APRIL, 1908 Nos. 1—2 BULLETIN OF THE WISCONSIN _ NATURAL HISTORY - SOCIETY EDITED BY THE SECRETARY \ CONTENTS: Peccsadinige: - Some Fossil Plants from the Middle Devonian of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, - - - - D. P. Penhallow A Preliminary List of Wisconsin Mammals, - Hartley H. T. Jackson Fossil Cercopidae (Homoptera), . - - ' T. D. A; Cockerell The Pseudoscorpions of Texas, - - - Nathan Banks | A Rapid Melanistic and Subsequent Partial Albinistic Change in a Caged Robin, - - Henry L. Ward || Notes and Descriptions of North American ; Parasitic Hymenoptera. VI. - - - Charles T. Brues Review of the Dragon-flies of Wisconsin, a Pech atts A. Matthowske 4) An Addition to the Avifauna of Wisconsin, - Henry L. Ward . MILWAUKEE, WISCONSIN. THE EDW. KEOGH PRESS. Entered as second-class matter, Oct. 24, 1906, at the post-office, Milwaukee, Wis., under Act of Congre of July 16, 1894. (Issued quarterly.) _ The Wisconsin Natural History Society, ~ MILWAUKEE, WISCONSIN. ORGANIZED MAY 6, 1857. 2 = OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS. Edgar FE; Teller, Presidetii.2.2ss2..=222.-- 165 27th Street, Milwaukee. Henry L. Ward, Vice-President............ Public Museum, Milwaukee. é Charles T, Brues, General Secretary...... Public Museum, Milwaukee. William Finger, Treasurer................. 297 12th Street, Milwaukee. Sigmund —Graenicher:.:. os..yate seen 2 e eee 551 7th Street, Milwaukee. PUBLISHING COMMITTEE. ae Henry L. Ward, _Geo. W. Peckham, Chas. E. Monroe. ie amy REGULAR MEETINGS. kas These are all held on the last Thursday of each month, except aS ce July and August, in the trustees’ room in the Public Museum Building E Milwaukee. /: PUBLICATION. : The “Bulletin of the Wisconsin Natura] History Society.” rs fare eal \ Be a MEMBERSHIP DUES. — . ae City Members, $3.00 per annum; Rewataniaal Members, see 00 Lae ax. s annum; Life Members, one peyyreup of fifty dollars. ay Pes = : a >» \ pk: at 3 eS 2 ale 5° a SAE tN OF THE WISCONSIN NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY. Vol. 6. APRIL, 1908 : Nos. 1 and 2 PROCEEDINGS. Milwaukee, Oct. 10, 1907. ~ Meeting of the combined Sections. President Teller in the chair and Mrs. Ruemmelin, Messrs. Brues, Colles, Edwards, Finger, Graenicher, Landau, Monroe, Russel and Ward present. Mr. Colles exhibited some rocks and minerals from northern Ontario. Among them was a fine specimen of dentritic silver, prob- ° ably deposited from solution: some cobalt bloom and some glaciated slate. Mr. Monroe exhibited specimens of asters collected in September in the East. These included the following forms: Aster divaicatus L., and varieties; A. Claytoni Burg., A. undulatus L. and variety; A. patens L., and A. acuminatus Michx.?, all from western Massachu- setts and Connecticut: A. ericoides L., from Western Connecticut, and A. ericoides pilosus (Willd) from northern Ohio. He aiso exhib- ited in connection with last two, specimens of A. Faxoni Porter, and A. Pringlei Gray; the former from northeastern Illinois, the latter from central Wisconsin. Mr. Monroe knew of no reason why the species above named should not all occur in Wisconsin, but he had never found the New England species in this State. The members were very much interested in Mr. Monroe’s exhibi- tion, and there was a considerable amount of discussion concerning certain species. The meeting then adjourned. Milwaukee, Oct. 24, 1907. Regular monthly meeting of the Society. Vice-President Ward in the chair and 47 persons present. 2 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 6, Nos, 1—2. The names of: Mr. Charles B. Weil, 286 Knapp Street, Dr. Geo. W. C. Meyer, Oconomowoc, Wis., Albert W. Martin, Jr., 3107 State Street and Miss Alice Childs, East Side High School, were proposed for active membership in the Society and they were elected at the directors’ meeting following. There being no further business, Mr. Howland Russel addressed the meeting on “A Visit to Linnaeus, a retrospection on the life, home and character of the great pioneer naturalist, gleaned from the writ- ings of his contemporaries.” Mr. Russel gave a brief description of the pérsonality of Linnzus, followed by a biography considering the more important epochs in his life, with his achievements during each. At the close he pointed out the immense amount of work accomplished by Linnaeus and its place as the basis of all present systematic botany and zoology. After some discussion on the part of various members, the meeting adjourned. Milwaukee, Nov. 14, 1907. Meeting of the combined Sections. President Teller in the chair and about fifty persons present. Mr. Colles spoke on “The Origin and Deposition of the Principal Ores of Copper and its Extraction.” The speaker described the most important ores of copper, and classified them according to their chemical constitution. He described the manner in which ores are deposited, more particularly their rela- tion to watery solutions, their geographical distributions and abund- ance. He also described the methods of extracting the metal from several of the more important types of ores. After he had finished, several of the members joined in a short discussion on certain points. Mr. Brues then exhibited a series of plants collected by the Museum expedition into northern Wisconsin during the past summer. He also showed a number of lantern slides illustrating the general aspect of the localities examined by the expedition. The meeting then adjourned. 1908 | Proceedings. 3 Milwaukee, Nov. 21, 1907. Regular monthly meeting of the Society. . President Teller in the chair and about sixty persons present. Dr. Geo. W. Peckham spoke on “Recent Additions to Our Knowl- edge of the Habits of Wasps.” The speaker described the wonderful stinging instincts of certain wasps and then showed the advancing steps in the evolution of such instincts as illustrated by living species in different families. He was followed by Dr. S. Graenicher, who discussed the habits of bees from the standpoint of recent discoveries. He dealt particu- larly with the locality and direction senses so frequently attributed to certain Hymenoptera. The recent concensus of opinion seems to be that these instincts are largely built upon individual experience and visual memory of objects, whose position has to be learned by the bees. The meeting then adjourned. Milwaukee, Dec. 12, 1907. Meeting of the combined Sections. President Teller in the chair and twelve members present. The minutes of the last Section meeting were read and approved. Dr. S. Graenicher spoke on “Adaptational Structures in Flower- Visiting Coleoptera.” He referred briefly to the great range of varia- tion among the different orders of insects with reference to the extent to which some of their members are adapted to obtain nectar from flowers. He described in detail the elongation of the anterior parts of the body in the genus Leptura and its-allies and showed how these were adaptations to visiting flowers, their extent being correlated with the habits of the different genera. He also exhibited a number of meloid beetles belonging to the genus Nemognatha and showed how their variously elongated mouthparts adapted them to different flowers. The group is of neotropical distribution, but a single species occurs as far north as Milwaukee, where it frequents the flowers of Rudbeckia, which has a tube length exactly equal to the length of the beetle’s mouthparts. Questioned by Dr. Graenicher, Mr. Brues stated that he had col- lected one of the Texan species of Nemognatha on the flowers of another composite plant belonging to the genus Gaillardia. 4 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 6, Nos. i—2. After some further discussion on the part of Mr. Mann and others the meeting adjourned. ; Milwaukee, Dec. 26, 1907. Regular monthly meeting of the Society. President Teller in the chair and about fifty persons present. The minutes of the last regular monthly meeting were read and approved. The following persons were proposed for membership in the Society, and subsequently elected by the Board of Directors: Mr. L. F. Crosby, 2406 Wells Street, proposed by Mr. Ward. Dr. A. W. Akerly, National Soldiers’ Home, and Wm. C. Klann, 2816 Chestnut Street, by Dr. Barth. There being no further business, Miss Alice Dufour addressed the Society on “Guatemala, the Country and Its People.” Miss Dufour described the character of the people, their customs,—some of them relics of the Sixteenth century—their progress in fine arts and litera- ture, making especial reference to their love for lyric poetry and their skill in wood carving. Their industries are few, although their immense resources are very great and offer an opportunity for American enterprise. At present most of their imports come from Germany. Among internal improvements the speaker described their street car system, telegraph, telephone and electrical lighting plants. At present there are five railroads in Guatemala, the trans-continental line being the most important and one destined to play a part in the future partition of Central America. Miss Dufour also mentioned the various enlightening forces at present active in the country, referring especially to the schools, one of which, the government school for girl’s, had been in her own charge while she was in Guatemala. The lecture was illustrated by a large series of stereopticon slides. After expressing to Miss Dufour the thanks and appreciation of the Society, President Teller declared the meeting adjourned. Milwaukee, Jan. 9, 1908. Meeting of the combined Sections. — President Teller in the chair and about forty members present. The minutes of the last section meeting were read and approved. 1908 | Proceedings. 5 There being no further business, Mr. Wm. Segall spoke on, “Waters; Pure, Impure and Mineral.” The speaker gave some facts coneerning the general properties and distribution of water on the earth, its importance to life and other activities of matter. He also treated the question from the standpoint of drinking water, sanita- tion, ete., concluding with a consideration of some of the more important types of mineral waters. Following this, Mr. H. L. Ward and C. T. Brues made some “remarks concerning the recent Chicago meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. They described the vari- ous activities of the numerous sections and affiliated societies and indicated the trend of work along different lines as exemplifying the present attitude of scientific research in particular fields. The meeting then adjourned. Milwaukee, Jan. 30, 1908. Regular monthly meeting of the Society. Vice-President Ward in the chair and about eighty persons present. The names of: Dr. Arthur J. Burgess, 1102 Grand Avenue, Albert P. Puelicher, 137-139 Wisconsin Street, and Dr. Patrick H. McGovern, 2036 Grand Avenue, were proposed for active membership, and those of Miss Florence Buck and Miss Marion Murdock, for corresponding membership in the Society. These were later elected by the Board of Directors. Mr. Charles E. Akeley of the Field Museum, Chicago, gave an account of his journey to, and a stay of fourteen months among the natives and wild animals of East Equatorial Africa; with experiences in the lion infested game fields of Athi Plaines, the home of the Buffalo and Rhinoceros in trans-tana country, and with elephants in the forests and bamboo jungles of snow-capped Mount Kenya. Mr. Akeley’s lecture was illustrated by a large series of excellent lantern slides made from negatives which he had made in Africa. After he had finished, Mr. Ward expressed the thanks of the Society for the unusual opportunity given by Mr. Akeley of hearing at first hand of this remarkable part of the African continent. The meeting then adjourned. 6 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 6, Nos. 1—2. Milwaukee, Feb. 13, 1908. There was no special section meeting of the Society, as the Natural History Society met in conjunction with the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters, the Wisconsin Archeological Society and the Wisconsin Mycological Society, in a general meeting at the Public Museum, on the evening usually devoted to the section meeting. Milwaukee, Feb. 27, 1908. Regular monthly meeting of the Society. President Teller in the chair and about fifty persons present. The names of: Gustav J. A. Trostel, 555 Terrace Avenue, G. Fred Bossert, 719 Franklin Place, Dr. A. Ivans Comfort, National Soldiers’ Home, Geo. A. West, 97 Wisconsin Street. and Alfred Cummings Burrill, Public Museum, were proposed for membership and subsequently elected by the Board of Directors. There being no further business, President Teller introduced Prof. C. O. Whitman of the University of Chicago, who spoke on “The Problem of Progressive Evolutions as Elucidated in the Color Patterns of Pigeons.” Prof. Whitman dealt principally with the possibilities of applying Mendelian principles to the changes in color produced by the hybridi- zation of various kinds of pigeons. The results obtained by him after very extensive breeding and crossing seemed to show that Mendel’s law is not applicable to the inheritance of color patterns in pigeons. A number of colored figures of parent pigeons and their hybrid offspring were exhibited and the differences between the actual and expected Mendelian results pointed out. The speaker also exhibited a number of colored drawings which showed the apparent determinate trend of evolution of color patterns in certain pigeons. After thanking Prof. Whitman on behalf of the Society, President Teller declared the meeting adjourned. Milwaukee, March 12, 1908. Meeting of the combined Sections. . President Teller in the chair and fourteen members present. The minutes of the last meeting were omitted on account of the 1908] Proceedings. 7 fact that the Society had not held its last meeting individually, having met in combined session with the Wisconsin Academy of Arts, Sciences and Letters, and with other scientific societies. ‘Mr. Colles exhibited some rocks and fossils from Yellowstone Park and made some remarks concerning the general geological features of the region. Mr. Burrill called the attention of the members to the spruce gall-louse and asked concerning the occurrence of spruce trees in this vicinity. Several members took part in the discussion which fol- lowed. Mr. Burrill spoke of the interest which attaches to the distri- bution of these insects and the members agreed to look for their occurrence in our locality. Mr. Doerflinger called attention to certain prehistoric artifacts from France and Switzerland and the persistence of some types of manufacture very similar among primitive sections in France at the present day. The preservation of these wooden articles led to a dis- cussion of the question as to how long wood could be preserved under natural conditions, particularly under water. After some discussion, the topic turned to the formation and preservation of deposits of peat and the way in which the size of these deposits could be utilized in meas- uring time, particularly the time between glacial epochs in the Northern Hemisphere. The meeting then adjourned. Milwaukee, March 26, 1908. Regular monthly meeting of the Society. President Teller in the chair and fifty persons present. The minutes of the last regular monthly meeting were read and approved. The name of Rev. Judson Titsworth, 216 Martin Street, Milwaukee, was proposed for active membership in the Society and he was later elected by the Board of Directors. There being no further business, President Teller introduced Dr. Strong, of the University of Chicago, who spoke on “‘The Brooding Habit in Birds,” a discussion of the evolution of the brooding instinct in animals and its occurrence in various groups. Dr. Strong’s lecture was illustrated by a large series of slides made from original photographs. At the close of the lecture, President Teller expressed the thanks of the Society to the speaker, after which the meeting adjourned. SOME FOSSIL PLANTS FROM THE MIDDLE DEVON- | IAN OF MILWAUKEE, WISCONSIN. By. D.. P. PenwatLow, D. Sc, FG. S, Ag On the 26th of January of the present year, I received from Prof. H. F. Cleland of Williams College, two photographs of specimens from the Hamilton Group at Milwaukee, Wisconsin. These were designated as being in all probability, a species of Nematophycus which had already been found in the Hamilton Group of New York, and a plant possibly related to Zosterophyl- lum from the Old Red Sandstones of Scotland. Subsequently, the Director of the Milwaukee Museum, Mr. Henry L. Ward, to which institution the specimens belonged, for- warded the material for more thorough examination. From a critical study of these remains it has been possible to obtain more reliable data as now embodied in these notes, and to draw there- from certain tentative conclusions as a basis for further study. The specimens were designated as Nos. 1 and 2, and no details accompanied them bevond the simple statement that they were from the Hamilton Group of Milwaukee, Wisconsin. ‘ Nematophycus milwaukeensis n. sp. (Plate I.) The specimen No. 1, carrying the museum number 402, and designated as having been collected by C. E. Monroe, from the Hamilton Group of Berthelet, Milwaukee County, Wisconsin, measures 68 cm. in extreme length. It has been broken into three fragments, but when in place, these show a continuous stem. The upper end has a width of 5.5 cm., and a maximum thickness of 1.7cm. ‘These dimensions are maintained for a distance of 41 cm. when the stem expands, at first gradually and then somewhat ranidly, into a rather large base 12 cm. broad and 3.8 cm. thick. 8 1908] Penhallow, Fossil Plants from Milwaukee, Wisconsin. 9 These dimensions, however, probably de not represent the real base of the plant, since there is no evidence of a root system or of holdfasts. There is no evidence of branching at any part of the stem, although on the central fragment, on the side opposite that shown in the photograph, there is an apparent knot suggestive of a projecting organ of some sort. On closer examination, however, it is seen that this feature is completely covered by a prominent layer of coal derived from the carbonization of the superficial parts oi the stem. Whatever its character may be, it is, therefore, clearly related to the interior structure and not to the surface parts. The specimen shows several transverse joints. These are in no sense structural, but have been caused by displacement in the matrix and were subsequently filled with silica. Such joints are well known features of Nematophycus. Apart from them, there is no evidence of nodes, from which it may be concluded that the stem was of a very simple character such as may be met with in the stipes cf the Laminarie. The interior of the specimen has been entirely occupied by silica which has so completely replaced all structure that no evi- dence of the nature of the plant from that source could be ob- tained. The only basis from which information could be secured, was found in the general form of the specimen and the occurrence of a very prominent layer of coal which originally extended over the entire surface, but which, owing to its very friable character, has been very largely removed. The side of the specimen shown in the photograph, indicates the almost complete removal of this layer, but on the opposite side it covers nearly half the specimen. The coaly layer has a maximum thickness of 2 mm., and gives abundant evidence of the former presence of plant structure. In endeavoring to determine the possible nature of the plant represented, it may be recalled that there are only two genera of 10 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 6, Nos. 1—2. plants from so low a horizon, with which it may be compared— Cordaites and Nematophycus. With respect to the former, although at least four species are known to the Middle Devonian’, there are none which may be directly compared with the present specimen, either in external appearance or in mode of preservation, and it is permissible to exclude the genus from further consideration, without hesitation. Nematophycus crassus is known to the Hamilton Group of New York*. So far as the general mode of preservation may be taken as evidence, that presented by the Berthelet specimen is in exact accord with what is commonly found. Furthermore, the condition in which the plant is found, indicates clearly, that it was soft in texture and very susceptible to decay which had progressed ~ extensively before infiltration. The absence of hapteres and other portions of the anchorage system, cannot be adduced as evidence opposed to the view that this may have been a large alga, since such an objection would be equally valid as applied to Cordaites. All the evidence points with directness and force, to the idea that the plant is a species of Nematophycus, but which of the known species it is impossible to determine in the absence of internal structure. So far as known, N. crassus is the only species found in the Hamilton Group, and it must have had a very extensive distribu- tion in Middle Devonian time. It is, therefore, in a high degree probable that the New York specimens and those from Milwaukee represent the same species. It would seem better, however, to in- dicate the latter by a distinctive name derived from the locality, until such time as further and more complete material may enable *\North American Species of Dadoxylon. Trans. R. 8. C., VI, 1900, iv, 51-97. Ann. Bot., X, 1896, 47. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 929, 1893, 115-118. Trans.’ R. 8. -G.. Vil: iv; see: 1908] Penhallow, Fossil Plants from Milwaukec, Wisconsin. 11 us to determine its relation to known species in a more thorough and satisfactory manner. I therefore call it Nematphycus mil- qwaukeensis. Fucus bertheletensis n. sp. (Plate II.) Specimen No. 2, bearing the museum number 399, presents the form of several strap-shaped organs lying in parallel positions, and representing probably, the subdivisions of one plant. When first examined by means of a photograph, showing the plant on a reduced scale, it was believed to be comparable with Zostero- phyllum myretomanum, Penn., from the Devonian of Scotland, but a later study of the actual specimen showed that such a com- parison is in no sense justified. 7 As shown by the photograph, the plant is represented by a series of 16 linear members projected in a parallel manner. In three separate places it may be seen that the members subdivide by a regular dichotomy, and the conclusion is justified that such dichotomy is characteristic of the plant as a whole. The plant has been carbonized, but instead of a very thin filmy layer of carbon as would be obtained from plants of the type of Zostera, the deposit is somewhat bulky, and, indeed, represents the entire structure. The organs are obviously thicker in the middle where there is evidence of a structure comparable with a midrib as presented by the medullary region of many of the Phzophy- cee. Individually, the various members are linear, 4-7 mm. broad and distinctly dichotomous, the largest fragments showing simple branches 18 cm. in length. From these facts it is evident that the plant must have been possessed of rather thick and bulky parts, the structure of which was not only susceptible of somewhat ready decay, but which was entirely carbonized. Like Nematophycus, it was evidently of an aquatic habit. All of these considerations point with some force *Can. Rec. Se., 1892, 9. 12 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 6, Nos. 1—2. to a comparison with rockweeds, the essential features of which it possesses in a large degree, although no fruit has been observed. The genus Fucus is not on record for so low a horizon, but there is no valid reason why it should not be found in the Middle Devonian, as well as the laminariez. I designate it as Fucus bertheletensis. Bull. Wis. Nat. Hist. Soc., 1908. PLATE I. NEMATOPHYCUS MILWAUKEENSIS PENHALLOW. Bull. Wis. Nat. Hist Soc., 1908. PLATE “UE. FUCUS BERTHELETENSIS PENHALLOW. ye? vs Lae of aya A PRELIMINARY LIST OF WISCONSIN MAMMALS. By Hartiry H. T. Jackson. The present list of the mammals of Wisconsin is chiefly a re- sult of the author’s personal investigations in the state, supple- mented somewhat by the studies of other mammalogists. The author is fully aware of the incompleteness of this paper and looks forward to the time when the working mammalogists of Wiscon- sin will, together, publish a list which will fully describe the distri- bution, habitats, and life histories of the mammals of the state. The eastern half of the state has been quite well covered by field study but there is room for much careful work in the western and northwestern sections, especially along the Mississippi bottom- lands, and in the region adjacent to Lake Superior. No list of the mammals of Wisconsin has appeared since Moses Strong published his “List of the Mammals of Wisconsin”, in the Geology of Wisconsin (Survey of 1873-1879), Volume 1, Chapter X, pages 436 to 440. The list has served as a valuable guide to mammalogists, but many of Mr. Strong’s records are not based upon actual examination of specimens, and are very doubtful. A few other papers of local and restricted character have been pub- lished. Many species of mammals which have not yet been taken with- in the boundaries of the state may be expected in future collec- tions. Particular effort has been made to secure specimens of Microtus pinetorum scalopsoides (Aud. & Bach.), Synatomys coopert Baird, Mephitis mesomelas avia ( Bangs.), Putorius long- icauda spadix (Bangs), Sorex fumeus Miller, Scalopus aquati- cus machrinus (Rafinesque), and others, whose geographical distribution it seems should include parts of Wisconsin. There are 13 14 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 6, Nos. 1—2. certain other species which without doubt have occurred within the state in earlier days if they do not occur at the present time but of which we have no actual records; among these might be mentioned Alces americanus Jardine, Bison bison (VAnnzus), Felis concolor Linneus, Gulo luscus (Linneus), and Mustela pennanti (Erxleben. ) There are two specimens of Gulo luscus in the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee, labeled “Wisconsin”, but as there are no other data we consider the record unsatisfactory. The writer has examined specimens from Wisconsin of all species recorded with the exception of Sorex hoyi Baird. The author wishes to acknowledge his gratitude to all who have aided him in his studies of Wisconsin mammals. Acknowl- edgments are especially due to Dr. H. V. Ogden and to the officials of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee for the privilege of examining specimens in their respective collections ; also to Dr. C. Hart Merriam, Mr. FE. W. Nelson, Mr. Vernon Bailey, Mr. W. H. Osgood, and to others of the United States Biological Survey for identifying certain specimens and for substantiating identifica- tions of many other specimens. Didelphis virginiana Kerr. Opossum. Didelphis virginiana is occasionally captured in the south cen- tral portion of the state. One was taken in Green County, January 24, 1902, and again in the autumn of 1906 two more were taken near the same locality. Mr. Moses Strong reported it as found occasionally in the vicinity of Lake Michigan (1); but this has not been our experience as we find no records for this region. Odocoileus americanus borealis Miller. .« Northern Deer. Deer are gradually diminishing in numbers wherever they are found. The cause of this decrease is not inefficient legislation, but 1908] Jackson, List of Wisconsin Mammals. 15 it is because of inefficient protection from wolves and law-break- ers. Venison is the chief food of wolves during the winter months, and in the northern third of the state it is the principal meat of a large number of the rural population during the summer. With proper protection from these two evils, there is no reason why deer should materially decrease. Deer are found rarely in the whole region west and north of the Wisconsin River, becoming gradually more plentiful towards the north. During very severe winters they occasionally wander to the southern tier of counties. East of the Wisconsin River they occur in Adams, Waushara and Outagamie Counties, thence northward. Cervus canadensis (Erxleben.) American Elk; Wapiti. The elk is without doubt now extinct in Wisconsin, but cast- off antlers scattered throughout the lakes, marshes and woods of northern Wisconsin attest of its former occurrence there. I have examined antlers of Cervus canadensis found in Ashland and Iron Counties. Sciurus carolinensis hypophzus Merriam. Merriam’s Squirrel. The exact distribution of Sciurus c. hypopheus in the state has not yet been satisfactorily determined. In many localities it is quite common, being partial to heavy timber near water, often in company with Sciurus c. leucotis. It is found locally in a narrow rectangular stretch of country extending northwesterly from Racine and Waukesha Counties on the south to Dunn County on the north. This squirrel probably occurs in many other parts of the state but I know of no specimens taken outside of the area above described. Sciurus carolinensis leucotis (Gapper). Northern Gray Squirrel. The relative abundance of the gray squirrel seems to vary with the abundance of hickory nuts. In years when nuts are plentiful 16 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 6, Nos. 1—2. gray squirrels are common, and at such times seem to outnumber the other squirrels; then for a period of years they will be scarce, only to return when there is a crop of their favorite food. Gray squirrels are sociable little fellows and if unmolested will make their homes in trees in the streets and parks of cities. Sev- eral towns throughout the southern part of the state have squirrels running about the streets, most notable of which is Fort Atkinson ; here, at times, six or eight may be seen playing together The two forms hypopheus and leucotis both occur in Fort Atkinson; here, also, melanistic specimens were seen, the only black squirrels I have observed in southern Wisconsin. ; Gray squirrels are reported from Forest County, but the most northern records I have are Adams and Dunn Counties. Sciurus hudsonicus loquax Bangs. Southern Red. Squirrel; Chickaree. Red squirrels are apt to make their appearance in any section of the state where conditions favor their welfare, but their true home is the north where they dwell chiefly along the streams, lakes and swamps at the edge of the woods. Chickarees prefer hemlock groves, but are not averse to mixed woods of pine, cedar, larch or birch. When they occur in the southern part of the state they are usually found in larch swamps or groves of bur oak. Red squirrels are erratic in occurrence, but not to such an extent as gray squirrels. They do not hesitate to swim across rivers, and I have frequently seen them swim through rapids which would baffle many aquatic animals. On one occasion I saw a red squir- rel in North Pelican Lake swimming from one point of land to another fully ninety rods distant, and so skillful was he in his ef- forts that at a distance I mistook him for a mink. Sciurus niger rufiventer Geoffrey. Western Fox Squirrel. Fox squirrels are not as abundant as formerly; even the past ten years have shown a decrease in their numbers in all the sections 1908] Jackson, List of Wisconsin Mammals. 17 of the state where they are to be found. It is reported by reliable authorities that in the days of the early settlers fox squirrels were so plentiful as to be a nuisance and that often in the autumn twelve or fifteen could be seen at one time carrying corn from the field to the woodland. They are at present regularly distributed over the southern half of the state, being more common in the central por- tion of this area and becoming less common along the shore of Lake Michigan and in the southern tier of counties. Tamias striatus griseus Mearns. Gray Chipmunk; Ground Squirrel. Tamias s. griseus is found from the southern boundary of the state north at least to Oneida County, where I took an adult female August 20, 1907. This specimen was taken in a clearing among birch trees, and specimens of Eutamias q. neglectus were trapped in the same clearing. Old rail fences and second growth woods are the favorite habitats of the gray chipmunk and in such envi- ronments it is quite common north to about latitude 45°. Chipmunks are particularly fond of berries, and during the month of July gooseberries and raspberries constitute their chief food ; seeds of the linden tree also find favor in their eyes, and the smaller grains and grass seeds receive their due amount of at- tention. | Eutamias quadrivittatus neglectus (Allen). Little Striped Chipmunk. This, the eastern representative of the Rocky Mountain chip- munk, is confined in Wisconsin to the Canadian zone; here it lives in open woods and clearings. In the northern part of its range it confines itself almost entirely to rock piles, but in the southern part of its range it inhabits sand banks, stump piles, brush heaps, and nearly any conceivable location except dense woodlands and swamps. No sooner is the camp made than these little chipmunks make 18 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 6, Nos. 1—2. their appearance. At our camp on North Pelican Lake in the summer of 1906 no chipmunks were visible when we landed our boat-load of supplies, but within a few days they were present in dozens. They must investigate everything and one even entered my suitcase, left partly open, and remained there for several min- utes. When we broke camp two of them entered the loaded boat. After the boat was launched they jumped into the water, though with considerable hesitation, and swam ashore. Citellus franklini (Sabine). Franklin’s Spermophile; Gray Gopher. Gray gophers are generally considered rare in all sections of the state but careful observation will prove them quite common west from Rock County to the Mississippi River and north to Pepin County. I have taken specimens in Rock County, and have observed the species in Green, Sauk and Jefferson Counties. The habit Franklin’s gopher has of dwelling in fields of grow- ing grain and along old fence lines keeps the species in obscurity. As soon as the grain is cut in the fields this species takes up its abode in the taller grass along fences and in old pastures. It is a very shy mammal, and unless great caution is used it cannot be approached closely. These characteristics, together with its pro- tective coloration, make it one of our most difficult rodents to study. Citellus tridecemlineatus (Mitchell). Striped Spermophile; Gopher. This is one of our few Wisconsin mammals which has in- creased in numbers. There is scarcely a meadow, pasture, or road- side in the southern half of the state but what has its colony of gophers. Early in April or late in March they begin to awaken from their hibernation, and with the warm weather of May they commence their whistling which continues until the frosts of Oc- tober drive them to their burrows for another winter. The latest 1908] Jackson, List of Wisconsin Mammals. 