). Pine Siskin A rather erratic migrant and winter resident, found most com- monly about evergreen or tamarack thickets during October or November, but its yearly appearance is not to be relied upon. Its favorite food is conifer seeds, and flocks will often be found busily engaged in extracting the seeds from hemlock cones. The fact that evergreens are not over common in Waukesha County may account for the uncertainty of this species’ occurrence. Passer domesticus (Linnaeus). English Sparrow Everywhere abundant, and always a nuisance. 1913] Cahn: Birds op Waukesha County 135 Plectrophenax nivalis nivalis (Linnaeus). Snow Bunting A common winter resident, found more in the open fields than near the lakes and river-courses, and then only where weeds are abundant, offering suitable food. Calcarius lapponicus lapponicus (Linnaeus). Lapland Long- spur A common winter resident, arriving about the second week of November, and remaining until well into April, the latest date at hand being April 17, 1911. More common in the eastern half of the county than in the lake region, being more a bird of the large open fields. Pooecetes gramineus gramineus (Gmelin). Vesper Sparrow A common summer resident and breeding species. On June 17, 1913, three nests were found in a cornfield, all with eggs about to hatch. One of our common summer sparrows. Passerculus sandwichensis savanna (Wilson). Savannah Spar- row A regular summer resident, though more common on the early spring migration. Undoubtedly a breeding species, though there are no nesting records at hand. Ammodramus savannarum australis Maynard. Grasshopper Sparrow A regular summer resident, found commonly but locally. Ar- rives during the latter part of April or early May. Probably will be found to breed. Passerherbulus henslowi henslowi (Audubon). Henslow’s. Sparrow A regular, though never a common migrant, for which there are but few spring, and still fewer fall records. Because of its seclusive habits^ it is hard to say how early the bird arrives, but it is most apt to be seen during the third and fourth weeks of May. Zonotrichia leucophrys leucophrys (J. R. Forster). White- Crowned Sparrow A regular migrant, more common in the spring than in the fall. Found along brush-covered fences and in other thick shelter. 136 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [Vol. 11, No. 4 Zonotrichia albicollis (Gmelin). White-Throated Sparrow A common migrant, arriving in the spring about the second week in April. In 1913 the fall migration began on September 13, and by the 17th the birds were common and in full song. Spizella monticola monticola (Gmelin). Tree Sparrow A common migrant and winter resident, found usually in large rocks about hedges and brush-piles. Arrives early in November and leaves by the middle of April. Spizella passerina passerina (Bechstein). Chipping Sparrow A common summer resident, nesting in suitable locations. In 1913, a pair nested in a small bay tree at the side of a busy road, and were perfectly fearless. The young birds were fed largely on the “cabbage-worm” — the caterpillar of Pieris rapae. Spizella pusilla pusilla (Wilson). Field Sparrow A common summer resident and nesting species. Greatly imposed upon by the cowbird. Arrives early in April, and leaves by the end of October. Junco hyemalis hyemalis (Linnaeus). Slate-Colored Junco A common migrant and winter resident, found along with the tree, fox and white-throated sparrows. Melospiza melodia melodia (Wilson). Song Sparrow A very common summer resident, a few individuals remaining over the winter. Nests usually on the ground, but by no means always. A pair raised its family among the flower-pots of a green-house, and the female could be stroked while incubating. Suffers greatly at the hands of the cowbird. A young cowbird, just hatched, was placed in the nest of a song sparrow, when all but one of the young of that species had left the nest. The foster parents seemed not a bit surprised at this sudden and unexpected addition to their family, and spent two busy weeks cramming that cowbird full of “cabbage worms.” Undoubtedly raises at least two broods a season under normal conditions. Melospiza georgiana (Latham). Swamp Sparrow A common summer resident, found breeding in all suitable places. Arrives early in April, and remains until after the first severe frosts. 1913] Cahn: Birds of Waukesha County 137 Passerella iliaca iliaca (Merrem). Fox Sparrow A common migrant, found most plentifully during the spring migration. Keeps to brush and tangled vines almost entirely. Pipilo erythrophthalmus erythropthalmus (Linnaeus). Towhee A common migrant, summer resident and breeding species. Arrives usually early in April, sometimes even the last of March, but nesting does not begin until the second or third week in May. Departs for the south about the middle of October. Zamelodia ludoviciana (Linnaeus). Rose-Breasted Grosbeak A common summer resident and breeding species. A pair has returned to the same crotch in an apple tree for three consecutive seasons to nest. In this instance the male incubated far more than the female, and very frequently sang while sitting. Passerina cyanea (Linnaeus). Indigo Bunting A regular summer resident, though by no means abundant. In 1909 a pair nested in a young apple tree, the nest being but 18 inches from the ground, and without any concealment whatever. Spiza americana (Gmelin). Dickcissel A regular, though not a common migrant, arriving during the latter part of May. Piranga erythromelas (Vieillot). Scarlet Tanager A common summer resident, found breeding in undisturbed woods. A pair or two usually nests east of the outlet of Oconomo- woc Lake, and about the entrance of the Oconomowoc River to the lake. Pronge sub is sub is (Linnaeus). Purple Martin A common summer resident and breeding species, found in abundance locally. The birds arrive over night in great flocks about the first of April, and leave again as suddenly about the middle of August. Previous to the fall migration they will be seen to congregate, usually along the telegraph wires or over the insect-swarming swamps. Something over four hundred martins were in evidence on August 19, 1913, and but two individuals were to be found on the morning of the 20th. 138 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [Vol. 11, No. 4 Petrochelidon lunifrons lunifrons (Say). Cliff Swallow A regular, though hardly a common summer resident, found breeding locally. In 1911, about twenty pairs nested around the barns of a farm on Golden Lake, and returned to the same place in 1913, after an absence of one year. Hirundo erythrogastra (Boddaert). Barn Swallow A very common summer resident, breeding in almost any barn or hen-house. Iridoprocne bicolor (Vieillot). Tree Swallow A common summer resident, found breeding in such areas as the large swamps near Golden Lake. Riparia riparia (Linnaeus). Bank Swallow A common summer resident, found breeding in fairly large colonies in suitable localities where sand-banks are available. There is a large colony that breeds yearly near Ashippun Lake, and another smaller one near Nagawicka. Often found nesting along railroad cuts. Stelgidopteryx serripennis (Audubon). Rough-Winged Swallow A common summer resident, though not as abundant as the preceding species. Nests usually in holes in banks, but will, if necessary adapt itself to crevices in walls or stone piles. Bombycilla cedrorum (Vieillot). Cedar Waxwing A common summer resident and breeding species, found nesting about mid August. The nests are bulky, and are often placed in evergreens, if there be any choice of nesting sites. One pair utilized over thirty feet of white string stolen from a nearby robin’s nest. Lanius ludovicianus migrans (W. Palmer). Migrant Shrike A regular summer resident and nesting species, found breeding in the less frequented regions such as the dense thickets near Dutchman’s and Henrietta Lakes. Vireosylva olivacea (Linnaeus). Red-Eyed Vireo A very, common summer resident, found nesting throughout the region, usually high in elm trees. Shares with the house wren the honor of being our most tireless songster. 1913] Cahn: Birds of Waukesha County 139 Vireosylva philadelphica (Cassin). Philadelphia Vireo A common migrant, found usually early in May at about the height of the warbler migration. Vireosylva gilva gilva (Vieillot). Warbling Vireo A common migrant early in May, and so far as is known at present, not a breeding species. Lanivireo flavifrons (Vieillot). Yellow-Throated Vireo An abundant migrant, and occasionally a summer resident. Two nests were found near the entrance of the Oconomowoc River to Oconomowoc Lake in 1910, and several more near the same locality in 1912 and 1913. Lanivireo solitarius solitarius (Wilson). Blue-Headed Vireo A common migrant, rarely found later than the 20th of May. Mniotilta varia (Linnaeus). Black and White Warbler A very common migrant, often the second or third species of warbler to arrive. Protonotaria citrea (Boddaert). Prothonotary Warbler A regular migrant. On one occasion, at least, a summer resi- dent, but there is no reason to believe a breeding species. In June and July, 1911, a pair was seen on several occasions in the big swamp area near Golden Lake, and all search failed to reveal any sign of a nest. Vermivora chrysoptera (Linnaeus). Golden-Winged Warbler A regular, but rather uncommon migrant, arriving nearly at the height of the spring migration. Vermivora rubricapilla rubricapilla (Wilson). Nashville Warbler A common migrant. Is one of the early warblers to arrive, appearing early in May, and remains until the greater part of the warbler migration has passed. Vermivora peregrina (Wilson). Tennessee Warbler A common migrant, arriving late in the spring, and usually found after all other migrating warblers have passed northward. 140 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [Vol. 11, No. 4 Compsothlypis americana (Linneaus). Pakula Warbler A regular migrant, at times almost abundant, but rather erratic. Especially common the last week in May 1913. Dendroica tigrina (Gmelin). Cape May Warbler A regular migrant, though not usually very common. Almost abundant on September 8, 1913, when dozens of individuals were seen. Dendroica aestiva aestiva (Gmelin). Yellow Warbler An abundant summer resident, found nesting almost every- where. Arrives the first week in May, and begins nesting the last of the month. Another victim of the cowbird. Dendroica caerulescens caerulescens (Gmelin). Black- Throated Blue Warbler An abundant migrant during the last half of May and again during the first two weeks of September. Dendroica coronata (Linnaeus). Myrtle Warbler A very abundant migrant and the first warbler to arrive in the spring, appearing as early as the second week in April. The fall migration begins the third week in September, and individuals of this species are often seen until after the middle of October. Dendroica magnolia (Wilson). Magnolia Warbler A very common migrant, arriving during the first week of May. For a few days only, often one of the most abundant species in the fall migration. Dendroica pensylvanica (Linnaeus). Chestnut-Sided Warbler A common migrant, found often as late as the end of May, yet not, so far as is known, a breeding species in the county. Dendroica castanea (Wilson). Bay-Breasted Warbler An abundant migrant, arriving during second week of May and rarely seen after May 25. In 1913, the fall migration for this species began on September 6, when fourteen individuals were seen. Dendroica striata (J. R. Forster). Black-Poll Warbler A common migrant, and often the last warbler to arrive on both spring and fall migrations. Although late, they are always 1913] Cahn: Birds of Waukesha County 141 found in abundance, and more often in elm trees ( Ulmus ameri- cana) than in others. Dendroica fusca (Muller). Blackburnian Warbler A very common migrant, arriving about the first week in May, returning in the fall about the third week in September. Seem- ingly of rather erratic occurrence, some years almost entirely escaping notice, and other years almost abundant. Dendroica Virens (Gmelin). Black-Throated Green Warbler One of the most abundant migrants, common after the first week in May until the majority of the warblers have passed on, and again the third week in September. During the last two weeks of September, 1913, these warblers were found almost everywhere. Dendroica vigorsi (Audubon). Pine Warbler A common migrant, especially in the spring migration, when it arrives very early in May, and is seldom seen after the third week. One of the most elusive warblers during the fall migration, keeping to the highest trees, and often entirely escaping notice. Dendroica palmarum palmarum (Gmelin). Palm Warbler A common migrant, and the most abundant of the early warblers. Found throughout the county during practically all of May, and again during the third week of September. Seiurus aurocapillus (Linnaeus). Oven-Bird A regular migrant, and often, though not always, apparently, a summer resident nesting in quiet places. Heard only in the spring, its presence during the summer is apt to be overlooked because of its quietness, combined with its retiring habits. Seiurus noveboracensis noveboracensis (Gmelin). Water- Thrush A regular migrant, often arriving as early as April 25, and in the fall individuals are reported well into October. Oporomis agilis (Wilson). Connecticut Warbler A regular though not a common migrant, found late in May and occasionally early in June. On September 8, 1913, four were seen near Gifford Station. 