Author: Pennsylvania Dept. of Forestry

Title: Bulletin, no. 20 - no. 24

Place of Publication: Harrisburg, Pa.

Copyright Date: 1922

Master Negative Storage Number: MNS# PSt SNPaAg250.4

FILMED WHOLE OR IN
PART FROM A COPY
BORROWED FROM:

STATE LIBRARY OF
PENNSYLVANIA

no. 20 - no. 24

1922

u

K

FOREST TREE PLANTING SUGGESTIONS

WHEN TO PLANT
WHAT TO PLANT
HOW TO PLANT
WHERE TO PLANT

PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY

GIFFORD PINCHOT, Commissioner

BULLETIN 20

*ot.-i

FEBRUARY, 1922.

?^Mr\

6^

r>>-

1^

FOREST TREE PLANTING INSTRUCTIONS.

TIME TO PLANT. — Forest tree seedlings may be planted in
the spring after the frost has come out of the ground and before the
new growth has started, or in the fall before the ground is frozen.
Wherever possible, planting should be done in the sphng because
growth begins at once, and usually more of the trees succeed. If
the trees are set out in the fall greater care is required in the plant-
ing operation. They may be "heaved out" of heavy soil by frost the
iirst winter after planting.

AGE AND SIZE OF PLANTING STOCK.—The age and size
of the planting stock depends largely upon the condition of the
planting site. If no heavy sod, dense weeds, or sprouts grow on the
area, trees from 4 to 8 inches in height may be planted. This will
result in the largest number of living trees at the lowest planting
cost. The larger the planting stock the greater will be the cost of
planting, and the harder it will be to get the trees to grow. Con-
sequently small planting stock should be used unless there is good
reason for doing otherwise.

As a general rule, trees of the following ages are the right size
for the usual planting site in Pennsylvania : —

White pine 2 or 3 yrs.

Pitch pine 2 yrs.

Red pine 2 or 3 yrs.

Norway spruce 3 or 4 yrs.

Larch 2 yrs.

Walnut 1 yr.

Ash 1 yr.

Honey locust 1 yr.

Red oak 1 yr.

White oak - 2 yrs

( i I

PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY

STATE FOREST COMMISSION

GifFord Pinchot, Commissioner of Forestry.

Dr. J. T. Rothrock.

Edward Bailey.

Henry W. Shoemaker.

Mrs. John I.. Lawrence.

(Mary Flynn Lawrence.)

Robert Y. Stuart, Deputy Commissioner of Forestry.

Alfred E. Rupp, Chief, Bureau of Lands.

Lewis E. Staley, Chief, Bureau of Operation.

George H. Wirt, Chief, Bureau of Protection.

John W. Keller, Chief, Bureau of Silviculture.

W. E. Montgomery, Chief, Office of Maintenance.

A. O. Vorse, Chief, Office of Information.

Joseph S. Illick, Chief, Office of Research.

E. A. Ziegler, Director, State Forest Academy.

CARE OF PLANTING STOCK.— Immediately upon receipt,
the trees should be taken to the place where they are to be planted-
If they cannot be set out the same day they should be heeled ,n
For this purpose select a place in well-drained sod wh.ch .s not
stony and where water is available. An open trench should be dug
with one side almost vertical. Take bunches of trees from the
shipping boxes and wet the roots thoroughly. Then cut the strings
and place the trees upright in a thin layer against the vertical s.de of
the trench. A bunch of trees should be spread over about six inches
in the trench. Fine soil should be placed against the roots and
lower part of the stems, and firmed with the foot.

HOW TO PLANT.— The roots must be kept moist at all times.
If they are allowed to dry out the tree may die. Two P"^""^ "^^l^e
a good planting crew, a mattock man to dig the holes and a p anter
to'set t'he tree's. Dig the holes in rows. The distance between
rows, and also the distance between trees in each row is usually f^^e
to six feet. The spacing will depend upon the kind of tree used, the
quality of soil, and on what is now growing on the area.

Where the ground is not stony nor the sod heavy one stroke
with the mattock will usually make a hole large enough to plant a
"year old seedling. The hole should be big enough to let the roots
spread. Loose dirt is carefully drawn to the edge of the hole where
?t can be easily reached by the planter. If the sod is heavy at lea t
one square foot should be turned back with the mattock, and a hole
made in the loose earth.

^™S«Kr"heeled-in" it they, cannot be p.an.ca the

UUfUMA EThTF. Vn^^^/^

day they arc received

The planter with a supply of trees in a pail follows the mattock
man. The pail should contain about an inch of water to keep the
roots moist. Holding a tree in his left hand the planter sets it in
the hole as deep as it was in the nursery, as shown by the "collar" on
the seedling. The roots should be spread out and loose earth pressed
over and around them with the right hand. The remaining loose
dirt is then drawn into the hole and packed firmly with a mallet, a
stone, or the heel of the shoe. No grass, leaves, or stones should
come in contact with the roots. When properly planted the seedling
will stand upright and be so firm that it cannot easily be pulled up.

PROTECTIVE MEASURES.— As a rule each destructive in-
sect or disease attacks trees of one species only. Nearby trees of
other species may not be affected. The chestnut blight attacks only
the chestnut, the white pine weevil attacks chiefly the white pine and
the locust borer works wholly in the black locust. To guard against
loss from insect attacks or diseases, areas larger than an acre should
be planted to a mixture of two or more kinds of trees that have the
same needs for soil and light and the same rate of growth. This
can most easily be done by alternate rows, as shown in illustration
below.

#0«0«0«0# #-f-0#'«-0#40

• o»o«o«o« #-|.o«4o#+o

• 0«0«0«0« •-|-0#40#+0

Using two ip«cies Using thcee species

ALTELRN/TTINQ BY ROWS.

When white pine is planted all cultivated or wild currant and
gooseberry bushes growing within 300 feet should be destroyed. The
best way is to pull them up by the roots and hang the plants on
nearby trees or brush so that they cannot take root again.. This is
to guard against the Blister Rust, a fungus disease that kills white
pines. The Blister Rust cannot spread from pine to pine but must
spend a part of its life on the under side of currant and gooseberry
leaves, from which spores spread to the pines and cause the rust.

Live stock will eat the leaves and tender twigs of hardwood
seedlings and root up, break, and tramp down small evergreens. No
plantation can succeed when animals are allowed to graze over or
root up the planted site. ^^^

Two persons make a planting crow, a mattock man to dig tho holes and a
planter to set the trees. Carry the trees in a bucket so that tho ro<,ts may be
kept moist at all times.

i

One .troke with the mattock will "»»« • J»l«Jf7«„»»°««k*°w?lrth:
tree. If the iod is heavy nne .qoRre foot dioald be turnea oac. w. ^

mattock and a hole made In looae dirt.

^'*W^^I^-^

*. _•»

Ijoowi dirt is packed firmly around the roots with the heel of the

shoe.

A stone is very effective in pncking the dirt tightly around the root«.

W.„.n pr,.prrly plnnf,! th,- soodling will "►""''"f'^''* ""'^ '"'
Ko firm Uint it eni.not cnsily I)- l»ill''l op.

Forest fires have devastated more than onc-th.rd of the fores
area of Pennsvlvariia. Even a very light burninR .s sufificent to kill
tnall trees. Hence fires nu.st he kept out. On a farm th>s dangvr
is usually slight, and little need be done except, poss.bly, the pes -
in.x of a few forest fire notices. When a plantation is made neat
lar-e wooded areas where fires are likely to occur, or .f the p anta-
lum is large and .lestruction would involve heavy loss, special pre-
cautions should be taken. In addition to posting fire warnings, th.>
can best be done by cutting fire fines or by p.Uting on a patrol during
(Irv seasons.

"•'•■-- r;.%,lx-.Jir;''J.=-i™V"':Sir''""'- "■

Japanese larch (left) and white pine
(right), two years old.

Norway spruce (left) and white t»ino
(right), three years old.

Pitch pine (left) and Scotch pine
(right), two years old.

•>»• ^aw^-* BT-;-^

A bunch of 50 white pine seedlings,
two years old, ready for packing and
shipping.

One tree-planting enthusiast wrote : "I am planting for tim-
ber. It is better than bonds."

During the last twelve years, private planters have received
from the Pennsylvania Department of Forestry 14,752,031
young forest trees which were set out in all parts of the State.

Twelve additional forest tree nurseries were started in
the spring of 1921 at State institutions. The seedlings grown
in those nurseries will be distributed free by the Pennsylvania
Department of Forestry.

Loose dirt, carefully drawn to the edge of the hole,
can be easily reached by the plantor.

With his left hand, the planter sets the tree in a hole as deep as
it was in the nursery. The roots should be spread out and loose cartn
pressed around them.

WOODY PLANTS

OF

FRANKLIN COUNTY, PENNSYL\ ANIA

By JOSEPH S. ILLICK, A. B. ; B. F.; F. E.
CHIEF. OFFICE OF RESEARCH

BULLETIN No. 21 (Revised)

PENNSYLVANIA

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY

GIFFORD PINCHOT, Commissioner

i

PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OE FORESTRY

STATE FOREST COMMISSION

<;iFK(Hll) PINCUOT, ('oininission.'r of Fonstiy,
1>R. J. T. UOTHROCK.
KinVAKD P.AILEY,
IIIONRY \V. SnOEMAKKU,
MUS. .lOHN LAWRKNCK.
( Mnrv Flvnii Ljiwi«imm>. )

i

Robert V. Stuart. l><|Mity <*<»intnissioiiii- »»f l-'orrstry

<i'«'or««' W. WtMHliutt. (Miii'f lim-rnii of Lands.

Li'wis K. StaU'.v. Chiif Iturran »tf ( )iiorati<»iis.

<H'oij;«' W. Wirt, Cliiff Ituri'aii of IMotoction.

John W. Kfllf-r, ('liiof Rur«>au n{ Sil\ iciiltun'.

A. Elwyn Strodo, C'hi«'f Otfirr of Maint<>nan«'«>..

A. O. Vors»-. (''hi«>f Oftice of Information.

Joseph S, Illick. Chirf Ottir*- of R«'sj'ar«*h.

K. A. '//u^\vr, l)ir»«'t<»r Stat*- H'or«'st Ai-a<h'n»y.

< :; »

(^)

^r^-^ t>T ANTS OF FRANKLIN COUNTY,
WOODY PLANTS^OF^^^jjj^_

,.v ,.1 VNTS ..!•■ FUANKI.IN COUNTY, I'KNNSYl.-
\V(>(>1>^ ^LA^l^ "" ' , . (^K,,ck-list ot 111.'

VANIA. is a ..vision -^.-^"^^ MOl N

TAINS NKAU MONT ALW- '^''^^,^^' „h. .u.s of ti.hl

.vork witi. th. studonts of t»u • n ^^^^^.^^ ^^^^^^^^^, ^,^^^,,,^

,t Mout Alt<», nn.l .-mbnu-.s «'" ;»" ^ " j,^,,. ,^„,^ ..Hut Fonst.-.^
...U U.V. U.-n .... to^^^

;:;;.:::r:;..^o;.:.:...:;..u. .o..ti..tu,.a, a., fo..... ...

poses a..- also i..<-l...l.-a. ,„.i,„,,ilv for th. st..a...ls of Tl..

-l.'rahl. valu. to .---"; ;^.,.^,^,^,, aot.nni..ation of tl.
s,hi.s, fo.- .1 W.11 nss^ n tl ^^^^^ .^^^^^^^^^ ^ ^^,,,.^ ,

.•a..«. a..a o,HM..-.-.-.H t on, ,„,,,,ntion UHw.... tin

shn.bs. and indirat. i.. a ^.-a-al nx..>

s^n-i'us and ll.«i.- habitats. .H)SEI»H S. n.M<'K.

Ja.n.L.y 1- 1''>-^-

(4)

GINKGO FAMILY— GINKGOACEAE

1; Maid«ui — liair Tier; (Jink-
go, (nnk^<» biloba L.

Siilishnria (idinnlijolUi Smith.

Native \u China an<l .lai»an. Widely eiiltivated in EurojM'
and America. Planted neai- the Forest Acadi'niy. and in
towns for ornamental i»..rin»ses.

PINE FAMILY— FINACEAE

2. White Pine, Pinus Strobus L.

(\unnHin in moist situations in the Nc»rth ami So.ith
mountains. o<'('asir»nal along the foothills, and ra.e on tin*
mountain toi)s, ami in the ('nmbeil.ind Valley.

3. IMteh FMne: Yell<»w IMne;

Nigger Pine I'inus rigi<la Mill.

Abundant on the nmnntain slnpes and tops.
«M'eur locally along the base of the mountains.
Cumberland Valley and in wet siniations.

Pure stands
Uai-e i.i th<'

Yellow Pine
I'ine. . .

Short h'ai"

Pinus eehinata Mill.
Pluux tnii'ta .Miehx.

Oeeuis hx-ally in the Cumberland Valley and at the base
of the mountains. The most northern known heavy stand
of this speeies oeeurs near L»'<ly*s station on the Waynes-
lM>ro branch of the Cnndxriand Valley Haili'oad o.i the prop-
erty of the late I.enjamin (leorge.

( .'► )

6

5 .,..,s...v or S.™b I-h... lM„us yir.ima.m Mill.

Common o„ .!»■ •"l" I'' 1"'^ ,'..„,„. .,f „,.. „.ou.,tam«.
and „„ ,1... alluvial sau.ly s,.,ls a th. l-a^.

R„r.. alH.v,. an altiUuU' '<< l.'-i<«' "•'"•
6 TbM- Mouatah, l'i».'. ... finus P«"«-« '■"■"»••

,.„.,w„,.d» at bas,. of "•-»«., ,„„„.„„ „t 04 i,K.h,.».

l.HKht of ^■' "•••' "• ' ; , 1 alouK the Coao-.K-h.agoc

A., outpost o.''-ui» "» " ><'"'''■ '"" •'""*'
eroek about 2., mil-s south of Will.au.so,,.

7. Red Pin*".

1 Minis n's'nu»s5> '^^*^-

X„... to No,.tl...as.-.u Nonl, ---;,„ X'. Zu. foists
. of Wn,ia.us„ort. '■•■"->;;-; ;,:".. a.l,..a.v.
of Pra..klh, .'ouat.v au.l at Ho ^ "^

S.No.tl....u.I...-k .•!.„■ ;<:.a.v^_^^^^^^ ,,„„.,,„a U..nb.

/'j/i«s- diriiiivdto (All.;

„ot cu-ur .aturally so lar South - ^ ;
„„ th. Mont Alto and Hm-hanan Stat, fonst

<). S«'ot<h riti'-

Pinns syhestris I>.

::;:;:.,;:: rrs'-o,: ,:;::a.i. .- -- -■-

tains :U.tMM) trees.

7

10. \V<'stein Yellow Pine, . . . F*inu8 ponderosa Laws.

.\ native of Western North America. One tiiuuisand three
hundred and twenty-five trees were planted at Pond Bunk
on the Mont Alto State Forest in 1908.

11. Mountain Pine Pinus montana Miller.

Native to Europe. Two varieties have been planted near
The Forest Aeademy. at M«»nt Alto : vij5 : inirinata and galliea.

12. Himalayan White Pine;

Tear Pine I*inuK excelsa Wall.

Native of Himalayan mountain.s. Planted at The Forest
Aeademy for ornamental and exp*'rim»'ntal puriwses.

13. Japanese Blaek Pine, . . . Pinus Thunbergii Pari.

Native to Japan. I'lanted at Tlie Forest Academy (1915).

14. .Tapanes*' Ri-d Pine Pinus densiflorn Sieb. and Zu«*.

Native to Japan and Korea. Planted at The Forest
.Veademy (1915).

15. American Lar«»h : Tam-

arack Larix laricina (I>u Roi.) Kr|tti.

Liirij- americdna Michx.

.V transcontinental sp4?cies ,>f north«'rn North America. A
few specimens planted n«'ar The F"ore8t Academy.

1»J. European Larch Larix (h>cidua Mill.

Lnrix I'ttropneo D. ('.

A native of Eur,)pc. A large numlH>r planted on the Mont
Alto State Forest since 1909. when fi.OOO were set out. Found
locally as an ornamental tri»e.
•>

8

..l.arix H.ti.loi.is Uoraon.
17. .laimms- l^auh ^^^^.^ japonwa Tarr.

State Forest.

. I.arix sibirica UnVboiir.

18. Siboriaii Lar«-h

A native of Nortlu'n. Ania. I lauteU

...inceu Abii-s (L.) Karst.
Picea eicelsa Link.

9

23. lialsam Fir; balsam. ...Abies balsam* a (L.) Mill.

OcM'iirs from NewfoiiinllaiKl to mountains of Vir}<inia. but
is m>t native to the jioutheni i)art of Pennsylvania. I'lanteil
at The Forest Academy, and Pond Bank on Mont Alto State
Fonsi.and locally for ornammtal purposes.

'J4. ]{al<l Cypress.

Taxodium distichum Iliehard.

Forest.
19. Norway Spruc«>. .

Picea cauadensiH (Mill.) B- S. T-
20. White J^pntee ^.^^^ ^^^^^^ ^.^^^

. . northern North America. Planted near TW
Native to noitn* in

Forest A<ademy.

1 n^u. Si.ruce. . . Pic-oa pungens Engelm.
oi. Coh,rado Blue Sprue ^ _^^^ p,,,j,ana Sargent.

-.ve to Kocky -:^--riizr: ";"

oo. Douglas Fir: ^^-^^'\^^^^^,^^,^^, ,,,Uolia Britt.
»l""**^' r,cudotxui,a />o«f;Z«.su Tarr.

. ,,,. North America. IMant.Ml on Mont Mt'l
Natn- to --^< ' ^ . ^,,,. ,.,,,„,.„tad purposes.
State Forest, and lo. allx

li«pon«'d by Prof. (Icorge S. Perry as occurring on the
Knepper Farm, near Kneppi-rs station, wlifn* a nundxr of
s|KH'iiiu'iis wer«' plantctl.

2f>. llemhick.

..Tsuga canadensis (1^.) Carr

Restricted to moi.st situations juid swamps in the South
and North mountains, where it is locally abun<lant. Also
ou northern slopes of shade hills ahmg the (Nuiocochrague
creek in the Cumlwrland Valley.

H\. Whitr Cedar.

. . .Chamaccyparis thyoides (1*.) 15.
S. P.

A cMi.stal plains spei'ies. (K-curing from suuthern N«\v Ihimp-
shin- to Missi.ssippi, but not native to Pcnnsylviinia. Plant. ■<!
l<Mally f«»r ornamental puriM»s«s.

21. Arbor Vitae; White Cedar. Thuja <M-cidentalis L.

Foun«l in cold swamps and cool ro<ky banks from «^)uib.c
to N«»rth Caroliim. but not native to Pennsylvania. Planti .1
loc.'dly for ornamental pu!p<»ses.

X Oriental Arbor Vitae Thuja orientalis L.

liiota oricuttiUs Endl.

Native to China. Plante<l hK-ally for <.rnamental pur-
poses.

10

, . .. .IniiiiH'ius communis I^-
•M) (^,inm<»n .Iiimi>»*«% " '

., , ,. .hv soil from Massachusetts to North Carolina
Fouua on d.> sou roi franklin <ou..ty, Vrun-

tr:: ^n.:; "l Pnvat. .aracu. cemeteries, .roves, am. ..
hiwns.
, „ ,,/,.,. Iunil»erus virfjiuiana L.

30. R«^a ^ ♦'"•''

. . in drT ope,. placH'H in the mountains, ('onnnnu

Occasional m «lr.T oim ii i» stands oe.ur

;r,v":r:-.:';: :rrr.:;::.:":..:~.-

Cumberhnnl \aHe>.

TEW FAMILY-TAXACEAE

*»_i
•»-».

Mill.

LILY FAMILY-LILIACEAE

:V2, Common ilreen Briei

.Smilax rotumUfolia 1.

.».».

Ml

•u.

:\s.

:!;♦.

4<i.

Horse Brier

M,.is. ..,>.k,.,». .•„„„,...>, ....". >.n- "f ".""">■"-• H.

:« MispM .av,.„ Iiri..r Smilax hisiml" >'"•''■

M„i«, .hi,.u..« i «H s. Ko,,,,.. u-..n.v i" y-'^Y

VaUey.

11

L«tng-stMlke»l tirei'ii Brier. .Smilax psemlo-china L.

Hry sandy thickets. Also found locally in moist situ-
ations in r*ath Valley.

Saw Brier, Smilax ^Inuca Walt.

Dry thickets (Dr. lN»rter).

WILLOW FAMILY— SALICACEAE

VVeepinj; Willow Salix babylonica L.

Native of Europe. Planted extensively for ornaineiital pur-
poses.

('ra«k Willow Salix fragilis L.

Native of P^urope. Planteil locally for o?-iiamental pur-
|M»sc.s. EscajH'd cultivation along streams.

White Willow, Salix alba L.

Naitive of Europe. Planted hwally. Nowhere nhundaitt,

Purple Willow Salix piirpun Ji L.

Native of Eurojie. Planted liK'ally.

.\iiierican (ireen Willow. .Salix amygdalina L,
.Native »»f Europe. Planted hwally.

White Osier WiHow. ...Salix vimiualis L.
Native of EurojM'. Planted hK'ally.

Black Willow, Salix nigra Marsh.

lyocal along stn^ams anil other moist situations.

12

0,.eur, local.., u-l P'"-^" "" -"'""'■•■"" "•""""^•

44. l>w,uf <:.a.v Willow Salix trirtis Ait.

S„„d,. plains a«.l hiUsi.!.* (Dr. Porter).

45. 1-rairi,. Willow «■"- "<"""- *""•""•

1 >»/..il -ihont Mont Alto, r«Mi
Dry barr«'iis. l>ocai .iimhh

l>iy Run.

„ , Willow ^'»^'^ i».tiolaris Sm.

.,,.< hitwoon Fort 1-«»u<1<hi mii.!
AUmg streams an<l swamps Intwron

lliHummd.

„,.„ Sali\ r..stratu Rhlmnls.

47. Uraketl Willow ^''"^

Al«»n}: stn-am near Pry Una.
4S. n.art-l.ave<l Willow. ...SaUx eonlala Muhl.

I,, wet plaees. and alon« strean.s (Dr. Porter).

vi-ilix seru'^'fl Marsh,
m Silky Willow ^•^«"'

In wet pla.-es n>r. Porter).

:,, A.„en,.an As,,en : ^^^^^;- ^,.,.,„„,,iao. Michx.

ling Aspon '

lUr... ....•ur. at 1 , stations in tl.o mountains. MM

Jl Fi...... ral..l.n,ia ..,..<. an,! r..1.1 S,.r,„.s.

13

51. Largo-Toothed Aspen, . . . Populns grundideutata Mi<hx.

^ (\)mmon in the mountains jnid on th« foothills. Very
laro in Cumlxnland Valloy.

52. Cottmi-wood; Neeklao*'

Poplar Popnlus deltoides Marsh.

PopuluH iHoiiilifrrn Ait.

Not native. Planted extensively as a stnot and orna-
mental tree, and l«K-ally for prote<'tion of stream banks.

53. Balm of Cilead I'opulus eandicans Ait.

Poituhis hnlsHniifcra rnr. eandicans

Gray.

Perhaps of Asiatie t.rigin. Planted loeally. Freely «'S-
eapes cultivation.

54. Lombardy Poplar I'opulus niijra var. italiea Dn Roi.

Native of Europe. Planted loeally for shade and orna-
mental purpo.ses.

.'m. White I»oplar Populus alba L.

Native to Eun)pe. t'ultivate<l for shade, l^^eally es-
eaped eultivation.

BWEET GALE FAMILY— MYKICACEAE

."><•». Sweet Fern Myriea asplenifolia L.

C(nnpt(nna prmjiina <'<»ult.

Commun on sterile anil sandy nHumtain soils, and reeent
burns.

1/

14

WALHVT FAMILY-JUGLANDACEAE

57. Black Walnut, fu^lans nigra L.

Rieh ,noist sou tl..>«.Uout th« -"^^ ;;;X:r"" ^" '"
Cumberland Valley and cH,nn^t.ng lateral valh>H.

58. Butttrnut; Whitf Wal-
*^ .luglans iMncnni L.

MoiKt coves and valleys in the mountains.

50. English Walnut .Iu«l«- -«'«* ^^

..1 4. 1 ..vt..iisiv««lv f«»r onunnent:il
Native of Eun»pe. Planted extensnn>

and horticultural purposes.

,,. V rv Carva glabra (Mill.) Spaeh.

tU\ l*iiriillt Hickory v m^" *»

60. \ igi'Ut ^^.^^^^.^^ ^^^^^^^^.^ Britton.

Cnrya porcitut Nutt.

t«i„». Oe<...si«nHlb ".-..r- in n...>»t to wet s.tuat,..,,..

«a. S.an.fn,itea Hi...... ■;;^;';':;rr;'";N;,... HH,.

toll.
OmTK in th- N..rt>. Mountains. Kv„ort...l b.v .... IVr....

,a. M,K.ker N«. lUokory. . . .t'«n» alb" (L) K- K-'-

(^7,,,.^,, tomi-iitoHa Nutt.
HieoH» alba Britton.

1 • flv ».l..iiir the base of the mountains. Coin
Occurs ehM'tiy along i"« "»•

nu.nest on rich hillsides.

15

mr Shellbark IIick«»ry ; Shag-
bark Hickory Oarya ovata (Mill.) K. K«.rh.

Cnrya aiha Nutt.
HicorUi ovuin Britton.

• Occurs locally in the ('un»h»'rland VaHey.

♦ ►4. Itig Shell-bark Hickory; ^

King Nut, Carya lacini«»sa (Michx. f) Loud.

(^nrya suJcntu Nutt.
Hicoria hicinioxa Sarg.

Ofcurs lo<'ally in the Cumb«'rlaud V^alley. Found adong
Conwm'heague creek above and below Williamson.

05. Bitteniut Hickory ; Swamp

Hickory Carya cordiforinis (\\'ang.) K.

Koch.
Carya aniara Nutt.
Ukoria minima Britton.

Along the i»rincipal streams <»f the Cumberland Valley.
l)«Ms n«)t rxtend into the mountains.

♦ Mi. IVran Carya illinofusis (Wang.) K. Koch.

Carya oHraeformiH Nutt.
Jliroria Pecan Britton.

Native to Mississippi valley. F'lanted locally for fruit and
ornamental purposes.

BIKCH FAMILT— BETULACEAE

67. American Hornbeam ; Blue "Beech ;

Water Beech (^irpinns Caroliniana Walt.

Ahmg streams and other moist situations in the mountains
and in the Cumberland Valley.
3

Iti

r^. American H«4> n«»nilHain :
Ironwooa: I^»'vri-

, . (Kstrva virgiinaua

wood,

Kocn.

th. mountains and foothiUs. Found
thf Cumberland ValUy.

(Will.) K.

Scattered througl»
locally on dry-situati^uis in

„„,.t roR..n..rati«n «f -e.,UnKs < --« ; "^^ . „. ,„.„„..
,lant on bunks -f n.wly conKtr...-f.l l..Kh«...v.

tain8.

70. Yellow Bin-., ,V.,„la h.t™ Miohx. f.

0.,.„rs in moist au,l .-k.! situations in ,..■ nn.unta.ns.

71 Riv.r Itiroh: Re.I Bir.-1... H-tnla ni^ra U

X • , • „ r>r»..l. for a short distain-.'
Nativ.. only along Liek.nK ' .'^'^^ /"^ "„,,, ,„„thwest.-rn

7.. „rav Bir-I. ; White Birch, Bo.ula poimlif-Ha Marsh.
- rrohahl, not native to KranUlinc..^^^^^^^

„f this H,«cie« oocnr on The ^.«>^- "^^^ ^onntai..

..U„„t one tnile east o, eounty 1. - - " J,.,^,„^.
Sanatorium Also planted at Th. *"rest

T.- 1 . . Betula alba I>.
"•"t!;t;H.- --el. .r ornamental

,„^:! es;:^i«.l.v tm. varieties ,.e.,.../.. «"« ""•""■'•••

17

74. l*a|Hr P.irch IVtula alba var. PapyrifcM';*

(Marnh.) Spacli.

rianted at Tlic Forest Arademy.

75. Smooth Alder; Hlar-k

^ Alder Alnus ruKo«a (Du Roi) Spreng.

A Inns scrrulnta VVilld.

Common along stnams and in ponds and swamps in tlie
mountains. Not found along streams in the midst of the
Cumberland Valley. It serms to avoid limestone soil.

7t>. Hazelnut Corylus jmierieana Wall.

Frfquents thickets. Commonest ah»ng the basr of iIm-
mountains and lateral valleys of the mountains.

77. Braked Hazelnut Corylus rostrata Ait.

Occurs locally in tin- nnauitains. Frt'«iuent dri«r situ-
Htions than the Common Hazelnut.

BEECH FAMILY— FAOACEAE

IK lieech Fagus grandifolia Khrh.

Fngus iiincririina Sw«Mt.
Fnrfus frrrHfiinca Ait.

Found locally in the North au<l South mountains. No-
whcjv abundant. An occasional outp()st found in rool and
mcMHt situations in the Cumlx'rland Valley.

7J>. Chestnut Castanea drntata (Marsh.) Uorkh.

Abundant in the North and S«mth mountains. Vt^ry rare
in the midst of the (Cumberland Valley. Sparse along th-
basf of the moiuitains.

18

Castanoa pumila (I^.) ^lil^-
Hare. Dry woods and thu'kot at base
About ('aloaouia I'ark.

81. Wliit.' Oak ''"

• .• .t tr^e of thf CumbrrlaiMl Valb-y. Also
Th.' mam torost tree of m* ^^^^,^.

.ommoii in the moist situations alon. the bas,
tains and in the mountain vaUoys.

„r. •. n.\.- Oueniis bicolor WiUd.

B..„...,s of s,r.....«» in' th.. .•un..-l...." V-'-.v. -<" "'-'
situations in the mountains.

^- ""^ ,.!r'^. ''."•• '■••■•"•'i"'"-"" mHorocarpu Mi.-l,..

4^ i.,-..iu-h i>f ConocHK'heajiue Creek

!;::':::^:;;■:r»:l::9:.»;■;-:r''••■'

^n'asures over 2H feet in c-ireumferenee at the has,.

Ouereus stellata Wanjc.
84. Post Oak, ^ . «

«r. .•l,ostnnt(.»k;K.*M...U...i„..ru« I'rinus L.

r ™m„n in th,- mountainous rogions. lUn-oming mov
Common in m' nhAwtnitt

„b„„dant witl, tl... .li»aPPoaran-e of th,. Chestnut.

8t>. Yellow Oak Quereus Muhh-nberRii EnKelni.

Qucrcus acirminnta Ilouba.

Found on the dry limestone and shale hills of the Cum-
berland Valley. Nowhere abundant. Common alonjj hills
bordering the ConociK-heague Creek.

87. Sernb (Chestnut Oak, ...Quereus Prinoides Willd.

Coinuion on barrens and burnt-over areas. Sparse in damp
woods. One sixH-imen near Pond Bank is 10 feet high and
5 inehes in diameter breast-high.

88. lied Oak Quereus rubra L.

Common in moist situations in the valleys and nioun-
tainrf. Attains a large size hK-ally. especially in the siaith-
western portion of the <Mainty. A speeimen on the Nina
l5r«K)k.s' farm located in M«uitgomery Township, measures .'U
feet in <Mreumferen«M' at the base.

S!>. Scarlet Oak (Juercus nK-cinea Mueucli.

C<»inmon in the mountains. Abundant hwally in moist
sitiuiticms ahmg the base of the mountains.

1M>. lilack Oak, Quercna velutina Lam.

Quereus tUtctoria Bartr.

Comm.ui on dry gravelly ujdands. Attains a large si/.e
hM-ally.

'.H. Pin Oak (Quereus palustris Muench.

Found in the CumlH'Hand Valley. an<l lateral valleys in-o-
je<'ting into the niountain^v

20

., ,wu . . .Qumus faloata Mk-lix.

^>-- ^»'"""^' '*"^ ^uercus dmtata Sudworth.

(^,if-rrM.s naoodaefnha ArIu'.

R„.o,.te<, b. Dr. T..„„..K I'orter uk native to FrHn.,u,
.-..unty. Not f"U'"' '»■ *•■<• '"'""""•
.,,, s..™l.yak; lV„r.>ak. . . .Q.-.T-us i.ic-if...u. W.u.«.

piimKv pwmi?a (Marsh.) Sul-
wortli.

Sun.l.v l.a.m,» in ll ...""<»!"« a-l "" '■"'•''> ''"'"

.,4. I,..un.1 (),>k:Sl.inKl.<'ak..(i«.r.„s imbri.aria Mi.l.x.

...„..„ of ,.„. w..»t bran..., of ' •"""-^'•»^; 'j,, ; ' ^;, „;1

,„..,xinu,t.ly 2r,(> s,.e,.i,n..,.» rausu.K from -""""=;

•JO in.-ho, in .lian„.ter br..«st-bi«l. --u.- tb-r... lb. t—

w.n- Hisl liKMit..! S»pt.nihiT 2:t. im!>.

KETTLE FAMIty— TOTIOACEAE

.,5 Sli,„"-.y '•:".' ^ U«lKlm...nn.ns fulva Mi.bx.

Fo„«.i lon,lly in •'"n.b.T. i Va.i,.y an.. al..n« i"- "'

„„„„„„„,„. ,.«„o.ially ..n lim.sf.n.. ..nt.r.,p».

!Mi. Ain«'rioan VMn
Kim

Whit I'

MoiKt situations and Hh»n>r stiv:
NnwhiH' ahnndant.

Vhnus annri»-ana L.

Uar»' in innnntaui-

21

97. English Ehn Ulmus omuM'stris L.

Native <»f KuroiM'. Planted hx-ally.

m. SngailxTry : Haokboriy,. .Celtis occidontalis L.

Common in tho Oumb»rland Valhy. .siu'cially ahn.g
streams. Rare or absent in the mountains. Not o<.mm<n. on
sandy soil.

JK). H«'d Mulberry Moras rubra I..

Rich soil in Cumberland Valloy and eoiimeting lateral
valleys.

too. White Mulbeiry Morns alba L.

Native of Europe. Planted loeally for ornamental pur-
poses and for bird food. Escaped eultivation near West
Fayett4'ville, and near Price's Church' at The Nunnery.

Hn. Paper Mulberry Brous.s(metia papyrifera (L.) Vent.

Native of Asia. Planted hK-ally. Nowhere abundani.
Escaped cultivation h>cally.

10*J. Osage Orange.

ims.

Madura pomifera (Raf.) Schneider

ToryUjn jtomifmnit Raf.

Native Missouri to Texas. Planted locally for hedges. In
some place it escaped cultivation.

MISTLETOE FAMILY— LORANTHACEAE

10:V American Mistletoe Phoradendron flaves,-, ns (Pursh)

Nutt.

Near Mercersburg (Dr. Porter).

»»•>

MAOKOLI* FAMILY-MAOMOLIAOEAZ

IW. C'uou...h.-r Tr... M-g"""" ««■'">'!"»*" '-

Rare. Occurs in tl,.- .-ves of tl,- North Mountah." un..
along the West Branch «t the Conococ-hcague ^"■*'' »» «
down as Merc<-r«bnrg Junction. Largo specimens m Cm.
Ga" ..car Folt.. Absent in the South Mountains. C>n«

near Ledy's station on the Wnynesb..ro branch of the ( un,-
bcrlund Valh-y railroad.

105. Swopt Bay; l.aunl Ma^- . . r

,„,jia Magnolia virgimana 1^.

MaynoHu ijUmva L.

Ill cold swainpH lu-ar Caledonia Park.

X06. Tulip Tree: Y«'llow Vov

jj^j. LiricMlt'ndron Tulipiftra L.

Common "in moist situations in ''''' ^"■^' "'':' /r''
Mountains; rare at the border of ""; ,<:'«"»^'-'"f .,\ " ;
a„,l absent or extren.el, ran the real l.mestone so,l n. th,

tMiiter of thf vall«*y.

CALYCANTHUS FAMILY-CALYCAHTHACEAE

un. Sni«K)tli Strawl»orry Bush;

AllHpioe CalyeantbuH f.rtihs \% alt.

lint nil in jniV'ix Bntton.

X.ar Strasburfe (l>r. Ttirtir).

CU8TABD APPLE FAMILY-AHONACEAE

108. Common Papaw Animina triloba Dunal.

Found locally in groups in the Cumberland Valley ^u.i
.,,on« the base of the mountains. Rather common al<»ng w<Ht

branch of Conoi-oeheague. AIk<» found below Oltl For};*-, in
Biosccker (Jap. east of Tomstown, about Williamson, it
VV^ootlstock. and in gap above The Fon-st Aeademy.

LAUREL FAMILY— LAURACEAE

100. Sassafraw, Sassafras variifolium ( Saiisb.)

Ktze.

^aHsafrax nffieinnh News. and

Eberm.
Soiotnfran Sassafras Karst.

Common in rich woods along base of mountains ]in<] in th'
Cumberland Valley. Sparse in the momitains.

110. Spice Bush,

.Benaoin aestivale (L.) Nees.
Hcnzoiti lieitzoin Coult.
JAndcra Benzoin Blume.

In moist woods and along stn^ams.

SAXIFRAGE FAMILY— 6AXIFRA0ACEAE

111. V^'ild Hydrangea Hydrangea arbores<'ens L.

R<»cky banks of mountain streams.

112. Eastern Wild Gooseb«;rry..Hib«>s rotundifolium Michx.

RcK'ky banks and hillsides, and mountain toi>s.

WITCH-HAZEL FAMILY— HAMAMELIDACEAE

113. Witcb-Ha«el Ilamamelis virginiana L.

Damp situations in the mountains. Bare in the Cu'n-
berland Valley.

24

114. Swiet <'.uin: Bilstnl. .

Lu.uiilainbar Styracittua L.

Sn,;'" .■...,„..,. ......My f..r ..n....n..n,al ,.«n. s.

PLANE

TREE FAMILY-PLATANACEAE

More, abundant in th- valU'>s than

ll«i. Nin<-Hark.

ROSE FAMILY-ROSACEAE

.lMivs.M-an»us npulifolins U' >

, . • •

Maxim.

ntains und valU-ys.

Bnnks of stnanis in nu.u

Siiirara sarnif«>l«a 1

117. Moadow-SwtM't

1„ swamps nnd nioist situations.

I'yrus (Miinnuinis L.

„n i„ cultivation. LocMilv

IIS. Common r«ar

Native of KuroiM'. ('<>m'»'»
..sraiH'd fn.m cultivation.

lit,. ^«-;-»''^'^*^'; /;"';.. ■';':,.,,,.. .n^ustifona Ait.

IW BanU."uttl. Mountain, and Caledonia. dMof. <:
S. Perry.)
rjo. .\m..ncan C'rab-Apple, . . . l>yrus <oronaria 1.
i:n<-:dly in thiokots.

25

121. Common Apple Pyrus Malus L.

Native to Europe. (Simmon in cultivation. LmMilly es-
caped cultivation.

122. Red Ch<»k«b<>rry,

Tyrus arhutifolia (L.) L. f.
Arouia arhutifoHa (L.) Ell.

Swamps and moist woods.

Via. Black Cbokoborry Pyrus melam>carpa (Miclix.) Wilbl.

Aronia nigra Britton.

Moist woods and occasionally on dry situations.

124. Sliiid Bush ; Junebcrry : '

Service Berry Amelancbier rtmadensis (LJ

Medic.

Moist t«. dry w<M>dland. Sometimes on dry and rocky
situations.

Vnn'huK'bier oblonjilfolia (T. & <! V

Roem.

125. lyow .Tune-Berry, . .

I '.dually «»ccurs in nn»ist w<mm1s. Found near Pond Bank

]2<l. Cocksimr Thorn Crataegus Crus-galli L.

Found locally. Nowhere alnimlant.

127. S<-arlet Thorn, Crataegus i-ociinea L.

Found hK-ally. Connnonest in thickets on sandy soil and
b:is<' «'f the mountaiuB.

12K. Pear Thorn: T'ear Haw. .('rataemis tomentosa L.
(Ml sandv soil (Dr. I'orter).

26

Oataotois B«>.v»toni Beadle.
129. Hawthorn

Spam> in Path Valley.

m Hawthorn, CrataoguB foetida Aahe.

Common in moint situations in Path Valley.

rrataegus Brainerdi Sarg.

131. Hawthorn ^ ""* ^

Sparse in I'nth Valley.

_ „ ^. ^ Crataegus imuetata .lacH-

132. Hawthorn

Comm<»n in Path Valley.

xy I .. . iflrtPiis var. aeuleatissimw^
133. Wil.l R-.I R«»P'>'--n- • • "";^': ;'X) Ragel & Tilin«.

Ruh»'^ .tfrtf/o.yu* Miohx.
Rare in dry and rorky thickets.

134. lUaek Raspb^-rry R"bus ,KH>identalis U

<'onnnon in w.mxIs and thickets, and along fen.-s.

135. Purple Flowering Hasp- , , r

K -,^ .... Uubus oiloratus U
berry,

la r<M'ky woods. <Nmn..on near Pen-Mar.

im Wild Blackberry, R">>- allegheniensi^ Purt.r.

Common in open thickets an<l recent clearings.

137. Rand's Blackb..rry H"b«s Randii (Bailey) Rydh.

Stream hanks and nlluvi.d s.dl (Dr. Porter).

27

138. Running Swamp Black-
berry, .*.... RubuM hispidus L.

Common in swamps and meadows.

130. l>ewl>erry.

Rubus villosus Ait.
Ifuhus procumhenH Muhl.
Jfuhits canndcnais (J ray.

(^ominon in dry open places.

140. Sweetbrier, Rosa rubiginosa L.

Native of Europe, (%>mmnii in waste pla<'es and r<K«ky
pastures.

141. Sm<»oth Meadow Ilos«'. . . Rosa Pdanda Ait.

In moi.st nn'ky situations (l>r. Porter).

14*J. Swamp Rose, Rosa Camlina L.

Fre«juents swamps and border of streams.

14:i. SliiniTig Rose Ro.sa virginiana Mill.

Ifosa lueida Ehrh.

Margins t»f swamps and on nw-ky shores (Dr. Porter).

144. Tiow Rose: I»aslure Rose.. Ilrsn liuinilis Marsh.

Frequents dry and riM'ky situations,

145. Wild Bhiek Cherry, Pninus serotina Ehrh.

In moist wimkIs, (commonest in the Cumberlaml Valley
and i*onne«ting lateral valleys.

28

14«. (^hoke Cherry -

CnM'k luar Orrtanna.

aou's IIoUc.w on Mont Alto >tat«

rniuvis avium I*.
148. SW,.,., (-....rrv. ....■• •_• ___^, ^^.,^,„.„,„

Nativr of Eurasia. I lannu
osraptMl i-ultivation.

I'runus Orasus L.

14iJ. Sour (Mioriy • .

Native of southern l^nmn. Hauted .xt.ns..l> a.U
l.K.ally oscaiMd cultivation.

Prunu.s amoricaua Marsh.

l""!*! Wild Plum ^,,1

* . .!« h-mks «»f streams, an«l
Kan. Moi*<t bonUrs of woods, banks

...l-runus IVrHica (L.) J^t<»krs.

151. IVacli, ,wTa><ionaUjr

Nativ. of Asia. 1'lant.d .xt.nsivol>. and
,,c.ai>o.l speoimeus form thickets.

PULSE FAMILY-LEGUMIHOSAE

1, i ' .ftVe Tree . . . (iymuocladus dioica (L.) Koch.
15- Kentucky ( oftM In,. ^^^^^^^^^„rf,,, ranadens^s Lam.

iWr- l*orter). IManted
Mon, bank of (V.no..cH.bea«ue (Dr. lorte,)

,2^ 'xten.ively for ornamental purposes.

21)

15;i. Honey l^nust (Ueditsia triaeantiios L.

Rich wooils in the Cumberland Valley and the hnnl.MTtiK
foothills. Nowhen- abundant.

154. Red Hud < '••«<-is eanadensis. L.

Found h.cally in rich soil in the Cumberland Valhy and
at the base nf the North Mountain.s. Abundant locally in
ruth Valley. Not f«»und in the South M<mntains of Frank-
lin county, but comnu.n in Adams eonnty alxmt Faiiiiehl an.l
(Jettysburj;. IManted U»cally for ornamental purposes.

155. Black L«H-ust : YeUow

l^„,.„st Robiuia l'seu<lo-Aea4'ia L.

Common in the mountains and valleys.

RUE FAMILY— RUTACEAE
15»>. Northern rri<-kly Ash. . .Zanthoxylum americanum Mill.

Local in th% Cumberland Valley and nn-ky woods. Old
Forge; alouK Con(M-(K-heague betwen Williams«»n and (Jreen-
castle: below Fort L< anion ; near Men-ersburK .1 unction.

QUASSIA FAMILY— 8IMARUBACEAE

157. Tne of lleav.n Ailanthus glandulosa Desf.

Native of eastern Asia. Planted extensively. Escaped
cultivation in many places. Often forms thickets in wo<mI-
lots and ahmg fen<*<'s.

CASHEW FAMILY— AHACARDIACEAE

l.->8. Staghorn Suma«-h Rbus typhina L.

RhuK hirUi (L.) Sudw.

Common in dry gravelly soil. Appears to Ik' rare in
western part <»f I'ountry.

30

"•■";::rt..,-^'^=^^ -

,„,v and moist -and,- «.«. Kn-.n-nt kU..,, tl,.- I>..-o

the mountaius.

HU IN.ison Sumach, «^""^

,. n„H banks i.f streams. Commoiii'«t m
FrcqufUts swamps and DaiiKs

the mountains. Very pois<mous.

RhuH Toxifo<len<lion L.

l«yj. Poison Ivy, "^' " ,. ^

^ Rhus radtc'inft L.

f«i,o« rowH thickets and wtiods. May be
C.mmion m feuc« nmH, " p<.i«mous.

,.rcct, «uborect, scramWinR, or ti ailing.

, Rhus eauiadensis Mar«h.

KW Fragrant Sumach ««"**

. .' K^rUnH VaUev On limcHtone cliff ahm;^

1 mffiehU

r,, .Rhii-s CotJnus li.

'""■':""'■" KOIXY FAWLY-A«WOLI*eEAE

ItiS Aini-rinii. Molly : rMnt-

or ThP Pearl of the Park at the base o,

(»„.• siMM-imen near The lean oi i Vor»'st.

I ..f r^nk Knob on M<»nt Alto State i«or»si.

nn. east slope of <>"»' *^ ;»* ^.^,^^^^ ^^..aemy. An out

Another near the -^Zl' :^ ^U W.u.t^n. near Merer.-

post alsn occurs at base or .>oriii

burg.

31

im. \Viuterb<rry : Black Ai-
der, Ih'X vertieillata i L.) < Jrny.

*• Common in moist situations in the mountains. Very abun-
dant on the banks of ponds and in swamps at the base of the
mountains.

107. Mountiiin Ilolly,

Nemopanthus mucronata (L.) Trel,
Ilicioides mucronafa Hritton.

Found hK'ally in damp cool situations in the mountains.
(*omnu>u along Swift Run on Mont Alto State Forest and
along Birch Run on Caledonia State Forest.

STAFF TKEE FAMILY— CELA8TKACEAE
168. Climbing Bitter-Sweet. . Celastrus seandens L.

Common along str»'ams, fenee rows, and in moist wood-
lands of the Cumberland Valley. Alwi found in the monii-
tains, but not so t-ommon as in the valleys.

UK). Burning Bush; VVaahoo,. . Evonymus atnipurpureus .lacq.

Rare. F(»und along the Conocochengue Creek b«-low
Williamson and on east slope of Sandy Ridge along Trmkerw
Run.

BLADDEB KUT FAMILY— STAPHYLEACEAE
170. American Bladder Nut. ..Staphylea trifolia L.

Ah»ng thi' principal streams in the ('umlM-rland Valley and
the base of the mountains. Rather common near Quincy.
HopewHl Mills, Richmond. Fort Loudon. Williamsoi.
Mercersburg .1 unction, and Greent'astlc,

B2

MAPLE FAMILY-ACERACEAE

1^1- «'-\jr'''"...:~w "...,• i^.

,.,„„'1'„ in n,„i«t «i.«utm..s in ,..,• "ut.ins.

thr Cnmberlana Valley.

Raro hi

ITli. Silvir Maple;
Mayl*', • • • •

Whito

AiMT sauT-hariauin L.
4(<T dmycarifum Ehrh.

•... tlM. Cumbirlaua Valley. Not f'>«n'^
Alo„« th. streams n tlu urn ,,,,,,,,,,v,.ag«. at

- the mouutaiuB. f ""^ ^^^ ^ l^;,,.,,,,,, for <.,uun.nta.
and boTow < Jn^eiicastlo. Uant.n

purposos.

im ^"«»»- >l;^»'^ • ^,...,. ,,,.,,,aru.u Marsh.

Mapl.: nara MapU. -A^^ ,,,^.,,,,,,,,„„ Wang.

t XT ,fi. VToiuitaius. Common in m.ast situ-
I^H-al in tho North M< mtam. . Cumberland

Valley and Sonth Mountains. Hai^d lo, ai .
in«*ntal pnrpows.

., , \^'v\• spi<':itum Lam.
174 Mountain Maph- \« • i . ,-. i,

,„„, „i.s,-k.r.. .:«1. .... th.. Mon, Alto Mat- 1 -n ^t.

Zl '..n xi,: ■ K„.,., ....d near,., n.vin.-s ., A..,.,,s c..,.,..,
■1 . t «f liVnnklin <*ount.v. (mmiis m

:;::: ;::,.:;:: rK:;:. 'iv >■< .- '.- •""---

b«,rd«rinK I'ath Valley.

33

176. Box Elder; Ash-leaved

jjfaple, Acer Negundo L.

Ncgundo acaoidcs Moeneh.

Along the streams in the Cumberland Valley. Not found
in the mountains. Comm.m along the Cono^-oeheague below
Ohambersburg. Found ailong Antietam Creek near Quiiicy.
Oeeasionally planted for oniamental puri)o8es.

177. Norway Maple Acer platanoides L.

NaUve of Europe. IManted extensively all t»ver Franklirr
lounty for shade and ornamental purposes.

178. Syeam<.re Maiple Acer Pseudo-platanus L.

Native of Europe. Planted locally in towns and villages
for ornamental purposes.

SOAPBERRY FAMILY— SAPINDACEAE

179. Common Horse Chestnut.. Aescuhis nippo<'astiiiinin L.

Introduced from Asia by way of Kur«>pe. I'lant.Ml ex-
tensively for ornamental purposes.

1K(>. Sweet Buckeye Aeseulus oetandra Msirsh.

Native from western IVnnsylvania southward and west-
ward through Mississippi Valley. IManted at The Fomst
Academy and hM'ally throughout tin' county fur ornumental
fMirposcs.

BXTCKTHORN FAMILY— RHAMHACEAE

1«1. LiUice-leaved Buekthoni.. . Uhamnus lane«'olatM I'ursh.
in moist s<iil (l>r. I'orter).

at

W2. N..W J-rs.-.v T.... (VHn..th«s nmovic-.n... L.

I>r,. w.K.,Uan.l« un.l »an.l.v "luu-n-.s. .•o.,..n,.„ «!....« .1,.-
basr of tlio monfitJiius.

VINE FAMILY— VITACEAE
is:; Virginia rivn^'r: \V«mh1- iir-tMU-

***"" rarthen(K'isHU.'i quinquefoHa IMaiu-h.

.4m;K/<>/»«M quinqm folia Mi<'hx.

Abuuaa..t in w^ch.s and thicket. (V>mmon.«t h. u.oist
situationH at th- banc of tb,- niountau.H.

1H4. Northern Fox OraiH- Vitis labrnsca L.

Coinnum Icually in both nM.ist and .try thiekets.

185 l'ig*'«»n (JraiM-: Snnimer .,..,,,

Orupe Vitis a. MtivabK Mn-bx.

Common in tbi<ketH and waste pbu-es.
mi Frost <;raiMS Cbieken

Vitis «'ordif<»Jia Miehx.
<irape *

„. „,.,ist si,«,m..„s. (.-.-"rs a...n« (■..n.K-....h..H«...- «'r.-..k
ill the ('umlMibrnd Valley.

., ,.^ Vitis bi«-«»b»r 1^' Conte,

187. Summer Orape ^ "''^

Hare. Found above Fort Ua.don.

1«S. FroHt <;rai»e: River-Honk

<;rape Vitis vulpma U

Sparse in wet pbues in Path VaUey.

35

18!>. Red (Jrap*-: Cat (Jraiw.. . Vitis palmata Vahl.

Mtis ruhni Miehx.

Rare, Found only near Dry Run in Path Valley.

LINDEN FAMILY— TILIACEAE
MH). Rasswood; Linden: Tilia aniericana L.

lioeal in moist situations in the nnmntains and o<«easionall.r
found near streams in the valleys near thv mountains. Oc-
curs near C<>ld Springs. South Mountain Sanatorium, and
Quiucy in the South M<aintain region. Al.so f<mnd on moun-
tain .slopes bordering Path Valley, and abundant in w<'t and
hilly situations in the southwestern part of the county.

101. White Rasswood Tilia hetcrophylla Vent.

Moist situations in mountains (Dr. P<»rter). Fi>uml by
th#» author on the nnmntain slopes bordering Path Valhy.

MALLOW FAMILY— MALVACEAE

IJHi. Shrubby Althaea: Rose of

Sharon Mibiseus Hyriacus L.

Native of Asia. Pbinted exteu.sively for ornamenial pur-
poses. KscaiM'd from eultivation locally.

BT JOHN'8-WORT FAMILY— HYPEEICACEAE
l!>;j. Shrubby St. John's- Wort.. Hypericum prolificum L.
' Samly to iiM'ky soil. Nowhere abundant.

MEZE&EUM FAMILY— THYMELAEACEAE

1J>4. L»atherwoo<l ; Moosj-

wood I >ir«*a palustris I..

Ro.kv M. uhtain Hollow b«-low disposal plant.

36

GINSENG FAMILY-ARALIACEAE

105 llercuUs Club; xVugelica

Tree,

^ .u\ between (^.aloaouia mul South Mountain

Sanatorium. Also ottui«

''"^' DOGWOOD FAMILY-CORNACEAE

m Flowering Dogwood Coruus florida U

Ci.mn.ou in dry to moist w^hhIs.

10T. Uound-leavHl Corn.l or ^^^^^^^ ^_^^^^^^ ^ .^^^ ^.

Dogwood

»' u .. Miiiit Alto Forest,
lu rocky situations. Oak Kuob ou Mont Alt

and <.n The Knob in Adams county.

1ftft Silkv Conud; Kinnikin-

im. MiK.v (\,iniis Amonuun. MiU.

nik,

I„ w.'t plae*^ (l>r. l*«>rt«'r.)

«

nel) ,

Common along «tream« and in wet plac. ,n th.. ( uml.r-

l„,,a Valb-y and connecting lateral valleyK.

ono Paniclcd l>ogwo<.d (Coi- t 'if^r

^- " ..('oiJius panu'ulata I. H*'r.

"• ^ <'o,»»Mv m»»H/»rfi''"'*«*' Mai-sli.

j^. ,,,. ,Mckct and along streams. C.mmon iu tl. Path
Valby section.

37

201. '"Alternate-leaved I)ogw«iod

(Cornel), Coruus alteruifolia L. f.

Found hK-aliy in wet situations, and occasionaMy oi-cnis
in dry plac<'s.

202. lilack r.nm: repperidge :

Sour Cum Nyssa sylvatica Marsh.

F(aind in dry to wet situati«ms in the valleys and moun-
tains.

HEATH FAMILY— ERICACEAE

2()3. White Swamp Azalea:

Clammy Azalea Rhododendron visct>snm (L.) Toir.

Azalea vitcotia L.

Occurs in swaimps. Found at a spring at railroad intersect
tion. I'ond Tiank.

2(>4. l*urple Azalea
Hom'ysui'kle.

Wild

Rhododendnm nutliflorum <L.)

Torr.
AzaUa nudiflora L.

Common in <lry to moist situati<ms in the mountains.

2(^. Flame Color«»d Azalea.

In <lrv woods.

. R h o d c) d e n d r o n <'alendulaceum
(Michx.) Torr.
{znlra Intra I>.

20<». <;reat Laurel: Ulmdoden-

ilnm, Rhmlodendron maxinuun L.

Damp cool ravines and swamjjs.

38

■W Moun.Hin L»ur..l Kalmia latif-lix L.

A..„u,.:,n. in North an.. S.-uM. M"""'"-- ^^•-"•■""">
f„rn,s almost impon.trable thickets.

•>,,„ Sh..n. l-amol Kalmia a„«us,ifolia L.

,.H-ally o.. dry hill»i.l.s an., in -t boggy pla-s. <-on-
moll about Caledonia.

,(.. S>,a.np Fetter Hush L-otho. rau.mosa (L.) Hray.

,„ swamps and mai.t thi.k.ts (l>r. I'ort.r).

T,. , u^.rv ....Lyoiiia ligustrinu (L.) V. C.

210. Male Herr> ^-^^.^^^^^^ /i.^./ri,^. (L.) Uritton.

Afidrontrd4i Uftustnna Muhl.
Common iu Mwanips and moist thiekets.

'>11 Trailing Arbutus; May-

flower El)i«aea repens L.

1 ,..ul nn-kv Hiffs. (^»minon amoii^' the piiM s
Sandy w»M)ds aiiu nn k.> » mi"-

in tlie mountains.

,,■•. Wi„t..rgr«.n ; T-alH-rry. . . (inultheria „r,K-umbe,,» L.

1 .i...iiMiitrv in the inouu-
Abundant on burned areas and eleann^s

tains.

,1H. Hl,„. l.a,.Kl.l.-.-.-.v .:aylUHsa.i«fron..o«a iU) T. * «•

I,H.al in moist w l-l »i..mti.m« in th. no.nn.ains.

214. Itlaek Iluekh'berry Gaylussaeia baeeata (WauK.) < '.

K(»eli.
(iiiylnHsuvia rrsinn.sv T. \. <!.

('Ominoii« in the iiioiintains.

215. Deerborry * . . . . Vaecinium staniiinMiru L.

L<K*ul in dry to moist wooils.

2ir». Ixiw <»r Early Sweet Blue-

b<?rry, Vaerinium ijennsylvauieiiin Tjain.

Dry iMM'ky liills and barrens.

217. Late I^»w Hhubrrry, . . . Vaerinium xaeiihins K.jhn.

Dry sjindy situations in niount-nns,

218. HiKh or Swnnip Ulm--

berry \'a<'einium eoryndMisiiin L,

Common in swamps ami aloni^ streams in mounlains.
and ^ootiiills.

210. Black Ili^'li I{hi<b»rr\. . . Vat-eininm atitM-tMH-uni ((Jray>

Heller.

Loral in swamps and moisi w«M>ds.

EBONY FAMILY— EBENACEAE
22<l. Common lN>rsiinmon. . . . 1 >iospyros virginiana L.

L<M'al ill th«' Cumb<irlaud Valley and alonj? the base of
the mountains. Pond Hank, Mont Alto. Quiney, Old Forue.
Williamson, snid Mereorsbur;: .Tuiietion.

40

OLIVE FAMIXY-^LEACEAE

Fraxhius amori(nma L.

•>21 Whit.' Ash

" " . . ;i <,.t «mt in extensive pianta-

MADDER FAMILY-KtJBlACEAE

^ , .(N'phalanthus tK3ciaentalis L.

•'ai. Uuttounush

Ko.,„.i 1 .11, in swa,m.s and al,.... stn-ume.

HOKEVSVOKI.E PAMII.Y_<=APBIFO«ACEAE

.,.,. u.,«„ llo„..ys«eU..- l>i,-vn.„ ..««a..-ru M.I..

N.,.„. I-u.n,. St..ti..n and along K."-k.'

M.miilam K"". """ ^' ,,

Kn.vs.. -Vl-" "" ""'» ■•-■"• "" '*

i

'SXl Amrrieau Fly "''"''^-^ ^,^,j,.,.,.^^ eana.h-nsis Marsh.

suckle,

n.-i-nrv in swamp near i«»^

ht»us«' ai r>nuiii
M<»iintain Kmi.

.,,., TaHa,-, „.n,.,v«n..k...,..l..a,i.-..n, Tatan,.nl..

.V,„iv,. of Asia. l..tn..'"<-.l ,.x,.„s,v,.l.v. I.s.a,-d
,.„ltivation in nniny ldar.».

.«;„ .s,. nono.sn..Ui... ..U,ui..,a..a,.oni..aT.,unb.

,„,.K,„..,.d fro. Asia. Esc-d ."X'v-'"- '" """'>

l.hHM's a forest enrne.

40-a

'2.12. Ked Asii Fraxinus I'enns.vhani<'a Marsh.

Fdund h>cally in hiw moist j^round,

22.".. Black Ash, Fraxinus nigra Marsh.

Occurs in swamps and alonji streams in the mount.i.iiis niul
valleys.

224. Common Lilac Syringa vulgaris L.

Natixe to Europe. Planted extensively. Fiscape<l cnlii-
\ at ion in many places.

225. I'rivet Ligustrum \ulgare L.

Native to Fiirop*'. Planted extensively. Escaped culti-
vation in man.\ places.

22«». California Privat*' Ligustrum ovalifolium.

Planted exten.sively tor <»riiamental parjioses.

NIGHTSHADE FAMILY -SOLANACEAE

227. Matrimony Vine Lycium Halimifolium Mill.

Introduced from Europe. Escaped about <lwellings. and
oiMurs locally on waste places,

FIGWORT FAMILY— SCROPHULARIACEAE

22S Empress Tree Paulownia tomento.sa (Thumb.) Sfejid.

PauJownia itnperialis Sieb. »& /iU<c.

.\ati\e of .lapaii. Plante<l locally for ornamental piirpo-^ps.

BIGNONIA FAMILY— BIGNONIACEAE

22». llanly Catalpa, Catalpa speciosa Warder.

XatiNc to Mississippi Valley. Planted locally in planta-
tions.

2:50. Enstern Catalpa Catalpa bignouioides Walt^

Catalpa Catalpa (L.) Karst.

Native on the (Julf coast in the Southern states. Planted
locally in plantations :ind for ornamental purposes. Escaped
•Miltivatiou locally.

41

23<>. Gla»Kr<ms IToneysnckb', . . Lonicora dioica L.

Rocky Mountain Run (JMof. (Jeorgt; S. Perry).

2*^7. Indian Currant, Coral-

borry, Syini)honeari)os orbiculatus

Mooncli,

Escapod from cultivation.

Ii.*i8. Snowbcrry, Symphoriearpos rawniosus var.

lacvigatus Fcrnald. P^xtensivcly
••ultivatod and often escaped
from cultivation,

S\U. Maplc-leav«'d Viburnum,, . Viburnum acerifolium L.
In dry moist r<M'ky wo«m1s.

L»4(), I )owny-leaved Arrow-

wcmmI, Viburnum pubescens (Ait,) Pursb,

Calcare<»U!s ridg< s and banks (l>r. Porter).

241. Arrow-w«N»d, Viburnum d*>ntatum L,

Moist to wet places.

242. Wild Raisin; Witlh-md. .Viburnum cassinoi«les L.

Moist woods, swamps, and banks of streanis.

24,'?. Witbe-r«Ml Viburnum nudum L.

Moist to w«'t situatiiins.

44. Sweet Viburnum : Sbeep-

borry, Viburnum Lmtago Tj.

Moist woods, swamjis and banks of streams.

42

245. lUatk Haw,

iMv tu moust situations

Vibunniiu pniiiifolium L

24tj. C'tuiunoii EhU'V,

Rid. soil. Fnqu^ntly alou^,- st.vains
pastin-es.

Sainbufus caua«U'nsis J-..

ami in unnul»w

'>47 IteU-bcniod KUlor, ^ammu u

«^<. AMn»« ,S,rm?>ti^w.v pubcHv Midi

K«.«-k.v situations. 0<
State Foivst. Common about INn-Ma.

.rurs in T\w Narrows on Mont Alto

Facts and Figures

ON

Pennsylvania State
Forests

Prevent Foreit Fires
It Pays

August, 1921

Bulletin 22

Pennsylvania Department
of Forestry

Gif f ord Puichot, GmtnuBsioner

'i

PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT
OF FORESTRY.

STATE FOREST COMMISSION.

Gifford Pinchot, Commissioner of Forestry,

Dr. J. T. Rothrock.

Edward Bailey.

Henry W. Shoemaker.

Mrs. John L. Lawrence,

(Mary Flynn Lawrence).

Robert Y. Stuart,

Deputy Commissioner of Forestry.

Alfred E. Rupp,

Chief, Bureau of Lands.

Lewis E. Staley,

Chief, Bureau of Operations.

George H. Wirt,

Chief, Bureau of Protection.

John W. Keller,

Chief, Bureau of Silviculture.

J. C. Arbogast,

Chief, Office of Maintenance.

A. O. Vorsc,

Chief, Office of Information.

Joseph S. Illick,

Chief, Office of Research.

E. A. Zeigler,

Director, State Forest Academy.

GOVERNOR SPROUL OUTLINES HIS
FOREST POLICY.

Governor Sproul has made the restoration of
F'ennsylvania's timber production one of the fun-
damental policies of his administration. On July
30, 1920, he said:

"The Department of Forestry ought to have
for fire protection alone very much more money
than it now has for all purposes.

"Why not restore Penn's Woods? Why not
let these mountains contribute once more as they
have done in the past to the wealth, prosperity,
and beauty of Pennsylvania?

"The first step is to put an end to the unmiti-
gated curse of forest fire. The secon4 is to take
into the hands and under the protection of the
Commonwealth, as soon as we can, the 5,000,00^'!
acres of the Pennsylvania Desert,

"The purchase of additional State forests will
be an investment, not an expense — an investment
both sound and profitable. It will not only pay
in the ordinary sense in returns upon the capital
invested, but it will be a powerful means of se-
curing to our people the supplies of timber —
without which, under our form of civilization, tbcro
can be no assured prosperity. Nor can we over-
look their value for conserving the health of our
people, regulating the flow of our streams, and
for out-door recreation.

"Never forget that if wc fail to provide for our
own needs in forest products no one else will
do it for us. The very solemn fact is that if we
fail to do so, neither in the other States of the
Union, nor elsewlu re in the whole world, shall
we be able to secure what we need."

THE TIMBER SITUATION IN PENNSYL.

VANIA.

Wood is one of the few indispensable materials
in modern life. Its increasing scarcity means
not only higher cost of lumber but higher cost of
construction, higher rents, and generally less com-
fort and well-being for the people of this State.

3

Civic and industrial organizations and the public
generally realize that Pennsylvania must take
prompt action to secure and restore her timber

supply-

Pennsylvania uses annually about two and one
half billion board feet of lumber, of which the
State produces only one-fifth, and is growing only
one-third of that. The Pittsburgh district alone
consumes more lumber than is produced in the

whole State.

The situation will get worse until forest fires
are checked, forest devastation stopped, and ths
young trees are given a chance to grow into

timber.

Pennsylvania's annual loss due to the falling ott
in lumber production amounts to more than
$100,000,000 a year— twice as much as it costs to
run the State Government for a like period.

We pay at least $50,000,000 a year for lumber
we import which we should produce at home;
we pay more than $25,000,000 a year in freight
on this lumber, which we should save. Through
the closing of industries; through floods which
could be prevented; and through the loss in fish, I
game, resort business, etc., we lose at least $25.-

000,000 more.

Lumber that could be purchased in 1885 at a
Pennsylvania mill for $7.50 a thousand feet now
costs $53.00 at an Oregon mill, and must be
brought from Oregon or some equally distant

point

Pennsylvania is compelled to import seventy
per cent, of her wood pulp. This raises the cost
of newspapers and newspaper advertising.

The restoration of Pennsylvania's timber in-
dustry will mean the greatest material gain the
State could make.

FIGURES ABOUT PENNSYLVANIA STATE

FORESTS.

The original forest covered practically every
acre of ground in Pennsylvania. More than 13
million acres are still classified as forest land,
but about 5 millions are barren and unproductive.
This is the Pennsylvania Desert.

The Department of Forestry began purchasing
forest land in 1898. The total area of forest land
owned by the State (June 1. 1921) was 1,125,611
acres. The average price paid per acre was $2.26,

Forestry is a business enterprise. A concise
financial statement pertaining to the State Forests
follows:

Total purchase price $2,545,134.65

Total amount expended for adnun-
istration, development, and im-
provement 4,702,155.96

Total investment and expenditures..$7,247,290.61
Estimated present value of forests-...12,000,000.00
Totafinvestment and expenditures..$7,247,290.61

Net gain on investment $4,752,709.39

The Department of Forestry has paid for road,
school and county taxes $616,040.17 to the coun-
ties in which the State Forests arc located. ,

There are 43 Foresters and 87 Forest Rangers
•n the employ of the Department of Forestry.

There are 2,488 Forest Fire Wardens in the
State who watch for and fight forest fires. These
men are paid only when they are called upon to

work.

There are 380 State-owned buildings on the
State Forests, valued at $294,038.00.

Approximately 2,000 miles of forest boundaries
have been surveyed, cleared and marked.

More than 4,000 miles of roads, trails and fire
lines have been constructed and arc being main-
tained.

During 1921, 525 temporary camping pcrmith

have been issued to 3,405 persons.

More than 600 leases for permanent camp sites
have been issued

Eighteen steel fire look-out towers have been
erected for the purpose of detecting forest fires,
and four steel towers have been erected by the
Anthracite Forest Protective Association.

Three forest tree nurseries are maintained by
the Department of Forestry. They have a ca-
pacity of five to eight million trees each year.

A total of 34,216,727 trees have been planted
on State Forests. The plantations now cover
22,410 acres.

During the last twelve years, private planters
have received from the Department of Forestry
14,637,209 trees, which were set out in all parts of
the State.

The State Forests comprise many of the best
places to rest, finest fishing streams, best hunting
grounds, and grandest views within the State.

V

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6

WHERE THE STATE FORESTS ARE

LOCATED.

Most of the State Forests are located in thi
mountainous parts of the State. They are wid
open for legitimate public use, and comprisj
some of the best playgrounds and rest placcj
within the State. If you are planning a trip t<
the mountains, a week in the woods, or somj
other out-of-door doings, it may save you mucl
money and eliminate considerable worry if yo«
look over the following table, which gives thj
general location of all the forest lands now (JunJ
1, 1921) owned by the Keystone State:

COUNTY ACRES

Adams 20,887

Bedford 10.756

Cameron 83,055

Centre 79,388

Clearfield ^4,875

Clinton 143,259

Cumberland 2J720

Dauphin - ^,808

Elk!. 22,767

Franklin 34,677

Fulton 6,300

Huntingdon ^2,249

J;«:=7°" - : ifil

Juniata

L-^^^:""^ :: 104:305

f/^*" . 6.400

Monroe -^ aaq

Perry ^'^^^

1,%^ 58,109

^* ,, 158,785

^^"7 . 19.087

Synder ^ ^^

l^^^''^' 66;941

J'^'P :. 54.193

Union - 0^5

Westmoreland '

Wyoming *

Total '•'25'^"

TIGHT BINDING

p

■

m

a

THE DEPARTMENT'S JOB.

The Department of Forestry was created by
the State legislature to develop the State Forests
so that they will produce timber for the use of
Pennsylvania's citizens, protect the headwaters of
streams, and afford opportunities for recreation
and healthful camping. The chief activities of
the Department are:

PREVENTION AND SUPPRESSION OF
FOREST FIRES.— This is the Department's first
task. Ninety-nine per cent, of the forest fires
that occur in Pennsylvania are preventable, yet
thousands of acres of forest growth are burned-
over year after year. It is estimated that almost
245,000 acres of timberland were swept by fires
during 1920.

MANAGEMENT OF THE STATE FOR-
ESTS.— Forests must be properly handled to grow
good timber crops. Everything the Department
does has the production of timber in view. It
is Pennsylvania'^ duty to begin now to grow
trees that will restore its woods to their former
value, and insure the people of the State against
the timber famine which is not far ahea^.