19 I have observed them out of their burrows in the autumn was Nevember 1, 1903, at Milton. Marmota monax (Linnzus). Woodchuck; Ground Hog. Marmota monax probably occurs over the whole of Wisconsin in favorable localities ; it is most abundant in the southern counties and appears to be quite common as far north as Barron and Lang- lade Counties. It undoubtedly will be found less abundantly northward to Lake Superior, but we have seen no specimens from that region. Sciuropterus sabrinus (Shaw). Northern Flying Squirrel. The large northern flying squirrel is found in the extreme northern counties of the State. It is probably not uncommon in favorable localities but it is seldom observed on account of its nocturnal habits. Specimens have been examined from Iron and Price Cotinties. Scriuropterus volans (Linnzus). Flying Squirrel. The southern form of Sciuropterus is found wherever there is suitable hardwood timber in the state. During the day it remains concealed in a nest composed of grass, moss, plant down and fur, which is generally situated in a small cavity in an oak or poplar; cavities made by woodpeckers are preferred but sometimes natural cavities are chosen. Flying squirrels are nocturnal in habits and are seldom observed ; however, a few sharp raps with a stick upon the trunk of the tree will usually bring them from their nest cav- ities if they are at home. . Castor canadensis Juhl. American Beaver. Beavers at one time were not uncommon along many of the streams in northern Wisconsin; remnants of beaver dams and 20 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 6, Nos. 1—2. lodges are quite frequently encountered, and some of them appear to have been quite recently built. There are a few beavers still remaining in some of the more secluded portions of the state, and it is hoped that sufficient protection will be given them to prevent their extermination. There are two skulls of Castor canadensis in the collection of Dr. H. V. Ogden; one of these was taken in Sawyer County, No- vember 3, 1899; the other was taken in Iron County, October 8, 1903. Mus musculus [Linneus. House Mouse. - House mice are common around dwellings and barns over the entire state. In the southern part of the state they are found in nearly every cornfield and grassy meadow, and I caught two spe- cimens in traps set for shrews in a wet marsh. Apparently not increasing in abundance. Mus norvegicus Erxleben. Brown Rat. This mammal is too well known to need discussion. Rats are found everywhere in the state, but are less abundant in the north- ern sections. I have observed them in the cornfields in Rock County ; this is the only locality where I have found them any distance from buildings. Mr. J. N. Clark reports them occurring “to some extent in fields in summer and fall” in Dunn County. Peromyscus canadensis (Miller). Canadian Deer Mouse. My specimens of Peromyscus from the pine regions of north- ern Wisconsin have been determined by Mr. W. H. Osgood to be canadensis and not the sub-species umbrinus. All the specimens that I have taken average slightly smaller than typical canadensis and in this respect approach umbrinus, but their color compares favorably with canadensis. Average measurements of three 1908] Jackson, List of Wisconsin Mammals. 21 males; Total length 151 mm.; tail vertebrae 67.3 mm.; hind foot 20.5 mm.; Average measurements of three females: Total length 174 mm.; tail vertebrae 91.6 mm.; hind foot 21 mm. I have always found the Canadian white-footed mouse most abundant among alder (Alnus) bushes near pine forests, and par- ticularly along gently sloping lake shores. Like other members of the genus they are nocturnal, and shortly after dusk they come from their holes to hunt for food. While sitting by the camp fire one evening I heard some mice not twenty-five feet from me. I baited a trap with walnut meat and set it among the alders; I reset it twice, and in less than twenty minutes I had taken three adult Peromyscus canadensis. Peromyscus leucopus noveboracensis (Fischer). Woodland Deer Mouse. Peromyscus 1. noveboracensis is quite abundant in deciduous woods, being apparently more abundant in the southeastern part of the state than elsewhere. Whether its range overlaps that of P. canadensis has not yet been determined. Peromyscus michiganensis (Aud. & Bach). Michigan Deer Mouse. Peromyscus michiganensis is conspicuously absent in the vi- cinity of Lake Michigan, but in Walworth, Jefferson and Dodge Counties, and west to the Mississippi River it is quite abundant. Our knowledge of the northern extension of its range is not satis- factory. The Michigan white-footed mouse inhabits the prairie regions, where it may be found in grassy meadows, in patches of weeds, or along old fences; occasionally it takes its abode in second growth timber and in brushwood. In the autumn this species fre- quently dwells in corn shocks in company with Microtus ochro- gaster, and if undisturbed will remain there to rear its young the following spring. The young of Peromyscus michiganensis are 22 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 6, Nos. 1—2. dark slate color dorsally, much different from adult specimens, and were formerly mistaken for a distant species, Permomoyscus bairdu (Hoy & Kennicott). Evotomys gapperi (Vigors). Red-backed Mouse. This is the mouse frequently found in pine regions along the steep banks of streamsand lakes andinsphagnum bogs and marshes ; on a few occasions in Oneida County I have seen this species in hayfields, and one I saw in a deserted lumber camp. Evotomys gapperi is taken occasionally in southern Wisconsin along Lake Michigan, but in the interior of the state it is rarely seen south of Columbia County. The species is dichromatic, there being the ordinary red phase, and the brown phase. I have never seen spe- cimens from Wisconsin in the brown pelage; Mr. Gerrit S. Miller reports such specimens from the north shore of Lake Superior (2). Microtus pennsylvanicus (Ord). Meadow Mouse; Meadow Vole. This species occurs over the whole state in suitable locations. It is found principally in wet meadows, in hayfields and in corn- fields, but it sometimes inhabits open woods and marshes. In the autumn Microtus pennsylvanicus leaves the lower lands for the sides of grassy hills; after the first snow falls it builds nests and makes runways on the surface of the ground beneath the snow, seeming to prefer the deeper snow and drifts for this purpose. When the snow melts in the spring, the majority of the animals again migrate to the lower lands, where they dwell during the summer months. Meadow voles are quite diurnal in habits and may be seen frequently scampering through their runways at mid-day; more especially is this noticeable in the early spring. I have known the species to become a pest in a house, but such cases are rare. 1908] Jackson, List of Wisconsin Mammals. 23 Microtus ochrogaster (Wagner). Prairie Meadow Mouse. Microtus ochrogaster is not so generally distributed as Mzc- rotus pennsylvanicus; our present knowledge limits its distribu- tion in the state to the extreme southern and western counties, where it is locally common in upland grassy meadows and corn- fields. This species is often mistaken for the more common Microtus pennsylvanicus; in summer pelage the species are very similar, and a study of cranial characteristics is generally necessary; in winter pelage adult specimens of ochrogaster can always be dis- tinguished from pennsylvanicus by the cinnamon color of the ven-- tral portions of the former. Immature specimens are more diff- cult to determine. Fiber zibethicus (Linnzus). Muskrat. Muskrats are distributed over the entire state wherever there are streams with clay or loam banks, and, more abundantly, around the lakes and the open swamps and marshes. ‘The familiar musk- rat houses are much more common in the southern part of the state than in the northern regions, but this does not necessarily indicate that the species is less plentiful in the northern sections; where sedge, rushes and flags are found the animals usually build houses in which to dwell, but where vegetation is lacking muskrats make their homes in holes in the banks of streams and lakes. It is generally believed that the large houses are used for winter head- quarters, but from my own observations, and from what I can learn from old trappers, I am inclined to believe that these are chiefly summer houses, the smaller mud or sod houses being used for winter homes. 24 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 6, Nos. 1—2. Zapus hudsonius (Zimmermann). Jumping Mouse. Zapus hudsonius occurs locally in many parts of the state, but it is nowhere common. The species appears to be most fre- quently found along creeks and brooks in the northern parts of the state ; meadows and hayfields are haunts of this species in south- ern Wisconsin. I have taken only one specimen in the state ; that one was taken August 9, 1907, near Crescent Lake in Oneida County. Erethizon dorsatum (Linnzus). Canadian Porcupine. The porcupine is another of our mammals which is unable to withstand the approach of civilization, and as fast as the coni- ferous forests are cut away and the spruce and cedar swamps drained and cleared, this species disappears. It was formerly com- mon in all the northern woods, but it is now becoming rare except in the wild and unsettled portions. Geomys bursarius (Shaw). Pocket Gopher. Pocket gophers are common in some localities in the western part of the state near the Mississippi River, but we have no spe- cimens or records from extreme southern Wisconsin. We have had frequent reports of pocket gophers but investigation has al- ways proven the animal reported to be some other species. I have reliable reports of the occurrence of G eomys bursarius in Pepin and Pierce Counties; in the latter county it is reported quite common in some localities. Dr. C. Hart Merriam reports the species from Winnebago and Fond du Lac (3), and includes southern Wiscon- sin within its geographical range (4). The only specimen I have is a young male taken by Mr. J. N. Clark, October 21, 1901 at Meridian, Dunn County. Mr. Clark writes that pocket gophers are “common in sandy soil” in Dunn County. 1908 | Jackson, List of Wisconsin Mammals. 25 Lepus americanus phzonotus -\llen. Minnesota Varying Hare. Varying hares are not uncommon in most sections of northern Wisconsin, but owing to their retiring habits and to their excel- lent protective coloration they are not often seen. Lepus ameri- canus pheonotus usually prefers to inhabit thin woods and brush- land though occasionally it is found in the forests ; during the day it remains hidden in the undergrowth, but early in the morning and in the evening it comes out into the old lumber roads and trails to nibble the green vegetation. Five adult specimens, two males and three females, taken near Rhinelander, average as follows: Total length 457.4 mm. ; tail ver- tebae 40.8 mm.; hind: foot 134.1 mm. Sylvilagus floridanus mearnsi (Allen). Prairie Cotton-tail Rabbit. The familiar cotton-tail rabbit is found over the southern half of the state north at least to Dunn and Outagamie Counties; it probably occurs farther north in the state, but more specimens and data are needed before the exact distribution of the species is known. Lynx canadensis Kerr. Canadian Lynx. Lynx canadensis is taken occasionally in most of the northern counties but it is outnumbered in all localities by Lynx ruffus. I have examined specimens of Lynx canadensis, either skins or skulls, taken in Ashland, Bayfield, Iron, Oneida and Price Counties. Lynx ruffus (Gildenstzdt). Wild Cat. | The wild cat, bob cat, bay lynx or catamount as it is variously called is comparatively common in the unsettled portions of north- ern and central Wisconsin, and specimens are occasionally taken 26 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 6, Nos. 1—2. in the southern tier of counties. One was taken January 31, 1905, in the northwestern part of Rock County, and during the same winter another was killed in the western part of Green County. Wild cats are reported not uncommon in Adams County, but else- where south of latitude 44° the species seems to be rare. Urocyon cinereoargenteus ocythous Bangs. Wisconsin Gray Fox. The type specimen of Urocyon c. ocythous was taken at Platte- ville, Grant County, Wisconsin (5), but the species appears to be common in only a few sections of the state, and principally in the western part. A male in the author’s collection was taken by Mr. J. N. Clark, January 19, 1908, near Meridian in Dunn County. This specimen measured as follows: Total length, tort mm.; tail vertebrae, 378.3 mm.; hind foot, 104.4 mm.; ear, 68.5 mm. I have examined no other gray foxes from the state. Mr. Clark informs me that this species is “common in timbered sections’ of Dunn County. Vulpes fulvus (Desmarest). Red Fox. Vulpes fulvus is found in nearly all parts of the state, but the species is not constant in distribution and may be rare or entirely absent in a given locality for a period of years, then become quite common ; or it may be plentiful in a certain section then suddenly become rare. The species is almost as erratic in this respect as some of our squirrels, but the periods of its sojourn in a given locality or of its absence from a locality seem to be of longer dura- tion than in the case of squirrels. Previous to the autumn of 1903 red foxes were practically unknown in northern Rock County ; since that time they have not been uncommon there. Mr. J. N. Clark informs me that this species is rather uncommon now in Dunn County, whereas a few years ago it was abundant. Specimens have been examined from Ashland, Green, Oneida, 1908 | Jackson, List of Wisconsin Mammals, ai Rock and Vilas Counties. I have also seen the species in Jefferson and Kenosha Counties. Canis griseus (Sabine). Timber Wolf; Gray Wolf. Timber wolves are quite common in the extreme northern counties, and it seems they are increasing in numbers. Gray wolves are very destructive to deer, and, also, domestic animals, particularly sheep. In most of the northern sections of the state sheep raising is impracticable, if not impossible, on account of the depredations of wolves. Experienced trappers and hunters in- form me that if the leg bones of a sheep are burned in the air, the odor will attract wolves a distance of fifteen to twenty-five miles. I have examined specimens, mostly skulls, taken in Ashland, Bayfield, Forest and Oneida Counties. This species is sometimes reported from southern Wisconsin, but we have seen no speci- mens ; it may possibly occur there during severe winters. Canis latrans Say. Prairie Wolf; Coyote. The prairie wolf occurs rarely in nearly all parts of southern Wisconsin, east nearly to Lake Michigan; it is reported quite com- mon in certain localities near the Mississippi River. Mr. J. N. Clark writes me that this species is “not uncommon in small num- bers’ in Dunn County. The only specimens I have seen from the state were taken in Green County. Lutra canadensis (Schreber). Otter. Otters are of regular occurrence in northern Wisconsin, and sometimes the species occurs in southern Wisconsin. There was an otter slide on the banks of Lake Koshkonong during the sum- mer of 1901. Dr. H. V. Ogden has a skuil taken in Racine ’ 28 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 6, Nos. 1—2. County. Specimens taken in Bayfield and Oneida Counties have also been examined. Mephitis hudsonica (Richardson). Northern Plains Skunk. We have examined specimens of Mephitis, mostly skulls, from various parts of the state, and all have proven to be Audsonica. The species seems to be quite common in all parts of the state. Taxidea taxus (Schreber). American Badger. The badger is found regularly in the sandy regions of the northern part of the state, but southward it becomes more uncom- mon. During the eighteen months from August, 1900 until Feb- ruary, 1902, badgers were quite common in certain sections of Rock County; between these two dates there were nine badgers captured within a radius of eight miles of Milton; one was shot in August, 1900, within the village limits. June 13, 1902, I obtained an adult male four miles east of Milton; this specimen weighed twenty-three pounds and six ounces, and measured as follows: Total length, 764.5 mm.; tail vertebrae, 131.8 mm.; hind foot, 103.4 mm. Putorius vison (Schreber). Northern Mink. Putorius vison is found throughout the state wherever there are suitable streams, lakes or marshes; the species is quite com- mon in nearly all sections, but it appears to be most abundant in the central parts of the state. Putorius cicognanii (Bonaparte). Bonaparte’s Weasel. Bonaparte’s Weasel is taken occasionally in all parts of the state with the possible exception of the extreme southwest por- tion; it is most abundant in northern Wisconsin and in eastern 1908] Jackson, List of Wisconsin Mammals. 29 Wisconsin near Lake Michigan; in these parts of the state it out- numbers Putorius noveboracensis. Putorius rixosus allegheniensis (Rhoads). Alleghenian Least Weasel. The single specimen of this rare weasel which has been taken within our boundaries has already been recorded by Mr. Henry L,. Ward, (6) ; this specimen was taken November 26, 1906, near Burlington, Racine County. Specimens of typical rixosus have been taken in Minnesota, and additional collections and study may prove the two forms, rivosus and alleghemensis, to intergrade in central or northern Wisconsin. Putorius noveboracensis HEmmons. New York Weasel. Putoruis noveboracensis is the most common weasel in the southern and central parts of the state, westward to the Mississippi River ; eastward, in the vicinity of Lake Michigan it does not ap- pear to be so common. Mustela americana Turton. Pine Marten; American Sable. The pine marten is now practically extinct in Wisconsin. I have seen only three specimens which have been taken in the state; one of these, a trapper’s pelt, was taken in Vilas County in the winter of 1904-1905. Dr. H. V. Ogden has two skulls in his col- lection; one taken at Fisher Lake in Iron County from an ani- mal killed in December, 1897; the other was taken near Drum- mond in Bayfield County. Procyon lotor (Linnzus). Raccoon. | Procyon lotor is distributed over the entire state, but it is most abundant in the western part; in the northern pine regions it be- comes less common. Raccoons prefer oak woods in the vicinity 30 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 6, Nos. 1—2. of lakes and rivers; here they may dwell in hollow trees or logs, but frequently they inhabit deserted buildings. Four were taken at one time from the loft of a deserted log house near Johnstown, Rock County. Two specimens examined, from Forest County, are abnormally dark. Ursus americanus lallas. Black Bear. Ten years ago the black bear was not uncommon in nearly all parts of northern Wisconsin, but it is now seldom taken except in the counties north and west of Oneida County; in the latter county it was quite common until about eight years ago. A few are still found in Forest County. Sorex personatus I. Geoffrey. Masked Shrew. This little shrew has been taken in most parts of the state ex- cept in the southwestern portion, and careful collecting may pos- sibly prove its presence there. It is not common in the southern half of the state, though of regular occurrence; in northern Wis- consin I found it very common, and I have taken specimens in wet swamps, on dry hillsides, along railroad tracks, and in fact, in almost every conceivable habitat except the dense pine forests. The species is evidently most abundant in sphagnum swamps and in grassy, second growth woodlands. Sorex richardsonii Bachman. Richardson’s Shrew. The only knowledge I have of the distribution of Sorex rich- ardsonit in Wisconsin is based upon five specimens, two males and three females, taken in Oneida County; one of these specimens was taken August 25, 1906; the other four were taken during the summer of 1907. All of these were taken in a swamp overgrown with small conifers (Larix, Picea and Juniperus) just southeast 1908 | Jackson, List of Wisconsin Mammals. 31 of Rhinelander. Average measurements of two males: Total length, 116 mm.; tail vertebrae, 39.5 mm.; hind foot, 14 mm.; Average measurements of three females: Total length, 114.5 mm. ; tail vertebrae, 38 mm. ; hind foot, 13.2 mm. Sorex hoyi Baird. Hoy’s Shrew. Baird’s type of Sorex hoyi was a male collected at Racine, Wisconsin (7); two males, including the type, are recorded by Professor Baird from that locality (8). There is a shrew in the Milwaukee Public Museum collected in 1879 by Thure Kumlien in Jefferson County ; this specimen, a female, bears the label hoy, but I have been unable to examine it critically, and, being mounted with the skull inside, the species has not been positively determined by the author. Neosorex palustris (Richardson). (Plate III.) Marsh Shrew. I secured four specimens of Neosorex palustris near Rhine- lander in the swamp where I caught Sorex richardsonu. ‘The four Neosorex were all trapped in the same runway, and, though the trap was in the runway over two weeks, no other species were captured there. The runway entered a mass of sphagnum which surrounded the roots of swamp laurel (Kalmia glauca); within the sphagnum beneath the roots of the laurel was a dark, damp cavity, with a capacity of possibly one peck; the runway passed on through this cavity to the edge of a water hole, where I was unable to follow it further. Specimens of Sorex richardsoni and Sorex personatus were taken within a few yards of the place where the specimens of Neosorex palustris were obtained. Two males of Neosorex palustris average in measurements: Total length, 147 mm.; tail vertebrae, 62 mm.; hind foot, 19.5 mm.; Two females average: Total length, 151 mm.; tail verte- brae, 62 mm.; hind foot, 19.5 mm. 32 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 6, Nos. 1—2. There is a mounted shrew in the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee, a male collected June 10, 1903, in’ Marinette County. The specimen is labeled “Neosorex albibarbis” but from external characteristics it appears to be palustris. Blarina brevicauda (Say). Short-tailed Shrew. Blarina brevicauda is common in nearly all parts of Wiscon- sin, but it is more common in the southern half of the state than in the northern half. This species chooses principally grassy fence lines and patches of weeds for its habitat. It is not often seen during the summer months; during the winter it seems to ac- quire more diurnal habits, and it may frequently be observed in its runways, especially on warm cloudy days. Condylura cristata (Linnzus). Star-nosed Mole. I have seen only two specimens of Condylura cristata from Wisconsin; one of these is in the collection of Dr. H. V. Ogden and was taken at Mercer, Iron County; the other specimen was taken near Stevens Point, Portage County. We can see no rea- son why this species should not occur frequently in northern Wis- consin but records have not established the fact. Myotis lucifugus (Le Conte). Little Brown Bat. Our present knowledge of the distribution of Cliroptera in Wisconsin is far from satisfactory. Myotis lucifugus undoubtedly has a much wider distribution in the state than our records indi- cate; we have seen specimens from Dodge, Jefferson, Milwaukee, Rock and Waukesha Counties. Lasionycteris noctivagans (Le Conte). Silver-haired Bat. This bat is found chiefly around lakes and water courses in 1908] Jackson, List of Wisconsin Mammals. 33 the southern part of the state ; in most localities it is very common, but it is nearly everywhere outnumbered by Lasiurus borealis. I have seen no specimens of Lasionycteris noctivagans from north- etn Wisconsin. Lasiurus borealis (Muller). Red Bat. Lasiurus borealis is found in nearly all parts of Wisconsin; it may not occur in certain sections of the northern part of the state. My experience has been that the red bat is our most common bat, and also that it is the bat most frequently seen in cities and towns. This species shows great color variation. Lasiurus cinereus (Beauvois). Hoary Bat. I have examined only four specimens of this rare bat from Wisconsin. There is a male in the Milwaukee Public Museum, collected July 11, 1903, at Janesville, Rock County. A female, with two live young clinging to her, was brought to me on the evening of July 27, 1903; it was found dead in a yard on the east side of the public park in Milton, Rock County. The young were over one-third grown. Measurements of the adult female were as follows: Total length 149.6 mm.; tail vertebrae, 59 mm.; hind foot 13.8 mm. REFERENCES. I. Strong, Moses. List of the Mammals of Wisconsin. Geology of Wisconsin (Survey 1873-1879) Vol. 1. Chap. X. p. 440. 2. Muller, Gerrit S. Notes on the Mammals of Ontario. Proc. Bos. Soc. Nat. His. Vol. 28. No. 1. p. 16. (April, 1897). 3. Merriam, C. Hart. Monographic Revision of the Pocket Gophers. Family Geomyidae, (Exclusive of the species of Thomomys). U.S. Dept. Agr., Div. Biol. Sur. N. A. Fauna Wo.s, p2i20. ( Jan..31, 1895). wee eterciam, C.\ Fart, Loc. cit., p. ‘122. Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 6, Nos. 1—2. Bangs, Outram. Proc. New Eng. Zool. Club. Vol. 1, p. 43% (June 5, 1889). Ward, Henry L. A Weasel New to Wisconsin’s Fauna. Bul. Wis. Nat. Hist. Soc. Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 63-64 (Jan. 1907). Baird, Spencer F. Mammals of North America, p. 32. (July 1857). Baird, Spencer F. Loc. cit., p. 33. Bull. Wis. Nat. Hist. Soc., 1908—Jackson. PLATE III. + 40474 4 av oe es # HABITAT OF Neosorex palustris (RICHARDSON). a 4 ‘ < ’ a palustris (RICHARDSON). FOSSIL CERCOPIDZ (HOMOPTERA). By TT. DA. COCKERELL. In the Miocene shales of Florissant, at Station 14, we found an excellent specimen of Palaphrodes irregularis Scudder, pre- served in exactly the same position as Scudder’s fig. 6, Pl. 21 (Tertiary Insects), and showing the characteristic form and mark- ings. It is a little smaller than the typical size—not quite 10 mm. long. Curiously, however, the venation of the wings (hind wings) does not agree with Scudder’s figures. Using the nomenclature set forth by Kirkaldy (Leaf-Hoppers and their Natural Enemies, - 1906), Scudder’s figure shows the cubitus ap- parently simple, but with a cross-vein (which may represent the lower branch of thecubitus), going to the first anal. (Fig. 1, lower figure). Our specimen, on the contrary, shows the cubi- tus evenly forked, with no cross-vein to the anal. When at Cambridge, I sought diligently Fig. 1. Palaphrodes : é irregularis Scudder. in the Scudder collection for the original of his fig. 6, but failed to find it; and I do not know whether to consider the cross-vein an error of the artist’s, or not. Scudder’s description certainly agrees with his figure. I consulted Mr. Otto Heidemann on this point, and he very kindly wrote me at some length, also sending a series of Cercopide for comparison. Mr. Heidemann justly ob- serves, that according to Scudder’s description and figure, the venation of Palaphrodes does not accord with that of the Aphrophorinz, to which it is assigned. My specimen, how- ever, does so accord, and there is no doubt that the genus is very : 35 36 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 6, Nos. i—2. close to Aphrophora, that is, Cercopis, according to Horvath, Kirkaldy, etc. The principal distinctive character may be found in the shape of the head,—very obtuse and rounded in front, and distinctly narrower than the thorax. The pattern of the tegmina is perfectly typical of Cercopis (Aphrophora) or Lepyroma— these two having essentially the same pattern. The venation of the wings, at least in my specimen, is entirely that of Cercopts (Aphrophora). The recent species compared are Cercopis sarato- gensis (Fitch), C. parallela (Say) and C. quadrinotata (Say). In Ball’s figure of the wing of Aphrophora in Pr. Iowa Acad. Sci. 1895, the cross-vein between the media and cubitus is omitted, but it is present in the specimens examined, and doubtless its omission was accidental. | We obtained Palecphora communis Scudder at Stations 14 (W. P. Cockerell) and 17 (S. A. Rohwer), and P. prevalens Scudder at Stations 13 (T. D. A. Cockerell) and 14 (W. P. Cock- erell, Geo. N. Rohwer). This genus has longer and slenderer tegima than Palaphrodes, with the costa less arched. The pattern, as Scudder remarks, is dis- tinctive, though it could be derived from that of Cer- copis without any very great change. The vena- tion of the tegmina, as figured by Scudder for P. marvinei Scudder, is in essential agreement with that of Cercopis, but is noteworthy for the rather numerous distinct nervures passing from the radius to the costal margin. The tegmina are rounded at the apex, not pointed. The hind wings, as well seen in our specimens of P. communis, are in general agreement with Cercopis, but offer a distinctive feature in the deflection downwards and bending of Cu, (see fig. 2). The relation of the radius to the media varies ; it may be connected by a cross-vein as in Cercopis, or it may act- 1998] Cockerell, Fossil Cercopide (Homoptera). 