142 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [Vol. 11, No. 4 Geothlypis trichas trichas (Linnaeus). Maryland Yellow- Throat A common migrant and summer resident in suitable localities. Found abundantly in the spring and fall among the bushes along the Oconomowoc River between Oconomowoc and Fowler Lakes. Wilsonia pusilla pusilla (Wilson). Wilson’s Warbler One of the last migrants to arrive in the spring, but common for a few days. The latest spring record is that of two seen on June 2, 1913. Wilsonia canadensis (Linnaeus). Canada Warbler A common migrant and usually a late arrival, often just pre- ceding the Wilson’s warbler. Two were seen September 8, 1913. The birds are more common in the spring than in the fall. Setophaga ruticilla (Linnaeus). Redstart An abundant summer resident breeding throughout the county. The nests are often placed within two feet of the ground, and many are ravaged by the red squirrels ( Sciurus hudsonicus) or chipmunks (.Tamias striatus). Dumetella carolinensis (Linnaeus). Catbird An abundant summer resident and breeding species, arriving during the first week of May, or possibly even the end of April. Nesting begins very soon after the birds arrive, and often two broods are raised a season. Toxostoma rufum (Linnaeus). Brown Thrasher A common summer resident and nesting species, arriving about the first week in May. In 1913, five nests were located: four in brush pine, all within 20 inches of the ground, and one on the ground in a patch of clover without any protection whatever. Troglodytes aedon aedon (Vieillot). House Wren One of our commonest summer residents, nesting in any adapt- able place, such as a wood-pile, an empty pipe, a decayed fence post, and nesting boxes having openings small enough to exclude the English sparrow. In 1911, a pair nested inside of an unused street lamp in Oconomowoc, filling the entire chimney with 1913] Cahn: Birds of Waukesha County 143 small sticks. Two broods are nearly always raised a season, but in different nesting sites if possible. Nannus hiemalis hiemalis (Vieillot). Winter Wren A regular migrant, often overlooked because of its small size and shy habits. Cistothorus stellaris (Naumann). Short-Billed Marsh Wren A rather uncommon summer resident, found more frequently in the semi-dry marshes than in the wetter regions. Telmatodytes palustris palustris (Wilson). Long-Billed Marsh Wren An abundant summer resident, found breeding in almost every wet marsh in the county. Nesting begins about the second week of May, and as many as seven nests have been found belonging to a single pair of birds. Certhia familiaris americana (Bonapart). Brown Creeper A common migrant and winter resident. The earliest fall record is September 18, 1912, and individuals are rarely seen after the first week in May. Sitta carolinensis carolinensis (Latham). White-Breasted Nuthatch A common resident and breeding species. Although exceed- ingly tame during the fall and winter, the nesting site is usually some out-of-the-way region, such as Golden, Dutchman and Ashippun Lake areas. Sitta canadensis (Linnaeus). Red-Breasted Nuthatch A fairly common migrant, more abundant in the spring than in the fall. There are no nesting records for the species, and it is certain that it does not ordinarily breed in the county, though a nest was found at Pine Lake in 1888.9 Penthestes atricapillus atricapillus (Linnaeus). Chickadee An abundant resident, most common during the fall and winter. Nests about Golden Lake in deserted woodpecker holes, and young just out of the nest were found on June 2, 1913. 9 Kumlien and Hollister, Birds of Wisconsin, p. 124. 144 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [Vol. 11, No. 4 Regulus satrapa satrapa (Lichtenstein). Golden-Crowned Kinglet An abundant migrant and winter resident. Arrives early in October, and is rarely found after the middle of April. Regulus calendula calendula (Linnaeus). Ruby-Crowned Kinglet A common migrant, far less abundant than the preceding. Arrives during the first week of April, and often remains until the middle of May. Polioptila caerulea caerulea (Linnaeus). Blue-Gray Gnat- catcher A common migrant, especially during the spring migration. Arrives early in the third week of May, and is often seen for but a few days. Hylocichla mustelina (Gmelin). Wood-Thrush A common summer resident, nesting in any suitable woods. Five pairs nested in the woods near Gifford Station in 1913. Soft maple ( Acer rubrum) seems to be the favorite nesting tree, and the nest is seldom placed over 8 feet from the ground. An un- usually low nest was found in these woods at an elevation of but 14 inches. Hylocichla fuscescens fuscescens (Stephens). Veery Common only as a migrant during the middle of May and late September, and more abundant in the spring. September 7 is the earliest fall date recorded. Hylocichla aliciae aliciae (Baird). Gray-Cheeked Thrush A common migrant, arriving about the first week in May. Found mostly in the rather dense maple woods, and the birds are quite timid. Fall migration begins the second week in September, and the species is then common until early October. Hylocichla ustulata swainsoni (Tschudi). Olive-Backed Thrush A common migrant in early May and September. Less secre- tive than the preceding, and is found as often along the road- side as in the woods. Often entirely missed on the fall migration. 1913] Cahn: Birds of Waukesha County 145 Hylocichla guttata pallasi (Cabanis). Hermit Thrush An abundant migrant, arriving about the end of the first week in April, and often common until the third week in May. The fall migration begins about September 20, and small flocks of three or four — rarely single individuals — are found in sheltered places until early November. Planesticus migratorius migratorius (Linnaeus). Robin An abundant summer resident, and occasionally as winter resident, though rare as such. Nesting begins about the second week of May, and a second brood is raised late in July. A decu- liar nest found in 1910 contained common white string in lengths of from 3 inches to 2J feet, and amounting to a total of 68 feet 4 inches! Where such a quantity of string was found is a mystery, Sialia sialis sialis (Linnaeus). Bluebird A common summer resident, at present steadily increasing in numbers. The birds arrive as early as the middle of March, and remain until late October. The usual nesting site is a de- serted hole of the red-headed woodpecker, usually in a more or less exposed situation, but occasionally in the dense woods. In June, 1913, a nest with five eggs was found in the heart of a dense maple ( Acer saccharum) grove near Oconomowoc Lake. Often a second brood is raised as late as the last of July or even early August. HYPOTHETICAL LIST Branta sp? Brant The writer has received innumerable reports of “brant,” but has so far been unable to find anyone who can describe the bird, and no specimen can be located. Supposed to be more common in the spring than in the fall, and is only seen during migrating. The only definite information seems to be that the bird is not Branta canadensis canadensis (Linnaeus). Falco peregrinus anarum Bonaparte. Duck Hawk A single record for April 28, 1912, is the only report at hand, and as the writer considers this bird somewhat rare, he feels it advisable to await further data on the bird. 146 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [Vol. 11, No. 4 Lanius borealis (Vieillot). Northern Shrike The writer feels quite sure that he saw a single individual near Oconomowoc in December, 1912, but is unable to locate his data on this subject, and as no further reports are available, the bird is placed “on the shelf” for further reference. Helmitheros vermivorus (Gmelin). Worm-Eating Warbler Reported from Golden Lake on May 3, 1912, but not on very satisfactory data, and we await further reports on the species. Vermivora pinus (Linnaeus). Blue-Winged Warbler Reported from Golden Lake on May 2, 1912, but the writer feels grave doubts as to the correctness of the identification, and no specimen was secured. Probably does occur in the county as a rare migrant, but we must have a specimen before we give it place. Dendroica cerulea (Wilson). Caerulean Warbler Undoubtedly occurs, but so far has not been observed. Dendroica kirtlandi (Baird). Kirtland’s Warbler Reported repeatedly, but owing to the great rarity of this warbler, it can not be accredited a place until a specimen has actually been taken within our limits. Wilsonia citrina (Boddaert). Hooded Warbler Reported from Golden Lake on May 5, 1912, but this is the only record, and as the bird was seen amid a flock of warblers, we await further records before placing it in the body of the list. RECAPITULATION Resident (Birds marked with an asterisk have been found breeding.) Herring Gull. *Mallard Duck. *Bob-white. Ruffed Grouse. *Long-eared Owl. Saw-whet Owl. *Screech Owl. *Hairy Woodpecker. *Downy Woodpecker. *Prairie Horned Lark. *English Sparrow. White-breasted Nuthatch. *Chickadee. Prairie Chicken. *Blue Jay. 1913] Cahn: Birds of Waukesha County 147 Winter Resident Horned Lark. Snow Bunting. Evening Grosbeak. Lapland Longspur. Crossbill. Slate-colored Junco. Redpoll. Summer Resident ♦Pied-billed Grebe. ♦Black Tern. ♦Bittern. ♦Least Bittern. *Green Heron. Black-crowned Night Heron. *King Rail. * Virginia Rail. *Sora. ♦Florida Gallinule. Woodcock. ♦Wilson’s Snipe. Solitary Sandpiper. ♦Spotted Sandpiper. ♦Killdeer. ♦Mourning Dove. ♦Marsh Hawk. *Sparrow Hawk. * Yellow-billed Cuckoo. ♦Black-billed Cuckoo. *Kingfisher. ♦Red-headed Woodpecker. *Northern Flicker. ♦Chimney Swift. ♦Ruby-throated Hummingbird. "Kingbird. *Crested Flycatcher. ♦Phoebe. *Wood Pewee. ♦Least Flycatcher. ♦Crow. ♦Bobolink. *Cowbird. *Yellow-headed Blackbird. *Red-winged Blackbird. *Meadowlark. Orchard Oriole. *Baltimore Oriole. *Bronzed Grackle. *Vesper Sparrow. Savanna Sparrow. Grasshopper Sparrow. *Chipping Sparrow. *Field Sparrow. *Song Sparrow. *Swamp Sparrow. ^Goldfinch. *Rose-breasted Grosbeak. *Indigo Bunting. *Scarlet Tanager. *Purple Martin. ♦Cliff Swallow. *Barn Swallow. *Tree Swallow. *Bank Swallow. *Rough-winged Swallow. *Cedar Waxwing. ♦Migrant Shrike. *Red-eyed Vireo. ♦Yellow Warbler. ♦Redstart. ♦Catbird. ♦Brown Thrasher. ♦House Wren. Short-billed Marsh Wren. ♦Long-billed Marsh Wren. ♦Wood Thrush. ♦Robin. ♦Bluebird. 148 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [Vol. 11, No. 4 Migrant Holboell’s Grebe. Horned Grebe. Ring-billed Gull. Bonaparte Gull. Common Tern. Merganser. Red-breasted Merganser. Hooded Merganser. Baldpate. Green-winged Teal. Blue-winged Teal. Shoveller. Pintail. Wood Duck. Readhead. Canvas-back. Scaup Duck Lesser Scaup Duck. Ring-necked Duck. American Golden-eye. Buffle-head. Ruddy Duck. Canada Goose. Great Blue Heron. Wilson’s Phalarope. Pectoral Sandpiper Least Sandpiper. Red-baoked Sandpiper. Greater Yellowlegs. Yellowlegs. Bartramian Sandpiper. Sharp-shinned Hawk. Red-tailed Hawk. Red-shouldered Hawk. Broad-winged Hawk. Pigeon Hawk. Osprey. Whip-poor-will. Olive-sided Flycatcher. Yellow- Rusty Blackbird. Purple Finch. Henslow’s Sparrow. White-crowned Sparrow. White Throated Sparrow. Fox Sparrow. Dickcissel. Philadelphia Vireo. Warbling Vireo. Blue-headed Vireo. Black and White Warbler. Prothonotary Warbler. Golden-winged Warbler. Nashville Warbler. Tennessee Warbler. Western Parula Warbler. Cape May Warbler. Black-throated Blue Warbler. Myrtle Warbler. Magnolia Warbler. Chestnut-sided Warbler. Bay-breasted Warbler. Black-poll Warbler. Blackburnian Warbler. Black-throated Green Warbler. Pine Warbler. Palm Warbler. Water Thrush. Connecticut Warbler. Wilson Warbler. Canadian Warbler. Winter Wren Red-breasted Nuthatch. Ruby-crowned Kinglet. Blue-gray Gnatcatcher. Veery. Gray-cheeked Thrush. Olive-backed Thrush. Hermit Thrush, bellied Flycatcher. 