EXTENSION OF THE STATE FORESTS.—

'^Pennsylvania should own most of the land within
Ats borders that is fit only for growing trees, be-
cause the State will give it better attention and

I care than a private individual or corporation.

\ About 5,000,000 acres of waste, idle and unpro-
ductive land should be bought and added to the
State Forests just as fast as the money is made
available.

CO-OPERATION WITH FARMERS AND
WOODLOT OWNERS.— Timberland owners
who want to know how to handle their wood-
lands so they will be most profitable can obtain
free service from the Department. Examina-
tions will be made and reports submitted to the
owners.

1

FREE DISTRIBUTION OF FOREST TREE
SEEDLINGS. — Land owners are offered young
forest trees for planting where agricultural crops
cannot be grown profitably. The seedlings are
grown in the State's nurseries, and they may
be procured upon application to the Department.

ik

■

WIDE USE OF THE STATE FORESTS BY
SPORTSMEN AND CAMPERS.— Pennsylva-
nia's citizens arc invited to take advantage of the
hunting, fishing, and recreation privilege afforded
by the Forests. The State Forests are the prop-
erty of the people of Pennsylvania. They are
administered for the public's benefit.

THE STATE FOREST ACADEMY.— The

only forest school maintained by a State is con-
ducted at Mont Alto, Pennsylvania, by the De-
partment of Forestry. Foresters are trainee
there for service on the State Forests.

RESEARCH.— There exists an urgent need for
more and better technical information about our
forest trees. The Department of Forestry is mak-
ing a study of important problems, and as rapid-
ly as helpful information is obtained it is mad(
available to the public.

THE

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY
WANTS TO BE USEFUL.

The Pennsylvania Department of Forestryj
wants to be of service to owners of farm wood-
lots. It is prepared to give without charge advice
and assistance in the proper management of
small tracts of timberland. Upon request by the
owner any woodlot will be examined by a trained
forester and a report will be given on its condi-
tion. The report will include :

1. How to put the woodlot in the best con-
dition for yielding the largest possible returns.

2. How much material should be cut, its con-
dition, the product into which it should be man-
ufactured, and where it may be sold.

3. How to bring about valuable new growth.
If planting is necessary advice will be given as to
the species, age, manner of planting, etc.

4. Plans for protecting the woodlot against
insects, diseases and fire.

FREE TREES TO PLANT.

Forest tree seedlings are distributed free
by the Department of Forestry to owners
of timberlands, farmers and other persons
who want to grow a crop of timber. They
may be planted in abandoned fields, in idle
corners on the farm where there is poor soil,
in the woodlot, and about fields and build-
ings for protection. The young trees cost
the private planter nothing. A small charge
is made to cover the expenses of packing
and shipping.

I

10

a

»

Proceedings of

STATE FORESTERS' CONFERENCE

SENATE CHAMBER, HARRISBURQ, PA.

DECEMBER 8 AND 9, 1920.

PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY

GIFFORD PINCHOT, COMMISSIONER.

Bulletin No. 23

1922,

INDEX.

(2)

Bazeley W. A. L 43, 110, 113

Besley F. VV. ! 48, 107, 113

Cheyney E. G 108, 110

Cox William T 22, 83, 91, 105

GaskiU Alfred 7, 60, 78, 98, 111, 116

Greeley Colonel W. B 11

Guthrie W. A 23, 34

Harrington C. L .^. 40, 56, 77, 106

Hastings W. G 36, 106, 111, 115

Holmes J. S «, 60

Howard W. G 70, 79, 105

Hutching M. C 64, 78

Jones 11. C 58

Lovejoy P. S 67, 76, 91, 105

Morrill W. J 42, 79. 98, 105

Olcott Governor Benjamin W • 7, 18, 43, 87, 98

Peters J. G 19, 68. 83, 87, 105, 114

Pinfthot Hon. Gifford 5. 7, 18, 23, 24, 26, 33, 34,

35, 48, 68, 98, 105, 107, 109,

114, 115

Rothrock Dr. J. T 9, 37

Sanders J. G 88

Secrest Edmond 39, 70

Sproul Governor William C 5, 7

Stuart R. Y ^

Wallace John H 9, 23, 33, 38

Wirt George H 71

WoodmfE G. W^. ..•■••••• ..• • o», oi

(3)

(I)

Senate Chamber,

Harrisburg, Pa., Wednesday morning,

December 8, 1920.

STATE FORESTERS^ CONFERENCE.

The Honorable Gifford Pinehot presiding.

Mr. PINCHOT. The conference will please come to order.

I take very great pleasure, indeed, in presenting to you as the first speaker, and
as the representative of the state of Pennsylvania, our governor. As you gentlemen
doubtless all know, the recent progress of forestry in this state is directly due to
the position Governor Sproul has taken in the matter, and the interest that he has
shown. CJonsequently I present him to you, not only as the executive of our state,
but as one first-class forester. (Applause.)

GOVERNOR AVILLIAM C. SPROUL. Mr. Chairman and gentlemen : I am very
glad to welcome you to Pennsylvania, and especially into this chamber of the senate.
I feel that I have much more of a right to welcome people here after having served
in this body for twenty-two years, than I have anywhere else in the state. I am glad
that you are here and glad that you are here on the particular business for v/hich
you have come together. I regard it as one of the most important propositions that
we have before us, and one so vital to the country that unless we give prompt
attention, real attention, devoted attention to the problems surrounding it, we will
find ourselves before long in a position that we will not only be uncomfortable, but
will be really reprehensible and a great reflection upon the efficacy of a democratic
government. Pennsylvania, as you all know, you know very much more about this
subject than I do, Pennsylvania used to be a great lumber-producing'state. Along
in the fifties it led the entire country in the production of wood products ; today it
produces only a very small proportion of the amount that it uses, and that in
spite of the fact that we have here in the center of the state and scattered throughout
the state an area larger than the entire state of New Jersey, which is only valuable
and only available for growing trees.

This state started a program of forest conservation quite early under Doctor
Rothrock, who, bless his heart, is still here to see the progress of the work that he
started. We began with a program in Pennsfylvania many years ago, and we have
made some progress. The state owns something over a million acres of land, anti
we have five or six million other acres which we have and which we propose t<»
jicquire just as soon as we possibly can. We reorganized our Department of Forestry
and we were fortunate enough here in Pennsylvania to get a man who had the
vision, and the energy, and the ambition, and desire to serve. It impels him to
■acrifice his own leisure, which he is amply able to enjoy, and to come back into

U>e public service and to give it his time aud attention as he is doing We were
fortunately able to commandeer the services of Mr. Pinchot. (Applause.) I had to
IrJTw th him a little. There was not much that I could ofEcr him in tho way o
"tTctiveness except in holding out to him the opportunity and the -- -^Jf*
him see through my own eyes the vision tl,at I had and to assure h.m «« «!'« J"'"^
support and the cooperation of the state administration, something he did not
believe he would get at the beginning, although he had uo doubt regarding my own
position; but be did not believe that the state was sufficienrty aroused to the im-
rrtance of the subject to make the things which he had in mind practicable or
p"le within a reasonable time limit. We have nine miUion people in Pennsy^
vania We have big problems. We have a bigger country population, that is if you
take out the one great city, or even taking out the two foremost, a greater population
than any other state. New York has a population of ten million six hundred
th.usand, and of that number six million are in their great metropolis, leaving
four million six hundred thousand in the state outside. We have over seven million
rPennsylvanin outside of our great city. We have one hundred and sixty-five towns
In the state of over five thousand population, aud these places require help in
this particular line.

This stream hero in Harrisburg used to be the greatest rafting stream that the
world ever knew. The amount of lumber that would come down, the amount that
has been floated out of the Susquehanna would amaze us all if the rc^l figures were
presented. One of my predcK^essors. Governor Bigler, came down from Clearfield
County, his home, to his duties at Harrisburg upon his own raft of logs time and
again, the easiest means of transportation over the hills and through the val eys
of Pennsylvania I guess at that time. We are trying to make rural transportation
.asier. We are trying to make it possible for the people to get to these forests
that we huN.. We have two hundn.! and sixty-fiv. thousand acres of forest m one
block up in the northern part of the state, and where within my recollection the
bald hills were devastated by forest fires are now really creditable groVths of new
timber, whieh we are trying to protect. We are paying particular attention to
this fire problem. In the past we have only played around the edges of that situation.
The state would buy land and try to do something on it. and then either by care-
lessnes.. or accident a forest-fire would come along and destroy not only all Uiat
had been done but render the ground fruitless for some time to come. We are going
to battle with that problem in a better-organized way.

One of the things that I think is most important, and especially in view of the
fact that air of our states are not so fortunate as Pennsylvania is in having land
which is available for timber-growing in such large quantities as we have, one of
the important things is that we have got a national forest program of some sort.
0 program which will not invade our rights or prerogatives. Goodness knows, we
have had enough of that kind of business. The states have been ridden over con-
siderably by various programs of national intervention in the past, but we can get
u ..HnH.rative plan whor.by the nation can help tho states, and then we can help
• the national policy. If we do this we can help not only those states which are
fortunate in having luml>er. in having timber to preserve and protect, and conserve
that which they have. I nnan by mnservation in that case, by providing a plan by
which timber may be cut without destroying everything that there is for the
present and for the future as well, that we may help those things which are not so
located or have not the soil or conditions which will make them forest-growing
states, and also help those states which are capable of reforestation to carry out
their program and make them a great reservoir for timber in the future.

I hope that your deliberations here will be entirely successful and that much
good will come of them. We are planning to do some real constructive things in
•ur forests here in Pennsylvania, and I hope that the whole country will awaken
to the necessity of doing this. We do not want this country to look like some of
those lands over in the Orient, over in Asia, where the destruction of the forest
has really meant the destruction of living conditions throughout those countries,
the elimination of civilization almost I believe it is almost that important. We
want to go oa here and take care of the state and make a great policy by which
those who come after us may benefit by our foresight and our patriotic planning
for the future. I really believe that it will have a great effect upon the whole
life and development of our people. I aiu sure that we want to continue here to
be real fine, clean-cut people, and not resolve ourselves into a nation of knotty butt-
cuts. I thank you. (Applause.)

Mr. PINCHOT. I told you lie was a good forester, didn't I?

There is going to be up in the I >epartment c»f Forestry tonight an informal smoker
and we are going to have baked apples and ginger bread. If you find it possible to
come over there and talk to these fellows I know they would enjoy it.

GOVERNOR SPROUL. Baked apples and ginger bread, why that sounds almost
like old times.

• Mr. liNCHOT. We should be very glad to have yon come over.

GOVERNOR SPROUL. Well, if I do not gtt a better invitation in the mean-
time I will probably be around. (Laughter.)

Mr. PINCHOT. Gentlemen, I should like to hold the chair long enough to
ask fer nominations for a permanent chairman of this conference.

Mr \LFRBD GASKILL, State Forester, New .Tersey. I believe that this
group of foresters is very highly honored by the pmsener. of Uie governor of one of
the far western states. He has evidenced his interest in the forestry question
by staying over from another weighty gath.-ring to take part in this. I should
like to name Governor Benjamin W. Olcott, of Oregon, as chairman.

Mr. PINCHOT. The chair declares the nominations closed.

Governor Benjamin W. Olcott was unanimously elected as chairman of the con-
ference.

Mr. PINCHOT. Governor Ol<>ott, will you kindly take the chair?
GOVERNOR BEN W. OLCOTT presiding.

The CHAIRMAN. I feel highly honored in being ma<le your chairman. 1
feel however, that an apology is rather due you on the arbitrary manner iii which
I w'as forced upon you by Mr. Pinchot. It is rather a misnomer to call me a forester,
although there is no one in this room that is more interested in forestry than I.
Out in eur state the governor is ex-officio chairman of the state board of forestry,
and in that manner I am a forester. We have seven. men»bers on that board; two
of them are ex-officio, the chief executive and the dean of the state school of forestry.

8

Oregon, as you know, is one of the big timber states of the Union. I understand,
at least we claim it, that Oregon today has mure standing timber than any other
state in the Union. It has one-fifth of the standing timber of the United States.
It now stands third in the production of timber, and large manufacturers of timber
products inform me that in their opinion it will soon occupy first place in the pro-
duction of timber.

I came here to attend in a dual capacity, first the Governors' Conference which
was held here December 1st, 2nd and 3rd, and to attend on behalf of the State
Board of Forestry of Oregon this conference of state foresters. I am very frank
to admit that I know little of forestry in its practical application, but I am very
greatly interested in it. I might say tlmt we are trying a little innovation out
there in the way of patroling forest property, perhaps some of you have heard of
it, which was inaugurated in 1919, and came about in a peculiar manner. With
your pormission I will just take a moment to tell of its origin.

We have an annual celebration out in Oregon, which is called the Rose Festival.
To add a little pep to the occasion in 1919 the Air Service at San Francisco, under
the control of Colonel H. H. Arnold, was requested to send up some planes, or
"ships" as Hie aviators call them, to attend that festival. Airplanes at that time
were not as common as they are now, hardly any one now looks up at an airplane,
but at that time they aroused groat interest, particularly in the northwest We
have large training fields in the west, particularly in California, for training
aviators for war purposes, and their personnel remained intact. These planes came
up from Mather field, which is twelve miles out of Sacramento, and for practically
the first time crossed the Siskiyon Mountains, the Chinese wall which looms
five thousand feet high between the states of California and Oregon, forming the
northern boundary of California and the southern boundary of Oregon. The Rose
Festival had extended me an invitation to ride with that caravan of ships from
Salem to Portland, a distance of fifty miles. I had never ridden in an airplane,
had no desire to ride in an airplane: I have three little babies at home, and two
of them are twins, and that aspect loomed high on tlie horizon. The newspaper
boys around the Capitol were continually asking me, "Mr. Olcott, what are you
going to do with that invitation?" I always passed the buck. I made no definite
answer. So the night before the planes were due to land in Salem, I had been out
to a little party, and coming in about one o'clock, found a note on the telephone
from one of the local newspaper boys, a good friend of mine, asking me to call him
up, which I did. I might have known better, as he said, "What are you going to
do about that airplane invitafcion? Tlieso people are due here tomorrow." This
young lad had been a service boy. I said, "Dick, what would you do?" "What
would I do? Why I would give my right arm and one hundred dollars in cash for
5 our opportunity to ride tomorrow." I said, "Well, then, I guess I have got to be
a good sport and go through with it. You can say I will accept it." When the
planes landed I was there with my little family. They put me into a powerful
plane and I thought that that was the last time I would ever greet my family.
I arrived in Portland unharmed. I became well acquainted with the commanding
officer, Colonel Watson, and the boys in chaise during their few days* stay there.
Colonol Watson, the last day of his stay, said, "Mr. Olcott, I think you rather
enjoy flying. Let me take you back with me to Salem." I stdd, "Mrs. Olcott is
the boss. I will ask her." Her reply was, "You can fly any place with Colonel
Watson." So we started next morning for Salem. He didn't stop there but
went on to Albany for lunch. Then he said, "You might as well go on down to
Ott^e Grove. We are going to stay^ there tonight" Arriving there he said,
"Come on down to the California line." I was interested and went down.

9

That night in the hotel, he said, "I have a good scheme to suggest to you.
Come on down and see Colonel Arnold, our boss. We have a little plan to
propose to you." I said, "All right, if I can get out of the state without a
telegram reaching me from Mrs. Olcott." When we reached Ashland we ha4
to wait there because of the clouds and fog that enshrouded, surmounted the
mountains. We had to lay over until noon to get over. I got out of the sUte
all right We landed at Mather field, and Colonel Arnold flew up from San
Frandsco to meet us. We there arranged to instaU if possible an airplane
service for the*^ fire protection of Oregon forests through the airplane system.
As the result of that conference they sent up machines which operated in 1919.
For 1920 we made extensive preparations. The government defrayed the expenses
of this The state was ready however to defray a certain amount and as the
result we got ten planes with headquarters in three points in Oregon. Last
year the whole state was charted and cross-sectioned. The planes were ragged
ydth wireless radio, and the moment the observer sighted a fire it was immediately
wired into headquarters. The forest service now has the foi-ests of Oregon
pretty well lined with patrols, so it is not a hard task to at once see and reach
the scen^ of these fires. The airplane service in Oregon has been a success.

Mr JOHN H. WALLACE. Jr., of Alabama. Mr. Chairman : I suggest that
we proceed to elect a secretary of the conference, and I place in nomination
the name of J. S. Holmes, of North CaroUna.

Mr J. S. HOLMES, State Forester of North Carolina. Mr. Cliairman, I
should prefer to see Mr. Stuart made secretary, he is more closely associated
with the organization. I would like to nominate Mr. Stuart, of Pennsylvania.

Mr WALLACE. I want to say the many qualifications of Dr. Holmes have
been elaborately discussed and he has been agreed upon as the ideal man for
the job.

Mr. STUART. If I may I should like to withdraw in favor of Mr. Holmes.

Mr. WALLACE. The name of Dr. Holmes, of North Carolina, is the only
name before the house, and I move that nominations be closed and that Dr.
Holmes be unanimously elected as secreUry of the conference.

The motion was seconded and unanimously adopted.

The OHUVIRMAN. In the organization, gentiemen, is there anything else that
you feel needs attention at this time?

The next number on the program will be an address by Dr. J. T. Rothrock, of
tiie Pennsylvania State Forest Commission. (Applause.)

Dr J T. ROTHROCK. To the gentiemen representing the forestry interests
of other states : We are glad to welcome you here in order that we may receive
from you the benefits of your experience in forest restoration, and also to offer you
some facts which may have grown out of our efforts and which may be equaUy
helpful to you.

In 1855 approximately large portions of the northern and northwestern counties
of tiie state were in what might be called a forest condition. Splendid white pine
and hemlock predominated in our evergreen silva, and in our hardwoods we had

11

10

the oaks, the hickories, the beeches, the birches and the maples. I know that I
am speaking the truth when I say to you that white pine, the old-fashioned cork
white pine, sometimes attained a diameter of six feet or over. This I know
from personal observation and measurement. That land had been sold out by
the state originally, with all its wealth of timber upon it, for twenty-six and two-
third cents an acre; and the state is glad today to purchase that same area back,
deprived of its timber, at an average price of two dollars and forty cents an acre,
in order that at least six million acres of land may be prevented from going in^»
a desert condition. There are men living today who remember when the Revenue
to the state from thoso forests reached up almost to thirty million dollars annually,
exclusive of the wages paid to the workmen. From the town of Clearfield north
t<. the New York state line, a distance of about seventy miles, and from the mouth
of the Sinnemahoning west to Warren, a distance of one hundred miles as the
crow flies, was an almost unbroken wilderness of pine and hemlock. They have
seen one-seventh of the state pass from a productive to an unproductive condition,
and began to ask themselves "What is to be the ultimate outcome from such a
policy?" In 1886 the Pennsylvania Forestry Association began its useful life.
Th.) act of 1893 called for tlie appointment of a commission to examine iiito and
report upon the forest conditions of the state. The report of that commission was
printed in 1895, and from that report grew a division of forestry in 1895 jivhich
Nxas associated ^ith the Department of Agriculture. That division of forestry,
by legislative exactment, was subsequently elevated to the rank of a department,
with equal and coordinate powers with tlie other established departments of the
state. And it may be said that ,the first real progress in forestry in this state
dated from the period when forestry was elevated to the rank of a department.

Whatever may be the relation of forestry to other states, it is clear that to this
state it is of the first importance. It is second to no other interest here, a fa<:t
which is now being slowly recognized. It is safe to say that there are five hundred
thousand acres of land which either are already abandoned or ought to be abandoned
as farms on which agriculture has been, under old conditions, attempted and failed.
That land should at once be returned to fon^sts until increase of population 4ind
of fertility would restore it to production of food, for that demand will surely come.
It is inevitable. Then in addition to this we have at least six or seven million
acres with no known mineral contents, suited only to production of timber. On
these facts I base my claim that forestry in Pennsylvania is a foundation interest
on which our permanent prosperity must rest. I insist upon this claim because I
think it is high time to call a halt upon the reckless appropriation^ of public moneys
for purposes which are purely ornamental. I wish to offend no sensibilities, but
1 can not refrain, in order to give point to my statement, from saying that in this
splendid building untold thousands of dollars have been expended ^pon gilt and
glitter which might have been better spent in preventing the annual forest fires
which burn up the wealth and productive power of the commonwealth. You can
, not rear a solid superstructure upon an insufficient foundation. The friends of
forestry during a long period of agitation have been pleading for the very life of the
state. Fortunately, the reaction has come, for the first time we have a governor
who has in clarion tones told the people tiiat forestry is to be one of the issues
upon which he means to give character to his administration, and I say this with-
out disparagement to the administrations that have within recent years gone
before him. ,

There are counties in Pennsylvania that stand on the brink of bankruptcy because
their only sources of wealth went with the timber which in imprudent haste they
tore from their steep, poor liillsides. I commend this statement to the attention of
those from other states who may have just such issues before them.

But there are other issues. Two legislatures turned down applications for small
sums asked to clear up small, healthful areas on the state lands in order that n
start might be made in inducing those of our population who weiie breaking down
but not yet ill to go out and camp. It required no particular vision t<^ recognize
that the time was ripe for the movement. Of all the health-restoring resources nt
our command, pure, fresh air is not only the most effective, but it is also the cheapest
and the most abundant. Permit me, gentlemen, to remind you that in the ^hange^
which are now shaping themselves in the public mind this is one of the things you
must face and connect with your forestry issues. Grasping lai-ge areas by clubs
and 'persons of wealth for exclusive purposes is near its limit. There must be outing
grounds for the masses. Already there are thousands of camping permits given
annually upon our state lands.

m

They are not only a help to the campers, but they make friends for the forestry
movement. They become guardians of the public domain.

Upon our higher hiUs and mountain ranges there remains a vast water power
unutilized. Growing scarcity of fuel is sure to call attention to it. Some of our
important towns receive from these streams an abundant supply of pure water for
the purpose of daily life, water which is above reproach, for there is no pollution
above the heads.

But back of every proposition which I have stated in this conservative movement

is the one source of all the restoration and wise utilization of living, healthful

productive forests .n every acre of land which can not produce a better crop.
Tbere never will come a time when this statement can be denied.

We believe that state forestry here is in good condition. More than a million
acres have been purchased by the state. We have a loyal band of workers in our
forestry department and a human dynamo at the head of (it. Our united efforts
are heading straight toward the unpurchased acres which Ihave not yet been placed
under state control.

I should be unjust if I did not also call special attention to the morale and
efficiency of our band of foresters, educated .by the state for the care of state forests.
If there exists anywhere a finer body of young public servants, I have not seen them.
There is something in the idea of setting apart for state service a body of young
men and educating them specifically for that. The idea was grasped by our govern-
ment in founding its military and naval academies. A sort of fraternal relation
grows up among those studenU which binds them firmly in the public interest.
(Applause.)

The CHAIRMAN. We will now have an address by Coldnel W. D. Greeley,
c.f the United States Forest Service, on "The Nation in the National Forest
PoUcy."

COLONEL W. B. GREDLEY. fJentlemen of the conference: There is little
argument among thoughtful men that provision for a continuous and sufficient
supply of timber in the United States is one of the real economic problems which
must be worked out by the present generation. Nor can there be much debate
that sufficient timber fsr the future can be assured only by general reforestation
of logged-off land. Three-fourths of our primeval forests are gone; and the United

I

13

States like the nations of the Old World before it, must pass from the mining
of virgin forests to the harvesting of grown timber crops. We are a t>eople of
timber users, and by one means or another we must become a people of timber
growers.

Never before in the history of the United States has the need for reforestation
been so widely recognized. It has been brought home to many American
manufacturers by real shortages, not merely fluctuations of the market, in the
valuable woods essential to their industries. It has been brought home to the
newspaper publishers of the country through the shortage and high cost of print
naper It has been brought home, peVhaps most acutely of all. to the million or
more average citizens who want to build their .wn homes but have been unable
to afford it. It has been brought home, no less, to forest industries which look
ahead for a supply ef raw material which will justify their investments in manu-
facturing plants and who realize that virgin timber is not much longer to be had.
I have recently visited a large corporation in the south which has definitely era-
barked upon the reforestation of some three hundred thousand acres of southern
pine lands, as they are cut. to afford a permanent supply of pulpwood for large
paper plants after the virgin timber has been used up.

As a matter of fact, we are already using large quantities of second-growth
timber There are considerable areas in the South Atlantic states which are now
yielding their third cutting of pine lumber. In our northern coniferous forests,
holdings are not infrequent from which logs or pulpwood have been cut during
three generations and which are still well-stocked timber lands. But the critical
point in the whole situation is that, notwithstanding such insUnces as I have
cited the United States is taking timber from its forests three or four times
as fast as timber is being grown. These few words put the problem in a nut-
shell As against a steady shrinkage in the stocks of virgin timber, there are
enormous acres of idle, logged-off land which are increasing by the millions of
acres every year. Instead of haphazard second growth or no second growth at
all the nation must find some way to bring about plan-wise reforestation on
all' cut-over lands suited to timb^ir growth, if its enconomic necessities are to bp
supplied adequately.

How shall this end be accomplished? Shall it be left entirely to economic
forces, as many suggest,-to the law of supply and demand, to the enlightened
self-irtterest of the forest owner who sees a profit or commercial advantage
in reforestation ; or shall reforestation be assured by recognizing squarely that
forest lands have the nature of public utilities and hence that the public shall
exercise a voice in their management and use?

The every-day incentives of business or personal interest will undoubtedly go
part way in growing the timber which must be had to supply the requirements
of this country. But they will only go part way. In the weighing of profits,
enormous areas of timber-growing land would still be left idle. Furthermore,
in manv portions of the Tnitrd States general reforestation is not possible without
a large degree of public cooperation, indeed of public participation. Public
aid must be had by the forest owners in controUing the high fire hazard attendant
upon an inflammable investment which must be carried over a long period of
time. Public aid must usually be had through an adjustment of taxation to the
nature and growing period of forest crops. Farm crops would not be grown if thoy
were taxed twice a week during the growing season. Nor can forest crops be
generally gro^Ti if subject to the full burden of taxation thirty or forty times
before they become marketable.

11

In the nature of things, therefore, reforestation can not be left wholly to
private initiative, although every just and reasonable encouragement should bo
given the forest owner to utilize it as a business opportunity. The public must,
from the very nature of forest properties, be an active participant. The public
must put around forest lands the conditions which, by and large. wiU permit
their owners to grow successive crops of trees, namely, reasonable security
from forest fires, and taxation of the product when grown rather than of the
product while growing. Put the public should not and will not create those
conditions favorable to reforestation unless it is assured that the forest owner
makes good on his part, and that the land will actually be kept in the continuous
production of timber which the public interest requires.

In other words, I am convinced that to get general, plan-wise reforestation
we must recognize that forest lands are public utilities, that they are subject
to such forms and degrees of public control as needed to keep them continuously
in timber crops, and that under the broad theory of equitable compensation appli-
cable to public utilities generaUy. forest lands must receive such just and special
considerations as will enable their owner to obtain a reasonable return while
complying with the requirements put upon him in the public interest. This
give-and-take principle. I believe, nnut ins))irp onr national forestry policy.

At the same time the public should approach the forest owner as far as pos-
sible in the spirit of assistance rather than of regulation. Every encouragement
should be given to the forest owner, by education and practical demonstration,
to reforest his land by the ways and means suited to his timber and his require-
ments. The well-tried incentives of competition and self-interest wiU accomplish
much in reforestation, as in most economic movements. If any one doubts this,
let him go to Urania. Louisiana, and see the splendid demonstration of reforest-
ntion on furty-five thousand acres, brought about through the foresightedness of a
lumberinun. Other examples could be cited a plenty in many different states. It
should be the effort of the public to encourage just this sort of initiative, to give it
wider opportunity and greater certainty of success, and to spread the gospel
of reforestration by effective demonstration of its value. At the saino time I bdieve
that the public must clothe itself with the iwwer and must exercise that power as
n<ed arises to see to it that no forest owner fails in keeping his land at work growing
trees, once conditions are established whdch^ make that a reasonable undertaking
on his part.

What role should the nation itself, through the federal government, play in
reforestration? There is every reason why the federal government should do
everything that it can do effectively. The timber supply problem is a national one.
It can no more be restricted to the limits of a state or any other locality than our
food supply, our coal supply, our railroads, or our marine transport. Our most
densely populated industrial states are dependent upon other parts of the rountry
for from sixty to ninety per cent of the forest producte which they consume. The
farmers of the prairie states, who require on an average two thousand feet of
lumber per year on each farm for normal improvements and upkeep, are totally
dependent upon sources of supply outside of thdr own states. Nor, is it a national
problem solely because a small percentage of our forest products are consumed
within the state where they are grown.

An assured supply of timber is a matter of national concern because it \n vital
to tht standards and traditions of American life. Without it the honwi we

1*

„eed to maiutain tl.e family life and envMonment, which i. one «' *« ■°<'" "^
r Vm.rioan institutions, can not be built. Without it the extenaon and .m-
pUr, U of our basic national industry, agriculture, will be cnfca ly hand.-
eanpcT Without it many of our uu.st .listinctive manufactunng .ndustr.es, l.ko
fu nituro making, and . other industries of the most vital consequence hke our

a Iroa"' will so<,ner or later be seri.usly impaired. Reforestation ts d,st>nctJy a
;;";»"" of national .vncvn, and: th. national governn.ont should do everyth.ng ,t

can to accomplish it.

Throueb the vision of our leaders in censervation. chief among whom s^nd Pres-
ide^tTofse^^lt and present Forest Commissioner of Pennsylvania, Gifford Pmchot,
rflnUgovernment took the first definite step toward an assured supply o
timber adequate for the needs of the country through the creation of Nationid
F^r^sts ^ery day demonstrates more clearly tl.e wisdom of this step and the need
Ir Ttiol Fores' ownership on a much larger scale. For nearly --ty years
the National Forests have represented the only large element of stabihty in the
whole timber situation. They have been administered through successive political
rhanges with unwavering adherence to the principles of continuous productivity
of forest lands, a sustained yield of timber, and the protection o streamflow and
ler public interests. Furthermore, every National Forest is like a settlemen
house in a tenement district. It becomes a. center of demonstration and practical
education in forestry methods. Cooperative efforts among timberland owners for
the prevention of forest fires grow up around it In its den^onstraUon of methods
of euttinp and growing titnbc'r. of disposing of fire-breeding slash, and of the actual
costs and results of forest i>ractice it carries conviction to the forest owners
round ab.>ut where mere argument would be fruiUess. It will be true m the
United States ns it has been in Frnnoo and Sweden that a corps of publicly owned
forests under technical public administration is the pivotal point in national pro-
gress toward the right use of forest lands.

\a the virgin forests in private ownership are more and more widely depleted,
the timbers of high quality like, our old-growth white oak and yellow poplar,
like the ship timbers sawn from virgin longleaf pine or Douglas fir, will become
increasingly scarce and dear. Tlie length of time required to produce such mate-
rial by reforestation will largely preclude it as a feasible undertaking for the
owner' of private forest lands. This is an obligation to the industries of the
country which the natioiuil govenimont and the states may well assume, the pro-
duction of hi^class for.^st products requiring long periods of time, as it has been
assumed bv most of the governments of Europe. I know, for example, of no
solution of our waning supply of old-growth hardwoods, which has become such
a critical matter for many wood-using industries, so effective as large extension of
publiely-owned forests in the hardwood region.

Every encouragement should be given to public forest ownership by our states, in
line with the admirable steps already taken by such states as Pennsylvania, New
York and Massachusetts. The field for public forest •wnership is so vast tliat
there is abundant opportunity for the maximum that both the states and the
federal government can do. The United States contains eighty-odd million acres
of idle f»rest land, whose original growth has been destroyed by logging or fire.
Many of these areas can be restored to productive forests only by costly and arti-
ficial methods. We still have many watersheds, upon which manufacturing centers
depend for sources of power, or large communities for domestic water, or agiri-
cultural regions for irrigation, or inland waterways for navigability, upon which the

15

protection of water sources is still left almtst wholly to chance. There is no more
well-tried, clear-cut responsibility which should be discharged by the federal govern-
ment than the extension of the National Forests. I wish today that there were
National Forests in the pineries of every one of our southern states. I doubt
if any other single thing would more readily crystallize and carry forward the
reforestation of that region, with its wa.ul.rful possibilities, or more effectively
encourage the development of foresti-y work by the states themselves. I wish
Unit we might have National Forests in every distinctive forest region of the
counjtry. in order that tlie federal government might, through the real test of
of local forest ownership, exert direct leadership in the reforestation of that region.

It is impossible for the public to acquire all of the forest land in the United
States Four-fifths of our forests are in private ownership ; and we must reckon
definitely that the major part of our forest-growing lands will remain in private
ownership. What is the responsibility tf the national government as to these
lands'' Here as well the federal government should recognize its responsibility for
doing everything in its power to meet the national need for timber; but we must
recogniz<. the practical limitations which determine what it can do effectively. As
I have said before, we can not bring about general reforestation without recogniz-
ing that forest lands have the character of public utilities. That means two
things: first, that the owner of the land must comply with certain standards fixed
by public agencies for keeping his land in continuous production ; and second, that
the public shall create the conditions surrounding forest ownership which will make
I he discharge of its obligation to the public fair and equitable. The two must go
together. Regulation and equitable assistance to forest owners must emanate from
the same authority. Else the risk will be incurred either of a public gratuity to
a certain class of land owners without compensating return or of public confiscation
of their property.

To produce an adequate crop of timber on the average tract of forest land in
the United States, three things must be done. First the owner must be given
an opportunity to obtain the benefit of a moderate tax while his crop of timber is
being grown. Secondly, the ovnier must be protected from forest fires due ta the
negligence of his neighbor, either in leaving dangerous accumulations of slash or
in failing to guard his land during dangerous seasons. He must be protected from
the fire hazard created by railroads, campers or pedestrians, incendiarism, high-
way traffic, or any other of the thousand and one possible sources of danger. AnA
third, he must in return for these specific measures of public assistance conforw
with equitable requirements as to cutting, slash disposal, and fire protection on
his own land designed to keep it in timber growth. All tJirce of these factors go
• together and must be administered together.

The power of taxation and the police powers upon which control of the forest
fire hazard rests are definitely vested in the several states. It is hard for me to
conceive of these powers being acfjuired or taken over by the federal government.
Nor can I conceive of an effective scheme of reforestation under which these three
integral and mutually essential functions of taxation, fire protection, and regula-
tion are divided. The owner should not obtJiin the benefit of special forms of tax-
ing timberiand, designed to encourage reforestation, unless certain regulatory re-
quirements are met Fire protection and forest culture are so inextricably mingled
as usually to be simply part and parcel of tlie same thing. In some sections, control
of grazing is another fundamental of reforestation, leading us again into the field
of local police authority.

In plain terms, I can not conceive of an effective scheme of reforestation under
which its component parts are divided between the federal government and the

16

MUM With the n.tion.1 government, let u. ..y, attempting to e«tci« regulator,
^iT™ wUle the itate controls taxation and protection. Federal regulation of
■^T, . nfltttnemght readily enough be bought to naught unless completely
::atuaX"«Pp"men"d by' state laws and administration dealing with var-
ious pl^rot the fire hazard; or might readily enough become confiscatory li
the tawsof L particular state did not give the forest owner an oppor umty to
Ibta Hn eoui able taxation of growing timber crops. As a matter of fact a^y
uuuTo i y on the part of tl.e federal government to regulate the use of forest land,
rshaed by the states, an authority which the states are already exccrc.s.ng .n
cer^nfnston^s We would thus have the definite prospect of two sets of regu-
ZIZ. u,~ate ».d under national enfo„=ement, and not necessanly ,n agree-

ment.

I have avoided purposely the constitutUnal aspects of this question because I
am not competent to discuss them. It is my conviction that as a practical question
r expediency, of getting results, and of carrying the United States forward to
the s^ge where reforestation is the established order of things, federal control ot
pHvirLest lands wUl not w.rk. And I hold to this view Particularly at the
stage in our progress toward an assured and current supply of tinlber when a«
at th. present time, reforestation depends so largely upon a reduction m forest fires.

Let me fix your attention for a moment upon the two hundred and forty-five
mUlion acres of forest land in the United States which contain cull or second
growtii timber or which are more or less completely stocked witii young trees. That
is nearly double tiie acreages of our remaining virgin forests. A large part of it
lies in our tiiickly populated industrial states, witiiin a stone's tiirow of tiie large
centers of timber consumption. These two hundred and forty-five ^il^o" *^^«»
of second growth and young timber may well represent a forest asset of the United
States of gi'cater value than our remaining virgin forests, and upon tiieir pro-
tection rest« very largely our ability to bridge over tiie gap when virgin timber
rcases to bo an imjmrtant factor in the yearly cut o£ forest products, i he pro-
tection of tiiese two hundred and forty-five million acres from fire is in my judg-
ment tiie most important single foresti-y problem before the United States today.

When you add to that the necessity of protecting our remaining stands of old
timber and our enormous areas of land logged-ofE and now being logged where pro-
tection alone will start young growtii. it is difficult to place too much emphasis
upon tiie importance of controlliiiK forest fire ns the first specific objective we
set out to accomplish. Until the fire hazard has been brought under substantial
control, regulation of cutting metiiods at the best will be ineffective and precarious.
I am convinced, tiierefore, that the immediate form which public forestry efforts
should take and the authority through which it acts should be such as will most
effectively handle the forest fire problem. And this brings me again to the state
as the governmental agency under whose authority the work must be done, because
it is hard for me to conceive of the federal government assuming and exercising tiie
police functions of our states dealing witii tiie many phases of forest fires; and
without such police powers no effort to control tiie forest fire problem will be
successful.

At the same time fire prevention is not an end in itself. It is a means for the

reforestation and safety of timber lands; and reforestation is the real objective

which must never be lost sight of. We must have the kind of fire protection that

will actually restock cutover lands and establish growing forests, as far as keep-

17

ing out fire wiU do so. Success will be measured by the acres of growing forests
which are actiially established; and just as rapidly as tiie fire hazard i« brought
under reasonable control in tiiis or that forest region, tiie steps in addition to
keeping out fires which are necessary to put growing trees upon tiie land must
be brought into play to tiie fullest extent that they are equitable to the forest
owner We must get before us tiiis pictiire of reforestation as a whole ; and we
must work for its realization as a whole just as rapidly as each successive step
can in tiie light of equity and common sense be taken. It is for tins reason that
I am opposed to limiting federal legislation and plans for federal cooperation to
fire ifrotection alone. Ratiier would I put before the nation as a whole, as one
agency, and tiie people of each state, as a second agency, tiie goal of complete re-
forestation of lands not needed for otiier purposes with woods of economic value,
and work toward tiiat complete goal, step by step, as rapidly as we can.

I have said that it does not »eem to me possible for the federal government to as-
sume the regulation of private lands. I believe tiiat this must be done by the states
as a practical matter of getting results, because the states control the other essential
factors in the whole problem. What tiien should be tiie part of ^^ ^'<^^^'^'J'2l
ment in bringing about the reforestation of private lands? I believe tiiat ih.
nafon can best lead this great movement, not by mandate, but by cooperation, by
education, by .fixing the requirements essential to reforestation in each re^on
and by encouraging their adoption. The federal government should ^e prepared to
give general financial assistance to any state in protecting all sorts and condition
of its forest land from fire, once the sti.te puts into effect ;h^^-^"-^;;J« J^
forest owners which will make the joint protective effort effective ^^^^^ ^^^^^
include fire-proofing logg.Ki-off lands or «>nie effective control of tiie slash hazard-
In other words, tiie states must adopt such regulatory measures «« -^^^ J^^^J^^^^
federal funds expended a genuine investment in growing timber. I know of n^
better way to insure a future supply of timber for the prairie and industrial states
than to invcKt federal funds in the protection of growing forests, north, souti
and west, with such safeguards in the use of these funds as will actually make the
protection effective.

The national government should not stop with fire protection. It should define
.,„a Zmmeud io eacb state all of the steps essential to reforestation, melud.ng

rethod::; cutting or extracting forest products the ^'^^^^^'^ ^^;:^^^;'JZZ '
forests and any other factors bearing upon the actual establishment of timber

r^son an forest lands. It should make conUnued f':->-»l """^-^-^^^^.r: ^
time, eo„ditio.ml upon the adoption of such regulations o* pnva te '"""'""^^J
are shown to be necessary and equitable under the conditions existing in that stat,
Ind it rfiould aid the states liberally in the education of forest owners in *he
tmolratTon «f good forest practice, in reforestation, and in any special phase,
of the entire movement which the particular needs of any state call for.

It is far from.my thought to assert that such a planas I have outlined is the laat
word Tn :ur Itionll forest policy. To me it is Oie most direct -^ P--;^f -^
to immediate results as represented by acres of growing foi^sts But "'■ether state
rather than federal cental of private forest land, is U.e fmal -"I * ""^ ^ '^
see no reason why our states should not be encouraged to go just as far as they wUi

n rlrZtion, or why any state that is prepared to impose restr.Cons u^n
Us : tu.r should not be given a clear field with th. -opera ion and adv«
•f the feder.,1 government in doing so. Every local interest that <=»° ^e »"used
every real development toward better forest practice that can be brought al«ut

tiZuh local agencies and local action, represents so much ground gained. Many^
2

18

19

of the Htates have established forest; organizations which are accomplishing rea
results in reforestation. 1 do not believe that our national policy should discard
these organizations, in preventing forest devastation or bringing about refore^-
tion through any step which it may be possible for them to take. Nor, should our
national policy discard co-operation with forest owners and forest industries in
working out the practical problems of reforestation in each region. A policy of
national cooperation with local agencies, working with and through our several
states, will stimulate, in my judgment, the interest and support of all elemmts
in tJhe country which should take an active part in this movement, to the most
effective degree.

Let me say further, that while I do not advocate federal control of private forest
lands, because 1 question its practicability. I can not see that there is any incon-
sistency between federal control and the exercise of state jurisdiction in the sam.
field • nor can I see how any plan of federal contTol that might ever be adopted
could prevent the states from exercising such jurisdiction as they choose over their
fc>re«t owners in the same particulars. We have got to recognize the right of
each state at least to exeroiso jurisdiction over the lands within its own borders
not inconsigtent with federal law. Why not build that right with all of the local
sentiment, the traditions of local self-government, the pride of local iniUative
which lie behind it. right into our national forest policy? Why not let the states go
just as far as tliey will ; and if federal control of forest lands is the ultimate
answer, let it apply in those states which do not adequately handle the situation
themselves. (Applause.)

Mr PINCHOT. Just before the governor left he expressed his strong desire to
meet all the members of the conference. Upon adjourning here we will pass over
to his office at the other end of the building and give him that opportunity.

The CHAIRMAN. Everybody, 1 know, will be glad to meet Governor Sproul.
I want to say just a word about (ii.vernor Sproul. and it comes from tlie heart.
1 first met him at the Salt l>ake City conference la>ft yenr. 1 spent ten days later
with him going through the Yellowsl«rt,e National Park. Mrs. Olcott and I fell in
love with Mr. and Mrs. Sproul. as did every member of the Governors' conference.
1 conader Governor Sproul one of the very big men of thi» country, and I look
. forward to the day perhaps when Goveriu.r Sproul will be President of the U^itod
States I want to say that he is a great big-hearted, whole-souled, capable, honest
and sincore gentlemen, and I will carry back to Oregon only the most pleasant
memonles of Pennsylvania and of Governor and Mrs. Sproul, and of the fine comple-
ment of state officials that T have met in this beautiful city of Harwsburg.

At 12 :10 o'clock P. M., the conference recessed until 2 :00 o'clock P. M.

Senate Chamber,

Harrisburg, Pa., Wiflnesday afternoon.

December 8, 1»20.

*

GOVERNOR BENJAMIN W. OLCOTT presiding.

The CHAIRMAN. We will now hear from Mr. J. G. Peters, of tho United
States Forest Service. (Applause.)

Mr. J. G. PETERS. Mr. Chairman and gentlemen : I don't know what Mr.
Pinchot had against me that he should wish on me this subject of the organization
ol" state forest work. It is just about as dry a subject as could be encountered ; so
if I do not succeed in making it interesting I want to en>i;jige in the popular Ameri-
can pastime of "passing the buck," and throw some of the blame on his shoulders.

Much has been said and written about the organization of state forest) work.
Perhaps too mncli lias been .sai^l about mere organization JTnd too little about fores-
try. By that I mean that possibly if we had kept forestry and all it stands for in
the foreground we niijiflit he still farther advanced than we now are. Nevertheless
it is far from my mind to minimize the progress which has been made during the
scarcely twenty-five years' movement for the establishment of state forestry depart-
ments. But we must not h>se sight of the fact that the departments and the legis-
lation creating them are only means to an end, and that end is the woods part of
the job of keeping forest lands productive, whither real forest lands or lands upon
which if is not now tconomically possibh' to grow anything else but forests. Maybe
if the public had been made to icnli/e this to a greater extent than has been the
case thus far, the proposal for federal control of private forest lands would not
have been thought necessary by those who are advocating it. I think it was said
by one of the govern<»rs wlio were meeting in this city last week that the reason
for the tendency to turn to fe«h'ral control of numei-ous activities usually handled
by the states was because the state legislatures did not give the people what they
wanted. On the other hand, is tliere not the possibility of the states resenting a
wide expansi«»n of federal <Nmtrol and of a reaction setting in towards the opposite
extreme which might threaten th<' existence of well-established federal institutions
as, for example, the National Forests themsehes,

Be that as it may. there never was a time when strong state forestry departments
were more needed than now. There never has been a better time than right now for
the consumation of this desire. It is the public's fault where these departments are
weak or entirely lacking. The public h.is been asleci». feeling secure as regards our
timber supply in the thought that it was inexhaustible. Why worry ourselves
about a state forestry department? Why add another ixMiny to our mounting taxes?
But during this period of iua<-ti<»n the soun<l of the fix has increased and the timber-
supply bubble has hurst as a result of high Inniber prices and the publishing of in-
formation by thr government and stat«'s on the inadequacy of our timbert supplies,
which culminuti'd last June in the issuing of the so-called Capper report.

Evidences of an awakening are <'onstantly being rei.oited. In some states forest-
land owners and lumberm<'n are willing to be taxed f<.r the support of forestry work
provided the forestry department is strengthened and made non-political; in somo
.states, there is a desire to extend the departnu-nt's w<uk : in others, where no de-
partments exist, there are strong manifestations of interest in their establishment
along sound and efficient lines.

Forest organization has been adopted by no less than thirty-four of the states,
and in a variety of forms. Seven states have selected the separate board or commis-
sion fonn, as in California, Maryland. Minnsota, New Hampshire, Oregon, Penn-
sylvania and Washington. Delaware ajso might be given credit for providing by
law for a bi>ard of forestry, but with no funds to operate it. Seven states have
combined forestry with a number of other activities under a conservation commis-
sion, as in Alabama, Indiana, Louisiana, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York
and Wisconsin; to this list might also be added Illinois, with ite department of
registration and education. Five have put forestry under the land department, as

20

.. laaho, Maine, MicM.an. Montana '^^^^^^:-. "^ZZ^l^^^
,ore«.ry with or under the agncultur ^^P^^" ' ^^ " J^^l^^ ^„..,e. as in
Verm<.nt ; three have located the state «»■■'-««'>'"'"' J f^^^^,., „t the

Kan,a», North Dakota an.i Texas; two have •--'""'^"'^.V^Three states have
agrieultural experimental station, as m C»-'«=f™t «"^0^^;^ ^; ^^^^^^^^ ^,„j

;r::na '^J^^^^oT^^ Vlr^ma, has put torestr. under the game

"In":::::::- it won. see. . u-on^h, in ^^^:-:^-^

bv the states, it has been ,li»a.lvaut,.«e«us>y P aee.1 « ^J""™;"';; J^ j,;,,.,
Ushed, perha,« of long st.Kling. with the "^^jX^lZT:^^^^^^^^^^^^
of proper consideration and has bcK^^on.e l-^"^"' ^^ textemelj difficult to se-
by other and older activities. Under f ■», ■^-"•""""^ Jl^;^'^'' " ^ that in one
cure any appropriations beyond those for *«*«'<;« »;-^~ I ^,, ,„e state
.vate where the legsla.nre was attaekn.g the ''^»~'^ J^^ ;J ,„„ ^is chief,
forester fought a lone fight for f"-'^. -"7' ""J ."^ od.eT a dTonger-establishcl
who claimed to be too ,nuch engag<^ m '^J'^^f^'^^J^Z^f „ J„, has proved
work of the department. Could anythmg be ^"J:*^"';;';^ ^een attached in

agricultural and n,e..hanical colh-ge -J^-^.^^-Jranrof politics, it has at
l,.catio« in many r.sp..ts. >ncludmg particul^ly uu. appropriaUons for

- -r ^f::r:rri-Ta:t'^trarrrgeTor ih.. funds

rr^'der: ;.: tJ:::.:^^^ take i,s ch.nee. ana sometim. a slim chance,

„,.mg with the rest. organisation, one has but to con-

As an example of the MUssituUis s Agriculture, Forestry

sider tl,e action taken by Kentucky^ In 190« ^^Bjar ^,^^„„ ^ ^,t,„ the
and immigration was empowered to act as » *3"' , ;„ 1912 the com-

...terests of forestry -"--;-- ^ rr/ ::1 ^.t '.hority to ap,«in.
mission was superseded by « ^"^ °' ^^^j„ ,y,t^„, ^nd engage in other fonst
a state forester, establ sh a fo>e.t «" J^™*''^ ^ consolidated with the

«!tivitie.; rix years Uter. this board with aU ,ts P«*^" J' appointed

geological board .. . single-headed ««»™3"' «"^ ^J*^^, ,"„ 192O. the com-
Immissioner of geology and forestry, and two ^';"' ^^'^^^l,^, „.at as an
„l.rioner wa. legislated out of oflice and ^^f/^^^ '/^f^mZe^.h. realising
.fterthought the legislature »' ^^^/^^^^'^ ^^l 'whicl sZuld be cared for,
that there was some property left from the wre ^^

,«,k the necessary steps to transfer th.s P™"-''^, '^ ^" ^ ^^ Jught recreated the
Agriculture, Labor and Statistics, and as »".'l*^^^'^^„^^ri'Tt, therefore, any
position of state forester and placed U also under t^"*' ^'^^". \^^^ ,„^, a,t„
r-rprise that the head of the bureau h., ^l^T^ll^^^l ZZ.^ Thus.
nearly a year, although the postUon P'^", f '7,'?' "g^.^^^d Board of Agriculture,
since tl.is bureau succeeded to the authority of the first namea
smce uu!. 01. m.rrv-eo-round was completed.

Forestry and Imm.gration. the merry go rou .„„,,,« with

The l«.t tew years there has been a general ^^^'^^^^^^:^:^^'' J^t^J^'^t

other activltie. on the ^'•";* ^ -— L^h :^t^"xltive. Thus,
•tate department w ai to bring them in cio.«r

&

among the statet which hare effected the larger combinations are Alabama, wbiek
has combined forestry with the protection of game and fish, oysters and other
shell-fish, and, as the law prescribes, "all other natural resources within the state,
which have not been reduced to private ownership" ; Illinois, where the state forester
is placed under the department of registration and education, one of the nine large
state departments ; Indiana, which discontinued its board of forestry and combined
forestry with geology, entomology, lands and waters, and fish and game; Kentucky,
where, as mentioned above, the forestry board was discontinued and forestry
placed with geology and later with agriculture ; Louisiana, where forestry is com-
bined with minerals, fish and game, and oysters and waterbottoms ; Massachusetts,
which has recently put forestry with fish and game, and animal husbandry, in one
of the twenty state departments ; Michigan, which abolished its forestry commission
and created a public domain commission, with charge over public lands, forestry,
fish and game, and immigration ; New Jersey, where the forestry board was dis-
continued and forestry combined with geology, water resources, land registry, state
parks, and the state museum ; New York, which was among the first to change from
a forest commission to a forest, fish and game commission, and later to a single-
headed conservation commission having charge of forestry, water resources, and fish
and game, in addition to one of the state parks; and Wisconsin, which did away
with its forestry board and combined forestry with fish and game, and state parks.
I have given these combinations in detail because it is interesting to see the variety
of activities which have been brought together.

Entirely aside from the point of whether such combinations are tlie best in the
interest ef forestry, they have undoubtedly come to stay, and there will be similar
combinations effected in other states. Therefore, it is well to recognize this and
endeavor where the trend to consolidate seems inevitable to work out a satisfactory
combination of departments dealing with the conservation of the state's natural
resources. I remember a state forester once saying that he anticipated the movement
in his state, and went about securing the combination of such departments as
would not only merge satisfactorily with forestry, but would not reduce forestry
to a cendition of unimportance. This is a cue which all of us who are interested
in the subject of state forest organization should take.

The advantages to be gained by combining forestry with other activities are
worthy of consideration, but in any combination the interests of each are best served
by independent direction. Thus, a combined forestry and game department should
have a duly qualified forester in charge of the forestry work and a competent game
specialist or biologist— a technical man— in charge' of the game work, both directly
responsible to an impartial commission or board of control. The mistake which has
been made in at least one instance of leaving it to the department heads t« settle
the relative merits of the various needs, however, should be avoided, as this involves
the giving of unbiased consideration to questions in which one's own work conflicts
with that of others, which we may as well recognize as impossible. The results are
friction and ^log-rolling.

It would be presumption on anyone's part to prescribe a single hard and fast
formula for the states to follow in organizing their forestry departments. Moreover,
it would not work. Nevertheless, I think you will agree with me that there is need
for an ideal with which as a basis we can feel that we are traveling in the right
direction. While we might differ as to details, we might agree as to the funda-
mental requirements of an effective foreatry law, namely, that in a workable plan

• 22 .

., o..„Uatio„ provisUn must be .ad, '^^ -Ji'-^^Vt^^^^^^^^^

poUtica.inteHe.neo, ■«"^™^- -;\:X H-l^"'"^^ -^'""'^' "-^ ''"'''''
man in charge. Those can be most '■«a'"'J . „„ ,^„,^i.(, interference by means

'"-try in the ^-^:i:^^zx:^t::l^z::^^ >« - - •^ ^"^^ -

of a continuing, non-part san Doaiu „„„,v„,„ „ni not end in any one ad-

„.,anixed that the '"^ « « ?Xa" thot ri" tT^n" rTsts which are more or les.

activities.

Ne.t in importance to effective orsani.aaon and ^e ^^^''^^^ Z
.„ .decuate guarantee that the man appointed to < -t *e - /^^^^^^^^ ^^^,.
properly Qualified. By all means >- ''-"> ^^ « *™/ i„ ,,,;,;„„, h, should
erable a graduate of a forest school of ^^^"'^f'^^^^l f„a,m„„strate his ability
have had sufficient experience in the ^^-^ J^TlT Ur example, provides that
to handle Uie job. In this connection, ^f J;;^^ ^^^'^ 7„„t less than two years'
the state f.rester "shall be a tochn.caUy ram d fo^ s er of „„.u.rtaken,

oxperience in professional forestry work . « f""^;"/ ;^^^^"/t„ direct the work,
the natural and practical thing to do is o ^^'^ ;^^77„;"„ther lines. This
and not a man whose training ""•'."Pf'^'^rf™ ^™.^h^ t""' aepartment of
.loes not mean .hut the executive in chnrge o »"'-""■- .^ ,,^ ,^, t„„t „e
..,.«, forestry is a part need be « '-ne o..t^. ^n ^^^-^ ^^^^^^^^ ^^„, ^,„,
sliould not be u toclinioal man at all, a^ expoiionct
governments has demonstrated.

B„t no matter h.w - ^ -:rrs r^i! m^ t;^^:^^^^^^^^

fiuuls it will iK,t function. And this b migs us ^^^^^^

access of state forest-/--™- ^^^ ^ n eC^ sor:f\hem ever receiv-
of appropriation received. It » ••''••™'; ;" „t ^hilc the states' general

i„g adcuate funds as --«'"'^'' »';;';„ l^u^^^^^^^^^ obtained, the exceptions
treasuries are the source f™"'. "''"^'V"""' "/, ^ severance tax on the value of
„e worthy of note, viz: I-uis,ana, -";;^;^ ' " „"/^ ^-^^i^ ,„„ „„„hern part
the stumpage cut; Maine, in the so-called '" "'' " ^'J'f^^.t-land ; and Oregon
of tic state, where a tax is placed on the ^»'"; f " ,J^''j;„j, ;, the form of
and Washington, which require the particpati.n of private

n iiatrnl tax.

. ;«.», «t,^n>i«si« that the perfection of organization
JZt^Z: o7tnirU'r:r t! an end! namely, the practice of
for« stry in the woods. (Applause.)

^Phe C11.MUMAN. U has been suggested^lmt it w.iMJ. n ,ood Mea t„_ha™ «
rT^^J^:^ ::rTroser:n rawer .estlons, Mr. Peters,

Mr. PETERS. Yes, sir; if I can.

Mr WILLIAM T. COX. State Forester. Minnesota. How many states no*
have what you w.uld consider non-political forestry boards.

Mr. PETERS. By far the majority. The trend is decidedly away from polit-
i^ inflatnoe.

28

Mr PINCHOT. I would like to ask a mean quettlon. Would it be a fair
thing' to ask the men who are here whose work is free from political interference
to hold up their hands, do you think?

About twelve members of the conference raised their handi.
Mr. PINCHOT. That is a fine showing.

Mr JOHN H. WALLACE. Tlie commissioner of conservation of Alabama
enjoys the unique distinction of being the only officer of similar character in the
United States who is elected by the people. It has been that way from the
begliniinrand permit me to throw a bouquet at myself. I have just been re-elected
for the fifth time for a term of four years.

Mr W V tiUTHUlE, of ludiana. Mr. Chairman, I think Mr. Peters wm «
litile rauieading with reference to Indiana. To give a little history in 1901 we
Issed,^ first forestry law. Governor Durbin appointed a board, and they elected
a s^retar, They functioned only as a political machine. I am sorry U say
"hrhrppened under a Republican administraUon. The next four years Governor
TllTL elected, and he appointed the same s^retary with ^esiune result.
When Governor Marshall came in he wanted a man that was elhcient. He sa^d
HI would get the salary raised so Professor Thomas could afford to accept tie
„l«,-e also a. Republican, but who was a qualified man. Some of you know
ras tvi^g b.' n connected with Wabash (..Uege. Thorny "'^f^^ "^f;
take the work of having the salary raised and the rest of us did not like to go
leforehr Legislature to raise one's salary without his assistance. Governo
Marxian then appointed a man who was a botanist and scienbst. who devoted hi-
timr m^d tnergy to the forestry question. When Governor Ralston was elected,
rthe Democrat. Governor Marshall said to him, "I do not care whom you
Tppl o^my appointees, or whether you appoint them all, but there is one man
tTant you to retain and that is the man who is secretary of forestry Mr. Dean..
Governor Ralston said he would appoint Mr. Deam but the pohtacans played a
Lk on h m. Mr. Deam was not a politician and did not care for the work any-
X Z was not r..appoi„l..d. When Governor Goodrich came into office h.
askJd me to help him to form the forestry board. "Do you want efficiency or
rJ^^c.^ serviceV' I know of but .ne man in the state who would accept the offi^
fo! "f s:iary it carries and he happens to be of a different P^'^-^J-^^ ^'^-
we are. I know he would be a very efiicient man in this ine^ ^^,'"™wlu Im
not f.r the salary but for the work he can .""^mphsh^ He »^''' J^' "^^
him and I w.Ul appoint him." That is my friend, Mr Deam. He has been v r,
..omiK-teut and has done good work for the stat«, on forestry.

TWO years ago the Legislature passed a law creating a Del*--'-"' »' ^^
vaUon In that department we have an efficient organisation, but ttie forestty
department irjust I independent and more so than it ever was. We have a com-
Srer If forestry, who is Mr. Deam here, and who has full charge of all ^at
Trk He makes a written report and turns it over to our execuUve officers Our
Trector four or five days before our meeting, goes over in detail his rePort and
ITJy suggestions that he feels like. Then '>- . -P^' -"j.^f.^^'^tt ,
recommendation U turned over to us. This commission is "2'" „T'J„ "
cmposed of two Democrates and two Republicans. It is made up of men n
"ffe«nt lines of work. While, it has been less than two years, we are the only
depa"^ent, the only one in the" state that never got -^ -^-- « /^/^
heated c«np««» that we had thi. ye«. We were commended for the amount

2A

w*rk that we had done and for tlie amount of money that we have saved the
gtate Why? Because we have appointed some Democrats and some RepubUcans
and there is no politics in it. They did work, they were efficient, and they delivered
the goods and accomplished more than we had ever accompUshed. The one thing
that I want to correct Mr. Peters in, is that the department of forestry is as
independent as it ever was.

The CHAIRMAN. If there are no further inquiries, we shall proceed with the
next paper.

Fer the reason that a good many of the gentlemen will be going away tomorrow,
it has been suggested that Mr. Pinchot's paper be presented how, rather than the
last on the program tomorrow afternoon. So in accordance with that I wiU ask
that Mr. Piuchot give his paper on ''The States in the National Forest PoUcy.'*

HON GIFFORD PINCHOT, Commissioner of Forestry, Harrisburg. Gentle-
men I do not know whether it has been as much satisfaction to all of you to
see 'the old faces together again as it has been to me. but certainly it has earned
roe back very, very much to the old Ume. I want to say to begin with that if
you other state foresters are enjoying your work and having as much fun out of
it as I am, I think you are to be congratulated. I have had more fun in the
last nine months than I have had since the year 1910, when I was removed from
public office for the pubUc good. It is great fun to get back into the harness
and bite down again on the kind of work that I am good for. if I am good for
anything.

I think perhaps the best thing I could do to begin with would be to run over
very rapidly only the experiences that we have had in Pennsylvania recently
in tliis forest matter. I will give you, as far as I understand them, the reasons
which I think have led to the promise of success which faces us now.

Dr. Rothrock gave you this morning a brief resume of the history of forestry
in Pennsylvania. What he did not tell you, and what I am mighty glad to be able
te say in the presence of you state foresters, is that there is no other man in any
3tate of the Union who has ever done for forestry in that state what Dr. Rotlirock
has done for forestry in this state of Pennsylvania. I think he is getting part o
his reward .n this earth, for a man over eighty years old who can conie back and
give the speech that he gave this morning, after having killed two deer m the
state of Maine, this fall, deserves congratulation.

Dr. Rothrock is the father of forestry in Pennsylvania, but, for reasons which
were not entirely separate from political consideration. Dr. Rothrock was unable
To carry out and complete the work which he began. While he has always been
associated with our forest department, there were many things which took place
for which he was not responsible.

It i8 fair to say that the department .8 absolutely free from poliUcal influence
1 know that in the only case where there was an effort made to ^nng PO ht,c.a
nressure to bear, the answer from the department was sufficiently direct and
v.™ soZTli has not been repeated. There is no politics in the Pennsylvania
Department of Forestry whatever, but we do have the hearty «"'>»'' "»';"•'' °*
the governor, but of the whole state organisation, and that, of course, i. one of the
first reasons why things are going well.

When MiOor Stuart «.d I took charge of this work we found Mv.r.1 ««ntd.
of «.cce,. present In the first place the Forest Commlsaion, wUlmg and able to

26

understand the situation and t» give us the support without which we """Whave
done nothing. Secondly, a body of men in the forest department, such as Mr^Roth
rock said this morning, culd not be surpassed, I think, by any similar body of
public servamts anywhere.

But we also found very serious deficiencies which amounted to giving us sul^
stantially a clean slat« upon which our work could be written. For ^-^^^^' '^^^^
the first things we had to do was to establish a system of accounts. There was no
budgefin he dep^tment. One of the next things was to estabUsh a system of
inspection. There was no inspecUon. One of the next things was to get ready M
nZare fire plans for the individual forests. Others were to make a complete re-
organLa«rn of the department so that responsibility was definitely assigned to
me, nd to subjects; to bring forestry into the timber-cuttings; ^^^-^^^;
line of demarcation in timber sales between what the men in t^-' S*'^ J°"'^ ^^
and what the men at Harrisburg had to do; and f arrange for prac^c^ ad»«
in forestry to private owners, to enforce for the first ttme the law ^Mj"^^
gives fuU power to compel protection against fire on private lands; and so on, and
SO on, and so on.

We had the opportunity, under laws, not in all respects satisfactory but sttll
abundantly sufficient, and with appropriations suflicient at least in part for the
work .f ^» fi«t year, we had the opport:unity and the power to reconstruct the
Trga^iH of the department and make it lean toward the side o«j" -^
lay down clear lines of responsibility, and so on, and especially give *!>« ■»«""' ^«
fie d Tekind of responsibUty without which no good work '- -r possibi^ «.ej.n^
of responsibility which gives a man the chance to exercise tie powers that are in
him and secure recognition for the accomplishment when it is done.

That is the nearest ouUine of the foundati.n that had to be laid. You can not
.et^'yw here „f course, without a sound and effective organization, or without men
tt knlw .dr business, unless you have that yon are stiU in a situation whe^e
Ttate worl or national forest work must fail. So when we had gotten our department
r^rLuM divWed up into definite bureaus, with definite duties for each, when we
^succeeded In ^ving the men at least those who remained, (for we were obliged
to g^t rl^^ of some^^in o'rder to give a living salary to <>*-) ■ »»-'^;^^:;"'™':^:,
a Uring conn^nsa^on we h^ to give^^H ^^ -^Mm g'.^ birssU"!
^: trfwirr rf rat: wtlrrin hi: sun the suc^ss of the move,
mel" was not altogether insured. You cannot do anything without good work, but
rrd wk done does not always give you everything that you have got to have
to win.

. Beyond the work in the Department, we had to convince the state of P;»°«i'';»';

thaTtte f?«st question was a big question instead of a .«'«« O"-;"";; J^;

«le I know of work in forestry, either in the nation or in the state leads me

TtLTZtJZe present stage of the development of public opinmn he« is

1 key to the whole situation. Forestry in Pennsylvania has not been moving

26

forestry which is now being instiUed in the people of tlie state of Pennsyhania.
In other words, if he did not do what now we hope to do with it, if he did not do
alone what we now hope he will help us to do, it is well to remember that he did
everything tiiat could have been done under the circumstances, and more than seemed
possible.

Now then, let me emphasize that again. Forestry in Pennsylvania was seen in
the public eye as a small thing. The size of it was not understood, the effect of
it on the welfare of the state was not understood. Pennsylvania was dealing with
forestry on a dollar plane instead of on a hundred million dollar plane. That is
an exaggeration of course, and yet that Was the general point of view that the
average citizen of Pennsylvania had of forestry. Am I not right. Doctor?

Dr. ROTHROCK. Yes, sir.

Mr PINX^HOT. It hud to be taken away from that small conception and had
to be put on a one-hundred-million-dollar basis, to use round figures. If we figure
out what forest devastation in the state costs in money, we find something in the
neighborhood of one hundred million dollars a year, which is almost twice what it
costs to run the state government. It had to be taken out of U.e little and put
into the big. As far as I am able to understand it, the common success at this
present time in forestry, national and in the states, is due to the recognition of
needs that are basic essentials. A man can not be a good citizen unless he has
foresight and has courage. Forestry can not succeed unless we have a good
organization and good men, but beyond that we must have a conception in the
public mind that wa.rants a forester, in the public mind, in asking for b^g things
because he is dealing with a big subject. Then having established (we have not
done it in Pennsvlvania, but we are making progress) -having established the idea
that forestry is a really big question, not a part of the fish and game qm-stion. not
a part of the water question, not a part of the land question, but one of the major
divisions of the state's activities, supplying some of the major needs of the state s
agriculture and industry, we have got to go ahead and present to the people of the
state a perfectly concrete and definite plan. I am doubtiess talking things that you
gentlemen have all known for years, but the b.'st I can do is to give you the way
in which the thing has struck us and is being worked out h.re in the state of
Pennsylvania.

The next thing then is a concrete plan. Wc have a concrete plan here ^Mch has
been adopted by the governor, which is known as the governor's plan, and which
goes at once back to what is our particular problem here, and asks for money to
meet the situation. That is the first big question in forestry in Pennsylvania.

Pennsylvania is a deforested state. The Pittsburgh district alone is using more
wood than is produced in the whole of Pennsylvania every year. Yet the natura
reproduction is abundant. We do not need to plant on any considerable scale, but
we have got to stop fires if there are to be any future forests in our state. Con-
sequently the first item of our plan is to equip the forests of Pennsylvania against .
fire; that means, of course, as you know, not merely annual expenditures for
fighting fire, but it means fire-control, fire-towers, telephones, roads, tools, organ-
izations of citizens, volunteer fire-fighting organizations in the forest towns, com-
plete fire-fighting plans for the various forests. For all that we are asking for one
million dollars fbr the next two years. That is the first item of our pohcy.

The .econd, Vhich was so well discussed by the governt)r this morning is the
acquisition of additional forest lands. We have now about one million one hundred

27

thousand acres of state f.rests. and we want five million acres more. There is in
^e p'poBed new constitution authority for the issuance of bonds to the extent
If twenty-five miUion dollars for the purchase of land. But tliat cons^tution
may never pass, and if it does it will be years before it comes into effect, ^\e can
Tt wait for that; consequently we shall ask from tlie legislature such a sum of
money for the purchase of land as the government can be made willing to approve.

How much that will be I do not know. I would like to make it five million
dollar. That is what we ought to have, -and especially because under Judge Wood-
leadership we have succeeded in gathering together more data than has ever
b"en Xted before as to the i^maining forest-lands of the state, as to what t^ey
can be bought for, as to where they are, and the rest of it.

We are ready to go ahead with the.e two plans for just aa much money as the
Legislature can be induced to give us. Wo hope for excellent results -^ shall b,
greatly disappointed if we do not get a good deal more money for hre this year
TtTey do not give us that million dollars then we must persuade the people of the
late^iot m^refy that this is a hig question, but that wo have a defimte plan to
ar^; .t our We must persuade them that we are capable of handling the plan
of handling the money that will be given to «s, that we have an organization that
is- efficient and progressive enough to make good in case the confidence of the
Legislature and the opportunity to do the work is given to us.

Now. how are you going to get this ideal, this plan and this »-''-«°»;;j'''*;\";^
to handle the propositi.n to the people? There are two big ways of course. The
Lt that wiU Lur to everyone is the press. We must approach the people of our
st"te through the only available rapid means of reaching them the newspapers
rtl^eTwhat the situation is. and how big the thing is, and how much depends
unon U I think it is a fair thing to say that in the las. nine months there have been

r: Itories about forestry in the papers "^ ^'^'^'^^'r'\'';:^ ^t^ZTZ
nine years, aud perhaps than in the whole previous history of the state. There has
been a mass «f it, and it has had an excellent effect.

The point th-at I want now to make to you is «. to the method of getting
ou^citr Vou can give out. gentlemen, all the formal stories you Uk.. and some
of rttm wUl be printed in some of the metropolitan newspapers. Thus you ge
: cerlSntmount of public attention. But the thing that will do most to pu
vou rere vou ought to be in .he public mind, with the proper amount of pub c
™rit behind you. is the little bit of an item in the local paper. It is the little
^^y that applies to the county or the town that counts. The localization o new .
at Tny rate ta . .tate like ours, is the secret of public support. Take this il^
fustration Mr Vorse, a graduate of the Yale Forest School, who has charge of
,„r prbUdtrwork, h^d handed to him one day a letter which went ou. from this
departmen to an 'of the county commissioners of the state of Pennsylvan,.,. to
ltvs"ven counties. That could have been handled in either one „ two ways, t
rJld hi:: ^n given to the big newspapers as a ---'i-n '„ "i. o the couu y
,^n,mi«ioners in which case none of the papers would have printed it, or practically
Tone InneaTof that it was sent to the individual papers in the indiMdual counUes,

TVh. *ntion was "The Commissioner of Forestry writes a letter to the Com-
rissiter oTLaTawa^: ^unty," or Snyder County, or Washington County
™dTere was hardly . paper in the state of Vennsylvania that did no. pnnt it.

(

28

There U, just the difference. One of the thh.es that I have learned i» tl>"J°*

TZ SLs that I wanted to hand over to you most, was the value of th .

one of the things «"^ '"^ ^ ^„]is here in Pennsylvania

\ V,- *.nf nn thP Other chair and reads his paper by the stove in tne eveniuK
:r„ Ms'rvWot r:" He is the ^eUow we want to reach. That U one way
of putting the thing over.