37 ually join the media for a short distance—a condition approached in Lepyronia. The variability of the venation of the wings of the Cercopide is undeniable, and it is of interest to note that the instability we find today existed as far back as the miocene. The color pattern of the tegmina really seems much more constant. In order to illustrate one more modification of the wing-venation, I give a diagram of the wing of a specimen of Tomaspis bicincta Say re- ceived from Mr. Heidemann. It will be seen that there are two little nervures leav- ing Cu,, but breaking off without forming cross-nervures. It will also be noted in T. Fig. 3. Tomaspis bicincta (and this is normal for the genus, bicincta Say. being just the same in the large Central mmetican .F. imca Guér.) ;Cu, branches off from Cu, at a large angle, though it is not afterwards bent as it is in Palec- phora. The figures accompanying this paper are pure diagram- matic, and are not intended to show specific minutiz. Taking the North American genera of Cercopide, it is evident that as regards the venation Cercopis (Aphrophora) and Lepy- roma stand'at the foot of any phylogenetic tree, as being the most primitive. From Aphrophora or Cercopis we may readily derive Philenus, and from this we get two entirely diverse branches, one leading to Clastoptera, the other to Monecphora or Tomaspis. In Tomaspis we have a highly developed form, with the apical field of the tegmina densely reticulated and the color-pattern very different from that of Cercopis, namely two red or yellow cross- bars on a black ground. The beginnings of the Tomaspis pattern (with the divergence of the forks of the cubitus) are seen in the Florissant fossil Prinecphora balteata Scudder; while an almost typical Tomaspis-pattern is reached in the gigantic Petrolystra gigantea Scudder, the type of which I had the pleasure of examin- ing in the Scudder collection. Yo we Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 6, Nos. 1—2. Palaphrodes obviously is a relatively primitive Cercopid, near to Cercopis. Palecphora must be regarded as a branch of the same stem; not, so far as may be judged. in the line of evolution of any of the modern North American Cercopids; whether inti- mately related to any exotic genus, I cannot say. According to the conventional classification, Palaphrodes and Palecphora go in dif- ferent sub-families, but they are doubtless more closely related than either is to Clastoptera on the one hand, or Toimaspis on the other. THE PSEUDOSCORPIONS OF TEXAS. By NATHAN BANKS. Some time ago Mr. C. T. Brues sent me some pseudoscorpions from Texas. Most of them were taken near Austin, and several of them from ant-nests. Two of these prove to be new species. This induced me to examine and determine all my Texan material in this order. There are 10 species, six of these belong to one genus Chelanops, four of them being new. One of the species found in an ant’s-nest occurs also near Washington, D. C., often under large stones. The most common Texan species is Chela- nops oblongus, a species widely distributed in the United States east of the Rocky Mountains. The two species of Chelifer are found in many parts of the eastern United States, the C. cancroides usually in houses or other buildings. When more attention is paid to collecting these creatures, no doubt the Texan list will be double what it is now. Chelifer cancroides Linn. Brazos Co., New Braunfels. Chelifer muricatus Say. Austin, and Esperanza Ranch, Brownsville. Chelanops oblongus Say. Austin, in fungi; Brazos Co.; San Antonio; Brownsville; and Columbus. Chelanops texanus Banks. Brazos Co. Chelanops unicolor bh. sp. Cephalothorax, palpi, and abdominal scute a uniform pale brownish yellow, rest whitish yellow. Cephalothorax nearly one and 39 40 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 6, Nos. 1—2. one-half times as long as broad, narrowed and rounded in front, evenly and finely granulate, with two transverse furrows in the posterior part, the hind one indented in the middle; the hairs of cephalothorax are distinctly clavate, and on each of the dorsal scutze are five strongly clavate hairs in a row. Palpi short and rather heavy, the hairs plainly clavate, except those on the fingers; the femur is scarcely as long as width of the cephalothorax; the tibia plainly shorter, very convex on inner basal part; the hand about twice as broad as femur, and as long as tibia, evenly convex each side, the fingers about the length of hand, stout and slightly curved. The hairs on under side of body are simple, but most of those on the basal joints of legs are clavate. Abdomen is about twice as long as broad, each side slightly convex. Length, 2 mm. . | From nests of ants (Eciton cecum and Pachycondyla harpax ) at Austin Texas. Chelanops tumimanus pn. sp. Cephalothorax, scutz, and palpi dark red brown, almost black, fingers rather paler, posterior margin of cephalothorax, except a median square, is pale yellowish; legs brownish on femora, femora III. and IV. quite dark; all hard parts finely and evenly granulate. The cephalothorax is about one and one-quarter times as long as broad behind, much tapering in front, eye-spots indistinct, the surface with some scattered very distinctly clavate hairs; each dorsal scutum with a row of fine clavate hairs near posterior edge, and one on middle of lateral edge. Abdomen fully twice as long as broad, each side slightly convex. Palpi heavy and short, clothed with very strongly clavate hairs, except those on the outer side of hand and those from the fingers; femur not as long as width of cephalothorax, very much swollen on outer base; tibia but little shorter and barely, if any, wider than femur, rather evenly convex on both sides, the greatest inner convexity at the middle; hand very heavy, twice as wide as femur, but scarcely as long as tibia, very much swollen on inner base; the fingers shorter than the hand, very stout and slightly curved. Venter with a row of dark spots each side, the hairs simple, but those on femora and outer side of tibie clavate. Length 2.5 mm. San Antonio, August. 1908 | Banks, The Pseudoscorpions of Texas. 41 Chelanops zqualis n. sp. Cephalothorax and abdominal scute dark brown, palpi clear reddish brown, legs yellowish. Cephalothorax about one and one- quarter longer than broad behind, tapering and rounded in front, eye- spots indistinct, surface finely and evenly granulate, with short scat- tered thick hairs. Palpi large, trochanter with a swelling above and one behind; femur as long as width of cephalothorax, sides sub- parallel; tibiz about as long as femur, slightly wider, the inner convexity is greatest before the middle; the hand is nearly as long as the tibia and about one and a half times wider, more strongly convex on inner than on the outer side; the fingers large, as long as hand, and only slightly curved; the hairs on the inner side of tibia, femur, and trochanter are almost clavate, the others are simple. The abdomen is about two and a half times as long as broad, the pos- terior edge of each scutem has from 9 to 11 simple hairs. Legs rather long and slender, with simple hairs; the hind femora not swollen. Length 3.3 mm. From El Paso, Texas. Chelanops pulchellus n. sp. Cephalothorax dark brown, with an oblong silvery white spot in each posterior lateral corner; abdominal scutz brown, the outer end of most of them with a silvery mark; palpi dark-red brown, almost black in the swollen parts, but the fingers are very much paler. Cephalothorax nearly one and a half times as long as broad behind, much tapering in front, with a few short, thick hairs. Palpi rather short; femur scarcely as long as width of cephalothorax, outer side evenly convex, inside slightly concave before tip; tibia scarcely as long as femur, but plainly wider, the greatest inner convexity at about the middle; hand heavy, about as long as tibia and one and a half times wider, both sides evenly convex; fingers stout, a little shorter than hand; the hairs on inner side of tibia, femur, and trochanter short, and almost clavate. Abdomen fully twice as long as broad, each scutum with about 8 very short hairs on posterior margin. Legs short, hind femora distinctly thickened; the hairs on outer side of femora and tibie short and thickened. Length 2.3 mm. Esperanza Ranch, Brownsville, Texas. 42 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 6, Nos. 1—2. The six species of Chelanops now known from Texas may be separated by the following table: 1. Many hairs on palpi distinctly elavate..........20.esssaseeees 2 Hairs on palpi not plainly clavate. . i. 6 6. eis boc cues see eee 4 2. Fingers equal to hand, which is not very large, small species TT et eek et ee s eyad ae HW lowes sy a oe nn Fingers. shorter than. hand. 7... 2...) ccish os eodseee see 3 3. Hand very heavy, nearly twice as wide as tibizw........ tumimanus Hand not heavy, but little wider than the tibia............ texanus 4. Fingers plainly paler than the hand, small species...... pulchellus Fingers as dark as hand, larger specieS.......i.5.-.:cceeesss 5 5, Fingers’ aherter. than) hand w, 2% .55.-0vseers.nsw wenn s eee oblongus Mingers as long as! hai... 5. ce os a sd sa es wa oe #qualis Ideobisium rufulum Banks. From nest of Camponotus sansabeanius, Austin. Olpium minutum n. sp. Cephalothorax pale yellowish brown, darker in front, palpi yellow- ish brown, the fingers the darkest; abdominal scutze yellowish, legs and venter whitish. Cephalothorax one and a-half times longer than broad, hind border rounded, but little narrowed in front, two distinct eyes each side close together. Palpi short; femur about as long as width of cephalothorax, a trifle wider at tip than near base, tibia nearly as long as femur and one and one-fourth times wider, the greatest inner convexity at middle, hand fully as long as tibia, one and one- fourth wider, sides but little convex; fingers stout, much shorter than the hand; hairs of palpi fine and uneven. Abdomen three and one-half times as long as wide, each scutum with 3 or 4 very fine hairs on posterior margin. Legs very short, hind femora slightly swollen, tarsi very short. Length 1.6 mm. In nest of Eciton cecum, Austin, Texas. Differs from O. obsurum in paler color, smaller size, longer abdomen, and more slender cephalothorax. A RAPID MELANISTIC AND SUBSEQUENT PARTIAL ALBINISTIC CHANGE IN A CAGED ROBIN.* By Henry L. Warp. Early in November last I was told of a caged robin in the city that had suddenly turned black. On Nov. 6th | went to see this bird, which belongs to Mrs. T. J. Coughlin, and found a lively, pugnacious and apparently healthy robin with jet black plumage except for what appeared to be two small, white under-tail cov- erts. When viewed under strong illumination, and at a certain angle, the feathers of the breast were bordered with brownish black rather than being unicolor as otherwise they appeared. The eye- ring was not noticeable, the bill was nearly black and the anterior surfaces of the tarsi and upper surfaces of the toes were heavily suffused with black while their plantar surfaces were whitish flesh color. The tarsi are rather deeper, antero-posteriorly, than is nor- mal, apparently due to excessive development of the scutes. Its history as given me was that about four years previously it had been taken as an abandoned nestling by Mrs. Panton, a friend of Mrs. Coughlin, who had kept it in a cage in her kitchen. Thirteen months ago this friend died and the bird was transferred to Mrs. Coughlin’s kitchen. For about the first three vears of its life during its sojourn with Mrs. Panton the kitchen in which it was kept was used for cooking and washing. Jn Mrs. Coughlin’s kitchen no washing and little cooking is done. The bird is in a large wire cage suspended by a pulley from the ceiling im- mediately in front of a south window. The room is perhaps eight * Read before the joint meeting of the Wis. Acad. of Sciences, Arts and Letters and the Wis. Natural History Society Feb. 13, 1908. 43 44 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 6, Nos. 1—2. feet in height and the bird, when I have seen it, has been about five and a half feet above the floor. Up to the latter part of last September the bird had exhibited rather bright normal coloration when it began to moult. This process, which resulted in the extreme melanistic phase in which I first saw it, occupied about three weeks and had been completed some two weeks before my visit. I was assured that the bird had been in uniformly good health and that its diet of ground hemp, grated carrot and cornmeal with an occasional piece of apple to pick at, a minute amount of scraped raw meat, perhaps once a week, and in spring occasional meals of angle worms has been maintained during its entire life. On January 28th last, I again saw the robin. The pigmentation of the bill had almost entirely disappeared and it was bright yellow except for a dusky spot near the tip of the culmen. Mrs. Cough- lin informed me that this change had occurred within the pre- ceding four days. The eyelids were much lighter than at my prev- ious visit, appearing whitish at a distance and greenish yellow on close inspection. ‘The tarsi and feet were also lighter in color, the pigmentation of their anterior surfaces seeming to have concreted so as to produce a faintly maculated effect. About a week previously, after having bathed and while its feathers were erected, it was for the first time’ noticed that there were various white feathers underlying its sable plumage. I could detect these on various parts of its body and neck and a faint suggestion of fine, white streaking was noticeable when looking directly at the breast of the bird, probably due to underlying white. A third inspection on the 1oth inst., showed a farther fading of the dusky spot on the culmen, and apparently an addition of one or more white feathers to the original two white under-tail coverts. Whether or not the white underlying feathers on other parts of its body had increased was difficult of determination. As the bird 1908] Ward, Rapid Melanistic Change in a Caged. Robin. 45 is lively and pugnacious and desires to face one it is a rather un- satisfactory subject for detailed examination. The facts of the previous life of the robin, of its sudden and remarkably complete change from normal color to melanochroism and its subsequent albinistic tendencies have been vouched for by Dr. P. H. McGovern who has been personally familiar with it for more than three and a half years. On account of the season of year it has been impossible to make any tests as to the comparative degree of heat and humidity of this room and that of the open air when these factors might influence its plumage. In making a partial review of the literature of the subject I note the following: Mr. Ruthven Deane? has listed 134 species of birds exhibiting more or less complete albinism and melanism of which 126 belonged to the former group and but 8 showed the lat- ter peculiarity. There is no doubt that a white bird is more con- spicuous and consequently more liable to attract attention than a black one but it is probable that the latter pathological condition is the less common. In the Bulletin of the Nuttall Ornithological Club and in The Auk, covering a period of 32 years, I find mentioned five cases of melanism in the robin. One, presumably a wild bird, is men- tioned by Deane?. Another, a caged bird, was one of a nest of black robins taken at St. Johns of which Dr. Elliott Coues? wrote in 1878: “Mr. Boardman writes me later, under date of September 23rd, that he has been much interested in watching the moult of the black robin, and says: ‘He acts as if he were going to be an albino. His new tail is about half grown out, and is nearly white, with a black stripe down each feather. His breast, head, neck and back are jet black, but very much out of feather.’ ”’ In 1884 W. B. Barrows‘ called attention to a caged robin taken as a normal nestling (at Middletown, Conn.) about six years previously. At the fourth fall moult ‘“‘a few white feathers were 46 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [ Vol. 6, Nos. 1—2. noticed and here and there a black one.” After the following fall moult the wings and tail were almost completely white while be- low he was clear black, except for a side patch of red unler each wing and the usual white belly. The next fall moult brought forth the normal robin plumage which a year later was replaced ‘by the following coloration: ‘Above clear black; tail mostly white; in- terscapulars and most of the wing feathers white on outer webs; chin, throat, belly and under tail coverts normal. The upper breast shows a somewhat crescent-shaped patch of red, and almost as continuations of this on either side are red patches under the wings. A few red feathers down the middle of the breast imper- fectly separate the black which would otherwise form a single large pectoral patch. The white about the eyes is normal.” Barrows in 1885° reports another robin taken at Middletown, Conn., as a normal nestling which retained its normal colors for two or three years. “Gradually the plumage became somewhat variegated with black and white, the black predominating above, though Mr. Leonard thinks the bird became ultimately almost white. There was no return to the normal plumage after the ab- normal dress was once assumed.’ This bird died when about five years old. Dr. Walter Faxon® in 1886 cites a robin “as dark as a Euro- pean Blackbird”’,-kept in an aviary the owner of which informed him that “Robins thus raised in confinement were often thus col- ored.” Mr. Faxon pertinently asks: “Is not the melanism to be connected with the peculiar conditions to which the bird is ex- posed? The aviary is built like a greenhouse, with one side (glass) sloping to the south. It has no artificial heat yet keeps southern birds (as Cardinal Grosbeaks) in good condition.” In these accounts it will be noticed that albinism and melan- ism are not infrequently, in fact are usually associated together. It has long been supposed that humidity was conducive to the deepening of colors in birds and the colors of lepidopterous insects 1908] Ward, Rapid Melanistic Change in a Caged Robin. 47 have experimentally been greatly modified by subjecting the larva to abnormally high temperature. Recently Mr. C. W. Beebe at the gardens of the New York Zoological Society has carried on some important and significant experiments on the effects pro- duced on the colors of birds subjected to slightly supernormal temperature accompanied by increased humidity. In his “Sum- mary of the Effects of Humidity’’ on the Inca dove he states “TIntrinsically the change is at first a segregation and intensification of the melanism, resulting in a clearing up and extension of the white or whitish areas. A period of equilibrium later ensues,. until the increase of melanism is such that it begins to encroach upon the white areas, this continuing until all trace of white has disap- peared.” | In the Robins described by Barrows this sequence seems to have obtained: except that the one first reported became only in- completely melanistic while the second one as well as that de- scribed by Coues and our Milwaukee Robin have gone beyond this stage and developed a greater or less degree of albinism. Beebe® says farther: “The sporadic appearance or artificial inducing of melanism in a single individual under humidity may be explained, and probably correctly, as merely the result of in- tensified action of the pigment-producing enzyme or unorganized ferment.’ Accepting this theory it is natural to suppose that a point will be reached when this abnormal production of melanisn will have exhausted the resources of the bird leaving it pigment- poor in which case albinism would succeed. 1. Bull. Nuttall Ornithological Club, Vol. I, pp. 20-24; Vol. IV, pp. 27-30; Vol. V, pp. 25-30. Bull. Nuttall Ornithological Club, Vol. I, p. 24. Bull. Nuttall Ornithological Club, Vol. IH, p. 48. The Auk, Vol. I, p. 90. The’ Auk, Vel. Ti, p. 303. The Auk, Vol. ITI, p. 284. Zoologica, Vol. I, p. 30. Zoologica, Vol. 1, p. 34. eee ee NOTES AND DESCRIPTIONS OF NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA. VEL. By CHARLES T. BRUEs. FAMILY BETHYLID/A. Anisepyris rugosicollis sp. nov. Female. Length 4.5 mm. Black, the head, mesonotum,.and scu- tellum purplish; pronotum greenish; base of antenne and posterior legs honey-yellow. Head as wide as long, opaque, finely shagreened, with small, very irregularly arranged punctures interspersed; cheeks much more coarsely sculptured; mandibles honey-yellow with broad tips and four small black teeth. Antenne 12-jointed; scape, pedicel and base of first flagellar joint honey-yellow; scape rather slender, curved, as long as the following four joints together; pedicel two-- thirds longer than the first flagellar joint; second as long as the first, but thicker, quadrate; following joints scarcely growing narrower, quadrate or transverse guadrate. Eyes elongate oval, separated by one-third their length on the vertex and by about the same distance from the base of the mandibles. Ocelli placed in a small equilateral. triangle. Pronotum widened behind, where it is nearly twice as wide as long, abruptly declivous in front; its surface greenish, shining, coarsely longitudinally rugose, with a punctate frenum posteriorly ;. its lateral and posterior edges margined. Mesonotum as long as the pronotum, blue, with greenish reflections anteriorly on the middle lobe; its surface finely shagreened. Parapsidal furrows deep, convergent. posteriorly; lateral furrows visible only behind. Scutellum purplish, subshining, with two fovee connected by an impressed line basally and with several large punctures posteriorly. Metanotum with five longi- tudinal carine, besides the carinate lateral margins and posterior margin. Abdomen shining black. Legs black, the middle and posterior cox and trochanters brown; base of posterior femora ferruginous; middle tibize not spinous; tarsal claws with a single tooth. Wings brown. with a hyaline band beneath the stigma and a pale apex. Venation normal, the marginal vein two and one-half times as long as the basal.. 48 1908] Brues, North American Parasitic Hymenoptera VI. 49 Described from a female specimen collected by Mr. Charles Schaeffer at Esperanza Ranch, Brownsville, Texas. Type in the Museum of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences. This species is similar to A. fascupennis Kieffer from Nicara- gua, from which it differs in the sculpture of the head and thorax, particularly the pronotum. ‘FAMILY SCELIONIDA. Hoploteleia noveboracensis sp. nov. Male. Length 4.25 mm. Black, very coarsely rugosely punctate ; legs, except coxee, honey-yellow; wings hyaline. Head large, twice as wide as thick anteroposteriorly. Occiput margined. Facial depression deep, margined, extending nearly to the anterior ocellus above, its surface transversely striate, although faintly so on the sides. Lateral ocelli separated from the eyes by less than their own diameter. Eyes ovate, bare, twice as long as the width of the cheeks. Mandibles black, tridentate. Antenne 12-jointed, long and rather slender, black, the base and apex of the scape rufus; scape as long as the three follow- ing joints; pedicel small, triangular; first flagellar joint twice as long as the pedicel, and three times as long as thick; second slightly shorter; third shorter, a little over twice as long as thick; fourth and following about equal, but growing more slender, the fifth two and one-half times as long as thick, others three times; last joint one-third longer and pointed. Mesonotum with three furrows, less deeply im- pressed than in H. floridana, its surface shagreened, with fine scattered punctures and with distinct reticulate sculpture posteriorly. Scutellum coarsely rugoso-punctate, with a regular row of closely placed punc- tures along the posterior margin. fPostscutellum bidentate medially. Metanotum very short, rugose. Pleure punctate-rugose, the meso- pleurze medially obliquely striate. Abdomen as long as the head and thorax; first segment and basal half of the second very coarsely striate or fluted; third the longest, faintly aciculate; fourth one-half as long as the third; fifth and sixth shorter, subequal. Legs, except coxe, honey-yellow, the tarsi piceous. Venter faintly punctate. Wings hyaline, the marginal vein short, only three or four times as long as thick; postmarginal long, two-thirds as long as the submarginal; 50 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 6, Nos. 1—2. stigmal long, straight, with a small knob at apex, abeut two-fifths as long as the postmarginal. One specimen, sent by my friend Mr. J. R. de la Torre Bueno, collected at Van Cortlandt Park, New York City. This species can be distinguished from H. floridana Ashmead, the only other one known from the United States, by its longer and more slender antenne. It is the only species known to ex- tend so far north in its range, most members of the genus belong- ing to the neotropicad region. FAMILY SCHNEUMONID~. SUBFAMILY TRYPHONIN®, TRIBE MESOLEPTINAE. Oxytorus paludicola, sp. nov. Male. Length 5—6 mm. Black; antenne fuscous, most of legs and abdomen ferruginous. Head not quite twice as wide as thick, rather thickly hairy; subshining, the vertex, occiput, and cheeks faintly punctulate; face finely rugoso-punctate, distinctly produced below the base of the antennae. Clypeus distinctly separated from the face, broad, its anterior margin truncate. Eyes elongate, very sparsely pilose, with not the slightest trace of an emargination between the antenne. Antenne stout and tapering, shortly pilose, 26-28 jointed, similar to those of certain Orthocentrine genera. Scape stout, oval; first flagellar joint distinctly longer than the second, which is twice as long as thick; following growing imperceptibly shorter and narrower, those near the tip quadrate. Mesonotum with the parapsidal furrows well marked, its surface punctulate on the sides, with the median lobe more coarsely punctate, especially behind, where it is confluently so. Scutellum with a wide deep fovea at the base divided by a median carina, apically convex and punctulate. Metathorax completely areo- lated, the lateral angles of the petiolar area produced as distinct teeth. Petiolar area transversely ‘striate, the other areas rugose. Epomial carina of propleura distinct. Abdomen distinctly petiolate, smooth and shining, the petiole curved, more strongly so at the center; spiracles placed distinctly behind the center, where they give off lateral carine to the tip; two very strongly elevated median carinz which 1908] Brues, North American Parasitic Hymenoptera VI. ol extend only to its posterior third; second and third segments sub- equal, each slightly broader than long. Legs moderately stout; anterior and middle pairs, except coxe, fulvous; posterior pair, except coxe in part, tarsi, tips of tibiee, and tips of femora above, ferruginous. Clypeus and antenne rufous, the former somewhat paler below. Palpi pale. Abdomen except the basal two-thirds of the petiole and extreme tip more or less ferruginous. Wings slightly infuscated; stigma elongate, piceous, veins piceous. Areolet very nearly regularly pen- tagonal; transverse median vein in hind wing broken just below the middle. Described from two specimens collected by Professor T. D. A. Cockerell in a marsh at Florrissant, Colorado, July 26, 1908. This species does not agree with the genus as characterized by Davis (Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. 24, p. 322 (1897) ), and Mesoleptus facetus Cress, which he refers to Oxytorus is evidently not congeneric with the present species, which however, agrees well with the characters given by Schmiedeknecht (Hym. Mit- teleuropas, p. 621.) TRIBE BASSINI. Promethes rohweri, sp. nov. Female. Length 4.25 mm. Black; face, underside of antenne; marks on thorax and bands on abdomen, light yellow; legs light yellow and fulvous, to a slight extent variegated with black. Head about three times as wide as thick, smooth and polished, with faint indications of punctulation on the vertex and cheeks. Face smooth and highly polished, its central portion slightly elevated. Clypeus sharply separated from the face, rounded above, its lower margin deeply and broadly notched. Cheeks almost half the length of the eyes. Antenne 22-jointed, distinctly shorter than the body; first flagellar joint as long as the scape; second two-thirds as long and about three times as long as thick; following gradually decreasing, the fifth twice as long as thick. Mesonotum shining, faintly punctu- late, without trace of furrows. Scutellum shining, strongly convex. Metathorax incompletely areolated, the basal median, and first lateral areas indicated; second lateral area partly enclosed; petiolar absent. Mesopleure smooth and highly polished, pro and metapleure punctu- 52 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 6, Nos. 1—2. late. First abdominal segment twice as long as wide at tip, the spiracular protuberances unusually large; lateral carinez distinct, but no trace of any median ones. Second segment as long as the first and somewhat longer than wide at tip, the gastrocceli unusually large and deep; first and segment except the tip of the latter rugulose; fol- lowing segments smooth and polished. Legs slender, four anterior ones yellow, their coxe black basally and their femora with a short black stripe inwardly at the base. Posterior coxe black, their tips and the trochanters yellow; femora pale ferruginous, with a black stripe inwardly at the base; tibiz and tarsi pale ferruginous, the tibial spurs weak, only one-third the length of the metatarsus. Wings hyaline, stigma piceous with pale spot at base; veins piceous. Areolet open, indicated as a regular pentagon; transverse median vein in hind wing broken at the middle. Entire face, anterior orbits, mandibles except tips, palpi, underside of antennz, lower part of cheeks, cuneiform marks on mesonotum, tegule, spot in front and below, large spot on mesopleura on anterior margin below, and line on posterior margin above, and bands on second to fourth abdominal segments more or less emarginate posteriorly, pale yellow. Male. Differs by its more elongate form, 25-jointed antennze and interrupted band on second abdominal segment. Length 6 mm. Described from four specimens sent me by Mr. G. A. Rohmer of the University of Colorado, who collected them on flowers of Ribes vallicola at Florissant, Colo., June II, 1907. Zootrephes similis sp. nov. Female. Length 5 mm. Black; abdomen, except base and apex, and legs ferruginous. Head three times as wide as thick, shining, the face finely punctate. Front and vertex polished, occiput and cheeks finely punctured; clypeus smooth and shining, its anterior edge subemarginate. Upper tooth of mandibles deeply divided. Eyes bare, separated on the front by a distance equal to their length. Antennz black, 22-jointed; basal joint of flagellum one-half longer than the second; following growing shorter, those near the middle twice as long as thick. Pro and mesonotum finely punctulate, shining; no trace of parapsidal furrows. Depression at base of scutellum shallow, polished. Metathorax completely areolated, the carine very strong. Pleurz shining, almost smooth. Abdomen subopaque, more shining 1908] Brues, North American Parasitic Hymenoptera VI. 53 toward the tip; first segment one-third longer than broad at apex, its basal half with two very strong carine which become evanescent just beyond the middle, lateral carine strong and well away from the mar- gin; its surface longitudinally rugose. Second segment as broad as long’, third wider and shorter, both scabrous or finely rugulose; fourth punctulate at the base, apical ones smooth and shining. Legs ferru- ginous, the coxe, particularly the posterior pair, black basally, their tips and the trochanters pale yellow; posterior tarsi piceous. Wings hyaline, the stigma and veins piceous black, the former pale basally ; areolet open, its proximal shorter than its lower side; transverse median vein in hind wing broken at the middle. Clypeus, broad anterior orbits, two paired spots on face, mandibles except tips, spots at base of antenne above, under side of pedicel, tegule, spot below and before; cuneiform spot on mesonotum, short line near anterior margin of mesopleura, spot at base of hind wing, and a large mark on scutel- lum, pale yellow. Second to fourth segments of abdomen ferruginous, the second and third yellowish at apex and the fourth darker at base; following segments with a rufous margin. Beulah, New Mexico, Aug. 3, 1902, Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell. This differs from 7. saginatus Prov. to which it is most closely related, by the black antennz, the absence of any transverse line on the third segment, and the entirely black first abdominal seg- ment. It is slightly larger. Syrphoctonus levis sp. nov. Female. Length 6mm. Black, legs, except tips of posterior tibize and tarsi which are ferruginous, pale yellow; spots on face and meso- notum pale yellow. Head two and one-half times as wide as thick, finely shagreened, with microscopic punctures intermixed. Face rather strongly depressed on the sides, between the eye-margin and the central convex portion. Clypeus strongly raised, its anterior margin rounded and deeply incised medially. Eyes not quite so long as the width of the face; bare. Antenne 21-jointed; first flagellar joint one-third longer than the second, which is three times as long as thick and about as long as the scape; third and following growing shorter, the fifth about two times as long as thick. Mesonotum subshining, faintly punctulate ; scutellum shagreened and punctulate. Metanotum punctu- late or scabrous, without any indications of any areas. Pleurz shin- 54 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 6, Nos. 1—2. ing, very faintly punctulate and shagreened. Abdomen rather stout, the first segment, basal third of the second, and base of third, scabrous, remaining portions shining. First segment about one-half longer than wide, its lateral carine well-defined, sharp, no trace of central ones; second segment slightly shorter than its width at tip. Valves of ovi- positor black, distinctly projecting. Venter shining black, the sutures of the basal segments whitish. Legs, including coxe and trochanters, very pale ferruginous or honey-yellow. Tips of posterior tibie and posterior tarsi entirely, deep black; longer spur of hind tibia a little less than one-half the length of the metatarsus. Wings hyaline, stigma piceous, scarcely pale at the base; veins piceous; areolet open, its position indicated as a large almost regular pentagon. ‘Transverse median nervure in hind wing broken considerably below the middle. Face with a median broad yellow stripe extending to the antenne; clypeus and mandibles. except tips. yellow. Mesonotum with lateral cuneiform lines, tegule, spot at base of hind wing, continued as a narrow stripe between the meso and metapleurz, and scutellum, except eenter, pale yellow. Described from a female collected by Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell, at Beulah, New Mexico, during July. This species is related to plewralis Cress. and to robustus Davis. It is separable from the former, by its black plurze and metathorax and fewer yellow markings, and from the latter by its much smoother body sculpture, and the absence of any central ridge on the abdomen. Enizemum neomexicanum sp. nov. Female. Length 6 mm. Black; legs, except posterior tibize and tarsi, bright ferruginous. Head about three times as wide as thick, subopaque and minutely punctulate. Occiput with a median groove or depression behind the median oceilus. Face shagreened, with fine