1913] Cahn: Birds of Waukesha County Migrant and Summer Resident Loon. Nighthawk. *Coot. *Towhee. Semipalmated Sandpiper. Yellow-throated Vireo. Semipalmated Plover. Ovenbird. *Cooper Hawk. Maryland Yellowthroat. Yellow-bellied Sapsucker. Migrant and Winter Resident Black Duck. Tree Sparrow. Rough-legged Hawk. Brown Creeper. Short-eared Owl. Golden-crowned Kinglet. Pine Siskin. Rare Visitant Great Black-backed Gull. Sandhill Crane. Old Squaw. Bald Eagle. Whistling Swan. Great Horned Owl. Hypothetical List Brant sp? Blue-winged Warbler. Duck Hawk. Kirtland Warbler. Northern Shrike. Hooded Warbler. Worm-eating Warbler. Caerulean Warbler. Summary Resident Winter resident Summer resident Migrant Migrant and summer resident Migrant and winter resident Rare visitant Hypothetical Total Known Breeding Species, 75 149 15 7 69 79 11 7 6 8 202 Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, February, 21, 1914. THE CHALCIDOI.D FAMILY TRICHOGRAMMATIDAE II1 SYSTEMATIC HISTORY AND COMPLETION OF THE CATALOGUE AND TABLE By A. A. Girault Wenn die Fiihlergliederzahl richtig angegeben worden ist, woran ich nicht zweifle, dann liegt darin schon ein gutes Unterscheidungsmerkmal von alien iibrigen Gattungen dieser Familie. — Arnold Foerster. INTRODUCTION Although these words of Arnold Foerster were written more especially in connection with the genus Trichogramma the type genus of this family, yet today, somewhat over a half century later, they are as applicable to the family as a whole as they were to that genus then and as they still remain now. There was scarcely a genus in the family which had not been almost hopelessly confused because of wrong antennal conceptions and of this Trichogramma is one of the most notable examples. And not only this, but the same can be said for other structural characters of generic value, more especially the structure and form of the wings and their venation. But still further than this, in spite of the fact that the family has been known for three-quarters of a century and quite a number of species have been described, some now being prominent, the total inadequacy of specific descriptions has been very conspicuous. Coloration had been relied upon almost exclusively, but, as I have shown recently, proves non-reliable and sometimes wholly inconsequential, so much so, that in certain genera it is impossible to distinguish many of the species at all by it, even when these species are compared side by side. And, moreover, because of the confusion as to generic characteristics, these brief colorational 1 Part I, see this Bulletin, vol. 12, 1912, pp. 81-100. Since this second part was written (1909), I have added a large number of genera and species to the family and have made unforseen advances in the study of the group. Part I is supplemented as needed. 150 1913] Girault: Chalciroid Family Trichogrammatidae 151 descriptions of species, neglecting as they did morphological de- tails, had left us completely at sea in regard to the position of quite a few of them, and these we should either have had to drop as being unrecognizable or else adopt the useless alternative of listing them under arbitrary genera as so many mere names. Hence in this family we found ourselves in the anomalous position of a science without system, a mere lot of unknown things which fooled us by being called names. It has been my pleasure with the aid of many other investigators, acknowledged elsewhere, to trace the confused lines back to basic ground, and it is my purpose in the preceding, the present and following papers, to present as clarified a ground- work for future advance of our knowledge of this group as is possible, and to aid somewhat in this progress at the same time. The words of Foerster quoted in the opening sentence have proved to be true and the sentence grasps the entire history of the group. EXPLANATION OF THE WORK AND ITS SCOPE Heretofore many systematists have contented themselves largely in expressing opinions. Thus a revision of a group is usually given in outline without explaining or accounting for the various changes made with the expectation that they will be ac- cepted forthwith. But it is obvious to those who think, that this method is not only unsatisfactory but at the same time seriously negligent and really unfair. Quite often we find that explanations are not given for the reason that none are available, a little study soon convincing us that the position taken in regard to certain groups was because of personal opinion or even deliberate choice. This not only injects into nomenclature a dangerous element, that of varying personalities, but as well adds fogs and obscurities, and we find ourselves traveling a circle or leading to an infinity of nothings. In the preceding and following pages, therefore, I have avoided making any changes in the stati of genera and species without giving the best available explanations, but at the same time have realized that in certain cases judgment alone could act, and when such is the case the fact is stated. I have also been extremely liberal when reviewing the literature by giving most of it in one place or another, for this is not only fair but at the same time largely a necessity in some cases, and in this case largely because 152 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [Vol. 11, No. 4 any revision of the group must be based entirely on the literature, most of the types of the old genera and species having been lost. Another reason is this: if all of the literature is correctly given there is no necessity for going back of this paper for information. This paper is, in effect, a reprint summary of previous literature. Thus at the outset we found with this family: (1) The types of most of the old genera lost or non-existent; (2) the descriptions of some of the genera and many of the species inadequate for recognition; (3) the original descriptions of many of the genera changed by later authors apparently without valid reasons; and (4) a total lack of system in the present arrangement of the genera and species and the absence of a single serious study of the family as a whole. As a result we have been doubtful even in regard to the identity of the commonest and most important members of the family. These being true, thought will show that any serious effort to bring order out of this chaotic condition will have to deal mostly with and depend upon the literature itself. And in doing this I have made a rigid application of the internatonal code and also an effort to trace every unit back to its source; and, if reasonable, accepting the original as a basis for constructive work. In addition to this rigid study of the literature of the group I have made an effort to get together for detailed description as many specimens as possible and have been aided largely in this by Dr. L. O. Howard, who very kindly turned over to me all of these insects in the col- lections of the National Bureau of Entomology and of the United States National Museum. By collecting myself I have also added largely to the morphology of the group by being able to describe specimens from unmounted material and while it was still fresh and unshriveled. Finally I may add that the literature of this group must be fol- lowed either literally or else advisedly and I hope to combine the two. The literature is tolerably clear; it only needs proper inter- pretation. GENERAL SYSTEMATIC HISTORY OF THE FAMILY Previous to the last half of the nineteenth century (1850), this family of chalcidoids was represented by but one or two genera 1913] Girault: Chalcidoid Family Trichogrammatidae 153 and species, which were included in the family Eulophidae or sometimes within the Encyrtidae. The earliest authentic mention of a species was, presumably, -by Peck (1799) who mentioned Trichogramma minutum Riley as Encyrtus species. Over a third of a century later, Curtis (1829) mentioned Calleptiles latipennis Haliday under the binomial name “Microma latipennis,” but gave no description of the species (see Haliday, 1833). This was the second mention of a species. Curtis mentioned latipennis in the following manner: “595 Microma, W. * 1 flavopicta W. f 2 flavoscutellata Curt. * 3 atra W. f 4 latipennis Curt. f 5 Iridis Curt.” Species of the family were next written about and the first genera discovered and described nearly simultaneously by two British entomologists, Westwood (1833) and Haliday (1833), the latter describing the ‘'Microma latipennis” of Curtis as Calleptiles latipennis Haliday and the former describing Trichogramma evan- escens. Because of the fact that this later genus and species was described one month earlier than the Calleptiles it became the type of the family. Trichogramma was described in June, 1833, and Calleptiles in July of the same year. Westwood thought the genus Trichogramma to be allied with what is now Aphelinus Dalman, hence eulophid, while Haliday placed Calleptiles in an unnamed tribe by itself. From the very beginning, these two genera fought for supremacy; even in its original description Calleptiles was questioned as being a synonym of Trichogramma by the editor of the journal in which it was described and subse- quently it has been rejected as a synonym of the more fortunate Westwoodian genus by nearly every systematist dealing with the family excepting Aurivillius (1897). From the literature, I con- clude that the two genera are distinct. During the following year, in the laboriously compiled Hymen- opterorum Ichneumonibus, Nees ab Esenbeck (1834) under the general heading “Genus XV Eulophum inserenda sunt genera, Eulopho similia,” gave a brief paraphrased copy of Westwood’s description of Trichogramma and under Trichogramma evanescens 154 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [Vol. 11, No. 4 added “Adnot. Conf. Myina Atomos, infra sub. No. 4 ( Cynips Atomos Boy. de Fonsc.).” The reference is to pages 432-433 of the same work where the description of Myina atomos is given. This species is inadequately described and is now referred, I think doubtfully, to Anagrus Haliday (De Dalla Torre, 1898, p. 422). This arrangement of the species is probably wrong, as it is a grega- rious egg-parasite and may therefore be a trichogrammatid. The point will be referred to later in a more fitting place. Hartig (1838) described Encyrtus embryophagus, which seems to belong to Trichogramma, as M. Kourdumoff informs me (in litt ., 1913). The British entomologist Walker (1839, a) was the next to give the group attention. This was in his Monographia Chalciditum. Here, under the name Pteroptrix evanescens , he redescribes what, from internal evidence, we shall consider as none other than Calleptiles latipennis Haliday, giving Trichogramma evanescens Westwood and Calleptiles latipennis Haliday as synonyms. A distinct species, captured on windows, in London, was described and figured. Although obviously not making it a Trichogramma by calling it so, Walker caused almost hopeless confusion later in regard to that genus, a confusion which persisted to the present day and which succeeded in the elimination of Calleptiles until up to the present time. After this mistake of Walker, Tricho- gramma evanescens was merged with Calleptiles latipennis in such a manner that the names of the two were exchanged for their definitions so that although Trichogramma was the name, Callep- tiles was the substance and finally the original definition of the former was rejected and the conception of the genus thus totally reformed. In the year following, Westwood’s (1840) introduction to the Modern Classification of Insects was published but nothing new was given concerning the Trichogrammatidae; the antennae of Trichogramma evanescens were figured practically as originally (Westwood, 1833) with slight differences in the relative size and shape of the six joints. In the Synopsis of the Genera of British Insects, appended to volume II, the Hymenoptera are divided into families and subfamilies, the genus Trichogramma Westwood listed within the subfamily Encyrtides Westwood with Calleptiles Haliday as a synonym. A brief diagnostic description of the genus is given which does not disagree with the original descrip- 1913] Girault: Ghalcidoid Family Trichogrammatidae 155 tion of Trichogramma. Thus Westwood himself does not give up the original perception of Trichogramma, and later (Westwood, 1879) he is the one to point out that that genus and Calleptiles Haliday are distinct things. During the next decade not very much was learned concerning the family, though Walker (1843-1846), Haliday (1842-1843) and Stoll werck (1848) wrote about the several existing species of the group, the latter concerning the life-history of a species representing a new genus made known several years later by Arnold Foerster (1851). Stollwerck’s paper was important, how- ever, as it made known for the first time the habits of one of the species of the family, foreshadowing the economic relations of the whole group. Haliday (1842) first figured Walker’s Trichogramma evanescens Westwood ( = Calleptiles latipennis Haliday), giving a fig- ure of the whole insect with enlarged details of the wings, antennae and tarsi; this figure is known to have been drawn by Haliday which is a strong reason for believing the Walkerian and Haliday an species the same; that is, that Walker’s Trichogramma evanescens Westwood and Haliday’ s Calleptiles latipennis are the same thing, considered as such by both Walker and Haliday, both having the original conception of Calleptiles in mind, yet calling the species Trichogramma evanescens Westwood. In 1843 Walker described Trichogramma carina Walker; this species I shall place in Callep- * tiles Haliday because of internal evidence — because Walker’s con- ception of Trichogramma was that of Haliday’s Calleptiles and be- cause it agrees more with that genus than any other; a ring-joint was probably overlooked in the antennae. In 1846 Walker listed Trichogramma evanescens Westwood with the Eulophidae, giving Calleptiles latipennis Haliday and Pteroptrix evanescens Walker as synonyms. This was in a list of the hymenopterous insects in the British Museum and as the specimens of evanescens so-called were presented to the museum by Walker, it seems evident here that Calleptiles latipennis Haliday was meant, as formerly. In the meantime, Haliday (1843) in attempting a classification of the old family Chalcididae places Trichogramma Westwood in a group to itself, characterized by having 3-jointed tarsi, listing Tricho- gramma' evanescens Westwood and omitting mention of any others as synonyms. In 1849, Stollwerck mentioned the discovery of Poropoea stollwerckii Foerster, but did not mention its name until later. 156 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [Vol. 11, No. 4 Thus, recapitulating, by the end of the first half of the nine- teenth century we find but two described genera of the family, namely Trichogramma Westwood and Calleptiles Haliday with three species between them, evanescent Westwood of the first genus and latipennis Haliday and carina Walker of the second; the existence of another species had been foreshadowed by Stoll- werck (1849). But at that time the types of the two known genera were hopelessly confused with each other; however, it was more or less recognized that they were somewhat anomalous in structure and were consequently occupying an uncertain place in the eulophid or encyrtid groups of genera and Haliday had gone so far as to place them in a separate tribe thus foreshadowing their recognition as a distinct family several years later (Foerster, 1856). Entering upon the second half of the nineteenth century we find at the outset some notable additions to the knowledge of the group, culminating at the end of the half-century in a definite concept of its systematic relations and at least some arranged sys- tem of classification. In the first year of this half-century, Walker (1851) gave in MS. notes by Haliday a synopsis of the Tricho- grammini, which, as the name implies, was ranked as a distinct tribe; three new genera were founded, namely Chaetostricha Haliday, Brachista Haliday and Oligosita Haliday, and Walker described in addition Trichogramma vitripennis Walker. More- over, the tribe was divided into two sections, the first with the pubescence of the wings arranged in regular lines containing Tri- chogramma and Chaetostricha, the second section with the pubes- cence of the fore wings arranged irregularly or normally containing the genera Brachista and Oligosita; these two sections afterward were raised to subfamily rank (Ashmead, 1904). Haliday’s synopsis is quoted herewith: ‘Synopsis of the Trichogrammini/ ‘ “Trib. Trichogrammini. Tarsi trimeri. Tibiae anticae calcari apice inciso.2 Antennae articulis 6,3 extremis in clavem coarctatis (an semper?): abdomen subsessile: statura Aphelini ( Myinae ) fere, et huic magis affines videntur quam Eulophinis; Oligosita vere pedibus gracilibus, tarsis 2dl paris elongatis, alis longe fimbriatis Thysani speciem mentitur. 2 The mention of this character is inexplicable to me, since it is characteristic of the family to lack cephaclic spurs, or when present, to bear them very short and straight, the strigil absent.— A.A.G. 1913] Girault: Chalcidoid Family Trichogrammatidae 157 “Generum Conspectus. * Alae anticae seriatim pubescentes. t Vena costam sinu tantum attingens ad ortum radii. 1. Trichogramma, Westwood. ft Vena costam longius decurrens ante ortum radii. 2. Chaetostricha, n.g. ** Alae vage pubescentes. t Alae anticae latae, margine subtiliter ciliatae. 3. Brachista, n.g. ft Alae anticae angustae, longe fimbriatae (plumatae). 4. Oligosita, n.g.” ’ Haliday, MS. Here we find the foundation of the classification of the family. The genus Brachista had no species named in connection with it and consequently is a nomen nudum. The types of the other genera were described in the same paper containing the generic diagnoses and are Chaetostricha dimidiata Haliday, and Oligosita collina Haliday. All of the genera thus far were described as bearing 6-jointed antennae, Trichogramma Westwood having scape, pedicel, 3 funicle joints (afterward known to be 1 ring-joint, 2 funicle joints) and a solid club; Chaetostricha having scape, pedicel, 1 funicle joint and a 3-jointed club; and Oligosita having the same as the preceding genus. Calleptiles Haliday is omitted, apparently, but here Trichogramma is intended for it. In the meantime, Foerster (1851) described a new genus called Poropoea based on the species stollwerckii whose existence was first mentioned by Stollwerck as previously stated. This genus was described as having 7-jointed antennae in both sexes — scape, pedicel, 2 funicle joints and a 3-jointed club and its adequate description furnished the first definite knowledge concerning both sexes; it also had broad fore wings with the pubescence arranged in regular lines and the marginal and stigmal veins together form- ing a regular arch and allying the genus with Trichogramma ; it is further characterized by having in the female a prominent exserted ovipositor. It was described from specimens reared from the eggs of an attelabid. At the same time Foerster also described another species under the name of Trichogramma walkeri bearing 6-jointed antennae (no ring-joint, 3-jointed club) and straight marginal vein of the fore wing; the latter broad with the pubescence arranged in regular lines and the antennae nearly similar for both sexes. 158 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [Vol. 11, No. 4 Rightly, later this species was removed to become the type of the new genus Centrobia Foerster (1856); the species differed from Tri- chogramma in lacking a ring-joint in the structure of the antennae, in having a 3-jointed club and a straight marginal vein. (Cf. How'ard, 1909.) Close upon Foerster ’s description of Poropoea, came its rede- scription as new by Ratzeburg (1852) under the name of Ophio- neurus, based on the male of 0. simplex new species and the female of 0. signata new species, both reared from attelabid eggs. In the same place, later, in some Nachtrage (id., p. 248) the female of simplex is also briefly described. Ophioneurus simplex is later pronounced synonymous with the type of Poropoea Foerster by Foerster (1856) who is confirmed in his opinion by Reinhard (1858, p. 23). The descriptions of the two agree in all essentials as do also the host relations. Foerster (1856) also placed Ophio- neurus signatus in Poropoea, but as Reinhard (1858) points out later, this species is different from Poropoea and at first he placed it with Chaetostricha Haliday and then with Lathromeris Foerster. But I am more inclined to accept the original description as it stands and hence consider Ophioneurus valid with the species signatus as its type. The exserted ovipositor and its host relations are characteristics which may serve to identify it. Four or five years later a great advance in our knowledge of the family w&s made through Arnold Foerster’s (1856) Hymenoptero- logische Studien. The more or less scattered group of genera is raised to the rank of a family, separated from all other families of the complex Chalcidiae (homologous with the present superfamily Chalcidoidea ) by the 3-jointed tarsi (Foerster, 1856, pp. 20, 26-27). The treatment and arrangement of the family is of such high order and of such fundamental importance in the systematic study of this group that Foerster’s opening paragraph and his Uebersicht of the genera are quoted here in full. It is to be regretted that here and also earlier (ib., 1851) Foerster was misled in regard to the genus Trichogramma Westwood, relying too much on Walker (1842). With the exception of this pardonable error and one or two others of omission (see Mayr, 1904), the • discussion of the family is of the highest excellence. It opens as follows and runs for about three and one-half pages, the Uebersicht being followed by concise discussions of the genera taken separately: 1913b Girault: Chalcidoid Family Trichogrammatidae 159 “21. Trichogrammatoidae. Diese kleine Familie, welche sich durch drei- gliedrige Tarsen auszeichnet, enthalt ausserst zierliche, aber auch sehr kleine Thierchen, welche nach dem Tode oft sehr stark einschrumpfen und einer genauen Untersuchung untibersteigliche Hindernisse in den Weg legen. Walker hat eine Synopsis dieser Familie aufgestellt, welche er Trichogram - mini nannte. Er charakterisirt sie durch dreigliedrige Tarsen und den Schienendorn des vordersten Fusspaares, welcher an der Spitze einge- schnitten sein soil. Zu den vier Gattungen, welche Walker in seinem Con- spectus auffiihrt und welche alle auch in hiesiger Gegend vorkommen, kann ich noch vier neue hinzufugen, von denen eine durch ihre Lebens- weise von nicht geringen Interresse ist. Indem ich hier den Conspectus von Walker beibehalte, habe ich bios die neuen Gattungen einzureihen, was in der folgenden Uebersicht geschehen ist: a. Vorderfliigel reihenweise behaart. b. Die Unterrandader verbindet sich nicht mit dem Vorderrand Poropoea m. bb. Die Unterrandader verbindet sich mit dem Vorderrand. c. Die Unterrandader bildet, indem sie an den Vorderrand geht und als ramus stigmaticus wieder in das Fliigelfeld hinab- steigt, einen Bogen; Fuhler achtgliedrig Trichogramma Westw. cc. Die Unterrandader bildet keinen Bogen; Fuhler mit weniger als acht Gliedern. d. Fliigel ringsum mit langen Wimperhaaren bekleidet Chaetosticha Walk. dd. Fliigel hinter dem ramus marginalis bis zur Spitze nur mit einem kurzen Haarsaum bekleidet. e. Fuhler siebengliedrig, mit einem Ringel und vierglied- rigem Endglied Lathromeris m. * ee. Fuhler sechsgliedrig, ohne Ringel und mit dreigliedri- gem Endglied Centrobia m. ** aa. Fliigel nicht reihenweise behaart. /. Fiihler siebengliedrig Asynacta m. *** ff. Fiihler sechsgliedrig. g. Vorderfliigel breit, am Rande mit zartem Haar- saum Brachysticha m. gg. Vorderfliigel schmal, lang gewimpert Oligosita Hal.” Pp. 87-98. * Lathromeris von lathros, a, ov, heimlich, verborgen, und meris, idos, der Theil. Der name bezieht sich auf die Fiihlergeissel, in welcher die einzelnen Glieder enge vereinigt, Gleichsam verborgen erscheinen. ** Centrobia von chentron, to, Stachel, Spitze, iiberhaupt Alles, womit man sticht, also hier der Bo\rer und bia, he, die Starke. Der Name bezieht sich also hier auf den bei einem so kleinen. Thierchen ungewohnlich langen und starken Legebohrer. *** Asynacta von asunaktos, on, unverbunden, unzusammenhangend. In dieser Benennung liegt ein Hinweis auf die Unterrandader, welche sich mit dem Vorderrande nicht verbindet. * Brachysticha (=Brachista Walk.) von brachus, eia, u, klein, kurz, und stuche, he die Reihe; also mit einer Kurzen Reihe, was sich auf den Haarsaum der Fliigel bezieht, welcher dicht gedrangte kiirzere Haare, aber keine langen Wimperhaare zeigt.” 