The second way and one which is of enormous value also, it «een.s to me, in the

forl\ir:^public sentiment and in the -ual ^^^on *ha^ .^^ ^ ^ZZ

. rr gig::^^^ ftr^^-^ =/ r : ta... . a„ ^
zir^^r rris 7 Vuft^rrd thrsa:r:ioTrrr z.

IX^V^'^'^r:::^: Z^^^ », Umher.land owners, and so
•n.

„ . ^.A in establishing in Pennsylvania among the Boy Scouts an

'"''•'rnkn'^aV^e" Guides. Solon Parkes, of Reading, must be given

organization known as tne rore ^^^ ^^^ ^^^„ a

the credit of being the inventor of this idea^ J^TthZivc^t and pM out forest-
button by the department, they sign a pledge-carf tb prevcn^ a P ^^^^^
.. *. -^1.1 Mfa' nnA 2Gt other people to do tne sann. *»c

s. "•"—' ;,":^ i; .. - -..- r -tr j:;" "™;

also) that the forest fire question is really b.g.

This effort toward general public education ^as -rked ou, -^ -'f j^^^;,
Legislature, but also in the woods. I do not ''"^ "^"J^^;™ ^V,, „« set on
a majority of the fires that are set, «> «r as I am abU o^es ma ^^^^^^

purpose. I can not prove that statement, but if '* J« "°* '™\„, by prosecutions,
rue. The only way in which that can be ''^'^f''lf^*'^^"^^°^^ll «„o„, the
but bv creating such a public sentiment as to '"''^''''^ ^"^^ ^^ any more
people of the state that will not stand for a man who sots a forest fire
than it stands for a man who bums down a house.

Graduall, from these various methods a public state of ^l' ^^ ^t't ^«
crea^d. To a considorabl. extent It is --ready created so U,^ U « f It^
example, we had last fall the driest Oc^ber -^^^J-^ t/^^dr^ and twenty-
million one hundred thousand acres of state '°«"^ ""J " f ,„„ ^cres in si«.
«v. acres were burned over, and the «- -^-^ ^f aeparCent, which me«.s
That to the smallest area per fire m the liistory oi me y

29

that men were jumping on the fires more effectively than ever before. Ton get
your response just as much in the woods as you do under a roof, and it pays
pimrmously.

Nearly overbody is susceptible to those methods. Takc^ another example. We have
a law in Pennsylvania which was passed in 1015, which makes it a puni^.hnble
offense for a man to maintain a fire nuisance. After the chief fire wardlen tells him
it is a nuisance, if he does not abate it, he is liable to a one-hundred-d*llar fine
for every separate day it is maintained after notification. This law was a dead
letter. It never had been enforced. We took it up with the big timber-land owners
of the state, and it was amazing f see how quickly they came into camp and said :
"Whatever you fellows say we ought to do we will do so far as we can.*'

There has been but one single case of a man coming back and telling us where
we could ge to before he would carry out our recommendations. In that case, be-
fore he could get, almost before I had written the letter which told him what I
would do if he would not be good, notice came from his partners that they had,
without consultation with him, carried out the instructions of the department.

Now I have taken a great deal of your time in telling you about what we have
tried to do in this state, because I enjoy talking about it, just as I enjoy immensely
my association with the men with whom I have been working in this effort of the
state of Pennsylvania in forestry. I want to repeat as the last tiling, as it was
the first thing that I said, that in my judgment the very bottom and foundation
and origin of all successful forest movements in any state must be the taking of
the forest question out of the class of little things and putUng it among the big
things. When we have done that it seems to me we have covered more than half
of the whole road.

Now, I have taken a great deal more time than I intended, Mr. Chairman, but
I would like to take ten minutes more with your permission. I want to take up
another question, and Uke so many of the rest of you, I have a written speech.
This is on the specific subject that was assigned to me, the matter of the place
of the states in the national forest-policy. So I ^U read you briefly what I
have to say. I have written it down not only because we were all requested t»
write papers, but because I want to say exactly what I want to say.

Public opinion is just awakening to the vital need for the practice of forestry
on private timberiands held for commercial purposes. This awakening, far more
,<„ri>osPful nn.l wide-spread than the similar stirring of public opinion which made It
possible to secure the Natonal Forests, offers by far the most promising opportunity
for progress in American forestry within my experience. There is cleariy before
us the chance for greater advance, an advance which may even extend withm the
next decade to the point of assuring a permanent and sufficient supply ot .Vmencan
forest products.

^rhe rhanoe is here, but we have not yet made umc of at. We must crystalliT*.
this invaluable public opinion behind a policy wide enough and strong enough to
make us independent for good and all of timber supplies from other countnrs. Our
success in doing so will depend on two or three es.s.nfinls in the policy behind whieh
the forces of forest conservation elect to throw their strength. The first of these
is that we must work with and not against the underiying trend of the times. The
second is that we must present to Congress with which the decision has, a poUoy

which can be passed, and which, when passer' will produce results. The policy we

30

. ■ , „„=t hf ™bmitted for the ai)i)roval of CoiigresF, a national body whose

'r:trrnecta" Ined no, only by the interests of the nation at lar...
:; .nTre parHclrly by the interests of the individual states wbieh they represent.

The essential facts in the lumber situatio.. so far as the selection of it nat-io«,al
fo^e t :, ly slcerned are three-first, the United States i. not .el -.upport.ng n
iXr bu is eonsuming its forest eapital four times faster than that cap.tal ,s
blTre-wed; sec-ond. not only timber but the produetive capacity »'*'"""- -j
• bin destr;yoa; third, the great majority of the stateo are -«"'''<' fP^
their own. needs for wood, but must rely upon the forest resources »« "^^^ »';* -
T^,erefore. the agriculture and .industries of most of the state* are dependent fo
Ut'ir ,I";tial s,n.pUes of lumber on forests outside of their own boundartea. As
to a majority of our commonwealths, this condition will be permanent.

I, may be taken as basic, therefore, that the nuuority of the .tates, c„ntainir,g

a large majority of the American people, will be permanently dependent for the.r

.r Zritv on tln-her supplies prod^need outside of the boundaries o the s a es .n

vhieh they are consun.ed. That being so, the balance of power in Oongr^s .

Zl the for..sted and the deforested or unf.rested states is a -"f -»''»" "j

vita, importance in the formulation, and still more in the enactment, of a nat.onal

forest policy.

Entirely apart from partisan consideration, certain facts as to the recent electio-.

I,,,™ great importance in this regard- we have .11 hear^ rumors that there was

.^e^L , not .o„g ago. ..n March 4.1, next the weigh, o, power ^"^-'^^^'^^^^

will nass from the sta,<s that are predominantly exporters of h.mber to the stat.s

arprinin ly importers of U.mher; from a group o^^- ;-;;;.

. eipal business, aside fr„„> agriculture, is lumbering to a group ot stat.* whose pr.n
cipal busin.ss, aside from agriculture, is manufacturing.

Under the „e>v order, therefore, the states whose vital industries ''^P^""! "" '""f;;
groJu in other s„„es wil, hold the balance of ,x.wer. Of the stated wh.eh ha« ,
gone Republican, more than three-p.arters are i.npovters of -»"«'• f »'-;"• ^,
cl,.urman-<hi,« of the cmmittees on agriculture and appropnat.ons m Hous tmj

S . : :: and wl,. b- ..id by men f..m ^''"'^-^-^'^^''^J'^^^^^XoTLZ
but the great majority of the members of each comm.ttee ^^ ^^^^^'^J^^^'"'''"'
•whose industries would perish without lumber from beyond their own borders.

What 'is true of the memben.hip of these two committees is true of OongreM
asTwl o le in the consideration of what can or can not. as well as what «hou,d or
i:,!;^, heinciudedina forest .Kiiicy for the whole nation, these facts obv,o»sly
reqniro consideration.

fror^y into..t in forestry in the state ,of Ponnsylvan.a. and because I want
certain help for this state from the federal government.

Tl.e Forest Service plan has been embodied in an item to be «"^^i"^^ jj ^'
Ho^ committee on a.Hc«ltnre as a p^poscd part of the -«^"^ f^^^^^^^^^^^^^
With all that part of this item which has to do with coo^ration ^^'^^^ '^^^^^^^^
and the nation for the control of fire, for the promotion of planting, and for fore.t

31

investigation, we are all agreed. With that part of it which assign, to the itate.
control over forest devastation, some of us profoundly disagree.

Let me make my position entirely clear.

First, I welcome any and every action by an individtial state to ptfevent forest
devastation.

StMJOnd, I have confidence in the technical and executive capacity of state foresters
as a body, and complete reliance upon their devotion to their work.

Third I am for national control, because in my judgment it is the only forai of
control 'that can actually be secured, and the only form that, if secured, can be
effectively enforced. Only national control will guarantee uniformity of treatment
among all those to whom it is applied, or will assure protection to the vital in-
t. rests of all th«> wood-using people of all the states.

Fourth I am for and shall whole-heartedly support all that part of the proposed
Forest Ssrvice appropriation item which does not assign control of forest devastation
to the states. For that purpose. I have already asked to be heard before the house
and senate agricultural committees. By the way. I want to say that under the
new order I did not know it until yesterday, in Washington all the appropriations
for the forestry department dn the House will come before tiic appropriation committee
instead of before the agriculture committee; therefore 1 assume that this item witl
follow that course, but if I find that this is so 1 shall ask to be heard befo.re the
House committee on appropriations, and shall, before those committees and in al
other ways, do my best to secure the appropriation of a. million dollars for national
cooperation with the states in fire- prot*H^t ion, planting, and fore^^t investigation.
At the same time, I shall, if necessary, ask to substitute for the few words whose
eftort is to assign control over forest devastation, and hand over the timber supply
of tlie whole nation, to the individual timber-exporting states, some such wording
as the following: "And the secretary of agriculture, where and to the extent neces-
sary to insure a future timber supply to the American people, may. under the rules
and regulations to be prescribed by him. require the owners of timber lands held
for commercial purposes upon the watersheds of navigable streams, when such lands
are valuable only or mainly for timber production, to refrain from destroying the
capacity thereof to produce trees." I make this statenxent v.ith full understanding
that an item in an appropriation bill is valid for only one year. But to adopt it
might well be taken, and would certainly be claimed, to be the adoption of .the
state-control policy by the nation.U Congress. The precedent is dangerous. In my
opinion, the words which carry state control siiould be eluninate<l. ^

Except that rumors to tlie <-ontrary lune naehed mo. it wot.ld s,-.,n unnecessary
for me to say that this position of mine is not based on hostiUty to the Service,
or to any part of its policy except stat. -c ontrol. it would n^M-m unneK^cssary to
repeat that no one has a profound.r fe-linf: of int.rest. uaVction and nspoct for
tJie Service, or more cause for it, than I. The best years of my life were given to it;
I helped it grow from very small be^nnnings to its pmsent nation-wide importance.
Since I left it, no call to defend its interests or promote its welfare has ever gone
unanswered so far as I know. A father is not cl.arged with coldness or disloyalty to
his child when he points out an <'rring tendency. No more should 1.

As I have said times out of mind, there is no better body of public servants any
where on earth than the men and women of the Forest Service ; no better work ha.

ever beeu doue for the governmeut and the i)W)ple of the United Slates than Uie
Service has performed; uo more difficult and delicate task was ever approached
with finer spirit, wider knowledge or greater devotion than the task which facd
Colonel Graves when he succeeded to the leadership of the Service; the work of
Forest Service men in the world war, at homo and abroad, is the source of infinite
pride au<l gratitude to every American ; under the vigorous and energetic leadership
of Colonel Greeley, I wish the Service every success. But I reserve and shall
exercise, now and always, the right of independent judgment as to whether or not,
in any given case, the policy of the Service is right or wrong. In the present instance
1 believe it is to the interest of the nation, of the Forest Service, and the forest
organization of the various states and very much to tthe interest of the uhole, that
the nation rather than a few timber-exporting itates should control forest devas-
tation and our future wood supply, and so bedieviug I can do nothing less than
give expression to my belief.

Moreover, the reasons given above, together with my own experience with Congresa,
and a special investigation of the present position of congressional leaders, have
convincied me as to the attitude Congress will assume. I have said a good many
timo« in print that in my judgment it would be impossible to secure from this Con-
gress, or from any Congress in the near future, the enactment of the state-control
policy cither in an appropriation bill or in any other form of bill. In order to be
absolutily certain of my ground in this matter, I went to Washington and talked
the thing over with a numbor of the leaders rvho have been known for a great many
years, and satisfied myself as well as I was able in the short time I was there as to
what the actual situation was. I talked with Mr. Montell, not directly on this
question, but as to the situation in the matter of appropriations,, and found him
more impressed than I have for a good many years with the absolute necessity for
ntrenchinent. Mr. Montell, who was pretty close to being the father of the recla-
mation act, told me that he had already notified the men of the west who had come
to him on the subject that there would be no direct appropriations for that purpos'j
this y«-'ar. Talking tlien with men ou the committees of agriculture and appropria-
tions of bt)th House and Senate, I came back entirely convinoed.

1 came back with d«'fiinte knowledge where before I only had a conviction that so far
as Congress is concerned any effort to secui^e o'thef in this item or anywhere else,
either at this session or any session in the future, a form of words whfjch would au-
thorize die inauguration of a state-control policy would fail. I want to make that
thing very clear, because it would have been unfortunate for me to emphasize a
statement of that kind am! to have found afterwards it was unjustified. All these
things together have, I think, given mo a clear conception of what the attitude of
Congress will be. It is perfectly obvious that an effort to place in the hands of the
forested states — which within ten years means in the hands of the Legislatures of
Washington, Oregon and California — the decision as to the future timber supply of
staU'8 more numerous, more populous, anld more largely represented in Congress,
is foredoomed to fail.

Colom-l Greeley himself has told us repeatedly that he does not intend to give
immediate effect to that part of the proposed uppropriation item which deals with
the control of forest dtevastation. There can be, therefore, no immediate need for
that part of the language which some of us can not support and which in any event
leaders in Congress will not permit to pass. You gentlemen understand, of course,
that any new language in the appropriation bill is subject to a point of order by on';
man and that the man whe makes the point of order is not required to give any
reasons for doing so. He simply saj's, "Mr. Speaker I object," and d^ignatea
whatever new language he objects to, and that Inujcuagc goes out. There is, then -
fore, in my judgment no chance of this particular language remaining in tbiii bill.

33

But even if I am entirely mistaken in my estimate of the facts and their meaning
still the question arises whether it would not be wiser for us state foresters bb a
body to unite behind what we are all for, the million-dollar appropriation for fire,
planting and investigation. In that event, the single point upon which we disagree
would be left to be settled independently at a time and in a way such that the in-
evitable objections of Congressmen and Senators from timber-importing states would
run no risk of endangering what we are unanimously agreed on.

I want this monev for Pennsylvania just as much as any of you fellows want it
for your own state. We were saved from a very uncomfortable situation to a con-
siderable extent last spring by the seventy-five hundred dollars that Mr. Peters
wa3 finally persuaded, against his better judgment, to put into the state of Penn-
sylvania, and we are very grateful for it. We want more money, and we waiit it
just as much as any of you, because in relation to the vast forest-area of the
state we are probably in a good deal worse situation than ajiy of you. I doubt it
there is anybodv here that has any more, except possibly Michigan, than five mil-
lion acres of completely devastated lands within the boundaries of the state. W^
want our full share of that Federal money for planting, for forest investigation,
for fires, and, so far as the Lord lets us, we Pennsylvanians will stand behind the
movement as long as the rest of you fellows to get the money for that purpose.

But I have had long enough experience in Congress to know this, that in the
final days of the session, and some of you who have had ^f ^«^^^^ ^ ^^^^"7,^ "^^
be able to support me in this statement, in the final days of the session, at the time
when appropriations go through, the rush is so great that the opportunity for fine
TstinctLns disappears, and the chance that the whole item will go out because
some one individual phrase in it is objected to is multiplied many times.

It looks to me, if my estimate of tiie situation in Congress i^ "^^^. " ^' ^;^ '^'^

forestei. were in a position, if the st.nte-control item is insisted on. in which they

will automatic:dly prevent the full appropriation in which they are -t-ested It

is always a risky tiling to put a new policy into an appropriation bill ««^j««t to

. point of order. It is merely to invite failure to put it into an ^PP-Jir^^^^^^

subject to a point of order at a time when it is known m advance that influential

ead::s of boSi House and Senate wiU see to it that it goes out. Now ^ ^^^ t^^^

money as much as you do, and if we can all get ^««^f .^^^^^f ^f "^^P^^.,"^"

we all are for, I tiiink we have a Aance to get it. and if not we will net get

it. (Applause.)

Mr WALLACE. I am sure I have been highly entertained and edified by the
^^.^77 ^ J 1^ friends and have known

magnificent address of Mr. Pmchot. tie ana x are u , . . ., ^-^^ _f .u^

eaT other for twenty years. I want to ask him what would be the effect of he
™e of which he speaks in tiie matter of prot^ting or securing surrounding
LX on water^sheds. Now, take the state of Alabama and make i an exampl^
^e Ite of Alabama is a great lumber-pnKlucing state, a great yeUow-pine belt
tiiere. Now. I jvant to know how tiiat would effect tiie people ef Alabama.

Mr. PINCHOT. As to what the working out of tiie policy would be?

Mr. WALLACE. How would that affect us.

Mr PINCHOT. I do not know whether you have seen a report made by the
Society of American Foresters. That is precisely what I have in mind.
3

3i

Mr.. WALLACE. Yis, I have read that.

Mr PINCHOT. As to this language, I know, of course, very well indeed, that
no such language will pass in the present ^ropriation bill I merely suggest
substituting one point of view for another. This matter has been fought out for
a number of y^ars. We have just finished, as some of you gentiemen know, a
fifteen-year fight to save the coal-lands, to save the oil-lands, and in each case we
won In the last session of Congress the fight was finished to save tlie water-power.
I„ each case we have passed through the rogiilar series of phases, first, no control :
second, state control; third, national control, and in each case »^^io"« 7^;;^
has won out. There will be no legislation on this subject on either side of the house
for several years. It is one of the biggest questions that can come before the people
of the United States, and it will have to be threshed out at every stage.

Mr WALLACE. Mr. Pinchot, would that language which you have suggested
there in your admirable address, would that contemplate government control of
private property?

Mr PLNCHOT. Yes, it would be exactly analagous, foil example, to govern-
mMit' control of private property by the Interstate Commerce Commission.

Mr. WALLACE. There would be no such thing as condemnation for public
use without adequate compensation?

Mr PINCIIOT Thf^ Intrrstnte Commerce Commission regulates the railroads
in Pennsylvania and the state gives them police protection. Under the plan I
have in mind the states wcnld prot.et from fir.. The state taxes the railroads of
Pennsylvania, and under the plan I have indicated the state would tax forests.
The Interstate Commerce Commission, a national body, regulates the use and hand-
ling of private property just as under the plan I have in mind the government
through the Department of Agriculture and th. Forest Service in particular w^uld
regulato the use and handling of commercially held timber-land so far as they
have correlation to interstate commerce. It would be analogous in both cases,
an interference with private property rights for the public good.

The CUAIRMAN. The queston is open for discussion. Would anybody like
to make any inquiry of Mr. Pindiot regarding the essentials of his paper?

Mr WOODRUFF. As I listenotl I heard the word 'forest devastation" several
times', and for fear that forest devastation might be misunderstood 1 would ask
Mr. Pinchot if by any chance he would include in that, as speaking of devasta-
tion, the devastation of forest by fire.

Mr PINCHOT. My judgment is that forest fires are a state quesf.on ; taxing
Is a state question; but the destruction ff timber-lands by tiie' cutting of timber

is a national question.

J
Mr. WOODRUFF. When you say forest devastation you refer to timber cutting?

Mr. PINCHOT. I do.

Mr. \y. A. GUTHRIE, Chairman Conservation Commission Indiana. May I ask
• pewonal question that pertains to our own State's interest? We have the en-

tiiusiasm, and I know the outgodng governor is going to recommend it, and I am iatii-
fiod the incoming governor will recommend it, an appropriation for buying this cut
over tinjber-land without a suney. How is the best plan, for us to buy this? Our
state contains 22,400,000 acres of which it is estimated about 800,000 acres in the
southern part of the state to be water sheds of the Ohio river. Two to four hundred
thousand acres that are suitable for growing timber, but that is all divided up into
various farms and small lots. How are we going to buy it? What kind of a law
can we pass to reach that. I think that our forester suggested a long time bond prop-
osition,- but I am inform^cr by attorneys that we can not do that under our coMti-
tution. What kind of appropriations do we need to make available to get this timber
for the state?

Mr. PINCHOT. I can not tell you how to do it, but I shall. be mighty glad
to tell you what we are doing. In the first place, we get once in two years an
appropriation from the legislature for the purchase of forest lands. For thia pre-
sent two yoiars it amounts to one hundre<t and thirty thousand dollars, but in no
case are we to pay more than ten dollars an acre. What we do is to ascerUin
where in the state we can get two things together, land that ought t» b« in 'a
state forest, and land at a reasonable price.

I do not need to tell you gentiemen tiiat tiie fact tiiat the state has some money
to spend is a perfectly good reason in the minds of a great many why the state
ought to pay two prices for what tiie other fellow has to sell. It all has to be
handled with a great deal of care, but can be handled in such a way a« to get
fuU value for the state.

Judge W«odi-uflE has sent letters to fifteen hundred laud-owners throu^out the
sUte of Pennsylvania telling tiiem of what tiie forest department has in mind,
and asking them to send in ofiEers. They make those offers on a regular form,
and in a great many cases we take an option.

Mr. GUTHRIE. In small amounts which don't hitch np together?

Mr PINOHOT. Tliat, of course, is your trouble. Wiiat we are dodng hero
is to'tJike up pieces of land wherever they happwi to be. even if they are not
contiguous to state forests, provided we know in advance tiiat tiie area m which
these particular pieces of land lie is ultimately likely to fall witiiin our five million
aerea. We are very sure that aU tiiese lands tiiat we buy will never be worth
any less tiian they are now, and if tiie state does not want tiiem. if it holds them
for ten yeare and does not want them, it can sell them and make a large profit
on them.

Mr. GLT^RIE. We have the right of eminent domain, but we do not aie it.

Mr PINCHOT, We have tiie right of eminent domain also, bat we do not oae
it, because it costs too much. We can buy the land cheaper witiiout it. The only
place in which we propose to use it is where tiiere arc difficulties in tiie titie which
can only be cleared up in that way ; and in tiiose cases we shall, so far as possible,
make a definite agreement witii tiie owners of the land in advance as to tiie price.
J do not know whetiier I have answered your question at all, sir; but I have tried,

Mr. GUTHRIE. In a way.

86

The CHAIRMAN. If there is nothing further, we will proceed with the .ym-
po^„; The .ubject I,, "Our timber needs .nd supplies." T!,e subject has boon
nid into five sections. New En^and. the South, mddle NVest^ tne ^a.e StaU.
n„d 0.e West. The first will be represented by Mr. W . O. Hastings, of ^erm

Mr W G HASTINGS. State Forester, Vermont. There was no intimation
™I. L length of time 1 sh.uld occupy so I have prepared only a two or
Te^Zuto ;;" fcelin. that .be rest of you probably would do .he same, and
in that way combined we would occupy perhaps half an hour.

New England i. a forest region. Notwithstanding her industrial and agricul-
tura en^rprises, her populati.n, her weU.h and culture and her three ce-^-e
of development, New England, by the edict of her physical geography still remains
f wndtnrregion, and will continue to be a regi.n where wild lands predominate
nnffl .llidcar «=onomic and social order has been created in which agriculture
r.tr.fitat w^L^the use of farm machinery, an impossible time. New Eng ian
paLed her heyday as a rur,l community sixty yehrs ago, and since then the edge
of the woods has drawn nearer and nearer to New York.

' Of the slightly less than forty miUion acre, comprising the land surface of New
Eng and fnUy three-fourths is unsuited to a higher use than timber-produe.i.n,
^d of h s Lee-fourths about ninety per cent, is capable of producing forest-
g" wl The remainder is the natural barrens. Expressed in acres there are a^ut
three and one-halt miUion acres of barrens, including swamp and water; ten and one-
m f million acres of pasturage or land devoted to higher use, and twenty-eigUt million
ac e. of wild land capable of supporting timber-growth. We have not twen.^-
:S million acres of productive forest, however. Estimates made by the severa
foresters of New England, if I can harmonize their statements correctly sh.w that
tZa "a of twenty-eight million acres may be divided into three equal or noa b
"lai "ins, namely': firs., lands supporting a Batisfactory stand of t™ber conta -
ing trees of m6rch«.t.ble si.e in dominating percentages of v.lume ; second fo.cst
lands supporUng a satisfactory stand of young timber: and '•"«'■ »-'/^^
supporting an unsatisfactory stand of timber, either young or old, or n» timber

at all.

The first class, containing nine million acre, of mature, or nearly mature, pulp-
wood and saw-timber, includes within itself the infinitesimal amount of virpn
forest left standing in the region, and includes also ali other stands of timber of
merchantable size. Except for these virgin stands of a million acres or so every
stPnd of 8aw-timber iu New England has been more or less heavily culled for the
better classes of material. These culled stands are, therefore, made up o inferior
species and poor specimens of good species. At best tJie timber is cuIIckI stuff
cruising from five to six thousand feet per acre. These nine million acres of culled-
over. mature or nearly mature stands occupy twenty-two per cent of the area of
New England, or thirty-three per cent of our absolute forest soil capable of pro-
ducing forest growtOi, and support all of the pulpwood and saw-timbcr in New
England variously estimated at fifty billion feet. In calling the timber on these
nine million acres, a satisfactory stand, there is no desire to convey the idea that
the stand is in any respect all that may be desired, and least of all is it satis-
factory from the point of view of volume. Such a classification simply means that
tliere is volume enough present to insure that lumbermen will return for another
cut.

The second of the three nin^millon-ncre rlnsscs of forest land into which our
forests of New England may be divi<locl contains, as expressed above, a satisfactory
•Und •£ young growth not yet sufficiently aged to be considered merchantable for

87

either saw-timber or pulpwood. This second class is the severely cut-over Isjids
which, in spite of fires and other misuse, is restocking to desirable species in vary-
ing degrees of perfection. The area contains large quantities of cordwo»d stumpage
ns well as reproduction of both hardwood and softwood species. In speaking of
the condition of this class as satisfactory there is no desire, as expressed above,
to convey the impression that the stand as a whole is entirely satisfactory.

The third class, the nine million acres of land supporting neither timber nor
reproduction, or supporting worthless stands of either or both, this third class of
foresr land is the man-made, desolate wastes, and includes the twice-bumed-over
hillsides, the rough, remote abandoned farms, and forest lands too recently or too
severely cut over to determine what the future stand is to be, if any. These, to-
gether with the natural barrens, are the lands which have arrested the attentisn
of the casual obsener, and which bear physical evidence of the serious condition
our forests are in.

New England contains one-eighth of her original stand of timber; her merchan-
table forest-area has shrunk to sne-fourth of its original acreage; her forests are
called upon to supply two and four-tenth billion feet of timber yearly in the form
of lumber, pulpwood, ties, posts and cordwosd, according to the "Capper Report,"
while the same report places the yearly increment at one and three-tenth billion
feet. A generation ago she was a heavy exporter of timber; tod*y she is an im-
porter of one-third of all timber consumed in her industries and building trades;
she is paying more to the already overtaxed railroads in freight rates than it will
cost to maintain her forests in a producing state equal to the needs of the region.
The forest wealth of New England has shriveled almost to the vanishing point
and continues to shrivel. Our forests are at present in a deplorable condition, but
the situation, serious as it may be, is not hopeless to those of us who are optimis-
ticaJly inclined. There still is time to repair the havoc that has been wrought
In our forests. A regulation period of fifty years, the careful expenditure of a
few cents per acre the services of one hundred well-trained foresters and one thou-
sand rangers will bring our forests back to normal.

Dr. ROTHROCK. What about insect depredation in the New England states?

Mr. HASTINGS. Insect depredation in the southern portion of New Etamp-
shire and Vermont, I refer to the southern portirm of New England because the
spruce belt of Maine extends considerably farther north, and in the southern por-
tion it is not as noticable as it is farther north. There is depredation both in New
Hampshire and Vermont of common knowledge to us all, but the insect trouble
that arises in Maine I have not seen, and I can not, therefore, speak authoritively
on it.

Dr. ROTHROCK. I was rocently informed by a man in tlie stAte of Maine
that in four of the townships in northern Maine an examination had been made
on the condition of the spruce and fir, and that they had reported that from eighty
to ninety per cent in certain districts was absolutely gone. A lumberman of very
wide experience in that region made a remark to me that in regard to the spruce
so far as the northern part of Maine was concerned, they were at the end of then-
long timber lumbering.

Mr HASTINGS. I think it has been stated by those who are in a poittion to
know, surely T am not in a position to contradict, that the spruce bud worm has
done more damage in northern New England and Quebec than fire.

38

n,. ROTHROCK In the forest that I saw. practically every good .ixed .prao.
^'■^TSor^yin,. it was the most hopele« .ituatlon th'tj 7-- ^e
^„g spruce outside where the clearinp. were made seemed to be m relatively

f*«d condition.

The CHAIRMAN. The next spealter is the genUeman from the .onny South.
Mr. John H. Wallace. Jr.

M,. lOHN H WALLACE, Jr., Cominiissioner of Conservation. Alabama. Gover-
nof Olcott and gentlemen: I am very sure that I voice the sentiment of every
Zl^T^^^'t who is a forester when I say that we at, delighted to be In
ZntTanfa and we are especiaUy happy to be in Harrisburg. and we are
beaTi beyond 1 scale and bliss of dreams of being in this magnificent cap.^1
wWchT. one the most wonderful pieces of architecture it ha, ever been my .Je^-
r'eto ga^e "Pon. We are happy to be in a state which has g.ven to the nation
"he H.nor.ble Gifford Pinchot. who will go down in history as one of the greatest
oonMrvatlonisU of the country.

Tl,e subject assigned to me is the timber-supply of the South and its need.. 1
do not knoTthat I can say much speaking for Virginia or North Carohna because
the e are two admirable, estimable gentlemen here wh. are -7 *«""'"" J'^.
*nditlon. in those states than I am: Mr. Jones, of Virginia, and Dr. Holmes o
Zth Carolina. I «n especially familiar, however, with the pmo-belt. the h>ng-leaf
^ en. w'lrbdt. Stra.!;e as it might seem to you. the South is still ^ ^^"J^^.
,h. i- wi 1, reference to forest lands, l^.ere cs but a very small P«^»t»^ »' ^'^
.n.l cl.>.r,d. There is still standing in tl.e South a magnificent grow-th of long-lea
.r yellow pine. It i. true tl.at some fifty-odd year, ago the matter of the cxP «.t«Oo„
" the timber reaources was begun, and that due to this in many secUons o* that fa^i
.„ Lnderful .and desolation and despair has be., left in the wake T^^e « n
the «.uth the reserve supply of leng-leaf pine of the American continent. The miU.
« the period of the war worked overtime and produced enormous quantities
.f lumbrr whidi they .old for very handsome prices. Now. -- the pric» has go^
.ff. they are not cutting timber so rapidly. We export from Alabama and from the
Snu.h 1 suspect, ten times as much lumber as we consume. It has been estimated
f : with .;: su;p.y of lon^leaf pine left in the South and '»-- --^'Yn '"plTa'
.l,ort-leaf pin, or lobK.lly pine wl.i* is left remaining, standing in pnme^.
foreaf. enough of that pine to last fr.m twelve to fifteen yeat^ "'^'1^^^
the larger h.ldingn probably from twenty to twenty-five years. Now. there 1. Jd»
;,; ,1' South large quantities of Mrdwood like the oaks, for «-«''-/-"« '^^^
make Uautifu. furniture out of it, take the hickory and make spokes •"/! •"""''•'^ »^
•f 1, There is the cyprosH, also the gum. There are still considerable quantme.
of L ,lre. but in the South, just a, it has been in New England and NewYork«.^
I., nnsylvania, the crying need of adequate legislation to save the ^'f^'^'^^ f^;'^^^^
..bli.er.tion never appealed to the ,«ople until those '"'^'^^ »'"'"•»" '°*3"
frun, the face of the earth. It is true with reference to the South as it >"« ^ '"
every part of the country, there is growing in the ifenth m.lbons of acres of «=cond
grawth pin,.. Now, ti.ero should be laws pa.sed by various states "''-•l -"^"P'^^^
something like this, that is-now just a moment-thc men who own that pine-land
upon which that second-growth timber is growing do not feel able to hold it for thirty
.r forty year, until it rn.chos maturity. Now. that is the point here. N»w. what
has got .0 be done? We must pass n law providing that the states can enter into a
cntract with ind.viduals owing such land to grow timber on it and exempt it fr.m
taxation until the time (hat timber is ready to be cut, and then impose a ,ever.n«
tax at the time of cutting, or otherwise participate in the profits to >« denved from
that timber. Now. that is a practicable and feasible plan. When we do that ther«

89

will be milUons of acres of land in the South that Ciiu be exempted from taxation and
opon which timber can be grown. As I see it, that proposition is workable all over
the United States. For instance, there was a law passed by the last legislature of
Alabama providing for a ten-cent tax an every ton of coal mined in the »ttt«.
They said it was unconstitutional. They went into court, and the supreme court
has upheld it. That is directly in line with the surface tax in the matter of cutting
timber trees ; but, as Mr. Peters most admirably said in his address this mommg,
or rather this afternoon, and as Colonel Greeley stated this m.rning, that the
individu,.U who enters into that contract with the state must absolutely agree to
grow timber on it, and the state in return must see to it that it is protected from
tl.e ravages of forest fire. I can safely say that %vith the timber in sight in Alabama,
the actual existing timber, and tiie second-growth timber about to ripen and coming
„n to ripen year after year in the state, tliat there is still in sight in the Sooth
tmher to last the peopli not only of the South, but all other parts of Uie country
as well, at least fifty years.

The CHAIRMAN. Are th.re any inquiries to be directed to Mr. Wallace?
The middle west will be represented by Mr. Edmond Secrest, of Ohio.

Mr rPMOND SIX^REST of Ohio, Gentlemen: Ohio was among the foremost
sta'tes ^n the production of hardwoml timber. The original stand is estimated to have
contained approximately 170 billion feet, which covered some' 90% of the total laud
area The present forest area of 3.200,000 acres contains approximately 10 billion
leet of all classes of timber. Of this amount first quality virgin saw material
will not exceed 1 billion feet. .

The inherent forest lands of the state located in the ,south-eastcrn quarter,
approximately 1,000,000 acres contain second growUi hardwood stands m large
tracts of considerable potential value, but the merchantable «aw-timber 1. of
negligible quantity. WhUe tills section, will in a large part produce Uiq future
forest products of tiie state, it will require at least 50 .vears with intensive protec-
tion against fire to produce saw-timber, much of which will be of relatively :nfenor
quality, because rf tiie cumulative injury by fire, and other forms of devastiition.

The remaining 2.000,000 acres of forest land are more or less a part of the
1„ tter .wrricultunil districts of the state and tiiey contain the great bulk of the
remaining stands of old growth. Many of these farm woodlands «i^t on soils of
greater or less agricultural value. They are not menaced by fire, but 84% are
heavily grazed, and tiie young growdi is nil or of inferior quality. The practice
.f grimug has produced a change in forest conditions which is responsible for the
rapid deterioration of the old growth. The total increment in tiie heavi y grazed
w«>dland is .maU, and since some 1.750.000 acres of Ohio's farm woodlands are
JLi tiie annual growU. for the state is low. It probably will not exceed 25 board
feet per acre. This not only portends serious consequences in respect to future
timber supplies, but we find ourselves in the position where the great bulk of tiie
remaining old growth timber is contained in w.odlands which for the most part
exist on agricultural soils. This condition will tend to jeopardize the present avaU-
able n»erves, because tiie woodlands arc not only subject to the devastating in-
fluences of heavy grazing, but are being cleared for tillage and grazing in a manner
which does not take into account tiie economical utilization of the Umber. Up untU
a few years before the European war. when stumpage values were comparatively low,
.uw logs of more inferior quality were disposed of by methods much the same a. tiioM
eir.ployed by the early pioueera.

hi'

III

40

The situation affecting the wood-using industries of Ohio is acute. Owing to Uic
superior quarty of oak, poplar, hickory, and walnut tlie state has been one of the
foremost in the number ami output of its hardwood manufacturing establishmentfl.
For a numbor of years this industry flourished, and in addition Ohio exported con-
siderable quantities of hardwood lumber. Today the industries remaining, import
at least 75% of the raw wood material used. During the past decade many of the
smtUler plants have gone out of business or moved elsewhere, owing to the exhaustion
of the timber within reasonable distances.

There is a distinct feeling of uneasiness among the larger users of wood. The
following quotation is from a letter written by the head of a large box company
in Ohio, which is quite representative of the attitude of the industries using hard-
woods. ' "We desire to take this opportunity of urging that something definite be
done in regard to reforestation in Ohio. We have some very decided opinions upon
this subject, and have been in a position to see and appreciate just what the de-
pletion of our woodlands mean to the future generations, and even to those men
living in the present.

"This plant will be obliged to close within two years for lack of timber. Basswood
is practically extinct. We are today the only factory in Ohio making berry baskets,
ihe third largest in the United States. Next season we shall have to cease the manu-
facture of basswood berry baskets and use maple. Had the state taken hold of
this problem even 20 years ago, berry growers would not have to send to the South
next year for berry packages."

The same condition exists in the industries using hickory and ash. Yellow poplar
furmerfy used extensively for house sidi.ig is now rarely employed for the purpose.
Thcro IS litiio No. 1 poplar standing in Ohio woodlands today.

The sturapage values of Ohio timber have doubled during the past decade. In
some cases prices paid in 1917 and 1018 had increased three fold over those of
1913. Instances are on record where ash stumpage was sold for .$75.00 per thousand.
Transactions where $40.00 to $65.00 were paid were quite common. White oak Ne^
1 logs brought from $30.00 to $55.00 per thousand stumpage. Values have decreased
somewhat since 1918 in sympathy with the general slump in the hardwood market.
There is at the present time, in fact, very little stumpage moving, but prices have
held up remarkably well.

Good roads, accessibility, dus,. proximity to the manufacturing PO^^^J^
Kponsiblc for high stumpag. vn..s in Ohio. The annual cut in Oluo is .50,000,000
board feet. We consume annually approximately 1.750,000,000 board feet, or seven
timrs more than we cut.

Tlie CHAIRMAN. The next gentleman is from the Lake States, Mr. C. L.
Harrington.

Mr r L HARRINGTON, Commissioner of Conservation, Wisccmsin, Gentlemen!
I assume that the Lake States include Minnesota, Wisconsin and Michigan. Being
personally acquainted with the situation in Wisconsin, I will discuss it hrst

Now what have we by way of a timber supply in Wisconsin at the present time?
Wis<x.nsin embraces about thirty-five mUlion" acres. About eighteen million acres
lie in the southern part of the state, and today It is a large agricultural region.
It has a generally rolling topography, becoming somewhat rough m the south-
western part of the state, but can not be considered as any thing but an agricultapal

41

•

section where one farm abuts right up against the other. Our timber supply can
be found to a certain extent in this eighteen or nineteen million acres in the way
of farmers' woodlots, and today we know that there is a considerable supply of
very good maple and basswood. some eak, and a considerable amount of walnut,
and the general hardwoods cut from the farmers' woodlots in southern Wisconsin.

Northern Wiscons-in has about sixteen million acres which include about thirty
counties Of this sixteen million acres ten million acres are cut over for the most
part At the i>i-esent time about four million acres are in farms and the balance
of two to two and a half million acres is in forests. These timber stands would run
from five to eight thousand feet, probably average about seven thousand feet. At
the present time Wisconsin cuts something over a billion feet of timber a year. We
have upwards of three hundred saw mills working in the state ; that is, taking the
entire state. We have probably fifty mills that would be considered good, big miUs
located in northern Wisconsin. There is upwards of twenty-five billion feet of lumber
standing in Wisconsin at the present time, and there are a number of ^e larger
mills which have oats of from fifteen to twenty-five years ahead of them. Now, this
timber is made up almost entirely of hemlock, birch, maple, elm and the gener^
hardwoods. In other words, the supply of timber at the present time in Wisconsin
consists chiefly of mixed hardwoods and hemlock witii a certain amount of white
pine and Norway pine scattered in here and tiiere. There are very few stands of
white pine left in the state.

As to the timber supply of the future it is problematic just where it is comiD.
from so far as Wisconsin is concerned. We are a flat land state, relaUv»^y speaking.
in";r^ern Wisconsin and to a certain extent in the central part of the staU w.
know of approrimately three million acres of land which because of low ertUlt,
ZZ bo clLod as forest land. Now, over two million acres of these lands the-
Ua big question mark today as to whether they are going to be ««"-"-«!-;'
or forcft lands, and for .he remaininj two million acres we can say w.th a ^ood de^
o assuraucc that eventually they are going to be used for Umber production. Even
ta our Zt highly developed counties along the south Wisconsin border we find
romtento thirty per cent of the land still remaining in timber growth, as farme™
wrdlo^.VVhen passing by on the train or traveling over these counties by auto
r often g.-ts the in«.ression that they are pretty well 7»<!«^;" "-;™\t;:,
«„odl«t MK-ccorting the other, or one stand of timber succeedmg the other right across
^ecLunt y So. all told, Wisconsin is pretty well provided for at the present Ume
* fri timber is concerned, and the probabUities are that twenty or thirty yea«
:. " V, unless something unusual hap,«ns, and unless «.« big agnculture
1 „i,i^h i, ,o nronounccd in Wisconsin at the present time is modiBed,
;rrr JIS hav": : Ck To^r states for the bulk of the forest products she
yearly requires^

Concerning the needs of Wisconsin at the present time let me say ««''««•
, Tw of wood-using industries witliin the state. I believe we rank third in
:;: m^r of iape^ r pVlr^producUon in the Union. We have large furnitun,
fu .onr sal and door establishments and excelsior mills of considerable size

TZit ten years ago Wisconsin in her wood-using industries was using up a
^nuontet of forerp^lucls. That does not include saw mills nor docs it take into
^^unt 1 stocks and the sales of retail yards located in nearly eveir settled own
^Zr2l Tthe state; nor materials going into mines. Even though we are large
Tsers^T wood products at the present, I believe that board for board, Wiscon.^

:S cuts enough annually to supply her needs. Th^-'-''- "^^^J^^^^"^^,'^

r • - Ao th« vpara eo bv there is no question m my mind but that a greai

rr:?',^.- woodX indLLes arc going to pass from the state or go out of

i2

business We know that the big saw mill is going to pass. Wo know Uiat a con-
riderable number of the short-lived industries, like heading mills, barrel and stave
and small box establishments will move out. It will be a considerable number of
years before the paper and pulp miUs will cease operation. We find them extending
out in every direction. At the present time spruce bolts are rafted across Lake
Superior from the nortli shore of Minnesota or over from the Canadian shore, and
yet that was unthought of eight or nine years ago.

It is pretty hard to teU just what the ultimate needs of Wisconsin are going to b€
in regard to forest products. Wisconsin is going to have a big rural population.
T1.0 large areas of potentially fertile ami valuable soils of the undevelopea soctiona
of the state and the great enthusiasm for agricultural devdopmeut at tlie present
time indicate very clearly as to Wisconsin becoming a great agricultural and
industrial state. As such she will need large quantities of forest products in the
future and it is my belief that we in Wisconsin have practically passed fur all
time into the class of timber-importing rather than timber-exporting states. I am
not very well acquainted with the general circumstances in Michigan and Mmnesota.
I think Michigan is a good deal in the same position today as Wisconsin as regarding
her timber supplies and needs. I know that there are vast quantities of hemlock
and hardwoods in northern Michigan. I think Minnesota is probably more favorab y
situated than either of the other two states. As far as I know, she is more favorably
situated so far as timber supplies are concerned. I think of the three states that
Wisconsin has less land that could be classed as forest land. I think that on some
of the lands that I have been over in Minnesota there is no question as to its
adaptability for forests and nothing else. It seems to me that Minnesota and
possibly Michigan-I am not very well acquainted there-are left a much better
opportunity in the long run to grow the timber tiiey need than Wisconsin.

The CHAIRMAN. The west will be represented by Mr. W. J. Morreli, State
Forester, Colorado.

Mr W J MORRELL, State Forester Colorado. Mr. Chairman and gentlemen: I
am from out where the West begins. The chief representative of the West who will
respond for Uie West, our chainnau, the governor of Oregon is very much where the
West leaves off. The next stopping-point is tiie Far E^t. It is only through the
courtesy of the old chief, Mr. Pinchot, that I am assigned a place on this program,
because the thought came only this afternoon to him, and it is especially fitung
ll.at tlie West should be represented by a governor, especially a governor from
Oregon, possibly from the city of which the following storj' is told, rhe city
cou^ of Salem once wrote to the council of an ancient city m Massachusetts
suggesting that it was inconvenient and inadvisable that two important cities m
the United States should be named Salem, and the city council of Salem, Oregon
suggested that Salem, Massachusetts, change its name. The West ^«««t noted for
modesty, and it is particularly fitting that the response for the West should be given
by no less a parsonage than a governor. It would be a crime for nie t« mar this
How of eloquence which we have heard here today, and so I thmk I shall give my
time to the Governor of Oregon, unless there are some specific questions which any
of vou might desire to ask concerning conditions iu Colorado, which, by the way, is
not a great timber-producing state, for as you know its forests are chiefly valuable
an protK^tive forests, maintaining the beauty of our summer resorts. <>";L^«;°^^^f;
and to maintain our supply of irrigation water. However, I am gratified at tiie
honor shown Colorado and to myself for this privilege of giving my time to the
governor, who will represent the West.

Mr. ALFRED GASKILL. State Forester. New Jersey, in the (Aalr.

48

The CHAIRMAN. The conference is waiting, I am sure, to hear from the
governor of Oregon.

(GOVERNOR OLCOTT. Gentlemen, this takes me unawares. I knew notliing of
this, but a little later on I may have something to say about our problems out there
and' the conditions surrounding, but the gentleman from Colorado's mention of tJie
West's modesty is a true story, and it mdght interest you to know the facts behind
it, if you have not read of it— about tlie little town of Salem, Oregon, eighteen
thousand people, asking the large to\ni of Salem, Massachusetts, to step off the dock
and give the^Salem of the West tlie privilege of the sole, exclusive control over that
name. The absurdity of it is shown by the fact that Salem. Massachusetts, as every-
body knows, is the old witch-craft town of the eariy history of our country. The
inside story is that the Salem, Oregon, Chamber of Commerce, which has for the
size of the town quite an active organization, lost their secretary. They temporarily
put in a young chap of about eighteen years of age, just graduated from high seliool
and business college, and he, like a good many of us at that age, thought he was
some pumpkins. The older I get the more I realize the little I know. I remembfr
when I came out of business college I returned to my home in Illinois and attempted
to show my father how to keep his books. He was an old New England business
roan, and you know how far I got with that But at any rate this young chdp
thought it was not more than right that Salem, Oregon. p<.ssessing all the beauty
clalmod for it. should have the exclusive use of tie name, so he wrote the Chamber
of Commerce of Salem. Massachusetts, asking them to renege absolutely on the
name. It got out in the press, but all the city of Salem. Oregon, got was advertising,
that, without spending a dollar, was worth thousands of dollars to it. It is a joke
with them that it was thought to be an advertising stunt ; as a matter of fact it
was just a bonehoaded play. We heard of it in the New York papers, the Philadel-
phia papers, the Boston papers, the general tenor of which implied a compliment
to tlie West on its initiative and originality in advertising, in devising a scheme
that worked! so well. It was just a schoolboy's bone headed play; but it seems to
have secured results even if different than that intended.

The CHAIRMAN. Before passing to the next subject on the program, is it
advisable to question whether there should not be something like a summary of
this symposium, the bringing together of the representations and conditions that
have been decided? I ask if it is ia the mind of anyone to take up a few moments
with that question. If not, having heard from Vermont, let us hear from Massa-
chusetts, the Massachusetts plan for rtforestation by Mr. Bazeley.

Mr W. A. L. BAZLEY, Massachusetts. Mr. Chairman and gentlemen: The
bone-head from Salem, Oregan, is not so very far away from me in appearing
before you men and talking on forestry. In the first place. I know absolutely
nothing about forestry except for my love of the outdoors and thi> way in which
I have played with forestry on my farm in Worcester county. I first got interested
in the ways of forestry by being one of the victims of the chestnut blight whirfi
struck Massachusetts, and when I had cut down one hundred and fifty acres of
seventy-year^ld chestnut it was not with a view of continuing the timber supply
of the United States, it was with a view of self-gratification, it was my eye for
beauty that impeUed me to plant that area with white pine, and I rather think
I am one of the few men, who have the position of state foresters, who before he
knew anything about forestry planted one hundred and fifty acres of land te white
T.ino. Now, when Major Stuart also asked me to say something here on Massa-
clinsetts state forests, we were in the position of the secretary from Salem. We
have in Massachusetts what we call state forests.. It is an absolute misnomer; they
should be called state plantations. Before the state undertook anything at all about

I

fifty years ago a few men in the state down in one pine region, around in Plymouth
county, started some plantations of pine which have been very successful, and my
chief forester tells me that it has always been with a great deal of doubt that
lumber men in the country have heard the stories of the growth that those planta-
tions have made. The fii-st offici.d plantations in Massachusetts, as one might call
them were made by the Metropolitan water board, which board «"PPJi«« ^ho
water for* the city of Boston. They conceived the idea of planting the lands which
were adjacent to their water supplies, and in the year 1900 began such planting. I
believe now they have upwards of three tliousand acres of land in very successful
Plantations. In 1904 the forestry department in Massachusetts was started It
was only started in a small way. and for many years it gave noUiing but technunxl
advice, did no forestry business of its own. as we had a very small a-dj-athe^
hazardous beginning. In 19(^ the legislature passed our ^'^'^ .'^'^''''^''^^ ^^^^^
The reforestation act in Massachusetts allows any citizen of Massachusetts to turn
over to the state, either by selling or by gift, tracts of hmd not exceeding eighty
.ores which the state can take and replant, and then any time withm ten years
'.he former own.r of that land has the privilege of repurchasing tho same, paying
the state Uie money that has been spent on it for planting, care^ ^d so ^o^Ui. and
n case it was sold to the state in the first place four per cent of the origin^ pri^^
Now that h,is been a wonderful cnlucational metliod of bringing reforestation
before the people of Massachusetts. At the present time there are about one
hundred and seventy of those lots, reforestation lots, embracing ^^-^ /--^^^^/^
acres, and they are scattered in the various parts of our small stat^. You nmst
remember that we have only five million acres in the state of ^assac^setts^ ^e
seven thousand acres are, therefore, scattered along the f ^« - «-^""f"
seventy-acre lots, and the people in the vicinity of those lot^ take a great deal o
Inler^tTn watx^hing them grow. Of course, they are only beginning to show what
hey ?1 do and the people are getting interested in them. In 1914 a special com-
Zsion wa^ created by the legislature, known as the state forost -mm ss..„
whose duty it was to buy up wild and waste lands, of which we have about one
:m on acl, at a purchase-price of not more than five dollars an acre orm^^^^^
them into state forests and planting them, and using them not only for ^o^ est pur
posTs, but also for park purposes, to enlist the good-will of the people and the
rcouragement of forestry, and also to try and get th. people out in the open an
^at Amission proceeded very slowly, and in six years they only ---d- -
^tL Altogether fifteen thousand acres of land, divided into five so-called state
r^^JZ in 1919 the department of conservation was formed in the revamping
orourrole state government, whereby we reduced the commissions from one
hundred and seventeen down to twenty departments, and in the department of
LnservatlTn was placed the division of forestry, the division of fisheries and game
Zd vUion of an'imal industry, and the authority of the state forest c^mmis^n
was turned over to the state forester. When I was asked by Governor CooUdge
To take charge of that department, I might say that I had everything *- trce^t^
mad dogs and wondered why on earth they had done suA a thmg. Now that I
1 sSi'nrand referring to what Mr. Peters has said, in regard to the formation
.r department of forestry, it seemed perfectly absurd to me t. take hold of
; Wnont with the di^ision of animal industry in it. Of course it is a co .
0 vation measure, but it does not belong with forestry, it does not belong wi h fi h
and gle; it was just a neat play of the man at the head of that division who did
not w^ to got into the agricultural dopartment. and by scouting around bofor^
bald w th friends in the legislature and getting an agreement that ho should not be
uwth.d, his was the only one of one hundred and ^venteen commissions in th
^te t! a was not abolished. He was taken up bodily and put int., the department
Tl^^Z as his department ^«b constituted then. If any of your states con-

45

template revamping your departments, get busy and pick the units you want to
get in with,, then make friends with the legislature. Now, they made another mis-
take in revamping us, and that was that under the law the conservation commissioner
had to be the director of one of the divisions, and Governor Coolidge designated
mo as state forester. It did not take me Ions to realize that the scheme of the
legislature of saving one salary would never work out, and after serving in botli
capacities for one year and giving my entire attention to the division to which
J was assigned, and very little attention to the other two divisions lor which I am
responsible. I have succeeded in getting the supervisor of administration to recom-
mend that the conservation commissioner shall not be a director of one of the
divisions, but should be head of the department, and that there should be a diri-
Ri.-nal director for each three divisions. I am perfectly sure from >our talk that
that woiild be according to your views. Last year wo had a very intaesting chance
ro size up the Massachusetts scheme of awakening interest in reforestation. The
Massachusetts Forestry Association got the bee in its bonnet tliat the time had
come to try and get a great deal larger scheme of reforestration started in Mas-
sachusetts. It was the first year that under the revamping of our constitution we wore
to act tinder the initiative and referendum, and they decided that they would- try
it out The secretary went over the state, passed circular petitions in various towns,
and we found that the returns from the towns that had these small reforestation
plots in them had no difficulty in getting signatures for the greater work for the
stafe to do. Everybody signed the paper as soon as it was brought to them. The
<MmseQuence was that when they brought that petition to the legislature for legisla-
tion on reforestation they had thirty-six thousand signatures and it did not cost
them a cent to collect thorn. When tlie bill came before the legislature it called for
the taking of two hundred and fifty thousand acres of the wild and ^^aste lands at
n )>rice not to exceed five dollars an acre, the expensea to be borne by a bond iswie.
That was too new an idea for Massachusetts altogether. In the first place, the
Inpislature did not want to pass the amount of money necessary for two hundred
and fifty thousand acres, in the second place tliey would not look at a bond issue.
but in the final analysis they were absolutely scared to death at not passing
something as long as it was the first petition brought up from the people on the
ipitiatve and referendum. We spent several montlis tr>nng to figure up some scheme
thut we could got the legislature to agree to and which would be suitable to the pro-
laments of the legislation. The last week of the legislature they passed a bll direct-
ing mo to buv one hundred thousand acres of wild and waste land at an average
pri^o of five dollars an acre, and to reforest the same, allowing me throe m.llion
dollars which I could d^aw on at any time, the only direction being that I must buy
the land in fifteen years. We have purcha..ed under that act about fifteen thousand
ocres sinop the first of Octol>er. Now, this is a case where it may apply to your
nuostion alKHit Indiana. I do not bolirvo that in the stiite of Massachusetts it is a
businoss-like proposition to have loss than six or seven thousand acres of contiguous
Innd to a.hninister, but I do believe that the odncational value of having a smaller
plot of land is of so much more importance at the present time that wlnn v. r T .-an
get five hundred acres in one plot 1 am taking it, and hoping to get in the very
immediate vicinity of that five-hundred-acre plot more land, building up my seven
o, right-thousand-a<>i>o or ton-thonsand-ncro plantation from that as a nuoleus. 1
believe the e<lucational valuo to the people, to get tliem interrs'ed to do this rofores-
tat ion work on their private lands, is worth the extra amount in administration fees
Ot,P other thin^ on the purchase of those lands. Of <ours% it was oontem- Inted
,hnt all the purchases be made from the wild and waste land« whch are not pro-
ducing anything today, but I am going on the theory also that it should be our care
not to allow anv more wild and waste lands to be manufactured. So I am going t«
the lumbermen and asking them where they are cutting off timber whether they

m

46

wiU sell me that land when they get through with it. at the same time agree to cer-
tain reservations in their cuttings. I have all of ten thousand acres of land, where
the lumbermen are simply cutting out the soft wood, which are about twenty-five
per cent of the holding, and they are not touching .any of the hardwood belo^
ten-inch stumpage at the ground and a six-inch stumpage on the soft wood. X
am also getting those men to leave all crooked and seed trees that are practically
worthless for lumber no matter how large they are, and they are leaving them on
our land: my idea being that instead of having such large tracts to reforest we
can get in there early after the lumbermen and reforest just the land tliat has been
cleared by them, in the midst of tJie hardwoods. The state is getting a very val-
uable asset which it can afford to hold for a number of years where the lumber-
men will not. Whether I shall get caught up on that by some legislative bill I
do not know, but I am taking a chance while the going is good.

We have also in Massachusetts seven reservations which have been bought by
the state which cover about fift.en thousand acres, and which might be called
beauty spots or scenic sights, which cover the mountain tops, and these have been
bought by tho state in conjunction with the counties, the state paying the pur-
chase price putting them in tho care of special commissioners, the counties paying
all the exiionsos of the administration. Very little work has been done on them
except on Mount Wachusett, where they have had a very interesting experiment
with prison labor. One particular law in relation to the forest is that wherever
possible we shall use prison labor, who are trusted. Lying right eutside of the
city of Wor^^ester we have iftrawn very heavily on the county jail there and have
b<..n verv successful, indeed, in replanting Mount Wachusett with that prison
labor. We found they did better work than all the day-labor we could hire.
The men took an interest in it and were glad to work there, I was interested m
another way. I was on the prison commission at the time that Uiey went m. and
they did not have to have any guards on these men. They went out in gangs of
thirty-five to forty men, and it was understood in those gangs that if any ^nnn
escaped from tho gang that was working that day the rest of the gang did not
go out again. The significant thing that we saw there was one man tned to
escape and he was nearly killed by the re«t of them, but tliat was the only escape
tlmt was tried in that whole reforestaUon business. It was a very success-
ful thing Since the Volstead Act came in we can not call on prison labor so much
because we do not have the petty offenders and we can not get any prison labor at
aU.

We have in Massachusetts three state nurseries at the present time, and the
output for the last five years has been one million and a half transplants per
year. Last year we put out two million and a half, and we are immediately
enlarging now to an output of five million and looking at a ten-milli.n basis just
as quick as we can get the nurseries in conc^ition, not only for our plantmg, but
because one man put a nigger in the wood-pile that was gotten through m ^at
forestry bill. There was a joker in that bill that I was compelled to furnish
plants to cities and towns free for use in their town forests We have be^
making a rather fair income in selling transplants at cost for the last two years
and where one city has been taking ten to fifteen thousand trees a year at seven
to ten dollars a thousand, we are now receiving requests for "^^^^^^^/^^ /"^
hundred thousand free trees with the expectation of jumping to two hundred
and fifty thousand just as quick as I can grow them. It is not 'Jtogether a bad
' joker, it just shows that there is a great interest in Massachusetts m bringing the
land back to f«rest condition.

47

At the present time our cutting is between tiiree ..ind four million feet a ycM
and we are Importing two-thirds of the lumber we use. At the hearing on this
big forertry bill last year two of the largest lumberman in the state made the
statement that their freight charges f«r lumber that they brought into Massa-
chusetts to sell was more than the cost ot the lumber. I am glad to say that one
of those lumbermen was in the legislature and helped me very much m gettn.g
the biU through, and the other one has just come into the legislature and is going
to be a chairman I hope of a new committee of conservation which is to be a sub-
division of our legislature from now on. So I am looking for a good deal of sup-
port In anything we want.

No*, as I have said before, 1 do not l=now anything about forestry. When 1
y,n» pat there I told the- governor that I went there with the feeling that I did
not know anything about forestry, that what I was going to do was to look at it from
the outside standpoint and tlie business man's administration instead of tl.p de-
partment. When I took the department I found good men there, splendid men.
in the personnel of the department. 1 found lots of red tai« and I found very
little responsibility given to the men in charge of the various work. I have always
l,elieve<l in business, (and I do not see why it should not be true m state business)
in picking a man out for a job, giving him a single thing to do and then if he
does not do it hold him accountable for it. Don't have tw. or three ">'» '•^'» JP
in reforestation work each one not knowing just where his lino is, but tell him
just exacOy wherd his lino comes; then nobody is going to bother t"" "f •»°«
L he docs his job. and if he does not do his job he is going to got out. I belie»
we have got more work done this year than has ever been done before, and at less
exponso, and I think with a great deal loss friction between the inside ,.nd the outside
.,„ that account; the men knew when they said a thing that they ^'-^ ^l' ltd
backed up, and they knew that they had authority as to ail -''"«" f f^'^^^^^
to take care of everything in their particular end of the job As I ;»"'• »^^^
reforestation game with us 1 do not consider a forest job at P-™*' ^ -»»
save for a few years .f planting we have not any such thing as state forest I
hercfore put aU our ^o-called state forests into the hands ot our state fire warden
because I do not see any sense in reforestation unless your fire control is good
„d untU he tells me that a certain tract is prepared for planting I am not going
to plant it I am not going to put in half a million trees without an, fire pro-
LLn other than a general fire protecfon in the future. Where we arc ge.t.ng
rerplots which I consider call for future growth of forest, they niust be Pro^
tected especiaUy for experimental purposes, and where those places occur I am
gMng toTve fire lines around those reservations and through those reservations
and have them properly patroled before they are planted.

Just one other thing «.d then I will let up. It might be . help to some others.
We hlvrLd a g^eat many complaints in the last few years from Uie devastation
We have naa a greai j f i„<.,,„,so(l tremendously since automobiles

that ia caused by nutninobilists. It has incie.is™ .- „„,hih,

„„ve come into use generally, the stealing ot Christmas greens .uid the c tt.ng
down of trees. Now. it has come forcibly to us because our P'^ »'■»" f,^^
ting just to the age when they look like bully n.,n»,mas ^^^ ""'' *'_^^^^'™f ';
i, coming along and filling his cr u„ f.o,n anybody « land. I docs^ npt ca^
whose it is They are only wild trees and tliey take them with them thcreW
• Z. the Pl^tatiens. or at any rate carrying off property roin ai^ther r^an
where the value is very little in itself, hut where it has taken ton « '^^'™/!»"
^ bring the tree there and where the man wants it to grow for forty or fit^y
vears more I have just sticceeded in gettins an arrangement with our reg..tr.r
'. Tu.1 bUes. «id we have published it in every paper in Massachusetts, that
„, m«. convicted for stealing trees or shrubbery from any man s P'-'P"'^'' "P""
"nviction win have hi. licen«= taken back. Now, a man does not cure about five

dollars' fine if he has got one hundred dollars worth of tre«« on his automobile,
but he does not want to lose .his license on his automobile. We have worked thal^
in conjunction with our hunting licenses where we found that there was a great
deal of complaint from the farmers all around my county. Before I went into
office, their fruit, their vegetables and berries were stolen by the hunters; so this
.v.^ar'wo got the highway department to agree that anybody convicted of stealing
from a farmer who had a hunter's license would have that hunter's license revoked.
After two convictions this year we had no further complaints from farmers in
our department.

Mr. PINCHOT. May I ask a question? I was very deeply interested in
Mr. Bazeley's talk on the Volstead law. We are in the same fix in this state. We
have iirrang<>d with the state institutions to do our tree rais-ing for us, and we
have lembarked on the program of raising twenty million trees a year at the
iKiiitentiaries and insane asylums, and so on. I have laid before the director*
of these institutions the statement, aa strongly as I knew how, that here wai
the kind of labor that would fit the men they have. I was parUcularly interested
in what you said in regard to prison labor, and was going to ask if there is any
printed account. If you would give me a couple of typewritten pages, I will ap-
. preciate it, and will see to it that it gets to the very men in Pennsylvania with
whom I am taking that work up.

The CHAIRMAN. Are there any further comments?

1£ not, the next paper will be on Stock Surveys in the State, by Mr. F. W. BesleyV
of Maryland.

Mr. F. W. BESLEY. State Forester, Maryland. I am going to tell you very
briefly and very simply of the system of forest surveys that was undertaken in
Miiryland at tlie time that the forestry work was inaugurated, in 1906. We felt
tliat it was exceedingly important for us at the outset to learn at first-hand just
wliat wc had in the way of forost resources, very much as the business man makei
an inventory of his stock in order that he may more successfully and more intelli-
gently conduct his business. Fortunately, in Maryland at that time there existed
very good base maps. The state gcolog cal survey for a number of years in co-
operation with the United States geological survey had been preparing topographic
maps of the different counties in the sUte. At the time we began our forest
surveys probably tJiree-fourths of the state had been covered in that way.
In adiUtion to topographic maps there were geological maps, and soil maps of
many of the counties, so that we had a very good framework to begin with. Since
these surveys of the minerals and of the sells had been found valuable, it offered
a very good suggestion of carrying out the same thing in regard to our forest
areas. Maryland has a variety of conditiens. We have the coastal plane, the
n.liing ctnnitry, tbe uplands, and tho mountains, practically all of the conditions to
be found in any other state. So the kind of work that was done there may be carried
out equally well in other states no matter what may be the surface conditions. We
h.nve found that those surveys are exceedingly important in the first place as giving
us a reliable inventory of all our forest resources, and! as a basis for an intelligent
state forest policy. The forest maps are of great help in preparing fire plans.
Knowing where tJie bulk of the forest lands are situated it is possible to see at a
glance where are the greatest fire hazards and better locate fire wardens. Wc ha\a
found them •£ inestimable value in many ways and use them constantly.

49

The first requisite in establishing the forest-surveys is a goo(d base-map. Any
'state that does not havo a good topographic map to begin with is very seriously
handicapped. I think howyver that most of tlie states in the East have their
areas very well covered by these maps of the geological surveys, which are very
reliable, and that situation is largely met. The second requisite is a good working
field force that can make maps and estimate timber. In Maryland the county is
the unit so we worked up each county separately. We used men with considerable
training in the matter of mapping and some knowledge of timber estimating, send-
ing one in a county, with a base map upon which was projected in outline the
various forest areas. In this connection wo found that the geological survey m
making maps. in. the last fifteen years at any rate, had generally outlined the
wooded areas. These are in the form of woodland sheets. These sheets have not,
many of them, been published, but they are on file in Washington, and we copied
tliem on our topographic base maps where such data was available. We found
they were very accurate and helped us enormously in making out forest maps. One
of the important considerations in making forest maps is that the work shall be
standardized. If it were physically possible for one man to make all the maps
so that his ideas of timber stands could be carried' out in a very uniform waj
all over the state, it would give the most uniform results but. of course, this is
impossible. Wi»en we started out we took about three or four counties at a time.
One man was assigned to a county, and then a forester was assigned to supervise,
in order to keep all the work up to a certain standard. The mapping included the
outlining of the forest areas, and we noted areas of five acres or more in extent ;
but the data also required the delimiting of forest types. The forest types used
were commercial types and not forest types as generally understood. In most
of Maryland we have hardwood forests, and we divided the hardwood into three
general classes, beginning with the very young stands up to about twenty feet in
height which we put into the sapling class. Then we took the culled forests,
which has been cut over, and which generally did not contain a sufficient amount
of timber to justify logging operations. We called this the culled class, and in that
we had about three different sub-divisions. Then we took the merchantable class,
which contained a sufficient stand of timber on the average to> justify logging
operations, and this was divided into three or more different classes, the class
being determined by the average stand of timber per acre. Likewise m the pino
forests we divided them into a number of different classes, so that when our map
was completed we had not only the exact location of the different wooded areas,
but we also had them classified as to tiie stand of timber. In order to standardize
the classification by tiiese individual men tiie forester worked with them at differ-
ent times, taking an occasional sample plot in order to check up tiieir estimate.
This was done aU through the period that tiiey were making tiie surveys, so that we
felt tiiat tiie results obtained were uniform. In addition to securing the detail
surveys or outiines and classifications of forest lands we also gatiier an immense
amount of other information. For example, we found out the uses of tiie forest
in the different sections. We found out very much about tiie fire damage in the
different sections. We found out the number saw mills tiiat were operated and
tiie approximate cut of timber in the county, and in fact all the detaded information
of tiiat sort was secured at the time the surveys were made.

The metiiod tiiat was used in taking tiiese surveys depended somewhat on tiie
character of tiie country. In tiie very rough sections where roads were very poor,
the forester traveled on horseback and worked out from a control point for several
days at a time. He would cover approximately fifteen square miles per day ; this
varied somewhat, but tiiat was about the average. Where the roads were suitable
for vehicular travel, which was tiie case in probably nine-tenths of tiie state, he
nsed « honw and buggy. He drove over aU tiie roads and a great many of the

so

private roads, got int* the timber a great deal, and in this way he could cover
about twenty square miles per day. Then in some sections where the roads were
exceptionally good and conditions were very favorable, the automobile was used.
Most of our survey work was done some years before the automobile was used as
generally as it is now, so that we did not cover very much of the state in that
way, but we found that in this way approximately fifty square miles per day could
b« covered.

In regard to the cost of the work, this I believe would run between forty and
sixty cents per square mile for the field work, even under present conditions. At
the time we made our surveys the average cost was about thirty-five cents per
■quare mile for the field work. We found that working up tlie field data and
l>ubUshing the maps on this large scale was rather expensive, consequently we
have published large scale maps of only about one- third of the counties ef the
state. We have twenty-three counties. Here is a forest map of the agricul-
tural section (exhibiting a map). This county has next to the smallest percentage
of woodland of any county in the state. We use two colors on our maps. The
red is hardwood, and the green is pine, practically all are hardweod in this par-
ticular case (indicating) . 'Thia represents the forest in one of the heavily forested
districts of the state (showing another map). This has 62 per cent of forest
land. These maps were made up in this form of approximately a mile to the
inch and put inside of one of these forest reports, which gives much information
regarding the forests of the county. We found that probably one of the most
expensive features of the thing was to publish these maps. These are all litho-
graphed. This map here I think cost us in thousand lots, thirty-five cents each,
so that we ceuld not distribute them very generally. Consequently we adopted
another plan; the large field maps of the different counties were reduced in scale
to three miles to the inch and published in the Report of the Forests of Maryland,
giving a small scale forest map, and much detailed information about each county
of the state. We use these maps constantly, and hav^c found tliat even if we did
not publish them that it would be well worth while for the amount of detailed
informatien that is acquired in these surveys. We sometimes have men come in
who want their wood land examined, and with one of these maps they can very
frequently locate their particular wood land.

The question might be raised as to the value ef these maps in view of the fact
that a great deal of cutting is going on and the commercial types wiU change.
Maryland is a state that has ' been almost completely cut over. We have a very
■mall percentage of eriginal growth, so that the changes that are taking place
are not very radical changes. We find that these maps are quite reliable even
where cutting ia going on, because it does not change the types very materially.

Maryland, I believe, is the only state that has a (-oinph'tc fonst survey. Oth«r
states have done some work aleng this line, and found it practicable. Where good
topographic base maps are obtained' there is no doubt of its practicability, and I
believe is the very best way of showing graphically forest cenditions. (Applause.)

The CHAIRMAN. Are there any more remarks on Mr. Besley's description of the
work in hii itate?

If not, the n«rt subject will be "The Acquisition of Lands by the State," by
Mr. O. W. Woodraff, af the Pennsylvania Department.

51

Mr. G. W. WOODRUFF, of t\w Forestry Department of Pennsylvania. Mr.
Chairman and gentlemen : Mr. Pinchot has told you about the value of publicity,
and so forth, and his publicity man is becoming so very active under his good
tutelage that he hustles mo to write out my part on this 'subject, and while I sat
here listening I could have made a very mucli better talk than I did if I had
waited to write it out until afterwards.