punctures interspersed; at the upper edge of the clypeus with a pair of fovee. Clypeus bilobed, with a median emargination. Eyes as long as the width of the face, subemarginate opposite the base of the antenne. Antenne 23-jointed, nearly as long as the body, the first flagellar joint very long, following gradually shorter to the tip, those near the middle about three times as long as thick. Mesonotum shin- ing, finely punctulate, without any trace of parapsidal furrows; 1908 | Brues, North American Parasitic Hymenoptera VI. a] seutellum with somewhat larger punctures. Metanotum finely rugose, the basal median area indicated, also the lateral carine, and very indistinctly the petiolar area. Pleure finely punctate, and metapleurz more closely so. First abdominal segment a little longer than wide at apex, with two central ecarinz which extend to the middle of the second segment, and with lateral carinz which extend nearly to the apex of the second. First and second segments longitudinally rugose ; third scabrous, apical ones nearly smooth. Legs entirely bright fer- ruginous, except the base of the anterior coxe, and the posterior tibieze and tarsi, which are deep black, the former with a white ring at the base. Spurs of posterior tibiz long, the longer one one-half the length of the metatarsus. Wings nearly hyaline, the veins and stigma dark fuscous, latter pale at base. Areolet very small; transverse median vein in hind wing broken at the middle. Clypeus ferruginous; man- dibles, except tips, yellow; small lateral mark on mesonotum, tegule, spot before and behind, spot at base of hind wing, and capillary lines behind scutellum and postseutellum white. Beulah, New Mexico, Cockerell. Differs from Enizemum (Bassus) tibiale Cress, by the black antenne, scutellum and pleurz, and partially areolated metanotum. FAMILY BRACONIDA, SUBFAMILY BLACINAS, Blecus gracilis sp. nov. Female. Length 3 mm. Black; base of antennal flagellum, legs in part and venter yellowish. Head transverse, twice as broad as thick antero-posteriorly. Occiput and cheeks broadly rounded, the former impressed medially; surface punctulate, more or less shining, especially on the occiput. Face protuberant above the insertion of the antene. Front flattened and deeply concave centrally to accommodate the scape. Antenne 28-jointed; scape very thick, rounded, a little longer than the second joint, following decreasing very gradually to the tip. The antenne are pale brownish yellow on the basal half, except the scape, above which is black like the apical part of the flagellum. Clypeus and mouth parts honey-yellow. Face strongly raised medially, the elevation forming a sharp carina above; at the sides of the clypeus with a deep foveate impression. Thorax slender, delicately sculptured, 56 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 6, Nos. 1—2. the parapsidal furrows sharp and deep, meeting far in front of the scutellum. Pleure subshining, finely rugulose; metanotum sculp- tured like the pleurz, not areolate, with a single very poorly defined median carina, a transverse carina at the upper edge of the posterior slope, and a reflexed margin at its lower edge. Abdomen slender, shagreened at the base, smooth and shining posteriorly. First segment twice as wide as long, its tip less than twice as wide as its base; spiracles strongly protuberant, placed very near the base. Second segment quadrate, following growing shorter, the apical ones whitish at the sutures. Ovipositor slightly longer than the abdomen, pale, its sheaths black. Legs brownish-yellow; the hind coxe blackish at the extreme base; hind femora and tibiz dark at tips and their tarsi dusky. Wings hyaline, veins except the costal very pale. Marginal cell narrow, pointed, reaching only three-fifths the distance from the stigma to the wing tip; first and second sections of the radius almost perpendicular to each other. Submedian cell barely longer than the median; recurrent nervure and transverse cubitus interstitial. Dis- coidal and subdiscoidal nervures uniting in a curve. Stigma yery narrow. One female bred from insects in heads of clover at Minnea- polis, Minn., sent me by Mr. A. G. Ruggles of the Minnesota Agri- cultural Experiment Station. Public Museum, Milwaukee, March 26, 1908. REVIEW OF THE DRAGON-FLIES OF WISCONSIN. By RicuHarp A. MUTTKOWSKI. The fauna of Wisconsin, especially that pertaining to the in- sects, has been but little explored. Except for Milwaukee County, which has been rather thoroughly canvassed by entomologists, there are probably only ten counties out of seventy-one where col- lections of dragon-flies have been made to any extent. To arouse the interest of entomologists in Wisconsin and to encourage the study of our most interesting fauna, this review has been pre- pared. HISTORY OF THE ODONATA. In early times probably no other order had attributed to it pernicious qualities to such an extent as the Odonata. Such beliefs as their supposedly poison- ous bite, the malevolent properties of the brown excretion, the fearsome consequences of their sting, were only too common. Thus is remained for Linnzus to glean whatever truth there was from the mass of contradictory superstitions. But one name stood out from the numerous appellations, the name of Water Nymph; at once Linnzeus recognized the appropriateness of the name, and from that time our knowledge of the Odonata is dated. Among the first to comprehensively treat the group was Reaumur, who in- - dicated the natural subdivisions of the Odonata, his suggestions _ being later utilized by Fabricus, who first proposed for the group the name Odonata. Following him, Leach, Say, Burmeister, Ha- gen, de Selys-Longchamps, and recent workers have increased our knowledge, until at the present time the Dragon-flies are fairly well-known. The name Odonata signifies tooth and is characteristic in view of the greatly developed labial teeth of the nymph. Of common 57 58 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 6, Nos. 1—2. names we have a series, such as damsel-flies, dragon-flies, horse- stingers, snake-feeders, spindlers, skimmers, for the whole order, and a few—amber-wing, white-face, dog-tail, marking the distinc- tive features of a species or genus. Of these names “damsel-flies” and “dragon-flies” are the most common, and considering the two types of Odonata, the dainty name of damsel-flies for the more timid, weaker types, and dragon-flies for the larger, formidable and predatory types are peculiarly appropriate. CHARACTERS. The Odonata form one of the more primitive orders of insects and their characters may be summed up briefly thus: Wings four, sub-equal, net-veined, provided with a spot near the apex, the stigma, tarsi three-jointed, antenne short, in- conspicuous ; metamorphosis incomplete. LIFE HISTORY. From the time the egg hatches to the moment when the adult dragon-fly casts off its nymphal skin there is no well defined series of molts as among the higher orders of insects. ‘The metamorphosis is incomplete since the larva has its later character indicated by the rudimentary wing-cases, the great eyes, and the big labial lobes. In all stages the insect is restive, never seeking complete quiet and solitude preparatory to emer- gence. The habits of the nymph are predatory, the methods ap- plied when hunting for prey being three-fold; crawling, burrow- ing, and clinging. The last method is applied by the Agrionide, Aeschnine and the greater number of Libelluline. Crawling is applied by the Macrominz, Cordulegasterinz,and the smaller part of the Libellulinz ; the nymphs sit among the rubbish at the bot- tom of ponds, rivers and slow bodies of water and aided by their protective resemblance to the surroundings, wait in greedy ambush for their unsuspecting prey. The representatives of the third group, comprising the Gomphinz, burrow in the silt and sand of river-bottoms for their victims. When the adult dragon-fly has cast off its skin, it usually rests 1908 ] Muttkowski, Dragon Flies of Wisconsin. 5 on some stone or stick near the water-level to unroll and dry the wings before flying. Different species have different habits in effecting this change. Some are indiscriminative in choice of locality and well satisfied to complete the transformation wherever they emerge; others seek the solitude of dark wash-outs in the river-banks; and again others climb into the shore-grass. The habits of the imago are varied; some are retiring, staying near their larval habitat, others seek open fields, while still others fly in the rush and roar of rapids and waterfalls. The females lay the eggs usually by flying near the water-level, and dipping the tip of the abdomen into the water while in flight to deposit an’ ege. In the case of some genera the males accompany the females. In quiet places the eggs remain clustered, while in more turbulent waters, they are scattered widely by the force of the currents. Like the nymph, the adult dragon-fly is predatory, and the whole form of the imago is adapted to this form of life. The peculiarly unbalanced appearance of the body, the thorax sloping forward and behind, with the slanted wings on the rear slope, the position of the legs near the forward edge of the thorax, are all splendidly adapted for the seizure and holding of the prey. RELATION TO LIFE ZONES. In Wisconsin the south- eastern and southwestern parts are comparatively low in altitude, and the character of its life temperate—Upper Austral. The southern part of the state in its middle portions is transitional in character, due to higher elevation, and the central part is occupied by a great basin lower than the south-eastern counties, but transi- tional in character. From this basin the state is gradually elevated north to the Penokeée and Iron ranges, all this area occupied by transition forms. North of this natural water-shed the charac- ter of life assumes a boreal aspect, due to higher latitude and in- creased altitude. Thus the state is separated into three distinct life zones: temperate—Upper Austral, near-boreal (partly tem- 60 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 6, Nos. 1—2. perate, partly boreal)—Transition, and arctic—Boreal. In Wis- consin latitude is of greater moment and altitude of only second- ary importance, since the contour of the state is with few excep- tions comparatively flat. Due to the fact that dragon-flies are little influenced by consi- derations of food since they are omnivorous, their distribution ex- ceeds that of the species of most orders of insects. Wherever there is water the dragon-flies of that respective life area are likely to occur. A very interesting illustration of the similarity of the Odo- nata throughout a life zone is the striking resemblance of the fauna of the White Mountains of New Hampshire and of North- ern Wisconsin. The White Mountains are placed in the midst of a trans-austral region, and because of their altitude the character of their fauna and flora is boreal. Whatever records of insects we have from boreal Wisconsin are identical with the White Moun- tains records. SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION. Imagos fly from April to November. But the great months for dragon-flies are June and July. Some species fly during the greater part of the season, while others are seen for but a very short time. The twilight hours of evening are the favorite hours of hunting and also of trans- formation. Species, however, chiefly of the Libellulinz and Agri- onine, fly also in the morning, but at the time their flight is stiff and slow, owing to the chill of the night. It is doubtful whether the Odonata normally hibernate; but a specimen of Anax junius has come under my observation which was still alive in March when it was blown down from beneath the eaves of a building where it had passed the winter. Such cases are however very unusual. _FOOD HABITS AND ECONOMIC VALUE. Throughout all stages of its life the dragon-fly is carnivorous, and will eat anything that it is able to capture and hold. The creature is in- satiate and with its predatory instinct it preys all the time, even Bull. Wis. Nat. Hist. Soc., 1908—Muttkowski. PLATE IV. et re Ka 4, Y Y . ae YH (} Yih cS SS TRANSITION // = BOREAL N — UPPER AUSTRAL MAP ILLUSTRATING THE LIFE ZONES OF WISCONSIN 1 Douglas, 2 Bayfield (with Apostle Islands), 3 Ashland, 4 Iron, 5 Vilas, 6 Burnett, 7 Washburn, 8 Sawyer, 9 Polk, 10 Barron, 11 Gates, 12 Price, 13 Oneida, 14 Forest, 15 Florence, 16 Marinette, 17 Langlade, 18 Lincoln, 19 Taylor, 20 Chippewa, 21 Dunn, 22 St. Croix, 23 Pierce, 24 Pepin, 25 Eau Claire, 26 Clarke, 27 Marathon, 28 Shawano, 29 Oconto, 30 Door (with Islands), 31 Kewaunee, 32 Brown, 33 Outagamie, 34 Waupaca, 35 Portage, 36 Wood, 37 Jackson, 38 Trempealeau, 39 Buffalo, 40 La Crosse, 41 Monroe, 42 Juneau, 43 Adams, 44 Waushara, 45 Marquette, 46 Green Lake, 47 Winne- bago, 48 Calumet, 49 Manitowoc, 50 Sheboygan, 51 Fond du Lac, 52, Ozaukee, 53, Washington, 54 Dodge, 55 Columbia, 56 Sauk, 57 Richland, 58 Vernon, 59 Crawford, 60 Iowa, 61 Dane, 62 Jefferson, 63 Waukesha, 64 Milwaukee, 65 Racine, 66 Kenosha, 67 Walworth, 68 Rock, 69 Green, 70 Lafayette, 71 Grant. 4 A : >», he 1 2 = a >| < re = i? dpe & 1908] Muttkowski, Dragon Flies of Wisconsin. 61 attacking its own kind, when nothing else offers. The nymph eats insects, small fish, tadpoles and other aquatic animals. The food of the imago is formed chiefly of insects, such as mosquitoes, flies, and occasionally moths. Undoubtedly the economic value of the adult dragon-fly is great, since myriads of harmful insects are destroyed by them. The nymph, too, partakes of this attri- bute though its economic value is less certain. In fact, at times nymphs may become a regular plague by over-population, to the detriment of other aquatic animals. Instances are known where large fish-ponds were completely depopulated by voracious odonate nymphs that infested them. For voracity these nymphs easily take the crown among insects. COLLECTION AND PRESERVATION. In the capture of dragon-flies activity is the most necessary requirement. Their flight is usually so rapid that often they cannot be caught by pur- suit, but must be met with according to their own tactics. Wait- ing till the dragon-fly alights which it usually does near its origi- nal resting-place, a rapid swoop with the net from behind will prove efficient. A sweep with the water-net along the bottom of shallow ponds and rivers will land many nymphs. Later in the season the rank growth on the bottoms prohibits the use of a net, when a rake is advisable. For preservation the rapid drying process is the most adequate. A slit on each side of the thorax and in the venter of the basal abdominal segments, with exposure to the direct rays of the sun will complete drying within little more than an hour, and preserve the original colors. Thus prepared the insect should be placed in a dark cabinet. Alcohol is a commendable medium for the preser- vation of smaller species, since it retains the original coloration. This is well for exhibition purposes, but for collection series it is impracticable. There the drying process is likewise the best, though fading of colors is unavoidable; but since dragon-flies are usually common where they occur they are readily replaced. 62 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 6, Nos. 1—2. BIBLIOGRAPHY. The following works will supply most of the information necessary for any more extensive study of our fauna. HAGEN. Synopsis of the Neuroptera of North America. Smith- sonian Miscellaneous collections, Washington, 1861. KIRBY. A Synomymie Catalogue of Neuroptera Odonata or dragon flies. London, 1890, pp. 202. | BANKS. A Synopsis, catalogue, and biblography of the Neurop- teroid insects of temperate North America. Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., 1892, pp. 328-373. CALVERT. Catalogue of the Odonata (Dragon flies) of the vicinity of Philadelphia. Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 1893, pp. 152-272, 2 pls. KELLICOTT. The Odonata of Ohio. Ohio Acad. Sci., Special paper No. 2, 1899, pp. 114, 3 pls. WILLIAMSON. The Dragon-flies of Indiana. Indiana Geolog. Rept. #. 1899 (1900), pp. 229-333, 7 pls. NEEDHAM. Aquatic Insects of the Adirondacks, Odonata. Bull. New York State Mus., pp. 429-540 (1901). (Suborder Anisoptera.) NEEDHAM. Idem, Bull. No. 68, pp. 218-279 (1903). (Suborder Zygoptera. ) NEEDHAM. A Genealogic Study of Dragon-fly wing venation, Proc. U. S. Nat. Museum, Vol. 26, pp. 703-764, 24 pls (1903). MATERIAL STUDIED. The material used for the present paper is chiefly that contained in the Milwaukee Public Museum collections, in great part collected by Messrs. Charles E. Brown, Valentine Fernekes, Frederick Rauterberg, and others, from Mli- waukee and Waukeslia Counties, principally from 1900 to 1903; collections by expeditions from the Museum in Door County in 1905; in Vilas, Iron and Bayfield Counties in 1907; collections by Mr. Henry L. Ward from Washington County in 1907 ; and many single specimens from odd localities, chiefly from the counties mentioned. Lists of collections from Dane County were obtained through the kindness of Prof. Philip Calvert, of the University of Pennsylvania and of Prof. William S$. Marshall, of the University of Wisconsin. Obligations are due to Mr. Charles T. Brues, un- 1908] - Muttkowski, Dragon Flies of Wisconsin. 63 der whose direction this paper was prepared, for the many val- uable suggestions offered and thankfully accepted. Local lists of Odonata from various parts of the United States and Canada, that appeared chiefly in the Entomological News and the Canadian En- tomologist, the Ohio Naturalist and other periodicals, have fur- nished valuable data for the designation of a bounded life zone for each species. Milwaukee Public Museum. March 4, 1908. ORDER ODONATA. Even a perfunctory examination of a collection of Odonata will reveal two distinct types.of dragon-flies, the one composed of small species with equal wings, folded in repose, and long, cylin- drical abdomen, the other of larger species with unequal wings, extended horizontally in repose, the abdomen tapering, the seg- ments of uneven girth. The former type includes timid species that flit gracefully among the weeds and rushes of woods and waters; this is the real damsel-fly. The other comprises bolder species that haunt the surface of the water, the lower flora of the ground as well as higher vegetation. Darting here and there with lightning speed, or rustling in the weeds in search of their food, they better merit the name of “dragon-fly” than the smaller, daintier damsel-fly. On the characteristics just stated is based the natural division into suborders: 1. Wings similar in shape, folded in cs eyes wide apart..... RM Herr eae aye ky Min pee Gat aie s ¢ 0s Tin See Aes fae bone Suborder ZYGOPTERA (Damsel-fly). 2. Wings dissimilar in shape, hind wings wider at the base, ex- tended horizontally in repose, eyes touching eis but little 2g) hug LN RR Rs ED a eG a Suborder ANISOPTERA (Dragon-fly). The families are separated as follows: 1. Wings alike, eyes widely separated; a quadrangle on the basal ean Mees AN trod FEM A GPs S asiase cin! ale kv A> Gina ded Moe pe aw ares 2 Wings dissimilar, eves approaching or approximated, a triangle Gnve terse Wirt OF TNE WIS ..).\..\¢. 2. bea wh oe sa wee hee ee 3 2. Quadrangle of wings crossed, more than two antecubitals...... a WME Mem tee atoms SS SS Cure W card eb a.d MER Keds Calppretyeiae Quadrangle of fore wings free, two antecubitals only....Agrionidz * 64 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 6, Nos. 1—2. Triangles of wings with the axis parallel to the wing; ante- cubitals of the first and second series not corresponding.... SEES I Te el fee gee eee Aeschnidz Triangles of the fore wings with axis at right angles to the wing, of hind wings coinciding with wing............ Libellulidze The sub-families are arranged similarly. Eyes ‘far apart cis os ein setts, «Sales. oa moe nie 1a yet 0s cee re eee 2 Eyes approaching, or approximated: .:. . 2) [00.55.05 een ee 3 Wings with numerous antecubitals............. (1) Calopteryginz Wings with two antecuitale. m.15 0% sis cate as ere aisle (2) Agrionine Antecubitals of the first and second series not corresponding... 4 Antecubitals of the first and second series mostly corresponding 7 Stigma with a brace vein at inner end in space below.......... 5 Stigma without brace vein...............2.. (3) Cordulegasterinz Subtriangle of fore wine of one veel . i. .,- sas, n sso ee ere vole twine 6. Subtriangle of fore wing of three cells............ (4) Petalurinz Eyes separated by a wedge-shaped occiput.......... (5) Gomphine Eyes touching for‘some Gistance ss xi.cccc 2s taste ce (6) Aeschninze Triangle of hind wing level with arculus, or before it.......... 8 Triangle of hind wing beyond the level of the arculus........ Seth 10a yh ee te A NeMRN iy! Se Oat Saas We nee ee Came iat aes (7) Macromiinez Byes tubercied Wekiraicl oo". uclent spgcasnevc mele. vende eae tetagene (8) Cordulinze Eyes nob srubercalled arate ooc7s\e sete See ee le ee (9) Libellulinz- St TRAE eh ae re ~ Sy AN g = Sat) y } TESS SOON ES VRC 728. ~ yee Fig.1. WINGS OF TRAMEA CAROLINA (LIBELLULINA), SHOW- ING NOMENCLATURE. VNVOIYAWYV VNIYSLYH ‘WHADINIdS VINNANODVYLAL VOIHLNd VIDYV “SNNHALVYESA SNHIWOD “SIYVINONVLOSY SALSA PLATE.V. chronic Pesan ag he argu pantie areding Po geimyngnee Re eee RS LE eee ett to Ra Re eh a al Wek ld EO SR ~* $ i t : an OP Gd et pelt peat Bull. Wis. Nat. Hist. Soc., 1908—Muttkowski PLATE: Vi. Bull. Wis. Nat. Hist. Soc., 1908—Muttkowski. WLOIHNLSNOD VNHOSY ‘“VLSAONI V1ININ398I1 Pr Be ows ce wn ee we ‘SISNSIONITNI VINOYOVIN ‘“SNNODIISBO YH3LSVOSAINGHOO puomenss aN nee ie enya Pie 1908 ] Muttkowski, Dragon Flies of Wisconsin. 65 For convenience the Comstock-Needham nomenclature and _ the other more commonly used by older writers are placed in juxtaposi- tion, the recent system to the left. A A oe Costa or costal vein. a ee re Subeosta or subeostal vein. PSG ws wns ee Radtus @) media. 6.60038: Median vein. Preheat so care sth Basilar space. COS ER Pane COLE) 40). Seis ENGR Le Ieee Submedian vein. Re tee Re OR Sa aie PETE EEE es Sn ire atic ee Wea 8 os -.. Posteosta. ARS eet ara a a Paret radial Vein... s.. - Median vein. LS eg es eae ‘ha@ial) sector: . 630.65 sk< de. Subnodal sector. lt Coby Sah nar ae Pareto ames. Os or. ee se Principal sector. RMT et ere ogee wiann's Second Medi. 04). 4s woes es Nodal sector. Me en ahead. otek ¢ gf ToC et oo EO de eee Median sector. rae Seti Fave dias whe OUP bit TREO Las se oso, eo: «0 Short sector. OTE ee First, cubital vein........ Upper sector of the triangle. Way tales ce oef d 'ena.0. 2 Second cubital vein....... Lower sector of the triangle. MNP cis ods ss hase a First anal vein. ets On aay 6 Second anal vein. [ee Sas Nodus. OL ers stigma or pterostigma. NPRM CES yo: had) eck antecubitals. La ol er postcubitals, LO eee ee oblique vein. eo AS Sie bridge. iol Ye i ae areulus. Ca eee supra-triangular space. th ee triangle. UR eenald ie ss 0 9. sys anal loop (resembling a foot.) Mbt es aie sd ss membranule. The spaces at the base of the wings below the costa, subcosta, media and the cubitus may be called, respectively,—costal, subcostal, median and cubital space. SUB-ORDER ZYGOPTERA. FAMILY CALOPTERYGID. SUB-FAMILY CALOPTERYGINAE. The sub-family includes two genera, Calopteryx and Heterina. The species readily attract the attention of the observer by their metallic colors, bodies a beautiful blue and green, and wings clouded with brown or black. In general their habits are retir- ing. They frequent ponds, springs, ard also strong, steadily flow- ing waters. The two genera are distinguished as follows: Mines (bromd, basilar space free... . 0... 24..500 eves Calopteryx Wings narrower, basilar space cross-veined...............6. Heterina CALOPTERYX Leach, Edin. Encyl. 9, p. 137, 1815; Needham, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 26, p. 715, 745, 746, 1903 (Venation). A genus of wide distribution, numbering about 18 species. 66 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 6, Nos. 1—2. They vary in body colors from blue to green, the wings from yel- low to black, the former color more common in the females. The males are without stigma on the wings, which is as often present as not in the females. Our northern species may be separated by the following table: 1. Wings narrow, front and hind margins sub-parallel........... 2 Wings widening, the hind margin rounded...............-.--. a 2. Wings uniformly ‘colored; or clear. oe. . 2. ss shi eis > se eee 3 Wings with thé apical sixth /blacks.4 0-25... clu eiettcin ms dimidiata 3. Wings. Clear. osc. 20e stiamay craw tathete OM eae bonnie sya fare ns =i augustipennis Wings: yellow isha 2s sige css tec mse eee etnies ore os + pinnae amata 4, Wings uniformly black’ or Drown... (eee ns coos webs oslee maculata Wings with the base clear, the apical third black........ zequabilis Calopteryx maculata Beauvois, Ins. Afr. Am., p. 25, 1805; Hagen, Syn. Neur. N. Am., p. 57, 1861; Needham, Bull. 68 N. Y. State Mus., p. 224, 1903 (Biobliography and desc. of nymph); Needham, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 26, p. 745, 1903 (Venation). Abdomen male 32—37, female 32—35, hind wing male 26—28, female 28—31. . Male.—Colors blue or green, with black markings. Thoracic carina, humerals, and legs black. Wings from light brown to black; costa blue or green. Abdomen black below except on the apical seg- ments which are whitish. Appendages black, superiors forcipate, thickened apically, outwardly denticulated, an inner median tooth. Inferiors two-thirds as long. Female.—Similar. Wings usually of light brown, the stigma white, if present. Abdomen brown, the three apical segments with a white- mid-dorsal stripe. Life Zone: Transition, Upper and Lower Austral. Wisconsin: Milwaukee Co., June 1899; June 1902, 1903; Waukesha Co., June 1902, 1903; Door Co., Jacksonport, June 25—30, 1906; Vilas Co., June 24—30, 1907; Washington Co., Little Cedar Lake, Aug. 1—15, 1907. Time and Habitat—Over rippling streams from May to August. Calopteryx zxquabilis Say, Journ. Ac. Sci. Phila., 8, p. 33, 1839; Hagen, Syn. Neur. Am., p. 58, 1861; Needham, Bull. 68 N. Y. State Mus., p. 223, 1903 (Bibligraphy & Decs. of nymph). Abd. male 38—-40, female 37—38; h. w. male 30—32, female 32—33. Male.—Metallic blue or green, resembling maculata in the white and black markings. The abdomen, however, is more slender and somewhat longer. Wings yellowish hyaline, darkened to black on the apical third or fourth. Female——Abdomen green, brown toward tip. Wings apically lighter. Pterostigma narrow, white, not reticulated. Life Zone: Transition and Upper Austral. Wisconsin: Milwaukee, Co.; Milwaukee River, July, 1899, July 8, 1902; Vilas Co., Divide, June 24-30, 1907; Washington Co., Little Cedar Lake, Aug. 1-15, 1907. Time and Habitat—June to August at river shores. Calopteryx dimidiata Burmeister, Handbuch der Ent., 2, p. 829, 1839; Idem. 2, p. 827, 1839 (C. apicalis Burm.); Hagen, Syn. Neur. 1908 | Muttkowski, Dragon Flies of Wisconsin. 67 N. Am., p. 57, 1861; Needham, Bull. 68 N. Y. State Mus., p. 223, 1903 (Bibliography ). Abd. male 36. female 34; h. w. male 28, female 30. Male.-—Metallic green and blue. Thorax with black on the lateral sutures, yellow below. Rear of head with a tubercle each side. Wings yellowish hyaline, the apical fifth or sixth fuscous to black. Female.—Similar. Apices of wings brown, fainter in the hind wings. Pterostigma varying in size, white, reticulated. Life Zone: Upper and Lower Austral. Wisconsin: Dane Co., June, 1890; Milwaukee Co., June 12, 1896; Washington Co., Little Cedar Lake, Ang. 1-15, 1907. Time and Habitat—Over rippling waters June to August. HAETERINA Hagen, Syn. Cal., p. 30, 1853, Syn. Neur. N. Am., p. 58, 1861; Needham, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 26, p. 745, 1903 (Venation). The species of this genus have similar habits to those of the preceding. Like the species of Calopteryx they frequent the sunny tipples of quick-flowing streams. The fauna of Wisconsin contains but one species, though it is likely that a second may be found in the extreme southern parts of the state. Other species are found only in the south. The two northern species are separ- able by the following differential characters : 1. Males.—Base of all wings red; tibiz yellow externally. .americana Base of hind wings brown, apices dark; tibiz black.. I Me ae hs gee SAREE AR OE ERS NES EES oR tricolor 2. Females.—Wings flavescent at base and along costa; tibie yel- ote me sternal ly. yt. x oak va sie eee sons Re americana Wings flavescent throughout; tibize entirely black.. eet AN a attack Crone chat, x ae wie es dab) SuameielahRene sen dynes tricolor Hzterina americana Fabricius, Ent. Syst. Suppl., p. 287, 1798; Hagen, Syn. Neur. N. Am., p. 60, 1861; Needham, Bull. 68 N. Y. State Mus., p. 226, 1903 (Bibliography & Decs. of nymph). Abd. male 34—38, female 32—33; h. w. male 28—30, female 30—31. Male.—Is characterized by the color of the wings, bright red at the basal fourth, copper colored in young specimens, the coppery head and thorax, and dull green abdomen, with basal rings of white on each segment. — Female.-—Wings flavescent basally and along costa, sometimes throughout the extent of the wing. Thorax and head green, abdomen green dorsally, with a linear mid-dorsal stripe and rings on the abdom- inal joints white. Body yellow beneath. Life Zone: Transition, Upper and Lower Austral. Wisconsin: Dane Co., July 1900; Milwaukee Co., Sept. 1, 1901, July 8, 1902, June 14, July 10-27, 1903; Waupaca, Aug. 15,, 1902. Time and Habitat—June to September near quick-flowing streams, and small rapids. FAMILY AGRIONIDZ%. SUB-FAMILY AGRIONINAE, . This group comprises eight genera for our northern life areas, including therein the smallest damsel-flies known to our fauna. 68 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 6, Nos. 1—2. Tropical genera, however, show really gigantic forms, measuring in expanse of wing from 5+8 inches. The habits of our northern representatives are ae to those of the preceding sub- family. They seek the low sedges of river bottoms and beaches in search of food or unwary mates; for, small as they are, they are said to be cannibalistic to a great extent. Small, but eraceful fliers, they are varied in color, some dull green, some a beautiful violet, others priding a mixture of red, green and orange. 1. Median and submedian sectors arising near the nodus........ 2 Median and submedian sectors arising near the arculus..... Lestes 2. -Spines: of the tibien show. 202. 25. aeleie sae SES 5s 2 owe ty ore a ws meee Spines of the tibize twice as long as the etc: between them. a fa, 6: Rydoomnije © po Wisin’ sua w Falla Ss eek dati SARL eel ence Spm oth itr te ee Argia 3: No post@etiar. spots. <3) isc « tefir ws ne vis ae 0,56 wine de lope eee 4 Pastocular spots: present sg ncct ee te SS 5 Sie slovaca lsiern v's onto eine 5 4.. Colors Bie and Diageo... ce. See ceo miaytey ae eeu Erythromma Colors. red! quid Wihvele.-....; sos Se los te SPIRE > Be pee eke Amphiagrion 5. Pterostigma of front and hind wings similar................+. 6 Pterostigma of front and hind wings dissimilar in color; an anical hifid. process..on dorsi, of £0)... A. 0,5). :.:0'..< sip. sine ois Ste ee 7 6. Nodal sector arising near the fourth postcubital on fore wing, near the third on hind wing; abdomen about 20 mm..Nehallennia . Nodal sector arising near the fifth postcubital on fore wing, near the fourth on hind wing; abdomen about 25 mm..Enallagma 7. Pterostigma of fore wings normal, darker than of hind wing.. I ee PET Ee os ee Fae IA eS Ischnura Pterostigma of fore wings removed from costa, lighter than GE RENE WINE «-.. ste sins Soe Sees te See se ee ee Anomalagrion The foregoing table accounts only for the generic characters of the males. The feiiales especially of the three last genera enumerated, are so vitally different from the males, even structurally, that it is well-nigh impossible to bring them under a uniform arrangement with the males. For that reason I have compiled a separate one for the females. Lestes and Argia are omitted, since the females of these genera distinguish themselves sufficiently from all others, Lestes by the venation, and Argiad by the armature of the tibiz. 1. Bristles of the tibiz short; no apical spine on sternum of 8. 2 Bristles of the tibize short: an apical spine on sternum of 8. 3 2. No postocular spots; colors blue and black; length of abdomen Shout BO 7303 Se, OR ee bes Un sil eres Erythromma Postocular spots present; colors bronzy green; slender species, length of abdomen: about 2000 0h. ee es ok ceca oe Nehallennia 2 Postoeular spots: preesemty. 6.82 Ars iM side. «o's Ss sin 4 No postocular spots; colors red and black............ Amphigrion 4. Nodal sector arising near the fourth postcubital on the fore wing; near the third)on the hind wings)... ...% +2 eee 5 Nodal sector arising near the fifth postcubital on the fore wing, near the fourth onthe ind qin, < si... >. ss seme Enallagma 5. Less than three basal segments of abdomen orange...... Ischnura Four basal segments orange or yellow.............. Anomalagrion LESTES Leach. Edin. Enecyl., 9, p. 137, 1815; Needham, Broce. U. S: Nat. Mus., 26, p. 710, 717, 720, 1903 (Venation). 1908 | Muttkowshi, Dragon Flies of Wisconsin. 