160 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [Vol. 11, No. 4 As explained in the opening paragraph just quoted, Foerster based his arrangement of the genera of the family on the Conspectus of Haliday (Walker, 1851) the main divisions of the family being the same, the arrangement of the distal ciliation of the fore wings and the latter’s venation being the characters upon which the divi- sion is based. Three new genera are added to the family, two of which were improperly and inadequately described, namely Lathromeris and Asynacta; the third genus — Centrobia — was based on the species Trichogramma walkeri Foerster, previously de- scribed in detail (Foerster, 1851). In the discussions of the genera immediately following the Uebersicht, Foerster announces the synonomy of Ophioneurus Ratzeburg with Pgropoea Foerster, hold- ing Ophioneurus simplex Ratzeburg the same as Poropoea stoll- werckii and removing 0. signatus to Poropoea; as explained else- where the latter species is retained now as the type of Ophioneurus. In regard to the next genus discussed — Trichogramma West- wood — Foerster bases his conception of the antennal structures on Walker’s (Haliday, 1842) figure and consequently is misled into considering them to be 8-jointed. To be consistent we must accept Westwood (1833-1879) as final in this respect as he both precedes and follows both Walker and Foerster. Foerster remarks concerning the genus: “Ich besitze von dieser seltenen Gattung # drei Arten, aber von jeder Art nur eine Spezies, an welcher die Fiihler stark eingeschrumpft waren, so dass sie sich zu einer genauen Untersuchung, ohne das ganze Individuum zu zerstoren, wenig eigneten, deshalb habe ich mich hier in Betreff der Angabe der Fiihlerglieder auf die Gattungsdiagnose Westwood’s und die Abbildung in dem Entomologist beschranken mussen. Wenn die Flihlergliederzahl richtig angegeben worden ist, woran ich nicht zweifle, dann liegt darin schon ein gptes Unterscheidungsmerkmal von alien iibrigen Gattungen dieser Familie” (p. 88). This quota- tion and wdiat immediately precedes it shows clearly that Foerster based his conception of Trichogramma largely on Walker and Haliday and therefore was misled concerning it. His remarks have much significance. In the following paragraphs of pages 88 and 89 the other genera are discussed in the order in which they occur in the Uebersicht. The discussions are wholly concerned with pointing out the differ- entiating characters of the several genera and are quoted in full in their proper places. Chaetostricha Haliday is emended to Chae- 1913] Girault: Chalcidoid Family Trichogrammatidae 161 tosticha on etymological grounds but the emendation is (and has been) rejected as being untenable and unnecessary; even Chaetros- trinx was mentioned as a possibly necessary emendation on the same grounds. Without explanation the fore wings of this genus are described as bearing long marginal cilia, though no mention of such was made in the original description. Lathromeris is then concisely described, the description based on the male about which all that is stated is “welches ich wegen der gelben Farbung des Schildchens Lathromeris scutellaris nenne.” This, of course, is very inadequate description for the species, but the genus is ac- cepted as valid and several North American species are now known. Under Centrobia , Trichogramma walkeri Foerster was written as Calleptiles walkeri; the characteristics of the genus are explained briefly. Asynacta is briefly characterized, but no species is named in connection with it and its status was that of a nomen nudum. Today, however, it is valid, its type species having been recently described by Mayr (1904). The genus has the venation curved nearly as in Poropoea, apparently described as having nearly simi- lar antennae but differing in the wing pubescence and in having the ovipositor concealed. The name of Brachista Haliday is emended to Brachysticha which is of course to be rejected, the emenda- tion having been made solely on account of the close similarity of the original name to Brachistes Wesmael. According to the present code, this similarity is more unfortunate than erroneous and Brachista Haliday consequently holds; at that time its status was that of a nomen nudum and Mayr is now the author of it under Foerster’s emended name. In conclusion, Oligosita Haliday is briefly contrasted with the then Brachista. Foerster’s additions to our knowledge of the family are the most important which occur during the last half of the nineteenth century and for the sake of clearness in tracing the future history of the family a complete catalogue of the group up to the end of the year 1856 is here given. Revised Catalogue of the Trichogrammatidae, Compiled to the End of the Year 1856. Family Trichogrammatoidae Foerster, 1856. (Type by implication: Trichogramma Westwood.) Genus I. Trichogramma Westwood, 1833. Synonyms: Calleptiles Haliday — Westwood, 1840, Synopsis, p. 73. (not real). 162 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [Vol. 11, No. 4 1. evanescens Westwood, 1883, p. 444, text-fig. Calleptiles latipennis Haliday — Westwood, 1840, Synopsis, p. 73 (by implication) . Genus II. Calleptiles Haliday, 1833, pp. 340-341. Synonyms: Pteroptrix Westwood — Walker, 1839, p. 13. Trichogramma Westwood — Walker, 1839, p. 13; 1843; 1851. Calleptiles Haliday — Walker, 1839, p. 13. Trichogramma Westwood — Haliday, 1842, Walker, 1846, Foerster, 1856. (No real synonyms.) 1. latipennis Haliday, 1833, p. 341. “Microma latipennis" Curtis, 1829. Pteroptrix evanescens — Walker, 1839, p. 13. Calleptiles evanescens — Walker, 1839, p. 13. Trichogramma evanescens — Walker, 1839, p. 13; 1846, p. 61. Haliday, 1842. Trichogramma evanescens Westwood — Foerster, 1856, p. 85; Walker, 1872. 2. carina Walker. Trichogramma carina Walker, 1843, p. 104. 3. vitripennis Walker, 1851. Trichogramma vitripennis Walker, 1851, p. 212. Chaetostricha Haliday, Walker, 1851, p. 212. Genus III. Chaetostricha Haliday, Walker, 1851, p. 212. Synonyms: Chaetosticha Foerster, 1856, pp. 87, 89. Chaetrostrinx Foerster, 1856, p. 89. 1. dimidiata Haliday, Walker, 1851, pp. 211-212. cGenus IV. Brachista Haliday, Walker, 1851, p. 213. Synonym: Brachysticha Foerster, 1856, pp. 88, 90. Nomen nudum. Genus V. Oligosita Haliday, Walker, 1851, pp. 212, 213. 1. collina Haliday (Walker, 1851, p. 212). Genus VI. Poropoea Foerster, 1851, pp. 28-29, tab. I, fig. 10, a-e; footnote to p. 28. Synonym: Ophioneurus Ratzeburg, 1852, pp. 196-197, text-figs. No real synonyms. 1. Stollwerckii Foerster, 1851, pp. 29-30, tab. 1, figs. 10, a-e. Ophioneurus simplex Ratzeburg, 1852, p. 197, 247, text-fig. Genus VII. Ophioneurus Ratzeburg, 1852, p. 197, text-figs. 1. signatus Ratzeburg, 1852, p. 197, text-figs. Poropoea signata Ratz. — Foerster, 1856, p. 88. Genus VIII. Lathromeris Foerster, 1856, p. 87 and footnote and p. 89. 1. scutellaris Foerster, 1856, p. 89. 1913] Girault: Chalcidoid Family Trichogrammatidae 163 Genus IX. Centrobia Foerster, 1856, p. 87 and footnote and p. 89. Synonym: Trichogramma Westwood — Foerster, 1851, p. 26. No real synonym. 1. walkeri Foerster, 1851, pp. 26-28 and footnote to p. 27, tab. 1, fig. 9, a. b. c. Trichogramma walkeri Foerster, ibid. Calleptiles walkeri Foerster, 1856, p. 89. Centrobia walkeri Foerster, ibid. Genus X. Asynacta Foerster, 1856, p. 87 and footnote and pp. 89-90. Nomen nudum. To this list may be added Encyrtus embryophagus Hartig, being probably a species of Trichogramma. Thus, by the year 1856 ten genera of the family had been recog- nized including exactly ten species all of which, however, were not equally divided between the genera, two of the latter having no species named in connection with them. In spite of the prog- ress in knowledge of the group, the synonomy had become some- what involved, as is readily seen by looking over the brief catalogue. We may now enter somewhat more conveniently into the history of the group from the time of Foerster to the end of the year 1912. During the same year that Arnold Foerster published his important, epochal contribution to our knowledge of this family, the first American reference to the group was made. Asa Fitch (1856) described two parasites of the larva of Hemerocampa leucostigma Smith and Abbot under the names “Trichogramma? Orgyiae” and “Trichogramma? fraterna,” both of which, it now seems certain, belong to some other group than ours. They have been referred to in part 1 of this paper. In 1857, Stollwerck added much to our knowledge of the economy of the group by giv- ing his observations on the habits and life-history of Poropoea stollwerckii Foerster; this paper was important as it added the first known of the habits of any species of the family showing that the Poropoea passed its entire cycle within the egg of an attelabid beetle, excepting when adult. These observations form some of the most important which have as yet been made concerning the biology of these minute insects. In 1858, H. Reinhard published some brief but important notes, entitled “Beitrage zur Geschichte und Synonymie derPteromalinen” (continued) in which he discusses Ophioneurus simplex Ratzeburg which at first he refers to Tricho- gramma Westwood; and 0. signatus Ratzeburg which he refers to 164 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [Vol. 11, No. 4 Chaetostricha Haliday. This will also be discussed in the proper place; but in passing it should be noted that Reinhard was wrong in both instances and in a Nachtrag to the same paper, after seeing Foerster (1856), he corrects the first accordingly (to Poropoea stollwerckii Foerster). Also, during the same year in the same journal (Reinhard, 1858, p. 323) he states again that Ophioneurus simplex Ratzeburg is Poropoea stollwerckii Foerster but that Lathro- meris Foerster is the same as Ophioneurus signatus Ratzeburg. This opinion is more correct than the first, for the species signa- tus is either Lathromeris or a new genus in itself, and if its original description is accepted, and I can see no other way out of this dilemma, assuredly Ophioneurus Ratzeburg stands with signatus Ratzeburg as its type species. I have included the genus accordingly. The next decade (1859-1868) produced little, with the exception of Lubbock’s description of Prestwichia aguatica. Yet Stoll- werck (1861) added further observations on the habits of P__oropoea stollwerckii and Leopold Kirchner published his Catalogus Hymen- opterorum Europae in 1867 at Vindobonae ( = Vienna, Austria). This catalogue included the genera Poropoea Foerster, Tricho- gramma Westwood, Chaetostricha Haliday, Centrobia Foerster, Asynada Foerster, Brachysticha Foerster and Oligosita Haliday with six species divided between them. The catalogue relatively is very incomplete as regards the family under consideration, a number of the species and genera being omitted, and besides it is carelessly compiled. But for historical purposes the entire list is quoted herewith : “C. Trimera. Subfamilia XXII. Trichogrammatidae Forster. 704. G. Poropoea Forster. Verh. Ver. pr. Rhld. VIII, 1851. 1. P. Stollwerckii Forst. Patasit in den Eiern v. Attelabus cur- culionoides. Ophioneurus simplex Rtzb. 1852. Deutschland, Briihl, Kaplitz, Turin. 705. G. Trichogramma Westwood. Phil. Mag. 1833, p. 444. 1. T. evanescens Wst. England, Kaplitz. 706. G. Chaetosticha Walker. Monogr. Chalc. 1839. (Lathromeris Forst. 1856.) 1. Ch. signata Rtzb. Darmstadt, Dornbacher Park. Ophioneurus signatus Rtzb. Ichn. d. Fortsins. Ill, 197. Gez. aus den Blattrollchen von Rhynchites Betulae. 2. Ch. scutellaris Forst. Aachen. 1913] Girault: Chalcidoid Family Trichogrammatidae 165 707. G.'Centrobia Forster Hym. Stud. II, 87. 