I think this question of tJie ac<|uisition of state fore«t land divides itself up into
such questions as: Wliy should the state acquire state forest lands? What shall
it acquire? How shall it acquire it? And then subordinate questions like tit It-
examinations, reservations to bo allowed in the deeds, the question of taxes, pay-
ments by the state in lieu of taxes, and what use this land will be put to after
it is obtained. Now, that is about the way I would have approached this subject
if I had the opportunity after listening to the address of the eminent gentleman
from Maryland. Nevertheless, I am going to read .some ot what I did write.

At our pr(>«ent stage of civilization this country tacitly a,ssumes, as a general
proposition, that the state should not t'liter into any luisiiu.ss oth^r tlian the ad-
ministration of government affairs. Hywcver, this rule has broken down, and will
oontinn.- to break down whenever the public wolfare is in material danger. During
the last war tho.se who were in business, as I happened to be then, were amaz' J
by till' way that the government stepped in and interfered with private busines...
The company that I was with had .some sea-g(.ing boats that were commandeere-J.
One of these boats was earning seventy thonsantl dollars a month. The govern
ment took it and said, "Continue to use it in just the same business, and we will
let yon have twenty-three thousand dolhirs a month ; th<' rest of it will go into the
hands of the Shipping IJoard." We have heard something lately of the rule that
til" state will not interfere with matters that ai*e in the hands of private buslnesa,
but it breaks down, as I say, when tin- public welfare is in grave or mat«'rial
danger.

Tlie protection, production and rcproduetion of fon-st produds, up to the point
where they are to be manufaetured and dispo.sed of outside of the for.-sts them-
selves, has been uneonsciously ree«»gnized as one of the mattrrs yitully atTeeting the
public welfare, present and future, and also apparently not safe in the hands of
private land f>wners.

Consequently, as far as I ran see, without any open re<'oj;nition of a revolution
in the ideas of proper ;:<>\ernment activity, the nation has set aside one hundred
and fifty-fi\e million acres of land for forest iiurposis, and rennsylvania (as an ex-
ample of state <-!eti\ity in this direction) lins iiln-inly pnrehasMl from priviite owinrs
one million one hundred thousand acres of land for state forest purposes.

Pract'cally all business interests are dinctly affected by the lessening of timber
supply, and all Koveriunental agencies recognize that the nation and tlie states sliall
own, protect, n Hue.st an<l afforest enough of the lan<l not valuable f(»r otlnr pur|»os-
es than growing forests, so as to meet the principal part of the forest -pi oiluct net <ls
of the country.

So much for why, as far as I can see, we should acquire forest land, not because
the state wants to go into the business, not because the Federal Government
wants to go into the business, but becaus<> 'tlirre is a \ital ecr>nomic need to pro-
tect the public Welfare which has forced itself upon the attenti« n of the stat- and
nation and forced them to break every general nde without hesitation.

In pur<'hasing lainl for statr- forest purpose the Pennsylviinia Department of
F<u*estry has assumed the fcdlowing attitude; First, that for the present they can

52

11 *-, f» fli*. i?oo<l sfiiso of the farmers; second, that for the
"■"" '"" '"■;:::; ria ; Uy vaSl .l;. or ^ «. immediate future, for lum-
present «ny fores and »^t°«^y ^, „.,.j ,„ ,„, ,„„„, „« the ,.rivute owners ou

are available.

. -1 *i. . c;fn+o 1*. likelv to buy cut-over and desolated
FoUowing out *^-^~t;e l^U i not wor^ mJre tUon tbat in the open
f.,r..st land at two dollais ptr acre wne ^^

„ar.et rather «^- ^;*'"Xt toT .Xru^^v^U. but'it is ti.e attitude

;Lfit a: :' ;rot«.,in. t,„. welfare of its citizens, particularly of ..os,en.y.

Durin, the last .u,an,.r and fall tl... bureau of lands ^""^^'^^'^'^i:^^
secured forn.al off-rs of three hun.lred thousand a.r. s of '-^'J'";; '^.„ ^
«., provided our appropri.Ui.. of U. s «.n.r r.,u. es^^as mu^ n^^^^ ^^^^^^

offered at low .'-- n-^^™, ,,,,';;,„„,„„, ...res are appan.n.ly in sight i^
every day, and beside Ihat th.ec 1""""" „„,,.„rds of a million acres ready

we need then,, which means that .her,. ">".''."";"""' ' „^ .,bj,„t „f Retting
before the legislature can pass ^%"}'^"l^ ;^;:: ^", CXr^Zn^o.!^ <.ve<^
U.e offers U in order to got compet.t.on, >f "<"•" '»J^^ ;,^ J, „ „;,, ,,„., wiih
ially to nudntaiu caapCition nn.ongst thos. who a c « '"■"'' _^ ""..'. „„ two-thirds

present though of the Department of Forestry .s «'" •""^;^,7;^ '::„,„, ^on.
Inme, the land offered at ti.e lowest ^^^^ ^^J^^^^X^',, „ i„g

::o:r,:;cr.::^:r=^^.:::.^^^^^^^^

3; :rmot':ir:;:er:;:::d'r:nd acres vamable for statcforest purposes
can be secured at low prices.

If you will glance at the map of the state of ^'^;;^'^^^^:^::^ r:,:'^^

see that the state forests '^^l^-:-'':^:^:-^s ::rZ:.^ than others,
the small states comparatn<l.v spciking, ne\erin _^._,

It could be said without casting any reflect.ons •>•«>" ."7;" ^'^ ^^ ^^^^ ,,,„.
million acres which is contemplated to be purchased, is larger than
of New Jersey.

Mr. GASKILI.. In quantity not quality.

53

comes six tihies a8 great, as it properly should and is bclicNtd to be necessary by
the present State Forest Commission, you can well imagine that that map would
look a little like Ireland, especially if these red spots become more conspicuous as
the game commission sets aside further gsniie refuges.

m

The average paid thus far for state forest land is two dollars and twenty-eight
cents per acre — I was going to show you, here is a pla<*e right in here (indicating)
where Sullivan, the sfuithern border of Bradford, northwestern Luzerne, and south-
west _'rn''Wj'oming, come together; there is a piece of land, 1 think considerably
over one hundred thousand acres, which may be gotten. Ther<' are probably here
six or seven thousand acres that will ultimately become statt; forest land.

There is another i)lace where forest service allows it to be made public, and I am
not giving anything away, namely, in the four counties right here (indicating) of
Warren, McKean, Elk and Forest c(ninty, and where are c«'rtainl.v eight hundred
thousajid acres there on the head-waters of the Allegheny that abut in on> himih-ed
and fifty thousand acres right over the line in New York, and it is within the rant,'-*
of i>ossibility tliat under the Week's law it might be extended in Cme further south.
There (indicating) is another place where the state could -easily put a forest, several
hundred tliousand acres, and not take any land that anybody will <*Iaim is valuable
for agriculture at the present stage of the develojiment of agrienlitire and t!ie need
of the country. The average paid thus far for state forest land and is two dollars and
twenty-eight cents pi »■ aeie. Tin; law r<'stri<(s the Department v»f Forr-stry to a
maximum of ten dollars per acre, but the Department docs not pay as high even &»
live dollars per acre except with extreme reluctance.

That ten dollars an acre

Mr. WOODRUFF. In quantity it is larger ^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^r — -
dicating ot» map) are the present state forests. It ^s n aH .^ ^^^

hundred thousand acre., which makes quite a showing on the map.

Dr. ROTHROCK. For the surface right alone
contemplates even taking only the surface.

Mr. WOODRUFF. Yes, the surface.

On July seventh, 1919, a specific condemnation law was i»assed, which provided
that if the Commissioner of Forestry belie\<s that land .sliouhl be accpiired for state
forest purposes, and can not agree ui»on a price with tlie o\\ ner, or can not find the
owner, ho ma^' enter upon and take i»os.sessi(>n »»t' the lan<l. and thereafter, by means
of viewers appointed by the court, the price to be paid will be fix«'d.

This law has not been tested, but it has already been deeided to use it in two
ways; lirst, in order to get ri<l of <»l>noxious interior holdings; and second, in order
fo obtain good titles in iiartieiiiar instances where the land is desirable, and the
alleged owners are willing to ha\c an agreed verdict at a low price, if the court
should decide that it has power in the condemnation proceedings to ileteiuiine tho
right of these alhged owners to nci ixc the ptiieluise price.

Land has been pnr«'ha.sed in I'ennsyhania for state-forest purposes with allow-
unce of all kinds of reservations, such as oil, gas, coal and other minerals, rights of
way of all kinds Limb> r cutting rights, and so forth ; but tho Department of Forestry
has established the piinciiile that except for rights of way, which may be reserved
during tlnir use, all reservations must have a defii'ite termination in time; also
that mineral res<rvations will not be allowed unless there is reason to believe tho
mineral is existent in the land, and that discovei y nuist be made within a definite
time, and production of mineral known or discovered completed in a definite time ;
also that timber cutting rights Avill never be allowed except when the land is highly
desired for state-forest purposes, and the l)ei)artment is sure that tJic timber-cutting
allowed would be exercised upon the land anyway if it were not purchased. The

54

theory is that since the private owner can, under the present state of tl,e law, cut «
iTeTy as he desires if he retains title, the state will be in no worse pos.t on, «m
nertl in a better one, if it bnys his land snbj«=t to timbcr-cutt.ng r.^hts w,0.
^U trenidoL at an end as soon as any detern^inable unit of land ,s cat over once.

— •

That is slightly diff. rent fn.m Mr, Besley's idea, as I understand it, that he would
t.r an^^ w u^ the cutting is complete, that his idea is to actually buy the land and
take the title aud re^rd the de«l, and the former owner is left .n charge of the land
^tl* L gl.t to cn„, and then turn it over ,o the state, but only the "«"'««-"
r^eordlt'g "the reseAations. Of course, the stat. owner of the land can be there
to see what he is doing all the time.

in Pennsylvania -very kind of utilisation of the land and ^^'^''"'■'■'; '•\^''^;'"^;,

f,rn.st is -.llowed either by sl.eoific law or l.y gen.-ral power granted ,.. tin ...1

F bntar 2^1. 1901, ptnnitting the State Forest Commission to estabUsh sueh

ies 1: ;;.e cont;ol, management, protection and development »[ '•>--- -•,,
i„ their iudgm.nt will .-.a.serve the interests ..f tl,e ,ommon«e,,lth. Su. I ..tll./...t.on

emle^^l^ng pern.i.s,, recreational sites . ngl,.,s of ^'- ^'^ ^;^i::Z
use, such as hotels, boat-h.mses. etc,, timber sales, nnneral leases of all '""■'"•''«*"
us s and, in fact, every ,K-ssible «tili/,ation of the lands and resources o U,e .t.U
fr;ts which is not harmful to the pun..«es for which they were estabhshed.

Payment for the state forests has b.,.n made thus far by appropriations the fi™t

vnrelase being seven thousand eight hundred and eigh.yfour acres ... 1808. the

a^e r. u-haso in one year was one hundred a..d seventy-one thousand tl.ree hnn-

::i sixty-four acres in 10,«-, the smallest patx^hase five thousand and fourteen acr«
in 191G The avrag.^ nun.ber of acres purchased per year over a period that »o m.T
.all twenty years has been fifty-fiv., thousand acres annually.

^;^Z al!^.l to depend upon administrative officials to do their duty and to attend
t.) it and i\o it just as well as an out side aKency.

t^u r»..fto,. Titlo and Trust Company of Pittsburgh
One outside company known as th.'Pottt I 1 iti« ano xru v .^,,.«. i.,nd wit-

, *i *;fi,.^, f/> th»> I'lMinsvlvunia state forest lanci, wii

has examined and P"- -;;■■- ^ , '^^^l^L each case directly after it

r' """"."%'\r ti e ud I ci;.nHl up ever.vthing that it deems necessary to
has examined the titu- .mu nas lu.ui-xi i » f ^i.„«. r>rtmnnnv • and

have cleannl. It cerliti. s that the title is good ,n the op.n.on of tl a <^'n'" "^ • »"
therhns U-en so little loss of la,„l. an,l so little tro..ble with regard tn the file, that
"s pr.^t callv ,.xen,plified the praetiee u.sed. Tl.e system of bookkeep.ng up o
.t IMS practic.ili.v x l ., , , , ,„ .,, ., „r„hibitive cost of lime and expense, to
this vear has not heel. p»ssdde for us at a proniomx . , „. ,i,ht awav

. , .■ .1 ..» il... viite forest eomnnssion asked mi right away.

wittdusioiis from that.

The only other thinK that I will .pnak of i. the ta.es. Tl.is state ^-----^
at^n^i: that if it takes away fn>m taxation as much land as you s^ ^- - ^
Uudieatin.). and ultimately .early six times as much. ^ ^ -;^^^ ,^.f^. ^ ^
and tlic township, to the roads and s^-hools. to the poor and those who ha^e

55

the roftds and the sclwxds and the iK)or, to take away from them tlie opportunity of
taxing the land and not do something in lieu thereof. Hence they have adopted the
law that for ey ry acre of land set aside as statue fori st land, the state shall pay two
cents per acre for roads, two cents for schools, and a cjiit for gen«'ral county purposes.
At this time what they get is certainly equal to what they would get for taxes ; but
much of the forest lands of this state, anc? perhaps of other states, is ttixed, and
perhaps properly so below its actual value, whereas under the law of the state it is
taipposed to be taxed at its actual value.

Just one last word, in paisNing, and bwause it was brought out by somebody here,
and perhaps would be a matter of importance, and that is the quistion of what this
state does in regard to exempting forest land from taxation to try to encourage the
growing of forest crops. First of all, the practical thing w« do. and then the impor-
tant task of drawing a conclusion from the practice her.; and probably in some other
states. I'ractically we have passed what is known as the auxiliary forest reserve
law, whereby anybody who has forest land may get his land idrntified by the depart-
ment of forestry as an auxiliary forest reserve. There an> certain rules in regard
to the care and nmnagement of that land whi<^h are promulgated by tlif> department
of forestry. There is supposed to be an inspection of this land from time to i me to
see that the owners live up to thes<> rules. Under this law they can not be taxed
more than the bare land value and not more than one dollar per acre. When they
are ready to harvest their crop they must announce that fact and they must pay ten
per cent of* the stumpagc value determined ahead of time, 'and may be required to
pve bond for the payment of this ten i>er cent. That law was passed in 1913. I
tliink there were only eight thousand acres out of the twenty-four million acres of
this state tliat have been put in the auxiliary forest reserve. Even this small area
has never been insi>ected, but one of these days it will be insiMK-ted to see what is
happening to the eight thousand acres or so. I hate to take issue with friends like
Mr. Wirt, eagle-eyed and eagle-brained, but after all the facts are substantially so.
1 may be a little bit wrong in some of these tilings. I did not prepare for this par-
ticular point, and even though it is eighteen thousand instead of eight thousand acres
it makes no diflFerence. Tl>e principle of invoking the "coax method" of getting people
to produce timber seems to break down. J do not kni>\s whethor that is so, 1 ut for
some time I have been confident it is.

Tliis state also had a law for planting trees along highways which was taken
some small advantage of. but I doubt very mueh whether it was a succh-chs.
What I am advancing, however, is rather an expression of opinion. That
the "coax method" of getting private individuals to grow their trees does not work.
There may b«» some other way of coaxing that will work. T bslhve that we liave g..t
to have a -prod method". But you are never going to use the prod method on the
man who is handling his .►wn private land until it becwnes vitally necessary to the
public need, but that is the very thing which is coming, as Colonel Greely and Mr.
Pinchot told you today. The nation or the state, or both, certainly arc not going
to let th:s land become desolat^-d, devastJited and unpr<Mluctive when we kn.>w that
time is coming. If it does, we will bo in the same position as Chiim and other states
that have done the same thing.

Dr. ROTHHOCK. In regard to the tax law, I do not think it was ever very
cordially received.

Mr. WOODRUFF. The auxiliary forest reserve law?

Dr. ROTHROCK. The auxiliary, yes, by the forestry administration. My
colleague and I on this commission were very much interested, although for several

56

years we had been exercising our wits to see if wc could not bring about such a
condition of affairs as was contemplated there; but it was very coldly received, 1
think, by the past forestry administration. There never was very much public in-
t('rest shown in regard to it. It should have been pushed a little into the public
notice.

The CHAIRMAN. What might have be«n the bearing upon that thing?

Mr. WOODRUFF. I do not tliink at that time it was contemplated at all by tl»e
parties that were interested. It just seemed to be a cose of indifference. I think
that because the qu«'stion luver was rais.'d in tho minds of t'.uso prosp«H-tive appli-
cants for thosr lands as to v.hat tho fin-mrn.u'.' w:is. It just seeme<l to fall flat.

The CHAIRMAN. It did not appeal.

Mr. WOODRl'FF. It did not appeal. However, I may add something along
that lino by saying that ninety-five per cent of the timber owners do not know that
there is such a law. There were some applications made that I know of fthat I
never succfcded in having action tak«n upon, and tliat bads me to think that proh
ably the partial explnnation (»f tho fnilnrr was the indifference of the past adminis-
tration to look after tlial particular asjieet of forestry.

«

Mr. HARRINGTON. 1 would just like to ask a ipistiun with regard to the pay-
ment of the taxes on th- hnuis that were taken over by the state. I was wonderin-
whether that question was over considered by the supreme court of this state, and as
to whether or not these payments were made from direct appropriations, or whether
they are paid out of tho receipts that the department takes in, or just what the
metliod was.

Mr. WOODRUFF. It would be interesting in the line of what we are talkiim
about. They are paid out of a direct appropriation. There is an appropmaiion for
that purpose. The receipts of the state forestry department in Pennsylvania from
any soun-e whatever, are paid into the school fund of the state, and none of the net
receipts of the state forests are retained. But it would also be interesting probably
to the outside state foresters, Mr. Pinchot. Because the proceeds hnxQ to be paid
into the school fund, the deijarlnient of forestry has no good out of Us earnings ol
any kind. Dr. Rothrock, consi.lered away back, that it was net proci ds that were
meant by tae law and not gross proceeds, nnd this summer we put up to the
Attorney General the question of whether the law meant net proceeds and whether,
when in order to make net proceeds from some i»arti<ular kind of a. tivity, opera-
tion or utilization, we might actually use Vae money wr receive, to put in our own
portable saw-mills, cut blighted chestnut trees, in short whether or not we might
pay all thes- expenses out of the gross receipts, and then identify nnd turn over
the remaining net proceeds to the school fund. The Attorney General found that
there had been a decision practically to the sam,- effect a great many years ago,
and confirmed it to our great advantage not only in handling the questions like
the blighted chestnut but also, to the scho(d fund itself, l>ecause we could not have
induced an outsider to come in and pay stumpage to take out these .«.r*attered chest-
nut trees.

Dr. ROTHROCK. I happened to be right on the inside of that chapter of the
school code. It w^as drawn up by Dr. George M. Philips, who was a townsman of
mine, and in drawing up that particular portion of the school <y>de ho wanted to
know how the forestry department w^ould Iwik upon it. The original draft was that

57

the proceetls, simi)ly the proctn-ds, meaning the gross pix)c<eds of«the sale of timber
and all that, shouhl go to the public school systi'm. 1 insisted thait that was unfair
and that it sh(.uld be made net proci'eds, and tlnit was tho stat.Muent I believe in the
law. It w^as not a question of whether tht' net procec ds or the gross proceeds was tlie
rule, but it was in the construction of that nile that the net pHK-etnls were distinctly
specified in the agreement that I had with Dr. Philips. And h.n. was anoUier thing.
We wanted growing timber exempted fro.i taxation. This tax law grew out of the
clause in our state constitution, 1 believe, which says that all taxes upon property of
,v. given class shall be evenly laid, that in other words there shall be no exemption
from tJixation in a taxed class. We tned to have this phrase alone, as the gentleman
from Alabama has suggested, omitted. We wanted some system by which taxation
ci uld simply be (>vaded, but there was that constitutional clause which confronted
every governor from the time of Governor Beaver down, until the time that this law
wiis'finallv passed. We had wrestled with them in the courts, so that we could by
some nieans ex. mpt the state lands, or the lands that we wanted for forestry pur-
poses from taxation, but it was not possible and finally we resorted to this auxill ary
system, which originated with Mr. Elliott.

Mr lUZELEY. The way in which we take timbered lands which are to
be cut we take the tiUe of the land and pay over the mofley wiUi the reservations
in th^'deed, because in that way w- feeJ we can hold the lumbei-men to the reser-
vations much better, because if they .lon't obs<.'rve the reservations we take back the
land, and they lose.

• Mr. IIARRIN(;T0N. 1 still want to know if Uiis matter has ever been put
up to the supreme court of the state. It has b«>en in our state.

Mr. WOODRUFF. This law was taken as a matter of course, and nolwdy
ever raised any objection to it in the way of a quo warranto proceeding.

Mr IIVRRINGTON. It mav be interesHng to know what happened in our
state' We were up agmnst the same situation. About five years ago something
in the neighb.»rlu,od of two hundred thousand acres was purchased in th<. northern
part of the state, bringing the state's holdings to thn«e hundred thousand acres
in four counties. In some of the towns this state land, which was exempt from
taxation, rose as high as seventy to eighty per cent of the acreage. Now, the
government, the local government, could not stand die expense of road construction
schools, and so forth, and later on there was a vigorous and in most cases justified
opposition to the development of the general forest plan that was being carried out.
The whole opposition I think to the development in Wisconsin of a forestry plan
came about through this tax question. The matter was brought to the attention
of the supreme court. A bill was introduced in the legislature to pay in luni of
taxes five cent^ an acre, just like you have here and just like they have in Michigan.
,„d the <..r.rt held that it was nnH.nstitutional, and that is the status of the
situation at the present time. The result is that wherever you go or any meetings
you attend, or in talking with citizens of northern Wisconsin where these state
huids still exist, this tax question is always referre.i to ..ul generally not „i a

pleasant manner. Hie taxpayers in that part of the state in my est nnation have
a just and good complaint. A good many of the towns have as high as seventy or
eightv per cent of the land exempt from taxation. It is dangerous and it seems to

me that it is one of the most vital things in the whole policy of the general ac^
quisifon of the st^te forest lands to provide some way whereby tins., towns can be

reimbursed for these state properties within their limits.

I

58

The state is obligod by the law to pay this fivu cents i>< r

Dr. ROTlIROCsJK.
acre.

Mr. HARRINGTON. We have a provision in our law whereby we can exempt
up to forty acres for forest plantations, but nobody has ever taken advantage of it.

Mr. BAZELEY. It may be interesting to know the way it is in Massachusettn.
All the state lands in Massachusetts are assessed by the state tax commissioner
every five years, and the tax on that is paid directly to the towns in which the
state land lies, directly to the treasurer of the municipality.

I>r. ROTIIROCK. There is a very intensting^ faot that 1 think ought to be
stated here. We have a list of the first land that was purchased in the state of
Pennsylvania under what were known as the tax sales. At one time there were
two million acres in the state of Pennsylvania upon whicli the taxes were not paid.
A good deal of criticism was made. Upon that law the state proposed to go in and .
purchase the land, and then the cry was raised, and the p.H)ple complained tiiat that
was taking away their lands from them, and that we were depriving Uiem of their
rights, and all that ; but the result of the oiK?ration of that tax law was that you
can hardly buy an acre of land now at a tax sale. Taxes are paid all over tl.e state
and promptly paid. We can not buy land at tax sales. I remember one particular
tax sale with a thousand acres at four cents an acre, land the state would not sell
today for ten dollars an acre.

There was another interesting thing that came up when the state bought thes^
lands, and they allowed the counties their four cents an acre, subsequently an
additional cent an acre, making it five cents an acre. The county treasurer finds
himself in b.tter condition than he had ever been before the state took possession
of the land. I do not believe there is a county in the state today that would be
willing to go back to the old system. I think where tlie state has taken a foothold
in thiH land in any county the people are satisfied that it has been so. With
private cooperation of their citizens we have given them better protection against
f,.rest fires and a lot of things in which their condition has b ^n improve<l, and
every county of the state I say where the state has advanced into it is satisfied
with the ownership by the state.

Mr. WOODRrFF. May I a<ld one thing? The purchase of the land is jutified
from a business standpoint in this state, because a very conservative appraisal of
those lands bought in Dr. Rothrock's administration, we will say, for which about
ten or twelve years is he average life of the purchase, and that cost as you can see,
only about two million three hundred thousand dollars, and the administration has
onlv run that up to about five million odd dollars, and a very conservative appraisal
of those lands today is ten million dollars from a commercial standpoint, which
is a comforting thought outside of tlie benefit to tlie public.

Mr. cnATTN .TONES. I just would like to inquire of Judge Woodruff how that
five cents an acre tax compares with what the tax would be if the land were still
in private hands.

Mr. WOODRUFF. The county tPasurits are better off tluin under the old
plan of an assessment which waa always very low.

Mr. JONES. How is that five rents arrived at?

Mr. WOODRUFF. The Department of Forestry certifies to the troasurcr for

59

each county how much state forest land there is in that county, and makfa a ro-
•luisition on the treasurer of the state and a check is drawn by the state treasurer
of the state to the county treasurer, I think.

Mr. JONES. How did you dec de on that five-cent figure?

Dr. ROTHROCK. It just gr w, that is all. First of all, then- was three cents
f^iven, as I remember it. Then they came out specitioally for two cents for schools,
and later on they came out for two cents for roads, not on any particular basis
at all, and then la.st session they came out for one cent additional, which was ad-
vocated by our friend, Mr. Pinchot, particularly, and they passed one cent for
general purposes ; so it is entirely arbitrary.

Mr. JONES. It is all a matter of law?

Mr. WOODRUFF. The determination* of values by the regular method, and
I think it would give us a more fair assessment generally.

Dr. ROTHROCK. Let me give you two concrete illustrations of the relative
merits of allowing two cents for schools. In two of the counties of this state, as
the statt' had been acquiring large bodies of land, the school fund in one ca.se and
the road fund in another case was so well looked after that they did not need
the state's help, and the collectors appropriated the money for their own use and
they were subsequently surcharged for it.

The riLVlRMAN. Gentlemen, it is six o'clock. Do y* u wisli to eontimu this
discussion, or shall we call it off until eight o'clock tonight? At eight o'clock there
will be a baked-apple party. I would like to remind you also that at nine o'clock
tomorrow moaning. n.H t n o'clock, we will convene li. re in this room and continue
this wonderfully interesting discussion of these problems.

\t six o'clock P. M. the conference adiourned until Thursday, De<>ember nth, at
nine o'clock.

Senate Chamber,

Harrisburg, Pa., Thursday morning,

Decemb<'r 9, 1020.

GOVERNOR OLCOTT presiding.

The CHAIRMAN. The conference will please com- to order. If sine yesterday
there have been any acquisitions to our ranks in the way of state f<,nsters or
representatives of state forestry dei>artment.s, I w sh they would make themselves
known to the secretary and hand their names to him so that we may make- a full
and complete record.

Are there any suggestions from anyone as to the program other than to pr.>ceed
along the scheduled line? If not. we will take up "State-wide Forest Protection
in New Jersey," by Mr. Alfred Gaskill.

1

1

m

60

Mr ALFRE!> (iASKILl. Slat. lA,.-.st.r. New .l-rs.-y. I tuko it for Riantcd
t Jt statc-wide forest protection is in the mind of over, fores, omcial. That «
he ide^ toward whieh we must work; if anything less than its actual aecomphsh.
n,en is considered it can be temporary only, and because circumstances or cond.t.ops
, ,^ re ,! to adjust our efforts to those conditions. I cannot see, .n otber words,
how an, state forester, or any oflicial organization, can underU.ke to mamta.n a
erprotective organisation which does not cover the whole exposu,v ,n the d.^nH.
timt L required. The next ideal, as I see it, is that a protective service shall «P-
ach risely as may be the paid lire department that is establ ^ed, and m-un-
ained as of necessity, in every large city. We know well enough that we can not
,ave paid fire departments in our forested areas, it costs too much. Perhaps thfy a.e
ZZsZy. Certainly not in the degree of refinement that .hey „re «.cessary
wherTThe property to be protected is worth so much, but surely we must get th
r«t essen'als of such an organization. Tl.at is adequate control m important
sections, and some sort «f service throughout the Tvhole area.

Now a good many states, Jersey amongst them, h.n- iri.d to get along with .,
goo^ r,; irtl,an what tl.ey have indicated as the ideal. We have tr^-d .^ offioo
w"l' , we have tried volun.ee.., we have .riol, in short, to get -■"«".."« 'o'
n "thing bv one means or anotl.er, and usually we have gotten no.hmg for something.
It ha-s not amounted lo anything at all so far as efficiency goes.

T sh^U sneak with a good deal of diffidence about what Jersey has done, for two
re,':^ vCt because our accomplishment is so far short of our aims: a,,d next
blnse what we have done, n,.d what we have not done, mnv mean absoh tely
n^t^^g .0 those of vou who have different conditions .o deal w,.h. Vm eau no. set
"fa stand 1 ...r".,.,- state, or any section, that is going to be profitable .o any
oher stte or .uv o.her s..e.iou, unless you fin,, iden.ical con.hfons .here. The
;*;.« Ist be fi....d to the exposure exactly as you find it, and, by exposure 1
Thing bv one ,. :,ns or another, and usually we have gotten noth.ng for someth ng.
,, i,as ,,... ,„,.ou„..d to .luy.bing at all so far as efficiency goes.

Fifteen vears ag.. .1. .s.y enacted o law intended to biing ,.b.«.t a bet., r or,ler of
,,ingr.'n a state ^vhieh perhaps represented n.or.. trul.v than "".v - "^ ,.,,■ , xf. e
„f f„r,.st d,.v.>stu..io„. It is true enough that J,.rsey .s s.uoli ... a e ,. It s l,l>,w^
true that she is so situated that every one of her resources a,, "> 7'-;^'' ; ' f
nified in several ways, so that they become pret.y important. Our --t ' ;> ;-
may be surprisi,.g to some of you, bt.t it Lu-lud,. for.y-s.x per ee - " "^
and considcrablv mor,. than half of it is pine forest; cot.ple wtth that. ,f jo.
pLase, the greatest con,.n.rated popula.io.. i.. the whole -■•-■;■;■-;;;;; ,"
„„ and the .bird greatest on the o.her side of us. and our ""''.;;■'' '"•^^
co;sidered, I sometimes say, as a thoroughfare rather tha., a co-- "^ ^- ^^^^^
cuntry passes thrm.gh Jersey in its communicafons from the w a m m . w.H
the great center in New York, a..d to and from our seashore resotas , N, 1 .m more
„,(„.; of railro,.,! to the square tnile of territory than any s ate ,n .he Un.on
.„e mile of railroad .0 .hree square miles. F,v,„ '•••nasylvan.a .s b,. ..^r off tlu
respect We have twenty-five thous.and miles of highway, and .,.u,..y per „..t of
respect. >n u, < .. approx mately one

these highways n.v ,is,d by automobiles, ihe s.at, .ssues ..in
hundred thousand hunting licenses. The gunners literally POur rom .he cities to
the country communities to enjoy a days sport at som,-body elscs .xpense. Now
I do not quarrel with hunting on legitimate hunting gnmnd, but I do conten.l that
in orgaBizcd communities and in densely populated s.rtions. such as ""^^ '"""'' '"
that little state across the river, there is no room for that sort of t^ung Something
must give way in the interest of what we for,.s.ers b.li.ve ,s developm,.nt and

61

progress. Then their are incoming settlers cleani.ig up homes, and many wamhivrs
in .he wocds— and nuwt of them se,m to b>- eigar,-t.e smokers. W,- .has have a
v,ry complex problem .0 deal wi.li— the railroads, hunters. automob:iist.s, pleasure-
seekers, all sorts of people using the wooded areas, b,MHise they are easily ac-
ceasible, and because, in spite of all you can s.iy about it, the woods of New Jersey
are pretty attractive. The simth Jersey pine-lands are full of flowers in the spring,
and full of color in the fall, and the mountains in the ..orth lia\e their attractions.

Now. that is alHiut what we have to d.al with— forest cut over not once but
tw» three or four times ; forests so burned that portions of them will not come
back in a natural way, although it is surprising that the effect of the fires is so
slight There really arc mighty few areas where the natural forest is not simply
pushing for a chance to come back. That is true of the pines as well as of Uie
hardwoods. We started out -with the idea, somewhat different f.-om tl.at of other
states that fir«-prevenion mid not fire-suppression was tlie goal. I do not mean
that we must not control the fires that start. It is obvious that w,. must. But
whatever organizaUon is perfected, it should have in mind first of all the prevention
of fires We gave over at once tho thought of using volunteers. You do not get
anywher,. with them, and we settled upon the principle th.at any man who was ■
engaged in combating fire in any way desenes pay. We could not afford to pay
, great deal but exactly as the small town or borough finds that it can support
a voluiitiH-r fire organizaUon by providing a good equipment an,l a supp,r now
and then, through whi<4i the interest of the men is kept aliv,., so it s,.,.m,-,l lo us
advisable to assuiv pay.o every man ....gaged in the for,-st finvsen.,-,'.

The organization that in the course of the years has been created i.ow-^ .,umb,.rs
abo.it thne h,..„lr,.,l and seventy-fiv.. wa„l, ns in one hu.idred and sixty-fiv,. town-
.i.i... 1. is so arra..g,-l .hat few of .h.se m,n have more .ban five .h.msand acres
to look after. Three-fourths of them have ...lephones in their houses. These men
„r,. under .he dire,-ti,m and control ,.f a ..ate firewanlen who has four assistant,
called division firewardens. They keep in touch with all parts of the organ.zation
investigate fires, cheek up reports. s,.e to getting the right men appo.n(,.d. and tha
Ihey are o., the work and keep it i.. ha..d. It is a rather inadequate, \»,t st.ll
fairly efficient, state control. Under the law a township warden is given tlie mag-
„ift,.,:,., Mun of ,w,..,.y ,l..llars a y,-a,-, as a .-.■laiaer and r.s ...mpeasanon for >»«••"«
permits posting notices, making reports; but it serves to enlist him actively m
he service. ,\ district warden, where a township is too large for one ma.., get.
,e.. d„lla.s a year. When we firs, made this provisio,. I expected that wc .should
have to incease th,. rate after a while, that the men wo,.ld no. be sa..sfied „r on.
As a f .c. .Lev are satisfied and there has been no demai.,1 for .n...e; the l.ttle
.um of '.wVnty'dollars. or ten dollars, co...es .0 most of these men as --y money
In addition to this allowance, the law provhles .hat any warden wl.o goes o a fir
d,all get at least two dollars, no matter how short a time he » there. Until last
year I s,.rved up to five hours: tl.e law now nads .hat a warden gon.gj^o a fire
shall have two dollars for any service lasting two hours or less and any-ma.i hat
TeaMs out to help him shall have one dollar for any service of two hours 0 less^
The ide., is to get there quickly and put tl.e fire out, to make sl.rfit fires. If the
men are r,.quired lo work longer than two hours the warden is paid at the rate of
fifty c , t per hour a,„l helpers at the r,.,e of forty cents per lK,ur. Th.s all .„ea^
thll the interest of every wanlen, three hundred and seventy-five men looted aU
over he state, is enlisted and maintained, a..d tl.at they are quick becatise they
get their pay f they do not have to do much. If a man is located where fires are
p Lfy and'he is frequently called out. he will adjust his work to that eomh.ioa
durinVthe forest-fire season, and be ready for fires, the pay «>nipensates 1 im or
the time that is expended. The plan seems to work well, and, as I sa.d. there ha.

J«

«2

been uo demand yet for an increase of the retainer. We caU it a retainer, rather
than A salary , becautc it is so insignificant.

The wardens are appointed for three years, and are township, not state officials.
The idea is that the fire-service should enlist as largo a part of the population
scattered through these districts as can be done. We cannot have a big state force,
but wo can maintain a considerable local force supported by local interest and local
pride Tl.e township committees, at the direction of the department, make the
appointments. The department can say if the townships shall have wardens, but
the township c.mmittees actually appoint the men, and if th<^ state firewarden does
not like tlu- appointees he can dismiss them. That xiitually puts the power in the
hands of the state authorities while satisfying the pride and interest of the local
people, and it seems to work pretty well.

The organization of what Wi call our ground-service, that is, this very considerable
body of local wardens, was the first thought and care, and it is still our pnncipal
thought and car.' for the reason, as I have stated, that fire-prevention, rather than
fire-control, is at the bottom of our effort. Having gotten this organization fairiy
well going we have begun to establish watch-towers and to maintain patrols. N«
part of the service has gone nearly as far as we hope to develop it As in every
state tlie money does not come fast enough ; but working in this way I think I
may 'venture to emphasize the point that it does not do a great deal of good to
set patrols or to establish watchers before there is somebody at the end of the
telephone-line to respond to a call and take care of the fire after it has been found.

As the work developed, we have experienced what practically every other state
has experienced, an increase appmently in the number of fires. Let none be dis-
couraged if he tinds upon the extension of his forest-fire service that the number of
fires grows and grows. It will grow, it is bound to grow, until the service is
fully established. Such a record docs not mean that your fires are increasing, it
only means that vou are beginning to get a complete knowledge of them. Years ago
some efforts were made to count the fires in New Jersey. The record shows sixty
•r seventy or eighty fires a year and Uic average area burned was upwards of
1000 acres. Only the big fires were noticed. ^^ e now record between six and
eight hundred fires every year, on only two million acres of woodland. Our con-
Rolation is that the proportion of serious fires is decreasing. Last year 27 pej- cent
of all the fires were stopped before they burned two acres, 57 per cent burned
less than 10 acres, and only 11 per cent covered over 100 acres. We believe tliat
a service which gets men at every fire quickly and holds it to smaH proportions
is as HMuh as can be hop^l for yet. I do not like it that the number is maintained
as it is. the fires ought to be fewer; but if we keep the size down, and the size is
continually going down, the Uss. however you measure it, is less and less year by
year.

It used to be said that our fires burned for weeks without attention. I gue^
that is prettv nearly true, but the average total area covered by the fires in the
state for the last ten years has been about seventy thousand acres a year, or three
and one-half per cent of the total woodland. In one view that is not very bad
becau.se the same ground often is burned r.peatedly, in another view it is bad
because if we burn three and one-half per cent of our woodland every year we
have no assurance that any part of that wo<Klland is going to (-scape burning
within a rotation. Vntil wc get the hazard down t,. wher,. we can assure the
maturity of the trees that we are trying to protect the eff«.rt is only partly suc-
cessful. And still I do not count the situation discouraging, although M may houucI
so. We must be pntient. perhaps safeguard one area at a time, and by degre, s reduce

(53

the three and one-half perc-ent of our woodland, or the woodlan<l of any «tate that
may br.ubiect to burning until every body of forest shall have immunity until the
>oung trees can be matured.

The .,«. of tl„. sonic-, as 1 have m.tlinort it. l.a» .."wn from flv,- thoasa^ml
dol am a yo«r, «l,i<-l, was tl.c first appropriation I think, not more than that any

tXroent^'n aoro a year .,n the woodlan,! that wo «- eovenng. I .» a

„, to til point of iiroproofing the forests, which is what we a,m at.

,>T „ fn, nil tl,is What is tho am>mi.lishmont? Mr. Pinchot said yesterday

woods are responsible for the most of the fires started i

i„,provement of the condition with respect to the railroads .e have, s^ry

measure, the railroads themselves to thank.

1 • 4-1 > ..^.ittor of tire-lines and cleaning up

our cooperation win. t''^ — ^^ . ,' :ZL1 1. principle hy .aw ia

. the riKht-of wa.v has h,en r,f..r..l to. fin-lines by

1009, and every raih-oad in the state bnt on fell .n . h to ,

clearing strips one hundred feet wide en -ch s,do of "- -^^^ « "' " , ,„^,.„^„

-«- belts ten f^^;^^^^Z^^J:^rlL..^^. Now.
a property-owner, fought the law and Ae ^^^^^^^^ ^_^_^^ ^^^^^^ ,^^^^^^,_^._,

here comes the pretty part of it. ' «""" ^ ,.„il,oacls. Since the law

„,„.. ,, fi.e lines of tlK. --'-• ;-;;;-^, ■" i: m L r that three hundred
was thrown out by the court not on > has e«ry ^^^^

,-n n.ai„tained voluntarily by the ra roa . bnt t... h.e^a__ _^^^^ , ^__,,

t<, if. av.d are still goin^'. LN^rj ivns am ^^^ ^^^^

- -e can not -r-^j;;-,— T. .- r^.r,:; i: which an.vone who
:.::irs ■:—: rof tlrr can be required either .o Clean up or to put

on a patrol at his own expense.

, . i> 1- T^iirt tluni? we are proudest of

so much for .he n.ilroads '""^ ^^'^ .'^:^l^"^ Z our forests fires.

m this connectio,. is our success m fix.ng "'« '^;P»^'~ ,,„, ^^at the convic-

rt ;::;::—'•■;: -.-0 - - - -;:„-":::. zrt z

our state was fixed upon some P"^" " »f ";, „ J^ Z, „,„„ ,„e actual cost of
Ihe crime in each case. The railroads are ■"""'',,., ^ ,„.„ i,„„,„„„.ry. K «n
eontrolii,. a fire. '--ZJlJlZ:^:^^^^^^''^^...^.. Pays a heavy penal-
offense is malie.ous, or due to """'"^ ™;, if „ violation is due to ignorance or if

I,.';::::!:™: ;: :- ir::":-- :., - ■ -

to live on the penalty may be purely nominal.

G4

In another way we are getting ahead. Whereas in the old days onr fires burned
for days and weeks, they now are literally matters of hours, with a very few
exceptions. Once in a while one gets away, and in some fc*ections of the state it
is still possible fur a fire to burn for hours without being known, but tliat is get-
ting rarer and rarer. I think we have the absolute and comidete support of the
iniblic. Tliere was the usual opi>osition and criticism when we began, but that
seems to have vjuiished entirely. The townships do not object to paying their share
of the cost. They urged us, as a matter of fact, to increase the pay of 'the firefight-
ers last winter and aixj ready to hold up their end. It seems to be pretty gojierally
accepted tliat something of material value to all interests will come out of the effort,
I hope that that expectation may be realized.

There is one tiling in this connection sxbcmt which 1 must express envy of renn;-yl-
vania and New York and a few other states, concerning the possibilities i»orliapH
more than the actualities of fire-control and that is your state police. It surely is
the only practicable dependence in some of the far western sections* asi it is of the
greatest value where there is a constant menace from all sorts of sources — strean\s
of i)eopl,", hunters, automobilists, flower gatherers or what you will. We have so
many that the only sure way to control them successfully is to have somebody
continually on their trails. There resides I think in a state police organization very
great possibilities in this direction. Unfortuimtely we have not yet got it, but
my hope is that we shall have one before long. It can do much to lesson the hazard
by covering the frequented forests during the danger seasons. What may be expected
if indicated by an experience several years ago. There happened to be a little money
available at the opening of the deer-hunting season. As I have told jy<»u, the hunters
l-our out of the cities during tlie few days when hunting is lawful. We served notice
that hunters building fir.s illegally would bo arrested, but they did not believe there
WiiN anything in tliat. Just four patrolmen went around the deer grounds after dark,
and in two nights they rounded up one hundred and tliirtj'-six deer parties building
fires in violiition of the law. The violators wore not penalized very mudi, most of
tliem paid an insignificant fine, but we said, "you are watched". Next year a
similar patrol found not a single fire illegally set, but practically every deer hunter
went hunting in an aiUomobile and with an oil stove. Tliat is si>ort, if you please!

Gentlemen, I have trie«l to outline what little .Tenu-y lias done in the way of s;.fe
gnarding I wo niillion aercs or forest which has nothing important in the way of
matured tinilxr, bii! wliicii has great i)otentialitios, because of its location and the
productive (inality of the land. On this account we are c<invinced that, mainly
through fin-i»rot<(tion, tlnre ran lie built up a forest v.hich will have great, value
to those wli«i conio after us. (Applause.)

The CIIAIUMAN. Mr. Gaskill will be succeeded ou the suuw subject by Mr.
M. C. Ilutchins, of Massachusetts.

Mr. M. C. mjTCniNS, Massachusetts. I have been asked to give an outlin- of
our stato-wide forest ^re protection system in Massachusetts. I have list/^ncd
with a gnat (h-a! of interest to the remarks just made by State Forester Gaskill
of New .Jersey, and if I were to touch on the fire menace or fire comlitions in
Massaehusetts. I would simply need to repeat what Mr. (Jnskill has told us, as con-
. ditions in Massachusetts and New .Jersey are soiuewliat similai'.

The present system was started in the fall of IDH. h - slation being enacted that
year CPlling for state-wi*!' fire piotection. In fact nine y< ars aK<» nf this time we

05

forest fire fighting equipment.

wo have tl.Uty-seven obsen«.ion .ta.ion. ^^^'^-^"'i:^::::^^^

from thirty-eisht to elghty-thrco feet hi.h, «--^'"«,, " ^•^, ;f,":";,:''fi,,. L„v.

.phy of the country. IVontysix of th.«. t"^"''^ . ^ . ' " ^^^^^ Ji„„, i, $33,0.^..

^t^.. and si. with laaaers^ The to.^ co.. — ^';^,^«^-2,, ..{^ „r

this amount. All stations aro equ. i ,.,..„hono call of over eighteen bun-

t„po«ra,.hieal n.ap.. whieh give the loeafon -"^ ' *--^;' l.^^etion work of
dre.1 forest wardens and deputies throughout the « "'- J"^, ^ „ „^ ,„y ,ig,,t
towers has been done entirely by "ur d>str.ct n>on -^^b^ru . g ^^^^^^^^ ^^

here, that in the se.eetion of our ^J'^^^Z:,^ for .his pcsition. aud
the policy adopted by many of U.e states m '"=^''»^ ^„„^ ^1,^^ it needs

the reason for this is that ««= *'*,'"''"7.'" "^^ ^^1^: ^^ecess of it. We there-
. man speeiaiiy trained in t^^,;^"^— ^ .^nt ^1': together with e.penenced

man fcr this work.

e ii t,,.i<.i'k: ivj \'erv imnortanT,

The matter of having a closed room at t^ top •^J^^^^.e^.^.s we must give

„„a I have found .hat if we are .» '-^; ^ ^^„7„^ „„ ^„ers with st«^.rs has

them a protected room to work m^ ,^' ' Zlople to visit .hem annually, coming

li.orff;om twen.y-.w., stafs ,,...1 Ave foreign ccun,™..

.. our towers have a complete set -^J^^ i::^'!:^ r: wilt
and anyone interested may P;-™ — ^^^J.^, ,U and n.ake it a po.nt
observer. Most ot onr obse.^. ,s have <• „f .^..olinK ..bservcv..

to give the visitors a gocd .a k on «- .-■;;'; ^J^,^ „,„„,.„,.^ „,an, who has
is a very important one with us "^'J^ ,,^,^ ,„,„„ „ f,,„„„„t hunter ..r

either lived in the locality a numb,-, ot >''''^' ,„.„,, j,, „,i„ „,pacit.v,

trapper in that vicinity, so that "'? '"^ 7,^»l' ^^^ke it possible for him .«
together with our triang^lat.on sjstem ^-^^^ ^^ „^„„„,y ;, very impor..an..
locate fires very accurately and quickly. Th e r „.ij,,i„ ,„ small aiv ana.

r::rir::r:t:r.-."::r,i.. ..... .,. .... — -

town the fire is in.

1 ^f 4 T 4 angle iron, with stairs and an eight
The cost of a fifty foot tower made of * ^ * « « ^1.200. and a seventy-

toot room at .he top. all cmple... aa.l -"'^^; J ' , \ ^ou. *1,G00. Th^s does not
five f.x.t tower with 5 . 5 ang e iron all complo ,^ ^^_ _^^ _^,._,,,^. ,^. „„

include the cost of erec.ion. which, as I hn^.

66

salaried district men and observers. We Lave had considerable exRirieiico with the
cheap wind-mill tower, but they have not proved satisfactory — in fact they are not
heavy enough to carry stairs and the closed in room at thjo top. The expense of erect-
ing is nearly as much as one of the heavier towers, so that practcally all the extra
expense is the initial cost in the purchasing] of n better grade tower.

Our fire fighting c< rps are generally organized into crews of eight. Under the
old system, whenever a crew arrived at a fire it was natural for each man to select
an extinguisher and immediately turn it over ; coiisequently, before three hundred
feet of fire line had been extinguished, th^se extinguishers were empty, and nothing
had been accomplished. We say to them now, let one man discharge the extinguish-
ers, three men keeping him supplied with full ones, and the balance of the crew-
follow along behind with wire brooms, rakes, shovels, etc., and sec that any live
fire is pushed back into the burned area and fire line established. One extinguisher
will last about two minutes and will deaden the fire lino a distance of two hundred
feejt in length and thirty feet in depth. This accomplishes the same results as throw-
ing sand and dirt, only it is done so mucli quicker and -easier, and with "two or
three crews working on a fire in this manner, any ordinary fire is under control
within a very short time.

We have what is known as the town forest warden system. The selectmen of
each town are required to appoint a forest warden during the month of January.
This appointment however, does not become effective until approved by the State
Forester. This syst<'m is in a measure satisfactory, ajs it places the burden of
responsibility on the towns, who are liable for all bills for extinguisliing" fires. It
is the duty of the town forest warden to divide his town into fire districts^ appoint-
ing a deputy who has supervision over his district. The .town forest warden has
full suiK-rvision of the tire work in his toi^Ti. It is his duty to issue all permits for
fireH in the open air between the first day of March and the first day of December.
He has supervision and care of all forest fire fighting equipment purchased by the
town, and he and his deputies lunr tin- necessary authority to make arrests of per-
sons violating the fire laws.

In 1910 a law was enacted in Massachusetts known as the reimbursenit ut act,
which r< ally established a workable cooperative plan between the towns and the
state, which has been of immense value to us in the building of our present system.
This law rrquiros that the state shall r»'imbui*so all towns with a valuation of
$1,750,000 or less, fifty p«'n'(«nt on any forrst fiif figliting e<iuipniont purchaswl by
the it own and approved by the State Forester. In no insiunce does the State re-
imburse any town more than ?250. In other words, the town may rnireliase |500
i^tilh of forest -fire rqiiipment, and the state will pay $250 of it. We have had
during the past ten year.s 182 towns, covering nearly two-tliirds of the land area
of the state, come under the provisions of this net ; 42 of these towns have taken up
their entire allotment; I,'} have had their valuations increased, so that while they
have taken up a portion of tlieir allotnn nt, they will not be allowed to take up
their entire amount. This leaves 127 towns tJiat are still building up their town

organizations and purchasing hniall amounts of equipment each year.

%

f

In many of our smaller towns we have gone still farther than just the control of
•forest fires, and are organizing fire companies that will also handle all building fires.
This, we find appeals to many of the small hamh'ts. and at tho same time assures us
of tlie necessary equipjnent for handling our forest fires in these towns.

67

The state and towns have expemied up to the present time $47,000 for -such equij»-
ment, the state's share being $23,500. This has made it possible for us to -have
over 10,000 pieces of apparatus and tools distributed throughout the poorer and
thinly populated towns, and vthere the majority of our forested area lies. This
equipment is ready for immediate use.

The equipment that we recommend includes the ordinary three-gallon house ex-
tinguisher, one-man and two-man pumps, necessary shovels, wire brooms, pails,
water cans, etc., and also motor apparatus for providing means of getting to tb«
fires promptly.

We are' asking for an amendment to this law so that we may reimburse towns
$50 per year for the replacement of destroyed or worn put equipment. Other laws
that were on tb« statute books were, the permit law, locomotive spark arresters,
and the right-of-way act, all of which were very essential in the building of our
present system.

With the above organization and the observation system, we have been able to
reduce the fire, loss from over $600,000 per year in 1911 to an average of less than
$100,000. This year our loss will probably be around $60,000, and our number of
fires will exceed 1.800.

I want to say just a word about railroad fires. I do not want -my friend vQas-
kill to leave the impression here that he has all the locomotives over in ^ew Jer-
sey, as we have 1,500 in operation in Massachusetts every day of the year, thirty
different lines coming into Massachusetts from outside of the state. A system of
inspection is carried on by our department and members of the Public Utilities
Department, which covers all Masaachusette locomotives. These inspections are
made in the eariy spring and fall before the fire season starts. Our chief trouble
today is in locomotives coming from outside the state over these various lines whero
no inspection is made and very little attention is paid to Uie front ends and ash
pans. In fact it has been necessary for our Utilities Department to prohibit certain
locomotives from coming into the state without their approval as to the condition of
.the spark arresters and ash pans.

The advisibility of closing the hunting season has been mentioned, but I want to
say that we have had our troubles with hunters^ fires. In 1914 more than four hun-
dred fires were set tlie first week of hunting, the Governor ihtu closed th^
iwason. This year we had one hundred and sixty-five fires the first three days of
hunting; the season was then cksed for four days until we had heavy rains.

Mr. LOVEJOY. May I inquire what the cost per acre is for this protection, If
all the legitimate items are diargcd in?

Mr. HUTCHINS. You mean fire-protection.

Mr. LOVEJOY. Yes, the total cost of protection, per acre on the acroaije pro-
tected.

* Mr. HUTCHINS. The forested area in Massachusetts is scattered more or lest
over the entire state, therefcre, our state laws require state-wide fire protection.
The total area of Massachusetts is a littie more than 5,000,000 acres, but we have

68 ,

K ^ ^000 000 acres of forested area or potential forested area. If tbe cost of
about 3,UW,uvw acres oi. j^wi would be about

forested area, it would, be about 3 cents per acre. «

Mr. LOVEJOY. With everything legitimate charged in, depreciation of property,
volunteer labor, and so forth?

Mr HUTCHINS. No. This estimate does not Include depreciation of property
Itfnclu™ oaf sfate appropriation, money expended by towns for fighung fires and
!,.e"tc.re of forest fire fighting e,uipment, and n.oney expended on .ur staU
reservations for fire protection.

Mr. LOVEJOY. Does that include the volunteer labor contributed?

Mr. HUTCHINS. No.

Mr. PETERS. Is that based on your whole forest area of three mUUdn acres?

Mr. HUTCHINS. No. TTie 3 cents per acre is based on our actual forested area
of 3,000,000 acres.

Mr. PETERS. It means less than that.

Mr. HUTCHINS. It means a cent and half an acre on the total acreage ol
the state in order to cover the forested area.

Mr. PITTERS. Four cents of the forest-^rea protected?
Mr. HUTCHINS. Yes. practically that.

Mr. PETERS. May I inquire how nearly you have reached what you consider
<he practical ideal of protection?

Mr HUTCHINS. Wo feci that our observation system is nearly complete at
the'^pVeTe^rr^o. It will be ne<-o.ary t. establish two or thr.e more towers^m
order to cut our radius down to not over ten miles in some of our dangerous local-
ities When this is dene, and ou.^ present slash law is enforced throughout the
e.»tire state, we will luue u<cumpli bed .bout nil that is possible under our present
laws.

Mr PINCHOT. What would you figure would be an Ideal sum that would gi^e
you really the sort of protection that you want per acre?

Mr HUTCHINS Figuring on the actual forested! area, I would say that
hereon Hts and 5 cts.^er acn^ would give Massachusetts an ideal protective
system.

Mr. PINCHOT. May I a^k you just what you mean by very good protection?

Mr HUTCHINS. We have an average of about 2,000 fires per acre. Before
our pro™ s>"^^^^^ instalh.l, tho average area burned over per a fire was nearly
tortv aoros. The average damage per firo was around .$225.00. Through Uie present
•ystem, this has been reduced, so that the average area per fire at the present time

69

i« around thirteen acres and the average damage per a fire is about .$40,000. This
ix about all we can expect from our present organization and the appropriation
we are receiving today for this work. If this appropriation could be increased to
between 4 cents and 5 cents per acre of forested area, I think it would allow us to
perfect our organization so that our average area per fire would be between eight
and nine acres, and our average damage per fire would be arouud $20.00 or an
average loss per year of not more than $50,000. If the loss could be reduced
to the above figure, I would consider that we had an ide^d system.

Mr. PINCHOT. That means how much in proportion to the total area? What
is the ratio, so tliat we could apply it to other regions? Is it one hundred and
fifty thousand against fifty millioins, or what sort of a ratio?

Mr. HUTCHINS. I can tell you that exactly.

Mr. LOVEJOY. I would Uke to ask Mr. Peters: Is there any state that has
a more intensive or a more successful fire-protection system than Massachusets?

Mr. PETERS. I think that some states have better systjems in certain respects.
None has a lookout system any better than tliat of Massachusetts.

Mr. LOVEJOY. Has the reduction of fire losses been more successfully carrie<J
on in any other state?

Mr. PETERS. New York and New Jersey have reported the loss of one dollar
or less per acre. I do not know of any states that can beat them when you come
right down to actual dollars- and-cents results.

Mr. BESLEY. A dollar an acre on how many acres of area?
Mr. PETERS. On the acreage burned over.

•

Mr. BBSLEY. I was very much impressed by the exact data with regard to the
damage per acre of land burned over. I do not think it is any index, or a suit-
able index at least, of the damage from fire. I can not underatand exactly fr«m
Mr. Gaskill's figures whether the woodlands in New Jersey were so much less
valuable than they were in other states, or whether they arc < stimated on an entire-
ly different basis. I think in Massachusetts they figure Ww average loss per acre
•f forest-land burned over, at four or five dollars an acre.

Mr. HUTCHINS. Around five dollars an acre.

Mr. BESLEY. I think it really ought to be placed on the actual acreage burned
over. Tliat isi the only way you can get at any fair estimate of the results •t fire-
protection in this state, and in comparing it with the damage per acre of forest-land.

Mr HOLMES. I would like to ask Mr. Hutchins whether he can not expect

to decrease the numbei* of fires in Massachusetts by education and other means.

Mr. HUTCHINS. We are working along this line at the present time. Jurt
how much can be accomplished, is hard to say. With our immense population. It
is imi.ossible to reach more than a small percentage of them; then tyou take our
Immense railroad system, our 250,000 automobiles and trucks, 150,000 hunters, and

70

our extremely large foreign population, and the fact that ninety five percent of our
fires today are caused by carelessness, the future for reducing the number of fires
does not seem very bright.

Mr. SECREST. On what basis is that estimate made?

Mr HUTCmNS. This estimate is taken from our reports of the actual damage,
ivc^'ived from our fire wMirdens. There is some question about it being very accurate,
owing to many of our forest wanlens not appraising brush land -as being of any
value.

Mr PETERS. This question of assessing fire-damage is one that I would like
to see tlie states take up a systematic manner. The figures come to the Forest
Ser^4ce from the states, and we are forced in assembling them for statistical purpose,
to enter the damage as reported. If we tried to harmonize these figures we have
great difficulty. In fact, wo can m,t harmonize them ; we simply can put them down
... reported and leave it to the person who scans the statistics f do the harmonizing.
Now. ,you can see what a discrepancy there must be between New York s and New
Jersey's estimates of around a dollar .in acre and Massachusetts estimate of five
dollars an acre. This is semething I would like to see the states consider.

GOVERNOR OLCOTT. It seems to me there is very great discrepancy there..

Mr PETTERS. I believe that the method of estimating should be st^r.dardized.
if this could be brought about it would be of cons'.derable benefit to those of us
who are interested in getting a line on the actual results in fire-protection.

Mr WILLIAM P. COX. State Forester, Minnesota. If I may say a word regard-
ing that, our instruction to tlie rangers in assessing fire-damage has been of this
oature. that no merchantable timber, of course, would bo appraised at i^ J«^l
value, which they could determine, and that the young growth was to be figured
on the cost of replacement, and. of course, on grazing-lands very often we ignore
fire-damage.

Mr SECREST. That is probably applicable to standing timber dcstreyed out-
right.' Fires very f rcquontly orcur in Ohio woodland, which do not destroy the
Kcoond growth stand., but sor the trees in a manner that with t^e subsequent en-
trance of decay may seri.usly affect (he quantity as well as tl.e quality of the tim-
ber eventually produced.

Each ground! fire sweeping over a woodland causes damag. to the timber, and to
the soil in various ways, although it may not be apparent at the time.

Hew are you going to assosn damages in such cases?

The CHAIRMAN. It seems to the chair that matter is abeolutely one of •pe'-
ulntion. If there are no other questions —

Mr W G HOWARD. Assistant Superintendent of Forest*, New York. It
seems* to mo that you can n.>t make any hard and fast rule in determining this fire-
damage. It has got to bo fixed by the man who has charge of the fire, or by some-
one inspecting the burned-ovor area after thr fire is out. It ^^"««/^ /^"^- J^
have had fires that have done damage to the extent of one hundred doUars an acrt.
where they have destroyed virgin timber stands ready for market. We have naa

71

some fires, notably this past year, which because of weather conditions and conditions
of the ground, burned lightiy over the ground, and twenty-five oonts an acre is easily
the entire measure of damage caused. It varies so much in different instances that
it seems to me impassible to lay down any hard and fiist rules.

The CHAIRMAN. The gentieman is entirely riglit in the opinion of the chair.

' The next gentiemen to address the convention wiU be Mr. George H. Wirt, of
Pennsylvania.

Mr. GEORGE H. WIRT, of Pennsylvania. Mr. Chairman, I realize the pos-
ition that any man is in that lias ohargo of tiie fire-work in a state and is asked to
explain tiiat work to a bunch of foreste.-» and to do it in twenty minutes, an hour,
or even ten hours and twenty minutes. Without going into the details as to the
whys and the wherefores, which all of you know, I simply wtuit to) refer very
briefly to the organization which we have, in Pennsylvania, It is the result of an
evolution which started along .about the time of William Penn, and is not tinished
yet. In other words, we do not have in Pennsylvania everything we would like
to have, just as Mr. Gaskill ha.s said and as Mr. Hutchins has said they do not
have, but which they are naturally looking for in their own respective Ktates. This
evoliltien that has proceeded in Pennsylvania in regard to the protection of forests
from fire, started, as I suppose it did in both of your states, with the unorgan-
ized force made up lar»?cly of the individuals who happened to hold land and who.sc
land was eitjier being damaged or subject to damage by forest-fires and the few
friends that they could get together with tiiem in time of emergency to extinguish
the fire which happened to got starte<l. From tiiat in Pennsylvania it developed
into an organization of so-calh'd rx officio fnnst fir. wanlens. b^M.K tin l.^cal
officials These men had been .saddle<l %vith extra duties in addition to the duties
for which they were locjdly selecled. Township supervisors, road men and town,
ship and borough constables were iit different times so designate d m our laws as
ex officio forest fire wardens. Where these men were more or less cons<nentious,.
more or \6sb appreciative to the oath of office to which they subscribed, and ob.«uu-v-
ant of tiie duties that were placed upon them by law, some measure of success in
the protection of forest from fires was accorded ; but, unfortunately too many of
these men did not know anything about forest-fires and how to extinguish ti.em.
and cared less. The result of the whole scheme was that, taking the average over
tiie state, it was serious, and the owners of land had littie or no protection over
nnd above what they and their friends afforded to their forests There were some
remarkable instances, of course, where forest-fires started, and peoph^ having ti.e
community interests at heart .ot together and protectcnl the f.u-est «^ ^ --""";*
ity without regard to ownership. Previous to 1909. still v^th this ex officio organ-
Nation, there^rew up in Pennsylvania different system, by reason o^ -^-'y-
were paid for the extinction of f«rest.fires. I can not give you ^--»'>;^ '-^^ '*
likes no ^iferenc^just when tiiis idea of paying for fire extinction began but
it was pretty eariy in the game. I think co.equal with the placing of th duty upon
the toJIiship supervisors nnd constables. Tt began at least with he "1- Jot^ ^•
cunty should pav lK>ti. the officers and wardens and the men who ass sted tl^m
^:Lt grade'of pay for the people who assisted the wardens wa. - er iig at
the time in proportion to the rate of wage then existing generally - er the state.
^ hTe result That there was a continuous n:^tat1on ^^^^^^^'^ -;>^ --^X
bap. others were setting fires in orxier to get tiie compensation ^^^^'^f^^^^
ThTt rate was finally reduced. All of tiieso exposes for ^'V^f ^^°' *"J^^
with were paid bv the cunty. Then plan after plan came in from the cmint>^
ccmimissioners. and gradually the legislature made arrangements tiiat a portion oi

72

the exponses should be borne by the coinmoii wealth, the county paying it out in th«
first instance and billing the commonwealth for various percentages, the percentage
to be paid by the commonwealth constantly incrciising. This arrangement pro-
vitled in no way for supervision by the Department of Forestry; consequently, there
was little or no chiwro. Cf keening any kind of tab on what was done or of giving
th<' rosnlts to any state organization.

• In 1909 the legislature made it possible to do away with the ex officio fire war-
dens and establish a system of wardens directly responsible to the Department of
J^orestry ; the idea being that there should bo a so-called district fire warden in eadi
township and borough, and this fire warden to have authority to appoint as many
assistants as he wanted. There was no way of making these appointments except as
recommendations were sent to the department, and without going into any further
detail you may guess how these recommendatirns were made. The appointments
were made, and sometimes we got good men by chance, most of the time we did
not Let me say this, however, that tliis system of «ppointments and the organiza-
tion as created under tlie act of 1909 wa* somewhat better than the ex officio organ-
ization; but the great defect in 1909 organization was, first, that there was no
means by reason of which the department could chock up the individual men who
were recommended and who subsequently received appointment just the same, nor
was there any method of supervision of the men who were appointed. In 1914.
without going any more into details as to the historical piorosition, we began 'to
do something towards checking up the wardens appointed under the 1909 act. By
tJiat time we had a number of state foresters located on state forests in twenty-
six different counties of the state, and we directed the foresters to take under their
Mipervision all of the fire wardens witliiu their convenient reach and to do this work
in connection with their activities on the state forests. The result of this inspection
and checking up of forest firo wardens by the state foresters was so beneficial that
i3t was positive evidence that what wo needed in the ^^hole organization was just
some such plan, and by various means the 1915 act was finally approved by the
* legislature, which made it possible for the Department of Forestry to begin at the
bottom and really create a new forest-fire organization. As I told some of you men
who were at Washington when wo began the real reorganization under the 1915
act, we found men who had been dead four years stiU listed as forest fire wardens,
and, as seme one said, possibly some of them are still fighting fire. Well, we got
rid of all the dead wood. I think, in the first year after the new law went into ef-
f'ct. We dismissed probably sixty per cent including, of course, the dead ones,
getting that many names off the list, and Rubntituting real, live, ^vide-awakc men
who were interested in the protection of forestji from fires. One of the things which
wo desired to do in the 1915 organization was to find men who were interested in the
proposition from an individual and personal standpoint, and not simply through the
proj.osition of the amount of money that they might possibly get out of it. As the
second feature of the 1915 organization wo provided for inspection for I am thorough-
ly <onvin<'ed that no organization, no matter how gotxJ the men may be in the field,
can produce the results that wc want them t.» produce without careful, frequent and
constant inspection of activities, and with that inspection the keeping alive of interest
which the men may have had when they started, but which, by reason of all lorts of
discouragements which you all know come to the man who is interested in forest
fires, may gradually diminish, and in many cases it is diminished unless th^re is a
constant stream coming in from some one place, coming into his life and keeping him
Qp to the highest pitch. With that idea we provided for the districting of the state,
each district to be under the supervision of the district fire warden, whom the law

78

gpedftciaiy designates shall be a forester. Up untU the recent change in our adminl»-
tration of the Department of Forestry in Pennsylvania that portion of the law wai
never put into complete efiEect, but under Mr. Pinchot's administration we have
finally divided the state into twenty-five districts, and each district is now in charge
of a district forester having under his supervision anywhere from sixty to one hun-
dred and eighty forest fire-wardens. The district forester is made responsiblp for
the appointment, the choosing of these men, the recommendation of them, and their
general efficiency in the field. We have something ever two thousand forest fire-
wardens, including foresters, state forest rangers and game wardens. All of the
game wardens are made forest fire wai^lens. The state police in Pennsylvania are
made forest fire wardens, although we do not list them individually in our list of
wardens. We have the very closest cooperation with them. Mr. Gaskill referred to
the matter, and we feel very proud of the work which has been done by our state
poUce independent of aU organizations and cooperating with our organization. We
feel, and are working on the principle, that every acre of forest lands can be put in a
position, or in a condition, by rcastn of which it receives a reasonable amount of
protection from forest fires. Therefore there is no limit to th^ number of fire
wardens whom we may appoint in tlie state. In a great many places we have prob-
ably considerably more wardens than would be absolutely necessary for the forest
conditions prevailing in the community, but as long as we do not have to pay them
twenty dollara or ten dollars a year it makes no difference so far as expense is fcon-
cerned, because our wardens are paid only whUe they are in actual service, or on actual
duty assigned to them, or which arises in the case of a forest fire starting. We do
>,ot limit the apiJointment of forest fire wardens purely and simply to forest com-
munities, for we feel thafevery man, woman and child in Pennsylvania is a prospec-
tive or possible user of forest land, and wc use our forest fire wardens, the whole
forest fire organization, not only for the control and extinction of forest fires, but to
develop in every community of the common w^altli a'healtliy public spirit against
forest fires. And stressing prominently again, as Mr. Caskill l;us stated that they
started out with the ideal thing, there was the idea of prcAcntion of foirest fire«.
Consequently in the southeastern section of the state, where there is very liMle else
than small woodlands, and in the s( nth western section of the state, wluel: has aiore
or less of a similar character in relation to farm lands, we propose to have a suf-
ficient number of forest fire wardens that these men in their respective communitiei
will develop a healthy attitude toward forests and against lire. In conneetu,n %Mth
the development of this state^wide forest-fire organization we are also developing
a state-wide svstem of observation stations and towers. As is the con<lition perhaps
in your respective states, so the condition has beten here; we have not been able to
develop these towers by any means as rapidly as we would like to, although I am
very glad to say "Amen" to what Mr. Gnskill said in regard to the erection of
towers previous to the time that we have the right kind of public sentiment m the
community to make the tower effective. I feel ti.erc is a relation between the erec-
tion of towers and public attitude. You have got to develop the public attitude bo-
fore you erect the towers to make the thing work. The proposition is a simple local
proposition, and we must deal with it according to the people, largely the people
rather than the forest conditions which exist. With the towers, of course, we arc de-
veloping the telephone system. I can not tell y<.u off-hand how many of the fnr.st
fire wardens have telephones in their homes, but one of the proi>ositions that we
hold out to the forest fire wardens is that the men shall have telephones either to
their homes or at least available within a short distance, if tlicre is any t. Icphone
line at all in the district. We have in Penn*.ylvania unfortunately a great many
districts where tliere is no telephone service, and in such districts we must have our
own, of course, as part of the state equipment; and that we are workinir on, «••

T4

inp the state forests, which you see here marked in green, as a nucleus around which
those systems will be developed. We, of course, must have the best kind of tele-
l.honc oonimnnication with our foresters, both from the Harrisburg office td th-n-
and from the foresters to their rangers, and then from the foresters to tl:c fore«^t
fire wardens, and so on down through the line.

I might stop here just a moment to go back to the pe^^^onnel question. In our
scheme we have constantly from the beginning induced our wardens to develop locnl
forest-fire crews, picking out the best men of the community whom they find, and
whom thcv can induce to join with them in this forest-protection work, and to keep
them togf'ther as a center around which the other volunteers, or the ones who are
compelled to go fight fires, wiU work on the fire^linea. We believe that the organi-
zation must be state-wide, must consist not only of the higher and the controlling
othcers and the inspectors, and then the fire-wardens, but the organization must
also include the individuals in the respective communities who are goin? to help
the fire-wardens right out on the job when a fire occurs. We are endeavoring to
get just as many of these forest fire-fighting crews o/gani«ed as it is possible to g^t
together.