69 The species of this genus have their habitat usually near stand- ing waters, though they are also met with in woods flying among the low foliage of bushes. Nine species inhabit the northern life areas, seven of which are resident in the state. It is possible that the two others may also be found in Wisconsin, but they have not been recorded thus far. The species group themselves naturally in three series according to the relative length of the superior and inferior appendages of the male. A. Inferior appendages less than half the length of the superiors PEER: Oy rants Eero. ach MN nO blag avid diliot wrath eurinus & congener B. Inferiors more than half the length of the superior appendages 1 1. Male inferior appendages straight, the apex dilated, or not STORE Serb be tty oe ae or RP ae ee ere eee Male superior appendages sigmoid.............. unguiculatus 2. Thorax metallic green, carina and humerals, if yellow, very Pe NPR Ea ned eV e iihs ile wlsn shar tgtsRe In wins bie Dy aD div v'o seid SR ak SERCH ae, MEAT MRM ER IRL Apa in halal (adn kes NYE tits wd 2 Gebital Sli. Babe cele 4 3, Abdomen less tham 34°mim. im lemeth.. oi. De eee uncatus Abdomen more than 34 mm. in length............0666. vigilax 4. Abdomen very long and slender, about 40 mm....rectangularis Abdomen Shorter, brighter than thorax..........cec.s.e06 Pele PN Re CR EO ee disjunctus & forcipatus C. Inferiors longer than superiors, incurved; rear of head in both Pe Me serene ates Se ids sie CS dpe dS benliee wigs oS ws 5 25% inzqualis The females of group B may be separated, as follows: er enn Gey DMHCRASIN G6 2 Sil he oils wie ale es ow ks alae wee ee ole a wiee et 2 ear ‘on head wath a yellow band’. oo... 00. ee ee ee eee unguiculatus NINN RRL ise NOGA ha eey £22. se 1 atin a, ahaa a e's apoB s cha 9 d's alaye Win.o 6 alawi'd We 3 aoe MEV AIEEE 3 Se) 0s by eis» We S/S SiS aA. Bie WL 6 O[Na Attra wo GoM are o6 4 3. Basal half of segment 1 of abdomen yellow............00-. uncatus ee mienn yea LO Takeda RC WIW piei sis ose bles we plats so Vee ae vigilax See ORTON, NOUR oS sisi giSi ole sie vie So's aie odin sivierelbicie eves nat ewis 5 eta TA, MOTOWN: la Sim kee ow wh gs P Wie ee se WAS Oe bw be disjunctus 5. Basal rings on 3—7 interrupted on dorsum.............. forcipatus Basal rings on 1—6 not interrupted on dorsum, narrow...... Oe Meter ses Rear Gilad Bile, Wed, Above we acetals te Cea eta o wlle te rectangularis estes eurinus Say, Journ. Acad. Sci. Phila., 8, p. 36, 1839; Hagen, Syn. Neur. N. Am., p. 70, 1861; Needham, Bull. 68, N.Y. State Mus., p. 233, 1903 (Bibliography & Dese. of nymph). Abd. male and female 38; h. w. male 28, female 30. Male.—Dark metallic green. Thoracic carina and humerals black, eee of thorax and beneath, sides of abdomen and basal rings on 3—7, yellow. Female.—Mid-dorsal thoracic carina yellow. The species is readily distinguished from all others by its size and the slightly flavescent wing's. Life Zone: Transition and Upper Austral. Wisconsin: Milwaukee Co., July 17, 1902; Western Wisconsin. Time and Habitat—June to August about stagnant pools. Lestes mes aaeaeree Hagen, Syn. Neur. N. Am., p. 70, 1861; Need- ham Bull. 68, N. Y. State Mus., p. 235, 1903 (Bibliography & Dese. of nymph). 70 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 6, Nos. 1—2. Abd. male 30, female 28; h. w. male 20, female 21. Male.—Color dull black, with a brown tinge, markings yellow. The body below yellow. Abdomen green, sides of 1—7 and narrow basal rings interrupted on the dorsum, yellow. Stigma brown, bounded at each end by a fine white line. Female.—Humerals wider, and more yellow on sides of thorax and abdomen. Rear of head with a yellow band. Life Zone: ‘Cransition and Upper Austral. Wisconsin: Milwaukee Co., 1900; July 27, 1903. Time and Habitat—-July to October about lakes and ponds. Lestes uncatus Kirby, Synonymic Catalogue, p. 160, 1890; Need- ham, Bull. 68 N. Y. State Mus., p. 234, 1903 (Bibliography & Desc. of ny mph). Abd. male 20, female 27; h. w. male 21, female 25. Male.—Color metallic green, marked with vellow. Thorax green, with a narrow humeral line yellow. Abdomen with three apical seg- ments black, narrow rings on 3—7. at the joints, and sides largely, vellow. Female.—A mid-dorsal thoracic carina yellow. Abdominal rings interrupted on dorsum, basal half of segment 1 yellow. Life Zone: ‘Transition and Upper Austral. Wisconsin: Dane Co., May 30, 1900; Milwaukee Co., Aug. 12, 1900; July 10-22, 1903. .Time and Habitat—July to September about small lakes and ponds. Lestes disjunctus Selys, Bull. Ac. Belg. (2), 13, p. 302, 1862; Need- ham, Bull. 68, N. Y. State Mus., p. 233, 1903 (Bibliography). Abd. male 29, female 27; h. w. male 20, female 21. Male.—Color dull black, marked with yellow. Abdomen green or bronze, the three apical segments black. Sides of 1—7 yellow, 3—7 with narrow interrupted basal rings. Thoracic carina and narrow humerals, yellow. Female.—Abdomen stouter, humerals wider than those of the male. Life Zone: ‘Transition and Upper Austral. Wisconsin: Milwaukee Co., Aug. 22, 1899. Time and Habitat—July to September about small lakes and rivers. Lestes forcipatus Rambur, Ins. Nevr., p. 246, 1842; Hagen, Syn. Neur. N. Am., p. 70, 1861 (L. hamata); Needham, Bull. 68 N. Y. State Mus., 6. 235, 1903 (Bibliography & Desc. of nymph). Abd. male 33, female 29—31; h. w. male 22, female 24. The male and female of this species both resemble disjunctus very much. ‘The male is distinguished by the wider humerals and apically wider inferior appendages, the female by her coloration and markings agreeing closely to those of the male and the black stigma. Life Zone: Upper and Lower Austral. Wisconsin: Milwaukee Co., July 9, 1899. Time and Habitat—April to August about rivers and small lakes. Lestes rectangularis Say. Journ. Ac. Sci. Phila., 8, p. 34, 1839; Hagen, a Neur. N. Am., p. 66, 1861; Needham, Bull. 68 N. Y. State: Mus., p. 1903 (Bibliography & Dees. of nymph) ; ; Needham, Proce. | URS Nat. ee 26, p. 762, 1903 (Venation). Abd. male 39—41, female 32—34; h. w. male 21—-25, female 23. Male.—Dull brown, nearly black, marked with yellow or green. 1908] Muttkowski, Dragon Flies of Wisconsin. 71 face and thoracic stripes yellow or green. Abdomen greatly attenu- ated, segments 1—5 light brown basally, black apically, the black form- ing distinct apical rings; 6—10 black; 1—7 with narrow rings at the joints. Female.—Abdomen shorter, stout, bronze on dorsum, basal rings On, i——T. Life Zone: Transition and Upper Austral. Wisconsin: Milwaukee Co., July 17, 1900, Aug. 4, 1901, July 17- Aug. 24, 1903, Aug. 21, 1904, Aug. ay 1907. Time and Habitat—June to September near banks of rivers, in woods and swampy thickets. Lestes vigilax Hagen, Bull. Ac. Belg. (2), 13, p. 306, 1862; Need- ham, Bull. 68 N. Y. State Mus., p- 235, 1903 (Bibliography). Abd. male 40, female 26; h. w. male 25, female 26. Male.—Color metallic green, marked with yellow. Thoracic stripes yellow or pale green. Abdomen green, apical segments dull, sides of 1—5, and part of 6 yellow. Basal segments with a narrow basal ring of yellow, and a subapical one of black. Stigma of both sexes yellow. Female.—Like male. Humeral stripes wider, and segments 9—10 of abdomen largely yellow. Life Zone: Upper and Lower Austral. Wisconsin: Milwaukee Co., 1900, June 29-July 27, 1903; Nago- wicka Lake, July 26, 1902; Waukesha, July 1902. Next to rectangularis our commonest species. Time and Habitat—July to September about the marshy shores of lakes and ponds. ARGIA Rambur, Ins. Nevr., p. 254, 1842; Calvert, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 39:4, p. 105, 1902 (Bibliography) ; Needham, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 26, p. 710, 727, 1903 (Venation). A large genus of small species, numbering in all about 65, the majority of which are found in North and South America. The imagos frequent chiefly the rank vegetation of swamps and marshy places, but a few of them are sun- loving and fly in open places. Two species have thus far been taken in the state, but a third can be expected with some certainty. Species of the Upper Austral areas may be identified according to the following table: MALES. Peporirina toove more than a single cell... fos. . ie. eee ween eee 2 pligina above not more than a single celP, .. 2.2... cece eens 3 2 ical Semmens Of abdomen’ black. 25.0%. 2 cc bee win ne 00 Sen, es putrida Apical segments 8—9 with the basal half blue............ translata 3. Wines clear, or fainily tinged at the apices. ..5. 2.6... e. cece eee + Nyaa mare ba SiO ty GW... . <\/oa etic sinus elsnw ie ed adeno wa we fumipennis 4. Segments 1—7 ringed with, and 8—10 entirely blue..........:.. 5 DesMehien nh migek, 9 —A0- blue. ft. ab dices ee cee ee tibialis Ss veemiiie, seminomas 17 largely. DUG. of oes 6 oe slain te cee nes 6 Abdominal segments 1—7 largely black: ...2..0. 00.6 c eae a es 7 6. Thorax violet, humeral black, bifid above, not wider than the sa roees PM Ua ta een eee PRO Sees uv a ho. Gon a Bald 2 ace, raha OR ahs oie wo violacea 72 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 6, Nos. 1—2. Thorax deep blue, humeral black, not bifid above, wider than the antehumeral. ..0.. fidcig Cues hes eee ee eee bipunctulata 7. Thorax deep blue, stripes heavy and broad......--+-+++++++ sedula Thorax light blue, stripes slight, obscure......-+++++++++: apicalis FEMALES. 1.' Wings colored. 00.25 cplec scone ene ee onsen s oh lt opin eee es ane 2 Wings Clear... 2. ene ee Panes eo tines elaine ts he Cawghs es melee 3 2. + Wings flavescent.......-.2 cect cece ccc cece rns cineceneessseais sedula Wings smoky brown.......-.ee ee eeee cece ese ceeecceee fumipennis 3. Segment 9 with some bDlack........... eee ee eee eee eee eee eee 4 Segment 9 entirely yellow or blue. ....... 6... eee eee eee eee eee 5 4, Basal half af 9. black... 0.0.0 3S, Ses wie we ee apicalis Seoment 9 entirely black............... eee ee eee ee eee eens tibialis 5. Segment 7 dark, 8—10 yellow or blue; abdomen 25 mm....violacea Segment 8 dark, 9—10 yellow or blue; abdomen 32 mm..... putrida Argia putrida Hagen, Syn. Neur. N. Am., p. 96, 1861; Needham, Bull. 68 N. Y. State Mus., p. 240, 1903 (Bibliography & Dees. of nymph) ; Hagen & Calvert, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 39, p. 122, 1902 (Bibliography & Figure). Abd. male and female 32; h. w. male and female 25. Male.—Color gray or blackish. Dorsum of thorax and a lateral stripe black. Abdomen black, 3—7 with light basal rings. Female.—Brown and black. Abdomen brown above with a lateral black stripe on each segment. Stigma of both sexes eovering more than one cell, that is, one cell and part of the next. Life Zone: Transition, Upper and Lower Austral. Wisconsin: Milwaukee Co.; June 3-16, 1899, July 6-Aug. 8, 1902, July 1-Aug. 18, 1901, July 7-Aug. 17, 1903. Time and Habitat—Shores of lakes and rapid streams May to September. Argia violacea Hagen, Syn. Neur. N. Am., p. 90, 1861; Hagen & Calvert, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 39, p. 116, 1902 (Bibliography & Figure) ; Needham, Bull. 68 N. Y. State Mus., p. 242, 1903 (Bibliography & Decs. of nymph). Abd. male and female 25—26; h. w. male 20, female 21. Male.—Violet. Thoracic stripes black, the humeral bifid above. Abdomen violet, apical rings on 2—6, and 7 entirely, black; 8—10 blue. Female.—Brown or dull violet. Abdomen brown, lateral spots ex- tending upward, interrupted on dorsum. Life Zone: Transition and Upper Austral. Wisconsin: Nagawicka Lake, Aug. 29, 1901; Waupaca, Aug. 15, 1903; Milwaukee Co., July 1-6, 1902, July 1-15, 1903. Time and Habitat—June to September about large ponds and slow streams. Argia apicalis Say, Jour. Ac. Sci. Phila., 8, p. 40, 1839; Hagen, Syn. Neur. N. Am., p. 91, 1861; Hagen & Calvert, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 39, p. 106, 1902 (Bibliography & Figure); Needham. Bull 68, N, Y. State Mus., p. 242, 1903 (Bibliography & Desc. of nymph). Abd. male 29, female 28; h. w. male 21, female 23. Male.—Color pale blue. Vertex, thoracic carina, humeral, suture 1908 | Muttkowski, Dragon Flies of Wisconsin. 193 above and below, black. Abdomen dark brown or black, 3—7 with nar- row pale basal rings, 8—10 blue. Female.—Brown or blue. Abdomen with dorsum black, 10 and half of 9 blue. Life Zone: Transition and Upper Austral. Time and Habitat—June to September about shaded ponds and shores of streams. NEHALLENNIA Selys, Revue Odonates d’Eur., p. 172, 1850; Need- ham. Proc. U. &. Nat. Mus., 26, 710, 727, 1903 (Venation). Of this genus three species occur in the United States. They fly among the low sedge of river-banks, along sheltered brooks, often in thick masses. But one species, irene, has been taken in the State, though a second, posita, is known to occur westward as far as Missouri and is likely to be found in Wisconsin, probably in the western portion of the state. The species are separated by their colors and the form of the posterior lobe ,of the prothorax. MALES. Se eeOCC AONE: PAC PYECMH OS .. bes ec te ce bao oe Seared e tine alas ately 4 2 Colors bronze,-bigck and yellow. i... seca ce dew secon posita 2. Akdomen with 8—10 blue, with lateral green triangles...... irene Abdomen with 8—10 blue, with a black basal ring on 8....gracilis FEMALES. Peecvesserior tobe Of PYrOvhGrax CMATLINATE.. 2p. ica ssc e ese cees 2 Posterior lobe of prothorax rounded, medially produced...... posita 2. posterior lobe of prothorax notched ONCE... 2.052500 vee eees gracilis Boesterior lobe of prothorax notched twice...... 2.6. .e ce senes irene Nehallennia irene Hagen, Syn. Neur. N. Am., p. 74, 1861; Need- ham, Bull. 68, N. Y. State Mus., p. 249, 1903 (Bibliography & Desc. of nymph) ; Needham, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 26, p. 764, 1903 (Venation). Abd. male and female 21; h. w. male 13, female 14. Male.—Color green, marked with blue, yellow below. Abdomen with pale basal rings on 1—6, interrupted on dorsum of 3—6, basal half of 9 and apex of 8 blue, with lateral green tri- or rectangles. Inferior appendages longer than superiors. Female.—Differs from the male by having the 8th segment green. The blue is limited to 10 and an apical spot on 9. Life Zone: Upper Austral. Wisconsin: Milwaukee Co., June 16, 1899, July 17, 1902, June 14, 1903. Time and Hahitat—May to July about quiet waters. AMPHIAGRION Selys, Bull. Ac. Belg. (2) 41, p. 284, 1876. A single species is found in Wisconsin. Amphiagrion saucium Burmeister, Handbuch der Ent., 2, p. 819, 1839 (discolor & saucium) ; Hagen, Syn. Neur. N. Am., p. 79 & 85, 1861; Williamson, Ent. News, 11, p. 454, 1900 (abbreviatum) ; Needham, Bull, 68, N. Y. State Mus., p. 247, 1903 (Bibliography & Desc. of nymph). Abd. male 20, female 21; h. w. male 14, female 15. Male.—Thorax and apical segments of abdomen black, basal seg- ments red. Abdomen with narrow basal pale rings on 1—7, and inter- 74 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 6, Nos. 1—2. rupted sub-apical black rings till 6, plainest toward the apical seg- ments; 7 mostly black, 8S—10 black with narrow red rings and some- times a mid-dorsal red stripe. Female.—-Thorax brown. Apical segments of abdomen brown or black with the mid-dorsal stripe more distinct. Life Zone: ‘Transition and Upper Austral. Wisconsin: Waukesha Co., June 15, 1902; Milwaukee Co., June 22—July 6, 1902, June 14, 1903. Time and Habitat—May to July in grasses of lakes and river- banks. ENALLAGMA Charpentier, Lib. Neur., p. 21, 1840; Needham, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 26, p. 720, 1903 (Venation). Most of our brightly colored damsel-flies flitting about the lakes, ponds and rivers in the early summer months belong to this genus. ‘They are prettily colored, some blue, green and black, especially on the abdominal segments, others are mainly orange and yellow, varied with black, or blue on some segments of the ab- domen. ‘The considerable variation in color and extent of the markings make them quite difficult to determine. In the males, however, this difficulty is obviated by the sufficienlty characteris- tic abdominal appendages. But the females, because of the great similarity of the species, tax the student’s ingenuity to the utmost, and even then, in cases like carunculatum and civile, there is no absolute certainty of specific values. Certainty in such cases can only be had when the female is caught with the male. The foliow- ing table, based on colors, refers only to males. 1. Dorsum of segment 2 of abdomen blue with an apical spot [O12] Si nr eer amma wre eee re Dorsum. of: segment 2 “black ic. cha: } ieee ties 3192 3 14 2.. Dorsum of segment 3—5 at least one third-blue,......... 7.4. 3 Dorsum of segment, 3-5 mostly black...) 0.4s.. -. a ue on) eee 11 3. Segment 5 more-than half Plues - ssi )s ci. sts ee ee 4 Segment 5 with blue and black about equal.......... carunculatum 4, Apical two thirds“of-6 black nj. 0 .cts s/he ol a ns eee Api¢gal third’ of 6 Black 2.01000. coteiele w Paver «6,0 ald as 6.03 exsulans Peicer Vee MOOMOLAMO EC. setts 5a gee ccc wrs tide ed ae eae antennatum eee eae Te Fie LOWE esa) 9 Sass ie, wel aris Sadie are due ayaa aM Pee 6, 6 os signatum Bia perme MEA Ni eayie,er as Sele Sos ea shal aie. o's, eux Seve Sin bis ye kieveten ew & 8 pollutum A further table refers exclusively to the females of such species that have been taken in Wisconsin or are likely to be found. As supreme criterion I selected the form of the posterior lobe of the prothorax, which seems to be a quite constant character. Accord- ingly the species are divided into three groups, each group sub- divided according to colors of the thorax and the abdomen. Even so the grouping is only tentative and may not be practical, since little latitude is permissable in a table as regards the darkened colors of aging specimens: Group 1: Prothorax with posterior lobe rounded. (a) Thorax yellowish green and black; dorsum of abdomen black. Segments 3—7 with pale basal interrupted rings........ civile (Not distinguishable from, Givile).......6..0000. carunculatum (b) Thorax yellowish green and black; dorsum of abdomen Broom: WaSadch MNOS! OI oT \Pail@ sc. 6 see o's eee mie e see ks ebrium (Gletnorax bive' and black; abdomen ‘black... 2... 0.0000. .ohawes ' Segment 8.with a mid-dorsal black spot............... caiverti Heament o with a lateral blue spot. .....5....2.... geminatum (d) Thorax green and black; abdomen black dorsally. pesments. 3s swith pale. ‘basal rings... Junie... sue se hageni (e) Thorax orange and green; dorsum of abdomen black, yellow or blue. Segment 9 with black ascending to mid-dorsal apex. .signatum Segment 9 apically, 10 entirely yellow or blue....... pollutum Group 2: Prothoraxr with posterior lobe laterally sub-excised. (a) Thorax blue and black; dorsum of abdomen black. ered! stripe NarrOWwed Of T—S. wo. See ce wee ww ee et aspersum Group 3: Prothorax with a tubercle on the posterior lobe. (a) ‘Thorax green and orange; dorsum of abdomen green. Peso tO anueapex Of 9° Die Ces ys ss bac ook as ot owe « exsulans (b) Thorax green and orange; dorsum of abdomen black, with yellow or blue. en TIOS tI DIWE. i... 4.0.08 cos edie pales o vice antennatum Enallagma carunculatum Morse, Psyche, 7, p. 19, 1895; Needham, Bull. 68, N. Y. State Mus., p. 255, 1903 (Bibliography & Desc. of nymph). Abd. male 25, female 26; h. w. male 19, female 20. Male.—Color blue, with black markings. Abdomen blue, an apical 76 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 6, Nos. 1—2. spot on 2, apical third of 3, half of 4 and 5, apical two thirds of 6, most of 7 and 10 black. Appendages straight, cylindrical, the superiors with an introduced tubercle. Fenrale.—Resembles civile so closely that it is impossible to dis- tinguish the two from each other. , Life Zone: Boreal to Upper Austral. Wisconsin: Dane Co., 1900; Delafield, Aug. 1902; Cedar Lake, Aug. 12, 1902; Waupaca, Aug. 15, 1903. Time and Habitat—June to September about lakes and streams. Enallagma hageni Walsh, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila.. 2, p. 234, 1863; Needham, Bull. 68 N. Y. State Mus., p. 234, 1863 (Bibliography & Desc. of nymph). Abd. male 23, female 22; h. w. male 16, female 17. Male.—Color blue, with black markings. Thorax with a mid-dorsal and humeral stripes black. Abdomen blue, basal spot on 1, apical spot on 2, apical third of 3—5, half of 6, most of 7 and all of 10, black. Female.—Green. Dorsum of abdomen black, 3—7 with pale basal rings. Life Zone: Transition and Upper Austral. Wisconsin: Dane Co., June 1890; Milwaukee Co., July 1900; July 22, 1902; Waupaca, Aug. 15, 1903; Door Co.: Plum Island, July 6, 1905; Portage Co., Aug. 26, 1905; Divide, June 24-30, 1907; Washington Co.: Little Cedar Lake, July 29, 1907. Time and Habitat—May to August at shores of lakes and streams. Enallagma calverti Morse, Psyche, 1895; Williamson, Ent. News, 11, p. 455, 1900. Abd. male 23—26, female 24—26; h. w. male 19-21, female 20. Male.—Color bright blue. Face blue. Occipital spots large. Ca- rina, and humerals black. Below paler blue. Abdomen blue; a basal | spot on 1, a sub-apical spot on 2, a fine basal ring on 3, larger apical rings on 3—5, two thirds of 6, 7 entirely but for a narrow basal area, black. In markings this species agrees with annexrum, differing by the rounded superior appendages. Female.—Blue, with a greenish lustre. Thorax with markings like the male dorsum of abdomen black, pale basal rings on 3—7, inter- rupted on 3, 8 pale with a median spot, the black narrowing on 9 and 10 to an apical point on 10. Life Zone: Boreal and Transition. Wisconsin: Milwaukee Co., June 22, 1902. Time and Habitat—May to July in moist woods and along shaded streams. Enallagma ebrium Hagen, Syn. Neur. N. Am., p. 89, 1861; Need- ham, Bull. 68 N. Y. State Mus., p. 255, 1903 (Bibliography). Abd. male 25, female 24; h. w. male 17, female 18. Male.—Color blue, markings much like hageni and civile. From these two it differs mainly in the form of the superior appendages. Hageni has a slight notch apically on the superiors, ebriwm has two equal branches. Female.—Abdomen entirely dark green, with pale basal rings on oT. Life Zone: Transition and Upper Austral. Wisconsin: Milwaukee Co., June 22, 1902. Time and Habitat—June to August at shores of streams. on eE——eEoS -§ eee ~J ~I 1908] Muttkowski, Dragon Flies of Wisconsin. Enallagma civile Hagen, Syn. Neur. N. Am., p. 88, 1861; Needham, Bull. 68 N. Y. State Mus., p. 256, 1903 (Bibliograph). Abd. male 25, female 27; h. w. male 18, female 20. Male—Markings like ebrium. The superior appendages have an introduced tubercle. ‘ Female.—Dull blue or yellowish green, dorsum of abdomen black, 3—7 with pale interrupted rings. Life Zone: Boreal to Lower Austral. Wisconsin: Near Southern Boundary. Time and Habitat—May to September about lakes and ponds. Enallagma aspersum Hagen, Syn. Neur. N. Am., p. 97, 1861; Need- ham, Bull. 68 N. Y. State Mus., p. 256, 1903 (Bibliography). Abd. male 25, female 24—25; h. w. male and female 18. Male.—Color blue, marked with black. Abdomen blue; a basal spot on 1, an apical spot on 2, apical two-thirds of 3, all of 4—\6, basal half of 7, and 10 entirely, black. Segments 4—6 have narrow basal interrupted rings. Female.—aA trifle lighter, dorsum of abdomen black, interrupted rings on 3—7. Life Zone: Upper Austral. Time and Habitat—June to August about lakes and streams. . Enallagma exsulans Hagen, Syn. Neur. N. Am., p. 97, 1861; Need- ham, Bull. 68 N. Y. State Mus., p. 255, 1903 (Bibliography & Desc. of nymph). Abd. male 27, female 26; h. w. male 18, female 19. Male.—Color blue. Thorax with black mid-dorsal and humerals. Abdomen black, blue ringed; on 1 apically, basal and interrupted on 3-—6; 10 and apex of 9 blue. Female.—Dorsum of abdomen green, interrupted basal rings on 3—6; 10 and apex of 9 blue. Life Zone: Upper Austral. Wisconsin: Milwaukee Co., July 6-8, Aug. 8, 1902. Time and Habitat—May to September at shores of lakes and streams. Enallagma antennatum Say Journ. Ac. Sci. Phila. 8, p. 39, 1869: Hagen, Syn. Neur. N. Am., p. 73, 1861; Needham, Bull. 68 N. Y. State Mus., p. 257, 1903 (Bibliography & Dese. of nymph). Abd. male 24, female 23; h. w. male 17, female 18. Male.—Colors blue, marked with black, yellow and green. Thorax black, with carina and humerals yellow, sides yellow or pale blue to green. Dorsum of abdomen black, an apical ring on 1, narrow basal interrupted rings on 3—6, and 9 entirely, blue. Female.—Thorax similar to male. Abdomen black, interrupted rings on 3—6, and most of 10 blue. Life Zone: Upper Austral. Wisconsin: Milwaukee Co., June 29, 1903; Nagowicka Lake, Aug. 8-20, 1901; Cedar Lake, Aug. 12, 1901. Time and Habitat—May to September about lakes, ponds and streams. Enallagma signatum Hagen, Syn. Neur. N. Am., p. 84, 1861; Need- ham, Bull. 68 N. Y. State Mus., p. 258, 1903 (Bibliography & Desc. of nymph). 78 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 6, Nos. 1—2. Abd. male 28, female 27; h. w. male 17, female 18. Male.—Color orange, marked with green and black. Thorax with black carina and humerals, also a stripe on the second lateral suture. Dorsum of abdomen black, an apical ring on 1, basal interrupted rings on 3—7, 9 and sides of 10 yellow. Female.—Thorax orange and green. Abdomen like male. 10 entirely yellow. Life Zone: ‘Transition and Upper Austral. Wisconsin: Little Cedar Lake, July 29, 1907. Time and Habitat—June to September in reeds of lake shores. ' Enallagma pollutum Hagen, Syn. Neur. N. Am., p. 83, 1861; Need- ham, Bull. 68 N. Y. State. Mus., p. 258, 1903 (Bibliography). Abd. male and female 28; h. w. male 17—18, female 18. Male.—Color bright yellow to orange. ‘Thorax yellow, mid-dorsal stripe wide, green, humeral narrow, often indicated only by: a spot on the suture above and below. Dorsum of abdomen green, darker apically on the segments. Pale interrupted basal rings on 3—7, 9 and 10 blue, the appendages yellow. Female.—Dorsum of abdomen black, interrupted rings on 3—7, apex of 9 and 10 entirely yellow or blue. Life Zone: Transition, Upper and Lower Austral. Wisconsin: Little Cedar Lake, July 29-Aug. 15, 1907. Time and Habitat—June to September in reeds of lake shores. ISCHNURA Charpentier, Lib. Eur., p. 20, 1840. A single species of this genus has been found in Wisconsin. The male imagoes resemble some of the Enallagma with their markings. The female is considered dimorphic, two distinct color types are found, often in the same brood. Ischnura verticalis Say Journ. Ac. Phila., 8:37, 1839; Hagen, Syn. Neur. N. Am., p. 76 & 82, 1861; Kirby, Synonymic Cat., 1890; Needham, Bull 68 N. Y. State Mus., 261, 1903 (Bibliography & Desc.*of nymph). Abd. male 20, female: black 21, orange 22; h. w. male 13, female: black 14, orange 15. Male.—-Green, postocular spots blue. Mid-dorsal and humeral stripes wide and black. Dorsum of abdomen black, paie rings apically on 1, basally and interrupted on 3—7, 8 and 9 bright blue with black lateral stripes. Pterostigma of front wings black, of hind wings pale brown. Black female.—Like males. Abdomen black, sides paler, segments darker apically. Pterostigma light brown or yellow on all wings. Orange female.—Orange and _ black. Face and occipital spots orange, vertex black. Thorax with mid-dorsal stripe wide, black, the humeral narrow, linear. Abdomen with first three segments orange, segments 4—10 black. Segment 3 has a fine basal and a wider apical ring. The amount of black on the three orange segments is varied. Segment 1 often has a dorsal basal linear spot. Some specimens have also an apical spot on 2. The amount of black on the apex of segment 3 is quite variable, extending over one-fourth to one-half of the seg- ment. A linear stripe is sometimes evident on the dorsum of the first three segments. Life Zone: ‘Transition, Upper and Lower Austral areas. 1908] Muttkowski, Dragon Flies of Wisconsin. 79 Wisconsin: Lake Nagowicka, Aug. 20, 1901; Delafield, Aug. 20, 1902; Waupaca, Aug. 15, 1903; Milwaukee Co., June 22, July 1, 17, Aug. $8, 1902, June 6, 14, 29, July 17, 1903. Time and Habitat—May to October near water, in woods and open places. SUB-ORDER ANISOPTERA. FAMILY AESCHNIDA, SUB-FAMILY CORDULEGASTERINAE., A single genus is placed with this sub-family. Little is known of the habits of the species; they are said to frequent ravines, gul- leys and gorges, and have been taken sparingly by collectors. Six species are found in the east, and a seventh is regional to the north-west. CORDULEGASTER Leach, Edin. Encyel. 9, p. 136, 1815; Needham, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 26, w. 719, 732, 750, 1903 (Venation). The following tabella includes both males and females: Te OOOMlen. WAN MIG-GOTrSAl SPOS . 66). 6s). wee ees thc ese abe ee 2 PML PN GLI N EG El RbEC Tel SPIO <<). 15 7 9 «Ris She 100 Sia wy mieig wiereve? of ane See 6 n'a 0 6 a 3 Abdomen with yellow half-rings on the segments............. 5 SOMO MUSUIU OD B00 0 seh, 20110: sik apps 2 Ge ahd W whe sania aes fo sta dale hele stares Woe dorsalis aN hatin tire ats SN at Ug Or chen Die! es Ste Gialamas teach hsl'w, woo sb 70m obliquus Saeemmen Of sodomen less. Tham 60. MMs... 2. ess ele oe ee be 4 Length of abdomen more than 60 mm. (65).............. fasciatus 4. A single lateral spot on each segment............c0000. diastatops A median and an apical lateral spot on the middle segments.. 62 SESE CRN = ge 8 ale eel eg Fn a maculatus RS a EAU ECM Sepa ates fa eit aca rate\ a kt ajahis sed BAe lAlo atc aha, WSU ape deed dw wa’ gh ova ge sayi SMART SAV a alas ccf Mins 0 milk, s wie, Adeyd Fis a aleiate dod g oe wls erroneus Cordulegaster obliquus Say, Journ. Ac. Sci. Phila 8, p. 15,.1839; Hagen, Syn. Neur. N. Am., p. 116, 1861. Abd. male 52, female 54; h. w. male 44, female 47. Male and female.—Brown or yellow and black. Face yellow, a black band across the middle. Thorax black, two short yellow diver- gent stripes on the dorsum, and two longer yellow stripes each side of the thorax margined in black. Abdomen black, a spot on 1, a stripe on 2, hastate spots on 3—8, a small basal spot on 9, yellow. The spots decrease in size toward the apex. Life Zone: Upper Austral. Wisconsin: Waukesha, June 9, 1902. Time and Habitat—May to August near lakes. Cordulegaster sayi Selys, Mon. d’Odon. 19, p. 331; Hagen, Syn. ANenr. Nar ps 15,1861. Abd. male and female 45; h. w. male and female 41. Male and female.—Color black, marked with yellow. Face yellow, a black band across the middle. Thorax with two yellow divergent stripes on the dorsum, and two lateral stripes also yellow, but longer and wider. Abdomen black, the segments with yellow half-rings. Life Zone: Transition and Upper Austral. Upper Wisconsin. “Time and Habitat: June to August about lakes. 80 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 6, Nos. 1—2. | 7 SUB-FAMILY PETALURINAE. A single genus, Tachopteryx, is included in this sub-family. But few species are known, four in all, one of which is found in the Union. Its range is eastern and southern. The imagoes resemble the Gomphidz, though they are readily distinguished from all other genera by the bifid median lobe of the labium. Also, the females of Tachopteryx have an ovipositor. SUB-FAMILY GOMPHINAE. The species of this group include many of our large bulky dragon-flies. They are strong fliers, but somewhat eccentric, . though their wings are well able to bear them. The markings of the body consist of olive, yellow, and black stripes. They free- quent flowing or clear water. The nymphs are predatory in habit; they burrow in the sand or mud in ambush, aided by their protec- tive coloration, or hide among the reeds, till their prey appears. They attack by a sudden extension of the labium, seizing their victim with the claw-like lateral labial hooks. The following key comprises the genera found in temperate zone. Herpetogomphus has been eliminated, since its proper life zone is tropical. It has been found regionally in some parts of Arkansas and Texas, but never east of the Mississippi. 1. No basal cross-vein; legs long, hind femora passing base of seg- MOM, Qi .5 Fi aww he wis iss tee dinies Fe TORS tye > ea 8k ee ee Basal sub-costal cross-vein present: legs short, hind femora hardly reaching. base of segment.1s.........0.5:s% Progomphus 2... Hind wing with anal loopw <2 sis 234. hee. See eee ; Hind wing without. anal loop. i... de. fin ao. #1. o a Oe 4 3. Triangles free; anal loop of three cells: stigma broad with GODVER SIDES 55 shia Gp pene Cer eee se gee Ophiogomphus. Triangles crossed; anal loop of four cells; stigma narrow, with par alle l-sidlesin, sasis seis Sasi ee Ao aE Ree ee ee Hagenius 4. Triangle of fore wing less than one fourth shorter than of Witt Wangs 9.5. ai ghee secs eite 55 eed i ae Da a's be Sper co eae 5 Triangle of fore wing one third shorter than of hind wing’. Lanthus 5. Hind femora reaching to middle of segment 2, armed with NUMerous: SHOME GPMees wis 4s sgdks, atace $k eel ee eee ee Gomphus Hind femora reaching to base of 3; armed with numerous short and a row of strong prominent spines........... Dromogomphus. PROGOMPHUS Selys, Ac. Bull. Belg. 21 (2), p. 69, 1854. A single species of this genus is fuond in temperate America, P. obscurus. The life Zone of this species appears to be the Upper Austral, and it can be expected in the Southern portions of Wisconsin. HAGENIUS Selys, Bull. Ac. Belg. 21 (2), p. 1854. A genus of two species, one from Tonkin, the other from the U. S. H. brevistylus is the type. 1908] Muttkowski, Dragon Flies of Wisconsin. 