1. C. Walkeri Forster Aachen, England, Galizinberg n. Wien. Calleptiles Walkeri Forst. Verh. nat. Ver. Rheinl. VIII, 1851, 26. 708. G. Asynacta Forster l.c. 1. A. sp.? 709. G. Brachysticha Forst. (Brachista Walk.) 1. B. sp.? 710. G. Oligosita Holiday. Hym. Brit. 1839. 1. O. Daedalea Forst. Aachen Kaplitz, Laxenburg. Gezogen aus Baumschwamm. (?) Fam. Blastophagidae m. » 711. G. Blastophaga Grav. Beitr. Ent. 1829. 1. B. psenes L. (grossorum Grh.). Siideuropa. B. Sycomori Wstw. 1857. Psenes caprifici Gasparini Caprif. 1845. Anmerkung zu den Trichogrammatiden. Diese interessante Familie enthalt die kleinsten und zartesten Thierchen, deren Genera nur mit Sicherheit bestimmt werden konnen, wenn davon mikroskopische Praparate in Glycerin angefertigt werden. Mit der scharf- sten Lupe besehen, auch unter das Compositum gegeben, sind die Fiihler- glieder im trockenen Zustande zuweilen schlechterdings nicht zu unter- scheiden. Dr. Forster spiesst diese Pygmaeen mit seltener Gewandtheit auf Silberdraht, wodurch wohl ihr Umfang allseitig besehen, aber die Genera noch immer nicht mit Sicherheit bestimmt werden konnen. So ist es auch mit der Unterrandader beztiglich ihrer Verbindung oder Nichver- bindung mit dem Vorderrande; dann ob diese Ader, wenn sie an den Vorder- rand geht und as ramus stigmaticus wieder in das Fliigelfeld hinabsteigt, einen Bogen bildet. So konnten z. B. die Diagnosen von Oligosita Holiday und Brachista W. schon bei ihrer Aufstellung nicht sicher gestellt werden, indem beide Hymenopterologen 6gliedrige Fiihler angeben, wahr- end selbe in der That 7gliedrig sind, und sich durch ganz andere Charaktere von Asynacta Forster, die ebenfalls 7 Ftihlerglieder hat, unterscheiden. Ich fertigte von diesen kleinen Thierchen mikrokopische Praparate und es gelang mir, ganze Individuen zu fixiren, so zwar, dass alle Theile deutlich und sichtbar hervortreten, und noch nach Jahren zur Demonstration sich eignen. Pp. 187-188. The incompleteness of Kirchner’s catalogue may be seen by com- paring it with the one previously given for the year 1856. He includes the genus Blastophaga Gravenhorst and an undescribed species of Oligosita, omitting any mention of the type species of the genus. Kirchner also makes the genus Lathromeris Foerster a synonym of Chaetostricha Haliday but this and other obvious errors are too weightless to merit further discussion. During the next thirty years a great deal was added to our 166 .Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [Vol. 11, No. 4 knowledge of the group, much of which unfortunately but served to lead to confusion. This was due to the great difficulty attending the study of this group and mainly to wrong antennal perceptions. Very few new groups were added during these years but the num- ber of known species was sensibly increased and the knowledge of the complex host relations of some of the commoner species much enhanced. American entomologists took the lead. In 1871, Charles Valentine Riley described Trichogramma minutum which subsequently has led to confusion by Riley’s proposal of Pent- arthron *as a generic name for it. Consultation of Riley’s descrip- tion and figures of this insect (Riley, 1871, 1879, 1881) and its synonym described later — pretiosum — shows distinctly that Riley did not count the ring-joint of the antenna as a true joint as he states (Riley, 1879), and both of his figures of the two species are identical in essential details, especially as regards antennal struc- tures. For the time at which they were drawn and printed these figures are excellent likenesses of the same thing drawn at different times and from different material under different conditions. Since then nearly all systematic workers in this group, excepting Ashmead and one or two c thers of less importance, have strongly suspected Pentarthron to be the same as Trichogramma Westwood; from all of the evidence obtainable from the literature, and from the general probabilities, I shall consider the inferences drawn by these experienced men to be correct and shall not hesitate at all in agreeing with Aurivillius (1898) in placing Pentarthron Riley ( = Pentarthrum Riley, de Dalla Torre, 1898) among the synonyms of Trichogramma Westwood.3 In connection with the Trichogrammatidae, other than histori- cally, the only reason for calling attention to the Schetsen of Snellen van Vollenhoven (1871) is for the purpose of warning others against putting any trust at all in the figures given of the genera Trichogramma Westwood, Poropoea Foerster, Chaetostricha Haliday and Centrobia Foerster, a condition of affairs most unfortunate considering the labor involved, the good general execution of the figures, and the great aid, which if accurate, these figures would have been. The figures are good as meaningless drawings, but as 3 See Girault 1911j , where the matter is fully treated. Dr. L. O. Howard had informed me that he has seen the type of Trichogramma and that it is the same as the common minutum Riley — that is, generically. 1913] Girault: Chalcidoid Family Trichogrammatidae 167 illustrations of generic types they contain such grossly perverted details of structure that their existence is obstructive. Newman, during this same year (1871) records Trichogramma evanescens Westwood ( = Calleptiles latipennis Haliday ?) from the eggs of “Smerinthus populi,” which were determined by Walker for a correspondent of the Entomologist of London. The following year Walker (1872) in his Notes on Chalcidiae, parts VI and VII, translates almost literally Foerster’s (1856) Uebersicht of the genera, exactly as follows (id., part VI, p. 105): Fam. 20. Trichogrammidae. A. Fore wings with lines of hairs. a. Humerus and ulna not united Poropoea. b. Humerus and ulna united. * Antennae 8-jointed. Humerus forming a curve. . .Trichogramma. ** Antennae with less than eight joints. Humerus not forming a curve. t Wings fringed around with long hairs Chaetosticha ft Wings with some short hairs between the radius and the tip. t Antennae 7-jointed, with a ringlet and with a 4-jointed club. Lathromeris. tf Antennae 6-jointed, with no ringlrt and with a 3-jointed club. Centrobia. B. Fore wings without lines of hairs. a. Antennae 7-jointed Asynacta. b. Antennae 6-jointed. * Fore wings broad, with a pubescent border Brachista. ** Fore wings narrow, fringed with long hairs Oligosita. Poropoea and Ophioneurus, Ratz., are one genus. Brachista, Hal., is altered by Foerster to Brachysticha. P. 105. In part VII of the same work (id., p. 114) Calleptiles latipennis Haliday is figured under the name of Trichogramma evanescens Westwood — the adult female with the wings spread and enlarged tarsus, fore and posterior wing and female antenna, the figure being practically the same as given previously by the same author (Walker, 1842), with minor details added or changed, giving the impression of a patched original. This figure has already been commented upon. It was in 1872 also that Packard recorded the description of Trichogramma minutum Riley and the provisional proposal of Pentarthron Riley for that species. Again the following year, Walker (1873) republished the figure 168 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [Vol. 11, No. 4 of Calleptiles latipennis Haliday of 1872 in a series of short papers on the Economy of the Chalcidiae merely stating that Trichogramma , meaning Calleptiles, is the smallest and most simple of the family and that it lives in the eggs of Lepidoptera. Dours’ Catalogue Synonymique des Hymenopteres de France appeared in 1874. This quotation comprises what it contains of the family under considera- tion: C. Trimera. Subfam. XXII. Trichogrammatidae. Foerst. Trichogramma. Westw. 1. T. evanescens. Westw. Chaetosticha. Walk. 1. C. signata, Ratz. Par. de Rhynchites betulae. Blastophaga. Grav. 1. B. psenes. L. 2. B. grossorum. Grav. b. sycomori. Westw. (p. 111.) It is needless to say that this list is without value. Four years afterward the Swedish entomologist Thomson published his classification of the Chalcididae ( = Pteromalidae Thomson) in which the Trichogrammatidae are classed as the tribe Trichogrammina of the section Microcentri. It is very briefly described as follows: “Alae lineis pluribus setiferis ornatae. Pedes tarsis triarticulatis.” Then follows: “Genus Ophioneurus 4 Ratzeburg. Alea postcosta marginem alae haud attingente, sed in medio fere sigmoideo.” Under this genus, the only one men- tioned, 0. grandis Thomson is described. The species is incor- rectly placed and belongs, as far as I am able to determine from its description, to Poropoea Foerster. In 1879 (Riley; Comstock, 1879) Riley described Trichogramma pretiosa from the eggs of Alabama , comparing it with minutum and stating: “I have proposed the generic name of Pentarthron for minuta in MS. now in Mr. Scudder’s hands, but until the allied genera are better characterized than at present, it is best to use the old genus Trichogramma .” In the same year Westwood pub- lished an important paper in this connection adding several new species and some additional descriptive notes on described species and genera. Here he discusses Prestwichia aquatica Lubbock 4 Mispelled in the original “Ophioneurns.” — A A.G. 1913] Girault: Chalcidoid Family Trichogrammatidae 169 which, he rightly believes, belongs to this family and not to the Mymaridae. The genus Trichogramma is then discussed and emended, or rather redescribed, the antenna and fore wing figured, and here Westwood shows distinctly a 6-jointed antenna with the articulated club in doubt, referring to it thus: “Nor am I clear that the large oval apical joint is not in reality composed of two or three* joints closely soldered together.” With this conception in mind he therefore indicates the supposed several (three) club joints by means of dotted lines in the figure, though the impli- cation is plain that these joints were not actually seen. As rede- scribed, therefore, the antennae are composed of a scape, pedicel ring-joint, 2 funicle joints and a solid club — the latter point doubted because of the author’s preconception — and these struc- tures, coupled with the morphological details of the fore wing as figured, are certainly borne out by the species now referred to this genus. Westwood then calls attention to th,e fact that Walker’s (1842) figure of Trichogramma evanescens Westwood ( = Calleptiles latipennis Haliday), “Differs in several important respects from my insect and its details, and evidently represents not only another species with a dark band across the fore wings, but probably a male insect, while mine was most probably a female.” Westwood next mentions ( Trichogramma ) Centrobia walkeri (Foerster), “Which has the antennae 4-jointed or (if the last joint consists, as the author supposes possible, of three joints soldered together) 6-jointed — the first of moderate size, the second and third equal, subovate, and nearly as large as the basal joint, and the terminal part of the antennae forming an elongated oval mass, the whole antennae being very slightly setose.” But Foerster leaves no doubt behind him concerning the structure of the antennae of walkeri, the figure of it and his description showing six distinct joints, three of which belong to the club. Poropoea and Ophioneurus signatus Ratzeburg are then briefly characterized without criticism. A brief review of the whole group is then given, quoting Haliday ’s (Walker, 1851) synopsis and Foerster’s Uebersicht, remarking that Prest- wickia Lubbock must be placed without doubt in the last section of Haliday’s synopsis corresponding with the Oligositinae of today. Oligosita subfasciata, 0. staniforthii and 0. f nodicornis are then figured and described as new and in addition Trichogramma ( Aprobosca ) erosicornis. The latter was based on a single male 170 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [Vol. 11, No. 4 specimen and perhaps does not belong to Trichogramma; its posi- tion is decided elsewhere. This contribution by Westwood is timely and throws much light on one genus at least, namely, Oligosita Haliday, though the ring-joint of course may not have been overlooked by Haliday in the first place. During the following year, Ashmead (1880) described Tricho- gramma flavus captured on orange leaves in Florida; from the some- what crude figure and from the statement in the description that the tarsi are 5-jointed, it