'J'his leads then directly to the matter of the development of cooperation with any
kind of individual organization, or what not, that the foresters or the fire-w.,rdenfc'
might find of value in their communities. I will say here, as Mr. Pinchot referred
to the matter yesterday, that we have g( tten the most splendid cooperation from
our Boy Scout organization in this state. There have been several instances in
Pennsylvania this spring where if it had nt.t been for tl?e feui)i;ort gi%fn tl.*- fire-
wardens by the Boy Scouts of America, I do not like to think what might Doissibly
have happened. They have been splendid boys and scoutmasters in the protecti-n
work and have been of splendid help to us. Mr. Pinchot told you of the organ.-
7.ation of the Forest Guides which we are developing through the Boy Scout organi-
zation. We have given them a very nice little button. It was my pleasure th.^
other night to give the buttons to thirty-two scouts of one troop here in the city,
and to say something about the importance of protecting forest from fire, and to
tell them what the organization means to them and to us. I was very much grati-
fied the next morning to meet the father of two of the boys of the troop and have
him tell me what the boys told him when they went home that evening. So that is
just one instance, and if it happened in this instiince. I have every reason to be-
lieve that the same thing will happen in many other instances, for the boys iwent
hoine and the parents wanted to know what this button was. The purpose for
which this work among boys was started was, of course, accompli^ied. In additio.i
to that, one of the b<n-8 to whom I gave a button the other night said, "I will Iiave
a diekens of a time explaining to the boys at the Technical High School what this
button is. for." I said, "Go to it, that is just what we want you to do."^ The result
of it is there is a mighty big publicity proposition. I do not know whether it win
bo like the bone-head fnni Salem, Oregon, but it will go a long way to put thr
publicity in the hearts and miiuls of the people we want to reach.

In addition to the towers and telephone lines which we are planning, we have
done very little in the way of furnishing our men with equipment, not hcfcausc we
have not wanted to. but because we have not seen our way clear for financial or
other reascns to laace equipment in the hands of the forest fire-^'ardrns. Per-
sonally I felt there was great ri.-k in placing equipment in the hands of wardens
until we had our inspection system *in such shape and condition that the inspect»r«
or district foresters could keep tab from time to time on the material furnished.
Judging from past experiences with state-owned equipment and publicly owned

76

equipment, it was a very easy propos'tirn for the individunl who happened to «et
a hoe or rake on the fire-line to very quietly take it along hon e With him v.r dflrop
it In the brush where he could conveniently find it the next day, and the result of
it was that the tools were used on the neighboring farms instead of being ready for
the next forest-fire.

Now, with our inspection system complete, I am very anxious that we begin f
develop complete tool-sets for all of our men. We furnish, or have furnished this
year to some of our foresters, in fact I think we have sent a set to each district
forester, some rakes, some torches, some axes, one cross-cut saw apiece, and a
few other smaller tools. Tliere is just one little tool that we have developed in
Pennsylvania that I would like to call your attention to, if I may. It may have
some interest to you even tliough you do not agree with our back-firing n^etbods
in Pennsylvaina. It may be of value and of interest to some of ycu other men, and
even Mr. Hutchins and other meri in Massachusetts, a little wooden rake— you saw
it on the table in the department — with four or six teeth in it, aid a Miy whott
handle. It is so cheap that it does not make any difference whether a fellow car-
ried it home or net. In case he does take it along home it is an encouragemeait to
«omebo<ly to make one like it, and at any rate he v^ill ha\e it nady for the next
fire. This rakf is useful in cleaning a trail in front of a fire, either to stop
the original fire or to rake a .trail from which to start a back-fire. I would likJe to
call your attentic n to the n<>w forest-fire tool which we have developed as the result
of the fertUe mind of one of the fire-wardens. It is known as the Rich forest-fire
tool, and we think it is the best< thing available in the fore»t-fire eqliii me n;t for
Pennsylvania at least Of that also a sample is on the table in the Department of
Forestry, and you can see it there.

Probably the best way in which you can get an idea of the state-wide organisa-
tion which we have in Pennsylvania is to look at the forest fire map ^ich we havt
in the department, showing the location of the fire-wardens, observation stations,
and so on, which is also up in our department, if ycu have not already observed it.
\Ve have indicated there by pins the location of all our firo- wardens, the location
of all of the towers we are now using, and that is a mighty valuable map in the
forest-fire game, especially during the forest-fire season. I am not going any furth
er into the details of our organization unless you ask me some qut^stions in regard C«
it.

Just a point in regard to the ideal f < r which we are working in Pennsylvania, or
at least the ideal which we are trying to tell our fire-wardens, and which will
answer a number of Professor Lovejoy's questions as to what we think is the ideal
for Pennsylvania : also just to give you a few figures as to what has been accompli-
shed under a comparatively small appropriation for a state where we have at least
ten million acres of forest-lands to protect, and where wf also have some rsilroTatls,
and some hunters, and a few other fellows who are careless' with their fires. W«
have in the ordinary c<.urse of things too many cf that kind, but we have got to en-
dure them just as you fellows have, and it is our i?amc to offset the unsatisfactory
conditions which have developed and to make things right. In 1913, as far as the
figures show thatt we were able to collect, the average fcrest-fire in Pennsylvanis
was something like three hundred and eighty acres. This fall the average fire woi
sixty-four acres. The average for the whole year this year will probably be close
to one hundred and fifty-eight acres. Last year it was down to one hundred and
thirty-four, but this spring we had a beautiful forest-fire season, and our averajjy
for the year may run a little high-r than the nvernge for last year, although I do
not known yet, for the reports are not all in ; but a drop ia the ayerag. from thrt.

76

hundred and eighty acres per fire to sixty-four acres per fire I think is some slight
aecomplinhraent. It at least shews that with any kind of a decent fire-organization
we can accomplish results. Now, the thing I am telling our fire-wardens, and tho
only thing I am holding up to them, is that we want to reduce the average per fire
in Pennsylvania to ten acres. That is not a real ideal by any manner of means,
but I do feel that if we can keep that in the minds of our men, and keep them o-n
the jump, so that the average fire in Pennsylvania will come down, say, in the next
ten years, and I hope it will before that ; but if in the next ten years we keep th-,-
acreage per fire in Pennsylvania down to ten acres, I think we shall have accon-
plished remarkable results, and will put the protection from forest-firt-s precty
nearly where it ought to bo in Pennsylvania.

Mr. BESLEY. I was just wondering about the financial situation. It would
be of interest to me to know how much you pay your district rangers right on
down for fires.

Mr. WIRT. The 1915 law provides that the chief forest fire-warden shall re-
ceive twenty-five hundred dollars pi r year. The law provides that the district
fire-warden shall receive eighteen hundred dollars per year, although under tlie
present arrangement of placing district foresters, by doing away with the term
•'district fire-wardens." simply having the foresters, under the general department
ab foresters, paid out of the department's funds, these men are receiving anywhere
from seventeen hundred to two thousand; fifteen to twenty-four hundred doUaib
i^ the scale. The next men in rank, as we now have it, are the fire-wardens, who
receive the magnificent salary of thirty cents per hour while on duty. However,
if we employ or designate any of these forest fire-wardens as permanent observers
at towers, wc are authorized accortling to law to pay only fifty doUara per year ;
but by paying Uiem as laborers, and by reason of the cooperation which we receive
in thc' majority of cases through protective asaociaUons of the state or our friend,
Mr. Peters, at Washington, we arc able to pay these men anj-vvhere from fifty tx3
one hundred dollars per mouth. The men who assist the fire-wardens in the ex-
tinguishing of forest-fires we are allowed to pay anywhere up to twenty-five cents
per hour for the time which they actually put in. The appr< priation which we
received for the work of the bureau of forest protection from the 1915 session of the
Legislature, was sixt^ thousand dollars for two years ; in 1919 we received ninety
thousand dollars for t^^•o years. Does that answer your qurstion?

Mr. LOVEJOY. I should like to inquire as to the coat of protection as you
have it now, thai is to say. the cost which you charge up. How much an acreV

Mr. WIRT. Taking the forest-land as nearly as wc know at ten million acrei.
or practieully that, taking the exi)onditurc of the state as forty-five thousand dollars
n year, which it averages, and considrring tho fact that private individuals un-
questionably spend as much as we do, if not twice as much, you can figure out the
cost yourself.

Mr. LOVEJOY. Would it be five cents?

Mr. WIRT. No, I do not believe wc have spent, In fact I know we have net
■pent five cents ; but five cents per acre is what we are hitting at, and that is in
accordance with the request we are now making.

11

Mr. LOVEJOY. With five cents an acre of state money, and such an organiza-
tion as you expect to have pretty soon, can you got j'our fire-loss down to one per
cent of your area per year?

Mr. WIRT. I believe we can.

Mr. LOVEJOY. But that does not include the volunteer labor of the people
in the woods and farms in protecting their own property, and no forth, what woui«t
be the total items of expense; individual plus state expenses?

Mr. WIRT. I Bay, Mr. Lovejoy, the proposition at the present stage of the
game is like this, that if the state can get five cents per acre every year, «ay, o^
tlie basis of ten million acres of forest to be protected, and we can get that allot-
ment or proportion for, say, whatever periwl of years it may be necessary in order
to establish our tower-system and telephone-line system, and to place in tlie hamls
of our organization the equipment, more or less permanent, which we need, that
then we can begin to drop back s« that the state expenditures plus the private ex-
penditure will not exceed five cents per acre. In other words, I feel that when we
have our organization complete and our equipment complete we can safely count on
complete protection at an expenditure of five cenU per acre aU told.

Mr. LOVEJOY. But doesn't your "complete protection" involve a loss of one
per cent per acre every third year?

Mr. WIRT. Ne, I will go even better than that. If w© reach that stage of the
game we are going to do better Uiau one per cent. We are not going to have that
mu.-h burned over. I also feel like Mr. Hutchins and Mr. Gaskill that if it is pos-
sible for us to have tlie actujd number of fires en tho increase, but the measure of
the protection will be not necessarily in the reduction of fires ; although I have
great hopes in a considerable reduction, I am banking on it. I believe it is possi-
ible because witli the e-ooperation we get from the railroad compimies this fall for
.Kninple; and you may be extremely interested in knowing that we had a very small
percentage ef forest fires from railroads, less perhaps than any year for which we
have figures. And I believe that with the constant and persistent development of
the safetv-strip movement along the railroads. an4 with the probable inspection of
railroad looomotives, that we can cut thirty er thirty-five or forty per cent of the
fires caused bv railroads down pos«ibly to five per cent of the total. But with
that reduction in such causes we arc altogether likely to have an increased number
•f fires from other causes, so that the total may be slightly on the increase for
several vears to come; also considering the fact that with the completion of the
t.wer system, and patrol system, and perhaps an increased number of wardens,
that we' will cmne closer and doser te one hundred per cent, report instead of per-
haps ninety as I feel we gel) now.

Mr II VRRINGTON. Before this subject is closed up I would just like to have
th^ benefit of the experience of the men in the East, in which states unquestionably
theae forest fire organizations are developed to a higher point Out where I come
front w<. .su,-.ld like to know just what effect high rates of pay have on the m^-
icious ^etting of fires. Now, I understand that in New Jersey the rate of two
dellais an honr up to two hours i. paid, and after that fifty cents an hour is al-
lowed. I w«« wondering ^.hether or not that would not set up a tendency to ma^-
idou«ne«H in the ^tting of fires, and really in a way the establishing of a sort of

78

forest fire industry iu a giod many localities when work fell off. Mr. Wirt
touched on that a little, and I was wondering about it. He mentioned that aa hav-
ing occured in tlii. ttate .everal years back, and I would like to have the benefit
of your experience in theae states alo«ng this particular line.

Mr < ; VSKILL. There haa always been a suspicion, even an assertion, that pay-
ment "for'extingiiishing fires induced a certain class of people to set fires for the
suke of tlie pay That was one of the strong arguments made against Qtar mini-
n.uni rate. J am free to say that in tlie early days there may have been an occas-
i.nal ca*e of malicious fire-setting, but 1 am practically sure, that within ten years
we have had not even a str.mgly i^uspicious case of that kind. The essence of the
answer neeems to be that with the right kind of supervisory organization, both with
respect to the original appeintn.ent of the fire-wardens, and with respect to the
inspection force there is little real danger of that kind.

Mr WIRT 1 heartily agree with overytliing Mr. Gaskill has just said. 1
feel that the proposition, the choosing «>f men, inspection, pcJidng. judging from
my own past experience with tJiem. would be sufficient to check up on any diffi-
culties of that kind. We did ha.e one instance of it several years back, when we
were pretty hard pressed for good men to fight fires, and some of the boys of the
community were pressed into servic^; and without thinking as to what the results
might b. thcsr beys were paid for their services, and were paid a rate which was
almost as much as the rate for aWe-bodied men. ^ath the result that we had some
Sew incendiary fire^ in that neighborhood. Finally one of our state forest-rai^gers
caught a kid setting a fire, and in his confession bef.re the justice he owned up
to the fact that he set the fire only to get the pay. With that knowledge in front
of us we stopped paying the boys in the community. If they went to the fire they
fought with.ut pay. There is. of course, always that chance that some one might
set a fire for the little bit of money that he gets out of it. but if you have wardens
and the wardens are on the job. and see that the men do any kind of decent
work, there is not much danger. I remember one instance that came to my. atten-
tion in th.' last three or four years. There was a grave suspicion that a certain
individual had been setting fires in order to get tlic pay for the wotk of extinction.
Our f.»re8b.r got wind of it, ar.d. of course, the next fire that occured t)u8 in-
nividual was one of Uie first fellows who was notified to go to the fire. I suppose
rou know we have in our law in Pennsylvania n compulsory provision, and if a
inan is direct. d to go to fight a fire ho must obey. This Individual was well awnrn
of thi« fact. Of courae. one of the foresters .^nw that he was put right up to the
flame, and was kept there until the firo was out. From that time ori to the pres-
ent time so far as I know, there has never been any suspicion raised against that
man far netting fire. Some of those things the local men can do on occasion if sus-
picion arises, so that I believd tliere i« no danger iu an arrangement by reason of
which a man may get a certain luite of wnp:. for the work that he does in connect-
ion with protectian from forest-fire.

While I am on mv feet, Mr. Chairman, my attention was just called to the
fact that I made a statement which was in error. I inadvertently stated that our
patrol-men were paid one hundred and fifty dollars. As a matter of fact, they are
I aid from fifty f one hundred dollars a month, and the clerks will please make
tilt correction,

Mr HUTCHINS. Sl'enklnf about the rate of pay, some twelve years ago, dur-
ing . bad firo in New Yorlt. T remember the rate of pay being increased as high
>a »1.B0 per honr for labor, and it woi « suppositi.n tt that time that this high

79

rat* of pay was the cause of many additional fires. In Massachusetts, we are par-
ing our forest wardens an average rate of $,50 per hour at the present time.

Mr, W, J. MORRILLi, State Forester, Colorado. We have a method of rais-
ing fire crews in Colorado which may be of interest to some of you outside of th«
national forest. The sheriffs are responsible tor Uie extinguishment of fires. We
have a method frequently employed for raising a crew which costs nothing, and, of
course we know the men that fight the fires also are not the fellows who set the
fires because we have this very simple arrangement. The sheriff takes the prison-
ers out of the jail , loads then, into cars, and he takes the whole crew of the petty
prisoners out and fights the fire, and then he brings them back. I hava fought on
two fires at least where nearly the whole crew was made up of pnsdners, and they
fight well They do just as well as hired help, and they all come back to aail. Of
curse, they have plenty of opportunity to cscap<>. I once complimented the ch.of
of police of Colorado Springs on the fact that about twenty men we had »"* «""'"
fire aai came back and he said, "Yes, I was very much disgusted that they did.

The CHAIRMAN. I would like to remind Uie members of the conference that
the timo is going on ; it is five minutes of twelve. The next paiKjr will be read by
W. G. Howard, of New York, on "Special Fire Hazards."

Mr W G HOWARD. Assistant Superintendent of Forests, New York. Mr.
Chairman and gentlemen : Before prooee<Ung to take up the topic which has been
assigned to me, I would like first to comment on something which is closely all.ed
to it I do not feel quite as discouraged about the proposition of prevenUng rai -
road^fires as Mr. Hutchins seemed to be. I think they can be practically el"°'-'"«^
' I do not believe we will do it in a year. We had a good many Hre. in New
York state this pa.st year, but I do believe it is possible. We had a demonstrati.n
which showed that, with the procr organization and attention on the part of the
railroad company, fires started by coal-burning locomotives can be P'J*"';^- '
was on the Adirondack line where, for eleven or twelve years the use of oil fuel
during the daytime in the summer months has been required. Last spring just b.-
trL opening of the fire season the railroad men came "o- « j;^.^-^ ^^^^'/^
a peHtion up to the public .service commission, saying they wanted relief from burn
irT because it was impossible to assure themselves of an adequate suppb' .f
ZL 1 season. We looked up that statement and found it to bo ."bs^aiinaUy
«^^rect Therefore, if the railroad was to be relieved at all we would have to let
Zrbun, co^l and we decided that after imposing every possible safeguard we
w™"d take r eh ee. We provided for a very rigid patrol, carefully cheeked np
IvZonsible officials; au.i f,.r fire trains tx, be ready at all times, and for the u e
o?o™ of th finest tv,^ of locomotives, big .superheater locomotives, equipped with
:.u table type of spar^arrester, a thing which e.,.Hence ^'^^f^lZ-.^T:.
and also equipped with a suitable ash-pan, the <^-ring o the '■^h';* ^^^J^.^^^
done as usual ; because with the very great sums of money at stake oa bu g
costing the railmads tremendously wnth the ordinary price of fuel oil. and .h«
Tear whltoil there was was very high in price. Because of the very large snm, o
oney at St ke the raiiroads put their best and most »»--"-«; ^'^"■7„";'
h rge of keeping these coal-burners in good condition As a result^e t^

throughout the summer, under one extension of time after another. lUej operated
Tse eoal-burnen. right through the woods in May and June ""-^^J ^ ^;
when we had some of Uie dryest weather, and the ^'''^^^^"^ ^^^^'^^ ^res o^
had in a great many years. They set practically no f'«- ^''7 ^^^^^^ ..^^^y
four reported, but we have no definite assurance .hat any ^f J''- ;" ^^^ 'X„J
attributed to locomotives. They might have been set by smokers or tramps 1.

80

the right-of-way, or somctJiing of that lort. It just showi what can be done with
the rnilroads taking the proi>er interest .ind putting the right kind of men in charge
of it

The title "special fire hazards" is rather general and might easily be construed to
cover nearly our whole fire-protecti»n system. However, my present intention li to
confine myself to considering under that head a dangerous condition which may be
created on forc«t-lands, and which increases the normal fire hazard. In thi«
n(<nnection I will endeavor to make suggestions as to methods of control to be ap-
plied in each case.

Perhaps the greatest danger from carelessly started forest-fires exists along the
railroads and highways and trails which run through forest lands. The danger from
fires started by locomotives along the railroad lines is too. well understood to need
much discussion here. Our method of taking care of this situation in New York

is: . ;-''-Sl

BHrst: To take care of the locomotives themselves, either by requiring the use of
oil-fuel or by requiring the best known fire-protective appliances for ash pans and
front-ends of coal-burning locomotives, and to sen that these are at all times properly
maintained.

Second : To see that the railroad right-of-way is kept cleared of all inflammable
material for its entire length, to a distance of fifty feet each side of the track.
Broadcast burning of the entire right-of-way at least once a year is required wherever
possible. Lately wo have induced the railroads to cooperate by burning over the en-
tire right-of-way.

Third : The reduction of the fire hazard on lands 'adjoining the railroad right-
of-way. This last is made possible by a provi.^on in our conservation law whlcn
forbids the leaving of debris or slash from a lumbering operation witbin twenty-five
feet of the outer edge of the right-of-way. This is a great protection to adjoining
timberlands, and can be accomplished at little or no expense if the operator takes
care to fell his timber away from the railroad rather than towards it.

The fire hazard along "well-traveled highways is great, and it is increased when
the brush is cut witliin the highway right-of-way, usually three or four rods wid^,
and permitted to lie on the ground and dr^ out until it fcrms tlie best kind !of tin-
der to kindle a fire from a match or cigarette carelessly thrown out from a passing
vehicle. Lumbering operations are frequently carried on adjacent to highway's and
the slash left along the edge of the road to create an extraordinary fire hazard.

These conditions are met by us with a provision in the law requiring the removal
of any brush or slash not only from the highway right-of-way itself, but also from
a twenty-foot strip adjacent it. It is customary for the town authorities to mow the
brush and woods along tlio highways at least onee a year. We require that this
material be disprscd of, such disposal beiuK u.'^ually <ffepted' by burning.

The cost of this is not great, nor is the oot^t to the lumbennnn of keeping clear the
strip outside the rigiit-of-way very burdensome if he goes at it in the right way.
The results, however, are good enough to juntify even a considerable expense, because
of their effectiveness in fire-i>rocfing adjoining timberlands, at least from the care-
lessness of those who travel the beaten highways.

81

These i-equirements apply, it is true, only to slash; created by the owner of the
^und and not as the result of fires or windfall. Still, the greater part of the danger
is taken care of.

There are, of course, many footpaths or trails where the restricticns governing
the removal of slash can not be applied. However, it has been our experience that
it is not difficult to convince the land-owner that it is to Ms own interest t« reduce
the fire hazard along any trail as much as can be done at reasonable expense. We
have pointed out the advantages to be gained by clearing back brush and ^l.sh
from a trail which passes through a lumbering operation, and we have found the
lumbermen ready to cooperate by taking care of this danger.

So much for fire hazards along well-defined routes of travel. However, the average
fisherman or hunter is not content to confine his wanderings to roads «r ^^^ *;*;^«^
The best fishing and hunting can usually be found in the more inaccessible parts of

the woods.

Thi8 brings U8 to a consideration of the reduction of fire hazards on cnt-ovcrland».
We hlveTlaw i„ New YorU state which requires the lopping of Hhe tops . oo„-
«ero„s trees: that is. the lateral branch.^ mnst he cut o« the top s, tl-t both th
irunk and branches .-ill lie close to the ground and decay more rapidly. Th s
„.ethod of taking care of the -softwood slash seems to answer very "«" '° »- "°^^;
wood, forests. While it is true that the fire danger ,s not •'"■'^^^ J^ *« «^
two or three year, after lumbering, the hazard is rapidly reduced after that time
because of the quickness with which decay sets in.

I would not recommend the lopping of softwoo,l tcps as a P»"7» ""f ' "'^ ^
dition. Burning the slash is not practicable with the deep duff and dense forert
jZ^onsot our Adirondack region. Lopping is far le«s expensive and .rein, to

fill the bill.

Onr mitest concern at the present time is with the n dnetion of the fire hazard
on land, wMc. have been lumbered for both hard and soft wood* The hardwood
1 undir our present standards of utilization, are huge and ungainly, and the
Tnesiion of what l do with such a slash is one that has troubled us for some time.

Any investigations we have made-and we had splendid assistance last summer
from Mr ntn Gary, of the United States Forest «-vie^have failed to show
thaT the lopping of hardwood tops f„cilita.os thnr d.c.y materially, ''<"»"•
When left unlpped they cease to bo a f,.e nunac after five or six years. Further^
Ze it"s a fact that the lopping of hardwood tops is very e:.pensive and wo fee
more, it is a laoi _^ advantage in other

that the money required for that work inn oe.Bp.m.

ways.

A. I said before, probably ninety per cent of our forost-fires are the result of

venting the starting ot nres in luis ,,ronvnt time we are now

a view to securing the necessary amendments to the hm. 1 rominent
and lumbermen have declared themselves in favor « f it.

Inasmuch as the fire hazard on lands lumbered for both hard and soft woode is
too^t we would authorize the conservation commission to post all areas «^
Ilbered-llcept small lumbering operations where no great fire hazard was
6

82

created. Such posting would be effected by placing notices at certain legally pre-
scribed intervals around the area in question. The notice would recite that the
land was closed to hunting and fishing,' on account of the fire hazard,, for a period
of five (or possibly six) years from the date of posting. Trespassers would be liable
to criminal prosecution.

Needless to say the posting would not be effective unless enforced, and we would,
therefore, ask for authority to require the land-owner to maintain a gnfifident patrol
to keep out trespassers during the p«'riod of years the posting was to be in effect.
The patrolman would also be equipped with fire-fighting tools, and would be
required to fight any fires that might be started. This wculd be a very intensive
patrol, coordinated with our regular protective system. We would have the law
provide that where the land-owner failed to maintain the patrol; the commission
would have authority to put men on, and the expense thus caused should be a liea
on the land.

The advantages of such a plan are obvious. The complaint i» often hoard from
land-owners and lumbermen that fires are caused on their hands by irresponsib'.;
fishermen and hunters ; and yet the owners hesitate to post their lands for fear tliat
objection on the part of the local people may embarrass their operations or eve i
lead to incendiarism. The proposed plan contemplates that the commission will
assume the onus of the posting, but that the landowner will get much of the benefit;*
of it. It is only fair that he would bear the expense of the special patrol in order
to take care of tlie special fire hazard he has created by his pwn lumbering opera-
tions.

Another thing about this plan that is attractive to the owners is that in this way
they are taking care of the special fire hazard on their own property. Most of them
are willing to concede their responsibility for bearing a certain proportion of the
expense for protecting cut-over land. Now, the advantage of this plan is that that
expense comes when they have just received their money for the timber which
they sold off that land, and they have the opportunity of setting aside a sum of
money at that time in order that they may carry out their plan for the next five or
six years, when it will be less burdensome than if they were asked to put on a con-
siderable patrol or pay taxes of some kind before they had cut tlie timber.

The principle is generally conceded, and I believe generally accepted by lumber-
men, that a man has no right to create a nuisance and to endangeij his neighbor**'
property without at least taking all reasonable steps to abate that nuisance. 1
prepared a part of this paper and then in reading it over I felt that perhaps yo.i
would like some figures. I can not claim great accuracy for these figures. Let us
assume an area of six acres to be limited every six years, let us say. a irectangular
area, or perhaps roughly a circular area, one department could take care of it seven
months eadi year. Five ycai-s would cost thirty-one dollars ten cents, or thre*'
dollars eleven cents per acre for the entire fire season. Ab a matter of fact, in th«'
average w>ason it would be unnecessary to maintain the intensive patrol for moro
than a total of a month or six weeks of the entire season. At a very conservat^ive
estimate in cutting three thousand boiird-feot, hardwood board-feet, per acre, at a
cost of two cents per thousand feet, lopping the hardwood tops, we would have an
expense of six dollars per acre, and practically nothing to show for it For about
half that amount, under our proposed plan, we can give that limited area more in-
tensive and eff#^ive protection. (Applause.)

88

Mr. PETERS. I would like to ask Mr. Howard whether the cost of the patrol
would be a charge against the lumbering operation, or whether it would have to be
included as a part of the cost of so-called complete protection.

Mr, HOWARD. Wfe> would have that expense home by the men who cut over
the timber-lands. Does that answer your question? That the owner of the land
himself should be required by this law to install that patrol, that enforcement of
the posting, after the lumbering operation is completed.

Mr. PETERS. I understand that you do not include the cost of brush-disposal.
by which I mean lopping, or piling, or burning, or the like, as a part of the cost of
complete protection by the state, and, I was wondering whether you would treat
the "patrolling cost in like manner.

Mr. HOWARD. I think that this would absolutely be a cost of protection.

Mr. PETERS. Brush-disposal is a logging cost It is a cost which is charge-
able to the logging operation.

Mr. HOWARD. Yes, it is incurred! on account of the logging operation, it is
not limited to brush-disposal.

Mr. HUTCHINS. I would like to ask, do you tliink it is necessary to patr»l
that seven months of the year?

Mr. HOWARD. No, I should have stated that that seven months is in the
Adirondacks, the duration of our fire-season, that is the maximum figure, I believe.
If we get this scheme organized and have close enough cooperation of the special
patrolmen, we thus can assure ourselves, with our regular fire-protective forces, that
we will be able to make arrangements whereby lumbermen who will be working near
at hand might assign certain of their crew to do that patrolling, nor could we get
better forest-rangers. For instance, that could have been made very intensive durin?
this present year, which was a bad year for fires, because the fire-dang«r this year
w«v8 concentrated in two periods, one in the spring ond one in the fall. Six "weeks
of patrolling would have safeguarded practically all of the cut-over land during this
past season. Another year we might have a less severe fire-dangor extending over
two or three months, and where the operator had men working in that vicinity
they could go and patrol this tract on short notice, and whero we could be abso-
lutely sure that they would be gotten in there. We would be able to relieve him of
a great deal of that expense.

The CHAIRMAN. We are a little behind the schedule. We have a few more
papers this morning. I think we can get through them this morning so we can
start witli a dean slate promptly at 2 o'clock. If tliat is agreeable to every one?

The next paper on the program is "Forestry on State Timber Lands," by
William T. Ck>x, of Minnesota.

Mr. WILLIAM T. COX, State Forester, Minnesota. It seems to me that before
attempting to cover the subject that has been assigned to me, that of "Forestry on
State-owned Lands," it is necessary to say something in regard to the fire-protection
that must necessarily' precede the practice of forestry on those lands. I am not m
a position to talk with regard to very many states, because 1 am not familiar witli
just what is happening at tJie present time in .the other states ; but in Minne«>U we

a

84

have a particularly Interesting situation. In our state we have perhaps greater
fiTdi^^r than in most any of the other states, that is because the forest .» a
wticulariy inflammable kind of forest, and also because it borders on the prainc
J^oT and is a windy section of country, and moreover we have m Minnesota the
ZZt area of peat-land to be found in the United States. These peat-lands dunng
t^ellten or fifteen years have been drained in large part and have been transfo™-
ed from the safest fire district to the most dangerous to bo found anywhere. Another
thing that interests us particularly is the fact that iu the past our fires have some-
tfmes developed into very serious propositions, terrible conflagrations that destroy
Zl rmmunities. In some states you have little of that sort of a>'"^. P^^tm
Iv in the central and some of the eastern states, where a fire may kill bttl* hm-
ber do a little damage, but it is not likely to destroy cties and vUlag^s, or mm
whole settlements. With us these fires may very easily develop into just that so t
of thing, and have so developed in the past on several occasion^ So every effo.
iu Minnesota has been aimed at the prevention of these serious conflagrat.ons. That
was the first job.

The secondary thing was the reduction of fir^losscs in general, and these were
preliminary to doing anything iu regard to state-owned lands and the actual prac-
tice of forestry on them.

I want to teU you samething else, and it s«.ms to me very interesting to foresters
I believe that in the last year there has been demonstrated in Minnesota ..be fa^t
that serious conflagrations are absolutely needless. They can be prevented. Wc
have had during the last year, the last fire-season, one of the worst on '-c-'^" «•"=
of the longest, one of the driest, one of the windiest, and all conditions were favor-
able to the worst kind of fire catastrophies occurring. It was necessary to be on
L job in full force, and luckUy we are iu such a position that we could organize
our forces better during the past year than at any other Ume. We had a larger
.ppropriaUon to start with. Of course, it was not large «'<>"/''"; f*'''^''";,
nTnt, but we bad available another fund, the socalled board of relief fund, which
the last session of legislature provided, and that money was ^^PP^f »" j); "^^j^
able 'to prevent or relieve distress iu case of calamity or impending calamit, . «>
that when the situation became really serious I went to the board o relief consist-
ing of the governor, auditor and state treasurer, and asked them for funds to o^d out
o^ particular forces, and pointed out the need for the money, and they gave it t.
us. It enabled us to more than double the force of patrolmen at a t^« '"- J^
was very necessary. As a result, whilo we had this very critical situa ion. ovr
X hund^d fires occnring, not one „f .hose fires got away during the whole sea^n
not one of them was out of control at any time, and yet there were fires of very con
siderable size, and especially in thi. peat-la,,.!, the country that I »»»''»»'•"
instance we had to dig a trench sevont.v ,nil, » long, and that was ^'^'"""^ ^^ ^y.
fOTco of about two hun.lred men, and .hat fi.e did n, t escape from the Peat err
ory. The thing seems to n,c to have been thoroughly ''™>»-'™*;^^' -"^ ->/;;
ties can be prevented. We are always going to have some forest-ht. »- ^ "^
lieve we are likely to have mor,. fires in the fntuns than we liave had m the pa s^
Settlement is taking place iu the timber country, and more and "»" *»>«! ""^^ ^
danger: but the fires are going to bo smaller, Ih.y are going to be extinguished

more promptly.

Now in regard to other fire-protective work, we have the railroads pretty well or-
ga^zJ. The railroads during the past season expended almost e-eUy one hun-
dred thousand dollars in Minnesota in patrc.Uing their tracks We lau^ «-^^^^
•tress on the patrolling there than we do on the spark-arrestor and nght-of^ay

85 . ^

cleaning work, because we find that with us it works better. They are thoroughly
organized. We can ask the railroads to put on so many men, equipped in such
and SQch a manner, and they put them on. More recently we have persuaded them
to put Btipervisory officers on to see that these men work properly. They report to
our district rangers just the same as though they were state-paid men , so that it is
equivalent to adding a considerable force to our forest service. Then the lumber
companies have expended fifty thousand dollars on their own property, which is in
addition to slash-disposal work. The townships have voted on themselves to ap-
propriate additional taxes to provide fire-funds in different townships which aggre-
gate one hundred and forty-two thousand dollars, and this money also is expended
under the direction of our rangers. Forty-three thousand dollars was furnished by
the board of relief in the emergency for patrolling for a short time. So there was
a total, with the funds from the federal government under the Week's law, of four
hundred and fifteen thousand dollars for fire-protection. That is equivalent to
about two cents an acre, because we have a little over twenty million acres to pa-
trol. That with us, with the present state of settlement, affords what I consider
adequate protection. Roughly speaking, it might be improved, of course; but 1
believe that during an average year it will give us sufficient protection, all we can
reasonably ask for.

In regard to the state lands, the state owns about two million acres in Minnesota,
but it is in different classes, different lands; some of it is school land, some lands
granted for different purposes, some of it consists of state forests, about four hun-
dred and fifty thousand acres have been set aside for state forests. The land witU-
in the state forest is given some added care, and some degree of forestry is practic-
ed. In the timber-cutting operations on state lands outside of the state forests,
perhaps better fire-protection is afforded than on most private land, but very little
forestry has been attempted or is possible under the existing law. Of tUo state forest
lands, some are also parks. For instance, we have Itasca Park at the head of the
Missisflippi river. It is about thirty thousand acres in extent, and it contains cnc
hundred mUlion feet of pine. Some of the other state forests have very valuable
•tands of timber. In the case of Itasca Park we have an illustration of what can
be done in state forests, even in a small on«^. I maintain that is one of the best
illustrations in the country, and it is put under rather intensive management
Fires are absolutely i,revented in that park. A fire-break has been constructec.
around it, it is thoroughly patrolled, it is covered with a telephone system and look-
out towers, as well as a force of m^n watching it. Some timber-cuttin« i. dune,
but it is done under forestry rules, and very carefully, so that where it has been
logged over you would . scarcely know it has been logged at all. The game is
thorougly protected, for it is also a game refuge, and perhaps as good an illustra-
tion of a game refuge as can be found anywhere. The deer have increased wonder-
fully and the beavers there run the whole place over, there being ten to fifteen
hundred of them in the park. Otter have como in and are thriving there, and it is
intensely interesting piece of state property. Now, we hope to see that sort cf
thing carried out on many other areas of state-owned land, but those things coiuc
riowly. It is a matter of education. You can not force the legislatures to go too
fart in matters of that kind, as we find, but I think within a reasonable time we
shaU have a dozen or more areas similar to Itasca Park made out of the present
•tate-owned land.

Now. when it comes to buying lands for state forests, we have a wonderful op-
portunity there, and I think they have over in Wisconsin and Michigan. So far
w have bought very little land. Most of the state forests are part of what wc^
grants to the state , but we have a great opportunity to buy cheap Und at two or

m(j

86

three dollars an acre. There arc millions of acres of land suitable only for forest
erowth Figures we have collected would warrant us in believing that the poorer,
rougher, lands in timber will bring just as good a revenue as is derived from the
second-class agricultural lands throughout the state, and will support just as great
a population. Moi^over. the tourist business is starting in our part of the country
and in a short time will be very similar to what you have in the Adirondack^ and
in Maine. ThousawlB and tens of thousands of automobiles pour mto the state
from Iowa, Missouri and ether states to the south of us. The change in the last
four or five years is remarkable in this respect. Cars from all over Uie country
show that it is going to be worth while to develop the scenic feature. ^^"^^ -^^f
the things we are doing on all cf the state-owned land is making «n effo;rt to Dre-
serve the beauty of our lakes and lake-shores. I have been able to insert a clause
in the timber sale contracts so that those shores will be protected. That it seems
to me is very important if we are going to develop the tourist business. On private
lands hundreds and hundreds of those beautiful lakes are wrecked every year in the
hgging operations. As I have said on other occasions, our lakes up there are no
more beautiful in themselves than thb mud-lakes out on the prairie It is simp. y
a difference of the timber growth around their shores. Considerable planting has
been don^but in tJiat regard I want to say one word about the raising of nurserj'-
stock We find a good deal of trouble out there in getting iiurecryv^stock. VV o
have "found real trouble. Our nurserymen are very well organized, and they seem
to want the state to purchase seedlings to transplant from the commercial nurseries.
That would be all right if we could get them at a reasonable price, but if wo nr.
going to embark on a large plan of planting it is necessary to obtain stock at a
price that will warrant us doing the planting, so that we can Icok forward to a
profit from the operation. If it is going to cost us one hundred dollars an acre to
buy these little trees and plant them, we can never expect a profit from the oper-
ation. and we know that we can raise them at a cost cf six or eight dollars a hon-
.and or say eight to ten dollars an acre for the plants, and we have been doum
that ' We have gotten into serious trouble in some instances with the organize,,
nursery people, but that is one thing that 1 suppose everj' state is more or less up
against, the matter of obtaining stock.

Another thing, we are leasing cottage-sites on these state lands, tind derive .on.-
little revenue, and greatly popularize the state forests in that way. We are mak^
ing use of the fur crop in Itasca Park. For several years w. have been rap^nn.
systematically, particulariy beaver, and the revenue goes to the suppor o^ the P-^^
Last spring we trappcKl fifty-one beav.rs. catching only the males .and sold that
Uttle bundle of fur for two thousand twenty-five dollars, which helped consulerably
in the support cf this park and forest. Now. as regards the actual cmtting oper-
ations We have not gotten very far on the timber sales. With us for the most
part our sales were ma<le befor.- these lands were turned over to our department
and they are still uetive, and the loggers are still cutting under the old agreemen •
These are expiring from time to time, and the new leases may be made on a difi^e.-
It bar; but fo^ the time being the actual practice of forestry is rat er hnu ed^
We hope to see the time when Minnesota shall be like you people of the state ot
Pennsylvania, where me shall have millions of acres of state forests, actually desig-
nZL such, and actually lu.ndled on a forestry basis, on a P---";;^^ ^
We have perhaps ten or twelve million acres better situated for that purpose than
ly other and even that does not express it all. because there are great areas of
and wMcL are of doubtful value for agriculture. There are also large tracts^n
Minnesota that have come up to se«,nd-growth pine, particularly jack pine bM
TZal and while those stands of timber may be on land that can be profitably
farmed later on. it would seem a crime to destroy those promising growths of timbe.

87

at the present stage of their development. And so we are making an effort to have
them incorporated in what might be called temporary state forests or auxiliary state
forests, and there is some promise of success in this regard, because the profit or
advantage to the state of doing this sort of thing is very evident.

I am afraid the time is so limited that I should not talk any more at this timv
I would be glad to answer any questions. (Applause.) ^

- Mr. PETERS. I should like to ask Mr. Cox how much this problem would b^.
solved by fire-protection alone.

Mr COX. That is pretty hard to sny, but we have a fair reproduction of pine
and spruce, hardwood too, particulariy poplar and birch ; but there are hundreds of
thousands of acres where logging was severely done, and where fires followed rapid-
ly, and where it ^vill be necessary to plant, so that fire-protoction is not sufficient in
itself, and we shall have to do a great deal .:f planting.

Mr. PETERS. To what extent can natural reproduction be depended upon?

Mr. COX. Natural reproduction will take care of seventy-five per cent at
least.

The CHAIRMAN. The next paper will be on "Assistance to Private Timber-
land Owners," by Mr. R. C. Jones.

Mr U)VEJOY. It seems to me that the item of the bill c<.ncerning which
Mr Pinchot spoke, has rather gotten lost in the shuffle. Unhss some one will re-
lieve me of the responstbility, this afternoon, I should like very much to hear
enougl! discussion of the status of that million-dollar appropriation and ot this
bill, to leave us at least fairiy clear in our minds as to where the bill is an<l
where we are.

GOVERNOR OIXJOTT. I think the gentleman's suggestion is very .n..ritori«us.
Oregon was not on tl^ progrnm. Yesterday Mr. Morrill Uin.ll.v „,ent,„ne<l Oregon
"n Lnection with the western states. If there would be no objeet.on, befV.re the
LTon closes this afternoon I would like to have a few mmutes, I w,ll be ver,
S We have a very good board of forestry, a non-politiea -«--"™; ««
members on it, being r,,,resen„„iv,. of different n.dustr.es of ,l,e s, at no,,

on this aften.oons program tl.ere were so.ne add,„o„s to ^ '" ""''T. " ^ ' '^J '
with the eonsent of tha conference I would like a few m.nnt.s tins afternoon.
^* would give me a better clearance with my board for spending some of the.r
good money in Pennsylvania.

The CHAIRMAN. Surely, Governor Oleott, we would be pleased ,„ hear you.
GOVERNOR OLCOTT. They would know at least that I was on the job.

On motion duly made and seconded, the conference, at one o'clock P. M.. took .
recess until two o'clock P. M.

%J

Senate Cbambcr.

Harrisburg, Pa. Thursday afternoon,
December 9, 1920.

GOVERNOR OLCOTT in the chair.

The CHAIRMAN. The first paper on tlie program is "Plant Quarantine Pro-
tection," by J. G. Sanders, of the Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture.

Mr J G. SANDERS. Gentlrmen, I feel almost like an interloper on your
program, and I assure you I only want to occupy a comparatively brief period of
time to discuss a matter which I think is very close to the hearts of most of you ;
at least I assume by your presence at this meeting that you are interested in
plant-protection, and deeply so. The matter of plant-quarantine in America and
its subsequent adoption, and the enforcement of the law, has engendered, as most
of you know, considerable discussion, particulariy on the part of importers of plants.
Dealers and certain of these nurserymen, and pseudo-nurserymen, who have made
considerable money in the past by importation of plants from foreign countries have
had very little regard for the future safety of American agriculture. I want to
bring to your attention the condition which exists at the present time and ask for
your cooperation, which I think 1 already have, for the enforcement of quarantine
No. 37, which was promulgated in 1912 by the federal horticultural board.

The federal horticultural board is made up of scientific men of the United States
Department, who unfortunately have other duties in addition to taking care of the
matters which come up before tiieir board. The attack which is brought about at
this time is tiie outgrowtii of various and sundry attacks by dealers and nurserymen,
which have been ill-timed, and rather pooriy considered, and in many cases very
slight attention has been given to the truth. More recentiy a board has beeti ap-
pointed representing the American rose-growers society, the American nurserymen
and certain horticultural societies of several states and others interested in horti-
culture, either professionally or from an amateur standpoint, and these people are
now getting down to a constructive opposition. I do not know how far they will go.
I can not see that they will make very much advance in their attempt, but the
point is this, every man I believe here should do his utmost in his own bailiwick
to offset any attempt to emasculate the law or limit the federal board's action on
f}iiarantin£ No. 37. This attempt is under way at the present time, and I believe
that we only need to consider a few of our major diseases in order to bring to your
mind the importance of limiting the miscellaneous importation of plants from
foreign countri^ in wholesale quantities.

As state officer, I have been taking the lead somewhat in this feature for the past
eight or nine years. I have made a great many friends and some enemies, but I
believe that I am on the right side, in fact I know I am on the right sid*. and
on that account I am willing to "stand by my guns."

89

The ravages of the chestnut-blight, which you all know has been confined to the
eastern part of the country, is an example of what might be expected if we continue
to permit the miscellaneous introduction by private companies and private indi-
viduals, professionalists and trade concerns, of plants from all quarters of the globe.
The chestnut-blight, possibly you know, was brought in incidentally with a small
shipment of trees from China, and tiie ravage it has caused in tiiis region oi im
east ia well known. The fact that there is apparentiy no stopping of it until our
American chestnut is almost wiped out is serious food for thought The citrus-
canker is anotiier disease brought from China and established in Florida by nursery-
men. This disease was unknown to science and no one would have recognized this
disease at a port of entry had it been found by an inspector. So witii tiie white
pine blister-rust.

Now, more recentiy we have introduced another disease that becomes particulariy
Interesting to you, as your interest may be open toward losses of a food product. '
1 will leave here a sample of the potato-wari: disease which was found in this state
only within the last tiiree years, and promises to be a very, very serious pest, one
which can not be eradicated from tiie ground by any crop-rotation method. In
fact we have been unable to sterilize the ground witii any known metiiod within any
reasonably economical cost. Even steaming tiie ground, the use of formaldehyde
under eighty pounds steam pressure is not certain to sterilize the soU and pre-
vent the spread of this disease.

These are a few of the well-known examples of what can be expected for future
generations, if we permit unrestricted entry of plants and plant-products^ from
foreign countries. Now, this committee has taken action only recentiy at the meet-
ing of the American Enlomological Society to issue a statement, and I must say
has paid very littie attention to the facts, and it ill becomes men of the standing
of some of tiic men of 'his committee to put out a paper or a statement of tiiis
kind without trying to determine more carefully what the real facts are in con-
nection witii the enfon^ment of Quarantine No. 37 by tiie federal board. It i-
unfortunate that this committee did not get tiie facts before tiiey published tiieir
statement "An Appeal to Every Friend of American Horticulture, m several
papers and magazines. In this appeal they make the statement that there has been
built a "Chinese wall around American horticulture." Now. no such condition
exists at tiie time, I can assure you of that. Only the other evening I was
in Washington discussing ti,is whole matter, and they assured me that tiier^
was every possible attempt on the part of the federal horticultural board J^
permit tiie introduction of desirable trees, shnibs and plants of all kinds, but tiiat
they wished to safeguard these plants by certain restrictions. Now, tiie nurscTy-
men are stiU permitted to bring into this country bulbs of certain types, but
an absolute prohibition has been put on tiie importation of all plants ""^J^^Z
otiier types carrying soil about their roots which we can not possibly insect at Ae
port of entry. It is the hope at least of the federal board, provided congr«»
gives them suffident funds, to install a larger force of inspectors at the various
ports of entry, so tiiat less difficulty wiU be occasioned in tiie amportaUon of
ilants due to the inspection at the port of entry. When I tell you. that five
hundred special permits, covering hundreds of thousands of plautH. have ^een
granted to importers of plants during the past twelve months, you can soe that
no "CMnese wall" is being built around American horticulture.

There is another side to the question. I have been laboring for some time with the
nurserymen at their national conventions, on three or four different oceasi-is.,

90

trying to explain just what this means, and fortunately most of the growers of nurs-
ery stock appreciate the conditions.

The Japanese beetle is another pest which has come into this country and was
brought in by one of the large nursery concerns, and it has become established that
it came from Japan in soil on tlie roots of Iris. Numerous other pests and dis-
eases have been brought in to the country in the same way. Now it happens that
the nurserymen who introduced this pe«t are the people who have been fighting tlie
f<.deral board most violently. They have been using facts rather carelessly in
connection with their criticisms of the work of the federal board and have been
attacking it without just tause. I want to re^d you a brief statement fr.m
the "National Nurseryman," which gives you a little more light on the attitude of
the nurserymen :

"Here are some of the losses to American farmers in the United States in one yetcr
by plant diseases which might have been prevented if known «^"trol-m^sures had
been immediately applied: Wheat, 112,000,000 bushels; oats, ^0.000,000 bushels;
coi-n, 80,000,000 bushels; potatoes, 50,000,000 bushels; sweet potatoes, 40,000 00
bushels (two-fifths of the total crop); tomatoes. 185,000 tons; cotton, 850.000
bales; peaches, 5,000.000 bushels; apples, 16,000,000 bushels^ The figures were
compiled for the year 1919 by the Plant Disease Survey of the Bureau of Plant In-
dustry, United States Department of Agriculture.

•'In compiling the above the Bureau of Plant InduKtry has been playing the
children'if game of supposing.

"Why not play the game to a finish Hn<l keep on supposiiig what wotild happen if
the 'might have been' really happened.

"WiUiout disease and crop-failure present plantings would produce more than
could be harvested, transported or used. Farming and gardening would soon be a
lust art. no skill and little labor would bo required to produce all the crops necessary.

"We might as well keep on supposing the"re would be no disease among animals and
incidentally no disease or death an^ong human beings if proper control measures
were used. The game ends here as the imagination gives out.

.1 feel that you have some very important papers on your program, and although
1 cTHild talk at considerable length on some of these matters, yet I believe I can
readilv close by asking of you the support of your different states for the wotk of
the fcileral horticultural board in the enforcement of quarantine No. 37. which
believe is unassailable. The method adopted by the board may be open to crmcism
that you might exp.>ct from any new organization in putting the quarantine laws and
regulations into force, and under the existing conditions I ask your serious support
for this federal quarantine N... 37 and any regulations that may b. promulgated
under it.

Just a word more on this white-pine blister-rust. We have had some texperienc^
in this state, fortunately we have been able in Pennsylvania to prevent the spread
of this disease, and during the past two years no appearance of it has been di^
covered, and that only by very aggressive action. The big question for "«J^«^^^»
to prevent it entering into the western states. Dakota. Michigan. Minnesota and
that region, and to prevent by all means posmWe the introduction of this disease

91

into the western five-leafed pine region. If it goes into that country there is no
doubt but that enormous loss would occur.

If there are any questions that occur to you on this disease I should be very glad
to reply to them if I can. Regarding quarantine No. 37 I do feel, however, that the
federal board should have the heartiest support of you people interested in forestry,
nursery-work and nursery propagation. The trees in this country, they not only
are guarding your interests, but the interest of the farmers.

Mr. LOVBJOY. May I inquir-, Mr. Sanders, whether tliere is any technical op-
powtion; opposition from technical men, to this order?

Mr. SANDERS. On the part of technically trained men, very little indeed. We
think the most serious opposition comes from the State Horticulturist of Illinois,
but I really think we have enlightened him on just what this quarantine means so
that he will probably change his opinion somewhat. I hate tx> take tuiy more of
your time, but the point is this ; the strongest opposition to tliis quarantine comes
from a great many of those who have \hh>u accustomed h. retofore to get some (Jer-
man. English or Scotch catidogues and seeing some new varieties that they do not
have in their garden, they want to introduce them; and when they find they are
unable to bring in these varieties to add to their collection their ire is immediately
aroused. This group have gathered up a great dfeal of opposition, but the technically
trained men are able to see tlie advantage of a quarantine of this character; but.
of course, the importers who ha>e made consUlerabk sums of mom'y are very " prev-
iah" over the whole situation.

Mr. CX)X. Mr. Chairman, I would like to offer at this time a resolution before
any of the members have to catch trains.

Reeolveid That the state foresters in conference do hereby express their de^p
appreciation of the courtjesies and privileges extendled to them in Ilarrisburg by the
Ponnsvlvania Department of Forestry, by tlio individual members thereof, andiu
particular to Mr. Pidchot, whom we wish to thank for a repetition of Ins old-time
hospitality.

Mr GASKILL. I do not want to run any one 1 1se out, but I hope I may have
the privilege of seconding that resolution. Tlie foresters are pretty well accustomed to
being well entertained in their going about in the country. They have had some
experience of the hospitality accorded them by a good many individuals, but I think
1 can sav xviriiout much overstating the fact that Mr. Pinchot and his organization
have laid themselves out here in such fashion that we can joyfully and whole-heart-
edly say you have done yourselves, and us proud and we are very grateful to you.

The resolution was \inanimously adopted.

The CHAIRMAN. The next paper on the program is "Keeping Idle Forest Lands
Busy," by Prof. P. S. I^\ejoy, of the University of Michigan.

Prof P S LOVEJOY. Mr. Chairman. I have taken the liberty of changing
the aUe a littie, so as to make it read, "Making the idle cut-over lands get busy.

, In a theoretical way, the problem of getting the cutovers to work is absurdly
.imple. First, you designate those areas which will shortly be needed for u.e.

92

others than timber-production, then you stop the fires, thereby saving whatever
there may be left of the original forest and permitting volunteer growth. Later, as
convenient, you, fill in the holes by planting, proceed to your thinnings, and when
things are nicely settled, put in your spare time drawing curves revising the work-
ing-plan, and complaining over the professional and personal shortcomings of the
office over yours.

All very simple, as far as the technical end goes ; get your land, stop the fires,
take what natural growth you can get and supplement it artificially as fast as
practicable. But it is not as simple as all that— is not simple at all, as things look
from 1920

As to matters of artificial reproduction, tiiere is no longer any possible question.

Having gotten pretty much over our German-made notions about Scotch pine and
Norway spruce and European larch, and having been cured of our short-cut to glory
\m catalpa and locust, we are about ready to get down to business and to thank our
gods for jack pine and popple, loblolly and red gum, white fir annJ birdi. We have
i»roadcasted and seed-spotted and grub-hoed and fussed with 3—2 and 1—0 stock,
have made quite a lot of 0—0. and now know about all we really need to know in
5.rder to pick up and go at any speed. Suitable planting stock? By the tens of mil-
aous or billions— a few months after anybody orders it. Planting methods? Spud cr
mattock or plow or spado-and so as to insure a decent survival and adequate catch
with all the certainty with which a fanner sows clover— more certainty than that.
Subsequent growth? Not a question but that it will be satisfactory; the basal area
c<»mputations can wait.

As to the quantity, quality and usefulness of the volunteer growth which will
follow automatically upon the suppression of the fires, we are, I think, rather shy,
both in facts and in faith. It is my very strong impression that we have been over-
looking a very big bet here. Research upon clastic limits and the effect of polariz-
ed molasses upon the xylotomous tissue of Bunkobus tittj-wampus we have not lack-
ed. As to just what happens when fires are kept out of cut-over land I can find
little worthy information and still leas technical interest. We are even told to
hush-hush on that subject, for fear legislatures will get the notion that nursery-work
is superfluous, and that clean-cut and plant is the high European hunch. Then^
will be exceptions, of course, but my own feeling is that the stopping of the fires will
in the niajoritv of cases insure a forest which will prove very decently satisfactory
jind which will give more usable forest per dollar of fire-money than will a hundred
dollars of planting-money. It is certain, of course, that better forests ^iU be made
to follow the early volunteers and that nursery-work and planting can contribute to
this very largely.

If tlien. it may be assumed as established that we have developed an easily work-
able technique for big-scalo forest-planting, and if it is admitted that the volunteer
forests will be much better than merely worth saving from fire, we are brought
back to the consideration of stopping fires. How about that? Have we satisfied
ourselves that we can stop fires? What do we mean by that? Not that we plan to
prevent fires from starting, for we know they will start. Not that we do not ex-
pect some big and costly fires, even after we get things fixed up to suit us, for we
shall expect some bad fires. Perhaps we mean that on the average fire-losses are to
be reduced to a negligible minimum— to such a small fraction of loss that it can be
dUregarded. How much of a loss is that, in per cent of acres per year and p<»r
rotation ?

.98

What is adequate forest-fire protection? If but one per cent of the area 'protect-
ed is burned over in an average year, will that be considered pretty good work?
That would be equivalent to burning over one hundred per cent of the area every
one hundred years. To bum over one acre in every thousand would amount to
burning over ten per cent of the area in one hundred years. We have been taught
forests may not be expected to pay out more than three or five per cent, net, per
year. If the forest suffers a ten per cent loss from fire, each rotation, where then
would the net returns bo? Gan anyone shew a single solid township of cut-owr
country subject to normal fire-hazards, where fire losses have actually been kept
down to twenty-three acres a year for ten years, or five years? What about thi^i
"stopping-fire" talk which we all get off so glibly?

' In Michigan, if anywhere, there should be some experience and judgment concern-
ing fire in the cut-over country. But an official report from the United Stat*;s
forest service to the responsible state officers last year said that a cent an acre
should give "adequate" protection. At the same time one professor of forestry was
saying that five cents would be required, and another professor was saying that the
job could hardly be done for less than ten. Meanwhile a forester who had had
years of experience in operating a big private fire-protection association was saying
that, for three cents, he could reduce fire-losses to tliat degree justified by the value
of the property protected.

The national forest in the jack pine plains of Michigan was then charging up five
cents an acre for fire-protection and rather cre<liting itself with intensive work.
But one day the wind blew in the usual "ifliprocedented" manner while the country
was in the usual "abnormally desicated condition," and the fire went to Silvei
Creek or thereabouts in the customary manner, burning over a per cent of the area
protected which would be too sad to quote. During all this time the state forester,
who alone of the entire outfit could show a chunk of cut-over sections where fire had
actually been kept out for twenty years— new fires running up to the fire-lines from
outside, year after year, and being stopped at those lines— he was making no state-
ments whatever as to the practicability of stopping fires or as to the cost of stopping'
fires. But, having already one big tractor to pull stumps and dear fire-lines, he
proceeded to get another tractor to clear fire-lines and to keep those lines dean.

I am well aware that tiie American forester can exhibit a greater accomplishmeni
per dollar of fire-money expended than anybody in the world. I am willing to as-
sume that tiie machinery for firoprevention and control has nearly all been invented
and tested out. I have seen fire fought in a gcod many states and under many
conditions. I have no doubt but tiiat it can be done and I have a full convicUon
that it must be done, but, with the exception of a little string of sections on tiie
Biggins Lake state forest of Michigan, I have never seen a place where fire has
been actually, ddiberatdy and artifidally kept out of the cut-over country for so
long as ten years. Those sections have fire-lines around every forty-acre square.
those fi»-e-lines arc freshend twice a year, a fire-tower overlooks the area in great de-
tail, there are many roads, a real fire-fighter is custodian and he has a crew of m»n
with automobiles constantly available.

Considering everything, is it appropriate tiiat we should be so smug and so glib
about stopping fires on the cut-over lands? Have we told the full truth about the
sosts and difficulties of that tiling? Have we made serious or adequate attempt
U dstermine the essential focts and practicabilities? Do we know as much about

\

\

i

the effect of fire on »oU and forests as we do about the effect of seed extractiiiij
house heat or tlie viability of tree-seed collected from altitudes A, B and C, and fron
dominant, co-dominant and sub-dominant specimens of juvenile, mature and decadent
condition V

We are inclined to bemoan the difficulty of developing an intelligent cooperation
in fire-work from settlers, hunters and fishermen, not to mention railroad officials
and business men. We allege that stopping the fires would vastly improve th**
stocking of game and fish, would lead to a great expansion in the recreational values
of the cut-overs, would conserve the scant organic content of forest-soils, would
insure forest-products for the wood-using industries, and so forth. But where is
the forester who is in a position to substantiate these statements in an orderly
and convincing way? A university forestry department undertakes to show a
relation between forests and wild life and dredges around in the bottom of a lake
for proof, instead of taking a census of the animal life in a typically unburned
and in a typically cut and burned area.

A high official of the United States bureau of soils informs an influential citizen
that the damage done to soils by fire is commonly exaggerated, and that the organic
deposit ..f the forests typical of the north lake .states is deleterious to both soil
and forests, and its removal-as by fire— will benefit both soil and forests— and the
United States forest service is not in a position to demonstrate the contrary. A
professor con<iucts an experiment showing certain agricultural advantages to be
possible by burning over peat-lands and- the state forester spends a summer fighting
poat- fires.

In another state an irate citizen writes to his paper claiming that the stopping
of fires in the young second-growth is vastly more important than planting wind-
breaks and the like, and the presumably responsible officers hunt around to find
. Homebody to bawl out the offending citizen for his dangerous contentions.

My feeling is that foresters ha%e done little more than flutter around the 8ubje<-t
of cut-over country fires. This may once have been expedient, but is it expedient
from now on't The chief of the forest service is about to ask congress for a
million dollars as a bait to catch fire activities in a score of states. The state
forester of Pennsylvania proposes to ask his legislature for a million dollars for his
suite alone. There is no forester wlio will doubt but that it will take that mucH
or more to stop the fires in Pennsylvania, and equal sums in a dozen other stages.
There is im for.ster worthy of the name who doubts that such funds so expendod
would be the h.M sort of investments. But, save for that one man, where is th^
forester who has been telling the full truth about fire-control and its cost m iho
cut-overs and acting according to his convictions?

It is a tremendous nnderlaking, gentlemen, but one which will not be advanced
until we quit our pussyfooting. If in its accomplishment tender and timid forest.-rs
must be replaced bv bolder and hardier men. foresters or otherwise, then the more
reason for starting soon. The problem of getting the cut-overs to work starts wiiu
better fire-protection, is conditioned upon more fire-protection, and lingers as long
as fire-protection is wanting.

Whatever the local technique best adapted to the job, it will involve great sums
of money and a very large personnel of fire-trained men. We shall continue to
learn that part of our business by fighting fires. We shall get a chance to fight

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fires and thereby learn this business only as we are able to convince the public
that stopping fires is at once practicable and worth the cost. It is my thought that
we have not vet succeeded in either ; that we have not yet properly demc nstratod
that stopping the fires is really practicable or that it is worth the costs. If I am
wrong in this, someone ^vill certainly contradict me directly and will arse witU
convincing argument and object-lessons, pointing out instances where cut over country
fires have long been kept under control, and pointing out the exact relations between
the cost of the fire-work and the increase in values arising out of the proteciion.

I know of courses that these things are subjiK^-t to demonstration; my point
is that Uie full demonstration is now lacking, and being lacking, it is reasonable
to expect a considerable measure of skepticism and hesitation on the part of the
public, le^slatures and congress. That lack requires remedy in the very near fut-
ure.

So much for artificial restocking, for volunt,-«r growth an.l for fire. There remains
the matter of getting the land. This, of course, is the big item-the item mosc
generally lacking ^nd, perhaps, the item in which we have bungled most Brcv.ousl>
We can not plant, can not grow cr tend volunteer forests or keep fares out of h.
cut-overs until ind unless we have some manner of jurisdiction over the l''"< «->l'''
eutovcr and burned-over lands, the lands now lying idle, loafing or devastated b.v ax
and fire-and by the hundreds of millions of acres, and in twenty states.

As in U.e case of fire, it is my feeling that in their procedure foresters have
very often been seriou,ly at fault in all this-.hat we have fa.led to apprehend tK
nature of the obstructions which have confronted us-that we have not used all
the tools ready to our hand or have bungled and fumbled in their using.

Take the case of Winconsin as the most perfect .xample of this. After years of
leddersh p and uniformly favorable legislation which appropriated funds and ga™
aufhority for the direct acquisition and consolidation by the state of cut-over and
or sute forests, and generous authority concerning fire and planting, t-re .^velc
a sudden and violent opposition to the whole sch,.me. Entire county boa Is an
down .0 the capital, breathing fire, a case is forced to .he supr,.,,,,. «.ur .
state and the court invalidates the whole forest program, liohling i. to U uncon
stitutional. Now, how could such a thing happen .'

The nubbin of the con.r, versy hinged in this; the state ^""-'-'^ "';•"";';•

rejarded the point of view of .he citizens ^^^''^ ^^'^'^ ^:--:r:Tt:::Z
solidation into state forests. The state foreM.r. f„llo«.„„ th. e.ir
of the national program, and with too single an eye .o easy admin st.n.ion, .^.. d
t aCuTre about a million acres lying in a nicely rectangular so ul •■•»";"';'
his area were streaks and patches of loams and clays more or less ^.U s,ut,d for
!;^luUurc and already supporting more or less in the way of farming settlements.

I„ Wisconsin, after years of labor and eoneenUa.ion, they ^^^'^^'-Z
unusually clear and workable policy of agricultural development. The s ate

d „: understand its potency, allowed himself to appear "-j;-'..'; " ,, i
smashed, along with bis forest-program. It was another case of the June
troubles of the national forests, only bigger and more acute.

While the state forester was traveling the southern counties of ";;;♦"»;";;;;
a «t f lectures and lantern-slides showing endless .'•--•«'---; ^^J^l^ ^
state director of immigration wai, also traveling with a set of slides

96

development of stump and brush-fields into prosperous farms. Neither official
justly appraised the intents and proprieties of the other's work. When it came to
a show-down, the established agricultural idea won hands-down, and forestry iu
Wisconsin is to-day hiding out like a moonshiner with the revenuers on his trail.

Other states than this could be named in which the dominance of the agricultural
idea has buffaloed and suppressed the forest idea even to a point where state forest
officers quote experiment-station bulletins, having to do with lime and sweet clove.-
and yield of butter-fat per acre of silos, with more ease and conviction than they
speak of second-growth oak or the market possibilities of hickory — and this, perhap.s,
in a state having millions of acres of idle land, punctuf^d with deserted farms and
abandoned farmers.

Have we, as foresters, soberly canvassed this situation and made intelligent
plans for meeting it? Has any forester or forestry organization ever attempted co
assemble convincing evidence to demonstrate the reasonable limits to which th«i
agricultural development of given cut-over areas can go within given time? Has
anyone- urged effectively that the greatest possible agricultural development of the
cut-overs can only be achieved by making the whole cut-over arcA continuously
productive? Scattered through the low-grade lands are patches and streakes of
good land like peninsulas and islands in an ocean. To work these streaks and
patches by farming is usually difficult or unprofitable, not by reason of soil or
climate, but because of their geography and the economic conditions which their
geography entails. When surrounded with new forests, of the sort we will have
from now on, the forest areas would require and absorb all the surplus labor of
the farms^ the coming of permanent wood-working industries would create a local
market for agricultural products, and farm would supplement and work with forest
as, in the west, the ranch supplements and works with tlie range. Is the picturo
of all that plain and clear before our eyes? Have we ever tried to present that ide/\
and ideal before the altars of the agricultural priests? Have we never formulated
for ourselves or explained to the back- woods citizens how the new forests will
differ from the old; that the new forests will be protected and tended and will
grow faster and more per acre in less time than the old wild forests? That the new
forests will not be jungles left undisturbed for a century or so, bottled in and
frozen up, but, instead, will be worked and working things, intimately and pro-
fitably associated with the farms and farm-towns which will be located in and
through them? Have wo explained and expatiated upon the effect which a great
and growing forest-cwver will have upon game and fish and tourist traffic, and ho,v
this will prosper the forest-region communities? Have we sold that idea to the
sportsmen and tourists?

My point is this: Too often we have assumed that forests and forestry justified
themselves. Too often we have attempted to force an unintelligible plan down the
throats of communities desperately trying to keep their economic footing by old-
line agriculture. Too often we have thought in terms of big, solid chunks of land
within our juristliction. Tcm» oft«n wo have tried to further our schemes by whole-
sale condemnation of the agricultural possibilities of the cut-overs. In doing these
things we have gone counter to all American precedent and the prevailing doctrines
of the country. No economic notion is more firmly rooted in America than th.;
idea that anything is a good thing which furthers agricultural development. To
buck that notion is not only futile — it is bone-headed.

But thi« is dissertation. The cut-over lands ore in private ownerehip. The
cut-over lands are held by the tens of millions of acres by a handful of lumbermen

97

and ex-lumbermen who have no plans for thp««e holdings save a vague hope that
they can unload ahead of compounding taxes and interest. That hcpe is as vain as
it is vague. Within a few years, as things are going, great areas of cut-over Ian J
are due to be confiscated by taxes and interest. Perhaps that will result in whole-
sale tax-delinquency and reversion to the states. If so, the tax-reverted lands will
come back in irregular and isolated tracts unfit for administration and requiring
endless trading and consolidation and delay before they can be properly protected
or managed. Will that be a good thing for us or for the owners or for the states?

The public was a party to the great economic mistake which passed the owner-
ship of these lands into private hands. It seems to me that it will be poor economics
itnd poor business to force great areas into bankruptcy. On the other hand, where
♦he big and little speculrftors have incurred unreasonable expenses, they can not
«xDect the public to guarantee them their interest or profits. A way out, as I see
it, is through state and national acquisition under an extension of the Week's law
plan, perhaps coupled with an increase in local tax rates or assessments so as to
hurry the proceedings.

Theoretically, it might be well to attempt a soil and economic survey which
would appraise and classify the lands, and on the basis of such a survey, to pro-
ceed with the working out of policies and plans for agricultural find forest and
recreational uses. Actually, I apprehend, that would be a dangerous and difficult
procedure, for too great a responsibility would be placed upon the surveyors and
too much local and political friction would probably develop. It would be better
to allow the basic economics of the situation freer play. By putting even slightly
more tax-pressure on the owners of idle cut-over land and at the same time giving
a chance for their relief, the owners themselves could be depended upon to classify
their holdings with considerable accuracy and with a minimum of d.bate an I
friction. It may well be that the owners will often see their way to growing tim-
ber on their own lands if it comes to such a show-down between timber crops or
nothing.

But I do not mean to intimate that I would do away with soil, nu s,n\ and
economic surveys. If not imperative, they are at least tremendously valuable. Such
a soil reconnaissance as that of Wisconsin, for instance, immediately blocks out
the large areas of soils of different character, defines with much neciiraoy th..
practicable development to be anticipated, aiul prevents the loose assumptions and
wild talk so generally met when cut-over-land possibilities aro under discussion.

No mere soil survey, however, is enough. There should be an economic survey
also, which will report on such items as (>\Mieiship, cmw. eo^ of clearing, trans-
portation, markets, past history and probably availability for given uses. This
economic and soil survey should do for the cut-over country, what the forest survey
does for the forest; should furnish the base data for the formulation of a real
working-plan, section by section, township by township, county by county. VVh
are closer to that than we may be aware, I think, Miehigan laws now provide for
such work.

In the really mountainous country such surveys are, perhaps, less needed, since
there the line between agricultural and non-agricultural lands is easily fixed, as
a rule. But on the basis of acreage the mountain areas of the cut-overs are of
less impori:ance than the relatively level areas of the coastal plains, the lake states
and of the southern pineries. In these regions, surveys of the sort described
teem to me to offer the cheapest, quickest and surest assistance in arriving at a
real understanding of the situation, and such an understanding as will force
prompt consideration and action with a minimum of difficulty. But if such surveys

i ^

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98

are considered or undertaken, foresters will need to insure themselves of repre«r>n-
tation and of adequate consideration for their point of view. Soil-surveyors are tew
in number and inclined to regard very highly the suflSciency of their privati'
technique, and the agronomic data which they characteristically append to their field-
records and reports has to do almost exclusively with affairs of orthodox agricul-
ture. With them, as with their brothers of the agricultural colleges and experimrnt
stations, forests as crops, appear as mere academic conceptions, not reasonable
probabilities save for the utterly waste and hopeless lands. They afe usually
willing that the forester should some time scavenge after them when the soy-beun
and the frost-proof peanut fails, but not before. We have been too modest or too
timid. But lumber is now quoted by the board-foot instead of the thousand feet,
and pulp is quoted by the pound rather than the ton.

If the solution of the cut-over-land problems has yet to be found, we, as foresteis,
are very largely to blame. We have not always played our hand with courage or
with skill. It is time to shake things up and get going to the tune of "Every Acv*i
working all the time.'*

Mr. PINCHOT. I have been very much impressed by this paper of Profcss(»r
Lovejoy's, particularly that part which relates to fire as correlated with the dis-
cussion we had on fire this morning. Would it be in order at this time to movu
that the president of the Society of State Foresters be requested to appoint a
committee of three to report to the next meeting of the association on the question
of standards of fire-protection? My intention is to make that as wide a subject
as it is possible to cover.

Mr. GASKILL. I think it altogether admirable that the national organization
or association should follow the precepts laid down. I second the resolution.

The resolution was unanimously agreed to.

Mr. MORRILL. Mr. Chairman, I would like to ask if there have been arrange-
ments made whereby the papere which have been read may be multigraphed or
mimeographed and the members to receive copies ; if such arrangements have been
made, or can they be made?

Mr. PINCHOT. May I answer that question, so far as I can? It is my hope
that it will be possible for the Pennsylvania Department of Forestry to print the
proceedings of this conference and supply copies to all of the members.

The CHAIRMAN. That completes, I believe, the ncgolar scheduled program.

Mr. PINCHOT will you kindly take the chair?

Mr. PINCHOT in the chair.

GOVERNOR OLCOTT. Mr Chairman and gentlemen, I spoke briefly yesterday
abcut the airplane and fire-service that the Government has given the states of
California and Oregon, and in that connection I want to briefly state that I have
before me a little magazine published in New York, called "The Old Ck>lony Club."
They asked us for a typically Oregon story a couple of months ago, in response to
which this was prepared. It deals largely with the airplane fire-service in Oregon.
I will read it to you.