81 Hagenius brevistylus Selys, Bull. Ac. Belg. 21 (2), p. 82, 1854; Hagen, Syn. Neur. N. Am., p. 114, 1861; Kirby, Synonymiec Cat., 1890; Needham, Bull. 47, N. Y. State Mus., 440, 1901 (Bibliography). Abd. male 55, female 60; h. w. male 48, female 52. Male.—Black and yellow. Face yellow, vertex and occiput black. Thorax black; carina, a curved line on either side, narrow humerals, and two broad stripes on the sides, yellow. Abdomen black, a mid- dorsal yellow band on 1—8, sides of 8 and 9 yellow. Appendages shorter than 10. Wings faintly flavescent, costa yellow, pterostigma long, orange or yellowish. Female.—Like the male. Occiput with hind border twice tubercled. The last segments of the abdomen are expanded laterally. Appendages as long as 10; vulvar lamina one-fourth as long as 9, black, and apex ex- cavated. Life Zone: Listed from many regions through four faunal areas, Boreal, Transition, Upper and Lower Austral, and also the Gulf strip of the Lower Austral. “Upper Wisconsin River” (Hagen). Time and Habitat—June to September over rapid streams. OPHIOGOMPHUS Selys, Bull. Ac. Belg. 21 (2), p. 39, 1854. A small group of brightly colored and closely related species. The main distinguishing characters are those based on the mark- ings of the legs and the form of the male abdominal appendages. A single species is known from the state. Ophiogomphus rupinsulensis Walsh, Proc. Ac. Phila., p. 388, 1862; Selys, Bull. Ac. Belg. 46 (2), p. 434, 1878; Needham, Bull. 47 N. Y. State Mus., p. 437, 1901 (Bibliography). Abd. male 39, female 38; h. w. male 31, female 32. Male.—Green and brown. Head green. Thorax with humerals wider above, ante-humerals and a spot on the sides indistinct brown or obsolete. Abdomen brown marked with yellow on dorsum. Segment 1—-9 with basal elongated spots, pointed apically, 1 & 2 and 7—9 later- ally, and most of 10 greenish yellow. Segments 7—9 somewhat ex- panded. Wings with costa yellow or green, pterostigma brown. Female.—Similar. Markings diffused. Life Zone: Transition and Upper Austral areas. Wisconsin: “Upper Wisconsin River” (Hagen). Time and Habitat—Moist woods and marshes from May to July. GOMPHUS Leach, Edin. Encycl. 9, p. 137, 1815; Needham, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 26, 715, 718, 721, 732, 1903 (Venation). One of our most interesting and widely extended groups. The habits of the species are varied, certain ones frequenting the shores of some stable body of water, others preferring the rapid move- ment of rushing streams, or the sun-shine of fields and open places. They are often very hard to capture, being: the most cautious and wary of dragon-flies. The climatic conditions in Wisconsin ought to be very favor- able to the Gomphines. Every variety of aquatic habitat is of- fered, beginning with swamps and creeks to large lakes and rivers. 82 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 6, Nos. 1—2. But, due probably to collecting restricted to very few localities, not many species have thus far been found. From the Museum records I find that collection in localities which otherwise would certainly have been attended by success was belated in regard to Gomphines. ‘ The compilation of a table for identification purposes presents certain difficulties, especially in finding a constant factor for dis- - tinguishing the different species. In the male the distinctive char- acter is the form of the superior abdominal appendage, a quite constant feature. In the females the form of the occiput has been accepted as distinctive. But in several cases considerable variety was proven among representatives of the same species. ‘The fol- lowing dichotomy comprises mostly Gomphines found in the Boreal, Transition and Upper Austral life Zones: 1. Face entirely yellOw.....-05 56). 2341 CR La ae 8 Fa we 2 Face, transversely banded with black... (c.:5. ss. waessoe eee 22 Faee- blackish .c:. cree ca 30 b.. ela d chee tae ap a aA eee 28 2. Occiput. concave, convex, or notched... 6.05. 2.535 «eee a 3 Occiput with a median, prominent/ spine... 01)... . Panes villosipes 3. ‘Thoracie markings obsolete oo: 205 ode ete 2 oi oe ciel Thoracie: markings -istimets 12.666 5s esses 6 4 Se aoa tere a = den 5 4. Superior abdominal appendages shorter than inferiors...lentulus Superior abdominal appendages longer than inferiors....pallidus 5." Tibi yellow: exbernayly o's. sad'ag. 40k cake eee ob ee ee 6 Tibi. black .extermally... : 5.6 Ske sine aie aed oer 14 6. Abdominal segments 7—9 strongly dilated.............. 0005 7 Abdominal segments 7—9 little dilated........ a ob 8 7. Superior abdominal appendages of male with an outer trun- cate tooth; vulvar lamina short, broad, bifid........ graslinellus Superior abdominal appendages without an outer tooth, the lateral margins parallel; vulvar lamina long, bifid, contig- uous, the apices separating, acute. ica ...0ccs. vk ore eee externus 8. Length of abdomen about.45 mim... . so ak iste ba it Length more, them,45.:mims «cg sis. ..< s 13 « Slew ee 11 9. Segment 9 of abdomen yellow, length about 45 mm........... 10 Segment 9 of abdomen brown, length about 41 mm..... cavillaris 10. Ground color yellow, length about 45 mm.............. intricatus Ground color brown, length about 45. mm. ...0..0 02. aeeee en exilis Il.. “(Colors olive aniituseousd wooo 5 a8 ck cats cue } oo. Sid eee 12 Colors yellow; or brown, and fuscous. . .'...: 2.5 (7. one a he} Colors yellow and black; male superior appendages with a long inferior basal tooth; vulvar lamina very short, the apex CxCIEd we oe as Sil akivnate pie eae Bek a eke eo. eee minutus 12. Male superior abdominal appendages with a sharp inferior tooth; vulvar lamina of two triangular lobes, one fourth the Jenga ek Oisar tet: lores once ces cae ee spicatus Male superior appendages with an inferior lobe; vulvar lamina of two. rounded lobes,. very: short.-. ..%..) 5. sks see ee eee sordidus 190Sh./ — Muttkowski, Dragon Flies of Wisconsin. 83 13. 28. Yellow and dark-brown; superior appendages trigonate, ex- ternally truncate; vulvar lamina very short, the apex ex- oy a ee Te ge A a are ao eee militaris Brown and fuscous; superior appendages trigonate; vulvar PIA OO WHAACh ay ice spss oe eka dp cigie iS Wass Fak de ede vee pilipes Length between 40 and 50 mmM....... cece eee e cece errecccens 15 MGC VOVE ag 0 TEM. «placa sjcwric pide s otis Abe sem GF wees e cee wes e 16 te MeL NN Cy RO NITE, /. Sedalia wie ate v's sido eidim aie alors é ela ¥ 6s « abbreviatus Abdominal segments 7—9 greatly dilated............. ventricosus Abdominal segments 7—9 little dilated............... quadricolor Morcwmr or seouent 9 yeUow oi... cee cles page cee wlan see's aH, Dorsum of segment 9 black..... beans statin atte tbuotatnn ig tetd a8 (ened So gars va 18 Segment 7—9 greatly dilated, vulvar lamina constricted at RSC MR Mee trial Sree 8 6 a Regia Se. cs ssjere,a' 65 yeas) ed ata™a LS Zoe miguensis crassus Segment 7—9 little dilated, vulvar, lamina short, broad, bifid wee ag OES one ONE GAR BS A aa ar eS olivaceus Segment 10 and appendages yellow «cc :se wie lelas ewe cc ene elak 19 Segment Mame appemdae es DIC. 65k 5 5 hears wee de oe Blanes ales 20 Segment 8 with a yellow basal spot, 10 with a yellow spot RR ayer On ete rie: Dteie scar ates oh.tp wher ahaa ches, cisgece tel © ,etel-ei cornutus Segment Boteiaey 10. damm la CLOW. alee sate sin ,...-Didymops Eyes touching for some distance; occiput smaller than vertex; two to four cross-veins in the space above the bridge........ Macromia DIDYMOPS Rambur, Ins. Nevr., p. 142, 1842; Needham, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 26, p. 756, 1903 (Venation). The genus is represented by a single species confined to North America. At present it is not known to have been collected in Wisconsin, but from its occurrence in many parts of the Transi- tion and Upper Austral life zones it may be inferred that the species is native also in Wisconsin. Didymops transversa Say, Journ. Ac. Phila., 8, p. 19, 1839; Hagen, Syn. Neur. N. Am., p. 135, 1861; Needham, Bull. 47, N. Y. State Mus., p. 481, 1901 (Bibliography & Desc. of nymph) ; Needham, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 26, p. 711, 763,:1903 (Venation). Abd. male 37, female 39—40; h. w. male 33—35, female 37—38. Male.—Color krown marked with pale yellow. Face brown with a transverse greenish stripe. Frons with a black spot above. Thorax brown, a narrow antehumeral and sides each with a large broad stripe yellowish or white.. Legs brown, feet black, tibize yellowish above. Wings hyaiine, brownish at base, nervure brown, costa yellow, ptero- stigma brown. Abdomen brown, segments 7—9 laterally expanded, the segments marked more or less with rings, 7 with a white ring at the base prominent, laterally a spot at the base of 8, 10 entirely yellowish. Appendages yellow, longer than 10. Female.—Larger than the male. Wings with more brown at the base. The abdomen uniform, not expanded. Life Zone: Transition, Upper and Lower Austral. Time and Habitat—May to August about lakes. MACROMIA Rambur, Ins. Nevr. U. S. Nat. Mus. 26, p. 740, 1903 (Venation). 1908 ] Muttkowski, Dragon Flies of Wisconsin. 99 Six or seven species are known from the United States, four have been found in the Upper Austral life zone. The species are recognized by their large size, 85-100 and more mm. and by the bright yellow transverse markings of the abdomen. Mueoonvenuneral Stripe presen. -.y5o. os Le lacs alee das sapien ae ce koe 2 Antehumeral stripe absent; frons steel blue above...... illinoiensis fae CUT ra) Skripe-COMpPlete, os fii di pinte Wes ge Oe en oe Antehumeral stripe short; expanse above 110 mm....... tzeniolata ce eGrtnnor abdomen Jess than: 50 tami. ii. ican ala clas ueews pacifica Pens of abdomen more than 50° nam. .o.s6G ses oem « s annulata Macromia illinoiensis Walsh, Proc. Sci. Phila., p. 397, 1862; Need- ham, Bull. 47, N. Y. State Mus., p. 483, 1901 (Bibliography). Abd. male .48—50, female 50; h. w. male 44, female 46. Male.—Colors brown black, metallic green, markings bright yellow. Face brown, labrum yellow, a transverse band below the frons yellow; frons blackish, changing to steel blue above; vertex and occiput black. Thorax metallic green, the crest above with a narrow yellow lite; sides each with a long yellow stripe. Legs black, hind tibize below with a fine yellow stripe. Wings hyaline, nervure black, the base slightly tinged with fuscous, costa paler, pterostigma black. Abdomen black, a yellow spot each side of the mid-dorsum on 2—5, undivided and basal on 7. very slight on base of 8. Sides of 2 with diffused yellow. Seg- ments 7—9 expanded, the expansion with a basal spot. Appendages black, lyre-shaped. Female.—Similar. More yellow on the abdomen, wings with more fuscous at base. Life Zone: Transition and Upper Austral. Wisconsin: Milwaukee Cement Mills, July 25, 1903. Time and Habitat—June to August along streams. Congregate in moist woods, resting on the underside of twigs. (Osborn.) Macromia teniolata Rambur, Ins. Nevr., p. 139, 1842; Hagen, Syn. Neur. N. Am., p. 132, 1861; Needham, Bull. 47, N. Y. State Mus.. p. 484, 1901 (Bibliography). Abd. male 58—60, female 61—62; h. w. male 52—54. female 58. Male.—Colors like the preceding species. Thorax with a short antehumeral stripe below and a lateral band yellow. Legs black. Wings more or less tinged with yellow. Abdomen black, a transverse ring on 2, divided spots on 2—8, entire on 7, yellow. Female.—Wings with more yellow. The spot on dorsum of seg- ment 8 usually lacking. Life Zone: Upper and Lower Austral. Time and Habitat—Late May to July along streams and in damp woods. Macromia pacifica Hagen, Syn. Neur. N. Am., p. 134, 1861; William- son, Dragon-flies of Indiana, p. 309, 1900. Abd. male 47, female 48; h. w. male 40, female 45. Male.—Steel blue, black, fuscous, marked with bright yellow. Face fuscous, a yellow transverse band below the frons; frons brown, yellow above. Thorax metallic blue, the antehumeral stripes yellow, not quite reaching the yellow transverse stripe on the crest above. A lateral band between the wings encircling the entire thorax. Legs brown, the 100 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 6, Nos. 1—2. feet black. Wings hyaline, yellow at the base, costa and pterostigma yellow. Abdomen black, segment 2 circled basally by a broad yellow band, divided on the dorsum. Segment 3—7 with dorsal divided spots, entire on 7 and 8. Female.—Similar, larger, the wings sometimes yellow, more so at the base. Life Zone: Upper and Lower Austral. The species has been found in but four States, Texas, California, Illinois and Wisconsin. Wisconsin: Milwaukee, Cement Mills, July 2, 1902. Time and Habitat—June, July, along streams. SUBFAMILY CORDULINAE. The present sub-family forms the connecting link between the two other sub-families of the most interesting group of dragon- flies, the Libellulidee. In common with the preceding sub-family this group has tubercled eyes, the males also with auricles on the sides of the second abdominal segment and excavated anal mar- gins of the hind wings. To the Libelluline the group is related by the position of the triangle of the hind wings even with or before the level of the arculus. In habits they are related to the Macro- mune, preferring the vicinity of their aquatic homes to the sun- shine of fields and roadsides. The genera can be separated by the following table: 1. Fore wing with the short sector and the upper sector of the tri- angle approximated apreally Sie. ie kde aw ks eels eke ee 2 Fore wing with the short sector and the upper sector of the tri- angle parallel or divergent apically; all wings with dark spots at the base, the nodus and the ApeX.......-- Neurocordulia 2. Internal triangle present in the hind wing..................-- 3 Internal ‘triangle,abeent inthe hind wile. ..2 6 0.3 sees sk omen 5 3.. Stigma normal, triangle of hindwings crossed. .2.°..-.. 2s scme 4 Stigma diamond-shaped, triangle of hind wings free. ..Helocordulia 4. Wing clear, (triangles of hind wings rarely free) ....Somatochlora Wings with dark markings at base, nodus and apex...Epicordulia Triangles of: £0656 awaliese CROSSEG:. secs |e nis % anc + paeiaiiete ate gan eae Triangles (ol fare swans ree ots abcde bieye oan em Te oe Dorocordulia 6. Wings with basal markings, hind wings with four antenodals EE ye en eh a ae i Ee o> Clee Tetragoneuria Wi ings clear, more than four antenodals, male inferior abdomi- nal appendares imikecder sof eS @i'es,. - Sake eee Cordulia NEUROCORDULIA Selys, Bull. Ac. Belg. 31 (2), p. 278, 1871. Several species of this genus have been found in the Transition and Austra life areas, but it is hardly likely that more than one, obsoleta, is to be found within the state. N. obsoleta is known from Illinois and other places in the Austral regions. It is rec- ognized from its dull brown color and obscure markings, which consist mainly in a short transverse line on each side of the dorsal On . 1$08] Muttkowski, Dragon Flies of Wisconsin. 101 carina near the front edge, and a lateral spot of yellow. The ap- pendages of the male are thickened at the apical half and without an inferior angle. MHELOCORDULIA Needham, Bull. 47, N. Y. State Mus., p. 495, 1901. In the paper referred to Dr. Needham has discussed the char- acters upon which he based the separation of Helocordulia from the preceding genus, Neurocordulia. Besides the characters men- tioned in the table, Dr. Needham has noted several others when comparing Helocordulia to its prototype, Neurocordulia and to its nearest ally, Tetragoneuria. Such differences are: a. HELOCORDU pA nd wings with six antenodals and _ free triangles, fore wings with a single cross-vein in the triangle. NEUR OCORDULIA—Hind wine's with five antenodals and triangles crossed once, twice crossed in the fore wings. b. HELOCORDULIA—Sub-triangle present, two cross-veins under the stigma, six antenodals in the hind wing's. TETRAGONEURIA— Sub-triangle absent in hind wings, a single cross-vein under the stigma, four antenodals in the hind wings. The two species may be ‘separated by their genitalia: Male superior abdominal appendages with a distinct inferior tooth before the middle, the apex thickened, hairy; female vulvar lamina nearly one-half the length of 9, deeply bifid, divari- NGS Meee telat Sete ha ate elvis PR ale yh snl cane aki oyun eh akahh (A #” otsiet are Me iD wen arena selysii Male superior abdominal appendages without a distinct inferior tooth, the apex thickened, naked; female vulvar lamina less than one-third the length of 9, emarginate, the points widely divaricated, the lateral margins sub-parallel.............. uhleri Of these two species Ulleri alone has been taken as far west as Ontario, and there is some possibility of finding it in the middle por- tions of the State. SOMATOCHLORA Selys, Bull. Ac. Belg. 31 (2), p. 279, 1871; Needham, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 26, p. 741, 1903 (Venation). About 40 species of this genus are known. Our American species inhabit chiefly the colder life areas, few species as yet be- ing taken in regions warmer than the Upper Austral. For Wis- consin we have only a single record of a species by Hagen. But the remarkable similarity of the fauna of northern Wisconsin to that of the White Mts. of New Hampshire leads us to expect the presence of a similar number of species in the mountainous por- tions of our state. The different species are greatly alike in color and pattern of the markings. They are separated chiefly by the form of the superior abdominal appendages of the male. Accept- ing the superior appendages as criterion; the five New Hampshire species have the following points of difference: tenebrosa—apical half abruptly incurved, directed downward, a superior tooth at the deflection; inferiors recurved, furcate. 102 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 6, Nos. 1—2. cinguluta—differing from the preceding by the superiors, inferiors similar. albicincta—a basal tooth, an inferior median tooth. walshii—an external obtuse prominence at the basal third. elongata—apices upturned, an inferior basal tooth. Somatochlora elongata Scudder, Proc. Bost. Noc. Nat. Hist. 10, p- 218, 186; Hagen, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 18, p. 58, 1875 (Bibliog- raphy) ; ; Needham, Bull. 47 N. Y. State Mus. 499, 1901 (Description of nymph). Abd. male and female 42—45; h. w. 36—38. Male.—Metallic green and brown, marked with obscure yellow. Lower part of face brownish, frons and vertex dull green. Thorax metallic green, an obscure brown spot on each side of the dorsum near the anterior edge. Legs black, fore femore brownish above. Wings hyaline, stigma black. Abdomen blackish green, dilated at base, sharply constricted at 3, then gradually widening to 6, equal in width to the first segments. Segment 2 with a spot on either side of dorsum and sides, 3 with a basal spot, luteous or obscure yellow. Appendages black. Female.—Similar. Abdominal segments 1 and 2 and base of 3 brownish. Wings sometimes with a smoky tinge about the nervures. Vulvar lamina as long as 9, forming a ‘triangular trough at right angles to the sternum of 9. Life Zone: ‘Transition. Wisconsin: “Upper Wisconsin River” (Hagen). Time and Habitat—July to September along streams and about lakes. EPICORDULIA Selys, Bull. Ac. Belg. 30 (2), p. 259, 1871. The single species of this genus is easily recognized by its large size and the spots at the base, the nodus, and the apex of all the. wings. In the markings of the wings it resembles certain Libellulinz, such as eipebnaie pulchella, differing, however, from that species by the longer body and other characters referred to in the table. The imagoes, restive in flight, prowl about slow or standing waters. Epicordulia princeps Hagen, Syn. Neur. N. Am., p. 134, 1861; Need- ham, Bull. 47 N. Y. Sate Mus., p- 488, 1901 (Bibliography & Dese. of nymph). Abd. male 44, female 46; h. w. male 41, female 44. Male.—Colors olive or brownish yellow, marked with yellow. Face olive. Thorax with gray or brownish hair. Sides with an obscure yel- low stripe margined on the anterior side with fuscous. Legs black, the femora brown. Wings hyaline, nervure black, costa and stigma black, brown spots at the base, the nodus and apices of all wing's, the spots larger on the hind wings. Abdomen dark brown, most of seg- ment 1 and 2 and sides of 1—8 with yellow, segment 9 and appendages black. The superior appendages with two obtuse internal prominences, at the basal and the apical third. Female.—Similar, vulvar lamina bifid, forcipate, nearly as long as the sternum of 9. 1908] Muttkowski, Dragon Flies of Wisconsin. 103 Life Zone: Transition and Upper Austral. The species has been taken so near the boundary line of Illinois and Wisconsin, that it certainly can be expected in the State. Time and Habitat—May to July about ponds and quiet waters. DOROCORDULIA Needham, Bull. 47 N. Y. State Mus., p. 504, 1901 (Discussion of Characters). The species of the present genus were separated from Cordulia chiefly because of differences in venation, such as open triangles and the presence of only two complete rows of cells beyond the triangles in the fore wings. Another point of difference is the entire (not furcate) inferior appendages of the male. The ima- goes are small, with metallic colors, graceful in flight, though less rapid than the preceding species, but quite as restive. Three species are known: 1. Apex of abdomen (7—9) gradually and moderately dilated.... 2 Apex of abdomen (7—9) suddenly and spatulately dilated. .libera a rh of TIS HO oe OT OTC Tc VE LLO WISE 69) x's loa. d we ole ne! o, ao, «918 ie Aes lepida Toms OL andomen; without. yellow... 0/20. ne eee en wales lintneri Dorocordulia libera Selys, Bull. Ac. Belg. 31 (2), p. 263, 1871; Needham, Bull. 47, N. Y. State Mus., p. 504, 1901 (Description of nymph) ; Williamson, Dragon-flies of Indiana, p. 314, 1900 (Description of imago). Abd. male 31, female 29; h. w. male 30, female 31. Male.—Color metallic green, obscured on the thorax by brown hair. Mouth yeilow, face green. Abdomen green, sides of 1—2 black with brownish spots, the posterior segments black. Legs black. Wings hyaline, nervure, costa and stigma black. The base of the wings. marked sparingly with brown or yellow. The female is similar. Life Zone: ‘Transition. Wisconsin: Dane Co., June 1890; Door Co., Plum Island, July 6, 1905. Time and Habitat—June and July about small lakes. CORDULIA Leach, Edin. Encyel. 9, 1815. The single species of this genus, C. shurtefi Scudder, is read- ily distinguished from its allies by the points specified in the table. In color and the few markings it resembles the preceding species D. libera, differing however, by having the abdomen more equal, not widely expanded at the apical segment. The species may be expected in Wisconsin, since it is found in Transitional regions. TETRAGONEURIA Hagen, Syn. Neur. N. Am., p. 140, 1861; Need- ham, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 26, p. 723-726, 1903. Four species are referred to this genus. 1. Frons without a black T-spot above; if so, only faintly evident; trian@le Of hind wing generally crossed... os... 260s iseeedaes 2 Frons with a black T-spot above distinct; triangle of hind wing ee et tay aa ee vila Kiev Op Biss wd eco gt deen sc cows spinigera 2) hk, Wit valu LOUT Antenouals. 65 6... 0s sceeideacacs bowls « 3 iid Vee Veh VCs ATULENOGAIS. 6 io)30 secede ew ececsceh ive spinosa 104 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 6, Nos. 1—2. 3. Hind wings with fuscous streaks restricted to space within the level of the firstantenodal> s vc...> <0 +.«.~.s\sde eeu ee «eee cynosura Hind wings with the fuscous more distributed, not in isolated streaks, reaching beyond the level of the first, and generally to. the: fourth ansenogar ois its. «Ses wes ok She ye eee semiaquea Taking the triangle of the hind wing, whether crossed or free, as a specific character, it is well to mention that this by no means is a eonstant factor for determination. In the collections of the Public Museum I have seen specimens of cynosura with the triangle free, and of spinigera with the triangle crossed. Tetragoneuria spinigera Selys, Bull. Ac. Belg. 31 (2), p. 269, 1871; Needham, Bull. 47, N. Y. State Mus., p. 493, 1001 (Bibliography). Abd. male 30—33, female 32; h. w. male 29—33, female 32—33. Male.—Brown, marked with black and yellow. Face yellow, a ereenish transverse band below the frons. Frons above with a promi- nent black T-spot. Thorax brown, dorsal stripes, meral and lateral sutures black. Generally these markings are hidden below the thick gray pile. Legs black, fore femora brown. Wings hyaline, nervure black, costa and stigma brown. Fore wings with the extreme base fuscous, hind wings with streaks along the median vein and the anal angle. Abdomen with segments 1, 2 and the base of 3 brown. Seg- ment 2 is dilated, 3 slightly constricted, 4—9 flattened. Dorsum black, wider apically, lateral yellow spots on 2—9. Appendages black, the superiors with an inferior spine at the basal third. The female is similar. Life Zone: Transition and Upper Astral. Wisconsin: Milwaukee County, June 1900; Dane County, May 1900; Vilas Co., Divide, June 24-30, 1907. Time and Habitat—June to July about lakes and in forest clear- ings. Tetragoneuria cynosura Say, Journ. Ac. Phila. 8, p. 30, 1839; Hagen, Syn. Neur. N. Am., p. 139, 1861; Needham, Bull. 47 N. Y. State Mus., p. 494, 1901 (Bibliography). Abd. male 28—39, female 27; h. w. male 28, female 29. Male.—Differs from the preceding species mainly by the absence of a T-spot on the frons and by its smaller size. The abdominal appen- dages are curved, touching at the middle the apices thickened. The female is similar, the vulvar lamina exceeding the sternum of 9 in length, bifid. Life Zone: Transition and Upper Austral. Wisconsin: Milwaukee Co., June 4, 1899. Time and Habitat-——-May to July about smaller waters (ponds and creeks). Tetragoneuria semiaquea Burmeister, Handbuch der Entomologie, 2 p., 858, 1839; Hagen, Syn. Neur. N. Am., p. 140, 1861; Needham, Bull. 47 N. Y. State Mus., p. 494, 1901 (Bibliography). Abd. male 26—27, female 28; h. w. male 26—28, female 29. Male and female.—This species resembles cynosura greatly. The chief distinction is that the fuscous of the hind wings is more suffused, always extending at least beyond the second antecubital. Life Zone: . Transition and Upper Austral. Wisconsin: Dane Co., June 2, 1900. Time and Habitat—May to July about smaller waters. 1908 | Muttkowski, Dragon Flies of Wisconsin. 105 SUB-FAMILY LIBELLULINAE, This sub-family includes by far the largest number of dragon- flies of any sub-family. The species, wherever found, are abund- ant, and are easily recognizable by the proportionately large wings and their short, stout, often flat bodies. They are familiar ob- jects along the road-sides, often flying far from their aquatic homes. The thirteen North American genera separate as follows: 1. Hind wing's narrow at the base; triangle of fore wing level with the apex of the triangle of the hind wing............ 2 Hind wings very wide at the base; triangle of fore wing far beyond-the level of the apex of hind triangle.........c.... 12 2 Triangle of fore wing normal (three sides) ...........-...06- 3 Triangle Of LOE Wily Wit. LOUPPSIGES Soar ba Sharer Nannothemis Be Subtriangle of fore wing crossed; sides of triangle meeting at right angles, (90°) ;.hamules of male bifid... ....6.-2..2.. 4 Subtriangle of fore wing free; sides of triangle ean at an obtuse angle (100°); hamules of male not bifid....Perithemis 4. Hind lobe of prothorax LATS, VOTO DED 2005 Desay mii ade EN a 5 Hind lobe of prothorax small, CUISAT Os syoka, aink @ 0) hal oe ea ee 9 Se) SCOLOLS OL Mees aL CUA, BEC TCE LAN. oa ays ok wis (aie eiaS w, xu Aleta ote 6 Sectors of the arculus contiguous or separate at their origin; wings generally with yellow or brown markings....Celithemis 6. Hind wings with the upper sector of the triangle departing from the RINNE RRA OME. fe, tis oavatyialind aye Me mlbepe a eae Rk, p Ie Lote eet 7 Hind wing with the upper sector of the triangle departing above the hing angieon the outer Side. a isu. sai ee ie oe abet 8 7. Length of stigma more than three times the width; face yel- TOMES ah 5 ogo etal aialenha Ts) Mndecne) gS, alt os a Mieka Geert Ts Sympetrum Length of stigma hardly twice the width; face pure white.... Leucorhinia S. One cross-vein under the stigma, a large vacant space before it; hind tibiz with two rows of about 10-small spines...... Pachydiplax Two cross-veins below the stigma, spaces before it normal; hind tibize with a row of 5-——7 stout spines......... Mesothemis 9. Sectors of the arculus contiguous at their origin; hind wing with upper sector of the triangle arising from the hind angle 10 Sectors of the arculus stalked ; “hind wi ing with the ioe? sec- tor of the triangle arising above the hind angle....Micrathyria 10. Triangle of fore wing with two parallel cross-veins; sub- Saree OLS SEE ee ERE hy A cidjek js wins wwe Pea 6 6.0, Pte) ele wae Spee 11 Triangle of forewing with a single-cross-vein; sub-triangle of three es Ea ee a a en Da Se ea aOR E Wy Rr Ladona 11. Male without ventral hooks on segment 1 of abdomen; female tibize longer than hind femora; sexes with similar wing- WAM MMOANIRE SSE a Ser ecetie Moe arto ee uhe,isteia ta lage a vie Sain. ap asc euaie yb Libellula Male with ventral hooks on segment 1 of abdomen; female * The male of L. pulchella has ventral hooks on segment 1, but this species is placed with Libellula because of the other distinctions cited for the genus. 106 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 6, Nos. 1—2. with hind tibiz and femora equal in length; sexes with dis- sithilarly colored. WINGS? © once 5 Fd 6.6 ose ca ee > heel cee Plathemis 12. Hind wings with a broad basal fuscous band, the cells within the colored aréa finely meshed=. 2. .....20 6 2tscu eb ss wipes Tramea Hind wings not banded, the anal angle colored; the cells of the anal not ‘small, .-mormal in) size... . <4 ls%s\as 5 see ee Pantala NANNOTHEMIS Brauer, Vern. zool..-bot. Gesellsch. Wien, p. 369, 726, 1868; Needham, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 26, p. 740, 1903 (Venation). Several species of this genus are known, but only a single one flies as far north as the Upper Austral and occasionally onto the Transition life area. If found, the species will be easily rec- ognized from the foursided triangle. It flies in June around ponds and over marshes. PERITHEMIS Hagen, Syn. Neur. N. Amer., p. 185, 1861; Needham, Bull. 47 N. Y. State Mus. , p. 512, 1901 (Bibliography & Decs. of BYES : Needham, Proc. U. 5S. Nat. Mus., p. 718, 1903 (Venation). Of the several species one is found in Wisconsin. Perithemis domitia Drury, Ex. Ent. 2, p. 83, 1773; Needham, Bull. 7 N. Y. State Mus., p. 512, 1901 (Bibliography & Desc. of nymph) ; Needham, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 26, p. 763, 1903 (Venation). Abd. male 14-—15, female 13—14; h. w. male 18, female 19. Male.—Color yellowish brown. Face brown, a green band across the middle. Thorax laterally with two pale stripes on each side. Legs brown. Wings of uniform amber color, a brown spot at the end of the triangle on all wings. Hind wings with a basal streak of brown in the sub-costal space. Costa and stigma dark brown. Abdomen uniform brown, the sides a trifle lighter. Appendages yellow. Female.—Body similar to the male in markings. Wings white, hyaline, yellowish along the costa, a fuscous blotch at the end of the triangle reaching to the sub-costal vein, a larger blotch between the nodus and the stigma. These markings are greatly variable in size and intensity, grading from insignificant blotches to bands reaching across the whole breadth of the wings. Life Zone: Upper and Lower Austral. Wisconsin: Kenosha Co., Paddock’s Lake, July 6, 1900. Time and Habitat—May to August about ponds and marshes. A timid, weak species, loving the sunshine. CELITHEMIS Hagen, Syn. Neur. N. Am., p. 147, 1861; Needham, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 26, p. 742, 1903 (Venation). This genus includes but four species, numbering among the prettiest flyers of our odomate fauna. In general they prefer the lakes for their habitat, clinging to the deep swaying rushes of the shores, though occasionally they are also found along streams. The species are easily separated by the color-pattern of the wings, which, in contrast to the preceding species, varies but slightly in intensity and extent of the markings. 1. Wings hyaline, with markings’ at the apices:................. 2 Wings yellow, without apical markings, a broad fuscous band traversing the wing just before the stigma.............. eponina PE ee 1908 | Muttkowski, Dragon Flies of Wisconsin. 107 2. Anal spots fuscous, divided by a yellow band.............++0 elisa Anal spots fuscous alone, not mixed with yellow.......... fasciata Celithemis eponina Drury, Ill. Ex. Ins. 2, p. 86, 1773; Hagen, Syn. Weur. N. Am.,; p. 147, 18615 Needham, Bull. 47 N. Y. State Mus., p. 514, he (Bibliography & dese. of ny mph). ; Needham, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. , p. 763, 1903 (Venation). Abd. male 26—27, female 24; h. w. male 33, female 32. Male.