is obvious that this insect is not a tricho- grammatid but its habitus and description make it very probable that it belongs to the eulophid subfamily Aphelininae, tribe Aphelini. I shall not attempt to place it. The remainder of our knowledge of the family is furnished largely by American entomologists, commencing with Riley and Packard and ending with Ashmead. Packard (1883) redescribed Trichogramma as having 5-jointed antennae — scape, pedicel, 2 funicle joints and a solid club, overlooking the ring-joint; he very briefly redescribes Trichogramma minutum Riley from four male specimens reared from the eggs of Limenitus disippus and supplied by Riley, and also T. minutissimum new species from males and females reared from the eggs of Papilio turnus Linneaus. The description is very brief. The latter species is correctly placed as it is directly connected with the generic description of the genus. In 1886 Howard republished a translated synopsis of the Tricho- gramminae practically giving Foerster’s (1856) Uebersicht, but replacing Poropoea by Ophioneurus and Brachista by Brachysticha. No comments are made. The same table is repeated the following year by Cresson (1887) who also lists the genus Trichogramma from North America with 7 American species, orgyiae Fitch, fraternum Fitch and minutum Riley being questioned. The positions and validity of these species have already been dealt with. This list with the exception of odontotae Howard had been previ- ously published by Howard (1885, a) where minutum was held to be valid. In the meantime, Howard (1885, h) described Trichogram- ma odontotae from the eggs of the coleopteron Odontota suturalis, and Ashmead (1888) Trichogramma acuminatum, nigrum and ceresarum. The last three species were not true Trichogrammae, as the American conception of the genus was somewhat varied, and Ashmead later was in doubt concerning at least one of the 1913] Girault: Chalcidoid Family Trichogrammatidae 171 species (Ashmead, 1894-1895). Their correct position has been ascertained. In 1889 Howard described Trichogramma intermedium and gave a diagnosis of the genus as follows : “Genus Trichogramma Westwood. Tarsi 3-jointed; front wings with regular rows of hairs, submarginal vein reaches costa, and, with marginal and stigmal, forms a regular arch; antennae 8-jointed — scape, pediceal, ring-joint, funicle (2), club (3) — ; ring-joint very minute; funicle joints in female small and subequal in length and width; club large, obliquely truncate at tip. In the male the funicle joints are much larger and the club is of same width, tapering gradually to rounded tip.” The species intermedium is figured, showing a typical Tricho- gramma with the usual solid club; it was reared from butterfly eggs. From this diagnosis of the genus it may be inferred that the American entomologists were also largely confused by pre- conceiving the antennal club as necessarily 3-jointed, and while the genus was described as bearing such an antenna the species included within it actually, at least as far as we are able to learn from the literature, bore solid antennal clubs. Ashmead in the fifth year following, described Brachysticha fidiae from the eggs of a coleopteron and remarked, following the description, that perhaps his Trichogramma acuminatum should be removed to this genus also, as it agreed closely with the species fidiae. The latter species belongs to Lathromeris Foerster; I have seen specimens of it. In 1895 Dyar without explanation gives Trichogramma minutissimum Packard as a synonym of T. pre- tiosa Riley. In 1898 h, Howard described a new genus and species, Paracentrohia , from the island of Grenada; it was based on the species punctata , a single female specimen captured on a window. A careful comparison of this description with Chaetostricha Haliday leads to the belief that the two genera are the same and Para- centrobia is considered as a synonym of the Halidayan genus, described so many years previously. In the same year, Howard (1898 a) described Lathromeris cicadae which I have later rede- scribed from the types. Two more very important contributions to our systematic knowl- edge of this family await our attention. The first appeared in 1897 by the Swedish entomologist Aurivillius, and the second in 1904 by Ashmead. Both contributions are in the nature of re- 172 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [Vol. 11, No. 4 vised synopses of the genera, the latter made by one of large experi- ence in the study of these minute parasites and their allies. In describing the new genus Oophthora, Aurivillius reviewed the litera- ture of the whole family which he summed up in a generic synopsis of the family of some weight and importance, and some of which I shall accept. The table is given in Scandinayian and Latin and I quote that given in the latter language as being the one more easily read. Aurivillius follows Thomson (1878) in ranking the group as a subfamily but bases his synopsis on Foerster’s Ueber- sicht, very properly not following him blindly, however. The Latin portion of the table is quoted at once : A. Alae anticae seriatim setosae. a. (Postcosta alar. ant. marginem costalem haud attingens. Antennae fere filiformes, 7-articulatae. Terebra feminae longe exserta'.) 1. Poropoea Forst.5 b. (Postcosta alar. ant. spatio plus minus longo cum margine costali connexa.) *. (Stigma arcuatum.) §. (Antennae 8-articulatae, funiculus triarticulatus, ciava triar- ticulata). 2. Calleptiles Halid.6 §§. (Antennae 6-articulatae, anello singulo, funiculo biarticulat., ciava solida.) 1. (Abdomen transversum, thorace brevius.) 3. Trichoqramma Westw.7 2. (Abdomen subcylindricum, thorace longius.) 4. Oophthora Aur.8 **. (Stigma rectum, margini costali arete adhaerens.) 1. (Ciava antennarum crassa, 4 5-articulata, pedicello multo latior.) 5. Chaetostricha Halid.9 2. (Ciava antennarum elongata, triarticulata, pedicello vix (End of p. 252) latior; funiculus 1-articulatus. Terebra feminae longa, corpore vix brevior.) 6. Centrobia Forster.10 5 Verhl. naruh. Ver. preuss. Rheinl. 8, p. 28, t.l, f. lOa-c. (1851.) Typ. P. Stollwercki Forst. ( =simplex Ratzb.) Klockt uz aggen af Attelabrus curculionoides=Ophioneurus Thomas, Hymenopt. Scand. 5 p. 299 (1878). 6 Haliday Ent. Magaz. 1 p. 340 (1833); =Trichogramma Hal. (non Westw.) Ent.T p. VI t.K f. 4-4d (1840); Walker Notes p. 105, 114 (1872); Forster Hymenopt. Stud. 2 p. 87-88 (1856). ■> Philos. Magaz. (2) 2 p. 444 fig. 8, 9 (1833) ; Trans. Linn. Soc. Zool. (2) 1 p. 588 1. 75 f . 12, 13 (1879) antennar. fig. emendata; Vollenhoven Schetsen t. 11 (1873), antennis falsis? 8 Ad hoc genus verisimile etiam pertinunt Trichogramma pretiosa Riley et minuta Riley. 9 An. N. H. (2) 7 p. 212 (1851); Forster Hymenopt. Stud. 2 p. 87, 89; -Lathromeris Forster l.c. 10 Hymenopt. Stud. 2 p. 87, 89 (1856); Vollenhoven Schetsen t. 11 (1873). Typ Trichogramma walkeri Forster Verhl. natur. Ver. preuss. Rheinl. 8 p. 26 1. 1 f. 9-9c (1854). 1913] Girault: Chalcidoid Family Trichogrammatidae 173 B. (Alae anticae haud seriatim steosae.) a. (Antennae 7-articulatae; postcosta alar. ant. marginem costalem haud attingens; terebra feminae haud exserta). 7. Asynacta Forster.11 b. (Antennae sex-articulatae.) *. (Alae anticae latae, margine subtiliter ciliatae.) 8. Brachista Halid.12 **. (Alae anticae angustae, longe fimbriatae.) 9. Oligosita Halid.13 Slaktet Oophthora st&r tydligen mycket nara Trichogramma Wetsw., med hvilket slakte det alldeles synes ofverensstamma i antennernas byggnad (pp. 251-253) : Aurivillius omitted Paracentrobia Howard, which I am now certain is the same as Chaetostricha Haliday, but adds Calleptiles Haliday, formerly omitted by other authors but which I think is valid. He also omits Pentarthron Riley which was not very ade- quately described and has been rightly considered a synonym of Trichogramma; yet strict adherence to the code makes it necessary to accept that genus for Oophthora , described as new here by Auri- villius, since the two are apparently the same and Aurivillius himself admits this indirectly by saying that Riley’s species minutum and pretiosum belong to Oophthora. If Pentarthron is valid it undoubtedly must take precedence over the other name.14 Aurivillius also makes Lathromeris Foerster a synonym of Chaeto- stricha Haliday, though upon what grounds is not explained. The two genera are distinct, as has been pointed out by Howard (1898) Prestwichia Lubbock is also omitted from a place in the family, attention being called to it in a footnote — “Hie etiam ponendum genus Prestwichia Lubbock (Trans. Linn. Soc., 24, p. 140, 1863) nondum rite cognitum.” In the year following de Dalla Torre’s (1898) catalogue of the Hymenoptera appeared and though containing many minor errors 11 Hymenopt. Stud. 2 p. 87, 89 (1856). Ancuar ingen art af detta slakte beskrifven. 12 An. N. H. (2) 7 p. 213 (1851). Brachysticha Forster Hymenopt. Stud. 2 p. 88, 90 (1856). Afven af detta slakte kanner jag ej nagon beskrifven art. 13 An. N. H. (2) 7 p. 213 (1851); Forster Hymenopt. Stud. 2 p. 88, 90 (1856). Typus 0. collina Walker An. N. H. (2) 7 p. 212 (1851). — Hie etiam ponendum genus Prestwichia Lubbock (Trans. Linn. Soc. 24 p. 140 (1863) nondum rite congitum.” 14 Both are Trichogramma. Footnotes 5-13 are numbered 1-9 in the original paper. The numbers are here changed to meet the exigencies of publication. — Editor. 174 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [Vol. 11, No. 4 as a reference work to the various component of the group proved of great aid. He omits Prestwichia Lubbock placing it with the Mymaridae and includes the genus Aprostocetus Westwood which is really eulophid. In the catalogue nine genera (including Prest- wichia) are listed with 27 species. Oophthora of course was not included. The various minor errors in this important work will receive attention in more appropriate places. Between the time of de Dalla Torre’s catalogue and Aurivillius’ synopsis of the family and that of the appearance of Ashmead’s table of its genera several additions to the known genera and species of the family were made and are mentioned in their order before taking up a consideration of the last and one of the most important studies of the family. In 1900 Ashmead described Brachista pallida and Centrohia odonatae as new species reared from the eggs of Odonata; the former I have proved to be a synonym of ( Trichogramma ) Abbella acuminata (Ashmead). Kryger (1903- 1905 a and b) recorded the rearing of various genera from host eggs without mentioning the species of the genera mentioned. In 1904 Ashmead described as new Trichogramma japonicum and Pentarthron brasiliense and Mayr redescribed Eulophus exiguus Nees as Asynada exigu (Nees), reestablishing the genus Asynada, formerly without a type species, and Br achy stir a pungens new species, which becomes the type of Brachista , thus reestablishing that genus. The types of the two former species I have seen. Ashmead as a culmination to his years of strenuous labor, in his monumental work on the classification of the chalcid flies (Ashmead, 1904) gives a full synopsis of the family Trichogram- matidae which he divides into two subfamilies — Ologositinae Ashmead and Trichogramminac Ashmead, corresponding to the two original sections or divisions made by Haliday (Walker, 1851). After reviewing the literature of the family I consider this synopsis of the genera the best one so far produced though there are many obvious errors which have had to be eliminated. Ashmead recog- nized nearly all of the genera so far described, with the exception of Calleptiles Haliday, and in the main rightly so. I have there- fore contented myself in revising this table omitting such genera as Aprobosca Westwood and correcting the genera wrongly diag- nosed. Ashmead, similarly with others, is misled in regard to Trichogramma, which as recognized by him is none other than 1913] GiitAULT: Chalcidoid Family Trichogrammatidae 175 Calleptiles ; so after all it is the former genus that is really omitted though the proposed new genus Xanthoatomus is evidently none other than it. I reproduce herewith the entire discussion of the family : Family LXXII, Trichogrammidae. 1846. Eulophidae, Family II, (partim), Walker, List Chalc. Brit. Museum, I, p. 62. 1856. Trichogrammatoidae, Family XXII, Forster, Hym. Stud., II, pp. 20, 26 and 87. 1897. Trichogrammatinae, Underfam., Aurivillius, Entom. Tidsk,. 