99

'*While the smoke of industry year after year hangs in denser and still denser
clouds over the cities of Oregon, and while her agricultural resources have grown to
proportions so vast as to be unbelievable, even to those who first saw and pioneered
the way for those industries, we claim an intense pride in two of our greatest
assets, our timber and our scenery.

"These assets arc inseparably intertwined. Our lakes, our waterfalls, our riven,
our majestic mountains and our tortuous glens of perpetual green would become
wastes, inhospitable in their barren bleakness, but for the stands of fir, of pine, of
spruce and of cedar and hemlock, which crown them with the glory of God.

"To give to the world her fair share of our timber, cut into the sizes and length*
which will take it into the channels of commerce and trade, to build our ships.
to house our peoples and to be converted by the hand of man into the million utiui-
tarian uses to which lumber may be put, is one great share of our problem. For
Oregon has within her vast boundaries one-fifth of the standing merchantE^ble
timber left in the United States today. More and more the world is looking to the
mountainsides of Oregon for the lumber to ship to the nations bordering on the seven
seas, and it is the duty of Oregon to use this birthright in the manner that will
bring the greatest good to this nation and to the peoples of the world.

"The other magnificent share of the problem confronting us is to retain in the
fullest splendor possible the God-given wonders of Nature, our scenic beauties which
challenge the Alps and look down with soom upon many of the boasted wonders of
the old world.

"But too few years ago the people of our state began to awaken to a realizing
sense of her wonderful endowments. But we are awake now, and from every county,
city and hamlet comes the cry to save what we have ere it passes away from us
forever.

"The forests have two deadly enemies. One is fire and the other the destroying
hand of man. By means of tlie latest of man's own devices, a device that gives
us the wings, and the speed, and the eye of the bird, man has turned to his own use
the airplane to combat the ancient enemy of the forest, the ravaging fire. To
protect the forest against its ©ther enemy man is beginning to look into his own
heart and be afraid of the ravages which he himself has wrought. Between the
two we have hope to save for trade and commerce the lumber to which it is entitled ,
and sufficient of the forests and the witching greenery with which they are braided
to preserve our sct»nic marvels, and to leave here forever in the heart of the Pacific
Northwest a i»aradise for tourists and sportsmen from every land and clime.

"To revert to the ain>lan^. The aerial forest-patrol is an unqualified succesa.
Despite obstacles difficult to overcome, such obstacles as are always confronting
tmtried ventures, the aerial forest-patrol has proved itself a success and a boon to
those who have watched millions of dellars* worth of timber evaporate into smoke-
wreaths.

"The patrol was inaugurated in 1919 when eight planes were sent into Oregon
from the army service in California. Here I wi.sh to express my appreciation to
Col. H. H. Arnold, commander of the air service for the western department of
the army, and Lieutenant-Colonel Watson , one of his ablest aides, who were directly
r^ponsible for sending these planes into the state, after I hart made an air trip from
Portland to Sacramento and San Francisco with Lieutenant-Colonel Watson, to
discuss with Colonel Arnold the feasibility and possibility of estjiblishing an aerial-

I I

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100

patrol in Oregon. The planes that camo were manned by as tine a body of young
aviators as could be found in the service, and millions of feet of timber are today
standing unscathed in Oregon as a monument to the skilful alertness of these pilots
who braved every danger known to aerial science to pioneer the way for what will
eventually be the m«st efficient form of patrol system known to man.

"Despite the wonderful success they had, it was only after a bitter and prolonged
struggle that we could secure for 1920 a complement of planes suitable for patrol-
work. Again Colonel Arnold, undyingly devoted to the belief in his cause, came
lo the front with the planes that have meant another wonderful season for the
forests of the state. While final reports and figures are not yet available- for the
season's work, the ten planes that were sent here covered the forests in many
sections like blankets. In far-ofiE places and in remote canyons and recesses of the
mountains they spied the tiny puffs of smoke that meant quick ruin and destruction
to vast areas of timber unless its fires were curbed quickly and effectually. Many
oi these incipient fires were beyond the eyes and the districts ©f the regular patrol-
men, but the planes brought quick response. Enormous areas of forest may be
patrolled in a single day by a solitary aviator; areas which would require the
serN-ices of many men over widely distributed sections without the aid of the planes.

These airships^ operated at the expense of the government forest service, al-
tliough the state stood ready to share in the burdien if demanded.

"The planes are saving the forests to industry, and we are looking to the hearts
of our people to save for us and our children and our children's children the
magnificent beauties which we have always considered as our right.

"Like the prodigal who inherits a fortune and spends it giddily and gaily in the
folly of his belief that it will last forever, we have been squandering, without heed
or thought of the future, the greatest inheritance that can be given to mankind.
We have b(H;n squandering the birthright given us by the Creator himself, but
through word which has come to me from people all over the state, I know that we
are seeing the folly of our prodigal ways and will call a halt before our bank ac-
count with Nature is closed.

"There is something selfish behind this with all of us. It is not altogether a
truism, it is not altogether sentiment. We have millions of dollars worth of scenery
within our borders to sell to the beauty-loving people from every state and nation.
We are spending millions of dollars on a hand-surfaced highway system, which, whe.i
finisliod. we hope will surpas.s that of any state in the Union. These hard-surfaced
highways will penetrate the heart of our scenic centers and take the motorist
leisurely on his way through wonders which no painter with brush or words caii
portray. * :| iiSK^!

"In our efforts to curb the destruction of our forest beauties we are finding tho
cooperation of the timberman as well as of the private citizen. We hope to enact
laws, or in some manner meet the emergency, so that those who, hold privati/
rights in proi)erty will not lose thereby. The mo\e is not one of socialism to give
to the state the proper^- whieli, by the right of our constitution and laws, belongs
to the citizens of our col^monwealth and nation. It is a move to preserve, to cherish
and to keep close to our hearts that beauty in the environs of which God Almighty
wished his people to Uve.

101

"Wo regret that in the years gone by the public was net alive to the destructi »
and waste which were being wrought around them. Nature ha« been «o lavish with
her favorg here that they seemed an unending blessing.

"But if the law and public opinion and the hearts of our people can accomplish
it, we will preserve for all time and all generations enough of the beauty remaining
s6 that Oregon will continue what Nature intended her to be — a Mecca for the
tourist and an Eden for those so fortunate as to reside within her state lines.'

After concluding the reading of the magazine article Governor Olcott read the
following paper dealing with forestry questions, particularly as to the forestry
policy in Oregon :

"Being the most heavily forested state in the Union, Oregon must each year take
greater interest in matters affecting forest-industry. The prosperity of its citizen*^
is more than elsewhere closely linked with forest-resources and forest-industry. Our
prominence among forested states also required recognition that the rest of thi-
country is interested in the management of our forest-resources.

"Oregon contains about one-fifth of the nation's timber-supply. It is now third
and will soon be first among lumber-producing states. The annual lumber pay-roll
is already about fifty million dollars. Climate and species are favorable to rapid
forest-growth. We have to consider not only tlie use and protection of a great
existing resource, but best future use of an increasing area of land from which
timber is being removed.

"These considerations have not been neglected. More money is spent for forest-
protection in Oregon than in any other state. Last year the sum expended out-
side national forests was approximately three hundred sixty-two thousand dollars,
which included a far greater amount for fighting fires than should be spent for tliljj
purpose. All merchantable timber and most re-stocking lands are covered by cooper-
ative patrols supported mainly by timber-owners but also by state and federal
government. Oregon pioneered tlie way in compulsory protective legislation,

compelling by law all owners to protect land having forest-fire hazard, whether
commercially timbered or not. It has equally rigid laws compelling slash-disposal,
abatement of fire-nuisance and control of fire. Unfortunately at an eariy date we
disposed of most of our timbered school-land. We now recognize this as a mistake
and are seeking to re-establish state forests. We are keenly alive to the importanct<
of forest-growing as well as forest-use, but with over half our land area untaxable
being in national forests, Indian reservations and unappropriated public domain
the raising of revenue for state needs is more difficult than in many eastern states.

"Luckily natural reproduction is usually swift and certain with us if protectio i
is given. Many of the technical difficulties existing elsewhere do not trouble us
greatly, and we are making good headway toward giving the protection.

"It is figured, however, that to adequately protect the twelve million acres out-
side national forests will require an annual expenditure of some three hundrci
forty thousand dollars, and that since much of this area is not in merchantable
timber, government and state must bear a fair share of the expense. By doing this
we propose too that the state and government have a decided voice in the program
to be carried out, and we propose too that the bulk of this fund be expended in ft
manner to prevent need for fighting large fires.

1

i

102

"Oregon early adopted the belief that iu all forest matters the leading interests,
private and public, must be harmonized and jointly represented in the framing and
execution of iJolicies. The state nefds their interest, technical competence and local
familiarity. Our success in this has produced firm conviction that it is the correct
principle to underlie all state, federal and private relations in forest matters. It
is no longer theory that in no other way can rights and responsibilities be success-
fully adjusted and general public support assured. We have tried out the principle
while others have been questioning whether or not it would work.

"Ten years ago a state board of forestry was created with the governor as chair-
man and the head of the state forest 'school as a statutory member. Believing in
the representative principle, our state provides that the other five members be nom-
inated by the lumber interests, timber interests, agricultural and grazing interests
and federal forest service. This board has for ten years worked in perfect harmony.
Each interest has been fair and willing to yield to the majority, while at the same
time contributing serWces which the state could not have secured for a money con-
sideration. The representatives of forest industry and consumers have been no les«
public-spirited than government and state officials, and the result is the progressive
legislation I have briefly mentioned and a spirit wiiich I am convinced will meet
new problems equally well as they develop.

"It was not until the passage of our present forest cede in 1911 that forest mut-
ters in Oregon were given much consideration, speaking in terms of actual accom-
plishment. Not until this time were funds made available to employ a state forester
and fire-wardens. Since 1911 progress has been rapid even though appropriation ?
are far from adequate. However, the timber-owners have cooperated with the state
and made possible a protection system which we feel is n<>t surpassed in excellence
by any state in the Union.

"Our state board recently adopted a forest-policy with a view to having an ev< u
more definite program to follow and also to outline a course for public education
in forest matters. Time will probably not permit pi-esentang this policy for your
consideration. It advocates state forests, assistance to farmers and timber land
owners in management of their properties, tax reform, land classification, protec-
tion of all potential forest-land and a campaign of education looking to better
liublic understanding of our forest problems.

"In conclusion I wish to state that we advocate the same constructive cooper-
ation in national frrest-policy which has proven so successful in state affairs. Just
as we have been able to assist, correlate and promote the efforts of other agencies
witliout denying their independence or alienating their support, so we believe the
government should have a program equally dcisigned to bring out the best state effort
without denying local competence, police power, rights or responsibilities. I believe
the Oregon system has proven that such a course will succeed.

"For this reason and because in our case at least tlie fire-problem underlies all
other possible steps, we favor a substantial federal appropriation for cooperation
with the various states in fores^protcction and replacement and will urge on our
congressional delegation support of such a measure."

I will close my remarks by reading to yon a forest-policy for Oregon, advocated
by the Oregon state board of fonstry.

"Realizing the vital importance of the forosts and of forest-products to the
e<K)nomic welfare of the people of the United States and especially to the people of

103

the Btate of Oregon, the state board of forestry hereby approves the following fun-
damental principles as indicative of its proper field of activity in assisting in solv-
ing national and state forest problems, to the end that forrst indufrtries may br
perpetuated and extended and that the people of thf United States and of this stat.-
m*y for all time have timber-supplies adequate for their needs.

"Federal Activities.

"1. The state beard of forestry recognizes the desirability of maintaining the
present national forests under federal control and b«^lieves in the blocking out wUh
certain limitations of existing federal forest-areas, by purchase or otherwise, of ab •
solute forest-land in the interest of more efficient and economical management of
existing forests.

"2. The state board of forestry believes that congress should make adequate ap-
propriations to insure reasonably rapid forest replacement on all denuded national
forest-land.

"3. It is urged that congress make appropriations sufficient in amount ade(iuate!y
to protect all national forest-areas from fire and insect-depredations.

"4. The federal government should provide for a comprehensive inventory of th?
f<. rest- resources and absolute forest-lands, including:

"A. The total snpi)ly of merchantable timber.

"B. The total acreage of immature timber with the approximate time of it«
maturity and tlie estimated yiehl at maturity.

"C. The total amount ef forest-land now unproductive.

"5 The state board ui-ges the maintenance and extension of airplane-patrol by
the war departmont. in cooperation with the United States forest service.

-6 It is believed that the federal government should not only (Mmtinue but
extend its experimental work looking to better utilization and handling of forest
producU. Field experiment-stations should also be maintained throughout th. west
as a means for -studying fire, grazing, reforestation and other problems.

••7 The United States weather bureau has, for the past five years, rendered
Naluable service in forest-proteetion by forecasting protracted hot spells and danger-
::! firlXds. This servn.e has not been brought to the hi^est sUUe of perfecnon
due to inadequacy of fun<ls for conduct of studies anne, ^^ ;T\fr^l^^^^^^
It is urged that adequate federal appropriation be made for study of methods in

forecasting fire-weather.

'Federal and Stute Cooperation.

"1 Since forests are a national asset and contribute te the welfare of all the
pc-ople the state board of forestry urges that liberal federal ^PP-^-^^^^^^^!^"^^^
Tdeqtte in amount to prevent and control forest-fires outs de the national forest.,
such appropriations to be met by equal expenditures witlnn the state.

I

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104

'"2. Funds should be allotted jointly by the federal government and the statu
for the classification of fopcst-land now outside national forest* in order that no
land better suited to agriculture than to forestry may be devoted to forest-purposes.

"3. To facilitate management, there should bo in operation a policy of land-
exchange, on the basis of equal values, between the federal forest service and th«
state of Oregon.

"4. The federal government and the state should pro\ide a plan of cooperation
through which forest nursery-stock may be supplied to farmers, municipalities and
other land-owners at cost tf production.

"6. In the interest of economy and efficiency, a cooperative agreement should be
entered into through which the state would have the pri\ijege of purcliasing supplies
and equipment used in tlie various branches of forestry work from the federal
forestry service.

"State Activities.

"1. Such legislation should be enacted as will make possible, through cooperatioii
with the federal government and by dinct state action, that d(^ree of fire-preven-
tion and control which will make forest-properties an insurable risk. The state
board of forestry regards fire-prevention and control of fundamental importance in
any forestry program for this state. Fire-protection should be extended to all
lK)tential forest-land as well as thoBf' lands now carrying mature or immature
timber-crops.

*'2. The state of Oregon should enter on a program tf acquisition, by purchase,
gift, bequest or acceptance in trust, of logged-off or otherwise denuded absoluiw
forest-land.

"3. The state board of forestry commits itself to an aggressive campaign of
sducation, by publications, lectures, demonstrations and) otherwise, to the end that
the people of the state may bo fully informed concerning the value and extent of its
f«rest-resources, the damage done to immature and mature forests by fire, togetlier
with the means which should be employed to bring about the full and continued
utilization of forest-lands within the state, and to insure the full protection and
wise use of the state's existing timber-supplies. •

"4. Systematic and continued investigations of insect-depredations should be pro-
vided for, in order that feasible means may be discovered for minimizing timber-
loeses through this agency.

"5. There should be created a commission authorized to investigate and report
upon the whole question of the taxation of forest-lands devoted to the reproduction
of forest-crops, and of these crops during the period between establishment and
riiaturity.

"6. There should be a definite program of assistance to woodlot owners and to
those who desire to establish forest-plantations for farm use, for commercial timber-
productions, or for beautifying the public highways.

"7. The state should lend every reasonable encouragement to the establishment
of municipal forests for the protection of watersheds valuable to towns and cities
in maintaining their water-supply.

105

•*8. Since Oregon heads all other states in the extent of its timber-resources and
since the state has within its borders absolute forest-land sufficient in amount to
enable it to maintain this position of supremacy, the state board of forestry believes
it will be doing) a real service to the state in striving to maintain this position of
leadership botli by advocating the policies indicated above as well as in advocating
other lines of activity when such shaU appear desirable." (Applause.)

Mr. PINOHOT. Before I relinquish the chair to the governor I would ask if
there is any discussion of this paper, and if not, now that I have lum at this dis-
advantage, I wish to say that the chair would be very glad to entertain a motion on
the part of any member of this conference expressing the opinion of the conference
as to the gracious and able way in which the governor has presided over our
deliberations —

Mr. PETERS. Mr. Chairman, I make that motion.
Mr. MORRILL. Mr. Chairman, I second the motion.

Mr. PINCHOT. And as to his very notable contribution to the success of this
meeting. Under no other circumstances could it have been as satisfactory as it has
been with you. Governor, in the chair, and I know that all agree vdth me.

Tlie motion was unanimously agreed to.

Mr COX If it is in order at this time, I would like to announce the names of
the committee on standardization of forest-proteotion : Messrs. Peters, of the national
department of forestry ; Elliott, of Oregon ; and Mr. Pinchot, of Pennsylvania.

Mr HOWARD. It may not be necessary, but it occurs to me that a suggestion
might be in order at this time that the committee would appreciate the assistance
and the cooperation of the president of the State Fomsters' Association, Mr. Cox.
It appears that the middle west, where the problem is of groat importance to be
considered by this committee, is not represented, and I am sure after speaking with
Mr. Pinchot! a member of the committee, I am sure the committee would welconie
and hope that they may have Mr. Ox's assistance and collaboration in their work.

Mr. COX. I shall tn very glad to serve the committee in any way I can.

Mr. GASKILL. Can not we all volunteer to help out that committee in any way
that is practicable? I do not think anybody wants to hold back.

Mr. PINOHOT. 1 am sure, as one of the members of the committee, that we
would welcome such cooperation. I am sure we all would.

The CHAIRMAN. What is the next business to come before the meeting?

Mr LOVEJOY. I am not at all clear in my mind as to how the principle
item of business befon. this conference, now stacks up. I ^ ^''J^^'\^^ }f?^ll
k^to find out something as to the detail of the status of the bill wh.ch has been
trolced, or is about to be introduced; which was or was not, or w^ or wUl not
gite us as much as one million dollars or more of Federal fire money As I under-
Tnd the sftuation. a bill has been framed by the chief of the ^;^^^' ^^^^?''^^^^
consent or approval for the biU has been obtained from the secretary of agncultun.
Presur^aWy it will become a part of the appropriation bill for the departmen^^^^^
agriculture If I am property informed, or if I understand the remarks made by Mr.

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106

Pinchot yesterday, there seems to be very grave doubt that this bill in its present
form, will receive any consideration whatever. I also understood that the defects
in the bill might be rendered. Just what that remedy might be I do not understaild,
and I should like to inquire of Mr. Peters, as the representative of the forest service,
what his understanding of the status of that bill now is.

Mr. PETERS. Mr. Chairman, I am suprised that there should be the mystery
about it that Professor Lovejoy would have you think. The facts of the case are
those, which I thought were pretty generally known, that when the forest service
estimates for the next fiscal year were sent to the secretary's loffice, in the custom-
ary manner, tliey carried a million-dollar item for cooperation with the states in
keeping forest land.s productive. The one-hundrod-and-twenty-five thousand dollar
Week's law item, the current appropriation for cooperative fire protection, was not
included. We, along with all other bun^aus, were subsequently informed that any
increase in current appropriations would have to be submitted) as general legis-
lation, or supplemental legislation, outside of thv regular agricultural appropriation
bill. Consequently the item of one hundn'd and twenty-five thousand dollars was
substituted for the million-dollar item, and that is tlvo way the bill now stands. To
carry out the secretary's request, the million-dollar item has been forwarded to the
Secretary of th^^ Treasury as a supplemental appropriation, which, as I understand
it, will come before the House Committee along with the regular appropriation bill,
and if approved' by the committee will be subetitutrd for the one hundred-and-
twenty-five-tihousund dollar item now in the bdU. Is that perfectly clear?

Mr. HARRINGTON.. In other words, if the bill fails ^f passage all tlie moiv y
of the Week's law is lost at the same time. Do I understand it that way?

Mr. PETERS. No ; if the committee does not approve tlie substitution of tho
million-dollar item for the one-hundred-and-twenty-five-thousand-dollar item, the
one-hundred-and-twenty-five-thousand-dollar item stands.

Mr. HASTINGS. May 1 ask Mr. Peters a question? In case the million-dollar
item is approved by the ccwnmittee and if rejected in the house or senate, do we then
lose the one-hundred-and-twenty-five-thousand-dollar item?

Mr. PETERS. If it were rejected by the house the bill would then go to the
senate without the million-dollar item, and, of course, without the one-hundred-
and-twenty-five-thousand-dollar item. Now, what the senate does is another
matter.

Mr. LOVEJOY. I should like to ask a questpon of Mr. Peters: What his under-
standing is of the point made by Mr. Pinchot yesterday that the million-dollar item,
as written, very plainly carries new language which would be subjected to a point
of order by any member, and whether if that is the case it is not very likely that
such point of order wiU be made, and if so as to the chances of that one million
dollars? If any member can stand up, as I understand it, and say, "I object, tjiis
is new language," and, then the bill automatically goes out, is not the chance of
getting that million dollars tremondously jeopardized? It certainly is so jeopardized,
it seems to me.

Mr. PETERS. Tliere is some question as to whether that is new languago,
and that point has not yet been olpared up, so far as I know.

Mr. LOVEJOY. Surely this bill-
Mr. PETERS. Oh, yes; it is cooperative flre-protoctlon.

107

Mr LOVEJOY. I should say it was, Mr. Peters. I presume every one is
acquainted with the wording of the bill, but I should say that as a matter of fact,
the fire-proteotion item is a minor matter as the language now stands, and tliat this
language was subjecting the million-dollar item to tremendous jeopardy.

Mr. PETERS. I would hardly call it a minor matter, as we would spend most of
the million dollars on fire protection.

- Mr. LOVEJOY. I should say that the item in this connection was minor.

Mr. PETERS. I do not think that the committee would so consider it.

.Mr. LOVEJOY. In order to be perfectly clear may I ask this question: As
to whether, in your opinion, it is likely that the bill in its present form would pase
the house or the senate v^dthout obj«x?tion being made to what I assume to be no.v
language ?

Mr. PETERS. It may stand a very good chance of passing.

Mr. BESLEY. Isn't it so that if a point of order is raised about its being new
language the speaker of the house or the prosidmt . f the senate rulos whoth.r
the point of order is well tiiken?

Mr. PINCHOT. Yes, sir.

Mr. BESLEY. And if he rules it is well taken, it will be dropped. If he rules
it is not well taken, or in either case a vote will be taken of the body if they din-
agree. That is my opinion of the subject.

Mr. PINCHOT. My understanding is, if I may say this much from the chair — in
a moment I am going to ask Governor Olcott if he will kindly re-a.ssume the chair- -
in explanation of what at h^ast has been the practice in so far as a point of ordiT
is concerned, that under the rules, unless they have bcon changed, always a point
of order must be sustaine<l if the language is new, and the language is hew. ;it
least is was so in my time, if there is a word in the appropriation Wll which w.is
not there before; in other words, it does not depend in any decree upon the form
of the expression or the purimse, but upon the actual language its«'lf. At hast that
was so ten years ago when I was very familiar with this .sort of tiling.

Governor Olcott, may I ask you to assume the chair?

(U)VERNOR OLCOTT. Mr. Harrington will you kindly occupy the chair?

Mr. PINCHOT. May I explain briefly the matter as I understand it? It being
true, as I understand it. that any language which is different from the lan^niagy
whiJh is already contain*'d in the bill is subject to a point of order (and I sinak
with entire confidence in this matter as to how the rules u.scd to be, because we got
a good many of these things through in the old days) my belief is very strong that
no matter whetlier or not all of us get behind this particular item, it will necessari-
ly go out. As I understand from my special investigation of the matter in Wash-
ington, men of great influence in both chambers are opposed to it.

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108

1 want, if I may, to state the diffei-ence of opinion as to the fundamental policies
involved, and I am so very, very much interested in securing the appropriation that
I venture to make it, and you can then look at it as you choose.

There are four or five things that, as a rule, you have to have to get through an
item of this kind that is subject to a point of order. It has to be brief ; it has to be
unmistakable in its language; it has to be unobjectionable; it has to be for an
obviously necessary purpose; and it has got to be substantially without support
which would lead to criticism. I say this because we got through in the old days
of the forest service a great many such items in different appropriation bills.

Now, it just happens that this very language is subject to all these objections. It
is long instead of short, it is difficult to understand instead of clear, it involves a
big question of policy and therefore it is sure to meet with objection; and in addi-
tion to that, and entirely apart from the merits of what I am about to say, it em-
bodies language prepared by great lumber interests, and therefore would naturally
meet with objections. To my mind it is absolutely clear that any item to which these
various objections are to be made has not a show in the world, and it has not a show
in the world in addition because of the specific objection which will be made.

I am keen as a briar to got this money, and I think that there is a chance of
getting it if we go at it in the right way. I think there is no chance of getting it
if we go at it in the wrong way. The only way in which we can get it is by putting
the language in such shape that it will awaken as little objection as possible. (H
course, it is perfectly clear, at least it seems to be perfectly clear to all of you,
that no great decision as to i>olicy can possibly be reached in an appropriation bill.
If I wanted to try to put a national point of view over I would know with absolute
certainty that it was absurd to try to do it in an item of an appropriation bill.
It cannot be done. Things in congress are not done that way. Big things can only
be settled after a great deal of discussion and on their o>vn merits. There is no do-
sire on my part to settle this issue in any other way, but I would enormously like
to see us get that money. I believe we have a chance for it if we go at it in accor-
dance with the rules of the game, and so far as I am concerned I would like greatly
to get behind a movement of the state foresters and try to get out of congress what
we want.

Mr. PETERS. I would like to correct Mr. Pinchot in one particular with refer-
ence to the bill that he mentions. The item in question was not prepared by the
great lumber interests, but the wording of that bill was prepared by Mr. William^ L.
Hall.

Mr. CHEYNEY. As I see it, it is no longer a discussion of a point or policy,
or whether it is one thing or the other. It has gotten down to a point of the wording
of a bill. It is whether the bill can be put in such shape that it can go through.
It does not seem to me that we are justified, or would be justified, in putting up
something tliat has a possibility of being objectionable, that is, if the objectionable
features can be taken out; and it looks to me as though they could be taken out
without in any way influencing the effect of this bill. It might well be, as a perma-
nent policy, as Mr. Pinchot says, that a permanent policy can not be settled in
an item of a fiscal bill; it has to be settled on another basis. The only effect that
the difference between these two bills could possibly have would be on action that
might be taken a number of years from now, whether this matter is put in the
present form in which it is worded in the bill or whether it is simply made in th°
wording as the Week's law has it. There would be, in my opinion, absolutely no
differtnoe in th^ things that are accomplished in the next two or three years under

109

these two bills. We cannot hope to get any kind of control measure through in the
next year, as I see it. It will simply be a question of getting more money to be
expended in exactly the same way as the Week's money has been expended in
the past, and if the wording of the Week's law can be retained and exactly the same
things done under it as we can do under this bill here, then any wordings that we
change now are simply so many hurdles that we are sticking in the way of its pa^-
sa^e. If we can stick to the old wording and stand a better show of getting tile
money, it seems to me that we ought to do it. Later on we can take up the question
of policy. Later on we can find out what we war.t or what we do not want on
this particular point. So far as this argument goes, it seems to me to be a purely
academic discussion of the wording of the bill.

Mr. PINCHOT. May I perhaps contribute this to it? I was in Washington
and saw Haugen, chaii-man of the committee of agriculture; Kenyon, of the com-
mittee of agriculture and committee of appropriations of the senate; Capper, who
is one of the most influental menmbers of the committee on agriculture; and Lei;-
root, who would have been speaker of the house had he remained there, and is one
of the two or three leaders of congress. I asked their judgment, and Lenroot and
Capper wrote me letters, copies of which I have in my possession, in which they
stated there was absolutely no chance whatever in their judgment of the passage of
items of tliis sort, and Kenyon and Haugen authorized me to quote them to the
same effect. That comes back to another question of opinion, if you like ; but it is
the opinion of men who have some right to know. I think you have a right to
know in detail what my best judgment is, and I can back that up so far as my own
opinion is concerned and my experience of some years in dealing ^vith these matt«TS
in congress.

Mr. PETERS. I would like to ask Mr. Pinchot, if h^ is at liberty to give the
information that he has secured from the gentiemen mentioned, whether they
thought the Week's law fire-protection item could be increased to anything like a
millicn dollars?

Mr. PINCHOT. I am sorry to tell you that question d!d not come up. I am
at perfect liberty to tell you anything they told me. I should say there is r.o
doubt, under aU the circumstances, that we should take the wording that is familiar
to the House and already approved by it, and tie your appropriation to that wor<l-
ing. As I said yesterday, these appropriation biUs pass during the final hours of
the session. Nobody has much chance to enter into fine points, and decisions arc
taken broadly. If a member don't like a tiling he niakes a point of order against
it. If he makes a point of order against an item, you have a great deal better
chance, obviously a great deal better chance, if the thing is in language that is
clear and familiar both to the house and senate.

Mr MORRILL. Much of this discussion is a myst?ery to me, because I have
been situated where I have not come into contact with it. I am probably densor
than most of you in regard to the matter. I would like to ask Mr. Peters, if he is
willing to inform me, just what the objection would be to the forestry service biU
if it adopted the suggestion made by Mr. Pinchot and Mr. Chcyncy and others. I
do not quite understand.

Mr PETERS. Mr. Chairman, in answering the gentleman's question I would
•ay that the Week's law item provides for one thing, fire-protection. The other
language provides not only for fire-protection, but also for reforestation, manago-
ment-work and whatever else might be necessary to keep forest lands productive.

/

110
Mr. MORRILL. It covers a much broader fitld.
Mr. PETERS. A very much broader field.

Mr. CHEYNEY. So the use of this money for such purposes as planned,
which might very reasonably be construed as a matter of protecting navigable
streams and certain other methods of fire-protection there, and possibly certain mat-
ters of management, (whether they would b© included in the Week's law or not,)
would be largely a matter of interi)r«'tation.

Mr. PETERS. Absolutely not included. That point has come up.

The CHAIRMAN. Are ther*' any further remarks on this question? It im-
presses me that this is a very vital question all the way round to some of us, and 1
know Mr. Morrill is in the same position that I am. There is a sort of mystery
about the whole thing that I can not penetrate, and it seems to me that a good,
full and fnmk discussion all the way round would certainly be advisable.

Mr. PI^n'ERS. Don't you think that Colonel Greehy's talk yesterday was
clear? And did you get a copy of his Madison talk?

The CILVIRMAN. Yes, sir.

Mr. rirrERS. Have you read it?

The CHAIRMAN. Yes, sir.

Mr. PETERS. You could not understand it?

Tlie CHAHULVN. I uiidorKtt>od it p<»rhaps. It seems (o me there is some-
lliing mon- back of th«' whole sub.i^'ot. however, than I have wither heard nor rea.i
so far.

Mr. iiAZELEY. Is not the whole thing bnck of this situation, when you g. t
right down to it, that there is a great <iucstion coming before all the men interest-
ed in forestry, the que.stion of fod.rnl control or state control? Now, from what
1 Lave rend in the papers lately It scm to me that there is very little chance of in-
creased appropriations being made by the present congress for any of the specido
governmental activities. It seems to me that unless the department is going to
.show that the increased apprnpriation it is asking f<»r is going to be unod for its ac-
tixities it ha.s not got a chance. I do not believe, no matter how important th"
question of fire is, that there i.s any chance of n million dollars being granted by
this present congress. If that is all that is going to be put into the bill I think
congress wall stick to just ^hat they have allowed before without any increas.^
whatever. Now. that is the way I have gathered it from reading the papers, from
talking with .several congressmen who ar«' talking abtmt the size of the budget ; and
that brings me down to tlie thought, as an old legislator, of what is going to happei
if we go in with the decided stand that we are going to take a million dollars for
state cooperation instead of one hundred and twenty-five thousand dollars, winkiu<
at the fact that we do not say anything at the time about state or federal control,
but with a majority of the states at the present time I believe against federal con-
trol Now I believe if we say that we wiU stand for the bill we mnk at the fact

111

that we are asking for a million dollars which will lead to federal control in tho
future and that we are a great deal better off by taking the one hundred and
twenty- five thousand dollars for the next year and waiting until the fight is com-
pleted to see whether we have federal control or state control. I know in Massa-
chusetts we feel there has been too much federal control, and it is no time for us to
bring to any of our citizens any more talk of federal control in anything hke tho
near future. Cooperation?. All right. I think cooperation will increase our
budget if we can cooperate with the federal government, but if there is federal or
state control I should not have a chance to get this before our budget committ,.-
and get the money to carry out my part of the protection.

Mr PINCHOT. May I just say that I think Commissioner Bazeley misunder-
stoodthe sugBostion that I made? I am a strong believer in federal contro^^ bat 1
believe a tendency to push a decision in any direction m this m.ll.on-dolUr thn,.
would kill it at once.

Mr HASTINGS. I am glad to s« the discussion run high, because I want
your beat thought here to e^^prcss itself for my benefit. Perhaps I can not "get ..
I cuickly «. the rest of you members have, or perhaps as qu.ckly as the gentle,na .
who is occupying the chair, and I therefore hesitate to trespass further upon you,
time but I imagine I see something beyond and behind th.s controversy. I do no.
know but I wonder if Mr. Pinchot could not tell me whether or not a few worus
could' be added to or subtracted from the propos,d h.gislation which would cleor
matter, in his mind. I do not know that it would clear „,. ti.e subject m no
mind, but would it in yours, Mr. Pinchot";

Mr PINOHOT. If I may answer that question, I suggested yesterday, or in-
tend d "that there are about two or two and a half lines in one P'- -f ™"
word in another place in the bill which carry the state-control ^"^^J^^^ '^^J'^
of course, could be eliminated. I am strongly « the op.n.on, ' '^ "-• ""J"^*^^;"
« matter of practical results, that if it were possible to secure a short form of wo
rnrsuch a form of words would have a better standing than a long and son.ewh.,.
involved and difficult item.

Mr GASKILL. Are we not really agreed upon the essentials of this wh„l..
sit" tion which are that there slmll be provided by ("ongr.ss a gn-utor sun ot
situation, wniiu oie .i,u , , ,, , .„., vnw Mr Greeley. repreBenliMK

money available for cooperation with the states? Now Mr. ^'^^ J
the foreatry aervice. has proposed something; the Secretary »' ^^ ^ .^^"'^.'^
Droved it aud it goes before Congress with their support. Mr. Gre.lo l-'- «"'
Z^^^ in deli.. It is clearly up to him. t" --;<.•- J^^c such ,.c on .,s
will secure tlie desired results. I do not bohe = th,.t ^ '■ «'^^ '^ ' ,„„,,.

Mr. Pinchot, has any other desire than that, "" -; , ;^^, " «!; pres... „P-
shall be secured that million dollars, or as much of an '""'^'l°l'l '^,,„.„„.,. j,,
propriatfon as Congress can be induced .» make. I •.•'-^- "^ ^ ^^ ; l^,,,, „.,
discussing this question here and in this wn.v we are ■><>'"--;; '' ^ ' .,

point. The responsibility or obligation to do the nee a.y ^f JJ^^^ ^ ,„
with the Secretary of Agriculture, supported by "^•.«'«j^'_: "J J„, „j „, „i,h
not know that it matters a great deal what may be in the minds «{ J™^
respect to the procedure on various underlyuig Pomts. It all come d^
one question of how Mr. Greeley and Mr. Secretary ""tf *^_^ "l^ ;'^,' ^, ^„„,.
what they want, and what we want, and what we are all ^^^^^l^^J^
For one I feel very strongly inclined to say. let u. trust the forestry service

112

113

Mr. LOVEJOY. May I inquire ef Mr. Gaskill what, in hii opinion, tht forMt
service might do to further the passage of this bill, in view of the facts ftt related
by Mr. Pinchot concerning the specific statement made by leaders of the house and
senate?

Mr. GASKILL. Answering Mr. Lovejey's question, i£ is perfectly obvious that it
is their obligation. They have undertaken to carry this thing through. The means
are clearly in their hands. We have a difference of opinion as to procedure, as Mr.
Peters has suggested. Now, •pinions don't go, and I can not but think; that it is
directly up to the people who are going to conduct the negotiations at Washington.
We have all said we want the money. We have all said we are going to back the
forest service in the efforts to get it. Now let us help them get it. Stand up. I
don't mean hands off, if we can do anything; but let us not do anything that will
mess things up.

The CHAIRMAN. Are there any further opinions? Is there any other buisness
to come before the meeting

Mr. PINCHOT. May I just ask one mote question? And then I am through.
If I understand the suggestion made by Mr. Gaskill, it is to the effect that we bald
off and see what the forest service is going to do and then get in behind it so far as
we can. I am very strongly in favor of getting in behind it an helping it all I can,
but I do believe, subject, of course, to the better opinion of everybody here, that
unless Mr. Peters has got a fair impression of what this outfit wants he ought to be
given that before he leaves here so that he can report it to the authorities at Wath-
iugton. I do not know whether he has or not.

Mr. PETERS. Well, beyond what has been said here this afternoon and beyond
what was declared at the Atlantic City meeting, I do ntft know that there need be
any additional information.

Mr. PINCHOT. If you are clear in your mind of what this crowd wants, that
i^ all I wanted to know.

Mr. PETERS. I think I have the point of view of tlie various State Foresters.

Mr. PINCHOT. That is, on the big question. I mean on this matter of ap-
propriation.

Mr. PETERS. You mean following Mr. Gaskill's suggestion that we leave it to
the Secretary and the Forester to try to secure the appropriation from congress?

Mr. PINCHOT. Here is what I want to get at. I have one opinion, and I have
expressed it; some of the othtr gentlemen have opinions which they have expressed;
s'»me have opinions they have not expressed. I think it would b^ a very valuable
thing for the purpose of getting thv nionry if you I'ould have, either by private
conversation with those who- arc h« if. or by whatever way you choose to get at it,
the opinion of each of us as to what he really thinks, in order that you may report
that to the one man, as Mr. Gaskill very wisely lays, who has the right to in-
troduce an item and push it.

Mr. PETERS. There aie some State Foresters here whose views I do not know.

Mr. HASTINGS. I got one of my questions answered. May I ask Mr. Pinchot
whether or not certain things could be stricken from the bill which wou^d relieve

'

/

the rituation? As a secondary question I should like to ask Commissioner Bazoley
whether or not the suggested omission would in any way in his estimation jeopardise
the securing of the million-dollar appropriation?

Mr. BAZELEY. I believe that unless you have an explanation to give in asking
for one million dollars instead of one hundred and twenty-five thousand dollars there
is notl the chance of a snowball on a red-hot stove of getting it from this congress,
because I know. I have just been having a conversation with some men on another
agricultural item which is absolutely necessary, that is, on the gypsy-moth item,
where they are asking for a supplementary appropriation on account of an outbreak
of the gypsy-moth devastation in three states, which if it is rot handled immediately
will come down, to the same proposition we are up against in Massaclmsetts ; and
they said even with that very great emergency they doubted very much whether any
additional sums could be added to the gypsy-moth appropriation, but they though
that on account of that emergency it might be. So that I believe we have sem»
chance for the fire-protection, but tiiere is no chance of getting additional appropria-
tion for other expenses.

Mr. HASTINGS. Do you think there is a chance for additional appropriation
If it cuts off the state control?

Mr. PINCHOT. Are you asking me?
Mr. HASTINGS. Yes, sir, if you please.

Mr PINCHOT. The new language is the whole item that has been suggested.
and tie whole item is, in my judgment, subject to a point of order. The special
point to which objection was developed durii.g my trip to Washington was that par-
ticular feature which establishes state control, which is n ven' big new policy.

Mr HASTINGS. It seems to me that the logical thing to do, for I still want
to keep my mind open for every tip and enlightenment, the logical thing to do would
be to remove from the bill the particulcr features which Mr. Pinchot found so ob-
jecHonable in the minds of certain leaders in the house and senate, but to indud^
efficient new matter which, in the judgment of Commissioner Bazeley, would insure
the securing of a larger appropriation for cooperative work among the states.
Now, I am not saying that that is my fixed opinion. 1 am rf.nply suggesting it.
and I am seeking for light and information. I have tried hard to see hot, Mr.
Pinchofs and Mr. Peters' side of the question, but I f,el thei-e are st.ll some things
that have not come out as plainly as they might.

Mr BBSLEY. I think the situation is something like this. The Week's law
cal^l^for an^propriation of one hundred and twenty-five thousand dclars. That
independent from this other measure. If this bill is introduced and if vv
"limTnate to answer Mr. nasting-s Question , if we eliminate that one „.ii. of cou-
tT, stm it would be opeh to the objections Mr. Pinchot menttoned yesterday b ■
^ e there would be some new language, and it would be thrown ou, „n that . -
Znt f objection was made. But does it lessen our chances of getting a substau-
•rapproS on Tm congress by introducing this biU7 I agree with Mr. Bazeley

inlirit if we Simply f ™- J-[-^- tr = T^^""

ry iirrrzre -n :eeir:r one -------

^rr fxr;.: "ir ."^rr rtr::^^ rri. now.

/

I

114

We have the same chance of getting one hundred and twenty-five thousand dollars
and the additional one of presenting this new matter and enlarged program, with
the possibility of getting one million dollars in place of one hundred and twenty-five
thousand dollars. I do not think that we are going to lessen our chances of get-
ting one hundred and twenty-five thousand dollars through the Week's law by intro-
du<ring this other measure ; but I rather think it is going to emphathize tluo impor-
tance of increasing the appropriation, and thereby increasdng our chances of getting
a great dial more money out of congress.

*

Mr. PETERS. Mr. Chainnan, I dislike ta prolong the discussion beyond
reasonable bounds myself, but I can not see how the passage of this item would in
any way operate against the additional passage of such legislation as Mr. Pinchot
or tlie committee of the society of American foresters has in view. Now, it strik»\s
me that this is a pertinent question, Mr. Pinchot. If you were advocating Fedortil
control of cliild-labor, would you object to the states passing child-labor legislation?

Mr. PINCHOT. May I answer that queation? Not in the slightest. I hope
the Sftato will pass all the legislation it can to prevent forest devastation ; but if 1
were advocating United States control over child-labor then I would object to the
United States passing legislation which turned it over to the states. Do I mako
the distinction clear? Whatever the states do of their own accord will be w«l-
come; but I would object, under those same circumstances, to the United Sta*-*'.-;
passing legislation which turns the question over to the states.

Mr. PETERS. This legislation providles a cooperative fund for advancing
money to the states if the states do certain things. It encourages the states to
adopt adequate measures. I do not understand you about turning something ovfr
to the stiites which the states already have.

Mr. PINCHOT. Let me give you a concrete illustration in this way. Secre-
tary Mereclith told me that the object of this wording was to incorporate the policy
of state control. That being true, as I, of course, assume it is since the Secretary
said so, and since I naturally want national control —

Mr. PESTERS. As I see it, if at any time federal control seems deerirable and
the people want it, then irrespective of what the states may have done the Federal
Government will take control. I fail to see how by encouraging the states no^/
any obstacle will be put in the way of Federal control in the future, provided the
people want it.

Mr. PINCHOT. Let me answer tiiat in two ways. In the first place, it is
no less than one hundred times easier to stop the passage of a bill in congress thaa
it is to secure the passage, as Mr. Bcsley well knows. Moreover, once you havo
adopted a policy precedence is so strong that it would b«?ome very hard to prevent
the jmssage of state control enactments.

Mr. PETERS. Maybe congrtss would simply consider that as a stxccession of
(tteps in the enactment of legislation for Federal control.

Mr. PINCHOT. In the second place, I do not think my information on the
matter is of any consequoncc at all. I think the essential fact is that certain

leaders have told us that that particular thing can not go through, and I think they

have sufficient position so that you have got to accept what they say. We know,

115

so far as we can kn(»w anytliing, that the item which is subject to a point of ordsr
by a single man can not go through.

Mr. HASTINGS. If I may have one more moment. I simply wish to apolo-
gize, if you will, for occupying so much of your attention. I did it for this par-
ticular reason: A month ago I did not understand the subject at all as I should
and my effort to get enlightenment at Atlantic City faili'd. 1 luivo gotten a great
deal of information today but I still do not understand the whole question sufficient-
ly so that I will feel justified in getting behind this particular measure and crowd-
ing it forward. I do not mean tJiat I am reserving whatever infinitestiraal power I
might have to help put a bUl tlirough congress. I am, willing to do my part, but
I did not know from the information I had which was the better way to push — for-
ward or backward. I have been hunting hard for the information needed and
have gotten enough of it today to shape my future actions.

The CHAIRMAN. The time has come for the closing of our session unless
something further is desired to be considered.

Mr. PINCHOT. May I say just a word to the foresters? I want to express,
Mr Chairman, with your permission, the very great gratification that I am sure
every member of the Pennsylvania Department of Forestry feels who has had the
opportunity, and the most delightful one, of entertaining tlie visiting foresters. It bus
been to me a perfect delight all the way through, and it seems to me that our dis-
cussions here together may lead to a repetition of the gathering. So far as I am
personally concerned. I wish to aiwlogize to you gentlemen for having been so fuUy
occupied during the intervals between our meetings, and yet I know you understand.
There have been certain questions not relating to forestry which had to be handled
during this time, which have made it necessary for me to be away except during
the actual meetings.

I do wont to express for myself and my colleagues our very profound satisfaction
that you were good enough to accept the invitation of the governor, and I hope that
when the time rolls around Pennsylvania may once more have the opportunity of
entertaining the association of state foresters under the presiding genius of the gov-
ernor of Oregon. (Applause).

The CHAIRMAN. I just wish to say I think I voice the sentiment of every
man in the association of the delightful and profitable time that we have enjoyed
here It has been a real pleasure to associate with the state foresters. I carry
back to the Pacific coast, back to the Pacific northwest, only the most pleasant
memories ; and I want to personally thank each and every member of this confer-
ence for his uniform courtesy and kindness to me.

Mr Pinchot the other day, just before I left for Philadelphia, asked me if I
would serve as chairman of this conference. I thanked him and declined, although
I approriated the honor, for the ronson that I have never prosidod at any tlnng of
this kind. I finally screwed up my courage and told Mr. Pinchot that if you wish-
ed me to serve I would do my best. You have been very kind to me. and for-
tunately you did not get into complications on parliamentary Imw. or you really
would have found out bow little I know.

viswinifrtsf^nttmiL*^ vm.nuftvf^'fftvm

116

I want to thank yon from th* bottom of my heart for the gracious way in which
you have treated me.

Mr. GASKILL. Mr. Chairman, I move that the conference do now adjourn.
The motion was agreed to, and at 4 :35 o'clock P. M. the conference adjourned.

THE PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY

i

REPORT OF

CONFERENCE OF WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES

HARRISBURG, PENNSYLVANIA

APRIL 14 AND 15, 1921

BULLETIN NO. 24

MAY, 1922

GIFFORD PINCHOT, COMMISSIONER

INDEX

Page No.

Oovemor Wm. C Sproul 7

Oeorge E. Lippincott, Esq., Phila., Pa H

Wm. B. McCaleb, Esq., Representing PKK Co 13

Commissioner Giflford Pinchot 1840

E. J. Stackpole, Esq., Harrislmrg, Pa 23

John A. McSparran, Master State Grange, 2B

Mrs. George W. Dibert, Johnsto^^-n, Pa., 33

W. L. Cumings, Esq., Bethlehem, Pa., *«

Harold S. Betts, Esq., U. 8. Forest Service 52

B. M. Clark, Esq., Punxsutawney, Pa., 58

Ovid M. Butler, Esq., U. S. Forest Service 63

Report of Committee on Resolutions "^^

John A. Phillips, Esq., Vice President, State Federation of
Labor

list of Attendants '^^

♦•»#•#•♦#•♦•••»♦•♦•••

THE PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

I'RCXJUAM FOR CONFERENCE OF W<K)1) ISING INDUSTRIES

HARRISBURG, APRIL KML 1021

April la, 1921 (2 P. M.)

Hon. Win. C. Sproul, Chairman.

AddresH by the Governor — The Foicst and the State.

Where Our Lundier Comes From (J<m>. I:. Lippincott, Philadel-

])hia.

The Forest an<l the Kailroad--W. R. McCalch, Pennsylvania U.
R. Ck>.

April la, 1921 (7:30 P. M.)

The Forest and the Press— E. J. Stackpole. Edit«.r and Publisher,

Ilarrishur^ TeU'j;ra])li.

The Forest and the Farm — dohu A. McSparran, Master State

(i range.

The Forest and the Housekeeper Mrs. (Jcor^ii' W. Dibert, Johns-
town.

April 14, 1921 (9 A. M.)

The Forest and Industi^— W. L. Cinninj-s. H<»ihleheni Steel O).

T1h» Fore.st and Wood Substitutes -Harold S. Hells, U. S. Forest

Sim- vice.

Tli«^ Forest and the Mine -Benjamin M. (lark. Punxsutawney.

April 14, 1921 (1:30 P. M.)

The Forest and LalKjr— ,John A. Phillips, Vice President, State

Federation of Labor.

Tin* 2kIodern Trend of Wood Consumption— Ovid M. Butler, U. S.

Forest Service.

Why We Need the Forest— Gill ord Pinchot, Commissioner of

Forestry. ~^

REPORT OF
CONFERENCE OF WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES

HARRISBURG, PENNSYLVANIA
APRIL 13 AND 14, 1921

FIRST DAY — AFTERNOON CESSION.

The Chaiiman. IliMioiabk- WilliaiH (\ Spioiil, (Jovcriior, was in
trodncetl by Honorable (littonl IMiichot, (N>imnissi<)iier of Fonsliy.

Tin: FOHKST AM) TIIK STATK

bv
(iOVFlJNOK SPKOri.

Mr Couiiinssioiu'r and (icutbMuen-I.aaics and (liMith^nuMi. I ror
m-t myself : yon always find that the hidies take an interest in pnblic
matters miw, and it' is very -ratifyin^^ to luive them represented
here- and what an encouraging' and lieartening thing it is to see
so raknT business men. men of large affairs, i)eoi)U- who an- inter
ested in the real, vital, constructive work of the future of Penn-
sylvania, taking tlie time to come here today to this meeting, the
first time, I believe, any meeting; has been held in the State to
consider this great industrial question which really is more import
ant than most of us realize. It is heartening to those of us who
are here, ccmsidering and thinking: of these things, to have you take
the trouble and the time to answer the call, and 1 want to thank
you nil for your presence here. I have a few statenuMits and hgui-es
here whicirmay be of interest and with which 1 will open the meet
ing. You may not realize it, but there is no industry in Pennsylvania
that can be conducted without the assistance of the forest and its
products to a greater or less extent.

8

9

For the first time in the history of this great Com luoti wealth
representatives of wood-using industries have come together to con-
sider llie vital question of forest supplies and the etteet of forest
devastati(ai upon agriculture, commerce, and manufacture in the
Keystone State. There is no industry in l»ennsylvania that can he
conducted without the assistance of the forest. Not a ixMind (>f
coal can be mined, not a pound of steel can be produced, nothing
can be transported without the help, of the forest. Therefore, in
fact and in effect every industry in our State is directly dependent
for its existence on supplies which the forest alone can yield.

In addition to sawmills and manufactures of lath, shingles, cross
ties, pulp wood, and other rough material out of wood, there are
more than 5000 factories which take rough wooden materials and
convert them into final form. Taken together, these wood-consuming
Industries make the second most important group of the State's
manufacturing enterprises. Their annual product is aboiit |100,000,-
000, their capitalization more than Ji;G:5,000,000, and they give em-
ployment to nearly 100,000 wage earners, many of wliom are skilled
mechanics.

In 1H50 Pennsylvania stood second among the Stales of tiie I'nion
in lumber production. In 1800 she took first place and hehl it
until ISOO. In VM)0 she fell to fourth, an<l by 1918 she ha4l fallen
to twentieth, or almost to the foot of the list of wood producing
States.

If we set Pennsylvania's production of lundicr against her popula
tion we find that thirty years ago her mills were turning out 420
board feet for every man, woman, and child in the State. By the
beginning of the century this figure had fallen to :VM). In 1010 it
i.ad dropped to 102 board feet per capita, or just about the rate of
consumption in the United States today. liy 1018 Pennsylvania's
per capita production was m feet, and today it is estimated at 50
feet, or about one fifth of what our people are using. It takes about
50 board feet U^ build a coffin. In other words, Pennsylvania s
forests today are producing enough to bury her iM-oplo but not
enough to keep them alive.

Since Pennsylvania produces only one fifth of the woo<l necessary
to keep her industries alive, if is important to remember thai of the
States which surround her, West Virginia alone is not a wood im
porting State, (^ur timber c( mes mainly from the Sotith, and today
the annual timber shortage in Pennsylvania almost exactly e<iuals
the total exportable surplus of West Virginia, Virginia, North (aro
lina, and South Carolina; and tbe f<»rests of all. these States niv
being rapidly exhausted.

Before very long, to the great tlisadvaiitage t>f our industries
and the great disadvantage of the State as a manufacturing State,
and as a centre f(»r great industrial enterprises, we shall have to
tiring the lumber that we use here from great distances nnd at high
cost; a matter which will be of great importance to every mining,
industrial and manufacturing enteri»rise in Pennsylvania.

I think you will agree with me when I say that there is today
no more pressing industrial question than the problem of where
the agriculture, the industries, and the transportation of Pennsyl-
vania is to turn in the near future for the wood without which our
people cannot live nor earn a living.

Now we have made a start here in the State in at least attracting
public attention to the necessity of doing something in this par-
ticular line. We have a long way to go, a great many things to do,
we will have to spend some money on it ; but above all other things,
we have got to arouse public interest to the fact that a crisis con-
fronts us which is a crisis that if not met will be a tremendous re-
flection upon the good sense and good judgment and public spirit
and the business sagacity, to say nothing more, of the people who are
living here just about this time. Some day in the future when the
people of another age dig up the remains of Pennsylvania civilization,
if we let things go to decay, the archeologists of that time are going
to wonder w^hat kind of a^ crew infested Pennsylvania and allowed
Pennsylvania's great wealtli to be destroyed.

This forestry proposition is one of the extravagances with which
we are being charged. We have several of them. We are trying to
take a little bit better care of our schools ; we are trying to place
the State a bit nearer the front in the place where she deserves to be
in regard to the maintenance and emciency of her public schools.
My friends, it is the best guarantee that we can have, the best insur-
ance we can have, as to the future prosperity of Pennsylvania and the
perpetuity of these institutions of ours which we think are about
right. They accuse us of our extravagance in roads; but, if this
State is not big enough to have better roads than Pennsylvania has
been noted for in the past, I have misjudged our people ; I have mis-
judged the public spirit.

The forestry proposition, 1 say, is another thing. It will require
additional funds to go along with this program ; but if the schools
and the roads and the forestry are not worthy projects, why then
this administration is guilty of extravagance. 1 just want to tell you
we are not looking toward putting Pennsylvania among the heavily,
taxed States of the Nation ; we are not looking toward any great ex-
penditures or anything of the kind. It is interesting to me to note
that the Governor of New York has just signed the appropriation
bill over there calling for |136,000,000. We have five-sixths as many
people here in Pennsylvania as they have in New York, and I think
they are just as good people, just as well-to-do, and in the same pro-
portion we are entitled to spend |112,000,000. in this one year, but
we only expect to spend that much in two.

I do want your support and enthusiastic help in trying to meet
a real crisis in this forestry business. I have brought a gentleman,
Mr. Gilford Pinchot, into the public service; he says I drafted him,
and I guess I did possibly; but I don't think you could have kept
him out with a yoke of oxen, because he wanted to go to work. He
said he had been used to working with national projects. "Well,"
I said, " this State is as big as a nation ; there are nine million people
In Pennsylvania, as much aa eleven States put together west of the

10

west line of the Dakotas, extending clear through to the Gulf of
Mexico and where most of the national forest projects were located,
xfne millions of Pennsyl vanians would he beneiitted by the extension
and tlie care of our forests. In the six states adjoining and wi l,
Pennsylvania's population included there are more than one-third of
all the people in the Nation ; so it does seem important t^»^^j;;;^^^;;\^^^^
set a scale right here in Pennsylvania of doing: things, ^e have the
opportunity for doing it ; all we need is the disposition and the public
sentiment Vhich v.nU warrant us in goiug ahead as rapuUy a.s the
State's means will allow and upon a ^^}'f'''^^^''^^^^!''''''^^^,^'^^
hack to Pennsylvania a condition by which we will be able to become
at least nearly self supporting in the timber prcKlucts.

That we can't be self-supporting for a good while we kni)w. but sm
want to relieve ourselves of tlip burden of turning this over to our
sons or successors. Before we quit, if we live nut j^^'^^^^^
pectancv of our lives, l>efore we quit we want to see that the lumber
situation and the wood situation in Pennsylvania is going to In
conserve*! f(»r our industries. If we don't, it is going to give great
advantages to similar industries located in other directions, es-
pecially now when high freight rates and high charges for trans-
portation every where are such an imi>ortant factor. My only des re
is that we get^iwake so that we can see the importance of it, and I
think we are making a very gratifying step today in gf ^ing all of
you to come here to listen to what we have to say, and to at leaBt
have an opportunity of SATupathizing with us in what we are tr>ang
to do.

WHERE OITK LUMBER COMES FROM

by

GEORGE E. LTPPINCOTT.

It is a most startling fact in connection with my subject, as it af-
fects the use of IuiuIkm" in Pennsylvania, that eighty per cent, of the
lumber at i)resent consumed in Pennsylvania is brought in from other
States. Pennsylvania's luml)er de-mands of today dilt'er little in kind
from the demands of a generation ago, yet in that time we have seen
our State fall away from the position of moi-e than supplying her own
lmul>er needs to a position where we must go so far away for onr
lumber that our annual freight bill alone amounts to more than |25,-
()00,(KM>. Only last year I made a mill contract in northern Canada
for'lumber of a quality which by all that is reasonable should be
grown in such quantity right here in Pennsylvania as to supply all
of the needs of the Pennsylvania trade.

Shipments of Douglas hr timbers from Oregon, several boat loads
of anthracite mine props, have i-ecently been brought to Pennsylvania
bv way of the Panama Canal in competition with the rough piling
from the Carolinas. Pennsylvania until a few years ago supplied
all of its own mine props.

In 1918 Pennsylvania consumed 2274 million board feet of lumber
and produced but 530 million board feet.

hi considering the situation as it aflfects Pennsylvania we must
remember that there an' within reasonable distance of Pennsylvania
but six States that are lumber exporting States, and that Pennsyl-
xania's importing demands practically wpial the combined exportable
surplus of these six States. We must go to ISlichigan for our maple
llooring, yet Wisconsin is today producing less lumber than half the
j-ecimd growth cut of either Maine or New Hampshire.

.lust as the soft wood sources of supply have slipped gradually fur-
ther and further away from Pennsylvania, the hardwood production
has moved from one region to another until the only remaining re-
serve is in the lower Mississippi Valley, and production there ha^
probably reached its maximum. The oak from this region is hard
and flinty, not to be compared in softness with onr Pennsylvania oak.
The futuVe hardwood production of America must lean heavily upon
the Appalachian range, and this means Pennsylvania, providing the
reforestation of our splendid hills, ideally adapted to the production
of the oak and other important hardwoods, is taken care of.

11

12

Water borne traffic of a generation ago brought lumber to Phila-
delphia at a minimum of expense, possibly $1.50 to $2.00 a thousand
feet Subsequently the movement of western Pennsylvania lumber
and still later that of the Lake States was by rail, and the
transportation tax increased to $2 or |3 a thousand feet. Today
in Philadelphia the freight on rough lumber amounts to from f 8 to
.^10 on North Carolina pine, |20 to |25 on Southern Yellow Pine,
^20 to |23 on southern hardwood, while the freight charges on Doiig-
Lns fir loom large at from $33 to |38 a thousand feet. In many in-
stances present day freight charges are equal to the former cost, laid
down in Philadelphia, of Pennsylvania's justly famous cork white
pine.

To summarize upon Ihe subject assigned to me, our Pennsylvania
lumber comes from almost everywhere else than Pennsylvania; it
comes at increasing cost both for material and transportation; the
ability to secure it grows increasin^^ly difficult, and the situation is
decidedly serious to the business life of the Commonwealth. If 1
may suggest a remedy for the situation it would be that Pennsylvania
take immediate and adequate steps to put her own house in order
for the production of her own timber needs— a thing she can do and
bv all means should do.

THE FOREST AND THE RAILROAD

by

W. B. McCALEB.

Mr. Chairman and Ladies and Gentlemen: The subject assigned
to me, "The Forest and the Railroad", is one which should be of
particular interest just nbw because both the railroad and the forest
are matters or subjects which are very much in the public eye, and
both matters, or businesses if you would so call them, which must
receive serious consideration at the hands of our law-makers as
well as from business men.

The early settlers of eastern United States found a region which,
due to natural conditions, was forest covered. In order to be able
to support themselves, it was necessary to clear lauds for agricul-
tural purposes as soon as possible. The first railroads constructed
\vere short roads from coal mines to water courses, so that it can
be said that coal was the -natural resource originally responsible
for railroads, while timber has been most often the natural resource
responsible for the construction of railroads. Many railroads were
first constructed as log roads and were maintained after cutting
of the timber had been completed. The production of southern yel-
low pine lumber coincides with the increase in the mileage of rail-
roads in the South. Likewise the development of the Pacific North-
wesl has been built upon the interdependence of the forest and the
rnilroad.

Railroads are interested in forests at the present time chiefly from
tw(» standpoints; that of being extensive users of forest products
and as carriers of such products. Railroads are probably the larg
' est timber consuming industry, and it is estimated that their an-
nual requirements are approximately seven billion board feet, in-
cluding one hundred million cross ties. Products of the forests re-
quired over three million cars for their transportation in the United
States during 1920, constituting one of the largest individual items
< f fr«^ight traffic.

At one time Pennsvlvania was the leading State in the production
and manufacture of forest products. It ceased to be self supporting
in the 80's insofar as the production of lumber for railroad cars is
concerned. In the 90\s it was necessary to go outside the State for
cross ties. _

At? it became necessary progressively to go greater distances in
order to secure lumber, prices at the point of consumption greatly

13

lit

u

increased, but at the same time it become possible to extend the
markets of manufactured products by providing a return haul where
previously it had been necessary to haul empty cars back to the
manufacturinj? centers. Kailroads lirtve made the utilization of
timber resources possible through bringing to distant markets the
products of forests that would otherwise be not available.

\t the present time the ties not procured locally are chiefly ob-
tained from soutliern States. During the past two years, owing to
inability to get ties as needed from nearby points, it became neces-
sary to secure fir ties on the Pacific coast and transport them to
the Atlantic coast, mainly by way of the Panama Canal. At the
present time only ties of the naturally durable woods are used with-
iiixi treatment. With proper treatment the non-durable cross ties
have a life longer than that of the naturally durable woods used
untreat<'d. This treatment adds to the cost of the tie, and as it -
is necessary to use tie plates to enable treated ties to wear as long
as they will last the result is that the present cost of treated ties
with the necessary plates is more than two dollars each, which is
more than double the cost of a cross tie ten years ago.

In view of the enormous demands of the railroad for forest pro-
ducts and decrease in the supply, early efforts were made to sub-
stitute other materials for timber for various purposes, with the
result that between lUlO and 11)20 use of dimension lumber was re
duced by one half. Frame buildings have been supplanted and re-
place<l by move permanent types of structures, such brick, steel and
concrete; wooden platforms have been replaced by concrete and brick,
frame trestles have l>een replaced by earth embankments, and very
few frame trestles, even on new lines, are constructed at this time.
Steel cai-s have largely replaced frame cars on many railroads. In
spite of the growth of the use of steel cars, the railroads require
very large quantities of high grade lumber for car purposes, con-
stituting after cross ties the largest item of consumption. Many
cars with steel underframes and timber bodies have l»een built re
cently, which, together with the lumber required for repairing exist-
ing wooden cars, accounts for this. Extensive efforts have been made
to find a substitute for wood cross ties. Many patents have been
granted for various substitutes, experimentation is still under way,
and in many cases actual trials of various substitutes in the track
are in progress. The Bessemer and Lake Erie Railroad, controlled
by the United States Steel (Corporation, are using extensively a
steel tie in the shape of an I beam. Among the types of experimental
cross ties which have been used by the different railroads, would
mention the following: Light metal trcmgh filled with iwphalt; a
tie bnilt up of various shapes of steel; a channel of rolled steel
placed upside down with blocks on same to support the rail; con-
crete tie 8 X 8 inches ; blocks of reinforce<l concrete lengthwise under
the rail and tied together with rods ; a permanent roadway of cement
with wood blocks to support the rail has been used to some extent
in tunnels. It should be noted that in many of the types of experi
mental tins wooden blocks are used under the rail. None of these
substitutes have so far proved satisfactory, either as to cost or

15

service, and railroads are compelled to continue the use of wood for
cross tie purposes.

There is another tie which I neglected to mention— that is the
laminated wood tie, made up of small pieces of woo<l ^"H^ f^f ^?jed
together with glue and possibly with bolts. 1 understand that the>
clfim to have found a glue recently which will withstand the effects
of the weather indefinitely. While this is a change m the design of
tie, you will note it is a tie made of wood.

Railroads, as large users of forest products, hayc^ made extensive
efforts to conserve and increase the supply of timber. Through the
standards of the American Railway Engineering Association and
the Master Car Builders' Association, only kinds and grades of wood
designed to give maximum service are recommende<l practice. Sonu
of the extensive railroads maintain departments which perform one
or more' of the following duties: Inspect lumber; give technical ad-
vice in connection with its use; supervise wood preserving ]»lans;
establish forest plantations on lands not reipiired for operating pui-
poses; formulate working plans for thc^ sale of standing ^^^^V;^
he Di-evention of firc>s on company forest property; estimate tiinbei
sr inipage on properties to be purchased or sold ; t-g^^ther with imu^^
other duties of a similar nature. Some railroads also adMse timbei
ou^iers"^^^^^^ best melliod to cut their holdings in order to produce

(rest Vr(>(lucts for railroad purposes. This is particularly vauabe
1 i ne small tracts, for large holdings usually are m the hands
Of indivi<luals well acquainte<l with the most economical methods, of
cutting.

Tlu' pri-ent out,."! of o.oss ti.-s of IVnnsylvaniii fov.'sts is eHti
,nat,.l m be .ho,.t 4(. ,,«■ coMt. of r.-qniroments of ra.ln.a.ls vv.tlnn
"iTstltv. a.u'. ix ,.ossil,l. only l.cn.nso of the treatn.ent wtl. ,.m ■
seivntives )iv(vi<nisly referred to.

You will note there were statements uia.le in previous remarks

„-..t u lir Iv ,v the (iovernor. that IVnnsylvania >s saul t<. proc uee

i . ?u e tifth-of ,he lun.her within her l...r.lers which - "-'^«>t;.>.

.1 <f.,fM \Iv fin^ure here on cross ties is two-lifths. ^^ hile 1 <li<l

:; .rivJ the oppo^^^^^^^^^^ ... .iK-.k it. at the san.e ti.ne 1 think it is ap^

.' "t hat y/„! ..an u.ore easily se.ure cro^s-ties out o ^V^>^^

Itau.l ..f timber than yon ran .limension lumber, so that 1 1^1 o< that

liure of forty per cent, for .rossties is pretty nearly correct.

■n,..,.,. heirm from l!l(«) - V.m extensive preservative treatment of
crol^^eBbvUe Baltimore & Ohio; BuHalo. IW-hester .V I'.ttsbur,.:
1 eltvs'ire Lackawanna & Western; Mu^h Valley; New \.vk ( en
rtl rennXania; Phila.lelphia & Kea.linR; an.l I'.ttsbur^-l. .V Kake
Vie' ralSs. These .oa.ls built or ha.l built on then- l.nes woo
\AU nuiiociu „,i,;,.i, f,,„r -nv located within the State. Ihe

i:;ru.ent i'b^-t ■ a rril-oads of v;^oods other than thos. fairly

:hn.ablewl.rut preservative (reatn.ent increased f..r a t.tne the pro-
duction of ties along their lines.

It is believed that the railroads treat far more timber in order to
increa^ Its li^ than does any other industry. TlLe use of treated tu-s

It)

is now acknowledged as generally economical practice. Prior to
1885 less than 100,000 ties per year were treated. By 1890 the number
was 650,000 ; by 1895—1,300,000 ; by 1900—2,800,000 ; by 1905—14,900,-
000 ; by 1910—30,500,000 ; by 1915—37,000,000 ; and in 1920—40,000,-
000. Cross ties constitute about 80 per cent, of all wood given pre-
servative treatment in the United States, and since railroads use the
bulk of the construction timbers and some others among the items of
treated wood, railroads can be given credit for over 90 per cent, of the
forest conservation tlirough wood preservation. One of the largest
railroads in the State treats annually approximately one half of the
ties which are placed in its tracks, and one-third of the total number
(►f ties now in place on that road have been treated.

Great precautions are now taken by the railroads to prevent and
isuppress forest fires. The Pennsylvania System prints on all its
lumber orders propaganda to impress on timber owners the necessity
of protecting our forests from destruction by fire, and has issued in-
structions and posted notices along the right of way calling the at-
tention to the necessity for the prevention and extinguishment of
forest and grass fires. These notices are definite instructions to var-
ious classes of employes as to how they shall proceed to prevent forest
and grass fires and the methods to be adopted in reporting and ex-
tinguishing fires which may occur on the right of way or vicinity.
At a conference in Harrisburg last year, at which the various rail-
roads and the State Forestry Department were represented, repre-
sentatives of railroads agreed to the desirability of clearing and
nuiintaining fire lanes 100 feet wide on each side of railroads through
sections of wooded land, which the Forestry Department designated
as forest fire hazards and where the Forestry Department was able
to secure the consent of the adjoining owner to such clearing.

While in the past rail foads have been accused of causing a great
number of fires, it is believed that today they are devoting more
••erious eifort to the prevention and extinguishing of fires than any
other industry. Locomotives are universally equipped with spark
arresters and devices for retaining cinders dropped from the boilers.
Every effort is made to maintain such equipment and to guard against
firemen dumping fires anywheres excepting at the appointed places
M here no danger of fire exists. Many fires which have been incorrect-
ly attributed to railroads have actually been caused by men and boys.

Kot only have the railroads contributed to forest conservation by
The preservative treatment of wood and prevention of loss by fire,
but they have doubtless done more than any other class of consumers
or owners of timber lands in reforestation, the government alone
excepted. More trees have been planted by railroads in Pennsylvania
than in any other State by any kind of consumer, a total of
5,130,582 has been set out by the Pennsylvania System between 190^
and 1913. As early as 1870 certain railroads undertook Buch uses of
Mich of their property as was available in the expectation that wood
for their own uses could be grown, and by their example other land
owners were led to do likewise. The fire hazard is the most serious
ripk confronting the growth of forests. Development of a plan of

17

insurance by which this* risk could be distributed and the individual
owner protected would also encourage reforestation. The lack of
success of this tree planting program may be attributed largely to
ignorance regarding silviculture, destruction by forest fires and the
failure on the part of the public to realize the impending seriousness
of the situation.

In common witli all other consumers of wood, railroads use the
kinds best suited to their purposes as long as they are available er-
onomicallv. Thev first exhaust the su[q)]y adjacent to their oi)eva-
ions, and then draw on supplies elsewhere. In Pcunsylva-.na railroads
started with suitable material for all purposes at iiuud. lie forests
oi the State vielded oak and pine in quautiiies, and ciualities entirely
Si^tisf actory. ^ White oak was used for cj-.rs and ties and white pine
for structures almost exclusively until ISDO. Then southern yellow
Dine ties and timbers had to be bnui-lit in. By 1900 the importation
of white oak had assumed large proiiortions in the purchases of ties
and car lumber for railroads in l'e:insylvania.