—Colors fuscous and yellow. Thorax with a dorsal and two lateral stripes fuscous, or obsolete. Legs black, fore femora yellow beneath. Wings yellow, the nervure infuscated, stigma red, costa brown. Fore wings with basal spots; a spot filling the triangle, the supratriangular space and part of the sub-triangle; a series of spots on all antecubitals of the second series present or absent. Nodal spot, reaching from, the sixth to seventh antecubital to the nodus and ex- tending across the wing to near the hind margin. A further band from the fourth or fifth postcubital to the stigma reaching across the wing to the hind margin. The hind wing differs by having the spot of the triangle originating from the extreme base of the w ing and a round spot in the anal angle. The spots vary in form, but are always present. Abdomen brown, the apical segments black. Yellow spots on dorsum of segments 1—7 and sides of 1—5. Segments 8—10 black. Appendages vellow. Female.—Generally similar to the male. Usually the nodal spot is broken, the wings are more uniformly tinged with yellow, the veins are not infuscated, but are yellow within the fuscous areas. Life Zone: Upper and Lower Austral, Transition. Wiseonsin: Dane Co., June 1890, June 7, 1900; Milwaukee Co., Sept. 9, 1898, June 4, 1899, July 28, 1901, July 6-17, 1902, Sept. 1, 1904; Delafield, Aug. 15, 1902; Washington Co., Cedar Lake, Aug. 1906, Little Cedar Lake, July 29-Aug. 15, 1907. Time and habitat—June to early September about lakes and large ponds, occasionally near rivers. Celithemis elisa Hagen, Syn. Neur. N. Am., p. 182, 1861; Needham, Bull. 47 N. Y. State Mus., p. 515, 1901 (Bibliography & dese. of nymph). Abd. male 22—24, female 20; h. w. male 26—28. female 26. Male.—Colors red or yellow, markings black and fuscous. Thorax above reddish, sides yellow. A mid-dorsal stripe and two lateral stripes brown or black. Legs of red specimens black, of yellow brown. Wings hyaline, nervure brown, costa yellow, stigma red or yellow. Fore wing with a spot at the upper end of the triangle, a second between the nodus and the stigma and a third spot filling the apices of the wings, fuscous. The ante- and post-cubitals of both series of all wings infuscated. Hind wings similar, an additional fuscous area nearly filling the entire anal angle from the base of the wing to the supra- triangular space; this area is divided by a broad sinuous band of yellow. sides of 1—5 yellow or red. Yellow specimens have the base of the abdomen fuscous. Appendages yellow. The female is similar. Life Zone: Transition and Upper Austral. Wisconsin: Dane Co., July 7, 1900; Milwaukee Co., Aug. 1, 1900, July 28, 1901, July 6, 1902, July 1, 1903; Nagowicka Lake, Aug. 20, 1901. Time and Habitat—June to early September about lakes. 108 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 6, Nos. 1—2. Celithemis fasciata Kirby, Trans. Zool. Soe. London 12, p. 326, 1869; Williamson, Dragonflies of Indiana, p. 320, 1900. Abd. male 22—23, female 21; h. w. male 28, female 27. Male.—Fuscous, with yellow markings. Thorax with an ante- humeral stripe and the sides yellow. Legs black. Fore wings with black or fuscous spot at the nodus, this spot reaching back to base of the wing in two forks. A second spot between the nodus and the stigma. The apices filled with black or fuscous. Hind wings similar, an additional anal round spot. Abdomen with an interrupted dorsal stripe and lateral spots yellow. Female.—fimilar. The female differs from the male by having a dark stripe just before the apex of the wing and the extreme apex clear. Life Zone: Upper and Lower Austral. Wisconsin: Milwaukee Co., 1900. Time and Habitat—June to September about lakes and ponds. SYMPETRUM Newman, Ent. Mag. 1, p. 511, 1833; Needham, Proce. U.S. Nat. Mus. 26, p. 720, 742 , 1903 (Venation). Numerically this genus is the largest of the Libellulinze, com- prising about 45 species. The imagos frequent the swampy shores of lakes and rivers, but seem to like moist woods and open prairies just as well, flying in great swarms wherever they occur. ‘They are readily distinguished even in flight, from the yellow or red- dish vellow tone of their colors. The following table includes the species of the Transition and Upper Austral life areas. 1. Triangle of fore wing crossed; sub-triangle of three cells.... 2 Triangle of fore wing free; sub-triangle with a single cross- Wein, Or entirely Pres flavenscens Anal margin with a distinct fuscous spot................ hymenea Pantala flavenscens Fabricius, Ent. Syst. Suppl. p. 285, 1798; Hagen, Syn. Neur. N. Am., p. 142, 1861; Needham, Bull. 47, N. Y. State Msu., p. 539, 1901 (Bibliography & desc. of nymph) ; Needham, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 26, p. 764, 1903 (Venation). 1908 | Muttkowski, Dragon Flies of Wisconsin. 123 Abd. male 32—33, female 35; h. w. male 41—42, female 42, width at base 16—17. Male.—Colors yellow and olive, markings black. Face bright yel- low, adults suffused with red. Thorax olive, covered with short hair. Legs black, anterior femora yellow beneath. Wings hyaline, nervure reddish, the costa and stigma bright red. Extreme apices of all wings and the anal margin of the hind wings flavescent. Abdomen olive in tenerals, adults bright yellow basally, darkened on the apical segments, a faint black line on the dorsum of 1—4, developed into broader ang- ular spots on 5—10. Appendages black, yellow at the base. Female.—Face olive, wings with the apices hardly tinged, stigma and costa yellow. Life Zone: Upper and Lower Austral. Wisconsin: Milwaukee Co., July 1899; Aug. 24, 1904. Time and Habitat—July to September near rivers, lakes, ponds, in woods and open places. A cosmopolite. Pantala hymenea Say, Journ. Ac. Sci. Phila. 8, p. 18, 1839; Hagen, ayo eur. NN. Am. p. 142; 1861; Calvert, Proc. Cal. Ae. Sci, 4, p: 512, 1895; Kellicott, Dragon-flies of Ohio, p. 93, 1899; Williamson, Dragon- flies of Indiana, p. 315, 1900. Abd. male 32, female 31; h. w. male 42, female 41—42. Male.—Color reddish brown. Front red, mouth parts fuscous. Thorax brown, legs fuscous, all femora yellow externally, anterior tibe with an external line of yellow. Wings hyaline, nervure brown, costa and stigma brown. Hind wings. with a round anal spot fuscous. Abdomen brown, the apical segments with angular dorsal spots fuscous. Appendages yellowish. Female.—Similar. Stigma of the wings lighter. Life Zone: Upper and Lower Austral. Wisconsin: Milwaukee Co., July 12, 1898. Time and Habitat—Fields, woods, lakes, July to September. AN ADDITION TO THE AVIFAUNA OF WISCONSIN. By Henry IL. Warp. The Dovekie, Alle alle, is properly a bird of the Atlantic coast, breeding from latitude 69° northward; in winter coming south, occasionally to Long Island and New Jersey. It has been reported from Pennsylvania and Virginia on the south and from the Detroit River, Michigan, on the west as accidental occurrences. Early in February last Dr. C. W. Beemer, of Port Washington, Wis., informed me that he had a devekie which was killed on Jan. Tith, 1908 by some boys hunting along the ice fringe of Lake Michigan at that point, and who had brought the bird to him for determination. Dr. Beemer had given it to a local taxidermist to be mounted. A few weeks later he presented the specimen to the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee. The sex was not determined by the taxidermist. The specimen appears to be an adult in ordinary winter plumage. While this accidental occurrence increases the known western range of this species and adds one more to the birds recorded from Wisconsin yet it has no special significance. However, it adds another to our list of such freaks, showing how far a bird may wander from its proper habitat, as instanced previously by the Man-o’-War Bird taken in 1880 in the Milwaukee River near the city and now preserved in this museum, and of Clarke’s Nut- cracker taken on the edge of the city in 1875 and preserved for some years by Dr. Peckham. In these instances we have birds be- longing to the Atlantic and to the Pacific coast regions and from the tropics meeting at this locality. 124 INDEX TO REVIEW PAGE abbreviatus (Gomphus)-........ 83 geeipnus. (Gomplius).......2.\.. 83 equabilis (Calopteryx)......... 66 ROAR A, Be claica sae &a%adea 0 00 93, 96 PM PIGS oa. wets ws oe hese Ss we 64, 79 PRR PEEPMNCD Suis 3 dora’ sc 5 mac's «2 5 64, 92 MEEOMANGIE S 5 0.c' c's < Misia u/6's 00 0 63, 67 LOLI? CaN a ei eee ee eae 64, 67 albicincta (Stomatochlora).....102 albifrons (Sympetrum)......... 108 aimabe, (Calopteryx).. 6. scceeee 66 americana (Heeterina)......... 67 amnicola (Gomphus)........... 89 RBA OTION 0 5 orcs 5c cele ws e as 68, 73 ame ae ee So ose 93, 97 angustipennis (Calopteryx)..... 66 BOSONS: sisieng aod os aie, aie o 0 63, 79 emia (ma liaorma) 60. ence ece ae 74 annexum (Enallagma)......... 74 annulata (Macromia) Maal aia ear era 6 99 PAM UEOTION, Sale ia 2 o's sisie 3 0.8 0's 68 antennatum ( Bieta) See aan fa apicalis, (ATPIa) .. 2.62. 5cs eee 72 PME a MIs ws pc @ oo a: Gia's sioe'aceis 68,.- 71 Arigomphus..... Sem eee eee 84, 88 aspersum (Enallagma)....... yen assimilatum (Sympetrum)...... 108 atripes. (Sympetrum).......... 109 auripennis (Libellula).......... 117 Paes. -CLibellula is... 6.0 60> 3's 117 Basizeschna ...... Paetaetnce Snag ets 93 berenice (Micrathyria)......... 115 bipunctulata (Argia)........... 72 Borealis (Gomphus) ......:...4..% 86. borealis (Léuccebinia)...'....°...% 112 ROTA so) of Ee. ae. eos a's ores 93 Previs, (GOD PRUs igi a.) «sc nals «e 83 brevistylus (Hagenius)......... 80 Paloprery cide... 1 cae meee wes 63, 65 PaO PESryGIN eS .. . is emmacg tet 64 OMe... sg ete Re sien 67 ealverti (Enallagma)........... 76 cardiinae(iramea).......... 64, 122 carunculatum (Enallagma)..... 75 OF DRAGON-FLIES. PAGE eavillaris (Gomphus)........... 82 PLEDICIUERL -5. 0's: ows, = cals Ham al eee tet 106 chinensis (‘Trameéa,) v0 62s .eee ds. 121 cingulata (Somatochlora)...... 102 elvile (Bmaliagaid,). 6 << 3 sans ccccsce s Te elepsydra (Aeschna 2 os ce. cees 97 collocata (Mesothemis)......... 115 comanche (Libellula) . 2. 0.0.06. 117 composita (Libellula)..:....... Ls congener, (Lestes) + orts wane a ties 69 constricta (Aeschna) ....65<.... 96 COLMMOMASHEL 2 6... 79 Cordulegasterine... . ss. s 64, 79 COUCUMG 5: herds otis ce hae aenlbays 100, 103 PIOMOTTEINAS hls Ooh reac ere a 64, 100 coruucas, (GOMIplus,). 5). ses 6 ais 2e 89 corruptum (Sympetrum)........ 109 costiferum (Sympetrum)........ Let erassus~ (Gomphus ).2...0).06 sacs cas 83 eyaneéa: -(bibeltula) <6 ico 3 acs se AVE eynosura (Tetragoneuria)...... 104 decisa. (Sym petri )o. ooo acs os ws 109 deplanata (Ladona) .. 6.2.8. .06. 115 deseFriptus \(Gomphus)) 0.555: « 86 diastatops (Cordulegaster)..... 79 DIVAS, (CATS). sc tes es 71 fancier” (GOmpias) ...5. 2 < be ome 89 furcillata (Gompheschna)...... 93 geminatum (Enallagma)....... 75 glacialis (Leucorhinia)......... 113 CRORES CUA, 55:5 3-0 oe Gorek es wenn 93 MSPUNE PEMRENEIS «5a ls os oboe pa. 1s oy 64, 80 MeORTIGEETAT CIS, 32.020 0 cies deine see's 84, 89 PS 2) 1 A Se A 80, 84, 91 gracilis (Leucothinia)..\....-... 73 erafiana (BOyeria)..<..e. ee cee, 94 graslinellus (Gomphus)......... 87 PSOE R RS. 5 38 Link apie s ie'ois 0's ae sles 67 hageni ( Enallagma) SOE Rie 76 Mea CURIS cso in at 5 2) atets Ais ats |e’s Sas o's 80 I Ceulotrory: UY 2 ei eae May Ue ea 101 heros ( Epecchna psiale oh ouae s store 95 peda io Late A ore S ee ha 80 hudsonica ( eucorhinia) erate ceue ete 112 hymenea’ (Pantala).-.2......... 123 illinoiensis° (Macromia) wie Svateteon 99 incesta” (Gibelltia) <.".. sce ee 118 intacta (Leucorhinia).......... 113 intricatus ( Gomphus). ee icdare oe tues e 82 irene (Nehallennia)............ 73 dSLR SA eel a apt, Spi ge tiaras 68, 78 janata (Basieschna).......... . 94 julia (Ladona)................. 116 ents “CANEAD TS Cons chia ute oe 97 Kacerata (Trame,).-:.......... 121 Pi GGnice,.' ofa. sheets ee inte ss 105, 115 TG AAAI AUS" 5 2°) 2!s 5 dente ates eet tees = 80 lentulus (Gomphus)............ 82 lepida (Dorocotdulia).......... 103 PRR Ss cies ec ots oe ed eniee a aires 68 BTEC rh a aR ted Ba 105, 111 Bee. ss ses ce rks a ee 105, 116 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 6, Nos. 1—2. PAGE Libellulidwi4. at. s.r eee 64, 98 Dibellalings..7..% 2. athe eee 64, 105 libera.. (Dorocordulia.): i acces 103 lintnert (Dorocordulia)......... 103 olngipennis (Pachydiplax)...... 114 longipes (Anax)s'0n. kak eee 97 lydia (Plathemis):. oni ane ae 120 MaAaCrOmara’... «055.3% saa ee ee 98 RiAGr GIN... "22 va ve ee ORE 64, 98 maculatus (Cordulegaster)..... 79 Mesothenals..: 500.0 sae ance 105, 118 Niecta th yrid +s 2 acta ene pee 105, 115 wilitaris: (Gomphus))., |. 2.426 & 83 minusculum (Sympetrum....... 108 minuwtus. (Gomphus).. 00.5 oes 82 Nanpothentris ‘.).'.',\..:. = wee. eeteee 106 Nasieschng,. > 32.5 3 oic9 eae ee 93, 95 Henallennta. 72 cs Seka ooeee 68, 73 Neurbeurtiding ¢°.o5:.2 sae et Seqemete 100 nodisticta (Uibellula).......... 117 notatus (Gompbhus)............ 91 obliquus (Cordulegaster)....... 79 obsoleta (Neurocordulia)....... 100 obtrusum (Sympetrum)........ 110 Gasoss. Chibenita) .. i. diic, al ows 10 cents % oD » Dee. ‘19, 37; aie 23, 88, A Dee. 17, 138, each Prag cke ts shakes p 15 cents al etin of the Wisconsin Natural History Society (New Series). ae No. 1, Jan., 1900; Vol. I, No. 3, ee 1900; Vol. I, Det. , 1902, aaek Renee Oa Me iialicy tie ah iS ee aia eas s 50 cents tin of the Wisconsin Natural History Society ( New Series). “eh ‘ol. iil, pripte Seg hae Jan. eRe and J July, LOOM. Pa ees $1.00 Vol. AV Ne: 3, Sily oath: ‘Vol. IV, No. 4, Oct., 1906; Vol. V, No. 1, Jan., 1907; Vol. V, No. 2, Apr., 1907; Vol. V, No. 3, July, 1907, Vol. Gs 4 eer. 1907s CAC a... oe anes Oa 50 cents ao Nos. rh eth ac 1908.2... 0c cece eee ee eee $1.00 At ae 2; No. F ‘‘Ant-like Spiders of the Family Attidew,” G. W. & * Ree Peckham, 1892. Vol. 2, No. 2,-‘‘Spiders of the Marptusa Group of the Family idee, ae W. & E.G. Peckham, Noyv., 1894. ol. 2, No. 3, big of the Homalattus Group of the Family tugaiders’ of the Family Attide froin Central America and G. W. & E. G. Peckham, April, 1896. 2 Ee ‘Jan., 1902; Vol. I, No. 3, Apr., 1902; Vol. I, No. 4, BP 1902; ‘Vol. I, No. 1, eee 1902, 5 eco. BO ee ore eae: 25 oer yrs cl - x ahr via ae & fies. 22 Pe A : 2 AN , oe” “ he aly MS ie z OL Amt ces a agit 4.0 Brey Serine aa, ; pacenees eet ere Le ao *% Lae ye us 7 1 tot ie as «A a ta ~~ ~ ae 2 os e+) ey J ‘ ~ ~ - f= >) eee “he LP t a eet Ss = ee et 25 ‘ - : ‘ 5 F iy ¢ - = 4 2g be boa Fee G2 as Soe s- sven eeeet = - = >. By Richard Muttkowski ies ssil. Grass from ithe Miocene of Florissant, By Charles T. and Bey : ae Ci Br B= = 2 oa Pago eK A Beirne B. Brues SR — ve ; shea = ~ By Herbert Shae 2 | ve wh ah Sea hrse. W. Peckham _ a f = emunte. ek sea LS ee Steal é THE EDW.. KEOGH PRESS. OS See é ie TS ED n- A Li - so lass ‘matter, Oct.24, 1206" “al the Papivodiee: Milwaukee. Wis. under Act of Congress et ey RES of. Stiod 16, 1894. a Me can ti ee a= se ; : — EK & MILWAUKEE, WISCONSIN. ee 0 SSS ORGANIZED MAYS 18872 9 hat, cae OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS. Py Hetty: L. Ward, ‘vioe!Presidént.; isites a .+..Public Maisie : ee Charles eh Senee: General seeretey rath ++Publie Maaeoee | is : PUBLISHING COMMITTEE. ce ie Spee Henry I L. Ward, “Geo. W. Peckham, (hes Toe, 42 . ot Pe ts Bs Peet anes Chas. E. “Monroe. arrests: : ¢ "MEETINGS. aE K eek ; z ee vane ce v8 he : oe excert July sae August, in the Srustees! room in he Public << nee Building, Milwaukee, and meetings of the. combined ‘section S 9° ~ — * second eueany of each month, at. the: same ee Sage | _ PUBLICATION. BULLETIN OF THE Wisconsin Natural History Society Published with the cooperation of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee VOLUME VI (NEW SERIES) WITH NINE PLATES EDITED BY CHARLES T. BRUES MILWAUKEE, WISCONSIN 1908 TABLE OF CONTENTS. VOLUME 6. Rt eae aie ay Sieala,

ane we Sale oe Sper eteyars CW! one & 28, 141 Banks, Nathan, on Texan psecud@scorpioms.... oo. 0 065 cc ee sce ees 39 Barn, Geo: P.. exhibit of specimens of 2nsecte.. 6 6 ces dn new eae 133 Barth, Geo. P., on the nesting of Anacrabro ocellatus Pack....... 147 acum, Gca:l., remarks on wasp nests. ) i... asin wes 6465 awn ans 134 Beta ema ear ae re enecaneanacal'es. S tye, ie rseci arte a! p54 ood. a'0a 0%, wpe, aided mala nd ia wwihe et 33, 142 fad OE ERODE eM See OoR ccc e dusi ie & ¥'. Cooke nunc 2 Ai utiac eG waey’ Kesar ue PETE dy Beal RE, ae SE a Se ie a A Tan et 5 Ct es Oe 33 Re etna p Ss Se a ea ct Sis Gas ba Se oS Soe geo Sie? 6 ecu’ od dita NI 142 Baie Ne VE EIN yee ea ai a WY on acl Qn ge te Es Since gaa i> a0’ se ,a-inh la qa os ww oud ae 32 IN A Re MeN as he is die ah ca tes ac a) MinGW eB, ans a0 3d 6 44 Oeeeng yam 30 Oe ik SED ST TE PE CCE ie oe ae Oe Rae oe eae em a Ae 19 re SAMA GTA WEL AS sey aire alin 4 aieratn iter (o-a os od Rep sar eviews beatae ies aA wy’ Ve 3 STOOLS TRECUMICUS — ESTUCS 6 65sec oc neceoa 9 am binds we wos ose'e ane ope wre vos 158 Pee Ae Cutie On DEOORImS NabiG TD. 5 < oe cpecccps 5 whtye Seanw Sudin's waoyete wien 7 ae mMPMU EEL OREL. PUN MLIMIN INS Weise eas = pre, aie. oer wie a Aa Ga. oh, son ew Gow 0, ote, eMninde na re 14, 138 I etna MRC EORTC ©. 5. 1s cv oils as wires ek eve a ac and%e a cpe eine p's ae ees Sphere less 55 (8 CTEM MOT GS DORE TET OTT (C2 <3 RG aa a 32 Brues, C. T., on North American Parasitic Hymenoptera........ 48, 154 Brues, C. T. & B. B., on a fossil grass from Florissant, Col........ 174 aera C., Jechire ON IfTigahion: BY... 6 s.5F6< ees see esses gee as 135 eI MEER oR yin di Tey ps ate rea badness Bie bie h Rao nie Sem sa igmierade c4G 35 vi Index to Volume VI. Canis griseus (Sabine) . 00.003 oon eae see oe ee ee ee ne ee 27 Camis latrans ‘Say esos cn ses ee aalons fait tina ee are oe 27, 141 Castor canadensis Kunl ... im heed keto eek ee oe in or eae ee 19, 139 *Cephalononuid ULANensts Brus. six i058 swine sys aus am arsine oleae ayaa eae 154 Cerecopideae; LOSS ws f so eve lala eke oe Payne oe rede ocala nego te eee Be Cervus canadensis .(Erxleben)*..< 2). 5-0 sete sts de eae eee 15, 137.145 Chelifer cancroides: Ginn, )0. 2.2... «Sak wee oe eee ee 39 Chelifer Mmaricadius: Say ew 2.0): yc s,s sce wert ete sole ee aes 39° *OneElanGDs COURS. Banks o.oo Cleans tee ge ee ee eee Be ee 41 ODIGN GUE DAG oes. oltre, ond aw yey Bog eae aie hileig eR an eles eae 39 SHULCHETIUS Banks - wo si. .2 shave £8) 6 wood Shoiaee bbe ee eee 41 CEDEMALS TRATES 0505 S50 he's 834%. 2 node oie sa levee ocd 2 al beg, whee ete oe 39 FEUMNUNAVUS Bankes oi. 5:0 tsa 2 os ees ve ace Oe ee ee 40 PHUACOLOT TAKES 0 605 oi x a Oe oa sn iliac Vinh oat tna ea 39 Chigksree os 00.65 hee ATE Bes atsale’s eavesw ee 00 6 oe eee ee Ree @hinnrink,~ rai: cleo wd Paves ace eee aya eee ie ae ee ib ¢ Lake Stperions 262 sod ects Shs teens ee ee ee 139 Webtle ‘Shripead)sjc- a siale iy soitc is Sik igttace ¢ oAaye @ sebere in eke ne eee 17 =Ohrysocharis:- Cneus Bruesia.hc2 ae sso 2 Oe eee ae ae ae ee eee 161 Citelius frankliné (Sabine)... cikuncsa5 os. 00 sees eee ee 18, Ag L8-lineatus~ (Mitchell) .. 5 3ocF hase eh ioe eee eee Pernt 18 Clowes, H.; plant family ‘list.< i. in6.%.0. Gee 5h0 258 oe peo ele 175 Cockerell, 'f. D. A:; on fossil Cereopide. 2.0005. 20 haat oe 35 Coleoptera. as flower Visitors 00.5. io ta Sores wee eee ee ee 3 Colles, ‘G. W.; TAK Vy on. als sc 2c o hee 2 eno Swe ahs tae tas as een 2 Comfort, A. L., talke-Dy 5. .ccosgite EOS Sa he tlds ola eee ee 133 Condided Tata Odes o's. 5:05 oe PA 5 wate 8 Sows, or Nie wane 133 Condgylura cristate (Dinn.) sis 20 aes oe 8 es eo seg ee 32 Copper, ores, lecture on origin and deposition of... .2../...2:.5-6e 2 COTDUATES a's 6 cedid ie es She pag ra he help 1eea oh, he oka echo ae a 10 *Cosmophorus hypothenemi Bruess sco. on cele a eae eee Eee 162 COvotel iii 555 BRAG RS ae ras ars a at ere 27, 141 Deer, last records’of; in Walworth-Ge.,\ Wiss2).%;. 72-3 ao eee 143 Dells ‘of the Wisconsin, lecture on... f) 2c. stan ola eee eee 132 Devonian plants from, Mibwankeesd ers fcc. ses sack 2 ete ce 8 Didelphis -virguagna. Kerr odo. eee tees oe es a ee ee 14, 137 Doerflinger, (C.,.tadke Wy 5 0, 00555 scan Sica 4s cape cele eles et ee eg 7 TOV EIGG oo aia feo 0s% ars ike ite Beane tee ie cline eis ea mic te 124, 129 Dragon-flies of Wisconsin (see special index, p. 125 Dufour, Miss Alice, lecture spy cores si Aas Sees enn ee 4 Hastern- Moses .).)..0 5 ie os ogee Se be Sees See as ner Ws eo eras & Oe ee 138 Ho od heibis'd eddid ad dob Bid dente Bid mek Aiete SNM eh Gh ete ea 6 ee ee 15 index to Volume VI. vil PRP MCCMUM NCOMECHICUNUM Business cccccvccscnecsvecctnsasvses 54 rE UMC GEST Wb 0 PALTLIN, Yc, cv de 90%, 5S new iwis wi bin a aheoe te tome gee. die O's Res ce 24° Primes VOTERS NEGLEGUWS AITET . 5.8) oe ives cess ele es wie tae we ale e's 139 Wunanavinrarus neglects. (ATIEN) o.< clay se wit wie wales b eel sids sv aR CREAMPIE UNED) NC a5 Ua ah oes ea. ae Cis eon Es oOo os poe ce, $6. & waa alece. 68 eran SME Ite AW SETO LS ) 5 5 ole sa 4 i5. 0 wn celle mW Wied © baie a tian o Sal Magia pl ease 22 Maes eG OnE RC AUNTIE WNIIAD, cets a Yale a) eis TAS oho oh Siero. Sf asi yarns le ave YO, agerea ¥ ae we dye 14 eee ere RRC rats uk apa owls ix a Su ego 4 ae LAR «oes atis! Phd cal ghey Bie nh dee 141 eT Aen EVE IPA CEE Sa CHATNIAS Jim... os, 5a Pe kunliwig @ as) oa ieee Oe 19 HOPEReTM PTAY 2s o's 0.5 6. 27h Bap we ee Dees bets nts hee ee 15 southern fed. . soy 6 as ek See ae ti es Se Be ee 16 WESLETTH FOR 0:66.00 5 sins Ra eS oi Oe 34's S7~ wee Oe ee ee 16 Striped spermophile .....: .)..606).6% (44 sss oped sy ta ee eee ee 18 Strong, RB. M., lecture bys. es OP ors-eaeine = 5 s,k 5 dea ee 7 Sylwivagus foridanus mearnst (Allen) «2.030540 % 4s 6 oes ne eakeee ee 25 Synatomys cOOpersA, BRaira 5.5 o5 os aimee su s's,u beeen pie ee eee 13 *Syrphoctonus Levis BEGES < oo o's o.eye ws space G hie's vn Be ape oe 58 Tamigs striatus griseus Mearns... o .d 3h tied ys dies vines « ne eee eee 17 Tavidea tauus -(Sebreber) esa 5. sy caiks nay Altes op ee 28, 141 Tower, W. 1., absiract of leeture by. a — Lyec e... a ‘ D : * Sy . : “4 s 4 ; ' J e _ ;- ‘ =| 4 : 4 y . 5 y ' ° ! f ' u! 1 1 : . ‘ ; _ ) ; \ ; i \ i ’ 4 ; P re, ‘ ¢ as a . Le » 7 i ’ “> @ . : i f =" h ‘ ; > eS ae Yi TAS .“ : 4 *; Mi ; : Med i+ VE See” Ca? Set ee may ye er ae 1908] Barth, Nesting of Anacrabro Ocellatus. 151 EXPLANATION OF FIGURES. Nest No. 1—An unfinished nest which stopped abruptly at the stone. Ato. B—2.c: mi, to 0 Nest Neo. 2.—An unfinished nest 43 natural size. 4 em. Diam at B—5 mm. Nest No. 3.—Cell 1 contained four Lygus pratensis Linn. but was not closed off. Evidently not completely stored; cell 2 contained four bugs and was closed off; no egg; cell 3contained 7 bugs and an egg. ¥ natural size. Nest No. 4—Cell 1 contained a number of the Lygus which were being eaten by ants of the genus Monomorium. Cell 2, a terminal eell 7x18 mm. 1% natural size, 152 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 6, Nos. 3-4. shape and are stored with from four to seven adult Lygus praten- - sis Linn. In one of the nests (No. 7) the peculiarity of two entran- ces was offered, they being about two centimeters apart, the gallery of the one two and a half, of the other, three and a half centimeters long. They then met and continued as one gallery for the re- mainder of the nest. I can offer no explanation of this unless it happened by accident as no stone or other obstruction existed be- tween the two entrances. Long and careful watching showed that but one insect occupied the nest. In her work of excavation this insect always entered through the longer gallery and always came out through the shorter with her load. Possibly the original entrance to the nest was closed by a disturbance of the sani about it and the returning wasp, not finding the door where she knew it ought to be, started a new nest in the immediate vicinity and, guided by a nest odor, dug in the direction of the old gallery till a connection with the old nest was formed. Her activities in the nest may then have caused the barrier in the old door to cave in and, consequently, a re-opening of the original entrance. Ina number of cases where the nest had been filled with the pilaster cream but not immediately dug out, the owner of the nest at once started a new tunnel beside the rather large cap of hardened plaster which is formed on the surface after the nest is full, which tunnel proceeded directly in line ae close beside the plaster cast of the old gallery. The time: which the wasp takes to capture and return with its very common prey is comparatively short, as could be expected since it is found abundantly on almost any of the flowering plants. The following observations will serve as an example of the dura-. tion of the hunting expeditions :— Left at 10:37. Returned at 10:39:10 with prey (2 min. Io sec.) Left at.2:45. Returned at 9344 with prey (16 min.) Left at 3:5:40. Returned at 3:14:30 with prey (8 min. 50 sec.) Left at 3:16. Returned at 3:28:10 with prey (12 min. I0 sec.) Left at 3:30:20. Returned at 3:38 with prey (7 min. 40 sec.) The bug is firmly pressed into the concavity of the abdomen and against the thorax by the middle and hind legs, the abdomen being curved down over it. ‘This makes it rather difficult to decide whether she is carrying or not. Without halt she darts directly into the entrance giving the impression of a tumbling down the gallery. Whether the prey is shifted was not determined as her disappearance into the nest was too rapid for such ober- vation. In this she very much resembles Crabro errans, also a ground digger belonging to the Crabronidz. None of the cap- Bull. Wis. Nat. Hist. Soc., 1908—Barth. Plate IX. Nest No. 7 A curious nest having two entrances about %4 in. apart. A to D—6 cm. D to E--3 em. E to F —2 cm. F to G—4 ecm. G to H—3 em. AtoC 3% cm. Bto C—2¥%, cm. B to D—5 cm. Terminal cell at H contained several Lygus pratensis. Nest was on the slightly inclined open expanse of sand. Nest No. 8.—Plaster filled nest which had no stored cells. Anacrabro was digging. Nest No. 9.—Has one cell (terminai) at G. A to B—3 em. B to C.— 1144 em. C to D—1¥% em. D to E—1¥% cm. E to F—3 em. F to G—2Y, cm. A to G in direct line 10 cm. Diam. at D 5 mm. at F 6 mm. 1908] Barth, Nesting of Anucrabro Ocellatus. 153 tured insects responded to stimulation so presumably they were stung to death. The bugs seemed to be arranged more or less accurately with the head toward the end of the cell, from four to seven being found in the fully stored chamber. The egg is laid on the thorax of the Lygus beginning at the neck and ex- tending somewhat obliquely to the long diameter of the prey. The entrance of the nest was not closed when she absented herself either during the digging or on hunting expeditions or at night. None of the wasps were seen to make a locality study beyond a circle or two (and this in only two cases) either during excava- tion or before beginning to bring in prey, probably the wasps hav- ing so thoroughly familiarized themselves with the locality before nidification that no special study was required. As is usual with digger wasps numbers of parasitic flies hovered about the nests and entered whether the wasp was present or not. In one instance the ‘returning wasp fiercely attacked a tachina fly which was within the entrance of its nest and both rolled over and over down the bank the wasp tightly clasping the fly but whether she tried to use her sting on her opponent could not be seen in the flurry . Both kept up a furious buzzing in their prog- ress to the foot of the bank. The wasp then released the fly and entered the nest while the tachina immediately took its station directly beside the entrance evidently none the worse for nor dis- couraged by the assault upon her. The wasp had not started to store the nest and was not carrying prey at the time so it may be that her failure to disable the fly by stinging was owing to the fact that her hunting instinct was still in abeyance. NOTES AND DESCRIPTIONS OF NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC- AY MENOP TERA yale By CuHar es T. BRuUEs. FAMILY BETHYLID. Cephalonomia utahensis sp. nov. Female. Length 2mm. _ Black, except the tip of the antennal pedicel and the basal two joints of the tarsi which are honey yellow. Head oblong, with parallel sides, not quite twice as long as wide. Eyes oval, one-third as long as the head, exclusive of the projecting mandib- les; ocelli in a very small triangle. Surface of head shining, very minutely shagreened or punctulate. Face between the antenn with a small raised prominence with parallel sides and truncate tip, bounded on each side by a large depression. Antenne 12-jointed, about as long as the head; scape oblanceolate, about two and one-half times as long as thick; pedicel as long as the first and second flagellar joints together; joints of the flagellum about quadrate, increasing in size to the sixth, then becomming slightly smaller; apical joint two times as long as the penultimate. Thorax one-half longer than the head; propleura finely longitudinally striated; pronotum faintly shagreened with sparse microscopic punctures intermixed, nearly three times as long as the mesonotum which is nearly four times as wide as long and sculptured like the pronotum; with two very faintly indicated and widely separated parapsidal furrows. Scutellum with a prominent impressed line at the base; mesopleura with a large round fovea an- teriorly and a smaller one centrally. Metanotum with a delicate median carina and raised lateral margins; the entire metathorax much more coarsely punctulate than the rest of the thorax. Legs as usual, only moderately stout; entirely black, except the basal two joints of the tarsi. Wings quite distinctly infuscated; submarginal cell only one-fourth the length of the wing; ending in a prominent black stigma which is distinctly separated from the margin. Just beyond is a much smaller, secondary stigma which is continous with the margin. Edge of the wing ciliated, more prominently so along the submarginal cell and just beyond the apex. Described from one complete specimen and a part of another. Type in the collections of Cornell University, cotype in the Milwaukee Public Museum. . This is a slender species conspicuous by its black legs with distinctly pale base to the tarsi. It was reared from cedar ber- ries at Milford, Utah and sent me for identification by Mr. C. R. Crosby of Cornell University. 154 1908 | Brues, North American Parasitic Hymenoptera, VII. 155- FAMILY PROCTOTRYPID. Proctotrypes longiusculus sp. nov. Male. Length 10mm. Black; legs, except the cox, and abdomen except extreme base, ferruginous. Head transverse, two times as wide as thick, strongly contracted behind the eyes and sharply margined behind. Eyes bare. Clypeus broad, its anterior margins straight; broadly truncate. Front, vertex, occiput and cheeks shining, minutely punctulate. Clypeus deeply sparsely punctate and with a large fovea on each side. Mandibles dark rufous with black tips. Antenne en- tirely black, slender, strongly pubescent, scape two times as long as broad at tip; flagellar joints elongate; first to tenth gradually growing shorter, the penultimate about three-fourths the length of the first. Thorax very elongate; collar finely transversely aciculate above, and Fig. 1. Proctotrypes longiusculus sp. nov. Male. faintly obliquely so on the sides below. Mesonotum shining, faintly punctulate, ore and three-fourths times as long as wide. Scutelluf nor- mal, sculptured like mesonotum ; methathorax very slightly arched above,,. as long as the mesonotum, regularly rugose reticulate, the reticulations forming quite distinct longitudinal series, but without median longi- tudinal carina. Plura shining, and faintly shagreened, the meso and inetapleura each with a large convex, perfectly smooth area. Abdo- men ferruginoug, infuscated apically and black at the extreme base of the second segment and the petiole. The latter broader than long and coarsely rugose, extreme base of second segment with six short di- verging carine. Legs slender, ferruginous; cox, trochanters except tips, and tarsi black. Longer spur of hind tibia less than one-third the length of the metatarsus: tarsal claws simple. Wings quite dis- tinctly infuscated; stigma, submarginal and radial veins fuscous; re- maining veins distinctly indicated in pale brownish yellow; radial cell one-third as long as high and a trifle more than one-third as long as the stigma. This species differs from P. caudatus by its longer antenne, less arched metathorax and generally much more slender form.. 156 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 6, Nos. 3-4. The head is strongly contracted behind while in caudatus it is very faintly so. Described from one specimen from Harrisburg, Pa., sent me by Professor H. A. Surface. I have later seen a second collected iy Mr. P. R. Meyers at Enola, Pa., Oct. 3, 1908, under a stone. FAMILY*SCELIONID:. Aphanomerus americanus sp. nov. Female. Length 1 mm. Black, the antennz except the club and the legs except the coxe yellow. Head slightly more than twice as wide as thick anteroposteriorly, the vertex very sharply rounded above and quite acute. Ocelli in a triangle, the lateral ones removed from the eye margin by about their own diameter. Antenne 7-jointed, the club large and unjointed except for a trace of sutures indicating four club joints; club as long or a trifle longer than the funicle; scape stout, thickened apically, but little longer than the club; pedicel as long as the first three joints of the funicle taken together ; first funicle joint longer than broad, remaining ones very short, but becoming broader; club large, ovate. Eves bare. Surface of head shagreened. ‘Thorax oval, pronotum visible from above, especially on the sides where it is quite broad. Mesonotum much narrowed anteriorly where it is fitted into the posteriorly excavated pronotum; with complete parap- sidal furrows. its surface shagreened and thinly short whitish pubes- cent. Scutellum shagreened, rounded behind and provided with a marginal line. Metathorax very short, with two short, approximated strongly raised median carinae near the base, forming a sort of tooth when seen in profile. Abdomen as long as the thorax, widest near the apex of the second segment; subsessile, the first segment small, finely longitudinally fiuted. Second occupying most of the surface of the abdomen. about one-fourth longer then wide and coarsely striated along the entire base; following segments very short. Legs stout, the femora strongly thickened, the tibise however only very slightly cla- vate; tarsal claws about equal. Coxe piceous, remainder of legs yel- low. Wings nearly hyaline, with a slight yellowish tinge, veinless except for a clavate pale brown submarginal vein well separated from the costal margin and reaching two-fifths the length of the wing. Described from a large number of specimens bred by Dr. George P. Barth from the cocoons of a species of Crabro. Type in the collections of the Milwaukee Public Museum. This is the first time this genus has been found in America. It was first described by Perkins from Queensland, Australia* where it is represented by a number of species parasitic on the eggs of certain leaf-hoppers. That the present species attacks the Crabro directly seems probable, although it may of course be a hyperparasite. That it can be an egg-parasite however, appears to be extremely unlikely. * Bull. Hawaiian Sugar. Planters’ Exnt. Sta., No. 1, part 6, p. 200 (1905). 