18, p. 250. Dr. Arnold Forster was the first to recognize this natural family, which is at once distinguished, from all other groups, by the tarsi being 3-jointed, never more nor less. It comes nearest to the Family Eulophinae, where Westwood placed his genus Trichogramma in 1840, and apparently forms a connecting link between that family and the next, or the Mymaridae. In habits the group agrees with the Mymaridae, all the species falling in it being egg-parasites. Two subfamilies have been recognized : Table of Subfamilies. Wings without regular rows of hairs Subfamily I, Oligositinae. Wings with regular rows of hairs Subfamily II, Trichogramminae. Subfamily I, Oligositinae. In the arrangement of the pubescence of the wings this group resembles most closely the Eulophinae, and many of the species, but for the 3-jointed tarsi, could be easily mistaken for species in that family. Only five genera have been described, but it is probable that very many more exist and will be discovered when more attention is given to rearing the egg-parasites of the different orders of insects. Table of Genera. 1. Females 2 Males 6 2. Antennae 6- or 7-jointed with one ring-joint 3 Antennae 8-jointed with one ring-joint, the funicle 2-jointed. Asynacta Forster (type unknown). 3. Antennae 6-jointed 5 Antennae 7-jointed, with a ring-joint. Ovipositor not prominent 4 Ovipositor prominent, at least half the length of the abdomen; eyes oval; pedicel obconical, more than twice longer than thick; 176 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [Vol. 11, No. 4 flagellum fusiform, 4-jointed, the single funicle joint hardly sepa- rable from the club; wings rather narrow with a long marginal fringe Prestwichia Lubbock (type P. aquatica Lubbock). 4. Funicle 1-jointed, the club 3-jointed. Front wings narrow, with a long marginal fringe. Front wings without a substigmal fascia; scape straight or cla- vate, the single funicle joint scarcely longer than thick; eyes oblong-oval; metanotum smooth, without a carina. Oligosita Haliday (type 0. collina Hal. (Walker). Front wings with a substigmal fascia; scape subclavate, arcuate, the single funicle-joint much longer than thick; eyes rounded; metanotum bicarinate Westwoodella Ashamed, g. nov. (type Oligosita subfasciata Westw.) Front wings broad, with a short marginal fringe. Brachista Haliday (type unknown). 5. ? new genus. 6. Antennae 7-jointed or less, with one ring-joint 7 Antennae 8-jointed, with one ring-joint Asynacta Forster. 7. Fully winged 8 Wingless or subapterous. Scape slender, pedicel obconical, about thrice as long as thick at apex, the flagellum fusiform 4-jointed, the single funicle joint hardly separable from the club, hind legs very long . . Prestwichia Lubbock. 8. Funicle 4-jointed, the club one-jointed. Front wings with a long marginal fringe. Metanotum without carinae Oligosita Haliday. Metanotum bicarinate Westwoodella Ashmead. Front wings with a short marginal fringe Brachista Haliday. Subfamily II, Trichogramminae. This subfamily is easily recognized by peculiarities of the front wings, the pubescence, being arranged in distinct rows or lines, a peculiarity found in no other group, except to a slight extent in some genera in the subfamily Entedoninae, of the family Eulophinae. Table of Genera. 1. Females 2 Males 10 2. Veins in front wings forming a regular arch 3 Veins in front wings not forming a regular arch 4 3. Antennae 8-jointed, the flagellum clavate, the funicle 2-jointed, the joints transverse. Body short, robust. .Poropoea Forster (type P. stollwerckii Forst.). 4. Antennae 7-jointed or less 5 Antennae 8-jointed (scape, pedicel, one ring-joint, a 2-jointed funicle and a 3-jointed club). Trichogramma Westwood (type T. evanescens Westw.). 1913] Gjrault: Chalcidoid Family Trichogrammatidae 177 5. Antennae 6-jointed or less. . 7 Antennae 7-jointed. Wings with a short marginal fringe 6 Wings with a long marginal fringe. Chaetostricha Haliday (type C. dimidiata Hal.) 6. Antennae with the club 4-jointed (scape, pedicel, one ring-joint and a 4-jointed club) Lathromeris Forster (type L. scutellaris Forst.) 7. Antennae 3- or 6-jointed, without a ring-joint 8 Antennae 6-jointed, with a ring-joint (scape, pedicel, one ring-joint, a 2-jointed funicle and a solid club). Abdomen shorter than the thorax. Xanthoatomus Ashmead, gen. nov. (type. X). Abdomen subcylindrical, longer than the thorax. Pentarthron Riley (type Trichogramma minutum Riley). 8. Antennae 3-jointed 9 Antennae 6-jointed, the club 3-jointed (scape, pedicel, a 1-jointed funicle and a 3-jointed club.) Postscutellum not distinct, without a triangular projection. Centrohia Forster (type Trichogramma Walkeri Forst.). Postscutellum distinct, with a triangular projection. Paracentrohia Howard (type P. punctata How.). 9. Club not jointed. Marginal fringe not especially long, the marginal vein not more than twice as long as the stigmal vein Aprobosca Westwood. 10. Antenne 7-jointed or less 11 Antennae 8-jointed. Veins of front wings forming a regular arch; flagellum filiform. Poropoea Forster. Veins of front wings not forming a regular arch. Trichogramma Westwood. 11. Antennae 6-jointed or less 12 Antennae 7-jointed. Wings with a very long marginal fringe Chaetostricha Holiday. Wings with a short marginal fringe. Club of antennae 4-jointed Lathromeris Forster. Club of antennae 3-jointed Pentarthron Riley. 12. Antennae 6-jointed (scape, pedicel, a 1-jointed funicle and a 3-jointed club), marginal vein about thrice as long as the stigmal. Centrohia Forster. Antennae 3-jointed (scape, pedicel and a long, solid club); marginal vein not more than twice the length of the stigmal vein. Aprobosca Westwood (type A. erosicornis Westw.), pp. 358-361. This table should be closely compared with my own given partly in part I, but now revised and completed at the end of this paper. Mayr (1904) describes the types of Asynacta Foerster and Bra- 178 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [Vol. 11, No. 4 chista Haliday and it is on this basis that Ashmead’s diagnosis of these genera are considered erroneous; I have corrected (Girault, 1911 d) part of his description of Prestwichia from actual specimens; Westwoodella I have made a synonym of Oligosita, since its char- acteristics do not hold; Poropoea I have also seen and corrected; Trichogramma I have corrected after exhaustive study15 (Gir- ault, 1911 j); Chaetosticha I correct from the original description; Xanthoatomus and Pentarthron are proved synonyms of Tricho- gramma; Paracentrobia agrees with Brachista and from the descrip- tions I make them synonyms; and Aprobosca is probably a male Trichogramma. In 1906, I showed the great color variation in Trichogramma, describing a new variety of Trichogramma minutum (Riley) and in the same year Perkins described a new new genus from Australia (Pterygogramma) , which I have subsequently revised and added to. In the same and following year I summarized much of the biology of Trichogramma minutum (Riley). At the same time Schmiedeknecht (1907, 1909) gave generic synopses of the group and in 1910 I severely criticized Schmiedeknecht 1909, showing that his last and fuller synopsis was unreliable and based on Ashmead (1904), proved above to be largely erroneous. At the same time, the genera and species of the family were summarized, admitting fourteen valid genera and thirty-two valid species. In the meanwhile, Howard (1909) confirmed the original descrip- tion of Poropoea Foerster and stated that Centrobia was different from Trichogramma; Masi (1909) reviewed Oophthora Aurivillius stating that Trichogramma minutum Riley belonged with that group and that Xanthoatomus Ashmead was also Oophthora; he also made ( Pentarthron ) Trichogramma carpocapsae (Ashmead) a synonym of ( Oophthora ) Trichogramma semblidis (Aurivillius) by comparing the two. This was accepted, but later examination of the types of carpocapsae made by myself showed that the two were quite distinct. Claude Morley in 1910 gave the catalogue of the Pritish forms of the family, listing four genera and seven species, among them the tetrastichine genus Aprostocetus with three of the species. This catalogue is made up from the literature and is without value. 15 Dr. L. O. Howard has stated to me in a letter that he has seen the type of Trichogramma evanescens Westwood and that it is congeneric with Trichogramma minutum. 1913] Girault: Chalcidoid Family Trichogrammatidae 179 In 1911 and 1912 I completed my studies of the family, identify- ing the old species, making large additions to the known genera, and giving in two places (Girault, 1912 b and e) partial tables of genera. These tables are now summarized, combined and amended, adding two additional genera and one subgenus and sinking two of the former genera into synonyms. These genera are Brachistella Girault ( = Abbella Girault and N eotrichogramma Girault ( = Tricho - gramma Westwood). With the following table and catalogue, therefore, I consider it needful to give a final summary of the family down to the month of July, 1913. As far as I know this summary is complete, including every systematic unit of the group. In part III, then, it remains merely to give a biological history of it, a bibliography and one or two paragraphs concerning methods for collecting, preserving and studying these extremely interesting but exceedingly small insects. (To be continued.) Brisbane, Australia, July, 1913. PRICE LIST OF PUBLICATIONS Orders and remittances should be addressed to the General Secretary, Public Museum, Milwaukee, Wis. Numbers not included in the following list are out of print and can no longer be obtained. Bericht des Naturhistorischen Vereins von Wisconsin, 1871, 1873, 1874, each $0.10 Jahresbericht des Naturhistorischen Vereins von Wisconsin 1876, 1876-77, 1877-78, 1870-80, 1880-81, each 10 Proceedings of the Natural History Society of Wisconsin, April 6, 1885, to December 7, 1885 ; January 11, 1886, to December 13, 1886; March 14, 1887, to December 19, 1887 ; January 23, 1888, to Decem- ber 17, 1888 each .15 Bulletin of the Wisconsin Natural History Society (New Series): Vol. Ill, Triple Number, January, April and July, 1903 $1.00 Vol. Ill, No. 4, November, 1905 .50 Vol. IV, Nos. 1-2, April, 1906; No. 3, July, 1906; No. 4, October, 1906; Vol. V, No. 1, January, 1907 ; No. 2, April, 1907; No. 3, July, 1907 ; No. 4, December, 1907 ; each — 50 Vol. VI, Nos. 1-2, April, 1908; Nos. 3-4, October, 1908; each.. . . 1.00 Vol. VII, Nos. 1-2, April, 1909; Nos. 3-4, October, 1909; each.. . 1 .00 Vol. VIII, No. 1, January, 1910; No. 2, April, 1910; No. 3, July, 1910; No. 4, October, 1910; each .50 Vol. IX, Nos. 1-2, Nos. 3-4; each 1 00 Vol. X, Nos. 1-2, Nos. 3-4; each 1.00 The following Occasional Papers published by the Society may be had for seventy-five cents apiece: Vol. 1, No. 3, “Sexual Selection in Spiders of the Family AttidsB,” G. W. and E. G. Peckham, 1890. Vol. 2, No. 1, “ Ant-like Spiders of the Family Attidai,” G. W. and E. G. Peckham, 1892. Vol. 2, No. 2, “Spiders of the Marptusa Group of the Family Attidse,” G. W. and E. G. Peckham, November, 1894. Vol. 2, No. 3, “Spiders of the Homalattus Group of the Family Attidae,” G. W. and E. G. Peckham, December, 1895. . Vol. 3, “Spiders of the Family Attidce from Central America and Mexi- co, ” G. W. and E. G. Peckham, April, 1896. The Wisconsin Archeologist, Vol. I, No. 1, October, 1901 ; Vol. I, No. 2, January, 1902; Vol. I, No. 3, April, 1902; Vol. I, No. 4, July, 1902; Vol. II, No. 1, October, 1902, each $0.25 This publication is now issued by the Wisconsin Archeological Society of Milwaukee, from whom the later volumes may be obtained. CONTENTS Proceedings George Williams Peckham, M.D., L.L.D. The Birds of Waukesha County, Wisconsin By Alvin R. Cahn The Chalcidoid Family Trichogrammatidae II By A. A. Girault Actual date of issue June 11, 1914. No. 3, Vol. XI, was issued March 14, 1913. Bull. Wis. Nat. Hist. Soc., Vol.. 11, No. 4 PLATE I Nest of Pied-billed Grebe Nest of Sora Rail Bull. Wis. Nat. Hist. Soc., Vol. 11. No. 4 PLATE II Nest of Least Bittern Nest of Young of Least Bittern Bull. Wis. Nat. His. Soc., Vol. 11, No. 4 PLATE 111 Nest of Killdeer Killdeer on Her Nest Bull. Wis. Nat. Hist. Soc., Vol. 11, No. 4 PLATE IV Mourning Dove Incubating Nest of Vesper Sparrow Date Due Ft8 2 8 1357 MAR 2 3 1957 MAX 3 1 1351 DEC 2 0 1963 Wsy t»S| 2p ; m