•

\ecurate iuf.jrmation as to the consumption and cost of forest pro-
<luVts to the raiiroa<ls of Pennsylvania is not available, but an idea
of the magnitude of same can be obtained by consideration of the
f.ict that the IViuisvlvania Kailroad alone pays out aunuallv for
lumber, cross ties, etk, used by it in the State of Pennsvlvaiua about
$7 000,000, representing, approximately 200,000,0(m board feet ol
wood In order to meet the requirements of the railroads in I ennsyl-
vania as to forest products, it is estimated that the cutting of about
300,000 acres of wood land, equal to the average Pennsylvania stand,
is required annually.

• The <-reatest difficulty in connection with reforestation is in the
period of growth of the crop, which frequently reaches seventy-five
Ve-u-s This appears to indicate that reforestation is a proper subject
for the activities of the State and Federal governments. The policy
of the State of Pennsylvania in purchasing ^^^^'^^^ ^f ^f^^/^J^I^^^i^ f'
its credit and will undoubtedly produce large profits for the ^tate in
lie future if destruction by fire is prevented. It is to be hoped that
^ he present session of the legislature will appropriate a snlbeient sum
to enable the State to ccmtiuue its policy of acquiring lands in the
.^,,000,000 acres of what lias aptly been called the Pennsylvania Desert
and /o inaugurate a policy to fight fires.

In looking over the programme for the (N>nvention, it is noted that
the subject of -Forests and Water Supply" is not mentioned The
writer is of the opinion that a very important relationship exists be-
tween forests and water supplies, and large quantities of pure water
are essential to the operation of railroads.

Many of the private water companies of the State have extensive
holdings of forest land for the protection of the purity of their sup-
plies In general these lands are being handled with due regard to
the perpetiial maintenance of forest cover. The relationship between
the flow of streams and the forest cover on their water sheds has a

18

bearing on this subject. ^A^iile there is doubt as to the ability of
forests to prevent extreme droughts or floods, the writer believes
11:at it is generally accepted that forests have a material influence m
regula ing the flow of streams by decreasing erosion on the water
slRMls and preventing the silting up of channels. In fact the latter re-
lation is the principal reason for the passage of the Weeks? Law under
which the Federal government is purchasing large tracts of lands lor
the creation of Eastern National Forests. Xo purchases by the fed-
eral government have been made in the State of Pennsylvania, as the
Act of Mav U, IDll, providing for the cooperation which is required
inider the Weeks A\'t is not satisfactory to the Federal government,
but it is hoiwd that this obstacle will soon l»e removed by our legis-
lature.

It may be of inteiest to vou to know that that bill came up again
todav in the Senate, and I s^as told that it passed by forty to one.
It had already ))assed the IIouso, so it is in a fair way to become
a law.

In conclusion the writer would add that the high cost of lun.bjM-
must l»e rertected in high transi>ortation costs as measured by freight
and passenger rates, v.ud fuither desires to emphasize the fac^.
wliich he has tried to explain in the foregoing paper, tluit notwith-
standing the eiVorts put forth by the railroads to conserve timber
in many wavs, they are now using and must continue to use indefi-
nitely iarge%unounts of the products of the forests.

Mr riXCHOT: Mr. lippincott's paper gave you, the general
outlines Of the 822,000,000 acres of virgin timber that we once had,
we h-ive nt»v ia7,000.0<»0 acres left, containing three-quarters of the
standing stumpage of the United States. It is being cut at the rate
of 55^4 million acres a year. If we do not export any nujre of it.
if we do not use auv nuu-e of it than we are using already, the virgin
timber sui)ply at present rate of consumption will be gone entirely
within twenty-live years.

You don't have to wait for the exhaustion of an absolutely neces
Kitv of life to "et into trouble about it. For example, the lumber
uien tigure thaf the increase*! freight rate for this eastern country,
when we have to qo to the Pacitic Coast as against the South, will
nmount to J^lO.Oo'a thousand feet. If that were the only thing tt,
be considered, it wouhl still be a matter of very great importance to
industry in every branch.

Kecently 1 asked Mr. Vauclain, «»f the Kaldwin Locomotive Works,
bow mucii w(H>d it required to crate for exporting an Aineru-an
locomotive, lie told me it takes a carload of lumber, in round num
ber -MXMKJ feel. *o send a locomotive out of this country. The auto-
mobile industrv of the rnited States us<'s 500,000,000 board feet
a year. Now -)UU,000,000 Ixuird feet is more than the total lumber
l»roduction of the state of Pennsylvania.

19

We have got noi only to consider what we can grow at home, what
we can grow in the United States, but what we can get outside of
this countrx. If the South is going to be exhausted in lessi than ten
years, if we must go to the West inside of ten years, and if by that
time ten \ears of the twenty-live years our virgin timber is likely to
last will be gone, even if we do not increase the use of it, then we
must consider wliat we can get outside of the United States.

Canada, if it should let us take all it had, it could give us only
ab<mt the equivalent of twenty years of our own consumption. Of
course, ^e are not going to get it all. The Canadians naturally will
not put themselves in the situation in which we are for our beneiit,
and that is right enough, for we would do the same thing in their
place. At the outside, the estimate of the lumbermen seems to be
that we shall never get from (^anada over ten or twelve per ccMit. of
what we use.

When the South is exhausted the lumbermen figure there will be
in the eastern part of the country a demand for ten to eleven billion
feet which will have to be sui)plied from the Pacific Coast, more-
over the recent raise in freight rates was equivalent to moving the
western timber one thousand miles farther away from the eastern
consumer than it was before. The more you think of the situation
the worse it looks.

Mexico is already a considerable importer of wood. Fstimates
indicate that 50 to 70 per cent, of the total consumption of Mexico
is now imported from the outside, and, mostly consists of our own
southern pine. Tlie Central American Republics have a good deal
X)f timber, but it is practically unavailable for our use except pos-
sibly for railroad ties. If you t.ake the three big timber countries
of South America-Brazil, the Argentine, and Uraguay, y<>u will
find a very large excess of imports. Before the war it is said ihey
were importing five sevenths of all the lumber they used; it is doubt-
less now becaus«* the lumber production in South America was great-
ly speeded during tho war. But still the fact to be reckoned with (s
that South AniMiica is an importer of lumber and not an exporter.

If you cross to th«; other side of the Atlantic, you find in Europe
a situation curiousK parallel with our own. In the United States
fiftei^'n of our Siatei^are still lumber exporters, although five of them
will soon turn to be importing States. In Europe there are seven
lumber exporting and fourte<'n lumber importing nations The only
State in Europe that has timlier of any considerable amount, as we
count such things, is Russia. Sweden has 57 millions of acres of
timber. Finland has nearly as much. Austria Hungary a little less;
Poland, Norway, and Rumania, each has a good deal less. Those
seven States export timber, but the only considerable amount that
can be had from any of them is from Russia. The other fourteen
are importing Slatos. Tlw situation is such that all the lumbi-r
that can b<? i)U!-chased from any of them is needed and can lie used
in Europe. There is none for us. All tlie Mediterranean States must
be practically reforeste<l. (Jermany has been a timber-importing
State since 1870, and France before tliat.

20

Tho result of it all is that so far as Canada, Mexico and South
America are concerned, there is nothing much for us. The same is
true of Europe and of Siberia. Africa woods are not suitable to
our uses. Australia is a lumber-importing country, South Africa
is a lumber-importing country, and in the ««^f ^^ .*^^^^^^^^^
there is practically only Tasmania and New Zealand that are ex-
porters to any extent.

When you figure it all out yon can not escape the conclusion that
unless we attend to this matter right here at home we shall be
squarely up against a great timber shortage. Take the world as a
whole, about one quarter of the land surface is m forests^ We have
got about 24 per cent, of our surface in forest. 112,000,000 acres has
Lme second gro^vth on it; 1?.3,000,000 acres of it is practically with-
ouT second growth of any kind, and 81,000,000 acres is comple^^^^^^^
barren. That 81,000.000 acres is as large as the combined forests of
Germany, Denmark/ Belgium, Holland, France, Switzerland, Span;
and Portugal.

Europe has a quarter of its area in productive forests. We have
a quarter of our area in unproductive forests Europe us^s loO
board feet of wood per annum per capita We use ^OJ). Europc
already has to import very largely. On the basis established by
centuries of cuslom Europe is not able to supply a per capita con-
sumption of 150 board feet.

So you see, when you get the thing all figured out, it is a perfectly
real situation that confronts u«. It is a perfectly definite knowl-
Tdge that ilnless we take hold of this situation with both hands and
do something about it our capacity to go on at ajl is at st^ake I
do not want to seem to use exaggerated or unjustifiable ^^^f^^^^^-
but so far men have never been able to get on without wood. Modern
civilization is absolutely dependent upon wood.

Wo have come to a point in this State where, as the Go^-ernor
^aid it will be a very serious reflection upon us, if we do not look
ihe facts Kiuarelv m\he face and get ready to act about a situation
wbich i^ nin-e dangerous than any other single threat that confronts
ns if you are willing to look beyond the next five or ten years,
there is^no other single fact that carries so large a threat and so
real a threat to the industries, agriculture, and tj-ansportation of
this State, as the fact that our own forests are exhausted, that the
forests of the United States are on the verge of exhaustion, aiid tiiat
no adequate provision at all has been made to meet that situation.

In the United States at large we have 153,000,000 acres of national
forests That, is one-fifth. of the timber land of the United States.
Well four finhs of the timber land in the United States is being ex-
hausted more than four times as fast as it is being reproduced :
go you cannot meet that situation by taking good care of one-fifth of
it "Our lumber alone (disregarding wood used for other purposes)
is being cut five and a half times faster than it is being reproduce^r
And T want to make this point as squarely as I can-it isn t only a
question of price; when we overlook that the fact remains we can-
not do business at all without the wood.

• 21

I hope this conference all the way through may take into most
careful consideration the question of what we are going to do when
our present supplies are gone. We know they are going ; we know
that the scarcity of lumber which prevailed during the war has
been relieved only for a short time and will come back, and we
know you cannot do business without wood.

There are, it is true, many encouraging features in the situation.
As Mr. McCaleb has said, the railroads have given this year such
cooperation in the prevention of fires that has never been known in
this State before. 1 doubt if there is any State in the Union where
the railroads will do as well as they aye doing in Pennsylvania to
help prevent forest fires. There has been a larger recognition in this
State this year than in any other State in the Union, but all of that
is useless unless out of these efforts and out of this situation we
get practical results.

You are the representatives of the industries of the State who
need this wood, come together at the Governor's invitation to find
out how we are going to get it. I hope that just so far as may be
]>ossible during the remaining hours of the session, that question will
be kept in mind— how are we going to meet the dangers we know
are ahead of us ; how the railroads, the mines, the factories, the farms
of this State are going to keep at work when this pinch actually
gets to us.

1 want to apologize fur taking so much of your time, but 1 was
keen to have a chance to say just that one word to you, to give you
as far as I could an idea of what the Department of Forestry has
been figuring on in this whole matter.

The fact of the matter is that never yet have substitutes reduced
the quantity of wood used for any large classification of purposes.
For instance, there is a great deal more wood used now in the United
Slates for building than there was when every house in America
was built of wood. There is more wood used in the shipbuilding
Industry now than when there was not a steel vessel in existence.
Voii can't build a concrete house without wood, and not uncommon-
ly it takes as much wood to build a concrete house as it does to
build a frame house of the same size. Of course, there is a certain
salvage. You cannot build anything of concrete as things stand
now, without the use of wood.

So, while we have run in substitutes for one-sixth of the uses to
which wood used to be put, nevertheless we have entirely failed
to diminish the total consumption of wood. Our per capita con-
sumption is dropping, but every time it drops you drop the standard
of living. One of the most powerful reasons why we are short one
million homes in this country today is because the cost of lumber is
about thirty per cent, of the cost of a frame house, and the high
cost of lumber has helped to stop people from building.

So then, you can come squarely up against the residual fact that
you cannot conduct our type of civilization without a supply of

22

wood and that we face this practical certainty of sliortage uuleKs
we take real action. We have land enough in Pennsylvania to grow
substautiallT all the lumber of the common grades tliat we use.
This State can produce as much as we are consuming now if it is
properly taken in hand. AVe are cutting about one-fifth of the lum-
ber we are consuming, but according to the best estimate we are
only growing a third of what we are cutting.

We are in luck in rimnsvlvaiiia in this way that we do not have
to plant on any large scale. There is very little forest land that
won't reforest itself naturally if we give it a chance. The Pennsyl-
vania Department of Forestry has been planting now for something
like twenty years, and in that time has succeeded in replanting,
out of the six million of acres of waste land in the State, about
23 000 acres— in twenty years. The thing is too big. That deseit
area of 80,000,000 acres"^ in the T'nited States is being added to every
year at the rate of an area the size of the State of (Connecticut at
least. The devastation is clearly beyond the reach of any remedy
by replanting. The only thing that will help us really in Pennsyl-
vania is the prevention against forest tires. If we can keep the tires
from burning out the new growth, then we can expect a supply
within a reasonable time, and we are in great luck in that respect.

FIRST DAY— EVENING SESSION.

THE FOREST AND THE PRESS

by

E. J. STACKPOLE.

First I want to congratulate Pennsylvania upon the splendid
organization which it m)w has here for promoting tlio work of the
Xestation of the State, and secondly to personally --1>»;;;;;-^
our Purest Commissioner on the tremendous work hut he is doing
and the splendid character of the undertaking which he ^a.s set out
to accomplish. I was speaking a moment ago with a <-<;"l>l^;; >[;;;;;;
friends here tonight about the apparent inditterence <d s( in<ui>

housands of Pennsylvanians to this i-l>-^-^V^'^/l"^ wi 1 f Imc;'
until it touches them personally in some way, that they nmH fail to

(•o-oj»erate as they should.

I am going to discuss for a littlo while one industry that has
becVvitaUy affected, that is tlu> newspaper in<lustry. I nl.ss we have
rn e\ 'fy of replenishing the forests and increasing the wood supply

we are not going to have newspapers in a few years, because no
oractTcil substitute has vet been foun<l for wood pulp. ^ on kno^^

wha ^^ lav^: passed through in recent years. The cost of newsprint
as g^e up to such an extent as to put cmt of busniess hundreds
f m™pers of nil elasses. r<nh^y the general poliey <.! ^n^^^U.\^evs

is o amalgamate, merge an<l consoli<late in order o reduce mer-
u^.d ex~ and makr it possible to eontinue in the industry^ I do

XrK'o have any solution for the ditticulty, but scieiHihc men

nndJr the <lirecti<m of Mr. Pinchot are gcnng <l<>wn to Hh r m ,nu^
it is our business as individuals and eitizens of the ^/;»^' >>'V*

/hem our best support. Ileadwny has been ;;-^: . ^ ^ ^^^ J^^i ^^."al
mcmths. I have talked with many people and the e ^ '» '.y^yj^' '
i„,pressi«m abroad that it is not alone Mr. '*'"f 'f ,^ ,'' ' '/^^ !

individual's job, and because of this fact we are headed m tin rigl.

dl^^l^ir ani substantial results must f.dlow. »,;;-f;-^;;; i;-;^;^^
a Tew tigures-not enough to make you tired-that .ue '^^ »»'^'*^'^*^
and which you can depend upon as being absolutely cor.ect.

The relationship between the forest and the press is one <if the

ni^^lSf e^nonlic problems of today. ^T:^ .^ J^^^^jl^^^^i^hlg
and even more truly ai newspaper age, whieh is the san.e as sa.MU^

that it is an age of wood.

23

24

W

To most readers a newspaper is a thing to be hastily scanned.
Few men who run while they read stop to think what a close co-ordi-
nation of service from lumber-jack to newsboy is needed to produce
a 2-cent and up-to-the-minute resume of the world's happenings in
society, politics, industry, science, and education. Still less do they
realize that the newspaper which he holds in his hand is a 100 per
cent, product of the forest. Wood fibre is the only constituent of
newsprint paper. This is why the forest problem touches so inti-
mately every man, w^oman and child in the United States.

After all is said and done, the newsprint situation goes straight
back to the woodpile ; and the size of the available woodpile is now
aud will hereafter be the determining factor in the paper supply.

Few people know how large a pile of wood is used annually in the
United States for the production of paper. Our annual consumption
is now over 6 million cords. If stacked upon an acre this number of
cords would make a solid pile 4 miles high. Government experts es-
timate that the consumption of pulpwood in the United States will
reach 10,500,000 cords by 1930 and 16,000,000 cords by 1950.

I know of no way by which the real economic significance of the
It rest situation may be understood more clearly than by considering
briefly the history and present condition of the paper, particularly,
the newsprint situation.

Before 1850, cotton and linen rags, esparto grass, hemp, straw and
other vegetable fibres were used in the manufacture of paper. It
was not until 1840 that Keller patented his process in Germany for
a woodpulp grinding machine. The process was not placed on a com-
mercial basis until 1854, and it was introduced into the United States
b V Warner Miller as late as 1866.

The growth of the paper industry in America was prodigious.
\Vithin a half century it has developed from practically nothing to a
total consumption of 2 million cords in 1900, and in 1920 the total
consumption exceeded 6 milion cords, an increase of 200 per cent, in
less than two decades. In 1880 the average person in the United
States used about 30 ix)unds of paper per year. Today the average
ptrson uses 147 pounds per year.

We all know that the demand for news.print has been increasing by
leaps and bounds. In 1899 there were consumed 569,000 tons, while
in 1918 our consumption had risen to 1,760,000 tons— an increase of
about 200 per cent. In 1880 the average amount of newsprint con-
sumed by each persou in the United States was 3 pounds and in 1919
it was 33 pounds — an increase of 11 times in 40 years.

The first newspaper in America was published just 231 years ago.
Today there are about 20,000 daily, weekly, and semi-weekly newspap-
fn-s in the country. The daily papers alone have a circulation of
more than 28 million copies. There are 60 dailies whose circulation
exceeds 100,000 copies and one Sunday paper claims more than a mil-
lion circulation. Thi.s rapid growth shows the increasing demand
for pulpwood, and the enormous present drain upon our forest sup-
plies.

25

The estimated value of the paper products derived from pulp is at
present about f 780,000,000, made up, according to the War Industries
Board as follows :

KIND
Newsprint paper
Book paper
Paper board
Fine writing pai)er
Wrapping paper
Miscellaneous paper

Total,

VALUE
1136,000,000
125,000,000
156,000,000
142,000,000
89,000,000
132,000,000

1780,000,000

Moreover, it takes more than i)ulpw(K)d to make paper. For paper
production we use annually 9,200,000 tons of coal, 21,600,000 galhms
of oil, 1,287,000 tons of chemicals. According to the United States
Bureau of Census for 1909 the industry required a capital of |409,000,-
000 gave employment to 81,000 persons, and the nianufa.ctured pro-
ducts had an annual value of |267,000,000. Last year (1920) nearly
98 per cent, of the |!800,000,000 worth of paper manufactured in this
country was made whollv or in i)art of wocxl. We cannot jyet away
from the bare fact that the wood pile is fundamental to the per-
manency of the paiKM- industry.

Early recH>rds show that the f^rst paper mill in this country was
est'iblished in 1690 bv William Rittenhouse near PhDadelphia. Now
tiioie are about 250 mills in the country. Maine, New York, Wiscon-
sin and Pennsylvania are the leading States in pulp production in
the order given.' In these four States 66 per cent, of the entire output
of the country is produced. -^

Pennsylvania ranks fourth in the production of wood pulp. In 1918
almost 200,000 tons of pulpwood were produced within the Keystone
State To produce this amount 3a3,699 cords of wood were required,
which was 45,000 cords less than the amount used in 1916. The de-
cr^'se in pulpwood production in Pennsylvania between 1916 and
1918 may be attributed largely to the rapid exhaustion of the supply
of hemlock. In 1916, 64,993 cords of hemlock were used m the pro-
duction of pulpwood, while in 1918 only 5,151 cords were av-jiilable
There is only one explanation f<ir the decrease, and, that is, the hem-
lock is practically all gone from the hills of Pennsylvania.

We ar- a nation of wood users and in order to continue our habits-
and maintain onr industries we must become a nation of wood pro-
ducers 1 believe that tVw ])<Mjpli' have a clear conception of the enor
muus amount of wood that is used annually in the production of pap-
er in Pennsvlv«nia, or tlie amount c»f paper that is consumed by
our citizens.' The 383,61)9 cords if ranked end to end would make
almost 6 full width cord rows exten<ling from Ilarrisbur- t(» 1 hila-
delphia. It is also fair to assume that the average citizen of Penn-
sylvania uses at least fully as much paper as the average person
in the United Btates, which is 147 pounds per year. Upon this basis

26

the total amount of paper consumed annually in Pennsylvania is
at least 1,281,8(33,373 pounds.

All nations have Rone through a crisis when their supplies of
timber began to be inadequate for their needs, and only those
which have solved the problem have prospered, while tliose which
failed to solve it have become decadent. Witness (Germany, France
and Scandinavia on the one hand, and China, Syria, and bpain on
the other.

\ survey of the situation shows the urgent need of immediate
•md large scale elTorts to provide a permanent supply of raw ma-
terial for the pulp industry. The United States is at the parting
of the wav, and Canada is nearin- the same point. Unless timber
rrowing begins on a very large sc ale in the United States in the
very near future, there will be a woeful shortage. Right now is
tlie time to applv the remedy. Pennsylvania has 13 million acres
of forest land, liiost of which will retain a forest cover for many
years, for it is too rough and rocky for the plow, but if protecte<l
propeVly and handled carefully will yield enormous quauti les ot
wood suitable for the manufacture of newsprint and other pulp pro-
ducts.

In the early davs the pulp mills received all their supplies from
near-by forests. When the local supplies became exhausted it was
necessary only to reach out a little farther. Additional supplies
were never far away. But this method of easy extension no longer
obtains for the local supplies are now practically all exhausted and
only distant supplies exist. The high transportation charges upon
pul'pwood supplies from distant places make them economically in-
accessible That the situation is real serious is shown by the action
of the great inilp and paper companies of the Northeast and Canada.
In 1908 the Laurentide Paper (N)mpany of Canada began planting
fc»rest trees and now it has a nursery covering 40 ac-r^ and is jdant-
ing 1,(K)0,000 tiws per year, and plans to plant o,000,tHM) by l.>-4.
Other pulp and paper c(»mpanies, among them the Koirdan, Abitibi
and Spanish Kiver, have established nurseries and are planting forest
wets on an inciM3asing scale year after year. These hard-headed busi-
ness men i-ealize cleJirlv that a ccmtinuous supply of pulpwood is tlie
one means by which tlieir manufacturing esiablishments. can be kept
alive.

There appears to be little hope of relieving our newsprint and other
n'.ner shortage by possilde increase of importation from aboard.
Vnd any foreign source of supplies is a palliative rather than a cure.
There is only one worth while cure and that is to grow our wood at
home And^here is no better place to grow it than on the hillsides
and mountains of Pennsylvania. There is ouly one crop which they
can grow successfully, and that is wood. >A e need the wood, and
to permit them to remain in their present barren and unproductive
condition is an econonnc crime.

I cannot help thinking of my experiences as a boy in the duniata
Valley. It was customary for chaps of my age to cross over t ho
mountains into the Licking Creek Valley, a great forest district at

27

the time, with wonderful sawmills turning out tremendous quan-
tities of lumber. All through that section saw mills were as frequent
as farm houses, pro.ducing enormous quantities of lumber. All that
has disappeared. Today, those ridges that Avere covered by flm^
timber are now barren wastes except for underbrush and heir and
there a small growth of trees. Of course, the forest tires have devas-
tated all that i*egion time after time, but Commissioner Pinchot, realiz-
ing the real need of the situation is asking the Legislature for an ap
]iropriation, and the Lei^islature will be woefully deficient in its duty
if it does not provide the means to stop these tires and give us c
chance to get back that which belongs to us by right of heritage.

Mr. PINCHOT: 1 might say, with Mr. StackiR)le's permission, that
there is about to ensue a very considerable development of pulp in
Alaska. There are enormous quantities of pidpwood there, and
smaller quantities in Washington and Oregon, but the groat (jues-
tion is the transportation charge. The last figure that I have was
a rate given by the Alaska Steamship Com])any ami the Pacihc
Sleamship Conii>any, the two atliliated companies that have a mono-
poly of water transportation from Alaska down to Seattle, of fO.OO a
ton for wet pulp, which amounted to something like |22.00 a ton for
dry pulp; in other words, the transportation monopoly was standing
squarely in the wav of (h'velopiug the pulp resources in Alaska and
therefore of the relief of the situtation all over the United States.
The answer is product i(m here at home, and nothing else.

29

THE FOKEST AND THE FARM.

by

JOHN A. McSPARIlAN

1 T.i.ii*.^ and Gentlemen: I would say that no

^\': '^'"l^:Z the Pen^vlva ia S^^^^ Orange, or to any officer

credit IS due to Y^^^^^^.^^j'.^jge for having taken up this proposi-

of the Pennsylvania State (range, loi ^^ . ^^^ ^^o had

^'"^- I' m: rtCstmly '^ LrinatTers, anc? his recommenda-
given his life to tli<^ s^"^^> nbsolute confidence of our membership,
lions came before us ^^^\!^J ^.^^^^^^ m a national way, we felt

and therefore, ^^^.^f ^^^^^ , ^^•\^,^^^iS^^^ opportunity not to take

that ^---^y^^^l^ iuTaml service in this direc-tion; and it
advantage ^f ji^^,f "/^ft^eiR rather than aiiy forsightedness on our

this work minutes upon "The Forest and the

. . ' ''^'' I'luTU o^e thc^Hs no part of the agricultural proposition
I arm;. I ^^^^ 1'^'^, J, J^^^^^ by the average farmer as the woodlot,

that IS as little ;n>P^euaTca ^. J^ ,,.^^11 the farm. It is a

,n. the forest as ^t^s km) n ^l^^''^ ^^^^^^^ ^o render an

X^,:nt'sei?:^Vrt\ and yef which has never

(.mcicnitseiYcetoi agricultural proposition; and 1

l;;:;L3aTe ^^^^ than her! when it should be recognized

^"l^jtmt ^:r^%V^nae.t upon its w.^lots lHK.u.e it
l.Tl^e source of at least the emergency supply of f ue . Whatever
,s the s^J^^^c^ "^ , farmers in regard to their fuel,if they have

""•' **iU^tlfe^ nlwi>^^comirrgoing^^^ there to furnish tbe fuel
a woodlot tl ej ^^^ ! \b,^n it is the place where the farmer goes to get

ir !^i^::i^^mi^r li^ h i^d^^ -i>-^ --•^- ^* ^« ^^»^ v^^t

o'x^i ict he g^e^^^^^^^^ bunch of boards, or anything of that kind
^v akin^^^^^^^ to the mill, that he needs for repairs on his f^u-m.

Uitt^ ^ i^^Llopment of his forestry as a cominercial propose
on or as a field upon the farm that should receive the same kind of
eire n andhig as the other fields on the farm receive, it is prac^
rh'uh a neglected proposition. An<l there are luid practices that
bvocomcMm because of that lack of appreciation of wluit that means
lo Vlie welfllre of the proposition of agriculture up<m that particular

'^7think it is the general custon» for the farmer, when he wants a
loi Lo out into the woods and Inke the finest log that he can find

l^causi-^f Ihe fact that it will cut to ^^^^^^^'^^^'^^
earner and it will answer his purpost^ a little better than possibly
B^e other tiH^e that would have been much better cut than standing
Thave seen lots of woodlots on the farm where ti-ees were allowed
lo^^^ beyond the nge of proper harvest, simply because there

28

were other trees in the woods that would split easier or would work
up better, and the tree with the big burly knots on it ^^^as allowed
to stand until it became an eye-sore and became practically unavail-
able for any purpose except wood, and in some cases actually rot
down and be allowed to go to waste, and then the trees that should
be taken care of were used for the purposes that that one should
long ago have been used for.

I think one of the reasons why forestry should be maintained upon
the farm arises out Of the thought that is not generally recognized.
Those of us who have lived in parts of the country where the wood
land is nearly all gone have recognized that the water table is grad
ually receding; wells have to be deepened, springs that at one time
flowed the year round, only How intermittently, and it is in con
nection with the closeby piece of woodland where we can get the
springs that run the year round. The wood seems to act as a sort
of a sponge and the leaf mould upon the ground maintains a more
even How of moisture into the springs and water courses, so that it
does act as a tremendous conserser of moisture and a tremendous
conserver of the streams that are such a blessing to any agricul-
tural communitv, and if it were for nothing else, to provide the
means by which'our cattle can be properly watered, and when there
is addedno it this great necessity that practically every branch ot
life has for this material, it becomes a double reason for main
taining these pieces of woodland.

There is another practice that is maintained, I think, in the aver-
age farmer's woodlot that ought to be corrected by educational
I)ropaganda from such a department as we have in forestry m the
State of Pennavlvania, and that is to use the woodlot as it l)ecomes
ripe; to recogn'ize it as having a period when it should be used, and
to use these trees when they reach that period of maturity. I have
seen pieces of woodland where they would simply go out to any
part and cut the trees they wanted with no reference whatsoever
to the growth that would come from that stumpage, and where a
woods is picked over that way and used, with holes punctured in
the leafy roof, after a few vears of that kind of handling, or possibly
a generation of that kind of handling, there is scarcely a straight
stick of timber in the woods. But where they begin at one side, or
near one corner, and take the lumber as they come to it, making the
tree serve their purpose if it does not naturally do s.», and adjusting
their needs and their ways of cutting the timber to the necessities of
the forest, then that piece of timber will grow up m straight sprouts
and vou will have a valuable second crop ou what otherwise would
hi' too crooked.

We are only begining to reali/.e how wonderfully valuable wood
land is, and how much ci,n be taken off ot it if it is properly <ared for
and properly handled. In our woodlot at home, on a Lancaster (oun
tT farm we have a piece ot ten acres that have been very highly pro-
ductive and is todav Yielding splendid values in wood and in lumber.
Possiblv twenty five vears 4:o there were KKt telegraph poles, son..-
StS^HeventJ feet long, and none of them less than thirty-five feet
and se^en or eight inches at the top, indicating that there were 160

30

cliestnut trees, all very considerable trees, there at that time. About
sixteen years ago there was taken out of that piece of woodland
some ten to twenty thousand feet of long lumber for a barn frame;
timber running thirtv-six lo lifty feet long that could not 1k^ gotten
in another lot of timber in Avhich a saw mill was put for that pur-
i)()se About eight years ago there was a complete barn frame taken
out of that piece of timber aggregating about 05,000 feet of lumber,
ami about three vears ago there was 48,000 feet taken, the balance
t)f the chestnut, all of which now is gone because of the blight, which
is furnishing one of tlie very serious lU-obU'nis upon rcnusylvaniM
farms.

There is no wood that grows that yields itself to so many needs
of agriculture as the chestnut wood. It grows rapidly, it stands
\hv weather well, it is good for weather boarding, comparatively
«.(K)d for iK)S{s, although the well-to-do farmer has grown locust for
his posts as a rule; but still the chestnut will stand in the ground
(luit*' a while and the fact that it is blighted, and there apparently
is no let up in the hold that the blight has upon the chestnut woods,
leads to the thought that there will possibly be, not for the next
tifry years, any considerable chestnut in Pennsylvania, I su])pos('
Nature will finally evolve a species of chestnut that will withstand
{\w blight and then from that species of chestnut will be propogated
a woodland of chestnut timber; but that will take half ii century
or more because we find that even the little sprouts of chestnut
that are shooting up are almost in every case attacked l^y the blight.
Then this last year there was taken otf of that ten acres about 70,(KMI
fi'ct of lumber.' That indicates just what a little ])iece of woodland,
if it is i)roperly cared for, will do, and there is yet on that woodland
I'vcrything froni ten inches down. Nothing was cut that would not
make at least two or three railroad ties.

r want to call your attention to a thing that is being done in a
irreat many lumbc'ring operations that is very highly destructive,
mid that I think, I know, in fact, from the experience of having
lumbered several times on our own properties and handling our own
tret^s, what can be done in that resi)ect. It is impossible, of course,
wlu II you fell a large tree in a forest, to prevent breaking down of
the yrinng material that may have come up around that tree from
forn'ier stumpage; but if the wood men are told and instructed and
there is care»taken. that immediately they cut down a tree they re
lieve every and all young material that is broken down by the top
of that tree, it is siirprising how very much timber can be left on
an acre and every stick of any value taken off that acre. You see
some hnnbeiinen when they go into a woods that will ruthlessly
slauLditer little trees one, two and three inches in <liameter and
piiiclicallj' notliing is left on llio Ki-oniul.

Vein hiivc .1 condirioii after th:it kinil of liiuihpiiiif!: whore the wind
i-iin blow awaj the loaves and oan make the land hare and make
it in a condition where it will not a« readily respond to a second
growth. But it these little trees are maintained, then yon immedi-
ately have a shade over that land and yon immediately have a wind-
break that prevents the taking away of the leaf-monld and thoHC

81

things from the ground, a condition that you want for the growing
of a second crop of timber. It there was a propaganda over the
State of Pennsylvania to do away with the thought that it is a
duty to leave a piece of woo<^l-land just about as horribly iuntilatc<l
as possible rather than to leave every possible tree standing ui)on
the soil, this would help.

There is another proposition that I have found in connection with
the manufacturing of lumber, and that is that our nianufacturers
insist upon lumber of long length. 1 have repeatedly in trying to sell
our own lumber, when I would tell them ^^ hat length it was, an.l
say some are eight feet long they would raise an aw^tul howl because
anybody had timlK..r for sale eight feet long. They would say,
"We w4nt sixteen-footlong lumber". Of course, Uiey do. and a.s
long as they have a forest in -Washington to draw up.m they can get
the great bulk of it sixteen foot long; but the trees in l-enusylvania
that we have to depend upon from now on do not grow very much
sixt«en-foot lumber, and a man is a fool to try ai.d get sixtcnni-foot
lumber out of crooked trees because you cant get it tiiat way.

Our manufacturers, instead of depreciating the shorter lumbei%
ought to carefully work out w halt is the actual per centage of waste
• ml then encourage the I'ennsylvaiiia tree owiu-r to .leyelop b.s for-
est so tl^tU will produce the very best ,.ossible. The time has come
when we can not select just the things that we like out o the trees

n leave the rest go. 1 have a brother living ... l'"S'^^t^^;;"";'.*^.J
I have been to see several times, and he has a piece of land thei,_
upon Bainbridge Island, and right opposite lam is lor y acres o
nd that was timbered olV some years ago. 1 mve not *"« '^"V'' -

01 bt in the assertion that 1 couhl have walUe.l across the v.hoe

or y acres of laud and without setting foot on the groun.l -^s.mp y
iiinin.' from log to log-left there, simply because the gram a.
•Zi d tlVo tree a little bit or s.miething of that kind; logs hat
rr" absolutely allowed to go to pieces and to rot on the ground.

You can readilv understand that wo are past the day of that
kind of lumbering. Unless our manufactur<.rs will meet the . ,r-

cor of lumber half wav and encourage him to go clean up into
tvery o of the tree and save everything that is worth saving,
you c'ln readily undersiand that we will m.t rapidly turn the fde
from a losing /roposition to a period of s..lf-sustenanc<. trom a wood
standpoint.

I also find this that the average Vennsylvania manufacturer cares
nothing abou Pennsylvania timber. I have had the I nest U,i,.l of
"ak hat we can grow in our country, 4(»,00(> feet of it stacked up.

ml have lost several sales of that hnnbor because !..■ s nd. as a
mTnuf icturer, that the West Virginia luml-r was ._, 1. tie easier
To mWactu -0 and he would not bother with 1-ennsylvania lumber.
You n readily nnderstand that there is not very much encourage^
me t to a Pennsylvanian to keep his lands in timber ,f he ,s m be
given o understand by those who are manufacturing that^ timber
fnto commodities that it is capable of being ma.le into, if they w
irersist that they prefer other timber to Pennsylvania timber; b"t

32

if our manufacturers would appreciate that fact and try to meet
the producers half way, and try to give him the value for his lumber
that it is worth, there would be much more inducement to conserve
the lumber in Pennsylvania, to giow it and to scientiilcall.v put it
upon the market; and that encouragement would go a long way
Toward turnini^ the tide in this serious situation that we face.

It is not going to be long until we will be dependent upon the
second growth, upon the scientific development of timber, when we
will go out into our own woodlands and cut out the things that
are not valuable. There is only one way to encourage the farmer
to do that and that is to give him to understand that the lumber
he does grow will be appreciated. We can grow pulpwood very
readily in Pennsylvania because the white poplar, which is a good
paper wood will grow very rapidly; it grows almost straight and it

lu imving a wKie variety of grow_ - , .,, . .,i

things that are suitable to Pennsylvania's needs that will grow
quickly and well in Pennsylvania ; and therefore it ought to be the
policy^f the farmer and the manufacturer in Pennsylvania to work
together for just as large an out-put as we can possibly make ouv
acres produce.

Mr PINCHOT: You can't grow food without wood. The fanns
of the United States consume 35% of all the lumber used in tins
country, a little more than 50% of all the wood of every kind Our
people could not l>e fed without it on the present basis of the Ameri-
can standard of living, so that while we use wood y^^'^y ^"^"^
and are accustomed to using it, we are not in the habit of thinking
that we eat wood. But we do, in a manner of speaking, eat up one
half the wood produced in America every year.

THE FOREST AND THE HOUSEKEEPER

by
MRS. (iEORGE W. DIBERT

Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen: The question of reforestation is
one with which every one in the state should be familiar, particularly
the housewife, but it seems to me that the attitude of the mass of
people toward this problem is similar to that of the old colored man
in the South who went to a white trader to borrow money to buy a
mule and supplies to tide him over until he could grow a crop of cot-
ton, it being understood that the loan was to be repaid when the cot-
ton crop was harvested. His mule died and his cotton crop was a
failure. He went to the white trader and told him what had hap-
pened. He said ''Now, Boss, the mule's dun died, and the cotton
crop's dun failed" and like most happy go-lucky negroes did not seem
to be worried or show much regret. The white trader was i)rovoked
and said, "Well, you don't seem to \>e worried much about it." "Land
sake's Boss ain't it enough that you's worried, ain't one man worry-
ing enough?"

It seems to me that many of the people in the State tliink it suflR-
cient that Mr. Pinchot is' worriefl about the wood shortage, why
should they worrj^?

As I said before every one in the State should l)e familiar with the
wood situation in the State, because there is no phase of the question
that does not affect the home, the housewife and her family. And
the housewife should be more interestetl than she is, in fact she should
be vitally interested in it because of its direct influence on life itself.

I wonder how many housewives in the State have ever stopped ti>
realize how closely linked is their every day life, the comfort and hap-
piness of themselves and their families, even their very existence, to
the preservation of the lorests.

Without timberland and forests all life would soon cease to exist,
because the air we breathe, the water we drink, the food we eat, is
directly affected by the forests or lack of forests. Every article
tl -it enters the home, food, clothing, furnishings cannot be produced
ov manufacture<l without the question of wood in some form or other
entering into its production or manufacture.

Some one said to me recently "Why are you trying to get endorse-
ments for the forestry program, why are you interested"? After giv-
ing my reasons for mv activity I received this reply: "\\ ell. 1 am
-lad I asked you that qu<^«tion liecause 1 shall do what I can in the

33

34

future to pron.ote inte.-est in reforestation an.l in Mr rinclK,t-.

when it shoiild he consorvcHl f(»r lionie uso.

I realized at that time that the supply in Pennsylvania was in-
.dec, uUe to n eet the <l.nuand, and 1 also realized that in j^jst a few
; ar^^^^^^^^^ nnd Ore^^^cm, despite their great natural forests,

would ace th. san.e situation that we in this State were facing.
W en th^^supply in the West becomes exhausted whicli^..U be withm
•1 very few years, what are the wood users in the I S. to do, wheie
are they to' get tlieir supply, because up to this tune nothing has
been invented to take the place of wood?

\ (.eiitiu-v ago, yes even a half century ago, the (luestion t.f reforesta
tinn was not so iinp.utant as it is today. And yet if the people of this
State had eonsidere<l it of more importance at that time, and had
legislated accordingly, Ihe cpiestion would not be such an acute one
today.

We had 'n-eat wealth in the original forests of this State, but to
aav we fare a situation so acute as to be felt by every manufacturing
r<»ncern in the State. The shortage of wood alTects food production,
coal an<l steel production, and to a very large extent our whole trans-
oortaticm sys'em. Of course we all know that when any of our in-
dustries arc atrected or hindered in the slightest degree in the inanu-
r-u-lure of their products the cost of production advances, and then
the housc^wife is direcny alVeeted. 1 said before that shortage of wood
Di-oducts. possibly affects ihe hor.scwifo more than the man of the
household l^eeause ultimately the housewife pays the cost Of course
ihe man produces, he earns the money to keep up the home but !
am going to make this stateuMiit without fear <>f/"*'(-^^^f|;l ^«^n-
tradfction. tliat, wliile he eairns the money, in 1)1) out of every 100 cases
the wife saves it and i)ays the bills.

Take the (luestion of '.ood production alone and its relation to the
IN.restrv question. Duiin- the last thire or four years I have hear«l
many si)eakers discuss the (piesticui of increased food production
l»ut 1 have ve to liear one say anything about the importance of wood
conservation and its relation to Increased fo(Ml production. We kmjw
lliat without forests food production could no' be c<mtinued. Ihe
forests an.l tlmlKMlands serve as a ])roMHtion from floods, storm and
wind and also as a pr(»tec'ion for bird and animal life which kill
iind destroy the pests, bugs, worms, caterpillars, etc., that destroy

35

crops. The birds alone save to the housewives of the State several
million dollars a year by the pests they destroy.

Do you realize what would happen if we had no birds, that in a short
time food production would cease. Now we even appreciate the once
despised English sparrf)w, because we do know that they eat bugs
and worms. One season at my own home we had so many caterpil-
lars, millions of them, or so it seemed to me, and 1 watched the spar-
rows with the other birds native to my part of the State, eat them.
They seemed to work iust as industriously as any of th<' other hirds.
To be sure they became quite saucy at times and wanted to boss the
place, but the blackldrds, robins, and blue birds were a match for
them.

In many sections of the State, in fact in practically all of the farm-
iitg sections you will find a farmer here and there who understamls
what protection of bird life means to his food production, and they
are planting trees for the conservation of bird life. 1 will admit
that some of them are not doing it l>ecause they love birds so much
but because of the economic value of having birds on their farms

I have spoken of the value of forestry in food ju-oductioii. I an:
!i )W going to ask you to follow the thread of my thought as 1 try to
exi)lain some of the uses of wood and its products. You will agree
with me that it enters into practically every human activity from the
time of birth un'il we are laid away in our last resting place; food
atlects our lives from the cradle to the grave. Take the home itself;
Pennsylvania has nun'e home owners today than any other State in the
rnicui, over 700,000 in the State of Pennsylvania living under their
own roofs. This was made i)ossible by the good and cheap building
material we had right here at home. The original forests of Penn
sylvania contained some of the best white jniie to he found in the
world, and it was this wood that made possihle the building ojK'ra
tions that made so many homes comfortahle and happy. Most of the
liousekeepers of Pennsylvania live in w<wMlen houses and many ol
them are covered with a wooden roof. Millions of shingles are mad*'
annually in Pennsylvania in spite of the many substitute roofiug
materials now in use.

It has occurred to me fi-equently that the great shortage of houses
in the State is due, not to the high cost of labor, but to the short
a'^-e of lumber in the State. We can jiay the increased cost of lalior.
but certainly can not pay the transportation charge in a<lditlon to
the price we must pay for lumber we imrchase in States bordering
on the Pacific Coast.

What is the solution? Does the shortage of houses, the high cost
of building material atlect the men of the Stale alone or does it
affect the housewife also?

Take the furnishings of the home— and we lind that everything
entering the home is affected almost directly by the sui)ply of wchhI
used in its production wholly or in part. While Pennsylvania does
not rank among the leading States in the manufacture of furniture.

I

36

manufacture, and they are only two o tUe "'undred or mo.e

housewife in the end pays it of course.

Wo ordinarily would not think that wood entered into the manu

r t'L^ed^r Uru^^^^^^^^^^ ^ tr;^.:^; r; uxr.

f;X're"raTtid l: woodrties, manufactured into shoes,
aoied Tn wooden boxes, shippe<l in wooden cars again hauled over
S aid on wooden ties, hauled fn.m freight station ,u a wagon
^rtrnrk the body of which is made of wood, placed on shelves made
:.? l"od sold over counter made of wood and wrapped in paper made
out of woodpulp.

i„.t the sime with our clothing— wood enters into the very life

of tre sheep Zt produces the wool from which most of our clo hing
nadt aL tL furnishings of our homes -"»-.---.'

ninno and Victrola 1o tlie draperies, carpets, blinds, \\M\ pape.'-

"cifen cabinet ves the kitchen 'range and the coal that is Immed in

he ranBe-all kre closelv allie.l with the question of forestry. The

hooks we like to read, our magazines and our daily paper. \ou have
eard this evening about the paper shortage, '^-/^^^'^^^'l

.-alnmitv it wouhl I.e if we could not receive our dailj newspaper.

t1 t i. k u t we might be c...npelle<l. through the lack of woodpulp,

to go l^'l! to the da>s of no, or scarcely any. newspa,«.rs and map..-

zines is unthinkable.

I have mentioned a few of the uses of wood and wood l-jo^oct^

that affect the housewife and her family, but let us think of a fexN

,e Take coal for instance-the cost of producing coa has ni^

: 4^d almost GO p.-r cent, during the la.st ^-v /^a- a.H not 1 e

least item to add to that cost is the increased cost of mine pi ops.

1 e in g "at measure, to the supply iu the State not nu-et.ng the de^

,"uH fheref<.r(, adding the cost of transportation to the cost of th«

it

Dfotos Take our transportation, freight and passenger, affected b.v
shortage of wood. As yet no satisfactory .substitute has been found
to take the place of wood ties.

Now I am going to speak of one phase of this question that no
doubt will surprise you, and that is the P""*^^! phase otit-aud
vet it should not surprise you since Tennessee ratified the hutlrage
Amendment and thereby making equal sutfrage a part of the U. b.
Constitution.

" You ask wliat effect does politics liave on reforestation ? Well may
1 ask "What effect does politics have on everything and how is
everything affected by politics. During my suffrage campaiguing
1 learned that politics entered in great measure, into many of tl e
th nes that affect our home lives and since that time, particularly
h Tgh the things I have learned here in Harrisburg, lobbying for
he vfrious Bills in which I am interested, I am almost convinced
that politics enters into practically every question of home life ad
human living, or at least to add to the comfort, happiness and health
o hfiman living. What relation does ^o^e^try have to po it.cs and
what relation does politics have to the housewife? Ihat t s no .
question for one man, nor for a group of men, nor for all the niei
of thL State to hand e; but it is a question for the women m the
State as well as the men to help handle. Why? »««'"XTe n'
women of the State help to elect the men who ^>'\,^y^^^^
nronriation to carry out the forest program of Mr. 1 lutliot, ana i
IZToZ for the housewives of the State that the question of wo.k^
Thortage^n the State of Pennsylvania affects them ultimately just
as mud.,Tf not more, than it does Mr. Pinchot, Goveri..,r Sproul.
or any or all the men in the State.

1 would not be so interested iu the subject of ivfoicslalJon as I am
today wereTt not that the District Forester for our District has an
office adldniug ours, between which the coi.iiuunicatiug room is al-
^Zs o2n ms small room is so crowded that he has my syn.palh.>

rom °he time he comes to the office iu the morning until he eaves.
HP 1 «« the use of our office always when 1 am not there, and 1 iim
!tv dad Ld^d toTt him use the ollic be.ause if 1 .U.l not many

imes the pSe who come to consult him would be compell,.. ,o

? 1 in ihriFflll as his own office is too small to bold more than
n^ people a a"time^ addition to himself ""'1 '."-<;:'-f;tr,'e
There have l«eu s<. many forest tires in our **"'•'".''""; ^'''^

mere na\e .«^c • , , „...iking day and niglif. heveral

irrshVhas come rn the office during the day an.l has sai.l that he
times he ^as come ^^^^^^^ ^.^^^^^^.^^ .^^ ,^_,,.,, jj^ , ^,,

''"' l*^n„ hk^fLrUen f res fu one dav. I want to say to you gentle
'^•"''Iw^nnr District^ F^^^^ is working hard and making many
""■"•« f?v remaining in the forest service. His wage is a meagre
""■"Trm Cr mUiar with the business activities in my county.
■ T hrnen to know that our Forester coul.l draw elsewhere twice
iu"^ i.X'^he is netting from the State and not work Imll as hard
^^rnorkingtodaT It happened to be my ill fortune to be m
the Xe one d^y lasf week w^en we seemed to be surrounded by

,iif

38

forest fires, and the telephone rang incessantly. Reports of tires came
in not only from onr own country but from districts in the adjoininj;
counties. Now 1 want to ask you gentlemen- does politics enter
into tliat man's wages? It most certainly does. Are we going to
permit that man and others like him who are in the service, to sacri
tice their own interests, the interests of their families, by continuing
io pay them a salary much less than a day laborer gets, or shall we
i>ay them a mor^i decent wage, or at least a wage that is m some
measure commensurate to the service they are rendering to us and
to the Slate?

That man laui children to educate; naturally he is looking forward
to giving them a college education. How can he when we are paying
hiin barely enough to make ends meet. He loves his work, is deep y
inv^rested in it, otherwise he would not continue m the work. He
said to me recently, "Mrs. Dibert 1 realize I am a fool to continue iii
the forest service 'wiien I could edrn more elsewhere, and i)ut some
thinir by for the education of my sons." Are we willing to ^f''^^^^^^^'
our responsibility in regard to the program as outlined by Mr.
Pinchot and help make it possible for him to retain men like the
one I speak of in the service or are we not? 1 would like to a^'k
Mr Pinchot to enlist every woman in the Stat£^ if possible, and have
them nuike ii so miseiable for the Appropriations Committee thnt
they would be glad to make the appropriation, if for no uWhv
reason than to have peace from the importunities of the women.

ne heard something in (iovernor Sproul's opening address today

about the Aflministration being accused of extravagance. 1 h>ive

talked to many people, and also to quite a few Members of the House

on mv severaf trips here during this session of the Legislature, but

I have yet to hear any one mention the word extravagance in regard

ti- the foresv program. The men seem to feel that it must be put

over Manv of us do feel that in the face of the wave of icMluctmn

of wa^es througlnrnt the Tni^ed States, that it is extravagan<M> on the

pirt of the lA'gislature to increase salaries of men who are already

Ilmwing verv large salaries, but not for the men in the Forestry

Department because thev are drawing jmietieally starvatn.n wages

in comparison to the men who have had their increase, making

their salari^ from fl.'i.tMH) to slT,(MH» m year.

I am going to ask the one lady in the house that 1 can see -and
T am glad there are two of us here— to spi-ead the propaganda o(
reforestation and furest protection aimmg her friends, lier club
women, and t(» ask tlu' Heurcsentative from her District to su]>port
Mv. Pinchot in his forestry program. 1 consider the best piece ot
work done bv (Iovernor Sproul since he tcMik his oath of otluc was
to draft Mr.' Pinchot into this service. We need him. It has been
said here that he could not be kept out, but men like Mr. Pnuhot
can enter many, many tields of activity. He is only m this work
because it is next to his heart and because he realizes what it nu-nns
to the pe()ple of the StaU- to have him in it.

1 have touched upon but a few of the wood uses, there are <h>zens
and dozens more, but the question now is— what is the solution to

3^

the serious shortage we face toda,? Buy ^T^'^'^fll,,^.

^!n^'2'in Pennsylvania. The only s<»lution that I can sj^is to
^ow a ioZ save (o the taxpayers the inillions ;;^^;1;^-^, ^^^^
are now paying for the freight ah>ne, and iK^tter still, plan Ui tacK c
who are to follow after us.

rsnitlemen nlease make it your business when you go home to tatk
to ;^m^w v^s m^^^^^ and^sweethearts about this matter, asking
them To b -^ng iT to the attention of their clubs ; have -solution,
massed emloi^in.^ Mr. Pinchot's program and send copies of the
i:^^i:;r!f io the Appropriations Committee, iU>vernor Sproul.
State Senator Crow and others.

Mr PINCHOT: There is the (piesti(m of packages. Nearly all
uix^^aiies in wliieh things are shipped anywhere are made ol woo.l--

ahet^woo^^^ rnanufactured form of wood According t.»

eithu ^^^^^ .^'p^^ i ^.^.. Tni^.^ one-fifth of the lumber used in the
£itK:tet gVe^ XpacUinV It taUes a «fth of the total hunbov
.nT of rm. forests to rtistril.nte onr eai.s of lu-as and shoes an.l all
otho oom,«^dhies.-takes one-tifth of the complete lun.l.er produc-
tion of tlK! forests of this conntry to s^f tl.eni to ns.

One ot the things tliat has been digging into mv head is the fact
..?*?fil not the people who live in the wo.)ds that need the woods
i^ ft is the people who live farthest away from them; n.
ot'her word t •,■« nore wood per capita to fee.l a .aan in town

?hriri kes to feed him on the tarn,. The farther a person is
a^Iv fn!m the forest the a.ore absolntely essenl.al the lores! >s to
that" i)articular person.

When Ihe invitations ^^^^^^J^^'.^ dlSrn'nnKnn:;:
'^''^''''trZ::'Z'::^Z^ n't^rU^^n^.s and they were not
•^''"^ ^^n n muu^a tun-is, iace mannfacfnrers, ribbon mann-
,„l,rested-lm( ""'1 ,^ „.,.,,. „.,„ „,, „. nu- nntii linally

Uutnrers. and so on. "".'■'"","':„, |,,„.|, ,„ ,„,s^ j,,.,.tlenien that

,„. an iron man, <•■; «."^'";; . . '', , i' J .' ., .""'I"'-! " i"'">" "'*■
Cj;'" {r^absolu;;^ "-.i Vfrotn';;.... Am. ..f view an along
the line, and I want to make that clear.

onefifth Of ail the ^^^;^^;^ T::^z.r^:^u^\^^'^::

="f,.irand' Xr" a J^or.mgU looUittg np he tinaUy ca.ne to
the conclusion that the figures were correct.

SECOND DAY— MORNING SESSION.

April 14, 1921,

Mr. PINCHOT: With yo\ir permission, I will call the meeting
to order. Under Mr. Clark's resolution 1 am directed to state the
forest situation in Pennsylvania so far as I know it. Of course,
there isn't any single remedy for a matter so widespread and of sucli
long standing as the deficiency of forest products in Pennsylvania,
but there are two lines of remedies without both of which we can
not hope to succeed. One is as to what we can do inside of the
Doundaries of our own State, and the other is what we can do out-
side of our own State— in the other states of the nation and the
rest of the world.

As to the situation in Pennsylvania: All the economies we can
make, essential as they are, will fail to give us the indispensable
result unless we can get our i>roduction back on a reasonable basis.
We have iand enough in the State, valuable for nothing but forests to
grow practically everything tliat we need. Now the resitoration of
timber production in Pennsylvania means a number of different
things -three main things have to be obtained. The first of them
is the slopping of the fires. We know how that can be done; it is
simply a question of money to do it. There is comparatively little
land in Pennsylvania now devastated that will not reproduce itself
if given a chance. There will have to be some planting, but to
plant five million acres of devastated forest in Pennsylvania is be
yond our power. It would cost us |15.00 an acre at a minimum, and
five times fifteen is more million dollars than we can possibly hope
to get for any such purpose, especially as the money can be use<l
in so many better ways.

Fire prevention in a forest is precisely the same sort of a task
as it is in a town. The getting of men quickly to the scene after
the fire has started is the essential thing. I have some very interest
ing figures showing the result of getting your organization for fight-
ing fires upon the scene; they show that if your men are slow getting
there, there is a very large number of acres devastated per tire. In
1913 'when the figures first began to be kept, the average number of
acres burned over per fire was 410. Two years later it dropped to
300; in 1918, it had dropped to 134; then in 1920 it went up to 160
acres per fire. I.ast fall, after we had had a chance to reorganize
this Department to some extent, the number of acres per fire dropped
to eighty-seven— 100 acres less than the year before, and this spring,
based on 460 fires which have already been completely reported, the
average has dropped to 48 acres per fire. We may be able to hci
it down to that, and again we may not.

40

iU

41

An interesting thing, is that taking the last five years as a stand-
ard you find on the average that about 50 fires have done half of all
the damage. There were 1,600 fires in Pennsylvania last year; 50 of
tfiose burned 125,000 acres or half of all the acreage that was burned.
.The moral of that is, that you must get to the fire quick, and the
proof that this is valuable is in the 48 average acres of the fires
so far recorded this year. We know that this is so; you can stop
fires, you can control fires, if you make your organization reason-
ably effective.

" The first thing then to restore Pennsylvania forest production is
to prevent fire, and for that purpose we have asked one million dol-
lars from the Legislature, that being an increase from |90,000.00 in
the present appropriation. Ninety thousand dollars is a ridiculous
sum to be applied to a damage which amounts to a tax on the State
of Pennsylvania (in its embargo on production) of |100,000,000.00
n year. We are asking 1% of the annual damage as an appropri-
ation for the two-year period, which to say the least is not an ex-
travagant request.

One thing we want to spend the money for is for more fire towers.
The necessary thing in order to get men to a fire quick is to find
out where it is quick, and the best method is the fire tower with
watchman and telephone. We have fifty two towers now ; we ought
to have two hundred and fifty.

We have three or four thousand miles of telephone line ; we ought
to make it very much more than double. We are short on tools; we
are short on men ; we are short on trails and roads especially. It
was very interesting to note, during this spring fire season, that the
size of the fires is found to vary almost exactly with the accessibility
of the region in which they occur. If you have trails and roads and
telephones and watch towers you can get men to fires quickly and
keep the size down. ^So that what we want this million dollars for
is not merely to fight fires; it is to equip the State, equip the De-
partment, so that it can both prevent and fight fires efiectively.

The first item of the remedy then is the stopping of forest fires.
The second item of the remedy is the acquisition of this l»ennsyl-
vania Desert, over 5,000,000 acres doing nothing. The Governor's
policy contemplates the acquisition of that huul by the State. The
State can buy it at the outside for a quarter of the annual loss.
Tlie (Jovernor told ns that we si)ent twenty five million dollars and
a good deal more every year for freight on lumber shippe<l into
Pennsylvania, and a good deal more than fifty million dollars a year
for the lumber grown outside of the State, and on top of that there
is the flat loss to our industries, making up at least one hundred
million dollars a year. For a quarter of that one hundred million
dollars we can buy these five million acres and set them to work.

First fire prevention; second, the acquisition of the idle forest
land The reason why is that all the history of forestry shows
thai the only kind of land in the world that is safe, is land either

I

Hill

*2

owned bv the State or land over wtich the State exercises its power
ta prevent devastation. In Pennsylvania the situation is such that
Jmitmal thing to do is to acquire the land, I have asked for hv.-
nitron dollars from this Legislature for that purpose. I know wo
won'tget the whole of it, but every dollar that we can get w.l b ■
!u,.mT \Vp can buy very large tracts of land now for |2.(H) t .
»2 5 an acrl Ac thfng lui act with us just exactly as it did with
*t nation Tn the purchase of the Appalachian Forest- he sooner
w^can buT this land, the less it will cost the State. And then you
uTave 'an investment which will be enorn.>usly ^^^
The State lands we have bought so far has cost us |2.2< an acre.
If von add i"p what was spent for it and all that was spent on .
■ncet has been in State hands, you find that thei-e is a net profit
t he S ate n addition to the value of the productlo^, m addition
le protection, in addition to the insurance against a famine of
.'..IdffctB, a net profit to the «*='*« of somewh^^^^^ betwee
four and Uve million dollars. The acquisition of foiest lana oj
the State pays.

So first fire prevention, then acquisition-the two remedies in-

sid^ 'of tbe State; and thii-d, and this third item refers to all the

t I .i,.Vr •„•.. not now in State hands or are not to be in State

;.u>ds-such a eorganLation of the Department of Forestry and

si drfunds as will enable it to take up wilb the privae owners ot

tnborTands throughout the State the things that need to be done

tip them. You can not do anything with forestry unless you

V Jot 1 public seentiment that will give you the necessary sup

; . ^Yon can not have the public sentiment withoiU an organ..a^
I i. ■ in the SUte that will keep the people of the State aware of
wl"t is glling on and that will ensure co-operation an.l assistance.

WV ire asking this year for the running expenses of the Depart-
,ne, t Ss r, 00 im which is an iuc.ras.. „f «1 '..2,000.00 over the present

»lSa^^^^ of course, is less than the proportionate in-

.ippiopi auou. ,i„ : the -fu-w purchase plan has to

rT' ^iXv 1- tr ar. . a lis l>eing pa\rolled ; tor the first
he loo ved aftei . •''"'-•' '^'^.^^ ,,i,i,„.,i i,„o districts and is being

"""' " ';'v fro . lo n. a gre^t d .1 more work than the comparative
covered. .^ \: ;\ "?«;;i,'^ j^,,. This money will be spent for the
increase in the aiipioiiii.iiion. ^ . .

fweiilvsix <li4ri(t foresters who have chiirge ot Ihis land, foi tin
-MM lire w rdens who are paid only when they work and who are
B'wUered over IVnnsylv.nia; for patrol; for co-operation and advce
to 1)1 hale owners.

\nolher part of our work is research, the results of which are
,^^^^^>m\n^out at this meetiu,. Then there is the tree

HnHn^' w^ We have an arranj^emeut now with a dozen oi the

£ ^s^itutions unch.. which they will raise, with their lah<>r,

1 ^r our supervision, something like 20,(M)0,0()0 trees a year, to be
^ v^ W to individuals and companies in this State for plantmg^
^ ^ these days that will be raised to 4(M)00,000 a year against
the two or three million that are now available.

43 ^

These are our activities— the maintenance of an orgai^lzation^
capable of putting over the work in the field, public education, the
inanagc^ment of the State forests, and the iniinovenient of ])rlvately
owned forests in the State; tire prevention, acipiisition, the main
tenance of a real Department of Forestry. I ought to say, and I
am very glad to say, hecauw Mr. (Jordon, Secretary of the (lame
Commission, is here, that this Department has had the most admir-
able co-o|KM'ation from all the other departments under Oovernor
Sproul. We have had his supiMut, the support of the (Jame Commis-
sit)n, the Fish Commission, the Highway Department, and all the
other departments of the State Coveriunent. We have not only had
that, but we have had such co-ciperation from the railroads, from
the coal companies, from the Boy Scouts, as has never In^en given
before. It is a new thing.

The I!oy Scouts have taken this question of forest tires uj) in a way
that on the whole it is the best single thing that has hajiiKmed to me
since I liave been Commissioner. We have ask them to become
forest guides. Each forest guide signs a pledge that he will protect
all forest life and try to get other i)eople to do the same, and pi-e-
vent and extinguish forest tires. Out of the 2:^,000 Boy Scouts in
Pennsylvania, about 10,000 have already signed that forest guide
l>l(v|ge, and there is scarcely a day j^asses during the tire season
when a Scout Master with his Troop does not go out to fight forest
lires. In Indiana County 100% of the Boy Scouts are forest t,niides.

All of which is merely to say that there is a system now ready to
i»o ahead with this work, that public interest is aroused as never
fjefore, that we have an organization that is capable of carrying the
work on, and that the only thing we need for lire prevention, ai-
(piisition, cooperaMnn and the executive management of the whole
thing is money ( nough from this Legislature.

That i>^ a general outline of the situation in which we stand, and
one reason why I am exceedingly anxious to have that money this
year is the fact that the State is trained for it. The prize lighter
V:io is trained to the minute, and then doesn't make his tight, has
to wait and go back from the beginning. If we lost' tliis chance it
will take us two years, it will take us more than two yenrs to get
back where we are now.

It is going to be many years before PiMinsylvania is able to pro
<liice anywhere near enough wood to meet the demands of her peo-
ple for timber. W1iat are we going io do in the meantime? It doos
not make any ditference how good the investment in tins lan<l is- I
hesitate to tell you what the probable cash return would be from
5,000,000 acres if we assume that the annual product is at the rate
<.f a cord of wood per acre. We will ski]) that— it sounds like a fairy
story; at a one hundred year rotation it is nearly .^.^(KOOO.tMM) a year.
ApaVt from that, we ]»ennsylvanians have got to <lo something to
bridge over the gap between the time when our own forests will be^
gin to ^supply us and the time when the South will be exhauste.l.

Take New England for example; 50% of her lumber consumption
is imported ; today New England has one State yet exporting timber
in small amounts, and that is Maine. Wood must be grown in the

I

m

44

places tliat are topographically adapted to that ^'"•P^f ;. I»;^ "^Y^;;
can supply Itself with lumber because it has not got the land with
which to do it. Iowa land is too valuable to grow t-ees- I'ennsyl-
nilia can. New York may, but the minute you ""-/^^fl'S"^
and until you get to the Bockies, there isn't a solitary Mate that taj
supply itself with lumber. Nationally, therefore our industries can't
go on our food can't be produced, unless some arrangement can be
made by which the lumber that is necessary can be grown in the
States that are topographically adapted to growing it.

That means then, that the States that have no luinl)er, like Iowa,
are vastly more interested in the lumber in the States that have
Zber like Washington, than the people in Washington themselves.
We in Pennsylvania, unable to supply our own needs can live onlj
so long as the exportable surplus from s.mie of the other States w. 1
keeni^s alive; but the minute those other States Ix-gin to go short,
they wonH cut off their own supplies, they will cut off ours, and we
^m be the first people to suffer. It is absolutely true that what
Ts done with the forests in California, Washington, Oregon Idaho
'nd Montana is vastly more important to the Pf«P'« ^ "S^' ^re
Ohio and Pennsylvania than it is to the people in the States where

the lumber grows.

The South will be exhausted in ten years and perhaps before;
then we will have to go across the continent to these other State.,.
llaU Tf an he standing timber in America is in Washing on, Oregon

,m ralifornia If you add the Rocky Mountain States, 61% of
ZsVandg timber ^in America is west of the Great Plains, am
pre is where our supply has got to come from, during the time
let^^en the exhaustion'^ of the South and the growth o our own
tomitr If that is true then we have got an interest in the protec

^ n of these forests that far exceeds the interests of the people m
Washington and the other timbered States themselves.

This is a national question. It can't be handled from the point
of view of anv single State. We have already disi«.sed more or
?L of the chance of getting timber from outside of the boundaries
oT?he intion Then it becomes clear, that this is a question in which
o en- ™e of 'the untiiubered or deforeste<l St.ites has fully as great
a stike as the forest States. Fifteen of the States are timber ex-
nortinc hir y three are timber importing. Of the timber exporting
St.tes five a^ verv close to the time when they will become timber
hu .ortin. Within ten years another five will have gone over so
an en years we will find substantially that pur s"PPly « «'^"
er is coming from Washington, Oregon, and California. That w.l
< •, 1 Xtm% of the people of the Tnited States are dependent
non tini er in s" .t es that contain 5% of the population. Already
it^'^J • e ha 82% of the farm values and 88% of the "lanufactures
ar^ in ^ta es wh<Ce own supplies of timber are not sufficient. Ami
TrL we come straight to the big conflict that ,s going on now be-
lllre Congress as to the two methods of handling the situation.

Foresters I am sorry to say, are spUt on this question. Som,.
beKlhat {he matter' ought' to be left to the individual States.

45

Some of the rest, and 1 am one of them, who believe that the only
way is for the nation as a whole to take control and say to the
people in the States that have the lumber without our indus
tries can not go on. "You must stop forest devastation ; you must
handle your timber in such a way as not to destroy the producing
power of your land." It is a national crisis of the first water and
must be met nationally or it can not be met at all.

1 do not want to bother you with a discussiion of the detail of
the Snell and Capi(er bills, nor of the reasons why I do not believe
the Snell Bill can iwssibly be effective for the purpose at which it
auDareutlv is aimed. I do want to say that in addition to the
'remedies that we can control inside of the borders of .Pennsylvania,
there must be a remedy in which the nation is concerned, for we
have passed the point where we ourselves can sav;e ourselves We
are at a place through our own fault out of which Pennsylvania
can not pull herself. ' We have had the iM'nefit of our lumber and
a.«. the Governor said, we have this timln-r of ours m order to
be the largest home owning Stale of the nation, but we are paying
a part of the penaltv already in ways such as the destruction of

IZm like Norwich, the very post office of ^-'"^-h/"?. ^ ''elnHal
•ill that however, is mere chicken feed compared with the essential
fact that we can not go on at all unless we get lumber.

First, fire prevention, acquisition, a good forest organization here
in Pennsylvania ; and second, such control naturally of the states that
"ill lave tlie lumber that is essential to our living as will prevent
d.'m from devastating their lands. These, to my mind, are the four
points which answer Mr. Clark's question.

THE FOREST AND INDUSTRY

by

W. L. CTTMTNGS.

The relation of forestry to the steel industry is a very important
one. To be sure it is not of as immediate im])or'^ance as it was to
tlie iron industry of say 00 years ago, when the latter's very existence
depended on a supply of wood for charcoal. In those days of course
charcoal was used iii place of coke for the reduction of iron ore to
piff iron. U is a fact however that a modern steel plant involves
so many and varied yn'ocesses and operations that the use of forest
products is still of jjreat importance in every phase of the industry.

There is yet a charcoal iron industry which is consuminj? important
<puintities of tind>er but happily it is not consuminj? much of Penn-
sylvania's timber. Accordinjj to the Iron and Steel Directory for 1920
there were 28 charcoal blast furnaces then in operation in the U. S.
Their rated capacity was alMUit r)(M),(H)n tons of pij^' iron. This rc(|uiied
abotit l..*^00,000 cords of wood which at 2r> cords per acre accounted
for about ."iOjOOO acres of fon'st land.

Tsing these tijiurcs ^Michijiau witli a hirnace capacity (d* 2S0,(M!()
tons of*"charcoal iron, probably uses about 28.000 acres of woodland
annually for makinj; charcoab Pennsylvania has but two furnaces
with a combined capacity' of 4.200 tonsf which would indicate a cut
tin^ of about 400 acres. Hoth these furnaces are bx^ated in (Vntrc
('ountv.

In pa-ssinj: it may be of interest to refer to the fornuM' charcoal iron
in<lustrv auTl to in'dicat<' briefly its effect on the present forest silua
lion. In a volume by .lolin H.Pearse publisluM in 1870 and en it led.
"Iron Manufacture in the V. S.," statistics are «»ivcn which show tho
cousum]>tion of wo<k1 for charcoal productitm. In Berks Co. alone
in 1828:^0 there were 11 furnaces and 11) forges in operation. Together
ilicy consumed To.lMMJ cords of wood each year, or probably alwmt
:HHH) acres were cut annually for this purpose in that county.

1( appears from these statistics however that aboiii 1) cords of wood
were used to produce one ton of pig iron so that charcoal furnace
practice has evidently improved due to larger furnaces, etc.

At first thouiiht it mii^ht be supposed that the use of tind)er around
a steel plant woubl be quite negligable. 1 have therefore prepared
some rather hurried statistics which I thltdc show that this is not
the case. Tlie d(4ails of these statistics also show (hat most of this
timlwr originated at points <mtside the State and that the cost was

46

47

(excessive due to the transportation. The cost of steel and the ulti-
mate cost to the consumer is thus shown to be appreciably higher
by the fact that Pennsylvania cannot supply our timber needs. With
the great freight rate increses now in force this cost will be increased
over the figures given. As an instance of this we recently received at
Il( thlehem a carload of lumber from W. Va. on which the freight was
i?:500 or exactly the cost of the luud)er at poitit of shipment.

The total lumber bill of the Bethlehem Sttn-l Coi-poration for 1920
was about |!2,500,000. This includes the supplies furnished 4 steel
plants, 4 shipyards and mining (juarry and subsidiary^ R. R. pro-
perties. Of this amount about 1/2 went to the shipyards, the Union
plant at San Francisco being the largest user because of great acti-
vity and relative cheapness of timber on tiu? Pacific Coast.

At the three steel plants located in Pennsylvania the total cost of
timber was about |1 ,000,000. 80% of which probably came from out
side the State.

Included in the above Miiount were some items of possible interest.
For instance, we used 600,000 kegs at U^banon an<l Reading plant,
the cost of the luml>er being 180,000. The slaves for these kegs were
of \'irginia yellow pine, the hardwood heads being of Virginia, :Michi
gan and Pennsylvania material.