1908] Brues, North American Parasitic Hymenoptera. VII. 157 FAMILY PLATYGASTERID. Rosneta, New Genus. Related to Fidiobia Ashmead and Anopedius Foerster. Anten- nz nine-jointed, the funicle four-jointed ; club three jointed ; scape clavate, long and stout; pedicel large; ocelli three, in a triangle, the lateral ones almost contiguous with the eye-margin ; eyes bare. Mesonotum with deep, sulcate, parapsidal furrows on its poster- ior half. Scutellum flat, broad and short. Abdomen nearly one- half longer than the head and thorax together, narrowly sessile ; second segment very long; tip of abdomen broadly rounded. Wings scarcely pubescent, not ciliate on the margins. Type: &. tritici sp. nov. Rosneta tritici sp. nov. Female. Length 0.6 mm. Black, the legs including coxe and antenne except club, rather light yellow. Head twice as wide as thick, its occipital margins slightly concave; surface punctulate; ocelli in a broad triangle, the lateral ones removed by less than their own diame-- ter from the eye-margins. Antenne 9-jointed, short and stout, the scape two-thirds as long as all the following joints together, strongly inecrassated ; pedicel large, stouter and fully twice as long as the first flagellar joint, which is slightly longer than wide; second to fourth flagellar joints very small, quadrate, about as wide as the first; follow- ing three forming a very large stout oval club, the first two joints of which are quadrate and the apical one a trifle longer and conic. Eyes bare, Prothorax and mesonotum roughly punctulate, the scutellum smooth and shinning; parapsidal furrows indicated only on the poster- ior one-half of the mesonotum, but very deep and broad, in the form of deep sulci which have a polished smooth surface. Scutellun broad and short, fully twice as broad as long, at its extreme sides with a longitudinal groove which is farther from the median line then the parapsidal furrow. Metanotum very short and sharply truncate be- hind; above with two widely separated median longitudinal carine just outside the postscutellum, and with the lateral margins less dis- tinctly carinated. Abdomen oval, rounded at the tip, almost sessile at the base; first segment short, second long, fully three times as long as the following together which decrease rapidly in length to the tip. Legs stout, the femora strongly and the tibize more weakly clavate. Wings veinless, hyaline, not ciliate and only very weakly pubescent on the surface. Described from six specimens reared from wheat stubble col- lected at Middleport, N. Y. and sent me by Mr. C. R. Crosby of Cornell University. Anopedius error Fitch has also been reared from Diplosis tritici affecting wheat, but I do not believe it could possibly be this species, even though Fitch’s original account is rather too indefinite to place his species very accurately. 258 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 6, Nos. 3-4. FAMILY EURYTOMID. Bephratoides New Genus. Related to Bephrata Cameron, but differing in the form of the anterior femora which are greatly swollen, as large as the posterior ones, grooved beneath for the reception of the tibiae and denticulate below for their entire length. Head and thorax coarsely punctate; metanotum short, abruptly declivous, with a deep median sulcus; pronotum as long as the scutellum and slightly contracted posteriorly. Antenne inserted above the middle of the face, 11-jointed, with one ring joint; joints of flagellum long, cylindrical, the first two-thirds the length of the scape. Abdomen oval as long as the thorax, greatly compressed. in side view higher than the thorax, but seen from above it is only about one-third as broad as the pronotum ; eighth segment reduced into a small stylus or aculeus. Wings with marginal, stigmal and postmarginal veins long. Type species.—B. maculatus, sp. nov. Bephratoides maculatus sp. nov. Length 5 mm. Black, marked with yellow; legs mostly yellow; head transverse. a little more than two times as broad as thick and somewhat broader than high. Occiput deeply arcuately emarginate between the eyes, the emargination extending halfway to the front of the head; ocelli in a curved line, close to the emargination of the occi- put, equidistant from each other and the eye-margin. Antenne fili- form, 11-jointed, black except the basal three-fourths of the scape and the tip of the pedicel; first flagellar joint three times as long as thick, second two-thirds as long as the first, following growing shorter grad- ually to the club-joints which decrease rapidly. Eyes ovate, nearly circular, bare; but little longer than the cheeks; front above the antenne with a deep groove for the reception of the antennal scapes. Face nearly flat, coarsely confluently punctate and sparsely clothed with stiff white hairs. Malar groove present. Head behind with raised margin which however does not extend to the occiput. Mand- ibles stout, obliquely truncate at the tip, with two faintly indicated teeth at the apex. Palpi slender, short; front and vertex sculptured like the face; occiput smooth or faintly vertically aciculated. Pro- thorax two-thirds as wide as the head, one-half broader than long and quite distinctly narrowed posteriorly, its surface coarsely punctured, most roughly so along the median line, the punctures growing smal- ler laterally and on the pleure, near the coxe giving place to fine transverse aciculations. Mesonotum evenly punctate, its punctures the size of those along the sides of the pronotum, a little shorter than the pronotum and one-fourth broader than the pronotum behind where it is much widened. Scutellum and axille punctate like the 1908] Brues, North American Parasitic Hymenoptera, VII. 159 Fig. 2. Bephratoides maculatus sv. nov. Female. mesonotum, the scutellum more coarsely so, rounded behind and as long as the pronotum. Metathorax punctate with a deep smooth longitudinal suleus. Abdomen oval, very sharp above, as long as the thorax. First segment very small, following four segments of nearly equal length, sixth and seventh much shorter, the latter punctulate, eight forming an aculeus about as long as one of the basal segments. Legs stout, especially the anterior and posterior femora; anterior femora with an obtuse lobe below toward the apex and denticulate for its entire length; posterior femora as large as the anterior ones and faintly denticulate below medially; posterior tibia with two short spurs. Wings hyaline, veins yellow; marginal vein one-forth the length of the submarginal; stigmal one-half as long as the marginal, knobbed; postmarginal one-fourth longer than the marginal. Head black on the vertex and occiput, elsewhere yellow; prothorax yellow except the dorsum and a fine marginal line posteriorly on the pleurae ; mesothorax except tegulae, and metathorax entirely black; abdomen yellow, with the extreme base, a dorsal line to near the tip, lower basal one-half and an irregular subapical spot black, aculeus black. Legs yellow, all femora and tibiz with abbreviated black lines exteriorly. \ One specimen, Brownsville, Texas, sent me by Mr. Charles Schaeffer. This is a most interesting insect, of undoubted tropi- cal affinities and I believe generically distinct from Bephrata Cameron. 160 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 6, Nos. 3-4. FAMILY PTEROMALID/, Asaphes rufipes sp. nov. Female. Length 1.4—1.6 mm. Greenish aeneous black with the legs except coxze reddish or brownish yellow. Head seen from above a little wider than the thorax at the base of the wings; about twice as wide as thick. Occiput concave, but not strongly excavated, its edge finely margined. Vertex finely punctulate. Eves bare; ocelli in a triangle the lateral ones as far from the median one as from the eye margin. Front strongly excavated medially below the ocelli, its surface shining and sparsely hairy. Cheeks about two-thirds as long as the eye-height; mandibles fuscous. Malar furrow wanting. Anten- ne 13-jointed, gradually clavate; scape two-fifths the length of the flagellum, rather slender and nearly straight; pedicel one-third as long as the scape. obovate; two ring joints; funicle joints increasing a very little in length, but considerably in width, the first a trifle longer than thick and the last fully one-half wider than long; joints of club con- solidated, together as long as the three preceding taken together and little broader than the last funicular joint. Pronotum long, nearly as long as the mesonotum, considerably narrowed anteriorly. Mesonotum with deep, very distinct, strongly convergent parapsidal furrows, its surface and that of the pronotum shagreened. Axille extending in as far as the parapsidal furrows. Scutellum shagreened on its basal half, posteriorly smooth and polished; at the apical third with a cross furrow made by confluent punctures. Metathorax micro- scopically rugose above; below on the pleurze smooth; the pleurz above with a longitudinal elevation which is sparsely clothed with long fine white hairs. Petiole of abdomen coarsely fluted and finely rugulose on the surface, shorter than the second segment and distinctly longer than wide. Body of abdomen triangular in lateral view, fully three- fourths as high as it is long on the dorsum; second and third segments of equal length; fourth one-half as long and the fifth only one-half as long as the fourth; apex of abdomen produced as a very short stylus. Wings hyaline, veins pale brown, the marginal vein five or six times as long as thick; stigmal about one-third longer, slender, knobbed at the tip postmarginal about one-fourth longer than the mar- ginal. Legs slender, pale reddish brown, the posterior femora some- what infuscated. Described from four specimens bred from a species ofA phis (probably A. atriplicis Linn.) on Chenopodium album at Forest Hills, Mass., October 30, 1908 by Mr. Paul Hayhurst of the Bussey Institution. Type in the collections of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee. 1908 | Brues, North American Parasitic Hymenoptera, VII. 161 FAMILY EULOPHID. Chrysocharis aeneus sp. nov. Female. Length 1. mm. Shining greenish black, the antennal scape and pedicel and most of the legs except sometimes the anterior femora, yellow. Head very flat, attached to the thorax near its upper side; viewed from the front it is one-third higher than broad. Front with a deep longitudinal depression above the insertion of the antennze which is however, markedly narrowed above the middle of the front. Antenne inserted close to the clypeus; 9-jointed, with one ring-joint; scape stout, reaching one-half way from its insertion to the vertex; pedicel one-third as long as the scape, contracted basally; ring-joint so small as to be scarcely discernible; funicle joints three, about equal, nearly quadrate or slightly moniliform when seen in side view; seen in another plane they grow thicker apically the third being nearly twice as broad as long and as wide as the first joint of the ovate club; second club-joint much narrowed apically, third extremely small, pointed and appearing as an appendage of the second. Eyes small, oval, bare; separated by three-fourths their length from the base of the mandibles. Thorax elongate, smooth; pronotum as long as wide at the base, anteriorly narrowed, mesonotum with sharply defined furrows which converge posteriorly where they are very nearly con- tinuous with two parallel grooves on the scutellum, metanotum with a delicate median carina which forks at the extreme tip, curving out ward and forward to form a lateral divergent carina which terminates basally near the lateral margin of the scutellum. Abdomen sessile, as long or but little longer than the thorax and slightly flattened ; first five segments of about equal length, slightly increasing in width to the fourth; apex rounded, ovipositor not projecting. Legs slender, yellow, except the coxae which are black, and the anterior femora which are piceous, except at the tip; posterior tibie with a Single spur about three-fourths the length of the first tarsal joint. Tarsi four jointed. Wings hyaline, marginal vein about one-fourth longer than the submarginal; stigmal clavate, one-fourth the length of the margi- nal; postmarginal faintly indicated but extending for a considerable distance. Described from a large number of females bred by Dr. George P. Barth at Milwaukee, Wisconsin, from the cocoon of a species of Crabro. 162 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 6, Nos. 3-4. Nesomyia cimbicis sp. nov. Female. Length 1.25—1.5 mm. Metallic green, head more bluish; spots on the axillae and the occiput below, and the face, more or less cupreous. Head transverse, about three times as long as thick. Face above the insertion of the antenne finely rugose punctate, above on the vertex shagreened. Ocelli large, in a’small triangle. Eyes pubescent. Vertex and front with a few stiff white erect hairs. Mandibles small, acute, bidentate; cheeks short, about one-eighth the eye-height; malar furrow present. Antennz 9-jointed; scape, pedicel, one ring joint, three funicle joints and a three jointed club, the club with only two distinct joints, the apical one being very small and slender, styluslike; funiclé joints each about two times as wide as long; first club joint slightly shorter and thicker; second as long as the first, tapering; all the antennal joints rather hairy; mesonotum and scutellum scaly punc- tate, the parapsidal furrows indicated posteriorly as depressions, obsolete anteriorly; scutellum nearly as long as the mesonotum, acutely rounded behind, with a long bristle on each side near the middle; postscutellum very short, very broadly angled medially at the tip. Metanotum very short, finely rugulose. Abdomen sessile, almost or- bicular, with obtusely pointed apex; segment two the longest; three to six shorter, nearly equal, the last small, triangular. Wings hyaline, pubescent, with short marginal cilia; submarginal vein one-half as long as the pale marginal]; stigmal short, clavate; postmarginal nearly two times as long as the marginal. Legs slender, pale yellow, almost white, their coxae ceneous black except at the extreme apices. Three specimens, bred from eggs of Cimbex americana Leach, collected at Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Type in the Milwaukee Pub- lic Museum. They were brought to me for identification by Mr. Henry Severin of the University of Ohio. FAMILY BRACONID#. Cosmophorus hypothememi sp. nov. Female. Length 1 mm. _ Piceous black; face and first three joints of antenne yellowish brown; legs fuscous, trochanters, knees, base and tips of tibize and base of tarsi yellowish or testaceous. Head one and three-fourths times as wide as thick, much excavated on the occiput. Front with a deep excavation above the insertion of the antenne, the median ocellus placed on its upper margin. Antenne inserted on a projecting ledge which bears two approximated teeth at the insertion of the antenne. Antennz 14-jointed, filiform, the scape stout and 1908 | Brues, North American Parasitic Hymenoptera. VII. 163 short, almost globose; first joint of flagellum longer, but much more slender than the pedicel; second joint subequal, stouter; following * gradually becoming shorter to the tip, all however more than twice as long as thick. Face’ below the antennez rugose; clypeus short and broad, punctate. Mandibles broad, leaving a broad opening when closed. Eyes small, oval; sparsely pubescent. Surface of head smooth and highly polished. Thorax short, mesonotum without furrows, smooth and shining, at the base of the scutellum with a transverse groove, scutellum rather long, rounded off on the sides and behind. Metanotum finely rugose, incompletely areolated; two very closely approximated median longitudinal carine, a lateral carina on each side and a transverse V-shaped one across the upper edge of the posterior slope. Pleure irregularly rugose-punctate. Abdomen petiolate, the petiole longer than the metathorax and equalling the remainder of the abdomen, its surface above finely longitudinally rugose, two and one-half times as long as broad at tip and but slightly widened behind. Body of abdomen globose, the second segment occupying most of its surface. Ovipositor almost as long as the abdomen. Wings hyaline, stigma and nervures pale brownish piceous, the extreme base of the stigma pale. Stigma large, ovate nearly as long as the radial cell; first discoidal and first cubital cells confluent; second discoidal cell open. One specimen, bred by Professor H. A. Surface from a species of Hypothenemus, thought by Dr. A. D. Hopkins to be undescribed. Ashmead has already described one American representative of this genus, differing from the present species by its much larger size, different antenne, etc. Public Museum, Milwaukee, Wis. March 1, 1909. A SUMMER’S INSECT COLLECTING. By Ricuarp A. MUTTKOWSKI. To entomologists in Milwaukee County the collecting scason of 1908 will always be memorable; not so much for the results of their labors, as for the various factors that worked to introduce a season replete with surprises. | Foremost was the belated be- ginning. A winter full of severe storms, with frosts extending far into May, precipitated a remarkably short spring. Trees that had begun to bud during April, but had ceased to develop in the following cold weather, now burst into full bloom. Fauna and flora, retarded so long, renewed their life. The results of this belated spring were immediately manifest : botanists noted a general jumble in the early flower-months, May, June and July. May flowers blossomed together with those of June and early July. Thus Early Meadow Rue flowered simul- taneously with Tall Meadow Rue. Goldenrod made its appear- ance several weeks earlier than usual. The early appearance of some food-plants may have hastened that of the insects. In support I may cite a difference of several weeks in the dates of attaining maturity among the Lepidoptera, Neuroptera, and Hymenoptera. Dr. Graenicher reports a sea- sonal disturbance among bees also, the May and July types ap- pearing together at the end of June. Among Neuroptera this disturbance was less marked, though perceptible; thus Chauliodes pectinicornis and C. rastricornis appeared in late June. The Lepidoptera, however, show a number of striking accele- rations, among them that of a whole group, the Catocalinae, which appeared a full month earlier than in previous years. With these accelerations came other results, specially noticeable in the Catocale, such as increase or decrease of size, intensification of colors, widening or narrowing of bands. As instances of in- creased size Archips rosaceana and other Tortricidze may be men- tioned. Calpe canadensis (in part), Apatela brumosa, Catocale lucinda, show the opposite condition. Catocala cara, ilia, con- cumbens, lucinda, cerogama, showed a general darkening of the fore wings and a greater brilliance of the colored bands of the hind wings. The latter effect was especially prominent in C. cara, while all captured specimens of C. cerogama show a distinct de- 164 1908 | Muttkowski, A Summer’s lisect Collecting. 165 crease in the width of the yellow band of the hind wing. Other species again show a distinct brightening of their markings. Of a specimen of Apatela hasta Dr. J. B. Smith writes: “It has the markings of asta, but is brighter than any specimen I have ever . seen.” At another place he writes: “It is a puzzle and I am almost inclined to suspect a foreigner ———4+—T +t 1s unlike any specimen in my collection”. Of Ap. brumosa he says: “A very small example for a female and yet it resembles nothing else so much”, Collecting in general, as will be seen by the list, was prolific in numbers of species obtained, yet not in numbers of specimens ; but prolific only during part of the summer. Climatic conditions served to make the latter part of summer a void as to collection of interesting Lepidoptera. The last rainfall of July 15th marked the beginning of a drouth and a season of forest fires, cold and general inclemency, such as Wisconsin has rarely seen. After the 1st of August little of value was captured. Smoke hung over the woods in a heavy pall during the two following months, the drouth dried up the creeks and various swamps and ponds, parch- ing the ground till it split open in inch-wide fissures. The flower- season was thus quickly ended. Not until the first week of October did the relieving rains fall and extinguish the fires in upper Wisconsin and clear the air of the dense smoke. A few successful nights marked October. But the latter part of the month again brought on the forest fires, this time upon Milwaukee. West Allis and its surrounding forests, including Johnson’s Woods, were visited by the fires, the whole underbrush of the latter swept away; with what results the com- ing season will show. Collections were obtained chiefly from Johnson’s Woods and layton Park by the author, and from the Milwaukee River by Mr. Fernekes. North and East Milwaukee, Whitefish Bay, Wauwatosa, and the County Line were visited intermittently. Note. (F), (J), and (B) after the names of species refer to Mr. V. Fernekes, Mr. H. Bower, and Mr. John Jacobs, respec- tively ; and species so marked should be credited to these collec- tors. ODONATA. Little time was devoted to the collection of insects of this group. The few records obtained result from desultory captures curing the collection of Lepidoptera. However, a few interesting specimens were received from Dr. Was of Oostburg, Sheboygan Co. As the collections of the Museum already contain species of that region collected by Mr. Henry L. Ward, but at a much later date than the 1908 species, Dr. Was’ donations serve to com- plete the seasonal series from Eastern Wisconsin, Transitional region, Calopteryx maculata Beauv. Milwaukee, June 13. On shady river banks, in high grass. Also from Oostburg, Wis., June 13— July 16. Calopteryx zquabilis Say. Loc. et die citato. Hetzrina americana Say. Loc. et die cit. Lestes eurinus Say. Milwaukee, June 13. On stones in river, near rapids Oostburg, July 9. Lestes unguiculatus Hagen. June 13. Milwaukee River, in high grass on bank. Johnson’s woods, July 26, in marsh. Oost- burg, July 20. Lestes uncatus. Kirby. Milwaukee, loc. et dieb. cit. Oostburg,. July 8. Lestes disjunctus Selys, Oostburg, June 11. From marsh. Lestes rectangularis Say. Milwaukee, Aug. 3, Milwaukee River. High grass on banks. Ischnura verticalis Say. Milwaukee River, June 13. Im high grass in sunny spots. Enallagma hageni Walsh. Milwaukee, June 13. High grass on river bank. Oostburg, July 8. Enallagma calverti Morse. Oostburg, July 26. Enallagma exsulans Hagan. Milwaukee River, June 13. High grass. on river bank. Gomphus fraternus Say. Milwaukee River, June 13. Open sunny and shaded places on river bank. Anax junius Drury. Milwaukee. July and August. On streets, in building near river, and in woods. 166 1908? Muttkowski, A Summer’s Insect Collecting. 167 7eschna tuberculifera E. Walker. July 16. Oostburg. The Museum collection of Acschnze was sent to Prof. E. M. Walker of Toronto, who is at present monographing this genus. The data for the present and following species are given by Prof. Walker in a letter. ZeEschna canadensis E. Walker. Milwaukee, June 14, from woods in East Milwaukee and Wauwatosa. Oostburg, July 4, 1908. Eschna verticalis Hagan. Milwaukee, in woods, June 14. eschna constricta Say. August. 4Eschna umbrosa E. Walker. Epizschna heros Fabr. Oostburg, June 16. Epicordulia princeps Hagen. Oostburg, June 15. The first record from Wisconsin. Sympetrum vicinum Hagen. East Milwaukee, July 24. In woods near marsh, Sympetrum obtrusum Hagen. July 24—Sept. in marshy woods. This species was very abundant. Mr. Burrill reported a night in mid-August on which the species flew in such large swarms in the vicinity of Lake Park and Wonderland that it was impossible for people to remain outside. Sympetrum rubicundulum Say. Johnson’s woods, July 26, in marsh. Sympetrum sp. A very interesting male obtained from Fox Lake, Fig. 1. Sympelrum sp. Superior appendage and genitalia. Douglas Co., by Mr. H. L. Ward. Apparently it is S. costiferum, on comparison of the genitalia, which are nearly identical. It differs, however, in the unusual number of eight denticles inferiorly of the superior appendages, while S. con- stiferum is known to have four or five The specimens is still in teneral stage, but bears unmistakable indications of the markings of a fully developed specimen. The markings are identical With those of S. costiferuwm, save that the tarsi are entirely black, and not only ringed apically on the joints. 168 Builetin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 6, Nos. 3-4. Leucorhinia intacta Hagen. Milwaukee, July and August, on road- sides, in fields. Oostburg, July 8. A female from Oostburg presents an abnormality by having rather more than the usually flavescent area at the base of the wings fuscous (blackish) halfway to the nodus. Pachydiplax longipennis Burm. July 10, Oostburg. Libellula quadrimaculata Linn. Oostburg , July 10. Milwaukee, June to August, abundant in woods. Libellula semifasciata Burm. Oostburg June 16. Libellula pulchella Drury. Oostburg and Milwaukee, June to Aug. In woods and fields. Libellula basalis Say. Costburg, June 26. ..Plathemis lydia Drury. Oostburg, June 9. Pantala flavescens Fabr. Sunny river bank, Milwaukee, Sept. 16. Other Neuroptera captured by the author are: Chauliodes pectinicornis Linn. et rastricornis Ramb.. both species on sugar the latter part of June. Chrysopa rufilabris Burm, oculata Say, et nigricornis Burm. On sugar in marshy woods. Panorpa rufescens Ramb. June, Johnson’s woods. Bittacus strigosus Hagen. County Line, July 9. Phryganea vestita Walker. On oak in Wauwatosa, West Allis and Kast Milwaukee, June and July. Neuronia postica Walker. On oak and sugar in marshy woods. John- son’s woods, Wauwatosa, June to August. Limnephilus indivisus Walker. On sugar in marshy woods. John- son’s woods, June to September. Colpotaulius medialis Banks. Cn sugar in marshy woods. Johnson’s woods July 10. Hydropsyche scalaris Hagen, Kansensis Banks, morosa Banks, analis Banks. Milwaukee, June 5—Aug. 15, at light near Milwau- kee river. Limnephilus submonilifer Walker. Hexagenia bilineata Say. Ephemera simulans Walk. Cznis hilaris Hagen. 1608] Muttkowshki, A Summer's Insect Collecting. 169 Cleon vicina Hagen. Siphlonurus aridus Say. Heptagenia flaveola Pict. (?) Heptagenia terminata Walsh. Correction: Among the material collected by the Museum Expedition in Vilas Co., Wis., June 24-30, 1907, I found uvon comnarison one male T'etra- goneuria spinosa Hagen. This record, added to the three other species of Tectragoneuria known from Wisconsin, completes the series of Northern species cf Tetragoneuria for the state. TJ. spinosa is known from few localities and these chiefly Eastern. The occurrence of this snecies both in the White Mts. of N. Hampshire and in Northern Wisconsin is but another instance of the noted resemblance of the fauna of these two widely separate localities. (Bull. Vis. Nat. Hist. Soc. 6, pp. 60, 101, 1908.) Publie Museum, Milwaukee, Wis. March 1, 1909. A NEW FOSSIL GRASS FROM THE MIOCENE OF FLORISSANT, COLORADO. By CHARLEs T. AND BEIRNE B. BRUEs. The occurrence of fossil Gramineze in the Miocene shales of Florissant was first noted by Cockerell* who described Stipa /ami- narum from these deposits. In the present note we have the pleasure of describing a second species, referable to the genus Melica, also collected by Professor T. D. A. Cockerell and very kindly loaned to us by him for study. Through the efforts of Lesquereux, Cockerell and others the fossil flora of the wonderfully rich deposits of this region have been quite thoroughly worked out and many species have been des- cribed, but so far only two species of grasses have been brought te light. Like Stipa, the genus to which the new form belongs is at the present time widely distributed throughout temperate and sub- tropical regions where it is represented by a considerable number of species. Melica primzva sp. nov. The specimen shows a detached pair of secund spikelest viewed from the inner, or side nearest the rachis. The spikelet which is Fig. 1. Melica primera sp. nov. Shaded portions indicate lower laminz of the shale. best preserved is about 12 millimeters long and shows five glumes ; the lower of these, presumably one of the empty glumes is visible only at the base, its apical portion extending under the shale be- * Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. His., Vol. 24, p. 79 (1908). 170 1908] Brues, a New Fossil Grass. 17h neath the lowest flowering glume. The latter is not well pre- served at the tip, but the second is visible for its entire length. It. is 10 mm. long and about 2 mm. wide, broadly lanceolate in out- line, with acutely pointed but unawned apex. Between the second and third flowering glumes can be seen the apex of the second empty glume. The spikelet thus appears to be three flowered, which also appears to be true of the second one, which shows three flowering glumes in a position symmetrical to those of the first. and bears an empty glume partly hidden in the shale in almost the same position as the upper empty glume of the first spikelet. The lower empty glume of this spikelet probably lies beneath the first flowering glume in the shale. Described from one specimen collected at Florissant, Colo- rado by Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell in the Miocene shales at station. 14. The present species appears to belong quite properly to Melica with which it agrees in all essential particulars. The secund insertion of the two spikelets as shown in the type, their large size and the form of the glumes, and the apparently very short joints of the rachilla seem to determine its location here with but little doubt. A superficially similar arrangement of the spike- lets occurs in certain Hordeae, but other characters exclude it from a place in this trible. THE GENERIC NAME ROOSEVELTIA. I find that Rooseveltia proposed by me for a genus of Attidaw from Borneo, Trans. Wisconsin Acad. Sciences, Arts and Letters, Vol. XV, pt. I, p. 164 (1907) is preoccupied in Jordan and Seale’s. Fishes of Samoa, Dept. Comm. Lab. Bur. Fish., No. 25 (1906). I propose in its place Ogdemia after Dr. H. V. Ogden of Mil- waukee. Gro. W. PECKHAM. LIST OF MEMBERS OF THE WISCONSIN NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY: ACTIVE MEMBERS. De: P, H. Dernetl 300 Se eee eee ee 942 Second St. 172 Bu radkk Adler +25 td) eas dee eee 17 Prospect Ave. : Samuel BD: Adler: .. 7k. 9 ase en eae 173 Prospect Ave. Dr A. WaAkerly .3*. ove oa gate ma National Soldiers’ Home. Clarénée.d Aen «035 | sce aioe pee kes 555 Juneau, Place. | William W. Allis....................526 Marshall St. | Hueco Alfsehwageri%. ss. .atere: Senn 118 Harmon St. Rev. 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Carpenter 22.0. eee 841 Cass St. Mrs. Charles: Catlins =, 22)< «<> acta eaneen 343 Farwell Ave. N...-A. -\Gbristensen... 35 teens See 499 Terrace Ave. Dr. -Osear Chrysler cle. = sen cis ae National Soldiers’ Home. Herbert Clowes:5:4..55- seme sca Public Museum. Kdgar W. Coleme@n =. os. shoe ee ee Herold Bldg. George, W. Colles <5. 0. 226 are as sates \lhambra Bldg. De. A. Tyvans Cemiori 2 ee National Soldiers’ Home. Dr. drnest Copeland 72055) 2.2.52 Gere S. 141 Wisconsin St. Bis ROR ORIG «one cede bres ett on eee ae 2426 Wells St. 1908] List of Members. Mee hichard DOW 5s 65 nae es eee a Wauwatosa, Wis. 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