The same plants used over 800,000 feet for packing boxes of gum
and southern pine. Most of this material came from Maryland and
Virginia.

At our Saucon plant in Bethlehem we used 1,500,000 feet of oak,
beech, birch, maple etc., for blocking. This, 1 am glad to say was
all from Pennsylvania timber.

Our inventory^ at the Lehigh plant on Dec. :n, 191!), showed Hi
virieties of lunlber on hand as follows-- White Pine. Poplar, Beech,
Maple, Gum, Hickory, Spruce, Oregon Pine, Yellow I'ine, Ekn, Hem
lock, Teak, and Mahogany.

Some special figures of interest. At the Lehigh plant alone there
were used in 1920 ITS cars of lumber aggregaiing 2,80U,()(K) B. M.
and costing over f 150,000.

Of this probably the greatest volume is used tor car blocking and
boxing of machinerv. By car blocking is meant the bbn-king of steel
r.nd machinery (m cars so that it cannot get loose <lr.ring shlpmen^

During the height of our war work the receipts ran as high as l,0OO,
000 ft B. M. per month and probably average<l (;00,m)0 which at
$75 00 per M represents a monthly cost of |15,000.00 per mo. or |540.
000 per year. This was for the Lehigh plant alone. Much of this wns
for aminunition box<'s ,md blocking for -uns fc»r shipment. Nothing
further is needed to show the importance of the wood industry in
war time as far as the steel industry is cnncerned. These figures
include however, some mahogany at f250.09 |)er M used for templates

48

and some teak at f300 to |500 per M. used for spare part boxes and
for foot boards on English artillery.

A use of timber strictly related to ordnance is the use of birch and
beech for use as blocking for holding the tools that cut the rifling on
the large guns. Other "vari ties have been tested but none found as
suitable Another special use is that of hammer boards on drop forge
han'^^^^^^ Many varieties of wood have been t-ted but only the ve^
highest grade of maple ha^ been found suitable. This cost ?185.00
per M.

At this time when the conservation of our forests is so imperative
it should be interesting to discuss those industries m which the use
ol wood is actually decreasing. In other words instead of trying to
stimulate and expand the use of wood, should we not welcome the sub-
fmonof other materials wherever possible? If this is so it will be
cbeerin- to glance at the shipbuilding industry, which as you know
is a c(>inp()ue.it part of the business of the lielhlehem Steel Company.

The following brief notes give some idea of the use of w(,o(l in
modern ship yards:

The use that consumes the greatest volume of timber is probably
that of staging, shoring etc., used in the actual launching of ships
You have all seen Ndews of launchings or attended them and know of
the lar-e amount of timber used as staging before the actual launch-
in^ of the ship. Fortunately this timber is used over and oyer again
until actually worn out. This timber is geneially yellow pine.

There is also a considerable amount of soft wood used in making
of patterns and particularly of templates for the location of rivet
holes etc.

In the construction of modern steel ships, the use of wood is, of
course, at a minimum.

It mavbe of interest to you to hear tlie cost of timber f ^^f i^g i^J*;^
the construction of a modern freighter costing about |1, 500,000.
The main items would-be as follows:

Deck covering, *Annn

Carpenter Labor, ^y^^^

Masts & Spars, ^"^

Total, 111,000

This is at the rate of about 3/4 of 1% of the total cost of the ship.

In a modern tanker the amcnint is even less and does not ainmnit
to much over 12 of 1% of the total cost. In passenger slups tliere
k^ course much inore timber usod and this gem»ral y consists of
maho-anv, white v>ine an,! poplar, <^vpres^. is use<l aiound th.
I^i^wsT^iarters. In refrigerating ships w. have tl.e maximum use
of wood as these are essentially of an ice-box construction.

4&

The use of teak for the deck coverings of ships is an interesting
irem. The specifications for the modern battleships require that
the deck covering of the main , upper and superstructure decks shall
be of teak 'Sy/' thick. This is almost the only wood used on fighting
craft as the tendency is to have all interior finish & even furniture
ot steel. As a special mark of respect it is to be noted that the
captain's cabin is still finished in wood while the other olVicers must
be contented with a narrow strip of wood along the side of each bunk
to protect them from the chilling effect of the steel ship plates.

In a modern passenger steamer 500' long the teak for deck covering
would at present prices cost .5100,000. 11 white pine be substituted
this is reduced to alK)ut ^G0,000. Teak is said to be especially suit-
able for a material to be j^laced in contract with steel as it does not
cause rusting in the latter when wet.

Mines and quarries are now necessary branches of large steel
companies. The Bethlehem Steel Company operates 3 large groups
of coal mines one being in Pennsylvania. It also operates an iron
mine at Cornwall and 5 quarries in this State. All these properties
use timber, the greatest consumer being the coal mines, but as under-
ground iron mining at Cornwall is now planned, this will in a few
years be a heavy user of timber also.

As regards coal mining, I asked Mr. T. II. Johns, our (leneral
Manager of Coal Mines, tor his views and give same below:

"The relation of forestry to most of the coal companies is charac
terized by a lack of anv forestal policy whatsoever. It is one of the
phases of coal mining industry that has been sadly neglected. While
at first glance the two may not seem to have any intimate associa-
tion on a close inspection tliey are seen to be closely related. While
they are directlv oppo.sed to each other in principle, as one represents
the exploitation of a natural resource and the other stands for conser-
vation; yet a sound policy of forestry is necessary tor a real elhcient
system of coal mining. Not only from a managerial standi»oint of
facilitating production but from the viewpoint of economy, is this
necessary. Coal companies by removing the coal, often eause serious
damage to the surface a,nd are liable to damage suits for resulting
injuries. These lands together with what the company owns of Uiat
nature should be made to support a growth of trt^^s, as very often
They are unfitted for an agricultural crop. The rising costs of
low grade lumber and relative scarcity of timber used in connec-
tion with mining is sufficient evidence of a lack of foresightedness
on the part of the companies wlio could very readily produce all
the lumber that thev would consume in their operations. A more
careful attitude wilfbe prompted by the depletion or the exhaustion
of the southern timber supply. When the center of the lumljer in-
dustry moves westward permanently and the coal companu>s are forc-
ed to pay excessive tariff rates for their lumber, then they will be
prompted in their actions by the knowledge that if they had ethciently
and prudentlv managed their surface lands, it nerer %voul<l have been
necessary to import lumber and timber for the mines.

I might add that at our coal property in Indiana County we are
not cuUing any of our own timber for mine props. \\e can buy it
nearby at fair prices and prefer to keep our own for the future.

60

?:Zf4.1 "la-tinJ - " -'mot. owned by the con.pany and np
10 the present have planted as follows:

At Cornwall, Pa. on lan<ls near the Corn- ^^^^^

wall mines ,* * *i ' 1 1 '^(\(\

At Hanover, Pa., on waste quarry lands, U,m)

At Heilw^)od, Pa., on waste coal mine ^^^^^^

lands '

Total ^^^••'""

n,. fi... , inv,..rtv i!t Cornwall which was purchased in 1919 tlieie

^ o r, ,. ■ ,. • n in.' of 1<MK>0 trees, so we have a total planting

of a little I-'- iIm^.0«"^1-- It is planned to add to tins each year.

Ml the.o .,.<din.'s hav. been receiv<.d from the State J.'orestry I)e-
P,^^,:!;V and ,.h.;ted f- l-"Se"r!^car 'llf ^^^

HI Hding anyone tliat shows an interest in forest woik.

rents per tie hv liaving onr own sav.- nulls.

At Onrnwill we keen one man (.mstantly employed whose work
■.Ao n""ad c^esumi and also keep lire hre^vks open, burn brush
and prevent foiM-.st fires.

I have for ..xhihition a n,ap of onr little forest 'T'"'^" :lV^"l''teresl"
showing our varions plantings etc. This may be of possible interest.

A Uttlc ren,ovc.l Tn,.., forestry ;';;\-l;';^ -^UutVS t^c^s
S t; H;:i,w::d • ""al"^.^ :;^ in" 1 ndL:.. \:onr.y P,.insylvania.
and alsrTlOOO at onr KeedsviUe coal property ... A\est \ .rgi....i.

, , .• ..II tlu> offl.iiN of the llethlehem Steel Corporation are
' t« n eed h. tl 'r ' i , eal awakening in forest,,- in I'ennsyl-

;:■'" rTis'::^hil;rrv:;mrr-n:e;;ns In^^Uli po«er of most
lllluwliliars ;:r ll."^i. is l-op^-ly a function of large corporations
that are practieally perpetual.

ihe t^eneral public.

51

In examining mining properties for the Bethlehem Steel Co., and
formerly for o her companies.,1 have had rather exceptional chances
to observe forest conditi<»ns and forest sentiment in widely scatterei
points, as for instance, (^niada, Newfoundland, the soirliern am
western States and practically all of South America. As a result
of these observations I think we in Pennsylvania are prol)ably in ih^
lead as far as real forestry sentiment and real forestry work is con
eerned. Bad olf as we are it ii»ay perhaps be comlorting U) know
that other localities are in a worse condition or at least will he m u
few years.

I happen to be a nntive of (irand Kapids, Michigan, a city almost
dependent on forest products. It has always been a source of wonder
to me that there is so li tie real foresn-y sentiment in Michigan and
\"Z Jhat it is almost justice that nu,s^ Orand ^^^P^^^^;,^--^';^^;:
r.,ade frcuu timber from Tennessee Mississippi, etc l]^'^>>\^^^^^^^
iffo Dr Beal of the Agricultural (%>llege, was trying to get the Mate
tf^J^^t a small fon.r reserve in the northern part of the Scm^iern
Peninsula on the pine barrens and cut over pine lands. l.ui> e mm
worMbl' defeate<l bv the real esta^. agents who prefiM-red to sell the
jand to settlers and the!i sit back and watch them starve.

Pers(mallv, I think, we have ten times as much forest sentiment
in l>ennS!4nia as in Michigan a.ul 1 believe Michigan will some day
Imy Inniiier in IVnnsylvania.

('anada. too, is behi.id ns. With its rapid consnmption of timber
and Cn.clion by ti.e «e can expect little relief by p.,.-chasing t.mber
from there, at leas friii:i Kastern Canada.

ir we wish to conic nca.er l.o...e and lind con.litions worse llian onr
J, take a look at West Virginia. If o,... wants to see a '^^^
..-.u desert let him iro to Tucker County. W . \ a., back ol ihomas.
V re re can see hnmheds of tho,.su,.ds of acres -j ^^ -^^
rocks where was formerb- the finest spruce south of New ^i ork. Out
im7he ■ .as jost been concb.dcl a.nl was .lo..e by large ''""ix'"'-
,ne to do so.ne hi.,g. but 1 have ..ever heard any sen ,n.e t as to
roforest^tion or .-egret that ti.-es go over this a.-ca per.od.call>.

In I'cnnsylvauia we h.ive much to lie thankful fo.-.

■ First the toiM,graphy «i Ih.- Stale is in our favor. The lo..g pa.-^
• aie maintain .-i.bces with cultivated valleys bet wee. allord ..leal
ro.nHio.ls fo,- p,cve..ti<.n of la,-,., forest tires tha-, ca.. run p.-act.callv
i,nn..itioll<-.l in Noithi'i-ii Micl.iga.i and Canadii.

s,..o.id we have a real se..time..l a...o.ig the growing generation as
totl ■ h.e of o.-ests. While on a walk with .ny .-■.ihlrc. aged S a...l
9 ,, i'l a fi -e i.. the woods. 1 was anu./.e.l at the .:.,-_ ,est....ss w.tl.
whic l.e absolntelv co,M.„a...!ed ...e to see tha; eve.y hit of hre was
o.-;!i,'guishe;! before we left the pla.-.". This of con.-se c.nes fr..,.. ...-
st.-ucfion i.. the publb- schools.

■riM,.,! we have a real practical Stae Fo.-est Service that is doing

,1,1 ,'•'■,. of which we sl,o,.ld all be pro,.d, -My op....on ,s that we

• ^t ie'.'t sav we arc al.ea.l of any other State and I tl,...k so.,.,- ol

n'rwhl m-e to see l'en...sylva.,ia regain a p,-ominent place ,n the lu,..b-

er industry.

I-

THE FOREST AND WOOD SUBSTITUTES

by

HAROLD S. BETTS.

Tlie present age has been called the age of substitutes. While the
word "substitute" carries with it the feeling that the new article is
not as good as the original, this may or may not be true. In build-
intr and construction materials wood is to a large extent being satis-
factorily replaced by cement, brick, iron, and steel. In other uses,
such as" furniture for the home, vehicle spokes, railroad ties imple
nients of sport including gunstocks, base ball bats, golf clubs, and
tennis racquets, there is considerable doubt as to whether wood can
(.ver be satisfactorily reidaced. The picture of home-run Baker per-
forming with a cast iron or concrete bat does not seem quite fitting.
Wood is adapted to such a wide range of uses and wood products are
so comparatively easy to make and finish and can be so easily altered
that the average American finds it hard to imagine a satisfactory
existence without considerable wood in his home and available for
his use.

Wood substitutes mav be considered under three divisions: First,
building and construction ; s*econd, other uses of wood in which there
is substitution; and third, the uses of materials made from wood
w here the final product has been changed by passing through some
p.'ocess. Among such produces are paper, fiber silk, etc.

General building and construction are by far the largest consumers
of lumber in the United States. Approximately twO-thirds of the
annual lumber cut is used for building purposes. The five principal
building materials used in the United States are lumber, concrete
steel and brick and other clay products. Brick, one of the oldest
known construction materials, has always been a competitor of lum-
ber, while concrete has been an active competitor only since 1J««. ui
part these substitutes can be interchangeably, for example, in the
side walls of houses. For the framework of the modem skyscraper
steel alone is suitable. Similarly in large dams concrete can hardly
be regarded as a substitute for wood. As a matter of fact, for many
purposes the use of concrete actually increases the demand for lumber
which is used to build the forms required to hold the concrete while
it is hardening. Exact data on the total substitution for lumber m
c-eneral buUding and construction can not be obtained. Economic
considerations and such statistics as are available, however, point to
the same conclusion ; namely, that substitution for lumber in general
building and construction is already large and is increasing. Among
the principal factors responsible for this situation are the completion
of the bulk of construction in the great agricultural J^gions, the
rapid increase of population in our cities as compared with the rural

52

63

population, increases in lumber prices which until the last few yeai-s
have been greater in proportion than increases in the prices of com-
peting materials, and the greater amount of special services which has
been rendered to consumers by the substitute industries. Lumber
consumption in the United States reached its maximum in 1907, and
since that time the use of lumber in general building and construction
has probably fallen oft' over 5 billion feet. During the same period
the general increase in steel consumption was about 45 per cent aria
that of cement about 50 per cent, while if carried back to 1000 the
increase in cement consumption will probably be in the neighborhood
of 300 per cent. Clav building products also show an increased con-
sumption of 20 per cent for the period from 1007 to just before the
war The use of nails, which is sometimes taken as a criterion of
the amount of lumber used for building purposes, reached »*« Jyj^^^^
point in 1909, and from that time to the beginning of the war f e 1 oft
some 20 per cent. At best the wooden building is no more than hold-
ing its own, while the total building curve is rising. Statistics com^
piled from circularizing retail lumber dealers show tfieir estimate of
the decrease in sales of lumber for construction purposes due to sub-
stftutes to have l>een in the neighborhood of 13 j^er cent between 190i
and 1914 alone. The consumption of lumber in temporary form^
such as are used in concrete work, has increased to some extent, and
in addit on a certain amount of wood is used permanently in connect^
on wi h tbe replacement of wood by cement. These factors offset to
a simill degree the percentages first mentioned. Considering all the
^Se factors, a substitution of al>out 15 per cent of the present
consimiptio^^^ lumber in general building and construction is indi-
. cited if the k^gical iucrelse in demand for buildings is taken into
afcount, it Ys probable that about 5 billion board feet of lumber have
been displaced by competing materials.

The wooden tie is the only construction material which seeniN
to stand practically alone in its field. None of the numerous a -
empts to^find a satisfactory substitute have yet been successf u .
Tirwooden tie will probably continue to hold its own against sub-
ir^a long ti^e to come, although tl- aninial coi.^^^
of ties may fall off as larger percentages are treated against decaj
and protected by tie plates.

Fencing, sidewalks, roofing, and lath are other uses of wood which
niav be dkssed under building and construction and in which sub-
"m^itlon has made heavy inroads. The extent to which sul,stitutes
have repla^^^^^^^ wooden fences is difficult to realize unt. one compares
the fences of 20 years ago, when barbed and woven wire fences were
^L ne^i^^^^^^ those of today. At that time the manufacture

of wK^ f^^^^^^^ was a fiourishing industry. The only available
staSs indicate that various types of wire fences make up at
least t^reeq^^^^^^ of the tot.-U fencing on average farm lands.

The demand for wooden fence posts has decreascMl much less than
for fendng although steel and reinforced concrete posts are being
used in increasing quantities.

The wooden sidewalk in common use 25 years ago in a large
perc^ntlge of cities and small towns is now practically a thing of

54

the past. Statistics on the amount of si(Unvalk laid in over 500
cities in 1915 show that wooden sidewalks made up less than I per
cent of the total.

Stronger attempts have been made to displace wooden shin^^hs
as a roofing material than in the case of any other nse of wood.
Vaitation on the subject of fire hazard has probaldy been the most
effective cause in displacing the wooden shingle. Statistics avaih
able at the present time indicate that the nse of shingles was reduced
bv about one-half in the period from 1U07 to 11)14 by the substitution
of other materials, including slate, asi)]iaU, tile, and various pre-
pared roofings.

The wooden lath is being replaced by wall an<l plaster board and
metal lath Figures are not available on which to base a reliable
estimate of the extent of this substitution, but it is ^'^l^;^;';!^ J^'^J'^y.';;
use of the substitutes
continue to do so.

55

\

is increasing rapidly and apparently will

Tses of wood other than building and construction in which there
is substitution to a greater or less degree include boxes, railroad
cars furniture, vehicles, ships, silos, windmills, ccHM^M-agiN and tuei
Wooden or shook boxes have been replaced to a considc r able extent
bv the fibre container and the veneer package. This, h.Avever is
larirelv a substitution of wood in a changed form for <»rdinary b<»x
lunVbcr The change has been largely due to lower costs and bghtei-
wei"lits which mean lower freight charges. While cost and weight
Icve been verv important factors in the competition ol the ditlerent
kinds of bovei other factors, such as the reliability of the box under
various ccmditions, will undoubtedly continue to be the subject ol
controversv between manufacturers of containers, purchasers, trt ight
u-rcncies and railroad cimimissions to the varying advaiilagi' and
dTsadvantage of the dittVrent types of containers Such c<,ntroversy
is made possible largely by lack of authentic inf<nination which is
being graduallv supplied by scientific tests an<l the preparation (d
standard specifications and by the systematic ollection cf statistics
on breakage and losses in transit. It is interestinu t(. n<dc in Ins
cimnection that the damage claims cf the railnmds lor the last
year due very largcdy to faulty shipping containers aggregated sone.'
ho million dollars.

Railroad cars have been large consumers of lumber in the past,
but like the wm)den sidewalk the all wocilen car is practically a
thing of the past. Both passenger and freight cars constructed
imrtiallv or wholly of steel have replace<l the all wood car^ The
-safety "first" propagan<la was probably the largest single infiuence
in bringing about this change. Orders for all wood cars which m
l<M»r> made up 80 per cent of the orders fm- all freight cars had
dropped to 5 per cent in lOU. In the case <d' passcmger cars avail-
able records indicate that only one wooden car was ordered m l.Hn

Furniture is one <»f the wood products in which all of us have
seen a considerable amount of substitution take place.

Both metal furniture and reed furniture are being used in in-
creasing quantities, especially metal office furnitufe. The increased
use of metal beds is also a familiar example of replacement, although
I believe that within the last few years there has been a reaction
in favor of wood. The production of metal furniture will increase
in the future if past tendencies indicate what to expect. The de
mand for furniture is, however, so large that wood is expected to
hold its own in quantity consumed even with the growing use ot sub
stitutes.

In the vehicle industry the factor which has lessened the demand
foi- wood is the automobile. The tremendous growth of the auto-
mobile industry has not only absorbed the normal increase in the
horse-drawn vehicle industry but has actually decreased its output.
In addition to the decreased production caused by the comi)etition
of automobiles, there has been an actual substitution <' ."J'^^^^i'VA^;;
such as steel and aluminum, for wood in horse-drawn velnc.es. \\u
automobile in its early days used an appreciable a numiit o wood
while the present day machine contains very little, probably not
more than 200 board feet per machine. However, in the matter
of spokes, for which the makers of many of the most ^'MHMis.ve ma-
chines consider nothing so satisfactory as hickory, great ^^i^ku tv
has been encountered in securing an adeo.uate supply of raw ma-
terial. Kcpresentatives of several of the larger companies have «M.me
to the Forest-^Service to find out whetluT there was any m<n-e h.ck.ny
and if so, where it was located or whether it would Ih> iH^cessary
for them to abandon their favorite tyi>e of hickory spoke wheel and
turn entirely to wire wheels or disk wheels.

The davs of the wooden ship have long Iummi ])ast, and tlie use
of wood as a structural material is now ponfined to coniparatiye.v
small vessels. During the war tlu' Fim-gency Fleet Corporation
carried through the building of a large number of woo-len vessels
to meet an c^iergency. The tomiage of woo.len vj.se s depv^isc^
approximately 50 per cent in the period from isso to KMl 1 i
continued use of woo<l for certain typ<'s of ships, sudi as small
coastwise freighters and small boats and als<> f(.r interior work o
certain kinds ^n steel ships, seems assured. ^'^^ ^^'r'''''^^^!^^
for wood in the larger vessels is an indication of future -^^!- '^ m.on
but it is not improbable that substitution has been carne<l neail>
to the limit in ship building as a whole.

Silos and windmills are two things in which wo<v;l »'^»^ '»^'*'"J;' ^!^
replaced bv concrete and metal. It is estimated from the a ailable
^ a \hat about 50 per cent of the silos arj built :>f ma er.a s oHu
than wood and that about 75 per cent of the windmills are bui
of steel.

tlier

It

The use of wood in both the tight and slack cooperage industries
has been held back hy substitutes. In the han.lling of oil the stee
tank car, the pipe line, the tank ship, the steel st(»rage tank, he
tank wagon, and the tin case have taken the place of a large number

56

of ti^ht barrels. Prohibition has cut deeply into a special use for
iinht^'cooperage. The glass bottle has also checked the consumption
ot- ^Urrbarrels. ItSs probable that some 6,000,000 tight barrels
have ])een replaced by otlier forms of containers. Slack cooperage
has a'nong its competitors the metal slack barrel, the veneer barrel
rotton. iiite and paper sacks, and the fiber box. The growing tend
<>ncv to market various food and other products in small containers
is 'responsible for considerable substituticm. Ease in handlmjj
cleanliness, and advertising value have all helped to push the small
nackaoe in place of the slack barrel. It is estimated from the data
available that the use of substitutes has cut down the manufacture
of slack barrels by about one-third of the average annual production.

More wood is used for fuel in the United States than for any other
one purpose. Coal, oil, gas, and electricity are in growing use as
substitutes, chieflv on account of their greater convenience and the
Lnowine scarcity ^jf wood. The most reliable estimates indicate a
falling off of more tlian 50 i>er cent or some 50,000,000 cords a year
in thc^isf' of firewood since 1880. This reduction is equivalent to
15,000,0l'0,000 board feet or nearly one-half the present lumber cut.

Wooden stave pipe is a product that is coming into increasing
use for conveying municipal water supplies for long distances, espe
eiUlv r\ the West. There is apparently a definite field for wooden
water pipe, and a growing consumption of wood for this purpose
may be expected.

Pavin«' blocks of wood have been in use for a long time Few

were Ireated with a preservative up to 15 or 20 years ago and decay

was quite rapid. The treated blocks were a great improvement,

' and their use increased quite rapidly up to 1911. Since then it has

fallen off over 50 per cent due at least in part to competing materials

The uso of wood in such miscellaneous articles as pails, tubs, ag-
ricultural implements, chairs, and kitchen cabinets has been con
iiderablv re<luced by the substituthu of other material (. i van.zecl
iron pails and tubs are used almo.st entirely instead of ^'"''^'^
wood The wooden kitchen cabinet has an active riv .1 m the steel
cabinet. A large number of agricultural implements show a decreas-
ing proportion of wood in their construction.

The third class of materials discusse<l in this paper includes woo^l-
pulp and chemical products.

The aniuial pulpwood cimsnmption of the miled States has in
J^JZin it L reached a total of ovoi^^OOO 000 cord. he
field of ^nilp and paper products ap])ears to be unlimited. iM mg
r^ent v-^i^ fabr cs^ rugs, artificial silks, twine, rope. et.. have

^rsu^c^fuiiy put on L market. While -"^^-^ ;;;;;;;;;[:; Jj-;:

been made to substitute other materials ^f ;^'«^''\ " V^: !^^^^^^^^

of D-iTx^r nothiiv' has so far been found to satisfactoi Iv take its

;:!ace!"nd i^ "^Mbtful if Pn^hing ever will be. The growing

57

shortage of pulpwood has brought home to pulp and paper men
the precarious situation of their industry in the regions of its de-
velopment and the realization that the industry is absolutely de
pendent on the failing timber supplies.

To sum up the situation, the replacement of lumber alone by sub
stitute materials, such as cement and steel, has reached the tre-
mendous annual total of over 8,000,000,000 board feet, about one
quarter of the lumber cut. In spite, however, of the wide and in-
creasing use of substitutes for wood, the United States is rapidly
approaching the condition of many European countries in which
lumber is an imported luxury. Fifteen years ago the consumption
of lumber for each person in the United States was about 516 board
feet ; six years ago it was about 375 board feet ; now it is only 312.
In France the lumber consumption for each person is the small
amount (»f 50 board feet.

The substitution of other materials for wood has come about
largely because of the increasing scarcity and consequent higher
prices of wood, and, also, because for certain purposes changing
conditions have made other materials more satisfactory than wood.
The so-called skyscraper is made possible only by the use of steel
instead of wood for structural purposes.

The scarcity and high price of lumber has been a serious handi-
cap in making up the shortage of homes, and the output of many
industries dependent on wood for their raw material has been cur
tailed. If the per capita consumption of wood in this country is
reduced below a certain minimum, a lowering of the standards of
living will result. There will be not only a readjustment of many
indusiries, but also a distinct check in the development of the
country.

The use of substitutes has undoubtedly lessened the drain on the
forests. Substitution, however, has sometimes been merely the re-
placement of some of the more valuable species of wood by others
generally less satisfactory. In some instances substitution has simp-
fy meant the replacement of lumber in one form by wood in another
form, a good example being the use of the fiber box for the wooden
box.

Whatever service the use of substitutes for wood is rendering
in view of the incipient timber shortage, the problem can not be
solved in that way. The public is more than ever concerned that
provision should be made for caring for the remaining forests of
the country, for growing new forests, and for obtaining the most
efficient use of wood in all the industries that employ it.

59

•>

THE FOREST ANU THE MINE

by
BEX.TAMIX J[. ri>Al{K.

Mr CUainiu.n, I^uli*-s and (ientleineii: T am here twlay in i-e-
sponse t an in itation extended by our worthy (5,.vern„r to d.s-
Tss the. -elation of the forest to tlie n.ine. My experience .n eon-
HcHo w the mining industry of the State has been entirely
conHned to that of bituminous coal mining and n>y conunents « .11
l,e Hiictly co..tined to that particular industry.

I have been specially i-equested to confi.ie my .e.narks to the fol
lowing propositions:

1. Demand for wood or timber i.i the coal .ni.iing in.lust.y.

Present and fut..i-e supply.
''. What portion of the demaml can be fur.iished within our own
Stale boundaries and what from without.'

4 How many years will the supply be available a.ul to what
source shall we f...'.. when our State's sui^ply .s exba.-ste.l.

\„«werina these propositions generally, the coal ..lining ind..st . y
Answcni^t tiiLst 1 I b manufactured sawed lumber

T-U SV ies op ...i..e caps, sprags, rollers a.ul cross bars
'n.e at s..^Mlv^>. tl^eearlv years' of the mi..ing indust.y was eas ly
iln^blHit^in the counties i.i «,'"f /he coal m.ues --e K-.. 1.

The present supply ««;H-;;- -;>,,!; "l^:,.';': . ' .d bill lu-u.ber

l;::: i:::;; ;a3vT.":i:.iu:"^:uis::i'e'or';;;e state. i>H-M>n...v f-. ;-;<;
'r-tfrern sta'ies, while ties v^v^^^ .:^^':,t:'.^^:x:^:tx

lKH.m secu.-etl fro.u w.th.n the State •<'•'*_■' ' l^' ,Vne The future
,hr.-e hundred miles fro.u the l<"^"tion '^^^ .•^" ^;,,.;^ j,,^ ,„,,..

ilwsrn ";Ls::':;ir;Sn;T: = -

<»f the W(K»d users of the (\>inni<>n wealth.

SpeaUing pa.-ticular.v offe wester., l^^:^^^^^'^
rather from the center of the State *«' t^V^^^^^;^ 'i.uher that nee

58

V he SCO »n(l jrrowtli supply which will necessarily force the consumer in
the mining industry to the southern and far western States for a
luture supply unless tlie individual consumer provides ways and
means of taking care of himself, or the great rommonwealth of Penn-
sylvania through its Forestry Department reforests the many thou-
sands of acres of was.te lands in the State of Pennsylvania, provided
no substitute can Ik^ found to take the idace of timber at a reasonable
oi.st to the consumer.

It may i>ot be amiss or out of place to review the personal exper-
ience of the Rochester & Pittsburgh (/oal .S: Iron (%>mpany with which
I am connected which has l>een engaged in the active mining of bit-
uminous coal for the past forty years in the counties of Clearfield,
Jefferson, Armstrong and Indiana. This review will produce pert-
inent facts on the subject nuitter that we are now discussing. In the
early days of this company's operations, say in the years 1<SJS1 and for
(ujite a few years fcdlowing, not cmly in the counties in which the
mines were *locate<l but in adjoining counties tract after tract of
white pine, hemlock, oak and other hardwood tind)ers covered acre
alter acre I can well remend)er the day when our company would
not think of using anv other kind of timber for its purposes other than
white pine. Hemlock, oak and other hardwoods were cut from the
ground and burned to make room for tipple, town and railroad sites.
The waste of these last mentioned woods was extravagant or even
. riminal This was carrie<l on until white pine became scarce and we
were forced to use other woods such as hemlock, chestnut and oak.
I have seen hemlock timber in tlie State of Pennsylvania advance
from $2 and P and P an acre to flOO and $150 an acre and tojlay
it is practically all gone. The hardwoods have likewise advan(;ed in
value and have almost entirely disappeared in so far as virgin timl>er
is concerned.

Within our own organizati(m we have discussed time and time again
ih' future supply of timlH-r for mining operaticms. At the conclu-
sion of each disi-ussion we all agreed that the day was rapidly ap-
prc»aching when we would be without suffiicient timl>er supply in the
State <»f Pennsylvania at least at convenient points to our mining
operations an<l that we wpuld have to resort to substitutes or procure
a supply from distant lands. All of which meant a considemble
incrJiise^n the cost of producing a ton of coal We resohe.l time
and time again to take action to ]»ronMt our interests on this i>oint
and many times the resolution through rush of business interests was
forgotten. We tinally, however, got into action. \\ e not only ^''^^
<Mn future limber supply rapidly disappearing but a wonderful degree
of waste in the manufacture of our timber supply by tlu^se from whmn
we purchased. We started in iu>t only to protect nur supply for the
tuture but to eJiminate the waste in the production of the same.

We first secured a man who had years of exi>erience in the manu-
facture of wood, a builder and designer, experienced in tbe construc^t^
ion and operation «»f mill plants, modern ideas in tbe elimination of
waste and above everything else of keen executive ability along these
lines, m addition to that we employed expert^ woodsmeii ^,^0 kne^^
how to cut aown and transport timber trees from the lands to the

60

mUls in up-to-date modern nietliods, who knew how to estimate and
ficrure the value of timber from any and every staudpomt. From these
two central points we built up strong organizations that covered
everything from the selection and purchase of the timber to the log-
gin?, transportation and manufacture of the same and today have
loggin" equipment, transportation equipment and mill equipment that
we do not believe can be excelled in the State of Pennsylvania or any
other State. We use every part of the tree, the saw dust, the limbs,
b'lrk and trunk. We log with motoi-s, we transport our logs with
t^mroads railroads aiul auto trucks. Our mills are operated with
electricity We use the limbs of trees to make sprags, trolley poles,
wire guards and various sized rollers. We take crooked sticks and
manufacture them into straight sticks, and carry the entire proposi-
tion on at a very low cost of production.

We first started out in the procurement of a supply of timber lands
in purchasing timber within the counties in which our mines were lo-
,ated These tracts thus purchased were not only scattered through-
mt the rSon but were liot of large acreage. We finally realized
that the loeical course to pursue was to purchase a lai-ge acreage of
coriti^ifoiis'thnber land if'it could te found We Anally succeeded
ill buvine about 15,000 acres of timber land in Center and Clinton
('onntiesVhich practically consist of one soli* tract of land being
well located with reference to streams and public highways. Uu.
nteiests figure that it possibly will be ten to fifteen years before we
start to oi^rate this timber. In the meantime we propose to take
the best of care of it by placing care takers upon the premises
iffldent to protect the property against fires. We do not propose
to shut the public out from fishing and hunting expeditions on these
ands bu w^ll permit the use of the lands for these l>un>os^ 'vnder
L strictest regulations =xs to prohibiting the destruction of timbei
bv ftre or otherwise. We expect to frequently counsel with the htate
l(,rL7try Department, seeking advice as to the care and preservat.o
of the property and in the promotion of the growth ot tunber A\ .
exiLct through the aid, advice and science ot the Forestry Department
of ^The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania that when we Anish emitting
the last of this timber that we will be ready to start to cut tl e next
growth which should be far enough along at the points we hrst start-
edTo cut to furnish us timber equally as good as now stau.ls ou the
I ract.

We keep accurate figures on our consumption ot timber. I>>"'i»S
the li^riod from April 1. 1920 to April 1, 1921 we used in «awed and
.mnEured lu.nber 2,812,501 feet; ties 304,900; Prop« ^/^ » «
feet in length 1,152,C7C; mine caps 616,935; ^P^^iS^ ^^f .^l"! " ^i^/,
rollers 4 1& Figuring the same at current pnces the value of tins
prduction consumed was 1333,311.92. The mining region in whic

•e are located is designated as the Central ^^^^^y^y^'f^^^f^F,^^
which includes the counties of Center, Blair, Cambria, Elk, Jetfeison

ndLna, ClZn, Armstrong and Clearfield. These counties produce
approximately 60,000,000 tons of coal annually, of which dur ng the
past year our interests produced about one-tenth. Asstim.ng that
other mining companies consumed about the same amount oj timber
as our interests do, the total consumption by the mining industry

61

in these counties will readily be shown by multiplying the figures
given as to our own consumption by ten which would mean in figures
as follows:

Sawed lumber 28,125,010 feet,

Ties 3,049,000 "

Props';; 11,526,760 "

Mine Caps 61,169,350 "

Sprags 45,500 "

Mine Hollers 41 ,;)M)

with a total value in dollars and cents at current prices of |3,;i;5a,Un.
2() In addition to this consumption should be added the consump-
tion of timber in the counties of Westmoreland, Somerset, Fayette,
Allegheny, Washington, Butler, Mercer and part of Lawrence. With
out having definite figures to make a computation I believe it would
be safe in saying that the figures produced for the Central Pennsyl-
vania District would be doubled by the consumption in the counties
las.t above named.

l^i^riiring on our past years' record, we produced 5.5 tons of coal
per mine prop, 2 tons of ccal per tie, .2 of a ton of coal per board
leet sawed timber and I ton of coal per mine cap. Our total con-
sumption last year amounted to about 20 million feet.

We saved nearlv sufficient waste to pay for sawing. On this i»ar
ticular tract there was about 30 acres in timber which cut as fol-
lows :

203,000 ft. saw timber of which 80,000 ft. cut into miiu' car lumber
al a value of fGO.OO per thousand on cars.

123,000 ft. cut into brattice boards, mine ties and cross bars at
a value of |30.00 per thousand on cars.

After this timber was taken out we cut into the tops and braiu-hos
of trees and secured, —

33 (j^)0_;V/l and 4 ft. proi)s, N'alue on Citrs, • *-'*'*;^L^l!JJ

250— motor ties, \'alue on cars, v»nVnn

5 200— Dogwood sprags. Value on cars, T, -a(»i»

300— TroUey Poles, Value on cars, -; ^^

1^200— Mine Rollers, Value on cars, ^''^-

|3,r>77..'0

Our aim has been to conserve and during the year we have in
stalled in our plant a trolley pole machine with which we tuni a
♦ rollev poles used at the mines, using mostly waste strips ot timbei
that will cut out 3" X 3- X 0 ft. We also installed an autoinatic
lathe with which we turn sprags out of waste timber that will cut
oi '" X 2^4'' X 18" and mine rollers out of v>aste timl»er wliicli wui
cut ir X 0" X 18". Rollers and sprags are turned mostly out of
short sections of timber which are too crooked to cut into tind)er
requiring long lengths. Bide strips and edgings are ripi>ed into and

62

resawed into //' X 4" for guard boards, used to guard electric
lines in mines. Slabs and short waste lumber are cut into mine caps
using pieces down to T' X 4" X 12". Sawdust and other small
otfal are used to tire boiler for drying lumber and heating plant
during winter months.

Taking the number of pieces used in mine cai>s and props and ties
and reducing it to feet, it means that we used last year in the
neighborhood of 20,000,000 feet of lumber, and it was not a normal
vear; we did no particular house building last year. I would say
Irom' these tigui-es that on a basis of ten million tons capacity that
our consumption would run fiH>m thirty to thirty-five million feet
of lumber in a year. We have the timber land ; you have our theory
an<l our policy. The ((uestion and problem is, can it work out along
the lines that we have outlined? We are deeply interested in the
])revcnTiori of fire. We have on this timber tract care-takers. This
lime of vear we add considerable men. We try to cultivate a good
I'.vling in the neighborhood; Ave permit i)eople to hunt and fish on
this land, but everyone under a strict permit and strict regulations
as t(» fire. Bv reason of these conditions, by reason of the treatment
of the people that live in the vicinity along the lines that they are
being Iroated. there is much interest in protecting that forest re-
serve up there as a rule, and they do care. I believe that our esti-
mate of burnt over territory on that tract of timber is only thirty
acres in timber that has been growing there from twenty to twenty
five years, which shows pretty good care of it.

THE MODEKN TREND OF WOOD rOXSUMPTIOX

bv

OVID M. BrT]>EU.

Mr. Chairman and Ladies and (leutlemen: Since listening to the
many interesting papers that have been given here, I have been
Bomewhal pnz7.1ed as to just what Mr. Pinchot had in mind when
he asked jne to speak on "The Modern Trend of Wood (\)nsumption."
It seems to me that every paper which has been read here might
well have had that title. If I rightly conceived what he had in
mind, it was the present day tendency in wood utilization, and the
thoughts I have to present are based on that general premise. Much
has been said here about the consumption of wood, but this con-
ference has not begun to bring out the extent to which wood enters
our social and industrial lives. Vou gentlemen have been thinking
largely in terms of raw wood ; that is only one phase of the whole
wood utilization problem.

From time to time, oi)timistic in<lividuals in apparent ert'orts to
leaven the forest problem, advance the argument that our consump-
tion of lumber is on the decline. They point to the tact that a
number of years ago our per capita consumi>tion was around 500
board feet annually, whereas today it is about aoo feet. From this
we are expected to ccmclude that in the course of a generation or
two. the average American citizen will have arrived unsuspectingly
and painlessly at the woodless age.

It must be apparent to any one who has given the std>ject m\ich
thought that the per capita consumption of lumber is not a tru<»
index of the trend of wood consumption in this country. Not only
is our population increasing rapidly but our knowledge of wood
is gradually expanding our use of the forests to products other than
lumber Through that knowledge we are gradually coming to a new
conception and a new appraisement of forests and their values.
We are coming more and more to look upon the forest, not as po^
tential wood pile, from which you and I as average American citi
zens use 3(M) feet of boards annually, but as a cupboard to which we
may turn for a great variety of products essential to our prosperity
and well being.

In this cupboard we have already discovered, in ad<liti<»n to lumber
and other forms of raw wood, such products as wo«mI alcohol, ethyl
alcohol, acetic acid, turpentine, r<»sin, charcoal, pulp and paper
Kun T>owder, pine tar, tannic acid, balsam, storax. ajid a number of
mor*^ minor products. It is somewhat of a surprise t,. many i>eople
to be told that after some 40 centuries of wood using civilization,
wood as an organic material is as yet little understt»od. ^^ hat ad
diri(»nal values lie c<mcealed in its structure, we do not know. I he

h;^

64

chemistry of wood cellulose has been little studied and remains a
secret When we consider the products which the forest now pro-
vides we are apt to be over-awed with admiration, but it is my
iudgment that we are merely at the threshold of knowledge with
respect to the products which ultimately will be derived from wood.

Mrs. Dibert told you last night about the extent that wood enters
the home. I suspect that wood is in Mrs. Dibert s home and the
liome of everyone here in many ways that they do not know any-
thing about. She mentioned the Victrola, which is made of wood
nnd comes in a wooden box, but she did not mention the records
which produce the music ; they are sixty per cent, wood ; she did not
niontion the linoleum on the floor ; she did not mention the turpen
tine in the paint on the outside of the house, or the rosin that is
ill Ihe washing soap, and so on and so on.

This trend in our wood consumption towards the conversion of
wood into more diversified products is, in a measure, limited by
our knowledge of wood and its properties. It is obvious that we
could not have obtained a high grade of grain alcohol from wood
without first learning that the wood of certain species is convert-
ible into sugars which can be extracted and fermented Therefore,
the more we know about our different woods, the greater the possi-
bilities of finding new uses for them and new values m them. Kj
wav of further illustration, let me cite an oxpernnent now under
waV by the Forest Service at Madison, showing liow one discovery
may lead to another and thus extend the value of wood to a new and
unlispecting element of our population. By a inod.iication of the
proces^s by which a certain percentage of the wood ,s converted into
migar, a 'cattle food preparation was made from ^vl^1e pine saw^
dii^t and a carefully recorded feeding trial was cndncted by the
Wisconsin College of Agriculture. A small herd of na.ry cows was
selected and the preparation was fcMl for several ^^-f ^^j'^ P;;^;^.;:^
a standard ration. The results in terms of milk production, butier
fat and weight of the animals, were so surprisingly gratifying both
to the cows and the scientists that the feeding expenmont is now
being repeated in order to prove that figures do not lie. Tf, m this
particular case, they do not, there is no reason why practically
all of our less resinous conifers are not suitable for the product.

I wonld like to bring to your attention another direction in whicli
this scientific trend of wood consumption, if T may so term it, is
taking us and is influencing our wood consumption. Twenty years
ngo, the fibre box was not much in evidence but during the inter
veiling years that industry has doubled itself every five years until
today it is consuming 2,300,000 tons of pulp, most of which origin-
ally'came from the forest. About 80 per cent of those boxes are
made out of old waste papers repulped and manufactured into paper
board. You can readily appreciate how a process of that character
tends to relieve the annual drain upon our standing timber. Con-
sider in this same connection, the extent to which a process which
will successfully de ink newsprint paper so it may be reused as

65

newsprint, will relieve the drain upon the forest. The discovery of
such a process is, I believe, only a question of time.

Our dependency upon the forest as a source of paper and the
scores of articles made out of wood-pulp is only too well known.
Eighty per cent of our wood-pulp production is drawn from species
which make only three per cent of our standing timber. We must
and we are learning how to use other species of wood for paper,
species of which the supply is greater. Within the past six months,
the Forest Service has worked out a modified sulphate process where-
by the Southern pines, which at the present time are successfully
pulped only for kraft \\Tapping paper, can be commercially manu-
factured into high grade book paper. Developments of that chai-ac-
ter have direct and important application in the solution of the
forest problem. They tend to alleviate the ellects of species and
. regional depletion by making available new species and new regions
as a source of supply.

That is, with the better use of the forest we have left, it is my
belief that it is possible, with the information we now have avail-
able, to reduce the drain upon the forest from 25% to 33% if we
will only learn how to use that information. That is an illustration
right there, the process which made it possible to use old newspapers.
The question was ask yesterday about the re-use of newspapers.
That is one way in which it has already been re-used. Men are working
on a process to treat old newspapers in a way by which they can
be reused for newspaper. That is not now possible, but I believe
it is only a question of a short time until it will be possible. Such
a process will relieve a big drain upon the forest. But we
bear in mind that while these processes tend to relieve the dram,
they do not make wood less important.

A threat deal has been said about boxes. 1 would like to illustrate
in tlfis connection. During the last two years the Forest Service
ha^ extended its studies of wood. We established a large revolving
drum, so that when a box was put in there and the drum was
started the box was given a treatment very similar to what it would
<ret in actual handling when being shipped on railroads. One-fifth
of the lumber cut annually goes into boxes, and it is the object ol
those tests to develop the best for a given purpose. As you know,
there are all kinds of boxes; different designs made according to
difterent ideas, but I do not think anybody who knows very much
about the subject will today say that he knows which is the best box
for a given purpose. There are many who think they do. For ex
;nin.le, we made a survey of the methods by which automobile man
ufacturers in this country crate their machines for export shipmoii .
We found that every manufacturer had a different method of crat
ing his automobiles and each declared that his was the best. There
was no common standard. The crating was largely left to a head
carpenter. They all thought they had the best method of crating
automobiles; in other words, in this one city 1 think we found
twelve "best methods" of crating automobiles.

66

Thev simplify the forester's problem of producing new timber for
special products by enabling him to select for planting or regener-
ation fast-growing species where slow-growing species are now being
used.

ki the past ten years we have accpiired more scientific knowledge
about our different species of wood then in the whole 'MX) years pre-
ceding That has supplied the underlying stimulus to another trend
in wood consumption, namely, the more economical use of raw wood
in its manufacture into finished articles or their parts. There is
available today a great mass of accurate information cm the mechan
ical and physical properties of our many dilVereiit species of wood,
which was not available ten or fifteen years ago. Such information
is opening the door to more exact utilization, based upon the require-
ments of use and the properties of the species. Wood using tradi-
tion has done many a good species an injustice but happily the t^n
dency of research is to rc^luce tradition and custom to a chart of
accurate facts.

There is an imiK)rtant element of this trend which 1 should like
to emphasize because it is the most encouraging thing in our whole
wood using world. A decade ago, it was ditficult to interest the manu-
facture of wood in what may be called -technical knowledge'', that
is, exact and reliable knowledge ba«ed upon scientific studies of
wood. The manufacturer's yard stick of standards, probably since
tree growth began, has been "practical knowledge", that is, know
hMJge baKed upon experience, rule of-thumb methods, and customs,
often passed down from one generation to another. It was exceed-
ingly difficult and usuallv impossible to sell him the scientific view-
pohit and one of the greatest obstacles with which the pioneers in
wood research were confronted was to get the results of their labors
put into use.

Today conditions are changing. Progressive manufacturers are
not only seeking technical knowledge but they are employing tech
nical nu-n and educating their responsible employes along technical
wood lines. For exajnple, the Forest Products Laboratory, during
the last year or two, has been giving periodic ten-day courses of in
St ruction in kiln drying lumber and in Ik»x construction, H»P<>s»»f
a co-operative fee of$im and ^UnK respectively, per man. Over 200
men have been sent by their employers to attend these courst^
IJepresenting almost 40 different industries, they have come from oO
different States stretching from Maine to Hawaii. Such a thing as
ten or twelve hnrd headed factory superintendents gathered alnuit
a table in a laboratory studying wood, would have beiMi not only
impossible but dangenms ten or fifteen years ago.

There are nianv (.tl.er evidences that throuohont tlie whole wood us-
inir industrv the trend is towards a l>etter knowledgeof the properties
f f wood Slanv of the wofwl usincr industriev, which a few years ago
(M>uld not have raised a svmpathetic word for research are today
contributing actual cai^h in order to have their wood problems studi-
ed in the laboratory bv trained research workers. Tlie idea that m
•I iKt ler knowledge of the material with which you w(»rk, you can more
econnmicallv convert that material into finished pnnlucts, is getting

67

across. Industry is beginning to recognize that that idea put to
use carries great'possibilities for saving money and for saving timl>er.

I wouhl like to cite several illustrations of how it works. During
the last two vears the Forest Service, at Madison, has extended its
studies to the utilization of wood for boxes or shipping containers.
A box may not appeal to you as a work of art or a i>articnlarly neces-
sary article in our body' ])olitic. I doubt, however, if there is any ,
other single wav in which wood serves more pe(v])le in tliis counti^'
than in the form of a Im>x. Almost evervtliing we eat ami wear,
most of (mr furniture, and the innumerable j.rticles we h\:\ from the
retail stores, have been transported in a box of mme kind. Of the
total amount of hnnber which we consume annually, it is estimated
that almost <me fifth is used for boxes. They are made in inany
different forms with many different designs. Each box is like a
c u;in— as strong as its weakest link. When a box fails in transit,
t lere is a loss which must be chari^ed off. Every year the railroads
•mv for loss and damage claims on goods shi])ped over J?iOO.OOO,(M)0.
f/f* course, the public eventually pays the bill.

Custom has had a strong ludd upon the box maker. When the
Foves^ Service first began to test boxes to determine the iK'st way to
make a box for a given purpose it was not uncommon to hear the as-
sei ticm that this box or that box could not be improve<l upon. ( us
toms work in many peculiar and diverse ways. For example, we
just recently tested some of the standard boxt^, whicii bring you .
vour breakfast apples fnmi a far distant part of the country. \im
niav have noticed that apple and orange boxes are usually packed
s(, 'that thei-e is a decided bulge in the sides. The purpose «.f the
bulge is mainly psvcludogical. It is to make the purchaser teel that
he is getting good measure for his money. When these boxes were
tev^ted the bulge in the si<les was found to be the weak link and the
nrinciiKil source of bi-eakage and loss in shipment, but when it was
sn. -piled to the makers that the bulge be reduced, they tl.rexv up
th^ir lian<ls and maintained that it would ruin their business.

A irreat many boxes use<l for widely (lifierent purposes have been
snbjected t(, thVse scientific tests and with few exceptions. V has
iK^en shown that by certain modificati<»ns and changes ,n design t

s possible to constVuct better boxes with a deeded saving lu luniher.
A representative of the National Association of Hox Manufacturers
w, :iis lK.n following this testing work ^^^y^^'-^.^^;^:^^
the conclusion that by the development o balanced » <^^ J^ "^^^

,un it is Dossible to reduce bv 2r> per cent the amount of lumbei n(»N>
S.^ i:UcnH>xes and ni the'same tin.c make luster lH>xes than a^
piesent. Still further savings are pos.sible w. 1. no lossin the f^

:;ncy >f the box by deveh.ping balanced cons ruction of wood and
wire 'strapping. Such Ihlxcs permit the use of thinner lumber.

Vs another illustration let us take the use of forests t(»r railroad
ties ^^Lntelv 120,000,0(H) ties are used annually by our ra^b
r' d amfe'ec ic lines. Since this wood is used in ..m tact with tbe
I i it i^ esi ec allv subject to decay unless treate<l with pndec ive pre-
Be^^ v^ ^t he p4ent time about 28 per cent of the ties used

{iiinuallv are treated and their average life is about 15 years, wheroaii
that ot'the iiutreated tie is only about 7y^ years. The wood pre
serving' industry has made rapid progress in the last decade in
developing better methods of treating limber and uith the
Ivuowledge now available it would he possible to save almost two
billion board feet of timber annually if all railway ties were properly
treated. If that statement is extended to include other forms of
lumber such as poles, pos.ts, piles, mine props, and shingles used under
conditions subject to decay the annual saving would he more than
double.

Taking still another example; the seasoning of lumber after it has
been cut. There are large aggregate losses in both air seasoning
and in kiln drying and the gradual accumulation of knowledge as
to how to extract the moisture from wood, is stimulating a trend
towards better methods of drying and consequent savings of wood.
It is not the part of wisdom estimate the saving possible in this
iield. We know too little about it. Why one wood seasons
easily and another very difficultly is as yet unexplained. We merely
know that to get the best results we must consider each species as
a problem of its own. After all, our tree specices are much like
children. One, you can rule with a rod and get effective results
(piickly, another you must humor and nurse very carefully and scienti-
tically and arrive at your object slowly. There is gradually being
built' up and put into practice standard methods of drying applic-
able to the different important species. That means lumber saved.

How, vou may possibly ask, does this trend in wood consumption
figure in the forest problem of any State? I think you will agree
that the two big issues for State and nation to consider are, first,
t(» provide a permanent forest pj'incipal, and second, to make the
forests still remaining last as long as possible by applying the most
economical methods of utilization. It has been said that a forest
saved is a forest grown and T do not need to call to your minds the
time it requires to grow a forest. We have estimated that if full
use were made of the information now available our annual cut could
be reduced alxmt onethird. That is equivalent to raising approxi-
mately ten billion feet on a one year ix)tati(m. It wcmld save a
year's%ui)ply for the whole nation every fourth year.

I have said that the trend is towards better utilization. Now a
ii'( lid is defined as an inclination in a given direction, and one might
justly be accused of exaggeration if he described the situation as
riiore than a trend. The great neefl, from the standpoint of conserv-
ing the timber we still have, is to educate the men who convert forests
into commercial products and the people who demand those products,
in the science of more economical utilization. In the past and at
the present time this work has largely devolved upon the national
govcmment. There are few. if any, States which have as a part of
thiii- forest departments, an organization whose single purpose is
to promote better utilization throughout the wood using industry
of the State or to act as a clearing house for these industries, of
technical information resulting from research now in progress. The
held of service is a big one. It is loaded with immediate possibili-

69 *

ties for keeping up a forest principal within the State and for reduc-
ing imports of lumber from distant regions at high freight rates.

A Commonwealth like the great State of Pennsylvania can well
consider the establishment, as a part of its forest department, of
an office of forest utilization. The object of this office need not be
restricted merely to promoting in an educational way more economic
utilization of the forests and their products. It can render assis-
tance of great public value by studying the wood using problems
of the State and by bringing to bear upon them the best thought and
information of the day. With a growing sentiment in favor of closer
and more exact use of wood, I believe that it is to the interest of every
State and of the nation as a whole, to make the most of it.

71

SECOND 1>AY— AFTERNOON SESSION.

April 14, 1921.

Mr. PTNCMIOT: Ladies and r^oiitleuieu, the meeting will please
eoine to order. The Committee on Kesolntions, I nnderstand, is
ready to report.

KEI'OKT OF THE KESOJ.UTIOXS COMMITTEE.

Mr. CLARK. CHAIRMAN: Mr. Chairman, the Committee
on Resolutions beg leave to make the following reimrt; in fact, we
have two or three reiM>rts to make and I will take them up in sections.

WHEREAS, the State of Pennsylvania, one first among the
lumber producing States, is now deforested and unable to supply
more than one ftfth of ihe lumber without which her people cannot
earn their living; and

WHEREAS, the supplies of lumlK-r from beyond her own iKUinda
rieB upon which Pennsylvania now depends are on the verge of ex-
haustion ; and

WHEREAS, wood is the most generally ustnl of all materials ; and

WHEREAS, an ample sui»ply of wood is essential not only to the
prosperity but to the very existence of agriculture, industry, trans-
portation, business in all its branches; and defence of the State.

WHEREAS, the tirst staiz:es of the coming shortage of lumber
have already made their presence felt; and

WHEREAS, Pennsylvania has land enough, unfit for agriculture
and now idle, to grow the timber this Commonwealth must have
or fail ; be it

RESOLVED, that this Conference of Wo(
people and the I.egislatnre of Pennsylvania
pressing necessity, in the interest of industry,
tion, defence of the State, and its peo])le, for
against fire, for the acquisition of additional
for whatever other measures may he required
with the least possible delay the forest lands

70

id-lsers urges upon the
the absolute and most
agriculture, transporta
the [U'otection of forests
State Forest lands ; and
to restore to pro<hictfon
of Pennsylvania.

AND, RESOLVED, that this Conference emphatically joins in th<?
demand of the Pennsylvania State Chaml>er of Commerce that this
Legislature appropriate not less than one million dollars for the pre-
vention and extinction of forest fires, and such other sums as may
be necessary to carrA' out the wise and statesmanlike plan of Governor
Sproul for the restoration of Penn's Woods.

AND, RESOLVED, FURTHER, that a copy of this resolution Ik-
placed in the hands of the ( Governor, the heads of the State Depart
ments, and of every member of the Pennsylvania Legislature.

WHEREAS, the Conference of Wood Csi^rs assemblcnl at the State
Capitol an April l.'Uh and Uth, H)21, at the invitation of (lovernor
Si»roul, realizing the value of the experience, service, ability and
enthusiasm of the present <\)mmissioner of Forestry, think it em-
inently fit and proper that it be resolved.

First, That this Ccmference extend to the Honorable (lifioni Pinchot
its thanks and appreciation for the valuable service he is rendering
to the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, and congratulate the Honor
able William C. Sproul, (lovernor, for his vvisdom and loresight in
the selection of a man of the knowledge, experience, energy, type and
character of the present Commissioner of Forestry, and tliat we oifer
to the (lovernor and (N)mmis.sioner of Forestry our hearty co opera
lion and support.

Second That this conference recommend to the Governor, the Com-
missioner of Insurance and the Commissioner of Forestry to take up
and consider wavs and means (►f proriding insurance against the
destruction and loss of growing timber by tire and otherwise, ^ylth the
hope that some feasible plans can be devolved to further develop and
encourage the reforestation of the waste lands of Pennsylvania.

WHEREAS — The Confei-ence of Pennsylvania Wood I'Sers, as-
sembled in the State C^apitol, Harrisburg, Pa., on April 13 and 1*
having lieen made acquainted through talks given with the splendid
service the Boy Scouts are rendering in the extinction and prevention
of forest fires. '

BE IT RESOLN'ED— That this Conference extend to th("in, through
Mr Pinchot, State Commissioner of Forestry, our thanks and ap-
preciation for their service, interest and co-operation in helping to
preserve Penn's Woods.

IT WAS MOVED, SECONDED AND CARRIED,

that the Resolutions be adopted as n'ad.

73

1

THE FOREST AND LABOR.

by

JOHN A. PIITLLTPS.

The lumber industry is one of the ranking industries of the country.
Next to agriculture, it is the largest industry that depends for its
operation on the product of the land — timber. There are some 800,-
000 wage earners engaged in converting the forests of this country
into lumber and other forest products. Of this, some 150,000 to 175,-
000 men, are working in the woods, in cutting down trees and getting
out logs to the mill. These are the lumber jacks, the heroes of
many a song typified in the mythical lumber jack, Paul Bunyan.
Tt is their hrsLWiL and sweat that helped to hew onr great republic
out of a forest wilderness. Their life, workmanship, and their welfare
are closely bound up with the destinies of our timber lands.

The lumber industry passed over this country from ocean to ocean
in a series of waves. Tt originated in Maine, moved to Pennsylvania
and Michigan in the 70's, completed its highest development in the
T>ake States in the 90's, and is now at its peak in the Southeast.
There it will be exhausted in a few decades, and will then center on
the Pacific Coast. As a rule, it has not left permanent communities
in its wake, unless the land was exceptionally snited to agriculture.
Each successive chapter in the history of the lumber industry has been
a story of depletion and migration. In the 60's the State of Pennsyl-
vania led in the production of lumber, and now one city district con-
sumes more than the total lumber cut of the State. Dreary wastes,
dismantled sawmills, and deserted towns are now the only depressing
reminders of the day when Pennsylvania supplied the markets of a
large portion of the' eastern United States. The industry has been,
and still is, conducted as a type of mining. A ^valley or logging unit
is worked out and then the operation shifts to another location. In
this way, one valley after another has been cleared of timber, and left
empty and desolate. One region after another has been depleted of
its forest wealth. Such destruction of our timber lands deeply af-
fected the lumber worker. It shrunk his opportunities for permanent
employment. In the early 70's there were in Pennsylvania close to
18,000^ lumber workers; today there are not more than half that
number, and that is mostly working in the mills on timber imported
from other States.

Destructive lumbering has turned the lumber jack into a migratory
laborer, a "blanket stiff/' a "timber wolf,'' going from camp to camp
seeking a better job. One reason why the lumber workers are migra-
tory is because the lumber industry is migratory. Since the lumber
jack must live in camp, and a man with a family is excluded as a

72

worker, the lumber indiustry is an industry of homeless men. The
ill effects of forest devastation, upon the consumers and the country
at large, have long been dwelt upon, yet the inevitable effects U]:K)n the
worker involved have hardly been nienticmed. The conditions siur-
rtmnding these men liave however, received national attention during
the pa-st two years, (m account of the strategic industrial importance
of lumber operations in the conduct of the war. Tliese conditions
were made the subject, in part, of investigations conducted in 1017 by
the President's Mediation romniission, of which the Secretary of
Labor was chairman. This investigation showed that about Oil ])er
cent of the lumber jacks were unmarrie<l, and that the annual labor
turn-over in the lumber camps was over 6<M) per cent. "TIkmc has
been a failure," tlie report stated, "to make these camps communities.
It is not to be wondered, then, that in too nuiny of these workers,
tlie instinct of workmanship is impaired. They are, or rather have
been made, disintegrating forces in society." Largely as the result
of the destructive lumbering as is now carried on in this country,
the better class of labor, which was unwilling to raise families in
temporary shacks, has been eliminated. Thus, the old New England
stock of lumber jacks have now passe<l for the most part into ob
livion. The negro of the South, and the nondescript races, who an*
willing to accept lower standards of living, are now appearing in
the camps. Good citizens can not be reared under such conditions.

Yet work in the woods, instead of having ill ettects upon labor,
could be made one of the most healthful occuiKitions, teiuling to the
upbuilding of bodily strength and moral character. All that is
necessary is that the lumber industry should use the forest not as a
mine, to* be abandoned when depleted, but as a renewable resource
in permanent use. When, instead of a tramp industry, the lumber
industry will become permanent in each timber region, the popu
lati(m supported by the sawmill, and the forest operations, would
develop into real c<mimunities and not mere shack towns. Only
then will it be possible to maintain proper housing and living con
ditions: the workers will have an op])ort unity to exercise their
rights as citizens and voters; will be able to enjoy schools, churches,
antl <»ther educational facilities, and would have nutans for coopera-
tion among them.selves to improve their fjonomic and social •^vel-
fare.

Management of forest resources on n peruianent basis is not a
dream, or even an experiment, -lust compare cnn<liti<»ns as they
prevail in our forest industry with those in the same industry in
Franc<' or P»elgium. In those countries where the forest is treat«Ml
as a iMMinanent resource, employment is continuous, and the general
conditions, as a rule, better in the forest industry than in other
industries. Thev, indeed, closely ai>proach cnn<litions in the agri
cultural industry, and with it form a tirm bulwark instead of a
source of weakness in the national life.

In Kurope sustjiined ]»roduction of the fon'sts f(unis the backbone
of an economic system of small holdings, especially when dealing
with iK>or agricultural land. In Switz<'rland a forest of 10.000 acres.
with an adjoining area of :*.,0t»0 acres of agricultural land, supports

74

a prosperous i)ermaiieut coiuiii unity of 1,500 people. About 81 per
cent of all the workmen employed hi the woods and mills in Europe
are small holders of land within or adjacent to the forest. The
southwestern part of France in the Landes, which have been re-
forested for the last sixty years, contained before reforestation a
population of 1,600 people. Since the forests were established this
region supports a population of 14,000.

What permanent utilization of our forest lands means to our
working men, may be inferred from an estimate recently made by
the United States Forest Service. The (lovernment has estimated
that the forests of the country, under a proper system of timber
culture, coiiUl provide [K-rmanent employment for over 700,000 men
in the woods alone which, counting the families of the workers,
would thus support a i>opuIation of about Sl^ millions of people
instead of 150,000 of homeless men as at present.

The basis f<n- each I'on-st communitv would be t!u» ai-ea within
whose radius an annual cut nuiy be permanently maintained. A
sawmill suitably locate<l within^the area, and continuously sujiplied
with timber from the growth on land tributary to it, would form the
liasis of a sawmill community which could remain permanently in
Kine location. The logginj: camps, which may have to change from
time to time, woubl still form a part of the entire forest community
organization. The welfare of the woods worker and forest ccmser-
vation are tied most closely together. It is in the interests of «)ur
<.*ountry, in the interests of productive etticiency and good citizen-
t<hip that our forests should be ko\}\ permanently i)roductive.

Apart from the formal paper, and speaking for the State Feder-
iition of Labor, nnd because of our knowledge of what has already
been done by the Pennsylvania Department, we are of the opinion
that Pennsylvania is to*^ be congratulated upon having secured as
the director of its activities in this work the one man who iK^rliaps
above all others in America is eminently fitte<l to do the big job
which has been mapped out. I thank you.

LIST OF ATTENDANTS AT WOOD ISEKS' (X)XFEHENrK

IN HARRISBURG, APRIL 13 AND 14, AND

THE (H)MPANIES RElMiESEXTED.

U. H. Abbott,

l»hiladelphia & Reading Hwy.,

Reading, Penn'a.

F. .L Angier,
Baltimore & Ohio R. R.,
Baltimore, Maryland.

A. F. Backlin,

American Steel Wire Co.,

Pittsburgh, Penn'a.

.1. E. Baker.

.]. E. Baker Company,

York, Penu'a.

D. C. Bakewell,

Duquesne Steel Foun<lry Co.,

Pittsburgh, Penn'a.

.1. n. Barnhart,

U. C. Frick Coke < o..

Scranton, Penn'a.

J. N. Barr,
Oil City Rotary (Mub,
First National Bank Hldg..
Oil City, Penn'a.

John (i. Benedict,
Land is Machine Co-
Way nesboro. Pen n 'a

E. O. Berger,
Ilillman tV)al & (N»ke Co-
Pittsburgh. Penn'a.

B. O. Brill.

The J. O. Brill Co..

Philndelphia, Penn'a.

II. R. Bristol,
Delaware & Hudson Co.,
Plattsburg, N. Y.

P. D. Brown,

The Berwind White Coal Mining

Co.,

lUlJS <%>nimercial Trust Build-
ing,

Philadelphia, Penn a.

Ovid M. liutler,

Forest Products Laboratory.

Madison, \Yisconsin.

A. V. Cameron,
Westn\oreland C<»al <'<»..
Irwin, Penn'a.

B. M. Clark,

Rochester vS: PiUslmrgh Coal &

Iron Co.,
Indiana. Penn'a.

Donald K. Cocklin,
Butler cS: Elm Streets.
Penbro<»k. Penn'a.

Willis Cowan,
Warren .Mirror Co.,
Warren, Penn'a.

Raymond < 'I'oss,

Cnited Natural Oas Co..

Oil (Mty, Penn'a.

Clyde B. Crusan,
Wentz Company,
1727 Land Title P,ldg.,
Phlladel]>hia, Penn'a.

ii»

76

\V. L. Ciimiiigs,
Bethleliein Steel Co.,
Bethlehem, renii'a.

P. 11. Curry,

South Peini Oil CV>.,

IMttHburgh, IVnirn.

Mrs. G. W. Dibert,
llouseki-epers' (Mvic Club.
<)U Swank Bldg.,
Johnstown, l*enn'a.

1). Owen Brooke,

Binlsboro Steel Foundry ^: Ma

chine Co.,

Bir<lsbor<>, Penn'a.

A. B. Farquhar,

National Conservation Asso.,

York, Tenn'a.

John Foley, Fort-ster.
Fennsylvan'ia System,
I'hiladidphia, renn'a.

Seth K. Cordon,

State Game Commission,

Harrisburg Fenn'a.

George K. <ireen,
Forest ry 1 >epartment.
State College, Penn'a.

John UotlVr,
llarrisburg, Fenn'a.

1). i\ H<»slield.
Bell Telephone Co., of Pa.,
UkU Arch Street,
Philad(4i)hia. Penna.

Kdward Hughes,

The Lehigh Coal .^ Navigation

Co.,
4:57 du^stnut Street,
lM)iladcl]>hia, Penn'a.

S. P. Hutchinson,
Westmoreland Co'aX Co.,
222 South Third St.,
Philadelphia Penn'a.

Wm. B. McCaleb,
Pennsylvania Railroad,
Phila/h'lphia, Penn'a.

J. Eugene McKelvey,
McKelvey Bros.,
Hollidaysburg, Penn'a.

John A. McSparran,
State Grange,
Furniss, Penn'a.

J. F. Macklin, Pres.,
Ebensbnrg Coal Co.,
7:U Land Title Bldg.,
IMiiladelphia, Penn'a.

■

Willard M. Drake,

State Forest Academy,

Mont Alto, Penn'a.

John M. Jamison,
Jamison (*oal & (^>Ue Co.,
Greensburg, Penn'a.

Elisha K. Kane,
Kushequa, Penn'a.

Uussell H. Kent,

The Kent Manufacturing Co..

Cliftcm Heights, Penn'a.

K. E. Krape,

(Nmsolidated Lundu'r X Supply

Co.,
Indiana, Penn'a.

J 1). Umdis,

Philadelphia ic Heading Uwy.

Co.,
Heading Terminal,
IMiiladelphia, Penn'ji.

r A. Leighton,

Lehigh & Wilkes Barre Coal To.

Wilkes P>ar re, Penn'a.

George E. Lippincott,
5:10 Land Title Bldg.,
Philadeliihia, Penn'a.

II. F. Seller,
Western Electric Co.,
Philadelphia, Penn'a.

E. L. S(domon,

The Kingston Coal Co.,

Kingston, Penn'a.

77

E. J. Stackpole,
Harrisburg Telegraph,
Harrisburg, Penn'a.

A. B. Stewart,
The Davis Coal tS: ( oke Co.,
Continental Bldg.,
Baltimore, Md.

H. 1). Tonkin,

Cleartielil Bituminous Coal

Corp.,
Indiana, Penn'a.

J. L. Matlick,
Western Electric Co.,
Philadelphia, Penn'a.

P. J. Malloy,

Western Dodson & Co., Inc.,

Bethlehem, Penn'a.

J. H. Mosser,
J. K. Mosser Co.,
Williamsport, Penn'a.

II. M. O'Bleness,

Midvale Steel & Ordnance Co.,

i.'ambria Steel Co.,

1522 Widener Bldg.,

I'hiladelphia, Penn'a.

John A. Phillips,
State Federation of Labor,
131 N. 15th St.,
Philadelphia, Penn'a.

A. H. Haymer, Chief Eug.,
Pittsburgh & Lake Erie R. R.,
Pittsburgh, Penn'a.

Geo. S. Shimer, Pres.,
The Milton Mfg. Co.,
Milton, Penn'a.

M. n. Sigafoos, Gen. Mgr.,
Hazard Manufacturing Co.,
Wilkes Barre, Penn'a.

T. A. Wright,

The WilkesBarrc Railway Co.,

Wilkes BaiTe, Penn'a

AV. G. Wyn\an,
Lovell Mfg. Co.,
Erie, Penn'a.

J. B. Wagner,
New Jersey Zinc Co.,
TOO Front 'St.,
New York, N. Y.

William F. Wagner,
Pooley Furniture Co., Inc.,
IGth, I7th & Indiana Ave.,
Philadelphia, Penn'a.

Frank M. AVariug,
Tyrone, Penn'a.

Bromley Wharton,
Board Public Charities,
484 Capitol Bldg.,
Harrisburg, I*enn'a.

John A. White,
International Motor Co.,
Allentown. Penn'a.

H. B. Wiese,
Parkesburg Iron Co.,
Parkesburg, Penn'a.

F. Uhlenhaut, Jr.,
Philadelphia Company,
435— 6th Ave.,
Pittsburgh, Penn'a.

J. B. Yohe, V. P. & G. M.,
Pittsburgh & Lake Erie R. R.,
New York Central,
Pittsburgh, Penn'a.

L. W. Young, Jr.,
South Penn Oil Co.,
Pittsburgh, Penn'a.

END OF NUMBER